THE CENTURY DICTIONARY AND CYCLOPEDIA A WORK OF UNIVERSAL REFERENCE IN ALL DEPARTMENTS OF KNOWLEDGE WITH A NEW ATLAS OF THE WORLD IN TEN VOLUMES VOLUME I PUBLISHED BY C|)e Centurj) Co* NEW YORK Copyright, 1S89, IS'JO, ISOl, 1894, 1895, 189(5, 1897, 1898, 1899, 1900, 1901, 1902, 190:i, 1904, By The Century Co. All Xighls Rcsened. PUBLISHERS' NOTE ON THE COMPLETED WORK With the publication of tlie Atlas which is incorporated in the present edition The Century Diction- ary and Cyclopedia was brought to completion. As the Cyclopedia of Names grew out of the Dictionary and supplemented it on its encyclopedic side, so the Atlas grew out of the Cyclopedia, and serves as an extension of its geographical material. Each of these works deals with a different part of the great field of words, — common words and names, — while the three, in their unity, constitute a work of reference which practically covers the whole of that field. The total number of words and names defined or other- wise described in the completed work is about 4';o,ooo. The special features of each of these several parts of the book are described in tlie Prefaces which will be found in the first, ninth, and tenth volumes. It need only be said that the definitions of the common words of the language are for the most part stated encyclopedically, with a vast amount of technical, historical, and practical information in addition to an unrivaled wealth of purely philological material; that the same encyclopedic method is applied to proper names — names of persons, places, characters in fiction, books — in short, of everything to which a name is given; and that in the Atlas geographical names, and much besides, are exhibited with a completeness and serviceableness seldom equaled. Of The Century Dictionary and Cyclopedia as a whole, therefore, it may be said that it is in its own field the most complete presentation of human knowledge — scientific, historical, and practical — that exists. Moreover, the method of distributing this encyclopedic material under a large number of headings, which has been followed throughout, makes each item of this great store of information far more acces- sible than in works in which a different system is adopted. The first edition of The Century Dictionary was completed in 1891, that ot The Century Cyclopedia of Names in 1894, and that of the Atlas in 1897. During the years that have elapsed since those dates each of these works has been subjected to repeated careful revisions, in order to iiidude the latest information, and the results of this scrutiny are comprised in this edition. THE. CENTURY DICTIONARY AN ENCYCLOPEDIC LEXICON OF THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE PREPARED UNDER THE SUPERINTENDENCE OF WILLIAM DWIGHT WHITNEY, Ph.D., LL.D. PROFESSOR OF COMPARATIVE PHILOLOGY AND SANSKRIT IN YALE UNIVERSITY PUBLISHED BY 'Cf)e Century) Co, NEW YORK Copyright, 1889, iSgo, 1891, 1895, 1896, 1897, 1899, 1900, 1901, 190:2, iqo5, 1904, by The Century Co. All Rights Reserved. By permission of Messrs. Blackie & Son, publishers of The Imperial Dictionary by Dr. Ogilvie and Dr. Annandale, material from that English copyright work has been freely used in the preparation of The Century Dictionary, and certain owners of American copyrights having claimed that undue use of matter so protected has been made in the compilation of The Imperial Dictionary, notice is hereby given that arrangement has also been made with the proprietors of such copyright matter for its use in the preparation of The Century Dictionary. TMI DEVINNC PftLM. LIST OF COLLABORATORS: EDITOR-IN-CHIEF, WILLIAM D. WHITNEY, Ph. D., LL. D.' MANAGING EDITOR, BENJAMIN E. SMITH, A. M., L. H. D. EDITORIAL ASSISTANTS, FRANKLIN H. HOOPER, A. B. JOHN W. PALMER, M. D. ROBERT LILLEY, D. C. L. CHARLES P. G. SCOTT, Ph. D. THOMAS W. LUDLOW, A. M." FRANCIS A. TEALL, A. M.* KATHARINE B. WOOD. AUSTIN ABBOTT, LL. D.* Law; Legal and Political Institutions, LYMAN ABBOTT, D. D. Theology; Liturgies; Ecclesiastical History. CHARLES BARNARD, Tools and Machines. ALBERT S. BOLLES, Ph. D. Late Professorof Mercantile Law and Practice in the Wharton School of Finance and Economy, University of Pennsylvania. Commerce; Finance. ELLIOTT COUES, M. D., Ph. D.* Late Professor of Anatomy in the National Medical College. General Zoology; Biology; Compar- ative Anatomy. EDWARD S. DANA, Ph. D. Professor of Physics in Yale University. Physics; Mineralogy. ISAAC W. DRUMMOND, E. M., Ph.D. Pigments; Dyes; Dyeing, etc. THEODORE N. GILL, M. D., Ph. D. Professor of Zoology in the Columbian Uni- versity. Ichthyology; Conchology. FRANCIS M. GREEN, Com'r U. S. N.* Naval a7td Nautical Terms. JAMES A. HARRISON, Litt. D., LL.D. Professorof English and Romance Languages in the University of Virginia. Contributions to the Etymologies {in the last Quarter of the Alphabet). J. FRANKLIN JAMESON, Ph. D., LL.D. Head of the Department of History in the University of Chicago. History of the United States. EDITORIAL CONTRIBUTORS, EDWARD H. JENKINS, Ph. D. Director of the Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station. Chemistry. FRANK H. KNOWLTON, Ph. D. Paleontologist, U. S. Geological Survey. Cryptogamic Botany, H-Z. GEORGE F. KUNZ, A. M. Gems; Lapidary Work. THOMAS R. LOUNSBURY, LL. D.,L.H.D. Professor of English in the Sheffield Scientific School, Yale University. Middle English (Chaucer). THOMAS W. LUDLOW, A. M.» Architecture; Sculpture; Greek and Rotnan Archaology. DAVID A. LYLE, Major, U. S. A. Military Terms. THOMAS C. MENDENHALL, Ph. D.,LL. D. Late President of Worcester Polytechnic Institute. Electricity. CHARLES S. PEIRCE, S. B., A. M. Late Lecturer on Logic at the Johns Hop- kins University, and of the U. S. Coast and Geodetic Survey. Logic; Metaphysics; Mathematics; Mechanics; Astronomy; Weights and Measures. CHARLES C. PERKINS, A. B." Painting; Engraving; Etching. WALDO S. PRATT, A. M. Professor of Worship, Hymnology, and Sacred Music in the Hartford Theo- logical Seminary. Mtisic. CHARLES P. G. SCOTT, Ph. D. Etymologies. ARTHUR B. SEYMOUR, S. M. Assistant in the Cn,'ptogamic Herbarium, Harvard University. Cryptogamic Botany, A-G. RUSSELL STURGIS, A. M. Late Professor of Architecture and the Arts of Design in the College of the City of New York. Decorative Art; Ceramics; Medie- val Archaology; Heraldry; Cos- tumes. JAMES K. THACHER, M. D.* Professor of Physiology and Clinical Medi- cine in Yale University. Physiology; Medicine; Surgery; Hutnan Anatomy; Histology. ROBERT H. THURSTON, LL. D., Doc. Eng. Director of Sibley College, Cornell Uni- versity. General Technology. LESTER F. WARD, A. M., LL. D. Paleontologist, U. S. Geological Survey; Honorary Curator of Botany and Fossil Plants, U. S. National Museimi. Botany, H-Z. SERENO WATSON, Ph. D." Curator of the Herbarium, Harvard Uni- versity. Botany, A-G. HENRY M. WHITNEY, A. M. Late Professorof Englisli Literatiure in Beloit College. Synonyms. JOSIAH D. WHITNEY, LL. D.* Professor of Geology, Harvard University. Geology; Lithology; Mining; Metals and Metallurgy; Physical Geogra- phy; Fossil Botany. WILLIAM D. WHITNEY, Ph. D., LL.D.* Professor of Comparative Philology and San- skrit in Yale University. Spelling; Pronu7iciation; Gram- mar; Comparative Philology; Ethnology; Anthropology. * Deceased. DEPARTMENT OF ILLUSTRATIONS, WILLIAM LEWIS ERASER. PREFACE. HE plan of The Centdey Dictionaey includes three things: the constrnction of a general dictionary of the English language which shall be serviceable for every literary and practical use; a more complete collection of the technical terms of the various sciences, arts, trades, and professions than has yet been attempted ; and the addition to the definitions proper of such related encyclopedic matter, with pictorial illustrations, as shall constitute a convenient book of general reference. The attempt to accomplish these ends, and at the same time to produce a harmonious whole, has determined both the general character of the work and its details. This design originated early in 1882 in a proposal to adapt The Imperial Dictionary to American needs, made by Mr. Roswell Smith, President of The Centmy Co., who has supported with unfailing faith and the largest liberality the plans of the editors as they have gradually extended far beyond the original limits. Obsolete words. The most obvious result of this plan is a very large addition to the voeabulaiy of preceding dictionaries, about two hundred thousand words being here defined. The first duty of a comprehensive dictionary is collection, not selection. When a fuU account of the language is sought, every omis- sion of a genuine English form, even when practically necessary, is so far a defect ; and it is therefore better to err on the side of broad inclusiveness than of narrow exclusive- ^ ^""^ *^' ness. This is the attitude of The Century Dictionaey. It is designed to be a practically complete record of the main body of English speech, from the time of the mingling of the Old French and Anglo-Saxon to the present day, with such of its offshoots as possess historical, etymological, literary, scientific, or practical value. The execution of this design demands that more space be given to obso- lete words and forms than has hitherto been the rule in dictionaries. This is especially true of Middle English words (and particularly of the vocabulary of Chaucer), which represent a stage of the language that is not only of high interest in itself, but is also intimately con- nected, etymologically and otherwise, with living speech. Only a few of these words are contained in existing dictionaries. This is the case also, to a great degree, with the language of much later times. The literature of the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, the formative period of modern English, abounds in words and idioms hitherto unrecorded by lexicographers. Not to include all of these terms which from their etymological connections, intrinsic literary value, or availability for modern use, are worthy of record, is to make, not a dictionary of English, but Dialectal and pro- ' ./ o ; vlncial words. merely a dictionary of modern and selected English. A similar reason has led to the admission of au unusually large number of dialectal and provincial words. Until about the time of the Eeformation the language existed chiefly in the form of dialects ; and while the common literary tongue was establishing itself, and after it became established, its relations with dialectal and provincial forms were most intimate. Many " literary " words sank to the position of provincialisms, and on the other hand provincialisms rose to literary rank — a process which has been continuous to the present day. Thus both historically and with regard to present usage it is impossible to draw a hard and fast ■VI PEEFACE. line between these two sides of the language, either with respect to words or to their individual senses. This dictionary, therefore, includes words of dialectal form or provincial use which appear to be an important part of the history of the language. Within the sphere of mere colloquialism, slang, and cant, a much narrower rule of inclusion has, of course, been followed; but colloquialism and even slang must be noticed by the lexicographer who desires to portray the language in its couoqmaiisin and uatm'al and full outlines, and these phases of English have therefoi-e been treated with slang; American- liberality. Amcricanisms, especially, have received the recognition natm*ally to be expected from an American dictionary, many being recorded for the first time ; on the other hand, many words and uses heretofore regarded as peculiar to this country have been found to be svu-vivals of older or provincial English, or to have gained a foothold in broader English use. Another notable increase in the vocabulary is that due to the admission of the many terms which have come into existence during the present century — especially during the last twenty years — in connection with the advance in all departments of knowledge and labor, scientific, artistic, professional, mechanical, and practical. This increase is nowhere more conspicuous than in the language of the Scientific and tech- piiygical scieuces, and of those departments of study, such as archaeology, which are con- nical terms- r - cerned with the life and customs of the past. Not only have English words been coined in astonishing numbers, but many words of foreign origin or form, especially New Latin and French, have been imported for real or imaginary needs. To consign these terms to special glossaries is unduly to restrict the dictionary at the point at which it comes into the closest contact with what is vital and interesting in contemporary thought and life ; it is also practically impossible, for this technical language is, in numberless instances, too closely interwoven with common speech to be dissevered from it. A similar increase is noticeable in the language of the mechanical arts and trades. The progress of inven- tion has brought nearly as great a flood of new words and senses as has the progress of science. To exclude this language of the shop and the market from a general English dictionary is as undesirable as to exclude that of science, and for similar reasons. Both these lines of development have therefore been recorded with gi-eat fullness. There is also a considerable number of foreign words — Latin, French, and other — not in technical use, which have been admitted because they either have become estabUshed in English literature or stand for noteworthy things tliat have no English names. Lastly, the individual words have been supplemented by the insertion of idiomatical phrases that are not fully explained by the definitions of their component parts alone, and have in use the force of single words ; and of the numerous phrase-names used in the arts and sciences. The number of these phrases here defined is very large. No English dictionary, however, can well include every word or every form of a word that has been used by any English writer or speaker. Tliere is a very large nuinber of words and forms dis- coverable in the literature of all periods of the language, in the various dialects, and in colloquial use, whicli have no practical claim upon the notice of the lexicographer. A largo word« th^muirt gi'oup uot meriting inclusion consists of words used only for the nonce by writers of all periods and of all degi'ces of authority, and especially by recent writers in news- papers and other ephemeral puljjications ; of words intended by their inventors for wider use in jiopular or technical speech, but which have not been accepted; and of many special names of things, as of many chemical compounds, of many inventions, of patented commercial articles, and the like. Yet another group is composcrl of many snbst;mtivo uses of adjectives, adjective uses of substantives (as of nouns of niuterial), participial adjectives, verbal nouns ending in -imj, abstract nouns ending in -ness, adverbs ijnding in -li/ from adjectives, adjectives ending in -ish, regular compounds, etc., whir-h can bo used at will in accordance with the established princii)los ol' the language, but which are too obvious, both in meaning and formation, and often too occasional in use, to need separate definition. So also dialectal, provincial, or collocjuial words must be excluded, so far as they stand out of vital relation to tlu; main body of the language which it is the object of a general dic- tionary to explain. The special limitations of the technical and scientific vocabulary will bo men- tioned later. PREFACE. YTj None of these considerations is of the nature of a definite rule that can be used with precision in all cases. On the contrary, the question whether a word shall be included, even in a dictionary so comprehensive as this, must often be decided by the special circumstances of the case. The sources of the English vocabulary thus presented are extremely various. No other tongue, ancient or modern, has appeared in so many and so different phases; and no other people of high civilization has so completely disregarded the barriers of race and circumstance and adopted into its speech so great a number of unnative words and notions. The makihg of the English language began, it may be said, with the introduction of Roman rule and tymoogies. Roman speech among the barbarous Celts of Britain. The Latin language, as the vehicle of civil- ization, affected strongly the Celtic, and also the speech of the Teutonic peoples, Saxons, Angles, and Jutes, who in the fifth century obtained a footing on the island. This Teutonic tongue, while assimilating something both of the native Celtic idiom, and of Latin in a Celtic guise, in time became the dominant language. The speech thus formed (called Anglo-Saxon or, as some now prefer, Old English) was raised almost to classic rank by the labors Of Alfred and of the numerous priests and scholars who sought to convey to their countrymen in their native language the treasures of Latin learning and the precepts of the Latin Church. Though uniting in the ninth century with an influx of Scandinavian speech, and in the eleventh century, through the Norman conquest, with the stream which flowed through France from Rome, it remained the chief fountain of English. From these two elements, the Teutonic and the Latin (the latter both in its original form and as modified in the Romance tongues), our language has been constructed; though materials more or less important have been borrowed from almost every known speech. The details of this history are exhibited in the etymologies. They have been written anew, on a uniform plan, and in accordance with the established principles of comparative philology. The best works in English etymology, • as well as in etymology and philology in general, have been regularly consulted, the most helpful being those of Prof. Skeat and Eduard Miiller, and the "New English Dictionary on H'istorical Principles," edited by Dr. J. A. H. Murray (which, however, could be con- sulted in revising the proofs of A and of part of B only) ; but the conclusions reached are independent. It has been possible, by means of the fresh material at the disposal of the etymologist, to clear up in many cases doubts or difficulties hitherto resting upon the history of particular words, to decide definitely in favor of one of several suggested etymologies, to discard numerous current errors, and to give for the first time the history of many words of which the etymologies were previously unknown or erroneously stated. Noteworthy featm-es of the etymologies will be found to be the method followed in stating the ascertained facts of the history of each Method of etymo- ^ •' logical statement. word, and the extensive collation of cognate or allied words. Beginning with the current accepted form or spelling, each important word has been traced back through earlier forms to its remotest known origin. Middle English forms are given, in important cases in numerous variants for the four centuries included in that period, and are traced to the Anglo-Saxon (in which are given the typical forms, with the important variants and the oldest glosses) or, as the case may be, to the Old French, including in special instances the Old French as developed in England, or Anglo-French. The derivation of the Anglo-Saxon or French form is then given. When an Anglo- Saxon or other Teutonic form is mentioned, the cognate forms are given from the Old Saxon, the Old Friesic, the Dutch, Low German, High German, and Icelandic in their several periods, the Swedish (and often the Norwegian), the Danish, and the Gothic. The same form of statement is used with the Romance and other groups of forms — the Old French and modern French, the Provencal, the Spanish, the Portuguese, the Italian, and sometimes in special instances the WaUachian and other Romance forms, being given in a regular order, and derived together from their Latin or other source. With the Latin are mentioned the Greek cognates, if any such existed, the Slavic forms, if concerned, and the Sanskrit, Persian, etc. If the Ai-abic or Hebrew is reached, other Semitic forms are sometimes viii PREFACE. stated. The rule has been to deduce from a comparison of all the principal forms the primitive sense or form, and also to make the process of inference clear to the consulter of the dictionary. Of course, in a search through so vast a field, in which the paths of words have been in many instances effectu- allv obliterated or confused, many points of uncertainty remain; but from the e-\ddence at hand various degrees of approximation to certainty can be established, and these it has been sought clearly to indicate by terms of qualification. The various prefixes and suffixes used in the formation of English words are treated very fully in separate articles. There are thus two distinct gi-oups of forms in the etymologies: those in the line of derivation or direct descent, and those in the lines of cognation or collateral descent. A Greek word, for example, may occur not only in Anglo-Saxon (and Enghsh), but also in other Teutonic and in Eomauce and other tongues, and the full account of the English form requii'es the mention of the The symbols used. ^^^^ important of thcse other forms as "parallel with" or "equal to" the Anglo- Saxon and EngUsh. To separate these groups more plainly to thought and to the eye, and to save the space which would be taken up by the frequent repetition of the words "from," "parallel with," and "whence," distinctive symbols are used. For "from" is used the sign <, denoting that the form without the angle is derived fi'om the form within it ; for " whence," the sign > , with a similar significance ; for " parallel with " or " equal to " or " cognate with," the familiar sign of equality, = ; for the word "root," the ordinary algebraic symbol -v/- ^^ asterisk * is prefixed uniformly to all forms which are cited either as probable or as theoretical, or as merely alleged ; it indicates in all cases that the form so marked has not been found by the etymologist in the records of the language concerned, or in its dictionaries. But in some cases words are marked with the asterisk which are found in certain dictionaries, but have not been verified in the actual literature. Special care has been taken with the Anglo-Saxon words, unverified forms of which exist in the current dictionaries, some of them probably genuine, though not found in any of the accessible texts, and others due to early errors of editors and dictionary-makers. Words of various origin and meaning, but of the same spelling (homonyms), have been distinguished by small superior figures (\ ", ^, etc.). Such words abound in English. They arc mostly common monosyllables, and much confusion exists not only in the explanation of them but also in their use, words of diverse origin having been, in many cases, regarded as one, with consequent omonyms. entanglement or complete merging of meanings. In numbering these homonyms, the rule has been to give jireecdence to the oldest or the most familiar, or to that one which is most nearly English in origin. The superior numbers apply not so much to the individual word as to the gi-oup or root to which it belongs ; hence the different gi-ammatical uses of the same homonym are numbered alike when they are separately entered in the dictionary. Thus verbs and nouns of the same origin and the same present spelliiig receive the same superior number. But when two words of the same form, and of the same radical origin, now differ considerably in meaning, so as to be used as different words, they are separately numbered. The etymologies have Vjeen written by Dr. Charles P. G. Scott, with the assistance, in the later parts of the work, of contributions from Prof. James A. Harrison, Piof. William M. Baskervill, Prof, Francis A. March, Jr., and others. In ascertaining the particular facts with regard to the origin of technical terms, nmcii aid has been given by the specialists in charge of the various departments. Of the great body of words constituting the f.iiniliar language tlio spoiling is determined by well- ostablishnd usngo, and, howi-vcr accidental and nnacceijtiihlo, in many cases, it may bo, and however much of sympathy and well-willing may he due to the efforts now making to introduce a reform, it is not the ofTu-e of a dictionary like this to projiose improvements, or to a(U)])t those which have been proposed, and have not yet won some degree of acceptance and use. But there are also considerable classes as to whi(!h usage is wavering, more than one form being sanctioned by excellent authorities. PREFACE. ix either in this country or in Great Bi'itain, or in both. Familiar examples are words ending in -or or -o%r (as labor, labour), in -er or -re (as center, centre), in -i^e or -ise (as civilise, civilise) ; those having a single or double consonant after an unaccented vowel (as traveler, traveller; tvorshiped, wor- shipped), or spelt with e or with ce or m (as hemorrharje, diarrhea; hcemorrhage, diar- rhoea) ; and so on. In such cases, both forms are given, with an expressed preference for "^ ° °^^^ ^' the briefer one, or the one more accordant with native analogies. The language is struggling toward a more consistent and phonetic spelling, and it is proper, in disputed and doubtful eases, to cast the influence of the dictionary in favor of this movement, both by its own usage in the body of the text, and at the head of articles by the order of forms, or the selection of the form under which the word shall be treated. Technical words not in general use, and words introduced from other languages, have also their varieties of orthographic form : the former, in part, because of the ignorance or care- lessness of those who have made adaptations from Latin or Greek ; the latter, because of the different styles of transliteration or imitation adopted. In such cases, slight variants are here sometimes dis- regarded, the more correct form being given alone, or with mere mention of others ; in other cases, the dift'erent forms are given, with cross references to the preferred one, under which the word is treated. Finally, the obsolete words which have no accepted spelling, but occur only in the variety of forms characteristic of the periods from which they come, are treated regularly under that form which is nearest to, or most analogous with, present English, and the quotations, of whatever form, are as a rule presented there; side-forms are entered as liberally as seemed in any measure desirable, with references to the one preferred. AU citations, however, are given in the orthography (though not always with the punctuation) of the texts from which they are taken. StiU greater than the variation in the orthography, even the accepted orthography, of English words, is the variation in the pronunciation. And here the same general principles must govern the usage of the dictionary. No attempt is made to record all the varieties of popular, or even of educated, utterance, or to report the determinations made by different recognized authorities. It has been necessary, rather, to make a selection of words to which alternative pro- e pronunciation, nunciations should be accorded, and to give preference among these according to the circumstances of each particular case, in view of the general analogies and tendencies of English utterance. A large number of scientific names and terms — words that are written rather than uttered, even by those who use them most — are here entered and have a pronunciation noted for the first time. For such words no prescriptive usage can be claimed to exist ; the pronunciation must be deter- mined by the analogies of words more properly English, or by those governing kindred and more common words from the same sources. With respect to many foreign words, moi'e or less used as English, it is often questionable how far usage has given them an English pronunciation, or has modified in the direction of English the sound belonging to them where they are vernacular. In not a few instances a twofold pronunciation is indicated for them, one Anglicized and the other original. Words of present provincial use are for the most part pronounced according to literary analogies, without regard to the varieties of their local utterance. The principal exceptions are Scotch words having a certain literary standing (owing to their use especially by Scott and Burns) ; these are more carefully marked for theii" provincial pronunciation. Wholly obsolete words are left unmarked. There are certain difiicult points in varying English utterance, the treatment of which by the dictionary calls for special explanation. One is the so-called "long «" (as in use, muse, cure), repre- sented here, as almost everywhere, by u. In its full pronunciation, this is as precisely yoo {yd) as if wi'itten with the two characters. But there has long existed a tendency to lessen or remove the ^/-element of the combination in certain situations unfavorable to its production. After an r, this tendency has worked itself fully out ; the pronunciation oo {6) has taken the place of u in that situa- tion so generally as to be alone accepted by all recent authorities (although some speakers stiU. show X . PREFACE. plain traces of the older utterance). The same has happened, in a less degi'ee, after I, and some of the latest authorities (even in England) prescribe always loo (Id) ir stead of Ifi ; so radical a change has not been ventured upon in this -work, in which o is written only after an I that is preceded by another consonant : cultivated pronunciation is much less uniform here than in tlie General variations of preceding case. But fm-ther, after the other so-called dental consonants t, d, n, s, z, ^ert^T^e^°^ cxccpt in Syllables immediately following an accent, the usage of the majority of good speakers tends to reduce the ^/-element to a lighter and less noticeable form, while many omit it altogether, pronouncing oo (o). Of this class of discordances no account is taken in the re-spellings for pronunciation ; usage is in too fluid and vacillatiug a condition to be successfully represented. After the sounds ch, j, sh, zh, however, only o is acknowledged. Another case is that of the /•. Besides local differences in regard to the point of production in the mouth, and to the presence, or degi-ee, of trilling in its utterance, a very large numbei', including some of the sections of most authoritative usage, on both sides of the Atlantic, do not really utter the r-sound at all unless it be immediately followed by a vowel (in the same or a succeeding word), but either silence it altogether or convert it into a neutral-vowel sound (that of hut or hoi). The muti- lation thus described is not acknowledged in this dictionary, but r is eveiywhere wiitteu where it has tUl recently been pronounced by all; and it is left for the future to determine which party of the speakers of the language shall win the upper hand. The distinction of the two shades of neutral- vowel sound in liiit and hurt, which many authorities, especially in England, ignore or neglect, is, as a matter of course, made in this work. The latter, or /<»r^sound, is found in English words only before r in the same syllable; but it is also a better correspondent to the French eu and "mute e" sounds than is the former, or //»^sound. In like manner, the air-sound is distinguished (as a) from the ordinary e- or a-sounds. Further, the two sounds written with o in sot and song are held apart through- out, the latter (marked with 6) being admitted not only before r (as in nor), but in many other situations, where common good usage puts it. But as there is a growing tendency in the language to turn o into 6, the line between the two sounds is a variable one, and the 6 (on this account distinguished from d, with which from a phonetic point of view it is practically identical) must be taken as marking an o-sound which in a part of good usage is simple o. A similar character belongs to the so-called " inter- mediate a " of ask, can't, command, and their like, which with many good speakers has the full rt-sound. {ot far, etc.), and also by many is flattened quite to the "short a" ol fat, etc. This is signified by d, which, as applied to English words, should bo regarded rather as pointing out the varying utterance here described than as imperatively prescribing any shade of it. On the side of consonant utterance, there is a very large class of cases where it can be made a question whether a pure t or d or s or z is pronounced with an i- or 7/-sound after it before another vowel, or whether the consonant is fused together with the i or i/ into the sounds ch, j, sh, or sh respectively — for example, whether we say nature or nachur, gradual or grajoaJ, sure or shor, vmial The pronunciation or vlzhHal. There are many such words in which accepted usage has fully ranged of certain conoo- • i<> i • i i nanu. itself ou the side of the fused pronunciation : for example, vizhon, not vizion, for vision; azhur, not aztire, for azure; but with regard to the great majority usage is less decided, or else the one pronunciation is given in ordinary easy utterance and the other when sjjeaking with (lolibfration or laV»orod plainness, or else the fused pronunciation is used without the fact being acknowledged. For such cases is introduced here a special mark under the consonant — thus, t, d, s, z — which is intended to signify that in elaborate or strained utterance the consonant has its own proper value, but in ordinary styles of speaking combines with the following /-element into the fused sound. The mark is not used unless the fused sound is admissible in gooil cotmiion speech. Thi.s same device, of a mark added beneath to indicate a familiar utterance different from an elaborate or forced one, is introduced by this dictionary on a very largo scale in marking the sounds of the vowels. One of the most peculiar characteristics of Englisli pronuiKiiation is the way in which it slights the vowcils of most unaccented syllables, not merely lightening them in point of quantity and stress, but changing their (piality of sound. To wnUi (as systems of re-spelling for pronunciation, and PREFACE. XI even systems of phonetic spelling, generally do) tlie vowels of unaccented syllables as if they were accented, is a distortion, and to pronounce them as so wi-itten would be a caricature of English speech. There are two degrees of this transformation. In the first, the general vowel quality of a long vowel remains, but is modified toward or to the corresponding (natural) short: thus, a and lose their usual vanish (of e and o respectively), and become, the one e (even, in voweis in unac- . cented syllables. some final syllables, the yet thinner t), the other the true short o (which, in accented syllables, occurs only provincially, as in the New England pronunciation of home, whole, etc.) ; e and o (of food) become i and u (of good) ; a or 6 become (more rarely) o. This first degree of change is marked by a single dot under the vowel: thus, a, e, g, u, g, 6. In the second degree, the vowel loses its specific quality altogether, and is reduced to a neutral sound, the slightly uttered u (of hut) or e (of hurt). This change occurs mainly in short vowels (especially a, o, less often e, but i chiefly in the ending -ity) ; but also sometimes in long vowels (especially u and a). This second degree of alteration is marked by a double dot under the vowel: thus, a, e, g, i, a, u. Accordingly, the dots show that while in very elaborate utterance the vowel is sounded as mai'ked without them, in the various degrees of inferior elaborateness it ranges down to the shortened or to the neutralized vowel respectively; and it is intended that the dots shall mark, not a careless and slovenly, but only an ordinary and idiomatic utterance — not that of hasty conversation, but that of plain speaking, or of reading aloud with dis- tinctness. In careless talk there is a yet wider reduction to the neutral sound. It must be clearly understood and borne in mind that these changes are the accompaniment and effect of a lightening and slighting of utterance ; to pronounce with any stress the syllables thus marked would be just as great a caricature as to pronounce them with stress as marked above the letter. In the preparation of the definitions of common words there has been at hand, besides the material generally accessible to students of the language, a special collection of quotations selected for this work from English books of all kinds and of all periods of the language, which is probably much larger than any that has hitherto been made for the use of an English dictionary, except that accumulated for the Philological Society of London. From this source much Definitions of com- mou words. fresh lexicographical matter has been obtained, which appears not only in hitherto unrecorded words and senses, but also, it is believed, in the greater conformity of the definitions as a whole to the facts of the language. In general, the attempt has been made to portray the language as it actually is, separating more or less sharply those senses of each word which are really distinct, but avoiding that over-refinement of analysis which tends rather to confusion than to clearness. Special scientific and technical uses of words have, however, often been separately numbered, for practical reasons, even when they do not constitute logically distinct definitions. The various senses of words have also been classified with reference to the limitations of their use, those not found in current literary English being described as obsolete, local, provincial, colloquial, or technical (legal, botanical, etc.). The arrangement of the definitions historically, in the order in which the senses defined have entered the language, is the most desirable one, and it has been adopted whenever, from the etymo- logical and other data accessible, the historical order coidd be inferred with a considerable degree of certainty; it has not, however, been possible to employ it in every case. The general definitions have also been supplemented by discussions of synonyms treating of about 7000 words, contributed by Prof. Henry M. Whitney, which will be found convenient as bringing together statements made in the definitions in various parts of the dictionary, and also as touching in a free way upon many literary aspects of words. Many of the extracts mentioned above, together with some contained in the Imperial Dictionary and in other earlier or special works, have been employed to illustrate the meanings of words, or merely to establish the fact of use. They form a lai'ge collection (about 200,000) representing all periods and branches of EngUsh literature. In many cases they will be found useful from a his- torical point of view, though, as was intimated above, they do not furnish a complete historical xii PREFACE. record. All have been verified from the works from which they have been taken, and are furnished •vrith exact references, except a few obtained from the Inqjeriai Bidionari/, which could not readily be traced to their sources, but were of sufficient value to justify their insertion on the authority of that work. Their dates can be ascertained approximately from the list of authors e quotations. ^^^ works (and editions) cited, which will be published with the concluding part of the dictionary. These quotations have been used freely wherever they have seemed to be helpful; but it has not been possible thus to illustrate every word or every meaning of each word without an undue increase in the bulk of the book. The omissions affect chiefly technical and ob^^ous senses. In defining this common English vocabulary, important aid has been received from Mr. Benjamin E. Smith, who has also had, under the editor-in-chief, the special direction and re^^siou of the work on all parts of the dictionary, with the charge of putting the book thi-ough the press; from Mr. Francis A. Teall, who has also aided in criticizing the proofs ; from Mr. Eobert Lilley, in the preliminary working- up of the literary material as well as in the final revision of it ; from Dr. Charles P. G. Scott, who has also had special charge of the older English, and of provincial English; from Prof. Thomas E. Lounsbury, who has contributed to the dictionary the results of a systematic reading of Chaucer; from Dr. John W. Palmer, who has aided in revising the manuscript jjrepared for the press, and has also contributed much special literary matter; from Prof. Henry M. Whitney, who has given assistance in preparing the definitions of common words in certain later divisions of the work and has also examined the proofs; from Mr. Thomas W. Ludlow; from Mr. Franklin H. Hooper; from Mr. Leighton Hoskins, who has also contributed material for the definitions of most of the terms in prosody ; from Miss Katharine B. Wood, who has superintended the collecting of new words and the selection and verifi- cation of the quotations ; from Miss Mary L. Avery ; and from many others who have helped at special points, or by criticisms and suggestions, particularly Pi'of. Charles S. Peirce and Prof. Josiah D. Whitney. Much space has been devoted to the special terms of the various sciences, fine arts, mechanical arts, professions, and trades, and much care has been bestowed upon their treatment. They have been collected by an extended search through all branches of technical literature, with the design of providing a very complete and many-sided technical dictionary. Many thousands of DeiinitionB of tech- ■\vords have thus been gathered which have never before been recorded in a gen- nlcal terms. ° "^ eral dictionary, or even in special glossaries. Their definitions are intended to be so precise as to be of service to the specialist, and, also, to be simple and "popular" enough to be intelligible to the layman. It is obvious, howevei', that the attempt to reconcile these aims must impose certain limitations upon each. On tlio one hand, strictly technical forms of statement must in many ca.ses be simplified to suit the cai)acity and requirements of those who are not technically trained; and, on the other, whenever (as oftfu, for example, in mathomaties, biology, and anatomy) a true defitiition is possiljle only in technical language, or the definition concerned is of interest only to a specialist, the question of immediate intelligibility to a layman cannot be regarded as of prime importance. In general, however, whenever purely technical interests and the demands of popular use obviously clash, preference has been given to the latter so far as has been possible without sacrifice of accuracy. In many instances, to a technical definition has lte(!n added a jiopular explanation or arriplifieation. It i.s also clear tliat the complcti'ness with which the lexieogruphic material of interest to the specialist can Ijo given must vary greatly with' the different subjects. TIk^sc (as metaphysics, theology, law, the fine arts, etc.) the vocabulary of wliieh consists mainly of abstract terms which are distinctly Phiglish in foi-ni, f>f common Englisli words uscul in special senses, or of fully naturalized foreign words, nuiy bo presented much more fully than those (as zoology, botany, chemistry, mineralogy, etc.) which employ groat numbers of artificial names, many of them Latin. The technical material has been contril)uted by the gentlemen whose names are given in tlje list of collaborators, with the assistance at special points of many others; and all their work, after editorial revision, has been submitted to them in one or more proofs for correction. This method of ol)taining PREFACE. xiii "both accuracy and homogeneity has, perhaps, never before been so fully adopted and faithfully applied in a dictionary. A few special explanations are necessary with regard to the work in several of the technical departments. To the biological sciences a degree of prominence has been given corresponding to the remarkable recent increase in their vocabulary. Dui'ing the last quarter of a century there has been an extensive reorganization and variation of the former systems of classification, from which have come thousands off new names of genera, families, etc.; and also a profound modification of biological conceptions, which has led both to new definitions of old words and to the coinage of many The biological new words. All these terms that are English in form, and for any reason worthy of record, have been included, and also as many of the New Latin names of classificatory groups as are essential to a serviceable presentation of zoology and botany. The selection of the New Latin names in zoology has been liberal as regards the higher groups, as families, orders, etc., whether now current or merely forming a part of the history of the science ; but of generic names only a relatively small number have been entered. Probably about 100,000 names of zoological genera exist, 60,000 at least having a definite scientific standing; but the whole of them cannot, of course, be admitted into any dictionary. The general rule adopted for the inclusion of such names is to admit those on which are founded the names of higher groups, especially of families, or which are important for some other special reason, as popular use, an established position in works of reference, the existence of species which have popular English names, etc. A similar rule has been adopted with regard to botanical names. The common or ver- nacular names of animals and plants have been freely admitted; many naturalized and unnaturalized foreign names, also, which have no English equivalents and are noteworthy for special literary, com- mercial, or other reasons, have been included. The definitions that have a purely scientific interest have been written from a technical point of view, the more popular information being given under those technical names that are in familiar use or under common names. In the zoological department is properly included anatomy in its widest sense (embracing embryology and morphology), as the science of animal structure, external and internal, normal and abnormal. Its vocabulary necessarily includes many Latin, or New Latin, words and phrases which have no English technical equivalents. The definitions of that part of general biological science which in any way relates to animal life or structure, including systematic zoology, have been written by Dr. Elliott Coues, who has been assisted in ichthyology and conchology by Prof. Theodore N. Gill, in entomology by Mr. Leland O. Howard and Mr. Herbert L. Smith, and in human anatomy by Prof. James K. Thacher. Special aid has also been received from other naturalists, particularly from Prof. Charles V. Riley, who has furnished a number of definitions accompanying a valuable series of entomological cuts obtained from him. Prof. Thacher has also defined all terms relating to medicine and surgery. The botanical work was under- taken by Dr. Sereno Watson, with assistance, in cryptogamie botany, from Mr. Arthur B. Seymour, and has been conducted by him through the letter G ; at that point, on account of practical considerations connected with his ofiicial duties, he transferred it to Dr. Lester F. Ward. Mr. Seymour also withdrew, his work passing, under Dr. Ward's editorship, to Prof. Frank H. Knowlton. All the definitions of the terms of fossil botany have been written by Prof. J. D. Whitney. In the'treatment of the physical and mathematical sciences an equally broad method has been adopted. While their growth has, perhaps, not been so great, from a lexicographical point of view, as has that of biology, it is certainly almost as remarkable. The remodeling and readjustment of former ideas, and the consequent modification of the senses of old terms and the coinage of new, have been hardly less marked; whUe one department, at least — that of chemistry — has kept The physical and ™ mathematical pace m the invention of names (of chemical compounds) with zo51ogy and botany, lo sciences. this must be added the almost numberless practical applications of the principles and results of physical science. The department of electrotechnics is a marked example of the formation within a comparatively few years of a large technical vocabulary, both scientific and mechanical. The adequate definition of all the lexicographical matter thus furnished involves a very complete presenta- tion of the present status of human knowledge of these sciences. The definitions in physics have been xiv PREFACE. written by Prof. Edward S. Dana, with the collaboration, in eleetrotechnies, of Prof. Thomas C. Mendenhall, and in many special points, particularly those touching upon mathematical theory, of Prof. Charles S. Peirce. Professor Dana has also contributed the definitions of mineralogical terms, including the names of all distinct species and also of all important varieties. He has been assisted in defining the names of gems and the special terms employed in lapidary work by Mr. George F. Kunz. The lithological definitions, as also all those relating to geologj', mining, metallm-gy, and physical geog- raphy, have been contributed by Prof. J. D. Whitney. Professor Peirce has wiitten the definitions of terms in mechanics, mathematics, astronomy, and astrology, of weights and measures, and of the various names of colors. In the mathematical work the aim has been to define all the older English terms, and all the modern ones that can be considered to be in general use, or are really used by a number of English mathematical writers, but not all the numerous terms that may be found only in special memoirs. All English names of weights and measures, as well as many foreign names, have been entered, but, as a rule, those of the latter that are at once obsolete and not of considerable importance have been omitted. As regards chemistry, it has of com-se been impossible to include names of com- pounds other than those that have a special technical and practical importance. The chemical definitions have been wiitten by Dr. Edward H. Jenkins, with assistance from Dr. Isaac "W. Drummond in defining the coal-tar colors, the various pigments, dyes, etc., and the mechanical processes of painting and dyeing. The definitions comprehended under the head of general technology (including all branches of the mechanical ai-ts) have been contributed by Prof. Eobert H. Thm-ston, with the collaboration, in defining the names of many tools and machines, of Mi*. Charles Barnard, and, in various mechanical matters which ai"e closely related to the special sciences, of the gentlemen who have been named The mMhamcai abovc — as of Prof. Meudeuhall in describing electrical machines and appliances, of arts and trades. ° -^^ ' Prof. Dana and Prof. Peirce in describing physical and mathematical apparatus, of Prof. J. D. Whitney in describing mining-tools and processes, etc. The terms used in printing and proof-reading have been explained by Mr. F. A. Teall, with the aid of valuable contributions of material from Mr. Theodore L. Do Vinue. Special assistance in collecting technological material has been received from Mr. F. T. Thurston, and, at particular points, from many others. The terms of the philosophical sciences have been esliibited very completely, with special reference to their history from the time of Plato and Aristotle, through the period of scholasticism, to the present day, though it has not been possible to state aU the conflicting definitions of diiferent philosophers and schools. The philosophical wealth of the English language has, it is believed, never ^L^*""'''^'*' ^een so fully presented in any dictionary. Both the oldest philosophical uses of English words and the most recent additions to the vocabulary of psychology, psycho-physics, sociology, etc., have been given. The definitions of many common words, also, have been prepared with a distinct reference to their possible philosophical or theological applications. The logical and metaphysical, and many psychological definitions have been written by Prof. Peirce. The same method of treatment has also Ijeen applied to ethical terms, and to those peculiar to the various sociological sciences. In political economy special assistance has been received from Prof. Albert S. Bolles, Mr. Austin Abbott, and others. Prof. Bolles has also contributed material relating to financial and com- mercial matters. Ill the department of doctrinal theology considerable difficulty has naturally boon experienced in giving definitions of the opinicms held by the various denominations wliich shall bo free from jiartisan- 8hip. The aim of the dictionary has been to present all the special (locti'iiies of the different divisions of the Church in such a manner as to convey to the n^ador the actual intent of those ILT^itll't^,.'*' ^''** ^'^'^I't t^«™- To this end the Rev. Dr. Lyman Abbott, to whom this branch of the work has been intrusted, has consulted at ciiticiil jioints learned divines of the various churches; tliongh, of course, the ultimate responsibility for the statements made in the dietionary on these and other thi'ological matters rests with Iiini and with the editor-in-chief. Aid has been obtained in tliis maniKM- from tlie Right Rev. Thomas 8. Pr(>ston, the Rev. Dr. Williaui B. Huntington, the liov. Dr. Daniel Curry, I'lof. V. L. Conrad, and others. Besides the PREFACE. XV purely theological definitions, others, very numerous and elaborate, have been given of teims desig- nating vestments, ornaments, rites, and ceremonies, of words relating to church architecture, church music, etc., etc. Systems of religion other than the Ckristian, as Mohammedanism, Confucianism, etc., are treated with considerable detail, as are also the more simple and barbarous forms of religious thought, and the many related topics of anthropology. Church history is given under the names of the various sects, etc. Assistance in matters relating to liturgies, and particularly to the ritual of the Q-reek Church, has been received from Mr. Leighton Hoskins. In defining legal terms, the design has been to oifer all the information that is needed by the general reader, and also to aid the professional reader by giving, in a concise form, all the important technical words and meanings. Professional terms now in common use have been defined in their general and accepted sense as used to-day in the highest courts and legislative bodies, not excluding, however, the different senses or modes of use prevalent at an earlier day. Particular attention has also been given to the definitions of common words which are not technically used in law, but upon the definition of which as given in the dictionaries matters of practical importance often depend. Statutory definitions, as for example of crimes, are not as a rule given, since they vary gi-eatly in detail in the statutes of the different States, and are full of inconsistencies. Definitions are also given of all established technical phrases which cannot be completely understood from the definitions of their separate words, and of words and phrases from the Latin and from modern foreign languages (especially of Mexican and French-Canadian law) which have become established as parts of our technical speech, or are frequently used without explanation in English books. The definitions have been written by Mr. Austin Abbott. The definitions of the principal terms of painting, etching, and engraving, and of various other art-processes, were prepared by Mr. Charles C. Perkins some time before his death. They have been supplemented by the work of Mr. Thomas W. Ludlow, who has also had special charge of architectm-e, scidpture, and G-reek and Roman archaeology; and of Mr. Russell Sturgis, who has furnished the material relating to decorative art in general, ceramics, medieval archaeology, heraldry, armor, costumes, furniture, etc., etc. Special aid has also been received from many architects, artists, and others. The musical terms have been defined by Prof. Waldo S. Pratt, who has had the use of a large collection of such definitions made by Mr. W. M. Ferriss. Many definitions of names of coins have been contributed by Mi". Warwick Wroth, F. S. A., of the Depart- ment of Coins of the British Museum. A very full list of nautical terms and definitions has been contributed by Commander Francis M. Green, and of military terms by Captain David A. Lyle. The inclusion of so extensive and varied a vocabulary, the introduction of special phrases, and the full description of things often found essential to an intelligible definition of their names, would alone have given to this dictionary a distiectly encyclopedic character. It has, however, been deemed desirable to go somewhat further in this du-ection than these conditions render strictly necessary. Accordingly, not only have many technical matters been treated with unusual ^""featm-es" fullness, but much practical information of a kind which dictionaries have hitherto excluded has been added. The result is that The Centuby Dictionaky covers to a great extent the field of the ordinary encyclopedia, with this principal difference — that the information given is for the most part distributed under the individual words and phrases with which it is connected, instead of being collected under a few general topics. Proper names, both biographical and geographical, are of course omitted except as they appear in derivative adjectives, as Darwinian from Darwin, or Indian from India. The alphabetical distribution of the encyclopedic matter under a large number of words will, it is believed, be found to be particularly helpful in the search for those details which are generally looked for in works of reference; whUe the inevitable discontinuity of treatment which such a method entails has been reduced to a minimum by a somewhat extended explanation of central words xvi PEEFACE. (as, for example, electricity), and by cross references. Such an encyclopedic method, though unusual in dictionaries, needs no defense in a work which has been constructed throughout from the point of v-iew of pi-actieal utility. In the compilation of the historical matter given, assistance has been received from the gentlemen mentioned above whenever their special departments have been concerned, from Prof. J. Franklin Jameson in the history of the United States, from Mr. F. A. Teall, and from others. Special aid in verif>aug dates and other historical matters has been rendered by Mr. Edmund K. Alden. The pictorial illustrations have been so selected and executed as to be subordinate to the text, while possessing a considerable degree of independent suggestiveness and artistic value. Cuts of a dis- tinctly explanatory kind have been freely given as valuable aids to the definitions, often of large eri'oups of words, and have been made available for this use by cross references; many Dlustrations. & i' ' j, -i- -, f J familiar objects, also, and many uniamiliar and rare ones, have been pictured. To secure technical accuracy, the illustrations have, as a rule, been selected by the specialists in charge of the various departments, and have in all cases been examined by them in proofs. The work presented is very largely original, cuts having been obtained by purchase only when no better ones could be made at first hand. The general direction of this artistic work has been intrusted to Mr. W. Lewis Eraser, manager of the Art Department of The Century Co. Special help in procuring necessary material has been given by Mr. Gaston L. Peuardent, by Prof. William R. Ware, by the Smithsonian Institution, by the American Museum of Natural History in New York, and by the Academy of Natural Sciences in Philadelphia. In the choice of the typographical style the desire has been to provide a page in which the matter should be at once condensed and legible, and it is believed that this aim has been attained in an unusual degree. In the proof-reading nearly all persons engaged upon the dictionary have assisted, particularly those in charge of technical matters (to neai-ly all of whom the entire proof has been sent) ; most efficient help has also been given by special proof-readers, both by those who have worked in the office of The Century Co., and by those connected with The Do Vinne Press. Finally, acknowledgment is due to the many friends of the dictionary in this and other lands who have contributed material, often most valuable, for the use of its editors. The list of authorities used, and other acknowledgments and explanations that may be needed, will be given on the comple- tion of the work. It should be stated here, however, that by arrangement with its publishers, considerable use has also been made of Knight's American Mechanical Dlctionarif. WILLIAM DWIGHT WHITNEY. New Haven, May 1st, 1889. ABBREVIATIONS USED IN THE ETYMOLOGIES AND DEFINITIONS. a., adj adjective. abbr abbreviation. abL ablative. ace accusative. accom accommodated, accom- modation. act active. adv adverb. AF Anglo-French. agri agriculture. AL Anglo- Latin- ulg algebra. Amer American. niiat anatomy. anc ancient. antiti antiquity. aor aorist. appar apparently, Ar. Arabic. arch architecture. archx'ol archjeology. arith arithmetic. art. article. AS Anglo-Saxon, astro] astrology. astron astronomy. attrib attributive, aug augmentative, Bav Bavarian. Beng Bengali. biol biology. Bohera Bohemian. bot botany. Braz. Brazilian. Bret Breton. bryol bryology, Bulg Bulgarian. carp carpentry. Cat Catalan. Cath Catholic. caus. , causative. ceram ceramics. cf L. coi\fer, compare. ch. church. Chal Chaldee. chem chemical, chemistry. Chin Chinese. chion chronology. coUoq colloquialjcolloquially. com commerce, commer- cial. comp composition, com- pound. compar comparative. conch conchology. conj conjunction. contr contracted, contrao tion. Corn Cornish. craniol craniology. crnniom craniometry. crystal crystallography, D. Dutch. Dan Danish. dat dative. def definite, definition. del iv derivative, derivation. dial dialect^ dialectal. dilf different. dim diminutive. distrib distributive. dram dramatic. dynam dynamics. E East. E English (ttgTMtZZymean- tnf^modern English). eccl., eccles ecclesiastical. econ economy. e. g L. exempli gratia, for example. Egypt Egyptian. E. Ind East Indian. elect electricity. embryol embryology. Eng English- engin engineering. ent^m entomology. Epis Episcopal. equiv. equivalent. esp especially. Eth Ethiopic. ethnog. ethnography. ethnol ethnology. etym etymology. Eur. European. exclam exclamation. f., fern feminine. F. French (iimialli/ mean- ing modern French). Flem Flemish. fort. fortification. fireq frequentative. Fries Friesic. fut future. G. Gennan(imtaUy)n€aTi' ing New High Ger- man). Gael Gaelic. galv. galvanism. gen genitive. geog. geography. • geol geology. geom geometry. Goth. Gothic (Moesogothic^ Gr. Greek. gram grammar. gun gunnery. Heb Hebrew. her. heraldry. herpet herpetology. Hind Hindustani. hist history. horol horology. hort horticulture. Hung Hungarian. hydraul hydraulics. hydros hydrostatics. Icel Icelandic {usually meaning Old \cq- \^r\A\c, otherwise call- ed Old Norse). ichth ichthyology. i. e. Jj. id est, that is, impers impersonal. impf imperfect. impv imperative. improp improperly. Ind Indian. ind indicative. Indo-Eur. Indo-European. indef indefinite. inf infinitive. instr instruiiiental. inter] interjection. intr. , intrana. ..intransitive. Ir Irish. irreg irregular, irregularly. It Italian. Jap Japanese. L Latin {usuallg meanr ing classical Latin), Lett Lettish. JjG Low German. lichenol lichenology. lit literal, literally. lit literature. Lith Lithuanian. lithog lithography. lithol lithology. LL Late Latin. m., masc. ......masculine. M Middle. mach machinery. mammal mammalogy, manuf manufacturing. math mathematics. MD Middle Dutch. ME Middle English (o?A^r- wise called Old Eng- lish). mech mechanics, mechani- cal. med medicine. mensur. mensuration, metal metallurgy. metaph metaphysics, meteor. meteorology. Mex Mexican. MGr. Middle Greek, medie- val Greek. MHG Middle High German. milit military. mineral mineralogy. ML Middle Latin, medie- val Latin. MLG. Middle Low German, mod modern. mycol mycology. myth mythology. n. .. .• noun. n., neut neuter. N, New. N. North. N. Amer. North America. nat natural. naut nauticaL nav navigation. NGr. New Greek, modem Greek. NHG. New High German (usually simply G., German). Nlfc New Latin, modem Latin. nom nominative. Norm Norman. north northern. Norw. Norwegian. numis numismatics. Old. obs obsolete. obstet obstetrics. OBulg Old ^Bulgarian (other- ivise called Church Slavonic, Old Slavic, Old Slavonic). OCat Old Catalan, OD. Old Dutch. ODan Old Danish. odontog odontography. odontol odontology. OF. Old French. ■ OFlem Old Flemish. OGael Old Gaelic. OHG. Old High German. Olr. Old Irish. Olt Old Italian. OL Old Latin. OLG Old Low German. ONorth Old Northumbrian. OPruss Old Prussian. orig original, originally. ornith ornithology. OS Old Saxon. OSp Old Spanish. osteol osteology. OSw Old Swedish. OTeut Old Teutonic. p. a participial adjective. paleon paleontology. part participle. pass passive. pathol pathology. perf. perfect. Pers Persian. pers person. persp perspective. Peruv Peruvian. petrog petrography. Pg Portuguese. phar. pharmacy. Phen Phenician. philol philology. philos philosophy. phonog phonography. photog photography. phren phrenology. phyB physicaL physiol physiology, pl.,plur. plural. poet poetical. polit political. Pol Polish. poss possessive. pp past participle. ppr. present participle. Pr. Provencal {usually meaning Old Pro- venijal). pref prefix. prep preposition. pres present. pret preterit. priv. privative, prob probably, probable. pron pronoun. pron pronounced, pronun- ciation. prop properly. pros prosody. Prot. Protestant, prov. provincial. psychol psychology. q. V L. quod (or pi. qucey vide, which see. refl reflexive. reg regular, regularly. repr. representing, rhet rhetoric. Rom Roman. Rom Romanic, Romance (languages). Russ Russian, S South. S. Amer South American, 8c L. scilicet, understand^ supply. Sc Scotch. Scand Scandinavian. Scrip Scripture. sculp sculpture. Serv Servian. sing singular. Skt. Sanskrit. Slav. Slavic, Slavonic. Sp Spanish. subj subjunctive. superl superlative. fiurg surgery. surv. surveying. Sw. Swedish. ^m synonymy. Syr Syriac. technol technology, teleg telegraphy. teratol teratology. term termination. Teut Teutonic. theat. theatrical. theol theology. therap therapeutics, toxicol toxicology. tr., trans transitive, trigon trigonometry. Turk Turkish. typog typography. alt, ultimate, ultimately. T verb. "^ var. variant. vet. veterinary. V. L intransitive verb. v. t transitive verb. W. Welsh. Wall Walloon. Wallach Wallachian. W. Ind West Indian. zoogeog zoogeography; zobl zoology. zoot. zootomy. KEY TO PRONUNCIATION. a as in fat, man, pang, a as in fate, mane, dale. a as in far, father, guard. a as in fall, talk, naught. a as in ask, fast, ant. a as in fare, hair, bear. e as in met, pen, bless. e as in mete, meet, meat. * as iu her, fern, heard. i as in pin, it, biscuit. i as in pine, fight, file. o as in not, on, frog. 6 as in note, poke, floor. 6 as in move, spoon, room. d as in nor, song, off. as in tub, son, blood, as in mute, acute, few (also new, tube, duty : see Preface, pp. is, x). as in pull, book, could. German ii, French u. oi as in oil, joint, boy. on as in pound, proud, now. A single dot under a vowel in an xmaccented syllable indicates its abbreviation and lighten- ing, without absolute loss of its distinctive qual- ity. See Preface, p. xi. Thus : a as in prelate, courage, captain. e as in ablegate, episcopal. o as in abrogate, eulogy, democrat, n as in singular, education. A double dot under a vowel in an unaccented syllable indicates that, even in the mouths of the best speakers, its sound is variable to, and in ordinary utterance actually becomes, the short »-sound (of but, pun, etc). See Preface, p. xi. Thus: a as in errant, republican, e as in prudent, difference, i as in charity, density. o as in valor, actor, idiot. a as in Persia, peninsnla. e as in tlie book. u as in nature, feature. A mark (w) under the consonants t, d, s, s in- dicates that they in like manner are variable to ch,j, sh, :h. Thus: t as in nature, adventure, d as iu arduous, education. E as iu pressure, z as in seizure. th as in thin. TH as in then. ch as in Gei-man ach, Scotch loch. n French nasalizing n, as in ton, en. ly (iu French words) French liquid (mouill4) 1. ' denotes a primary, " a secondary accent. (A secondary accent is not marked if at its regular interval of two syllables from the primary, or from another secondary.) SIGNS. < read /rom; i. e., derived from. > read whence ; i. e., from which is derived. + read and ; i. e., compounded with, or with suffix. = read cognate with ; i. e., etymologically parallel with. •^ read root. * read theoretical or atUged; i. e., theoretically assumed, or asserted but unverified, form. t read obsolete. SPECIAL EXPLANATIONS. A superior fip^re placed after a title-word in- dicates that thi- word so marked is distinct etymologically from other words, following or preceding it, spelled in the same manner and marked with different numbers. Thus : back' (bak), n. The posterior part, etc. back' (bak), n. Lying or being behind, etc. back' (l>iik), r. To furnish with a back, etc. back' (l)ak), adv. Behind, etc. back'-'t (liak), n. The earlier form of bat". back^ (bak J, ». A large flat-bottomed boat, etc. Various abbreviations have been need in the credits to the quotations, as " No." for number, "St." for stanza, "p." for page, "I." for line, T for paragrriph, " fol." tor Mn. The method used in indicating the HiiliiiivisionH of books will be understood by rcfcronco to the follow- ing plan : Section only j 5_ C'littpt«T only xiv. Canto only xiv. Book oaly jij. Book and chapter Part and chapter Book and line Book and page > iii. 10. Act and scene Chapter and verse No. and page Volume and page . . . .• II, .34. Volume and chapter TW, iv. Part, book, and chapter II, iv. 12. Part, canto, and stanza II. iv. 12, Chapter and section or IT vii, ^ or IF •!. Volume, part, and section or IT . .1. i, ji or II (i. Book, chapter, and section or H. .1. i. $ or H (>. Different grammatical phases of the same word are groupe diatiuguiiihud are discrimi- nated in the text immediately following, or under the title referred to. The figures by which the synonym-lists are sometimes divided indicate the senses or defi- nitions with which they are connected. The title-words begin with a small (lower- case) letter, or with a capital, according to usage. When usage differs, in this matter, with the different senses of a word, the abbre- viations [rap.] for "capital" and [/. c] for "lower-case" are used to indicate this varia- tion. The difference observed in regard to the riipilalizing of the second element in zoologi- cal and botanical terms is in accordance with the existing usage in the two sciences. Thus, in zoology, in a scientific name consisting of two words the second of which is derived from a proper name, only the first would be capi- talized. Hut a name of similar derivation in botany would have llio second element also capitalized. Till' iianicH of zoiilogical and botanical classes, iirilers, fiiniilies, genera, etc., have been uui- foriiily italicized, in accoriiaiice with the pres- 1111 1 usage uf scientific writers. z«lll COLORED PLATES UBLISHERS' NOTE. In tlio execution of the following plates great care has been taken to reproduce the effect of the natural coloration of the objects represented. To this end the most advanced methods and the highest skill in lithography have been employed. The same care, also, has been Ijcstowed upon the drawings of the various figures. They have been taken from the most authoritative sources, or have been pi'epared under the direction of specialists from the objects themselves. The plates, as a whole, supplement in an important way the illustrations already in the dictionary. The color of an object is not infrequently one of its most essential qualities, and is often the characteristic by which it is most easily identified ; but no ]iieture in black and white can convey it, neither can it adequately be expressed by words in definition or description. To be known it must be seen. The use of color, accordingly, in the dictionary as an adjunct to illustration is not merely admissible : it is really indispensable. INDEX OF COLORED PLATES PLATE I. GAME-FISHES OP NORTHERN ATLANTIC COASTS. Weakfisli, Whiting, Redfish or Red Drum, Blueflsli, Spanish Mackerel, Tarpon, Red Grouper, Kingflsh, Striped-bass, Sheepshead, Tautog or Blackflsh. PLATE 11. GAME-FISHES OF NORTH AMERICAN LAKES AND STREAMS. Large-mouthed Black-bass, Small-mouthed Black-bass, Maskalonge, Alaskan Grayling, Land-locked Salmon, Pickerel, Yellow Perch, Salmon, Brook-trout, Lake-trout or Mackinaw Trout, Brown Trout, Black-spotted Trout, Dolly Varden Trout. PLATE III. GAME-BIRDS OF NORTH AMERICA: WATER-BIRDS. Blue-winged Teal, Wood-duck, Shoveler, Canada Goose, Mallard, Canvasback, Whistling Swan, Redhead or Pochard, Brent-goose, Snow-goose, Dusky Duck, American Widgeon. PLATE IV. GAME-BIRDS OF NORTH AMERICA: LAND-BIRDS. Wilson's Snipe, Dowitcher, Bartraniinii Sandpiper, Californian Partridge or Helmet-quail, Black-bellied Plover, Prairie-hen, Virginia Rail, Wild Turkey, Ruffed Grcjuse, Golden Plover, Sharp-tailed Grouse, Bob-white or Quail, Knot, Woodcock, Hudsonian Curlew. PLATE V. WILD FLOWERS OF THE UNITED STATES. » Blue Flag, Mariposa-lily, Columbine, Evening Primrose, Wild Azalea, Creeping Pldox, AiTOW-head, Wake-robin, Fringed Gentian, Wild Lily, Cardinal-flower, Lupine. PLATE VI. WILD FLOWERS OF THE UNITED STATES. Bloodroot, Stag-horn Sumac, Wild Geranium. Shinleaf, Wild Rose, Goldenrod, Chicory, Yellow Lady's- slipper, Early Saxifrage, Trumpet-honeysuckle, Marsh-marigold, Yellow Adder's-tongue. PLATE VII. LEAVES OF NORTH A AMERICAN TREES. Swamp-oak, Smooth Alder, White Oak, Paper-birch, Buttonwood, Willow, Indian Bean, Large-toothed Aspen, Sassafras, American Beech, American Elm, Locust. PLATE VIII. LEAVES OF NORTH AMERICAN TREES. Hemlock, Shagbark Hickory, Witch-hazel, White Ash, American Aspen, Wild Black Cherry, American Chestnut, Black Spruct;, Silver Maple, White Pine, Magnolia, American Hornbeam. PLATE IX. IXJUKIOUS INSECTS. Bedbug. Mosquiti'S ^l. Female Cnlex; 2, Female Anopheles), Oriental Cocki-oach, Silver-fish, Squash-bug, House-fly, Red Ant, Hessian Fly, BufEalo-blig, House-cricket, Clothes-moth, Cabbage-butterfly and -worm. White Ant, Croton-bug, Army-worm. House Centiped, Cliinch-bug, Cheese-fly, Western ^ligratory (ri-ass- hopper. Imported Elm-leaf Beetle, Colorado Potato-beetle, San Jose Scale, Codling-moth, Plum-cun-ulio. PLATE X. NORTH AMERICAN BUTTERFLIES. Thecla melinus, Clirysophanus hypophteis, Cohas philodice, Dauans plexippus, Vanessa milbertii, Lycffiua pseudargiolus. Limenitis arthemis, Argynnis cybele. Satyrus alope, Argynnis myrina. Jnnonia coenia, Papilio turnus, Grapta comma, Limenitis lorquinii, Melita?a brueei, Agemnia fornax, Apatiu'a celtis, Pyi-ameis cardui. PLATE XL EGGS OP NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. Green Heron, Bob-white or " Quail,'' Yellow-bUled Cuckoo, Common Tern, Kingbird, Sora or Carolina Rail. Cliff- or Eaves-swallow, Chickadee, Cowl>ird, Sereeeh-owl. l*ur[)le Grackle, Purple Finch, Catbird, Red-winged Blackbird, Blue Jay, Orow, Osprey or Fish-hawk, Woodcock, Brown Thrasher, Crested Fly- catcher, Cedar Waxwing, Bobolink, Mocking-liii-d, Baltimore Oriole, Red-eyed Vireo, Scarlet Tanager, Robin, House Wren, Humming-bird, Chipjnug Sparrow Song-sparrow, Rose-breasted Grosbeak, Sparrow- hawk, Night-hawk, Wood-thrush, Killdeer. PLATE XII. COLOR-TYPES OF THE RACES OF MEN (British Association Scale). Pale White (American), Florid and Rosy (German), Brownish White (Italian), Yellowish White (Chinese), Yellow or 01iv(* (Polynesian), Dark Yellow-brown (Malay), Copper-colored (.American Indian), Chocolate (Melanesian), Sooty Black (West Coast African), Coal-black (South African). PLATE XIII. PKECIOUS STONES. Diamond, Topaz, Opal, Turquoi.se, Em»«-ald, Huby, Amethyst, Sapphire, Cafs-eye. PLATE XIV. COLORS OF THE SPECTRUM AND OF PIGMENTS. Prismatic Spectrum with Fraunhofer Lines. Normal Spectrum, by diffraction, with Fraunhofer Lines. The three primarj^ pigment colors, yellow, crimson and blue, overlapping and fia (Merchant), Cuba, Denniark (Mcrcliaul, b'oyal Standard). Ecuador, Egypt, Khedive of, France, (ierniany (Ensign, lmi)cri;d Stiimlanl, National and Merchant), (ireat Britain (Red Ensign, Koyal Starfdard, Union Jack, White Ensign), (irecce (Ensign), Italy (Ensign), Japan (Imperial Standard, .Mereliant), lun-ea, Mexico (Ensign), Netherlands (K'oyal Standard), Norway (Mer- chant, Royal Standard), Persia, Peru (Mercliant), Portugal, Russia (I'.nsign, Imperial Standard, Merchant), Siam (.Mereliant), Sj.aiu (Ensign, Mercliant, Royal Staiulard), Sweden (Merchant, Royal Standard), Swit- zerland, Turkey, United States (National Flag, Union Jack), Venezuela (Merchant). PE.\TE XVI. SKJX.M.S. I.VTEHNATIONAL STGNAL-FL.\GS. ETC. ' A B (■ I) E F (J H I J K L 51 \ () V (,» K S T IF V W X Y Z. Code Flag and Answering Penmiiil. FUNNEES OF Ti{.\.\.SATEANTl(' i>i.\KRS. Cnriiird Line, While Star Line. American Line, Italian Koyal Mail S S. Co,, Noi Wilson Line, Allan Line, Belgian Line, Conipagnie (ieneralo Transallanlique. 11, Anchor Line, Nelherliinds LiiK!. U. S. WEATIIEl; SI(;NALS. 1. Infr.nnatiori Si^'nal. '2. Temperature Sitrna] : abov.' :', or ■!, warmer : below, eohh-r. l^. Clear oi- fjiir. 4. itain or Siir.w. .",. Coj.l Wav. (1. Severe S. \V. Winds. 7. Severe N. \V. Winds. S. Severe S. E. Wind.s. 'J. Severe N. E. Winds. Id Mnrrieanc. til ( Jeiiriaii Lloyd Line, inilMifg-.\nierican Line, PLATE I. Sheepshead Tautog or BLACKFISH- COPVRlGHT 190? ev THE CENTUf** CO AMDtlCUt ljrHO«ioa''*FMic co> GAME-FISHES OF NORTH AMERICAN LAKES AND STREAMS. PLATE III. ■'■'•^J>:.->^''- wV^ Snow-goose. COPVR!G-n 90^ 9v THE CENTU'IY CO DUSKY Duck AMERICAN WIDGEON- GAME-BIRDS OF NORTH AMERICA WATER-BIRDS. PLATE IV. WOODCOCK. HUDSONIAN CURLEW COPVftiGMT. t9CS BT TKf CENToRr CO GAME-BIRDS OF NORTH AMERICA LAND-BTRDS PLATE V. BLUE Flag Mariposa-lily. Columbine. Evening primrose. WILD AZALEA. CREEPING Phlox. ARROW-HEAD. Wake-robin. Fringed Gentian. COPYRIGHT 1902. Br THE CENTURrcO Wild lily. Cardinal-flower. WILD FLOWERS OF THE UNITED STATES *^^tH■«l^UT>•^:B*»^ r :■ PLATE VI. BLOODROOT. Stag-horn sumac. WILD GERANIUM- WlLD ROSE. GOLDENROD. YELLOW Lady S-SLiPPER, Early Saxffrage TRUMPET-HONEYSUCKLE. Marsh-marigold. yellow adder 3-tongue. COPVRIQHT. I902. BY THE CENTURY CO WILD FLOWERS OF THE UNITED STATES ■••*€fWC*Ji LJ?"05atPt(iC CO,"ir . PLATE VII. -\AiM COPVniGMT, 1902 BV THE CENTURV CO LEAVES OF NORTH AMERICAN TREES. *■- [ !> .:»•« (jihc^»*p- PLATE VIII. White Pine, HE CENTUWV CO LEAVES OF NORTH AMERICAN TREES. ii05e<.»< 7 :o ^' PLATE IX. Imported elm-l..af beetle- San Jose scale. CODLING-MOTH Plum-curculio. COPYRIGHT. I902. 6V THE CENIUHV CO INJURIOUS INSECTS. VERTICAL LINES SHOW NATURAL SIZES. PLATE X. -OOVfiiGMT 1902 av THE CtNTURr CO NORTH AMERICAN BUTTERFLIES. -'HUJtS UTtOSa NATURAL SIZES. PLATE XI. v^; ■*«-. Green heron- Bob-white or Ouaii , -^ -tot YELLOW-BILLED CUCKOO. COMMON Tern. SORA OR CAROLINA RAIL CLIFF-OR tAVES-SWALLOW CHlCKfi _^^fm0§m^^ SCREECH-OWL. PURPLE CRACKLE. Purple Pint D BLACKBIRD.. •.■■■ -7 • ''•/??>»; -•■:^-^*' HOUSE Wren HUMMINC-BIRD- CHIPPINC bPAHROW SONG-SPA r> ROW Rose BREASTED Grosbeak : ^*\^.^ Night-hawk WOOD-THRUSH i-*02 Ijr THE. CENTura-rcO EGGS OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. NATURAL SIZES. PLATE XII. SOOTY Black COPVOtOHT. )902. 6V ThE CEMTyRV cO WEST COASi AFRICAN. SOUTH AFFICAN COLOR-TYPES OF THE RACES OF MEN. BRITISH ASSOCIATION SCALE. PLATE XIII. ->1f;^«-''*», ,../' '*^;' '' A I ■ ''iffT.." ^\^: 1 ' ^ ' s'' \l r^j**^' K '/* »p!> '4 :M »» <^;» •4^ >5i^=^. i#^^^ J TURQUOISE CAT S-EYE PIGHT 1902, av TMt CeNTuRV CO PRECIOUS STONES. PLATE XIV GO 70 PRISIVIAl|jX SPECTRUM WITH FRAUNHOFER LINES. B C D E b F NORMAL SPECTRUM, BY DIFFRACTION, WITH FRAUNHOFER LINES. n CRIMSON CARMINE ORANGE SALMON YELLOW GREEN YEL. n YEL. GREEN APPLE-GRN n BLUEGREEN SEA-GliEEN ri BLUE ULTRAMARINE i1K>i Ov TMf C.iU I f VERMILION PINK THE THREE PRrMARV PIGMENT COLORS, VELLOW, CRIMSON AND BLUE, OVERLAPPINO ANO FORMING ORANGE RED, GREEN AND VIOLET, AND BLACK IN CENTER. _ n THE THREE FUNDAMENTAL OR PR1MARV COLOR-8ENSATION6, RED- GREEN AND VIOLET, OVERLAPPING AND FORMING YELLOW, BLUE ANO CRIMSON, AND WHITE IN CENTER. EMERALD TURQUOISE NAVY BLUE ELEC. BLUE I I I I I VIOLET MAUVE HELIOTROPE LAVENDER PEARL-GR7SY DOVE l^^l ^1 IH ^1 ^l^^l ^1 PURPLE MAGENTA LILAC PEACOCK BL VENET. RED OLD GOLD, CAFE AU LAIT TER WJS^OTTA MAROON CLARET SEAL-BROWN SEPIA CHOCOLATE CHERRY VANDYKE BR. INDIGO HiCHi UThO&**^m:C CO." COLORS OF THE SPECTRUM AND OF PIGMENTS. PLATE XV. AUSTRIA- M FLAGS OF THE PRINCIPAL NATIONS. » PLATE XVI. 1. The first letter in the English alphabet, as also (generally in the other al- ]>habets which, like the English, come ultimately from the Phenieian. Our letters are the same as those used by the Ro- mans ; the Roman or Latin alphabet is one of several Italian alphaliets derived from the Greek; and the Greek alphabet is, with a few adaptations and additions, formed from the Phenieian. As to the origin of the Phenieian alphabet, opinions are by no means agreed; but the view now most widely current is that put forth and supported a few years ago by the French scholar De Roug6 : namely, that the Phenieian characters ax'e derived from early Egyptian hieratic characters, or abbreviated forms of written hieroglyphs. Under each letter will be given in this work the Phe- nieian character from which it comes, along with an early form or two of the Greek and Latin derived characters (especially intended to show the change of direction of the let- ter consequent upon the change of direction of ■'vriting, 'since the Phenieian was always written from right to left); and to these will , Ije added the hieratic and hieroglyphic char- acters from which the Phenieian is held to originate, according to De Rough's theory. It is to be noticed that our ordinary capitals are the original forms of our letters ; the lower- case, Italic, and written letters are all derived from the capitals. Our A corresponds to the Phenieian letter called alepli ; and this name, signifying "ox," is also the original of the Greek name of the same letter, alpha. The comparative scheme for A is as follows : Egyptian. Hieroglyphic, Hieratic. 2- ^ AA Pheni- Clan. Early Greek and Latin. The Phenieian alepli, was not a proper vowel- sign, but rather a quasi-consonantal one, to which an initial vowel-sound, of whatever kind, attached itself ; since the fundamental plan of that alphabet assumed that every syl- lable should begin with a consonant. But the Greeks, in adapting the borrowed alphabet to thtiirown use, made the sign represent a single vowel-sound : that, namely, which we usually ■?all the " Italian " or " Continental " a (a), as heard in far, father. This was its value in the Latin also, and in the various alphabets founded on the Latin, including that of our own ancestors, the speakers and writers of earliest English or Anglo-Saxon; and it is mainly retained to the present time in the langiuiges of continental Europe. In conse- quence, however, of the grailual and per- vading change of utterance of English words, without corresponding change in the mode of writing them, it has come' to have in our use a variety of values. Tlio sound of a in far is the piu-est and most fundamental of vowel-sounds, being that which is naturally sent forth by the human organs of utterance when the mouth and throat are widely opened, and the tone from the larynx suffered to come out with least modifying interference by the parts of the mouth. On the other hand, in the production of the (-sound of machine or pupic and the «-sound of rule (or double o of l)oot), the organs are brought quite nearly together: in the case of «, the flat of the tongue and the roof of the mouth; in the case of «, the rounded lips. Hence these vowels ap- proach a consonantal character, and pass with little or no alteration into y and w respec- tively. Then e and o (as in theij and note) are intermediate respectively between a (a) and ( and a (ii) and ii; and the sounds in fat and fall are still less removed in either direction from a (ii). The pure or original sound of a (far) is more prevalent in earlier stages of language, and is constantly being weakened or closened into the other vowel-sounds, which are to a great extent derived from it; and this process has gone on in English on a larger scale than in almost any other known language. Hence the ([-sound (as in far) is very rare with us (less than half of one per cent, of our whole utter- ance, or not a tenth part as frequent as the sound of i in jiit or as that of « in hut) ; its short sound has been so generally flattened into that in fat, and its long sound into that in fate, that we now call these sounds respec- tively "short a" and " long a"; and, on the other hand, it has in many words been broad- ened or rounded into the sound heard in all and fall. Thus the most usual sounds of Eng- lish written a are now, in the order of their frequency, those infat, fate, fall, far: there are also a few cases like theoin«7io(aud icns (after a jo-sound, nearly a corresponding short to the a of all), manij (a "short e"), and others yet more sporadic. In syllables of least stress and distinctness, too, as in the fii'st and third syllables of abundant and abundance, it is uni- versally uttered with the "short u" sound of but. The " long a " of fate is not strictly one sound, but ends with a vanishing sound of "long e": i. IE. u) or plural (5IE. ami) to agree with it. In the phrase a nrmt manij, the article agrees with man;/, which is properly a noun (AS. menigu: see manyl, n,); the following plural In the phrase a great many hooks, is reaUj- a a9 (a or a), interj. [See ah and 0.] The early a-9. [A mere syllable.] A qiiasi-prefix, a mere partitive genitive.] a? (a or a), prep. [< ME. and late AS. a, re- ducedfonnof(J«, on, on, in: see oh.] Aredueed form of the preposition o», formerly common in all the uses of on, but now restricted to cer- tain constructions in vrhich the preposition is more or less disguised, being usually written as form of ah, preserved, archaically, before a leader's or chieftain's name, as a war-cry (but now treated and pronounced as the iudeiiiiite article). The Border slogan rent the sky, A Home ! o Gordon I was the cry. Scott, Marmion. consonants: see n6-.] A Latin preposition, meaning of, off, away from, etc. it occm-s in eer- taiii plirases : as, « priori, a posteriori, a meiua et thoro, etc. ; also in certain personal names of medieval or modem origin : as, Thomas c< Kempis, that is, Thomas ot Kempen, the school-name given to Thomas Uammerken, bom at Kempen near DiisseUiorf ; .Abraham a Sanela Clara, that is, Abraham ot St. Clare, the name assnmed by Ulrich Megerle. The true name of Thom;i5 a Becket (written also A' Becket. and, in un-English fashion, a Becket, A Becket)was simply Thomas Becket or Beket : the a appears one word with the following noun. (<() Of place: g^io. [L. o, the usual form of a6, from, of, before On, in, upon, unto, into; the preposition and . ^ . x ..-_. :..;_.. the follo^ving noun being usually ^«-itten as one word, sometimes with, but commonly without, a hyphen, and regarded as an adverb or a preili- cate adjective, but best treated as a preposi- tional phrase. In such phrases a denotes — (1) Posi- tion : as, to lie oScii ; to be ajoot ; to ride a horeeback ; to Blandati/itoe. (2) Motion: &s, to eo ashore; "howjocnnd did they drive their team a-field." Gray. (3) Direction : as, to go ahead ; to tura aside; to draw aback (modem, to draw back). (4) Partition : as, to take aitart ; to burst atunder. Similarly — (6) Of state: On, in, etc.: as, to be alive ' [AS. on life] ; to be asleep [AS. on slwpe]; to set afire; to be afloat; to set adrift. In this use now applicable to any verb (but chiefly to'monosyllables and dissyllables) taken as a noun : as, to' be aglow with excitement ; to be a-swim ; to be all atrembU. (c) Of time : On, in, at, by, etc., re- maining in some colloquial expressions: as, to stay out a nights (often written o' nights); to go "fishing n Sunday ; now a days (generally ■written nowadays). Common with adverbs of repe- tition: as, twice rt day [uing; to go a begging; to fall a crying; to set a Kv).| An old (and ni'olini provinrinl) corruptiipii of harr nn on au.'tiliary verb, im- accentt'il, and formorly also ati a principal verb. Ihad not thMiiKhtni)rhl n yli^Med. Beau.nwl h'l. a^ (A). (He, usually written «', = E. all, like 8c. crt'=i;. call, fa' = fait, ha' = hall, etc.] All. Kor n' that, an' i' Mini, tll4 riband, h' ii roi' a' that. T)i»' nmii o' iri'l. [.. ii-lrnl minil, III' I'liiks an' IhiuIih at a' tlint. Dunu, For A' Tliat. opening syllable, in the interjections aha, ahoy. In aha, and as well in ahoy, it may be con- sidered as ah. a-io. [A reduced form of D. hoiid. Cf. fl-".] A quasi-prelix, a mere opening syllable, in avast, where a-, however, represents historically Dutch 7(o«<7 in the original Dutch expression houd vast = English holdfast. a-ll. [< ME. a-, OF. a-, < L. ad-, or assimi- lated ab-, ac-, of-, etc. : see ad-.} A pretLx, being a reduced form of the Latin prefix ad-. In Old French and Middle English regularly n-, and so properly in modern Fi'ench and English, as in avoiich lult. i, etc. (which see). a-*. [< Mil a-, a roduce\ lin-ininifi],' I'iv. The sainc jirelix iH other- wise Hiielleil iti enough, iiri.i, i/ehpl, etc. a-'?. [-, st-, and ;/«-, as in ascend, asjiire, aspect, astringent, agnate, etc. a-is. [< ME. a-, < OF. a-, < L. ab- : see ab-.] A prefix, being a reduced form (in Middle English, etc.) of Latin ab-, as iu abate (which see). In a few verbs this a- has taken a Latin semblance, as in abs-tain (treated as abstain), a.^-soil. See these words, a-l'l. [< L. a- for ab- before r : see ab-.] A prefix, being a reduced form (in Latin, and so in English, etc.) of the Latin prefix ab-, from, as iu avert (which see). a-15. [< ME. »-, < OF. «- for reg. OF. c-, es-, < L. CX-, out : see e- and ex-.] A prelLx, being an altered form of f-, reduced form of Latin CX-, as in amend, aba.'ih, etc., aforee, afray (now alYoree, affray), etc. (which see), a-i''. [OIE. ri-, reduced form of oh- forpn-,l. -as), Or. -II. -'/ (pi. -at, L. spelling -if), = AS. -u, -e. or lost; in I';. lost, or rejiresented unfelt by sileut final i\] A sulllix cliaiacteristic of feminine nouns and adji'elives of Greek or Latin origin or semblauce, many of which have been adopted in English without change. liMiniplea arc: (ii) (ircek (Ihst ileelension in Latin spelling), idea, coma, basilica, mania, etc. ; {b) Latin (llrst ilei-lension), area, arena, .formula, copula, nebula, eerlebra, elc, whence (r). In Italian, ojiera, ^iiaz:a, stanza, etc. ; (if) Spanish, armada, lialilln. uinntdla, etc.; (>•) Portu- guese, madeira ; (/) New Latin, ehielly in selentillc terms, alumina, soda, silien, elc. ; dahlia, fuchsia, camellia, wi^tana, etc., iiulirba, lininta, etc.; eonnnop in geo- Kranlilial nanus derived from or fornu'd aecordlng to Ijltiu or lireik, as Asia, .llrica, America, I'olmiesia, Aruloa. /■'/i.n'i/ii. etc. In Kuglish this snillx nnu-k« sex only in iiersotntl names, as in f'uruelia, .lulia, Maria, Anna i-lc. (snnie having a eori-espondlng maHcnllms as Ciicii. (i'i/«, .luliut. etc), and in a few teudnlne terms from Do- Ilallan, Spanish, eti-., having a lorresponillng mascn- Inic, a.* duuu'i. dot\a, dueinul, siifuuru, seliora, siiltaiut, iiiitumrata, \'\c nvspondlng to nnweullne (/on, tfi'f/nor, xrt\or, sultan, inamorato, etc. ■a'-^. [L. -0, 111. to -um, = Or. -a, pi. to -oi', 2d declension ; L. -a, -i-a, pi. to -um, -c, = Or. -a, -a neut. pi., 3fl declension ; lost in AS. and E., as in head, deer, sheep, etc., pi., without suffix. J A suffix, the nominative neuter plural ending of nouns and adjectives of the second and third declensions in Greek or Latin, some of which have been adopted in English without change of ending. Examples -.in:: («) iii (IriLk, iilu'iuimnia, plural of phenoitu'wut, iniu^intala, iilurul 'nf niui^uun.!-), etc. ; {b) in Latin, utra/o., plural i:.ilisli plural, as automatomf, cri- teriona, doffiiian, inruiuriinthims, inediuinn, besides the Greek or Latin plurals, automata, ri-ttt-ria. dogmata, memoranda, media, etc. This suttix is ninimun in New Latin names of classes of animals, as in Mamundia, Am- phibUl, Crustacea, Protmoa, etc., these beint; properly adjectives, agreeing with animutiu understood. -a^. [Sometimes written, and treated in dic- tionaries, as a separate syllable, but prop, written as a suffix, being prob. a relic of the ME. inflexive -e, which in poetry was pro- nounced (e. ff., ME. stil-e, mU-c: see quot.) whenever the meter required it, long after it had ceased to be pronoimcod in prose.] An unmeaning syllable, used in old ballads and songs to fill out a line. Jog on, jog on, the footpath way. And merrily hent the stile-a ; A merry heart goes all the day, Your sad tires in a niile-a. Quoted by Shak., W. T., iv. 2. aam (am), n. [< D. aam, a liquid measure, = G. ahm, also ohm (see o/oh), = Icel. dma, .] Uf or pertaining to the Aaronites. The assftmptioli that the repi'esentations in regard to the origin of the Aaronitic priesthood are essentially false cannot well be sustained, unless it can be proved that Uebrcw literature did nut arise until about the eighth cen- tury K. a, as the critics claim. Schaff-llerzoij, Encyc, p. 192:i. Aaron's-beard (ar'onz- or a'ronz-berd), «. LSc'c Ps. cxxxiii. 2.'] 1. A dwarf evergreen shrub, Jlypericiiin cttliicittiim, with large flowers (the largest of the genus) and numerous stamens, a native of southeastern Europe, and sometimes found in cultivation; St.-John's- wort: so called from the conspicuous hair-like stamens. — 2. The smoke-tree, i?/iHS Cotiinia. — 3. A species of saxifrage {Saxifraya siiniivii- tosa) found in cultivation; Chinese saxifrage. Aaron's-rod (ar'onz- or a'rgnz-rod), ?i. [See Ex. vii. 10; Num. xvii. 8.] 1. In arch., an orna- ment consisting of a straight rod from which pointed loaves sprout on either side. The term is also .'iiiplied to an ornament consisting of a rod with one seipint (nitwined about it, as distinguished from a caducrus, which has two serpents. 2. A popular name of several plants with tall flowering stems, as the goldenrod, the hag-ta- per, etc. Ab(ab), re. [Heb. Cf.Heb. e6, verdure.] The eleventh month of the Jewish civil year, and the fifth of the ecclesiastical year, answering to a part of July and a part of August. In the Sjriac calendar Ab is the last summer month. ab-. [L. ab-, preji. ab, older form ap = Etrur. oi! = Gr. (JTO = Skt. ajia = Goth. af= OHG. aba, MHG. G. ab — AH. of (rarely, as a prefix, «/-), E. "f, ojf : see of, off, apo, and n-l3, n-l'*.] A prefix of Latin origin, denoting disjunction, separation, or departure, off, from, away, etc., as in ahdiict, ahjurc, etc. Before c and (, ab becomes (in Latin, and so in English, etc.) abs, as in abscoixd, ab- stain, etc. ; before v and m, it becomes a, as in avert, amentia, etc. — In abbacinate and abbreviate, the prefix (reduced to a- in abridtjc, which see) is rather an assimi- lation of ad-. A. B. 1. -An abbreviation of the Middle and New Latin Artium Baccalaureus, Bachelor of -Arts. In England it is more commonly written B. A. See bachelor. — 2. An abbreviation of able-bodied, placed after the name of a seaman on a ship's papers. abal (ab'ii), re. [ak'u-lus), re. ; pi. abaculi (-U). [L., dim. of abacus.] Literally, a small abacus, specifically, one of the little cubes or slabs of colored glass, enamel, stone, or other material employed in mo- saic work or in marquetry. A\so called abaciscus. abacus (ab'a-kus), re. ; pi. abaci (-si). [L., a sideboard, counting-table, etc., . abaca (ab'a-kii), re. The native Philippine name of the plant Musa textilis, which yields manila hemp. Also spelled abaka. abacay (ab'a-ka), n. [Native name.] A kind of white parrot; a calangay. P "f Chinese Abacus, for calculating'. in ancient times for calculating. — 2. A contrivance for cal- culating, consisting of beads or balls strung on wires or rods set in a frame. The abacus was used, with some vaiiations in form, by the Greeks and Romans, and is still in everj*-day use in many eastern countries, from Russia to Japan, for even the most complex calculations. Tlit- .'^and-strewn tray is supposed to have been introduced from Babylon into Greece by Pythagoras, who taught both arithmetic and geometry upon it ; hence this iwin is sometimes called abacus Pythagoricus. In the form with movable balls, these ax'e used simply as counters tu record the suc- cessive stages of a mental operatii, 196,301. 3. In arch.', (a) The slab or plinth which forms the upper member of the capital of a column or pillar, and upon which rests, in abacns classic styles, the lower surface of the archi- trave. In the Greek Doric it is thick ami square, with- out sculpture J ilecoration ; in the Ionic onler it is thiimer, an J ornamented «1thmold- iiigs on tile sides ; in the Corinthian also it is orna- mented, and has concave sides and truncated cor- ners. In medieval archi- tecture the entablature was abandoned and the arch placed directly on the col- umn or pillar ; the abacus, however, was retained until the decline of the style. In Byzantine work it is often a deep block afhliated with classic examples. In western styles every variety of size, shape, and ornamentation occurs. The general use of a pnant ^vith neiiihboring forms than the square shape, is one of the distinctive features of perfected Pointeil arcliiteeture. (i) Any rectangular slab or piece ; especially, a stone or marble tablet serving as a side- board, shelf, or credence. — 4. In Bom. antiq., a board divided into compartments, for use in a game of the nature of draughts, etc. — 5. The mystic staff carried by the grand master of the Templars. — Abacus hanuonicus. («) In«7ic. mn^lc, a dia^im of the n<-'tes with their names. (&) The struc- ture and arrangement of the keys or pedals of a musical instrument. — Abacus major, a trough in which gold is waslied. E. /(.—Abacus Pyxhagoricus. See 2, above. Abaddon (a-bad'on), H. [L. Abaddon, < Gr. 'AfSaSduv, < Heb. dbaddOn, destruction, < cibad, be lost or destroyed.] 1. The destroyer or angel of the bottomless pit; ApoUyon (.which see). Rev. is. 11. — 2. The place of destruc- tion ; the depth of hell. In all her gates Abaddon rues Thy bold attempt. 3lUton, P. K., iv. 624. abadevine, n. Same as aberdevine. abadir (ab'a-der), n. Among the Phenicians, ;i intteoric stone worshiped as di%Tiie. See l'. (if oZ/j/.woH ; K(-onfca«/i.] Abashed. Chaucer, abaka, ". Set- almca. abalienate (ab-a'lyen-at), V. I.; pret. and pp. abalicmilcd, jipr. abalicnaliny. [< L. abalicna- lii.i, pp. of alialwnare, separate, transfer the ownerahip of, estrange, < «fc, fron], -f- «/(VH«)r, Heparate, nlicnate: Hee alirnntr,] 1. In civil lair, to transfer the title of from oni' to anotlier ; make over to anotlier, as goods. — 2\. To es- trange or wholly withdraw. So to iMwftch them, ho afialimate their minds. Ahp. Sandyi, Sermons, fol. 132b. abalienated (.•il)-ii'lyen-fi-ted), p. a. lvi)|)- erty. — 2. In tmd.: (a) Ho dernyed or injured BH t

(H-), tranBfiTiif propCrty: see ahalieii- nf<".] 1. Tlio act of trnnHfcrring or making over 111"- title to propiriy l^i unotlier; tlie slale of being alinlieniiti'l : ' iwf.r; r'strangement. —2. Ill /""/., fleraiigiin'ril ; I'lirriiiition. abalone fHl.ji-lo'ne), ». [A Hp. form, of un- known 'olL-iri. Cf. Sji. iibalorion, biiglen, gInKg lieadH.] A :"iiiTal niinii' on the I'aclfii: I'lmHt of the I'm!. I SlateH for marine hIu'IIh of llie family //r; (which nee), having an nval form with a viry wide aperture, a narrow, flat- tened ledge or columella, and a subspiral row of perforations extending from the apex to the Abalone, or Ear.shelL distal margin of the shell. They are used for or- namental purposes, such as iidaying, and for the manu- facture of buttons and other articles. Also called car- shell, and by the .lapanese atrabi (which see),— AbalOne- meat, the dried animal of the abalone. It is exported from Oalifornia in large quantities. abamurus (ab-a-rau'rus), n. [ML., < aba- (OF. a ba.i, down, below) -1- L. miiriis, wall.] A but- tress, or a second wall added to streugtheu an- other. JVeale. abanr ^a-ban'), v. t. [), < AS. abannan, summon by proclamation.] To ban; anathematize. See 6a«l, V. ' How durst the Bishops in this present council of Trident so solemnly to abanne and accurse all them that dared to find fault with the same? Bf. Jrivell, Works, II, 697, abandt (a-band'), r. t. [Short for abandon.} 1. To abandon (which see). And Vortiger enforst the kingdome to aband. Spenser, F. Q., II. x. 65. 2. To exile ; expel. 'Tis better far the enemies to aband Quite from thy borders. Mir. /or Mags., p. 110, abandon (a-ban'dou), v. t. [< ME. abandoncn, abandouneh, < 01^^ ahanduuer, abandoner (F. abandonner = li. abandonnarc), abandon, equiv. to mcttre a handun, put tmder any one's jiu'is- diction, leave to any one's discretion or mercy, etc., <« baiidon, in ME. as an adv. abandon, abandoun, \mder one's Jurisdiction, in one's dis- cretion or power: a (< L. ad), at, to; handon, a proclamation, decree, order, .iurisdiction, = Pr. bandon, < ML. *bando{n-), extended form of liandnm, more correctly bannum, a proclama- tion, decree, ban: see /whI, ».] 1. To detach or withdraw one's self from; leave, (a) To de- sert ; forsake utterly : as, to abandon one's home ; to aban- don duty. Abandon fear ; to strength and counsel join'd Think nothing hard, much less to be despair'd. .Vi((o;», 1". L., vl. 484. {l}) To give up; cease to occupy one's self with ; cease to use, follow, etc.: as, to abandon an enterprise; this cus- tom was long ago abandoii'-iL (c) To resign, forego, or re- nounce ; relihquish all concern in : as, to abandon the cares of empire. To understand him. and to be charitable to him, we should remember that he abandan.t the vantage-gniunil of authorship, and allows his readers to see him without any decorous disguise or show of dignity. Whipptf, Ess. and Rev., I. 167. (d) To roliniiulsh the contnd of ; yield up without re- straint : as, he abandonrit the city to the colKpieror. 2t. To outlaw; banish; drive out or away. Being all this thne abandon'd from your bed. Shak., T. of the 8., Ind., 2. St. To reject or renounce. BlcBseil shall ye bo when men shall hate you and aban- don your name as evil. Wiciws .V, 7'., Luke vl, 22, 4. In roni., to relinf|iiish to the underwriters all cldiiii to, as to slii]is or gomis insured, iis a preliminary toward recovering for a total loss. See abandon nirnt. — To abandon one's BOlf, to yield one's self up without attcmpl at control or Helf-rcHtralnt : as, to abandon oiu-'it «e(l' to gijef. = Syn. 1. Fomakr, Ih-to-rt, Abandon, etc. (neti ,formki\ forego, sur- render, leave, evacuate (a iilace). dcHlKt fr-oni, forswear, divest one's self of, throw away, (See list niiilernMfrn'''.) abandont (a-han'don), H.l [orter to avoid payment of the duty — Abandonment for wrongs, in ••hi/ law, the relinqulshnieiit uf a slave or an aniiiia! that had eoin- niitted a trespass to the iierson injured, in diHcharge of the owner's liability tor (he trespass,- Abandonment Of railways, In Kno. hnr, the title of a statute uniler which liny Hilieine for nialdng a railway may be itlinniloped and the eoiiqmny dissnlved by wtimint of the Hoard of Tiaile and i-iinsent of time ilftliwof the stock,— Abandonment Of an action, in .S•l/^« law, the act by whUh the iiinsuer aliandoliH the ruiise. VN'hell this is done, the juir.suev must pay costs, but miiv bring a new netion. Abandonment o( the action is equivalent to the Kllgllsh flinctintiniianee, noiimii, itr nolle )y the ecclesi- nstleiil ti'lliunals, abandumt (n-ban'dum), «. [ML., aUo ahan- diinnni a ml abiindonninrn , formed in imitation of F. abiiiidini : see abandon.'] In old law, any- thing t'lprleiled or coufisi'iiteil. abanot (nli'n-net), 11, See ohiict. abanga (a-liniig'gll), H. [Nnlive mime.] 'I'lie fruit of a spi'ciog of ]inlin found in the island of St. Thonias.Wcst Indies, which is said to bo iiMofnl in piilinnnary disenses. abannitiont, abannationt (ab-a-nisli'mi, -mi'- sliiin ), n. I < ML. alninnitio(n-), abannatio(n-), < 'ahantiirc, -arc, after K. aban{nc) or ban, F. ban- abannition mr, banish : seo a'ban.'\ In old law, banishment for a year, as a penalty for manslaughter. abaptiston(a-bap-tis't(in), ji.; pl.aha2>tista(-ta). [ML., < Cir. ajid-KTWTor, ueut. of apdimaTOi, that will not sink, < a- priv. + jiaTTTi(,tiv, dip, sink : see baptuc. ] In siiry., an old form of trepan, the erown of which was made conical, or provided with a ring, collar, or other contrivance, to pre- vent it from penetrating the cranium too far. abarthrosis (ab-iir-thro'sis), «. [NL., < L. ah, away, from, + NL. arthrosis, q. v.] Same as (iinrtlirnsis, abarticulation (ab-ar-tik-u-la'shgn), «. [F. s'ebahir), be astonished (= Wal- loon csbiiwi = It. shaire, be astonished), < es- (. verbazcn, astonish, may be a derivative of OF. esfio/i jr.] I. trans. To confuse or confound, as by suddenly ex- citing a consciousness of guilt, error, inferi- ority, 'etc. ; destroy the self-possession of; make ashamed or dispirited; put to confu- sion. = Zya. Abash, Coi\fuse, Confound, discompose, dis- concert, put out of counteniince, daunt, overawe. (See list under confuse.) Abash is a stronger word than con- fuse, but not so strong as confound. We are abashed in tlic presence of superiors or when detected in vice or misconduct. When we are confused we lose in some degree the control of our faculties, the speech falters, and the thoughts lose their colierence. When we are confounded the reason is overpowered — a condition produced by the force of argument, testimony, or detec- tion, or by disastrous or awe-inspiring events. Abashed the devil stood, And felt how awful goodness is. .Villon. P. L., iv. 840. Sudden he view'd, in spite of all lier art. An earthly lover lurking at lier lieart. Amazed, confused, he found Ids power expired. Pope, K, of L., iii. 146. Confounded, that her Maker's eyes Should look so near upon her foul defonnities. Milton, Nativity, ii. 43. Il.t reflex, and intrans. To stand or be con- founded ; lose self-possession. Abashe you not for thys dcrkcncs. Caxton, Paris and "i^icnnc, p. 02. For she . . . never abashed. Holimhed, Chron., III. 1098. abashment (a-bash'ment), n. [F. ahdtardir), < a- (< L. ad, to) -f bastard: see bastard smA bastardize.'] To bas- tardize ; render illegitimate or base. Being ourselves Corrupted and abastardized thus. Daniel, Queen's Arcadia. Abastor (a-bas'tor), n. [NL. (Gray, 1849).] A North American genus of ordinary hai-mless serpents of the family Colubridw. A. erythro- grammus is the hoop-suake, an abundant species in damp marshy places in the southern United States. abatable (a-ba'ta-bl), a. [< abate + -able. ] Ca- pal.ile of being abated : as, an abatable writ or iiuisauee. abatamentumt (ab"a-ta-meu'tum), n. [ML., after abatement, q. v.] In old Eng. law, the ouster or disseizin of an heir, effected by the wrongful entry of a stranger after the ances- tor's death and before the heir had taken pos- session. abate (a-biit'), v.; pret. and pp. abated, ppr. abiitimj. [< ME. ahaten, < OF. abatre (F. abat- tre), < ML. abbatere, < L. «ft -f batere, popular form of batuere, beat. In the legal sense, abate had orig. a diff. prefix, en-, OF. enhatre, thrust (one's self) into, < en, in, + batre, beat. See batterl, v., and fenfel.] I. trans._ If. To beat down ; pull or batter down. The king of Scots . . . sore abated the walls [of the castle of Norhiim]. Hall, Chronicles, Hen. VIII., an. .^. 2. To deduct ; subtract ; withdraw from con- sideration. Nine thousand parishes, abating the odd hundreds. Fuller. 3. To lessen ; diminish ; moderate : as, to abate a demand or a tax. Tally was the first who observed that friendship im- proves happiness and abates misery, by the doubling of our joy and dividing of our grief. Addison, Spectator, No. 68. 4t. To deject ; depress. For miserie doth bravest mindes abate. Spenser, Mother Hub. Tale, 1.-256. 5. To deprive ; curtail. She hath abated me of half my train. Shak., Lear, ii. 4. 6t. To deprive of ; take away from. I would abate her nothing. Shak., Cymbeline, i. 5. 7. In law: (a) To cause to fail; extinguish: as, a cause of action for damages for a per- sonal tort is abated by the death of either party, (b) To suspend or stop the progress of : as, where the cause of action survives the death of a part}', the action may be abated until an executor or administrator can be appointed and substituted, (c) To reduce : as, a legacy is abated if the assets, after satisf.ying the debts, are not sufficient to pay it in full, (d) To de- stroy or remove ; put an end to (a nuisance). A nuisance may be abated either by a public officer piu-su- ant to the judgment of a court, or by an aggrieved person exercising his common-law right. 8. In metal., to reduce to a lower temper. — 9. To steep in an alkaline solution : usually shortened to bate. See bate^ Abated arms, weapons whose edge or pomt is blunted for the tourna- ment.— Abating process, a process by which skins are rendered soft and ]Mirous byputting them into a we.ak solution of annnoniacal salt. II. intrans. 1. To decrease or become less in strength or violence: as, pain aiates; the storm has abated. The very mind which admits your evidence to be unan- sweralde will swing back to its old position the instant that the pressure of evidence abates. O. H. Lewes, Probs. of Life and Mind, I. 6. 2. In law : {a) To fail; come to a premature end ; stop progi-ess or diminish : as, an ac- tion or oatise of action may abate by the death ormarriage of a party, {b) To enter into afree- hold after the death of the last possessor, and before the heir or devisee takes possession. Blacksfnne. — 3. In the manege, to perform well a downward motion. A horse is said to abate, or take dowm his curvets, when, working upon ciurets, he abatis puts I)oth his hind feet to the ground at once, and observes the same exactness of time in all the motions. 4t. In falconry, to flutter; Vieat with the wings. See 6ate'. = Syu. 1. To Abate, Subside, Intermit, de- ci'case, decline, uiminish, lessen, wane, ebb, fall away, mod- erate, calm. Abate, to diminish in force or intensity: as, the storm abated; "my wonder abated," Addison. Subside, to cease from agitation or commotion ; become less in ha in bar, as showing that he never incurred any liability what- ever. =Syn. 1. Decrease, decline, diminution, subsidence, intennission, waning, ebb.— 2. Rebate, allowance, deduc- tion, discount, mitigation. abater (a-ba'ter), n. [See abator.] One who or that which abates. See abator. abatislf (ab'a-tis), «. [ML. ; lit., of the mea- sures : L. rt, ab, from, of ; LL. hat us, < Gr. /SoTof, (led down, < abatre, beat down: see abate, v.} The mark or track of a beast of the chase on the grass; foil- in tr- abat-vent (a-bii'von), «. [F., eiilhoiine : »o niimod becauHi' the Hlopii neutralizes the force of the wiiid. — 3. Any <'ontrivniirT dcHJgneil to act aheltiT or j>rotec from thf wind. Hp.. 111 rally, n I'Volvhid mct;il- llr '■ ■■ '■:■: a viio' ntl . Inp of II rhii ;■ Ihc wbi'l fn.i dlreclly down lU tlir..il abat-volx n bii'vwo), n. [K., ' iiiiitttre (Bce abale,r. ) + roij, voice : HOC voice] A nonnding-bonrd over n pulpit ■niji'f >'' ctiiin ' 1 Trinity rhtirch. Yntk. ])carls", said to b(^ L',} grains troy. Also spoiled abas.-— 2. Same as iditjiisi, 1. abbasi (a-bas'i), n. [Said to be named from the Persian ruler Shah Abbas II.] 1. The name of a silver coin formerly current in Persia. U is lint certain to what intrticular coin the term was up- plied : according to Marsdtii. variiiUH pieces cotlu-ii in 1084, 17IK1, anil 1701, and weighing about 1 dwt. 17 gr., arc aiibuslH, and are worth about 2I» cents. 2. The 20-copeck silver piece circulating in KuHsia, weighing about 01 grains, .500 fine, and worth alioul SJ cents. Also written aba.isi, ahassin. abbatt (ab'at), V. Same ns abbot. abbate ('ib-l)ii'te), ».; -[d. abbati {-W). [It.,alH(i abate, <.h. abbalim, ace. of alilms : noe abbot.} A title of honor, now given If) ecclosiasties in Italy not otherwise designated, but formerly applied to all in any way conneclcil with cler- ical afTairs. tribunals, ido., and wciiring the ee- cleHiasticul dresH. Also spi'lUd aliatc. Atl obi .Abate meek iiiiil mild. My friend and tcaclur wln-n » child. I,imnfell<::i, WayHlde Inn, .'td Inlir abbatoBsef, «. See abbotrs.i. abbatial (a-lni'shinl), n. [< ML. nbbatiali \,\i. iilihatin : nev abbacji.} I'ertaining t" on abbot or abbey. a8, nn tilib(ttial bonodlctioii ; alilnitial lands. abbey abbayt, abbayet, «• Middle English forms of abbey^. They carried him into the next abbay. Ctiaucer, Prior's Tale. Tltey would rend this abbaye's massy nave. Scott, I. of L. .«., ii. 14. abbi (a-ba'), «• [F.,< L. abbatem, aec. of abbas : nee abbot.} In France, au abbot, (a) More gen- erally, and especially before the French revolution : (1) Any secular person, whether ecclesiastic or la>'miin, hold- ing an abbey 1/1 commeiutam, that is, enjoying a portion, generally about one third, of its revenues, with certain hon. ors, but, except by privilege from the pope, having no ju. risdiction over the monks, and not bound to resilience. Such persons were styled abbt^.< com)aei}dataire..i, and were required to lie in orders, tlmugb a di.-^pensatiuu from this requirement was not unconinmnly obtained. (2) .\ title assumed, either in the hope ol obtaining an abbey or for the sake of distinction, by a numerous class of men who had studied tlieology, practised celibacy, and adopted a peculiar dress, but wiio had only a formal connection with the church, and were for the most part employed as tu- tors in the families of the nobility, or engaged in literary pursuits. (/') In recent usage, a title assumed, like the Italian title abbate (wliich see), by a class of unbeneficed secular clerks. abbess (ab'es), n. [< ME. ahbesse, abbes, < OF. abbessc, abcssc = Pv. abadessa, cl fimptt of llie Virgin ; C, refectory ; H, cell.irs ■■■■' '-""'^ ' presses; 1, nbUit's loili,'int: ; K, ditches g.irdens; M, various liepcniicncies. tilar, the house set ai>art for the residence of the abbot or abbess. Afier the sup- picssliitiof the l',iii;li»b monasteries by Henry Vlll. many of tlie abbatial buildings were cimvcitid into private ihvelllngs, to which the name alilieti is still a]iplieil, as, tor example, Newstead .IWii'j/, tlie residence of Lord liyron. 3. A chtircli now or formerly attached to a iiionastery or convent: as, Westminster .Ibliei/. — 4. Ill Sfiitliind. the sancdiury rnrmerly af- foriloil by the abbey of llolyroml Palace, as hiiving been a royal residence, abbey- (ab'e), «'. fProb. a modification of abilc, <\. v., in simulation of ulus alba. [lOiig. ] or roatrura, dosignod to reflect the upeakor's abbaticalt (u-bal'i-kal), a. Havao B» abbatial . obverse. Reverse. AbtJey.counter, in Uie HrltUli I^uteum. al)bey-coTiiiter 7 abbev-counter (ah'e-kdun'ter), n. [- abbozzo (ab-bot's6), n. [It., also ahbozzato, . •' 11 1 1 - 1 _ I.' i_i ~i J .^:i^U ,.l,^*.-,li ,i..4-Kii^i / .,l,Ur,^tnvrt \n t>lr/if«li ilnliriri- + ooMtttef'l.J A kind of medal, stamped with sacved emblems, the arms of an abbey, or other device, given to a pilgrim as a token of his having visited the shrine ; a kind of pil- grim's sign (which see, under pUi/rim). abbey-laird (ab'e-lard), n. [1'\ bosac), swelling, < OHU. bozo, a bundle: see boss'^ and beat.'] The dead or lirst coloring laid on a picture after the sketch has been blocko^ ur Al)stract of the said tiill. Chambefltujnc, State of Great Britain. abbreviately (a-bre'vi-at-li), adv. Briefly. [Kare.] Tile sweete smacke that Yarmouth iindes in it . . . abbrematty and nieetely according to my old .Sarum plaine- song I have harpt upon. Nashe, Lenten Stuffe (Harl. Jlisc, VI. 162). abbreviation (a-bre-vi-a'shgn), «. [=:F. abre- riation, < LL. abbrevia.tio{n-),< abbrcviare : see abbreviaturet (a-bre'vi-a-tiir), n. l< abbreviate abbreviate, r.] 1. The act of abljreviating, shortening, or contracting ; the state of being abbreviated ; abridgment. This book, as graver authors say, was called Liber Donms Dei, and, by abbreviatLOUy Domesday Book. .Sir W. Temple, Introd. to Hist, of Eng. 2. A shortened or contracted form; a part used for the whole. Specifically, a part of a word. chords, or passages are indicated without be ing written out in full. There are various forms of abbreviation, the most common of which are here shown : a66nl.] 1. Literally, father: a title originally abbreviate (a-bre'vi-at), a. andn. [illj. ahhrc given to any monk, but afterward limited to "" ' " ' " ' • ^ i the head or superior of a monastery, it was formerly especially used in the order of St. Benedict, rector being employed by tlie .lesuits, ttuanti.anu-< by the Franciscans', prior by the Dt.iminiians, arid urehimandrite OY heijoumeiios hy the Greek and oriental elitnclies, to desig'nate the same oHice. Originally the alibots, like the monks, were usually laymen ; later they were required to be in holy orders. They were at first subject to the bishop of the iliiJcese ; but in the contentions between the bishops and abbots the latter in many cases gradually acquired exemption from jurisdiction of the bishops and became subject to the pope directly, or to an abbot-general, or arelialibot, who exercised a supervision over several asso- ciated abbeys. As the influence of the religious orders increased, the power, dignity, and wealth of the abbots increased proportionally ; many of them held rank as tem- poral lords, and, as initered abbots, exercised certain epis- copal functions in the territory surrounding their monas- teries. In the reign of Henry VIII. twenty-six abbots sat in the House of Lords. Until the sixth century abbots were chosen from the monks by the bishop ; since that time they have been generally elected by the monks them- selves, ordinarily for lite. In some instances, where the administration of the revenues of an abbey fell under the civil autliority, the conferring of the benefice, and there- ftn-e the nomination of the abbot, came into the hands of the temporal sovereign, a priictice variously regulated by concorilats with the different countries. The right of confirmation varies ; the solemn benediction of an abbot ordinarily belongs to the bishop of the diocese, occasion- ally to the head abbot, or to a special bishop chosen by the abbot elect. In some instances of exempt abbeys it has been conferred by the pope in person. 2. In later usage, loosely applied to the holder of one of certaiu non-monastic offices, (a) The principal of a body of parochial clergy, as an Episcopal rector, (b) A cathedral oRicer at Toledo. Spain, (c) In the middle ages, the head of various guilds, associations, and popular assemblages : as, abbot of bell-ringers ; the abbot of misrule. 3. A title retained in Hanover, Wiirtemberg, Brunswick, and Schleswig-Holstein by the heads of certain Protestant institutions to which the property of various abbeys was transferred at the Reformation. See abbess, 2 Abbot of abbots, a title fornurlv cnnferred upon the al)but of tlie (iri:.;iiial r..'iirili,tiiic ninnustery of Monte C'.assiuo.— Abbot of misrule (i]i r:iii;!aMd), atibotofun- TeaSOn(iuSi;..t.laiid), tlii'|icrs,.iiai;c whu toiik tlie principal part in tlierhvistnias revels nf t lie p. .pulart- 1 lefore the Ref- ormation.— Abbot of tlie people ', I'rior. See prior. abbotcy (ab'ot-si), /t. l<. abbot + -ci/.'] Same as abhaei/. [Rare.] abbotesst, «• [ult. aljhess, q. v.), < abbas (abbat-) + fem. -issa.'] An abbess. Also written abbatesse. Abbots, Abbote-snes, Presbyters, and Deacons. Selden. And at length became abbntenfiC there. Iloliimtted, Clu-on. abbot-general (ab'ot-ien''e-ral), n. The head of a congregation of monasteries. abbotship (ab'ot-ship), n. [< abbot + -ship.'] =syn 2 Abbreviation, Cmitraction. An abbreviation of a The state or office of an abbot. word is strictly a part of it, generally the first letter or abdest syllable, taken for the whole, with no indication of the re- maining portion: as, A. V. for Anno Domini; Gen. toT f ,■■/"./.■ ; oiath. for waltu'timtien ; Alex, for Alexander. A ruutriirt:are>it. The father will disinherit or abdicate his cliild, quite cashier liim. Durlon, Anat. of Mel. (To the Kcader), I. SO. 4t. To put away or espel ; banish ; renounce the authority of ; dethrone ; degrade. .Scaliger would needs ttirn down Homer, and aifdicate him after the possession of three thousand! years. Dnjden, Pret. to Third ilisc. =Syn. 1. To resign, renounce, give up, i|uit, vacate, re- lin(iuish, lay do^vn, abandon, desert. (See list under aljan- don. c.) TL. intrans. To renounce or give up some- thing; abandon some claim; relinquish a right, power, or trust. He cannot abdicate for his children, otherwise than l>y his own consent in form to a bill from the two Iiouses." Sim/l, Sent, of Cll. of Eng. ilan. Don .lohn is represented ... to have voluntarily re- stored the throne to his father, who had once abdicated in his favor. Ticknor, .Span. Lit., II. 2'Jl. abdicated (ab'di-ka-ted), p. a. Self-depose]>. of abdere. put iiwiiy, < nb, from, away, + -dari' (in (•ninp.), piil.l Having the power or quality of biding. [Uarf.'J abditory (ub'di-lo-ri), n. [' perivi-rr rnl eavily ■ ■ tiMininff mngt of the cli- g<-' imeof III' iir..i.'iiiil(il orgnnH ami aw lieturi". |r I I M'llil abovr IrV the dl„p ' .-I." ■ • • ■ "■ «• -■■ ■ ■■"■ : iH'l- run' I 8 definite regions, called alxlominal regions (see abdoviinal). The principal contents of the abdomen, in man and other mammals, are the end of the esophagus, the stomach, the small anil most of the large intestine, the liver, pancreas, and spleen, the kidneys, suprarenal capsules, lueters, bladder (in part), uterus (iluring pregnancy afr Icist), and sometimes the testicles, with the associated nervous, vas- cular, and serous structures. The apertures in the ab- dominal walls are, usually, several through the diaphragm, for the passage of the esophagus, nerves, blood-vessels, and lymphatics ; in the groin, for the passage of the fem- oral vessels and nerves and the spermatic cord, or the round ligament of the uterus ; and at the navel, in the fetus, for the passage of the umbilical vessels. 2. In verteVn'ates below mammals, in which there is no diaphragm, and the abdomen con- sequently is not separated from the thorax, a region of the body corresponding to but not co- incident with the'human abdomen, and varying in extent according to the configuration of the body. Thus, the ab- domen of a serpent is coex- tensive with the under side of the body from head to tail ; and in descriptive ornithology "pectus is re- stricted to the swelling an- terior part of the gastr.T?um, which we call belly or ab- ilouwn as soon as it begins to sti'uighten out and flatten." C'uu'i, X. A. Birds, p. iXi. 3. In entom., the hind body, the posterior one of the three parts of a perfect insect, united with the thora.\ by a slender connecting portion, and containing the greater part of the digestive a]>paratus. It is divided into a number of rings or segments, typically eleven (or ten, as in Ilymen- aptei-a and Lfiiidnpti'i-itX on the sides of which are small respiratory stigmata, or spiracles. 4. In Artliriijmda other than insects, the cor- responding hinder part of the body, however distinguished from the thorax, as the tail of a lobster or the apron of a crab. — 5. In ascid- ians {TiDucata"!, a special posterior portion of the body, situated behind the great pharyn- geal cavity, and containing most of the ali- mentary canal. In . . . most of the compound Ascidians, the greater part of the alimentary canal lies altogether beyond the branchial sac, in a backward prolongation of the borly which has been termed the abdomen, and is often longer than all the rest of the body. Jltixtrii, Anat. Invert., p. rA7. abdominal (ab-dom'i-nal), a. and «. [< NL. ab- diimiiialis, o»rd" opjicar. a <7, horizontal line througrh the cartilage of the ninth rib ; b b, horizontal line touching the high- est parts of the iliac crests: c c, vertical lines drawn through the middle of I'oupart's ligament, oii either side: i, epigastric re- gion : 1, umbilical region : 3, hi-pogastric region: 4 4, hypo- chondriac regions; 5 5, lumbar regions; 6 6, iliac regions. Inl" ab'l are liifi and arc ' lt« ozteri. 'vlth coiitinoii liit<>uiMii''nt. larlly divhlc'l Into " rlahi body : as, an abdominal fish, — Abdominal aorta, in man and other maimnals, that porti'iii "f till' aorta between its passage through the ilia- Idnaum ;ui'l n't liifiircati"!! into the iliac nrt«rle».— Ab- dominal apertures. Scc uh- doiiicii,' 1 Abdominal fins, in ic/itti., V'lilral llns when situated bchlii.l Hi'' pectoral tins.— Ab- dominal legs, in cnloin.. false legM "1 i'i"p legs of the alnlomen of InsectH. Ill lievapi>doUH insects thcv arc »"ft, fleshy, inai liiulate, ami deciiliioUH, There may be as many as eight pairs, or only a single pair, or none. The HplnniTels of sniders, though nlidiindlial in posi- 1(011, art: reganli-'i ii-* lioriiol'igouH with the j"inli''l bus iif lilglK'r Insects.— Abdominal line, i" Ituuiiiu aniil.: (o) The whih' line (linen niha) or lenulhivlKo ndd-llne of union of the abilnminid iuuhcIch along the ll'iMit "f the belly, ami "Ue of several rroM-lineB Inter seeling the course of the rec Ills niiiHcb'. The exaggeration of thct'* lliic« In art glvs llie "checker buanl" apliearance of tin id"l"miii In Blaliiar.v. ('<) I''. lili thi' si'vinil funcllon. • iiiiiil. In Home !• « llslu'S, Hlii'ds II" "V". I" I' rJiicned, Inl" Ihx pirlloucnl cavlly. ' jipc by aMominiit fnirrx, which place lliiil luvll; hi direct comniuulcnlhiii »llh the exterior. //I'r/ri/, Aunt. Vert., p. ».''. Abdominal reflex, n mipcrlblnl reflex con«l»llng of a ii'tilrii' ll"ii III llie abdominal innxles win ii (he iikin over the al"l "iiieii In the mammary line is pllniulaUid,— Ab- abdominous dominal regions, in human anat.. certain regions into wluch the aljiU'inen is arbitrarily divided for the purpose of mapping its surface with reference to the viscera which lie beneatli these re- gions respectively. Two hori- zontal parallel lines being drawn around the body, one (rt a) crossing the cartilage of the ninth riii, the other (^ 6) crossing tlle highest point of the iliac bone, the abdominal surface is divided into three zones, an tipper, a middle, and a lower, respectively called epiifaatric, xtwtritical, and hjipof/aitric. Each of these is subdivided into three parts by two vertical lines (c c), each drawn through the middle of Pouparfs liga- ment. The central part of the epigastric zone (1) re- tains the name of cjriiiastric ; its lateral portions (4 4) are the right and te/t hiipochon- driac regions : the middle part of the umbilical (2) is called the vndiilii'nl region, while its lateral portions (5 5) are the right aiul tcft litmbar regions; the middle portiou of the hyp'igastric zone (:i) is called the lijijn'mtflric legion, tuit sometimes the puliic re- gion, while its lateral por- tions (ti 0) are called the right and left ilinc (or ingttinal) regions. The adjoining region of the tlligli, lieluw the fold of the groin, is jgoperly excluded.— Abdominal respi- ration, that type of respiration in whicli the action of the iliapluagm, and consequently the movement of the abdo- men, is most markeil : contrasted with thoracic or costal iv.-y.irad'oH.— Abdominal ribs, in hnjict., a series of transverse osf-ilications in the wall of the abdomen of some reptiles, :is diimsaurs ami crocodiles: in the latter the scries consists of seven ou each side, lying superhcial 1" tlie recti muscles. They are iiuitc distinct from true ribs. :iiid cnsidered by some to be dermal ossifications. AliiliiMiiiiil dermal ribs arc developed in some species ["f llinosaiiria], if not in all. Jltixictf,Aiv.il. \'crt., p. 2'27. Abdominal ring, in nii«(. : (o) Internal, an oval opeu- itii: ill the lasei:i of the tnuisversalis abdominis (trans- verse imis'lc "f the ali'lonieii), :il."tit miiiway between the superior iliac spine and the piiliic sjiine, and half an inch ab.'vc I'liiiparfs ligament, (b) Kxicrnal. a similar oblong opeiiiu'.: ill the fascia of the obliciuus externus abdominis (external oblique mnscle of tile abdomen), further down anil nearer the mid-line of the boily. These lings are respectively the inlet and oulh t of the iiigniiiiil ciinal. Also called inguinal riii'j.^-.— Abdominal scuteUa, in herpi't., the short, wide, inibricjited scales wliieli lie ;il"iig the belly of a serpent from chin to anus.- Abdominal segments, in cntom., etc., the individual somiles or rings of which the ab'lomen of an insect, a eriisl:ieeaii, etc.. is or may he composeii.— Abdominal vertebrae, in iddh., all the vertcbnc behind the head which have rilii or rib- like processes arching over the visceral cavity.— Abdom- inal viscera, those organs, collectively considered. « liich ar<- situated in the abdomen, being especially those of the iligestive system. See abdomen, 1. II. n. One of the Abdominales (which see). Abdominales (;ili-doin-i-ii!i'!i"z\ «. ;)/. [NL., I'l. of (ilnbniiinolis : see (diiinininal.] 1. A iiaiiio iiitroiluccci into the ichthyological sys- tem of Liniiieus, and variously ajiplied : (») by I.iniiieiis, as an onliiial name for all osseous flshes with abdominal ventrnls; (/') by t'uvier, as a silbordiuiil name for all those nialaci'pler.vgian osseous llshcs which have iibilomiiKil ventrals; (c) by .1. Miillcr, as a siibonlinal name for those malin-oiilerygian llshcs wliich have abdom- inal ventrals and also a )ineiimalic duct between the air-bladder and inlesliiial canal. The name has idso been applied to other grooi's varying more or less from the iircceding. Thcsaliii"iii'ls and the eliipeids or herring fam- ily are typical rcpreseiitalives in all llie above divisions. 2. a" section of thi' cnlcojitcrous fniiiily farabida; jiroposed by liutieille for beetles with the abdomen enlarged in proportion to 111'' lli'irnx. Abdominalia (ab-dom-i-na'li-ii), n. pi. [NL. (so, animtdia, ;iniinals), neut. pi. of abdomi- iiidi.t : sei> ididominal.] An order of eirri]ied crustaceans, having a segmented body, three jiairs lit alidoiiiiiial linilis, no thonicic liinliN. a Ihisk-sliapcd carapace, an extensive niiiiilli, two eves, and the sexes ilistiiict. The members "f (he 'M'lel all blllToW ill shells. T»o families are recog- nized, feoiitiiidiinlida- ami Ateipjndd; The mIioI'' faliilly of tile AMoniinalin. a name proposed bv liarwiii, if I am not mislaken, have (he sexes separate. llenedeii. All. Parasites. (A'. K. I>.) abdominally (nb-dom'i-nal-i), 0th: On or ill till' iiiiiliiiniii ; toward llie aliilom<'n. abdominoscopy (aii-iloin-i-mm'lto-pi), »i. KL. ahiliimi n (-iiiin-) + (ir. -TOo:rm,< nmiftir, look at, view.] Ill mrd., exaniiiialion of the abdomen for the diliclion of (liseiiMC. abdominous (ali-ddni'i-miHl, a. [(».] I. a. 1. Pertaining to or formed by the letters of tlie alphabet. — 2. Pertaining to the learning of the alphabet, or to one engaged in learning it ; henee, relat- ing to tho first steps in learning. There is an Abecedarian ignorance that precedes know, ledge, and a Doctoral ignorance that comes after it. Cotton, tr. of Montaigne, I. 600. Another form is abecedary. Abecedarian psalms, hymns, etc., psalms, hymns, etc. (as tlie liotli psalm), in which the verses of successive distinct portions are arranged in alphabetical order. II. n. 1. One who teaches or learns the let- ters of the alphabet. — 2. [.cetp.] A follower of Nicolas Storch, an Anabaptist of Germany, in the sixteenth century. The Abecedarians are said to have been so called because Storch taught that study or even a knowledge of the letters was unnecessary, since the Holy Spirit would impart directly a sufficient under- standing of tlie Scriptures. abecedarium (a"be-se-da'ri-um), n. ; pi. abe- cedaria (-il). [Neut. of LL. abecedarius : see abcccddrian.] An a-b-c book. It appears therefore that all the Italic alphabets were developed on Italian soil out of a single primitive type, of which the abecedaria exhibit a comparatively late survival. Isaac Taylor, The Alphabet, II. 131. Logical abecedarium, a table of all possible coniliina- tions of any finite number of logical tenns. Jcvons. abecedary (a-be-se'da-ri), a. and n. [< L. abece- darius: see abecedarian.] I, a. Same as abe- cedarian. II. n. 1. An a-b-c book; a primer. Henee — 2. A first principle or element ; rudiment : as, "such rudiments or abecedaries," Fuller, Ch. Hist., VIII. iii. 2. abechet, r. t. [ME., < OF. abecher (ML. abbe- care), < a, to,-t- bee, beak: see beak'^.] To feed, as a parent bird feeds its yoimg. Yet should I somdele ben abeched, And for the time well refreshed. Gower, Conf. Amant. , v. abed (a-bed'), Of?''. [inis, or from the beginning of the excretory duct of the testis (vas defereos). It varies from 2 to 14 inches in length, is coiled up into a fusiform muss extending up the spermatic cord 2 or 3 inches, and tonninatt-s blindly. Two or more such tubes are occasionally found together, but they are sometimes entirely wanting. See testis. Also called vas aberrans, vascitlum aberrans. aberrate (ab-er'at), r. rateii, ppr. aberrating. pret. and pp. abcr- [y petitions and mes- sengers, took such liappy pains with tile cimrch of Salem, aa presently recovered that lioly flock to a sense of llis (Koger WUIiams'sJ aberraduiu. C. Mather. Mag. Chris., vii. 1. 2. In pathol. : (a) A wandering of the intel- lect ; mental derangement. (6) Vicarious hem- orrhage, (c) Diapedesis of blood-coi-puscles. (rf) Congenital malformation. — 3. In ztiol. and hot., deviation from the tj-pe ; abnormal struc- ture or development. In whichever light, therefore, insect aWrrati&ti is viewed by US, ... we aftliiu that it does . . . exist. Wotla^ton, Var. of Species, p. 2. 4. In optics, a deviation in the rays of light when unequally refracted by a lens or reflected by a mirror, so that they do not converge and meet in a point or focus, but separate, form- ing an indistinct image of the ob.iect, or an indistinct image with prismaticaily colored «dgcs. It is called 'iiherical when, as in tlie former case, the ini|>erfection or blurring arises from the form of curva- ture of the lens or rellector, and chn, malic when, as in the latter ciiae. tlu-re is a prismatic coloring of the image aris- ing from the iliifercnt refrangibility of tlie rays compos- ing white light, and the consequent fact that the foci for the ditlerent cglors do not coincide, ihus, in llg. I, the rays pa-^ising through the lens L h near its edge have a focus at A, while those which pass near the axis have a focus at /;; hence, an imago formed on a screen placerl Jit m m would appear more or less distorted or indistinct. ized by alierration; erratic. aberuncatet (ab-e-rung'kat), v. t. ; pret. and pp. ahcnoicated, ppr. ahcrmicatiny. [An erro- neous form Qi avcrruncdie, as if < L. 'aberuncare, < ab, from, + e for e.r, out, + runcare, uproot, weed ; hence the un- authorized sense given by Bailey. See arernincaie.'] To pull up by the roots ; extir- pate utterly. Johnson. Abentncated, pulled up by the roots, weeded. Eailet/. aberuncationt (ab-e-rung-ka'- sboii), H. [< aberuncatc.l Eradication; extirpation; re- moval. aberuncator (ab-e-rung'ka- tor), H. l,i abet."] 1. To encourage by aiil or approval : used with a personal object, and cliietly in a bad sense. They abetted both parties in the civil war, and always fnrnisheil supplies to the weaker side, lest there should be an end put to these fatal divisiinis. .idilintm, Freeholder, No. '28. Note, too, how for having «/*-7/i'(/ those who wronged the native Irish, England has to pay a penalty. //. Silencer, Social Statics, p. 487. 2t. To maintain ; support; uphold. "Then shall I soone," qnoth he, "so Ood me grace, Abett that virgins cause disconsolate." S/iemer, F. Q., I. x. r,i. 3. In law, to encourage, counsel, incite, or as- sist in a criminal act — implying, in the case of felony, personal iireseiicc. ibus, in military law, it Is a grave crime to aid or abet n mutiny "r sedi- tion, or excite resistance agailist lawful orders. In .S'r«rx law, a person is said to be abeitiwj tlmugh he may t the fool alift the stealth Who rashly thus exposed his wealth'/ Uay, Fables, II. VI. = 8yn. To Biipiiort, encourage, second, countenance, aid. assist, back, luinnivu at, stand by, ftn-tlier. abett (ii-bet'), n. [< ME. ahrl, instigation, < OF. nlii:t, iiistigatioii, deceit (Ml,. alietlnm\. abhorrence (ab-hor'ens), «. l< abhorrent : soo -fiver:] 1. The act of abhorring; a feeling of extreme aversion or detestation ; strong hatred. One man thinks justice consists in paying debts, and has no measure in his abhorrence of another who i$ very re- miss in this duty. Emerson, Essays, 1st ser., p. 286. 2t. An expression of abhorrence. Specifically, an address presented in 16S0 to Charles II. of England, expressing abhorrence of the Addressers (which sec). 3. That which excites repugnance or loathing: as, servility is my abhorrence. = Syu. 1. Horror, hatred, detestation, repugnance, disgust, loathing, shrink- ing, antipathy, aversion. abhorrencyt (ab-hor'en-si), ». The quality of being abhorrent, or the state of regarding any- thing with horror or loathing. The first tendency to any injustice . . . must be sup- pressed with a show of wonder and abhorrence in the parents. Locke, Education, ^ 110. abhorrent (ab-hor'ent), a. [Mio may abide the day of his coming? Mai. iii. 2. tircatness does not need plenty, and can very well abide its loss. £merA'o/i, Essays, 1st ser., p. 232. 4. To put up with; tolerate. [In this collo- quial sense approaching abide^.] I cannot abide the smell of hot meat. Shak., M. W. of W., i. 3. 11 As for disappointing them, I shouldn't so much mind, but I can't abide to disappoint myself. Gfddamith, She Stoops toCon(iuer, i. 1. 5t. To encoimter; undergo: in a jocular sense. [?] I wil give hyni the alder-beste Uifte, that ever he abode hys lyve. Chameer, Dethe of Blaunche, I. 247. II. intrans. 1. To have one's abode ; dwell; reside. In the noiseless air and light tlult flowed Hound your fair brows, eternal J'eace abode. Dnjant, To the Apennines. 2. To remain ; continue to stay. Except these abide in the ship, ye cannot be saved. Acts xxvii. 31. Here no man can abide, except he be ready with all his heart to humble himself for the love of God. Thomas d Kempiis, Im. of Christ, i. 17. 3. To continue in a certain condition ; remain steadfast or faithful. But she is happier it she so abide [In widowhood). 1 Cor. vii. 40. 4t. To wait ; stop ; delay. He hasteth wel that wysly kan ahyde. Chaucer, Troilus, i. 949. 5. To inhere ; belong as an attribute or qual- ity ; have its seat. Though far more cause, yet much less spirit to curse Abides in me. Shak., Rich. III., iv. 4. To abide by. {«) To remain at rest beside : as, "abide by thy ciilj,' Job xxxix. 9. (6) To adhere to ; maintain ; defend ; stand to : as, to abide by a friend. Specifically, in Scots law, to adhere to as true and genuine : said of the party who relies upon a deed or writing which the other party ilesires to have reduced or declared null and void, (in the ground of forgery or falsehood, (c) To await or accept the consequences of ; rest satisfied with : as, to abide by the event or issue. = Syil. 1 and 2. Abide, Sojourn, Continue, Dwell, Reside, Live, remain, stay, stop, lodge, settle, settle down, tarry, linger. Live is the most general word : to pass one's life, without indicating place, time, or manner. Abide, sojourn, to stay for a time — length of stay being associated in the mind with the ffinner, and briefness or shortness of stay with the latter. Continue, to stay on, without interv.al of absence. Dwell, to l»e domiciled. Reside, to have one's home ; dwell. And if these pleasures may thee move. Then live with me and be my love. Marlowe, Shepherd to his Love. Thou who changest not, abide with me ! Lyte. A certain man of Beth-lehem-judah went to sojourn in the country of Moab, he, and his wife, and his two sons. . . . And they came into the country of Moab, and eon- tinned there. Ruth i. 1, 2. And Moses was content to dwell with the man. Exod. ii. 21. There, at the moated grange, resides this dejected Ma- riana. Shak., M. for M., iii. 1. abide^ (a-bid'), v. t. [This word iu the sense of ' suffer for ' does not occur much earlier than Shakspere's time. It is a corruption of ME. abyen, pay for, due to confusion with abided, wait for (as if that sense were equivalent to 'endure'): see further under abij'^, and ef. abided, r. t., 4.] To pay the price or penalty of ; suffer for. If it be found so, some will dear abide it. Shak., J. C, iii, 2. Ah me ! they little know How dearly I abide that boast so vain. Milton, P. L., iv. 86. abident. Old perfect participle of abided. abider (a-bi'der), H. [al8am-ttr of eastern North America (^. balsainca), the red and white fii's of western America (A. graiutis, concolor, and noljilis), till- sail I'd fir of Mexico (A. religiosa), etc. See fir. abietene (ab'i-e-ten), n. [< L. ubics (abiet-), th(< lir, -I- -ene.'l A hydrocarbon obtained by distillation from the resin of the nut-pine of California, I'iniis Sabiniana. it consists almost wholly of nonnal heptane, C7H](}, and is a nearly color- less iiinbil,- liquid, having a strong aromatic smell, highly infianiiiiable, and burning with a white, smokeless flame. abietic (ab-i-et'ik), a. [< L. abici (alnct-), the lir, -I- -h:] Of or pertaining to trees of the genus .lilies; derived from the fir.— Abietic acid, I ■■_',, ]l;;n"-_', an acid obtained from the resin of some spccirs r.f ijiiie, 'larch, and fir. These resins are anhydrids of uhictic acid or niixtures containing it. abietin (ab'i-e-tiu), n. [< L. abies {abiet-), the lir, -t- -in"^.] A tasteless, inodorous resin, de- rived from the turpentine obtained from some species of the genus Abies. Abietinese (ab'i-e-tin'e-e), n. pA. [NL., < L. abies (abiet-), the'fir, + -in-ea:.] A suborder of the natural order Coniferce, distinguished by bearing strobiles (cones) with two inverted ovules at the base of each scale, which become winged samaroid seeds. The leaves are linear or neeiile-shaped, and never two- ranked. It includes many of the most valuable kinds of tim- ber-trees, viz., pine (Pinus), true cedar (Cedrus), spruce (Pi- cea), hemlock-spruce (Tsuga), l>ouglas'&sxtvuce(Pseudotsuga), fir (.ibics), and larch (Larix). abietinic (ab'''i-e-tin'ik), a. Pertaining to or de- rived from abietin : as, abietinic acid. abietite (ab'i-e-tit), n. [< L. abies ((ibiet-), the fir, -I- -/fc2.] AsugarjCgHgOs, obtained from the needles of the European silver fir, Abirs pcctinata. Abietites (ab"i-e-ti'tez), )/. [NL., pi. (septate), < L. abies (abiet-), the fir.] A genus of fossil plants, natural order Conifene, occurring in the Wealden and Lower Greensand strata. Abigail (ab'i-gal), n. [< Abigail, the "waiting gentlewoman" in Beaumont and Fletcher's play of "The Scornful Lady" — so named, perhaps, in allusion to the expression "thine handmaid," applied to herself by Abigail, the wife of Nabal, when carrj-ing provisions to David : see 1 Sam. xxv. 2-41.] A general name for a waiting-woman or lady's-maid. [Colloq.] Sometimes written as a common noun, with- out a capital. The Abigail, by immemorial custom, being a deodand, and belonging to holy Church. Reply to Ladies and Bachelors Petition, 1694 (Harl. Misc., IV. 440). I myself have seen one of these male Abigails tripping about the room with a looking-glass in his hand and combing his lady's hair a whole morning together. Siectator. abigeat (ab-ij'e-at), V. [< OF. abigeat, < L. abigeatus, cattle-stealing, < abigeus, a cattle- stealer, < a6i(/CTr, drive away: see abactor. For the second sense (b), ef. L. abiga, a plant which has the power of producing abortion, < abigere, as above.] In law : (a) The crime of stealing or driving off cattle in droves. (6) A miscarriage procured by art, abiliatet (ar-bil'i-at), v. t. [For abilitate ; or irreg. formed from able, L. habilis, ML. (h)abi- lis.] To enable. Bacon. [Rare.] abilimentt (a-bil'i-ment), n. [Vax. of habili- ment, q. v.] Ability: as, " abiliment to steer a kingdom," Ford, Broken Heart, v. 2. abilimentst, n. pi. Same as habiliments. abilitatet (a-bil'i-tat), c. t. [ OF. habileter, habiliter), ren- der able, < habilis, able : see able^.] To assist. Nicholas Ferrar. ability (a-bil'i-ti). H. [< ME. abilite (four syl- lables), < of;' habilite (ME. also ablete, < OF. ablete), < L. habilita(t-)s, ML. abdita(t-)s, apt- ness, < /)0&(/(S, apt, able: see abW^.] 1. The state or condition of being able; power or capacity to do or act in any relation; compe- tence in any occupation or field of action, from the possession of capacity, skill, means, or other qualification. They gave after their ability unto the treasure of the work. Ezra ii. 69. Alas ! what poor Ability's in me to do him pood ? 5;m*., M. forM., L 5. ability 12 To the close of the RepubUe, the law was the sole field abiOgeny (ab-i-oj'e-ni), «. [< Gr. a-priv. + ^.'of - • ■ • - ' — '"- ^j.^,^ ^ -;. nv/f , -born : see abiogenests and -gen.^ Same as tibiogettesis. life, + -}ev>i(, -bom : see abiogenests and -gen Same as tibiogettesis. >Uoiaal corapiunasoi which or- -hiolofflcal lab'i-o-loj'i-kal), a. for alToWWu eicKpt the special talent of a capacity for generalship. ilaiiu: ViUage Communities, p. SsO. We must regard the co! ganisms are built as havin'Z, ability to separate colloi'l* * abjurer act of casting away or down ; the act of hum- bling or abasing ; abasement. The audacite and bolde speche of Daniel signifyeth the abjection of the kj-nge and liis realme. , „ . , , Joiic, Exp. of Daniel, ch. //. Spciuvr, I'rin. of BioL, § 7 2. pi. In a concrete sense, talents; mental gifts or endowments. Natural abitUies are like nattoal plants, that need prun- ing by study. £<""". studies, Essay oO. He had good abilities, a genial temper, and no vices. 8 The condition of being able to pay or to meet peeuniarv obligations; possession of means : caUed distinctively financial or jjecii- niary abilittj. Out of my lean and low oMWi/ I'll lend you something. Shak., T. X., ui. i. A draft upon my neighbour was to *ne the same as monev ■ for I was sufficiently convinced of his ability. ■" ' Goldmiith, V icar, siv. 4. That which is within one's power to do; best endeavor. Be thou assur'd, good Cassio, I will do All my abilities in thy behalf. Shak., 0th., m. 3. =Syn. 1 Abitilv, Capacity, power, strength, skUl, dex- terity faculty, capability, qualiflcation. ethtiency. Abtlitii denotes active power or power to perform, and is used with regard to power of any kind. Capacity conveys the idea of reeeptiveness, of the possession of resources [< 6r. a- priv. ; notcpertain- ing to biology. The biological sciences are sharply marked off from the abiological, or those which treat of the phenomena mani- fested' by not-liWng matter, lluxky, Anat. Invert., p. 1. abiologically (ab'i-o-loj'i-kal-i), adv. Not bio- loo-icallv ; iu au abiological manner. Emerson, Soc. and Sol. abirritant (ab-ir'l-tant), «. [< l>. ab, trom, + E. irritant.'\ In med., a soothing drug or application. abirritate (ab-ir'i-tat), v. t. ; pret. and pp. ahir- n?affrf, ppr. abirritating. [bsolete form of habit. abitaclet, «• Obsolete form of habitaelc. 2. The state of being east down or away; hence, a low state ; meanness of spirit ; base- ness ; groveling humility ; abjectness. That this should be termed b;i3eness, «(ycc(ioii of mind, or serviUty, is it credible? Hooker, Ecel. Pol., v. § 47. Contempt for Ids abjection at the foul feet of the Church. Strinburne, Shaliesprare, p. 80. 3. Kejection; expulsion. Cabin understands by Christ's descending into hell, that he sulfereii in his soul ... all the torments of hell, even to abjection from God's presence. Heylin, Hist, of Presbyterians, p. 350. abjective (ab-jek'tiv), a. [< abject + -ive.] TemUug to abase ; demoralizing : as, abjective influence. FaU Mall Gazette. In an abject, mean. abjectness (ab'jekt-ues), 11. The state or quality of being abject, mean-spirited, or de- graded ; abasement ; servility. \W\e\\ a mid anunal is subdued to abjectness, all its in- terest is gone. Ilijijinson, oldport Days, p. 37. Dotential rather than actual, and may be no more than abitet, v. t. [ME. abitan, < AS. abltun, bite, eat, obludge (ab-iuj'), V. 1. X pret. and pp. abjlldged. ondeveloped abilitv. Abilitii is manifested in action, while eapacitu dues not imply action, as when we speak of a ca- pacity for virtue. Capacity is the gift of nature ; ai>i(i(;/ ispartly the result of education or opportunity. ■What is a power, but the ability or faculty of doing a thing? What is the ability to do a thing, but the power of employing the means necessary to its execution ? A. Hamilton, Federalist, No. 33. Capacity is requisite to devise, and ability to execute, a great entcrprUe. U- Taylor. 2. Abilities, Talents, Parts, etc. (see genius), gifU, fac- ulty, aptitude, accomplishments. -ability. See -able, -bilitij, -jbility. abilliamentst (a-bil'i-a-ments), n. pi. [<0F- haliilUmint, armor, war equipments (mod. F., clothing) ; the E. spelling -Hi- imitates the sound of F. II, as in billiards, q. v. See luihili- ment.] Same as habiliments, but applied more especially to armor and warlike stores. And now the temple of Janus being shut, warlike abillin- ments grew rusty. Artti. ifitson. Hist. .Tames I. abimet, abismet, ». [< OF. ahime, earlier abisnic : Bee abysm.] An abysm. Colu:nn and base npbering from abime. JSallad in Commemlacioun of Oure Ladie, 1. 129. Feel such a care, as one whom some Abisme In the deep Ocean kept had all his Time. Drummond o/ Hawthomden, Works, p. S9. ab initio (ab i-nish'i-o). [L. : ab, from; initio, abl. of initium, beginning: aee initial.] From the beginning. abintestate (ab-in-tes'tat), a. [or by such abject methods seek for praise. Dniden, Art of I'oetry, iv. 97(>. An abject nmn he IWcdsey] was, in spite of his pride ; tor being overtaken riding out of that pliicc U)wards Esher b.v one of the King's chamlierlains, who brought him a knid message and a ring, he alighted from hia mule, took olf his cap, and kneeled down iu the dirt. Dickens, Child's Hist. Eng. What in me is dark , xxvii. Illumine, what is low raise and support. MiUon, P. 1.., i. 23. companitiM l> that It on or., If orvanlHms, iiii-l *' claim that It I. tendency of v ward the a«-jnn'e-Hist), n. XIV + -is'. I Snnie n» abioiienixt. ablogenetic (ub'i-o-Jv-net'iU), a. [See aim,- gntitu and grnctie.] Of or pertaining to iitiio- gl'MO-i-, ablogenetically (ab'i „„ 1,1,,,, ,1.,- IMUIlIII iilji'i : abiogciii ^(.J A I.. AIho enlbd abiogenonB ppr. abjudging. !< live on the Intel iial revenues o( the sjdiit. ImwcII, Sliidy Windows, p. 104. i: trine -i-nj . nan), a HjiontaneoiiH generetion. 2. To make abject; humiliat.. ; tlogrado. ,^^ „, |.„^,„„„, ,„ „„,,„ It abjected his spirit to that degree that he fell 'InuK 'f- (,, 1,.,^^. ii„, .nimtry and never reluiii ; iiii oalli by which oiislyslck. .strype. Memorials, I. u.. ^^^^^^^^ taking refuge In a ehnreh niiglit in sonii' cases What Is it that can make lhl» gallant bo sloop and ab- ,„,.,. ||„,|,. iiv,.h. = 8)m. To llenounee, lleeanl. Abjure, etc. iivMilniielf so basely? ;'i.(/iir»o/, AlheomaslK, p. 4.s, ,„,.,. ,.,.„„„„,.,.) rellmiillsh, abandon, disavow, lake back, n..t'i-ki.l-i), flf/r. In abjectodneSSf Oib-jok't..il.noH), fi. TbOHlate dlsehdni, rep„dlalt% unsay. , i.i.:,„.„Hn„ «pontuneous goner- or . ondition of being iiUject ; abjoctnoBs; hn- II. fH7;'«H.^. To tako an oath of ab iiration. ^ "^ iniliiilm.i One Thomas Harding, ... Who had n'liiim/ In the year '"'.ur s'lonr annl. him-l. to .he ,>ot.om of abMetednr., K,'-'. /'/'• '';;'"'. "i;;- "' ">;■;' '^ to null iiiir condition to tlioeonlraryexlremc. /(""'r abjurementf (ab-jdr'raont), n. The act ol atl- abjectlon Oib-jek'Bhcn). ". finnii., the name given to a noun with a ijarliciple or some other attributive or qualifying word, either expressed or understood, in the ablative case, which is not dependent upon any other word in the seu- teni^e. ablaut (ab'lout ; G. pron. fip'lout), w. [G.,rep., on, 4- biased, q. v.] 1. On fii-e ; in a blaze; burning briskly: as, the bonfire is n6?a^ennil-* it to be performed with sand when water can- not 1-e pr.M:nrcr <.lobn xlli. M) on Maundy or Holy Thursday, called itm It'll il Hill, (2) The wiLshing of the celebrant's hand.4 l>efore and aft^-r cfimmunion. {c) In the Eastern Churrh, the pur]flcati diluent fluiilH. — 8. The watr>r nucd in eUan-init. Wanh'il by thi iriny wave, the pinna train \rii cleanicil, and oajit the ahlulifinM in tlio main. /'o;m, Iliad. 1. ii.'i. ablntionaiy (ab-ln'uhon-a-ri), a. Pertaining til iiMiiiiori. ablavlon (nb-lO'vl-on), ». [< ML. ablurio(n-), n cl]iitik"'d form of I,, iililnri/lm, a flood or rlij. nil'',' "iitiirrr, nanh iin : hko abtumt, a.] li. A fliHid. -2. That whiih \n wiuthed off or away. Ihrnilif. fUnre.] ably 'o'lili J rtrfr. ( < MK. abfiHehe, < nbrl, alile, + .1,1 1,1, -Iy9.) In nn able manner; with ftbilits. -ably, t '"' + I WVi. abrl-lirhe; ,,i> -bli/, • ihlif.] I I ■ I'rinirii' if iidverb"! from iiiljuc- tivc** in -"' ■ abnogato li/ne-Ku' .'.'.: pret. und pp. atme- gattd, ppr ,' nr,i,ifi,.,i I i" I,, nimcgatiu, pp, of 14 abn-egare, refuse, deny, < ah, off, + negare, deny : see negation.] To deny (anything) to one's self; renounce ; give up or surrender. The government which . - . could not, without abne- gatiivj its own very natiu-e, take the lead in Uxakiag rebel- lion an excuse for revolution. Loicell, Study Windows, p. 167. abnega'fcion (ab-ne-ga'shon), «. [< L. abnega- tioyn-), denial, < abnegare, deny : see abnegate.] The act of abnegating ; a renunciation. ■With abneijation of God, of his honour, aud of religion, they may retain the friendship of the court, Knox, Letter to Queen Reg. of Scot. Judicious confirmation, judicious abncriation. CarlyU, The Diamond Neclilace. abnegative (ab'nf-ga-tiv or ab-neg'a-tiv), a. Den.viiig; negative. Clarke. [Rare.] abnegator (ab'ne-ga-tor), n. [L., a denier.] One who abnegates, denies, renounces, or op- jioses. Sir E. Sandys. abnerval (ab-ner'val), a.. [< L. ab, from, + ncrrus, nerve.] From or away from the nerve. Applied to electrical currents passing in a muscular fiber from the point of application of a nerve-fiber toward the extremities of the muscular fiber. abnet (ab'net), n. [< Heb. abnet, a belt.] 1. In Jewish antiq., a girdle of fine linen worn by priests. Also called abanet. A long array of priests, in their plain white garments overwrapped by abnets of many folds and gorgeous colors. /.. Wallace, Ben-Hur, p. 530. 2. In siirg., a bandage resembling a Jewish ]iricsf s girdle. abnodatet (ab'no-dat), v. t. [< L. ainodatus, pp. of abnodare, cut off knots, < ab (= E. off) + nodarc, fill with knots, < nodus = E. knot : see node and knot.] To cut knots from, as trees. Blount. abnodationt (ab-uo-da'shon), n. The act of cutting away the knots of trees. abnormal (ab-n6r'mal), a. [< L. abnortnis, deviating from a fixed rule, irregular, < ah, from, -I- norma, a rule : see norm aud normal. Earlier unormal, q. v.] Not conformed or conforming to rule ; deviating from a type or standard ; contrary to system or law ; irregu- lar; unnatural. An argument is, that the above-specified breeds, though agreeing generally in constitution, habits, voice, cohnu-- ing, anil in most parts of their structure, with the wild rock pigeon, yet are certainly highly abnormal in other parts of their structure. Darwin, Origin of Species, i. Abnormal dispersion. See dUpersion, Abnormales (ab-u6r-ma'lez), n. pi. [NL., pi. of iihiHirniidis : seaking, an atiniirinily. J'liji. .Sei. Mo., ,\,\ll. 117. The farndaic i-nrrent which (Mires stune deep-seated iib- iinrmilij of nulrillim. J. Finkr, Cos. I'lili., I. Wl'.'. abnormoUB (ub-nAr'mus), a. [< L. ahnorniis, with Huflix -ouK, like i uormou.s, ^Jj. cnomiis : Kce abnormal.] Abnorinal ; iiiisHhapen. Tlie general sinietiircof II ouplet through the 171b century may be called abnorniiiiin. Il.illuin, Mt. Hist., IV. ■.'.d aboard' 'n-bord'), »rr/i. jihr. iis adv. nnd/irz/i. [< .MK. on horde, < AH, on Imrile (ihit.), on htinl {hi'c,): prep. oil, on; hord, |ilniil<, side ofn ship: (too hoard. Cf. V. albr n Imrd, go aboard; D. aan boon! gaan, go aboard. The F. d boni aboil has merged in the E. phrase. Cf. aboard!^.] 1. adi\ 1. On the deck or in the hold of a ship or vessel ; into or upon a vessel. [In the U. S. used also of railroad-ears and other vehicles.] He lowdly cald to such as were abord. Spcmer, F. Q., II. vi. 4. 2. Alongside ; by the side ; on one side. He was desirous of keeping the coast of Amei-ica aboard. Cook, Voyages. Aboard main tack ! (naut.), an order to haul one of the lower corners of the mainsail down to the chess- tree, — All aboard ! the order to go on lioard or enter, upon the startiiiL,' -boil'), prep. phr. as ailr. or a. f< o^, prep., 4- boil'i.] In or into a lioiling stale. abolete aboletet (al/o-let), a. [< L. *aboletus, pp. otaho- kscerc, decay, < abolere, destroy: see abolish.} Old; obsolete. abolisll (a-bol'ish), v. t. [< late ME. aboli/sshen, < OF. aboliss-, extended stem of abolir, < L. abolere, destroy, abolish, < ab, from, + *olc>r, incorap., grow.] Todo away with; put aii oiid to ; destroy ; efface or obliterate ; annihilate : as, to abolish customs or institutions; to abolish slavery ; to abolish idols (Isa. ii. 18) ; to abolish death (2 Tim. i. 10). Or wilt thou thyself Aboliith thy creation, and unraalce, For him, wliat for thy glory thou hast made ? Milton, P. L., iii. 103. Congress can, by edict, . . . abolish slavery, and pay for such slaves as we ought to pay for, Emerson, Misc., p. 285. His quick, instinctive hand Caught at the hilt, as to abolish him. Tennyson, Geraint. = Syn. To AbnUsh, Repeal, Rescind, Recall, Revoke, Abro- qali\ Annul, Ciinrel, end, destroy, do away with, set aside, nullify, aimiliihite, quash, vacate, make void, extirpate, eniiUi'jitf, siii'inr.'^s, uproot, erase, expunge. Abolinh is a stroll^' w.irt> by drug- ftitl^, di Atiiic ttiutui<.„ to the contrary'. iV. 1'. liulejiendenl, July 24, 1873. abortion ' ■' hon), n. [- "jxili w<-i'k of gesfntioii. lAiml. ft •II. /.-(>. i;ui'.K .Mmi,.u. II. :i. 3. Thn r-rolnnt "f iii.ili„..lv birlli; Ikmico, n mi ' '.. Any fruit or . inniiirity ; hci. •onsi', any- 16 thing which fails in its progress before it is matured or perfected, as a design or project.— 4. In bot. and :ool., the arrested development of an organ at a more or less early stage. In the complete abortion of the rostellum lot Ccphalan- thera ijrandijiora] we h.ive evidence of degradaliou. Darwin, Kertil. of Orcllids by Insects, p. SO. He [5Ir. Bates) claims for that family [the irdioonidw] the highest position, cliiefly because of the imperfect structure of the fore legs, which is there carried to an ex- treme degree of (tbortion. A. S. Wallace, Nat. Selec., p. 133. abortional (.o-bor'shon-al), a. Of the nature of an abortion ; characterized by failure. The treaty . . . proved abortional. and never came to fuUiliiRiit, ' CaW»//t% Frederick the Great, VI. XV. 22. abortionist (a-bor'shon-ist), n. [< abortion + -i«f.] One who produces or aims to produce a criminal abortion ; especially, one who makes a practice of so doing. He [Dr. Robl)) urged the necessity of physicians using ail their inlluence to discountenance the work of abor- tioiufti. ^''- y. iled. Jour., XL. 580. abortive (a-b6r'tiv), a. and ;;, [< L, abortirus, born preni'aturely, causing abortion, < abortus, pp. of aboriri, miscarry : see abort, r.] I, a. 1, Brought forth in an imperfect condition ; im- perfectly formed or inadequately developed, as an animal or vegetable production ; rudimen- tary. — 2. Suppressed; ke)jt imperfect; re- maining rudimentary, or not advancing to per- fection in form or function : a frequent use of the term in zoology. Compare ecstigial. The toes [of srals) are completely united by strong webs, and the straight nails are sometimes reduced in number, or even altogether abortive. Huxleij, Anat. Vert., p. 359. The power of voluntarily uncovering the canine Itooth) on one side of the f.ace being thus often wholly lost, indi- cates that it is a rarely used and almost afmrtirc action. Darwin, Express, of Emot., p. 253. Hence — 3, Xot brought to completion or to a successful issue; failing: miscarrying; com- ing to nought : as, an abortire scheme. Abortive as the first-born bloom of spring, Nipp'd with the lagging rear of winter's frost. Jfi7/on, S. A., 1. 1570. He made a salutation, or, to speak nearer the truth, an ill-defined, abortive attempt at courtesy. Hawthorne, Seven Gables, vii. 4. Inftof., defective ; barren. A. Gray. — 5, Pro- ducing nothing; chaotic; ineffectual. The void profound Of unessential Night n-Leives bim next. Wide-gaping ; ami with utter loss of being Threatens liim, plunged in that abortive gulf. .Milton, V. L., ii. 43S, 6. In mcd., producing or intended to produce abortion ; abortifacient : as, abortive drugs. — 7, Deformed ; monstrous, [Rare.] Tliou elWsh-mark'd, abortive, rooting hog I Thou that wast seal'd in tliy nativity The .slave of nature and tlie son of hell ! Sliak., Itich. III., i. 3. Abortive vellum, vellum made from the skin of a still- liorn ealf. II, «. [r being, or nf toinliiiK to become, abortive; a failure to iiach perfection or ma- turity ; want rif HiieecHK or iii'compliHlimenl. abortmentt Oi-bArt'mcnl), «. l<. abort, r.. + • iiirni, — K. arnrlcmrnt, Hp. aliorlaniimlii, I'g. aliortaini nlii.\ An iinliinily birth; an abortion. 11 nrlh, III » bone womb IIimhi- ih Kcrtod mineral rlclicn iimat ever llu buried ■* lout uti'oimenlM. Bacon, I'hya, olid Hod. lUimaliia. about abortus (a-b6r'tus), n, ; pi. abortus. [L., an abortion : see abort, ji.] In mcil., the fruit of an abortion ; a child born before the proper time ; an abortion. Abothrophera (a-both-rofe-rii), n. pi. [NL., prop. *abotliropliora, < Gr. u- priv. + jiodpoCj a pit, + -Oi'ipoc, < ipipeiv = E. fttui-l.] A group of old-world solenoglyph venomous serpents, cor- responding to the family lipcrida:. So called be- cause of tile ntisence of a pit between the eyes and nose, contrasting in this respect with the Buthropliera. abougbtt, pret. of aby. [See uhy.J Endured; atoned for ; paid dearly for. The vengeans of thilke yre That vVtheon abomrhte trewely. Cliauccr, Knight's Title, 1. 1445. aboulia, aboulomania, «. Same as abulia, abound (a-ljouud'), r. i. [< ME. abounden, abunden, sometimes spelled habunden, nbimnd in his own seme. Branthall, ii. i>32. Moreover, as every one is said to abound with his owr^ gense, and that among the race of man-kind, Opinions and Fancies are found to be as various as the scvcrall Fares and Voyces ; so in each individual man there is a diUV-ring facultie of Oliservation. of .Indgement. of Appli- cation. Howell, Forreiue Travell, i. aboundancet (a-ljoun'daus), «. An old form of iihinidiniiT. Time's iStoreliousc, ii. abounding (a-boun'ding), JI. [Verbal n. of ahonnd.] The state of being abundant ; abun- dance ; increase. Soiilli, Sermons, II. 220. abounding (a-boun'ding), p. a. Overflowing; plrutiful ; abundant: as, «ft()«HfW«.(/ wealth. about (a-bouf), <«/(•. i\m\ prt p. [i,< AB. dhii- f((H (= OFries. dhiila), about, around, < a- for on (the AS. form onbfitan also occurs, with an equiv. ymbiiian, round abotitj < ymbe, yinb, around, about, = G. uni = (h: aui'y direction ; all around. Trithee, do not turn nic about ; my stomach is not con- stant. Shak.. T'empest, ii. 2. Algiers , . . measures barely one league atioiit. ./. Morgan, Hist. Algicra, 2. Circuitously ; in a roundabout coui-se. Ood led the people about through the way of the wilder- ne.18. Ex. xiii. 18. To wheel three or four miles about. Shak., Oor., L 6. 3. Hither aiul thither; to and fro; up and down ; liero and there. lie that goeth abmit as a talc-hearer. I'mv. xx. 10. Wandering about frmn house to house. 1 Tim, v. 1.1. We followed the gnliie atumt among the tombs for a while. C. I). )Yarn*'r, Koundiiliout .loiirney, xll. 4. Near in time, ntiinber, quanlily, quality, or degree; nearly; ajiproximali'ly ; alnioNt. He Went out about the third hour. .Mat. xx. 3. Light travels almut 180,000 miles n second. J. N. hirkiier, Elem. Astron. The (Imt two are abmit the nicest girls In all London. Iliiwlrii ,Sinait, Social Slniu'rH, I. 182. (In rontraelmnade on the New York Slock Exchange, Iho lirin iihoiil means "not more Minn three da.rs" when iippMcd to lime, and "not more tbiin in per cent." wlien iiicd «ith reference to a miinbcr of shares.) T). In readinesH; intending; going: after the vorl) to be. The bouse which I am iiboul to build. 2 f'bron. II. ». As the ahipmcn were about to lieu out of the ship. Acts xxvll. SOl about 16. At work ; astir; begiu in earnest : used with the force of an imperative. Aliuut, ray brain ! Shale, Hamlet, ii. 2. To be about, to be astir ; lie on tlic ninvf ; l)i' :il tiiiilini' III .111. 's usual iluties.— To bring about, t" ("luse .'.r 1 11. .1 : as, lo hriivi about a reuoiu-iliati.jn.— To come about, tn cumc to pass ; luippen,— To go about, (n) i,iti,ially, t.i taki! a .circuit.iiis niuti' ; liencu, tu devise rounilabout or secret nietlio.ls of aiTomplisliing anytliiug ; contrive ; pre- pare ; seeic tlie means. Wliy ffo ye about to liill me ? Jolni vii. 19. If wo look into the eyes of the youngest person, wo sometimes ilLseover tliat here is one who knows already what you would 1/0 about with much pains to teacli hira. Emermn, Old Age. <6) A'iiii(. , to take a different direction, .as a vessel in taek- iuy.— Much about, very nearly: as, his health is jnucA about tlie same as yesterday.— Put about, annoyed; disturbed : provoked : as, lu; was niueh put about by the news.— Ready about ! About ship ! orders to a crew to prepare tor tacking.— Rlgbt about! Left about! (tuilll.), commands to face or turn round half a eirele, by the ri;;ht or left, as the ease may be, so as to face in the ojipositi- direction.— Turn about, week about, etc., in rotation or succession ; alternately; on each alternate oc- casion, week, etc. A woman or two, and three or four undertaker's men, . . . had charge of the remains, which they watched turn /idoiif. Thackeray. II. prep. 1. On the outside or outer surface ■of ; surrounding,; around ; all around. Bind them about thy neck. Prov. iii. 3. About her commeth all the world to begge. Sir T. More, To them that trust in Fortune. Like one who ^vi-aps the drapery of his couch About him, and lies down to pleasant dreams. Bryant, Thanatopsis. ■2. Near to in place ; close to ; at : as, about the door. See the adv., 4. — 3. Over or upon different parts ; here and there ; backward and forward ; in various directions. \\liere lies thy pain ? All about the breast? Shak., L. L. L., iv. 3. 4. Near or on one's person ; with; at hand. You have not the "Book of Riddles" about you, have you? Shak., M. W. of W., i. 1. 5. In relation to; respecting; in regard to; on account of. He is very courageous mad about his throwing into the water. Shak., M. W. of W., iv. 1. The question is not aboiU what is there, but about what I see. tr. K. Clifford, Lectures, I. 25G. It is not enough to be industrious ; so are the ants. ■What are you industrious about ? Thoreau, Letters, p. 161. '6. Concerned in ; engaged in : as, what is he ■about f I must be about my Father's business. Luke ii. 49. To go or set about, to become occupied with : engage in : undertake ; begin ; as, ffo about your business ; he set about the pel'forraance of his task. about-sledge (a-bout'slej),«. [ E. dial, and Sc. aboon, abune, q. v.), < AS. dbufan, above, < a- for on + bufan (full form beufan = OS. biobhan = D. boi-crl), above, < be-, by, -f- nfan, from above, above, = OS. obhana, from above, obhan, above, = OHG. opana, obana, MHG. G. oben, = Icel. ofan ; all from a base appearing in Goth, nf, prep., under, OHG. opa, aba, MHG. o6e, ob, adv. and prep., over, Icel. of, prep., over, for. A different form of the same base appears in tip, q. v. See also over.'] I. adv. 1. In or to a higher place; overhead; often, in a special sense : («) In or to the celestial regions ; in heaven. Your praise the birds shall chant in every grove. And winds shall waft it to the powers above. Pope, Summer, 1. 80, ■(!)) Upstairs. My maid's aunt . . . has a gown above. Shak., M. W. of W., iv. 1. 2. On the upper side (opposed to beneath); toward the top (opposed to below) : as, leaves green abore, glaucous beneath ; stems smooth above, hairy below. — 3. Higher in rank or power: as, the courts above. — 4. Before in rank or order, especially in a book or writing : as, from what has been said above. — 5. Be- sides : in the expression over and above. And stand indebted, over and above. In love and service to you evermore, Shak., M. of V., iv. 1. IShakspere has itiore above in tire same sense. This, in obedience, hath my daughter showed me ; And 7nore above, h.ath his solicitinga . . . All given to mine ear. Hamlet, iL 2.] 2 17 Above is often used elliptically as a noun, meaning : (1) Heaven: as, "Every good gift ... is from above,' Jas. i. 17. (^) Preceding statement, remarks, or the like : as, from the above you will learn my object. It h.'is the force of an adjective in such phrases a.s tile abtwe partieul.ars, in wliieh cited or vientioncd is understood. II. prep. 1. In or to a higher place than. And fowl that may fly above the earth. Gen. i. 20. 2. Superior to in any respect: often in the sense of too high for, as too high in dignity or fancied importance ; too elevated in charac- ter : as, this man is above his business, above mean actions. Doubtless, in man there is a nature fotmd, Ecsidc the senses; and above them far. Sir J. Davies, Immortal, of Soul, ii. Seneca wrote largely on natural philosophy . . . solely because it tended to raise the mind above low cares. Macaulay, Lord Byron. 3. More in quantity or number than : as, the weight is above a ton. He was seen of above live hundred brethren at once. 1 Cor. XV. 6. 4. More in degree than ; in a greater degree than ; beyond ; in excess of. Thou [the serpent] art cursed above all cattle. Gen. iii. 14. God . . . will not suffer you to be tempted above that ye are able, 1 Cor. .\. 13. Above the boimds of reason. Shak., T. G. of V., ii. 7. I heard a knocking for above an hour. Swift, Gull. Trav., i. 1. Above all, above or before everything else ; before every other consiileration ; in preference to all other things. — Above the rest, especially ; particularly: as, one night above the rest.— Above the world, (a) Above considering what people say. (b) Holding a secure position in life ; having one's fortune made. Witli such an income as that he should be above the world, as the saying is. A. Trollojie. = Syn. Over, Above. See over. aboveboard (a-buv'bord), prep. phr. as adv. or a. \i above + board. "A figurative expression, borrowed from gamesters, who, when they put their hands under the table, are changing their cards." Johnson.] Inopensight; withonttrieks or disguise : as, an honest man deals above- board; his actions are open and aboveboard. Lovers in this age have too much honour to do anytliing underhand ; they do all aboveboard. Vanbrugh, Relapse, ii. 1. above-deck (a-buv'dek), prep. phr. as adv. or a. 1. Upon deck : as, the ofioec-fZcc/i: cargo. — 2. Figuratively, without artifice; aboveboard: as, his dealing's are all above-deck. [Colloq.] above-ground (a-buv'ground), prep. phr. as adv. or a. Alive ; not birried. I'll have 'em, .an they be above-ground. Beau, and Ft., The Chances. ab OVO (ab 6'vo). [L., from the egg: ab, from; ovo, abl. of ovum, egg, ovum: see ovum.'] Literally, fi'om the egg ; hence, from the very beginning, generally with allusion to the Roman custom of beginning a meal with eggs. In this case it is the first part of the phrase «* oi" usiiucadmala, from the egg to the apples, that is, from beginning to end ; but sometimes the allusion is to the poet who began the history of the Trojan war with the story of the egg from which Helen was fabled to have been born. By way of tracing the whole theme [the Homeric con- troversy] ab ovo, suppose we begin by stating the ehrono- logical bearings of the principal objects . . . connected with the Iliad. De Quincey, Homer, i. Bark with Yards Abox. abOX (a-boks'), prep. phr. as adv. or a. [< «3, prep., + box"^.] Naut., in or into the position of the yards of a vessel when the head-sails are laid aback: applied to the head-yards only, the other sails being kept full. abp. A contraction of arclibishop. abracadabra (ab"ra-ka-dab'ra), n. [X. ; occur- ring first in a poem (Prn-cepta de Medieina) by Q. Serciuis Sammonicus, in the second cen- tury; mere jargon. Ci. abracalam,] 1. Acaba^ Abraham-man listic word used in incantations. When writ- ten in a manner similar to that shewn in the aceomjianying diagram, so as to V:ie read in dif- AURACADABRA ABRACADABR ABRACADAB ABRACADA A B R A C A D A B R A C A A H R A C AURA A B R A B A f erent directions, and worn as an amulet, it was supposed to cure certain ailments. Mr. Banester saith that he healed 200 in one year of an ague by hanging abracadabra about their necks, and would stanch blooil, or heal the toothivke, .although the partyes were 10 myle of. MS. in Brit. Museum. Hence — 2. Any word-charm or empty jingle of words. abracalam (a-brak'a-lam), n. [Cf. abraca- dabra.] A cabalistic word used as a charm among the Jews. abracbia (a-bra'ki-a), n. [NL., < Gr. a- priv. -t- L. brachium, arm.] In zool., absence of anterior limbs. abracbius (a-bra'ki-us), «. ; pi. abrachii (-1). [NL. : seo abrachia.] In teratol., a monster in which the anterior limbs are absent, while the posterior are well developed. abradant (ab-ra'dant), a. and n. [< OF. abra- dant, serving to scrape, scraping, < L. abra- den(t-)s, ppr. of idiradere, scrape off : see abrade.'] I. a. Abrading ; having the property or quality of scraping. II. n. A material used for grinding, such as emery, sand, powdered glass, etc. abrade (ab-rad'), r. t. ; pret. and pp. abraded, ppr. abradiufj. [< L. uhradere, scrape or rub off, < ah, off,'-t- radere, scrape : see rase.] To rub or wear away ; rub or scrape off ; detach particles from the surface of by friction: as, glaciers abrade the rocks over which they pass ; to abrade the prominences of a surface. Dusty red walls and abraded towers. Lathrop, Spanish Vistas, p. 132. A termination is the abraded relic of an originally dis- tinct qualifying word. J. Fiske, Cos. Phil., 1. 66. = Syn. Scratch, Chafe, etc. See scrape, v. t. Abrahamt, a- See Abram. Abrahamic (a-bra-ham'ik),a. [iu. Abraham, on certain days were permitted to go out begging. They bore a badge, and were known as Abraham-men. llany, however, as- sumed the badge without right, and begged, feigning lunacy. Hence the more received meaning came to be — 2. An impostor who wandered about the country seeking alms, under pretense of lu- nacy. Hence the phrase to shaui Abraham, to feign sickness. Matthew, sceptic and scoffer, ha.l failed to subscribe a prompt belief in that pain about the heart ; he had nuit- tered some words in which the phrase, "shamming Abra- ham," had been very distinctly audible. Charlotte Bronte, Shirley, xxxin. Abraham' s-balm Abraham'S-balmt (a'bra-hamz- or a'bramz- biim), )i. An old name of an Italian willow supposed to be a charm for the preservation of chastitT. See agnus ca-'-ttis, uniUn- o;/Hits. Abraham's-eyet (a'bra-hamz- or a'bramz-i), n. A ma^oal charm supposed to have power to deprive of eyesight a thief who refused to con- fess his suilt. , „ . .J t . abraidt U-hrad'), c- [<1IE- abrmden, abrei- den, start up, awake, move, reproach, < AS. dbregdiiH, contr. abredan (a strong verb), move quickly: see fcrairf' and iy)6i-aid.] I. trans. To rouse ; awake ; upbraid. How now, base brat ! wliat ! are thy wits thine own, That thou dar'st thus abraide me in my laud ? Greene, Alphonsits, ii. JJ,.inlrans. To awake; start. And if that he out of his sleepe abraide. He might doii us bathe a vilanie. Chaucer, Reeve's Tale, I. 270. Abramt, Abrahamt, «. CoiTupted forms of auburn. Abramidina (ab'ra-mi-dl'uii), ». pi. [NL., < Jbrumi-' (Abr(imi)i-) + -inn.'] In Giinther's classification of fishes, the twelfth subfamily of Ci/prinid,r, having the anal tin elongate and the abdomen, or part of it, compressed. It in- cludes the geuus Abramis and similar fresh- watir fishes related to the bream. Abramis (ab'ra-mis), wt [Nil., < Gr. ajipaiii^ (fi,ipaaii-), the name of a fish found in the Nile and the Mediterranean, perha]is the bream, but not etyra. related to bream.'] A genus of fishes of the family Cyprinida; typified by the common fresh-water bream of Europe, A. brama. The name lias been adopted with various modi- fications l)y different ichthyologists, being restricted by Borae to old-world forms closely allied to the bream, and eitended by otiiers t^) include certain American Itshes less nearly related to it, such as the common American shiner, el'r. G. Ctivier, 1S17. See breauil. Abranchia (a-brang'ki-a), «. pi. [XL., neut. pi. of (ibraiichius : see abranchious.} A name given to several differeut groups of animals which have no gills: (a) To a group of vertehmtes, comprising mammals, binls, and reptiles (or Mammalia and Sauroi^iida), whose young never possess pills. The croup is thus contrasted with Batrachia and Piseet! col- lectively. In this sense the term has no exact classiHca- tory signiftcation. (6) To a group of gastropodous niol- luflks, variously rated by naturalists as a suborder, an or- der, or a sulK:lass ; the Aimeu-nta or Dermatojmoa of some, related to the \wlibraii.'hiata, having ii<< Iiranchiic, the up- per surface of the body ciliated, and no shell oxccpt when in the lar\'al state. This grrjup includes the families Lima- pontidte, rhijUirhoidif, and Elt/^iidte. (c) To an order of Anii^lUta, the OluiwluHa, which are without branchi.-c, and respire by Ihe surface of the body. There are several families, amung them the Lnmhrieidae, to which the com- mon earthwiirm belongs. They are mostly hermaphrodite, and undergo no metamorphosis. They have no feet, but the iKidy is provided with bristles (setfe). The mouth is ruditu'.-ntjiry. U')t suctorial, as in the related cu-der Hint- din.''t (l._'eeheH). The sjtecies are mostly land or fresh- water worms, (d) In C'uvier's system of cla-ssifk-ation, to Ihe tbird fT»nilv of the order AnneUde.t, containing the earf 'nchi'i nftifjera) ami the leeches; thus »pp resp'uiding to the two modern ordei-s OU'i Ini'liiiea. It included, however, some htt , iLS the gtirdians. Sometimes c»ll '^^o Ahranehia;. [If it Is afij fw, gills.] Haino us •1 >- at/ranrhious AnnclUlcil, or. (lit; !■■«. . Iitgne Anim. (Ir. of iMii), p. ::!«. iks),n. HnmoiiHAItraraii,l,2. . '■. (. f< Ij. iihrasus, pp. of iihrailr.l 8amo an abrailr. ' ' I ,. iibrnnH/i, pp. : hco the I of inurkM by rubbing. Ilo' xirilr rtrax an fd'rn 18 abridger It is one of the most curious phenomena of language, abreast (a.-\ne%t'),x>rcp.i)hr. as adv. or a. [.isulariata. The larva> are very destructive to goiiscbcrry- and currant-bushes in r.niopo, .oiisiiinlng their leaves as soon as theyappiar. abrayt (a-bni'), r. i. (A fidsc jiri'S. form, made from ME. jirct. ohraijdr, (tbraidc, taken for a weak verb, with prot. ending -de (= E. -ed), whereas the verb is strong, with pret. ahrai/de, abraide, properly iibrnid, vhicli Hee). abrazltic (ab-ni-zit'ik\ ". Not ofTervi'Hciiig, as in iieiij^ or wlicii heatiol before the blowpipi': miid r,f eirtuin minernls. | Ifiire.] abread, abreed (ii-bnd'i, jinp. phr. as ndr. I So., < .mi;, ahredc, on bmlr, in breadth: n, on, prop.; brede, < AS. brudu, breadth, < brad, iiroiid: nee «» and brrinllh, and cf. abroad. Abroad. Ilurnii. Al80Hpelledu/^ra<(/. [Scotch. Abraxas. ( Both cx.init)lcs .ire of the B.^bilidian tyjic. i = 1,3 = ;, p = lOO, a=l from there intensive), + E. ?•<■«()»»('(', after LL. abrenuntidrc, < L. ab + renuntidre, renounce: see renounce.] To renounce absolutely. Under pain of the pope's curse . . . either to a6rcHo«?n*c their wives or tlxeir livings. /'ore, Book of Martyrs, Acts and Deeds, fol. 159. abrenunciationt (ab-ro-nun-si-a'shon), H. [< ML. ubrenuntiatio(n-), oil. abridgedly (n-brij'ed-li), adv. In a concise or Hliorliiioil form. abridger (n-brij'i'-r), n. Gne who or that wliieii abridges, by curtailing, slun'tcning, or I'ondeiiHing. irllleks have been roprenented as the (treat aUridijert of Ihe native IllHity of genius. //. Iltair, I litres, III. AbridfjrrM are ii klnil of literary iin-n to wl i (lie indo- lence of niudern rcailers . . . give|s| ainph- einploviiient. /. iritraeti, ciirloK, o( l.lt,, II. (17. abridgment abridgment (a-bri,j'ment), ». [< late ME. abn/i/riiinil, (.OF. abriijcmint, ahrctjcmcnt : see aJn-iilijr iu\i\ -mi-iit.] 1. Tho aetof ahriilging,or the stiitc of heiiig a bridged; diminution; con- traction; reduction; curtailment; restriction: as, an ahridgment ot expenses; "abridgment of liberty," Locke. reraons cinplnyud in tin- mechanic arts are those whom the abridf/iiicnt of commcico would immediately affect. A. UamUton, Works, II. l.'j. It was his sin and folly whicli brought him under tliat abridiJiiwiU. South. 2. A condensation, as of a book; a reduction within a smaller ''pace ; a reproduction of any- thing in reduced or condensed form. A genuine abriilijmau: is a reproduction of tile matter ■ or substance of a largci- worlc in a condensed form, aud in language wliich is not a mere transcript of tlnit of the original. Drone, Copyright, p. 158. Uere lies David Garrick, describe him who can, An abridgment of all that was pleasant in man. GoUlsmith, Hetaliatiou. 3. That which abridges or cuts short. [Rare.] Look, where my abridgments come [namely, the players who cut me short in my speech. Compare, however, meaning 4]. Sliak., Hamlet, ii. 2. 4. That which shortens anything, as time, or makes it appear short; hence, a pastime. [Rare.] Sjiy, what abridgment have you for this evening? What mask, what music? Shak., M. N. D., v. I. Also spelled abridgement. = Syn. 2. Abridgment, Conipendium, Epitome, Abstract, Ccn.roach.'] Broached ; letting out or yielding liquor, or in a position for letting out : as, the cask is abroach. If the full tun of vengeance be abroach. Kill out and swill until you burst again. Webster (?), Weakest Goeth to the Wall, i. 2. To set abroach, (a) To set running ; cause to flow or let out liquor, as a cask or barrel. Barrels of ale set abroach in different places of the road had kept the populace in perfect love and loyalty towards the liueeu and her favourite. Scott, Kenilworth, II. xi. (6) Figuratively, to give rise to ; spread abroad ; dissemi- nate ; propagate. What mischiefs he might set abroach. Shak., i Hen. IV., iv. 2. abroacht (a-broch'), v. t. [< ME. abroehen, broach, tap, < OP. l)rochcr, brochicr, broach, with prefix a-, due to adv. abrochc : .see abroach, prep.phr., and broacli.^ To open, as a cask, for the purpose of letting out liquor; tap; broach. Thiike tonne that I schal abroche. Chaucer, Wife of Bath, Prol., I. 177. abroad (a-brad'), prep. phr. as adv. or a. [< ME. abroad, abrod, <.a^,prep., on, + brood, brod, broad: ace broad.~\ 1. Broadly; widel,Y; ex- pansively ; outward on all or on both sides. The love of God is shed abroad in our hearts. Rom. v. 5. Her winges botlic abrod she spradde. Gower. Look now abroad — another race has filled These populous borders. Bryant, The Ages, st. 32. 2. Out of or beyond certain limits. («) Beyond the walls of a house or the bounds of any inclosure : as, to walk abroad. Where as he lay So sick alway. He myght not come abrode. Sir T. More, A Merry Jest. 19 Wc are for the moat part more lonely when we go abroad among men than when we stay in our chambers. Thorcau, Walden, p. 147. (I>) Beyond the bounds of one's own country ; in foreign countries : as, he lived abroad for many years. [ In the United .States used most commonly with reference to Em-ope. J At home the soldier learned how to value his rights, abroad how to defend them. Macaulay, Hallam"s Const. Hist. Others, still, are introduced from abroad by fashion, or are borrowed thence for their usefulness. F. Hall. .Mod. Eng., p. 163. 3. Absent; gone away, especially to a consider- able distance : as, the head of the firm is abroad. — 4. In an active state; astir; in circulation: as, there are thieves abroad; rumors of disaster are abroad. Tliere's villainy abroad : this letter will tell you more. S/iaA:.,L. L. L., i. 1. To be all abroad, (a) To be wide of the mark, in a ligurative sense ; be far wrong in one's guess or estimate. (6) To Ite at a loss : be puzzled, perplexed, bewildered, nonplussed; be all or (piite at sea. — The schoolmaster Is abroad, education is diffused among the piopK' : often used ironically or punningly, implying tliat the school- mastin- is absent. See schoolmaster. Abrocoma (ab-rok'o-ma), n. Same as Hahro- comii. abrocome (ab'ro-kom), n. Same as habroconic. abrogable (ab'ro-ga-bl), a. [< L. as if *ab- rogiiliili.s, < iibrtc\i{i; an ainyj( descent. The al/rupt mountain breaks. And seems with its accumulated crags To overhang the world. Shelley, Alastor. 3. Figuratively, sudden ; without notice to pre- pare the mind for the event ; unceremonious : as, an abrupt entrance or address. Abrupt death A period puts, and stops his impious breath. Oldham, Satires on .lesuits. 4. Lacking in continuity; having sudden tran- sitions from one subject to another: as, an abrupt style. — 5. In hot., terminating sud- denly : as, an abrupt jjoint : sometimes used in the sense of truncate : as, an abrupt leaf. — Abrupt-pinnate. Sam^^vi^abruptly pinnate. Hee abrupt- ly. =Syn. 2. Precipitous, perpendicular, sheer, steep.— 3. .Sudden, unexpected, hasty, hurried, rough, rude, brusk, blunt, curt, precipitate, short, summary, vehement. — 4. Broken, disconnected. II. n. [hola VXC, AM, the part of the a.\is AB cut oIT hy the ordinate PM, is the abscissa of the point P. ( J) lu the system of Cartesian coordinates, a certain line used in determining the position of a point in a plane. Tlius (tl-/. 2), let two fixed intersecting lines (axes) t»V and OX he taken, and certain directions on tiieni (as from O toward X and from (> toward V) he assumed as posi- tive. From any point, jis P, let a line l^e drawn pandlel to *>Y and enttini; l.).\ in .M. Then will tlie two i[uaiitities OM and MP. with tlie proper algetiraic sign, determine tlie position of the point I*. OM, or its value, is calU-d the ahjicijiifi of titf. ittint. and the fixed line X'X is called the azi* fif afn'ciysay. See cixtntinate, n., 2. abscissio inflniti (ab-sish'i-6 in-f5-ni'ti). [L. ; lit., a cutting off of an infinite (number): see abscission and infinite.'] In loi/ic, a series of arguments which exclude, one after another, various assertions which might be made with regard to the subject under di-scussion, thus gradually diminishing the number of possible assumptions. abscission (ab-sizli'gn), n. [< L. absci.'!sio(n-), < ahsiiiiilirr, cut off: see abscind.] 1. The act of cutting off; severance; removal. Not to bo cured without the abtcistion of a member. Jcr. Taylor. 2t. The net of putting an end to ; the act of annulling or abolishing. .Sir T. liroune. — 3. Ketreiichment. [Uare.]— 4. Tlio sudden ter- miDatioii of a disease by death. Hooper, Mod. Diet. — 5. In rhct., a figure of speech con- siKting in a sudden reticence, as if the words alroouy spoken made sufficiently clear what the speaker would say if ho were to finish tho sentence : as, "He is a man of so much honor and camlor, and such geiifrnsitv but I need say no more." — 6. In aslrol., t !n"riitting off or privciitintf of aiivthing shown l.y one anpoct 1. ■ anotlier— AbsdBBlon of the C0niA4, !■ die ellttlnu olH'nithin )>''rf<. lined "I"nlhe., ival of aatuphyloma of til. ecn. Ii« n. absconce (■»l>-«knn«'V fl. [

  • erifolioiis.] Same as Bi>rai]iii* bodies. Buylc, Works, I. 083. Four thousand pioneere were sent in advance ... to conquer, in some degree, the asperities of the road. Irvinff, Granada, p. 320. 2. Koughness of sound ; harshness of pronun- ciation. Those dissonances and asperities which still adhered to . . . our diction. 'I Warton, Hist, of Eug. Poetry, iii. 62. 3. Harshness of taste ; sourness. The asperity of tartai'ous salts. Bp. Berkeley, Siris, § 86. 4. Roughness or ruggedness of temper ; crab- bedness; bitterness; severity; as, to chide one with osjierity ; " asperity ot character," i.«H(/«c. It could only have been the strong political feeling uf Warton which could have induced him to censure the prose of Milton with such asperitJj. I. D'Israeh, Quar. of Auth., p. 261. A royalist, . . . without any of that political asperity which is :is unwomanly as a long beiu"d. Maeaulay, Sir William Temple. 5. Disagreeableness ; unpleasantness ; difficul- ty : as. " the acclivities and as2>erities of duty," Barrow, Sermons, III. xlii. The allurements of praise and the asperities of censure. Sumner, Fame and Glory. = Syn. 4. Acriniony, Harshness, etc. See acrimony. asperlyt (as'per-li), adr. [Early mod. E. also (isprchi, < ME. asperly ; < aspcr^ + -ly^.'i Roughly; sharply; ^^gorously. Enforced their enemies to strike on land, and tliere as. saulted them so asprehi. Sir T. Elyot, The Governour, i. 17. aspermatism (as-per'ma-tizm), «. [< Gr. d- priv. + a-tpua(T-), seed, -1- -ism.] 1. Absence of seminal secretion. — 2. The non-emission of semen in the sexual orgasm, owing to its re- flux into the bladder. aspermatous (as-ptT'ma-tus), o. Same as iu^l>i rinf)ii.s. aspermous (as-per'mus), a, [- + -»'.«. I Harshness; severity. Chaucer. asperoust (as'jier-us), a. [< L. asper, rough (see asjicr'^ ), -I- -oiis.] Rough to the touch; un- even ; harsh; severe. asperse (as-i)ers'), v. t.; pret. and i)p. aspersed, ]ipr. it.sprr.iiiig. [. ttf a.fpergere, bes|irinkle, l)e8l)atter: sec asjurgc.] 1. To be- sprinkle; scatter over. .isiicrse ami siirinkle the uttendunts. J. Ilralh, Khlgellum, p. ir,!l. The mourners returning from a Koman funcnil, nsiirrs.it with water and stepping over Ihc, wiTe liy Ihle dcMllilc Jini- cess niude pure. K. /(. Tylor, I'rlui. t'ulturi-, II. :i!is. 2. To bespatter with foul reports or false and injurious charges; tarni.sh in point of reputa- tion or good name; slaniier; calumniate. With blackest crimes asjii-rsni. Cowprr, Iliad, vl. What perplexed us must, wiw to think who ciuild he ho Ipime as to asprrse the character of n family so harndesH us iiurs. Goldsmith, N'Icur, .\iv. = 8yn. 2. Asjterse, Dr/atw, Calumniate, .Slander, Maliyn, Truilure, l.iln'l, Vilify, decry, ilepreclnle, dlspnraite, nlur, run iliiwii. lurnpiinii. blacken. Tlu«e words are all dcHcrip- live lilor of llir' falsehoods he clriMlnt<«. The tlnwlrrrr la 1' ^j. Inventlvi- nnil morn secret, his work being gcnenilly ixlilnd the back of the Injured person. TUo malifiwr in inoit ndsclilcvous, liudlclous, or malitin In Ids mollvci*. 'J'o trailuM Is to mlaroprcMnl, to show In an odtons Huht aspbalt Libel and slander are the words most used in speaking of injury to reputation in its relation to the possible recov. ery of damages at law. To libel, therefore, often suggests the pecuniary loss by defamation; libel is strictly cllected bv publication, while slamler is strictly by word of mouth. Vilifii is, literally, to make one (seem) vile ; it suggests a defamation of the coarser and more abusive sort. See decry. I am not sure . . . whether I ought not to call you out for aspej-siny the honour of the family. liarham, Ingoldsby Legends, 1.35. Wlienever you would ruin a person or a government, you must begin by spreading calumnies to d^ame them, Qiuited by /. J)'Israeli, Amen, of Lit., II. 75. One trade or art, even those that slnndd be tile most liberal, nuU^e it their business to disdain and calumniate another. lip. Sprat. Thou sittest and speakest against thy brother: thou slanderest thine own mother's son. Ps. I. 20. You mali;jn our senators, for that Tliev are not sucli as you. Shak., Cor., i, 1. If I am Traduc'd by ignorant tongues, . . . 'Tis but the fate of ])lace, and the rough brake That virtue must go through, Shak., Hen. VIII,, i, 2. His [Dr, Kendrick's) virulent attack on Johnson's Shake, speare may be preserved for its total want of literary i-), a besprinkling, < as2)ergerc, be- sprinJde; see asperse, asperge.] I. A spriu- khug, as of or with water. No sweet aspersion shall the heavens let fall To make this contract grow, Shak., Tempest, iv, 1, To season a surly discourse with a more pleasing asper- sion of love matters. Burton, Anat, of ilel., p, 424. ;Ximene3, unable to administer the rite to each iiulivid. ually, w.as obligetl to adopt the expedient familiar to the Christian missionaries, of cluistcnini; them en masse by aspersion; scattering the consccrateil drops from a mop, or I1.VSS0]), as it was called, which be twirled over the head's of the multitude, rrcseott, Fcrd, ami Isa.. ii. 6. 2. The making of calumnious reports, imputa- tions, or charges ; a derogatory assertion or criticism; calumny; censure. There, sir, an attack upon my language! wliat do you think of thaf^ — an aspersion upon my parts of speech I Sheridan, The Rivals, iii. 3, Ever.v candid critic wouM be ashamed to <'ast wholesale aspersions on the entire body of professional teachers, (/rote, Hist. Greece, II. 67, aspersive (as-p6r'siv), n. [< asperse + -ice.] Tending to asperse; defamatory; calumnious; slanderous. aspersively (as-xier'siv-li), adr. In an asper- sive manner; by way of aspersion. aspersoir (as-per-swor'), II. [F., < ML. asi)(r- .•.tiriiim.] Same as asjierforiiim. aspersorivun(as-per-s6'ri-uni), II.; i>\.as)iersoria (-ii). [ML,,< L. aspergerc, jip. aspcrsiis, besprin- kle: see rt.'-^Jccsc] 1. A brush, or oftener a metallic instru- ment, used by the priest in Ro- man Cathoiic churches for sprinkling holy water. Also called (is))criiilliis, aspcrgilliiiii, aspcrgill. — 2. A holy-water stou|i or font. J'arl'cr, Concise Gloss.ary. [Not in common Middle Lilt in use.] Aspci aspersory (as-per'so-ri), u, [< (f.v/icrar -f -ori/. Ci. d.^pcrsoriitiii.] Tending to i torv. 1 asperse ; defama- asphalt (as'falt or as-falt'), n. [Also written as F., ii.ijihaltc, and asNL., asiilialtiiiii, formerly also asphiiltiis, -os, -a, and as It,, ii.ipiillo; in ME. sjicllcd fl.s7)fl«, once anpaltoidi ; < OF. 'aX' Tug^ bitimieu, + ti'ttoc, type.] A negative photo- graph produced, by the process of Niepee, on a plate coated witlx a film of bitumen. Seephotog- rajthif. asphaltum (as-fal'tum), n. [NL. : see asphalt.] One of the so-called bituminous substances which are widely diffused over the earth, and are of great practical importance. See bitiuncn and hitutninoiis. The asplialtums of various localities differ from each other considerably in chemical composition, as is proved by their different chemical reactions. They all agree, however, in beiriy amorphous, in having the luster and general appearance of pitch (whence the name of min- eral pitch, often applied to them), in melting at about the temperature of boiling water, and in taking fire when heated and burning with a bright but smoky flame. They differ essentially from coal in being more or less soluble in various reagents, such as oil of turpentine, etlier, and alco- hol. Asplialtum seems, in most cases at least, to have resultevl from the hardening of the more liquid forms of bituminous substances, namely, maltha and petroleum, which have oozed out upon the surface and become in- spissated by oxygenation or evaporation of their more vol- atile portions, or by both causes combined. The most interesting locality of asphaltum is the so-called "pitch- lake" in the island of Trinidad, about ;i niilt- and a lialf in circumference, and lllkd witii u.sphaltum, wliitb near tlie sliore is quite solid, but nearer the center, in jtlaces, is soft and bubbling. Most of what is called asphaltum con- sists of this material more or less mixed with sand or other mineral substances. Asphaltum is extensively used m a variety of ways, and especially for pavements, foot- walks, and roofing. For this purpose the material is pre- pared by mixing it while hot with sand or fine gravel, or by causing it to be absorbed by paper. Certain kinds of asphaltic rock, or asphalts (F. afphalte), as they are frequently called, are peculiarly adapted for pavements or other special purposes. The localities of Seyssel in France and Val de Travers in Switzerland are the most important of this kind. At each of these the asphalie con- sists of limestone impregnated with bituminous material to the amount of from 4 to 16 per cent. This rock, espe- cially that from Val de Travers. has the remarkalile prop- erty of forming, without any admixture, an extraordinari- ly durable and elastic roadway, and is, although expensive, extensively used for that purpose in Paris and other large cities of Europe. The rock has only to be heated, wlien it crumbles to powder, in which condition it is compressed in molds into blocks, or simply spread over the surface requireil to be covered, and packed or pressed by pestle or roller, when, after cooling, it assumes a condition closely resembling that of the original rock. See maltha, naph- tha, and petni/riiiii. Also asphalt. aspheterism (as-fet'e-rizm), «. [< Gr. a- priv. + a(pETepog, one's own, + -ism. Cf. Gr. o(p^Tefn- Cfi6g, approi)riation.] Denial of the right of private property; the principle of communism, }^outheij, [Rare.] aspheterize (as-fet'e-riz), v. i. ; pret. and pp. aspheteri;:€(l^ ppr. aspheterizing. [< Gr. a- priv. + c(phEpo^, one's own, + -ize. Cf. spheterize.'] To practise aspheterism. Coleridge. [Rare.] asphodel (as'fo-del), «. [< L. asphodelus, < Gr. dff0ofSeXof, king's-spear, a plant of the lily kind; as adj., du(po6€2.bg 'Aci/idl; in Homer, the asphodel meadow of the dead; origin imknowii. The E. forms ajfodil, dajfodil, daffodilli/, etc. , are corrup- tions of asphodel : see daffo- dil.] A name of various spe- cies of Asj)hodelHS, a geims of plants, natiu'al order Liliacca; natives of southern Europe. The yellow asphodel or kings-spear, A. luteu^, is the handsomest and hest-known species, though others are sometimes cultivated for ornament. The asphodel of the earlier English and French poets is the daffodil, Narcissus Pseudo-narcissa^. In Gr. myth, the asphodel w;\s the peculiar plant of the dead, its pale blos- soms covering the meadows of Hades. It received this at- tribution, perhaps, because in Greek lands it is a very common weed, plentiful in barren and desert places and ftbout uombs. Branched Asphodel { Aspkodelus ramo' sus). 341 The banks of asphndH that border the river of life, 0. W. UUm>-!<, Autocrat, iv. Bog-asphodel, tlic name of species of ,\. ;roup of ordinary pedate holothurians or sea- cucuiuljers, with peltate tentacles : equivalent [o tlie family Ilolothiiriidw: contrasted with iJciiiirocliirotw (which see). Also spelled As- piddcliiiiiilw. In the AspidochirotcE, or holothurians with disk- or shield-shaped tentacles furnished with tentacular am- pnlhe, the left respiratory tree is bound to the body-walls, thcic are no retractor muscles to the pharynx, and Cuvier- ian (U-gans are present. These are the ilighest type of Hi.lntbiiroidea, and are mainly trojiical in their distiibu- ti.iii. Stand. Xat. lllst., I. 182. aspidochirote (as'pi-do-ki'rot), a. Pertaining or belonging to the Aspidochirotce. Also spelled aspidochcirote. Aspidogaster (as"pi-do-gas't6r), n. [NL., < Gr. a(j7vi^ (ilfT-/i. [JvL., < dr. airthrough the grain, is now extensively employed. dan-zlai i iw, without bowels, < a- priv. + Enct/c. Brit., IX. Hi. . . ''' V ' - - *~ Asfita trirtsceni. (Natural size.) I...---: ai-'.!II'-l I'Jlt Uiies. relieved by c-iincident deeper shades. 2. A genus of coleopterous in- sects. aspinet (as'pin or -pin), a. [Irreg. < asjfi + -\ne\'\ Of or per- taining to an asp; snaky: as, "aspine venom," Quarks. aspirant (a-spir'ant or as'pi-rant), n. and a. [< F. aspirant, a candidate (prop, ppr.), < L. aijtiran(t-)s, ppr. of aspirare {> F. aspirer), as- pire: see aspire.'i I. n. One who aspires; one ■who seeks advancement, elevation, or prefer- ence. Our youDcafpirani to the name and honours of an Eng- lish senator. Bp. Ilurd " Beauty and extraordinary goodness " were her dowry and she was claimed by four separate aspirants. Bancroft, Hist. U. S., 1. 196. n. o. 1. Aspiring; ambitious: as, "oura«- pira'nt souls," Mrs. Browning.— 2. Ascending; mounting up: as, aspirant flames. [Rare in both uses.] aspirate *as'pi-rat), v.; pret. and pp. aspi- rated, ppr. aspirating. [< L. aspiratus, pp. of aspirare, give the A-sound to, breathe or blow upon: see aspire."] I. trans. 1. To pronounce with a breathing or an audible emission of breath ; pronounce with such a sound as that of the letter li : as. we aspirate the words horse and house, but not hour and honor; cockneys often aspirate words beginning with a vowel. Such mutes as were originally a^;>iVafc L. asplc- 4. [See II., 2.] To mount or soar to ; attain. That gallant spirit liatli aspir'd the clouds. Stiak., R. and J., iii. 1. Come, there was neve,? any great thing yet Aspired, but by violence or fraud. B. Jonson, Catiline, iii. 3. II. intrans. 1. To be eagerly desirous; aim ambitiously, esjieeially at something great or noble; be "ambitious: followed by an object with to or after, or by an infinitive : as, to aspire to a crown or after immortality. Aspiring to be gods, if angels fell. Aspiring to be angels, men rebel. Pope, Essay on ilan, i. 1-7. He aspired to see His native Pisa queen and arbitress of cities. Bryant, Knight's Epitaph. 2. [Partly influenced by association with spire.] To rise lip as an exhalation, or as smoke or fire; hence, to mount or ascend; tower up or rise high. Wliose flumes aspire, As thoughts do blow them, higher and higher. SAot., M. W. ol W., v, 6, song. 8r.iraut>*; also, a character or combination of aspiret (a-spir'), n. [< aspire, v.] Aspiration ciiaractcrs representing a sound thus described, ardent wisn or desire. as the htter A, the Greek rough breathing, etc. ^,|,, „,„,.|. ^^^^ ,ondling for his mad aspire. Chapman aspirated (as'pi-ra-ted), p. «. irmtno as aspirate. . - /„ tv „ r/ „„,.,■„„ aspiration (as-pi-ra's .on), n. [< L. aspira- aspirementt (ri-mr ment), n. [< asp.re /,!;,. "a l,r..atli!nB upon,-aspiration of a sound, -'"''"'] ' ''" '»' "^ 'i«P>''"g; aspiration. the a.-. f.] 1. The act of aspirating or breathing a . . ,. , ,^ ■ • Ijjgatlj aspirer (a-8pir'6r), 11. Olio who aspires; an Fanned with continued brccMB, and gentle (npirolioiM ns|iii'aiit. . ,. . , « • i i ..i of wind. .Iteele, Esigllsliman, No. 2«. aSpUTing (a-spir ing), p. «. 1. Animated WItll 2. An aspirated sound ; a phonetic breathing, an ardent' desire, as of power, importance, <>r Ttic h, the pure aspiration. Is an expnlsbtn of llatus througli ttiu position of the ailjucent letter, whether Towel, lemlvowol, or noiial. niiilney, LIfo and (irowtli of Ijing., p. C7. Til ' niM PrlHclun, about fiOf) A. 1>., tcdis nil' .AprcH«ed by/wiut originally sig. nih. ,,i(Mfi (Dial Ipi, by /'Al. ./. Hartley, l.wtays, p. 172. 3. The lift of uHjiiring or ardently desiring; an nrtlent wimIi nr desiro, chiefly after what is ele- vated or «|.intuiil. ' II bir Inclination !<■ iilca«iiro nor n»7': Johnson, Kalnbler, .No. IT." t:]nraiiims were toward greatiicM ■.( .. i. i. ,...,,„« „f wiMlom, nobillly ol mmiI. The Crnlury, XJCVII. IKN. AM; iMHi.inition; counfenanco. ... without the asjnralion and help I.I ' no UlNium of iiinn run prollt. .Sir T. More, Worku, p. X.l The net of removing a fluid, as pun or Benim, excellence; ambitious; soaring: nobles," Macaulay, Hist. Eng., i. Aspiring beggary la wretchedness lt«elf. ''■''">' aoiasjmlh. Vicar, as, "asi>innii III. Ero he filled with loves, hopes, longings, this u«;>irin.<;hi'art nuni), spleenwort, supposed to be a cure for the spleen, < a- euphonic + cTT?.r/v, spleen: see spleen.] A genus of ferns characterized by linear or oblong sori lying on the veins (which are free in most species) and obliquely to the costa, the involucre being conformable to the sorus and opening toward the costa when single. It is the lal'gest genus of the order {Filices) excepting PolyiHidium, and its species are found in all pai'ts of the world, wherever ferns grow. It includes very varieil fornu^. Many of the species are evergreen, and some are cultivated for their beauty. Among the more common species, generally known as spleenwort, are the lady-fern (A. Filix-fumina), black maidenhair (A. Trielionianes), distributed around the globe, wall-rue(.4. /i'ii(a-wii(raria), and ebony spleenwort (.1. ebeneum). aspodilt, >'■ An obsolete and corrupt fonn of asphoikl (Asphodelus ramosus). Also a.'ipoil- flourr. Holme, 1688. asporous (a-sp6'rus), a. [< Gr. «- priv. -f- ciro- /)of, seed : see spore.] Without spores ; not de- veloping spores. In the c:ise of. the simplest and most minute Schizomy- cctes (.Micrococcus, etc.) no delinite spores have been ilis- covereil ; any one of the vegetative micrococci may com- mence a new series of cells by growth and division. Wo may call these forms asporous, at any rate i)rovisional!y. Ennie. Brit, XXI. 404. asport (as-porf), V. t. [< L. asportarc, carry away. < iKw, away (see ab-), + portare, carry.] To iaiTy away; especiallv, to remove feloni- ously. X. E. I). [Rare.] asportation (as-por-ta'shon), n. [< L. asporta- lio(n-), a carrying away, < <(.<;"<)'^"'<', pp. a.'ipor- lalus: see (J.s/io;-/.] 1. A carrying away or off. [Kiirc] Aubrey, whose "Miscellanies" were ^lubli8hed in 1090, had no doubts whatever aji to the physical asjmrtativn of the witch. Lowell, Among my Books, 1st ser., p. 115. 2. In eriminal Ian; the felonious removal of goods from the place where they were depos- ited. It may be theft, though the goods bo not carried from the house or apartment. J. aspret, "■ A Middle English form of asper'^. Aspredinae (as-pre-di'ne), n. pi. [NL., < As- prrdii + -ina:] Same as A.ipredinina or As- priitiiiiiliv. Swainson, 18:!i). aspredinid (ns-pred'i-uid), H. A lish of the faiHily Asprcdi.iida'. Aspredinidae (as-pre-din'i-de), H. ;)/. [NL., < Aspredo (-din-) -t- -ida\] A family of nematog- iiat lions lishes, exein]ilified by the genus As- predo, containing a few fresh-water eatfishea of South America. 'Ibcy bavc no opcnnlum, no ndi- jiose tin, no spini' In llic dormil lln, n-dui'id glll-cipcnlnga, snuiM eyi's mill Mioulli, iinil 11 to 8 barbels. The skin is lllirr Miiioolli or tubi'i'culo Hh>' Tail. ■ ,m; chaiM 4t. T of *• from ClLVlI V ,,f ig unuKi, I lllli I.ihIv llV IIICILIIH of 2. Rising; towering or soaring. To Bore destruction doonu the aspiring wall. /n;«-, illail, xll. .-WW. aspirlngly (n-spir'ing-li), adv. In an aspiring iiianiM'r; soariiigly: ambitiously. aspiringneSS (a-spir'ing-neM), 71. The state of hiiiig aspiring; iiiiiliiliousneHS. fRiire.] aspis (iis'pis), n. (.NL., < Gr. (inTir, an asp, the Egyptian cobra: sen asp'^.] 1. Same as asp^ or a.tpir^. Also iiseil as a generic term. — 2. [c-ap.] A genus of (• E. easel, q. v.) = OHG. esil, MHG. G. esel (> Dan. esel, a:sel) = Goth, asilus (ef. Ir. and Gael, asal = Manx assyl, and OBulg. osXlH = Bohem. osel = Pol. osiel, osiol (barred I) = Russ. osclu = Lith. asilas = OPruss. asilis), prob. the same, with variant termination, as leel. as>d, m., asna, fem., = Sw. lisna = Dan. asoi (cf. W. asyn = Corn, asen = Bret. a::en) ; all appar. (the Slav, and Lith. forms, through Teut.) < L. asi- mis (> It. asino = Sp. Pg. asno = Pr. asne = OF. csne, F. dnc) = Gr. oiwf (orig. *ocn'Of?), an ass; perhaps ult. of Semitic origin; ef. Heb. dthon, a she-ass. Cf. G. asset, esp. in comp. h-rllrr-(if It. zagaglia, F. zagaie, above), < Ar. az-zaghd- yali, < al, the, + zaghdyuh, a spear: a native Berber word. Cf. lanvegay.'] A slender spear assai-palm (a-si'piim), n. Same as assat^. or lance of hard wood, usually ha-ving an iron assamar (as'a-miir). n. [< L. assus, roasted, + head: now most commonly applied to the throw- amarus. bitter.] A bitter substance produced ing-spear or javelin Used in battle by the na- by roasting in the air such substances as sugar, < ML. ad satis: L. ad, to; satis, enough. See assctli, assets. ] In m usic, very : as, allegro assai, very quick; adagio assai, very slow. assai^ (a-si'), n. [Braz.] A native name in Brazil of several species of palms of the genus Euterpe (which see). The a»8a»-ra«t (that is, false euterpe) is i,he Geonoiaa Caviana. Assai-i is a drink pre- pared from the nuts of E. oteracea. assail (a-sal'), v. t. [< ME. assailcn, asailen (later oiEten by apheresis saiU:),< OF. asailUr, asalir, later assaillir = Pr. asalir, ass(dhir = It. as- sulire, < ML. assalin; ails/dire, assail, for L. as- silire, adiilire, leap ujjon, < ad, to, -1- salirc, leap, jump, rush forth: see .soHcK^ Ci. assault.'] 1. To fall upon with violence; assault; attack. -With greedy force he gan the fort t* assail. Spenser. The covert of some enclosed ground in the rear enabled a party to steal round and assail them tmexpectedly in flank. R. W. Dimu, Uist. Church of Eng., 111. 74. 2. To attack with reasoning, arguments, cen- sure, abuse, criticism, appeals, entreaties, or anything that bears upon the mind or feelings: as, to assail an obnoxious person with jeers. The prince next assailed the baron upon the subject of settling his estate on his daughter. Scott. The really efficient weapons with which the philosophers assailed the evangelical faith were borrowed from the evangelical morality. Macaulay, Von Ranke. The metaphysical doctrine' assatfed by Hume tended, when carried to its logical extreme, to identify reality with reason. Leslie Stephen, Eng. Thought, i. § 64. 3. To fall upon ; bring something to bear upon or against; come in contact -with: as, the ship was assailed by a severe storm. sit down awhile, Aud let us once again assail your ears. Shak., Hamlet, i. 1. Wlien trouble did thee sore assail^ On me then didst thou call. Milton, Ps. Ixxxi. = Syil. 1. Attack, Set upon, Fall upon, Assail, Assault. Attack, literally to fasten to, is the most general of these words. Set upon and /all upon have the vigor of short and familiar words, and they express a sudden, energetic attack. Assail and assault, literally to leap or spring at, are to attack vehemently and perhaps suddenly. Assaidt is the stronger of the two, and is especially used of at- tacks with personal violence, as with fists, stones, etc. All five of these words may be extended to warfare, and to contests and struggles of any kind. This king's [Menephtah's] first experience in war was against an army of wider nationality than had ever before attacked Egypt. H. S. Oshorn, Ancient Egypt, p. 74. He look'd, and more amazed Than if seven men had set upon him, saw The maiden standing in the dewy light. Tennyso7i, Lancelot and Elaine. My lord is weary with the fight before, And they will fall upon him unawares. Tennyson, Geraint. The indignation which arms itself with secret forces -ooneoi-nl (o sns'inl does not awaken until wo are pricked and stung and sorely d.BtnibS>iUT K^ s law L. assarta, assartus, essartum), < ML. exartum, jjrop. neut. of *exar- tus, pp. of *cxarire, "exsarire: see assart, v.] In Eng. law : (a) The act of grubbing up trees and bushes in a forest. This act, as destroying thickets and coverts, was in some circumstances forbidden by law. {h) A tree grubbed up by the roots, (c) A piece of land cleared, as by grubbing. In those districts, and in many others in the neighbour- hood, the copyhold lands which have been reclaimed from the forest-waste are known as "ftssarMands." C. Ellon, Origins of Eng. Hist., p. 192. assaryt, «. l< Gr. aaadptov.] The Roman cop- per coin called as. assassin (a-sas'in), n. [< F. assassin. = Pr. as- sa.'isin = Sp. asesino = Pg. It. assassino, < ML. assassinus, prop, one of the Assassini, Jssasi?d, Assessini, Ascisini (also Asasi, Haussasi ; cf. OF. Assaeis, Hassasis, MGr. Xaaiaioi, pi., from the Ar. sing.), < Ar. Hashshdshia and Hashishiyyin , the order or sect of the Assassins, lit. hashish- eaters (so called because the agents selected to do murder were first intoxicated with hash- ish), pi. of hashshdsh and hashisliiyy, hashish- eater,< 7(«s/(j.s/i, hashish: seehasliish.] 1. leap.] One of the Assassins, a military and religious order in Syria, founded in Persia by Hassan ben Sabbah about the year 1090. A colony ndgiated from Persia to Syria, settled in various places, with their chief seaton the mountains of Lebanon, and became remarkable for their secret murders in blind obedience to the will of their chief. Their religion was a compound of Magianism, .ludaism, Christianity, and Mohammedanism. One article of their creed was that the Holy Spirit resided in theil- chief and that his orders proceeded from (jod himself. The chief of the sect is best known by the denonnnation old man of the mountain (.\rabic slieikh al-jebul, chief of the mountains). These barbarous chieftains aiui their fol- lowers spread terror among nations far and near for al- most two centuries. In the time of the crusades they mustered to the number of 50,000, and presented a formi- dable obstacle to the arms of the Christians. They were eventually subdued by the sultan Bibars about 1272. 2. One who undertakes, for a reward previous- ly agreed on, to put another person to death by suii^rise or secret assault ; hence, one who kills, or attempts to kill, by treacherous -vdo- lence; a mm'derer. — 3t. [With allusion to its 'killing 'effect.] A breast-knot, or similar deco- ration ■worn in front. Ladies' Diet., London, 1694. !'. t. [tiz»; him for one of the aj^atufinatts. Dryden. assassination (a-sas-i-na'shou), «. [< assassi- uatc + -lo/i.] The act of assassinating; the act, especially of a liired emissary, of killing or murdering by surprise or secret assault; mur- der l>y treacherous violence. assassinative (a-sas'i-ua-tiv), a. [< assassinate + -li' .] lueliiied to assassinate. Carlyle. assassinator (a-sas'i-na-tor), H. 1. An assas- sin. — 2. In caiioH laic, one who hires another to kill a third person by surprise or secret as- sault. He loses ihe riglit of sanctuary and all other ec- clesiastical immunity, and is subjected to excouuuuuica- tion, an»l, hy the letter of the larf, to conrtscation of goods or even to iw». assault Oi-siilt'), r. I. [< late ME. assaiitf, ii.fuiili (iiw\ by apheresis siiiilr, \a\.vT sniilt),<, OF. anauttr, later usmiiilter = Sp. usalUir =z Pg. «.s- naltar = It. assnttare, < .ML. assultitre, < L. atl, to, upon, -f- sallnri], leap: sec the tioim.] 1. To i>hysical means; fall upon with vio- li a hostile intention: as, to assault " ' 1 '.iiso, a town. I '^ 111 M|>'>n nio then, and Hpeak with me, *n, nuked iM I urn, I will asuaull thee. .Sliak., Othello, V, 2. Speciflcally— 2. In line, to attempt or offer to ' ' lnT, with presfnt ability to ■'■.Hiiiill, II., 1!, — 3. 'I'o attack ieiil forcfs assail with argu- •"«"■ liiwtile word.M, etc. f balicR neW'liorii , . , I*. hryiUii. "Sjm. /I" »(a. (Mdountf); loatorm. .Se. nllttfk a8.saultahle , . I 1.1-1.1), n. [Eiirlv mod. K, "'^""''" niti + -ahlt:] Capable .iflic- ing ..'"■ ■ I i.-r Iho wbIIii were mailelow. nirl '•"■ ' //"/', Henry VIII., an i ' I iniule flKumlltilitf f U'Umtni/rr, .Mfild of Honour, II. ::. 344 assanltant (a-sal'tant). a. [< OF. assaultant, ppr. of assaulter : see assault, and cf. assailant.] Same as assuilant, 1. assaulter (a-sal'ter), n. One who assaults or violently attacks; an assailant. assautt, «. Older spelling of assault. assay (a-sa'), «. [< ME. assai/, assai, asai/e, asaif (and liy apheresis sai/), < OF. assai, assai/ = Pr. ussai, o*wi;/ = t'at. assatf/ = Sp. asui/o^lt. as- suffi/io, nai/ijio; also, with variation of the same prefb:, OF. cssai (> E. cssai/, q. v.) = Pr. cssai = Cat. ciisatg = Sp. ensaijo = Pg. ensaio (ML. reflex assaijium, assaia, cssagium, cssaijum), < LL. cx- agiuni, a weighing (cf. exdmen (for 'exagmen), a weighing, examination), < *exagerc, cxigere, weigh, try, prove, measure, examine : see ex- amen, examine, and exigent, and cf. the doublet cssai/. For the prefix, see ««-3, fs-l, ex-.] If. Examination; trial; attempt; essay. Neither is it euough to have taken a slender taste or assay thereof. Udall, Pref. to Luke. This cannot be, By no assay of reason. SItak., Othello, i. 3. He hath made an assai/ of her virtue. Sliak., M. for M., iii. 1. Hence — 2t. Trial by danger ; risk; adventure. Throuyh many hard assai/es which did betide. Spfuset; F. Q., II. i. 3.'). 3t. Trial; tribulation; affliction. She heard with jiatience all unto the end, And strove to maister sorrowfull assay. .Spenser, K.Q., I. vii. 27. 4. The trial of the purity, weight, etc., of metals or metallic substances, as ores and al- loys ; any operation or experiment for ascer- taining the quantity of a precious metal in an ore or a mineral, or in coin or bullion. .See as- saying. — 5. The substance to be assayed. Vre. — 6. In law, an examination of weights and niea- sm'es by the standard. CmrcU. — 7. ForiuiTly, the act or custom of tasting the food or drink in- tended for another, as a king, before presenting it. — 8t. Value; ascertained purity: as, "stones of rich «.s«(i/," Spenser, F. Q., IV. x. 15 Annual assay, an annual oltlcial trial of gold and sihtr cojii to ascertain whether the standard of fineness. ami "eielit of coinage is maintained. —At all assayst. («) At every trial or in every juncture; alwa.ws. (h) At all hazai-ds ; ready for every event.— Cup Of assay, tlie small cup with which the assay of wine, etc., was made. (Sec 7.)— Put it In assayt, make the trial or e.vperiment. = Syn. 4. .I.«*(i.i/, Analj/sis. Assay is the analysis of metals, and is thus a word oi narrower signilieation than analysis (which sec). assay (a-sa'), r. [< ME. assaijen, asai/en, asaicn (later also by apheresis sm/c. say), < OF. assnycr. (isaicr = Pr. as.'iaiar, a.-isatjar = 8p, asayar = It. assaggiare ; also, with variation of the same prefix, OF. exsaycr (> E. essay, q. v.) = Pi-. cssaiai; eiisaim- = Cat. ensojar = S]>. cusayar = Pg. ensiiinr; from the noun.] I. trans, i. To examine by trial ; jiut to test or trial; try the effect or merit of: as, to assay armor. [Obso- lete or poetical.] Soft words to his tierce passion she assaii'd. Miltun. V. L.. X. SCiS. Here, too, our shepherd-pipes we tlrst assitinl. .M. .lr/..,(./, Thyrsis. Specifically — 2. To make trial of or analyze, as an ore or metallic compound, with the view of determining the proportion of a iiai'ticiilar metal present in it, — 3. To attempt ; endeavor; essay: often with an infinitive as object. Tlif lli-st jiart 1 have t"M \<)ii in the three sermons past. In uhieh I have assayed to set fi-rtli my plough, to prove what I could do. Latimer, .Sermon of the Plough. She hath aiifia.iy'(/ as much as may be prtived. .SVirtA-., Venus and Adonis, 1. (108. [Hen. VIH.] eltected no miu'e than what his own iirede- cessors desired and assatied In ages past. Air'/'. Ilrmrnr. Keligio Mediel, I..'.. [In this sense essaij is now commonly used.] 4t. To endeavor to inrtuenco. Iiiiplnre hi-r ill my voice, that she make frlemls To tin: strict deputy ; bid herself assail liitn. Sliak., .M. for M., I. 3, 5t. To affect ; move. When the hart Is ill assaydr. .^j/enjter, Sllep. Cal.. AllgllHt. II. inlrans. To make an alloni])! or endeavor; (ry. (Now more conimonly essay.} assayable (n-sa'a-bl), a. "[< assay + -ahlr.] Cnpnlili' nf liciiig assiiyeil or testeil. assay-balance (n-su'rial ans), n. A very ac- oiiialc liniaiii-e used by assiivers. asBayer (a-sii''T), «. "[< Mft. assayrr, assaior, iissaiour, i AV. assaior, assainur : hoc assay iind ■i:r^.'\ If. One who IricH, testH, or allempls. — 2. One who iisMiiys metaiN; one who exuniini's metallic nies or iilloys for the jiurpose ol' de- lerniiiiliig I ho <|uanlily nf niiy pavticiilnr iiielnl, particularly of gold or silver, present in tlii'iii. assemblation Specificall.v — 3. An officer of the mint, whose duty is til tost bullion and coin. assay-furnace (.a-sa'f^r nas), n. A simple form of fiiniace and muffle for heating metals in cupels. assaying (a-sa'ing), n. The act or art of test- ing metals, ores, or alloys in order to ascertain the quantity of gold or silver or any other metal present in them. Thei-e are two modes of as. saying, one ot which is sometimes employed to corroborate the other. The one is called the humid or leet iirnce.ss, in which the solution of the metals is etlected by means of acids, after which those sought for are precipitated by proper reaiiciits. The other is called the dry process, and is perloriiud by the agency of tire. The first is (;enerally employed fnr the purpose of estimating the quantity of gold or silver in an alloy, and the second is chielly applied to ores. Tests are also made by couiparison of specillc grav- ities, and by the color of the streak or trace made bj' rub. liing the ore upon a rough surface. In tireat r.rituiii each article of silver or gold plate is assayed at (JuUlsmiths Hall previously io being sold, in order to determine the e.\act richness iif the metal of which it is made. .See hall-mark. assay-master (a-sa ' mas "ter), n. 1. An as- sayer ; a chief officer appointed to try the weight and fineness of the precious metals. — 2. An officer appointed, in the pro\-incial period in Massachusetts, to test the qualit.v of potash and pearlash intended for export, or the composition of the worms and still-heads used in distilling. assay-office (a-sa'of-is), u. A laboratory where ores or metals are assaj'ed. assent, ". Obsolete spelling of o«,sl. asse- (as), H. A name of the caama, a small African fo.x, Tulpes caama. assealt, r. t. [< ME. assclcn, asclen, var. of cii- scUn : see enseal.'] Same as enseal. ass-ear (as'er), n. An old name for the com- frey. f)•.«( (/aliment. [Hare in both uses.] assemblage (a-sem'blaj), ». [< F. as.icml)lage, < ii.ssi nihil r, assemble: see assemble^ and -age.] 1. The act of assembling or the state of being assembled; association. In sweet asseinhlaye every blooming grace. Fenttm. 2. A collection of individuals or of particular things: as, an assi nihliigr of noted men; an as- si inliliiiir of various materials, — 3, 'I'lie act of lilting logelher, as parls of a maehiiie; in carp. iiiii\ Joinery, a union of parts or jiicces by fram- ing, dovetailing, etc. See iisscinbling. The exterior plank |». e., pbiiikingl nf our large wooden war ships was divided into a iiuniber of distinct assem- Idihn.'., lacil having a special desiguiitloii. Theaiie, Naval Arch., 8 212. assemblanceif (a-sem'blans), n. [< OF. asscm- hlancc = It. iis.semhrauM : see assimlile^ and -ancc] An assemblage ; an assembly. To Weill' the cause of their assemldainiee wide. .'^/leaser, V. ()., \'. Iv. 21. assemblance-t {n-sem'blans), H. [< OF. as- semhlnncr ( Woipieforl ), (."ii.iscmlilir, resemlile : see as.ienihlr" and -ancc.] Ht^presentalion ; liko- nesH ; Kcmblauce. Care I for the . , , big dniteiii/ifdiiri' of a innn? Oive me Ihc-plrll. .SVinA-., 2 Hell. IV., 111. 2. assemblationf, ». A gulhering; a meeting. Ji'iii/i r .\iirlli, Ivvamen. | Rare, ) assemble assemble^ (a-sem'bl), v. ; pret. ami jip. assem- blcil, ppr. asseinbiinij. [< ME. (isncinhlm, umm- blcn, assemlvn, ascnilen, < OF. asvmblcr, assembler, assambler = Pr. ussimblar, asciiiblar, ascnilur = OSp. asemblar = It. iwscmbhirc, assc»thrare, < ML. assimulare, briug together (in L. tlie same as assimihnr : see dssemblc"), < L. ad, to, + simul, togetlier. Also by apheresis semblc^. CI. asscmbh'-.'i I. trans. 1. To collect iuto one place or body; bring or call together; convene ; congregate. Thither he (visetnblcd all lustrum. Milton, V. L., v. 707. 2. To fit together. See assemhUii(i,'2. — 3t. To join or couple, as one with another, or as iu sexual intercourse. = Syn. 1. To convene, collect, con- gregate, muster, convoke. II. intrans. 1. To meet or come together; convene, as a niunber of individuals: as, "the c\aix\s assemble," Drtjden, ^neid, vii. — 2\. To meet in battle; fight. =SyTi. 1. To gather, get to- gether, muster, convene. assembled (a-sem'bl), n. [< assemble^, v. Cf. assembli/.] An assembly. assemble'-'t (a-sem'bl), r. t. [Late ME. assam- ble ; < t)i<\ assembler ; cf. Pg. asscmelhin; assiiiii- lar = It. assiiiiie/liare, resemble; < L. assinin- lare, assimilare, make like, consider like, com- pare, < ad, to, + similis, like (related to simul, together ; cf . assemble'^) : see assimilate. Also by apheresis semble^.2 1. To be similar to; resemble. For the world asuembletti the see. Caxton, Golden Legend, p. 114. (X. E. D.) 2. To liken or compare. Bribes may be asf^etnOU'd to pitch. Latimer, Sermons before £d\v. VI. (.\rher), p, 151. assembler (a-sem'bler), n. 1. One who assem- bles. — 2. Specifically, a workman who assem- bles or fits together the different parts of a machine, as of a watch. See assemblinij, 2. — 3t. One who takes part in an assembly ; a member of an assembly. assembling (a-sem'bling), n. 1. A collecting or meeting together. Xot forsaking the a&semhling of ourselves together, as the manner of some is. Heb. x. 25. 2. The act of fitting together parts of ma- chines and instruments, such as sewing-ma- chines, guns, microscopes, watches, etc., espe- cially when duplicate parts are so exactly made as to be interchangeable. assembling-bolt (a-sem'bling -bolt), n. A screw-bolt for holding together the several parts of a machine or tool. assembly (a-sem'bli), n.; pi. assemblies (-bliz). [< ME. assemble, assemblaye, assemblee, < OF. assemhlee, F. assemblee (= Sp. asamblca = Pg. assemblca), meeting, coming together, < assem- bler, meet: see assemble^.'\ 1. The act of as- sembling, or the state of being assembled or gathered together. A Triennial Bill enforced the ansemhlij of the Houses every tlu'ee years, and bound the sheritfs and citizens to proceed to election if the Koyal writ failed to summon them. J. R. Greene, Short Hist. Eng., p. 524. 2. A company of persons gathered together in the same place, and usually for the same pur- pose, whether religious, political, educational, or social; an assemblage. At length there issued from the grove behind A fair assembly of the female kind. Drydeii, Flower and Leaf, 1. 154. Another assembly, composed of representatives chosen liy the people in all parts, gives free access to the whole na- tion, and communicates all its wants, knowledge, projects, and wishes to government. J. Adams, Works, IV. 28S. The Popular Assembly and the PopxUar Court of Justice are in principle the same institution ; they are gatherings of the freemen of tlie community for different public pm-pnses. Maine, Early L.aw and Custom, p. 17y. 3. Specifically — (a) [cap.'] The name given to the lower house of the legislature in sev- eral of the United States and in some of the British colonies, (b) A company of persons of both sexes met for dancing ; a ball ; espe- cially, a ball the expenses of whieh are defrayed by the subscriptions of those who take part in it. Her girls. . . appeared perseveringly at the Winchester and Southampton asse)nblies ; they penetrated to Cowes for the race-balls and regatta-gaieties there. Thackeray, I'anity F.air, xxxix. 4. Mint. : (a) The second beating of the drum before a march, upon which the soldiers strike their tents, (b) A drum-beat or bugle-call to bring troops together at an appointed place. Lagache . . . thought it best to test the loyalty of the dragoons by sounding tlie assemblti. QiiarlrrlyRei!., CLXIIL 100. 5t. An assemblage or collection of inanimate objects. 345 To Venice herself, or to any of the little assembly of islands ab) In many of the United States, the collective title of the legislature, (c) In New Jersey, the lower house of the legislature. — Legis- lative Assembly. ('0 The collective title of the legis- lature in the .st;itc of Oregon and the territories of the United States; also, the title of the lower house or of the single legislative body in niany of the British colonies, (b) In French hist., the li-i;ishitive bodies of 1791-2, 1849-.51, as distingnishc.l fn.iii the Xatioiial Assemblvof 1789-1791 — Natloual Assembly, in Fr.neh liist., the first of the revolntiiMiaiy asseinblii-s, in session 17sll'1791. The States l.ielieral, ek-, t./d hi 1759. «ere opened .May 5, 1789, and in .^\\n^' the third estate assumed the title of National As- senilily and alisorbed the two remaining estates. Its chief work was the formation of the constitution, whence it is also called the Cnnstituciit .i.^.^embly. assemblyman (a-sem'bli-man), n. ; pi. assem- blymen (-men). [<. assemhli/ + man.'] A mem- ber of a legislative assembly. [U. S.] assembly-room (a-sem'bli-rom), II. A room iu which persons assemble, especially for dancing. See a.iscmlili/. assenH, "• An obsolete plural of cwsl. Chaucer. assen-t, »• An oljsolete plural of ash^. assent (a-senf), V. [< ME. asscnten, asentcn (lateval.soby aijheresisse»te), < OF. asenter, as- senter (< L. assentari, adsentari. irreg. fi'eq. of asseiifiri), also asscnlir, P. assentir, < L. assenti- re, more frequently deponent, assentiri, assent to, approve, consent, < ad, to, H- sen tire, feel, > E. sent, now spelled improp. seent : see seen t and sense, andcf. consent, dissent, vmdresent.l l.in- trans. To admit a proposition as true; express an agreement of the mind to what is alleged or proposed ; concur ; acquiesce : -with to before an object. The Jews also assented, saying that these things were so. Acts xxiv. 9. We cannot assent to a proposition without some intelli- gent apprehension of it ; whereas we need not understand it at all in order to infer it. J. H. Newman, Gram, of Assent, p. r>. = Syn. To agree, subscribe. Il.t trans. To agree to ; approve ; determine. Here wyfes wolde it wel assente. Ctmucer, Gen. Prol. to C. T., 1. 374. assent (a-senf), «. [< ME. assent, asent, < as- scnten, dseuten, the verb : see assent, v.'] 1. The act of the mind in admitting or agreeing to the truth of a proposition proposed for acceptance. Faith is the assent to any proposition on the credit of the proposer. Loeke. 2. Consent; eoncun-ence; acquiescence; agree- ment to a proposal : as, the bill before the house has the assent of a great majority of the mem- bers. Without the king's assent or knowledge, You wrought to be a legate. Shak,, Hen. VIII., iii. 2. No parish-business in the place could stir. Without du'ection or assent from her. Crabbe, The Parish Register. 3. Accord ; agreement ; approval. Virtue engages his assent. But Pleasure wins his heart. Coti'per, Human Frailty. Too many people read this ribaldry with a.fsent and ad- miration. Macatday, Hist. Eng., xx. 4t. Opinion. Thou art oon of his assent. Chaucer, Pardoner's Tale, 1. 296. Royal assent, in England, the approbation given by the sovereign in Parliament to a bill which has passed both houses, after which it becomes law. This assent may be given in two ways: (a) In person, when the sovereign comes to the House of Peers, the Commons are sent for, and the titles of all the bills which have passed are read. The royal assent is declared in Norman-French by the clerk of the Parliament, (b) By letters patent under the great seal, signed by the sovereign, and notified in his or her absence. A money-bill, or bill of supply, passed by the House of Commons, is presented by the Speaker for the royal assent. = Syn. Assent. Consent, Concurrence, Actjuiesccnce, accept- ance, adherence. Assent is primarily an act of the under- standing ; coment is distinctly the act of the will : as, I absent to that proposition : I consent to his going. Bax- ter speaks of justifying faith as the assentin<7 trust of the understanding aniftlie consentinri trust of the will. As- sent is not yet altogether excluded from the field of the will, but tends to express a feebler action of the will than it formerly did. or than consent does. Compare Luke xxili. 24 (margin). "Pilate assented that it should be as they re- ((uii-ed," with the formal ctmseni in the royal assent to a assert bill. Concurrence is a running of minds in the same chan- nel, an agreement in opinion or decision. Act^uiesceitce is a state or act of (iuiet submission to a decision, an act, or the prevalence of an opinion, because it is near enough to one s wishes, or not worth resisting, or impossible to re- sist, but not because it is entirely acceptable. Assent I have descrilied to be a mental assertion ; in its very natme then it is of the mind, and not of the lips. J. II. Newman, Gram, of Assent, p. 11. If any faction of men will require the assent and consent of other men to a vast number of disputable and uninsti- tuted things, and, it may be, a mathematical falsehood among the iirstof them, and utterly renounce all Christian communion with all that shall not give that assent and consent, we look upon those to be separatists; we dare not to be so narrow-spirited. C. Matlier, Mag. Chris., Int. to iii. The necessity, under which the jury is placed, to agree unanimously, in order to find a verdict, acts as the pre- disposing cause of concurrence in some common opinion. Calhoun, Works, I. 06. The showman rubs his brow impulsively. . . . but final- ly, with the inevitable acquiescence of all public servants, resumes his composnri^ and goes on. ilau'thorne. Main Street. assentantt (a-sen'tant), a. and n. [< ME. as- scntaunt, < DF. assentant, assentant, ppr. of assenter : see assent, v., and -ant'^. Doublet, assenticnt.'] I. a. Assenting; agreeing. II. n. One who assents or agi'ees. assentation (as-en-ta'shon), n. [< L. asscnta- tio(n-), flattery, sei-vile assent, < assentari, pp. assentatu.'i, flatter, assent in everything, irreg. freq. of assentiri, assent, agree: see as- sent, i'.] The act of assenting; especially, ob- seqtiious assent to the opinion of another; flat- tery; adulation. It is a fearful presage of ruin when the prophets con- spire in assentation, Bp. Hall, Death of Aliab. Words smooth and sweeter-sounded are to be used, rather than rough or harsh, as adore for worship, assen- talion fur Mattery. Instructions for Oratory (1682), p. 25. assentatort (as'en-ta-tor), «. [< L. assentator, < assentari, flatter : see' assentation.'] One who assents or consents; especially, one who as- sents obsequiously; a flatterer. Sir T. Elyot. assentatorilyt (a-sen'ta-to-ri-li), adr. In the manner of an assentator; with adulation or ob- sequiousness. Bacon. assentatoryt (a-sen'ta-to-ri), a. [< L. 'assen- tatorius (implieil iu adv. asscntatorie), < a.t.^en- totor, a flatterer : see assentator.] Pertaining to or chiiracterized by assentation; flattering; adulatory. assenter (a-sen'ter), n. One who assents. See assen lor. assentient (a-sen'shient), a. and «. [< L. as- scnticn{t-)s, ppr. of assentiri, assent: see assent, v.] I. a. Assenting ; yielding assent. Quar- terly Rev. II. n. One who assents; an assenter. Xortit British Ber. assentingly (a-sen'ting-li), adv. In a manner expressing assent; by agreement. assentive (a-sen'tiv), «. [< a.ssent + -ire.] Giving assent ; complying. Savat/e. [Rare.] assentmentt (a-sent'ment), ». [< OF. assente- nient, < ML. assentimentum , assent, < L. assen- tiri, assent : see assent, v., and -nient.] Assent ; agi-eement. *)• T. Browne. assentor (a-sen'tor), «. [< assent + -or; the usual legal form; cf. assenter.] One who as- sents ; specifically, one of the eight voters who indorse the nomination, by a proposer and sec- onder, of a candidate for election to the Parlia- ment of Great Britain and Ireland, as required by law. assert (a-serf), V. t. [< L. assertiis, pp. (ML. as- scrtarc, freq.) of assercrc, adserere, join to, ad- screre alirpiem manu (or simply adserere) in liber- tatem or in seriitutem, declare one free or a slave by laying hands upon him. hence free from, protect, defend, lay claim to, assert, de- clare, < ad, to. + sercre, join, range in a row, = Gr. lipeiv, bind, fasten: see series and serried.] If. To bring (into fi-eedom); set (free). [The original Latin use, asserere in libertatem.] The people of Israel, being lately oppressed in Egypt, were asserted by (3od into a state of liberty. Bp. Patrick, on Num. xxiii. 2. 2. To vindicate, maintain, or defend by words or measures; support the cause or claims of; ^■indicate a claim or title to: now used only of immaterial objects or reflexively : as. to assert our rights and liberties; he asserted himself boldly. I could and would myself assert the British from his scandalous pen. Fuller. Often, in the parting hour, Victorious love a-iserts his power O'er coldness and disdain. Scott, Marmion, v. 7. assert 8. To state as true ; affirm; asseverate; aver; declare. There is no proot of what is so commonly assrrttd, that the he«l is longer in proportion to the foot in Segroes. "fc f r /juj./,j,, Auat. Vert., p. 41i). To assert one's self, to assume and defend ones rights, claims or anthoritv ; ciert ones influence : sometimes, to thrust'one s self fonvard unduly or obtrusively. The natural strength and firmness of his nature bej.'an to at^ert iUelf. 0--nrne Etwt, Mill on the Iloss, iii. i. While th. *■ -^cu the Emperor and the Popt* absorbed li. olh, it became possible for the ceonle to fi • • *^ //. Speiuxr, Prin. of SocioL, § 493. = Syil. 2. Aarti, Defend, Maintain, Vindicate. Aggerl Eupports a cause or claim aggressively : its meaning is well brought out in the cvprcssion, astert yourself: that is. make your influence felt. To de/end is primarily to drnv back assaults. To maintain is to hold up to the full amount, defending from diminution : as, to tnaintain the ancient customs, lilwrties, rights. To HmKeate is to res- cue, as fr^'m diminution, dishonor, or censure: as, to '' riji- dicate the ways of God to man," fope. Essay on Man, i. 16. And as my vassals, to their utmost might, Assist my person, and a^ert my right. Dryden, Pal. and Arc, 1. 1,000. It is time now to draw homeward ; and to think rather of defending myself, than assaulting others. Dryden, Prtf. to ilock Astrologer. 1 will maintain My truth and honour flrnily. Shak., I^ear, v. 3. If it should at any time so happen that these rights should be invaded, there is no remedy but a reliance on the courts to protect and vindicate them. D. Webtter, Convention to Revise the Const., 1821. 3. Aetert, Afirm. Declare, Acer, Asseverate (see declare). allege, protest, avow, lay down. (See protest.) Assert seems to expect doubt or contradiction of what one saj-s. Atnrm strengthens a statement by resting it upon one's reputation for knowledge or veracity: as, "she (Rho- da] constantlv aUnncd that it was even so," Acts xii. 15. Declare makes public, clear, or emphatic, especially against contradiction, ytrer is positive and peremptory. Assev- erate is positive and solemn. We can attert without assenting. J. H. Xexnnan, Gram, of Assent, p. 11. It is a pure impertinence to a^rm with oracular assur- ance what might perhaps be admissible as a suggestion oflered with the due diffidence of modest and genuine scholarship. 5ici)i(iurn<, Shakespeare, p. 23. Our Hebrew songs and harps, in Babylon That pleased so well our victors' ear, declare That rather Greece from us these arts derived. Milton, V. R.,iv. 337. Then all aterred I had killed the bird That brought the fog and mist. Colerid.iert + -iblc] Seeasstn-talle. assertion (a-sir'shoM), n. [< h. «A«r(io(«-), diclariitionj< axscrcrc, assert: see assert.'] ij. The act of setting free; liberation. — 2. Tlie action of maintaining a cause or a claim: as, the amiertion of one's rights. — 3. The act of stating something to be true. Au^rtvm unsupported by fact Is nugatory. Junius. 4. A jKiHitivo dci-laration or averment; an un- Hujiiiiirti (1 statement or afliniiation: as, his aa- Hertioii proved to bo false. An iiMurrtirm In as illsthict from a cinclnsion oa a word of command U from a inTnuajiion or rcroniriii-nrtntton. ./ //. Seunnan, Oniin ..r A««.nl, p. :i. Ill' . I protoplnjtrn] I' whlrh Vtt.' . A fill t of lb. , -luciill- cam • :.i, t nl all, bul ji •rtinn. Iteille, ITMl..|,la,iii, p. S5. ■SjTII. 2. viiiiiirntlon, defcnic, maintenance — 3 and i, HlatcmrM , priitcntatbm. asmrtlOTi hon-nl), n. [< nwrrfion + ■III.] r . or of the nature of nn as- x'Ttiori; nil asMortion. [Hare.] aaSOrtl'Ve, ,,i. [< .ml. •rt»*rr/irn<(iiii- pli'l ' ''IV ), < I>. itnnrrtu.H, pp. <.f lA"' und -irr.] IVwitive; dof- mnt i.fldontly; peremptory; af- l'r"i'"3iiii( thrm not lit a confldcnl and OMrrtive form. bat w pn.iialiilltin and hjrpotllMM. (JIanritIc 346 asserti'Vely (a-ser'tiv-U), adv. In an assertive manner: afiirmatively. assertiveness (a-ser'tiv-nes), n. The quality of being assertive, or self-assertive. ,\s for this assertiveness, one should admire it ; it tends to the virtue of contentment IT. Shepherd, Prairie Experiences, p. 114. assertor (a-ser'tqr), n. [< L. assertor, declarer, advocate," defender, < asserere : see assert.] See a.sscrter. assertorial (as-er-to'ri-al), a. [< LL. asserto- liti^- (see assertory) + -o?.] Asserting a fact as true, but not holding it to be necessary. See asserton/. the common form. assertorially (as-er-to'ri-al-i), adv. In an as- sertorial manner; as an assertion. assertoric, assertorical (as-er-tor'ik, -i-kal), a. [< assirtor + -ic, -ic-iil.] Asserting; assertory; assertive : as, an assertoric judgment. See as- serton/. assertory (a-s^r'to-ri), a. [< LL. assertorius, < L. assertor: see assertor.] Affirming; main- taining; declaratory; affirmative; assertive. We have not here to do with a promissorj- oath : ... it is the assertory oath that is now under our hand. Bp. Hall, Cases of Conscience, ii. 5. An Assertory Oath is made to a Man before God, and I must swear so, as man may know what I mean. Selden, Table-Talk, p. 77. Assertory proposition, in lo(jic, a proposition stating >nnittliiiiL' t" W tnif. but not stating it as necessjiry. assertress (a-ser'tres), «. [< asserter + -ess.] A female who asserts. asservet (a-serv'), v. t. [< L. asservire, serve, aid, < fl<7, to, + serrire, serve: see serve.] To help; serve; second. Bailey. asservilet (a-ser'vil), v. t. [< a«-l + servile.] To render servile or obsequious. [I] am weary of (M*err//ui{7 myself to every man's charity. Bacon, v. 240 (Ord MS.). asses, n. Plural of as* and of ass^. assess (a-ses'), I', t. [< late ME. assesse, also ac- cesse (whence by apheresis sess, cess), < OF. as- sesser, < ML. assessare, fix a rate, impose a ta.\, freq. of L. assiderc, pp. assessiis, sit beside, be assessor to a judge, in ML. fix a rate, impose a tax, assess (cf. a««c.s.l, Jialcs, etc. Sc.. tar. aBSessor (n-son'or), n. [Karly mod. K. also a.i- .ii'ssiiiir, < ilK. iissemniir, < <)I''. a.isrssoiir, mod. !•'. nHsrHxriir = I'r. assessor = Sp. asrsor = 1 'g. as- srsHor = It. nsspssorr, < Ii. assessor, nn aKKiH- tiiiit judge, in ML. also an asseHsorof taxes, lit. one who sits by anolher, < assidirr, sit by: sei' iiHsidcnt, cutsciia.] 1. One who sits by another; asseveration hence, one who shares another's position, rank, or dignity ; an associate in office. Don QuL\ote, ... or his assessors, the curate and the barber. T. Warton, Hist, of Eng. Poetry, I. 338. 2. An inferior officer of justice, who sits to as- sist a judge as a law authority; in Scotland, the legal adriser of a magistrate, with judicial powers. Minos the strict inquisitor appears. And lives and crimes with his assessors hears. Dryden, .Eneid, vi. 3. In England, a person chosen to assist the mayor and aldermen of a borough in matters concerning elections. — 4. In some universi- ties, as the Scotch, the title of the elected mem- bers of the university court or supreme govern- ing body of the university. — 5. One appointed to make assessments, especially for purposes of ta.xation — Assessor of the vice-chancellor, in English universities, a deputy of the vice-chancellor ap- pointed by him to hear causes and to be his vicegerent in court.— Nautical assessors. See nanticni. assessorial (as-e-so'ri-al), a. [< assessor + -inh] Pertaining to an assessor, or to a court of as- sessors. assessorship (a-ses'or-ship), n. [< assessor + -ship.] The office of assessor. Be this as it may, his progress from the passive Auscul- tatorship towards any active Assessors/tip is evidently of the slowest. Cartyle, Sartor Kcsartus, p. 86. asset (as'et), n. See assets. assetht, "• [ME., also aseth, aseeth, asethe, as- setlie, assets, etc. (= Sc. assyth), < OF. asset, aset, asez, a.) Any gootls or iirojicrty or right of action properly available for the payment of a bankrupt's or a deceased person's obligations or debts: generally used to signify resources for the payment of debts, etc. Assets are real or jtcrsonat. Ileal assets are lands such as descend to the heir, subject to the fultilment of the obligations of the ancestor; 2>ersonal assets arc the money or goods of the deceased or Insolvent, or debts due to him, which come into tile hands of the e.\ecutor or administrator, or which he is to collect or convert into ninney. 2. Property in general ; all that one owns, con- sidered as applicable to the payment of his debts: as, his assets are much greater than his liabilities. — 3. [As a singular, asset.^ Any portion of one's property or effects so con- sidered: as, these shares are a valiuible as.set. Equitable assets. .See rviii'raMc— Marshaling as- sets. Sec iitarshol, v. asse'Vert (a-sev'6r), v. t, [< L. a.tsevcrare, as- sert strongly, speak in earnest, < ad, to, -I- severus, earnest, serious, severe: see severe.] To asseverate. Anselnnm . . . not only assevereth It, but also endea* vciiueth . . . to set out the true . , . proportion of it, t'othcrlni, Atheomastlx, p. .S17. asse'Verate (a-sev'6r-at), v. i. ; pret. and p)). as- .'.■batio asKerlion. lie |l.r, No. 448. 6. In lam: (a) To transfer or make over to an- other the right one has in any object, as in an estate, chose in action, or reversion, especial- ly in trust for the- security of creditors: rare- ly applied to testamentary transfers. (6) To show or set forth with particularity : as, to as- sign error in a writ; to a.isign false judgment, (c) To point out or substantiate as a charge: as, perjury cannot be assigned on an oath taken without the jurisdiction of the officer adminis- tering it. — To assign dower, to allot or portion out to a widow the part of land forming her dower therein; to Hx the boundaries of the widow's share in an estate. — To assign in bankruptcy, to transfer property to and vest it in assignees for the benefit of the creditors. =SytL 1. Dispense, Dist'rilmte, etc. (see dispense). — 3. Adduce, Allege, etc. (see adduce) ; to determine, give, name, present. assignt (a-sin'), «.l [< assign, v.] 1. Assign- ment; appointment. — 2. Design; purpose; ob- ject. He aim'd at high designs, ami so attain'd The high assigns to whicli liis spirit aim'd. Ford, Fame's Memorial. assign (a-sin'), «.2 [The same, with loss of the tiual syllable, as assignee, < ME. assigne (three syllables), < OF. assigne, prop. pp. of assigner, assign: see assign, v.] 1. A person to whom the property or interest of another is or may be transfeiTed : as, a deed to a man and his heira and assigns. Scrooge was his sole executor, his sole administrator, his sole assign. Dickejis, Christmas Carol, L The exclusive right of frequenting all the countries that might be found was reserved to them [John Cabot and his sons] and to their assigns. Bancroft, Hist. U. S., I. 8. [Assign is a broader word than assignee. The assignees at a person are usually undei-stood to mean those who take immediately from him, by his assignment ; the assigns of a person include all who acquire title under his transfer, immediately or remotely.] 2t. A thing pertaining to something else : an appurtenance ; an appendage. [Affected.] Six French rapiers and poniards, with their assigns, as girdle, hangers, or so. Shak., Hamlet, v. 2. assignability (a-si-na.-ba'i-ti), «. [< assigna- ble : see-biliti/.] Capability of being assigned. assignable (a-si'na-bl), a. [= F. assignable; < assign + -able.] 1. Capable of being allotted, appointed, or assigned : as, an a.>:signable note or biU. — 2. Capable of being specified, shown, designated, or expressed with precision : as, an assignable reason ; an assignable magnitude. His [a soldier's] fighting condition was needed not on one or two days consecutively, but on many days, and not against a day pimctually assignable, but against a season or period perhaps of months. De Quineey, Plato. While on the one hand industry is limited by capital, so on the other every increase of capital gives, or is capable of giving, additional employment to industry ; and this without assignable limits. J. S. Hill, Pol. Econ., I. 82. 3. Capable of being attributed; attributable. — 4. In laxo, predieable ; capable of being pointed out or substantiated : as, perjurj' is not assigna- ble of testimony on an immaterial point. assignably (a-si'na-bli), adv. In an assignable manner. assignat (as'ig-nat; F. pron. a-se-nya'), n. [F., < L. assignatus, pp. of assignare, assign, allot : see assign, v.] 1. One of the notes forming the paper currency issued in France during the revolution from 1789 to 1796. The assignats were based on the security of the confiscated church lands, and afterward of all the national domains and other property. They were issued to the amount of over forty-five billion francs, and before they were withdrawn deteriorated to less than one three-hundredth of their face value. 2. In French laiv, the assignment of an annuity on an estate, by which the annuity is based on the security of "the latter: now little used. assignation (as-ig-na'shon), n. [=F. assigtia- tion, < L. assignatio{n-), assignment, allotment, < assignare, pp. assignatus : see assign, v.] 1. The act of assigning or allotting; the act of fix- ing or specifying. The assignation of particular names to denote particular objects. Adam Smith, Origin of Languages. assignation 2 An appointment of time and place for meet- ;„'.,. .....i chiettv of love-meetings, and now in a ba") Ill phmol., the act or process by which organisms con- vert and absorb nutriment, so that it becomes part of the fluid or solid substances composing them. To these preparator.v changes, which fit the crude food mnterials for ]pidtoplasmic food, the generiil name of «.«■ siinilittiini has been given. 2>V««fi/, Botany, ji. ITS. Plants and .inimals iiicreasie by assimilatiim and trans- formation, minerals by attraction and aggregation. J'lirn: (c) In pallwl., the supposed conversion, according to an obsolete theory, of the lluids of the body to the nature of any morbific matter, (r/) In philol. the act or process by which one alphabetic sound is rendered like, or less un- like, another neighboring sound ; a lightening of the eltort of utterance by lessening or removing the discor- dance of formation between different sounds in a word, or in contiguous words. The kinds and degrees of a.>i8iniila. tion arc very various, and include a large part of the his- torical changes in the phonetic form of words. Examples are axtimilalc from I.. aU-fiviilare, correction from I.. i-"»- rectio, inijicnil from L. in-iiemlcre, L. rectus from ri;;-f ".«, I.. rfX(rt*^) from reri-n. K. %» (prr>nounced left!). reupeiHimt- nounceil rcapt), and so on. — Little assimilations, in 0.vford, a meeting of the masters and two |.r..itors, calleil by the vice-i:llanccll.ir. in the cn the ringing of the little bell. This meeting i.i aulhorizeil to reail, approve, and seal any letters concerning the public laws of the university, written conformably to the decree of ('Miivorii)ioii. and jilso to set seal to decrees of Convoca- tion and to d'spateli minor inattel-s, assimilative (a-sim'i-la-tiv), a. [= F. a.isiiiiil(i- tif; < Hssimitate + -ive.] Cliiiractcrizcd by as- slmihition; capable of assimilating assimulale. Cf. .lit < Ij. ussimilarr.'] I. trans. eauHe to reHeinbio. In. 2. I pori mei mo,' (?••■■ S.. 4. Tooonvi toq.tior, hower ; the do»„v Hake. . . . asslmilatory (n-siiii'i-ln-tr.-ri). a. [< assimitair . t». Co,;,, ,-, Task, Iv. 32(i. + -«/•!/. 1 Tending to assimilate; producing milniet luelf in thought with asHirai'latiou; assimilative: us, asaimiUttorij w- gans. The (M«inii/,i("ri/ cills. though the mosllmporlant mini- hern of the »oc|.-iy of I ills, are mil the only oiie«, by any iniiiii", isBentlal to the welfare of the body lorporiile. .S'. /;. Ilrrriek, I'lalll l.lte, p. -.'I. Assiminia Ois-i-niln'i-ii), «. [NL.] A gonus ol' gaslrojiiiilousinolliiskH, giving name to thefiini- lly .tssiniiniiilir, by some rel'i'ireil In the t'aiiiily I'illnriniilii; or iieriwinkles. Also spelled .Issi- winril. assiminiid OiH-i-min'i-id), H. A gastropod of the fiiiiiilv /(*»/H/in(iV/rt'. Ap,8iminiid83 (»» i-mi-ni'i-i hoi., | IH. render accordant, or Ii'sh dis- I : liring to or too ■' •■ • iternMce: said li •y othernoighbio lilwBVH) in the Hiiiiie wnnl. /i. — 3. To compare ; liken; latlnn hrtwi'i n tenrher and pNpIl ' n or two Indinnt^i friend.. Ilrolr. nut. Orieeo, II i . ' (1 irablitnnce xiiitnble for iib- .nl orvegetttbluKyHlcm; nli assistance gastropods, typified by the genus Assiminia. The eyes are ot'the tips of special peduncles which alv connate with the tentacles. The shell is conical, with an oral aperture. Progression is effected by a looping move- ment, the rostrum and small foot being alternately applied to the groiiniL The species ai-e of small size, and terres- trial or amphibious. assimulatet (a-sim'u-lat), v. t. ; pret. and pp. as- simiilalcd, ppr. assinitilating. [< L. assimulatiis, pp. of a.^simiilare. ad.'iimulan; also a.mod. excise, q. v.), and by apheresis sise, si/sc (> mod. E. si:e, q. V.) ; < OF. assise, asise, a sitting, session, esp. of a court, judgment, appointment, settlement, assessment, impost, tax, etc., prop. fem. of asis, assis, pp. of aseir, later and mod. F. as- seoir, < L. as.sidere. sit by as assistant or assess- or, hence in ML. and OF., etc., appoint, settle, assess, etc. : see assident, assess.] If. Origi- nally, a sitting or session of a legislative body or court. Frequent assizes were held, and as of old, when the sword of justice was sharpened, the receipts of the Treasury in- creased. .S'(kW«, Const. Hist., § 682. Hence — 2t. An edict, ordinance, or enactment made at such a session or sitting, or issued by such a body. Specifically, in Enr/. hist. : (a) An ordi- nance fixing the weiglit, measure, and price of articles of general consumption sold in market : as, the assize of measures in the reign of Henry II., and the assize of bread and ale (SI Hen. III.). Hence— (6) The standard weights and measures appointed to be kept in any dis- trict : as, the custody of the assize, (c) In a more general sense, measurement ; dimensions ; a measure of i-ating. I saw a stately frame. An hundred cubits high Hy just assize. Spen.^er, Visions of Bellay, St. 2. 3. A jury, or trial by jury: now used only in Scotland with reference to criminal causes. See grand assize, below. — 4t. A name given to certain writs commanding jm'ies to be sum- moned for the trial of causes : as, assize (jf novel disseizin, the ancient common-law remedy for the recovery of the possession of lands. — 5+. The verdict of a jury in such a case. — 6. The 349 periodical session hold by royal commission by at least one of the judges of the superior courts directetH.— Assizes Act, an English .statute uf IbSO (11 Geo. IV. and 1 VVni. IV. c. 70), affecting the constitution of the common-law courts in England and Wales and the practice in them. — Assizes of Jerusalem, two codes of laws, drawn up under the authority of (iodfrey de Bouillon, the first crusading king of Jerusalem, and in force under the Christian sov- ereignty in Jerusalem and in Cyprus. One code had jurisdiction over the nobility, the second over the com- mon pei'ide. Both were conceived with a wisdom and enlightenment beyond their age, and were based on contcni]n'rary French law and customs. — Grand assize, formerly, in England, a form of trial in certain cases by a jury of sixteen persons, which tnnk the ]ilare itf trial by judicial combat. It was aliulishcd in Is.ii).— Maiden as- size. See wiairfcj!.— Maritime Assizes of Jerusalem, a body of maritime laws constituting a \ii\rt of the Assizes of Jerusalem. — Rents of assize, the established rents of the freeholders and ainient copyholders of a manor ; rents which cannot be changed. assizet (a-siz'), v. i.; pret. and pp. assized, ppr. assizintj.' [< ME. assisen, < AF. assiser, from the noun: see assize, «.] If. In a general sense, to fix ; appoint. Thou Shalt have day and time assised. Gowcr, Conf. Amant. 2t. To fix the rate of; assess, as taxes. — 3. To fix the weight, measure, or price of, by an ordinance or authoritative regulation. The liberty of assizing bread has been used at Clyder- hou .and Rochdale as annexed and belonging to the mar- ket and fair. Quoted in Baines's Hist. Lancashire, II. 14. assizement (a-s5z'ment), •». [< assize, v., + -ment.J An inspection of weights and mea- sures, and of the quality of commodities, legal- ized by statute. assizer (a-si'zer), 71. [< ME. assisour (and by apheresis i-isour, > mod. E. sizar, q. v.), < AF. assisour, < assiser: see assise, r., and -eel, -or.] 1. In Eng. hist., a member of a grand assize (wliich see, under assize). — 2. In Scotland, a jm-or. — 3t. One who had custody of the assize or standards of weight and measure ; one who fixed the assize of bread and ale, or other arti- cles of general consumption. Also spelled assizor, assiser, assisor. assize-sermon (a-siz'ser"mon), n. In England, a sermon preached to the judges, barristers, and others attending the assizes, assizor, n. See assizer. assobert, "• t- [< ME. assohren, < L. as- for ad- + LL. sohriare, sober: see sober, v.] To keep or make sober. And thus I rede, thou a^sobre Thyne herte, in hope of such a grace. Gower, Conf. Amant., vi. associability (a-s6-shia-bir,i-ti), n. [< associa- ble : see -Iniity.] 1. The quality of being asso- ciable. The associabiliti/ of feelings with those of their own kind, group within gi'onp, corresponds to the general ar- rangement of nervous structures into great divisions and sub-divisions. //. Spencer, Prin. of Psychol., § 116. 2. In patkol., the property of suffering changes by sympathy, or of being affected by the condi- tion of other parts of the body. associate associable (a-so'shia-bl), a. [=F.associable,< h. as if 'associabilis, < as-ioriare, associate: see associate.] 1. Capable of being joined or as- sociated; capable of forming part of a com- bination or association. Different classes of relations ffeeling,s] were oljserved to berevjvaljle in dilferent degrees, wliii-h inipli'-s that, otjier things equal, they are assoeiattlc in dilfercnt d'-grees. //. Spencer, Prin. of Psycliol., § 117. 2. Capable of being made an associate ; com- panionable; social. — 3. In ]jatliol., liable to be affected sympathetically, or to receive from other parts like feelings and affections. associableness (a-so'shia-bl-nes), n. Associa- bility. associate (a-so'shi-at), V. ; pret. and pp. a.ssoci- ated, ]}pr. associating. [< L. associatus, pp. of associarc, join to, unite with, < ad, to, + sociare, join, < socius, joined with, allied, following (as a noun, a companion): see .soc/a/.] I. trans. 1. To join in company, as a friend, companion, partner, confederate, or the like; join or connect intimately; unite; combine; link: followed by irith (formerly sometimes by to): as, to asso- ciate others with us in business or in an enter- prise ; particles of earthy matter associated with other substances. He succeeded in associating his name inseparably inth some names which will last as long as our language. ilacaulay. Just as the older female deities were associated in their worship unth heaven and the heavenly bodies, with seasons of the year and with sacred places, so is the more modem goddess [the Virgin Maryj. Dawson, Nature and the Bible, p. 215. 2t. To keep company with ; attend. Friends should aasociaU friends in grief and woe. Shale, Tit. And., v. 3. To-mori'ow I will associate you to court myself. B. Jonson, Every Man out of his Humour, ii. 1. 3. To make an associate of; admit to associa- tion or membership ; with to : as, " he was asso- ciated to the Koyal Academy," Southey. [Rare.] — Associated functions. See/uvic(i'o7i. II. intrans. 1. To have intercourse ; bean as- sociate or as.sociates : implying intimacy: as, congenial minds are disposed to associate. It was once degradation intensified for a Norman to asso- ciate with a SaxcJll. X. A. Uei'., CXXXIX. 85. 2. To join in or form a confederacy or associa- tion. The clergy of a district in the diocese of Lincoln asso- ciated lately for the purpose of forming an estimate of the state of religion within their own limits. Sijdney Smith, in Lady Holland, iii. 3. In general, to unite, as in action, with a person or thing, or to coexist in organic de- pendence, as the parts of the body. associate (a-s6'shi-at), a. and n. [< L. associa- tus, pp. : see the verb.] I. a. 1. Joined in in- terest, object or purpose, office or emplojTnent; combined together; joined with another or others: as, an ossocw/fe judge orijrofessor; "my associate powers," Milton, P. L., x. 395. — 2. In 2>athol., connected by habit or sympathy: as, associate movements, that is, movements which occur sympathetically, in consequence of pre- ceding motions: thus, convergence of the eyes is associated with contraction of the pupils. II. n. 1. A companion; one who is on terms of intimacy with another ; a mate ; a fellow. Sole Eve, associate sole, to me beyond Compare above all living creatures dear ! Milton, P. L.. ix. 227. 2. A partner in interest, as in business ; a con- federate; an accomplice; an ally: as, "their defender and his associates," Hooker. — 3. One who shares an office or a position of authority or responsibility ; a colleague or coadjutor. — 4. One who is admitted to a subordinate degree of membership in an association or institution: as, an Associate of the Royal Academy, orof the National Academy of Design. — 5. An^-thing usually accompanj-ing or associated with an- other. The one [idea] no sooner . . . comes into the under* standing than its associate appears with it. Locke, linman Understanding, ii. 33. = Syn. 1 and 2. Associate, Friend, Compajiion, Comrade, Fellow, Partner, Alb/, Colleague, Coadjutor, Confederate. Associate is the most general word for persons who .are con- nected in life, work, etc. ; it is special only in suggesting an alliance of some permanence. Friend is the most general word for persons who. tlirough community of life or other- wise, have kiiuUy feelings toward each other. Companion, literally a messmate, applies where the persons are much tlirown togtther, but are not united by any strong tie; hence it is n■ -■ -.' ■ ..":arally would be or is a companion: as, \rhv> you not so with your.W(oirj' A part;;?r is one who takes part with others, especially in business or in any kind of joint ownership, i'ormerly aUy was nearly equivalent in meaning to associate, but it is now applied chiefly to states or rulers in their public capacity: as, the allie/in the Crimean war. A coHeapue is an associate for some specific purpose or in some office; it is, like coadju- tor, properly applicable only to one engaged in lal«r or business regarded as especially dignified : as, .Senators .K and B were colUaaue.< ; Luther and lus coadhuors. A con- federate is one somewhat formally associated with others, now usually, when applied to private relations, for a bad object. See aecompiice. A nice and subtle happiness, I see, Thou to thyself proposest, in the choice Of thy ofsociatex, Adam; Milton, P. L., viii. 401. Thou Shalt never find & friend in thy young years whose condition.? and t Im! attained, it attained at all, by association. I). Webster, .Speech, Pittsburgh, July, lS3.i. Tlie very common association between seeing clearly and seeing narrowly is a law or a frailty of our nature not iUlBciently understood. Gladstone, Might of Right, p. lafi. (6) A union or connection of ideas. See as- sociation of ideas, below. The wonis which we use are so enwrapped in an atmo- Sdiere of subtle associations that they are liable to sway le direction of our thoughts in ways of which we are often unconscious. ./. Fiske, Idea of God, p. Ifjl. 2. An organized union of persons for a com- mon purpose ; a body of persons acting to- gether for tho promotion of some object of mutual interest or advantage; a partnership, cori)oration, or society: as, the Association for the Advancement of Science; a political or charitable association. The old company . . . was able, with the help of Its Tory friiMids, to nrevent the rival association from obtain- ing similar privileges. Macaulay, Hist. Eng., xx. Articles Of association or Incorporation. See article. -AsBOClatlon of Ideas (im expreniion Invented by I».v. I i.i mental association, in ;"o/'-'"'(.. the tendency of 11 , p. iri-ptloii. feeling, volition, or thought to rc'.L i-tii.HH others which have previously co- exl ' < >iiHM'-HH with it or with states siniilur to It. i ne 4 Involiiri- '.f these associated libas. 'Ill-- Mjicciul , though varlonnly stated by p-y. Imlo- Htiiiltted to be thoHc of coritigiilt>' and Btn Ideas recall lileas which have orrur- red ;,, nnil als^i those which are similar to Ih"' .11. d the principles of nbjei-tlve allfl •ni.. Tin- (loetrine id association has pU. .rt III the hlst'iryof modern Kngllsh P«J' ' J. by. Tl. otvl extrinsic astfciat ion, might hi- Intr" i.rialf'ly t>* dUtlngiilsli a^Hoiliilinii < foil.. : . -.-mblanr:*-* of mental stales fiom th"^' .,|y the extrinsic actddent of nliiiiil- Ule ..tisclousnrsA. T.Vblrkf Murrin/, A««'. !'hy, the doctrine put forwi.i.l l.v II' lames Mill, and otln r4 II. .i m,, nfc ,re to Im- cTT.Inlfied iblelU i.. '., **• ':v.inf:ellr;i] Annorln Tloyi er" ', 1 ■, A ' '. .'I'll! Ind: iil.le .1,..., .;iUo:i, thru ... t I. .. » . .If.. ,. ; lun we . uit. ' thltil. ''le w it j. ■. ' tbo thlnkinK tha other —Voluntary uioclaUon, in 350 fair, a society which is unincorporated, but is not a part- nership, in that the members are not agents for one an- other. =Syn. 2. Combination, company, club, lodge, fra- ternity. associational (a-so-si-a'shon-al), a. [< asso- ciation + -al.'] 1. Pertaining to ar association. — 2. Pertaining to the psychological doctrine of association or associationism. associationalisni(a-s6-si-a'shon-al-izm), H. Same as associationism. associationalist (a-s6-si-a'shgn-al-ist), n. and a. Same as associationist. associationism (a-s6-si-a'shgn-izm). n. [< as- sociation -i- -ism.]' 1. The psychological theory which regards the laws of association as the fundamental laws of mental action and de- velopment. See association of ideas, under as- sociation. — 2. Same as Fourierism. Also associationalism. associationist (a-so-si-ii'shgn-ist), n. and a. [< association + -isi.] I. «. 1. One who advocates the psychological doctrine of associationism. — 2. One who supports the doctrine of associa- tion advocated by Fourier and known as Fou- rierism (which see). n. a. Pertaining to associationism, in either sense of that word. Also associationalist. associative (a-s6'shi-a-tiv), a. [< associate -f -iCf.] 1. Pertaining to or resulting from as- sociation; capable of associating; tending to associate or unite; characterized by associa- tion: as, "the associative faculty," Hugh ilillcr. Onomatopaiia, in addition to its awkwardness, has neither associatii'e nor etymological application to words imitating sounds. J. A. H. Murray, 9th Ann. Add. to Philol. Soc. 2. In math., applied to an operation which gives the same result whether it first unites two quantities A and B, and then unites the result to a third quantity C, or whether it first unites B and C, and then luiites the result to A, the order of the quantities being preserved. Thus, addition and multiplication are said to be associa- tive, on account of the general formulas, (a + b) + c = a + (h + cj (a X b) X c = a X {b X c). In the same sense, mathematicians often use the expres- sions .rv'.vr.cia^' re /orm»/a, ax.socmtu'e^r(«c0>^»?.— Associa- tive algebra, n«m-e of "sheath " and "sheathed." St^evetu. I^Hiulor's blank verse . sonant, harmonious. ass s-ear The combination of cadenced sentences with antitheti- cal alliteration, intersprinkled with assonances of every kind and their inevitable otfspring. the uncalled-for pun, was by him [Lylv] first introduced into English prose. A. It'. Want, Eng. Dram. Lit., I. 157. Homer, like Dante and Shakespeare, like all who really command language, seems fond of playing with assona 'ices. Lowell, .study Windows, p. 327. Specifically — 2. In pros., a species of imper- fect rime, or rather a substitute for rime, espe- cially common in Spanish poetry, consisting in using the same vowel-sound with different consonants, and requiring the use of the same vowels in the assonant words from tlie last accented vowel to the end of the word: thus, man and hat, penitent and reticence, are exam- ples of assonance in English. There are some traces of the employment of rhyme and assonance in mere popuhor literature at a very remote period. G. P. Marsh, Lects. on Eng. Lang., p. 505. 3. Agreement or harmony of things. [Bare.] = Syn. Paronoiiiasia. etc. See pun. assonanced (as'o-nanst), a. [< assonance + -«(-.] Characterized by assonance ; assonant. The lines are, in the earlier examples, assonanced, — that is to say, the vowel sound of the last syllables is identical, but the consonants need not agree. Kiicyc. Brit., IX. 638. assonant (as'o-nant), a. and »(. [< F. assonant (= Sp. asonante = Pg. assonantc), < L. a.?so- nan{t-)s, ppr. of assonarc, sound to, respond to: see assonatc and sonant.} I. a. 1. Ha\'ing a resemblance of articulate soimds. is . . . terse, yet fluent, as- Stedinan, Vict. Poets, p. 46. 2. In pros., pertaining to or characterized by assonance. II. m. 1. A word resembling another in sound. Speeifieally — 2. In jiro.t., a word form- ing ail assonance with another word. See ais- soniincc, '2. assonantal (,as-o-nan'tal). a. Of or pertaining to assonance; of the nature of an assonant. assonantic (as-o-uan'tik), a. Same as asso- iiiiiitiil. assonate (as'o-nat), r. i. ; pret. and pp. asso- ntilid, jijir. Ofsoiiating. [< L. as.ionaie, sound to, respond to, < ad, to, + sonarc, sound: seo sonant.'] To correspond in sound; rime in asso- nance; be assonant. assort (a-sorf), r. [< late ME. assortc, < OP. ii.s.'r), n. A fine iridescent shell, Ualiulis (Uiinimia, used in the niuniifacliire of ass s-ear buttons, for inlaying woodwork, and for other purposes. ass's-foot (as'ez-fiit), n. Same as coltsfoot. assuade (a-swad'), v. t. ; pret. and pp. assuaded, ppr. assuadiiig. [< L. as- for ad- + suadere, advise: Bee suasion, i^nd ct. pcrsuade.~\ To pre- sent as advice ; urge persuasively. N. E. I). assuage (a-swaj'), v. ; pret. and pp. assuaged, ppr. assuaging. [Early mod. E. also assioage, oswajrc, andby apheresissioajrc; < MS^.asiiagen, aswagen, < OF. asouager, asuager, asoager= Pr. assuaviar, asuaviar, < ML. as if *assuaviare, < L. ad, to, + suavis, sweet : see suarc and swert. Cf. abridge, < L. abbreviarc ; allege^, < LL. allc- viare, etc.] I. trans. To soften, in a figurative sense; allay; mitigate, ease, or lessen, as pain or grief ; moderate ; appease or pacify, as pas- sion or tumult. Yet he with strong perswasions her assivaged, And wonne lier will to suifer him depart. Spenser, ¥. Q., IV. vi. 43. Refreshing winds the summer's heats assuage. Addison. For the first time in history, she [the church] inspired thousands to devote* their entire lives, through sacrifice and danger, to the single object of aasuagint^ the suffer- ings of humanity. H'efeA,"Eng. Lit., I. SI. = Syn. Alleviate. Relieve. Mitigate, etc. (see alleviate)', to appease, mollify, temper (see lists under alleviate and o«.i.wi). Il.t in trans. To abate or subside ; grow less: as, "letthinheTt assuage," Gower ; "thewaters asswaged," Gen. viii. 1. assuagement (a-swaj'ment), n. [< OF. asuage- mcnt, < asuager: see assuage and -ment.'] 1. The act of assuaging ; mitigation ; abatement. Spenser. — 3. An alleviative ; a sedative. assuager (a-swa'jer), n. One who assuages or allays ; that which mitigates or abates, assuasive (a-swa'siv), a. and n. [< as-'^ + suasire, as in persuasive, with reference to as- suage."] I. a. Softening; mitigating; tranquil- iziug; soothing. [Rare.] Music her soft assuasive voice applies. Pope, St. Cecilia's Day, 1. '25. II. n. A soothing medicine or application. assubjugatet (a-sub'jo-gat), v. t. [< as-l -1- suli- jugatc.~\ To reduce to subjugation ; put into a low or unworthy position ; debase. [Bare.] No, this thrice worthy and right valiant lord Must not . . . assubjwjatelu&iner'il . . . By going to Achilles. ' .S/m*., T. and C, ii. 3. assuefactiont (as-we-fak'shon), H. [< L. as if *assuefactio{n-), < cissuefaccre, pp. assuefactus, make accustomed to, habituate, < assuetus, pp. of assu^:scere, accustom (see assuetc), + facere, make.] The act of accustoming; the state of being accustomed; use; habituation. Right and left, as part inservient unto the motive facul- ty, are differenced by degrees, by use, and asme/acti<)ji. Sir T. Browne, Vulg. Err., iv. 6. assuetet, a. [< L. assuetus, pp. of assuescere, accustom, habituate, < ad, to, + suescere, incep- tive of "suere, be wont: see custom.'] Accus- tomed ; practised. Blount. assuetudet (as'we-tud), «. [< L. assuetudo, cus- tom, < assuetus, pp. : see assuete. Cf. desue- tude.] Custom^ habit ; habitual use. Assiietude of things hurtful doth make them lose their force to hurt. Bacon, Nat. Hist., § 67. assumable (a-su'ma-bl), a. [< assume + -able.] Capable of being assumed or taken for granted. assumably (a-su'ma-bli), adv. As may be as- sumed; presumably. The Macfarlane Highlanders, who were armed asmima- bly with target and broadsword. N. and Q., 6th ser., XII. 40. assume (a-siim'), V. ; pret. and pp. assumed, ppr. assuming. [< L. assumere, take to one's self, take up, receive, accept, claim, assume, < ad, to, -1- sumere, take, contr. from *sulrimerc, < sub, under, -f- emcre, take, buy: see emption, emptor, redeem.] I. trans. 1. To take into rela- tion or association ; adopt ; take in ; admit : as, "Enoch andElias were assumed up into heaven," Abp. Abbot. See assumption, 5. [Archaic] The sixth was a young knight . . . assumed into that honourable company. Scott. 2. To take upon one's self; imdertake: as, to assume the responsibility of a proceeding; to assume office ; to assume an obligation. Assume thy wingfed throne, thou Vesper of our throng ! Shelley, Adonais, St. 46. Among those subject kings whom the Assyrians had established in Egypt the descendants of the Brst Necho assumed, after the fall of Nineveh, the position of inde- pendent sovereigns. Ton Rankc, Univ. Hist, (trans.), p. S3. 3. To take or put on one's self; invest one's self vnth: as, to assume the garb of a mentli- 351 cant, or the figure of an animal ; to assume a severe aspect; "to assume man's nature," Mil- ton, P. L., iii. 303. They say the devil can assume heaven's brightness. And so appear to tempt us. Fletcher, Loyal Subject, iii. 6. Caroline . . . had persuaded Mrs. Pryor to assume her bonnet and summer shawl, and to take a walk with her. Charlotte Bronte, .Shirley, xxi. Society never assumed the military type in England which It assunied upon the continent. /. Fiske, Amer. Pol. Ideas, p. 123. Wlieat quickly assumes new habits of life. Darwin, Var. of Animals and Plants, p. 333. 4. To apply to one's self; appropriate. His majesty might well assume the complaint of King David. Clarendon. His Holiness the Pope, by virtue of being Christ's Vice- gerent upon earth, piously assumed to himself a light to dispose of the territories of infidels as he thought fit. A. Hamilton, Works, II. 68. Hastings had ceased to difference his arms as a cadet, and assumed them unbroken. Encyc. Brit., XI. «S7. 5. To take for granted or without proof; sup- pose as a fact ; postulate : as, to assume a prin- ciple in reasoning. Generally it may be assumed that rhetoric will not sur- vive the age of the ceremonious in manners and the gor- geous in costume. De Quincey, Rhetoric. If the step from mechanics to chemistry is known, has been proved, and is admitted, that from chemistry to life is assiimefl, and ass^tmed without the slightest reason. Beale, Protoplasm, p. 117. 6. To take fictitiously; pretend to possess; take in appearance : as, to assume the garb of humility. Assume a virtue, if you have it not. Shak., Hamlet, iii. 4. 7t. To claim. Like a bold champion I assume the lists. Shak., Pericles, i. 1. = S3T1. 6. To affect, feign, counterfeit. II. in trans. To be arrogant ; claim more than is due ; presume. assumedly (a-su'med-li), adv. As is or may be assumed or taken for gi-anted; presumably. assumentt (a-sii'ment), n. [< LL. assumentum, a piece sewed on, < L. assuere, sew on, < ad, to, + suere, sew, = E. sew, q. v.] A piece sewed on; a patch ; an addition. The assunient or addition Dr. Marshall never could find anywhere but in this Anglo-Sa.\onick translation. J. Lewis, Hist, of Eng. Bibles, p. 9. assumer (a-su'mer), «. One who assumes; an arrogant person. These high a^sumers and pretenders to reason. South. To swear at the mention of assumers and pretenders to baronetcies. The Atlantic, LII. 365. assuming (a-su'ming), p. a. Taking or dis- posed to take upon one's self more than is .just; disposed to attribute to one's self imdue impor- tance; haughty; aiTogant. His haughty looks and his assuming air The son of Isis could no longer bear. Dryden. A virtue that might repress the most assuming. Goldsmith, The Bee, No. 3. = Syil. Bold, forward, presuming, self-confident. assumingt (a-su'ming), n. Bresimiption. The vain assumings of some. B. Jonson, Poetaster. assumingly (a-su'ming-li), adv. In an assum- ing manner; arrogantly. assumpsit (a-sump'sit), n. [L., he undertook; third pers. sing, perf . ind. of assumere, assimie, undertake: see assume.] In law: (a) An ac- tion lying for the recovery of damages sustained through the breach of a simple contract (that is, a promise not under seal), in which the plaintiff alleges that the defendant assumpsit, that is, promised or xmdertook, to perform the act specified, in England and in most of the United States tllis, like the other common-law forms of action, has been superseded by statute. Hence — (6) An ac- tionable promise, express or implied by law. assumptt (a-smnpf), v. t. [< L. assumptus, pp. ot assumere, take u-p: see assume.] 1. To take up; raise. See assume, v. t., 1. She was assumpted into the cloud. HaU, Hen. VIII., an. 14. 2. To assvmae, as a proposition or premise. Supposition assumpted is when a manifest supposition is assumpted to prove another thing withal, as . . . the disputer will assumpt this assertion, which saith that of false things there is no certain knowledge, and truth is not known but of true things. Blundevillc, 1619. 3. To assume, as a property, attribute, etc. I do grant it to be Christ's true body and flesh by a prop- erty of the nature assumpted to the Godhead ; yea, and we do really eat and drink His flesh and blood after a certain real property. Ridley, in R. \V. Di.xon'8 Hist. Church of Eng., xvi., note. assurance 4. To take to one's self ; put on ; assume. And assumpted, or tooke to his Arms ... a Crosse Sil- ver, In a field vert. Bossewell, Armorie, p. 22. (iV. E. D.) assumptt (a-sumpf), n. [< L. assumptum, neut. of assumptwi, pp., assumed: see assumpt, v.~\ That which is assumed ; an assumption. The sum of all your assumpts. Chitlinyworth, Relig. of Protestants, i. 1. assumption (a-sump'shon), n. [< ME. assump- cwun, a,ssunijiiioun (of tiie Virgin Mary), < ML. assumptin{it-), a taking up (into heaven); L., a taking up, adoption, the minor proposition of a syllogism ; < assumere, pp. as-mmptus, take up, etc. : see as.s'Mmc] 1. The act of taking to one's self; a taking upon one's self ; undertaking. Since the Assuynption of our flesh, we know what shape to picture God in. Selden, Table-Talk, p. 65. An assumption of power not conferred by the Constitu- tion and laws. D. Webster, Speech, Senate, May 7, 1834. 2. The act of taking for granted, or supposing without proof; supposition. The assumption of a final cause in the structure of each part of animals and plants is as inevitable as the assump- tion of an efllcient cause for every event. Whewetl, Nov, Org. Renovatum, p. 105. 3. The thing supposed; a postulate or propo- sition assumed. Let well-weighed considerations, not stiff and peremp- tory assumptions, guide thy discourses. Sir T. Broume, Christ. Mor., ii. 3. In fact, the putting of limits to human conception must always involve the assumption that our previous experi- ence is universally valid in a theoretical sense ; an assump- tion wiiich we have already seen reason to reject. W. K. Clifford, Lectures, I. 155. 4. In logic, the minor premise in a categorical syllogism. Still more objectionable are the correlative terms prop- osition and assumption as synonymous for the major and minor premises. Sir W. Hamilton, Logic. [This use of the word, originating with Cicero (Latin as- sumpt io), was revived in the sixteenth century, and is com- mon in modern Latin, but is rare in English.] 5. The taking up of a person into heaven; specifically, the traditional anticipated resur- rection or bodily taking up into heaven of the Virgin Mary after her death, celebrated by the Eoman Catholic, Greek, and Oriental churches by the feast of the Assumption on the 15th of August. — 6. Adoption, or making use of. It is evident that the prose psiilms of our liturgj' were chiefly consulted and copied by the perpetual assumptions of their words and combinations, T. Warton, Hist. Eng. Poetry, IIT. 172. 7. In law, the agreement of the transferee of property to pay obligations of the transferror which are chargeable on it. — 8. A conceited disposition, characterized by a tendency to claim more than is one's due ; prestmiption. The priest, however arrogant his assumption, makes a civil salute. H. Spencer, Prin. of Socio]., § 343. Arms of assumption. See arm-, 7, and assumptive arms, under assumptive. — Assumption Clause. See cioH.«i'.— Deed of assumption, in ,'icots law, a deed exe- cuted by trustees under a trust deed or deed of settlement, assuming a new trustee or trustees. = Syn. 2 and 3. Con- jecture, hypothesis, theory, postulate.— 8. Pride, Pre- sumption, etc. (see arrogance); ofliciousness, forwardness, self-confidence, self-conceit, face. assumptions (a-sump'shus), a. [< assumption + -ous. a. prcsumjjtuous.] Assuming; presimip- tuous. [Rare.] assumpti've (a-sump'tiv), a. [>elter asiuranee than Bar- \..\^ ^ .-v-; his boud andvours; he liked ..i.t'itV- --^diily. Shak,, 2 Hen. IV., i. 2. 3t. Aj£auee; betrothal. ru'-' daj' of their atturance drew nigh. Sir P. Sidney, Arcadia. T :iiii >ure I never conrted • you tokens Thai might con^ FL, Coxcomb, iii. 1- 4. In lattf documentary evidence of the title or right of possession of property. — 5. Insur- ance; a contract for the payment of a sum on the occorrenee of a certain event, as loss or death. Recent writers have sought to establish distinctions of a n -v. 1 _!nrKt'-rl>etwetn thein[rt-iwniraweanJm*«rrtHrf). f ;i i*-rson insures his life, his house, or ■rtioe assures to him in each of these , tiu-y payable in certain contingencies. AiwcLti ii. ;*"i.i ojwiiro/ice represents the principle and insurance the practice. £ncyc. Brit., XIIL 169. 6. Certain proof; clear evidence ; positive dem- onstration;* undeniable grounds for belief or trust; assuredness. Whereof he hath jriven a^fftirance unto all men, in that he hath raised him from the dead. Acts xWi. 31. A fonn, indeed, Where every go*l did seem to set his seal, To give the wurld a^jruraiure uf a mau. Shak., Hamlet, iii. 4. I fee! desires That give tuuturanee of their own success. And that, iiifus'd from lleav'n, must thither tend. Cowjier, The Task, v. A brichtness. like that of the eyes of some smaller ani- mals, which f^ives a-sgurance of life, but of a life foreij^n and uninteUigible. Lowell, Stuily Windows, p. 44. 7. Firm pereuasion; full confidence or trust; freedom from doubt; certain expectation; the utmost certainty. Let ua draw near with a true heart, in full axguranceoi laith. Heb. x. 22. I'll make atmiraiice double sure, And take a bond of fate. Skak., Macbeth, iv. 1. There have prevailed very widely . . . anion;; mankind the pad tradition of a lost or furfeit*-d life of perfection and happinrss, and a dim expeitation or the firm assur- ance uf a future life uf perfection and happiness. Maitihlf!/, iJody and Will, p, 107. Especially — 8. Firmness of mind; undoubting steadiness; intrepidity; courage. Brave men meet danger with aserurance. Krwlles. He is wanting in neither personal courage, assurajice, nor promptitude, but he abuses these virtues by using them in tlie service of vice. /'. Jiobiwton, Under the Sun, p. 31. 9. Freedom from timidity or bashfulness; laud- able confidence ; self-reliance. Conversation with the world will give tliem knowledge and ajoturance. Locke. I have iK-en often surprised tliat you, who have seen so much of the worM, . . . could never yet acquire a retiui- site share of amturanc^. (joldftnilh. She Stoops to Conquer, ii. 10. Excess of boldness; impudence: as, hisffs- iturancc is intolerable. Immoderate a«»urance is perfect licentiousness. Shenstfrnf. rpon my soul, Jack, thou art a very impudent fellow! t^i do you JuMtice, I think I never naw a piece of more con- BUintiiale aitmtranrf .' Shrriiinn, The Itivnls, iv. 2. Chamber of aaaurance. Htt- «7««;/(/»'r.— Collateral aasurance. >*••<■ rnnat.mi. Common assurances. .vc mm m//n. — Further assurance. ^ve/urffuT. = Syn. 2. PUdge, etc. See ;"•""» ix»-. — 10. Effrontery, presunip- tl'.N. aBSnre fa-.shtir'), r. ; prot. and pp. ajiAurfjrl, ppr. fi^^iirtntf. [< MK. assurtu, asumi, ajiseurm, < ' ■■■'■•>■, mou. F, fiMHurcr =1 \*v. aaseffurar =: — I'(^. auMff/urar = It. ti.sttfrunire(^ = ' ■). v.), < MIj. fitismtrarr, aHsiiro, < Ij. '"'■ '. t '•iirxM (> OF. fipf/ur, utiir), Hocure, hiir ■. 'riirr, fture,'] I, trans. 1. To make . «o!iviiic(' or uuiko confident, l'*rivll.Tf« for a riirlntlan to b. r» r',.,/ihat th« U.rd ■ II -t.. thiH or thai Imllvldual thlnt- (.j iini. r;. Mathrr, Mint. < hn .^ ' An. I, for I liiu a man, I dare not d'<> yon I Jiu. ..'truth. ' that nufn^my ^1 ;iivo tho nubb' llnitun. Hhak.. J. (\, T. t *Tll»y RT* rrr*. tnrniri I. i ],y pAcitdr nf riiniic<|U«-nce, I oj I f on. ffhtridnn, TJio Critic, I. I 352 3. To secure or confirm ; make sure to be or to continue: give certainty or stability to: as, to aifsure a person's position or possessions. This shall aiuture my constant loyalty. Shak., 3 Heu. VI., iii. 3. yiv penance hath not slackeu'd, though uiy pardon No way assvred. Milton, S. A., 1. 739. So irresistilde an authority cannot be reflected on with- out the ntost awful reverence, even by those whose piety assures its favour to them. //. Ro;!crs. 4. To free from obscurity, ambiguity, or un- certainty. So re:ison's glimmering ray Wiis lent, not to a.^ytire our doubtful way, But guide us upward to a better day. Dryden, Religio Laici. 5. To embolden; make confident. And hereby we . . . shall (iss^ure our heai'ts before him. 1 John iii. 19. 6t. To affiance ; betroth. This drudge, or diviner, laid claim to me; called me Dromio ; swore I was assured to her. ShaJc., C. of E., iii. 2. 7. To insure, as against loss. =Syn. Insure. Assure (sQcinsure); to asseverate to, enc(mrage, vouch to, warrant. Il.t ifitrans. 1. To confide; trust. Therfore as fiend fuUych in me assfire. Chaucer, Troilus, i. 6S0. 2. To promise; pledge one's self. Chaucer. assured (a-shord'),^?. «. 1. Certain; 810*6; in- (lubitable; imdoubted: as, '^anas^Kred experi- euce," Bacon, Nat. Hist. We dare not leave his fortunes, Though most assured death hung round about us. Fletcher, Humorous Lieutenant, i. 1. In history, as in tragedy, the master's hand has nut yet come to its full stretch and skill; its touch is not yet wholly assured, its work not yet wholly blameless. Su'infntrne, Shakespeare, p. .50. 2. Bold ; confident ; self-possessed. He looked frank, iniconstrained, something a««ure(f, but not bordering upon assurance. Sterne, Tristram Shandy, ii, ITy. He . . , came forth >vith an assured air and bade dcll- ance to the messenger. Macauln>j, Hist. Enji., x\. 3t. Affianced. *S7/c/7.-. — 4. Insured; having one's life or goods insured, assuredly (a-shor'cd-li), adv. 1. Certainly; in- iiul)ital)ly. Assuredly Solomon thy son shall reign. 1 Ki. i. VX 2. With assurance; confidently; impudently. The more Actions of depth and danger are considered, The less assuredly they are performed. B. Jonson, Catiline, iii. X assuredness (a-shor'ed-nes), «. The state of iMMiig assured; certainty; full confidence. assurer (a-'^lior'er). H. ' 1. One who or that wliich assures, or gives assurance ; speeiiically, an insurer or underwriter. — 2. One who takes out a policy of insurance; one who is assured. assurgency (a-sor'jen-si), n. [< assfmjmt.'] Tlu' Icndeiify or disposition to rise. [Hare] 1 liL-riintinualniuch of tin- anhitrrtun* of McHoptitamia. dr. vcbipcd in Asj*yrla during the pc-rirxl of its HUjircmacy. Itn chief nioinimentti were the myal jmlares, whUh were of enormous extent, and coriMlrui-tcvidth, ornammtcd with coIonhuI xIou** ilgurcH of winged huniuii-headcd bulln rn* Houh, or other niythologlciil conrcprlDnM. 'I'be Interior walU were com- monly lined with ii rtvelnienl of noft alnbtint'T Mbibtt, on which were r-iirvcd In low relief (be rcmarkubb' hitIcb of nrulptun-fi which liave prcHi-rvrd the record of AHwyrhiii IrluiiiphN, rharactrr, and cuHtonm. Color In Krtrnruhiil nubdui'd (IntN wiu generiilly employed upon tin- Hculpturcn and the wnM-Hpacm. The temple. In AHNvrla, wan Hub> ordlmite to (he pnbic<-, (In- oppoxiii' being the cnHc Iti Iliitty- lonln. Aasyrlan art, oim> of the later brandwHof Mi-no- |*otandaii ml. paralb-l (•> ihr hitiT Ilabylontnn. ItJi nioHl • ham< tbani>pal pouring a libation. About 635 B. C. heavy and conventional. It is marked by great minuteness of detail, ornaments, texture of fabrics, etc., bein;; care- fully rendered. In metal-work of all kinds the Assyrian craftsmen took a high place, and they excelled also in gem-enyraving. II. n. 1. A native or an inhabitant of Assy- na, an ancient country of Asia, east of the river Ti^'is, long at the head of tlie powerful As- syrian empire, including Babylonia and other neighboring ooiintries. — 2. The language of the AssjTians, which has been preserved by and largely recovered from their cuneiform inscriptions. See cuneiform. Assyriological (a-sir ^i-o-loj'i-kal), a. Pertain- ing to Assyriology. The latcs't results of Assyi-iolodical research. .-Imcr. Jour. Philol., IV. 343. Assyriologist (a-sir-i-oro-jist), /(. [< Assj/ri- oloiji/ -I- -i-^t-'] A student of Assyi'iology ; ono versed in Assyi'iology. Assyriologue (a-sir'i-o-log), n. ,1^=F. AssifHo- loiftir, < (ir. "Xacrvpia + -'/.6)o^j < Myeivi see A$- fy-jfriofiu/i/.l An Ass\Tioh>gist. Assyriology (a-sir-i-oro-ji), n. [< Gr. Viaavpia -h -/o)iayi >:;ur, speak: see -0/0^7//.] Thescienco of Assyriiin antiquities; that branch of know- ledge which includes tho history, language^ etc., of niicient Assyria. assythf, n. A Scotch form of asseth. assythment v»-^iTn'ment), n. [Sc, also by apluTcsis sithementy < assyth, itithe^ + -mew^J In Scot.'i lawy an in- demnification due from a ])erson guilty of murder to tho lieirs of the person murdered. Where tho criminal has sulteres-ta'- hhian), //. [< Asta- eus + -/(/».] An ani- nuil of tho genua Astfteus or family Asfarida; as a eraw- lisli ()r lo})ster. astacid(!iM'tH-Hid),M. ( »n(' of till' Asfiirido', Astacidae (as-tas'i- < I c 1 n. III. r N J J < Stnichire of the Crnwflsh ( Astaem ). Astarns -t- ~nfa\} A thir.lM.ti.iu--,; C. hc«rt( <;. mcmbrn- nouH partiif Momiith ; /fr, \ahrum ; t, nictnstoitiii ; r, carclinc omIcIc; ^f, ptctnriirihiic do.; Mr, tiroc.u'llnr i\o.t el, lateral canllac do.: /, cnnHo-py- Inric valve; /»■, Infcrlnr pyloric viil. iilar np|>iir. family of inai auiinta. P,p', anterior and posterior pedal muscle. JV. be rendered astatic in various ways, but most simply by the proximity of another needle of the same in- tensity fixed parallel to it, and with the poles reversed, the north pole of the one beiiii.' adjacent to the south pole of the other. In this posi- tion the needles neu- tralize each other, and are therefore un- affected by the mag- netism of the earth, though they are still subject to the influ- ence of an electric current properly situated. Such nee- Astatic Needles. dies were formerly employed in the electric telegraph, and they form an essential part of the astatic galvanometer. astatically (as-tat i-kal-i), adv. In an astatic manner. astaticism (as-tat'i-sizm), ». [< astatic + -ism.] The state or quality of being astatic. The nominal sensitiveness of a galvanometer can be in- creased to any extent by increasing the astaticism of the needle. Anwr. Juur. Sci., 3d ser., XXXII. 90. astatize (as'ta-tiz), v. t.; pret. and pp. astati:ed, ppr. astatizing. [< astat-ic + -ize.] To render astatic. The deflexion of a properly astatized needle suspended inside the globe. Unctjc. Brit., XV. 267. astatizer (as'ta-ti-zer), K. A device for ren- dering the needle of a galvanometer astatic. astay (a-sta'), j«-cp. i)hr. as adt: or a. [< a3 + stay^.] yaut., said of the anchor when, in heaving in, the cable forms such an angle with the surface of the water as to appear to be in a line with the stays of the ship. asteatodes (as-te-a-to'dez), n. [NL., < Gr. d- priv. + OTsaTuSr/^, like tallow or fat, < CTiap (cTear-), tallow or fat, + elSo(, form.] Same as a,iteatosis. asteatosis (as-te-a-to'sis), «. [NL., < Gr. d- priv. + ariap (oTsaT-), tallow or fat, + -osis.] asteriated In pathol., defective secretion of sebaceous matter by the glands of the skin. asteer {ii-ster'), prep. phr. as adv. or a. [Sc, = «,va>, q. v.] In or into a state of stir; stir- ring. [Scotch.] asteism (as'te-izm), n. [< Gr. aareiafidc, clever talk, < aaTeiC,caBat, talk cleverly, < dffTeiof, cleve^ witty, lit. of the town, < aoTv, town. Cf. civil, < \j. civis, a citizen ; urbane, < L. urbs, a city.] In rhet., polite irony; a polite and ingenious manner of deriding another. astel (as'tel), w. [< ME. astelle, < OP. astelle = Pr. astela, < L. "astcUa, for astula, a form of assula, a thin board, a shingle, dim. of assis, a board: see ashler.] A ceiling of boards over- head in a mining-drift, designed to protect the men wlien at work from falling rocks. [Eng.] asterl (as'ter), n. [L., < Gr. darz/p, a star (also a plant, prob. Aster Alliens ; cf. anrpnv (> L. as- trum), a star, a constellation, usually in pi. aarpa, the stars), = E. star, q. v.] If. A star. [Rare.] — 2. A plant of the genus Aster. — 3. [cap.] [NL.] A large genus of plants, natural order Cimipositfc, natives of Europe, Asia, and America, but chiefly of North America, about 120 species occurring in the United States. They are mostly perennial, flowering in late summer and autumn, on which account they are often called iir Eng- land Michaelmas or Christmas daisies. The ray-flowers vary from white to lilac-blue or purple, the center being yellow, changing sometimes to purple. Many of the spe- cies resemble one another closely, and in no genus is the satisfactory detemiination of the species more difficult. 4. A name of plants of some allied genera, as the Cape aster (A;iitthaa amelloides), the China aster {Calli.'itepliiis Cliiiioisi.^), the false aster (BuUonia), the golden aster (Chrysojisis), and the white-topped aster {Hericocarpus). — 5. In biol., a karyokinetic figure intervening in time between the rosette and the diaster during the changes in the nucleus of a cell. See diaster and Icaryokinesis. Aster'-^ (as'ter), n. In oriiith., same as Astur, -aster. [L. -aster, dim. suflix, as in para.ntaster, a bit of a parasite, Antoniaster, a little Antony, oleaster, wild olive, pinaster, wild pine, surdaster, deafish, etc.] A suffix of Latin origin, fonning contemptuous diminutives, as in criticaster, poetaster. It occurs without recognized dimin- utive force vOi pinaster, oleaster (which see). Asteracanthiidse (as"te-ra-kan-thi'i-de), n. pi. [NL., < Asleracaiithion + -idee.] A family of ordinary starfishes, of the order Asteroidea. Asteracanthion(as"te-ra-kan'thi-on), n. [NL., < Gr. aaTijp, a star, -t- oKavOa, a spine.] A genus of starfishes, typical of the family Asteracati- thiida: A. rubens is a common British species, the "five-finger" of the oystermen. Asteracanthus (as"te-ra-kan'thus), M. [NL., < Gr. darr/p, a star, + oKovda, a spine.] A genus of placoid fossil fishes, occurring in the Oolite and Lias formations. Asteraceae (as-te-ra'se-e), «. pi. [NL., < Aster\ 3, + -acea:] Same as Compositte. asteria (as-te'ri-a), n. [L.,< Gr. aartip, astar. Cf. A-'iterias.] A variety of sapphire, not perfectly transparent, but showing, when cut round, a stellar opalescence in the direction of the verti- cal axis of the crystal. Also called oculus cati. Asteriadse (as-te-ri'a-de), n. pi. [NL., < Aste- rias, 1, + -adwl] 1. Same as Asteriidce. — 2. Some other and major group of starfishes. asterial (as-te'ri-al), a. [< Gr. aarepioc, starry, < aaTt/p, a star.] "Relating to or connected with the stars. If the deep leam'd asterial quacks Paint Time to life in almanacks, He has on brow a lock of hair. But all his head beside is bare. T. Ward, England's Reformation, p. 298. asterlalite (as-te'ri-a-lit), n. [< Asterias, 1, + -lite.] A fossil starfish. Asterias (as-te'ri-as), n. [NL., < L. asterias, < Gr. aartpia^, a fish, lit. starry, < aart/p, a star.] 1. The genus of starfishes which is typical of the family Asterii- dw.— Z. [I. c] In ornith., an old and disused name of the gos- hawk, goose- hawk, or star- hawk. See As- tur. asteriated (as- te'ri-a-ted), a. [< Gr. aariptOf, Commn" <;tar«sh lAtlirias/irlxn'. Cross-section of ny of ji St frias aurantiacus. a, a, ainbulacral or vertebral os- sicles ; b, adambulacral ; c, c, raargi- nal ossicles ; d, paxiUse upon aotam- bulacral surface. asteriated starrv, + -ate- + -erf'.] Exhibiting the prop- erty of asterism: as, asteriated sapphire. See astirn-'Di. 4. asterid i as'te-rid), «. [iAsteridfr.J A starfish ; a inemlier oi the eenus Asterias, or family As- teriida, or some other division of the order As- teroidea. Also called asieridan and asteridian. Asterida (as-ter'i-da), ti.pl. [XL., < Asterias, 1, -i- -id(t.] In Gegenbaur's system of classifica- tion, an order of the class Asteroida, including the typical starfishes. Asterias (as-ter'i-de), n.pl. [Nli.,< Asterias. 1, + -ida.'] 1. Same as Asteriidw. — 2. Some su- perfamily group of starfishes, more or less es- ai'tly equivalent to Asteroidea (-which see). asteridan (as-ter'i-dan), n. Same as asterid. Asteridea (as-te-rid'e-a), n.pl. [NL.,< Asterias, 1. + -idea.] A'supcrfaimily group of starfishes. I ; M ;■ . r 1^-" LLiirly the same a5 an order Asteroidea, -tarfishes collectively from other echi- ■ or less nearly the same as a class '■Ida, distinguishing the starfishes and ;-ii- i ;;-.:^ y ; in urians) together from other echinoderms. asteridian (as-tc-rid'i-an), n. and a. [< asterid + -ian.'i I. ». tiavae as asterid. H. a. Of or pertaining to the Asteriidce. The asteridian atfinities of the class [Erachiopoda] have been hinted at by King. Eneyc. Brit., IV. 1S3. ast^riid (as-te'ri-id), n. A starfish of the fam- ily A.^tfriid>'iMliliug an asterisk. U ill the centre of nn axterink of Kinder, ■ v.f,tyi\ of nil the emintry round, four or Ibxjrr Sorth, Ixird fiiiiKoril, I. 258. <'ir. Cli., a frame consisting of two tal, crossing caeli other at right angles, placed on (lie juiten umi over the pripand inind of tlio eiii'liariHt In pii vini contact with llie lovirin^' veil. Tlie oMtrriMk . . . foldn nnd nn- ' it f..r the purpose nf bi'Int; II, Mr- < iiM iitly put iiwny. It« u i i ■.. Ml the v.ilof til. .11-1, li- ,, i^^'liiK till- order "f (In- p<.i . In the nUrwhlrh led tlei ii. ...,,., i.ut«m <;iiurnh, I. .160, note 354 asterism (as'te-rizm), »i. [< Gr. amptofx6c, a marking with stars, a constellation, < atrrepiCeiv, mark with stars, < aari/p, a stai\ = E. star.] 1. A gi'oup of stars : formerly equivalent to con- stellation, but now appropriated to any small cluster of stars, whether a part of a constella- tion or not. All set in number and in perfect form, Even like the Asterism^ fix'd in heaven. Chapman, Blind Beggar. Any one who studies the heavens will recognize the fact that the larger constellations have been robbed of theii- just proportions to form the smaller a^teriftmji. R. A. Proctor, Light Science, p. 335. 2. An asterisk, or mark of reference. [Rare.] — 3. Three asterisks placed thus, *„*, or thus, ,*j, , before a passage, to direct attention to it. — 4. An optical property exhibited by some crystallized minerals which show a star-shaped luminous figure when \-iewed by reflected light, as the asteriated sapphire, or by transmitted light, as some kinds of phlogopite. in the former case it is due to certain peculiarities of internal structure, in the latter to the inclusion of s}Tnmetrically arranged acicular crystals. astern (a-stern'), prej). phr. as adr. or a. [< ((3 + stern^.] 1. At or toward the hinder part of a ship: as, to go astern. — 2. Behind, at any indefinite distance : as, the ship was far astern of us. Captain Terry . . . put off in his boat at sunset for his ship, which was now six or eight miles astenl. M. II. Dana, Jr., Before the Mast, p. 3G. 3. In the direction of the stern; backward; back; to the I'car: said of a ship: as, the cur- rent drove us far astern To back astern, to move stern fuit-inust : ^n a^ti-ni : said of a ship, — To be astern of the reckoning, to be Inliind the position ^iveii tor a vessel liy the ix-ekuliilli:, — To fall astem, See.r'd//. asternal (a-ster'nal), a. [< Gr. «- priv. -1- cvipvov, sternum.] 1. Having no sternum or breast-bone, as a serpent. [Rare.] — 2. X'ot reaching to or connected with the sternum : as, oslrrniil ribs, that is, floating ribs, i-ibs which do not articulate with the breast-bone. Asterodactylidae (as"te-ro-dak-tiri-de), n. pi. [XL., < Asterodacttjlus + -idic] A family of salient amphibians: synonj-mous with I'ipida (which see). Also Asterodactyloidw and Astro- darti/lid(C. Asterodactylus (as te-ro-dak'ti-lus), n. [XT-., < Gr. aari/p, a star, -I- i^uKTv'Aot;, finger.] A genus of sali(*nt amphibians : synonymous with I'ipa (which see). asteroid (as'te-roid), a. and n. [< Gr. aarepotiSf/^, star-like, < affriyp, a star, -I- fMof, form.] I. a. 1. Star-like. — 2. Having a flower like an aster. II. H. 1. One of the .small planets, 46.") or more in number, which (with one known exception) lie between the orbits of Mars and Jujiiter: more accurately called planetoids. See planet- oid. — 2. One of the Asteroidea ; a starlish, in a wide sense. Asteroida (as-te-roi'dil), n. pi. [NL., < Gr. aare- ^)ot((V/r, star-like : spe asteroid.] 1. In Gegen- baur's system of classification, a class of echi- noderms, the sea-stars or starfishes, consisting of the orders Aslerida, Brisintjidii, Opliiurida, and F.itniiilidd. — 2. Same as Alci/onaria. asteroidal (as-te-roi'dal), fl. [< a.itrroiil (or Asttroidii) + -al.] 1. Resembling a star. — 2. rertainiiig to tho asteroids. — 3. rertaiu- iiigtiitlie starfishes. — 4. Same a,a alci/onarian. Asteroidea (as-te-roi'de-ji), n.pl. [l^L., < Gr. anrepuciiM/r, star-like: see asteroid.] 1. An order of echinoderins, tho starfishes: so call- ed from their star-like form. They hiive a more or I. hyoid plate of Asterolepis, i-oth natural size : 2, internal ridge of hyoid plate, i-4th natural size. One of Tb. 1 11. tl .r rut till nv. ii, , .|ii. I rt 3. In archef til. 1 w tkmi). Ita I. Win M>'n ' Development of AstcrUl I.arv,T. .^, ccItlnop.T(lluin ol tlic r'.rin culled hipinnnria, ventral view 1 P, Iftler.il w-^ . I . !lir l>lplnn.irl,t nil.. wing rudiment of tlic nUirliiUi, ... nioii'' ,; r, Motniicli : f', Intcmmc 1 e, .oiok; -* v, ^rn trAl of .interior en.l of tmdy: .y, .y, .lllnte. I bali.U ; A, • ■ III, forming ru.llinent of the nmliulntrnl fcyhtrin, h'» lolwd or pontAaonnl dlik ; Inhcn eonllnuoiii with Ihe .link, receiving proTongitllonii of the viiieera, and henring (iihe-feel Witt) fuiekem, iiH l.x'oinot^.ry orgiinn ; hihI iiti iilMirnI niadr.-porle b.nly. The group llielitdeB nrveriil fanillU'H, lu Jlritinffidtr, I'trranterulic, A»lrnpeelinitttr, An- asthma terinidtp, Goniasteridte, Linekiidtp, and Asteriidte, or the starfishes proper as distinguished from the sand-stars and other echinoderms of the cla-ss .StfUerida (which see). They have a coriaceous skin, in which are implanted spines or tubercles. The body is expanded into arms, the under surface of which is marked with grooves, radiating from the center, and pierced with rows of holes, whence issue tentacular feet, by means of which the animals move. Most have 5 arms'or rays, but some have more, varying from S to 30. They have the power of reproducing these arms if they are broken otf ; and if an entire :inn, with a small portion oi the body attached to it, is toni otf, it forms a new anil perfect animal. The mouth is in the inferior center of the rays, is not provided with teeth, and leads by a short gullet into a large stomach, from which a pair of lateral tubes are prolonged into each ray. A distinct intestine and anus may or may not be present. The ani- mals feed chiefly on mollusks. 2. A class of echinoderms, containing the sand-stars or ophiurians together with the starfishes, and more or less exactly equivalent to Stellerida (which see). — 3. Same as Alcy- onaria. Asterolepis (as-te-rol'e-pis), n. [NL., < Gr. (ior;,/), a star, + P.£T(f, a scale.] A genus of gi- gantic primi- tive flshes,now found only in a fossil state in the Old Red Sandstone. From their re- maitis it would seem that these fishes must some- times have at- tained the leiiLith of l.S or -ii) feel, asterophrydid (as"te-rof'ri-did), n. tlie Asl, rdiilinidida:. Asterophrydidae (as " te -ro -frid ' i - de), »i. pi. [XL., i Astcropliri/s + -ida:] A family of ar- ciferous salient amphibians with maxillary teeth, dilated sacral diapophyses (the coccyx being connected with one or two condyles or sacral vertebra?), and opisthoeoelian vertebra). It is a small group of toad-like animals. Asterophrys (as-te-rof'ris), n. [NL., < Gr. aari/p, a star, + 6p/)if, eyebrow: see brow.] A genus of arciferous amphibians of New Guinea, t\'pical of the family Asterophr!idida\ asterophyllite (as te-ro-fil'it), n. [< NL. Asttriiplii/llilcs.] A member of tho genus Aste- roi>h!illilt.^\ • Asteirophyllites (as"te-ro-fi-li'tez), n. [NL., < Gr. aari/p, a star, + (fii'Mov, a leaf, + ?.iffoc, a stone. ] A genus of fossil plants ; star-leaf : so called from tho stellated disposition of tho leaves around the branches. They abound in the coal-meaiiures, and are believed to be the branches of tho C NHG. stamien (in comp. erstaunen = AS. *dstu- nianl), astonish; or (2) < OF. estoner, estuner, estonner, mod. F. etonner, stun, astonish, < L. as if *extonare, eqtuv. to attonare, chiefly in pp. attonitus, strike with a thunderbolt, stun, as- tonish, < ca;, out (ad, to), -I- tonare, thunder: see as-3, ex-, and thunder. The indications point to an orig. AS. word, merged in ME. with the etymologically different but formally and no- tionally equiv. OF. word. The forms aston, astone, astun, astony, astonish, and astound are thus variations of the same word. The normal mod. form is astun (a-stun'), or with further de- velopment astound, the only form, besides os- tonis/i, in actual use.] To confound; astonish; amaze; bewilder; dismay. Chaucer, On the solid ground He fell rebounding breathless, and astunn'd His trunk extended lay. Somerville, Hobbinol, ii. 384. which is " etjTuologically the better word," astoniednesst, »i. [< astonied + -ness.] The notwithstanding the extract.] Same as astig- matism. The late eminent scholar, Dr. Wliewell, who had origi- nally suggested the word astigni.atism, . . . approves of aMi'jmUiii as being etymologically the better word. Quoted in A', ami Q., 7th ser., II. 344. astigmometer (as-tig-mom'e-ter), n. [< astig- m{atism) + Gr. /icrpov, a measure.] An instru- ment for measuring astigmatism. Zehender describes a new astigmometer,^ consisting of two pasteboard tubes, one of which fitted into the other and could be revolved around its long axis. JV, Y. Med. Jour., SX. 218. astigmometry (as-tig-mom'e-tri), n. [< astig- m{atism) + Gr. -/i£Tpia,<. fihpov, a measure.] The measurement of astigmatism. astipulatet (ns-tip'u-lat), v. [< L. astipulatus, pp. of astipiihui, (iilsHj)iilari, agree with, < ad, to, -t- s<(j)K?r/)'i, stipulate: see stipulate.] 1, in- trans. To make a stipulation ; agree. All, but an hateful Epicurus, have astipulated to this truth. Bp. Hall, Invisible World, ii. § 1. II. trans. To assent or agree to. astipulationt (as-tip-u-la'shon), re. [< L. astipu- latio(n-), < astiptdari', adstipulari, agree with: Bee astipvlatc.] 1. Agreement; concm'renee. Gracing himself . . . with the astipidation of our rev- erend Jewell. Bp. Hall, Honour of Married Clergy, ii. § 8. 2. Assent. astir {a-stev'), prep. plir. as adv. or a. [= Se. asteer,' earlier on steir ; <. a^ + stir.] On the stir ; on the move ; stirring ; active. For the Nantes youth, the Angers youth, all Brittany was astir. Carlisle, French Key., I. iv. 2. state of being astonished. astonish (a-ston'ish), V. t. [First in early mod. E. ; either < aston, astone, or astoinj, + -ish'^, used (as in distinguish and extinguish) in imita- tion of words like abolish, banish, cherish, etc., where -ish represents -iss- in certain parts of F. verbs ; or perhaps from an actual OF. *eston- «jr(*csto««ss-), indicated in esto)im mod. E. .store), < OF. estorer, e.itaurer, < L. instaurarc, repair, renew: see instaura- tion and store. ] To store ; furnish with stores. Ful riche he was astored prively. Chaucer, Gen. Prol. to C. T., 1. 609. Astoreth (as'to-reth), n. [See Ashtoreth.] Same as Astarte. astoundt (a-stoimd'), p. a. [Early mod. E. also astown'd, < ME. astouned, astoned, astuned, pp. of astounen, astonen, astunen, astonish : see aston, astony, and cf. astound, v.] Astonished ; confounded. See aston. TTie elf therewith astound Upstarted lightly. Spenser. astound (a-stotmd'), v. [As an inf. this form is late, being due in part to the pp. astound, astouned, and in j)art perhaps to the fi-equent dissimilated gemination of final -71 into -nd, as in sound for soun, etc. ; so dial, drownd for droicn, pp. drownded for drowned.] I. trans. To astonish greatly ; strike dumb ■with amaze- ment ; amaze ; alarm. These thoughts may startle well, but not astound The virtuous mind, Milton, Comus, 1. 210. In the architecture and embellishments of the chamber, the evident design had been to dazzle and astound. Poe, Tales, I. 375. = Syn. .Surprise, Astonish, Amaze, etc. (see surjnrise); con- found, stagger, dumfounder, stupefy, shock. II. intrans. To cause astonishment ; amaze; stun. The lightnings flash a larger ciu-ve, and more The noise astounds. Thomson, Summer, 1. 1138. astounding (a-stoun'ding), p. a. Causing or fitted to cause surprise or wonder; causing amazement ; highly astonishing. The third is your soldier's face, a menacing and astound- ing face. B. Jonson, Cynthia's Revels. His [Comte's] astouiviing self-conceit was more akin to that which may be seen in lunatic asylums than to any- thing which is known to have been manifested by persons in a state of health, J. Fiske, Cosmic Philos,, I. 142. astoundingly (a-stoun'ding-li), adv. In an astoirntling or amazing manner; amazingly. astoundment (a-stound'ment), n. [< astound -f -ment.] Amazement. [Rare.] To the astoundment of the j'oung xu-chins, my contem- poraries. Lamb, Old Benchers. astraddle (a-strad'l), prep. ])hr. as adv. or a. [< o3 + strciildle: see straddle.] In a straddling position ; 'with one leg on each side of some- thing; astride: as, to sit astraddle. Astraea (as-tre'a), «. [< L. Astra:a, < Gr. i\ff- Tpaia, the goddess of justice, lit. starry, fem. of aoTpaioQ, staiTy, < harpov, a star: see astral.^ 1. A name sometimes given to the sign Virgo. — 2. The 5th planetoid, discovered at Driesen by Henke in 18-i5. — 3. [NL.] In zobl., a genus of fixed coralligenous zoophytes, or stone-corals, typical of the family Astrwidce, or star-corals. See star-coral. Also spelled Astrea._ Astrseacea (as-tre-a'se-a), re. pi. [NL., < As- trwa + -acea.] lii Venill's sj'stem of classifi- Astraeacea cation, the third suborder of the order Madre- poraria. The technical characters are : polj-ps mostly comn-iund, either bv ftssiparity or various modes of bud- diu/: tentacles usually well developed, long, sulicyliiidri- cal "limited in number, in multiples of six, encircling the di^'k ■ the coral mural, septal, aud endothecal, with verti- •■al and centrifugal growth, producing tuibmated forms whi'h are often elongated. Tlie families referred to the upi-r as thus defined areS: LithophylUdelo\v. Trans, litxj. Soc. Ediit., XXXII. Sol. n. 1- A coral of the tamily Asirccidte. Astraeidae (as-tre'i-de), n. pi. [XL., < Astraa + -iiln:} A family of aporose scleroderma- tous stoue-corals, of the order Sclerodenimta, class Actinozoa ; the star-corals : so called from the radiated or star-like arrangement of their tentacles. The family is a large and important one, containing several genera, the animals of which largely contribute to the formation of coral reefs. Its limits van- with ditfcrent authors. Also spelled Astreid"% ture. especially in __^,. ^^, ^i_ -Jii.'__y coimection with the ^ ■ egg-and-1. (islriii/itlnrfilcaiica (-ii). \_i astrai/d- hi.i + rnlcaitrum.^ A liono of the taisus repre- senting both the astragalus and the calcaneum, as in lizards and birds. It in mipiiosid aim. t., include tli>- tir»\irnlare, in wime cases at lenj,t, and thus to repri-- Kiit rli<- whole jiroxlnukl row of tju-Hiil bourn. In some b/-ir ' ,^ irii-inben*of the gi'Tins VnrnntiM, it is very large, J" ■ ' t, extended transvrrwiy, but little biwk- w ' i.ly alticulnU'd with the tibin, llbula, and •b aHtragaloid (aH-trag'n-loid), «. [< iislnifinhis + -"!''.] Ill <. U. n. A hone of the tamuH. Hen I. Thr illaldl Mid of tlo- nni ragnitt nnrietitaT . lliLztry, Anst. Vert,, p. 2/1. 356 astragaloscaphoid (as-tragVlo-skaf'oid), a. [< astragalus + scaphoid.'\ Pertaining to both the astragalus and the scaphoid or naWeular bone ; connecting these two bones : as, the as- tnii/aluscaplioid ligament. astragalotibial (as-trag a-lo-tib'i-al), a. [< ailnuialiis + tibial.'] Pertaining to both the astragalus and the tibia: as, astragalotibial articulation. astragal-plane (as'tra-gal-plan), n. Injoinenj, a bench-plane of the shape necessary to form astragals. astragal-tool (as ' tra-gal-tol), V. A turning- chisel with a concave face for cutting astragals. astragalus (as-trag'a-lus), II.; pi. astragali (-Ii). [L., < Gr. dcrpdya/Mg, one of the ver- tebra?, the ball of the ankle-joint, a die, an architectm-al molding, a leguminous plant; prob. from same root as oarfoi', a bone. Cf. osteo-.] 1. In anat., the tibiale, or innenuost one of the proximal row of tarsal bones, in mammals it articulates with the tiliia and enters into the tibiotarsal or ankle-joint; in birds it is ankylust-d with the tibia, forming more or less of the tibial coiui,\les, aiul entering into the mediotarsal or so-calK-d tibimiu-tatarsal joint or heel-joint. In man and some oilier mammals it is known as the talus, huckle-bone, aiikle-lione, or sling- bone, being the nppeiiuo.st bone uf the tarsus, and chierty or entirely recei\ inu' the weight of the body, in so far as this is borne upon the foot or hind foot. See cuts under I>rotnieus, foot, .and hock^. 2. leap.] [NL.] A very large genus of plants, nattu'al order Legiimiiiostc, mostly low nerbs, foiuid in all parts of the world except Austra- lia and South Africa. Over l.ixw species are known in th old world, and about 200 in North America, ehielly west of the ilississippi. Very few are of any value. --1. frummi/er and a group of allied species, low spiny shrubs of -\si Minor, Syria, and Pei-sia, are the somx-e of the gum tragacanth of commerce. Some of the same species also jield a ort of manna. ^4. Ilo'ticus is cultivated in some part of Europe for its seeds, which are used as a substitute for coITee. In the United .States several species are know ii .13 1 coweed, and are poisonous to animals eating them. astrain (a-stran' ), jirep. phr. as adr. or a. [< ii'-^ + stniin.] On the strain; straining. astrakhan (as'tra-kan), «. [< Astrakhan (Russ. A>^trakh E. stray), < OF. cstraier, stray, pi-ob. = Pr. cstraguar, < late ML. cxtrava- gare, < L. extra, without, out, -I- ragarc, wander : see extrarngant. See estray and stray, which are doublets of astray.] To go out of the right way; go astray; stray. astray (a-stra'), adv. and a. [< ME. astray, astraie, iistraye (also, and earlier in recorded date, by expansion and adaptation, o strai, on stray, on the strayc; mod. E. as if «* + stray), also astrayey, < OF. estraie, cstraye, strayed (ef. ME. astraied), pp. of cstraier, rs- trayer, go astray: see astray, v. The word is thiis orig. a p. a., later assimilated to the fonn of a prep. phr. like a.]i. of (i,'.?ci«.(/c)r, draw close : see a.ttringe.] If. To bind fast; confine. Mall. — 2. In tScots law, to limit. See astriction, 3. — 3. To constrict; contract. [Rare.] The solid parts were to be relaxed or astricled. Arbtithniil, Aliments. 4. To cimstrain; restrict. [Rare.] . asfricted to certain . . . forms of Sir W. Hamilton, Metaph., xl. Formerly also adstrict. astrictt (as-trikf), a. [< L. astrietus, pp.: see the verb.] Brought into small compass ; com- pendious ; concise. astricted (as-trik'ted), p. a. Restricted. See (islriiiion, 'J. Fonnerly also ailstrieted. astriction (as-trik'shon), n. [< L. astrietio(n-), a )iii\vi'r of colli racting, < astringerc, p]i. astrie- tu.i, contract: see astringe.] If. Restriction; obligation. of iiian-iage ho is the auihor and the witness; yet liriice will not follow any diviiui ontriction more than «li:i( is subordinate to the gbu-y of (Jod, and (lie niaiu good of either party. .Milton, Divorce, xiii. Oml M.S.). 2. In »««/.: (n) Tlie act of binding close or com- pressing with ligatures, (/i) A contraction of parts by applications ; the sttitiping of hemor- rhages. ((•) ('(insti]iatioii. — 3. In Svols lair, the (ibligalioii imposed bv the serviliide (if thirlage, by which corlaiTi lauds are reslrieleil to the use of a jiarlicular mill for the grinding of grain. See thirlage. Koruierly also adstrielion. astrictive (as-trik'tiv), a. [< L. astrietus, lip. (see astriel), + -ivc ; = V. astrictif.] 1. Itiiuling; obligatory. — 2. Tending to contract or draw together; astringent; styjitic. I'.eiiig sodden. It Is n«(n'i-riiv, and will strengthen a wuak slomacli. Hollaml, Ir. of I'llliy, xx. H. I'oniierly also adstrietire. astrictiveness (as-l ri k ' l i v-nes ), n. [< astrictive + -iKv.s. ) The (|ualily of being astrictive. j'oiiiierly also adstrictivoness. The mind is thought. astrictory astrictoryt (as-trik'to-ri), a. [^(.h. nstrictorius, binding:, < (istiictux, pp. of antrinyerc : seo tLitiiiKjc.} Astringent; bimling; apt to bind. astride (a-strid'), jirep. j)lir. as adv. or o. [< ((3 + stride.'^ Witii one leg on each side of some object ; with tlie legs wide apart. Placed astrhic upon the bars of the palisade. Scutt. astriferoust (as-trif'e-rus), a. [< L. astrifer, star-l)earing, < ustruiii, a star, + ferre = E. Iii'iiri.] Bearing or containing stars. Blount. astrigeroust (as-trij'e-rus), a. [< L. astriger, star-bearing, < astrum, a star, + gerere, bear.] Bearing stars. Bailey. astrild (as'trild), H. [iAstrilda, Ksfrchla: see Efitirtdii.'] A bird of the genus ICstrvhla (which see): as, the gray astrild, Jistrelda cincrea. astringe (as-trinj'), v.; pret. and pp. astritigcd, ppr. (istriiu/iiig. [Karly mod. E. also odstrint/c, < L. nstringere, adstringerc, ch'aw close, con- tract, < ad, to, + stringerc, bind fast, strain: see astrict, and stringent, strict, and strain.'] I. trans. 1. To compress ; bind together ; con- strict. [Rare.] Which contraction . . . astringeth the moisture of tlie brain, and thereby sendeth tears into the eyes. Baton, Nat. Hist., § 714. 2t. Figuratively, to oblige ; constrain ; bind by obligation. II. intrans. To become solid; congeal. Hol- land. astringency (as-triu'jen-si), n. [= F. astrin- gence : < astringent: see -ence, -enci/.] The quality of being astringent; especially, that property in certain substances by which they cause contraction of soft or relaxed parts of the body : as, the astringency of acids or bitters. astringent (as-trin' jent), a. and n. [= P. astrin- gent,<. L. astriniien{i-)s, adstringen{t-)s, ppr. of astringere, offe/jvH^ere, ch'aw close, contract: see astringe.'] I. a. Binding; contracting; con- Btrietive; styptic. A strengthening and a^trinffent diet. Arbuthnot, Aliments. II, n. A substance which contracts the tis- sues and canals of the body, condensing the soft solids, and thereby checking or diminish- ing excessive discharges, as of blood. The chief astringents are the mineral acids, alum, lime-water, chall<, salts of copper, zinc, iron, lead, and silver, and among vegetables catechu, kino, oak-bark, and galls. Vegetable astringents owe their efficacy to the presence of tannin. Formerly also adstringent. astringently (as-trin 'jent-li), adv. In an astrin- gent manner. astringer (as'trin-jer), n. See austringer. astrite (as'trit), n. [< LL. astrites, also asteri- tts, < Gr. aaTcpiTi/c, a brilliant precious stone, < dcrr^p, a star : seeastefl.] Any radiated or star- like fossil, as one of the detached articulations of fossil encrinites ; star-stone. See encrinite. Also asterite and astroite. astro-. [< Gr. aarpo-, combining foi-m of aarpov, a star: see astral and aster^.'] The initial ele- ment in many compound scientific terms of Greek origin, meaning star. Astrocar3runi (as-tro-ka'ri-um), n. [NL., < Gr. dcTpov, a star, + Kapvov, a nut.] A genus of palms from 10 to 40 feet in height, with beauti- ful pinnated leaves, inhabiting the tropical parts of America. The stems are covered with stiff and sharp spines, often a foot in length. The seed is inclosed in a hard stony nut, and that is enveloped by a fleshy fibrous pericarp. The cattle of the upper Amazon feed on the fleshy pericarp of A. Murumuru. The wood of A. Ayri is nnich used for bows and for other purposes, and the fibers of tlie leaves of A. Tucuina are used for fishing-nets. astrofelt, astrophelt, "• [Pound only in Spen- ser as quoted. It is in the first instance appar. a manipulated form of asphodel {affodil, daffodil) simtilatiug L. astrum, a star, and fel, gall ('bit- ter'). In the second instance the name is professedly taken from " AstropJiel" (Sir Philip Sidney), the subject of the elegy of that name and of another elegy (by Matthew Roydon) printed with it ; in the latter also written As- tropliill ("Our Astrophill did Stella love"), as if < Gr. aarpov, L. astrmn, a star ('Stella,' 'star- light'), + ro- fcss,s tu iMMtrll tiiiinan alfaii's. The practice of judicial astrology Wiis forbidden under the severest penalties by the Jewish, Roman, and canon laws, as implying idolatry or heresy (equivalent to high treason), and falling under the greater excommunication. — Natural astrology. («) Astrology applied to determining the dcstinj' of a person from the configuration of the planets at his birth. (6) That branch of astrology which professes to predict nat- ural effects, as changes of the weather, winds, storms, etc. Astrolophida (as-tro-lof'i-da), n. [NL., < Gr. darpiiv, a star, + '/M(j>oc, a crest, + -ida.] A genus of radiolarians, representing a special farailv, the Astrolopliidida: Astrolophididse (as"tro-lo-fid'i-de), «. pi. [NL., \ Astrolophida + -idte.] A family of acantharian radiolarians with a skeleton hav- ing a varying number of spicules irregularly distributed, consisting of the genera Astro- lophida and Litholophida : sj'nonjTnous with Actinellida. Haechcl. astromancy (as'tro-man-si), n. [< Gr. darpo- pavTcia, < aarpov, a star, + pavreia, dirination.] DiWnation by means of the stars; astrology. astrometeorological (as"tr6-me"te-o-ro-loj'i- kal), a. Of or pertaining to astrometeorology. astrometeorologist (as'tro-me'tf-o-rol'ti-jist), n. One who believes in or practises astrome- teorology. astrometeorology (as"tr6-me"te-o-rol'9-ji), n. [< Gr. aarpov, a star, + percupo'A.oyia, meteorol- ogy: see meti-orology.] 1. The pretended art of foretelling the weather and its changes from the aspects and configurations of the moon and stars: a branch of natural astrologj-. — 2. Prog- nostication of the weather from the appearance of the heavenly bodies. astrometer (as-trom'e-ter), n. [< Gr. aarpov, a star, + pc-pov, a measure.] An instrument designed to measure the relation, brightness, or apparent magnitude of the stars, it was in- vented by sir John Herschel. By it an image of Jupiter, the moon, or some other object of recognized brightness is brought into direct comparison with a star, so that star and image are seen in the same direction. By adjusting the distance of the image so that it appears equal in brightness to the star, and by measuring this distance, the luster of tlic star is readily determined. astrometry (as-trom'e-tri), n. [< Gr. darpov, a star, -I- -perpia, < pirpov, a measure.] The art of determining by measurement the apparent relative magnitude of the stars. Astronesthes (as-tro-nes'thez), «. [NL., irreg. < darpov, a star, + ialli/c, clothing.] The typical genus of fishes of the family Astronesthidw. Astronesthidae (as-tro-nes'thi-de), n.pl. [NL., < Astronesthes + -idte.] A family of iishes, rep- resented by the genus Astronesthes. They have a claviform body ; the supramaxillaries as well as intermax- illaries enter inU} the upper arch of the mouth ; a hyoid barbel is developed ; the dorsal fin is in advance of the anal ; and there is iin adipose fin. astronomer (as-tron'o-mer), H. [< ME. astron- omer, earlier astrononiyer (with suffix -er; cf. astronomian), < L. astrononiia : see astronomy and -eel, and cf. astrologer.] 1. One who is versed in astronomy; a scientific obsen'er of the stars; a student of the laws of the heav- enly bodies, or the principles by which their motions are regulated, with their various phe- nomena. — 2t. An astrologer: as, "astronomers foretell it," Sliak:, T. and C, v. 1 Astronomer Royal, the official title of the astronomer in charge of any one of the royal observatories of Great Britain, especially of the Greenwich observatory. astronomian astronomiant (as-tro-no'mi-an), n. [< ME. as- tronomitii. astronomytii, < OF. astronomian = Pr. astronomian, < ML. as if 'astroiwmianus. < L. astronomia: see asfronomi/ and -an.] An astronomer; any one having knowledge of the stars. Arironomiam came from the East Wyclif, Mat. ii. 1. astronomic (as-tro-nom'ik), a. [= F. astrono- mique. < L. astroiiomicus, < Gr. aarpovo/iiKdr, < acTfiomfiia, astronomy.] Of or pertaining to astronomy: as. astronomic facts. astronomical (as-tro-nom'i-kal), a. [< astro- ii'imic + -al-'\ Pertaining or related to astron- omv : connected with or relating to astronomic observation or research — Astronomical chronol- ogy isee rArc!io/i.;;y.— Astronomical clock, ;i fl.'ck which keeps sidereal time.— Astronomical column, day horizon, etc. See the nomii. — Astronomical lan- tern, a lamp harins a glass or |.ai.i-r siri.ii on which a celestial map is .irawn.— Astronomical signs, the signs of the zc^liac— Astronomical rear, .-cc iitur. astronomically (as-tio-nom'i-kal-i), adv. In an astronomical manner ; by means of astron- omv. or according to astronomic principles or metliods. astronomicont (as-tro-nom'i-kon), n. [< Gr. ijrrjy-iou/sor. neut. of aarpovo/iiKdg : see astro- tioiiiii:] A treatise on the stars. astronomies (as-tro-nom'iks), n. [PI. of as- tronomic: see -ics.'i Astronomy. The laws of Gravitation, .Statics, Acoustics, Chemics. Optics, Pneumatics, ilagnetics, A^trouomiof . . . are all reducible to numerical langu.ape. G. D. lioardman, Creative Week, p. 310, .\pp. astronomize (as-tron'o-miz), v. i.; pret. and i>p. astronomi:ed, ppr.' astronomizimj. [< Gr. aarf>ovofii^eiv, study astronomy, be an astrono- mer, < acr/wi'o/iof, astronomer: see astronomy.'] To study astronomy; apply the principles of astronomy. Also spelled astronomise. Thev (tMtronomized in ca%'es. Sir T. Browne, Christ, llor., ii. 7. astronomy (as-tron'o-mi), n. [< ME. astrono- viie, astronemie (also e'ontr. astrony), < OF. astro- nomic, < L. astronomia, < Gr. aarpovouia, astron- omy, < aarpovduog, an astronomer, lit. ' star-ar- niiitring' (with ref. to classifying or mapping the stars or constellations), < aarpov, a star, -f- fiueiv, distribute, arrange: see nomc.'] 1. The science which describes the heavenly bodies and explains their apparent motions, etc. That part of tlie science wliich gives a descriptii)!! of the nio- tiuns, fljrnres, periods of revolution, and other phenomena of the heavenly bodies is called de^rriptivi' axtriimitiiy: that part vvhicli teaches how to observe tlieir motions. Hgures, IM.'riodical revolutions, distances, etc.. and how to use the necessary instnunents, is called jtractical nxtronomii ; and tliat part which explains the causes of their ntotions, and demonstrates the laws by which those causes operate, is lenned jthyifical (uttronomy. 2t. Astrological skill. >'ot from the stars do I my judgment pluck, And yet raethinks I have ajttrtfnowt/. S/iak., Sonnets, xiv Nautical astronomy. See nautical. Astropecten ( as-tro-pek'ten), «. [NL., < Gr. uTrpor. star, -t- L. jiictcn, comb: see Pccten.'] A genus of starfishes, typical of the family Astro- liirtiniilir. Astropectinidae (as'tro-pek-tin'i-de), n. pi. I S !>..<- IstriijHctcn (-tin-) + -(ified by the genus Astropcctcn . TIhv have a doV. Ojiltiura, q. v.] A genus IS rcprcsiMiting a generalized form, : Iji- family .Istropliiiiri'la: Astrophiurldae (as'tro-fl-u'ri-ilo), «.;(«. r, '-r.] i\ ilevire (itii ,1 1., Hi; Iho liriglilneHH id' j I ro-fo-to-mot'ri-kiil ), ■ ■ T . imiro]>liototn<'t«r or itH 358 tise ; obtained or made by means of the astro- photometer. astrophyllite (as-tro-fil'it), )i. [< Gr. aarpov, a star, + 6i>./j)v. a leaf, -1- -ife-.'] A mineral of a bronze- or gold-yellow color and micaceous structure, sometimes fotmd in tabvlar tricUnic crystals. It is a silicate of iron and manganese, with potassium, sodium, and also some titanimu. It is found in Norway and in Colorado. astrophysical (as-tro-fiz'i-kal), a. [< Gr. aarpov, star, + (piviKog, physical: see physical.] Per- taining to astronomical physics. We need, and ought to have, a continuous record of the state of the solar siu'face, such as it is hoped may be se- cured by the cooperation of the uew astrophimcal observa- tories at Potsdam and Meudon. C. A. Younff, The Sun, p. 166. astrophysics (as'tro-fiz'iks), n. Astronomical jiliysies. Astrophytidse (as-tro-fit'i-de), n.})J. [NL., < Astrophyton + -idw.'] A family of ophiuriaus, of the order Ophiuroidea, containing those which have branching arms. It coiTesponds to the Euryoieir. Astrophyton (as-trof'i-tou), «. [NL., < Gr. aarpov, star. -1- piToy, plant.] The typical genus of the famUy Astrophytida:, containing the gorgon's- head, basket-fish, or sea-bas- ket, Astrophyton scidatum. Astrorhiza (as-tro-ri'za), n. [NL., < Gr. aarpov, star, -1- p/Ca, root.] A genus of fora- miniferous rhizopods, t^-pi- eal of the family Astrorhizi- d(E and the subfamily Astro- rhi:iu(c. The species are of considerable size. Astrorhizidae (as-tro-riz'i- de), H. pi. [NL.,< Astrorhi:a + -ida:'] A family of rhizo- ^^^ ,.,,„,„ pods with the test invariably perisionnai pla composite, usually of large i»'>"e"i»"s. size and monothalamous, often branched or ra, ab. Asymptotes. ixiiTTtiv, fall; cf. rv/jTriiTTeiv, fall together, meet.] I. a. In math., approaching indefinitely close, as a line to a curve, but never meeting. See II. II. n. A straight line whose distance from a curve is less than any assignable quantity, but which does not meet the curve at any finite dis- tance from the origin. The asymptote is often de- fined as the tangent to the curve at an infinite distance, and this definition answers for Kuclidean space ; but, in view of non-Euclidean hypotheses, it is preferable to de- fine it as a common chord of the curve and the absolute (which see), and thus as not necessarily a tangent. asymptotic (as-im-tot'ik), a. Same as asymp- totical. asymptotical (as-im-tot'i-kal), a. [< asymp- totic + -al.] Belonging to or having the char- acter of an asymptote ; approaching indefinite- ly near, but never meeting. In these perpetual lines and curves ran the asymptotical negotiation from beginning to end — and so it might have mn for two centuries withotit hope of coincidence. Motley, Dutch Republic, III. 45.5. Asymptotical lines or curves, lines or curves which aiipri'a( h iii'klinitely close, Imt never meet. asymptotically (as-im-tot'i-kal-i), adv. In an asymptotical maimer ; in a maimer so as gradu- ally to approach indefinitely near, though never to meet. The theory is not a thing complete from the first, but a thing which grows, as it were, asymptotically towards certainty. Tyndall. The curve approaches . . . asymptotically. G. M. Minchin, Statics, 1. 180. [< Gr. acvvdpTTiTo^, Asymmetry of Skull Plaice l,PlatfSSa ^'ulga- ris [, from almve. (The uot- ted line a * is the true mor- phological median line.) Or, Or, position of the two eyes in their orbits: £tji, ethmoid ; Pr/. prefrontal ; Ar, left, and /•>!, right frontal ; Pn. parietal ; SO, supra-occipital : f/0, epi- otic. not united, disconnected, of differing meters, < a- priv. + *avvdpT7]Toi; (cf. cvvdprr/ai^, a junc- tion), verbal adj. of avvaprdv, hangup with, con- nect, < civ, together, -I- dprdv, join, fasten, re- lated to apBpov, joint, L. artus, joint, etc. : see arthritic, article, «/•»(!, etc.] 1. Disconnected; not fitted or adjusted.— 2. In anc. pros.: (a) With interior catale.xis at the end of a colon; procatalectic or dicatalectic: as, an asynartetic verse, meter, or period. (6) Composed of cola of different kinds of feet; episynthetic. [Used in this latter sense {b)hy most modern writers since Bent- ley, the former sense (a), however, being restored by some writers in accordance with ancient authority.] Also asyn- artetic. , assmchronism (a-sin'kro-nizm), n. [< Gr. a- priv. (a-18) -t- synchronism.] Want of synchro- nism or correspondence in time. asynchronous (a-sin'kro-nus), a. [< Gr. d- priv. (a-18) -f synchronous.] Not coinciding in time. asyndetic (as-Ln-det'ik), a. [< asyndeton -{■ -ic] Pcrtnining to or characterized by asyndeton. asyndeton (a-sin'de-ton), «. [L., < Gr. daiv- dtTov, asyndeton, neut. of daivdeToc, uncon- nected, without conjunction, < d- priv. + aivde- Toc, boimd together, < cvvSciv, bind together, < ciiv, together, -\- de'iv, bind.] In rhet., a figure of speech consisting in the omission of connec- tives, as in the following passage : Heal the sick, cleanse the lepers, raise the dead, cast out devils. Mat. x. 8. It is the opposite of polysyndeton, which is a multiplica- tion of connectives. asyntactic (as-in-tak'tik), a. [< Gr. dairvTatcrog, not ranged together, ungrammatical (< d- priv. -t- auvranToc, verbal adj. of aviTdcciw. put in order together: see syntax), + -ic] Loosely put together; irregular; ungrammatical. jV. KD. asystatont (a-sis'ta-ton), «. [< Gr. devaraToc, incoherent, incongi'uous, < d- priv. 4- aiaTaroc, verbal adj. of tm-iGrdvat, hold together, < aiv, ■with, -t- icrdvai, cause to stand, mid. 'laraadai, stand.] The sophism of the liar (which see, un- der liar). Fonuerly erroneously assistation. asystaton Asttitatim [aivitalon^ is a kind of caviling not consist- j^,...- -Ti. iiirt ground, as if amansiiould say that he doth -, " "' -_ or lyeth or knoweth notlling, another by cavii thereof in this sort. Ergo, He that j ■ -ace speaketh, he that lyeth saith truth, he tkii Kno» eth nothing knoweth something. Jllunderillt. asystole (a-sis'to-le), n. [NL., < Gr. o- priv. + avcro/Ji, systole.] In pathol, that condition in which a dilated and enfeebled heart remains coDtinuouslv filled with blood on account of the inability of the left ventricle to discharge more than a small part of its contents. Also called asiistolism. asystolic (as-is-tol'ik), a. [< asystole + -tc.j Ptrtaining to asystole ; characterized by or af- fected with asvstole. asystolism (a-sis'to-lizm), n. [< asystole + -I../H.] ^ume SiS asystole. asyzygetic (a-siz-i-jet'ik), a. [< Gr. a- priv. (o-lS) + sy:ygetic.2 Not connected by a syzy- getic relation. at ( at), prep. [< ME. at, sometimes att, atte, et, < AS. (Et=:OS. a< = OFries. et (in combination also at, it) = OHG. a:: = Icel. at, mod. atli = Sw. df = Dan. aIt. « = Sp. d _ pg. a =F. a), to, at, = Skt. dillii, unto, on. This°prep. is most nearly equiv. to to, without the orig. implication of motion. In many con- structions the two prepositions interchange. In manv E. dialects at has partly, and in Seand. has wh'ollv, displaced to, while on the other hand in 6". to (r«) has wholly ilisplaced at. In L. and Rom. the form cognate with at covers all the uses of to as well as of at, and extends partlv over the field of i(i7/i.] A preposition of extremely various use, primarily meaning to, without 'implication, in itself, of motion. It expresses position attained liy motion to, and heme contact, contiplitv, or coincidence, actual or approxi- niate, in space or time. Being less restricted as to rela- tive position than other prepositions, it may in different constructions assume their ottlce, and so become equiva- lent, according to the context, to in, on, tiear, by, about, undfT, over, through, from, to. toicard. etc. 1. Of simple local position : (a) With verbs of rest (6e, lice, etc): In, on, near, by, etc, ac- cording to the context: denoting usually a place conceived of as a mere point: as, at the center, at the top, at the corner, at the end, at the ne.xt station, at the bend of tlie river, at the north pole, at No. 48 Main street, etc. So with names of towns, etc.: as, at Stratford, at Lexington. etc. ; but if the city is of great size in is coniriicnily umiI ; as, in London, in Paris, in Kew York ; unless, agiiin, tin' i ily is conceived of as a mere geographical point: as, our Ilnun- cial interests center at New York. The place implied by at may Ije left indeterminate, with a reference rather to con- dition than to mere location: as, at school, at college, at court, at sea, etc. At may also express personal proxim- ity : as, at one's side, at one's heels, at one's elbow, etc. At haiul, near by, has lost its personal reference. 1 don't believe there's a circulating library in liatli 1 ha'nt been at. S/ifridan, The Rivals, i. 'J. Mnley Abul Hassan, at the head of a powerful f.ircc. hail hurried from Granada. Irving/, Granada, i». 'if'. He (Don Juan dc Veral was armed at all points, gal- lantly mounted, and followed by a moderate but well-ap- pointed retinue. Jrrin;/, Granada, p. 10. (ft) With verbs of motion: (1) Througli, by (im- plying a starting-point or a point where a thing enters or departs): as, to enter at the window, to go out at the back door. (2) From (imply- ing a source from which a thing comes f>r where it is sought): as, to receive ill treatment at their hand.s. (.'}) To, toward (ini]>lying a stop- ping-point, a position att;iine(l or aimed at): as, to como at, to get at, to iiini iil, fire at, shoot at, drive at, point at, look at, sliout at, reach at, snatch at, clutch at, etc. ; also be at when it implies effort directed toward a thing. h'o doubt but they will ftoorie answer that all these UUu||i they seekc at Hod'H liniirlK. Milton, Oel. of Humb. ItemonstrnnlM. Thtre ll no way of coming at a true tlu'i,ry of mn-U'Xv but bv ln<|ulrtnK Into the nature of lis i'oni|H>nent Inrll- »l.lu«l< //. .S/iriu-rr, .Social Statk», p. ■•». wtmi > ' Success would place a rich town at their mercy. Jn'intj, Granada, p. 35. hetman. Any member could \>e chosen chief of his kurin, and any chief of a knren could be chosen .itamdn. Russia, p. 35ii. D. .M. irn»a<-. The ship in which he (Goldsmith] had tal >n his passage hartnggotafair»indvvWlehew;ui«(apartyofpk^^^^^^^ atamaSCO (at-a-mas'ko), H. [Amer. Ind.] An had sailed without lum. j/dCrtHir/v, Goldsmith, ww"*""'"^" \ .. , ,, " , ^ '^ i tj "•^ amarvlhdaceous bulbous plant, Zcphyranthes 3. Of relative position : implj-ing a point in an Atam'asco, of the southern United States, ivith a actual or possible series, and hence used of de- jow scape bearing a single white, lily-like flower, gree, price, time, order, occasion, etc.: as, at atamasco-Uly (at-a-mas'ko-lil'i), 'n. Same as the beginning, rtt the third house from the cor- atama. of hered- -atal. [L. -r(/rt, fem. sing, of -((/».< = E. -«72: see ity, to ancestral characters; rosciiibliince ex- -rt/el,audcf. -(((/fl.] A suffix in New Latin (and hibited by a given organism to some remote Italian) nouns, some of which are found in Eng- ancestor; the return to an early or original lish, as armata. t.^^ie by its modified descendants; restoration -ata'^. [L. -(itn, neiit. pi. of -at us = E. -ed-: see of structural characters which have been lost or -alc^.'i A suflLx in New Latin names of zoo- oViscured. .t(rti'i'.siji. to snnu slight ivtcnt, is witnessed logical divisions, properly adject ives, agreeing in the human race, when children exhibit some peculiarity with «»»"«/(« understood': as, -IrriCH/.W-/, joint- of grandparents, or of still more remote pi-ogunitors, which .-itU derivatives ot a vero witii tue -^{^rril'the m.pcrm"s"ts'und y-mU » prefix).] Aprefix of Anglo-Saxon ataunto (a-tan'to), adv. Sa ling at, close to, to: common in ^^^^^ (a-tav'ik), «. [=F.« taste : see a- and tastc.^ To taste. But now is tyme that thou drynke and nMst(c] some softe and delitable thinges. Cliatieer, Boethius, ii. prose 1. ataunt (a-tanf), adr. [< ME. ntaiint, atount, < OF. (lut'ant, altant (mod. F. nntnnt), as much, so much, < al, another (thing) (< L, aliiid, neut. of alius, other), -f- tant, so much, < L. tantmn, neut. of tantiis, so much.] If. As much as possible. .\ dronglew (var. dronken] fole that sparythe for no dis- peiice To drynk a-iaante til he slepe at tabille. Lydiiatc, Order of Fools, 1. 02. 2. Xaut., with all sails set; fully rigged All ataunt, < 'r all ataunto, said of a vessel when fully rigged, with ;ill the upper iictstsund yards aloft. Same as ataunt, 2. tavifjue : < L. atanis (see atorism) + -if.] Pertaining to atavism; characterized by or exhibiting atavism; re- versionary. for trumiict and atabat to sound Prexcott. 1 animals; Annulnta, ringed animals, etc. atabal (at'.a-bal), Ji. [Formerly also attahall, iilahalli' = f\ attahah: = It. atahallo, < Sp. ata- hal, = Pg. afabalc, < Ar. at-tabi, < al, the, + tabi, drum: see tabor, tambour, and timbal.'] A Moorish tambour. lion .John gave order the sigiiiil for actitjn. atacamite (a-tak'a-mit), H. [< .Itacama + -itc'i; having been first i'oiiiid in Atacama, a province of Chili.] A mineral consisting ot the hydralcd o.xycliloi'id of ctipper. It exist.s jiliundiinlly ii jiarts of .South .\menca, as Atacama. Anibriz on the west coast of Africa, and In Arizmin in the western United States. It occurs massive, or In small prismatic crystals of a bright eincraldgreell or blackish- green ecdor. A griinular lonii from chili Is calleii (ir«c- nlllo. It also upijcars on ccqiper long exposed to the air nr se;i-\vater. atactic (a-tak'tik), a. [< Gr. araKTor, without order, < ii- )>riv. + thut/jc, verbal adj. of Tannin' (ra}-), arrange, order: see tactic.'] Disconnect- ed; witliout arrangement or onler: in i/ram., opposed to syntactic: as, an atactic senteiicc. [Itare.] I'orcelnin Images of ■•.lo»h" will find niches In Proles- Innt meeting. houses; New Knghind nneeslral tablets will be Inscribed in iicr|iendlcular ccilnmns "t tidiWi. i harac. l,n. II. C. Trumbull, Ancestral Worsblii. at-aftert, prep. [ME., 'i. atagas, n. [Hea altapas.] Hamo un a I laflcn. atagen, ». See attaijrn. ataghan (at'a-gan),'«. Same as mitaahan. atak (iit'ak),')!. [Native name.) 'Ihe harp- Heal of Greenland, t'oijuiihiUm (/ninlanilicus. ataket, l'. '■ (MK., < «'-" + take] To overtake. Al llonilhlon niidir lllee us gnn alake A man, that chdhed was In clolhii binke. CluHuer, i'TiA. lu (Janun'i Yeuinan's Tale, I. 3. has skippeil one or more generations, Of the 11.0% ot children born with eyes of other than the parental color, a part must be atlrilnited to atarium, that is, to intermittent hereilily. .^cieiicv, I\'. :W7. 2. In pathol., the recurrence of any peculiai-ity or disease of an ancestor in remote generations. atavistic (at-a-vis'tik), ((. [As atar-ism -t- -I'.vf- ii: ] Pertaining to or characterized by atavism ; atavic. Theoretically we may dee bodv or in tho ciuirse of a disease; Bpi'cilieallyl inability to coiirdinate voluntary niovemeiiis. Also ti'taxi/ Frledrelch'B ataxia, n term cif iil:i\ia iisnallv aircclliig several mi-oilnrs ol a tain- Ily and developing jil an early iw, I sually II bi'glns In tlie legs anil e.vlinds to Ihe arms. Is iicroiiipanled wllh lerkv movements of the head, dislurbanc- of aili.ulatlon, loss 'of knee.Jeik, and Is cliarjicleri/cd anatiimlially by si'lenisls ol Ihe posterior and luliral .■..Inions of llie cord. Also called hereditnru ainxin. Locomotor ataxia, a disease rharai'terl/.ed cllnlenlly by wnni (■( power to coiir- dinate v..lnntarv movenienl.H. by violent shooting pains esiieelally in Ihu legs, absence ot knee-jerk, iilropliy ol Hie opiir nerve, niiriosthesia and ainestheshi In eerlain parts, dysurla, and funclloiial si'Xllal .llsordeis ; aiiab.liil. eiillv, by a sclerosis of the pt,slerlor eoliiiiinsof Ihe spinal con). Also called priMjremne locomotor alajn- and tooo* dorMifi«. :> ataxic ataxic (a-tak'sik), a. [< ataxia + -jc] In iiatlwl., of or pertaining to ataxia; character- ized by in-egularity in function or course; irregular. Soon ataxic nervous symptoms declared themselves. 0. W. llattnes, A Mortal Antipathy, xiv. Ataxic aphasia. See apftasin.— Ataxic fever, a term aiiplifd Ipy I'iiR'l to fevers attended witli iireat weakness. ataxy (a-t;ik'si or at'ak-si), n. [Formerly also, as v., ataxic, < NL. ataxia, q. v.] If. Want of order; disturbance. Three ways of church government I have heard of, and no more ; the Episcopal, the Presbytcrial, and that new- born bastard Independency : ... the last of these is no- thing but a confounding ataxy. Sir i!. Bering, Speeches, p. 141. 2. Inpathol., same as ataxia. atazirt, n. [ME., < Sp. ata~ir, atacir, < Ar. 'at- tathir, < al, the, + tatlilr (> Pers. tasir), im- pression, effect, intluence, < athara, leave a mark, athar, ethr, a mark, trace, footstep.] In as- tral., according to modem authorities, the (evil) influence of a star upon other stars or men. But the Arabian astrolo^ier Haly distinctly states (Comment, on Ptolemy's Opus Quadripartitum, iii. 10) that it means the direction of hyleg. This, according to the method of Messahallah, determines the duration of life. Infortunat ascendent tortuous, Of which the lord is helpless falle, alias ! Out of his angle into the derkest hous. O Mars, O Atazir, as in this cas ! Chaucer, Man of Law's Tale, 1. 172. (Skeat.) atche (at'ehe), n. [Turk, aqcha : see under asper".'] A small Turkish coin, somewhat less than a cent in value. atcMson (ach'i-son), n. [Sc. ; also spelled atchcKon; < Atchison, a So. form of Atkinson, name of an Englishman who was master of the Scottish mint in the reign of James VI. (James I. of England).] A billon coin, or rather a cop- per coin washed with silver, struck in Scotland in the reign of James VI., of the value of eight pennies Scots, or two thirds of an English pen- ny. Jamiesoii. atchom, n. An obsolete or dialectal form of acorn. • atei (at). Preterit of eat. Ate- (a'te), n. [< Gr. "Xtj/, a personification of an/, infatuation, reckless impulse, sin, ruin, dial, avdra, oi'ig. *aFaTr/, < aaeiv, orig. 'aFdeiv, hurt, damage.] In Gr. myth., an ever-present evil genius leading men on to crime ; the god- dess of blundering mischief; a personification of the reckless blindness and moral distortion inflicted by the gods in retribution for pre- sumption and wickedness, typifying the self- perpetuating nature of evil, -atel. [ME. reg. -a t, < OF. -at, a later ' ' learned " form of vernacular -e (-(!), fem. -ee (-^e), = Sp. Pg. -ado, fem. -ada, = It. -ato, fem. -ata,< L. -dtus, fem. -dta, neut. -dtum (stem -dto-), pp. and adj. suffi.x, being -tu-s (= Gr. -ro-f = E. -rf2, -edi), added to stem of verbs in -d-re (It. -are, Sp. Pg. -ar, F. -er). Tliis suffix also appears as -arfel, -ado, -ato, -ee, -y, etc. Latin adjectives and par- ticiples in -dtus were usable as nouns, in masc. of persons, as legdtus, one deputed, a legate, ML. praldtus, one preferred, a prelate, etc., in neut. of things, as manddtum, a tiling command- ed, a mandate, etc. See -atc'^ and -ate^.'] A piiffiy of Latin origin: (a) In adjectives, where -ate is equivalent to and cognate with English -ed'i, -d^, -<2, in perfect participles and partici- pial adjectives, the native English suffix being often added to -ate when a verb in -ate" exists, as in di'solate or desolat-ed, accumulate or ac- ciim>ilat-cy confusion with -atei.] -ate^. [L. -dtn.'i, -dta, -dtinii, pp. suffix of verbs in-a-j-e (see -afel), with supine in -dtum (stem -dtu-), to which, instead of the pp. stem, such verbs are often referred. In tliis dictionary E. verbs in -ate (and so verbs_ in -etc, -ite) are reg. referred to the L. pp. -dtus (-etus, -itus), intimating that such verbs are taken from or formed according to the L. pp. stem, though with the force of the inf. From L. participles in -tus {-d-tus, of the 1st conjugation, -e-tus. 361 -i-tus, of the 2d, -tns, -,ius, of the 3d, -i-tus, of the 4th), and from thence-formed frequenta- tives, whicli became very numerous in LIj. and ML., arose many verbs in OF. and ME., based, or appar. Ijased, on L. participles, coinciding thus witli adjectives and nouns from such parti- ciples. These, with verbs of other origin agree- ing in form with adjectives, have made it a rule Atellane plete, + iKTOxjiq, extension, < eKTuveiv, extend, < tK, f'f, out, + TtivFiv, sti'ctcli, = L. extendere : see extend.'] Imperfect dilatation, especially of the air-cells of the lungs of uowly born children. There is a class of cases in which a child is born alive, but its lungs remain in the fcctal condition, i. «., they present no appearance of having received air by the act of breathing. These are cases of atelectagi/t. A. S. Taylor, Med. Jour., XLV. 464. in E. that any adj^. may bo miwlo a wrV) ; hence atelectatic (at"o-lek-tat'ik), a. [< atelectasis (-lot-) + -((•.] Pertaining to or characterized by atc'lectasis. ateleocephalous (a-tel^e-o-sefa-lus), a. [< Gr. iiTc'/J/r, incomplete, + Ki'^, art: see n-i8 and technic] I. a. Without technical know- ledge, especially of art. Il.». A person without technical knowledge, ^=^-1'^^. (^^.^jy^-)^ „,. [p., formerly attelier, plete, imperfect, < a- priv. + rfAo^, end, com- pletion.] A genus of American platyrrhine monkeys, of the family Cebidee and subfamily Cebinm; the spider-monkeys or sapajous, with attenuate bodies, very long slender limbs, and long powerfidly prehensile tails : so called be- cause the thumb is rudimentary. Tliere are sev- eral species, among them the northernmost representa- tives of the Quadnanana in America. Aiso called Atelo- chirus. hastelier; of disputed origin.] A workshop; specifically, the workroom of a sculptor or painter ; a studio. Modern sculptors . . . too of ten execute colossal works in cramped ateliers, where the conditions of light are wholly different from those of the site for which the statue is destined. C. T. Xewlon, .\rt and Arcbsol., p. 347. especially of art. In every fine art there is much which is ille^'llilr by ateelinics, and this is due to the habits of intirpivtiition into which artists always fall. Nortti ISniixh li.e. atechnical (a-tek'ni-kal), a. Free from techni- cality; popular: as, atechnical treatment of a technical subject „,,,,,„,•, / n^ ateline (at'e-lin), n. [< Gr. drAi/u imperfect, atechny (a-tek'ni), ». [= F atec/m e < Gr ^^'^^^o)-^ ^n oxychlirid of copper aUied t<; arexvia, < arfj-of : seeatechnic] Ignorance of ^t^^^^ij-J,^ occurring at Vesuvius, and derived art; unskiltulness. A. i. n ^ ^j^^ alteration of the copper oxid tenorite. atees (a'tes), n. [E. Ind.] 1 he native Indian ,., ,, r< Gt arc/nc imnerfeet name of the tuberous root oi Aconitum hetero- ^l^^^foS Sameas"«te?/«e imperteet, phyllmn, which is used as an antiperiodic and ^tellan (a-tel'an), a. and"«. [< L. Atellanus, a tonic. In some sections the same name is given to the root of A. Napcllus, and to several other drugs. atef (a'tef), n. [Egypt.] Father: an ancient Egyptian title and component of proper names. Also written a.K. imperfect, + KapSia = E. Afarf.] In tera- tol., imperfect development of the heart, atelochllia (at'e-lo-kil'i-ii), «. [NL., < Gr. (irs'/.';c. imperfect, + x^u-'K, a Up.] In teratol, imperfect development of the lip. Also spelled atelocheilia. AtelochirUS (at'e-lo-ki'rus), n. [NL., < Gr. art-'/Jii, imperfect, + x^'P, hand.] Same as AteUs. Also spelled AteJocheinis. atelO^ncephaBa (at'e-16-eu-se-fa'li-a), ». „ , ,w e , rXL < Gr iri/i/g imperfect, + f ;• «sl>a?.oi:, the athamauntt, «. An old term of adamant braiA': see encephalon.] In teraM., imperfect athanasia (ath-a-na si-a), n. [< Gr. favama, development of the encephalon. immortaUty (> ML. othaiiasia, tansy), < a8a- ateloglossia (at e-lo-glos'i-a), n. [XL^ dency. — 2. Denj-ing the existence of God ; god- less ;" impious : applied to persons: as, "athe- istic gainsayers," May, Works of Creation. = Syn. Oodlcjis, Cn(iodbj,et<:. See irrclinmis. atheistical (a-the-is'ti-kal), a. Marked by or manifesting atheism ; atheistic. I w as present, very seldom giiinj; to the publiq theaters for many reasons, now as they were abused to an atheU- , tical liberty. Evelyn, Diary, Oet. 18, 16(i6. of the same genus of European and Asiatic um- atheistically (a-the-is' ti-kal-i), adv. In an heUiferous herbs. It has a rancid soapy odor, *,XJ;°;'t„ ^,/„,U,.. ^VnTii " ■ athalline (a-thal'in), a. [< Gr. d- priv. + tfa/./w,-, a fi-ond : see t)uiUus.2 In hot, without a thaUus; characterized by the absence of a thaUus. athamantin (ath-a-man'tin), n. r< Athamanta (see def.) + -i«'^.] In chem., a substance (Co^ H30O7) produced fi-om the root and seeds of the Athamanta Oreoseliniim and other species and a slightly bitter acrid taste. H. Watts. < Gr. urf/jjf, imperfect. +' >~>.i><7(Ta,"tongue.] In tera- tnh, imperfect development of the tongue. atelognathia (at'e-log-na'thi-a), «. [NL., < Gr. a7f>.w, imperfect, + jiaPoc, the jaw.] In teratol., imperfect development of the jaw. atelomyelia (at'e-lo-mi-e'li-a). n. [NL., < Gr. are/.r,(, imperfect, + ^tf/of, marrow.] In tera- tol., imperfect development of the spinal cord. ateloprosopia (at"e-lo-pro-s6'pi-a), «. [NL., < Gr. aT£'/.7ic. imperfect, + ■:rp6aa-oii, the face: see I'rosopisl'] In teratol., imperfect development of the face. atelorachidia (at'e-lo-ra-kid'i-a), n. [NL., < tir. nvf'/.ric. imperfect. + p and of the incarnation, and contains what are known as the "damnatory clauses'* in the con- \\Tiosoevcr will atheistic manner; impiously. I entreat such as are atliciiiically inclined to consider these things. Tillotson. atheisticalness (a-the-is'ti-kal-nes), n. The quaUty of being atheistic ; in-eligiousness. Purge ont of all hearts profaneness and alht'i^iticabu'ss. [tamnwml, Worlis, I. 5110. atheize (ii'thc-iz), r. ; pret. and pp. athci:ed, ppr. «tfi('/--(H(/. [< Gr. dftof (see atheism) + -»>«.] I.t intrans. To discourse as an atheist. We sh,all now make diligent search and inquiry, to see if we can find any other pliilosopliers who atheUed before Democritus and Leucippus. Cudiwrth, Intellectual System, p. 111. II. trans. To render atheistic. [Rare.] They endeavoured to atlwi^c one another. Up. Berkeley, Minute Philosopher, ii. eluding formulas of the two parts, viz ™„^ . ,_,.,-. . . ^ , xi • be saved, before all things it is necessary that he should athcizsr (a the-i-zer), n. One Who atneizes hold the catholic faith; which faith, except every one do j-euders atheistic. Cudieorth. [Rare.] keep whole and undeflled, without doubt lie shall perish - - everlastingly "; and " This is the catholic faith ; which ex- cept a man believe faithfully he cannot be saved." Tllis creed is retained in the service of the Clim-cli of England, but not in that of the American Episcopal Church. II. H. A follower of Athanasius or a believer in his creed. as. can ground-roUers, family for«c(M,c and sul.- Athanasianism (ath-a-na'sian-izm), n. [< famity Brachypteraciino'. A. pittoidcs is a tyfi- j,/,„„„..j,v,„ -(- .,,,,«.] "The principles or doc- trmes of the Athanasian creed. Athanasianist (ath-a-na'sian-ist), }i. [< Athu- iKLsidii + -ist.1 An Athanasian. athanasy (a-than'a-si), H. Same as athanasia, 1. Time brings to obscure authors an odd kind of repara- tion, an immortality not of love and interest and admira- tion, but of curiosity merely. ... Is not then a scholas- tic athanasy better than none? Loteell, Study Windows, p. 340. athanor (ath'a-nor), n. [Late ME. also athenor (cf. F. athanor), < Sp. atanor, a siphon or jiipo < At. at-ianniir, < al, the cal species, of gorgeous colore and terrestrial nocturnal habits. atelostomia (at'e-lo-sto'mi-ii), n. [NL., < Gr. u-re/.ijr, imperfect, + aroua, mouth: see stomn.] In ((/(/ to/. , imperfect development of tlie mouth. a tempo, a tempo primo (ii tem'po, pre'mo). [It., lit. to time, to the first time : a, < L. ad, to ; tempo, < L. tempus, time (see tempo) ; primo, < L. primu.f, first: see prime.'] In music, a di- rection, after any change of movement, as by acceleration or retardation, that the original time be restored. See a hattuta. a tempo giusto (a tem'po jos'to). [It., lit. to just time: a tempo (see a tempo); giusto, < L. Justus, just: see JM«tl.] In music, a direction to sing or play in an equal, just, or strict time. It is seldom used except when the time has been inter- rupted, an during a recitative, to suit the action and pas- sion of the piece. Ateuchus (a-tu'kus), n. [NL., lit. without ar- mor, in allusion to the absence of a scutellum, < (jr. drirvxK, unarmed, unequipped, < (i- priv. + Teixoc, pi. rfij;fca, arms, armor, prop, imple- ments, < revxeiv, make, produce.] A genus of lamellicorn beetles, of the family Scarabwida: A . Kafi'r seems to liave been the sacred beetle, or scarabieus. figured on Egjiitian monuments, ornaments, amulets, etc., and of which'a figure, either in porcelain or carved out of stone, rarely a gem, was placed in the bosom of every ninmniy, as a symbol of and prayer for resurrection. atf (iitf), n. Same as atrf. atgart, n. [Also improp. ategar, repr. AS. at- gi'tr, also tetgwrii (only in glosses), (= (JFries. etger, ctker = OHG. asgrr, aziger = Icel. at- ge-irr), a spear, < «■(-, appar. the prep. at. at, + gar, a spear: see gar^, garfish, gore-."] A kind of spear or lance formerly in use. Athabaskan rath-a-bas'kiin), «. and «. I. a. lji-|i)iit,'iiiK to a certain great family of North -Vinerican Indian languages and tribes, occu- pying !i vast extent of country soiitli from the Enkimo region, between Iludson's Hay and tlie Kocky Mountains, with outlying iiieiiihers also wcHt of tlie mountains, as far soutli as Mexico, im-luding the Ajiachis and Navajos. athelH, "• [Early ME., < AS. athelu, a'thchi, pi., = 08. ((rf/(n; = OFries. ethel-, cdcl- (in comp. and deriv. ) = D. add = OHG. adal, MHG . advl, race, family, ancestry, esp. noble ancestry, nobility, G. adcJ, nobihty, = Icel. adhat, nature, dis- position, family, origin, in comp. chief-, hcad- (mod. also nobility, = Sw. Dan. add, nobility, a sense due to the G.), = Goth. *athal (as in the proper name 'Athalareiks (> ML. Athalariciis) = AS. JEthch-ic) ; not foimd outside of Tent. Hence, athel" and athding, q. v., and ethel, jiat- rimony (see ethd). In mod. E. only in proper names, historical or in actual use, of AS. or OHG. origin, as Ethd, Ethdbert, Athdbert = Albert, Ethdred, Audrey {St. Audrey, > t-awdry, q. v.), etc.] Race; family; ancestry; noble ancestry; nobility; honor. Her wes Arthur the king alliclen bida;led | deprived]. Layamon, III. 453. for conveying water, < ^Vr. «(-<««««)■, . ..., — , ,, , „ , i + twtnur, < Heb. or Aramaic tannur, an oven or athel-t, ". and n. [Ml,., also ethd, athd. :iih1 furnace, < nur, fire.] A self-feeding digesting prop. athele,cthdv, a'thdc^ (in northern _wnU'r.>^ often hathd, etc.), < AS. a-thel,; rthdc = OS. cdili = OFries. ethd, cdd = D. edd = OHG. cdili, MUG. edck, G. edd = Icel. edhal-, cdhla- (in comp.) = Sw. ddel= Dan. a'dd (the Scand. II. ath. + gTr. Ath.-il lllsl. < K'l Hi, wl. (h< .V member or the lunguuge of tliis 'I Athabatcan, Athapaskan. -thal'n-miis), n. [< Gr. a- priv. ;: ncr thalamus.'] lu fcof., with- : l.jilied to lichens, or liclienoid ' itii'atlon of wliieli i- iinKiiown. i I, n. [Nil., naiiK'il »llli al- ' at ion produced by its larvie, '/K, not verihint, withered, . 1)1' fresh or bixiiriant,] A ■ ir Terr bra II till, of the order family Tiiithrediiiidii . i ■I l< the turril|i unw-lly of I ur | 'V drviMtat.' (iimlp ll'ld- I i .\ i\ i ■ Mill .1. 1 .1 I'l w[i«t<- I,) iltftr iiiioiif th,' only itknlot'iliii and atAllu. furnace formerly used by alchemists. It was so made as to maintain a uniform and durable lieat. Athecata (ath-e-ka'tii), n. pi. [NL., neut. pi. of alhecatus, not sheathed: see athecate.] A name of the gymnoblastic hydroid liydrozoans, which are not sheathed, that is, have no go- nangia and no hydrotheea): a synonym of (li/mnoblastca (which see). atfiecate (ath'e-kat), a. [< NL. athccatiis, < Gr. d- priv. -I- O'/ii'/, a sheath: see theca.] Not slieathed; specifically, of or pertaining to the .1 till rata. atheism (a'the-izm), n. [= F. athiisme = Pg. atheismo = Sp. It. atdsmo, < NL. 'atheismii.Htirij(tii, whbOi deiih'S the possiliHlty of pos- itive knowliilgc loiMeniing him. In the second sense, llllli'- Islil iiM'Indes both pantheism and aKiloHticlnm. j atheist (li'tlie-ist), «. and a. [= F. athi'iste = I'g. alheista = ,Sp. It. atvisia, < NL. 'alheista, s and lEstru.'i, with most of the species of Mu'aca, including the bot-flies and drone-flies with the flies proper. [Not in 036.1 363 athericerous (ath-e-ris'e-rus), o. [^(.Athericera + -ous.\ Pertaining to or resembling the Atlic- ricera. Atherina (ath-e-ri'nii), m. [NL., < Gr. aOcplv?!, a kind of smelt'.'] A "genus of abdominal aean- thoptorygian fishes, typical of the famil'y^Wie- rinidce, containing the sand-smelts. A. jmsln/ter, the common I'.iiti.sli utlurine or sand-smelt, is a Hsh aijout 6 inches long, used as iood. atherine (ath'e-rin), 71. [< Atherina.'] A fish of tin; genus A'theri7M; a sand-smelt. atherinid (ath-e-rin'id), 71. A fish of the fam- ily AUicrinidm. Atherinidae (ath-o-rin'i-de), n. pi. [NL., < Atherina + -idw."] The atherines or sand- smelts ; a family of abdominal acanthopterygian fishes, typified by the genus Atherina, to which varying limits have been ascribed by different writers, in Giinther's system the Atlierinidie are a family of Acanthiiptermrii 'muf/ili/ormes, having vertebrfe in increased number and the dentition feeble or of mod- erate strength, and including the tetragonurids as well lus the athcrinids proper. In more recent systems they are a family of PereeMces with more than 24 vertebra}, cycloidal scales, dorsal fins two in nund)er and separate, and feeble dentition. The species are mostly small ; those found in America are known as/rmr.';, or are confounded with the 0.-^nuTi under the name of smelts. atherinidan (ath-e-rin'i-dan), n. A fish of the family Atherinidai; an atherinid. Sir J. Rich- ardson. Atherinina (ath"e-ri-ni'na), )(. pi. [NL.,< Atherina + -/««.]' In GtlntJier's classification of fishes, the first subfamily of Atheri7iidce, char- acterized by feeble dentition, cycloidal scales, the separation of the first dorsal fin from the second, the presence of an air-bladder, and the absence of pyloric appendages: same as Athe- rinidm of recent systems. atherinoid (ath'e-ri-noid), a. and ». [<. Athe- rina + -oid.] I. a. Having the characters of the Atheritiidte. II. n. A fish of the family Atherinidce; an atherinid. athermancy (a-ther'man-si), «. [< Gr. adep/jav- Toc, not heated : see atherntanous and -cij.] The power or property of stopping radiant heat ; impermeableness to radiant heat. It corre- sponds to opacity in the ease of light. athermanous (a-ther'ma-nus), a. [< Gr. d- priv. -I- Otp/jaivav (liep/iav-), heat, impart heat (ef. adipiiaiTor, not heated), < ffeppdg, hot (Sepfi?/, heat): see thcrmo-.'] Impermeable to radiant heat; having the power of stopping radiant heat ; opaque to heat. athermous (a-ther'mus), a. [< Gr. adep/ioc, without warmth, < d- priv. -I- 6epii6q, hot, Bepfir/, heat.] Same as atherina notis. atheroma (ath-e-ro'ma), 71.; pi. atheromata (-ma-tii). [NL., < Gr. al)//pupa{T-), a tumor full of gruel-like matter, < n6r/p>/, a form of adapr/, groats or meal, a porridge made therefrom.] 1. A name given to various kinds of encysted tu- mors, the contents of wliich have the appear- ance of bread-sauce. — 2. The formation of thickened patches of the inner coat of an ar- tery (much more rarely of a vein), constitut- ing tiatteued cavities which contain a pasty mass exhibiting fat-globules, fatty acid crys- tals, cholesterin, more or less calcareous mat- ter, etc. The endothelial film separating this from the blood may give w.ay, and an atheromatous ulcer be formed. Also atherome. atheromatous (ath-e-ro'ma-tus), a. [< athe- roma{t-) + -ous.'] Pertaining to or resembUng atheroma ; having the qualities of atheroma. atherome (ath'e-rom), n. Same as atheroma. Atherura (ath-e-ro'rii), n. [NL., < Gr. dft;p, the beard of an ear of corn, + ohpa, tail.] A genus of hystrieomorph rodents, of the family Hystri- cidce; the brush-tailed porcupines: so called because the tail ends in a pencil of flattened scaly bristles. The best-known species are A.fasci- culata, the Malacca porcupine of India, and the African A. africana. There are several others. Also Atheruru^. atherure (ath'e-ror), H. [< Athernra.'] A brush-taUed porcupine; a species of the genus Atherura. Atherurus (ath-e-ro'rus), n. Same as Atlie- rura. atheticize (a-thet'i-siz), v. t; pret. and pp. atheticized, ppr. atheticising. [Irreg. < Gr. dferor, set aside, invalid, + -ic + -ize. Cf. atlietize.'] Same as athetizc. Beverley. athetize (ath'e-tiz), v. t. ; pret. and pp. athe- tized, ppr. athetizing. [< Gr. aderelv, set aside, reject as spurious (< iiBe-oi;, set aside, invalid, without place or position, < d- priv. -t- ferdf, verbal adj. of ri-ds-vai, put, place : see thesin, etc. ), + -ize.] To set aside ; reject as spurious. athwart He [Walter Leaf, in his edition of the Iliad] atlietiies but B3 lines in A-M. Aiurr. .Iimr. oj Philol., VII. 378. athetoid (ath'e-toid), a. Of or resembling athetosis: as, aWictoJd movements. athetosis (atli-e-to'sis), n. [NL., < Gr. adcroc, without place (see athetize), -i- -osis.] Inpathol., a condition in which the hands and feet can- not bo maintained in any position in which tliey are placed, but continually perfonu iu- voluntaiy, slow, iiTegular movements. athinkt, v. impers. [ME. athinke, reduced form of ofthiTike, < AS. ofthyncan, impers., < of- + thTjncan, seem: see «-■* and thiiilc,] To repent; grieve — Me athlnketht, it repents me. Me athin/c'^fh tliat I schal reherce it here. CItauctr, I'rol. to Miller's Tale, L 62. athirst (a-thersf), a. [< ME. athurst, also athreste and afurst, contr. from ofthurst, of- thyrst, < AS. ofthyrsted, very thirsty, pp. of of- thyrsta7i, thu-st, < of- (intensive) + thyrstuTi, pp. thyrsted, thirst: see a-* and thirst, v.] 1, Thirsty; wanting drink. When thou art athirst, go unto the vessels, and drink. Ruth ii. 9. 2. Figuratively, having a keen appetite or de- sire. Their bounding hearts alike Athirst for battle. Cowper, Iliad. athlete (ath'let), re. [< L. athleta, < Gr. uBXti- ri/r, a combatant, contestant in the games, < aOXtiv, contend, (. iO?Mc, a contest, esp. for a prize (neut. ad'Aov, the prize of contest), contr. of *dF£0/lof, prob. < d- -1- ■/ *ff9 (= E. wed, pledge: see ived) + formative -?.o-c.'\ 1. In 6rC. antiq., one who contended for a prize in the public games. Hence — 2. Any one trained to exercises of agility and strength ; one accom- plished in athletics ; a man full of strength and activity. Here rose an athlete, strong to break or bind All force in bonds that nnght endure. Tennyson, Palace of Art. athletic (ath-let'ik), a. and 71. [< L. athleticus, < Gr. dd'ArrriKdg, < aO?.)jT>/r, athlete: see athlete.] I. a. 1. Pertaining to athletes or to the exer- cises practised by them: as, athletic sports. Hence — 2. Strong; robust; ^^go^ous; physi- cally powerful and active. That athletic soundness and vigour of constitution which is seen in cottages, where Nature is cooic and Ne- cessity caterer. South. II. re. An athlete. [Rare.] athletically (ath-let'i-kal-i), adv. In a strong, robust, or athletic manner. athleticism (ath-let'i-sizm), 71. [< athletic + -isiii.] The act or practice of engaging in ath- letic exercises ; devotion to athletics. athletics (ath-let'iks), 71. [Plural of athletic] The art or practice of athletic games or exer- cises; the system of rules or principles em- ployed for physical training, as in i-unning, rowing, boxing, gymnastics, etc. athletism (ath'le-tizm), re. [< athlete + -ism.] The character or profession of an athlete. Athole brose. See hrose. Athorybia (ath-o-rib'i-ii), ». [NL., < Gr. d- jjriv. + 66pv[3oc, noise, murmur, confusion.] A genus of oceanic hydrozoans, type of the family Athoryhi- idce. A. rosacea inhabits the Mediterranean. Athorybiadae (ath 'o-ri-bi'a- de), n. 2>l. Same as . ' " hiida:. Athorybiidae (ath" de),n.pl. [Nh., < Athorybia + -id(e.] A family of phy- sophorous oceanic Uydrozoa, of the order Siphonophora, having a bundle of hydro- phyllia instead of a swim- ming-coltunn, and resembling a larval stage of some other Pkysophora. athreet, prep. phr. as adv. [ME., also a thre; < a'i + three.] In three parts. Chaucer. athrepsia (a-threp'si-a), n. [NL., < Gr. d- priv. -f- Bpc-ipiQ, nom'ishment, < rpcipew, nourish.] hipathol., a profound tlisturbanee of nutrition in children, due to neglect of hygiene and in- sufBeieut or improper food. athrob (a-throb'), prep. phr. as adv. or a. [< a3 -t- throb.] In or into a throbbing or palpitat- ing state or manner ; tlirobbing. [Language] is a mere dead tiody without a soul till some mau of genius set its arrested jiulses once more athrob. Lowell, Study Windows, p. 258. athwart (a-thw&rt), prep. phr. as adv. aniprep. [Enrly moil. E. also athirt, Sc. athourt, athort. as Athory- /^^ li"o-ri-bi'i- / i; , polypites ; b, tenta- cles, with €c, their sac- culi; rf, hydrophyllia ;y; pneumatopbore. athwart < ME. afhwart; E. -«(7f, q. V.) = Sp. Pg. It. -atico, < L. -aticiis, a com- pound adj. suffix, being -ic-tis, E. -if, suffixed to a pp. stem in -at-: see -ate^, -ic, and -ni/f.] A compoimd suffix of some adjectives of Latin origin, as aquatic, erratic, lymphatic, etc., some of wlueh are also used as nouns, as fanatic, lunatic, etc. [See remark under -alic-.} -atic2. r< F. -atique = Sp. Pg. It. -atico, < L. -aticus, < Gr. -ar-ifi-dr, being -iK-or, E. -ic, suffixed to a noun stem in -ar-, nom. -a, or -op, or -ar-r/r : see -(ilc^> and -ic] A compound tcrminatiou of adjectives taken from or formed after Greek, as (jrammatic, hepatic, piii lunatic, some aeeoiri- paiiying English nouns in -ma or -m, as dra- matic, problematic, etc., or in.-ate^, as piratic, etc. [Most adjectives of this termination, and al»o some ending in -a/icl, may take (often preferably) the addition- al syllable al, with very slight if any change of meaning. See .al and .ical.] -atile. [= F. -atile, < L. -dtili.'), a compound adj. suffix, being -His, E. -He or -k, suffixed to a pp. stem in -at-: see -ate''- and -He.] A suffix of some adjectives of Latin origin, as aquatile, fturiatile, etc. atilt (a-tilf), prep. phr. as adr. or a. [< «3 + tilli, n.] 1. Tilted up; set on tilt, literally or figuratively. SiKak ; If not, this stand Of royal blood shall be abroach, atilt, and run Even to the lees of honour. Beau, and f'l., I'liilastcr, v. 1. Tlie little bird sits at his door In the sun, Atilt like a blossom among the leaves. Lowell, .Sir Ijiunfal, I. 2. In the manner of a tiller; in the position tir witb the action of a man making a, tliru.st,: u.", to ride or run atilt. atimy fat'i-mi), n. [< Gr. oTi/iia, disgrace, loss of civil riRhts, flishonor, < liri/ior, dishonored, deprivc'l of civil rights, < a- priv. + ri/ii/, lienor, < ritiv, hfinor.] In Or. aiitirj., diHgraco; sus- pennion ot the civil rights of a person in pun- iHhinent of LTave offenses; outlawry; civil dis- 364 son, renison, which have differentiated doub- lets In oration, venation (obs.).] A suffix of Latin origin, occurring in nouns of action, etc. These nouns are properly abstract nouns e(iuivalent to Enalish nouns in -iiiy. and are (n) taken direitly from the Latin, as citation, comniemiation, creation, education, liberation, etc., and formed in Latin (comviendalio, etc.) from the verbs represented in English either by forms without suffix (from the Latin infinitive), as cite, eonimemi, etc., or by forms in -ate (from the Latin perfect partici- ple), as create, educate, litxrate ; or (6) formed in moderii speech, whether from verbs without snflix, as in fixation, quotation, etc., from.M, quote, etc., or from verbs in -ate, as concentration, desiccation, from concentrate, desiccate, etc., or from verbs of non-Ltltin origin, as starvation, flirtation, these being the earliest formations (in the mid- dle of the eighteenth century) in -ation from verbs of atlas pertaining to Atlas, < '!4r/af {\\T7.avT-), Atlas, (1) the Titan (see o(?<7,?i), or (2) the mountain-range in northwestern Africa named from the Titan, being regarded as the pillar of heaven; to 'Ar- '/.avTiKuv -ilayac, the Atlantic ocean, named from Mount Atlas.] I. o. 1. Pertaining to or de- scended fi'om Atlas: as, "the seven Atlantic Sisters" (the Pleiades), Milton, P. L., x. 674.— 2. Appellative of or pertaining to that division of the ocean which lies between Europe and Africa on the east and America on the west. n. n. The Atlantic ocean, atlantid (at-lan'tid), n. A heteropod mollusk of the family Atlantidw. native origin (sfarie, ^irt). Some words in -ndon have no Atlantidae (at-lan'ti-de), H. pi. [NL., < Gr. accompanying verb in English, as constellation, lunation, neoation, etc. -atiOUS. [< -ati{on) + -ous, like -itioiis,< -i7i(oh) + -ous.] A compoimd adjective suffix, con- sisting of -ous added to a reduced form of -ation, and serving to foi-m adjectives from nouns in -ation, as disputatious from disputa- tion. prep. phr. as adv. or a. [< aS'+ tiptoe] l! On tiptoe. — 2. Figuratively, in a state of high expectation or eagerness. -ative. [= F. -atif, fem. -ativc, < L. -dt-ivus, being -ivus, E. -ive,' suffixed to the pp. stem in -at-, E. -offl, -ate".] A compound adjective suffix of Latin origin, consisting of -ive added to the stem represented hy -ate", and accompany- ing verbs with suffix -ate", as in demonstrative, relative, etc., from demonstrate, relate, etc., or verbs without a suffix, as in laudative, etc., from laud, etc., or standing without corre- sponding verbs in English, as in amative, horta- tive, lucrative, etc. : especially frequent in gram- matical terms, as in vocative, locative, ablative, etc., all used also as nouns, it is also found in a few other nouns, as in prerofjative, donative. It is added rarely to verbs of non-Latin "origin, as in Inlkatitv, hahbla- tire, and used in colloquial or slang exi)ressioiis like ,'?"- ahead-atiiv. English formations in -atiiv, from verbs in ■ate-, retain the accent of the verb, as decorative. Atlanta (at-lan'tS), ». [^fL., < L. Jtlanticus, .\tlantic: see Atlantic, a.] A genus of mol ".\.T/.ag (;\7/.aiT-). Mount Atlas, taken for Africa (see Atlantic), + -liai, -ida?. In sense 2, < Atlanta (q. v.) + -ida\] 1. One of the three great di%isions into which some ethnologists divide the human race, including the tribes of Africa and the Semitic peoples of Asia. — 2. A family of heteropodous mollusks, typified by the genus Atlantu. They are free-swimming pelagic forms, of warm seas, with a small, thin, keeled, spiral shell and calcareous operculum. Besides the type, At- lanta, the family contains the genus Oxtigyrxis. Atlantides (at-lan'ti-dez), n. pi. [L., < Gr. '.\r2oiT((5fc, pi. of 'Ar'AavTi^, fem. patron., daugli- terof 'ft.r?:af ('AT;iaiT-), Atlas : see atlas'^.] 1. A name given to the Pleiades, -which were fabled to be the seven daughters of Atlas who were translated to heaven.— 2. The inhabitants of the legendary island of Atlantis. Atlantis (at-lan'tis), n. [L., < Gr. '.^Tlavu^: Si'e Atlantic] A mj-thical island of vast extent, mentioned by Plato and other ancient writers, and placed by them in the far West. atlanto-epistr opheal (at - Ian " 1 6 - ep " i - stro - fe'al), a. [< atta.'i (atlant-) + epistrophwus + -((?.'] In anal., pertaining to the atlas and epi- stropha?us or axis. atlanto-OCCipital (at-lan'to-ok-sip'i-tal), a. [< atlas {atlant-) + occiput (occipit-) + -al.] In anat, pertaining to the atlas and the occipital bone. lusks, typical of the inmily Atlantida; having atlanto-odontoid (at-lan"t6-6-don'toid), a. [< the twisted visceral sac inclosed in a dextral atlas (atlant-) + odontoid.] In (oidf., pertaining spiral shell, and the foot pro\-ided with an oper- f ^ t]i,, atlas and the odontoid process of the axis. eulum. ^.J7fn;«) is a MeiUterrauean species, atlantosaurid (at-lan-to-sa'rid), n. A dino- atlantad (at-lan'tad), «(/i'. [< atlas {atlant-) saurian rejitile of the family ./'/(f»^(W((K)-(rfn'. + -adS.] In anat., toward the atlas, or the Atlantosauridse (at-lan-t6-sa'ri-de), n. pi. upper part of the body. [NL., < Allantosaurns + -ida:] A family of atlantal (at-lau'tal), a. [< NL. ailanttilis, < sauropodous dinosaurian reptiles with a pitui- «//«»■!, 3, q. v.] lu anat., of or pertaining to the f,^,.y ,.,iual. the ischia directed downward and atlas Atlantal foramen (foramen atlantale), a hoi tlir"iii:h till- fori-baiiler of the atlas of many animals for the transmission of tlic suboccipital nerve and vertebral artery. In man it is present oidy exceptionally, and is generally represented by a groove. Atlantean (at-lan-te'an), «. [< Ij. .Itlanteu.^. < Atlantosaurus (at-lan-to-sa'rus), ». Gr. '.-Vr/diTf (Of, pertaining to 'lir/.af, Atlas; '.\7- /ai'-if, Atlantis, is projierly fem. adj. < ".\.T?.ac (•■Vr/aiT-): see oWn.s-i.] 1. Pertaining to Atlas ; resembling Atlas. Sage he stood. With .illantcan shoulders, fit to bear nie weight of mightiest monarchies. flillun, V. L.. ii. 30«. 2. Pertaining to the island Atlantis of Plato and Strabo, fabled to exist in the ocean of the far West, or to i' \ fni «ol>. 1 •ation. = U.-a „„ -(io(n-). K. Tcrbft in -d-rr, or, in other words, -ln{n-). -itin, •.ijlTljje.l to the pp. stem -at-, E. -att'^ ■ see ; di-gradation. It wn«i"-n>etualnnrl ' r'-.lilarv), or tein|Hirary. or oiirtlal and oil privileges of the eillzeii. II of(.-n In. I of pri>|Hrty. atiiin = Sp. -arion = Pg. -arfto L. -dtio(n-), ttcc. -dtii'mim, being linn, q. v., Hufflxed fo the stem of of TerliM HI -I'l-re : m-f -lion, -inn, and -»lt'. 'tlii^ reir. ()(.' 1 ... f .1 iiUx was -iiixiin, -riiniri, hiler -"' iititored -alinn, MIC. -«(io/i, •111 I iniin), > .MK. -niKun, -riuun, •oun, lie, ivhjeh uxiati), uurocognizod, in on- Bacnn's ideal (OMimonwoaltli of tliat name. Siinietinies writ- ten .lllanlian. atlantes (at-lim'- tez), ». pi. [< Gr. "Ar'Aai'TCc, pi. of "Ar'/'.nr, Atlas: see atlasl.] In arch., figures or lialf lig- iires of men used in place of ,«c ('AT/.avT-), in allusion to their size, + aahpoc. lizard.] A genus of dinosaurians the species of which were of gigantic size ; the type of the familv -itlanlosauvida: atlasl (at 'las), n. [= F. Sp. Pg. atlas = It. at- lanle = G.' Dan. Sw. atlas, atlas (def. 4), < L. Atlas (Atlant-), < Gr. "At'/m^ ('Ar^.nir-), in myth, a member of the older family of gods, who bore up the pillars of heaven ; later, one of the Titans, condemned to bear up the heavens, or, in other forms of the legend, tlie earth: the name was also given to iliunit .\this (see .tt- lanlic), to a statue serving as a eoluiTin (def. 2), and to one of tlie ci'rvical vertebrie (def. I!); appar. < o- euplionic -t- ■/ 'r'/a (f/iivai), endure, = L. -v/ "tla, in tlatus, latus, pp. (associated with ./'(■)-)•(■ = E. /«i-()-l. hold up, carry), and in tollerc, lift, tolerarc, eiKliire: see ablative iind t(il(rli(>ld I lie sky. It Is olli' of the most riiM.lilliil and s| lal- i/.r.lof tlir vi-rtcbru'. of. ten buvliig iioeelitnim, MM Mticli, lint a hypa- pophyHls Inst^'iid, Inrgit tranHverse proeeHHcs or lateral niasHes, ami ilie other processes smidl Iltimnn Allnt. J, nin|.IiysK — tlic»c two iniikiiiii thr M>-fiillernrlcrt«l f..ratiicii: /(v, liyiMl^'plty'". '" 1>'*," of a reiitriiiri ; o, iirtlciilur tmrfucc for occipital LUiidylc. atlas or wanting. The general form of the bone is annular ; it revolves about a pivot furnisiied by the odontoid process of the axis, and follows the rotatory movements of the head upon the neck. It is conmiouly ankylosed with the axis in Cetarea. See ankylosis. 4. A bouud collection of maps. The word was first used in this sense Ity Mercutor in the sixteenth century, in allusion to the Atlas of mythology, whose figure, repre- sented as bearing a globe on his siioulders, was given on the title-page of such works. Henee — 5. A volume of plates or tables illus- trative or explanatory of some subject. — 6. A size of writing- or drawing-paper, 26 by 33 or 34 inches. — 7. [NL.] Lne»<(»«.,alargelamelli- corn beetle of tlie family Seardbmda: ; the atlas beetle, ('hdlenaoma atlas, about 3 inches long, and of a brilliant metallic-green color. atlas- (at'las), H. [= Sp. atlas = G. atlass = fciw. atlas = Dan. atlas, atlask, satin, < Hind. atlas, < Ar. atlas, satin, < atlas, smooth, bare, blank, < talasa, make smooth, delete.] A kind of satin : a word formerly used in the Levant and in India. atlas-folio (aflas-fo'lio), «. [di orb loiic acid, etc. The movements of the atmospbt-ie constitute the winds, ami in it are formed or produced clouds, rain, and snow. Its density is greatest at the eartli's surface, and de- creases as the height abitve the earth increases. The atmo- sphere, like other bodies, gravitates toward the earth, and therefore has weight and exerts pressure. Its average weight at the level of the sea is about 15 pounds (14.7) to the square inch. 2. Aoonventionalunit of atmospheric pressure. An atmosphere is in English use the pressure of a vertical <:olumn of 30 inches of mercury at the freezing-point at London ; in French use it is the pressure of 760 milli- meters of mercury at the freezing-point at Paris. For the absolute atmosphere in the C. 6. .S. (centimeter-gram- secoiid) system, see absolute. The weight of the atmo- spl)ere to the square inch is cotnmonly employed as a con- venient unit for pressures arising from other causes, such as the weight of liquids, the force of steam, etc. : thus, a pressure in a steam-lioiler of 3 atmospheres means a pres- sure equal to 45 pounds per square inch. The apparatus . . . was of great simplicity, all of glass, capable of resisting the pressure of many atmospheres. Science, VIII. 56. 3. The gaseous envelop surrounding any of the heavenly bodies. No sound, either loud or soft, could be heard by any inhabitant of the moon, because the moon practically has no atmosphere. ■/. N. Lockyer, Spect. Anal. , p. 22. 4. Any gaseous medium. For an atmosphere of any gas at uniform temperature, the height at which the density would be halved is the height of the homogeneous atmosphere for that gas, mul- tiplied by .69315; the gas is assumed to obey Boyle's law. J. D. Everett, Units andPhys. Const., p. 41. 5t. An assumed outer envelop of force, efflu- via, etc., surrotmding a body: as, an electrical a.tmosphei-e. — 6. Figui-atively, intellectual or moral environment ; pervading influence. By the hearth the children sit Cold in that atmosphere of Death. Tennyson, In Memoriam, xx. Absolute atmosphere. See absolute. — Electric at- mosphere, ^ce ••h'ctric aura, under a«rfll. atmospheric (at-mos-fer'ik), a. [< atmosphere + -ic. Ct. spherical'.] 1. Pertaining to, existing in, or consisting of the atmosphere : as, atmo- spheric air or vapors. Quarantine cannot keep out an atmospheric disease. Coleridge, Table-Talk. 2. Dependent on the atmosphere. I am an atmospheric creature. Pope. 3. Caused, produced, or operated on by the atmosphere: as, rust is an atmospheric effect. — Atmospliertc chum, a churn of various forms, in which atmospheric air is driven into the milk in order to agitate it, and .also in order to obtain the specific effect of the air upon the milk in aggregating the oleaginous eIoI'uUs.— Atmospheric currents. See ewrrenf.— Atmospheric engine, a variety of steam-engine in which the steam is admitted only to the under side of the piston and for the Newcomen's Atmospheric Steam-engine. W, W, working-t)eam ; £. boiler from wtiich steam is admitted tlirougli ttie steain-cock, c, to tile cylinder C ; F, rod, serving to lift a small pump : i. inicction-cock ; P. piston : J, blow-valve, or snifting- valve ; T, tank ; IV, weights. up-stroke. the down-stroke being effected by the pres- sure of the atmosphere caused by the formation of a vacuum under the piston through the condensation of the steam. This engine, invented by Papin in 1695, was first made a practical success by Newcomen, and was suljseqiiently greatly improved by Watt, through the ad- dition of a separate condenser and air-pump. — Atmo- spheric governor, an apparatus for controlling the move- ments of machiiierv liy the use of air under pressure.— Atmospheric hammer, (a) A hammer driven by means of compressed air. as the steam-hammer is operated l)y steam. See steam-hammer, (b) A hammer in which an at- mospheric spring is employed. The hammer-head is con- atom nected by a rod with a piston working in a cylinder to which air is admitted at tile center of its length. A recip- rocating motion is given to the cylinder, and by means «)f the air confined between its other end and the piston a corresijonding motion is given Ui the piston-head con- nected with it. — Atmospheric line, (a) In a diagram of steam-pressure, a line drawn by the pencil when the steam is shut off from the piston of the indicator, and thus under the pressure of tlie atmosjihere alone. The height <)f the steam-line above this shows the pressure of the steam, and the depth of the vacuum-line below shows tilt- degree of condensation which is then taking place ill tin: engine, {b) pi. Dark lines in the solar spectrum j.rodini-d by the absorption of part of the solar radiation by the terrestrial atmosphere. See spectrum. In ad E. sing, atomic, atomy^, q. v.), < ME. attome, atome, < F. atome = Sy. dtomo = Pg. It. atomo = G. Dan. Sw. atom, < L. atomus, < Gr. aroftog, an atom, prop, adj., indivisible, that cannot be cut, < a- priv. + To/j6g, verbal adj. of Tc/jvciv, Ta/iclv, cut : see t07>ie.] 1. An ex- tremely minute particle of matter : a term used generally with certain philosophic or scientific limitations, (a) A hypothetical particle of matter so minute as to admit of no division; an ultimate indivisible particle of matter, iiee atomic philo.'iophy, under atomic. No atoms casually together hurl'd Could e'er produce so beautiful a world. Dryden, Epistles, i. 31. (6) A particle of matter assumed not to be divided under the circumstances considered ; a molecule. -\n atom means something which is not divided in cer- tain cases that we are considering. IT. K. Clifford, Lectures, I. 186. (c) In chem. and physics, the unit of matter: the smallest mass of an element that exists in any molecule. The number of kinds of atoms is the same as the number of the eleiuents. All atoms of the same element have the same constant weight. They are for the most part com- bined with other atoms, either of the same or of a different kind, forming molecules, and are indivisible by chemical 366 It is the object of the mechanical atomistic philosophy to confound synthesis with sjuartesis. Coleridge, Friend, I. 121. 2. Consisting of atoms — Atomistic phUosopliy. See atomic pliihsophit. \lnder atoinie. atomistical (at-o-mis'ti-kal), a. Same as ato- mistic. atomistically (at-o-mis'ti-kal-i), adv. In an at- omistic manner ; as composed of distinct atoms atom force. The atom U sometimes caUed the chemical unit ;° i^.it /:,,, ,, ,1,1 tlie molecule or physical umt, the ■ particle of any kind of matter properties of that mailer ; but ,.-d 05 synonymous ^vitli »io/fcK/e in tills 6*i[L£*^ , 11 ■ Hgnce— 2. Anything extremely small; a mi- nnte quanHty: as. he has not an atom of sense. _3t. The smallest division of time, equal to ^_,_^^,,^ .„<.^^.. , „. r_.._ .-— about Jr of a second.— 4. Anything mdinsible : a,toniization (at om-i-za'shon), ii. [< atomize 2 an individual. = Syn. Molecule, etc. See jwrtic/c. atomt (at'om), r. t. [< atom, «.] To reduce to atoms; atomize. And alomd mists turn instantly to haiL Drayton, Elegies, i. atomatic (at-o-mat'ik), a. [< atom + -arte] Same as atomic. ti ,. atomic (a-tom'ik), a. [< atom + -ic; = F. ato- nii with the king. King Horn. If gentil men, or otliere of his contree. Were wrothe, she wolde bringen hem n(mol. Chaucer, Clerk's lalo, 1. :«1. 2. Together; at once. ,\11 hissences seemd herefte ttttone. Spenser, V. ()., II. I. 42. mi. Inconceivable; for this supposes atoms, ^tonO (a-ton'). *'• ! pret. and pp. atoned, ppr. '■■■' '■""'" atoninq. [< atone, adv., i\. \.] I, intrans. If. To bo "at one; agree; be in accordance; acconl. . .1 liut Indlvlnible .Sir IC. Hamilton. Metaphys., II. 628, App. The rcpiiill of alomimn In any form, ilinliiig with any snbl". t 1. n, .1 il„. jtrinclple of iinlfonnity Is bunted down Ini' ■ .,r thlngH : it is resolved Into the niil- fon . I.'iiii'ntji r>r nt^niiN, ami of the relations of'' ;. next to each other. H'. K. Ctiford. I,ecture«. It. 13!i. 2. The Htato of oxiHting as an atom fir a unit, or of bi III!.' compoHod of atoms or units; individ- uubHiii. atomiHt 'iil'oin-iHt), II. and «. [< atom +-i>il; = V. ot, .1111,1. wl One hol.h liiKopliy or I hi' iitoinic theory. Snm ; S|i. I'g. It. atiimi.,ilo.\ I. ii. to or exTioimdH the atomic phi- It a. 11 for . •CI" iilomlnllr. III. I, III. I J. ila, i/lii, .M.ltCTljlli. atomigtic fftt-O-min'tik), a. (< rt«onii.s< + --,o,in « r<' T „w,™,..,/«™ II mvKtorv of the distant heavens and isolated from the ■" •?,' S a j. „•' x- * ,. ,i ■ „,.;.,„„ , c atrament (at ra-ment;, n. \\ Li. atramenttmi, strSfoVthe worid but a comprehen^^^^^^ " ;'""'^-.] . A termination ot adjectives, o i,h,,,.k i„k, < «» 1 atramentariOUS (at"ra-men-ta n-us), «. [< LL. repentance and to Uod. This is sometimes known as the "" ,^^,1 ^™,. S' k/Z^^i^U J'JZ'iiUr *atramcnt<,rius, used only as neut. noun atra- n^ral i,ijlu,nce theory of the atonement. Of pla e, over.-2. Of number or quantity, ,„^„,,,,;,„ ,^„ 'inkstand, < L. atramcntum, ink : Even though we should reject all the Orthodox theories ° jf ' "^y°" ' ' ™°' °/^^^^ l.„.;,i,.c „ a seG atrament.-] Like ink ; suitable for making about atmtcnwnt, we may accept the fact. We can be- li. adr. (Jver ana above ; besides — By and • , .„, , , ^ ^ , ■ • „ - lieve that God in Christ does reconcile the world to him- atour (prep, and adv.), also by atour (adv.), over and l'^'^' Thus, the sulphate of iron, or copperas, is callea self,— does create a sense of pardoned sin,— does remove above. tScntch in all uses.) niramcniariimii from its use in tlie manufacture of ink. the 'weiglit of transgression,— does take away the obstacle atOUT-t, ". Hdo attour'^. atramentOUS (at-ra-men'tus), a. [< atramen in our conscience,- does Mp^usinto^a^mng^fmth.h^^^^^^ atrabllarlan (at"ra-bi-la'ri-au), a. and J!. [< + -o«s.] Same as'a(r«w«nto«. FlT'sr'^'^i i/a A i'„„'-„„wi!'„;„L\i>o„„'i„n^!,i ML. a rprj. atoner (a-to'nfa-), »• One who makes atone- The state or quahty of being atrabilious or ^^^ opening, orifice), verbal adj. of rerpaiLcv a'Tonk ad... [Early mod. E. and ME., prop. aSSet? |: [< ^^<^raMe^^^a^-^^ '^^Z^:^^^^.^^^:^^^^ separate, atones: now written at once: see at = hp- y^'' 'ff = T,f i!^^? „,,1 7=7;^ }tv rt t sence of a natural opening or passage: chiefly ando«ce.] 1. At once ; immediately. I^. (formeily also m E ) aim W(S (tr. Gr. /.f- J ^^^ |^^^ .^e.neal„.«,. C7.„,«., MiUer. Tale, 1. 0. ^X^^^:u&^;^,S'^^ atresial (a-tre'si al), I Wacterized by 2. At one and the same time. ^,^1^. melancholy: from the supposition that f'^'^"^; imperforate Curious enditing and hard sentence is fiU hevy a(o,«.5 melancholy is due to a preponderance of the ^l^'^S'^-'i-^^^rTlh^u,,,, 4- „; 1 ct r.-. for swieh a child to lerne. C/.««cer Prol. to Astrolabe g^.^^u^d "black bile," an imagined secretion atrial (a tri-al), a [< atrmm + -ah] Of or atonic (a-ton'ik), a. and n. [< Gr. arowf, («) ^f jj^ , „„ atrabiliarv elands pertammg to an atnum.- Atrial aperture, ov^ii- ,>ot ^t™tr.hp.l i-BlnTPf! InnOTiifl < a. T,r\v + •?! ^"? J^^'T-' o^^ '^^^'i^y g^'^iJS'f;. .. . . ing, or oriflce, the commumcntion of the at. uil civity not .stretched, iela.xea, languid, <> a- priv. t- atrablliar, atrablliarV (at-ra-bll'i-ar, -a-n), a. witli the exterior. It forms one of the two apertures (the TuvEiv, stretch ; (6) without accent, < a- priv. |-^ ]v[l_ » atraUliarius, < L. atra Ulis, black bile : other liein- the oral) with which aseidians or sea-squirts + TdTOf, accent, < mveiv, stretch : see n-l8 and ggg atrahile.'] Melancholic or hypochondriacal ; ai« provided, and through which water may be squirted tonic] I. a. 1. In »atf»o«., characterized by atrabilious See nfra6t/e by the contraction of the muscular walls of the body, see ntnnv or watit of totift ornower- as sm atonic ^^^^^^^^°^^- ^eeaiiaoue. exits undai- Appendtculana, Dohohdm, md Tumcata.- atony, 01 want ot tone or powei . as, aa atonic Complexion of a multiplex atraUliar character, the final Atrial canal, the cavity of an atrium, disease.— 2. In philol. : (a) Unaccented, (ft) g^ade of which may be the pale sea-green. „. ^..^^ .. . . , „ ,„„„„, ^^^„.. _,,.;„( ^.^, Produced by the breath alone; surd.- Atonic C«ri!,!e, French Rev., I. iv. 4. ^'"'^^^^''''^"'''^''''^^'"^^ Huxley Anat^I^^^ S^?,^o1-^&';?e™gn™a'i!lS^^^^^^^^^ Atrabiliary capsules glands. See eapsnle, .land Atrial membrane, the third tuniL of aseidians; a deH: II n 1 In med a druo- oanable of allavino- atrabilious (at-ra-bil'ius), a. [< L. atra bilis: cate membrane of two layers, parietal and visceral, like organic excitement' or irritation. [Rare.]-2': see «?/v,/.,7e, andcf. 6»Ko«s.] Affected as if by a peritoneum, lining the atnum. ln%hilol.:(a) A word or syllable that has no ^^^^^ b'le; ^^elanchohc or hypochondriacal; ,,TJe f ™^ -™^™'«/o™-,bilobed_^^ accent. splenetic, oee an auue. ^^ ^^^ ^^^^^^ apertme ; it communicates by the stigmata A single unaccented syllable is called an atonic. A hard-faced, atrahilioxts, earnest-eyed race, stiff from witli the interior of the branchial sac, and. by the anal F A March Anglo-Saxon Grammar p. 222. long wrestling with tlie Lord in prayer, and who had and genital openings, it receives the faeces and genital ... , , ' ', ' J ' , J V.' ii. taught Satan to dread the new Puritan hug. products. ffia;7ei/, Anat. Invert., p. 517. (6) An elementary sound produced by the iowW;, Biglow Papers. ' . . , ^, . , .., , „tt ^ r^ ■ breath; a surd consonant; a breathing. „+„„-i,o,t^ r„ t.a'V^ sn ^ rNT /,7>-„w,^«^„c -A-tricha (at ri-ka), «._;)?. [NL., < Or. arpi^of, atony (at'o-ni), «. [= F. 'atonie, < NU atonia, %*'^,''^^t,*f„^r, ?8^4: NL t'rac^\ Egno ^"'''- *'T ^'^'^^' V^^r^- ^^^' ^ ?%?" V "^^ < (ir iiToiia lano-uor < arovoc lansmid • see <■ "\- ""1'"^. (a-^') -MNJj. «ac«ea.j ±iav™e"<> (rprv-), hair.] 1. A division of the Acmato- «*o4.] Zp&raVlnrof tone ;&t of ''^'^''''T,ZllT'''''' ^' '°'"' ^^'^^ovods, such ^J,^ifJ;,^ eont'aining those fonns which are de- Z^^tZJZf^Zl^Z:-"^^ Alrrchef^'Ztra-l^e'li-a), n. j,l. [NL.,, < Gr. J^'^^^A^r^^^a^l^^'^^^ ticularly of one that is contractile , debility. ^ ; w without neck, < d- prJv. -I- rpdx'lM, the ventral surface of the body. li^r^rri^'tlfwSfoffhe'lfal^l-ortle'^pV^l^rrc^;;;;: ne'ck.] 1 division of heterimerous 'beetles; 2 A name given to . certain protozoans, or tract and expel the urine. having the head not exserted nor narrowed be- lobose rhizopods ha\'ing no permanent pro- atop (a-top'), pre^J. phr. as adv. or a. [< a3 + hind, the anteunis linear or subclavate, and the cesses : an inexact sjTionym of Amaboidea. top.] "On or at the top. claws undi\'ided, sometimes serrate or pecti- Atrichia (a-trik'i-ii), n. [NL., < Gr. arpixof, 'Tis but to shew that you can place sometimes nate: opposed to Trac/ieZifZa. The group is chiefly poet, for dflp;f, without hair : see Atricha.] 1. Your modesty a-top of all your virtues. composed of the family Tenebritmidoe, which are plant- The typical and only genus of the family A tri- fieati. a!»d J"';., Wit at Several Weapons, iv. 1. eating terrestrial beetles having mostly connate elytra chiidce. A. clamosa is the scrub-bird of Atis- Despots oioA a wild clan below, .and no lower wings ,.„..,. ^. „„,„,,-„ tralia. J. Goidd, 18U. Also called Atrichornis. Such is the Gaul from long ago. atracheliate (at-ra-ke li-at), a. [< Atrachelta A o-ptius of dint erous insects Lowell, Villa Franca. + .atcK] Pertaining to or having the eharac- AtricUilffiTat-lM^lde°) ^7;/ [NL < Atri- atppite (at'o-pit), n. [< Gr. droTrof, unusual, out ters of ihe AtraMia ^ ^ + ..^^_-, ^ remarkable family of'anoma- i P =if ^ (*^/- P'"^^- ■*■ "™f' P^^'^'^ = T, *''^"'^' ^*?achia (a-tra ki-^), ». pi. [NT^-, < Gi. a- ^ '^^^^^^ passerine birds, forming-with Menu- + -»te^.] A calcium antimonate said to occur priy. + rpaxem, rachea: see t,aclim^] A cU- 1^ ^^ ^^ p^^_^^^^ m Sweden in yellow or brown isometric octa- vision ot La,Manclnata: a synonym of „j„„,„^„,,,_ it contains the Australian scrub-birds hedrons. ^sy(/(0(!«to (which see). ^ of the genus .IWcTiw. which have the syrinx differently -ator. [L. -dtor, term, of noims of agent, being atractaspiQld (at-rak-tas pi-did), n. A ser- construete.l from that of normal oscines. Also called the agent-suffix -tor {Gr. -T>/p, -rup, Skt. -tur, \ic-at oi rhe iamWy Atrnctaspididai. Atrieh„rniihi,i„: -tar) (E. -0J-) added to the stem in -a of verbs Atractaspidldae (a-trak-ta-spid'i-de), n. pi. Atrichornls (at-n-kor'ms), n. [NL., < Gr. in -a-re. This termination was reg. reduced [NL., < Atractnspi{d-)s + -ida-.] A family of arpixor, without hair (see Atricha), + bpvie, a in OF. to -cor, -eour, whence in ME. -eour (as venomous African serpents, suborder Solcno- bird.] Same as Atrichia, 1. in saveoiir, mod. E. saviour), commonly -or, f/h/pha (sometimes refeiTed to Tiperidw), hav- Atrlchornlthldae (at"ri-kor-nith'i-de)^ n. pi. -our, mod. E. -or, -er, as in appellor, arUtror 'ing extremely long venom-fangs. [)ili.,< Atrickornis{-ornith-) + -idw.] Same as or arbitrer, accuser, etc., from L. nouns in Atractaspls (at-rak-tas'pis), n. [NL., < Gr. Atrichiidce. r, r^ • -n -ator, the term, being merged with -er of AS. aTpmror, a spindle, an aiTow, + aairic, a ser- atrlchosls (at-n-ko sis), )(. [< Gr. oTpi;iror, with- origin.] A termination of nouns of agent pent: see «.s/)-.] A genus of venomous serpents, out hair (see Atricha). + -osts.] hx pathoL, taken directly from the Latin, as creator, prfM- typical of the family J(raff(/.>;;)((f(V/a-. A.irregii- failure to develop hair. mtor, liberator, or formed in English or New iaWsand J. cwr/iffieH/M* are two African species, atrioventricular (a"tri-6-ven-trik u-lar).rt. Latin, as detonator, corrugator, etc., from verbs from Angola and Liberia respectively. [< atrium, 3, + ventricular.] Pertaining to the atrioventricular atrial, or auricular, and ventricular cavities of the heart : as, the atrioventricular valve. atrip (a-trip'), prep. phr. as adv. or a. [< a3 + (n>i, '".] Kaut. : (a) Just raised from the pround in -weighmg: said of an anchor. (6) Hoisted from the cap, sheeted home, and ready for trimming: said of saUs. (f) Swayed up, ready to have the stops cut for crossing : said of yards. (a- ^i^, avipaipa-cg; origin obscure.] A large ge- nus of plants, natural order Chenopodiaaa. mostly mealy or scurfy herbs or low shrubs, growing usually in saline localities, and of very little importance. The garden orach, A. hortensis, is cultivatej to s.imc extent as a salad, and a variety »1th crimson loliase (or ornament. A number of shmbby spe- cies are ven' frequent in the drj- and alkaline portions of western North America, and are generally known as jmaiKirood, a tenn which also includes some other Cheno- podiacea. atrium (a'tri-um), «. : pi. atria {-&). [L., m senses 1 and 2, also a haU ia general ; said to have been orig. the kitchen, and so called be- cause blackened with smoke, < ater, black; but perhaps the reference is to the hearth or fireplace in the atrium, the name being con- nected with a-des, orig. a fireplace (ef. E. oast), later a house, temple : see edifice.'] 1. In fl«c Eom. arch., the entrance-hall, tho most impor- X^^IMsr^r Atrium. — Restoration of a Pompetlan Interior. tant and usually the most splendid apartment of the house. At an early period, and later among the por>r, the atrium was used not only as a ceremonial room, but aa a reception-room and for general domestic pur- poaei), aa cooking iiiul dining. In it were i)laced the ances- tral images and hi-irlooms, the inarriage-coucli, the /ootw or hearth, and generally a small altar. Later, among the wealthy, and when separate apartments were Iniilt for kitchen and dining-room, chapel of the lares, etc., It was reserved as a general reception- and show-room. It was lighted by an opening In tile roof, called the amiiluvium, Utwanl which the r) A irii iiiljninous Baccular divert iiNilum of tli<^ ear MM, the alrium HiiiUM iiM|iariH, a mi !.• given off fniin I ho HiiiiiM iiiidi- t. ir. liichardson. Prevent, lied., p. 232. The distrust of one's own atrophied faculties of loving. X. S. Phelps, Beyond the Gates, p. 106. atrophy (at'ro-fi)^ n. [= F. atrophic, < LL. atro- phia, < Gr. arpoifita, wasting, lack of nourish- ment, (. aTpo(poc, not well fed, < ini.tni. atropization (at'ro-pi-za'shon), ?i. [< atro- pine -I- -ation.] That stato of tho body, or of any of its organs, produced by the introduction fif atropin. atropize (at'ni-iuz'), v. t. ; pret. and pp. atro- lii;i(t, ]i]ir, atropi:inii. [< atropia + -i:c.] To mill iifriiiiin to; affect with atropin. AtropOB (at'r<;i-]ios), n. [NL,, < L. Atrojios, < tir, 'l\r/ioToi;, 'one of the Fates: see Atropa.] 1. A genus of noiiroiiterous insects, of tho family /'.soci'(/n'; sviionyniouH with Trocles. A. putsatnriuH shares witli certain lieetles llio iiopular milnil iif death-watch, and is ii griMit pest in entomological collec- tions. 2. A genus of venomous serpents, Waffler, ls:)(). [Not in UHC,]— 3. A genus of lopidop- lerouH insects. Oken, IHl.'i. atropous (at'ro-pns), a. [< Or. Ar/joirof, not to ill' lunied: see .tiropa.] Hamo as atropal. atrous atrous (a'triis), a. [< L. ater, 'black, + -ous.'i Intensely black. [Rare.] atry (a-tn'), prep. phr. as adv. or a. [Appar. < a* -f-' trif : see try-sail.'] Naut., with the sails 80 arranged that the how is kept to the sea : said of a ship in a gale. Atrypa (a-tn'pii), ». [NL., < Gr. a- priv. + T/wn-o, a hole.] A genus of brachiopods, tyj)!- cal of the family Atrypkla: Valman, 1828. atrypid (a-tri'pid), )(. A braehiopod of the fannlv Atrypida:. Atrypidae (a-trip'i-de), n. pi. \^'L.,< Atrypa + -i(te.] A family of fossil arthropomatous Atrypa reticularis. I. Dorsal valve : /, hinge-plate. 2. Ventral valve : a, impressions of abductor muscles ; c, cardinal muscle : /, pedicle muscle i o, ovarian sinus; d, deltidium. brachiopods with the bracljial appendages rigid and spirally coiled toward the center of the shell, and completely supported by spiral la- mella;, the valves generally snbovate or tri- lobed, the foramen beneath a produced beak completed by a delticUimi, and the shell-sub- stance fibrous and impunetate. Atta (at'a), «. [NL., < L. Atta, a surname for persons who walk on the tips of their shoes ; cf. atta = Gr. drra, a childish word for father, used familiarly in addressing an old man. Cf. Goth, alta, father.] A genus of hymenopterous Texas Red Ant {Atta/ervens). a, queen ; b, worker. insects, of the suborder Heterogyna and family Formicidce, or ants. They have very short palps, and the heads of the workers are thick. A. cephatotes is a West Indian species called the visiting ant, and A.fcrvens is the red ant of Texas. attaball, n. See atahal. attac, «. See adag. attacca (at-tak'ka). [It., impv. of attaccare, join, fasten, tie, = F. attacker : see attach and attack.'] In music, begin ! a direction to pro- ceed with a succeeding movement immediately, without pause. attach (a-taeh'), v. [< ME. attaclien, atachen (only in the legal sense, the lit. sense being of mod. adoption ),< OF. atacher, atachier, later and mod. F. attacher (also without assibilation OF. ataquer, mod. F. attaquer, > E. attack, q. v.) (= Pr. aifacar = Sp. Pg. atacar = lt. attaccare: see attacca), fasten, join, lit. tack to, < a- (< L. ad, to) + *tac (not found in OF. ), Genevese tache = Sp. Pg. tacha = It. tacca, < Bret. tacJi, a nail, = Ir. taca, a nail, peg, = Gael, tacaid, a nail, tack, etc.: see tacfcl, and cf. (Jefeifft.] I. trans. 1. In laio, to take by legal authority, (n) To take bodily; arrest in person; now applied only to arrest of a person by civil process to answer for a contempt of court or dis- regard of its mandate, but formerly to arrests of all kinds : with /or, also formerly with of. There were two or three attached for ths same robbery. Latimer, 4th Sermon bef. Kdw. VI., 1549. Of capital treason I attach you both. Shak., 2 Hen. IV., iv. 2. (&) To take (real or personal property) by legal warrant, to be held for the satisfaction of the judgment that may be rendered in a suit. See attachment. 2t. To lay hold of ; seize. Then, homeward, every man attach the hand Of Ids fair mistress- Shak., L. L. L., iv. 3. 3. To take, seize, or lay hold on, by moral force, as by affection or interest; fasten or bind by moral influence; win: as, his kindness attached us all to him. Sonjrs, g.irlands, flowers, And charming symphonies attach'd the he.art Of Adam. Milton, P. L., .\i. .595. 4. To tack or fix to ; fasten in any manner, as one thing to another, by either natural or arti- ficial means; bind; tie; cause to adhere. 24 369 The next group consists of those Rotifera which seldom or never attach themselves by the foot, but swim fi-eely through tile water. W. D. Carpenter, Micros., § 4.1:), Such temperaments . . . attach themselves, like bar- nacles, to wiiat seems permanent. • Lowell, Fireside Travels, p. ((7. 5. Figuratively, to connect; associate: as, to attach a particular significance to a word. He attaches very little importance to the invention of gunpowder. Macaulay, Rlachiavclli. 6. To join to or with in action or function ; connect as an associate or adjunct ; adjoin for duty or companionship : as, an officer is at- tached to such a ship, regiment, battalion, etc.; our regiment is attached to the 1st brigade ; this man is attached to my service ; he attached himself to me for the entire journey Attached column, in arch., same as engar/ed column (which see, \uulvr culuiitn).= Syu. 1. To seize, distrain, distress. — 3. To win, gain over, engage, charm, endear one's self to, captivate. — 4. Add, Agix, Annex, etc. See add. — 6. To attribute. U, intrans. 1. To adhere ; pertain, as a qual- ity or circumstance ; belong or be incident : with to. The fame of each discovery rightly attaches to the mind that made the formula which contains all the details, and not to the manufacturers who now make their gain by it. Emerson, Success. To the healthful performance of each function of mind or body attaches a pleasurable feeling. 11. Spencer, Social Statics, p. 92. 2. To be fixed or fastened ; rest as an appur- tenance : with on or upon. Blame attached upon Lord Aberdeen's Cabinet for yield- ing. Kintjlake, Crimea, I. 491. (N. E. D.) 3. To come into operation ; take or have effect. After the risk [in marine insurance] has once com- menced, the whole premium is earned, even though the voyage should not be prosecuted. . . . But if the risk should not commence at all, or in technical phrase, if the "policy should not attach," the premium must be returned to the assured. Encyc. Brit,, XIII. 185. attacht (a-tach'), n. [< attach, v."] 1. An at- tachment. I am made the unwilling instrument Of your attach and apprehension. lleywood, Woman Killed with Kindness. 2. An attack. attachable (a-tach'a-bl), a. [< attach + -able.] 1. Capable oi being attached, legally or other- wise ; liable to be taken by writ or precept. — ■ 2. Capable of being fastened or conjoined as an adjunct or attribute. attache (a-ta-sha'), n. [F., prop. pp. of at- tacher, attach: see attach.] One attached to another, as a part of his siute or as one of his attendants; specifically, one attached to an embassy or a legation at a foreign coirrt. George Gaunt and I were intimate in early life : he was my junior when we were attaches at Pumpernickel to- gether. Thackeray, Vanity Fair, xlvii. attachedly (a-taoh'ed-li), adv. With attach- ment. [Kare.] attachment (a-tach'ment), n. [< ME. attach- ment (in sense 1), < at'tachen, attach; in other senses < F. attachemciit, < attacher: see attach.] 1. The act of attaching; specifically, in law, a taking of the person, goods, or estate by a -m-it or precept in a ci'vil action, to secure a debt or demand, or to compel to appear in com-t, or to punish for contempt. In American usage, attach- ment, when used in reference to property, means the taking of the defendant's property into custody by the law, by a summary process from a court, in advance of the trial of the merits of the case, as security for the payment of any judgment that may be recovered. The grounds of gl'ant- ing it are usually evidence of fraud or fraudulent disposal of property, or apprehension of absconding, etc. When used in reference to the person, it means the taking of the person into custody to answer to a charge of contempt of court. Foreiqn attachment is the taking, from the hands or control of a third person within the jurisdiction, of the money or goods or rights of action of a debtor who is not within the jurisdiction. Any person who h.as goods or effects of a debtor is considered in law as the a"eiit attorney, factor, or trustee of the debtor; and an attachment served on such person binds the property in his hands to respond to the judgment against the debtor. The process of foreign attachment has existed from time immemorial in London, Bristol, Exeter, Lancaster, and some other towns in England, and by the Common Law Procedure Act of 1S54 has been made general. It is also sometimes known as riarnishnjetit, in Scotland as arrest- ment, and in New England as trustee process. 2. The writ or process directing the person or estate of a person to be taken, for the purposes above stated.— 3. The act or state of being attached, fastened on, or connected.— 4. Close adherence or affection; regard; any passion or affection that binds a person to another person or to a thing. The attachment of the people to the institutions and the laws UTiiler m liicli tliey live is ... at once the strength, the glory, and the safety of the land. Gtetistojw, Might of Right, p. 276. attagen Cromwell had to determine whether he would put to hazard the attachment of his party, the attacluiu;nt of his army, ... to save a prince whom no engagement could bind. Macaulay, Uist. Eng., i. The hereditary attachments of those kings lEnglish) lay in Anjou and Aquitainc far more than in England, or even in Normaniiy. E. A. Frecnuin, Amer. Lects., p. 109. 5. That which attaches one thing to another, or a person to an object : as, the attachments of a muscle ; the attachments ot home. — 6. That which is attached to a principal oliject ; an ad- junct: as, the aiolian attachment to the piano; an attachment to a sewing-machine. — .Sollan attachment. See yEoUani.— Court of Attachments. Sec c(j(t/7. — Syn. 4. Predilection. AJfection. Sec love. — 6. Ajipendagc, appurtenance, addition. attachment-scre'W (a-tach'ment-skro), n. A binding-screw. attack (a-tak'), r. [Formerly also aftacquc, at- taqne ; < F. attaquer, OF. attiquer, iinassibilat- ed form (perhaps < Pr. attacar or It. attaccare) of attacher, iom. fasten: see attach.] I. trans. 1. To assault ; fall upon with force ; assail, as with force and arms ; begin hostilities against. The strong tribe, in which war h.as bec<)me an art, at- tack and conquer their neighbors, and teach them their arts and viilues. Emerson, War. 2. To endeavor to injure, overthrow, or bring into discredit by any act or proposal, or by un- friendly words or writing, whether by satire, calumny, criticism, or argument: as, to attack a religious belief or a legislative measure; to attack a man or his opinions in a newspaper. The people's interest is the only object that we have any right whatever to consider in deciding the tiuestion, wliether or not the present state of things shall be sub- mitted to or attacked. Rrouyham. 3. To make an onset or attempt upon, in a gen- eral sense ; begin action upon or in regard to ; set about or upon : as, to attack a piece of work or a problem, or (humorously) the dinner.— 4. To begin to affect ; come or fall upon ; seize : said of diseases and other destructive agencies: as, yesterday he was attacked by fever; caries attacked the bones ; locusts attacked the crops. Specifically — 5. In cliem., to cause to decom- pose or dissolve. The bodies are of a siliceous character, for they are not destroyed by ignition, nor attacked by hydrochloric acid. Science, VII. 218. = Syil. 1. Set upon. Fall upon, etc. (see assail), assault, beset, besiege, beleaguer, charge upon, engage, challenge, combat. — 2. To impugn, criticize, censure. II. intrans. To make an attack or onset; as, the enemy attacked with great boldness. Those that attack generally get the victory. Cane, Campaigns. attack (a-tak'), H. [= F. attaque; from the verb.] 1. A falling on with force or \-iolence, or with calumny, satire, or criticism; an onset; an assault. I wish that he [Mr. Sumner] may know the shudder of terror which ran through all this community on the first tidings of this brutal attack. Emerson, Assault upon Mr. Sumner. 2. Battle generally ; fight. [Rare.] , Long time in even scale The battel hung ; till Satan, . . . . . . ranging tlirough the dire attack, . , . Saw where the sword of Michael smote, and fell'd •Squadrons at once. Milton, P. L., vi. 248. 3. An onset of any kind ; the initial movement in any active proceeding or contest, as a game of chess, cricket, etc.; in music, specifically, the act (with reference to the manner) of be- ginning a piece, passage, or phrase, especially by an orchestra. — 4. The aggressive part of the art of fencing : opposed to defense. Attacks are made in three ways ; — first, by a quick thrust proceediug merely from the wrist, the arm at the same time being elevated and advanced, with the point directed towards the adversary's breast ; secondly, by what is technically called an extension ; and lastly, by longeing and recovering. Encyc. Brit., IX. 70. 5. A seizure by a disease ; the onset of a dis- ease Attack of a siege, an assault upon an enemy's field or permanent fortifications, by means of parallels, galleries, saps, trenches, mines, enfilading-, counter-, or breacbing-batteries, or by storming parties.— ^To deliver an attack. See deliveri.= Syn. 1. Charge, Onslaught, etc. See onset. attackable (a-tak'a-bl), a. [< attack + -ahUi = F. attaquahle.] Capable of being attacked, assailable. attacker (a-tak'er), n. One who attacks or assaults ; an assailant. attagas (at'a-gas), «. [NL., < Gr. arTaya^, a bird described as of a reddish color and spotted on the back; prob. a kind of partridge. Seo atta<■ -Vrly writers for sundry giil- - irouse, ptarmigan, par- ' \hata, etc. (6) Used by . I..V ;,._..:t-binl or nianK>f-war bird, ;md adopted by G. R. Gray, ISTl, in the ■ ^ the generic name of these birds: V, ,j. ■ t^Gniv) as a subfamily name, (c) [caj).] [>L ->oa "in 17W an indetenuinable genus of err -'. besides European species, two North '- ' -'. A'tnnen americann and Attao^Jt i by Cuvier (1S17) to the sand- ■ hiipte.i (llliger. ISU), the only >j,^,_ic= ._.i i. inL- t^'- -^ .. I.' Cu\ier was Pallas's sand-grouse, ^■. paradoxus, a bird of the suborder PterockUs. (?) Ap- plied bv Gloger in 1S42 to the francolins, of which Perdix j'rancolinui (Linn.xus), now Framolinus vulgaris, of Eu- ivpe, etc., is the t.vpe. Also atagen, attagas, atagas. Attageninie (at- a-je-ui'ne). H. pi. [NL., < Afta- gtii. J (^1, + -inii. Atagcitina; is the form used by Gray.] In G. E. Gray's system of classifica- tion {1S71), a subfamily of totipalmate birds, named from iloehring's genus Attagen (1752), equivalent to the family Tacliypctidw of authors in general; the frigate-birds or man-of-war birds. See Tachijpetida. attaghant, ". Same as i/ataghan. attain (a-tan'), f- [< ilE- attainen, atteinen, atainen, "ateinen, etc., < OF. atmndre, ateindre (ataign-, ateign-), F. atteindre = Pr. ateigner. atenher = lt. attignere, attingere, attain, < L. at- tingere, touch upon, attain, < ad, to, + langere, touch: see tangent. Cf. attainder and attaint.'] I. trans. If. To touch; strike; hit.— 2t. To touch upon; mention. — Sf. To convict; con- demn. Compare attaint, v., 3-5. — 4. To come so near as to touch; reach, achieve, or accom- plish (an end or object) by continued effort; come into possession of ; acquire; gain. Ends we seek we never shall attain. il. Arnold, Self -Deception. 5. To come to or arrive at (a place) ; reach (a place, time, or state). Canaan he now attains. Milton, V. L., xii. 135. He has scarce attained the age of thirty. Goldsmith, Vicar, iii. 6. To reach in excellence or degree; equal. So the first precedent, if it be good, is seldom attained by imitation. Sacou. 7t. To overtake; come up with: as, "not at- taining him in time," Bacon. — 8t. To come to know; experience. Chaucer. =Syji. ^ Attain, Ob- tain, Procure, reach, achieve, get possession of, carry, (.See lists under acquire and accomplish ; also note under attainable.) Attain involves the idea of considerable ef- fort, while obtain does not necessarily imply effort at all, and procure only a small degree of it : thus, we may ob- tain property ijy inheritance, we may procure a book by purchase, but we can attain an end only by exertion. Attain generally has higher or more abstract objects than obtain or procure: as, to obtain an ofhce or a patent: to procure a chair; to attain eminence; attain one's end. In these cases it would be ludicrous to use attain in place of obtain or procure. The Klians, or story.telleni in Ispahan, attain a control- ling power over their audience, keeping them for many hours attentive to the most fanciful and extravagant ad- ventures. Etnerson, Eloquence. Some pray for riches ; riches they obtain ; But, watoh'd by robbers, for their wealth are slain. JJryden, Pal. and Arc, 1. 424. Have you a catalogue Of all the voices that we have procur'd. Set down by the poll 'I Shak., Cor., 111. a. II. intrans. 1. To reach; come or arrive by motion, bodily or mental exertion, or efforts of any kind: followed by to or unto. Such knowledge is too wonderful for me ; it is high ; I ran not attain unto it. Pa. cxxxix. 0. 2t. To pertain ; have relation. Chaucer. attaint fa-tan'), n. [< attain, t'.] Something :iitiiirii-il. (lldu'ille. attainability (a-ta-na-bil'i-ti), n. [< atiaina- fili ni-f -bitilij.'i AttiiinablencHS. Coleridge. attainable (a-ta'na-bl), «. [< ultain + -able.} <'apabk' of being attained. Uc (I'lat';] qulta the normal for the attainable. De Qiiincen, Plato. All ttiitt in mild of the wise man l>y Stole, or oriental or mt„ii-r<> '-uHvliit. drscrllies ti> each reader hlit own idea, , ' ^ \<'if. ntlairmblr tn-U. Kmrmon, llMitry. ' rrriiTly Mimetlmoff ummI vUvrt'ohttiinfitUc il'l now be preferred, as In the (olluw- ''I 'inallty of foofl and IU|unr, the specicH of '"■ 'ind cIothlnK, to which the <-ommori >r'i habituated, miut bo attainohU i'aUti. liot [lennlt them rctothf-n and ' in Philadelphia, and tto-y were ' •ii'rv, tlarihaU, Lltr of WaahlnKton | -Bjm. ProcUcahlc, teaillrl.', poMllilo, within reach. 370 attainableness (a-ta'na-bl-nes), n. The qual- ity of being attainable. attainder (a-tan'der), n. [< late ME. attaiin- dcn; < OF. ataindre, ateindre, attain, touch upon, affect, ^-cuse, attack, attaint, convict; the inf. used as a noim. The idea of taint, stain, or corruption has been erroneously con- nected with this word : seeattaint.y 1. The act of attainting, or the state of being attainted ; the legal consequence of judgment of death or outla«Ty pronounced in respect of treason or felony: as, a bill of attainder; to remove an attainder. The consequence by the common law in- cluded forfeiture of lands, tenements, and heredita- ments, incapability of suing in a court of justice, or of performing any of the duties or enjoying any of the priv- ilegesof a free citizen, and "corruption of blood," render- ing the person affected incapable of iniieriting property or transmitting it to heirs. An act of attaimier was carried against him, as one who had been indicted for piracy and murder, and had fled from justice. Bancro/t, Hist. U. .S., 1. l&s. 2. A bringing under some .disgrace, stain, or imputation ; the state of being in dishonor. So to the laws at large I write my name : And he that breaks tliem in the least degree Stands in attainder of eternal shame. Shak., L L. L., i. 1. attaintiryt, «. An obsolete form of attainder. attainduret, ". [A mixtm-e of attainder and iitluiiiture.'i An obsolete form of attainder. attainment (a-tan'ment). )i. [< attain + -ment.'\ 1. The act of attaining; the act of arriving at or reaching; the act of obtaining by exertion or effort. The attainment of every desired object. .Sir W. Jones, Ilit6pad^sa. 2. That which is attained, or obtained by ex- ertion; acquisition; acquirement. Formerly the natural impulse of every man was, spon- taneously to use the language of life ; the language of books was a secondary attaintnent not made witliout effort. De Quincey, Style, i. Smatterers, whose attainments just suffice to elevate them from the insigniticance of dunces to the dignity of bores. .Macaulaif, Mill on GovernnuMit. = Syn. 2. Acqtiiremcnts, Acquisitions, etc. See acquire. infill. attainort, «. [< attain + -or, after AF. atlei- gnour.] One of the jurors in the process called attaint (which see). attaint (a-tanf), ('. t. [< ME. ataynlen, atciin- teii, aticinten, etc., an inf. due to ataynt, atteint, pp. of ataynen, etc., after OF. ateint, pp. of atein- dre: see attain and attainder. Later errone- ously associated with taint, stain, corruption, to which some of tlie senses are due.] If. To touch; hit in tilting. — 2t. To attain; ascertain. — 3t. To convict (a juiy) of having given a false verdict. — 4. To afleet with attainder: pass judgment on, as on one found guilty of a crime, as felony or treason, involving for- feiture of civil priN-ileges. I dare undertake, that at this day there are more at. tayntcd landes, concealed from her Majestic, then she hath now possessions in all Ireland. Spenser, Present State of Ireland. I must olTend before I be attainted. Shak., alien. VI., ii. 4. No attainder of treason shall work corruidion of bUuid, or forfeiture except during the life of the jinrsouattaintat. Constitutiun of V. S., iii. :!. 5t. To accuse: with of: as, to attaint a person of sorcery. Ho was attainted . . . n/ high treason. Goldsmith, Bolingbrokc. 6t. To affoct with any passion or emotion. This noble woman . . . attainted with extreme sorrow. Ilistoria Anijliea (trans.). 7. To taint; disgrace; cloud with infamy; stain; corrupt. Lest she with blame her honour should attaint. SiKtvser, V. I)., IV. i. ;.. Tliat the pleasure Is of an inferior order, can no more attaint the idea or moilel of the composition, than it can impeach the excellence of an epigram that it is not a trageily. he Quincey, Itbetorie. attaintt (n-tfinf), 1>. a. [The older pp. of «/- liiint,r.'\ 1. Attaiiilc(l; convicted. — 2. Taint- r'cl; corrupted; iurccted; attacked. .My tender youth wa» never yet afMi'nf With any passion. Shak., 1 Hon. VI., v. fi. AutOrfOltS attaint. S((! aulerfiitn. attaint Oi-IhuI'), n. [< allninl,^.'] If. The iul of touching or hitting; Hpocifleally, in tilt- ing, a hit. [Archaic] "You, reverend sir," nald the knl^hl, "havo In the en- counter of our wlta made a fair attaint." .Scott, Monoatery, I. xvl. 2. A blow orwouiid on the Ir'gof a horBc caiiHcd by overreaching. — 3. An ancient legal process attask instituted for reversing a false verdict given by a jury ; conriction of a jiu'y for giving such a verdict. — 4. In old law : {a) A con'S'iction. (fc) Impeachment. — 5t. Infection; injurious or del- eterious action. The marrow-eating sickness, whose attaint Disorder breeds. Shak., V. and A., I. 741. 6. Attainder. It was a point of honour with his [ISismarck's] Govern- ment that the cai>tive royalists should at every cost al- most be set free, without attaint of life or fortune. Lowe, Bismarck, I. 220. 7t. A stain, spot, or taint; hence, a disgrace; an imputation involving dishonor. What simple thief brags of his own attaint ? Shak., C. of E., iii. 2. attaintmentt (a-tant'ment), n. [< attaint -h -menl.] The act or state of being attainted or affected with attainder; conviction; arrest; impeachment. ^^'heu this man was attainted there, and they had lib- erty to say nay to his attainlment if they would, sure I am the most allowed it. and else it would not have gone for- ward. Lntiiiier, quoted in Dixon "s Hist. Ciuuchof Eng., xv. attainturet (a-tan'tur), «. [< attaint + -ure.'] 1. Same as attaintment. Her attainture vnW be Humphrey's fall. Shak., 2 Hen. VI., i. 2. 2. Imputation; stain. Without the least attainture of your valour. Chapman, Byron's Tragedy, iiL 1. attaket, v. t. See atake. attal (at'al), n. Same as attW^. Attalea (a-ta'le-a), n. [NL., named with allu- sion to the beauty of the trees, < L. Attains, < Gr. ".KTTa'/.og, Attains, the name oif three kings of Pergamum; Attains I. and II. were noted for their wealth and liberality. ] A genus of palms, allied to the cocoanut, natives of tropical America, and distinguished by the fact that the nut contains three cells, each inclosing a single seed. There are aljuut 2U species. The nuts, wliieh hang in great clusters, aie eg;; shaped, witli a very hard aiul thick pericarp iuelusuig tlie edil)le oily kernels. The pinnate leaves are very large, and are often used for thatching and other purposes. The libers of the leaf- stalks of A. funi/era are made into ropes and brooms. The seeds are nuts called coquilla-nuts; they are 3 or 4 inches long, brown in color, hai-d, and of sufficient thick- ness to be turned into door-handles, snmll cups, etc. The cohune palm. A. Cohune, is the largest palm that is found in (iuatcmala and Honduras. attalica (a-tal'i-ka), n. pi. [L., neut. pi. of Attalicus, < Attains, < Gr. 'arrn^.or.] Cloth of gold : a name derived from its supposed intro- (liu'tioii under King Attains of I'erganium. attaman (at'ii-man), n. Same as hctman. attame't (a-tam'), r. t. [< at- + tame, i'.] To tamo: overcome. Silvester. attame'-'t, r. t. [< ME. attamcn, ataynen, open, broach, begin, injure, < IjL. attaminarc, touch, attack, dishonor, crfuine, csp. of roses (IVrs. 'atar-giil, altar 0 pounds of rose-leaves yielding less tliini an ounce of attjir. The principal source of (he adar of eonnnerce is In llic vli'Inlty of Kazatilik, pn the southern side of the Itnllum oiunntalnH, in I'-aslcrn Kunielia. The pure oil stilidillcM at a tcmi)eru(ure between (10 and (!.''»" I'', It (s a Well-known |icrfumu, but (he odor is agreeable only whm dllfuHud, being too powerful when It is eonctuitrated. It is largely used In the scinitlng of snulf. Also wrttt^'ii "^ tar, „llo. attaskt (a-liVsk'), V. t. [< "/- + lasl;.'\ To task ; tux ; reprove; blame. \ii\\ arc much ntore nttnsk'd foi want of wlMdi. [L.,< Gr. aTTtkajioQ, Ionic (irrtAc/iof, a kind of locust without wings.] A genus of weevils, typical of the family Attela- bida^. A. rhois is ji redtlish pul)escent species witll a short proboscis, infesting the hazel in tlie nortlleastern parts of tlie United States. attemper (a-tem'per), V. t. [< ME. attempren, atempren, < OF. atcmprcr, < L. attemperare, fit, adjust, accommodate, < ad, to, + temperare, control, moderate, temper: see temper, v.] 1. To reduce, modify, or moderate by mixture : as, to attemper spirits by diluting them with water. NobiUty attenqjers sovereignty. Bacon. 2. To soften, mollify, or moderate: as, to at- temper justice with clemency. Those smiling eyes attevip'riiifj every ray. Pope, Eloisa to Abelard, I. 63. Those [influences] which, in older and more normally constituted communities, modify and attemper Mammon- worship. The Ameriean, IV. 66. 3. To mix in just proportion ; regulate. God hath so attempered the blood and bodies of fishes. Kay, Worlis of Creation. Pure of blame. In praise and in dispraise the same, A man of well-atte itiper'd frame. Tennyson, Duke of Wellington. 4. To accommodate ; fit or make stdtable. The joyous birdes, shrouded in chearefull shade. Their notes unto the voice attempred sweet. Spenser, F. Q., II. xii. 71. Arts attempered to the lyre. Pope. fin all its uses nearly obsolete, temper being generally used. ] attemperament (a-tem'per-a-ment), n. A tem- pering or mi.xing in due proportions. Also at- tcmperment. attemperancet (a-tem'per-ans), n. [< ME. at- tempcraunce, < OF. atemprance, < atemprer, at- temper. Cf. temperance.'] Temperance. attemperate (a-tem'per-at), V. t. ; pret. and pp. attemperated, ppr. attemperating. [< L. attemperatus, pp. of attemperare, attemper: see attemper.'] If. To attemper; regulate. If any one do . . . attemperate his actions accordingly. Barrow, Math. Lectures, iv. 2. In brewing and distilling, to regulate the temperature of, as the wort. attemperatet (a-tem'per-at), p. a. [< L. ai- temperatus, -pp. : see the verb.] 1. Tempered; proportioned; suited. Hope must be proportioned and attemperate to the promise. Hammond, Pract. Catechism. 2. Moderate; equable; mild: applied to cli- mate. attemperation (a-tem-pe-ra'shpn), n. [< at- temperate, v.] If. The' act of attempering, regidating, adjusting, or accommodating. Ba- con. — 2. The act of regulating the tempera- ture of the wort in brewing and distilling. attemperator (a-tem'per-a-tor), n. [< attempe- rate, v., -h -or.] In brewing and distilling, a contrivance for regulating the temperature of the wort during the progress of fermentation. attemperlyt, adr. See attemprehj. attemperment (a-tem'per-ment), n. [< attem- per + -niciit.] Same as attemperament. 371 attendance see tempt.] 1. To make an effort to effect or For the better defense of his highness'a loving subjects do; endeavor to perfonn ; undertake; essav: '" ""-"same shires in case of any invasion or other oMe/np- as,toa«te»;,«aboidfiight. 'N",;:!;:;;-:;;s;^iry;iLn'siiist.churchof Eng.,xv.,„ote. o(to™7lhem"'''™'''''''"'"''"°''''""™'"'''*''"";'!f ''' attempter (a-temp'ter), n. 1. One who at- ""'"• tempts, tries, or endeavors. — 2. One who at- tacks or assails ; an assailant. Against tlic attempter of thy Father's throne. Milton, P. E., iv. CO:i. 3t. A tempter. Milton. attemptive (a-temp'tiv), a. [< attempt + -inc.] licady to attemirt; entei-prisiug ; venturous. Daniel. attend (a-tend'), V. [< OF. atendre, F. attendre, wait, reflex, expect, = Sp. atender = Pg. atten- Somcthing attempted, something done, Has earned a night's repose. Lonyfellow, Village Blacksmith, 2. To venture upon: as, to attempt the sea. — 3t. To make trial of; prove; test: as, "well- nttcmpted plate," i'toj;:/ax.— 4t. To try with af- flictions, .ler. Taylor. — 5t. To endeavor to ob- tain or attract. This man of thine attempts her love. Shak., T. of A., i. 1. 6. To try to win or seduce ; tempt ; entice. He will never . . . attempt us again. Shak., M. W. of W., iv. 2. It made the laugliter of an afternoon. That Vivien should attempt tlie Idameless king. Tennyson, Merlin ami Vivien. 7. To attack ; make an effort against ; assail : as, to attempt the enemy's camp ; to attempt a person's life. Muster Our soldiers up ; we'll stand upon our guard ; For we sliall be attempted. Beau, and Fl., Thierry and Theodoret, i. 2. Calumny never dared to suspect her morals, or attempt her character. Goldsmith, The Bee, No. 3. = S3T1. 1. Attempt, Essay, Undertake, Endeavor, Strive, Struggle, seek, aim. The italicized words agree in express- ing the Ijeginning of a task, pliysical or intellectual, wliich is difficult and often impossible. They are arranged in the order of strength. Attempt is to try with some effort. Essay is sometimes to try in order to see if a thing can be done or attained, and sometimes simply to attempt : .is, "which the Egyptians assaying to do were drowned," Heb. xi. 29. Undertalce is, literally, to take a task upon one's self, perhaps formally, and hence to go about a task with care and effort. Endeavor is to try with more ear- nestness, labor, or exertion. Strive is to work hard and earnestly, doing one's best. Struggle is to tax one's powers to the extent of fatigue, p.ain, or exhaustion. The first three words are more appropriate for a single effort, the other three for continuous or continual efforts. None are very violent against it (writing plays in verse] but those who either have not attempted it, or who have succeeded ill in their attempt. Dnjden, Ded. of Ess. on Dram. Poesy. Instinct led him (Tennyson] to construct his machinery before essaying to build. Stedman, Vict. Poets, p. 155. I will . . . undertake one of Hercules' labours. Shak., Much Ado, ii. 1. In what I did endeavour, it is no vanity to say, I have succeeded. Dryden, Annus Slirabilis. A certain truth possesses us, which we in all ways strive to utter. Emerson, Clubs. O limed soul, that, struggling to be free, jU-t more engag'd! Shak., Hamlet, iii. 3. attempt (a-tempf), 11. [< attempt, v.] 1. A putting forth of effort in the performance or accomplishment of that which is difficult or un- certain; essay, trial, or endeavor; effort. The attempt, and not the deed, Confounds us. Shak., Macbeth, ii. 2. By his blindness maim'd for high attempts. Milton, S. A., I. 1221. 2. An effort to accomplish something by force or -violence ; an attack or assault : as, an attempt upon one's life. Foreign attempts against a state and kingdom Are seldom ^vithout some great friends at home. Ford, Perkin Warbeck, i. 1. 3t. Temptation. To avoid ThQ attenijH itself intended by our foe. For he who tempts, though in vain, at least aspei-ses The tempted witli dishonour foul. Milton, P. L., ix. 295. 4. In law, an act done in part execution of a design to commit a crime. Judge May. Mere solicitation or preparation, without a step taken toward the actual commission, is not a criminal attempt. =^yn„ Undertaking, effort, endeavor, enterprise, experiment. attemptability (a-temp-ta-bil'j-ti), n. [< at- temptablc : see -bility.] 1. The quality of be- ing attemptable. — 2, tempted. [Rare.] Short way ahead of us it is all dim ; an unwound skein of possibilities, of apprehensions, attemptabilities, vague- looming hopes. Carlyle, Heroes (IS5S), p. 35. rfe»'=It. attenderc, < L. attendere, stretch to- ward, give hoed to, < ad, to, -I- tendere, stretch : see tend, and cf. attempt.] I. trans. 1. To fix the mind upon ; listen to ; have regard or pay heed t» ; consider. [Archaic. See II., 1.] The diligent pilot . . . doth not attend the unskilful words of a passenger. Sir P. Sidney. The crow doth sing as sweetly as the lark When neither is attended. Shak., M. of V., v. 1. Their hunger thus appeased, their care attends The doubtful fortune of their absent friends. Dryden. 2. To accompany or be present with, as a com- .panion, minister, or servant, or for the fulfil- ment of any duty ; wait upon. The flft had charge sick persons to attend. Spenser, F. Q., I. x. 41. Let one attend him with a silver bason. .SVia*., T. of the S.,Ind.,i. You shall have men and horses to attend you, And money in yoxu- piu-se. Fleteher, Rule a Wife, ii. .•!. 3. To be present at or in for purposes of duty, business, curiosity, pleasure, etc. : as, to attend a meeting. — 4. To accompany or follow in im- mediate sequence, especially -with a causal con- nection: said of things: as, a cold attenderf with fever ; a measure attended with bad results. A correspondent revolution in things will attend the influ-\ of the spirit. Emerson, Nature. 5t. To wait or stay for ; expect, as a person or an event. Thy intercepter, . at the orchard encL bloody as the hunter, attends thee Shak., T. N., iii. 4. attempret,«. [ME., also atempre, < OF. aUm- attemptable (a-temp'ta-bl),' a. [< attempt + pre, pp. of atemprer, attemper: see attemper.] Temperate. Attempre dicte was all hire physike. Chaueer. attemprelyt, adv. [IME., also aUcmperly, < at- tempre + -hj, -ly'-.] In a temperate maimer. Ckaurer. attempt (a-tempf), V. t. [< OF. atemptm; at- tenter, mod. F. attentcr = Pr. attentar = Sp. atentur = Pg. attentar = It. attentare, < L. at- temptare, more correctly attentare, try, solicit, < ad. to, + temptare, more correctly tentare, try: The trumpets, next the gate, in order plac'd, , Attend the sign to sound the martial blast. Dryden, Pal. and Arc, !. 1741, 6t. To be in store for ; await. Tlie state that attends all men after this. Locke. One fate attends us, and one common grave. Dryden, tr. of Lucretius, iii. 304. II. intrans. 1. To give attention; pay re- gard or heed : followed by to : as, my son, attend to my words. Attend to the voice of my supplications. Ps. Ixxxvi. 6. It will be sufficient for me if I discover many Beauties or Imperfections which others have not attended to. Addison, .Spectator. No. 262. 2. To be present, in {lursuance of duty, busi- ness, or pleasure ; especially, act as an atten- dant: absolutely, or with on or ujwn, or at: as, who attends here? to attend upon a committee; to attend at such a church. Hence — 3. To fix the mind in worship: with on or upon. That ye may attend upon the Lord without distraction. 1 Cor. vii. 35. 4. To be consequent; wait: with on or upon. It is good that a certain portion of disgrace should con- stantly attend on certain bad actions. Maeaulay, Moore's Byron. 5t. To stay; wait; delay. For this perfection she must yet attend. Till to her Maker she espoused be. Sir J. Dames, Immortal, of .SouL attendt (a-tend'), M. l< attend, v.] Attendance. stars have made your fortunes climb so high. To give attend on Easni's excellence. Grceiic (i)i(i iorfi/e, Looking Glass for Lend, and Eng A thing that may be at- attendance (a-ten'dans), n. [< ME. atten- elaunce, < OF. atendance = Pr. atendensa, < ML. attendcntia, < L. attenden{t-)s, ppr. of 'at- tendere : see attend and -ance.] 1. The act of attending or attending on. (a) The act of waiting on or serving ; the state of being present for purposes of duty, business, pleasure, etc. ; service ; ministry. No man gave attendance at the altar. Heb. vii. 13. lindamira, a lady whose . . . constant attendance at church three times a day had utterly defeated many ma- licious attacks upon her reputation. Fielding, Joseph .'Uidrews. The other, after many years' attendance upon the duke, was now one of the bed-chamber to the prince. Clarendon. (6t) Attention ; regard ; careful application of mind. Give attendance to reading. 1 Tim. iv. 13, (ct) A waiting on, as in expectation. ■able.] Capable of being attempted, tried, or attacked ; likely to yield to an attempt or at- tack. Less attemptible than any the rarest of our ladies in France. Shak., Cymbeline, i. 5. attemptatet (a-temp'tat), n. [< OP. attemp- tat, mod. P. attentat: see attentate.] An at- tempt or endeavor ; especially, a violent or criminal attempt or attack ; assault ; outrage. He called . . . for redress of the attemptates committed by the Oreams. S(n/;)e, Eccles. Mem., IV.364. (N.E.D.) attendance 372 That which causeth bitterness in death is the languish- attentatet, attentatt (a-ten'tat, -tat), n. [< F. Ing acundajux tnd expectation thereof ere it "^"""^^^j^^ 2 The 1)ody of persons attending for any pur- pose : as, a lai^e attendance is requested. The att-nlance of the Tories was scanty, as no impor- tant diitussion was expected, ilacaulay. Hist. Eng., sv. 3t Attendants eolleetively; persons waiting on one to render him service ; a train ; a retinue. — To dance attendance. See dan«. attendancyt . a-ten' dan-si), n . 1 . Attendance ; a train or retiuue. Fuller. Of honour anoth' in the visions c ' " his attendants. (ittoitat. crime. < ML. attentatum, crime, at- tempt, neut. of L. itttentatus, pp. of attenla- re, attempt: see attemjyt.'] 1. A criminal at- tempt. \Jf righted at so damnable an attentate. Time's Slorehou.ie, p. 154 (Ord MS.). 2. In law: (a) A proceeding in a court of ju- dicature after an inhibition is decreed, (fc) A thing done after an extra-judicial appeal, (c) A matter improperly innovated or attempted bv au inferior judge. mother part is aWfndanri/, • and therefore, attention (a-ten'shon), n. [< JIE. attencioun ?':^'. ft2et^"t-h\?hinourrfltfor'^r" (F. atteution), < L. attent.oiu-), < atte,.d<-r,, pp lates. and what oHeiu/ancy. .. „,„ .,,t,^ Hooker, Eccles. PoL, vU. § 20 (Ord MS.). 2. Eelation ; relative position. To name lands bv the attendancy they have to other lands more notorious. JSacon, Maxims of the Law, x.xiv. attendant la-ten'dant), a. and n. [< F. attcn- dunt 1= It. atteiidente). ppr. of attendre, wait: see attend and -anfl.] I. «. 1. Accompanying; being present or in attendance. Other suns perhaps, With their attendant moons, thou wilt descry. Milton, I'. L., vlii. 149. 2. Accompanying, connected, or immediately following as consequential : as, intemperance, with all its attendant evils. Those bodily pains and sufferings which ... are hut too frequently attendant ujwn any disorder of the fancy. Barham, Ingoldsby Legends, I. 1S3. 3t. In law, depending on or connected with something or some person ; owing duty or ser- vice Attendant keys, in muxic, same as relative keys. See relalice. n. n. 1. One who attends or accompanies another, in any character; especially, one who belongs to a train or retinue ; a follower. Brave attendants near llim. Shak., T. of the S., Ind., i. The Furies, they said, aie attendants on justice, and if the sun in heaven should transgress his path, they would punish him. Emerson, Compensation. 2. One who attends on or waits the pleasure of another, as a suitor or the like. To give an attendant quick despatch is a civility. T. Burnet, Theory of the Earth. Specifically — 3. In late, one who owes a duty or ser\-ice "to, or depends on, another. — 4. One who is present, as at a public meeting, for any purpose. He was a constant attendant at all meetings relating to charity. «"•■/'■ 5. That which accompanies or is consequent on anjrthing. He that early arriveth unto the parts and prudence of age is happily old without the uncomfortable attendants oJ It, Sir T. Browne, Letter to a Friend. An extreme jealousy of power is the attendant on all popular revolutions, and has seldom been without its ^viu. A. Hamilton, Contlnentalist, No. 1. Master attendant, an officer of an English dockyard, generally a stalf commander, whose duty it is to inspect niiMiriiigs, niovc and secure vessels, care for ships in ordi- nary, and generally to a-wist the superintendent. = Syn. 1. Associate, escort, retainer.— 6. Accompaniment, concomi. 'ant. - „ t ii J thiiuiilillul, alert. attender (a-ten'dfer), n. 1. One who attends attentively (a-ton'tiv-li), adv. [< attentive + or f;ives heed. ./y'j; MK. p., < L. iiicntut, pp. of atlemlcro: Bco ■ . t)i, ri, 11 I, went • t ■ 1' I ■ Iriy. [,, witii '111 .-•■nt nitent. .Sixni'r, K. 4 , VI, li. ::; tenuant, < L. attennan(,t-)ii, ppr. of allenuare, make thin: ucu allrnuale.] I. ". Attenuating; makingthin, as fluids; diluting; rendering less dense and viscid. Things that be (atemiant. Holland, tr, of I'luUireh, p, lUJ II. n. A medicine which increases tlio (liiid- ilv of tlie Imniors; a diluent. attenuate (n-ti-n'ii-at), v.; nrot. and pp. atlen- iialril, ppr. "atlrnualinil. [i L. attrnuatiiH, pji. of alteniiarr (> II, alleniiarr = I'g. nllenuar = Sp. I'r. alrniiar = F. atUnurr), make Itiin, weaken, lessen, < ail, to, + tenuarc. make tliiii, < tenuis, tliin, = F.. thin, <|. v.] I. 'rH. riar, ellar = V. <•»((• = OIKl. eitiir. eiller, MIKi. ti. eilir, poison, jius, = Icel. eitr = S\v. eller = Dan. ('(/(/(■(•, (('(^^r,]loison, connected with on* I. ,Mll(i. (■/--, a boil, sore; cf, Ur. "('%, «%«, a tu- mor, swiMliiig: see wilcma.] I'oison ; venom; ims. llolltind. atter-t fa-ter'), r. t. [< F. altrrrer, < ML. aller- ruve, immlrate, cast down, carry earth from one place to another, < L. (id, to, -I- terra, earth. ('(. inter.] To jiliice ujion <>r in the earth; cast ilipwn to the earth; liuiiible ; subdue. Also written iitterr. Atterrt the stubborn and attract* the prono. Sylvester, tr. of Uu llaita*. atterate atteratet, atterationt. See atterrate, atterra- tioii, attercop (at'er-kop), n. [= So. ettercap ; < ME. alUrcijp, attercnppc, < AS. attcrcoj>pe (= Dan. edderkop), a spider, < dtor, poison (sqe atter'^), + 'coppe, < CO/;, head, round lump, or cojtp, a cup: see coil, eubioeb, co/. a. In fier., having horns: thus, " a hart gules a ttired or " means a red stag having horns of gold : used only of the hart and buck. See armed, 3. attirement (a-tir'ment), n. [< attire + -meiit.'i Drc-ss; apparel : attire. [Obsolete or rare.] attirer (a-tir'cr), ;i. One TTho dresses or adorns with attire. attirewoman ^a-tir'^vum'an), «.; pi. attirewo- iiien (-wim en). Same as iireicoman. attiring (a-tir'ing), n. 1. The act of dressing or decking. — 2t. Attire; dress; array. Each tree in his best attiring. Sir P. Sidney, Astrophel and Stella. Specifically — 3t. A head-dress. Hitloet. — 4. The attires of a stag. attitlet, r. t. [< JIE. attitlen, < OF. afifeJer, later atitrer, mod. F. attitrer, < LL. attitulare, name, entitle, < L. ad, to, -f- LL. titulare, give a title, < L. tituliis, title: see title. Cf. entitle.] To name ; name after. Oower. attitude (at'i-tiid), h. [< F. attitude, < It. attitu- dine, attitude, aptness, < ML. aptititdo {apti- tudiii-). aptitude: see aptitude.'] 1. Posture or position of the body, or the manner in which its parts are disposed; especially, a posture or position as indicating emotion, purpose, etc., or as appropriate to the performance of some act. The demon sits on his furious horse as lieedlessly as if he were reposing on a chair. . . . The attitude of Faust, OD the contrary, is the perfection of horsemanship. Macaulay, Dryden. There sat my lords. Here sit they now, so may they ever sit In easier attitude than suits my haunch ! Brouming, Ring and Book, I. 237. Hence — 2. Any condition of things or rela- tion of persons ■s'iewed as the expression of, or as affecting, feeling, opinion, intentions, etc. England, though she occasionally took a menacing atti- tude, remained inactive. Macaulay, Hist. Eng., ii. If we were to estimate the attitude of ecclesiastics to sovereigns by the language of Eusebius. we should sup- pose that they ascribed to them a direct Divine inspiration, and exalted the Imperial dignity to an extent that was before unknown. Lecky, Europ. Morals, II. 277. To strike an attitude, to assume an emotional posture or P"S'j ill a theatrical manner, and not as the instinctive or natural expression of feeling. =Syn. Position, Pone, etc. .See jmnture. attitudinal (at-i-tii'di-nal), a. [< attitude (It. attitudine) + -' worii:ed, ppr. attitudinizing. [< attitude (It. attitudine) + -ize.] 1. To pose; strike or prac- ti-te attitudes. < Maria, who Is the most plcturcsijue figure, was put to attitudinii^ at the horj'. Mrg. II. More, Caichs, ix. 2. To bfi affected in deportment or speech. Also H|)f!l*;d attituflinifte. attitndinizer (at-i-lu'di-iii-z6r), n. One who posts, or .strikes attitudes. Also spelled atti- tudini^' r. attle' I'iit/I I, «. [AIho writf on allal. addle, adnll ; orit'iii Mne. riHJii; perha|iH the cuirn' as aitillii, lil^' ' lire: HOC addlil.] Dirt; filth; m' liiiilly, the rifuse or wurthless 'f' mills afl'T till- ore 1ms been ho- leclt'il iioiii tfiK material olilained by mining;: h tertn orit;iii;iIly Coniish, but ftxtonsively tiseil in otli, r milling regions in both Knglaud and AlnefMa. attle » ''I An obHoli'to form of raZ/l. atto! . (Mr-x.] The .Mexii'iin iiiiifii' "' |.repnr<"l from wheat, maize, •""' • ^ oil.. I iiiitritioiis HcodH, which are pnrelH I :ii,,i I , ly powdereil, and then made into u gruei with boiling water. 374 attollens (a-tol'enz), ppr. used as »!. ; pi. attol- Iciites (at-o-len'tez). [KL., < L. attollens, ppr. : see attollent.] In ((Hrt^, an attoUent muscle; a levator. — Attollens aurem, a muscle which raises the ear, or tends to do so. — Attollens oculi, an old name of the superior rectus muscle ol the eyeba'i. attoUent (a-tol'ent), a. and n. [< L. atiollen{t-)s, ppr. of attollcre, Uft up, raise, < ad, to, -t- tol- lere, lift, related to tolerare, bear: see tolerate.] 1. a. Lifting up ; raising : as, an attollentvcmsQle. II. n. A muscle which raises some part, as the ear: a levator; an attollens. attollentes, ». Plural of attollens. attonable, «. See atonable. attonet, adt: See atune. attorn (a-tem'), )'. [Karly mod. E. also atturn ; < OF. attorney, atorner, aturner, atourner (> ML. atturnare), transfer into the power of another, < a (< L. ad), to, + tourner, turner, turn: see turn. Cf. attorney.] I. trans. 1. To turn over to another; transfer; assign. — 2. In old Eng. late, to turn or transfer, as homage or ser\-ice, to a new possessor, and accept tenancy imder him. II. intrans. 1. In /fi/(/on«M', to ttim or trans- fer homage and service from one lord to another. This was the act of feudatories, vassals, or tenants upon the alienation of the estate, 2. In modern law, to acknowledge being the tenant of one who was not the landlord origi- nally, but claims to have become such. attorney! (a-ter'ni), «. [Early mod^ E. also atturneij, atturny ; < ME. atturny, attourney, aturneye, aturnc, < OF. atorne, attorne (ML. at- tiirnatus), pp. of atorner, aturner, transfer into the power of another: see atturn.] 1. One who is appointed by another to act iu his place or stead ; a proxy. I will attend my husband, be his nxu"8e. Diet his sickness, for it is my office, ■ And will have no attorney but myself. Sliak., C, of e:, v. 1. Specifically — 2. In /o»', one who is appointed or admitted in the place of another to transact any business for him. An atlorm-y in/act, sometimes called n pricate attorney, is an attorneyauthorized to make contracts and do other acts for his principal, out of court. For this purpose a written authority is usual, but verbal authority is in general sufficient. For the performance of some acts, however, as conveyance of land, transfer of stock, etc., a formal power of attorney is necessary. An attorney at law, sometimes called a public attorney, is a person qualified to appear for another before a court of law to prosecute or defend an action on behalf of such other. The term was formerly ajjplied especially to those practis- ing before the suiuctuc courts of common law, tliosc prac- tising in chancery lu-iiig called soticitorit. Under the pres- ent English system, all persons practising before tlie su- preme courts at Westminster are called i-oltcitors. In fcngland attorneys or solicitors do not argue in coiirt in behalf of their clients, this being the part of the barriaterit or counsel; their special functions may be dellneil to be: to institute actions on behalf of their clients and take necessary stejis for defending them ; to furnisli counsel with the necessary materials to enable them to get up their pleadings ; to practise conveyancing ; to prepare legal deeds and instruments of all kinds; ami generally to ad- vise with and act for their clients in all matters connected with law. An attorney, whether private or public, may have yrnerat jiowcrs to act for another, or his power may be siiecial, and limited to a particular act or acts. In the I'nited States the term barrister is not useii, the desigmi- tion of a fully qiialillcd lawyer \-ni\n^ attorney and coun- telor at tau: When employed simply to present a causir in court, an attorney is termed coutuel. In Scotland there is ni> class of jiractitioners of the law who take the name of attorneyn. See advocate, 1. 3. The general supervisor or manager of a plantation. [British West Indies.] - District at- torney. See district. ^ - SCOtCh attorneys, a muue given in .Famaiea to species of tlusia, wmidy vines which twine atiout the trunks of trees and strangle them. attomey't (a-t'"'''ni), t'. f. [< offwrnei/l, «.] 1. To perform by jiroxy. Their eni.-ounters, though not personal, have been royally nlturwycd. Shak., W. T., I. 1. 2. To employ as a j>roxy. I am still Attorneyed at your service. Sliak., M. for M., v. 1. attorney- (ii-t<>r'ni), n. [Early mod. V,. also allurney, < JilE. atiirnr, < OF. altorner, atonrnn , prop, feni, ]ip, (.\IL. 'attornata) of alourmr, attorn: see atlorn, and cf. attorney^,] The ap|ioititniont of another to act in one's stead; the ad of iiuiiiiiit; an attorney: now used only ill I lie following jiliniHe. Letter, warrant, ..i power of attorney, an InHtnunent l»y which one per Hon authorl7A>H aiiotller to do some act or r.cts for him, as to exe<;ute a deed, to collect rcnt« or deht«, to sell cMlateH, etc, attorney-general (n-t^r'ni-jen'o-rnl), n.: pi. altnrni i/s-i/i nrriil. [< allornry^ + grneral, a.] 1. The lirHl iiiinistiTJal law-ortleer of a state. lie has general ii->Mi-rn to act In all legal pro,' llngN In will' h the state Is a party, and In regarded an the ofllelal legal adviser of Uin executive. In tjigland the nttjirney attraction general is specially appointed by letters patent. In the I'nited States lie is a member of the cabinet appointed by the President, has the general management of the depiu-t- ments of justice tbri'Ughout the country, advises the Pres- ident and departments on questions of law, and appears for the government in the Supreme Court and Court of Claims.* The individual States of the Union also have their attorneys-general. See ttejKirtiiient. 2. In England, the title of the king's (or queen's) attorney iu the duchies of Lancaster and Corn- wall and the county palatine of Durham. A'. E. D. — 3. Formerly, an attorney having gen- eral authority from his principal. attorney-generalship (a-ter'ni-jen"e-ral-ship), )i. [< attorney-general + -ship.] The office of or term of service as attorney-general. attomeyism (a-ter'ni-izm), «. [< attorney'^ + -ism.] The practices of attorneys; the unscru- pulous practices frequently attributed to attor- neys or lawyers. Carlyle. attorneyship (a-t^r'ni-ship), n. [< attorney'^ + -ship.] The office of an attorney, or the period during which the office is held; agency for another. Marriage is a matter of more worth Than to be dealt in by attorneyship. Shak,, 1 Hen. VI., v. 6. attornment (a-tem'ment), «. [< OF. attorne- ment (ilh. attoriiamenium), < aitorner: see at- torn and -ment.] In old Eng. late, the act of a feudatory, vassal, or tenant, by which he con- sented, upon the alienation of an estate, to re- ceive a new lord or superior, and transferred to him his homage and service ; the agreement of a tenant to acknowledge as his landlord one who was not originally such, but claimed to have become such. The necessity for attornment was done away with by 4 Anne, c. 18. Diyby, Real Prop.', v. § 3, 227. (iV. E. D.) attour^, jyrep. and adi: See otowrl. attour-t, atour^t, ». [ME., also atiirn, < OF. atiiur, older form atourn, aturn, dress, attire, < atourner, o torHcr, turn, prepare, same a,s atorner, attorn: see attorn.] Attire; dress; speeifi- eallv, head-dress: as, "her rich attour," Bom. of the Hose, 1. 3718. attract (a-trakf), J'. [< L. attractus, pp. of atlrahere, draw to, attract, < ad, to, + trohere, draw: see traef^.] I. trans. If. To draw in, to, or toward by direct mecliaiiical agency or ai'tion of any kind. — 2. To draw to or toward (itself) by inherent physical force; cause to gravitate toward or cohere with. It is a universal physical law that every particle of the universe attract.<< every other particle with a certain force. ir. L. Carpenter, Energy in Nature, p. 21. 3. To draw by other than physical influence ; invite or alluri>; win: as, to attract attention; to attract admirers. Adorn'd She was indeed, and lovely, to attract Tliy love. Milton, P. L., x. 168. At sea. everything that breaks the monotony of the sur- rounding expanse attracts attention. Irviiiy, Sketch-Book, p. 1ft. = Sto. 3. To entice, fascinate, cliariii. II. intrans. 1. To possess or exert the power of attraction: as, it is a property of matter to attract. — 2. Figuratively, to be attractive or winning : as, his manners are calculated to at- tract. attractt (a-trakf), ". [< attract, r.] Attrac- tion; in phirul, attractive qualities ; charms. What magical attracts and graces ! S. llutler, Hiidibras, III. I. 10.17. attractability (a-trak-ta-biri-ti), II. [< atlract- iihle : see -htUty.] The quality of being at- tractable, or of being subject to the law of at- traction. Thou wilt not And a corpuscle destitute of that natural nitraclability. .Sir W. Jones. .Asiatic Kesearclles, IV. 178. attractable (a-trnk'ln-bl), a. [< attract + -iihtc.] ( 'njialilc of being attracted; subject to iillnielion. attracter (a-trak't6r), »i. One who or that wliieli nitnicts. Also spelled attrnctor. attractict, attracticalt (n-inik'tik, -ti-kal), a. [< attract + -ic, -ical.] Jlaving power to at- tract; attractive. Some stones are endued with an electrical or attraetieal virtue. Itay, Wiu-ks of rreathui (1714), p. 08. attractile (a-trnk'tll), a. [< atlraet + -He.] Ihiviiig (lie )io\ver (o attract; attractive, attractingly (a-irak'ling-li), ailv. By way of nllrai'lioii ; ho as to attract. attraction (a-trak 'shon), n. [= F. attrac- tion, < L. aitraclio(n-), < attrahcre, attract: see attract.] 1. The act, jiower, or projierty of ntlnieling. Speiin.iilly (a) 111 idiys., Ilie force lliloiigh ulilili parllclcH n( matter are allra'eled er di-awn toward one another; a component accideratlon oT pari Idea attraction toward one another, uixonliny to thuir distance. Such at- traction is a nmtuiil action which in some form all bodies, wliL'ther at rest or in motion, exert upon one another. The altra(^tive force witli ^vhicli the atoms of different bodies in certain cases timl t'l mute, so as to form a new body or bodies, is called clti-iniatl ajInUty ; that which binds tu- getlier tlie molecules of the same body is called cohesion ; those of ditlercut bodies, adliesioii. Connected with the last-named forces is capiUnnj attraction, by wliich liquids tend to rise in tine tubes or small interstices of porous bodies. In all the cases mentioned the forces act only through very small distances. When bodies tend to come together from sensible distances, the force being directly proi)ortioiial to the product of their masses and inversely proportional to the square of the distance lietween tbcm, the attraction is calleil ;/ravitaHon, as when the earth at- tracts and isattnicted by a falling body, or attracts and is attracted I ly the moon, etc; or magnetism, as when exerted between t!ie unlike poles of a magnet; or elcctrieitt/, as when dissimilaily electrified bodies attract one another. See capiUant, chemical^ cohesion, electricitit, gravitation, magjietism. ' (b) The power or act of alluring, winninf;, or engaging; allurement; enticement; as, the a(^racf/o7i of beauty or eloquence. Setting the attraction of my good parts aside, I have no other charms. Shah., M. W, of W., ii. 2. 2. That which attracts feeling or desire ; a charm ; an allurement. She, questionless, with her sweet harmony, And other chosen attroAitions, would allui'e. Shak.y Pericles, v. 1. It is probable that pollen was aboriginally the sole at- traction to insects. Darwin, Cross and Self Fertilisation, p. 402. Center of attraction. See center. — Heterogeneous attraction. St-e /(t'fero(?e?ieoMs.— Molecular attrac- tion. -See nt()lecidar. = %Yn^ 2. Attractiveness, fascina- tion, enticement. attract! onally (a-trak'shon-al-i), adv. By means of attraction. The advance and retreat of the water react attractitfiialbj upon the plummet in a very marked degree. The American^ VI. 172. attractive (a-trak'tiv), a. and w. [=F. attrac- tiff -ive, = It. attrattivOy < L. as if *attra€tivus : see attract and -ive.'\ I. a. If. Having the power or faculty of drawing in, to, or toward by mechanical agency or action. — 2. Having the quality of attracting by inherent force; causing to gravitate to or toward : as, the at- tractive force of bodies. A repulsive force is positive ; an attractive, wliich di- minishes the distance between two masses, is negative. A. Daniell, Prin. of Physics, p. IGS. 3, Having the power of charming or alluring by agreeable qualities; inviting; engaging; en- ticing. For contemplation he and valour form'd, For softness she and sweet attractive grace. Milton, P. L., jv. 298. For hers was one of those attractive faces, That when you gaze upon them, never fail To bid you look again. Halleck, Fanny. Il.t n. That which draws or incites ; allui*e- ment; charm. The dressing Is a most main attractive. B, Jonson, Every Man in his Humour, iii. 2. The gospel speaks nothing but attractive^ and invita- tion. South, Sermons. attractively (a-trak'tiv-li), adv. In an attrac- tive manner; with the power of attracting or drawing to : as, to smile attractively. attractiveness (a-trak'tiv-nes), n. The quality of being attractive or engaging. The same attractiveness in riches. South, Sermons, VII. xiv. attractivity (a-trak-tiv'i-ti), n. [< attractive + -////.] Attractive power or influence. attr actor, n. See attracter. attrahens (at'ra-henz), pjyr., used also as «. ; pi. (itf/altcutes (at-ra-hen'tez). [NL., < L. atfra- Ik.-)is, ppr. : see attrahcnt.'] In anat.^ di'awing forward, or that which* di'aws forward; attra- hent: the opposite of retrahens. Chiefly in the phrase attrahens auretn, the name of a small muscle whose action tends to draw the ear forward. attrahent (at'ra-hent), a. and «. [< L. attra- heH{l-)s, ppr. of attrahere, attract: see attract.'] I. a, 1. Drawing to; attracting. — 2. In «««/., same as /c.~\ Capaljio of being or liable to be as- cribed, imputed, or attributed; ascriliable; im- putable: as, the fault is not attributable to the author. Hibernation, although a result of cold, is not its imme- diate consequence, but is attributable to that deprivation of food and other essentials which extreme eold occasions. Sir J. E. Tennent, Ceylon, ii. 4. attribute (a-trib'ut), v. t. ; pret. and pp. attrib- uted, ppr. attributing. [< L. attributus^ pp. of attribucrc, assign, < ad, to, + tribuere, give, as- sign, bestow: see tribute.] To ascribe; im- pute; consider as belonging or as due; assign. The merit of service is seldom attributed to the true and exact performer. Shak., Alls Well, iii. 6. Narrow views of religion tend to attribute to God an ar- bitrary and capricious action, not in harmony with either science or the Bible. Dawson, Nat. and the Bible, p. 12. He does not hesitate to attribute the disease from which they suffered to those depressing moral influences to whicli they were subjected. 0. W. Holmes, Old Vol. of Life, p. 2. The burning of New York was generally attributed, to New England incendiaries. Lecky, Eng. in 18th Cent., xiv. = S3m. Attribute, Ascribe, Refer, Impute, Charge, have two meanhigs in common : they may assign some attribute, quality, or appurtenance to a person or thing, or they may connect different things, as an effect with its cause. Jiefcr is the weakest. Attribute is stronger : as, to attribute om- niscience to God; to attribute failure to incompetence. Ascribe, being most manifestly figurative, is the strongest and most common ; it is rarely used in a bad sense. That which is imputed in the first sense named is generally but not always bad : as, to impute folly to a man. To impute anything good seems an archaic mode of expression. Ijd- jjute is not very common in the second sense : as, to im- pute one's troubles to ones follies. The theological mean- ing of impute, that of laying to a person's account some- thing good or bad that does not belong to him. has affected but little the popular use of the word. That which is charged, in either of the senses named, is bad: as, " His angels he charged with folly," Job iv. 18; I charged it to their youth and inexperience. The word is a strong one, on account of its connection with legal processes, etc. The singular excellence to which eloquence attained at Athens is to be mainly attributed to the influence which it exerted there. Macaulay, Athenian Orators. I have never yet encountered that bitter spirit of big- otry which is so frequently ascribed to ilohammedans. B. Taylor, Lands of the Saracen, p. 24. The salts, predominant in quick lime, we refer rather to lixiviate than acid. Boyle, Colours. I desh'e that what I have said may not be imputed to the colonies. I am a private person, and do not write Iiy tlieir direction. Franklin, Life, p. 387. Wliat you have charg'd me with, that have I done, And more, much more. Shak., Lear, v. 3. attribute (at'ri-but), /(. [< L. attributum, pred- icate, attribute, lit. what is ascribed, neut. of attributus\})iy. of attribuerc, ascribe, attribute: see attribute, v,] 1. In logic, that which is pred- icated or atfirmed of a subject; a predicate; an accident. A predicate, the exact limits of which are not deter- mined, cannot be used to define and determine a subject. It may be called an attribute, and conveys not the whole nature of the subject, but some one quality belonging to it. Abp. Thomson, Laws of Thought, p. 120. The term attribute simply directs the attention to the fact tliat we attribute to, or alfti-m of, a being something tliat we distinguisli fioin itself. N. Porter, Human Intellect, § 642. 2. A character inseparable from its subject. By this word attn'bute is meant something which is im- movaljle and inseparable from the essence of its subject, as tliat which constitutes it, and which is thus opposed to mode. Descartes. Some necessary marks belong to things as reasons of other marks of the same things, others as consequences of other marks. . . . The latter are called attributes. Kant. 3. A characteristic or distinguishing mark ; es- pecially, an excellent or lofty cpiality or trait : as, wisdom and goodness are his attribHtes, Serv. . . . with him the mortal Venus, the heart-blood of beauty, love's invisible soul. Pan. Who, my cousin Cressida? Sero. No, sir, Helen : could you not find out that by her attributes? Shak., T. and C, iii. 1. The term attribute is a word properly convertible with qualitif, for every quality is an attribute, and every attri- bute is a quality; but custom has introduced a certain distinction in their application. Attribute is considered as a word of loftier significance, and is, therefore, con- ventionally limited to qualities of a hisiher application. Thus, tnr example, it would be felt as indecorous to speak of tin' 'i>uilHii:s of God, and as ridicnlous to talk of the attributes of matter. Sir W. Hamilton, Metaph., I. 151. attrition 4. In the fine arts, a symbol of office, character, or personality : thus, the eagle is the attribute of Jupiter. The ladder is a Hirikini^ attribute for the patriarch Jacoli, and the harp for King David. Fairholt. Persephone is recognised by the lofty modiiis. or corn- measure, on her liead, the attribute of tlie Chthoinan deities. C. T. Newton, Art and Archaol., p. 87. 5t. Reputation ; honor. Alurh attribute he hath; and much the reason Why we ascribe it to him. Shak., T. and C, ii. 3, 6. In gram., an attributive word; a word de- noting an attribute — Symbolical attributes. See symbolical. =Syn. 1-3. Property, Chijrart>^rixtir,«^iv. See ijiinfiti/. attribution (at-ri-bu'shon), ??. [= F. attribu- tion, < L. 'ening ■pac".-. [f)ld English and Scotch.] I'.ijl lie, right well aware, his rnge to ward I'ld I Ml his shield atuyenr, .fperuer, F. Q., VI. xll. SO. atwinv • ■'' . (ME., also atwinne; < «•* -f- ficiH. •''• " 1 .\part; nHundiT. i !■,- -.It ail I thou inndt hniig.-n fer it-twinu'-. Chaucrr, Miller • Tiili!, I, |o:i. atwlrl 'ij-tw^rl' ^, prep, phr. aH ndr. or a, [< «:' + ttfoirl.'] lu li twirl; twirling. Onofly Coil- Hat by hrr d'nir with her wheel atirirt. HAi/dVr, Ilie Wrick of ItlvermiiUth. atvlut ';i twii! i/;i. ;i/ir, ttH adr, or a, [< »■' + '" i.i-teil; IhiikIi'iI. [Him . | atwltflt, .....I. K. iiNonHicif'', < .mi:. alvnirn, '. A.S. ttlu ji.m, < at, at, + yeilnn, blnmi : 376 see irife. Hence by apheresis mod. E. f«i7.] To blame ; reproach ; twit, atwitter (a-twit'er), prep, phr, as 0(?i'. or a, [< ((3 + twitter,'] In a twitter, atwixt, atwixent, atwixtt, prep. [ME. atwi.r, atuixen, atwijce. aticixt, etc.; < a- -h -twixeii, fici.r/; equix. to hetwijLCn, betwixt, q.y.J Betwixt; be- tween. Aticixen Sonne and see. Chaucer, lYoilus, v. 8S6. atwot, adv. [JIE., < AS. on twu, on tu: see a^ and fiio.] In two. An a.\e to smite the cord atwo. Chaucer, Millers T.-Ue, 1. 3S3. Atwood's mactiine. See machine, atypic (a-tip'ik), ((. [< Gr. urv-oc, conforming to no ilistiuct type (of illness) (< a- priv. -f- TvTTo;, tj'pe). -1- -ie: see 0-18 and typic.'\ 1. Ha%Tng no distinct typical character; not typi- cal; not conformable tn the ti,-ije. — 2. Produ- cing a loss of tj-iiical characters. Dana. atypical (a-tip'i-kal), a. [< atypic + -"/.] Same as atypic. atypically (a-tip'i-kal-i), adv. In an atj-pic man- ner. Atypinse (at-i-pi'ne), n. pi. l'SL.,< Atypus,l,-i- -(HO*.] A subfamily of Therapliosidw or Myga- Udce distinguished by the development of six spin- ners, typified by the ge- nus Atypus. Atypus (at'i-pus), H. [XL., < Gr. arv-oc, con- forming to no distinct -''•^"i^o^^s'^airLT"^"'"" type, < a- priv. -I- rfirof, type: see type.'\ 1. A genus of spiders, of the family Therapliosida: or ilyijalida; having six arachnidial mammillffi or spinnerets. .\. picem is a European species wliich digs a hole in the ground and lines it with silk. The genus with some authors gives name to a subfamily Atypinee. 2. A genus of fishes, now called Afypichfhys. Giinther, 1860. aut. [< ME. au, aie, or a before a guttural, nasal, or I (a^, all, at (aul), etc.), of AS. or OP. or L. origin.] A common English digraph repre- senting generally the sound of "broad a" (a), but often also il. It occurs only exceptionally, and by conformation with Romanic aMaln;4ies, in Murils of Anglo- Saxon origin, as in auyhl, tau'jht, tlainrhlfr, hiiidm^halin, lmulk=halk{-ii\\i\ formerly as a variant, mediaily, witll flic, as in Ijaul, hank, etc., for bawl, hawk, etc.). In words of Old Frencli (and ultimately Latin) origin it represents an original nl, now sometimes aid as in fault, fliwrttiff, etc., or a before a nasal, as in aunt, liaunch, launch, etc. (Imt in most such words now usually simplitlcd to a, as in yraml, yrant, lance, etc.). It is frequently of Latin origin, as in audit, cause, faud, etc., or of Greek origin, as in Cfiii.s-- lic. In words from recent French it may have the present K. sound (o) as in hauteur, au/ait, etc. In words of Oer- man and usually of other foreign origin, it hiLS its analyti- cal value (il + u), corresponding to Englisli uu in wnii-, as in *aHsi-Arraiif,a/i/iii/(, tiiii/«ii/. Formerly ait ami iiii-were used almost indilferently ; but now nii is never tlnal in Engtisti words, while ate is rarely medial, except in a few familiar words, as in hawk, bawl, but regularly Itiial. as in /(111-, itan; claw, etc. See au>. au- (6), [F., < OF', ail, o, ou, earlier al, contr. of a le = Sp, Pg. al = It. all, alio, < L. ad ilium (m.) or ad illiid (iieut.): ad, to, with ace. of ilk, that, in Hoin. tlie dof. art. 'the.' The cor- resp. fem. is a la, q. v.] To the; at the; with the: the diitive of the French definite article, occurring in some phrasi^s frequently used in English, as an fait, aufiind, au rernir, elc. Au. The clu'iiiii'iil symbol of gold (L., auruin), aubade (o-bad'), n. [K., < aulu; dawn (< L. iillui. Inn. of i/Z/iH.v, white; of. iiiilie = alh^), after Sii. a//H/r/(/, anbaile, < '(///'I, dawn: see(///i'.] 1. In troubailonr and siinihir music, a song or jiieec to bo perfoniK'd in the ojien air in the early morning, usually iidilresKcd to some special person; a musical announcement of dawn. See serenade. There he lingered till the crowing coi-k. The Alictryon of tin- (arinyard and the lloik. Sang hiB autmde with liiMly voice ami clear. I.tai'ifrttini', Wayside Inn, ICnima mid Eginhald. 2. In nuidirn wiixie, a rari-ly used tide for a Hhort inslrnmeiital com|ioHifion in lyric Biyle. aubain (o-ban'; F, pron. 6-biiii'), n. [F., < ML. alhnnux, an alien, < L. alilii, elsewhero, + -anus: Bee alibi. ] A non-nntiiralized foreigner, subject to I lie right of aiibiiine. S\ K. I>. aubaine (o-ban'), n. [!•'., E. peacht), < L. persiciini : see peach^. The Sp. forms touch those of apri- cot : see apricot.'\ The fruit of the egg-plant, Solanuni ilchmgciia : the brinjal. aubergist, aubergiste (a'ber-jist; F. pron. 6- bar-zhest'), n. [< F. aubergiste, iiui-keeper, < auberge: see auberge.'] The keeper of an au- berge; an inn-keeper; a tavern-keeper: a land- lord or landladv: as, "the aubergiste at Terni," Sninllctt, aubin (6-baii'), n. [F., < OF. haiibin, hobin, an ambling nag: see hobby.'] In the manege, a kind of broken gait, between an amble and a gallop, commonly called a "Canterbury gal- lop,'' and accomited a defect. auburn (a'bern), a. and ii, [Early mod. E. fii-(i.v), and the vicugna (.1. riVii,';iia). The seooml of these is Ity some supposed to be the wild stock of the llama, which is now known only in domestication. See cuts niuler ulpoi'a, i-), an auction. Cf. auctioneer.'] Pertaining or relating to an auction or public sale. With auctionarif lianimer in thy liaiui. Dn/dfii, tr. of Juvenal's .Satires, vii. auctioneer (ak-shon-er'), »(. [< auction + -eer. Cf. 1j. tiiictionariiis, under auctionary.'] One whose business is to offer goods or property for sale by auction ; the crier who calls for bids anil strikes the bargain at an auction ; a person licensed to dispose of goods or property by public sale to the highest bidder. auctioneer (ak-shon-er'), V. t. [< auctioneer, ?i.] To sell by auction. Estates are landscapes, gazM upon awhile, Then advertis'd, and auctwnocf'd away. Cmvpey, Task, iii, 75G, auction-pitch (ak'shon-pitch), n. See pitclil. auction-pool (ak'shon-pol), n. In betting, a pool in which the highest bidder has the first choice, the second, third, etc., choices being then sold, and the remainder, comprising those most unlikely to win, being "bunched" and sold as "the field," the winner taking the en- tire pool thus formed. auctivet (ak'tiv), a. [< L. auctus. pp. of au- gerc, increase (see auction), + -ivc.'] Increas- ing; serving to increase. Cote, 1717. auctort, "• An obsolete form of author. auctorial (ak-to'ri-al), a. [< L. auctor (see author) + -ial. Ct.duthoriat.i Of or pertaining to an author. There is more than people think in the gratification of the auctorial eye, and the reflection that good writing will he handsomely placed before the public. The Centuili. auctourt, «. An obsolete form of author. Chaucer. aucuba (a'ku-ba), n. [NL,, prob. < Jap. aoki, green, + ba'= ha, a leaf.] 1. A shrub of the genus Aucuha. — 2. [cap.] A genus of plants, natural order Cornacecc, consisting of six spe- cies from eastern Asia. They are branching shrubs, with smoolll opposite leaves and small unisexual flowers. A. Japonica has long been in cultivation, and is prized for its mass of glossy leathery green leaves, mottled with yel- low, and its coral-red berries. aucupate (a'ku-piit), v. t. ; pret. and pp. aucu- patcd, ppr. aucupating. [< L. aucupatus, pp. of aucupari, go bh-d-eatching, < auceps (aucup-), a bird-catcher, contr. of "aviceps, < avis, a bird (see Arcs), + capere, take : see capahle,] Liter- all.y, to go bird-catching ; hence, to lie in wait for ; hunt after ; gain by craft. To aucupate benefices by cajoling the Patrons. Gentleman s Nag., CIV. 60. (iV. E. D.) aucupationt (a-ku-pa'shon), n. [< L. aucupa- tio{n-),<. aucupari: see aucupate] 1. The art or practice of taking birds; fowling; bird-catch- ing. Blount. — 2. Hunting in general. BulloMr. aud (ad), a. [Cf. anld.] A dialectal form of old. [North. Eng. and Scotch.] audacious (a-da'shus), a. [= F. audacieux, < audace, boldness, < L. audacia, boldness, < au- dax (audac-), bold, < audere, be bold, dare.] 1. Boldordaring; spirited; adventurous; intrepid. She that shall be my wife, must be accomplished with courtly and audacious ornaments. B. Jonson, Epicoene, ii. 3. Her sparkling eyes with manly vigour shone. Big was her voice, audacious was her tone. Drijden, tr. of Ovid's Iphis and lanthe. Since the day when Martin Luther posted \\\?, audacious heresies on the church-door at Witteniberg, a great change has come over men's minds. J. Fiake, Evolutionist, p. 268. 2. Unrestrained by law, religion, or propriety; characterized by contempt or defiance of the principles of law or morality ; presumptuously ■wicked; shameless; insolent; impudent: as, an audacious traitor; an audacious calumny; "audacious cruelty," Shak., 1 Hen. IV., iv. 3. = Syn, 1, Intrepid, fooUiardy, rash. — 2. Shameless, un- abashed, jtresumptuous. audaciously (a-da'shus-li), adv. In an auda- cious manner; with excess of boldness or in- solence. The strongest, the best, the most audaciously/ indepen- dent of us, will be conscious, as age assaults us, of our ■weakness and helplessness. R. T. Cooke, Somebody's Neighbors, p. 260. audaciousness (a-da'shus-nes), n. The quality of being audacious; boldness; reckless daring; impudence ; audacity. audacity (a-das'i-ti), n. ; pi. audacities (-tiz). [< ME. audacite, <; L. as if *audacita{t-)s, bold- 377 ness, < audax (audac-), bold: see audacious.] 1. Boldness; daring; confidence; intrepidity. The frecdfjm and audacitif necessary in the commerce of men. Tatter. No Ilomcr sang these Norse sea-kings; but Agamem- non's was a small audacity, and of sniidl fruit in the world Ut some of them — to Kolf's of Normandy for in- stance. Carlylc. 2. Reckless daring; venturesomeness. A touch of audacity, altogether short of effrontery, and far less approaching to vulgarity, gave as it were a wilil- ness to all that she did. Scott, The Abbot, iv. 3. Audaciousness; presumptuous impuH0, and ottermi- nare, end, decide (see terminate). Cf. oyer and audit terminer, under oyer.] In law, a ■writ or com- mission to certain persons for appeasing and punisliiiig any insurrection or great riot. audient (a'di-ent), a. and «. [< L. audicn{t-)s, ppr. of audire (> It. tuWre = Kp. oir = Pg. ouvir = Pr. ausir = OF. odir, oir (AF. oycr^ > E. oyer, q. v.), mod. F. otiir), hear; cf. Gr. aiav, hear: see /jcnr and eflj'l.] I. a. Hearing; listening. Mrs. Jirowning. II, n. 1. A hearer. The audients of her sad story felt gi'eat motions both of pity and admiration for her misfortune. Slielton, tr. of Don Quixote, iv. 2. 2. In the early church : (a) One not yet bap- tized, but receiving instruction preparatory to baptism ; a catechumen of the first stage. Such persons were permitted to heai' the psalms, lessons, and sermon, but were not present at the more sacred senices which followeil. (ft) In the Jiastern Church, ac- cording to the sj'stematio classification of peni- tents in force at tho close of the third cen- tury, but becoming obsolete early in the fifth, one of the second class of public penitents, occupying a station higher than that of the weepers and lower than that of the jirostrates. The audients were not allowed to enter the Ijody of the church, but heard the opening prayers and sermon stand- ing in the narthex, which wjis also the place of the cate- chumens, anil, like them, had to depart before the offer- tory and anaphora. See penitent. Also called auditor. audile (a'dil), ». [Irreg. < L. audire, hear (see audient), + -He.] One in ■whose mind auditory images are predominant, or especially distinct. Strieker, a motile, declares that it is impossible to rep- resent to ourselves other vowels while pi'onouucing any particular one, say a: he can only rejiresent them as motor images which clash with the motor presentation. M. Paulhan, an audile, declares he can easily do what Strieker declares impossible, for he can represent the auditory images of i and u while the motor presentation of a is being presented. Mind, XI. 415. audiometer (a-di-om'e-ter), n. [IiTeg. < L. au- dire, hear, + metrum, < Gr. /jcrpov, a measure.] An instrument designed to gage the power of hearing and record it upon an arbitrary scale. audiometric (a'di-o-met'rik), a. Of or per- taining to audiometry. audiometry (a-di-om'e-tri), n. [As audiometer + -//.] The testing of the sense of hearing, especially by means of the audiometer. audiphone (a'di-fon), n. [Iireg. < L. audire, hear, -1- Gr. ipuvf;, a sound.] An instrument for counteracting deafness by collecting the sound- waves and transmitting the vibrations to the auditory nerves through the bony part of the head, it consists of a diaphragm, or plate, which is held in contact with the upper teeth, and is vibrated by sound- waves. audit (a'dit), n. [< L. auditus, a hearing, < au- dire, pp. auditus, hear: see audient.] If. Audi- ence; hearing. With his Orisons I meddle not, for bee appeals to a high Audit. Milton, Eikonoklastes, v. ■Whoso seeks an audit here Propitious, pays his tribute, game or fish. Couper, Task, iv. 610. 2. Official examination and verification of ac- counts or claims ; an examination into ac- counts or dealings with money or property; es- pecially, an examination of accounts by proper officers, or persons appointed for that pm-- pose, who compare the charges ■with the vouch- ers, examine witnesses, and state the result. The rule of insisting on a proper audit of account was a corollary from the practice of appropriating the supplies to particular purposes. Stubbs, Const. Hist., § 694. Hence — 3. A calling to account; an exami- nation into one's actions. You must prepare against to-morrow for your last suf- fering here, and your great audit hereafter. Scott. 4. An account or a statement of account ; a bal- ance-sheet. And, how his arulit stands, who knows, save heaven ? Shak., Hamlet, iii. 3. 5t. A periodical auditing or settlement of ac- counts; hence, receipts; res'enues. I knew a nobleman in England that had the greatest audits of any man in my time : a great gl'azier, a great sheep-master, a great timber-man, itc. Bacon, Riches. Conunissioners of audit, formerly called auditors of the Excheinier, in England, officers appointed to call on all public accountants to account for money or stores in- trusted to them, and to check the accounts of the ord- nance, army, and navy, and the land-revenue. The es- tablishment consists of a chairman and five conunissioners, a secretary, and nmnerous subordinates. audit (a'dit), V. [< audit, n.] I. trans. To make audit of; examine and veiify by reference to vouchers, as an account or accounts : as, to audit the accounts of a treasurer. In 1-106 the commons, who objected to making a grant until the accounts of the last grant were audited, were told by Henry that kings do not render accounts. Stubbs, Const. Hist., § 694. audit TTie commission under the convention with tl»e Repub- lic "i New Granada closed its session witiiout lia>ing audited and passed upon all the claims which were sub- mitted to it. Liitcoln, in Raymond, p. 311. TT. intrans. To examine into the correctness of an account ; act as an auditor. Let Hocus audit ; he knows how the money was dis- bursed, Arbuthiwt, John Bull, p. Sl». audit-ale (a'dit-al), n. A specially excellent kind of ale brewed at certain colleges in the English universities, originally for use on auilit- day. It was formerly a custom in all the colleges to make a great feast on the 'day on which the college accounts were audited, and the verj" best ale was brought out for the occasion. The audit-ale was first broached on that day every year. Observing from the goose on the table and the audit- aU which was circling iu the loving-cup that it was a feast. Farrar, audita querela (a-di'ta kwe-re'la). [L. (NL.), the complaint having been heard: audUa, fern, of auditus, pp. of audire, hear; querela, com- plaint: see audient and guarreft.'\ In law, a form of action in which the judgment debtor strives to recall or prevent execution on a judg- ment to which he claims a valid defense ; the writ by which such action is begun. [Now generally superseded.] audit-house (a'dit-hotis), n. A building or room appended to an English cathedral, in which the business belonging to the cathedral is transacted. audition (a-dish'on), ». [< L. auditio(,n-), a hearing, listening" < audire, pp. auditus, hear: see audient.} 1. The act of hearing; a hearing or listening; the sensation from an impression on the auditory ner\-e by the vibrations of the air produced by a sonorous body. It is generally admitted that the audition of speech in the telephone is the result of repetitions, by the dia- ptiragm in the receiving instrument, ... of the vibra- tions produced in the transmitter. Quoted in G. B. Pnxott's Elect. Invent., p. 288. 2. The sense of hearing; hearing, as a physio- logical function or faculty ; one of the five spe- cial senses. — 3. Something heard. [Rare.] 1 went to hear it (the Cock-Lane Ghost], for it is not an apparition, but an audition. Walpolf, Letters, II. :i^i. Ossicles of audition. See osmcle. auditive (i'di-tiv), a. [< F. auditif, < L. as if 'audilivus, (. auditus, pp. of audire, hear: see audient.} Of or pertaining to the sense of hear- ing; concerned with the power of hearing; auditory. His heart is fixed and busily taken up in some oi^ject, . . . and the ears, like faithful servants attending their master, the heart, lose the act of that auditive ui-gan by some suspension, till the heart hath done with flieni. iteu. T. Adaiiis, Works, I, SO.'i. audit-office (a'dit-of 'is), n. An office where ac- counts are audited: as, a railway audit-nfficc ; specifically, in England, tho office where the commissioners for auditing the public accounts of the United Kingdom transact their business. The imficrial audit-office is imder the immodi- ati- iDiitrol of the lords of the treasury. auditor (a'di-tor), n. [< ME. auditour (AF. au- dil'iiir, OF. auditeur — Roquefort), < Ij. auditor, a hearer, in ML., specifically, a judge, commis- sioner, notary, examiner of accounts, etc., < audire, hear: see audient and audit.} 1. A hearer; ono who listens to what is said; a member of an auditory. What, a pliiy toward? I'll be an auditor; An actor too, perlmi>s. Shak., AI. ^^ D., Hi. 1. I was infinitely dellghU-d with the statlun of a humblo auditor In such conversatinns. ."iu'i/l, Oulllvcrs Travels, Iv. 10. 2. Same as audient, n., 2. — 3. A person ap- pointed and authorized to examine an account or ftceountM, compare tho chargoH with tho •V'' 1 mine parlies and witnoHseH, allow or !u''S, and slato (lie risull. it u U' ■■, r.frr nrcr.iiKtfl Involved Hi litlKatliin t" ' uriidlcllonM callfil rr/rn:,t,r root- J"' ' II. nt. and tlitir n port, if nn in.d, 1'' ..'riii-nt. .Sornetirric^ nil niKlltor In a "'•' iiliiil orcoriMirnli' li'• 'illTllH IU llHV m < Ml.' I.I 111 lull '"'■ ■■ ■ I. Ill til.. I li:- V- "■i" r.. of the Iri.i t •"■''' II. I, ,,( 1., "■ • . I., .,.:„. lit. :.i.l t:._ ....li., "■' . tiiii-iil. * ' • rs of lii({h mnk Bt tho P"i I ■ >•" ■ ■< I fnmi their connfclinii with bUKiiicfifi treated of in Binlioin'cH with tin) 378 pope: as, auditor of the apostolic chamber; auditor of the pope; atiditurs of the Roman rota (which see) — Auditor of the Court of Ses- sion, in Scotland, a crown officer to whom suits in which expenses are found due may be reniittei* in ordt-r thut the costs may be taxed.— Auditors of the Exchequer. See comou. to tlio mark; fully skilled 6. Her fears augmented as her comforts fled. Crabbe, Tales of the HalL augmentable (ag-men'ta-bl), a. [< augment + -abli-.] Capable of being augmented or in- creased. augmentation (ag-men-ta'shon), n. [< ML. augmentatiii{n-), < LL. augmentare, pp. augmen- taius, augment: see augment, v.] 1. The act of increasing or making larger by addition, ex- pansion, or dilatation; the act of adtling to or enlarging ; the state or condition of being made larger. Bacon, holding that this method was insufficient and futile for the augmentation of real and useful knowledge, published his Novum Organon. Wheuwll, Nov. Org. Eenovatum, Pref. 2. That by which anything is augmented ; an atldition: as, the augmentation amounted to §500 a year. He does smile his face into more lines than are to the new map with the augmentation of the Indies. Shale, T. N., iii. 2. Specifically — 3. In music, where much repe- tition and imitation of themes is required, the modification of a theme or subject by systemati- cally increasingthe origi- nal time-value of all its notes. — 4. In her., an ad- ditional charge to a coat- armor, granted as a mark of honor to an armiger. It is borne on an ordinai-y or subordinary in such a way as to be evidently an addition to the paternal coat, and in an- cient times was more rarely used as an addition to the bear- ings on the field. Also called addition. 5. In jMthol., same as augment, 3 — Augmenta- tion Court, in England, a court established by Henry VIII. to augment the revenues of the crown by the sup- pression of monasteries. It was dissolved on the accession of IJueen Mary.- By augmentation, in England, a phrase formerly used in the aiiiiv-iui .motion lists to signify that an officer's appoiiitiueiit liad been conferred by the crea- tion of a new patent, not by the purchase of an old one. — Process of augmentation, in Scotland, a process in the teind court, raised bv the minister of a parish against the titular and heritors, 'for the purpose of obtaining an aug- mentation of his stipend. augmentationer (ag-men-ta shon-er), n. An ollic-cr bplongiug to the Augmentation Court (which see, under augmentation). Here now I speak to you my masters, minters, augmen' tationers. Latimer, 2d Sermou bef. Edw. 'VI., 1550. Arms of first Duke of Wel- lington with the augmenta- tion granted to him, viz.. ^« Inescutcftean cf Engtand. ( From Bouteira " Herald- ry.") augur augmentati'7e (ag-men'ta-tiv), a. and n. [= F. augmcntaiif, < LL. as if * augmentativus, < aug- mentare, pp. augmcntatus: see augment, v.] 1. a. 1. Having the quality or power of aug- menting. — 2. In gram., exjiressing augmenta- tion or increase in the force of the idea con- veyed: applied both to words and to afBxes which effect this. II. n. A word formed to express increased intensity of the idea conveyed by it, or an affix wliicli Kci'ves this pui'pose. Also augmenfii'e. augmentatively (ag-men'ta^tiv-li), adv. So as to augment or increase ; in the manner of an ' augment. augmenter (ag-men't6r), n. One who or that wiiifii augments. augmentive (ag-men'tiv), a. and n. [< aug mint -t- -ire.] Same as augmentatire. augmentless (ag'ment-les), a. [< augment + -less.'] Without an augment. Amir. Jour. Fhilot., VI. 276. augoert, augret, "• Obsolete spellings of auger. au gratin (6 gni-tan'). [P.] With the burnt part: done brown. augrimt, «. A Middle English form of algorism. augrim-stonest, «. Jil. Stones used as counters in arithmetical calculations, some standing for units, others for tens, etc. His augrim-stoones, leyen faire apart. Cfmucer, Miller's Tale. Augsburg Confession. See confession. augur (a'ger), «. [< ME. augur, < L. augur, ear- lier auger, of uncertain origin, perhaps < avis, a bird (cf. au-spex and au-cupation), + -gur, con- nected with garrire, talk, chatter.] 1. Among the ancient Eomans, a functionary whose duty it?was to obser^'e and to interpret, according to traditional rules, the auspices, or reputed natural signs concera- ing future events. These auspices were stud- ied, witha ttxed ceremonial, in the following classes of phenomena: (1) signs from the heavens, including thunder and lightning, and other meteorological mani- festations; (2) signs from the direction of fligiit or the various cries of birds ; (3) signs from the manner of eating of domestic hens kept for this purpose ; (4) signs from the movements and attitudes of animals ; (5) evil omens from various fortuitous incidents, such as the fall of any object, the gnawing of a mouse, the creaking of a chair, etc., occuiTiug during the augural ceremonies, or when these were about to begin. . The official or public augurs, who constituted a college, probably frrtinded by Nunia, were originally three in number. By the time of Tartplin they Inxd been increased to six. After 300 B. C- the number became nine, of whom five must be plebeians. Sulla made the number fifteen ; Julius Cfesar, sixteen, not including his owji official membership in his character of perpetual chief priest and dictator ; and toward the close of the empire the number was still further increased. The augurs wore the sacerdotal prsetexta, or toga with a broad purple border, and their distinctive emblem was till- t iirved rod called the lituus, with which they marked out the limits of the templum or boundary within which the omens with which they had to do were to be observed. Before any public business or ceremony was undertaken the augurs decided whether the auspices were propitious, or wliether unfavorable omens demanded intelTuption or delay ; they conducted the inauguration or exauguration of priests, 'temples, and places, such as new settlements, and fixed the times of movable festivals. In the engrav- ing, the figure holds the lituus in his right hand, while one of the sacred fowls appears at his feet. Hence — 2. One who pretends to foretell future events by omens; a soothsayer; a prophet; one who bodes, forebodes, or portends. Axigur of ill, whose tongue was never found Without a priestly curse or boding sound. « Dryden, Iliad, i. 155. augur (a'ger), v. [= F. augurer = Sp. Pg. au- gurar = It. augurare, < L. augurari; from the noun.] I. irans. 1. To prognosticate from signs, omens, or indications; predict; antici- pate : with a personal subject. I did augur all this to him beforehand. B. Jonson, Poet.aster, i. 1. I augur everything from the approbation the proposal has met with. Sir J. Hcrsehel. 2. To betoken ; forebode : with a non-personal or impersonal subject. Sooth was my prophecy of fear ; Believe it when it augurs cheer. Seott, L. of the L., iv. 11- — Syn.2. To portend, presage, foreshadow, be ominous oL Augur. (From a Roman bas-relief.) augur H. intrans. 1. To conjecture from signs or omens. My power's a crescent, and my aurniriiitj hope Says it will come to the fulL Shak., A. and C, ii. 1. 2. To tie a sign ; bode : with well or iU. It aufjurs ill ioT an imdertaking ... to find such dis- Eenrions in headquarters. IF. Belnham, Hist. Eng. angural (a'gu-ral), a. [< L. auffuralis, pertain- ing to an augur, < augur, augur.] Pertaining to an augur, or to the duties or profession of an augur ; of or pertaining to divination ; ominous : as. ' portents augural," Cowper. augnrateit (a'gn-rat), v. t. or i. ; pret. and pp. augurated, ppr. augurating. [< L. auguratug, pp. of augurari, augur: see augur, v., and-<(/c2.] To conjecture or foretell by augury; predict; act as an augur. 1 aurruratid truly tlie improvement they would receive thia way. Warburton, To Uurd, Letters, cii. augurate^ (a'gn-rat), Ji. [< L. auguratus, the office of augur, < augur: see augur, «., and -attS.] The^offiee of augur; augurship. augnrationt (a-gu-ra'shon), n. [< L. augura- tio(n-), < augurari, pp. auguratus, augur: see augur, r.] The practice of augury, or the fore- telling of events by signs or omens: as, "tri- pudiarv augurations," Sir T. Browne, Vulg. Err., i." 11. augurelf, "• [Fox*auger, for 'algere, appar. < D. aalgeer, aalger, elger, < aal (= E. eel) + -gcr (= AS. gar), a spear: see gar^, gore-.'i An eel-spear. augnre-t, "■ [Also augur, < OF. augure, < L. augurium : see augury.^ Augury. augurert (a'ger-er), H. An augur. Shak. angurial (a-gii'ri-al), a. [< L. auguridlis, col- lateral form of auguralis: see augural.'] Of or pertaining to augurs or augury; augural. As for the dirination or decision from the staff, it is an ttumrinl relic. Sir T. Browne, Vulg. Err. angnrismt (&'ger-izm), ». [< augur + -ism.} Augury. anguristt (^'ger-ist), n. [< augur + -ist. Cf. augurizf.] An augur, augurizet (a'ger-iz), r. t. or j. [< augur + -tjc] To aut;ur ; act as an augur, auguroust (a'ger-us), a. [< augur + -oms.] Predicting; foretelling; foreboding. ITesaging in their au^urou.^ hearts. Chapman, Iliad, xviii. 191. augursllip (a'ger-ship), n. [< augur + -ship.] The office or period of office of an augur. augury (a'gii-ri), n. ; pi. auguries (-riz). [< MT]. augury, < OF. augurie (ME. also augure, < OF. augure) = Sp. Pg. It. augurio, < L. augurium, di\ination, prognostication, omen, < augur, au- gur: see augur, h.] 1. The art or practice of ForetelUng events by signs or omens, she knew by ai/ywn/ divine. Su^t, Cadenus and Vanessa. The throne and sceptre of Ithaca were to be disposed by auffury, by the wiU of Jove, signified by some omen. J. Attatm, Works, IV'. 571. 2. That which forebodes ; that from which a prediction is dran-n; an omen or significant token. Sad auffurieg of winter thence slie drew. Drydxn, Hind ami I'anther, iii. 441. I hall this interchange of sentiment ... as an augur}i that . . . the peace and friendship which now exist be- tween the two nations will be . . . perpetual. Lincoln, in Itayniond, p. 402. 3. Figuratively, indication ; presage ; promise. lll« diligence at school . . . gave afi/iurj/ tt{ his futni-e acconi[dlHhmentJi. Sunuicr, John I'lckering. ~ Syn. I'firtf.nt, Siffn, etc. Sec om*-n. august^ (il-gust'), a. [= F. augusle = Sp. Fg. It. iiuguslo, < Ij. auguslus, veiirnitdi', worthy of liiiiiDr 'iiMsuraed as a title by Octavius Ctcsar and liin Hui:cessorH), perhaps orig. 'consecrated by augury,' < augur, augur (<'f. robust, < Ij. ro- liunluK,<. rohur); but uMually associated with iiiiiiirr, inoronsp, extol: sen auclinn.] 1. In- •I'c and admiration; inajr^i^tic ; I (ir Htatoly ; Hulilimc; iiiagiiiU- rth n yet au'/iiji^rr thing, 1 1 It Ih', than parliament or king. lri'//i/!r. Th*! oti /!,.( (b,;c „f Truth. Whillirr, Eve of i;iicllon. ThU wa^ an i-tti'riHlvn and maanlflccnt slnn-tum, the creation of till! |.rii.. ■ s own eccentric yet nuqiiMi tANte. /'«!, Tabu, I. :i;i(». 2. V' - ■' Mpful; eminent. =8yn. Mn'*- '''. ' ' ftil. lni|Mi(ilrii.'. AugU [< MK. .lugujil, Augnt, bIbo .^^.«/, n;;. rOl . Ami.tl, mod. F. AmH = Hp. I';.'. It. .(f/'>«/..=:I). Auriii':iu« = (i. I)un. /(«f/«.«/ = Sw. AuguJili = U.1S8. Aigiutu = Or. MyovnTui, < L. 380 Augustus (se. mensis, month), August ; so named by the emperor Augustus Csesar (see augusf^) hi his own honor, following the example of Julius Ciesar, who gave his name to the preceding month, July. The earlier name of Augiist was Sextilis (< scxtus = E. sixth, it lielug the sixth month in the old calendar).] The eighth month of the year, containing thirty-one days, reckon- ed the first month of autumn in Great Britain, but the last of summer in the United States. See month. august^ (a'gnst), r. t. [= T.aoiiter, ripen, = Sp. agostar, be parched, dial, plow laud in August, pasture cattle on stubble iu sum- mer (see agostadero); from August", n.] If. To make brown or simbm-nt. Eielyn. — 2. To ripen; bring to fruition. [Poetical.] He for . . . dear natii>ns toiled, And auijitsted mans heavenly hopes. Baileij, llystic, 1. 65. (.V. E. D.) augusta (a-gus'ta), II. [See nH(7»sfl.] A name given iu Central America to a valuable timber- tree, the botanical relations of which are un- knomi. augustal (a-gus'tal), n. [< L. Augustalis. relat- ing to Augustus, the title assumed by the em- perors, < augustus, venerable : see augusf^.] 1. Under the ancient Roman empire : («) A priest of the lares at the cross-roads, an office first established by Augustus. (6) A priest of a college or brotherhood (sotlahs .4ugustales) of members of the imperial house and some other persons of high rank, whose duty it was to maintain the religious rites of the Julian fam- ily: instituted by Tiberius, (c) A member of a private college or corporation, of which tliere were many iu Rome and throughout the prov- inces, formed to do reverence, by religious ceremonies and otherwise, to the memory of Augustus, and, at a later date, to pay divine honors to the reigning emperor also. The office of augustal became hereditary, and cai-ried with it the assessment of certain public dues, and the giving to the public of stated feasts and shows. The augustals wore di.s- tinctive ornaments, had places of honor in the theaters, and enjoyed other privileges, (rf) Under the early empire, a general name for subaltern officers of the legion. — 2. The name of an Italian gold coin, weigh- ing from 30 to 40 grains, issued in the thirteenth century by tlie emperor Frederick II. as king of Si- cily. It bears a resemblance to gold coins of the ancient Ro- man empire. augustalis (a-gtis-ta'lis), «.; pi. augustales (-lez). Same as augustal, 2. Augustan (a-gus'tau), a. [< L. Auguslaiius, jiertaiuiiig to Augustus, or to cities named .lugusta: see August^.] 1. Pertaining to the Emperor Augustus (31 B. c. to A. D. 14) : as, the .luguxtan age. The Augustan age was the most brilliant jiei'iod in Roman literature; hence the phrase has been applied by analogy to siinilar periods In the lit- erary history of other countries. Thus the reign of Louis XIV. hits been called the Aniin-ntan age of French litera- ture. whll«! that of tincen Aiwie has received this distinc- tion in I'^nglish. 2. Pertaining to the town Augusta Vindelico- rum, now Augsburg, in Bavaria: as, the .■(«- gustau Confession, commonly called tho Augs- burg Confessifui. See roufeasidn. Augustin, Augustine (a-gus'tin or ft'gus-tin), ». |< Ii. Aiiiiiisliinin, It proper name, < Augus- tus, iiaiiici of liimiaii eniporors: ni>o .iugust". Tlie name .tustin is a (•(intract inn NL. Al- ca, q. v.] A diving bird belonging to the fam- ily Alcidw and the order I'ygojwdes, character- ized by haWng 3 toes, webbed feet, and short wings and tail. Originally the name was siicciflcally applied to the great ank. or garefowl, A tea intpcnni.^. whieil became extinct about 1S44. notable as the largest bird of the family and the only one deprived of the power of flight by reason of the sinallness of its wings, though these were as perfectly formed as in other birils. It was about XO inches long, the length of the wing being only about ti inches. Us color w;is dark-brown above and white below, with a large white spot before the eye. It abounded on both coasts of the North Atlantic, nearly or (luite to the arctic circle, and south on the American side to Massa- chusetts. The name came to be also speeilieally ai>plied to the razor-billed auk, Alra or Vtamania ttn-tfa, a simi- lar but much smaller species, about 15 inches long, with a white line instead of a spot before the eye ; and tinally, as a book-name, it was made synonymous with Atcidit: Several North Pacific species still bear the name, as the rhinoceros auk {Ct-'ratorhina monoccrata), the crested auk (Simorhiinctttts crijitateUHs), etc. ; but other sjiecial names are usually found for most of the birds of this family, as jntfin, murre, ;nirttemot, dvirki,:, atdtct, etc. There are al'out 24 species belonging to the family. .See .ilea. At. ciihi: auk-t, «■ Same as awk^. auklet (ak'let), H. [< auk + dim. -let.] A lit- tle auk. Speeilieally applied to several small species of Obverse. Rcversc- August.-il, in the Britihh Museum. (Stzeof the original.) Crested Auklet [Simarfij'Hc/iuf crisfntellm), AleidfX, of the genera Simorhynthuit, Ombria, and Pt^i- cliovhamphus, as the crested liuklet, .Simorht/nrluijt cnf. littitlns; the iiarrakeet auklet, Ombria p.tilfactda ; tho Ali'lltijin atlklet. Ptttc/inrtiam/ilius att-'uHciin. aul (al), II. [E. dial., a reduction of aldcr'^.] The alder. When the bud of tho aid is as big as tho trout's eye. Then that Ilsh is ill season in the river Wye. Local Kn/rn/, lilow: see «(')'l, aura, and (isthmii ; cf. ni'viir, a pipe, flute.] 1. A court or hall. — 2. [NL.] In anal., the anterior portion of thi> third ven- tricle of tlie brain, corresponiling to the cavity of the priniitivo ]iri)seiici|ilialoii ; a niesal ]ior- tion ot" the coininon ^■enll■i^ular cavity ol" tile brain; in tlu> ani]iliiliian brain, the ventricle of the unpaired cerebral nidinii'iil. — 3. [Nlj.] In CO"/., the cavity of a colony of iiifusorians, as meinliers of I'lilrox or Eudoriua. A. Hyatt. — Aula Regla or ROKlsdloval or Kings ('oiirll."a emot eHtalilished Ijy Willi.'iio Ihi- Conuinror in bis own Imll, wluMiee (he name. It was creHeiitiiig a pofiiliiir fiiniily, tho .liitiii-inithiila: llarrhl, IHCid. aulacanthid ((l-la-Uiin'tliid), n. A railiolnriiin oi Ihe laiiiily Aiilacauthida: Ground-pig ^Anlacodus s-wtndertaniis) Aulacanthidse Aulacanthidae (a-la-kan'thi-de), n. pi. [NL., < Aidacaiilka + -khe.'] A family of tripyleaus or aeautliarian radiolarians, with a skeleton consisting of a superficial pallium of five tan- gential tu'bes and a number of strong radial spipulos, simple or branched, which pierce the mantle. They mo diTp-sfii 'Ui^ Irininhi. "This tree is the matter whereof unnien s t ^s were made, as the poets and some others repni't, uhieli seldoni cease wagging." Gerard. Auldana (al-da'nit), «. An Australian red wine. auld-farand, auld-farrant (ald-fa'rand, -rant), '(. [Sc, < auld + farand.'] Having the wa3'S or thoughts of an old person ; resembling an old or at least a grown-up person ; hence, saga- cious ; wily; knowing more than was expected : most frequently applied to children. [Scotch.] aulen (a'len), a. [E. dial., a reduction of al- dirii. Gt.aul.'] Aldern ; of alder. [Prov. Eng.] auletes (a-le'tez), 11. ; i)l. aidetai (-ti). [Gr. m'/.i/ri/i:, < ah'Aclv, play on the flute, < av?6g, a flute, a pipe, tube, < aijvai, blow. Cf. aida.'] Li ancient Greece, a flute-player. Before him on the right stands an auletes. Cat. of Vases in Brit. Museum, II. 86. auletic (;l-let'ik), o. [< L. auleticus, < Gr. av?.ri- Tijfiif, of or for the flute (cf. avhirr/c, a flute- player), < avAav, play on the flute : see auletes.^ Pertaining to instruments of the flute kind. It is true that the ancients also had an instrnmental music separate from poetry; but while this in modern times has been coming more and more to lie the crown of nuisical art. it was confined in antiquity to the kitiiaristic and auletie nonies. J. Hadley, Essays, p. 90. auletris (a-le'tris), n. ; pi. auletridcs (-tri-dez). [Gr. avAi/rpit:, fem. of ah'A?]T7i(: see anletcs.'i In ancient Greece, a fe- male flute-player. In the centre an auletris, looking to the right, playing on the double flute. Cat. o/ Vases in Brit. [Muaeuin, II. 15. aillic (a'lik), a. and n. [< L. aulicus, < Gr. ab'Ai- K(ic, of the court, < avAi/, court: see aula.'\ I. a. 1. Pertaining to a royal court. In the old German empire, the Aulic Council was the personal council of the emperor, and one of the two supreme courts of the em- pire which decided without appeal. It was instituted about 1.502, and organized Auletris.- Performer on tlie under a definite constitution i^.S^^.tH^l^^T.-.^'^'^^ m 1559, modified m 1654. It century b.c.) 381 finally consisted of a president, a vice-president, and eighteen councilors, six of whom were Protestants; the luianimous vote of the latter could not be set aside by tile others. The Aulic Council ceased to exist on the e.\- tinetion o! the German empire in 1800. The title is now given to the Council of State of the iCnipcror of Austria. Also aidirid. 2. [< aidn, 2.] In atiat., of or pertaining to the aula. Il'ildor. II. n. Formerly, in the LTniversity of Paris, the ceremony of conferring the degree of doc- tor in theology, iucliuling a harangue by the chancellor and a dispulation upon a thesis written and defended by the candidate : so called because it was held in the great hall of the archbishopric. aulical (a'li-kal), a. Same as aulic, 1. aulicism (a'li-sizm), )(. [< aulic + -ism.'\ A courtly jilirase or expression. aulin (a'lin), II. [Also written allin, alien, al- laii ; according to Edmonston (Shetland Gloss. ) < Icel. "iilinn, a parasite " (cf. the specific name jirtrasiticus), jirop. one fed, .being pp. of ala, bear, nourish, feed: see oKel and aW.] The arctic gull, Sicrcorarius j>arasilirii.<:, also call- ed dirtij-allen, scouti/-aiiliii or aidiii-sroiili/, and skait-hird. See ncoutii-aiiliii and akitU-liird. aulin-SCOUty (a'lin-skou"ti), n. Same as aulin. auliplexus (a-li-plek'sus), n. ; pi. auliplexus or aidiplextifies (-ez). [NL., < aida, 2, -f- plc.ru.^^.'\ In anat., the aulic portion of the diaplexus; that part of the choroid plexus which is in the aula. See aula, 2. Wilder and, Gage, Anat. Tech., p. 473. aulmonieret, ". See aumdniere. aulnt, "■ See aiine. aulnaget, »• See alnage. aulnagert, «• See alnager. aulophyte (ii'lo-flt), n. [< Gr. ahUi;, a pipe, tube, -t- ipv-tiv, a plant.] A plant living within another, but chiefly for shelter, not parasiti- cally, as some minute algse. Aulopora (a-lop'o-ra), n. [NL., < Gr. av7.6q, a pipe, + -iTopQt;, a pore.] A genus of fossil sclero- dermatous corals, of the group Tubulosa, giving name to a family Aulopurida:. aulorhynchid (a-lo-ring'kid), n. A fish of the family ,( idoylii/iicJiidrr. Aulorhynchidse (a-lo-ring'ki-de), u.jjI. [NL., < Anhiiliiincliiia + -idee.'] A family of hemi- branchiate fishes, with an elongated subcylin- drical body, elongated tubiform snout, sides with rows of bony shields, and subthoracic ventral fins having a spine and four rays each. Aulorhynchus (a-lo-ring'kus), n. [NL., < Gr. ai/AAi;, a flute, pipe, + pt'jA'or, snout.] A genus of fishes, typical of the family AidiirliyneMda\ A. fliiridiis, the only known species, occiu's on the Pacific coast of the United States. Aulosphaera (a-lo-sfe'ra), 71. [NL., < Gr. alMc, a pipe, + aijiaipa,' sphere.] A genus of radio- larians, typical of the family Aulosphicridee. Aulosphaeridae (a-lo-sfe'ri-de), n. pi. [NL., < Aidiisjiliirra + -ida'.J A family of tripj'lean or acantharian radiolarians, with a fenestrated shell composed in a peculiar fashion of hollow tubes. It is a group of several deep-sea gen- era, as Aulosiiluera, Aulopidegma, etc. Haeckcl. Aulostoma (a-los'to-ma), n. [NL. (prop. fem. of Aulostomns; ef.' Auiostomus), < Gr. nliAdg, a pipe, + aro/m, mouth : see auletes and stoma.'] A gentis of fishes, typical of the family Aido- stoniidir. Also Aidostmnus. Aulbstomatidae (a"lo-sto-mat'i-de), n. pi. Same as Aulostomidce. aulostomid (a-los'to-mid), n. A fish of the familv Aidostiimida: Aulos'tomidae (a-16-st6'mi-de), ?!..;j?, [NX., < Aulostoma + -ida:.] A family -of hemibranehi- ate fishes, typified by the genus Aulostoma, AidostoDia chinense. with a long compressed body, elongated tubi- form snout, imbricated ctenoid scales, numer- ous dorsal spines, and abdominal spineless ventral fins. Several species are known as inhabitants of tropical and warm seas. Also Aidostomatidte. aulostomidan (a-lo-sto'mi-dan), a. and n. I. a. Pertaining to or having the characters of the Aulostomida'. II. II. A fish of the family Aulostomida;; an aulostomid. Sir J. Hirhardson. Aulostomus (a-los'to-mus), n. [NL., masc: see Aulostoma.] Same as Aulostoma. aura aum' (am), n. A dialectal form of ebn. [North. Eng.] aum^ (am), «. See aam. aum''(am),«. A dialectal form of ate;«. [North. Eng.] aum', «. See om. aumailt, ". and v. An obsolete form of amel. aumbryt, «. An obsolete form of ambry. aumelett, "• An obsolete form of omelet. aumener't, «. An obsolete form of almoner'^. aumener-t, ". An obsolete form of almoner-. aumeryt, ". An obsolete form of ambry. aumone (a'mou), n. [< P. aumonc, < OF. (d- miisiie, < LL. cleemosyiia, alms: see alms and almoin.] In law, alms Tenure In aiunone, a ten- ure by which lands arc given in alms t<* some clnirch or ridigions lionse. aumoniere, aulmoniert (6-m6-ni-ar'), n. [F. : see almoner-.'] A jjouch or purse, often richly embroidered, carried at the girdle by persons of rank during the middle ages. The name is also given to a bag or pouch similarly worn by women at the present day. aumuce, ". See amiec"^. auncelt, >'• [Etirly mod. E. also ancel, < ME. uuHcel, aiiiicelle, aunsclle, also auncere, aunsere, < AP. auncelle, amwelle, appar. (by mistaking the initial I for the article I', la) for *launcelle, < It. laneella, a little balance, dim. of laiiee, a balance, < L. lanx, aec. laneem, a plate, a scale of a balance: see lance", launcc^, and balance.] A kind of balance for weighing anciently used in England, apparently that variety of the steelyard commonly known as the Danish steel- yard, which has a movable fulcrum and a fixed weight, the forefinger often serving as the ful- crum. It was very inaccurate, .and was therefore prohib- ited by statute. In many parts of England the term aun- cel-wei'jtit is still used to signify weight, as of meat, which has been estimated by the hand without scales. aundert, ». A dialectal form of undern. aundiront, "■ An obsolete form of andiron. aune (on), ». [P., < of. tdne, ell: see alnage and ell.] A French cloth-measure, now super- seded as a standard measure by the meter. The use of the aune nu'trii^ue, iiouvelle, or usvelle, equal to 1^ meters or47:i English inches, established in 1^12, was forbidden after 18^9. The old measure of this name varied at different places; at Rouen it was the same as the Eng- lish ell, 45 inches; at Paris, 46J inches; at Lyons, 47J inches ; at Calais, 6S^ inches. Formerly written auln. aunget, aungelt,'". [ME., < OF. ange, angel : see angel.] Obsolete forms of angel. aunt (iint), n. [< ME. aunle, aunt, < OF. ante, (iiiiite (F. taiite) = Pr. amda = It. dial, amida, aineta, < L. amita, aunt; cf. Icel. ainma, grand- mother: see amma^. For the change of mt tovt,cf. ant^.] 1. The sister of one's father or mother; also, in address or familiar use, the wife of one's uncle. — 2t. Formerly used by alumni of Oxford and Cambridge as a title for the "sister university." N. E. D. — Sf. An old woman ; an old gossip. Tlie wisest aunt telling the saddest tale. Sliak., M. X. D., ii. 1. 4t. A prociu-ess ; a loose woman. Summer songs for me and my aunts, While we lie tumbling iu the hay. Shak., W. T., iv. 2. Aunt Sally. («) In England, a favorite game at race- courses and fairs. A wooden head is set on a pole, and a clay pipe is placed in the mouth or nose. The game con- sists in endeavoring to smash tlie pipe by throwing sticks or otlier missiles at it. (b) The head so used. auntert, "• The common Middle English form ot adventure, n. auntert, auntret, ''• i- and t. The common Middle English forms of adventure, v. I wol arise and auntre it by my fay. Chaucer, Keeve's Tale, 1. 290. auntie, «. See aunty. auntroust, «• The common Middle English form of adventurous. Cliaucer. aunty, auntie (an'ti), n. Familiar diminutive forms of annt. aural (a'ra), n. [L., a toeeze, a breath of air, the air, ( (jr. aipa, air in motion, a breeze, < af/vai, breathe, blow. Cf. aula, and see air^.] 1. A supposed influence, force, or imponder- able matter proceeding from a body and sur- rounding it as an atmosphere ; specifically, an imponderable substance supposed to emanate from all living things, to consist of the subtle essence of the individual, and to be a means of manifesting what is called animal mag- netism, and also a medium for the operation of alleged mesmeric, clairvoyant, and somnam- bulic powers. Also called nerre-aura, or ner- raura. Hence — 2. Figuratively, atmosphere; air ; character, etc. aura He (Kossettil appreciated to a penerons extent the poeti}- of present j-onnger writers, l)ut (ailed to see in nine-tenths of it any of tliat orifinality and individual aura that characteriie work that will stand the stress of Ume. "". Sharp, D. G. Rossetti, p. 35. The personal aura which surronnded him (S. Bowles] in gu-jial intercourse was nowhere more potent than with his vumig men in the office. C'hai-U^ G. Whiting, in Merriam's Life of Bowles, II. 69. 3. A peculiar sensation resembling that pro- duced hy a current of air. See epileptic aura, below Electric aura, a supposed electric fluid enia- natiijL' from an electrified body, and fomiing a sort of at- m"splu-re around it. Also called electric atmoaphere.— Epileptic aura (aura epileptica), primarily, a sensation, as of a current of air rising from some part of the body to the head, precedina an attack of epilepsy : in a more yen- eral seDie. any disturbance of consciousness or local mo- tor svmptoms'imraediately preceding an epileptic spasm. — Hysteric aura, a similar sensation preceding au at- tack of hvsteria. aura- (aVa). n. [NL., appar. adapted (with ref. to a«;«i., the nymph, clirys- nlis, or jiupii of li leiii- dopteroiiH insect. .Si'i^ li iiiiiUh. — 2. [r«;),l A 114 of i.iliigic iliscd- •irouH Jlj/itriiiiiiihiMii , 382 typical of the family Aureliida; characterized by ha\-ing branched radial vessels and the edge of the disk fringed with small tentacles, a. au- rita is the tj-pe-species, found in European seas, the old .\tetiuifa aurita of Linna*us. A. Jlavidula occurs on the coast of North America. The name is synonymous with Medusa regarded as a genus and in its ip«st restricted sense. In the study of the sunfish (.Aurelia) we are able to see pUiinly the prominent dilTerences between jelly-fishes as a gi-oup and polyps as a group. Pop. Sei. Mo., July, 187S, p, SIS. 3. The adult state of any medusa, or the per- fected stage of a medusiform zoiiid. aurelian (a-re'lyan), a. and n. [< aurelia, 1, + -('«.] I.t 0. In entom., like or pertaining to the aurelia: as, the aurelian form of au insect, II. n. An entomologist devoted to the study of lepidopterous insects only. With the exception of a few Aurelians, as the students of Lepidoptera were then [ISdSJ termed, J. 0. Weslu'ood, 1SS3, Aureliidae (a-rf-li'i-de), n. pi. [NL., < Aurelia, 2, + -irfff.] A faihily of pelagic Discophora, containing the genus Aurelia. aureola (a-re'o-lil), n. [L., fem. of aurcolus, of gold, dim. of aureus, of gold, < aurum, gold: see aurum.'] l.lurep- reseutations of the Deit}-, the Virgin Mary, saints, martyrs, etc., a radiauee or limiinous cloud emanating from and surroimding the whole figure, if the flg- m-e is represented in an erect position, the aureola is usu- ally oval, or of the form known as the vesiea pincis (fish's bladder) ; if the figure is sitting, the aureola often approaches a circular form. Aureola, nimbus, and fflnry are frequently confounded, though technically quite dis- tinct. See nimbus aivi glory. Tliere are some poets whom we pioture to our- selves as surrounded with aureolas. Stedutaii,\i<:t. Poets, p, 114, Aries, France: laih 2, Anything resem- bling an am-eola. spe- cifically — (o) In astran., the ring of light seen around the moon in total eclipses of the sun. (6) In meteor., a kind of halo suiTounding a shadow cast upon a cloud or fog- bank or dew-covered grass : often observed by aeronauts on the upper surface of clouds. Also called a glory. 3. In Itom. Catlt. theol., a higher reward added to the essential bliss of heaven as a recompense for a special spiritual xdctory gained by the l)erson to whom it is attributed: as, the au- reola of -sdrgins, martjTs, doctors, etc. aureole (a're-61), n. '[< ME. aureole (cf. F. o«- reolc), < L. aureola : see aureola. Cf. oriole.] A luminous emanation or cloud surrounding a figure or an object ; au aureola. Fair shines the gilded aureole In which our highest jiainters place Some living woman's simple face, />, 0. Rossetti, Jenny, And round the grisly fighter's hair the martyr's aureole bent! Whittier, Brown of Ossawatomic, When the electric arc is produced between carbons in vacuo a beautiful glow is obtaineil, the negative pole being surrounded by a blue aureole, ami the positive by a stral- illed pale-blue light, A. Danicll, Trill, of I'hysics, p, f.S:!, aureole (a're-61), v. t. ; pret. and pp. aurcolcd, )t\iT. anrcoliiig. [<. aureole, n.] To surround or invest with an aureole. aureolin (a-re'o-lin), H. [< L. aureolus, dim. of aureu.i, golden,' yellow (see aureous), + -in-.] A trade-name for the pigment cobalt yellow (which SCO, tinder i/rtlow). aureosin (ii-re'o-sin), n. [< L. aurum, gold, + rosin.] A coal-tar color used in dyeing. It Is a c lilcriiiated lluoresceln (wlilcll see). It dyes llglitrose HhadcH on silk, giving agreenisli-ycllow ri-lleelion. aureOUB (iV're-us), a. [< Jj. r/i/rf'K.v, of gold, gold- en, < «Hr«m, gold: see aurum.] Of a golden- yellow color. aures, «. Plural of auris, 1. aureus (Ci're-iis), «. ; pi. aurei (-i). [Ij., prop. iiil.j. (kc. nu'mmu.i, coin), of gold: soo aureou.n.] A Roman gold coin e(|uivalent to 100 HCH- terccH or 2.') denarii,flr8t minted in llicflrHl cen- tury II. c, ;lii(1 iNHUod Aureola, — Figure of Christ, from tympanum of portal of St, Tropliimc, * -' — ^ ' — "- century. Aureub of Auku»il., a genus of phytophagous or plant-eating pulnionate gastropods, tyjiical of the family Auriculida: A. juda- and .(. niidw are examples. They are known as ear-shells. — 4. [NL.] In eehinoderms, one of the perfo- rat(;il processes into which Ihe anibiilucral and sometimes the intcnimhnlaci'al jilalcs are pro- duced, and which arch over the interior of I lie iiiiilnilacra, as in the (ypicnl ccliini, or sea-urchins. Sec cut under ICcliiuoidea, auricular (li-i-ik'ti-liir), a. and n. [< ML. auricularis,<. !>. auriculjn-niiiL,'of tile ear.— Aurlcular fin- ger, tile little lin;ier : so called from the fact that it is most easily iutroiluceil iiitu the ear. —Auricular foramen, the mouth of the external auditory meatus of tlie ear. — Auric- ular nerves, various small nerves derived from tlie threat auricular, the auriculotemporal, the facial, the second cer- vical, the small or sometimes the large occipital, and the vagus nerves, which supply the integument and other parts of the external ear and its vicinity. — Auricular point, in anat.,_ the center of the auricular foramen. — Auricular radii, in craniom., radii drawn from the pro- jection of the auricular point on the median plane to the projections of other jioints of the skull. See crmiiometry. —Auricular tube, a speaking-tube, either portable for the use I'f deaf persi/(ftia. auriculobregmatic (a-rik"ij-16-breg-mat'ik), a. l< auricula + l)rcgma(t-) + -ic] In anat, per- taining to tlie am-ieular point and the bregma. —Auriculobregmatic line, a line drawn from the pro- jection (.1 the auruidai' [luints on the median plane of the skull to the lire.^'iiia, .See rraniometry. auriculo-orbicularis (a - rik"u - 16 - 6r-bik-u-la'- ris), >}. [NL., < auricula + orbicularis.] A mtiscle of the hedgehog connecting the pinna of the ear with the orbicularis panmculi, which it antagonizes. 38.'{ auriculoparotidean(ii-rik"u-16-pa-ro-tid'e-an), o. [< auricula + iiariilid + -can'.] 'Pertaining to the am'iele of the ear and the parotid gland : specifically applied to a nerve which supplies those parts. auriculotemporal (ii-rik"fl-lo-tem'po-ral), a. [< auricula -i- temporal.] Pertaining to tlie ear and the temporal region : si)eeifically applied to a branch of the inferior maxillary nerve which supplies the e.xternal ear and adjacent regions. auriculoventricular (a - rik"u - lo - ven - tri k 'u- lar), a. [< auricula + ventricular.] Perttiii'i- ing both to the auricles and to the ventricles of the heart : as, the auriculoventricular ori- fice. See cut under heart — Auriculoventricular valves. See valve. auriferous (ti-rif'o-rus), a. [< L. aurifcr, gold- bearing, < anrum, gold, -I- fcrrc = E. bcar'^.] Yielding or producing gold ; containing gold: as, auriferous quartz ; auriferous strata. Mountains big with mines, VATience many a bursting stream auriferous plays. Thomson, Summer, 1. 648. aurific (a-rif'ik), a. [< L. aurum, gold, -f- faccre, make.] Capable of transmuting sub- stances into gold ; gold-making. Some experiments made with an aurific powder. Suuttiey, The Doctor, elxxxvi. auriflamma, auriflamme (a-ri-flam'ji, a'ri- flam), n. [< ML. auriflamma, lit. golden iiame, < L. oj(r!««, gold, +/0WW0, flame.] The an- cient royal banner of France. See oriflamme. auriform (a'ri-form), a. [< L. auris, the ear, + forma, form.] Ear-shaped ; having the form of the external human ear: as, an auriform shell. aurifrisia (a-ri-friz'i-a), n. Same as auriphnj- f/ia. aurifrisiate (a-ri-friz'i-at), a. Same as awri- 2)]iri/giatc. aurify (a'ri-fi), V. t. and i.; pret. and pp. auri- fied, ppr. aurifying. [< L. aurum, gold, 4- fa- cere, make : see -fi/.] Te turn into or become gold. Auriga (a-ri'ga), n. [L., a charioteer ; as con- stellation, the Wagoner; perhaps < aurca, bridle (ef. orew, the bit of a bridle, < os (or-), the mouth: see osl), + ojrere, drive ; otherwise < "aurus (not fomid, supposed to mean 'a horse,' = Gr. avpog, swift) -I- agere, drive : see act, v.] 1. A northern constellation contain- "auriphry- also spelled aurifrisia, ami- Miter with Aiiriplirygia, or Auriptirygiate Miter. 12111 century. ( From " L' Art pour Tous." ) b.v-,.- The Constellation Auriga. ing the spleniiid star Capella ; the Charioteer or Wagoner, it is supposed to represent a charioteer kneeling in his vehicle. He is often represented with a kid on his left shoulder, this being doubtless an ancient con- stellation-figure coincident in position with the Charioteer. 2. [I. c] [NL.] A name of the fourth lobe of the liver. [Rare.] aurigal (a-ri'gal), o. [< LL. aurigalis, < L. auriga: see Auriga.] Pertaining to a chariot or carriage. [Rare.] aurigation (a-ri-ga'shon), n. [< L. auriga- tio{n-), < aurigare, pp. aurigatus, be a driver, < auriga, a driver: see Auriga.] The act or prac- tice of driving a chariot or coach. [Rare.] If a man indulges in the vicious habit of sleeping, all the skill in auriijation of Apollo himself, with the horses of Aurora to execute his notions, avail him nothing. Dc Quincey, Eng. Mail-Coach. aurigerous (a-rij'e-rus), a. [< L. aurum, gold, -t- (jcrcrc, bear.] Gold-bearing. aurigraphy (a-rig'ra-fi), n. [< ML. aurigra- phia, < auriiiraphus, one who wi-ites in golden characters, '< L. aurum, gold, + Gr. ypdipeiv, write.] The art or practice of writing in golden characters. Blount. aurilave (a'ri-lav), «. [< L. auris, the ear, -I- larare, wash: see auricle and lave^.] An ear- brush. -E. if. Knight. aurochs aurin, aurine (ti'rin), n. [< L. aurum, gold, + -(«".] The cciramercial name for impure rosolie acid (which see, under rosulic), one of tlie coal- tar colors. In its pure state it forms ruby-red crystals with ^ blue fluorescence. Owing to its fugitiveness, it is seldom used in dyeing, but it is still used in printing cali- coes and woolens ami for pigments. It produces orange- red colors. A urine dyes shades more inclining to orange than coral- line, Wnrkslioj) licccipts, 2d ser., p. 228. auriphrygia (a-ri-frij'i-a), n. [< ML. gia, aurifrigia, frcsia, also au- rifrygium, also simply phry- giuni, frigium, gold embroid- ery, < L. aurum I'hrygium, lit. Phrygian gold ; the Phrygians were noteti for their skill in embroidering with gold : see aurum and Phrygian. From the same source, through the French, come orfrays, or- fray, orphrey, q. v.] Properly, gold embroid- ery; eccles., an orntimental band on various vestments ; an orphrey : used especially of the orphrey of a miter, which is a richly adorned band aroimd its lower edge. Also aurifrisia. auriphryglate (a-ri-frij'i-at), a. [< ML. *auri- jihrygiatus, auriphrigiatus, aurifrisiaius, auri- friccatus, ete.,< 'auriphrygia : see auriphrygia.] Embroidered with gold ; provided with an am'i- phrygia. Also aurifrisiate. Nor wore he mitre here, precious or auriphryyiate, Southey, Roderick, xviii. auripigment, auripigmentum (a-ri-pig'ment, ii ri-pig-men'tum), n. [L. auripigmeyitum, (au- rum, gold, + 2>if/>nentum, pigment: see aurum and pigment. Prom the L., through F., comes orpiment.] Same as orpimcnt. auris (a'ris), n.; pi. aurcs (a'rez). [L., = E. fori, q. v.] 1. In zool. and anat., an ear; the outer ear or auricle. — 2. [caj).] [NL.] In conch., a genus of ear-shells: synonymous with Haliotis. auriscalp (a'ri-skalp), n. [< auriscalpium.] All instrument for cleaning the ears; an ear- pick; also, a similar instrument used in surgi- cal operations on the ear. auriscalpium (a-ri-skal'pi-um), n. ; pi. auri- scalpia (-a). [NL., < L. auris, = E. eari, + scaU pcrc, scrape, scratch: see scalpel.] 1. Same as auriscalp. — 2. [cap.] In conch., a genus of bivalve mollusks. auriscope (a'ri-skop), «. [< L. auris, = E. eorl, + Gr. GKQiTEiv, view, look at.] An instrument for examining and e.Kploring the ear. auriscopy (a-ris'ko-pi), n. [< L. auris, = E. eoi'l, -I- Gr. -aKonla, < SKOirelv, view, look at.] The use of the auriscope. aurist (a'rist), 11. [< L. auris, = E. ear^, + -ist.] One who treats disorders of the ear ; an otolo- gist. In England the medical profession is divided into phy- sicians, surgeons, apothecaries, accoucheurs, oculists, au- rists, dentists. Sir G. C. Lewis, Authority in Hatters of Opinion, v. aurite (a'rit), a. Same as aurited. aurited (a'ri-ted), a. [< L. auritus, = E. eared, < auris = E. corl. Cf. aurated'2.] In bot. and zoiil., eared ; auricidate ; having lobes or ap- pendages like an ear. aurivorous (a-riv'o-ms), o. [< L. aurum,go\A, -t- rorare, devom-.] Gold-devom-ing. Walpole. aurocephalous (ii-ro-sefa-lus). a. [< L. aurum, gold, + Gr. Kccpa'/i/, head.] In ro67., character- ized by a gold-colored head. aurochs (a'roks), n. [G., also aueroclise,<. MHG. Urochse, < OHG. urohso, < Hr, a wild ox (= AS. iir = Icel. urr ; cf. L. urus = 6r. ovpoc, fi'om Tent.), -t- ohso, 6. ochse, ochs = E. ox: see urox and t()'«s.] A species of wild ox or buffalo, the bonasos of Aristotle, bison of Pliny, the Eu- ropean bison, Bos or Bison bottasus of modem naturalists. ITiis animal was once abundant in many parts of the continent of Europe, especially in the neigh- borhood of large forests. The spread of population has nearly exterminated it, and were it not for the protection alforded by the emperor of Russia to a few herds which inhabit the forests of Lithuania and of Kuban in the Cau- casus, it would soon become extinct. Also called urochs, urox, and, wrongly, auroch and aurock. See uru^. The relationships of the aurochs to the .\merican bison, while very close, do not warrant that specific identity auroclis Aurochs [Sisen bi^njsiis . which some anthors have assumed to exist. . . . The aumcht is rather larger, with a smaller thurax, larger and EtroiiL-er pelvis, longer and thieker tail, and less shaggj- fore parts. Cowe*-, Eneyc. .Amer., I. 30'i. Aurocores (a-rok'o-rez), n. pi. [NL., < L. aii- r II III, gold, + Gr. Kopic, a bug.] Literally, the golU-bugs ; a group of heteropterous hemipter- ous insects, the same as Geocores, the name Aiirocorcg being considered more appropriate by Westwood, who proposed it as a substitute. See G( Ill-ores. Aurocorisa (a'ro-ko-ri'zii), ». 2>>- V^-1 Same as Auii'irires. aurocyanide (a-ro-si'a-nid or -nid), II. [< L. iiiiruiii, gold, + E. ci/aiude.] In dieiii., a double cyanide, one of the bases of which is gold: as, potassium aurocijaiiide, KAu(CN)4. aurora (a-r6'ra),"H. [L., the dawn, the goddess of the dawn, earlier 'Au.sosa, = Gr. iijiup (La- couian), otac (--Eolic), au^ (Doric), ;/uf (Ionic), iuf (Attic), the dawn, goddess of dawn (related to aipuiv, to-morrow), = Skt. iixlias. 'usiia.sd, dawn, < •/ M»/i, bum, = Gr. avcw = li. iircre, hum. To the same source are referred L. aunim, gold, atister, south wind, Gr. i}>.ioc, the sun. E. emt, etc. : see ca.«^] 1. The rising light of the morn- ing; the dawn of day, or morning twilight. — 2. [(■«/'.] In Horn, mijtii., the goddess of the da«nx : called Eos by the Greeks. The poets repre- sented her as rising f»nt"of the ocean in a chariot, her rosy fingers dropping gentle dew, 3. The aurora borealis or the amora australis (the polar lights). The most prolialile theory of the nuroro is that origi- nally due Ui Kraiiklin, namely, that it is due to electric dis- charges in the upper air. S. P. '/■/io?n^M>n, Elem. Lessons in Elect, and Mag., p. 264. 4. A reddish color produced by dyeing with amotto.— Atirora australis, the aurora of the south- ern hemispln-re, a pheni'iiK-rion t,jrnil:ir to the aurora of the north.— Aurora borealis, the ijoreal or northern dawn; the nurllieru liu'hts or streamei-s ; a lununous me- teoric phetLojMunon appearing at night. It usually mani- fests itself hy streams of light ascending toward the zenith from a dusky line of cloud or haze, a few degrees a»M)ve the liorizon, and stretching from the north toward the west anil east, s(i as to form an arc. with its ends on the horizon. .Soinetinies it ajipears in detached i)lace9 ; at other limes it covers almost the whole sky. As the streams of light have a tremulous motion, they are called in many jjlaces "the merry dancers."' They assume many shapes and a variety of colors, from a pale red or yellow to a deep red or hlood-coir>r ; and in the m>rthern latitudes they serve to illuminate the earth ami cheer tile gloom of tile long winter night. The appearance of the aurora ho- realls a ')Mently nrcompunii-d liy hoiiuiI, wliicli Is ' d as rertemliling the rustling of jiieees L h other, or the sound of wind against iidle. The s|M.'etrnin of the aurora is pe- .:,'„' nf a proiiilnent line In the greelilsh- .1. uhii'h has not hein Idiiilllled wllh ' Hire ; also oi-caNlomilly a Nliarp line In • illliTH less priimlnellt have heen oh- • polaiifl, polar aurora-, the aurora of I or the southern heniisplii-re. atirij il). It, [< aitrnrn + -"/.] 1. Of or I , the dft»vn. 'Il< i!.-iNof niifiirnl light to thezi-nllh almi. ','liii-tlng lini-s ronie. It In thought, I'Miji i iiii; conditions of the air. J. !■: Clnrkr, .HrK-Culture, illl. 2. Resembling the dawn in color, beauty, olc. ; hcni'i-, ii.^i ;iii . II' r ' 1. . k. •iiifiisid with an nitrnral liliinh. l.;i„itrUmr, Falcon of Frderlgn, 1. l.,l. 3. pertaining or nlntlog to thu polar aurora; r<'« , n -in. i it \'- '• . "» .ij, ffeafi Ode to Psyche. ^Civen to the primitive inhabitants of middle aurorium (a-ro'ri-um), «. See the extract. f "^\l°Y.^^' ^^""^^--^ '^^-'"' Vertj^i'^ng }2 Italy or still awaiting discovery hy the fortunate spectre- ' Italiaiis. scopist are thennknowncelestialelementsawror/u»), with auSpSX (as pejis), n. Longfdlmc. [Poetical.] pi. au.'tpiccs (as'pi-sez). a characteristic line at 6,570.7, and neliuluiu, having two [L. iiiis^ycx (auspic-), a diviner, eontr. < *avi- hright lines .It .S007.05 and 4,969.02 <■ „,.,-, ^ ^ji.d + spccerc (spicrn-), view: ,f "■ ." • ^ ™''*^1*' ^'^^y%\'' ">'= ^";- -^'°'- 189S- g'ej, :.>i,ecies.-] One who divines by observing aurotellurite (a-ro-tel'u-rit), «. [< L. aunim sold, -1- XL. tellurium + -ite-: see nurum and ^}ccies._ the motions, cries, etc., of birds; I'lieral ; an augur. a diviner in gold ( AuoO) whose molecule contains two atoms loss of oxygen than auric oxid. See auric"^. aurum (a'rum), n. [L. (= Sabine iiusum), in coUoq. speech orum (> It. Sp. oro = Pg. onro = F. or: see oc^), gold ; related to aurora, aurc- lia, auster, eic: see aurora.'] Gold. Its chemi- cal symbol is Au.— Aurum fulminans, gold dissolved in aipia regia or nitromuriatic acid, and precipitated by ammonia ; fulminating gold. This precipitate is of a lirown-yellow or orange color, and when exposed to a moderate heat, or struck, detonates with considerable noise. It is probably an ammonium aurate, AuCNlLiVlo. MI:).— Aurum graphicum, the mineral sylvanite.—Atl- rum mosaicum or musivum, mosaic gold, a yellow gold-like alloy, cuntaiiiing about equal quantities of cop- per and zinc." used both in the mass and as a bronzing powder. — Aurum potabile, literally, "drinkable gold " ; a cordial or medicine formerly much esteemed. It was said to consist of "Gold itself, totally reduced, without Corrosive, into a blood-red. giimmie or Hmiey-like sub- stance." PhillipH (167S). "Ciold made liquid, or tit to be drunk ; or some rich Cordial Liquor, with pieces of Leaf- gold in it." Kersey (170S). Mons'. Roupel sent me a small phial of his aitruin pota- bile, with a letter shewing the way of administering it, and y« stupendous cures it had don at Paris. Evehin, Diary, June 27, 106;l. auscult (as-kult'), V. t. [< L. auscuUare, lis- ten: see au.scultate.'] Same as auscultate. [Hare.] auscultate (as'kul-tat), v. t. ; pret. and pp. auscultated, ppr. auscultating. [< L. aiisculta- tiis, pp. of auscultare, listen.] To listen to; give ear to ; specifically, in pathol., to examine by auscultation. auscultation (As-kul-ta'shon), «, [< L. ausrul- tiiliii(ii-). a lisleniug, < auscultare, listen: see auscultate.] 1. The .act of listening or hark- ening. [Karo.] /•'. Hicks, tr. of Lucian. 2. In pathol., a method of distinguishing the state of the internal parts of thcliody, jiarticu- larly of the thorax and abdomen, by observing the .sounds arising in tlii^ part, either tlirougli the direct application of llie car to tlic ad- jacent external surface (iimnediaii' ausculta- tion) or by applying the stethoscope over Iho part and listening tlirougli it (mediate ausculta- tion). Seo stethiiseoJK. Auscultation may be used with more or less advantage in all cases where inorlild sounds are priidn 1, hut its general applications are: auscultation of respiration; anscullatlon id the voice; auBciiltatliiii of the cimgh ; auscultation of sounds foreign to all these, but sometimes aceompanyiiig them; auscul- tation nf the action 111 the hearl ; olistetric nnsenltallun. auscultative (iis-kul'ta-tiv), a. [< auscultate + -in .] Pertaining to or of tho nature of iiiih- ciillntion. auscultator (iiK'knl-til-tor), n. fL., a llBtenor, < auscultare: noo auscultate.] 1. A listener; specifically, ono who pracliHcs auHcnltalion. — pp. of auspicari, make a beginning for the sake of a good omen, begin, prop, take tho auspices, act as auspex, < auspex, a divdner: see auspex. Cf. augurate.] 1. To be au augury of; fore- show. Long mayst thou live, and see me thus appear, .■Vs oniinous a comet, from my sphere, Unto thy reign, as that did auspicate So lasting glory to Augustus' stnte. B. ,/omuii, King James's Coronation Entert.ainraent. There are yet other special auguries of this great change, auspimliiin. in the natural Progress of Man. the abandon- ment of all international Preparations for War. Suiuitrr, Orations, I. Ill, 2. To initiate or inaugurate with ceremonies calculated to insure good luck. This meaning of the word was borrowed from the Roman practice of tak- ing the auspices before undertaking any important busi- ness. If we are conscious of our situatimi, and glow with zeal to Illl our place as becomes our station and ourselves, wo ought to auspicate all our public proceedings on .A.merica with the old warning of the Church, Sursttm cnriia ! Burtcc, Conciliation with .\merica. To auspicate . . . the . . . concern and set it agoing with a lustre. Lamb, Ellistoniana. 3. To begin or introduce in a favorable or aus- picious manner. [Rare.] The London company merits the praise of having aus- picniril liberty in Ame'riciu BancroJ't, Hist. U. .S., 1, 126. auspicator (as'pi-ka-tor), n. [< L. as if 'ampi- calor. < auspicari : see auspicate.] An augur. auspicatory (:'is'pi-ka-to-ri), a. [< au.spicafc.] I )f or belonging to auspices or omens. auspice (as'pis), v. [< P. auspice, y>\. ousniccs, < L. auspieium, divination from the flight of birds, a sign, omen, < auspc.i; a diviner: see auspcr.] 1. An augnry from birds; an omen or a sign in general: as, to take tho auspicfs; an auspice of good fortune. The tribunes were at llrst elected in the curire, where the vote ot the poorest citizen was equal to that of the most wealthy. Hut. even here, the patricians, besides their great i'niluence, had a negative on all proceedings, by holding the axmpices. J. Atlains, Works, IV, .'i-.'4. We then strive, as far as our poor philosophy can do it, to read the country's reverend auspices. Kivictt, Orations, p. 12, 2. Protection or lead; favoring or propitious influence; patronage: especially in the phrase uiiiler the auspices (of). (ireat father Mars, and greater ,7ove, Uv whiise high auspice Home hath stood So long. //. ./lowioi, I'allline, II. 1. 3. A circumslimce or con.iuncfion of circum- stanees betokepiiig success: as, his career was begun under the fairi'st auspices. [In all senseN neiirly always usi'd in the plural,] 2. An instrument used in listeiiingtotliesouiids aUspices, ". Plural of auspex and of inisiiiee. within the thorax; a stetlioHcope.— 3. In (in- aUHpicial (as-pisli'al), ". (< \i. auspieium, imn- many, ii mnnber of a college of oflieiiilH who |iico, -f -,(/.] 1. Uehiting to auspicos or utIeiidH its sessions lis a student but is not en- omens: as, aunpicial riles. [Rare.] — 2. For- tified to ii vote ; Hpeclflcallv, in I'russia, before tniiatc; ntisiiicioiis. [Rare.] I86i», ono who had iiiiHHed tilt! (IrHt oxamiimt ion auspicious (iVs-pish'ua), a. [< L. au.fjiiciuni, and begun his jtulicial career at a college of aiiHpicn, + -ous.] 1. Of good omen ; Indokeii- jiidges. See refereniiar. ing succosk, or a fuvorablo issue; prognosticttt- llls nnit Ijiw.r.xnnilnallon ho hail oonio through Irl- ing good ; favoralile. iimphantly ; and can iveii boast that the Kunnieii lllgiuii sum need not have (ilghlemd him; but tlmugh he Is hereby "an /liiwu/M/i/r id nupeelablllty, ' wind avails lt'( Carliile, Sartor llisuriun. p. h :,. the pnst and the juesent cheer \iu-i\ True i;i!iiidi'in' id Nathins. Prosperous; fortunate: applied to iiersons. A iispicuius omens fr UH for the future. auspicious Auspicious chief ! thy race in times to come Shall sprcacl the coni|Uests of imperial Rome. Dnfden. 3. Favoriible ; kind ; propitious : applied to persons or tliiugs. Fortune play upon thy prosperous lielm, As thy am^picious- mistress I Shak., All's Will, iii. :i. So (lay could be more aitspicioKx to the uiulertakiiit,-, D. Webster, Speech, Bunker Hill iMonumeiit. 4t. Showing joy; happy. [Rare.] With one auspicious and one dropjiiug eye. Shak., Hamlet, i. 2. = S3m. Bright, Rolden, lucky, promising, i^tse propitious. auspiciously (as-pisli'u.s-li). (idr. In an auspi- cious mniiuer; witli i'avoralilc oiuens; happily ; prosperously ; favorably ; propitiously. I looked for ruin ; and encrease of lionour Meets me auspiciousli/. Jliildlfton, V\'itch, iv. 1. auspiciousness (as-pish'us-nos), n. The quali- ty of Ijeing auspicious; a state of fair promise ; prosperity. auster (as'tfer), n. [L., the south wind; akin to aurora, the dawn, and Krerc, 'burn: see aurora and aurum.] 1. The south wind (com- monly with a capital, as a proper name): as, " drizzly Au-stir," Tlioiii.-ion, Castle of Indolence, Ixxvi. Hence — 2t. The south. austere (as-ter'), a. [< ME. austere, < OF. austere, < L. austerus, harsh, sour, tart, severe, < Gr. a'varripui;, dry, harsh, bitter, < avog, Attic Ht'oc, dry, withered, sear; related to E. sear. 385 Strict statutes and most biting laws. aiiak., M. tor M., Austromalayan I have heard Your gi'ace hath ta'en great i>ains to (lualify His rii/orous course. Shnk., M. of V., iv. 1. Sternly he pronounced The r(>//(/ interdiction. Milton, P. L., viii. 334. austerely (as-ter'li), adv. In an austere man- ni'r; severely; rigidly; harshly. Whatever hypocritea austercl}/ talk ut what is verjuice in him ! B. Jonson, Staple of News, v. 1. 2. Severe ; harsh ; rigid ; rigorous ; stern : ap- plied to persons and things : as, an austere mas- ter; an austere look. A stern lady, and «ii.«(ei-c. not only in her manners, which nnnle most people dislike her. but also in the char- acter of lier understanding and nn->rals. Dc Quince;!, Secret Societies, i. But what chiefly distinguished the army of Cromwell from other arnnes was the austere morality and the fear of God which pervaded all ranks. Macaulay. 3. Grave; sober; serious: as, austere deport- ment. There lived a Lady, wise, au.sterc, and nice, Who show'd her virtue by her scorn of vice. Crabbc, Parish Register. Priest and sage, with solemn brows austere. WInttii-r, Last Walk in Autunui. 4. Severely simple; unadorned. =S3m. 2. Au.t. tere. Severe, Stern, Hard, Harsh, Strict, lUtjorous, Kir/id, stilt, uncianpromising, relentless, may characterize a per- son's dealiniiS witli himself or with others. Au.^tere is the nujst iniUvidual word in the list ; it still suggests the ety- mological sense of dryness and hardness of nature. As applied to manner of life, it implies self-mortification, re- fusal of pleasure, or the self-intliction of i»ain, for the purpose of self-discipline. The aiistere man may treat others as he treats himself ; an austere manner is of a cor- responding sort. There is no suggestion of hypocrisy or self-righteousness in the word, nor does it go so far as asceticism (see self-denial). Severe starts from the no- tion of seriousness or freedom from levity, but e.i£tends through a wide range, covering most of the meanings of the other words. Stem, while primarily meaning fixed in facial expression, applies to almost anything to wliiih severe can apply. Hard is of the same character, but starts from the notion of physical hardness, proceeding thence to mean ditlicult to endure, unfeeling, etc. Harsh pri- marily expresses physical roughness, as a harsh touch, and retains some figurative suggestion akin to that idea- Strict is drawn close, tense, not relaxed, observing exact rules for one's self or requiring such observance from others. Jiifjorous means, literally, stiff, and hence allowing no abatement or mitigation ; intlexible ; vuisparing. Iti[i>d is the same as rigorous, hwi with somewhat more of the ori- ginal figurativeness than in rigorous ; both are opposed to lax or indulgent. Rigid is more often used of unneces- sary, overwrought, or narrow-minded strictness than rigorous. We speak of au-ftere morality : a severe aspect, treatment, tone ; a stern rebuke ; a hard master, voice, judgment ; harsh enforcement of laws ; strict rules, disci- pline, repression of mischief ; rigorous justice; rigid ad- lierence to petty restrictions. .See acrimony. He [Plutarch] was not so austere as to despise riches, t)Ut being in possession of a large fortune, he lived, thougli not splendidly, yet plentifully. Drijdcn, Plutarch. F-sburg. II, «. 1. A native or an inhabitant of the archduchy of Austria, the nucleus of the Haps- burg dominions, comprising the crown lands of Upper and Lower Austria. — 2. A native or an inhabitant of the Cisleithan division of Austria-Hungary, which comjirises all the c«■ov^'n lands of the dual cmiiirc except Hun- gary, Croatia with Slavonia, and Fiume. — 3. A native or an inhabitant of any part of the dominions of the house of Hapsburg, known since 18(i7 as Austria-Hungary. austrian^t (as'tri-an), a. [< L. auster, the south wind, south (see auster), + -ian.1 South- ern ; austral. austrinet (as'trin), a. [< L. (instrinus, south- ern, < auster, the south wind: see auster.'] South; southerly; southern. Baileij. austringer (as'tnn-,ier), //. [Also written os- trini/er and astrimjer, early mod. E. ostrcf/er, < ME. oslreger, < OF. ostruclticr, ausfrucliier (autrueier, autoursier— Roquefort) (ML. reflex astorcriu.s), < ML. *austrucarius, one whose business it -(vas to breed and fly goshawks, < "au.sirucu.'i, austurcus, astruco, asturco, austurgo, iislurf/o, a.fturejius, o.stor»«, etc.. variations (per- haps due in part to confusion with certain forms of ostrich, (]. V.) otaustur, a.s-tur, astor, hh.astur (> It. astorc = Pg. a<;or = OSp. a-tor, Sp. a-or = Pr. austor = OF. austirur, ostor, hostiir, mod. F. autour), a goshawk: see Astur. The n is inserted, as in porriiii/cr, passetujer, messenger, etc.] A liceper and trainer of goshawks. Austrocolumbia (as tffi - ko - lum ' bi - a), V. [XL., < L. auster, the soiitli wind, south, -I- NL. Columbia, applied to America.] In ::oogeog., a primary division of the earth's laud-surface with reference to its fauna, which consists of all the American continent south of Mexico. coogeot/., a division comprising the islands and Austrocolumbian (as'tro-ko-linn'bi-an), a. [< insular groups south of Asia: synonymous with ju.-ij.'] Ab- solute incompressibility: attributed by many metaphysicians to matter. Autarachnae (a-ta-rak'ne), H. pi. [Nil., < Gr. a'lTij^, self, + a.'iii.r.-ri. spider.] In Gegenbaur's system of classiticatiou. a division of Jrot7i)i«/((, the arachnids themselves, or Ariicliiihla prop- er, consisting of spiders, scorpions, mites, etc., as distinguished from the I'seudamehiHe ( Tardiijruda, I'l/cnogonida). Oegenbaur divides tlic .\HtnriicUiuv into fniir proiips : ArUiroftaxtrex, Aranea, .\i-iritifi, :uid Liwintuliiia. See these words. autarchy! (a'tjir-ki), ».; pi. autarchies (-kiz). [< (ir. airapxia, absolute power, < ni-rapjn;. ab- solute, < oi'7(^, self, + apxen', rule.] Absolute power; autocracy; self-government. A certain government called an autarchii, of which he makes God the only jud^e. • ./. Waxliinglon, tr. of Milton's Def. Pop. antarchy-t (a'tjir-ki), n. [Prop. *autan/a, self-siifliciency, < amipKijc. self-suffi- cient, (. ai-ror^ self, + apKctv, suffice.] Self-suf- ficiency; independence. [Con.^-ience is) in man the principal part of God's image, anil that !•>■ which man resembleth most the autarclni anil seU-sntlleiency of Guil. S. Ward, Sermons, p. 98. antemt, ". [Obsolete .slang.] A church. autert, ". Middle English form of altar. Cliau- n r. anter droit (6'ter di-wo or droi). [OF. (mod. K. iiiiirt! droit): outer, autre, altrc, etc., < L. alter, other; dniil, < ML. drietum, directum, riglit, neut. of L. directum, straight, direct: see alter anirlc.l), tin- pic. I o( toniicr conviction. aat«r vie (6'ter ve). [OF. : auter (see auter droit): rie, < L. ri(rt, life: see vital.] In law. aiiol her (another's) life. Tenant pour auter vie, ' »lio holrl.. 111! ,"\>T. of fi'w; , ,<, lie', Cf. effendi, also nil. < (ir. nUliiri,' \ 1. II, If, Having nulhorily; pos- KOMiiit^ uilori'iit nulhorily; duly uuthori/i'd ; niithoriiii'ivr. I" fiv nil p«r tones, scc nunir. = Syn. 2 and'4. .iulloitlii-, i;^ ellectnally aspire to the know U-dgc and obedience of those- laws of Divine order which alone give him rest. //. ,/amex. Subs, and Shad., p. 61. 2. To prove authentic ; establish as correct or genuine. I have authenticated two portraits of that prince. Walpote, Anecdotes of Painting, I. ii. ITiere is little more left for Biblical research. The few places winch can be aatlientieuted are now generally ac- cepted. S. Tailhr, Lands of the Saracen, p. 72. On .Tune IS, 1S3S. about 3,000 volumes, and iu 1858, 265. other volumes of non.jjarochial rcgistei-s, were auttienti- catnt. y. ami Q., 7th ser., III. 305. 3. To establish as true or -worthy of belief: as,, to authenticate a statement. One of the best authrntieated ghost stories in existence. .1/. 111. o^l^li. 11. Larliaui, in Ingoldsby Legends- authenticatet (a-then'ti-kat), a. [< ML. au- tht ntinitus, pp. : see the verb.] Authenticated. authentication (d-then-ti-ka'shon). II. [< (tu- theiitieate + -ion.] The act of autlienticating, verifying, or establishing the iiutliciritative- ness," genuineness, validity, credibility, or truth of anything; specifically, in lau\ the official attestation of a written instrument. The authentication of every little detail in the text. riie Ameriean, VIH. 31.i. authenticity (a-then-tis'i-ti), », [< authentic + -ilii : = E. iiutlienticite.'] The quality of be- ing aiitlieiitie. or entitled to acceptance as au- thiiritative, genuine, true, or correct: as, the (lutheiitieitiiot the Scriptures or of a document; the authenticitij of a jiortrait; the aulhenticity of a statement. We coiii]iare the narrative with the account of the times when it was composed, and are left satisfied with the nw- tlientieitii of its leading anecdotes. Mi'twan. Latin Christianity, i, 3. authenticlyt (a-then'tik-li), adr. Authenti- cally. He c.iubl learn m m.my. authenticness ( tieity. [Uiirc] The iiiit/nntienest way so autlienticUi as from thistesti- Whhton, tr. of .)oselihus, .Xutii)., i. i-lh. ' tik-iies). Authen- of that decree. Hammond, \Vi >rks, II. 106. author (il'thor), ». [Early mod. E.alsoi/HWioi/r, aueliiiir, aueiiir, and pro]i. iiutiir, < ME. autour, iiuliir (later auclour or iiuclor. after Ihe L.), < AK. autour, OF. autor, later and mod. F. auteur=z Pr. uuctor, actor = Sp. Pg. autor = It. aulore, < L. auctor (in ME., and hence in E., corruptly author, jirol). tlinnigh the influence- of IAj. autlii nlirus and its derivatives; cf. ML. aulhorisiire, anthiiri-/.e, confirm, var. iiuthori- care, syniuiynious with authenticare, confirm; iiulhoriibilis, synoiiyinous with ttuthenticux, etc.), an originator, < auijcre, cause to grow, increase : see aitclion.] 1. The beginner, foriiier, or first mover of anything; ho to^ whiiiii soniethiiig owes its origin; originator; eroiilur; I'llieieiit cause: as, God is the author of 1 he niiivi'i'se. The law , the autlior . . . whereof is . . . tied. Hooker. The serpi^nt alitor was, Eve did iirocecd ; Aihitii not iiutoi-. auctor was indeed. Vicarn. Mc was become the Autfiour of a Sect ever after to ho called Lutherans. »Men, Tahle-Talk, p. S3. Thus King Latinils In the third degree Had Saturn autlior of his family. Driiden. 2. Cause: applied to things. [Rare.] That which Is the strength of their amity shall prove the intniediate uutlnir of tllell^ variance, .s'/rn*., A. nnd C„ ii. (I. 3. The original coni|)oser of a book or writing 111' any kind, as distingiiished from a eomjiiler, translalor, edilor, or copyist. An autlior has the choice of his own thoughts, which a translator has not. liriiden. (Oflen used elliptically for the literary produc- liiin ilsrlf: as, the slalenienl occurs in Pliny and iillier iincienl authors.] — 4t. An editor: UK. Ihe author of Ihe ( ■entleniiin's Magazine. I Knre.] — 5t. A person who anihori/.es a. stato- nii'iil ; an anlhority; an inrorinaiit. Look 11)1011 him : Such holy men are antlons iil no fables. /■'Metier (and .Wii»«iie/.T '.'), Lovers' rnigrcss. v, 2. 6. In Scots lair, one friini whoin a tide to prop- erly is derived eillnr by inlierilaiici' or olher- wise; especially, inie rrmn wlmiii lille is do" author rived by purchase or otherwise than by way of descent. authort (sl'thor), v. t. [< author, ».] 1. To occasion; effect; do. Execrable sLaughtcr! what Iiaiid liatli aulliored it? Fletcher (and others), lilooily Hrother, iii. 4. Do you two think much That he thus wisely and witli need consents To wliat I aiithur tor your country's good, You being my tutfir, you my cliancellor? Fletcher {and others), Bloody Brother, iii. 1. 2. To be authority for ; vouch for. More of him I dare not author. Massinrjer and Field, Fatal Dowry, iv. 2. authoress (i'thor-es), «. [Early mod. E. also niitlniKrcts, autliresse, auctressc, nuctrice, < late iilE. aiictoricc : seo author a.ud -ess.} A female author, in any sense of that word. [Author is commonly used for both sexes, except in case of special discrimination.] authorhood (a'thgr-hud), n. [< author + -ftoori.] The state of being an author (of books); the province of an author; author- ship. authorial (a-tho'ri-al), a. [< author + -ial. Cf. atictorial.'] Pertaining to an author (of books). Also autorial. Must we then bow to authorial dignity, and kiss hands because they are inked? /. D' Israeli, Lit. Char. Men of Genius, p. 14.'j. Testing the autorial power. Poe, Marginalia, cvi. authorisable, authorisation, etc. See author- i:ul)lc, etc. authorism (ii'thor-izm), «. [< author + -ism.] Authorship ; the position or character of an au- thor. [Kare.] He [Burke] is a sensible man, but has not worn off his anthorism yet, and thinks there is nothing so charming as writers, and to be one. Walpole, Letters, II. 00, authoritarian (a-thor-i-ta'ri-an), (I. and n. [< authority + -arian.] I. a. Favoring the prin- ciple of authority, as opposed to that of indi- vidual freedom. The loyalists, who sympathized most strongly with . . . his authoritarian views. Atheneeurn, ;No. 3068, p. 202. II. n. One who supports the principle of authority, as opposed to that of individual freedom. By looking only at the beginning and end of his career, ... an imaginary Napoleon has been obtained who is . . . a lover of liberty, not an authoritarian. Encyc. Brit., XVII. 226. authoritative (a-thor'i-ta-tiv), a. [< authority + -ative. Cf. ML. auctoritativus.'] 1. Having due authority; having the sanction or weight of authority ; entitled to credence or obedience : as, "authoritative teaching," Barrow. The Law of Duty remains indeed authoritative, but its authority seems scarcely so awful and unique as formerly. J. R. Seeley, Nat. Eeligion, p. 112. Anselm was compelled to publish an authoritative edi- tion of his Motwloijiuni, because so many copies of it were already in circulation from notes of lectures. C. H, Pearson, Early and Mid. Ages of Eng., xxxv. 2. Having an air of authority; positive; per- emptory ; dictatorial. The mock authuritative manner of the one and the in- sipid mirth of the other. Swift, Examiner. Dogmatic and authoritative by nature and education, he hardly comprehended the meaning of toleration in mat- ters of religion. Whipple, Ess. and Rev., II. 90. = Syn. 2. Authoritative, Magisterial, etc. (see vxagisterial), commanding. authoritatively (a-thor'i-ta-tiv-li), adv. In an authoritative manner, (a) "With due authority. I tliiiik it Itlie law of repetition] is even more authorita- tively in-csfMt in the minds of most great composers tlian the law of primipality. Ruskin, Elem. of Drawing. (i) With a show of authority. authoritativeness (a-thor'i-ta-tiv-nes), V. The quality of being authoritative ; an acting by authority ; authoritative appearance. authority (a-thor'i-ti), n. ; pi. authorities (-tiz). [Early mod. E. also autoritie, auctoritie, etc., < ME. autorite, auctorite, < OF. autoritet, F. au- torite = Pr. auctoritat = Sp. autoridad = Pg. autoridade = It. autorita, < L. auctorita(t-)s, counsel, wiU, decree, liberty, power, weight, authority, < auctor, author, originator: see au- thor.} 1. Power or admitted right to com- mand or to act, whether original or delegated : as, the authority of a prince over subjects and of parents over children; the authority of an agent to act for his principal. In lau\ an authority is general when it extends to all acts, or all connected with a particular employment, and special when confined to a single act. By what authority doest thou these things, and who • gave thee this au(/ioVi(}(? Mark xi. 2s. If law, authority, and power deny not, It will go hard with poor Antonio. Shak., M, of v., ui. 2. 387 If his conscience were so narrow and peculiar to it selfe, it was not lltt his Autority should be so ample and Uni- versall over others. Milton, MiUonciklustes, il. 2. The power derived from opinion, respect, or long-established reputation; influence con- feiTod by character, olfico, station, mental su- periority, or the like; credit: as, the authority of ago or example ; the authority of Aristotle. But the mortallest enemy unto kuowleilge, and that which hath done the gi-eatest execution upon truth, hath beene a peremptory adhesion unto Authority, and espe- cially the establisliing of our belicfe upon the dictates of Antiquities. F(U' (as every capacity may observe), most men of Ages present, so superstitiously do look upon Ages past, that the Autlionties of the i. [F., self-regulating, a digester, < Gr. aiVof, self, -r L. Claris, a key (or clavus, a nail ?).] A kind of stevrpan, the lid of which is kept close and steam-tight by the steam proceetling from the contents of the pan. It is an application to culinary purposes of Pa- pin's digester. See digester. mlc. In au autobiographic manner, autobiographist (a to-bi-og'ra-fist), n. [< - as iiutoearpous. autOCarpOUS (i-to-kar'pus), a. [< Gr. ai-ruc, self (in eomp. sometimes, as here, meaning of nothing but . . . ,"of mere. . .'), + nap-oc, _ ^ fruit. The Gr. anonap-o^ means only 'self- autOcracy (a-tok'ra-si), «.; pi. nKii. ..ij. rii ollds Ixjrderlng upon the oiiaii /(. /■'. Burton, f;|.Medlnnh, p. 20. Wr may however, venture the assertion that the Kiiklmo b o( o'i'i-rt,notnir origin In Aula. Arc. Cruif o/ the Corwin, 1881, p. .10. •Qtochthonism f A-tok'tho-nizm), n. [< autoch- thon + ■ }:i.\ Birth frotn the Koil. A<-v.r.|i, ' . 11 -'•'viblnna, Tnrgltaus lived Just h Ihnli It r. a legend wlibJi, taken ' |i»ak li r.- ... of am lent rrllgli'tn only. Ill what ar. ■finmttiiii-4 i-ftllod fiAtloiinl ot autoch I tiurtouM rollgluna Vf, ruling by one's self (cf. avTOKpuTup, autoecious (,a-te'shus), a. [< Gr. avrd^, self, + oi/ioi;, dwelling.] In fcn/o/o.w, 'laving both male and female inflorescence on llie same jilaut; monoecious. Three modificiitious are <'ladaii- toecious, gouiauttt'cious, and rhizautcecious. Also written aiitoicous. autogamous (a-tog'a-mus), a. [< Gr. avrS^, self, -I- ^liiinc, niarriage; cf. avr/iya/ioi, willingly married.] Self-fertilized: applied to flowers which are fertilized by their own pollen, in distinction from anrmojdiilod.-^iind cntomojihilnus flowers, in wliiih li the oxyhydrogen llame. Eluiic. Brit., XIX. lOO. frn/ricM (li-lok-rn-lri'sez). |NL. (cf. M(lr. .lMro^/.n7l.- pinn,,), fein. of aulorralor.] A female sovereign who is iiKlepeiident and absolute : atitlcBonie- times given lo a reigning eniprcHH of KiiHHiii. IKiire.] autocratshlp (A'to-krat-ship), H. [< autocrat -f -ship.] Tlie oflU'e of autocrat. autodafe(oirtridii nv); \<\.auiosdafe{o\\'\on). [I'g. auto ilafi = Sp. auto defe (I'g. da, < de a, wberu a ib tlie fum. art., < L. Ma).] Hamu us autogenous autogenous (a-toj'c-inis), n. [< Or. nvToyevf/r, self-iin"iuee/iriTin/i6r, that which ha])]>ens of itself, a chance.] 1. Automatic or involun- tary action : uxjialhol., sometimes specifically applied to such purposeless actions as are often exhibited by patients after an epileptic fit. In considering the liody as the instrument of the mind, I shall show you. first, the larf^c amount of autinnatiMin in the human body, H*. li. Carpenter. 2. The doctrine that animals, especially those below man, are automata, in the sense that all the phenomena exhibited by them are results of physical laws; especially, the doctrine of Descartes that animals are devoid of conscious- ness. — 3. The faculty of independently origi- nating action or motion. [From the original sense of automaton.] N. E. D. automatist (a-tom'a-tist), n. [< automaton + -i! fiarevav, seek, strive to do), verbal adj. of •!/*//« (perf. /if/zaa), strive after, move.] 1. 'That which is self-moving, or has the power of spon- taneous movement, but is not conscious. So great and admirable an automaton as the world. Boyle, Works, V, -iil. Specifically — 2. A self-acting machine, or one which is actuated in such a manner as to carry on for some time certain movements without the aid of external impulse, in this respect clocks and watches, with a vast number of other machines, may be denominated automata ; but the term more specifically denotes an apparatus in which the purposely concealed power is made to imitate the voluntai-y or mechanical mo- tions of living beings, such as men, horses, birds, fishes, etc. 3. A living being acting mechanically or as a mere machine, especially without conscious- ness ; a person or an animal whose actions are purely involuntary or mechanical. See bestial automaton, below. obedience. Bane of all genius, virtue, freedom, truth, Makes slaves of men, and of the human frame A mechanized automaton. .Shelley, Queen Mah, iii. 4. A person who acts in a monotonous routine manner, without active intelligence, especially without being fully aware of what he is doing. —Automaton balance, a machine for weighing plan- chets and coin, and sorting the pieces automatically, ac- cording to tiieir weight, as full, light, or heavy.— Bestial automaton, in the cartesian philosophy, a brute, as sup- posed to be devoid of consciousness and sensibility.— Spir- itual automaton, a mind not possessing free will, but suliject to necessitv. automatOUSt (a-tom'a-tus), a. [< Gr. avrd/ia-or, automatic (see automaton), + -otis.] Auto- matic. Clocks or uMtomatous organs, whereby we now distin- guish of time, have found no mention in any ancient writers. Sir T. Browne, Vulg, Err,, v, IS. autometric (a-to-met'rik), a. Of or pertaining to autometry. autometry (a-tom'e-tri), n. [< Gr. avroc, self, + -lurpla, < iiirpov, measure.] Self -measure- ment; self-estimation. ,y. E. D. automobile (a-to-mo'bil), a. and n. [ir<'»aiiil traction engines bv carrvini; loads instead of '^ dravrinatheinini'ihervehi.les. ''^^^ .>'' The nuinl-er of wheels nuiy be two (Iri.yck-). three (tricycle), ' '=• four, or m'-re. Thojic with four wheels (the coinnniiiest form) are hiiilt for nearly every variety of puriiose of orduiary vehicles, such as carriages and cabs for two or nnTe pei^ons, omnibuses, merchants' delivervwaaon* and drays. Automoliihs are usually pro- vided with pneumatic tires ami hall lieariu!^. The four- wheel electric :iutomol'ile may l>e taken ius a type of the.^e vehicles. The front whet-Is are turned liy a steering-handle, and the rear or driving wheels are connected with an electric motor on the rear axle through the medium of a balance or compensating gear, so that one wheel may re- volve slower than the other in turning the veliicle. The motor derives its pi>wer from a battery of storage cells within the b.Mly ipf the vehicle, which are coupled in par- allel or in series for various speeds by means of a controller placed under the vehicle, and shifted from one position to another liv a hand-lever, to which it is connccleil hy a chain-aml-sprocket gear. In certain positions of the con- troller the automobile is made to run backward at differ- ent speeds. A foot lever is connected wilh band-brakes which act on surfaces formed on the peripheries of the internal tcai-s which are attached to the driving-wheels. The vehicle is jirovided with metei^* for measuring the electric current, and with electric lights and an elcctnc gong. Automobiles are named according to the nunilier of wheels, when this is less than four, as atiXimobilebicwl,' and autmnohilf tricycle; and according to the kind of motor used, as comprttttd-air automobile, electric automobile, Gasolene Automobile. y{, cpeed'lever ; B, emergency brake : C, slccring-wheel ; D, horn ; £, radiator ; F, starting.handle. pctrnteurn autniiinbile, and ftenin-nvtmiiobite.— Com- pressed-alr automobile, aji aniomobiic which is pio- pelle I by an airniotor. Electric automobUe, an nuto- InoMle »hi< ti IS iiropelled by an electric motor. — Petro- leum automobile, an automobile which is propelled by am'.torof th'ga^^-eiigine type that uses petroleum, or such derivatives of petroleum as gasolene or naphtha. Varia- tion of speed is obtained by the use of a change-gear be. tween the motor ami the driving-wheels, by choking the supply of u'ases to or their exhaiist from the engine, or by the uset-tgetherof two or more of these methods.— Steam- automobile, at) automobile which is propelled l)y a steam- engine, .^r'ain-au/omufri^arcalaocallednkani-earruij/u or gteam-voi/ojut. automobile (a-to-mo'bil), v. i. To ride in an .■iiituniuMli. vehicle. [Recent.] Conmo noli tan, X.W. 4-.".. automobilism (i-to-mo'bil-izm), H. The use of ntitoinoldlo vchir-los. [Koccnt.] A departure in tiufiimnbiliim which they believe to ho of the highest i>ractlcal value from aconunerrinl stnntljioint. Biryclinn World, XXXVIII, 118. antomobilist Oi-t<)-in6'lill-ist), n. One who u-"-< UN niitoinobilo vehicle. aatomolite di-totn'o-lil ), «. [< Clr. a!r6uoh)f, a cb-.i r'l r, prop, iwlj., KoioK of oik-'h self (-mAr'(l-kiil-i), (ulr. In an » Nuor. //. Siirnntr. autoiii . iiior'(iztn), n. [Ah «m/ louoc, law: see iiome.'] 1. Of or pertaining to autonomy or an auton- omy. — 2. independent in government; having the" right of self-government. The few brave men who seven years biu;k first un- sheathed their yataghans amid the hills of Herzegovina did not carry wilh them a scheme for . . . &n autonomous X)rovince of Eastern Roumelia. E, A. Freeman, Amer. l.eets., p. 44.'>. 3. Subject to its own laws ; specifically, in ?mi?., independent of any other organism ; not a form pr stage of development of some other organ- i.^TU. autonomously (u-ton'o-mus-li), adv. In an au- tonomous maimer; from one"s own choice. autonomy (a-tou'o-mi), «.; pi. autonomics (-miz). [< Gr. ai-rovouia, independence, < ai'roi'o- uor, iniiependeut: see autoiinmotis.] 1. The power or right of self-government, whether in a community which elects its own Tuagistrates and makes its own laws, or in an intliWdual who acts according to his own will. — 2. A self- governing community. — 3. An autonomous condition; the condition of being subject only to its own laws; especially, in biol., organic independence. — 4. In the pliilos. of Kant, the doctrine that the moral law is one which rea- son imposes upon itself a priori, that is, inde- pendently of sense and sense-experience, and is therefore absolute and immutable : opposed to hittrnnomy (which see). autonjnu (a'to-uim), H. [< Gr. aimif, self, -t- iniiiia, dial, otv/ia, name.] 1. One's own name ; a real name: opposed to jiscudoni/m and ■«)■(/.. an operation by which lesions ac- companied with loss of substance are repaired by means of healthy portions of tissue taken from another part of the patient, and made to supply the deficiency. See rhiiioi>la.ity. autopolygraph (a-to-pori-graf), «. [< Gr. ai'Tor, self. -I- piili/iirapli.] An autographic printing process. Ii. H. K)ii(/lit. autopsiat (a-top'si-ji), ". [NL., < Gr. avrofln, a seeing' with one's own eyes, < (iiTOTrof, seen by one's self, < avro^, self, -I- b-rik, seen (ef. oi/vf, sight): see 0}>tic.^ Same as autopsy, 1. It is no small undertaking for a nuni ... to begin a natin-al histor>' from his own aulopsia. Gilbert Wliite. autopsic (a-top'sik), a. [< autopsia + -ic] 1. Same as autoplic. — 2. In nml., pertaining to or obtained by means of an autopsy. autopsical (a-top'si-kal), a. Same as autopsic. autopsically (a-top'si-kal-i), adr. Same as iiufnplirillll/. autopsy (a'top-si), H. [< autopsia, q. v.] 1. .\ .seeing for one's self; personal ocular obser- vation, inspection, or examination. Specifi- cally — 2. In patliol. and y (he autoscope or (he au(olaryngoKcope. aut08itariU8(a'lo-Hi-(il'ri-UH), u. ; ]il. aulosilarii (-i). (.NL., as nulositc, c|. v., -f- ■arius.'\ In tiralol., either part of a double nionsler v.liieli is fornii'd by (lie juin-lion ol' (wo ei|iinlly de- autositarius yeloped individuals, as Ijy moans of tlio umbili- cus. autOSite (a'to-sit), n. [< Gr. nprdaiTo^, bringing one's own provisions/ aiiTOf, self,+ mror, food.] In tcratol., that twin in an nnpqual double monster which furnishes nutriment to the other, the latter being called the parasite or jKtnisitic tioin. autOStylic (a-to-sti'lik), a. [< Gr. avroarvM, resting on natural columns, < ai'Td^, self._ + firt/of. column: see .•(.; pi. autotemna (-nil). [NL., irreg. (better *ttiil(itommi) < Gr. ' aixiif, self, + tf/wciv, rafnlv, cut.] In bktl., a cell considered as an organism capable of self- division. [Rare.] Htfatt, Proc. Best. Soc. Nat. Hist., 1884, p. 143. autotemnOUS (a-to-tem'nus), a. [Irreg. < Gr. av-oc, self, + Tciivnv, raue'iv, cut, + -OHS.] Self- dividing; capable of spontaneous fission: ap- plied to a cell or autotemnon which propagates itself by fission and not by impregnation. Com- mon tissue-cells of all kimts are autotemnous, as are sperinatoeysts and spermatozoa, and also ova that divide before the union of male and female nuclei. Division suttsequfHt to sucli union eonstitntes an enilTyo. The ]iriit(i/oaMs are autotenninns while i^rnwinu by hssion, but ale eiiilir>os or furni-spores thereafter. Also aiitnti'mnic. autotheism (a'to-the-izm), n. [< Gr. avrSBeog, very God, < laVd'f, self, + Becir, God.] 1. The doctrine of the self-existence of God; specifi- cally, the ascription of self-existence to the second person of the Trinity. [Rare.] — 2. Assumption of divine powers ; self-deification ; excessive self-esteem. Niiwteenth Century. antotheist (a'to-the-ist), n. [< ai(totlie-ism + -ist.] 1. One who believes in autotheism. — 2. One who ascribes to himself the possession of divine powers. He bejiins to mistake more and more the voice of that very flesh of his, which he fancies he has conquered, for the voice of God, and to become without knowing it an maotlif'ist. Kitigstcy, Alton Locke, Pref. autotomic (a-to-tom'ik), a. [< Gr. avrdc^, self, + Tou6(;, cutting, < rifiveiv, Ta/ielv, cut.] Self- intersecting, as a line or trace, y. E. D. autotype (a'to-tip), n. [< Gr. oin-df, self, + Tvirm;, a stamp, type.] 1. The trade-name of a certain photographic process for producing per- manent prints in a carbon pigment. It is mucli used for reproducing works of art. — 2. A pic- ture made by this process. — 3. A copy; a re- production in facsimile. Eingsley. autotype (a'to-tip), v. t. ; pret. and pp. auto- typed, ppr. atitotyjiiiHi. [<. autotype, «.] To reproduce by means of the autotype process, or in facsimile. autotypic (a-to-tip'ik), a. Pertaining to an autotype, or produeeil by the autotype process. autotypography (a"to-ti-pog'ra-fi), «. [< Gr. aiVdr, self, + typography.'] Aiiy process by means of which drawings, manuscripts, etc., can be transferred directly to a plate or material from which impressions can be taken; espe- cially, a process by which autographs executed in a special ink are transferred to a plate of zinc, which is then etched and prepared for printing on an ordinary press. See zincography. autrefois, adr. See auterfoits. autumn (a'tum), n. [Early mod. E. also au- toiiic, < ME. atitti»ij>iic, < OF. autompiie, mod. F. flKtomiie = Sp. otorio = Pg. oiito>io = lt. aiitunno, < L. aittumnus, less correctly auctumnus, au- tumn, perhaps related to arere, be well, Skt. V ar, satisfy one's self. The old derivation from atir/ere, increase, is not now accepted.] 1 . The third season of the year, or the season between summer and winter: often called/*;/?, as being the time of the falling of the leaves. Astronomically it begins at tlie autumnal efptinox, about the 22d of September, when the sun enters Libra, and ends at the winter solstice, about the 21st of Deeenilnr. when the sun enters Capricorn. In popular lan^Mia^;e autumn i5 regarded in North America as comprising: .September, Oc- tober, and November, but in Great Britain, August, .Sep- tember, and October. Figuratively — 2. A period of maturity, or of incipient decay, abatement, or decline : as, the autumn of life. Dr. Preston was now entering into the autumn oi the duke's favour. Fuller. autumnal (a-tum'nal), a. and n. [< L. autum- iialis, auctumiialis, < antuinnus: see autumn and -«/.] I. a. 1. Belonging to autumn ; produced or gathered in autumn : as, autumnal fruits. 391 Figuratively — 2. Belonging to a period corre- sponding to autumn in the year; hence, past tin.' niidiih* stn,g(^ of life: as, '*an autumuftl ma- tron," Jlaatliurne. Autumnal equinox, the time when the sun crosses the equator as he pineccdH aouth- wtird. This liappens aliout the -I'M «.f September. See «/)«ji()a;.— Autumnal plumage, in umiih.. the plumage acquired by a birti after the first molt, when that in which the bird leaves the nest is exchanged for iinother; the plumage of an aniiotine ; atso, that subse(|uently acquireil each autumn by sucli birds as nictlt at that season as well as in spring, r,i- have wliat is termed the double molt. — Autumnal signs, the signs Libra, Scorpio, and Sagit- tariu.s, thidugh which the sun passes diu'ing the autumn, astronomically considered. II. «. A plant that flowers in autumn. autumn-bells (a'tiim-bclz), n. A iiiinie given to a European gontiiin, (lintiana I'nrumouanthc, from its bell-shaped flowers and their season of opening. autumnian (t'l-tum'ni-an), a. [< autumn + -ian.] Autumnal. [Rare.] Methinks already I gr.asp best part of the autumnian blessing. MitliUi'ton, Michaelmas Term, Ind. autumnity (a-tum'ui-ti), n. [< L. autumnitas, the season of autumii, harvest, < autuinnus, au- tumn.] The season of autumn; quality or con- dition characteristic of autumn. [Rare.] Draughts of sweet autumniti/. lip. Hall, Satires, iii. 1. autunite (a'tun-it), n. [< Autun, a city in Bur- gundy, France, + -iie^.] A native hydrous phosphate of uranium and calcium, occurring in tabular crystals, nearly square in form, and of a citron or sulphur-yellow color, it is usually found witli other inatiium minerals, often as a result of the decomposition of uraninite or ])itch-blende. It is closely related to tile pbospbnte of luanium and copper, tnrberniti- or eojipi r nvanlte, in distinction from which it is called //*/'(■ tnaiiit,', and also simply urauUc. auturgy (a'ter-ji), n. [< Gr. avrovpyia, < aiirdc, self, + tpyov, work. Cf. chirnrgeon.'] Work with one's o^vn hands; self-action. [Rare.] Auvergnat (F. pron. 6-var-ny;i'), n. [F., < Aiii-crguc.'] 1. A native or an inhabitant of Auvergne, a foi-mer province in the central ptirt of France, nearly con-esponding to the modern departments of Cantal and Puy-ile- Dome. — 2. A French wine of a deep-red color, made near Orleans: so called from the name of the variety of grape. auxt, ". See auge. auxanometer (ak-sa-uom'e-ter), n. [IiTcg. < Gr. av^urtiv, grow, + /lirpov, measure.] An in- strument tor measuring, or for measuring and recording, the growth of plants. In the arc auxa- innni-l'i- this is done with the aid of an index moving over a vertical arc of a circle. Auxerre (o-ziir'), n. [F.] A general name often given to the Burgundy wines produced near the city of Auxerre, in the department of Yoiine. auxesis (ak-se'sis), n. [NL., < Gr. au^r/aic, in- crease, amplification, < ai^eiv, aiiavcw (cf. L. augere), increase, = E. icax : see auction and W((xl.] 1. In rket., amplification; exaggera- tion; hyperbole; the use of a more unusual and high-sounding word for the ordinary and jiroper word. — 2. In math., the ratio in which the element of a figure has to lie magnifieel to make it conform to the corresponding element of a conformable figure. auxetic (ak-set'ik), a. [< Gr. av^f/riKdc, < av^r/- TOg, verbal adj. of ah^avin<, increase: see auxe- sis.'] Pertaining to auxesis; amplifying; in- creasing. This auxetic power of the preposition. Dr. Hutchinson, .Sermon on Cerem. Law, p. 8, note. auxetically (ak-set'i-kal-i), adB. By auxesis or amplification. auxiliantt Cig-zil'iant), «. [< L. auxilian(t-)s, ppr. of iiu.riliari, help: see auxdiate.] Auxil- iarv ; alluriUng help or assistance. aux'iliar (ag-zil'iiir), a. and n. [< L. auxiliaris, helping, aiding, < auxilium, help, aid, < augere, increase.] I. a. Helping; auxiliary. Ostoriiis, though yet not strengthen'd with his Legions, causes the auxitiar Bands, his Troops also allightiug, to assault the rampart. Milton, Hist. Eng., ii. There Athens sat. as in the foretime, on her citadel rock, in sight of her auxilinr sea, crowned, garlanded, wanton. ^- Clwate, Addresses, p. 180. II. n. An auxiliary: usually in the plural, auxiliary troops. My auxiliars and allies. Sir H. Taylor, Ph. van Art., II., v. 1. Mighty were the aUxiliars which then stood Upon our side, we who were strong in love I Bliss w.as it in that dawn to be alive. But to be young was very heaven ! Wordiimrlh, French Revolution. [Archaic in both uses.] avail auxlliarly (ag-zil'iar-li), adv. Bymeans of aid or lulp. Coleridge. auxiliary (ag-zil'ia-ri), a. and n. [< L. auxi- liiiiiH.s, etjuiv. to auxiliaris, helping: see auxil- »'"'.] I. a. Helping; aiding; assisting; giv- ing support or succor; hence, subsidiary; addi- tional: as, auxdiary Iroojis; //wr//(///// <*ngincs. — Auxiliary bishop, auxiliary buffer-spring, auxil- iary chaplain, cte. .s.-., til.- ijoims. Auxiliary circle, ill coni*: mcti*in>i, a circle having its center at the center of a conic, which it touches at the extremities of the transverse diameter.— Auxiliary quantity, in math., a qii.'intity introdui-ed to simiiliiy or taeilii:itc an operation, as maybe done inequations -,r iiigonoin.-try. Auxiliary scales, ill ii'ifsir, the sjv keys or scales, ..msistiiig of any key major, with its relative minor, and the attendant keys of each. — Auxiliary screw, see «<■/■< loyment. as, the availabiUtii of a candidate for ofliec, or of a proposed method. available (a-va'la-bl), a. [< ME. avaylahlc; < atuil^ + -aljle.'] 1. Profitable; advantageous; having efficacy, lliose who will consult him (Fourier] for no other rea. ■on, might do so to see how the energies of Woman may be made acailahte in the pecuniary way. ilarj. Fuller, Woman in Iftth Cent., p. 124. 2. Having sufficient power, force, or efficacy for the object ; valid. Laws human arc available by consent. Hooker. She knows no commendation is more available with thee than that of proper virtue. D. Jomon, Cynthia's Revels, v. 3. 3. Capable of being used or employed witli advantage ; attainable ; accessible ; at one's di.spoHal: as, his resotirces were not available at tlio time. The whole anny Is called 700.000 men, but of these only can be reckoned amilntde. Brmttfham. (ivalrr, avaller (= Pr. avalar = Olt. avaltarc), come down, let down, < a vnl, downward, < L. ad vallem, lit. to the valley: ad, to; valleni, ace. of ralles, valley, vale: see rale. Cf. amount, < L. ad monteni,'to tlie hill; down, adown,<. AS. o/rfiiHe, from the hill.] I. intrans. 1. To come down; fall. A rayn from hevene gan avale. Chaucer, I'roilus, iii. G20. 2. To descend; dismount. They . . , from their sweaty Coursers did amle. Spenser, i\ Q., II. ix. 10. II. trans. 1. To lower; uncover; take off, as a vizor or hood. Chaucer. IIodi. 401. ^,,,,„.r,iiiy of silk, worn in Asia Miiiiir anil Syria .{liriiiiitlde is a rare and obsolide form. us n girille, or twisted around the tiirboosii to availableneSBfn-va'ln-bl-nes). H. 1. 'I'lie stale form llic tiiiluin. of 1.11/ available; capability of being nsc'd; avania (a-vii'ni-ii), n. [Fonnerly also nr«rrm, iKiwir or efficacy in promoting an end in view, avaria, also aviiii/, < F. uviinir = It. I'g. arania (Itiiri'.] ^ _• . . availalAenej", ... or suliiiblenesa of l.ilieral i i power. English form of m/iviHC(. avariciously (av-a-risli'ns-li), adr. In an ava- ric-iuMs niannei' ; with inordinate desire of gain- ing wealth ; covetously. i;aih Is contented with his own possessions, nor nmn'. cioustti cndfiivoiirs to heap up more than Is necessary for his own .siilisistciice. Goldsniitli, Essays, xvl. Til.' . IIV .. thciM r- .1 1. '1 a. < an, 1 1 ' availably mnnmr : nVily; a^ availiiiRl maniio: n ■ rxl. I. plea. I- I avaria, aiso «rr«7, \ j- . utnnif ^ n. i ^ ■••'-■. < N(ir. hiinvin, Turk. Ar. au-dni, also au-dri, iilso 'atctin.'audnia ; origin uncertain. ] An iniidisi- coinpiilmiry 'hrncvo- tion by the (Turkish) goycrnment tax; government exuclinii; "iili lenee" (.l/<()-.v/i) ; H| ilieiilly (uH applied by ClirisliiiriH). an extort ioniite exaction or tax leviiil by the Turks. A'. li. J>. ) the enii nro|KHie«l. Sir M. llaU, (trig, of Manklml. p. 22:i power; legal force; validity iiinn of a title. I'lii-bll), iiilr. In an avuilabh ...heuHedwitheffioucy; profll- avauioUS (a-viVni-us), a. i-ly: validly; emcaciouHly. ,.:,„„.,i.,„ate. ig-li), adc. In an ovuiling avantt (u-viinf), n. [Abbr. of amnl-garde. ''•'■ <|.v.| The front of an nrmy; tho van. I with n p ..lllvd l.lolniry. In avant- [< F. arant — I'r. avant = It. nrante, ,:n?.^euVlV«;;!ni:''.^M;.V «'•""". l-fre, < M-. abame, i 0. ab anle,(ro,u l-aber, In Iwiblln lu»., Juno, H«.3 before: see ab- and ante-, and cf. avaunt^, aerty. avaroust, "• [MM. arnniu.i. artrous, < OF. ave- nis, an riis (extended form as if < tirir, posses- Kiiin : see aver-); cf. arir, avar, mod. F. arare, < Ij. ararus, greedy: see avarice.] Covetous; avarieious: as, "the erle ararous," I'iers I'low- niau. [< arania + -nus.] avast (a-vftst'), interj. [I 'rub. < 1). hou' vast, houil ra.ll = E. hold fast, i.e., hold on, wait a while. Cf. I), honrast = E. htitdfa.it, a cramp- iron.] .Yhm/., slop! hiilil! cease! stay! [Some- limeH used colloi|iiiully.] Avast lialling! Don't you know mo, mother I'lirtletl? Cumberland. avast Avast heaving (juiut.), the cry to arrest the capstan vvht'ii nippt'i-.s :iro jaiiiincd, or any otlier impediment oc- cni-s in licaviiit; tlie calile, avatar (iiv-|i-tilr'orav'a-tar),j(. [< Skt.aratdra, deseout, < ain, down, + y/ tar, cross over, pass through.] 1. In Hindu mi/tli., tho descent of a deity to the earth in an incarnate form or some manifest shape ; the incarnation of a god. Three of tlie Avatdras or incarnations of Vishnu are con- nected witli a deluge, , . . Vishnu in each case rescuing mankind from destruction by water. Max Midler^ India, j). 144. Hence — 2. A remarkable appearance, mani- festation, or embodiment of any kind; a de- scent into a lower sphere ; an adorable or won- derful exhibition of an abstract idea, principle, etc., in concrete form: as, "The Irish Avatar" (a poem by BjTon on a visit of George IV. to Ireland); "the avatar of mathematics," Mas- son, Milton, I. 226. [Carlyle isj the most shinin<^ avatar of wliim tlie world has ever seen. Lowetl, Study Windows, J). 14S. avatara (av-a-ta'rii), n. Same as avatar. avauncet, «• An obsolete form of advance. avaunf- (a-vanf or -vant')i adv. and interj. [HE., < OF. avant, forward, < LL. ahante, lit. from before: see aran^-.] I.f adv. Forward. And with that word came Drede avaunt. Ruin, of the Rose, 1. 3958. II. interj. Away! begone! depart! an ex- clamation of contempt or abhorrence. Avaunt, thou hateful villain, get thee gone ! Shale. J K. John, iv. 3. avaunt^t, «■ [^ at'a«H)l()ng (jr oval shapes avell (a-vel'), r. t. [< L. avcllerc, pull away, < ab, away, -I- vcllere, pluck, tear.] To pull away. Sir T. Browne. avellan, '(. See avellane. avellanarious (av "el-a-na'ri-us), a. [< L. Avel- Idnns : see un-Uanc] "Relating to tho filbert. avellane, avellan (a-velTin, -an, or av'el-an, -an), a. [< Ul''. arcUine, < L. Avcllana (sc. mix, nut), earlier Ahellana, the fil- bert, lit. the nut of Avella, < Aliella, a town in Cami)auia abotmdiug in fruit-trees and nuts, now Avrtla. Cf. ajijdc] In her., resembling a filbert: specifically said of a cross each of whose arms resembles the filbert in its outer sheath, ..^'^'"'If'^^f'- .. . , , « ' From "Berry s Diet. sometimes blazoned as four of Heraldry." j fillierts conjoined in cross. avelongt, a. [E. dial, avelang, oval, < ME. ax'e- longe, awelont/e, < leel. aflangr = Sw. afl&ng = Dan. ajiang (the prefix being assimilated to af = E. ojf), < L. oblongus, oblong : see oblong.] Oblong or oval ; di'awn out of a square or circle. Ave-Maryt (a've-ma"ri), n. Same as Ave Maria (which see, under ave, interj.). He told of Saintes and Popes, and evermore He strowd an Ave-Mary after and t)efore. Spenser, F. Q., I. i. 35. I could never hear the A ve-Mary bell without an eleva- tion, or think it a sufficient warrant because they erred in one circumstance for me to err in all — that is, in si- lence ami dumb contempt. Sir T. Browne, Religio Medici, i. § 3. Avena (a-ve'na), n. [L., oats.] A genus of plants, natural order Graminea;, characterized by having large membranous outer glumes, which inclose two or three perfect flowers, each with a long, bent, and twisted awn on the back of the lower palet. The species are natives of temperate and cold regions. Some are useful pasture- grasses, but by far the most important species is -4. saliva, the cultivated nat. See oat. avenaceous (av-e-na'shius), a. [< L. arena- ecus, < avena, oats.] Belonging to or resem- bling oats. avenage (av'f-naj), n. [< OF. avenage, < avene, oats, < L. avena, oats.] In old law, a certain quantity of oats paid by a tenant to a landlord in lieu of rent or other duty. avenaryt (av'e-na-ri), n. [< L. avenarius, < arena, oats.] Same as uvener. avenauntt, a. [ME., also avenant, avenand, etc., < OF. (and mod. F.) avenant, comely, con- venient, ppr. of arenir, come, suit, become, < L. advenire, come: see advene, and cf. conre- nicnt, Cornell/, and hecoming.] 1. Becoming; well-looking. Clere browne she was, and thereto bright Of face, body avcnaunt. Rom. of the Rose, 1. 1263. 2. Convenient; suitable. Dyghttes his dowblettez for dukes and erles, Aketouns avenaunt for Arthure hym selfue. Morte .irthure (ed. Perry, E. E. T. S.), 1. 2627. avener (av'e-ner), n. [ME. avener, avenere, < OF. avcnier,'<, L. avenarius: see avenary.] In feudal law, a chief officer of the stable, whose duty it was to provide oats. Also spelled ave- nor. avenge (a-venj'), v. ; pret. and pp. avenged, ppr. avenging. [< ME. avcngen, < OF. avengier, < a- (< L. ad, to) + vengier, revenge, take ven- geance, < L. vindicare, lay claim to, piuiish : see vindicate, and cf. revenge and vengeance.] 1. trans. 1 . To vindicate by inflicting pain or evil on the wrong-doer ; execute justice or ven- geance on behalf of: with a person as object. A venge me of mine adversary. Luke .xviii. 3. Avenqe, O Lord, thy slaughtered saints, whose bones Lie scatter'd on the Alpine mountains cold. Milton, Sonnets, xiii. 2. To take satisfaction for, by pain or punish- ment inflicted on the injuring party ; deal pun- ishment on account of: with a thing as object. He will avethjc the blood of his servants. Deut. x-xxii. 43. Never, till Caesar's three-and-thirty wounds Be well aveng'd. Shak., J. C, v. 1. I thought ten thousand swords must have leaped from their scabbards to avenge even a look that threatened her with insult But the age of chivalry is gone. Burke, Kev. in France. Aventine 3t. To take revenge on ; treat or deal with re- vengefully. If (-'ain shall be avenged sevenftdd, truly Lamech seven- ty and seven fold. Gen. iv. 24. -Syn. Avenge, Rcve.nge. Until lately these words were nseil with little or no difference of meaning (see quota- tions under each). A venge is now restricted to the taking of just punishment or the vindication of justice, and revenge to the inflictiiin of pain or evil to gratify resentful feelings, or the desire of retaliation for some real or fancied wrong. Poetic use sometimes returns to the earlier freedom in the meaning of avenge. .See revenge, n. I will avenge this insult, noble Queen. Tennyson, Geraint. If yon poison us, do we not die? and if you wrong us, shall we not revenged .Shak., .M. of V., iii, 1, II. intrans. To execute vengeance; inflict retaliatory pain or injury on a wrong-doer. 'J'hou Shalt not avenge nor bear any grudge against the cliildrcn of thy people. Ix*v. xix. 18. The avenging horror of a conscious mind, Whose deadly fear anticipates the blow, And sees no end of punishment and woe. Dryden, tr. of Lucretius, iiL 231. avenget (a-venj'), ». [< avenge, v.] 1. Re- venge; retaliation. That avenge by you decreed. Spemer, F. Q., IV. vi. 8. 2. Punishment ; vengeance taken. ' Why doth mine hand from thine avenge abstaine ? Spemer, F. Q,, IV. i. 62. avengeancef (a^ven' jans), n. [< avenge + -ance, after vengeance.] The act of avenging; ven- geance: as, "fear signal avengeance," J. Phil- ips, Cyder, ii. 49. avengeful (a-venj'ful), a. [< avenge, n., + -ful, after revengeful.] Avenging; executing ven- geance. [Rare.] avengement (a-venj'ment), )(. [< avenge + -ment.] The act of avenging; vengeance; pun- ishment; satisfaction taken. [Rare.] Nought may thee save from heavens avengement. Spenser, Muiopotmos. God's avengement of his repulse at Hull. Milton, Eikonoklastes. avenger (a-ven'jer), n. One who avenges or takes vengeance. The Lord is the avenger of all such. 1 Thes. iv. 6. Brutus, thou saint of the avenger's order. Beddoes, Death's Jest-Book, i, 1. avengeress (a-ven'jer-e§), n. [< avenger + -ess.'] A female avenger. [Rare.] That cruell CJueene avengeresse. Spenser, F. Q., III. viii. 20. avenifonn (a-ve'ni-form), a. [< L. arena, oats, ■h forma, form.] Resembling a grain of oats. Thomas, Med. Diet. avenin (a-ve'nin), H. [< L. avena, oats, + -i«2.] A nitrogenous proteid substance found in oats, similar to legumin, and probably a mixture of legumin and gluten. avenious (a-ve'ni-us), a. Same as avenous. avenort, "■ See avener. avenous (a-ve'nus), a. [< Gr. a- priv. -I- L. vena, vein.] In bot., wanting veins or nerves, as the leaves of certain plants. .Also avenious. avens (av'enz), n. [< ME. avans, avance, avaunce, avcnce, ML. nvancia, avencia, avantia, avens, barefoot; origin obscure.] The popu- lar English name of species of plants of the genus Geuni. The common or yellow avens, or herb- bennet, is G. urbanum; the purple or water avens, G. rivale. — Movmtain avens, Druas octopetala. aventaile, aventail (av'en-tal), n. arentayle, < OF. esventail, air-bole, < (mod. F. cventer), < L. ei; out, + ventus, wind.] In medieval armor: («) The flap or adjustable part of the hood of mail, which when tmfastened allowed the hood to drop upon the shoulders, (b) The mov- able front of the helmet. Aventine (av'en-tin). a, and II. [< L. Aventinus.] I. a. Appellative of one of the seven hills on which Rome was built. According to a legend, it was called Mons Aventinus, or the .\\entine hill, from an aboriginal king .\ventinus who was buried there. Il.t "• A post of defense or safety ; security; defense. Into the castle's tower. That only Aventine that now is left us. Beau, and Ft. My strong Aventine is That great Domitian . . . will once return, Who can repair, with ease, the consul's ruins. Massinger, Roman Actor, i. 1 [< ME. esventer A, Aventaile (def- a). { From Viollet • le - Due's " Diet, du Mobilier frau- 9ais."') aventre aventret, '•. t. [< It. an-entare, throw, shoot, dart, < a (< Ii. ad, to) + rento, wind; cf. P*r. tentar = OF. venter, cast to the wind: see vent.'] To throw, as a spear or dart. Her mortall speare She mightilv aventred towards one, And doime him smot. Spenser, F. Q., III. i. 28. aventuret, «. [The older form of adventure, q. v.] Adventure: ehanee; accident; specifi- cally, in old law, a mischance causing a per- son's death without felony, as drowning or fall- ins from a house. aventurin, aventurine (a-ven'tu-rin), n. and a. [< F. aventurine, < It. avventurino, < avven- tura, chance: see adventure, ».] I. n. 1. A sort of opaque golden-brown glass filled with specks or drops of a bright gold-color and of different sizes, used, under the name of gold- stone, for various ornaments. Its preparation was discovered at Murano. near Venice, by tlie .iccident of dropping a quantity of brass filings into a pot of melted glass ; hence the name. 2. A variety of feldspar, usually oligoelase, spangled with scales of hematite, gothite, or mica. It is often called sunstone. The most highly prized variety is obtained in Russia. — 3. A "similar variety of quartz containing span- gles of mica or other mineral. — 4. A kind of sealing-wax, of a translucent bro^vu color and abounding in gold specksorparticles. — Chrome aventurin, a glass made by freely addint: chroma te vi pi it- ash to the other materials used, thus separating spangles of oxid of chromium. n. a. Ha\-ing the appearance of aventurin : as, aventurin lacquer, etc. — Aventurin glaze, a glaze for porcelain. It is l>rown»ish, w'itli crystalline lanii- na of a golden luster. Also written avanturin, avanturine. aventuroust (a-ven'tu-ms), a. Obsolete form of adventurous. avenue (av'e-nu), n. [Formerly also advenue, arenetc, < F.'avenue, orig. pp. fem. of avenir, < L. advenire, come to, < ad, to, + venire, come. Cf. advene.'] 1. A passage; a way or an open- ing for entrance into a place ; any opening or passage by which a thing is or may be intro- duced or approached. Good guards were set up at all the avenua of the city, to keep all people from going out. Clarendon. 2. A roadway of approach to a country-house, particularlv "when straight, of considerable length, ani shaded by a row of trees on each side; a drive in a private country-place; a walk in a garden or demain of some preten- sions as to style or size. A long acenue wounrl and circled from tlie outermost gate through an untrimmed woodland. II. Jamex, .Jr., Pass. Pilgrim, p. 4.'>. 3. A street; properly, a wide street planted with trees and often with tiirfod spaces on either side, or a garden or shaded j)romenade in the middle : used in New York, W ashington, etc., in the names of the longest and general- ly the widest streets, as Fifth or Pennsylvania Avenue, but in some American cities without special reference to the (diaracter of the street. — 4. Figuratively, means of access or attain- ment. There are no atxnua to the public service opened for talent. Brougham. averi (ft-v6r'), «•• '. ; pret. and pp. averred, ppr. averrimj. [Early mod. E. also arerr, < ME. arerren, < OF. averrer, iivirer, mod. F. averrr = lY. avcrar = It. avverarc, < ML. adverare, make true, prove true, bo true, < L. ad, to, + rerun, true: Hee verify, verity, etc.] It. To assert the tnith of. — 2t. To i-onfirm; verifv; prove to 1)0 tnie. — 3. To iiflirin with conliiknce; declare in a positive or peremptory inuniutr. And I arer that, to tliln f chamifcr.hanglnga, plctureti, tIttR UvT brareii-t. Shak., CyndMlhie, v. fi. - Byn hrelart, etc. (nco OMMtri), nay, allege, jmf. I. •' iin. aver- . ». [Se. aver, (lirrr (def. :i); < MK. arir. 111: n , iireyr (Inter iiImo avirir, bavoir, hnriir. h.ti,,,,,-. nftcr laU-r OF.), < OF. aver, nvrir, liilir iimir. mod. F. rtiwir = .Sp. averts, harm ■<. j.l., now iiahrr, = I'g. Iitiveren, jil., = It. arrri iM' , nvrrlnm, nvrrr, aver), suli- stanre. „k, lit. 'Imvinff,' being llm noun II- , (JF. arrr, iivMr, I'lc, < I.. lutbtre, liiivu: see have. From iin umi a» a col- 394 leetive sing, arose its use in the plural, in the special sense of stock, cattle, whence a new sing. (ML. averia, averiug, as well as areruni, fli'eriHw), a beast of burden.] If. Substance; property; estate. Marchaunt he was of gret avoir. Seui/n Sai/eji, 1. 2205, in Weber's Metr. Horn., III. 2i.pl. Live stock; cattle; domestic animals. — 3. A beast of burden; a draft-ox or draft- horse; an old horse. [North. Eng. and Scotch.] An inch of a nag is worth a span of an a rer. In Itay, Proverbs (167S), p. 36. average^ (av'e-raj), n. [= Sc. avarage, contr. arragc, arage, now arriage, esp. in the combi- nation arriagc and carriage; < late ME. nre- rage, earlier only in ML. averagium or OF. ave- rage, appar. the same, with suffix -age, as ML. avera, a kiud of ser\'ice mentioned in Domes- day Book: usually referred to aver, a beast of "burden, and defined accordingly; but this is doubtful, avera being more prob. a refle.\, simu- lating aver, of OF. vvre, were, mod. F. ceuvre, < L. opera, work: see opera, urc-, manceuver.'] In old law, a kind of ser\-ice owed by tenants to their superior. The nature of the service is not clear. It is usually explained as service diine with l)e;ists of bur- den, but this appears to rest on a doubtful etymology (see above). average- (av'e-raj), w.anda. [Earlymod.E.also averige, averidgc, avaridge, < late ME. average, the same, \^^th suffi.K -age (found only in E. and Anglo-L. averagium), as late ME. avcrays (for averyst), < F. avaris, "decay of wares or mer- chandise, leaking of wines, also the charges of the carriage or measuring thereon, also the fees or veils of a cook, etc." (Cotgrave), sing. prop. avarie = Sp. averia = Pg. It. avaria. in ML. ora- ria, averia ; cf. MD. avarij, D. haverij = G. Iiafe- rei, haverie = Dan. havari = Sw. Iiareri, from Rom. Origin disputed ; the orig. sense, ' a duty on goods,' suggests a connection with ML. ave- ria, goods, property: see aver". Pcrhap.s ava- nia, through its appar. more orig. form avaria, is to be referred to the same som-ce: see avania.] 1. «. 1. («t) A duty or tnK upon goods. (6) A small charge payable by the shippers of goods to the master of the ship, over and above the freight, for his care of the goods. Hence tha clause, in bills of lading, "paying so much freight, with primage and owcraflc accustomed." (e.) A small charge paid by the master on account of the ship and cargo, such as pilotage, towage, etc.: called more specifically petty average. (rf) A loss, or the sum paid ou account of a loss (such as that of an anchor), when the general safety is not in question, and which lulls on the owner of the particular jiropcrty lost: called more specifically particular average, (e) A contributiou made by the owners of a ship's freight and cargo, in proportion to their several interests, to make good a loss that has been sustained or an expense incurred for the general safety of the ship and cargo. Tims, when for the safety of a ship in distress any destruetinn of property is incurred, either by cutting away the masts, throwing goods overboard, or in other ways, all iiersmia who have goods on board or pniperty ill the ship (or the insurel's) c«)iitribiite tt> the loss according to their aver- age, that is, according to the iiroportionato value of tlic goods of each on board. Average in this sense isuUo culled i/enerat aoerage. 2. A sum or quantity intermediate to a num- ber of clilTereMl sums or i|Uiinlitii'S, olitained by adding t hem tugelliernud dividing the result by the number of quantities added; an arilli- motical moan pro]iorlion. Tims, if four iiersons loserespectively.*l(), $'.'(), %\W, and 840, tlioijcei-- agc loss by the" four is %'1't. Hence — 3. Any medial amount, estinuite, or general statement based nn a comparison of u number of diverse Hpecilic cases; a medium. A like niimherof men. through various kiiulu and do- Krecu of lllsuccc'iu, reveal a mental eapaelly that Is more or less bel..w the airrwje. J. I'iAr, KvolntlonUt, li. 177. Vet I liave no doubt that tliat people's mien are as wise im the airrtt'je of clvlH/.rd ruli-m. riinrrau, Walihii, p. :i\i. Average bond. See ?>omf '. Upon or on an average, taking the arltlimellcal an of several uneoiinl nuiiibirK nri|uiinllllrH; taking llii> arlllinietleal nienniledueed (roni a great iiiiniber of exainples. On an aeeragt the male and feniale births are lolenibly e iiviragc'^), a kind of service) -f corn.] In old law, corn paiil liy a tenant to his superior as rent or in liou of service. This word, like awr- land and airritennu, is linl known in vernacular use, and ils t.rtinieal sense is unccrlain. See aivraspite. Milton, S. A., I. 14(il. And I'allas now averse refused her aid. Dryden. IThis word and its derivatives are now regularly followed by to, and not hy from, although the latter is used by some moiiern writers. Tlie word itself inehules the idea of fruia; but the literal meaning is ignored, the affection of the mind signifletl by the word being rcgartled as exerted toward the object of dislike. Simihirly, tlie kindred terms contrary, repuyiuint, etc., aw also followed by (o.] = Syn. 3. Averse, Reluctant, disinclined, backward, slow, loath, opposed. Averse implies habitual dislike or unwilling- ness, though not of a very strong eharaettr, and is nearly synonymous with rfu'i?ifir;ip(/; as, at'er;re than 3 digits, usually not unguiculate; the metacan^als more or less ankylosed as a rule, and the free carpals noi-matly only 2 in adult life ; a large breast-bone, usually carinate, and great pectoral muscles ; inimerons dorsolumbar, sa- cral, and urosacral vertebrfe ankylosed into a sacrarium; ilia greatly produced forward, and ilia and ischia back- ward, normally without median sjniphyses; perforate cotyloid cavity ; the trochanter of the femur articulating with an iliac antitrochanter, and the fibula incomplete below ; the astragalus ankylosed with the tibia, and assist- ing in forming the tibial condyles ; mediotarsal ankle- joint; not more than 4 metatarsals, 3 ankylosed together, and not more than 4 digits, the phalanges of which are usually 2, 3, 4, or 5 in number; the hind limb fitted as a whole for bipedal locomotion ; and no teeth in any recent forms, the jaws being sheathed in horn. Birds have un- dergone little modification since their firet appearance in the Jurassic age; their classification is consequently dif- ficult, and no leading authors agree in detail. Linnaeus (176G) divided them into 6 orders: Accipitres, Piece, An- seres, Grallce, Gallince, and Passeres. Cu%iers arrange- ment (1817) was sinnlar, with the 6 orders Accipitres, PasserincB, Scansores, Gallince, Grallce, and Palmijiedes. A system said to have been originally proposed by Kirby, and formerly nuich in vogue among English ornithologists, rei^Oiinized Nat at ores, Grallatores, Ctn'sorcs, Rasores, Scan- sores, I uses sores, and Raptores as orders. The latest arti- ficial system is that of Sundevall (1872-3), with the orders Osci-ues, V'oliicres^ Accipitres, Gallince, Grallatores, Xata- tores, Proceres, and Saururtp, 42 subordinate groups, and 1,229 genera. In 1867 Huxley divided birds into 3 orders: Saurnra:, Ratitoe, and Carinatw ; the latter into 4 subor- ders, DroincEOfj7iath(e, Schizoyiiathce, Des^noynathce, and jEfrithoffnathce, and 16 supeffamily groups— an arrange- ment very different from any preceding one. Tlie dis- covery of OdoJitornithes, or toothed birds, led to another primary division by Marsh into Odcrntolcep, Odontotornice, and Saurur(e, this author not extending his classification to recent birds. In 1884 Coues divided all birds into 5 subclasses : (1) Saitrurce, with teeth, amphicadous verte- brae, carinate sternum, separate metacarpals, and long, lizarddike tail; (2) OdoutotonniF, with socketed teeth, bi- concave vertebrae, carinate stenmm, ankylosed metacar- pals, and short tail ; (3) Odontolcce, with teeth in grooves, heteroccelous vertebrae, nuiimentary wings, ratite ster- num, and short tail; (4) Ratit(p. without teeth, with het- eroccelous vertebra, ratite sternum, rudimentary wings, ankylosed metacai-pals, and short tail ; (5) CaHnatce, with- out teeth, with heteroccelous vertebrae, carinate sternum, developed wings, ankylosed metacarpals, and short tail. The Carinatm include all living birds, except the few stru- thious or ratite birds. For the carinate subclass or order, some l.T or 20 ordinal or subordinal groups are now usually adopted. One of these, Passeres, includes a large majority of all birds. The genera or subgenera of birds in use now range from about 1,200 to about 2,900. The species are usually estimated at about 10,000. See bird and Saurop- sida. Avesta (a-ves'ta), ». The saered writings at- tributed to Zoroaster, See Zend-Avesta. Avestan Avestan fa-ves'tan). a. and h. [< Ave^ta + -oh.] L a. Belonsins; to the Avesta. n >'■ The language of the Avesta ; Zend, avestrnz (a-ves-troz' ), n. [Pg., also abestru::. = Sp. ave^tru2, ostrich: see ostrich.'] A name of the South American ostrich, Rhea americaiin. aviador (av'i-a-dor'), «. [Amer. Sp., < Sp. ariar, to prori.le articles for a journey, prepare. < a (< L. (Ul), to, + i-ia, < L. vhi. ■svay. road : see via.] One who furnishes to the propnetor of a mine money and supplies for working it. Mineral arlad'ores. or providers of gooas aiid provisions, which they obtained ou ireilit. Quoted in Moirry's Arizona and Sonera, p. 12b. avian (a'vi-an). a. and n. [< L. om, a bird, + - a-vi-a'shon), «. [< L avis, a uuu.j ^'^^j.^ (ft'vj.fonn), a. [< L. avis, a bird, + The art or act of flying. [Rare.] .^^^. ^^^.^ -j Bird-shaped ; having the struc- aviator (a vi-a-tor), «. A flying-machme em- -^ characteristic of the class Aves; avian, in ploying the principle of the aeroplane. [Ke- a morphological sense. Avignon berry. See herry'^. avilet (a-vil'), v. f. [ME. avilen, < OF. aviler, F. (ivilir = Ft. Sp. avilar = lt. arrilire, arvilare, < L. as if *advilarc, *advilirc, < ad, to, -t- vilis, vile: see rile] To make vile; treat as ^^lc ; depreciate ; debase. Want makes us know the price of what we avilr. II. Jon.iim, Prince Henry's Barriers. avilementt, ". [< OF. avikmoit (mod. F. aviUs- sdiiciil): see ff ciYc and -?«£■«<.] The act of rcn- eonch., a genus of bivalve mollusks, typical of dering vile, or of treating as vile. .,,.,, - - • ;, J. a vine (a'\-in), a. [< L. ans, a bird, -I- -i«fl.] yame as avian. cent.l avicula (a-vik'u-lii), n. [L., dim. of avis, a bird.] 1. A little bird; hence, any ungrown bird; a nest- ling, fledgling, or chick. — 2. icap.] [XL. : in allusion to the wing-like expansion of wi„g.si,tu y>irds. Thomas, Med. Diet. avicularia, «. Plural of acicH/rtriKw. avicularian (a-Wk-u-la'ri-an), a. Of or per- taiiiiiiu' to an aWcularium. avicularium (a-vik-u-la'ri-um), «. ; pi. avicu- laria (-a). [NL., ne'ut. of L. avirularius, adj.: avisandlim, " see avicular.] In sool., a singular small pre- aviset, >i- and ( hen.sile process, resembling a bird's head, with adrl a movable mandible, which snaps incessantly, avised (a-visf), a avireptilian (a'vi-rep-til'i-an), a. [< L. avis, bird, -I- reptitis, reptile, -I- -an.] Combining avian and reptilian characters ; sauropsidan, as a bird. [Rare.] The head is in a stase of avi-rfpliliiin transition. Jt. W. Shii/dilt, in The Century, XXX.1. 355. avist, ". An obsolete form of advice. avisandt, "• Advising; giving advice. See avizandum. An obsolete form of advivr. found ill many of the rohjzoa. toniini, vibracularium. aviculid (a-vik' a-lid), n. A bivalve of the f am- ilv .Irirididw. Aviculidae (av-i-ku'li-de), n. pi. [NL., < Avicu- la + -id(r.] A family of lamellibranchs, with oblii|ue inequivalve "shells, having an outer [Sc, prop, "vised, < F. ris. Compai'e Jhibcl- face, + -ed-, with unorig. a- developed in comp.] Faced: only in composition: as, black-ni^iscrf, dark-complexioned; lang-avised, long-faced. [Scotch.] avisefult (a-viz'ful), a. [Also avizcfull ; < arise, — advise, -f- -ful.] Circumspect. fensrr. aviselyt, '"''■. Advisedly. Chaucer. prismatic cellular layer and inner nacreous avisementt (a-viz'meut), n. Obsolete form of layer, a small byssus-secreting foot, and com pletely open mantle. Tliere are several genera hc- »hlcs A ricula, the type, amiinc them .Vehaftrina. which contains the famous pearl-mussel, .M. iitariinriti/rrn, of the Indian ocean and Persian gulf anil the Uulf of .Mexico. s«-f cut undtT arirtiln. aviculoid (a-vik'u-loid), a. [< Avicula + -oid.] Hcsirnbling the^ncii/iV/o;; as, "an aviculoid Hhcll." .lm«r. ./our. .Sci., 3d sen, XXXI. 140. Aviculopecten (a-vik'ii-lo-pek'ton), n. [NL., < AvicuM + J'ectcn.] A genus of fossil bivalve mollusks: so called becau.se it combines char- acters of tlio genera Avicula and I'erten. Sjie- cIcH occur in the Silurian and Carboniforoua aviculture (n'vi-kul-tur), n. [< L. avis, a bird, -t- ruiuirii, culture.] The euro of birds ; the keeping of birds in domcHtioation or a. [< L. avidus, greedy, eager, . Cf. avarice.] Eager; greedy. \ .t ifr«-cdlt!r of renown. .Sinilhrif. I of Mirnheau wiut nnt ni'.r'- ariit of (III, amhltious Willi nf H,,h. h|,tirri- was U. II. hrirrt, lliilii«|ili rn , \> Til. -viil'i-us), a. [Exiiandeil form for I., ariilun: fteo avid.' ■./ ../i.iii.i) greedinesMC •( . I^lll), p. 418. avidlouslyf la-vid'i-us-li), adr. In an iivid or avidii, , , inBiinor; eagerly; with greediinHH. N'iii : h, . ., ..i,„iM(w« ','' ," ""''V''*"' ""' ";''."',''','' ,";;'" " 1,11,^, iiu J ."1 V . ^^^^^1^ Love liie Little, etc., .\l, (oielgn slate with which he Is at war, or wlinh bid them ' ' . ' i .» ■ iibstain or dcslHt from Illegal acts, avivage (a-vi-vtt7,h'). "• Inff.v'".'/, the pmeess avocet, ". See 0TO.sr(. of idiariiig a fabric of supi'rlluouH eoUiriiig Avocetta (av-o-sefii), ». [NL. : see avo.'.*<-«, liyeing ami Cnllio. printing, |i, :iol. avizandum (av-i-'/.an'dum), n. fl/aw L., iilno avisoniluin, gerund of arisarr, < F. nfwcr, ciiii- Hider, ndvJHe : nee advi.ie.] In Srotji law, privat<^ conHideration. To make avi:andum with n cause Is to remove It friiin the pul.lle i i.nrl to the lirlviito colisldera Hon of the Jiidue. AIko npelleil avitaiulum. avlze't, t'. An obsoluto form of advise. of Uerurvirostva (which see). Urisson, LtiO. .See cut under avosrt. — 2. A genus of huin- miiig-liirds. Agassi:. Also Avocettula. Avogadro's la'wr. See tau: avoid (ii-viiid'), V. [< ME. avoiflen, avoydcn, < A F. avi'i'ider, ()!■". esvuiiliev, esveudirr, empty out, < r«- (< li. ex, out ) -1- vtiidirr, vnidirr, < L. vi. 1300, and is substantial- ly the Spanish system. In avoirdupois weight 7,000 troy grains (formerly, and now in the United States, approxi- mately, but in Great Brit.ain exactly) make a pound, while in troy weight the poinid contains 5,760 grains, the grain being the same in both cases ; hence, 175 pounds troy are equal to 144 pounds avoirdupois. The pound avoirdupois is the standard weight of Great Britain, and is equal to 453.6 grams in the l^'rench metric system. Avoirdupois weight is used in determiinng the weights of all commodi- 397 ties except gems and the precious metals. It is reckoned as follows ; Cwt. 1 ton = 20 ! 1 hundredweight = 1 quarter 1 pound 1 ounce Qrs. Pounds. Ounces. Drams. 80 = 2240 = 36840 = 573440 4 = 112 = 1792 = 28672 = 28 = 448 = 7168 16 = 266 16 In the United .States tlie hundredweight is now connnonly mo pounds, and the ton 2,000 i)ounds, called the short ton in distinction from the long ton of 2,240 pounds. 2. The weight of anything according to the avoirdupois system : as, his avoirdupois was 150 pounds. [CoUoq.] Also written averdupois, and often abbre'vi- ated to avoir, and avdp. avoket (a-v6k'), v. t. [< L. avocare, call away: see avocate. Cf. convoke, evoke, invoke, provoke, revoke.] To call away or back. Bp. Burnet. avolatet (av'o-lat), v. i. [< L. avolatiis, pp. of avolare, fly away, < a for ah, away, -t- voiare, fly: »('(> volant.] Tofly off; escape; exhale. Boyle. avolationt (av-o-la'shon), n. [< L. as it *avola- tio{n-), < avolare: see avolate.] The act of fly- ing away; flight; escape; exhalation; evapora- tion. Tile avolation of the favillous particles. .S'i'r T. Uruume, Vulg. Err., v. 22. avoli (ii-vo'le), ». [It.] In glass-blowing, espe- cially in Venetian work, the small circular piece which covers the junction of the bowl and the stem in a drinking-glass. avoncet, v. Variant of avance'^, obsolete form of advance. avoset, avocet (av'6-set), re. [Also as NL. avocetla, avosetta; < f'. avocette = It. avocctta = Sp. avoceta; origin uncertain.] 1. A bird of the genns Eecurvirostra, family Eeciirvirostridm, and order Limicola;, characterized by extreme European Avoset {Recunjirostra avocetta). slenderness and upward curvature of the bill, and by very long legs and webbed toes. In the latter characteristic it diltVrs from mo.'^t wadiii'^ birds. Its length is from 15 to IS inches from tlie ti|i of the bill to the end of the tail, and its coloration is chiefly black and white, the legs being blue. Several species are described. Tlie avoset of Europe is R. avocetta; that of the United States is R. amencana, distinguished by the chestnut- brown coloration of the head. The former is sometimes called the scooper or scooping avoset. 2. A humming-bird of the genus Avocetta. avouch (a-vouch'), )■. [< ME. avouchen (rare), < AF. advoucier, OF. avochier, avocher, a part- ly restored form, after the L., of avoer, avouer, afiirm, declare, avow, orig. call upon to defend, < L. advocare : see advocate, avoiv'^, and voitch.] 1. trans. 1. To affirm or acknowledge openly; declare or assert with positiveness ; proclaim. Thou hast avouched the Lord this day to be thy God : . . . And the Lord hath avouched thee this day to be his peculiar people. Deut. xxvi. 17, 18. Neither indeed would I have thought that any such an- ti(iuitics could have been avouched for the Irish. Spenser, State of Ireland. If this which he avouches does appear. Shak., Macbeth, v. 5. I speak what history avouches, that the mechanics, as a class, were prime agents in all the measures of the revolu- tion. Everett, Orations, 1. 363. 2. To admit, confess, or avow. The first time that I have heard one with a beard on his lip avmich himself a coward. Scott, Betrothed, in. Milton in his prose works frequently amuchea the pecu- liar afl'ection to the Italian literature and language which lie bore. , ., „ ^ ^ Trench. Eng. Past and Present, in. 119. (.V. E. D.) 3. To maintain, vindicate, or justify; make good; an.swer for; establish; guarantee; sub- stantiate. avowal What I have said I will avottch, in presence of the king. Shak., Rich. III., i. 3. We might be disposed to question its authenticity if it were not avouched by the full evidence in its favour. Milnian, Latin Chnstiaiiity, iv. 7. 4t. To appeal to, or cite as proof or waiTant : as, to avouch the authorities on any subject. II. intrans. To give assurance or j^aranty; vouch: as, "lean avouch for her reputation," Defoe, Mrs. Veal, avoucht (a-voucli'),re. [^<. avouch, v.] Evidence; testimony; assurance. Without the sensible and true avouch <)t mine own eyes. .Shak., Hamlet, i. 1. avouchable (a-vou'cha-bl), a. [< avouch + -iibli'. ] Capable of being avouched. avoucher (a-vou'cher), n. One who avouches. avouchmerit (a-vouch'ment)^ n. [< avouch + -nioiL] Tlio act of avouching; declaration; avowal ; acknowledgment. By laying the foundation of his defence on the awuch- nteiit of that which is so manifestly untrue, he hath given a worse foil tf> Ills own cause than when his whole forces were at any time overthrown. Milton, Eikonoklastcs, i. avou6 (a-v6-a'), re. [F., < OF. avoue (pp. of avouer, avoer), < li. advocatus, advocate, patron: ■ see avowee, advowee, a,n<\ advocate.] In France, originally, a protector of a church or religious commmiity; now, a ministerial officer whose duty it is to represent parties before the tribu- nals and to draw up acts of procedure. avouret, «. See avower^. avoutert, avouterert, etc. See advouter, etc. avO'W'i (u-vou'), V. [Early mod. E. also advoiv, after the L. ; < ME. avowcn, avouen, < OF. avouer, avoer = Pr. avoar, < L. advocare, call to, call upon, hence to call as a witness, defender, patron, or advocate, own as such: see avouch (from later OF.) and advoke and advocate (di- rectly from L.), doublets of avoiv'^-. This verb, in E. and F., was partly confused with the now obsolete avow^ ; cf . the similar confusion of al- low^ and aZtoj(i2.] I. trans. If. To own or ac- knowledge obligation or relation to, as a per- son: as, he avotvcd him for his son. — 2t. To sanction; approve. — 3. To declare openly, of- ten with a ■view to justify, maintain, or defend : as, to avow one's principles. If there be one amongst the fair'st of Greece . . . That loves his mistress more than in confession, . . . And dare avow her beauty and her worth In otlier arms than hers — to him this challenge. Shak., T. and C, L 3. ""Water, verdure, and a beautiful face," says an old Arab proverb, "are tliree things which delight the heart," and the Syrians avow that all three are to be found in Damascus. B. Taylor, Lands of tlie .Saracen, p. 126. 4. Specifically, in laio, to acknowledge and justify, as when the distrainer of goods de- fends in an action of reple'vin, and avows the taking, but insists that such taking was legal. See avowry, 1. — 5. To admit or confess open- ly or frankly; acknowledge; own: as, to avow one's self a convert. Left to myself, I must amiv, I strove From public shame to screen my secret love. Dryden. = Syn. 3. To affirm, assert, profess. — 5. Admit, Con/ess, etc. See acknowledge. II. intrans. In toic, to justify or maintain an act done, specifically a distress for rent taken in one's own right. N. E. D. avO'W^t (a-vou'), «. [< QfOM.1, r.] An avowal; a bold declaration. Dryden. aVO'W-t (a-vou'), V. [Early mod. E., also advow (after the L.); < ME. avowen, avouen, < OF. avouer, avoer, later advoucr, < ML. as if *advo- tare, < L. ad, to, + ML. votare, vow, > Pr. vodar = OF. voer, vouer, > E. vow, q. v. This verb was partly confused with «roH'l, q. v.] I. trans. 1. To bind ■with a vow. — 2. To devote or dedicate by a vow; vow. — 3. To vow to do or keep; promise; undertake. II. intrans. To bind one's self by a vow; make a vow; vow. aVO'W-t (a-vou'), re. [ME. avowe, avou ; from the verb.] Avow; a promise. I make a voice to my God here. Chaucer, Death of Blanche, 1. 93. I will make mine avoic to do her as ill a turn. Marriage of Sir Gawayne. avo'wable (a-vou'a-bl), a. [< at'owl + -able.] Capable of being "avowed or openly acknow- ledged with confidence. avo'wably (a-vou'a-bli), adv. In an avowable manner. Imp. Diet. avO'Wal (a-vou'al), n. [< avow''- + -al.] Aa open declaration; a frank acknowledgment. His . . . «t'o;m? of such . . . principles. Bume, Hist. Eng., an. 162S. avowance avowance (a-vou'ans), ». [< aroirl + -rci. awoke, awok, pp. luviikiti, iiwiike), < AS. 'dwaciin, only in pret. dwOe, p]). dwiieeii, the pres. being sup- Iilii'il by nwiveuan with formative -n (whence prop. nio. a. Uousing; iihiniiiiiix: jis, :m itirakrniiig nvvwon. awakeningly (ii-wnk'ning-li), adr. Tn a man- ner Id ;i\v;ilv('n. awakenment (n.-wa'kn-ment), «. [< awaken + -nil III. I The act of awakening, or thc\ state III' being iiwnkeued ; specifically, a religions re- vival, (h'nre,] awald, await (ii'wiild, ii'wall), a. and n. [Be., iilsci wiillen iinrlliil, awarl (imil by simulation aivkwiird); origin iincertain. Cf. AS. wealtan, waltan, roll, 'dinillan. prci, dwalle, roll: se» iraltir, walty, nillir.'\ I. a. Lying helplessly iin tlie buck: siild (if n sheep when iinabl<\ through sicliness iir fatness, to get up, II. ". A sheep so lying. awane awane (a-wan'), prep. phr. as adv. [< a^ + irawc] <^" tlip wane; waning. awanting (;i-w:ui'ting), a. [Prop, a phrase, II iriiiitnii/ : !-■(. iimissiiii/.'] Wanting; deficient; absent; missing: not used attributively. In either ease criticism was required, and criticism wan ft It'll lit iiiif. 'Sir It'. HaiailUtH. awapet, v. t. See awhape. awardi (a-ward'), )'. /. [< ME. iiwanJcn, < AF. ((»■((;■(/(■)•, OF. isiriinkr, cswardcir, later csf/oril- ir, cui/iifirilci; csi/nnlnr = Sp. esijitardur (obs.) = It. siiunniarc, look at, consider, decide, ad- judge, < ML. *cxwardare, < L. ex, out, + ML. 'ii-ariMrc, guardare, observe, regard, guard : see tiHird, guard, and regard.'] 1. To adjudge to be rep. phr. as a. or adv. [< «3 + wasli."] Naut.: («) Ju.st level wither emerg- ing from the surface of the water, so that the waves break over it, as wreckage, or an anchor when hove up to the surface, or rock, spit, or bank just appearing above the water. The wrecks are floating almost awash, presenting little surface for the wind to blow upon. Science, III. 303. (h) Covered with water; kept wet: as, the decks were constantly awash, (c) Washing about; tossed about by the waves. a'Waste (ii-wasf), prep. phr. as adv. [< a^ + u'atile.] W'astiug; going to waste or decay. A'wata 'ware, pottery. See wore. 399 awater (a-wa't6r), prep. phr. as adv. [< o-' + leiikr.] On the water. a'wa'Ve (a-wav'), prep, jilir. as adv. [< a^ + iriiri-.\ On the wave ; waving. a'Way (a-wa'), prep. pihr. as ado. [< ME. away, iiwetj, awei, oway, o wey, on way, etc., < AS. aweg, earlier on weg, lit. on way: see «3 and way. ] 1 . On the way ; onward ; on ; along : as, come away. Alistresa, you must cnme away to your father. Shak., As you Like it, i. 2. 2. From this or that place; o(T: as, to go, run, ilee, or sail away. He rose ami ran away. Shak., Pass. Pilgrim, iv. 14. And we kiss'd the fringe of his beard and we pray'd as we heard him pray, ■ And the Holy man he assoil'd us, and sadly we sail'd away. Tennyson, Voyage of Maeldune. 3. From one's own or accustomed place ; ab- sent : as, he is aioay from homo ; I found him away on a vacation. Thyself away art present still with mc ; For tilou not farther than my thoughts canst move. Shak., Sonnets, xlvii. 4. From contact or adherence ; off : as, to clear away obstructions; cut away the broken spars. Before the golden tresses of the dead . . . were shorn away. 5'/iaA., Sonnets, Ixviii. 5. Removed; apart; remote: as, away from the subject. Quite away from aught vulgar and extern. Browniny, Ring and Book, II. 122. 6. From one's possession or keeping: as, to give away one's books or money ; throw away a worn-out or discarded thing. there, perchance, when all our wars are done, The brand Excalibur will be cast away. Tennyson, Holy Grail. 7. From one's immediate presence, attention, or use ; aside : as, put or lay atoay your work ; put away your fears ; the things were laid away for the summer. Put away These dispositions, which of late transport you From what you rightly are. Shak., Lear, i. 4. 8. From this or that direction ; in another or the other dii'eetion : as, tm-n your eyes away ; he turned away. Often, wliere clear-stemm'd platans guard The outlet, did I turn away Tlie boat-head down a bruad canal. Tennyson, Arabian Nights. 9. At or to such a distance ; distant ; off : as, the village is six miles away. Mirthful sayings, children of the place. That have no meaning half a league away. Tennyson, Holy Grail. An hour away, I pulled up, and stood for some time at the edge of a meadow. //. James, Jr., Trans. Sketches, p. 136, 10. From one state or condition to another; out of existence ; to an end ; to nothing : as, to pass, wear, waste, fade, pine, or die away ; continual dropping wears away stone ; the im- age soon faded away ; the wind died aicay at sunset ; she pined away with consumption. The new philosophy represented by Locke, in its confi- dence and pride taking a parting look at the old philoso- phy, represented by the scholastic discussions, passing away in the midst of weakness and ridicule. MeCosh, Locke's Tlieory of Kimwledge, p. 16. Wittont adducing one fact, without taking the trouble to perplex llic question by one sophism, lie (Mr. Mill) placidly dogmatises aieay the interest of one half of the human race. Macaulay, Mill on Government. 11. Gone; vanished; departed: as, here's a health to them thaVsawaij. [Chiefly prov. Eng. and Scotch.] — 12. On; continuously; stead- ily ; without inteiTuption : as, he worked away ; he kept pegging away ; and hence often as an intensive: as, to fire away, eat away, laugh away, snore away. As if all the chimneys in Great Britain had, by one consent, caught Are and were blazing away to their dear hearts' content. Dickens. 13. Often used elliptically, with a verb (as go, get) suppressed, and simulating an imperative : as, (go) away! (get) away! we must away ; whither aivay so fast ? Away, old man ! give me thy hand, away! Shak., Lear, v. 2. Love hath wings, and will away. Waller. Away, au'ay, there is no danger in him. Beau, and FL, Philaster, v, 4. Away back, far back ; long ago : as. away back in the years before the war ; away back in 1844. [CoUoq. often ■way tecS-.l— Away -with, (a) Used as an imperative phrase, coumiauding the removal of an object. Away with this man, and release unto us Barabbas. Luke xxiii. IS. aweel Away unth you! . . . I'll put everybody under an ap. rest that stays to listen to her. Shcri^lan, The Camp, i. 1. {b) An elliptical expression for " get away with," that is, get on with; accommodate one's self to; endure. [Ar- chaic. ] Some agayne aflirme that be retorned into liis countrey, but partly lor that be couhiu not away with the fashions of bis countrey folk, and partly for that his rnitide and affec- tion was altogether set and fixed upon Utopia, they say tiiat he hathe taken his voyage thetherwarde agayne. Sir T. More, Utopia (Arber), p. 165. Slial. She never could away vHth mc. Fat. Never, never; she would always say she could not abiile .VI aster ('shallow. Shak., 2 Hen. IV., iii. 2. I could never away ivith that stiff-necked generation. II. Jonson, Bartholomew Fair, i. 1. Far away, far and away, (a) At a great distance. Wliytar. |C.,lloq,| Of all the men whom she had ever seen, he was /ara?/Jay the nicest and liest. Trollope. Right away, straightway ; at once ; Immediately ; forth- with. — Say away, say on; proceed with your remarks. 11'. s. and prov. Dug. | — To bear away, explain away, fire away, make away, etc. .See the verbs. To make away with. Scc nmke. away-going (a-wa'g6"ing), a. and 7i. I. a. Go- ing away; departing; leaving: as, an away- going tenant — Away-going crops, crops sown during the last year of a tenancy, but not ripe until after the ex- piratiiui of it. II. ". A going away; departure. awaywardt (ii-wa'wiird), adv. [ME., also awei- loard, etc. ; < away + -ward.'] Turned aside. Gower. awbert, «. [< F. auhour, OF. auhour, also ao- bourt (Cotgrave), laburnum, appar. < L. albur- iiiini: see alburnum and laburnum.'] The la- burnum-tree, Cytisus Laburnum. Increase Ma- ther, Kemark. Provid., p. 2.32. (jV. Ji. V.) awei (a), n. [Also, more prop., ait' (like law, haw, etc.), < ME. aw, aire, agh, aglte, age, < Icel. agi = Dan. ave = AS. as if *aga, the same with diff. formative as AS. ege, ME. e^c, eghe, eye, aye, ay, = OHG. agi, eg'i, MHG. ege = Goth, agis, fear, < *agan, fear (in ppr. *agands, with nega- tive unagands, unfearing) ; perhaps akin to Gr. u^of, anguish. Cf. ask'^.] 1. Dread; fear, as of something evil. I had as lief not be as live to be In awe of such a thing as I myself. Shak., .1. C, i. 2. In every form of government, the rulers stand in som© awe of the people. Macaulay, ilill on Government. 2. Fear mingled ■with admiration or reverence; reverential fear ; feeling inspired by something sublime, not necessarily partaking of the nature of fear or dread. stand in awe, and sin not. Ps. iv. 4. The [Egyptianl deities representing the great forces of nature, and shrouded by mysterious symbols, excited" a degree of a we which no other ancient religion approached. Lecky, Europ. Morals, I. 345. To feel once more, in placid awe. The strong imagination roll A sphere of stars about my soul, In all her motion one with law. Tennyson, In Memoriam, cxxii. 3. Overawing influence. By my sceptre's awe I make a vow. Shak., Rich. II., i. 1. — Syn. Reverence, Veneration, etc. See reverence, n. awe^ (a), V. t. ; pret. and pp. awed, ppr. awing. [< nifcl, H.] 1. To inspire with fear or dread; terrify ; control or restrain by the influence of fear. Nor think thou with wind Of aery threats to aive whom yet with deeds Thou canst not. Milton, P. L., vi. 283. Never be it said That fate itself could awe the soul of Richard. Cibber, Rich. III., v. 3. 2. To strike ■with awe, reverence, or respect; influence by exciting profound respect or rev- erential fear. awe2(a), I'.f. [Sc.,=E. OM'c] To owe. [Scotch. J awe^ (a), n. [Se. also are. early mod. E. also- aw, aue, ave, aire ; origin obscure.] 1. One of the float-boards of an undershot water-wheel, on which the water acts. — 2. One of the sails of a -windmill. aweary (a-wer'i), a. [< a- expletive + weary.] Weary; tired. [Archaic or poetical.] .she said, "I am aweary, aweary, I would that I were dead ! " Tennyson, Mariana. And all his people told him that their horses were aweary, and that they were aweary themselves. Ticknor, Span. Lit., I. 66. aweather (a-wesn'er), prep. phr. as adv. or a. [< qS + weatlier.] On the weather side, or to- ward the wind: as, the helm is aweather: op- posed to alee. aweel (a-wel'), adv. [Sc, < a for ah, oh, + weel = E. well.] Oh well ; very well ; well then. Aweel, if yuur lionour thinks I'm safe — the story is just this. Scott, Guy Maunering, II. 63- aween aweenf, r.t. [< ME. aicenen, < a- + icenen, < AS. ire«an,' think, ween: see o-l and ween.'] To ween; suppose. The Jewes out of Jorselem attrenden he were wode [mad]. Bel. Ant., I. 144. aweigh (a-wa'), prep. phr. as adv. or a. [< aS + treiV///.^ .^'flH^, atrip. The anchor is awciz/A when it is just drawn from its hold in the ground and hangs perpendicularly. .See atrip. aweless (a'les), a. [< ME. aides, etc. ; AS. ege- leds, < ege, awe (see aicel), + -leiis, -less.] 1. Wanting awe or reverence ; void of deferential fear. Lordes bene lawles. Chyldere bene awtes. A Prophecy.etc., I 10 (E. E. T. S., extra sen, \'ni. i 85). The aieeUis lion could not wage the fight. Shak., K. John, i. 1. 2. Wanting the power of inspiring reverence or awe. The innocent and atrfe«* throne. 5AaJk.,Rich. III., ii. 4. Also spelled awless. awesome (a'sum), a. pjorth. E. and Sc; < awel + -some.] 1. Inspiring awe; awful: as, an awesome sight. "An airsome place," answered the blind woman, "as *ver lining creature took refuge in." Scott, Old Mortality, xliii. The Wizard, on his part, manfully stuck up for his price, declaring that to raise the Devil was really no joke, and insinuating that to do so was an aicesotne crime. Einijlake, Eothen, p. 16S. 2. Evidencing or expressive of terror. He did gie an awesome glance up at the auld castle. ,Sco«, Guy Mannering, I. xi. Also spelled awsotne. awe-strike (a'strik), v. t. To strike with awe. [Kar.-.] awe-stmck (a'struk), j). a. Impressed or struck with awe. awful (a'fiil), a. [< ME. awful, aghefid, arjhful ; AS. egeful, < ege, awe (see airfl), -t- -Jul.} 1. Striking or inspiring with awe ; filling with dread, or dread mingled with profoiuid rever- ence : as, the awful majesty of Jehovah ; the awful approach of death. Her fathers" God before her moved. An airjut guide in smoke and Hame. ScoH, When Israel, of the Lord beloved. The av/ul mysteries of the world unseen. J. Caird. 2. Of a dreadful character; causing fear or horror; terrible; appalling: as, an «if/«/ disas- ter; I heard an aM!/«( shriek. Or if she slept, she dream'd An aw/ul dream. Tennyson, Guinevere. 3t. Inspiring or commanding respect, rever- ■ence, or obedience. An aw/ul rule and right supremacy. Shale., T. of the S., v. 2. A parish priest was of the pilgrim train; An aic/ul, reverend, and religious man. DnfUen, Cliar. of Good Parson, 1. 2. She would, upon occasions, treat them with freedom ; yet her demeanour wa.-* 8<) aw/ul, that they durst not fail in the lea-tt point of respect. Swift, Death o( Stella. 4. Expressive of or indicating deep awe, as for the Deity. Towards him they bend With aw/ul reverence prone. Miltim, P. L., ii. 478. Aw/ul prostration, like Pascal's, tiefcire the divine idea. Ve t^uitwfji, Secret Societies, i. fit. Impressed with or exhibiting respect or reverence, as for authority; law-abiding; re- spectful in the extreme. 'lltrust from the company of aw/ul men. Shak., T. a. of v., iv. 1. How dare thy johits forget To pay their «m/u/ duty Ut our presence? .SViri*., Kl.h. II., 111. :). 6. Having some character in an (-.xtremo or iiotii-cable (lc(frcc; oxce.ssivo; vcry^eat; ex- tnionliniiry ; prepoHterouH : as, he is an awful rrai(/ul, I'ritr/til, I'rinhl/ul, sol- rnifi uiii,., MIL', rnaji'Ntlc ; dri-nd. (lire, ilrenilful, t^Trlhle. Til- ' ■ r . .,f id,.,,, wordu are nflcn loosely or col. I'"(' . Kpi-riw dullk'-, d't. nijiilun, or horror, bti' riiiiin r*-l«tii IIk- ttuiiic ilisiltKilonN nuiins friHii wlil'h til-'. ,t......,| 1 nve, rilll'>( llmt wlO' ' '!• '-p Dol«-llMiity tllt'l I ' II ' lire of fenr. nitlnif • ii j.rrrmrf, n.); tln' iv ^I'lNi nwr t«i liorriir '/ l>r^ritl/ul 1« np|tll.-J ;.. ...1,1 Ml- [,|.rc*slv<' f«'(ir «if i-'iminu rvil, M linil I'mr/ul. foil of fi ar, *Ttiiln /enrjul liMiklntf f<>r of or II. 111. I rt' III will til' •hi! •t' ' ■ |MI ail I Imiu JnJipiiFiii, Uat>. X. Z7. t^hl/yl. not full of fright, but n /<■/ fuil 400 inspiring fright or sudden and almost paralyzing fear. An aw/ul sight ; a dread/ul disaster ; a J'ear/ul leap ; a /ri^^ht- /ul chasm. Abash'd the Devil stood, And felt how aw/ul goodness is. Milton, P. L., iv. S46. The smoothness of flattery cannot save ns in this rugged and aw/ul crisis. Chatham, Speech on American \N'ar. O Lord ! methought what pain it was to drown I ■ttixat dreadj'ul noise of waters in mine ears I WTiat sights of ugly death within mine eyes ! Jlethought I saw a thousand.fear/Mi wracks. Shak., Rich. III., i. 4. There was a /ear/ul, sullen sound of rushing waves and broken surges. Irvinff, Sketoh-liook, p. 21. Tlieir music, /right/ul as the serpents' hiss. Shak., i Hen. VI., iii. 2. awfully (a'fvd-i), adv. In an awful manner, (a) Dreadfully ; terribly, (b) With solemn impressiveness ; sublimely; majestically, (c) With a feeling of awe or reverential fear; reverently, (d) Excessively; extreme- ly; very: as, ana7(/uf^i/ jolly man; an nM/K^/i/ pretty girl. [Slang.] You'll be aw/ulbj glad to get rid of me. IT. Black, Green Pastures, ii. a'wfulness (a'ful-nes), n. 1. The quality of being a^vful, or of striking or inspiring with awe, fear, or horror; impressive solemuity or sublimity; dreadfulness ; terribleness : as, the awfulness of the sacred place, or of a casualty. Contrasts which move, now our laughter at their iiu-on- gruity, and now our terror at tlteir n n/ulnes,t. J. Caird. 2t. The state of being full of or inspired with awe; reverence; awe. A help to prayer producing in us reverence and aw/ul- iwss. Jer. Taylor, Holy Living. awgrimt, »• -A. Middle English form of algo- rism . awhapet, c '■ [Revived by Spenser from a ME. verb found only in pp. awhapcd, awdjicd, terrified, confounded; a word of uncertain origin. Cf. Goth, afhicapjan, choke, suffocate.] To confound; terrify. Also awape. Not fulliche -lUe awhaped. Out of the temple uUe esiliclie he wente. Chaucer, Troilus, i. 316. A Wilde and salvage man, . . . All overgrowne with hair, that could awhape All hiudy hart. Spiutser, K Q., I\". vii. ^. awheels (a-hwelz'), ^^rep. phr. as adv. \_ia^ + wheels.'] On wheels. B. Joiison. awhile (a-hwil'), adi:, prop. adv. phr. [< ME. awhile, one while; the adv. ace. of a'- -1- while.] For a space of time ; for some time ; for a short time. Counsel may stop awhile what will not stay. Shak., Lover's Complaint, 1. ISD. The company were all sorry to separate so soon, . . . and stood a-while looking back on the water, upon which the moonbeams played. Dryden, Essay on I)ram. Poesy. {.Iwhilf is properly two words, as it has to be written when an adjective is used, as a little while, and as it is commiiiily and should be always written when preceded liy/or.l awidet, prep. phr. as adv. [< a3 -t- wide, after afar, etc.] Wide; widely. Thev opciieil their mouth awide [wide In authori7.cd ver. sion] upon me. Ps. .\xxiv. 21 (Douny version). a'wing (a-wiiig'), prep. phr. as a. or adv. [< (|3 + xciny.] On the wing. 'TIa time his fortune be a-mn:i; high time, sir. Fletcher, Hnniornus Lieutenant, i. 1. Moving specks, which he thoiiuht might be ships In lllght or pursuit, or they might be wliitc liiiils awiwi. I.. Wiillac,', Iten-Hnr, p. IIU. awkl (ak), a. [< ME. awke, auke, < ONorth. 'aj'uh (in tiftdic, licrverso) (= Icol. ilfugr, iilitir (for 'afuip') = S\v. afrig = OS. ahhuh, ahhoh = OIKi. '«/("//, tdiidt, abeii, MIKi. rliirh, rheeh, (i. dial, iibieht, alicrh, ahiirh, iihivh. dhig = Ml). avesrh, uefsrh, iiwkwanl, conlrnry, pcrverso, U. aafseh, cnil'ly, arll'ul), lit. ' olVwurd,' < af, AS. ttf, K. o/r away, with a siifllx of variable fonn and obscure origin, f'f. (•olli. iliuls, Iiack, backward, in wliich ill-, like Mie jircfix in ih- ilalja, dosceiil, dcclivily, is jicrlmps a vnr. of 'all, af tliuK making iliuhs = OS. alihuh, etc., = E. ««A-'.] It. Tuniid ill Uio (i)i|Misili'diri'cticin; directed tlic wrong wiiy; backliiindi'd: as, "an aicA: stroke," /'al.tgi(ire'—Zi. Left; left-handed. On the awk or left hand. Ilnlland, It. of I'hitnnh, p. 71". 3t. Wrong; erroneous; pprverso: an, tlio awl; end of a rod. Ciifiillng . . . the nic«r opinions of the Hlolrs. liuldiwi.Xt. of !><• Mornny » TrmiieM of Christ, lletlglnn. 4. Awkwanl to UHr; I'lumsy: as, an awl; U>i,\. [I'rov. Eng.J— fit. Slrango; Hingnlar; dlHtiii- giiishod. oif I Idem of aide Ivmo anil nf thclrc nirla' dedyn. How Ihey were leir In Ihniro Uwrf, and lovede Hod Al- niyglity. Korte Arthurt (ed. I'orry, E. K. 1'. ».), I. Kl. awkwardly awk^t (ak), adv. [< nicAl, a.] Awkwardly; wrongly. Professors ringing as awk as the bells. Sir R. L' Estrange, Fables, ccci. awk", ". See ()hJ-1. awkerd, awkert (a'kerd, -kert), a. A dialec- tal form of awkward. [Prov. Eng.] awklyt (ak'li), adr. [ME. awkely ; < rtirf-l + -//;'-'.] In the wrong direction; left- or back- haniledly. Hence — (o ) Awkwardly ; clumsily. (/)) Perversely, (c) Uutowardlv; unluckily. awklyt (ak'li), a. [< flici-l +■-((/!. Cf. AS. (ONorth.) afulic, perverse: see ajoA'l.] Per- verse : imtoward. » awknesst (ak'nes), «. [< o»Al + -ness.] The state of being awk or awkward. awkward (ak'wjird), adr. [Early mod. E. or dial, also aukward, awkwart, awkard. awkerd, airkert, etc., ME. awkwarde, aukward, etc., transversely, sidewise, perversely; < awk^ + -irard.] It. In the wrong direction; in the 'wrong way; backward. The emperour thane egerly at Arthure he slrykez, Awkwarde on tlie umbrere [vizor] and egerlv hvm hittez. .Morle Arthure (E. E. T. S.), 1. 2247. 2t. Asquint. — 3. Awkwardly; clumsily. [Now only jn-ov. Eng.] awkward (ak'ward), o. [Early mod. E. or dial, also aukward, awkwart, awkard, awkerd, etc.; <. awkward, adv.] It. Turned the wrong way; backhanded. — 2t. Perverted; perverse. They with awkward judgment put the chief point of godliness in outward things. Cdalt, ilat. v. 'Tis no sinister nor no awkward claim. Shak., Hen. V., ii. 4. 3t. Untoward; adverse. Twice liy awkward wind from England's bank Drove back again unto my native clime. Shuk., 2 Hen. VI., iii. 2. 4. Ill adapted for use or handling; unhandy in operation; clumsy: as, awkward instruments or contrivances. — 5. Wanting dexterity or skill in action or movement ; clumsy in doing any- tliiug, as in using tools or implements; bun- gling. So true that he was awkward at a trick. Dryden. 6. Ungraceful in action or person; ungainly; uncouUi: as, awkward gestures; the awkward gambols of the elephant. Drop'd an awkward court'sv to the Knight. Dryden, Wife of Bath's Tale. 7. Embarrassed; not at ease: used in relation to persons: as, an awktvard feeling. — 8. Not easily dealt with; troublesome; vexatious; re- (luiiing caution: as, an awkicard predicament. [Colloq.] Between the weir and the trees it is an aivkward spot, hut dillloiilty is the charm of lly-llshiiig. Froude, Sketches, p. 241. 9t. Unlucky. The bejist long struggled as being like to prove An rticA-icard sacrifice. Marlowe. = Syn. 5 and 6. Awkward, Clumsy, XJnriainly, (Tncouth, liunyliny, unhandy, inexpert, nns] want of ease ami grace or skill in bodi- ly niovenicnt, especially of the arms or legs : as, nwuwkward gait: nirkward in tlie use nf a ton], Clumt.!/ starts from tlic Mntiiin of heaviness, and eonseiiucnt unwii'hliness or awkwardness in use ; it is applicable to the w liolc limly or to any part of it, even when still: as, a eluntsu tlgiire; elumjiy minds. Tills difference Is also fimnil in the llgura* five use of the words : u eluiuny excuse Is one that is put together badly; an awkward excuse is one that may be good, but is not gracefully presented. Cnyuinhi, literally unhandsome, not jileasing to the eye, is applied generally til awkwardness of apjiearanee. Vncuulh, literally UU- kniiwn, uneoninion, and so. by a bit of liuman conceit, nninstriirtcd, iilltrainril, uiirrtincd. snmetimes even rude, barliiiriiiis : as, niirfiilh phrases, manners, liuiiijlina, awkwiinl in duhig, liiuHlIing awkwanlly. spoiling by awk- wai-ilncKs, in eitlicr literal or llgiiratlve nsc : as, he made hunylimj work of It. With ridiculous and rt7/'fr»'fir(/ action . . . He pageants us. Shak., 'I', and C, i. 3. IlcHldes Hepzibah's disadvantages of person, there waa ail nneonthness pervading all her di'eils : a r/»*nxi/ somo- thing, that could but 111 luliipt Itself (nr lisi'. and not at all for ornament. llairthunie. Seven Gables, Ix. Who wiinlil have predicted (hat the iirlnce of Grecian elni|iieni'i' should have been fiiunil iniistaiiinu'i-ingoriihan, nf feeble Iniigs and uni/aiiilit earrliige. depiiveii of edllea- tliin by avarliliiiiH guardli»iis'? Frerelt, Orations, 11. 21S. Many uuenuth phrases and forgotten words seemed to her no less available than common forms. .Stedman, Vict. Poets, p. 120. Ill- must be a huivjUny gamester who eaniint win. ;l/i(('in/^i_r/. awkwardly (dk'wjlrd-li), adv. In nil awkward IlinillH'l'. („) Clumsily: wMlmut ilexterlty or grace In ail Inn; In a rinle nr binigling manner; lni'b>ganlly. {ti) l-;mlmrriuiHlngly ; lnconvenli;ntly : m, awkwardly fixed or situated. Brad-awl ; b. Sewing- awl. awkwardness awkwardness (iik'wilrd-ues), n. The stato or qiullity of l)i'illf^ awkwaril. (a) Clmnsineas; un- wielilin'ess ; uii.suit;ibleness : iis. the awkwardness of a tool, ur of a plan of operations ; the awkwardness of a liundle on account of its size or shape, {h) Lack of skill or dexterity in action., (c) Lack of ease in action ; ungracefulness. ^^li) An awkward circumstance or feeling ; embarrassment ; unpleasantness ; inconvenience. awl (a-1), 11. [Early mod. E. sXsoaul, all, andliy misdivisioii (u iiawl for an awl) nawl, mud, nidi, ME. nal. The earlier forms are of foui' types : (1) ME. dulc, eawle, onl, < AS. awel, awul; (2) ME. oide, ouel, owel, owid, < AS. dwel, dtiiul ; (3) ME. el, ele, < AS. ail; (4) ME. alle, at, < AS. at, eal = OhG. ael = OnG. ala, MHG. ale, G. ahle = Icel. air, an awl; with added formative, OHG. aldiisii, aliinsa, *alasiia (> ML. alesiia, > It. lesiiia = Sp. Icsna, alesna = Pr. alena = OF. alesne, F. aUne) = OD. aelsene, elsene (mod. D. els), > Sc. elsin, elson, Shetland alison, an awl. Cf. Skt. ard, an awl.] 1. A pointed instrument for piercing small holes in leatlier, wood, etc., as the bent-pointed awl of the shoemaker and saddler and the straight-pointed hrad- awl of the joiner. — 2. The popinjay or green woodpecker, Picus or Gecinus ririrlis. [Local, British.] awl-bird (al''J'^i'- + -less.l With- out awns or beard. awny(a'ni), a. [< ni()»i + -.(/!.] Havingawns; bearded; bristly. 2(i 401 awoke (a-w6k')- Preterit and past participle of iniuike. aworkt (a-w6rk'), prep. phr. as adv. [< ME. awerke; K a^ + work.'] At work; in a state of labor or action. 'Twere a good mirth now to set him a-work To make her wedding-ring. Middleton, Chaste Maid, i. 1. Tile bad will have but Binall matter whereon to set their miscliicfe a work. Milton, Apology for Hmectymnuus. aworking (a-wi'-r'kiug), pre]>. phr. as adv. [< a^ + iciirkiug.] At work ; in or into a state of working or action. Never met Adventure which might them a working set. Spenser, Mother Hub. Tale, I. 224. awreakt, v. t. [< ME. awreken, < AS. dwrecan, < a- + wrecan, wreak: see a-1 and wreak.] To wreak ; take vengeance on ; avenge. Me were lever than al this toun Of this dispit awroken for to be. Chaucer, Miller's Tale, 1. 566. awrongt (jt-rong'), prep. phr. as adv. [< a^ + wrong. Cf. aright, a much older word.] In a wrong manner; wi-ongly. If I aim'd Awrong, 'twas in an envy of thy goodness. Ford, Lady's Trial, ill. 3. awry (a-ri'), prep. phr. as adv. or a. [< ME. awry, awrye, on icry ; < a^ + wry.] 1. Turned or twisted toward one side ; not in a straight or true direction or position; asquint: as, to glance or look awry ; the lady's cap is awry. If she steps, looks, or moves awry. Spectator, No. 66. 2. Figuratively, away from the line of tnith or right reason ; perverse or perversely. Much of the soul they talk, but all awry. Milton, P. R., iv. 313. The prince's counsels .all awry do go. Sir,f. Davies, Immortal, of Soul, xxxii. To go (run, step, tread, walk) awry. («) Of persons : To fall into error ; do wrong, (b) Of things : To turn out badly or untowardly ; go wrong. awsk (ask), n. A dialectal form of ask^. awsome, a. See awesome. axi, axel (aks), ». [The reg. mod. spelling is aa; < ME. ax, also axe, ex, cex, < AS. 7/, ax.] An instrument used for hewing timber and chopping wood, and also axil oxa, ax ; from the noun.] To shape or trim with an ax. ax^t, axe'-^t (aks), n. [< ME. ax, axe (in corap.), ex, exe, also as, < AS. eax, wx = OD. asse, D. as = OHG. ahsa, MHG. ahse, G. achse = Dan. axe = L. axis = Gr. a^uv = OBulg. osi, Bulg. Serv. OS = Pol. OS = KuRS. osi = Lith. as^is = Skt. ak.'iha, axis, a.xle. Hence axle, q. v.] An a.xle ; an axis. aX'*, axe'* (aks), v. i. Obsolete or dialectal forms of aj'fcl. For I wol axe If it hir wille be To be my wyf. Chaucer. axal (ak'sal), a. Same as axial. axel, n. and v. See axl. axe'^t, »• See ax^. axe-*, V. See ax^. axe* (aks), n. An English name of a native species of Lobelia, L. urens. axed (akst), a. [< ail + -ed^.] In masonry, dressed with a stone hammer to a smooth sur- face. Good effect is obtained by the contrast of aaced and pol- ished surfaces. Encyc. Brit., IV. 474. axes, ". Plural of ax and of axis. axfltcht, ". [Also wriften axvitch, axfetch; < fu-l + fitch. This and the other names axseed, axwort, hatchet-fitch, and NL. Securigera, refer to the ax-shaped seed.] A leguminous plant, Securii/cra coronilla. Cotgrave. ax-forin (aks'f6rm), a. Same as ax-shaped. ax-head (aks'hed), n. The head or iron of an ax. Ajieient ax-heads, formed of stone and sometimes of bronze, are called celUi. axial (ak'si-al), a. [< axis + -at.] 1. Pertain- ing to or of the nature of an axis. From central development we pass insensibly to that higher kind of development for which axial seems the most appropriate name. //. Spencer, Prin. of Biol., § 50. 2. Situated in an axis or in the axis. — 3. In ana^, pertaining to the somatic as distinguished from the membral portions of the body; not appendicular. A.xial parts or organs are, in general, divided into epaxial, hypaxiat, and paraxial, according as they are situated over, under, or alongside the spinal column. 4. In geol., forming the axis, central domi- nating portion, or crest of a motmtain-range. ^, Broad-ax, for hewing ; B, Ax for chopping. as a weapon of offense. The modem ax consists of a head of iron, with an arching edge of steel, and a helve or handle. The edge is in the plane of the sweep of the tool, thus ditfering from the adz, in which the edge is at right angles to the plane of the sweep. As a weapon, the ax was in very common use from the earliest times until the general adoption of firearms. It was used by the Egyptians. By the Greeks it was looked upon as a weapon of their own ancestors and of the Asiatic nations, and so flgtired in works of Greek art. The northern na- tions who overthrew the Roman empire used many varieties of this weapon, and its use pre- vailed throughout the middle ages in Europe. A light ax was common Axes of various kinds of Ax of jadeite from New Ireland. among the Arabs and Moors, stone, or entirely of copper or bronze, are found amon;^ prehistoric and ancient remains, and in use by barbarous races. See ceW^.— An ax to grind (in allusion to a story told by Franklin), some private purpose to subserve, or selfish end to attain.— Bullliead ax, a pole-ax with a small hanmier-head at tliu lt;ttk, used in slaughter-houses. — Sacred ax, a name givL-n by col- lectors of Chinese porcelain to an em- blem or mark supposed to resemble an ax, and found either alone or as forming part of the decoration of cer- tain pieces said to be assigut-d to war- riors.— TO put the ax in the helve, to solve a doubt ; find out a puzzle. axi, axel (aks),;../.; pret.and „fa'-i^Aj-|S: pp. axed, ppr. axmg. [= Icel. ceiam. 5^e a^ Section of mountain showing anticlinal structure with axial mass of eruptive or nietamorphic rock. The central or axial portions of many mountain-ranges consist of crystalline, azoic, or archajan rocks ; this is espe- cially true of the numerous ranges of the North American Cordilleras. Sometimes axal. Axial canal, in crinoids, the central canal within the hard perisoma of the stem, extending the length of the latter and filled with a soft solid substance.— Axial cav- ity, in Actinozoa, the cavity common to the gastric sac and intermesenteric chambers. .See Actinozoa. — Axial Circle, a circle having its center on the axis of a curie. — Axial line, the name given by Faraday to the line in which the magnetic force passes from one pole of a horse- shoe magnet to the other.— Axial plane, in crystal., a plane containing (1) two of the crystallographic axes, or (2) the optic axes in the case of a biaxial crystal.— Axial rotation, rotation upon an axis. — Axial skeleton, the skeleton of the trunk and head and tail, as distinct from tlie skeleton of the limbs. axially (ak'si-al-i), adv. In a line with or in the direction of the axis; -with reference to the axis. There are many Transparent Objects, however, whose peculiar features can only be made out when they are viewed by light transmitted through them obliquely in- stead of axially. IP. B. Carpenter, Micros., § 145. axiferous (ak-sif' e-rus), a. [< L. axis, axis, + ferre = E. bearK] In bot., consisting of an axis only, without leaves or other appendages : applied "by Turpin to fjingi and algffi, consid- ered as consisting essentially of an axis merely. axiform (ak'si-form), a. [< L. axis, axis, + forma, shape.] In the form of an axis. a'xifugal (ak-sif 'u-gal), a. [< L. axis, axis, + fugere, flee, + -a/.] Centrifugal. [Bare.] axil (ak'sil), 11. [< L. axilla, dim. (cf. dla for "axla, dim.) of axis, axis, armpit : see ala, aisle, ox(sl, and (jx/e.] 1. The arm- pit, or axiUa (which see). [Rare.] — 2. In bot., the an- gle fonned between the up- per side of a leaf and the stem or branch to which it ' is attached ; in crN-ptogams, the angle formed by the branching of a frond. axile axile (ak'sil), n. [< L. as if "axilis, < njris: see axi«l.] 1. Of or belonging to an axis or the axis- axial. — 2. Situated in an axis or the axis, as an embryo which lies in the axis of a seed. A large sinus, which separates the axUe portion of the stem of the proboscis from its investing coat ntizley, Anat. Invert., p. 555. 3. In roo7., axial, with reference to ovarian or- gans or ova : opposed in this sense to periph- eral. Tliis mass becomes differentiated into an axik cord of protoplasmic substance,— the rhachis,— and peripheral masses, . . . which are the developing ova. Huxley, Anat, Invert., p. 548. axilla (ak-sil'a), w.; pL axtna; (-e). [L.: see aiil.'[ In anat., the armpit; a region of the body in the recess between the upper arm (or in birds the upper part of the wing) and the side of the chest beneath the shoulder. It is piTamidal in shape, its apex corresponding to the inter- val between the scaleni muscles opposite the first rib.— Axilla thermometer, a clinical thermometer : so named because it is placeii in the a.xilla in obseriing the temper, ature of a person. axillant(ak-sil'ant),fl. [-tons, each being n bud with its aziliant leal and fraction of the stem and root. Encyc. Brit., X^^. 841. axillar (ak'si-lar), a. and ». [< NL. axillaris, < L. axilla, axil': see axil.^ I. a. Same as ai- illaru. It. n. In oniith., one of the under wing-cov- erts of a bird, gro\ving from the axilla or arm- pit, and distinguished from the under coverts in general by being the innermost feathers lin- ing the wing, lying close to the body, and al- most always longer, stiffer, and narrower than the rest. "Commonly used in the plural. azillarv (ak'si-la-ri), «. and ii. [As axillar : see -«r3, -ary-.'] I. a. 1. In anat., pertaining to the axilla; contained in the axilla: as, the axillary boundaries; the axillary vessels.— 2. In the arthropod animals, pertaining to an articulation or joint : said of parts which are attached to the point of union of two joints or other movable parts of the body, — 3. In bot., pertaining to or growing from the axil (of plants). See cut under axil. - Axillary arches, in anat., muscular slips which sometimes p;iss from the hilis, timus diirsi (bniadest muscle of the back), near its inser- tion, across the axilla, to terminate in the tendon of the pectoralis major (greater pectoral muscle), in the coraco. brachialis. or otherwise. — AxlUary artery, the contin- uation of the subclavian artery, after it h:is passed the lower iKirder of the llrst rib, as far as the lower liordcr of the axilla, where it takes the name of brachial arler;/. It is ilivided into three portions, that above, that behind, and that below the pectoralis minor (smaller pectoral) muscle, and gives off numerous t.r.-ui'lu-s, thoracic, sub. •capular, and circumflex.— Axillary feathers, in orniili., the axillars. .Sec axillar, )i.~ Axillary nerve, the cir- cumllci nerve of the ann.— AliUary vein, in anat., the euntinuation through the axilla of the basdic vein rein- forced by the vena; cr,niite8 of the brachial artery and ottier veins, and ending in the subclavian. n. H. Same as axillar. azine (ak'sin), a. and «. [< axis- + -i«(l.] I. a. Of or pertaining to the group of deer of which the axis, or spotted Indian hog-deer, is the tj-pe. n.' n. A deer of the axine group. axinite f ak'si-nit ), n . [< Gr. a^ivT/, ax (see rtxl ), + -III-.] A mineral occurring commonly in cry.itals, whose gi'neral form is that of a very oblique rhomb, so flattened that some of its edges become thin and sharp like the edge of an ax (whence its name), also sometimes found in lamellar mas.seg. It is a silicate of aluniiniinn, ir.-ii, and mangnnese and calcium, with 5 per cent, of bori>n Inoiirl, and l« commonly of a clove.brown or plum.bliie i..l..r, axlnomancy (ak'sin- or ak-sin'o-man-si), n. [< L. iixtnamantia, < fir. 'a^ivniimTtia, < u^ivr;, iix, + jKivTiia, rin>.' .Vi;;.. W.M.) axlnomntry, ». See aronnmetry. axloll»'> ' i-'.-lit), H. [< L. ori/f, axis, ->- fir. ><'!• \ri nugregation of nidimr-iitiirv cr\- ' i prodtietH of devitrilii'iilioii, w'e r...kH liki' rhyolilf. axI... Ill, < .■ . pt lb..t their nrrangcmejjl !■ cli '. lid ol (roo alKilnl. Axiolite. — Specimen of rhyolite from Vir^nia Range. Nevada, magnified loo dianteters. (From Zirkel's '* Micioscopical Petrography.") aziolitic (ak'si-o-lit'ik), a. Of, pertaining to, or of the nature of axiolite. axiom (ak'si-om), n. [< L. axioma, < fir. a;iuua, that which is thought fit, a requisite, that which a pupil is required to know beforehand, a self- evident principle, < a^iolv, think fit or worthy, require, demand, < af(of, worthy, fit, lit. weigh- ing as much as, of like value, < a;fa', drive, lead, also weigh, = L. agere, drive, do, etc. : see act, r., agent, etc.] 1. A self-evident, un- demonstrable, theoretical, and general propo- sition to which every one who apprehends its meaning must assent. The Greek word was prob- ably applied by Plato (though it does not occur in his dialogues in this sense) to certain first premises of raathe- matics ; and this continues to be the ordinary use of the terra. It was extended by Aristotle to similar principles supposed to underlie other branches of knowledge. The axioms or "common notions" of Euclid, as given in Eng. lish tr-inslations, are twelve in number, viz.: (1) Things which are equal to the same are equal to one another. (2) If equals be added to equals, the wholes are equal. (3) If etiuals be taken from etjuals, the remainders are equal. (4) If equals be added to unequals, the wholes are unequal. (i») If equals be taken from unecnials, the remainders are une(|ual. (6) Things which are double of the same are equal to one another. (7) Things which are halves of the same are equal to one another. (8) Magnitudes which eoineide with one another, that is, which exactly fill the same space, arc equal to one another. (9) The whole is greater than its part. (10) Two straight lines cannot inclose a space. (11) All right aiigles are equal to one another. (12) If a straight line meets two straight lines, so as to make the two interior angles on the same side of it taken together less than two ri;;lit angles, these straight lines, being continually produ. iil, .shall at length meet upon that side on which are the angles which are less than tw o right angles. Duly the Hrst three of these arc imiversally acknowledged to be authentic, though the latest editor, lleilicrg, allows the eighth and ninth also. i;uelid gives besides a list of pontukitei, which, as given in English translations, are : (1) Let it be granted that a straight line may be drawn from any one point to any other point. (2) That a terminated straight line may be I)roduced to anv length in a straight line. (:i) And that a circle may be dcscribcil from any center, at any distance from that center. What the English editions give as the eleventh and twelfth axioms f.niiieil originally the fourth and lifth i.oslulates, and in the best M.s. the tenth axiom appears ius the sixth postulate. It woidil thus seem that he understood by "iiostutatc" a geonietrieal premise which was asked to be taken for gi-antcd, and l)y "axiom" or "common notiiui," a not specially geo. metrical principle with the use of which the learner would be already familiar. T'his agrees with Aristotle's dellidtion of an axiom as a principle which he who would learn nmst bring of himself. The Leibnity.ians distin. Ruisll a iHiKliitali: lus a sclfeviclent practical principle from an axium as a self-evident theoretical |irineiple. Ac- cording lo Kant, an axiom is a necessary and general syn. thetical jiroiiosition which declares a pniperty of pure space or time and rests directly on Intuition, and is thus selfcvident. He refu.Hcil the name to the genuine "ecnn- mon notions" of Eu.liil, holding these to he analytical propositions. -Modern mathematicians seem to reganl the axioms of geometry as an analysis of the independent properties of space, so that the longer the list, provided the jiroposltions arc really indcpcnclcnl, the 1 e per- fectly has the design been fnlllllcil. Manyenilncnl nuitlic- nnlticians hold Unit there is no rea.son to think thcKi' axioms to be cxiic-tly true, but that they must be assunnil to be slightly ernjucous one way i>r the other; Hllliough experience shows that tliey apiiroxliiuite so nearly to the truth tlnit it may bi' .lonl.ted whether It will ever be pos- sible to measure the amount of their error. A simlliir iloetrine Is held by scuue thinkers concerning metaphysi- cal axioms, such as the axiom that every event Is deler- tnlned by causes. 2. Any higlior propoHilion, obtained by geii- ernliziilioii mid induction from the obscrvalion of iiidividiial inslanceH; tlie enunciation of a geiicnil fact; an empirical law. This usi' orlgb nated with llacon, Inlluenceil jirobably by the employ- ment of (ijinin by Ihf .stoics to nic'an any iiroposlllon. 3t. In '"'/''■, a jiropoKition, wlictlier tnn- or false : a use of lh<' term wliich originated with /.oiio till' Sloic. - Syn. 1. .W"J-i"i. 7'ri/i»rii.etc. .See n;.A..ri«iM. axiomatic (ak'si-v-iimfik),'/. {«lT.aSiu/i(iTiKor, < (^^i(jMn(r-), an axiom: Hi-e fixiom.] 1. Of le; Hclf-evident, axis -Man V controversies .arise touching the anojnafiV cliarac- ter of the law. Sir ir, llamiltim, LogiC; 1. 8ft. 2. Full of a.xioms or maxims ; aphoristic. The most axiomatit of English poets. Southcy, Doctor, p. ."81. axiomatical (ak'si-o-mat'i-kal), a. 1. Of the n;iture of an axiom ;' axiomatic. — 2. Of or per- taining to a.xioms or received first principles: as, "materials of axiomatical knowledge," Bo- lingliroke. — 3t. In logic, of, pertaining to, or of the nature of a proposition, whether true or false. axiomatically (ak"si-9-mat'i-kal-i), adv. In an axiomatic manner, (a) Bythe use of a.xioms; as an axiom or axiomatic truth, (fif) Iii logic, in tlie form of a simple proposition. See axiom, 3. axiometer (ak-si-om'e-ter), >!, [< L. axis, axis, -I- mttrum, ameasure.] An instrument for show- ing the position of the tiller of a vessel which uses a steering-wheel. axiopistyt (ak'si-o-pis-ti), H. [< Gr. a^io-^riana, < aiio-iaro^, trustworthy, < afiof, worthy, -l- iriard^, verbal adj. of ireidcadai, trust, believe.] Worthiness to be believed; trustworthiness. Imp. Diet. axis^ (ak'sis), n. ; pi. axes (-sez). [L., axle, axis, pole of the earth; poet,, the heavens; also, a board or plank (see ashler) ; = AS. cax, E. ax^, axle : see ax-, axle. ] 1 . The motionless, or rela- tively motionless, imaginary line about which a rotating body, such as the earth, turns: spe- cifically called in this sense the axis of rerolii- tion ov rotation (which see, below), (hi their own axis as the planets run, Yet make at once their circle round the sun. Pope, Essay on Man, iii. 313. 2. The axle of awheel; the cylindrical portion of an.v mechanical piece intended to turn in bearings: as, the axis of a transit instrument. The weightiiu^s of the wheele doth settle it vpon hia .ixis. Futherli;/, Atheomastix, xi, § 1, (.V. Ji. D.) 3. In anat.: (a) The second cer\'ieal vertebra: so called because the atlas turns upon it as about a pivot or axis, bearing the head with it. Human Axis {upper figure, right side : lower figure, left side). i», lx)dy ; ^.odontoid process; f, articulntory surface for atl.v. ; rf, foramen for vcrtcliral artery : e. superior articulating surface : /, spi- nous process: ^, inferior articulating surface ; /i, transverse process. I I is usually distinguished from the other vertebra* by hav. lug au odonttud or toolh.like process, furnishing the pivot about which the atlas turns; hent-e culled the toKthnl vrr- Irhra (vertebra ilentala). or the iuloiitvul i'.i7. (oo (verl.bva odontoldea). (/,) The odontoid process of the a.xis. ((•) The entire vertebral column. (ii-i'tii., lixcd lines on wliirli or paraiUI to which an element (abscissa or ordi- nal) of the position of a point is measured. — Axes Of light-elasticity, the three directions at right angles to one another in a biaxial crystal in which the elasticity of the light-ether has its maximum, minimum, and mean value. In a trimetric (orthorhoml)ic) crystal they coin- cide with tlie crystallographic axes; in a monoclinic crys- tal one coincides with the orthodiagonal axis, the others lie iu the plane of symmetry. In a tricUnic crystal there is no necessary relation between the two sets of axes. — Axis Of a beam of light, the middle ray of the beam. — Axis of a cone, a straight line drawn from the vertex to the center of the base. — Axis Of a COnic, a diameter perpendicular to the chords it bisects. — Axis Of a crys- tal, in crystal., one of three or four imaginary lines as- sumed for convenience to define the position of the planes of the crystal, and to exhibit its symmetry. See crystallographt/, — Axis Of a curve, a right line dividing it into two synnnetrical parts, so as to bisect every chord perpendicular to it, as in a parabola, ellipse, or hyperbola. —Axis of a cylinder, a straight line drawn from the centei- of the one end to that of the other. — Axis Of affinity, the axis of homology of figures lioraological by athnity.— Axis Of agun or piece, the middle line of the bore of the gun. — Axis of a lens, a straight line drawn through the optical center of the Kns, and perpendicular to both its surfaces.— Axis of a magnet, the imaginary line which connects the north and south poles of the magnet.— Axis Of a sphere, any straight line drawn through the center and terminated both ways by the sur- face of the sphere.— Axis of a spherical, concave, or convex mirror, a straigltt line wlii
  • jeoni., an axis, especially of a liyperbola, perpendicular to the transverse axis. The term was originally used in the plural for a pair of conjugate diameters at right angles to each other. As now used, it is an abbreviated expression lov axis cmij^L- gate to the transverse axis.— Facial axis. See basifadal 403 axis, above.— Harmonic axis. See Aarmonfr.— Instan- taneous axis, the axis abt>ut which a liody is rotating at any instant: an expresniiju apjilicable wlien motion is considered in only two dimensions or when a point (/, their directions being parallel to the sides of an octahedral face. — The principal axes of inertia of a body, those lines passing tbronnb its e-n- terof mass about which its moments of iTicrtia are a maxi- mum aTid a mininnnn, together with the third line per- pendicular to these at their intersection.— The princi- pal axes of stress in a body, the directions of the three conjugate normal stresses. — Thyroid, axis, a short, thick branch from the subclavian artery, dividing almost im- mediately into the inferior thyroiil, suprascapular, and transversalis colli.— Transverse or major axis, in conic sections, the diameter wliieh jiasses throutih the foci. In the ellipse it is the lunui-st diameter; in the hyperbola it is the shortest ; and in the parabola it is, like ail the other diameters, infinite in length.— Visual axis, in physiol., the straight line passing through the center of the pupil and the middle of the macula lutea. It does not coincide with the optic axis. Also called visual line, or axis of vision. — Zone axis. See Z07ie. axis^ (ak'sis), n. [L. axis (Pliny) ; perhaps of E. Ind. origin.] 1. A kind of East Indian deer, Cervus axis, of which there are several varieties, perhaps species. The body is spotted with white. Also called axis-deer^ spotted deer, and hog-deer. — 2. [cap.] [NL.] A genus of such deer. Hain. Smithj 1827. axis-cylinder (ak'sis-sil^'tn-der), 7u In anat., the central part of a nerve-fiber; the core of white nerve-tissue in a nerve-fiber, it is the es- sential part of the nerve, and is the only part found at its origin and tennination. In cross-section, a bundle of nerve-fibers appears like a bunch of lead pencils, the axis- cylinder corresponding to the lead. Also called band-axis and axis-band. axis-deer fak'sis-der), «. Same as axis^, 1, axisymmetric(ak'''si-si-met'rik), a. Symmetri- cal with reference to an axis. axle (ak'sl), n. [Early mod. E. also axel, axell, axile, < ME. axel, axil (chiefly in comp. axel- tree, q, V. ; not in AS., where only the primitive ceXj eax occurs: see ax^) = Icel. oxull, m., = Sw. Dan. axel, axle; not found in this sense in the other lanj^uages, where its place is supplied by the prituitive ax^, but ult. = ME. a-xl, exl, < AS. eaxlj exel = OHG. ahsala, MHG. ahsel, G. aclisel = leel. 6x1, f., = Sw, Dan. axel = Norw. okslj aJcsl, axel, the shoulder, = L. dla (for ^ax- la), shoulder- joint, wing (see ala, aisle, and cf. axilla); with formative -/, < ax^ (L. axis, etc.), axle (the shoulder-joint being the axle or axis on which the arm tiirns) : see ax^.'\ 1 . The pin or spindle on which a wheel revolves, or which forms the axis of the wheel and revolves with it. Properly, the axle of a carriage-, cart-, or wagon-wheel is the round arm of the axletree or axle-bar which is inserted in the hub or nave, but the name is sometimes extended to the whole axletree. 2\. An axis, as of the earth. Wliether . . . He [the sun] from the east his flaming road begin. Or she [the eai-th] from west her silent course advance. With inoffensive pace that spinning sleeps On her soft axle. Milton, P. L., viii. 165. Axle stop-key, a plate upon the end of the axle of a rail- road-car, intended to prevent excessive lateral motion and to take the wear.— Blind axle, an axle that does not com- municate power ; a dead axle,— CoUinge axle, in coach- building, an axle the box of which is secured upon the arm by two nuts screwed right and left.— Compound axle, an axle having two parts connected by a slee\e or some other locking arrangement.— Dead axle, one which does not impart motion ; a blind axle : opposed to a Znvnx^f or rfrm^'Z-aj^f. — Dipping the axle, in coach -buildiu'j, bending the end of the axle so that the wheel shall strike squarely upon the ground.— Driving-axle, in locomotive engines, the axle which receives the power from the steam-piston transmitted through the piston-rod and con- necting-rod. The rear end of the latter is connected either with cranks formed in this axle, or more generally witli crank-pina upon the driving-wheels at its ends.— axle-tooth Leading axle, in British locomotives, an axle of a wheel in front of the driving-wheels.- Mall atXle, in coach-buUd- infj, an axle which is secured by a plate at its back instead of a nut on the end. The commonest kind of oil axle is called the mail, be- cause the peculiar mode of fastening was first used in the mail coaches. J. W, BurgesH, Coach-Building, p. 72. Telescopic axle, an extension-a?cle which permits the lunning-wheels of a railroad-car to be slipped in or out, thus making tbein adai.tal>le to tracks of different gage. Trailing axle, the rear axle of a locomotive. In Eng- lish entwines it is usually placed under the foot-plate. axle-ad.iuster (ak'sl-a-jus'''t6r), n. A machine for straightening axles ; a machine used in giv- ing to the spindle its proper line of direction relativt*ly to the axletree. axle-arm (ak'sl-ilrm), 7i. The spindle on the end of an axle on which the box of the wheel slips, or one of the two pivots on which the axle itself turns. See second cut under axle- hox. axle-bar (ak'sl-biir), n. The bar of an axle- tree. axle-block (ak'sl-blok), n. The block placed upon the axle of a vehicle to form a seat for tliii spring when it is depressed. axle-box (ak'sl-boks), n. The box which con- tains the bearings for the spindle of an axle, or the journal of an axle, as of a carriage-wheel, a railroad-ear wheel, etc. ; the bushing or metal lining of the hub which forms the rotatory bear- ing of the axle of a ve- hicle — Axle-box guides, the guides for the brasses of an axle-box. — Radial axle- bOX, in a railroad-car, a slid- ing axle-box, so arranged that, with its fellow, it maintains the axle in a position radial to the curve of the track, how- ever its direction may change. axle-clip (ak'sl- klip), }}. A cle\as or bow which unit- ~ some other piu i of a vehicle to the axle Axle- clip tie, the cross- bar which joins and secures the ends of the bow- clip (which see). axle-collar (ak'sl-koV-'ar), n. The collar Railroad-car Axle-box. a, axle ; b, journal ; c, sad- dle, by means of which the weight of the car rests on the journal ; d, chamber for a lu- bricating substance, having its lid at e. Miller's Rubber-cushioned Axle-box. A, hub; B, axle-box; C. axle-arm; D, rubber cushions; I-', compression-nut; F, cavities in compression-nut admitring points of the wrench when compressing cushions: G, slotted retaining-sleeve ; //.spur on axle- box ; y, space between axle-box and hub. on an axle which receives the lateral pressure from the wheel or bearing. axled (ak'sld), a. Furnished with an axle or with axles. axle-gage (ak'sl-gaj), n. A wheelwright's in- strument for giving to the spindle of an axle its proper swing and gather. axle-guard (ak'sl-gard), «. Those parts of a railroad-car in which the axle-box plays verti- cally under the yield and reaction of the car- springs — Axle-guard stays, the iron rods or straps which are bolted to the frame and to all the ends of the axle-guards, to strengthen them. axle-hook (ak'sl-huk), n. A hook in front of the axle of a carriage, to which is attached the stay-chain connecting the axle and the double- tree. axle-nut (ak'sl-nut), n. A screw-nut fitted to the end of the arm of an axle to keep the wheel in place. axle-packing (ak'sl-pak-ing), n. The guard or material placed about an axle to exclude dust. axle-pin (ak'sl-pin), n. Same as Unch-pin. axle-saddle (ak'sl-sad^l), n. A saddle-shaped clip, used in securing a spring to an axle. axle-seat (ak'sl-set), n. The hole in a rail- road-car wheel which receives the arm of the axle. axle-skein (ak'sl-skan), n. A band, strip, or thimble of metal placed on a wooden axle-arm to prevent the wood from wearing rapidly. axle-sleeve (ak'sl-slev), n. A sleeve placed round a railroad-car axle in order to hold up the ends should the axle be broken. axle-tooth (ak'sl-toth). H. [E. dial., alsoflSs?c-, azzle-, assal-tooth, early mod. E. axel-, axill- tooth, < late ilE. axtjlto'the (= Dan. axel-tand); < *axel (Shetland yacfcle) (< leel. jaxl =2 Norw. jaJcsJe, jakJe = Sw. dial, jdkkel, jdksl = Dan. axel), a jaw-tooth, grinder, + tooth,'] A grind- er; a molar. [Pro v. Eng.] axletree axletree (ak'sl-tre), n. [< ME. axel-tree, aril- tic, etc. (=Icel. oiiil-tre), < axel + tree. Cf. a.r- trte.'] 1. A bar or beam fixed crosswise under the body of a carriage, having rounded axles at the ends for a pair of wheels to revolve on. Be hem turnethe alle the flrmament, right as dothe a wheel, that tumeth be his aMIe tree. Jlaunderille (ed. Halliwell), p. ISi 2t. An axis. axle-yoke (ak'sl-yok), n. A plate beneath an axle tlu-ough which the ends of the saddle-clip pass. It serves as a washer-plate for the nuts upon the ends of the saddle-cUp. azman, axeman ^aks'man), v.; pi. axmen, axe- men (-men). 1. One who wields an ax; one em- ployed in chopping ; a woodman. Axemenwere put toworkpettiiiir out timber for bridges, and cutting fuel for the locomotives wla-ii the road was completed. t'. S. Grant, in The Ctutury, XXXI. 136. 2. Formerly, a soldier whose weapon was an ax. We hear nothing of any prisoners being t.alien, nothing of any of the axemen talking to flisht. E. A. Frieman, Old Eng. Hist., p. 336. ax-master (aks'mas'ter), n. A name given in Honduras to a tree with very hard wood. Its cenus is not kno\vn. Axminster carpet. See carpet. axoid tak'soid), a. [< axis^ + -oid.'] Of or pertaining to the a.xis : used in anatomical terms, chiefly in composition: as, the occij>ito-axoid ligament. See axis^, 3. Axolotes (ak-so-16'tez), «. A Latinized form of (txoldtl, used as a generic name. See Sire- do n. axolotl (ak'so-lotl), n. [Mex.] A urodele or tailed amphibian fotind in Mexico, wliich is supposed not to imdergo metamorphosis, but Axolotl {AmblystomaU to retain its gills throughout life, breeding in the larval state. From this circumstance the ani- mal was made the type of a distinct genus, Siraiun, and was placed with Pnttcug, Siren, etc., in the family /•mteidir, uiuler the name of Siredon jiUcifunne. An- other species has been named Siredon liclienoideif. Later observations, however, have shown that the a.\olotl, or siredon, is simply a prolonged, sometimes permanent, stage lilfe that which all the species of salamandrines of the family Amhti/jitomid^ pass throtiKh, and that the animal is referable to the genus Amhli/stomn. Axolotls are common in lakes and lagoons in Mexico, like the vari- ous species (tf Amhtii^loina known in the United States as mud-pnpinef, irater-dftt, etc. They have the appear- ance of gigantic tailpoles about to turn into frogs, being from 6 to !i irjches long, with a large compressed tail, 4 legs, Killtults on each side of the neck, and obtuse llat- tencd head. They are marketable in Mexico, where they are said to be deemed a luxury as an article of food. axometer (ak-som'e-t1. tixoncs (-ez). [< Gr. a^uv, axis: sec aj-i.s', «j-.] In anut., the body-axis; the mesal, longitudinal, skeletal axis of the body, represented in Jiranchinntama and em- bryos by a membranogelatinouB notochord, and in most adult vertebrates by the cartilaginous or osseous centra of tho vertebne and the base of the skull. Wildrr, N. Y. Meil. Jour., Aug. L', 1H84, p. 113. Also called axis. Axonia (ak-s6'ni-ii), n. /'/. [NL., < Gr. i^uv, iixi-.] Organic ("onns, animal or vegetable, Inivirigili-liBlloaxcM: the nppo.-dlc ot .4iiaxonia. I ]>• I r'<„ui an- divldf-d Into tt"iiifixonin, having all ax(«H ■ ' • -;.h'Tl'-iil and polyhedral forniK, aiirl J'fotaxonia, li ri ,111 axlH alMiut which other axi-H are arranged. 1 i.--iiti HUbdlvldi.-d luUt Monitxi/nia uud Stan- T^i IImhi; wtirilM. axonometry (ak-Ho-nom'e-tri), n. [Irreg. < Gr. «:i :. fr : i. H- fiiriiov, nienKurc] Tim art of ir, ' -pr'ctive roproHi'ntiition of tigiircH u '>rdinntoH of points in llioni arc t': written iirinniiiflrii. axo ■ 'iik-Ho-Hpcr'tnUH), «. [< Ij. ariti, (I \ ./;ir T. Bniirne. axvitcht, axwortt, »■ Same as axfiteli. ayi,aye^ (a), adr. [< ME. a;/, atje, ai.ei (in Ormulum (/j j), prop, a northern form (< leel. ei, €)j), the native form being ME. oo, o, earlier a, < AS. a (orig. *mc, with added adv. toiTaative dtca, (lico) = OS. CO, io, (jio = OFries. ((-, e- (in eomp.), = OHG. io, go, MHG. ic,je, G. je = Icel. ei, e>i (as above) = Goth. «iif=Gr._of/j Ionic a'lei, poet, or dial. aUg, a'lh, atg, a\t, ai, ah', a'li], ai, ah, ahv, aiv, f/l, orig. a'lFei, ever, always, prop. ace. (in Gr. locative) of a noim, AS. a; mw (orig. *dir), existence, law, marriage, = OS. ci), law, = OFries. a, e, ewe, cwa, law, = OHG. cwa, MUG. eice, e, eternity, law, marriage, = G. ehc, mar- riage, = Goth", aiws, an age, a long period, eter- nity, = L. o'rum, OL. aevom (whence ult. E. fiii< , eternal, q.v.); cf. Gr. oiui', 'aifiji. (withiinorig. formative v), an age, an eon (see con); orig. appar. a going, a course, vrith formative -ra, < V "i, Skt. i, Gr. c-tvai = L. i-re, go: see iter and go. This adv. was much used as a general- izing prefix (somewhat like the related sullix CTcrin whoever, rrhatcrcr, etc.), and, fused with ge-, exists nnrecognizod in aich, either. With the negative it exists in ii(///and hc', which are related to each other as the simple aij and (obs.) o. The spelling aij, like »«//, is histor- ically and analogically tlio proper one.] 1. Ever; always; for ever; continually; for an indefinite time. [Now only poetical and North. E. dial.] Care for the Conscience, & kcpe it ai clcne. The A BCof Aristotle (E. E. T. .S., extra ser., VIII. i. «•>). Let this pernicious hour Stand ai/e accursed in the calendar! Slial,:, Slacbeth, iv. 1. 2t. Ever: indefinitely, after?/. lieholil the man ! anil tell me, Brltonnirt, Jf ay more goodly creature thou didst see? Siiemer, V. ^., III. iii. 32. For ay, for ever : sometimes strengthened by combination — /or ever and a;/. The soul, though made in time, survives /or a;/: And though it hath beginning, sees no end. Sir .J. IJavieg, Immortal, of Soul, xxlx. ay- (a)i I"'";;. [.^Vlso ai/e, cigh (and, in this use, <7(), < ME. '.v. ei ; a mere interj., of no delinito history, but it may be regarded. f, oh, and cf. eh.] AliI Ol oh! an exclamation expressing sur]irlse, interest, regi'ot, etc., according to tho manner of utter- ance. [North. Eng. and Scotch.!— Ay met ah me! an expreHsion of regn-t or sorrow. |l'oetli-nl.l Ay me! that lliankcs so much shonld failc of meed. S/ienter, VlrgU'a Unat, 1. 3.'i;i. ayen words it is the ordinary representative of the sound a when final. See further under ai. ayah (ay'ii), n. [^Vnglo-Ind., < Hind., etc., aya, dijd. < Pg'.' aia (= Sp. aija = It. aja), nurse, gov- erness, fem. of aio (= Sp. ai/o = It. ajo), tutor; of uncertain origin.] In the East Indies, a native waiting-woman or lady's-maid; a nurse. ayapana (il-ya-pil'na), n. [Braz.] The native name of Eii'patorium tripUnerve, a Brazilian plant, uatiu-al order Composifa;, at one time be- lieved to be a panacea. It is still considered to have some valuable medicinal properties. ayaya, «. See aivia. aye' (a), adv. See ay'^. aye- (ii), interj. See ay^. aye-^, ay'' (iii or 3). adv. or interj. [Formerly also (li, ey, but at its first appearance, in the Eliza- bethan period, invariably printed 1 (often asso- ciated in puns vrith. the pronoun /). Earlier history imknown; possibly orig. a dial, form of ((!/, ever, always, worn down to a more parti- cle of assent. Hardly, as commonly supposed, a corruption of yea. Tho spelling aye is pre- ferred, as making a distinction like that in eye from words in -ay, -cy with the reg. pron. a, as in hay, hey, gray, grey, etc.] 1. Yes; yea: a word expressing assent, or an affirmative answer to a question: opposed to no. it is common in dia- lectal and nautical language, and is tlie regular wonl used in voting "yes" in Congress, the House ot Commons, and ether legislative bodies. In Congress the olHcial terms, as in the Ci>nstitutiou, are ?/(*n and nay; but the more sonorous a;ie and no are preferred in making response. 2. Yes; yea: even so; truly: indicating as- sent to what lias been said, and introducing a further or stronger statement. What ! am I not your king? If ay, then am I not to be obey'ii 1 ]leau. and >'/., Philaster, iv. 2. The champions, ay, and exemplars too, of classical learning. Story, Speech, Cambridge, Aug. 31, lM'(i. 3. Indeed : suggesting slight surprise, interro- gation, auger, or reproach, or simjdo atten- tion, accortling to the mode of pronunciation. — Aye, aye, vaut. : (a) The phrase by which comprehen- sion of an order is expressed on board ship, (i) ^n answer to a sentry's hail or to a call. aye^, ay-' (iiiori), Ji. \_< aye, adv. en interj.] An allirmativo answer or vote in deliberative bod- ies.— The ayes and noes, the yeas and nays, (a) The atliruiative an. I iu-gati\c \.i|cs. {h) Those who so vote. Ilriicc — The ayes have It, in deliberative bodies, the j)hrase employed by the presiding olliecr in declaring that tho alHrm'ative votes are in a niajority. Another was the late Speaker Trevor," who had, from the chair, put thetiuestion, whether he was or was not a rogue, and had been forced to pronounce that tlie Ayes had it. MaeatUay, Uist. Eng., xxiii. aye^t, "• See ci/i. aye-aye (i'i), n. [< F. aye-aye, < Malagasy aiai/, also dial, ahay, haihay, prob. of imitative origin (cf. ((/ and ai-ai). Keduidication is characteris- tic of imitative names, particularly in native languages.] A name of a remarkable lemuriuo ay'', atlv. or interj. See ayi:^. ay'', «. See n//f3. ay*!, "■ Soo ri/^. Ay'' (li), ». A sparkling wine (iiking its name from the town of Ay in tlie ilepartnient of Marne, France. Hee ch(im]iiigne. ay". [( 1 ) < M !''• ".'/. '"'. ' .'/. '■', r,-, etc., < AH. o'g, eg, u'l/i 'lit '''•'•! ('-') "f oilier origin: see under ai.] A common I'^ngiisli digrajih (pron. a), formerly intercliangeable in most iimtiiiices with ai, but now the reguliir form when lliiiil, occiirriiig medially only in <'erlniii positions. lllHlorlially It rrprc«en'lii,(uln w.mln.if Aniilo Sii\..ri orl f:lii. '/ (rt.)orc with an almorbcd guttural, a* in cla,i, ilaoi, ni;l. i», Ml), rai/1, rau", •fay'i otc. In recent Aye-aye {naubentonia madagascarimsij). iiuadrnpcil of Madagascar, of the suborder Vro- siniiir. family Diiidn nloniiiUv (or Chiromiiitla), tho Ihiiiliiiiioiiia (or Chiromys) madiigaseari- ensis, which combines a rodent-like dentition with the general characters of tho Icinnrs. It w-as originally referrcti to Iho liotientia, and wiis de Hcrlbcd lis a spee'les of SeinruH. or sijuirrel. It Is a small siinlrn'MIke animal (so far as il» long biisliy tail, general eonllgunition, and arboreal bahlls may warnint the corn imrison), with large thin (■arsoin-ning ftu'ward. great eyrw iooklnu forwai'l. a very peculiar pliyslognomy, and an attcrniatcl miihllc linger, \\)ii<'b Hcems as if wltherci. The thuinli Is not aplio»alile. In which respect It Is nnlll,.' till, inner digit of the fool. The animal Is noi liirnal. arb.i real, and peculiar to Madagasi'ar. Its economy Is sllll Imperfectly known. The mejuilnglewH name aye-aye was In 1802 iir 1MI3 made a harliarons generic name bj- Lace pi'de. The genns Is nsuallv cjilled by the name Ch>rinii\ix, glvi'u by Cuvler in isoo, but llils Is antidateil bv Han '/ra),„ii„, ,i|,|,l|,.dby Ktlenne llioMniy Kl. Illlalre In 171PS. Sir Ihinlienlonia. ayelnt, ailv. and jiriji. Aw ulil I'l.nn ol' again. ayelt, «. Sec- ayle. ayelp (a-ydp'), iirej). phr. a» adv. [< Sp. jtintar, join), < L. jungere, pp. junctus, join : see join. Cf . junta.] In Spain and Spanish America, a corporation or body of magistrates in a city or town ; a town council, usually composed of alcaldes, regidors, and other municipal officers. ay-wordt (a'werd), n. [A form, appar. an error, appearing in some editions of Shakspere, spe- cifically in " Twelfth Night," ii. 3, where others give nayword, q. v.] A byword. az. In her., an abbreviation of azure. azale (a-zal'), m. [Appar. < a^afea. Ci.azalein.] A coloring matter obtained by extracting "madder-flowers " with wood-naphtha at a boil- ing temperature. It is no longer used. Azalea (a-za'le-a), 11. [NL., < Gr. a^aXio^, dry (in allusion to the dry habitat of the plant), < dffiv, dry up, j)arch.] 1. A genus of eriea- ceous plants, now referred to Rhododendron. — 2. [I. c] A plant or flower belonging to this genus. See lihododendron. — 3. [I.e.] A name of a species of plants of the genus Loiseleuria, the Alpine azalea, L. procnmhcns. azalein (.^-za'le-in), ». [<. azalea + -in'2.] Same as rusaiiiline. azan (a-xiln'), n. [Ar.] In Mohammedan coun- tries, the call to public prayers, proclaimed by the crier from the minaret of the mosque. When their crier, a small wizen-faced man, befian the Azan, we received it with a shout of derision, and some, hastily snatching up their weapons, offered him an oppor- tunity of ni.artyrdom. R. F. Burton, El-Medinah, p. 133. azarin (az'a-rin), n. A coal-tar color of the azo-group used in dyeing, it is applied only to cot- ton, and is fairly fast to light. It is a compound of naph- 405 thol-azo-diclilor-phcnol .-md ammonium bisulphite. It dyes a ))ril)iant red inclining to crimson. azarole (az'a-rol), n. [Also aserole ; < F. asa- rolc, azerole = It. azscruolo = Sp. acerolo, azarolo = Pg. azarola (NL. azarulus), < Ar. az-zu'rHr, < al, the, -f- zu'rUr, azarole.] The Neapolitan medlar, a species of thorn, Cratwgus Asarolus, which bears a rather large, pleasant fruit. azedarach (a-zed'a-rak), n. [< F. azedarac = Sp. ucedaraqiie, prob. through Ar., < Pers. uzdd dirakht, lit. free (noble) tree : azud, free ; di- rakht, tree.] 1. An ornamental East Indian tree, Melia Azedarach, cultivated in southern Europe and America, and also known as bead- tree, piride of India, etc. See Melia. — 2. A drug, consisting of the bark of the root of the azedarach. It is an emetic and a cathartic, and is used as a vermifuge. aziam (az'iam), H. [Kuss. azyamu.] A full long outside garment, without plaits, made of a coarse gray cloth ; at Astrakhan, a sheep- skin coat covered with cloth. [Russian.] azimuth (az'i-muth), n. [< ME. azymuth, azimut, < OF. azimut =: Sp. azimut = Pg. azimuth = It. az- zimutto, < Ai. as-sumut, < al, the, + sumUt, pi. of sam /, way or path, point or quarter of the horizon. From the same word is derived zenith, q. v.] In astron., an arc of the horizon intercepted be- tween the meridian of a place and the vertical circle passing through the center of a celestial object. The azimuth and altitude of a star give its exact posi- tion in the sky. — Altitude and azimuth circle. See circle. — Azi- muth compass, a compass placed in some convenient part of a ship on the midship line, and provided with vane^ screws, and othti apparatus for oli serving the bearings of heavenly and ter- restrial objects. — Azimuth dial, a dial whose style or gnomon is at' right Azimuth Compass. angles to the plane of the horizon. The sliadow marks tlie sun's azimutli. ^Azimuth or vertical circles, great circles intersecting one another in tlie zenith and nadir, and cutting the horizon at right angles. — Magnetic azi- muth, an arc of the horizon intercepted between tlie azimuth or vertical circle passing through the center of any heavenly body and tlie magnetic meridian. This is found by observing the object with an azimuth compass. azimuthal (az'i-muth-al), a. [< azimuth -I- -al.] Pertaining to the aziniuth ; used in taking azi- muths. azimuthally (az'i-muth-al-i), adv. In the man- ner of an azimuth; in the direction of the azi- muth. Turning azimuthally in either direction. Nature, XXi. 525. azo-. A curt form of azote in compounds. — AzO-COmpound, a compound intermediate between a nitro- and an amido-compound, made from the former by partial reduction, or from the latter by partial oxida- tion : as, azobenzene, CgHs — Jf = N — CgH^. — AzO-dyes, a well-defined group of the coal-tar colors, all containing the diatomic group — N = N— , bound on either side to a benzene radical. They may be prepared by reduction of the nitro-compounds in alkaline solutions or by acting on diazo-compounds witli plienols or amines of the aromatic series. Simple azo-compounds are for the most part brightly colored bodies ; but they are not coloring mat- terl, since they do not possess the property of combining with either acids or bases. The azo-dyes are the amido- or hydroxyi-derivatives of simple azo-compounds, and are distinguished as amidoazo- and o.xyazo-dyes. In dyeing, tlie amidoazo-dyes can either be used as such or in the form of their sulphonic acids, while the oxyazo-dyes nearly always contain sulpho-groups. azobenzene (az-o-ben'zen), n. [< azo{te) + benzene.] A crystalline substance, (C6H5)2N2, obtained by the action of reducing agents upon nitrobenzene. Also called azobenzol and azo- benzide. azobenzol (az-o-ben'z61), n. lSame as azobenzene, azo-blue (az'o-blo), n. A coal-tar color used for dyeing cotton, and fast to soap and acids, it is a dark-blue powder soluble in water, and is formed by the action of tetraza-ditolyl chlorid on beta-naphthol-sulpho- nate of potash. azodiphenyl (az"o-di-fen'il), ;;. Same as Cou- jtier's blue (which see, under blue). azo-erythrin (az'o-e-rith'rin), H. [< azo{te) -f eri/thrin.] A coloring principle obtained from the archil of commerce. azogue (Sp. pron. a-tho'ga), n. [Sp., = Pg. azongue, quicksilver, < Sp. Ar. azaouga, < Ar. azzdug, < al, the, -f- zdUg, < Pers. zhiurnh, quick- silver. Cf. assogue.] Quicksilver. azotized All the different kinds of silver are called [in .MexicoJ aznyucH, or (juicksilvers. Sci. Ariier. (N. S.), LVI. 260. azoic (a-z6'ik), a. [< Gr. dfuor, lifeless, < a- ]M-iv. -f Cur/, life, < C""", (yv, live.] Destitute of organic life: in geol., applied to rocks which are destitute of any fossil remains or other evidence of the existence of life at the period of their deposition. The " azoic syBtem " or scries of Foster and Whitney includes the stratillcd rocks, together with the associated unstratilled or massive ones, which underlie uncomformably, or arc otherwise shown to be older than, the Potsdam sandstone, or the lowest grouj) of rocks which has up to the jiresent time been proved to contain traces of a former organic life. The di'cdgc was sent down at each successive station, but with very poor rcsul'. ; ami Dr. Carpenter was driven to the conclusion that the bottom of the MediteiTanean at deptlis beyond a few hundred fathoms is nearly azoic. Sir C. \V. Thomson, Deptlia of the Sea, p. 192. TTie enormously thick azoic slaty and other rocks, which constitute the Laurentian and Cambrian formations, may he to a great extent the metamorphosed products of Fora- miniferal life. Huxley, Anat. Invert., p. 82. azolltmin (az-o-lit'min), }(. [< azo(te) -i- litmus + -in-.] A deep blood-red coloring matter ob- tained from litmus. * azonic (a-zon'ik), a. [< Gr. a^uvog, confined to no zone or region, < a- priv..-l- (avi/, a zone.] Not confined to any particular zone or region ; not local. Jimerson. azoospermatism (a-z6-o-sper'ma-tizm), n. [< Gr. aiuor, lifeless (see azoic), -h a^ip/ja(T-), seed, + -ism.] Same as azoospermia. azoospermia (a-z6-o-sper'mi-a), n. [NL. : see azoospermatism .] In pathoL, loss or diminution of vitality of the spermatozoa, or their absence from the semen. azor (ii'zor), «. A kind of beaver cloth, made in Styria, Austria. Azorian (a-z6'ri-an), a. and n. [< Sp. Azores, Pg. Aqores, so named from the abundance of hawks or buzzards there, < Sp. azor, Pg. aipr, a hawk: see Astur s,n.iX axtstringer.] I, a. Be- longing or relating to the Azores, or to their inhabitants. II. n. A native or an inhabitant of the Azores, a group of islands situated in the Atlantic ocean about 800 miles west of Portugal, to which country they belong. azorite (az'o-rit), n. A mineral crystallizing iu tetragonal crystals, fojind in a granitic rock iu the Azores. Its chemical nature is doubtful ; it may be identical with zircon. azotatet (az'o-tat), ». [< azot-ic -t- -afel.] A compound fonned by the union of nitric or azotic acid with a base ; nitrate. azote (az'ot), «. [= P. azote, < NL. azotum, < Gr. a- priv. -)- *fa)ro<:, assiuned verbal adj. of ^ueiv, var. of i^deiv, Qfjv, live.] A name formerly given to nitrogen, because it is unfit for respi- ration. Lavoisier suggested the propriety of giving to this foul kind of air [air robbed of its o.vygen] the name of Azote, ... a name which it still retains in F"rance, but which has been superseded elsewhere by the term Sitrogen. Huxley, Physiog., p. 79. azoted (az'o-ted), a. [< azote + -ed^.] Nitro- genized. As animals are fed on animal diet or on azoted sub- stances. Aitkin, Med. Diet. (6th ed.), II. 1061. azotht (az'oth), )(. [Also azot and azook; a cor- ruption of the At. original of azogue, q. v.] 1. In alchemy, mercury, as the assumed fii'st prin- ciple of all metals. — 2. The universal specific or panacea of Paracelsus. azotic (a-zot'ik), a. [< azote + -ic.] Pertain- ing to azote; fatal to animal life Azotic acid. Same as nitric acid. See nitric. — Azotic gas, nitrogen, or nitrogen gas. azotide (az'o-tid or -tid), n. [< azote + -ide^.] An azotized body. See azotized. azotin (az'o-tiu), n. [< azote + -in^.] An ex- plosive compound consisting of 15.23 parts of carbon, 11.43 of sulphur, 69.05 of saltpeter, and 4.29 of petroleimi. azotise, azotised. See azotize, azotized. azotite (az'o-tit), n. [< azote + -ite~.] A salt formed by a combination of nitrous acid with a base: synonymous with «i7rite. azotize (a4'9-tiz), r. t. ; pret. and pp. azotized, ppr. azotizing. [< azote -I- -ize.] To nitro- genize. Also spelled azotise. azotized (az'o-tizd), p. a. Imbued with azote or nitrogen. Also spelled azotised. It has been maintained, on the basis of cai"efully-con- ducted experiments, . . . that the amount of work done by an animal may be gi-eater than can be accounted for by the ultimate metamorphosis of the azotized constituents of its food. IT. B. Carpenter, in Corr. and Conserv. of Forces, p. 431. Organic compounds which contain nitrogen are fre- quently termed azotised substances. IF. A. Miller, Elem. of Chem., § 339. azotometer azotometer (az-o-tom'e-ter), ». [< azote + Gr. fiirpov, measure.] Same as nitrometer. An azotometer containing a concentrated solution of po- tassium hydroxide wliere tbe nitrogen was measured. Amer, Jour. Sci., 3d ser., XXX. 57. azotOUS(a-z6'tns),a. [< arote + -om«.] Nitrous: as. a:iitous (= nitrous) acid. azoturia (az-o-tu'ri-a), «. [NL., < azote + L. ur-iiia. urine: see urea.'\ Inpatliol., a condition in which there is an excess of urea excreted. Azrael, AzraU (az'ra-el, -il), n. [Heb. Azrael, lit. help of God.] In Mohaniniedanism, the an- gel of death, whose function it is to separate men's souls from their bodies. The second trumpet blast will be that of " Extermina- tion," at the sound of which the lives of all creatures . . . will in an instant be extinguished, the last to die being Azraei, the angel of death. RelUjions o/the World, p. 364. Aztec (az'tek), m. and a. [< Azteca, the native name. Cf. Aztlan, the legendary but unknown region from which the Aztecs came ; said to be < aztatl, heron, + tlan or titlan. place.] I. n. A mftober of one of the leading aboriginal tribes of Mexico, which was dominant on the central table-land at the time of the Spanish invasion under Cortes in 1519. n. a. Of or pertaining to the Aztecs. Aztecan (az'tek-an), a. Of or pertaining to the Aztecs; Aztec. Specimens of Aztecan aboriginal workmanship. Science, VIII. 40.J. aznlejo (Sp. pron. a-tho-la'ho), ii. [Sp., < azu!, blue : see azure.'} An earthenware tUe of Span- ish manufacture, painted and enameled in rich colors, especially one having a metallic luster. [This use of the word, which is general anion? Knglisli c< >]- lectors and writers on decoration, is apparently founiU'd on the assumption that the word in the original Spanish means a tile of any kind.] azulene (az'u-len), ?i. [< Sp. Pg. azu!, blue, azure. + -ene.'] A vegetable principle which imparts a blue color to many of the volatile oils. It is a volatile liquid, with an intensely blue vapor. Tlxe formula CigHogO has been given to it. Also called cent- Uin. aznlin (az'u-Un), «. [< Sp. Pg. azul, blue, azure, + -in-.} A coal-tar color formerly used in dyeing. It was prepared by lieating coralline and aniUiit' together, and produced blue colors. azulmin (az-ul'min), n. [< az{urc) + ttlm(>c) + -in-.~j A name given to the brown ulmic ni- trogenous substance which is formed by tlie spontaneous decomposition of hydrocyanic acid. azombre (Sp. pron. ii-thom'bra), n. [Sp.] A Spanish liquid measure, equal to about half a gallon. azure (azh'ur or a'zhur), n. and a. [< ME. aziirl, asure, aisur, < OP. azur, asur, F. azur = Pr. azur = OSp. azur, Sp. Pg. azul = It. azzurro, azzuolo, < ML. azitra, azurum, etc., also lazur, lazurius, lazulus, an azure-colored stone, lapis la/.uli, also azure, MGr. '/xiCoiptov, < Ar. Idzicard, < Pers. lazhicard, lapia lazuli, azure: said to be named from the mines of Lajwurd. The initial / in supposed to have been lost in tlie Romanic forms through eoufusion with the definite arti- cle, F. le, r, etc.] I. H. It. Lapis lazuli. But natheles this markis hath doon make Of gemmes set in gold and in ature, Broches and rlnges, for (Jrlsildls sake. Chaucr, Clerk's Tale, 1. 254. 2. The fine blue color of the sky: as, "her eyes a bashful azure," Tennyson, The Brook. If . . . the air were absolutely pure and devoid of mat- t'T foreign to It, the azun of the sky would no longer be •v-'-ii and the heaven would apjiear black. St'ottmtroodf , Polarisation, p. 82. A little speck of azure has witlened In the western lieav- ei». Uawtluimc, TwiceTold Tales, I. \ Azure (heraldic tincture). 406 3. A name formerly appUed to several sky- colored or blue pigments, but now used for cobalt blue (which see, under blue), it has been applied to — (rt) that made from lapis lazuli, called genu- ine ultramarine ; (6) that made by fusing glass with oxid of cobalt, and reducing this to a powdi-r: in gi-ains the size of sand, this is called smalt ; (r) an artiticially pre- pared carbonate of copper. 4. The sky, or blue vault of heaven. >'ot like those steps On heaven's azure. Milton, P. L., i. 297. 5. In Iter,, the tincture blue, which in uncol- ored drawings or engravings is represented by shading in hori- zontal lines. Often abbrenated to az. II. a. Eesembling the clear blue color of the sky; sky-blue. — Azure blue. See bhte. — Azure copper ore. See azurite, 1. azure (azh'ur or a'zhur), r. t. ; pret. and pp. azured, ppr. azur- ing. [< azure, a.] To color blue Who azur'd the firmament? Gentleman Instructed, p. 394. 'Twixt the green sea and the azur'd vault. Shak., Tempest, v. 1. azure-stone (azh'tir-stou), n. Same as azu- rite, 1. azurine (azh'u-rin), a. and n. [< ML. azuri- nus, < azura, azure : see azure.} I.f a. Azure. Hahluyt. H. «. 1. An English book-name of a fish which is a variety of the nidd ; the blue roach. — 2. A bird of the genus ilahirus (which see). — 3. A bluish-black shade produced in print- ing with aniline black, formed by treating the fabric with ammonia after the black is com- ]>lotely developed. azurite (azh'u-rit), n. [< azure + -ite-.} 1. A blue mineral, a hydrous carbonate of copper. It h;is been used as a pigment, tinder the name of uiouii. tain-blue. Azurite occurs finely crystallized at Cliessy, near Lyons, France, whence it has been called che:igtiUte anil Chessij copper; it is also obtained in line cr>'stais at several mines in Arizona and I'tall. Also ciUled azure cup- per ore, ttzure-stone, blue copper ore, and Muc malachite. 2. Same as lazulite. azurnt (azh'urn or a'zhiii-n), a. [< azure + -cn^. t'f. tjolden.} Of a blue color. llie azurn sheen of turkis blue. Milton, Conms, 1. 893. azury (azh'u-ri or a'zhu-ri), a. [< azure ■¥ -ij^.} (>i an azure or bluish color; blue. Azygobranchia (az"i-go-brang'ki-a), ». pJ. [NL., < Gr. aC,vyo(, not joined (see azyijoun), + ppayx'a, gills.] A division of streptoneurous gastropods, by which the ScutihraiKhia, the Ctc- nobrauchia, and the llettraiKidd urci-oUoctively contrasted ■«'ith the Zygubraiicliia. See extract. All the remaiuuig Gasteropoda contrast with the Zygo- branchia in the fact that the torsion of the body has caused the obsolescence or abortion of one of the true gills, and for this reason Dr. Lankester has arranged them under one ordinal bead, Azw/obranchia. Stand. \al. Hist., I. »2-2. azygobranchiate (az"i-go-brang'ki-at), a. [< J:i/(/nindiia + -iilc^.} Pertainingto or hav- ing the cliaractrrs of the Azyiiobraiicliin. azygOmatOUS (az-i-gom'a-tus), a. [< Gr. ri- priv. (d-l**) + zyyotiialic.} Having no zygo- mata ; destitute of zygomatic arches, as the skull of a shrew. Coucs. azygOS (az'i-gos), n. [< Gr. a^vyoc, unpaired: see azyjious.} An azygous part, as a muscle, vein, etc. — AzygOS pharyngls, a fimuU muscle arising frtjm the pliaryiigt-al hpine of tlic basilar process of tbe occipital Ikmii-. and lying along the mitldle line of the back of tbe pharynx and inserted into the raphe.- Azy- gOS uvulae, the'llesliy HUliHtance of the uvula, suiiposcd to be a Mirik'ii* Mynniiutrical inllHcle, but really comjioni'd of paired baivcs. azygOSpore (n-zi'go-spor), n. [< Gr. a- pnv. («-'**) + zygospore.} A sporo exactly rosem- azzy bling a zygospore, but produced parthenoge- netically by an isolateil reproductive organ in some members of the order Zygomycetes of the lower fungi. azygous (az'i-gus), a. [< Gr. aCvyoc, unpaired, < a- priv. + Cv,6p = E. yoke.} Having no fel- low; not being one of a pair ; single : in anat. applied to several parts, as muscles, veins, bones, etc., that are apparently single, or have no symmetrical fellow.— Azygous artery, an artery of tbe knee-joint, usually coming from the popliteal", but sometimes from one of the supcri 1. The second letter in order in the English al- phabet, as it was in the Phenieian, and has been in most other alphabets derived from the Pheni- eian. (See A.) The name of the Plienician character was beth, meaning house ; from tliis comes the Greek name, beta. The Phenieian beth, with some early Greeli and Latin forms of b, and with the ancient Egyptian cliaracters, Ineratic and hieroglyphic, from which the others are by many authorities supposed to be ulti- mately derived, are given below : 4 Eeyptia Hieroglyphic. Pheni. cian. Early Greek and I.atin. The value of the character is the same in all these alpha- bets. It is a labial sonant (or voiced) mute (or stop, or check) ; that is, it is made with the lips alone, by a com- plete closure cutting off all exit of breath from the moutli, but with accompanying sonant vibrations of the vocal chords, the current of air necessary to produce this being driven from the lungs into the closed cavity of the mouth. The corresponding surd (or voiceless) unite is p. (See P.) B has nothing of that variety of pronunciation shown by most English letters ; but it is sometimes silent, as when final after m, in lamb, limb, tomb, thumb, and in a few other cases, as deljt, doubt. In most of these cases & is a modern graphic insertion, and was never pronounced (in the English forms); e. g.,limb, thumb, debt, doubt. In tlie fundamental or Germanic part of our language a b comes from a more original aspirate found in Sanskrit as bh, in ' Greek as it> (ph), in Latin usually as /. E.\amples are : E. brother = Skt. bhrdtar = Gr. ii)parr}p — L. /rater ; E. bearl (v.) = ,Skt. / bhar = Gr. i^epeir = L. .ferre. With the English b corresponds that of most of the other Germanic dialects. In the original Indo-European or Aryan lan- guage b was nearly or altogether wanting. 2. As a numeral, B was used by the Hebrews and Greeks, as now by thei Arabians, for 2. — 3. As a symbol : («) In music, the seventh tone, or "leading tone," of the model diatonic scale, or scale of C. B was the last tone to be adopted into the modern major scale. It was the first note to be modi- fled by lowering its pitch a semitone ; its two forms, the b rotundum or B flat (|j) and the b quadrat\tm. or B natu- ral (5) (see below), afterward became conventional signs which were applied as accidentals to all the notes of the scale. See accidental, n., 1. In Italian and French the same note is called si. In German use B denotes B flat, while B natural is represented by H, and is called ha. (fc) In chcm., the symbol of boron, (c) In ornith., the accessory femorocaudal muscle, one of the chief elassificatory muscles of the leg. A. H. Garrocl. (d) In math., see A, 2 (c). (e) In ab- stract reasoning, suppositions, etc., the second or other person or thing mentioned : as, if A strike £. {/) In general, the second in any se- ries : as. Company B (of a regiment), schedule B, etc. ; in the form i, or b, the second column of a page, in a book printed in columns. — 4. As an abbreviation, B. stands for — («) Bachelor (or Middle Latin Baccalaureiis), in B. A. or A. B., B. C. E., B. D., B. L., B. M., etc. See these abbreviations, {b) In dates, before, as in B. C. or B. c, and born, as in b. 1813. (c) In a ship's log-book, in the form b., blue sky. (d) In hy- drometric measurements, Bamne: as, 8°.B. See Baume's hydrometer, unAevhydrometer. Also^e. — B, or B flat, an English humoious euphemism for buq (Cimpj:;ei'(u;iirii(.s).— Bcancellatum, in m«.siV,tlif sharp: so called because it was oi'iginally iiiduafed by ciu.ssing or canceling the symbol of B quadratuin. — B quadratum, in music, literally square B, a modified form (fl) of the black-letter ti used before the invention of accidentals to denote B natural in distinction from B flat : now used as the natural. See accidental, n., I.— B rotundum, in music, literally round B, a modified form (l))oi thr i:uii];in letter b flrst used to denote B flat, as distinguish, il fioin B quadratum : it is now the conventional sign of tlie Hat, See accidental, «., 1.— Not to know B from a bull's foot, or a broomstick, or a battledore, t.> be very il- literate or very ignorant; popular alliterative compari- sons, the first dating from the Middle Englisli period. Da.lt, *"• '■ [Perhaps a humorous imitation of a smack ; but cf . OP. baer, beer, open the mouth, gape (see boyi), and bass^, kiss.] To kiss. Let me ba thy cheke. Chaucer, Prol. to Wife of Bath's Tale, ba2 (ha), !'. t. [Imitative of the sound. ] To lull asleep by a continuous, inarticulate, musical hiun. [Scotch.] I'll Ija the bairns wi' an unkenned tune. W. Nicholson. Ba. The chemical symbol of barimn. ba'(ba), »!. [So.,= E. ftafti. Cf.oS.] A ball. [Scotch.] B. A. All .'ibbreviation of — (a) Bachelor of Arts. See A.B. and bachelor. (6) Bachelor of Agri- culture; same as B. Agr. (c) British Associa- tion (for the Advancement of Science) : used in such phrases as B. A. unit. See unit. baa (bit), V. i. [Imitative of the sound. Cf. L. bee, the sound made by a sheep (Varro), L. ^ O balarc, bleat, Gr. jIlTixil, Doric fi'Aaxa, a bleat- ■^ ^ ing; G. ftfl, bleating, C!at. 6p, a sheep, with simi- lar forms in many languages.] To cry or bleat as a sheep. Like a lamb whose dam away is set He treble baas for help. Sir P. Sidney. baa (ba), n. [< baa, v.'] The cry or bleating of a sheep or lamb. baag-nouk, n. A weapon for secret attack used among the Mahrattas in India, consisting of short, sharp, cm'ving steel blades, secured to a straji or plate passing across the palm of the hand, and so arranged as not to wound the user. An apparently friendly movement of the hand inflicts a terrible wound. Baal (ba'al), n. [LL. Baal, Gr. BdaA, BadX, < Heb. Ba'iil, orig. 'lord,' or 'owner,' applied to any deity, then to a particular deity; pi. ba'alim.'] The name of a Semitic solar deity worshiped, especially by the Phenicians and their descendants the Carthaginians, with much license and sensuality. Baal was derived from the Babylonian Bel, a deity of a much higher type, and was merged in the Tyrian Melkarth. In its original generic sense of 'lord,' the name was applied to many different divinities, or, with qualifying epithets, to the same divin- ity regarded in different aspects and as exercising differ- ent functions. Thus in IIos. ii. 16 it is applied to Jehovah himself, while Baal-berith (the covenant-lord) was the god of the Shechemites, and Baal-zebub (the fly-gc )d) the idol of the Philistines at Eki-on. Baal-peor (lord of the opening) was a god of Moab and Midian, probably the same as Clie- mosh. The word enters into the composition of many He- brew, Phenieian, and Carthaginian names of persons and places, as Jerubbaal, Hasdrubal (help of Baal), Hannibal (grace of Baal), Baal-IIamnion, Baat.Thamar, etc. Baalism (ba'al-izm), ?(. [i Baal + -ism .'\ The worship of Baal ; gross idolatry of any kind. His seven thousand whose knees were not suppled with the Baalism of that age. Fuller. Baalist (ba'al-ist), m. l< Baal + -ist."] A wor- shiper of Baal ; a Baalite. Baalite (ba'al-it), n. [< Baal + -ite^.'] A wor- shiper of Baal ; hence, a worshiper of heathen gods in general ; an idolater, or idolatrous worshiper. Tliese Baalites of pelf. Keats, Isabel. Baanite (ba'an-it), n. [< Baanes + -ite2.] A follower of Baanes, a Paulician of the eighth centui'y. baar, «. See bahar. babl (bab), n. [So. and E. dial., = E. bob^, q. v.] 1. A bunch; tassel; cockade. [Scotch.] A cockit hat with a bab of blue ribbands at it. Scott. 3. A bob, as used in fishing. Besides these eel-sets, however, the Norfolk Broadmen also fish for eels with babs, which can hardly be called sport in any sense of the term. Pop. Sci. Mo., XXIX. 2.58. babl (bab), V. i. [E. dial., = bob^, v.] To fish with a bob. See bob^. bab- (bab), n. [E. dial., = babe, q. v.] A babe. [Prov. Eng.] Bab^ (biib), n. [ Ar. Pers. bab, a gate or door ; forming part of many eastern place-names, as Bab-el-mandeb.'] 1. The title assumed by the founder of Babism. — 2. ABabist; an adherent of or a beUever in Babism. babal (bii'ba'), «. A child's variant otpapa. baba" (ba-ba'), «. [F.] A light kind of fruit- . 433. cake, of Polish origin. 407 Baba'* (bii'ba), V. [Turk, and Ar. bdbd, father. Of. babu.] An Oriental title of respect applied (a) by tributary Arabs to the Turks, (';) to the ushers of the seraglio, and (c) to tlie Patriarch of Ale.xandria. babacoote, «. Same as babakoto. babakoto (bii-bii-ko'to), n. [Native name.] A name of the indri or short-tailed woolly lemur of Madagascar, Indris or JAchanotus brevicau- datus. babber (bab'6r), re. [E. dial., = 6oi6(rl.] One who fishes with a bob ; a bobber. Norfolk bablicrs frequently catch four stone weight of eels to a boat per night, especially in the spawning- grounds. Pop. Set Mo., XXIX. 259. babbint, re. An obsolete form of bavin^. babbitting (bab'it-ing), n. [Verbal n. of "bab- bitt, v., < liabbitt (metal).'] 1. The operation of lining shells or bushings for a bearing with Babbitt metal ; hence, commonly, the similar use of any antifriction alloy. — 2. Babbitt metal. — Babbitting jig, a tool used to hold bearing-boxes in position alM.ut the journals of shafts, etc., while any box- lining inrtal. as the Babbitt, is being poured in. — Bab- bitting ladle, an iron ladle used to pour the Babbitt metal or any antifriction alloy upon the bearings of ma- chinery. Babbitt metal. See metal. babblative (bab'la-tiv), a. [Formerly also Idb- lati re, ■< babble -h'-ative. Ct. talkative.] (5iven to babbling. Argumentative, babblative, and unpleasant to me. Carlyte, in Froude, I. 119. babble (bab'I), v. ; pret. and pp. babbled, ppr. babbling. [< ME. babelen, bablen = D. babbe- len = LG. babbelen = Icel. babbla = Dan. bable = G. bappeln, bappern, babble (cf. F. babiller, chatter) ; all perhaps imitative, with freq. suf- fix -I, from the redupl. syllable ba : see 6a-.] I. in trans. 1. To utter words imperfectly or in- distinctly, as children do ; prattle ; jabber. I babbled for you, as babies for the moon, . Vague brightness. Tennyson, Princess, iv. 2. To taUc idly, in-ationally, or thoughtlessly; chatter or prate heedlessly or mischievously. A babbled of green fields. Shak., Hen. V., ii, 3. . The people, when they met, . . . Began to scoff and jeer and babble of him. Tennyson, Geraint. 3. To make a continuous murmuring sound, as a stream ; repeat a sound frequently and in- distinctly. The babbling echo mocks the hounds. Shak.,T. of A., ii. 3. The babbling numel crispeth, Tennyson, Claribel. II. trans. 1. To utter incoherently or with meaningless iteration ; repeat ; prate. These [words] he used to babble indifferently in all com- panies. Arbuthnol. 2. To utter foolishly or thoughtlessly ; let out by babbling or prating: as, to babble a plot or a secret. babble (bab'I), n. [< babble, v.] Inarticulate speech, such as that of an infant ; idle talk; senseless prattle ; mirrmur, as of a stream. Making merry in odd tones, and a babble of outlandish words. Hawthorne, Old llanse, II. An extraordinary incessant babble of rapid prayer from the priests in the stalls. Lathrop, Spanish Vistas, p. 64. = Syn. See prattle, n. babblement (bab'1-ment), n. [< babble + -mcnt.'] IiUe talk; senseless prate; unmean- ing words. Deluded all this wliile with ragged notions and babble- ments. Milton, Education. babbler (bab'ler), «. 1. One who babbles; an iiUe talker ; an iiTational prater ; one who says things heedlessly or mischievously. Cunn. No blabbing, as you love me. Sir Greg. None of our blood Were ever babblers. Beau, ami Ft., Wit at Several Weapons, iv. 1. Great babblers, or talkers, are not fit for trust. Sir R. L'Estrange. 2. In ornith.: (a) A name of various old-world dentirostral oscine passerine birds more or less nearly related to thrushes, (b) pi. The family babbler Timaliidfe or subfamily Timaliince of Turdidw, an uncertain gi-oup of generally short-winged and short-tailed birds, definable by no common characters. It contains a great number of birds not salisiacturily located elsewhere, and has been called " the omitholo^cal waste-basket. " 8. In hunting, a dog that yelps or gives tongue too much when in the field. 408 trielinic crystals in beds of magnetic iron ore and in reins of quartz and feldspar. It is a silicate of iron, manganese, and calcium. Babington's-curse (bab'ing-tonz-kers), H. The water-weed, Elodea Canadensis : so called in England from the false supposition that it was introduced there by the botanist Charles Bab- iugtou (bom about 180S). After a fox has l«en found, the babbler annonnces the babiont, H. Hce habian. fact for the next ten mnmtes, and repeats lus refrain ■, i_._ ,i --/r,- ^ a o • ^ ^i whenever the least opportunity presents itself. bablT (ba ber), M. A bynan name for the papy- Encyc. Brit., XH. 315. rus. babblerylf, n. [< hahbU + -ry. Cf. F. habU- babinissa, babiroussa (bab-i-ro'sii), n. [Also lerie (Cotgrave), babble.] Babbling; chatter- iovmev\yhahirusa,harhirvum,eXe.('iilj.habirus- ing : idle talk. Stiibbe. babblery-t, «. [Early mod. E. bahblerie, bab- lerie, appar. for baberij or iaublery.'] Some- thing worthless ; worthless things coUeotively. Nares. Other toyes, fantasies, and bablerief, whereof the world is ful, are suffered to be printed. Stubbed, Anat. of Abuses. babbling (bab'Iing), H. [\'erbal n. of babble, r.] Foolish talk. Avoidin,' {irtifane and vain babblinfjs. 1 Tim. ^i. 20. babbUngly (bab'liug-li), adv. In a babbling manner: \vitli babblement ; pratingly. babblishlyt (bab'lish-li), adr. Babblingly. babbly (bab'li), a. [< babble + -y.] Full of billable; chattering. babby (bab'i), n. [E. dial., = baby, q. v.] A baby. [Prov. Eng.] babe (bab), «. [< ME. babe, prob. abbr. of earlier baban ; origin obscure, perhaps idt. imi- tative; cf. ia2. The Celtic words (W. Gael. It. Com. haban = Manx baban, bab, a babe, child; regarded by .Skeat after Williams (Lex. Comu-Biit.) as a mutation of *maban, dim. of W. mab, a son, = Gael. Ir. Manx ntac, a son, = Goth, magus, a bov, = AS. magu, a son, related to niay^, may^, might) are late, and may be from E.] 1. An infant ; a young child of either sex. — 2t. A child's doll. All as a poiire jH-dler he did wend, Bearini? a trusse of trytles at hys backe, As bells, and baljes, and glasses, in hys packe. Speitfer, Shep. Cal., May. 3. One who is like a babe in any respect ; a person of infantine or childish character or ability: as, ho is a mere babe in that man's hands — Babe in arms. .«ee unni.— Babe in Christ, a re--t-iit convert to Christianity <1 Cor. iii. 1). babehood (bab'hiid), «. [< babe + -hood.'] Same as Imhi/liood. Udull. Babel (ba'bel), «. [LL. Babel, < Heb. Babel, re- ferred in Genesis to the notion of 'confusion'; but perhaps < Assyrian bab-iUt, lit. gate of God, or bdh-ili, gate of the gods, < bab, gate, + ilu = Heb. el, God: see Eloliim and Allah.] 1. The Semitic name of the city (Balnlon) where, according to Gen. xi., the construction of a tower that would reach to heaven was attempted, and where the confusion of tongues took place. See Babylonian. Hence — 2. A lofty structure. — 3. A visionary scheme. — 4. A scene of noise and confusion, as a great city or a riotous as- semblage. 'Tis pleasant, through the loopholes of retreat. To peep at such a world — to see the stir Of the Kreat Babel, and not feel the crowd. Coicper, The Task, iv. 90. 5. [cap. or 1. c] A confused mixture of sounds; confii.sion ; disorder. ' That ha'ft of strange heathen languages. Ilnmimmd, Sermons, p. 508. Babel quartz. Sec quartz. baberyt (ba'W-r-i), n. [< ME. babery, earlier liiihnirie, bnheuwric, etc., appar. corrupt forms "'iirynric, baboonery (see baboonery); but • I' use < babe + -cry.] 1. GrotesViue or- i' illation in art or arcliitecture, as c human figures or otlier decorations .Many Hubtlle compaMlngcH, Ah UtWutcrjfrji and pynac-les, \ [iiagt-rtes and talM-riiaides, •■aiigh. Chtiiirrr, Mouse of Fame, 1. 1180, sa). < Malay babi, hog, + rusa, deer.] 1. The East Indian wild hog or horned hog. The upper East Indian Wild Hog { Bttdinissa at/urui). canines of the boar are sometimes 12 inches in length, and nearly reach the forehead ; the lower pair partake of tlie same unusual development and direction, lint not to the same extent, nor do they pierce the lips. The tusks (jf the sow are much smaller. Tlie general appearance <>1 the ani- mal is that of a hog, but the legs are longer and tlu- jn-lage is less bristly. The babirnssa is gregarious and herbi\-o. rous, like the rest of the pig tribe, and its flesh is used for food ; it is sometimes domesticated. 2. [cap.] A genus of setiferous pachyderma- tous ungulate quadrupeds, of the order Arliodac- tyla, or even-toed uiij,'uhit(>s, and family i>itii)n'),H ehil'l .In,,., I bablll.-ird b.i.;;;,, iiiiiii I A viln iH, "painted babery," ,Sir I'. .Sidnci/ IS1. hiont, n. [AIho hahoyne, etc., vari- I I'l/hrion, (|. v.] A baboon. //. .nl), n. [K., < babilhr, rhnU 'I Ik- chatterer: n name bor- ti "li by U<>nMi(i for the lesser irruc^t of Europe, la fan- ;on. fUure.] .--ton-it), ,1. [After the llabinglon (\1M-\KV.\).\ I or black mineral of the [I''arly mod. IC. also ba- bniinc, baboiinr, babouiid (also bullion, babian (< r .1 pyroxonu Kf'-"ip, oovurriog in Hiuall brilliant Ilfttjonn (l.t-nM-r/Aa/H/ maim^n). baby F. babion), and bavian, after D. baviaan, LG. bavian, > Dan. barian, G. pavian), < ME. babe- icync, babu'yn, babwcn, baboyne, etc., < OF. ba- buin, baboin, babouin, babion, mod. F. babouin = Sp. Pg. babuino = It. habbuino ; ML. babc- irynus, babcrryniis, babuynu.f, babouinus. The OF. forms appear to be the oldest. The origin of the name is unknown. The Ar. maimUni^ prob. from the Europe'an word.] A quadruma- nous animal of the old world, of the subfamily Cynopithccina^, aud especially of either of the genera Cynocc2>halus (or Papio) and Mandiilla (or Mormon). The baboon has a large prominent muz- zle and a low facial angle, constituting a physitignomy to which the term "dog-faced" has been applied. It has cheek-pouches, large canine teeth, tail usually short- (whence tlio term " pig-tailed " applied to some), and large- bare iscliial callosities, often gayly colored. Its fore and hind limits arc proportionate, so that the animal can go- upon all-tours like ordinary quadrupeds, or sit upright like- most other monkeys. Baboons are generally large, lieavy animals, some equaling a mastiff in size and weight, and are among the most sullen, intractable, ferocious, and tllthy brutes of the oriler to which tiny I'clniig, Most of them are African, and they are usually erei^arious, going in large- troops, and feeding on fruits, roots, birds' eggs, insects, etc. Among those which have special names are the anu- bis, chacma, mandrill, drill, etc. Some of the Quadru- maiui which belong technically to the same group as the- baboons do not usually take the name, as the black ap& of Celebes, C,f,i,iintlit\;i.-i niner, ami the iiarbary ape, Iiiu- vs t-rauiiatu.-^ ; while some monkeys of other groups are- occasionally called baboons. baboonery (ba-bon'e-ri), n.; pi. babooneries- (-riz). [< baboon + -cry.] If. Same as babery, 1. — 2. A collection of baboons. — 3. Baboonish. conduct or condition. baboonish (ba-bon'ish), a. [< baboon + -/.sVil.] Like n l.iabooii; characteristic of baboons. A series of baboonish chuckles and grins. Pop. Sci. Mo., XXIX. 660. baboosb (ba-bosh'), n. [Also babouche, after F. babouclw (usually jil., babouchc.t) = Sp. babuchw (pi. liabKcbas), < Ar. babilsh, < Pers. pdposh, a- .slipper, < jni, = 'E.foot, + pi'i.^^h, covering; ef. jidshiilan, cover.] A kind of slipper without iltiarters or heel, worn in Turkey and the East. BabOUVism (ba-bo'vizm), H. [< F. Indwuri.fmc, < Babcuf{Babwuf) + -isnic.] The commuuistie system promulgated by the French socialist- Francois No hahenf and his f(dlowei"S for the (■stalilishnient ot anew t,'oveniTnent based on these jniiu iplcs. bill It was betrayed to the Iiireetm-y in .May, ITuti, and liabeuf was executed in -May, 17S17. Also Ila,'„ui.ti,t. Babouvist (ba-bo'vist), H. [< F. babouriste: see- B\. bahies (-h'v/,). 1. An infant or young child of either sex; a babe. I knew them alt as batiicH, and now they're elderly men. Tciin,/Mon, The (Irandniothur, 2t. A doll. The archduke naw that I'erkln would prove a runagato ; and It was the jiart of clilldreii to full out about babicn. Hacon. Tllese [bnxcHJ are to have l''oMilig Ooors, which being n^H'tl'd, you are to behold a lliibjl dress'd out 111 Homo I'lixlilon which has lloiirlHh'd, and Hlaiidlng ujiiui u I'edea- lal, where Ihu Tiino uf Its lluign is mark d down. Siiectatiir, No. 478. 3f. [Cf. E. ))h;>i7, < L. piipilhi, n girl, the pupil of the <'ve.] The iiiiiiiile ri'llii'liuii which it person sees of himself in the piipil of amillier'tt eye. Tliero aro many allnalons to this In our older poet*; baby hence such phrases as to look babies in one's eyes, used with regard to a lover. No more fool, To look gay babies in your eyes, young Rolatul, And hanj; about your pretty neck. Fletcher, Woman's Prize, v. 1. But wee cannot so passe the centre of the Eye, which wee call Pupilla, quasi I'uppa the babie in the eye, the Sight. Purchas, Microcos. (1619), p. aO. 4. One who is like a baby ; a cMldish person. Though he he grave with years, he's a great baby. Fletcher (and another), Elder Brother, iii. 5. Baby act, a colIoi|ui:il name for the legal defense of in- lancy. llrnce — To plead tile baby act. («) 'I'o plead that a coiitrai-t is void iK-caiise ni;iile durini; one's niiimr- -Ity. (li) To allcliipt toexriisi' i-xrissinj or fi'i;;ncd iniio- ranceorstn|>idi(yiiiillic'^'iuuMilnf iivc.lVssc-d iiiLxpiTicnci'. (Colloquial in Ipotli uses.)— Bartlioloine'W baby, a kind of doll sold originally at Bartholomew fair in London, and celebrated as the best then known. It also tells farmers what manner of wife they shall choose ; not one trickt up with ribliens and knots like a Bartholomew baby. Poor liobin's Altnanac, 1695. II. a. 1. Babyish; infantine; pertaining to an infant- Ye conscience-stricken cravens, rock to i-est Your Itabji hearts. Shelley, The Cenci, iv. 2. Moulded thy baby thought. Tennyson, Eleiinore. 2. Small, or comparatively small: as, a hahi/ engine. [Colloq.] baby (ba'bi), V. t.; pret. and pp. babied, ppr. habyinq. [< babij, ?(.] To treat like a young child. ■ At best it babies us with endless toys. And keeps us children till we drop to dust. Young, Night Thoughts, vi. 621. baby-farm (ba'bi-farm), n. A place where chil- dren are received and cared for. baby-farmer (ba'bi-far"mer), n. One who re- ceives and contracts to care for the infants of those who, for any reason, may be unable or unwilling to bring up their own childi-en. baby farming (ba'bi-fiir"ming), n. The busi- ness carried on by a baby-farmer. babyhood (ba'bi-hiid), n. [< bahy + -liood.'] The state of being a baby ; infancy. baby-house (ba'bl-hous), «. A toy house for eliikb-en's dolls. babyish (ba'bi-ish), a. [i baby + -ish'^ .'] Like a 1)aby ; childish. babyishness (ba'bi-ish-nes), n. The quality of boii]!^ like a baby; extreme childishness. babyism (ba'bi-izm), n. [< baby + -ism.'] 1. The state of being a baby ; babyhood. Jeffrey. — 2. A childish mode of speech; childishness. Babyisms and dear diminutives. Tennyson, Aylmer's Field. The egotism, the babyism, and the inconsistency of this transaction have no parallel. The Century, XXIV. 148. baby-jumper (ba'bi-jum"per), n. [< bahy + .;««(/«)'.] A basket or sliug in which a small child may be fastened, ha'ving an adjustable elastic cord which jjermits a dancing motion when the child's feet touch the floor. Babylonian (bab-i-16'ni-an), a. and n. [< L. Babylon, < Gr. BalivAuv (the city), or L. Baby- lonia, < Gr. Ba/Jii/lui'ia (the province), the Gr. form of the Semitic fname Babel or Bdbilu (Heb. Bdbcl). See Babel. The original Aeea- dian name of the cit}' was Ca-dimirra.'] I. a. 1. Pertaining to Babylon, the capital of the ancient kingdom of Babylonia, or to the king- dom itself. Ruins of the city, in the form of three large mounds, exist near Hillah on the Euphrates, about til miles south of Bagdad on the Tigris. 2. Like the confusion of tongues at Babel (= Babylon) ; mixed ; confused. This formal error [of applying the word "force" to all kinds of power, living or dead] has become a Pandora's box, whence has sprung a Babylonian confusion of tongues. Quoted in W. R. Grove's Corr. of Forces, p. 333. St. [From a former common identification by Protestants of the "scarlet woman," "Baby- lon the great, the mother of harlots and abomi- nations" (Rev. x\ni. 5), with the Papacy.] («) Popish, (b) Scarlet — Babylonian art, a subdivi- sion of Mesopotainian art; the later d^-vi lopment of Chal- dean art as practised at Babylon, liuth prior to the -Assyrian domination, which began in the eleventh century B. C. and culminated in the ninth century, and after the restoration of the Babylonian kingdom, under Nabopolassar, about 6011 B. c. The architecture of Babylon, like that of As- syria, of which it was the model, employed as its chief material of construction the sun-dried brick, and held in general to the thick walls and massive forms which were imposed by this friable material. Stone was much more scarce in Babylonia than in Assyria ; hence Babylonian decoration adhered in the main to painting ou a surface of plaster for interiors, and to brilliantly enameled tiles, often forming pictorial subjects of gi-eat size and variety, for exteriors. In Babylonia, contrary to Assyrian prac- tice, the temple, rising pyramidally in stages, each as- cended by broad flights of steps, and each of a distinct color, was the most important development of architec- ture, the royal palace being subordinated toil. The scar- city of stone rendered sculpture scanty ; but the gem-cut- 409 ters art produced cylinders or seals in great plenty and of much merit, and pottery, metal-work, and textile fabrics attained great perfection, iicc JUesopotaviian art, ami <'niii- pare C/u//(/ile, p. 103. I hardlv linow what of bacchantic, joyousness I liad not attrilnitfil to them (the Italians) on their holidays. HowelU, Venetian Life, xviu. ■baccharict, "• A corrupt form of Bacharach. Baccharis (bak'a-ris), n. [NLi., < L. bacchar, bet- ter spelled haccaris, baccar, < Gr./iaK».ap/f (some- times spelled SoKxaptc, as if related to Bqkxo^, Bacchus), an unknown plant with an aromatic. root }-ieldiiig an oil: said to bo a Lydi- an word.] A very large ge- nus of plants of the natural order Com- positw, some- what nearly allied to ICri- ficron, but with dioe- ' iijus whitish yellowish 410 pes), a metrical foot : so named, it is said, from its use in hymns ia honor of Bacchus.] In pros., a foot composed of one short and two long syllables, with the ictus on the first long, as m "ava'ri, above'board. See antibacchius and hemiojic. [Before the Alexandrine period Bnitxe'os meant the •I'...• / li.timn IiiIqq IjOITV ^-- - -- Bearing or producing ber Wliu u> resiu- I'lcs. ousseeretion. bacciform (bak'.si-form), a. [< L. bacca, baca, They are most- ., ii,.,.,.y -f funiia, sliapo.] Shaped like a beiry. lint™'''' sCii baccivbrOUS (bak-siv'o-rus), a. [< L. (,«<•<■«, sntan ^^^^^^ ^^^^^^^ ^ vorarc, oat, devour.] Eatuig or subsisting on berries: as, bacrirnroiishWiU. bacet, ". An obsolete form of base, in various senses. . Bacharach (bak'a-rak), n. A brand of Rhine wine made at Bacharach, a small town in Kho- nish Prussia, on the left bank of the Kliino, 23 miles south of Coblcntz. Formerly also hacka- rach, back-rack, backraii, baccharic, etc. [In the old forms generally without a capital.] I'm fur no tongms but dry d ones, such n» will Olve a line relish to my tac*r<7.7. Jasper Maylic, I Ity Match. (lood hachrack ... to drink down in lie.dllm lo this i(.. ,i|,y. Fklrhcr, Beggar « Busli, v. '.:. ak), a. [< Or- /'""A-'a'i'if, al"" Ijachel (bak'ol), «. [See /.«ci7<>.] A grain-nun- KX">r., lioKxtioc, a bacchiu.s: see „„,.,, n^^.,! in partsofOrcece, varyuigincni^iueily aining to or consisting of bac- f^^,,, j „f ,^ i,„„)„.i to li bushels, according to tl,^, U.i.tilitv Alun h/n*ilr. trees, chiefly tropical and South Ameri- can. About 20 species occur in the United States. In the Andes extensive plateaus arc covered with them. Sudor- Ifle ami tonic propertle« are ascribed to several of the more resinous apecien. A ilecoction from the gronnilscltrce of the West Indies and Atlantic coast of North America, /; hniunifi:lin, is occasionally used as a remedy in diseases 'if tlic lui'igK and a."* a demtilccnt. baccharoid (bnk'a-roid), a. [< Baccharis + -oiit.] KcHcmbling in some respect the group of composite plants of which the genus Bac- iharin is the type, bacchiac (ba-ki'ak), a 1,'nriiiiiM.] Pertaining 'till. , ,. ,, th(- localitv. Also /i«ci7c. Bacchic (bak'ik), «. [< I... RacrUuuy, < ( .r. Ilnx- ^achelert, ""• An obsolete form of bachelor. r'^■••,< \','iKxor,}iui:v\i»». HfO Baceliiin.] 1. I(c- Ijachelerikt, "• [ML.. ii\ho bacrlliria, v\r.: hoc ■ ' *" ' ■■■' tnWi<7rri/.J 'lu old ri'cords, the comnioiiiilly trench upon questions of logic and nu-taphysics. They also made certain act,s called itrincipiii. Sec principiiim. As soon as the sententlnry had completely llnislicd the expoBltion of tJie Sentenees. he became a f'urmcil hachel.i,- {haeealoriiis /onnaliis), and bad still to continue his theological studies for three years longer before ho could be licensed to jireach and to teach us a ma-ster. . 3. A man of any age who has not been married. It was my Iniouoiso : I had it of Leah when I was a haehelor: I would not have given It for a wllderneBs of monkeys. Shak.. M. of V., Hi. 1. 4t. A woman who has not been married. He would keep you A hachrhir still, by keeping of your portion ; And keep you not alone without a husband. Bill ill a sickness. B. .Iimsiiii, Magiietlck Lady, in' in honor of Bacchus ; connected naliaii rites or revolrioH. [(jften i.ital.] an 2 n /;■ - B.v R..I enecr, Stllily of .Soeiol., p. 116. f< haehelor 11 linelii'lor; olc; < .\1K. bneheler. baeliiter, bnchirr, etc., < (a) OF. bacheler = It. baccalarc = I'r. bacalar, T^ -IXin. I A. I I"' nilii' w ■■K •■ — ' biiehelorhood.— 2. A trait or habit peculiar to a bachelor. bachelor's-buttons bachelor's-buttons (baeh'e-lorz-bnt'nz), n. pi. [Saiil to bo so uiimod because oouutiy youths used to <>an'y the flower in their jjoekcts to (liviue their success with their sweethearts.] 1. The popular name of several jtlauts, as the double-flowered variety of Lychnis diurna (the red campion), Ccntaurca nigra (knapweed), but chiefly the doulile-ilowered varieties of lianuncultts dconitifolius (white bachelor's-but- tons) and Ranunculus acris (yellow bachelor's- buttons). The name is also Kivea to the ra^^K'ed-robin (Lifrhuis FfiL^-i-ifrtih), to the ul"iie-antaranth {tiniiiphn'iia tthtliKMi), to tile SrahiiiKit .■^■iirr/sif, ami in simie pai'ts of tin- l^iiiteii .States to J'vfjuiala Inti'ii ami to otlier plants. 2. A name for the seeds of Strychnos Nux- vomica, formerly used for poisoning rats. Dun- flUson. bachelorship (bach'e-lor-ship), n. [< bachelor + -sliip.^ The state or condition of being a bachelor in any sense ; the rank or degree of a bachelor ; the immaiTied state of a man. bachlei, n. See bauchle^. bachle'-T, ''■ t. An obsolete Scotch form of baffle. bacile (ba-cho'le), «.; pi. bacili (-le). [It., < ML. bacile, baccili; haehile, a Ijasin, a di'y mea- sure; cf. bacinus, baccinus, bacchitius, bachinus, a basin, a dry measure: see basin.'] 1. In ceram., a basin or deep dish: in use in English for an ornamental vessel of Italian make and of that shape, especially for a vessel of enam- eled and lustered pottery. — 2. In metrology, same as bacliel. bacillar (bas'i-lijr), a. [< L. bacillum or NL. 6rt- ri//H.s, q. v., + -«>'.] 1. Belonging or pertaining to the genus Bacillus. — 2. Resembling in form a short rod or bacillus ; bacilliform. As applied to tile valves of diatoms, it indii ates that their greatest dimension is in a direetion parallel to tlie line of juncture of the two valves ; that is, they are longer than broad, and therefore rod-like. See cut under bacillut.: Bacillaria (bas-i-la'ri-il), H. [NL., < bacillus + -«)■(((.] A genus of microscopic algse, belong- ing to the class Diatomacem. They consist of slen- der rectanj^ular segments, arranged in tabular or oblique series. The compound segments of frustules are inces- santly slipping backward and forward over each other. Tiiey are Irequent on the coasts of Great Britain. Bacillariaceae (bas-i-la-ri-a'se-e), n. pi. [NL., < Bacillaria + -acece.l Same as Diatomacece. bacillary (bas'i-la-ri), a. [< bacillus + -ary.] 1. Pertaining to or consisting of bacilli; char- acterized by the presence or agency of baciUi. — 2. Having the form, of small rods Bacillary layer, the layerofrodsand'conesof the retina. Seej-efma. bacilli, /'. PI viral of bacillus. bacillian (ba-sil'i-an), a. [< bacill-us + -ian.] Pertaining to or of the nature of a bacillus: as, "6ae///(0)i parasites," -B. W.Richardson. bacillicide (ba-sil'i-sid), «. [< NL. bacillus + L. -cida, < cfcdcre, kill.] A substance em- ployed to kill bacilli or infectious germs; a germicide. A combination of lime with chlorine, perhaps the best of all the bacitlicides, is very generally employed. Disinfectants, p. 19. bacillicidic (ba-sil-i-sid'ik), a. [< bacillicide + -(>.] Destructive to bacilli. bacilliculture (ba-siri-kul-tur), «. [< NL. ba- cillus + L. cultura, culture.] The cultivation of bacteria in vegetable or animal infusions or otherwise, for purposes of investigation. bacilliform (ba-sil'i-form), a. [< NL. bacillus + L. forma, form.] Of the form of a small rod ; rod-shaped ; bacillar in form. bacillus (ba-sil'us), «.; pi. bacilli (-i). [NL., a particular use of LL. bacillus, L. bacillum, a little rod or staff, dim. of L. baculus, baculum, a stick, staff ; cf . Gr. panrpov, a staff, perhaps akin to fiaivciv, go, = L. venire = E. come.'] 1. In anat., a little rod or rod-like body, as one of the rods of the retina. — 2. An individual of the genus Bacillus. — 3. [cap.] A so-called genus of the micro- scopical vegetable organisms known as bacteria, having the form of very slender straight filaments, short or of moderate length, and consist- ing of one or more elongated cylindri- cal joints. Several „ .,, ,, , , .. ^ ,, forms or»nei-ie« are rpc Bacillus, highly mapiified.— Up- „™- 'j rS.t ' n i P^' 'Buie. B. anthracis; lower fig- Ognized. Of these, B nib- u,e corama bacillus. 411 tUis is found in rennet, and is the agent in butyric fer- mentation ; /?. anthracut causes the disea.He known as an- tlirax or charhon ; and li. aiaylobacter is one of the species which piodii.if ],utnfacticin. Other species are believed to cause tnlHiciilo.His, leprosy, and cholera. The comma bacillus, which is asserted to be always present in tlie course of the last-named disease, is peculiar in having a more or less curved form. See Bacterium and Schizn- viycetes. 4. leap.] In entom., a genus of oithopterous gressorial insects, of the family Phasmidec; the walking-sticks. — Sf. Mcdieiiu) made up into a long round figiu-e like a stick. Kersey (1708). bacint, n. An obsolete form of basin. bacinett, ». An obsolete form of basinet. bacino (ba-che'no), n. ; pi. bacini (-ne). [It., a basin : see basin.] In ceram., one of the dishes of richly colored potteiy which are found built into the walls of certain metlieval buildings in Italy, especially at Pesaro, Pisa, liome, and Bologna. back! (bak), «. [< ME. baJc, < AS. bwc = OS. bak = OFries. bek = MD. bak (D. bak- in comp.) = LG. bak (also in eomp., bak-, > G. back- in comp., also separately, back, fore- castle) = Icel. Sw. bak = Dan. bag, back. Cf. AS. hrycg, back, E. ridge.] 1. The whole hinder part of the human body, opposite the front and between the sides, or the upper part of the body of most animals; technically, the spinal, dorsal, or tergal portion, surface, or aspect of the trunk, extending from the scruff of the neck between the shoulders to the buttocks, hams, or biftu-eation of the body at the legs; the tergum; the dorsum; the notaj- um. — 2. The corresponding or related portion of any part or organ of the body ; the posterior aspect of a thing ; the part ojiposite to or fur- thest from the front, or in any way correlated with the back of the trunk: as, the back of the head, neck, arm, leg; the back of the hand; the back of the mouth. — 3. .Anything resem- bling the back in position, (a) As being behind or furthest from the face or front, like the back in man : as, the back of a house. Trees set upon the ba^H of chimneys do ripen fruits sooner. Bacon, Kat. Hist. (6) As being behind, or in the furthest distance, with ref- erence to the spectator, speaker, scene of action, etc. : as, the back of an island ; the back of a wood ; the back of a village, (f) .\s being the part which comes behind in the ordinary movements of a thing, or when it is used : as, the back of a knife, saw, etc. (d) As fonning the upper, and especially the outer and upper, portion of a thing, like the back of one of the lower animals : as, the back of a hand-rail ; the back of a rafter, (e) The ridge of a hill. The mountains huge appear Emergent, and their broad bare backs upheave. Milton, P. L., vii. 286. O'er the long backs of the bushless downs. Tennyson, Lancelot and Elaine. (/) As being that which supports the ribs : as, the back of a ship (namely, the keel and keelson). See broken-backed, (g) The upright hind part of a chair, serving as a support for the back, (ft) In bot.. the outer side of an organ, or the side turned away from the axis : as, the back of a leaf or of a carpel. 4. By synecdoche, the whole body, with refer- ence to clothing, because the back is usually most fully covered: as, he has not clothes to his back. I bought you a dozen of shirts to your back. Shak., 1 Hen. IV., iii. 3. 5t. Clothing ; a garment to cover the back. And owre bakke^ that moth-eaten be. Piers Plomnan (B), x. 362. 6. pi. In the leather trade, the thickest and best-tanned hides. — 7t. The address of a let- ter, formerly written on the back of the letter itself. Scott. — 8t. A reserve or secondary re- source. This project .Should h.ave a back, or second, that might hold, If this should blast in proof. Shak., Hamlet, iv. 7. 9. In ship-building, a timber bolted on the after end of the rudder, to complete its form. — 10. In metal-mining, the portion of the lode which lies between any level or stope and the one next above it, or the surface. Generally, the backs are the unstoped portions of the lode, as far as laid open, and ready to be mined or stoped. — 11. In coal-milling: («) Same as /ace. (b) The inner end of a heading where work is going on. — 12. In foot-ball, a position behind the line of rushers, or a player in this position : called quarter-back, half-back, three-quarters- back, or full-back, according to the distance from the rushers — Back and belly, (o) Before and behind ; all over : as, to beat a person back and betlt/. (b) With clothes and food : as, to keep a person back and bclhi (to klip liim in clothes and food). (Vulgar.] — Back and breast, the usual term in the seventeenth century for the body-armor of the period. It consisted of a solid breastplate in one piece, generally considered bullet. back proof, and a lighter backpiece, the two secured together under the arms, usually by straps and buckles. Armed with back and breast, head piece and bracelets. Scott,, Legend of Montrose. Back and edget, wholly ; completely. Tliey have engaged themselves ours back and edge. Lady Alimuny, iiL Back of a book, that part of the cover to which the two siilesan-att.'irhi'd and on which the title is usually printed. — Back Of a bow, in archery, the exterior 8id(5 of a bow, which is convex wlicn the bow is l>ent. In modern Kuro. pcan bows this part is flat. See belly, 8 (v).— Back Of a hand-raU, the upper surface : the under side is tlie breast. ' Back of a hip-rafter, the ilpjier edge of the rafter shap'-d to the aii;.de wliirli the adjoining sirles make witli each other. Sec cut under Ai'/a — Back Of an arCh or vault, the extrados, or outer curve or fa<-c. See first cut under «re/i.~Back Of a roof-rafter, its upper sur- face,— Back of a slate, in rooun'j, the iiiijitr or weather side.— Back Of a window, the wainscoting below the sash-frame, extending to the floor.— Backs and cutters, a miners" name for jointed rock-structures, the backs run- ning in lines more or less parallel to the strike of the strata, and forming the "back" of the quarry, and the cutters crossing them at right angles.— Behind one's back, in secret, or when one is absent. I confess, Mr. Surface, I cannot bear to hear people at- tacked behind their backs; and when ugly circumstances conie out against our acquaintance, I own 1 always love to tliiuk the best. Sheridan, School for Scandal, i. 1. Lazy-back, a high back-bar in a carriage-seat. It is some- times made so as to be removable at will. A*. JI. Kni'jht. — Mitered back, in bookbindimi, a back Iiaving lines, usually in gold, connected and niitcred in square panels liy means of cross-lines between the bands. — Run-llp back, in baokbindinfi, a back having two lines, usually in gold, on its outer edges, running olf at top and bottom. Distinguished from the mitered back (which see).- Small Of the back, the loins ; the reins.— The back of beyond. See beyond.— To be on another's back, to be severe on one for any fault or fo.disli act ; chide ; ricliculc. [L'olloq.] — To be on one's (own) back, to be at the end of one's resources; be aground. [Colloq.] — TO bow dO"wn the back, to submit to oppression. Rom. xi. 10.— To break the back. See fcrea*.- To cast behind the back, in .S'^np.; ((7) To forget and forgive. Is. .xxxviii. 17. (b) To treat with contempt. Ezek. xxiii. 35; Neb. ix. 26.— To get one's back up, to resist ; be obstinate. See to put one's back v/', below. [Colloq.]- TO give a back, to bend the back and keep it firm so as to allow another to leap over one by placing his hands upon the back, or to mount up to anything. [Colloq. ] —To make a back. Same as to give a back.— To put or get one's back up, to show antipathy or aversion; resist; lie angry or indignant: a metaphor probably taken from the habits of frightened or angry cats. [Colloq.l — To see the back Of, to get rid of. — To turn the back on one, to forsake or neglect him. backl (bak), a. [< back'^, «., and 6acA-l, adv., the attributive use of the noim, as in backbone, mingling -with that of the adv., as in back yard, the yard which is back, back spjring, a sjjring backward, etc. As with /'ore, hind, after, etc., there is no definite divitling line between the separate adj. use and the use in composition.] 1. Lying or being behind ; opposite to the front; hinder ; rear : as, the back part of anything ; a back door or window ; back stairs ; the back side of a field. I will take away mine hand, and thou shalt see my back parts : but my face shall not be seen. Ex. xxxiii. 23. Hence — 2. Away from the front position or rank ; remote in place or condition; far in the rear, literally or figuratively : as, the back set- tlements of a country. In December we had two insurrections of the back in- habitants of our province. Franklin, Autobiog., p. 315, 3. In a backward direction ; returning in the direction whence it came: as, a back stroke; back water. [Ir. this sense properly with a hyphen.] — 4. Jij arrear, overdue : as, ftoci- pay or rents — Bar', '.^tion Seearfion.— Back cylinder- head, that heat- 1 cylinder through which the piston- rod passes in hico .otives: the opposite head in stationary engines- backl (bak), adv. [By apheresis for aback, < ME. abak, < AS. on baic: see aback and back^. n.] 1. To or toward the rear; backward; in the reverse direetion: as, to step or shrink back; the tide flowed back. All shrank back aghast, and left the denouncer of woe standing alone in the centre of the hall. Irinng, Granada, p. 23. 2. From forward motion or progress ; from ad- vancing or advancement ; in a state of restraint, hindrance, or retardation : with such verbs as keep and hold : as, he was held back with diffi- culty ; the police kept back the crowd. The Lord hath kept thee back from honour. Num. xxiv. 11. 3. To or toward one's (its or their) original starting-point, place, or condition: as, to go back to the city, to one's old occupation, to one's former belief. I must bear answer back How you excuse my brother. Shak., As you Like it. iv. 3. Each successive wave rushes forward, breaks, and rolls back. Macautay,^iTj. Mackintosh. 4. From a present, usual, or natural position ; in a direction opposite to some other, expressed back or understood; backward: as, to bend back one's finger ; to force back the bolt of a door. The angel of the Lord . . . came and rolled back the stone from the door. Mat. xsn-iii. i 5. To or toward times or things past ; back- ward in time : as, to look back on former ages. oh, that constant Time Would but go back a week I Fletcher (and another), Love's Cure, v. 3. Volumes of this form dated back two hundred years or more. Hawthorne, Old Manse. The existence of this language [Singh.'ilesel has been taken back at least two thousand years by the inscriptions found by Goldschmidt of the .-Vrchicological Sun'ey. R. S. Oust, Mod. Lang. E. Indies, p. 62. 6. From the proper destination or purpose: as, to keep back despatches. A certain man named .\nanias, with Sapphira his wife, sold a possession, and kept back part of the price. Acts V. 1, 2. 7. Away from an undertaking, engagement, or promise. I've been surprised in an unguarded hour, But must nut now go back. Addison. 8. In a position of retirement or withdrawal ; off; aloof: absolutely or with from: as, the house stands a little back from the road. Somewhat back/ro)n the village street Stands the Old-fashioned couutr)'--seat. LonafeUuw, Old Clock. 9. Behind in position', literally or figuratively, or as regards progress made : absolutely or ■witho/; as, the hills back of the town; the feel- ing back of his words; a few pages back. — 10. Past in time; ago; since: as, a little 6aci'. [CoUoq.] This precaution, still more salutary than offensive, has for some years back been omitted. Quoted in S. and (?., 7th ser., II. 106. 11. Again; in return: as, to answer back; to pay back a loan. "Ruth — daughter Ruth I " the outlaw shrieks. But no souud comes back — he is standing alone. yVhittier, Slogg Megone, i. To and backt, forward and backward ; to and fro. This common body, Like to a vagabond n.ig upon the stream, Goes to and back, lackeying the varying tide. Shak., A. and C, i. 4. To beat, draw, fall, hang, etc, back. Sec the verbs. back^ (bak), r. [In senses I., 1-8, < fcoc/.'l, n. ; in senses I., 9-11, and II., < bacl:^, atlr.l I. trans. 1. To furnish witli a back or backing; strengthen or support at the back : as, to back a book ; to back an electrotyjio-plate ; to back the armor-plates of a war-vessel with teak. — 2t. To cover the back of; clothe. To breke beggeris bred and hakkcn hem with clothts. PitTit I'towtnaii (.\), xi. 1S5. 3. To support or aid, as with practical assist- ance, money, authority, inllueuce, etc. ; second or strengthen ; reinforce : often with ap : as, in his efforts ho was backer! I)y many influen- tial men ; he backed up his argument with a bet. Success stiU follows him and back^ his crimes. AddiMon. The men of the northern Danelaw found themselves backed, not only by their brethren from Ireland, but by the mass of states around them. J. H. (jreen, Comi. of Eng., p. 243. Hence — 4. In aportinr/, to recognize and sup- port by standing or dropping: said of dogs which follow the lead of a dog on point. I', in a race, or one of the parties in ' Mt. lit a rebus or a charade ngnlnst the Iwst I klnKdum. Sheridan, .Schoid for Scandal, 1. I. 'P • -, 'f!' 'InMlndJ are fond of tHickiwj themselves with w ■ il! -h'ear Aqnapcndcnte. 412 That snug and comfortable retreat which generally backs the warerooms of an English tradesman. Buticer. 9. To carry on the back. [Colloq.] If the men are expected to back the traps for any consid- erable distance, the only admissible articles are, etc. Ji. B. Roosevelt, Game-Fish, p. 306. 10. To cause to move backward ; propel back- ward : as, to back a horse ; to back a boat. — 11. To reverse the action of: as, to hack a stationary engine. — 12. In coal-niiiiin!], to throw back into the gob or waste, as the small slack made in holing or undercutting the coal. Gresleij. [Leicestershire, Eng.1— To back a chain or rope, to lUtacU a preventer to it so as to reduce the strain upon it. — To back an anchor. See anchor^, n.—To back a sail, to biaie the jnrds so that the wind will juess on the forward surface of the sail.— To back a warrant, to sign or indoi-se a warrant issued in anotlier county to apprehend an offender.— TO back (a spindle) off, in cotton-spinTiint;, to revei-se the motion of mule-spindles at the end of a stretch, in tm- windiug the last few coils of the thread about the cop, in order to prepare for its proper distribution upon the cop when the mule-carriage returns. — To back the oars, to row backward so as to check the boat's headway or to gain sternway.— To back the worming, in roiu-iiiiihin:i. to till the interstices between the strands of a rojie. thus mak- ing the surface even.— To back up. (n) To lend supiport, aid, or assistance to ; stand by ; give countenance to : :is, to back tip ones friends. (&) To move or force backward : as, to back tip a carriage, (c) To reverse, as an engine or a press, (rf) In dectrottipinfj, to strengtlien, as the thin shell or- electroplate obtained from a wax mold of a form of type, an engraved plate, etc., by depositing upon its back type-metal to a certain thickness, (e) In base-ball and similar games, to stand behind, as another player, in order to stop and return any balls that may pass hint : as. the center-field backs vp the second-base. — To back water, to propel a boat in the opposite direction to that iu which the prow is pointed, by reversing the action of the rowing in the case of a rowboat, or of the machinery in the case of a steamboat. II, intrans. [< 6«rf'l, a(?i).] 1. To move or go backward: as, the horse backed; the train backed. — 2. To move iu the reverse direction: said specifically of the wind, in contradistinc- tion to haul (which see), when it changes in a manner contrary to tho usual circuit. lu tho northern heniispiiere, on the polar side of the trade-winds, the usual circuit of changes in the wind is front east by the south to west, and so on to tlio north. In the same latitudes in the southern hemisphere the reverse tlsually takes place. The backing of the wind is regarded as an indication of bad weather. — To back and fill. («) To get a stiuare-rlgged vessel to windward in a narrow channel, when the wind is against the tide and there is no room for tacking, by allernalely filling and backing the sails so as to make the ship shoot from one side of the channel to the other wiiile being carried on by tho tide. Hence- (b) To be vacillating or irresolute ; shilly-shally. — To back astern. See a.item.— To back dowii, to recede from a position; abandon an arf^umeiit o?- i>pinion; give in. — TO back out, to retreat from a dilficulty or wit^hdraw from an engagement. back-t, «• The earlier form of bai^. back-^ (bak), »i. [< D. bak, a bowl, tray, = Dan. bakke, a tiay, < F. bac. a, trough, basin, a brewer's or distiller's back, also a ferry- boat; ef. Bret, bak, hay, a boat, ML. bacus, baccu.s, a ferry-boat, bacca, a bowl ('vas aqua- rium'); oi'igin uncertain. Cf. 6a.si'«, from tho same source.] 1. A largo flat-bottomed fer- ry-boat, cspceitilly one adapted for caiTving veliicles, and worlvod liv a chain or roiio las- tened on eacli side of tho stream. — 2. A large cistern or vat useil by brewers, distillers, dyers, etc., for holding li(inids; a large tub or trough. — 3. A kind of wooden trough for holding or eaiTying fuel, aslios, etc.; a coal-scuttle: com- monly in tho diminutive form bakcy. [Scotcli.] Narrowly escaping breaking my shins on a turf tnirk. Scoll, Kob Hoy, 111. i:t. backache (liak'iik), «. Any dull or continuous |iaiii in the back. backache-brake (bak'Ak-brak), n. A name of Die ladv-rciii, .Isplrnium Filix-foemina. backacne-root (bak'ak-riit), "n. Tho button Miialii'rciot, I.ialris ypicata. back-action(bak'ak'shon),«. In marine cnfiin., having the connections between llii^ piston-roil and ciaiik reversed: as, a back-action steani- • ■iiniiii'. See fiction. backarack, ». See Hacharach. backaret, i'i''''> [Perhaps for ftncA- //irrr. The s|iflliiig barcarc, orig. Inirare, in the ]mssago atin, based on K. back.} Stand backl go liiickl Ah, ttackare, nuod Mortimer to Ids wiwr.. t;ditr.'\ The act of slandering tho absent; secret calumny. Envyings, wraths, strifes, iMckbitings, whisperings. 2 Cor. xii. 20. backbitingly (bak'bi'ting-li), adr. With back- bitiiig. back-block ( bak'blok), «. In piano-making, see iirist-hlock. backboard (bak'bord), n. [< 6ncfri, n., + board. The AS. bacliord (= D. LG. bakboord (> G. bac.k- bord, F. babord) = Dan. bagbord = Icol. bak- bordli, also balcbordhi) means Marboai-d.'] A board for (he back ; a board placed at the back orservingas tho back of something. Siiecifically— ((/) .\ board placed across the stern-sheet;* of a boat to sup- poi-t the backs of the occupants. (/>) .'\ small strip of wood used to support the hack and give erectness to the figure. A careful aiul undeviating use of the backl>oard ... is rcconuuended as necessary to the acquirement of that dignified deportment and carriage so requisite for every yoinig lady of fiishlon. Thackeray, (e) A board usetl in a lathe to sustain tho pillars support- ing the puppet-bar. (rf) In Eniili-^h (Vorkshlrel ro(i/-);M'n- inij, a thirl or cross-hole connnuidcating with the rctiU'U air-com-se. Orentey. back-bond (bak'bond), J(. In Scots law, a deed attacliing a qnalilication or condition to the terms of a. conveyance or other iiisli'iimoiil. backbone (bak'bon'), n. [ME. bakhone, hakbon,bacbon ; (.back^ + bonc^.] 1. The bone of the middle line of the back; the spine; tho vertebral column; the verlebrio collectively. — 2. Something resembling a back- bone in nppearance, position, or oflice : as, th<' Apennines are llie backbone of Italy. The phitoerats, shippers, nu^rchants and othi-rs who are the /'rte^bt)?ii' of the I'oiiKiTvative party. R. J. Ilinlvn, Eng. Rad. I.eailers, Ip. 202. 3. I'^ignrn lively, firmness; stn- bilily ol' purpose; iliM'ision of cliiii'nctcr; resolution; moral ]irini'iple. The civilisation is choap and weid( widtii has not the bacldnme of cun- sl>nr vcrtclim; .V.I, fir,t Hftcnd ver- lotirnj Ci*.i, rmt coc* cygenl vcrtcl>r.i. backbone backbone, to the utmost extent of one's power or nature ; out anil nut ; thoroughly; entirely. Jollv old liiu'bp, staunch to the backlmne. Butiver, Last Days of Pompeii, ii. 1. A true-lilue Tory lo the backtmne. T. Hughes. (iame li' the backbone. TroUope. backboned (b^k'bond'), a. Vertebrated; fui-- nisheil with a backbone. backcap (bak'kap), V. t. To depreciate or dis- iiarat,'!'. [U. S. slang.] backcarryt (bak'kar"i), m. In old Eng. forest laic, the erimo of having game on the back, as deer unlawfully killed. See backbcar. back-casing (bak'ka'sing), 11. In mining, a wall or lining of dry bricks, used m sinking through sand or gravel. Within it the permanent wall of the shaft is built up, after the bed-rock or stone- head has been reached. back-cast (bak'kast), n. [< haclc\ adv., + caiit, )(.] 1. A cast or throw back. — 2. A backward stroke, or a stroke driving one back ; hence, figuratively, any discouragement or cause of relapse or failm-e. [Scotch.] back-cast (bak'kast), a. [< back\ adv., + eiit:t, pp.] Cast or thrown back: as, "bacJc- caat thoughts," Joanna BailUc. back-center (bak'sen"ter), n. In a lathe, the point of the back or dead spindle of the tail- stock. It supports that end of the pi 413 backing-boards one for carrying ashes or cinders; a hod or coal-s(?uttle. [Scotch.] backfall (bak'fal), n. 1. In icrcxlling, a fall or trip-up in which a wrestler is thrown upon his back. — 2. In music, an obsolete melixlic deco- ration, nearly' like the modern long appoggia- tm'a : called a double backfall when prolonged. turned. The front center is tluit part .il tlie Hm- spindle which is in the headstock.— Back-center screw, in a lathe, the screw which gives longitudiTial motion to the back-center. back-chain (bak'ehan), n. A chain that passes over the saddle of a horse's harness to support the shafts of a cart or wagon. back-cloth (bak'kloth), n. 1. In calico-print- ing, a reinforcing cloth used to support a fab- tratcd: as, a portrait with a landsi-ape background; a Kroup of flgurcB with buildings in the baekijrourul. In landsiapeB, when no sueh evident opposition is intended, or when tile chief jTitercBt lii-sin tlie background, the term ilintinn-e is proitcrly n^cd to deimtc the more distant planes in the jdcture, as distinguished from thv /uret/round and the middle dintance. Here wc see the rude and simple expedient by which, to atone for the want of aerial perspective, the vase- painters indicated the baekurorind of their compogitions. Figures more distant from the eye are always represented seated or standing on a higher level than llgures in the foreground. C. T. Neviton, Art and Arehajol., p. 3BS. The leafless trees become spires of llame in the sunset, witli the blue east for tlieir backijrouml. Kinerson, Misc., p. 23. 3. Inphotog., the plain or decorated screens, proporties.'etc, placed liehind the 8ub.ieet in taking jjortraits, especially in regular gallery- work, in order to form an appropriate setting in the finished picture, lover whose front end backhand (bak'hand), n. and a. I. n. 1. "Writ- ing which slopes backward or to the lett: as, ho writes backhand. — 2t. In tennis, the posi- tion behind the principal player. No, faith, that's odds .at tennis, my lord ; not but if your ladyship pleases, I'll endeavour to keep your back- liand a little, tlio' upon my soul you may safely set me up at the line. Cibber, Careless Uusband, iv. II. a. Backhanded; unfavorable; unfair: as, a hackiiand influence. With the derf blow. — 2 Done or effected with the hand turned back- ward, crosswise, or in any oblique direction ; marked bv a backward slope, direction, or ef- fect: as, 'backhanded writing; a backhanded stroke in sword-play or lawn-tennis. In the lat- ter game a backhanded stroke is one that causes the ball to rotate so as to have a tendency on striking the ground to bound backward in tlie direction of the striker. Hence — 3. Figuratively, oblique in meaning; indirect; equivocal; ambiguous; sarcastic : as, a backhanded compliment.— 4. Twisted in the opposite way from the usual method : said of a rope. One part plain-laid and the other backhanded rope. Luce, .Seamanship, p. 252. backhandedly (bak'han'''ded-li), adv. With the hand tlirected backward: as, to strike back- 2. A friend at one's back; a backer. [Rare.] ,''""/^^'\ ,,,,,,„, j % rj.j^ back-game (bak'gam),». [<6«c;.l,a.,-^^r««..] ^ftf^^.^^Sl^acl^S^^^^^^ 1. A game at backgammon or chess.- 2. A ^jag^iiander (bak'han''der), n. A blow with Double Backfall. 3. In organ-building, a is raised by tho motion of a digital or pedal ' transmitted through a sticker (which see), its back end being correspondingly depressed : a device for transforming upward motion into downward. backfallert (bak'fa'ler), m. [< ftrtcfcl, adv., + falter. Ci. backslidcr.'i A backslider; a rene- gade. ■Joye, Kxpos. of Daniel, xi which is to be backfill (bak-fil '), V. i. and t. In engin., to fill (a ,^ Te""T'iT,"7 T .'/,i«H^ « 1 h material takenfroma cutting. l'ackhanded(bakha_n'ded)^^^f^^^ '«l//„+^ „ TUc -..nt,,,.,! of ti?n back ot the hand: as, a bacl.hanaea i fal"et), n. The return ot the pffpr.tpd with the hand tu depression) with back-fillet (bak margin of a groin, or of a door- or window-jamb, when it projects beyond the face of the wall. Such margins are said to be back-fdletcd. back-flap (bak'flap), V. That part of a window- shutter which folds into a recess made for it in tlie window-easing. .back-frame (bak'fram), n. An internally gear- ed wheel supporting the twisting pinions or whirlers of a rope-making machine. back-friend (bak'frend), ». [< 6ocA:l, a., + friend.] If. A false or pretended friend; a secret enemy. Let him take heed I prove not his back-friend. Massinger, Virgin-Martyr, ii. 1. Far is our church from incroaching upon the civil pow- ers, as some who are backfriends to both would mali- ciously insinuate. Sordli. rie which is being printed. — 2. Naut., a_ tri- angular piece of canvas fastened in the middle of a topsail-yard to facilitate the stowing of the bunt of the topsail. back-do-wn (bak'doun), n. The act of backing down. See back^, v. backed (bakt), p. a. [< back'^^, n. or )'., -t- -ed2.] In composition, having a back (with the qual- ity or characteristic noted in the first part of the word): as, a high-backed chair; hump- backed; hvoad-backed. Old rickety tables and chairs broken-iinci'c;. Thackeray. backen (bak'n), f . *. \_erl. [< backer^ + -most.'] BaekTuust. backet (bak'et), n. [< F. baquct, trough, dim. of bac : see back^.] A trough or box, especially the back of the hand: as, to strike one a back- hander. backhead (bak'hed), n. 1. The back part of the head: opposed to forehead.— 2i. False hair worn on the back of the head. backhouset (bak'hous), n. [< back"^, a., + house.] A building behind or back from the main or front building; hence, in country '.^, . V 1 „^ places, especially in New England, a privy. pose, with pieces or men, cUce-boxes, ij^ackhouse^t, »• Same as bakehouse. e. Thel'oardis in two parts, usually jniiged to- -[jagjjijjg (bak'ing), n. [Verbal n. of back\ v.] 1. Support, phvsieal or moral; supporters or backers collectively.— 2t. The address of a let- ter. — 3. Something placed at or attached to the back of something else to support, strength- en, or finish it; the act of providing anything with such a support. Especially — (a) .\ layer or lay- ers of timber, generally teak, on which the iron plates of armor-elad ships are bolted. (/<) A heavy plating of wood, or wood and iron, supporting the armor-plates of fortifica- tions or of targets from beliind ; a thick bed of rammed sand or concrete placed behind armored works or targets. The concrete might be faced with a comparatively thin steel plate which would explode the shell, and so save the backing. London Engiiieer. (<•) In bookbinding, the cun'ing of the back of sewed sheets intended for a book, with intent (1) to spread the thread so that the book will not be thicker at the back than at the fore edge ; (2) to make a secure rest in the arched groove at either side tor the cover; (3) to make the back nexible, so that the leaves of the book shall be flat when open. Backing is done by beating with a hammer or rolling with a machine, (rf) Inir^ari/).';. the web of coarser or stronger material at the back of such piled fabrics as velvet, plush, satin, Brussels carpet, etc. (.) In photog., a coating of a dull, dark pigment, placed on the liack of the sensitized plate in some classes of work to absorb light that might otherwise pass through tlie tllm, be reflected again upon it from the back of the gla.^is. and cause an effect of blur- ring. Such a hacking is useful in taking pictures in the direction of the chief light, attern or model. backmost (liak'inost). a. .sHW rl. [< back\adr., + -most. Cf. barkcrmore.l Hindmost. [Rare.] back-overman (bak'o'ver-man), V. In coal- ntiiiiiig, a man whose duty it is to see to the safety of a district of underground workings, and of the men working in it, during the back- shift. Ilrf.ilii/. [North. Kng.] back-painting (bak'pan'ting), n. A method iif applying varnish colors to mezzotint prints uflixod to ghiHH, in such a manner that they a|iriear as if painted on the glass. hacKpedal (bak-ped'al), V. i. In bicycling, to prc-s ilown upon the pedal as it rises, in order to c)i. ck the movement of tlie wheel. backpiece (bak'iH'js), ji. A piece at the back of h'.iiiithing; specifically, a i)iece of armor which loverod the linck an>l was connected with the l>reasli)late by sirups and buckles, hook- liiil the like. Hi-o back and hnaul, un- der i.''.i I, b:. , tioii ; the I the „•: f »f « i I the a |IIHlon "! ;, cniriTic. iv, liilel urill. 'jihif), n. Same as hackpitcr. itiak'[iresb'i;ir). 11. IVesHure 1 he roverso iit tlie normal direc- 'iiy. ^ ^ I ^1 414 the backward flow of a fluid or gas when the pressure in the normal direction falls below that in the reservoir or rhaml'er to which the tluid is supplied. backxackt, backragt, ». See Bacharacli. hack-rackett (.bak'rak et), n. The return of a ball in tennis; hence, figuratively, a cotmter- charge. Hon. Why, are not debts better than words, sir? Wit. .\re not words promises, and are not promises debts, sir? //(>«. He plays at back-racket with me. Middleton, Trick to Cateh the Old One, iv. 4. back-raking (bak'ra king), H. In /arrifry, an operation by which hardened fasces are with- drawn from the rectum. hack-rent (bak'rent), II. 1. Arrears of rent. — 2. In !r tlie lii'st lime in the preceding spring. [Western U. S.] backset (bak'set), n. [< back^, a. or adv., + cil'^, V. or H.] 1. A setting back or backward, as the result of some untoward circumstance or o))- posing agency; a check to progi'ess; retai'da- tion, or the losing of gi'ound ; a relapse : as, he suffered more than one serious backset; a back- set whii'li ap|Harecl to be fatal. — 2. An eac-U selllcMneiits of a country. backsheesh, ". See bakubi.'ih. hack-shift ( l.ak'shift), )i. [< back^, a., + .iliifl.] In nial-niininii, a second shift or relay of hewers who hc'gin cutting the coal after another set have lieguii to ilniw if, at tlie same place. hacksidetliak'siil'), n. [< ME. Imksidc; < lutein, II., -f- Hide.'] 1. The back part or asjiect of any- thing; the jiHi-t opposite to the front, or behind lliat wliich is presented to a spectator. [Prop- erly two wor. back-Bight (hak'sif), «. 1. In nurvcijing, th<' iiding of a leveling-rod, taken when looking which has been passed. All VI I'lilled J'ori.iighln.— Z. The prctciii itock-ficMun Valve. other reiidings are rear sight of a gun. back-skin (bak'skin), n. A leather dress used hy iiiiiicrH when at work in wot placoH. backstay hack-slang (bak'slang), n. [< ftacA-t, n. or adv., -\- .■^laiig. Cf. }mlindrome.'\ A species of slang 1 Ln which the words are pronounced or written backward, or as nearly so as the skill of the speaker or writer, or the possibility of pro- nouncing the word, ■will permit: thus, penny becomes ijenncp : woman, namow, and so on. backslide (bak-sUd'), r. /. ; pret. backslid (some- times backslided), pp. backslid, backsliddcit (sometimes backslided). ppr. backsliding. [< 6(7ci-l, adv., + slide.'] To slide back, in a figu- rative sense ; apostatize ; turn fi'om the faith ; depart from or abandon religious principles or practices. I have fallen back to my carnal temper, from the holy ways of God, and have again baekstidetl. Bp. Hopkins, Works, p. 5Sr>. Wien persons have been professors of religion, and have for viu-ious reasons baeksliddeii and declined into a carnal and secular life. //. H'. Beechcr. backslider (bak-sli'der), H. One who back- slides, (a) An apostate ; one who falls from the faith and practice of religion. Prov. xiv. 14. (6) One who neglects his religious vows and falls into habits of sin. backsliding (bak-sli'ding), «. A falling back in priiicijile or practice ; a lapse in or abandon- ment of religious obligation ; apostasy. Our backslid! ii'is are many: we have sinned .against thee. ' .Ter. xiv. 7. hackslidingness (bak-sU'iUng-nes), n. The state of backsliding. hack-spear, v. t. See back-^peer. hack-speed (bak'sped), n. In mcch.. a second speed-gear of a lathe, which can be brought into action on the fore-speed, so that second series of speeds of the spindle are thereby obtained. back-speer (bak'sper), v. t. [Sc, also written back-spear, -speir, < back^, adv., + .^pcer, ask, questicm.] To i-eexamino or cross-examine. [Scotch.] back-splinting (bak ' splin " ting), n. In coal- tiiitiing, a system of working coal over the goaf aiui across" the packs of 11 lower one got in ad- vance upon the long-'wall method. Greslri/. hack-spring (bak'spring), «. 1. A spring formed in the bolt of a lock by cutting a longi- tudinal slit near its upper edge, thus leaving a strij) of iinsupj)orted metal which by elastic pressure springs the bolt into its place when it is left by the key. — 2. The spring at the rear of the body of ,a vehicle; specifically, aC-spring ■which rides up at the back of the carriage, tho body of the latter being suspended from the forward end. — 3. A spring backward. back-staff (bak'stiif), «. An instrument for- merly used for measiu'ing tho sun's altitude at sea: so called because in using it the observer tunuMl his back to the sun. hackstair, backstairs (bak'star, -starz), ». and ((. I. II. A .stair or stairs in the back jiart of a house ; private stairs. [Properly two- words. See back^, a., 1.] II. ". 1. Of or pertaining to stairs in the back part of a house : as, a hackstair entrance. — 2. Indirect; tinderhand; unfair; intriguing: as, backstair influence. He's liki' a backstair minister at court, who, whilst tho ri'jMitcd favourites are sauntering in the bed-chamber, is rilling the roast in tho closet. Vanbruiili, Uclapse, ii. 1. Is he not a bafk-stairs favourite - one that can do what hu pleases with tliosc that do what they please'/ aiildsmilh, CoodNatureil Man, it, hack-stall (bnk'stal), n. The thief who walks behind the chief operator in a garrote-robbery to conceal him when at work and make olT wifli the bixity. ('I'hieves' slang.] i^rc garrole. backstandt (bak'stand), n. Support; some- thing to tall back upon. A sure stave and a stedfiwt backsfa iidc at home. Hull, Hen. VII. backstay (bak'sta), «. 1. In printing, a strap of leather used to che<>U the carriage of a )iriiiling-press. — 2. In emil-niining, a l'(U'kee(l at the binOt of the moving*/ bliidi' to keep lh(> two culling edges ill contact. — 0. In inrtal-lnrning, an ail.instable support for liny very long or slender article. — 7. pi. j\'iiit., long ropes I'xtendiiig backward from the heada of all masts above th(^ lower mast and fastened backstay on eacli sido of the ship to the ehain-plates, serving to support the masts — Backstay-stools, planking iir pk'ct's nf irun projecting from tlic side of a sliiji, to whicli tlie liaulistays are made fast. Tliey serve tlie same purpose for the backstays tliat tlie channels do for tlic shrouds. — Traveling tiackstays, backstays fitted witli a traveler wliirli slides up and down with the topsail-yard. Tile principal support for tlie mast is thus kept at that part wliieh is just above the yard. [Not now in use.] back-step ( bak'step), «. A rearward movement of a squad or body of troops, without change of front. backsterH, «• See baxter. backster^ (bak'ster), n. [Etym. uncertain.] A flat piece of wood or cork fastened on the feet for walking over loose beach. N. E. D. backstitch (bak'stich), n. A method of sewing in which each stitch overlaps or doubles back on the preceding one, the needle entering be- hind the thread at the end of the stitch already made and coming out in front of it. backstitch (bak'stich), V. t. and i. To sew with stitclies which overlap each other. See biwk-filitcli, n. backstone (bak'ston), n. [E. dial., = balcestotie, < babe + stone.'] The heated stone on which oat-cake is baked. [Prov. Eng. and Scotch.] back-stop (bak'stop), n. In base-ball, a fence placed a short distance behind the catcher to stop the ball if he fails to catch it. ortal. of Soul. I.whr. 415 5. In or by reflection ; reflexively. The mind can backward caat Upon herself her understanrtini? liijht. Sir J. DfivieH, Introd. to ' 6. In time past; ago. Some reigns backward. 7. In an opposite or contrary direction. Fo) every two steps they made forwards and upwards they slipped one hiwkwardn. Lady Brassey, Voyage of Sunbeam, I. ii. 8. In an opposite or reverse order; from the end toward the beginning ; in an order contrary to the natural order: as, to read or spell buck- ward; hence, perversely; in a wrong or per- verse manner. I never yet saw man. How wise, how noble, young, how rarely featur'd. But she would spell him backward. Shak., Much Ado, iii. 1. The gospel of Christ is read backwards, when tliat world which he came to save is regarded as a world which it is a merit to abandon. C. E. Norton, Travel and Study in Italy, p. 47. 9. From a better to a worse state; rotrogres- sively. The work went backward ; and the more he strove T' advance the suit, the farther from her love. Dryden. Backward and forward, to and fro.— To ring bells backward, to give an alarm by ringing the bells of a chime in the wrong order, beginning with the baas bell. The bells they riny backward, the drums they are beat. Scott, Bonnie Dundee. back-strap (bak'strap), n. A broad strap pass- ing along the middle of a horse's back from the "PP5l''"5:?'''f,?„*?,l^!.!™?P;!5„''L!:i'°i°^^^^^ backward (back'ward), a. [< bachvard, adv.] "^""'^'"^ - 2.. Directed to the back or rear: as, "a back- ward look," Sliak., Sonnets, lix.— 2. Reversed; returning; directed to or toward the original starting-point: as, a backward movement or journey. And now they do re-stem Their backward course. Shak., Othello, i. 3. 3. Done in reverse order; done in an order contrary to the natural order, as in repeating a sentence from the end to the beginning. Without his rod reversed, And backward mutters of dissevering power. We cannot free the lady. Milton, Comus, 1. 817. 4. Being in, or placed at, the back. Four legs and two voices. . . . His forward voice now junction with the hip-straps in a wagon-har- ness, and in a carriage-harness from the gig- saddle to the crupper. £. H. Knight. back-strapped (bak'strapt), p. a. Carried by head-winds to the back of a cape or promontory : said of a ship. back-stream (bak'strem), n. A current run- ning against the regular course of the stream ; an up-sfreara. back-string (bak'string), II. A leading-string by which a child is supported or guided from beliind. Cowpcr, Task, iv. 228. back-stroke (bak'strok), «. 1. A blow or stroke iu return.— 2. A backhanded stroke; a backhander. My uncle Toby never took this hack stroke of my father's at his hobby-horse kindly. Sterne, Tristram Shandy, vi. 31. 3. In tclea., the return-stroke of the lever in a telegraph-sounder. Standard Elect. Diet. back-swimmer (bak'swim"er), n. Same as biiiil-j!;/. back-sword (bak'sord), «. 1. A sword with one sharp edge, used for cutting rather than thrusting, sometimes curved, and frequently straight. It usually had a basket-hilt, and was the eomnion weapon of citizens and country people when the rapier and afterward the small-sword were worn by gentlemen. 2. A cudgel fitted with a basket-hilt, used for a particular kind of single-stick play. — 3. A cudgel-play in which the back-sword (in sense 2) is used, pecidiar to certain counties of Eng- land, and stUl kept up at festivals and the like in the attempt to preserve old customs. The guard is with the left arm, and the object of each player is to break the skin of Iiis adversary's forehead so as to draw blood. back-tack (bak'tak), ». In Scots law, a tack or lease connected with wadsets or mortgages. by which the possession of the land is returned ^ackwardt (bak'ward), n. [< backtvard, to the proprietor on payment of a rent corre- rpj^^ things or state behind or past. spending to the interest of the money advanced. What seest thou else See wadset. In the dark backward and abysm of time? back-tool (bak'tol), n. Any tool, either fillet Shak., Tempest, i. 2. or roll, used by bookbinders in decorating the backward! (bak'ward), v. t. [< backward, adv.] curved surface of tlie back of a book. To obstruct; keep'back; retard; delay. back-trickt (bak'trik), n. A caper backward in ^^jj^ ^^^^ ,j„ j lackward us. Hammond, Sermons, xv. dancing. I have the back-trick simply as strong as any man in Illyria. Shak., T. N., i. 3, backward, backwards (bak'ward, -wiirdz), adv. i< ME. hakward, bacward, adv., by apher- esis for abackward, < abak, adv., back, -1- -ward, -wards.] 1 . In the direction of the back : as, to throw the arms backward.— 2. With the backwardly (bak'ward-li), back first in the direction of motion : as, to ward direction, walk backward; to fall backward. He [Eli| fell from off the seat tecfairarrf, . . . and his neck brake. 1 Sam. iv. 18. Thou wilt fall hackicard. Sliak., R. and J., i. 3. 3. In the direction from which one has come ; <|oward that which is or has been left behind : as, he glanced backward. — 4. Toward bygone times or events; toward that which is past in time: as, to look backward to the last century. Baconian wardnens of the spring, (b) Unwillingness; reluctance; dilatoriness or dullness in action. Our backwardncHu to good works. Bp. Atterbury. (c) Basbfuliiess ; shyness. backwards, adv. See backward. back-washed (bak'wosht), a. Cleansed from oil, as wool after combing, back-water (bak'wa"t6r), )!. It. Water flow- ing in from behind. — 2. Water thrown back by the turning of a water-wheel or the paddles of steamboats, etc. — 3. Water held or forced back, as in a mill-race or in a tributary stream, in consequence of some obstruction, as a dam orfiood. — 4. An artificial accumulation of wa- ter obtained at high tide and reserved in reser- voirs, to be discharged at low tide for clearing off deposits in channel-beds and tideways. — 5. A creek or ann of the sea which runs parallel to the coast, having only a narrow slip of land between it and the sea, and communicating with the latter by barred entrances. Entering the mouth of the Morcdab, an extensive hack- water into wliich fall tlie I'iri-iJazaar and other streams, we come alongside a fairly constructed ijuay. O'Donovan, Merv. viii, backwood (bak'wud), n. That portion of a carpenter's plane which is immediately behind the plane-iron To drive the backwood up, to drive the wedge of a plane too tightly. Wlicn this is done the pressure r>f tlie plane-iron raises a bur or slight ridge at the an;^Ie of the mouth and sole. backwoods (bak'vpudz'), n. pi. Wooded or par- tially uncleared and unsettled districts in the remote parts of a new country; hence, in the United States and Canada, any rough or thin- ly settled region far from the centers of popu- lation. The very ease with which books containing the world's best literature were obtainable in the backwoods made our early writers copyists. Stedman, Poets of America, ii, 14. He (Count Tolstoi] put into ray hands a letter from sonie man living in a village in the backwoods of Pennsylvania. The Century, XXXIV. 'Zal. backwoodsman (bak'wudz'man), n. ; pi. back- woodsmen (-men). -An inhabitant of the back- woods. The General Boone, hackivoodsman of Kentucky, Was happiest among mortals anywhere. Byron, Don Juan, viii. 61. is to speak well of his friend; his backward voice is to backWOrm (bak'werm), H. A small worm gen- utter foul speeches, and to detract. Shak., Tempest, ii. 2. erally found in the thin skin about the reins of 5. Slow; sluggish ;unprogressive;imadvanced; hawks. See filaiideri . behind in progress: as, 3. backivard learner. backwort (bak'wert), 7i. The comfrey, Sym- Brigandage survives only in out-of-the-way corners of plii/tum officinale. the most backward countries of Christendom, such as back-WOUnding(bak'won"ding), a. Wounding .Spain and Sicily. J. Fiske, Evolutionist, p. 229. 6. Late ; behind in time ; coming after some- thing else, or after the usual time : as, backward fruits ; the season is backward. A dry, cold, backward spring, easterly winds. J5lirfi/n, Diary, April 15, 1688. 7. Holding back; averse; reluctant; hesitat- ing. The mind is backward to undergo the fatigue of weigh- ing every argument. Watts. For wiser brutes were backward to be slaves. Pope, Windsor Forest, 1. 50. 8. Timid; bashful; retiring in disposition; modest.— 9. Beaching back into the past; already past. Flies unconscious o'er each backward year. Byron, Childe Harold, ii. 24. a.] at the back or behind one's back; backbiting; injm'ing siuTeptitiously: as, "backwounding calumny," Shak., M. for M., iii. 2. bacon (ba'kon or -kn), n. [Early mod. E. also bakon, bakeii, < ME. bacon, bacoiin, bakoiin, < OF. bacon = Pr. bacon, < ML. baco{n-), bacon, side of bacon, shoulder, ham, also a swine, < OHGr. bahho, bacho, MHG. bache, side of bacon, ham, G. bache, a wild sow (obs. or dial., a ham), = MD. bake, bacon, ham, a swine, < OHG. "bah, etc., = AS. ba'c, E. back^ : see back^.] 1. Hog's flesh, especially the back and sides, salted or pickled and dried, usually in smoke. — 2t. Pork. — 3t. A hog; hence, a grossly fat person. — 4t. A rustic ; a clown : in allusion to the fact that swine's flesh was the meat chiefly eaten by the rural population. N. E. D. On, bacom, on ! Shak., 1 Hen. IV., ii. 2. To save one's bacon, to preserve one's self from harm. But here I say the Turks were much mistaken. Who, hating hogs, yet wished to save their bacon. Byron, Don Juan, vii. 42. bacon-beetle (ba'kon-be"tl), «. A species of the genus Dermestes, D. lardarius, family Der- mestid(E, order Cole- backwardation (bak-war-da'shon), n. [< back- ward, v., + -at ion.] On the London Stock Ex- change, the premium paid by a seller of stock for the pri\Tlege of postponing its delivery to the buyer until the next fortnightly settling- day. See contango. ■■ '■" adv The mandible is extremely massive and has a backwardly produced angle. Huxley, Anat. \ ert., p. 320. 2. Unwillingly; reluctantly; aversely; per- versely; ill. „ , I was the fli-st man That e'er receiv'd gift from him ; And does he think so backwardly of me now. That 111 requite it last? Shak., T. of A., m. 3. backwardness (bak'ward-nes), n. The state The lights of memory backward strf Whitlier, Memories. or quality of being backward, (a) Backward state as regards progress; slowness; tardiness: as, the back optera, whose larvfi are very destructiv. to stuffed anim;il- in museums. Tlir larvse are hairy, and whitish-brown iu color. 1. In aback- Baconian (ba-ko'ni- an), a. and n. [< iFraneis Bacon, bom 1561, died 1626.] I. fl. Pertaining to Fran- cis Bacon, Baron Verulam, commonly called Lord Bacon: as, the BncoHidH phi- losophy. — Baconian method, a term often, though incorrectly, ap- plied to the method of Bacon-Beeile {Dermtiies lardarius' . a. larva ; b, one of its barbed hairs ; i. beetle. (Hair-lines show naniraV sizes.) Baconian 41 G indnction (which see) as developed by modem science, on stroyed the Sanllus tubemilosis which is characteristic of the snpw^sition that Bacon was mainly instrumental in the disease. brinsing tliis method into general use. bactcritic (,bak-te-nt IK), (I. [< bacterium + -ti- n. 71. 1. An adherent of the Baconian jc : see -i<(S.] Characterized or caused by the philosophy. — 2. One who holds the theory presence of bacteria. that Bacon wrote the plays usually attributed bacterium (bak-te'ri-um), ». ; pi. hacferia (-&). to Shakspere. [NL., < tJr. ,iaKTr/pioi; a little stick, dim. of Sqk- Baconism (ba'kon-izm), n. [< Bacon + -ism.'] rijpla, a staff, stick, < ^aKrpot; a staff, stick, akin The pliilosophy of Francis Bacon, or the gen- to L. bacidum, a staff: see bactdus.'} 1. One eral spirit of his writings. of the micro-organisms which are concerned in These societies are schools of Saconii'm, designed to the putrefactive processes, and are known as embodv all that was of value in the thought and spirit of Schi:omycetes, or fission ftingi, in distinction Bacon- namely, a protest against traditional .aif'""'}' from Saccharomijcetes, or budding fungi, which inscience,\T>th. of course, a recommendation of induction "" ^ . ..J . ' . "=• e^ > and of the inductive sciences for their value in the art.s of life. Wri^lht. baconize (ba'kon-iz), r. t; pret. and pp. bacon- ized.yiiT.bacoiiiring. [<6acoH -t- -ice.] To make into or like bacon ; smoke, as bacon. baconweed (bii'kon-wed), ». The pigweed, Chcnopodiiim albiiiii. bacony (ba'kon-i), a. [< bacon + -^/l.] Like bacon ; lardaceous. bacteria (bak-te'ri-ii), n. [XL. : see bacterium.'] 1. i'im-dlof bacterium,!.— 2. [cap.] A genus of gressorial orthopterous insects, of the family I'hasmidfc; the stick-insects or walking-sticks. B. mrmentosa is about 10 inches long. See Phasmida^. Bacteriacea (bak-te-ri-a'sf-e), n. i)l. [NL., < Bacterium + -acecs.] A group of the simplest microscopic fungi, more usually called Schico- mijcetes, the acUorophyllous di^-ision of the Schizosporew of Cohn, or of the Scliizojiliyta of more recent authorities. They exhibit a great va- rieiv of forms, and are subdivided accordingly into— (1) Spliftrobacteria. wliich are spherical, as in Micrococcus; (2) ilicrijbiicifria. which are elliptical or shortly cylindri- cal, as in Bactfriutn, the only genus; (3) De.finobactcria, which consist of straight lilainents, as in liaciilu^ ; (4) Sfiir'iffift'Tta, in which tlie filaments are more or less c'fiU-d, as in .ii'iriHuin. bacterial (bak-te'ri-al), a. [< bacterium + -aU] Pertaining to or resembling bacteria; of the nature of or caused by bacteria : as, a bacterial parasite ill the blood; fiactena/ organisms; bac- terial infusions. The issue of a bacterial affection is either the death of the patient, or the death and elimination of the bacteria. Ziegler, Pathol. Anat. (trans.), I. 2S7. bacterian I'bak-te'ri-an), a. Same as bacterial. bactericidal i bak-te'ri-si-dal), a. [< bactcri- e'lii + -(d.] Destructive to bacteria. bactericide (bak-te'ri-sid), 11. [< NL. bacterium + L. -eida, < ea:dcre, kill.] A substance that Las the property of destroying bacteria. A baclericide of great activity. Therapeutic Gaz., Vllf. fiCl, Bacterides (bak-ter'i-dez), H. 7)^ [XL., prop. ' Bactirida; < Bacterium + -ides, -ida:] A name sometimes given indefinitely to a group of mi- crobes referable to the genera Bacillus and Bac- ti rinm (which see). bacteriform (bak-te'ri-f6rm), a. [< NL. bac- Irnum + L. forma, form.] Of the form of bactcna ; rcscMibliiig bacteria. bacterioid (bak-tu'ri-oid), a. [< bacterium + -fjid.] Kesembling or closely allied to bac- teria. bacteriological (bak-te'ri-o-loj'i-kal), a. Of or |iirlaiiiing to bacteriology. bacteriologist (bak-te-ri-ol'o-jist), n. [< bac- !• ni)tiiiiii -¥ isl.] One nkillcd in bacteriology. bacteriology ( buk-te-ri-oro-.ji), 11. [< NL. bacte- rium + (tr. -'/.oyia, < 'Myttv, speak: see -"/".7.'/.] That department of biology which investigates bacteria and other microbes, especially their life-history and agency in disease; the scien- tilic study of bacteria. l:.irt.-rudi<^ljl U now a natural science of sufllclnnt Ini- jHiTt.iiM'i- and roinplctrni'AH to take ItJi proper place in ii)k'it^ne, etiology, and pathological nnat'iiny. Science, VI. 77. bacterioscopic Cbak-le'ri-o-Kkop'ik), a. [< bac- I, , ,,, , .,yo/ + -ir.] Kehiting or pertaining to tho (h-,r i.. Fv (ir tibMcrvation of bactiria. bacteriOBCOpy (bak-lo-ri-OH'ko-jn), n. f< NL. Iiiiiiiriin,! + Cr. -flKoTi'n, < nhii-^iiv, view.] Mi- iT'.- ..,,!.■ invislii.'ntir>M of bar'Icria. bacteriotherapeutic ( bakte'ri-o-ther-a-pii'- iiV i.'iiiiriuni + llurdjitulic.] Pertain- iiij.' ithiTiipy. I 'r ,r fully followed the liaeltrinllifrniieutie (!• ' t |„) liielghtcaJM'Rof ndvauf't'tl plitlil- ■|. r. .V"/iV' -•otAlnlHH tl'litfriuin tennn I..m belli ' , I i iho Idea ilixl llio lin' Icrluiii ; bad H. a. Pertaining to or containing bactilites. Also bneulitie — Baculite limestone, a name given to the Chalk of Nonnaiidy, iroiii the abundance of haculites which it contains. Baculites (bak-u-li'tez), n. [NL., < L. baculum, a staff, H- -ites': see -ite^.] A genus of poly- thalamous or many -chambered eephalopods, belonging to the family Ammonitida'. The species are known only in a fossil state, having become e.xtinct at the close of the Cre- taceous period. The shell is straight, more or less compressed, conical, and very much elongated. The chambers are sinuous and pierced by a margiiiiil siphon. The external chamber is con- siderably larger than the rest. There are about 2u species, found from the Neocomian to the Chalk formation. baculitic Oiak-ii-lit'ik),a. Same as hiicuiitr. baculometry (bak-u-lom'e-tri), n. [< L. baculum, a staff, + Gr. -/lerpia, < ftlTpov, a measure.] The measurement of heights or distances by means of staves. Phillips. baculus (bak'u-lus), n. : pi. baculi (-li). [L., more commonly neut. baculum, a stick, staff, sceirter, etc.; cf. LL. dim. bacillus (see bacil- lus); akin to Gr. i^aKrpov, a rod, staff: see bac- terium.] 1. A di\ining-rod. — 2. A long staff or crutch upon wliicli worshipers were form My allowed to lean during long offices, such as tho psalms. — 3. [cap.] [NL.] A genus of crusta- ceans Portion of Bacuiitei /aujasii. produce alcoholic fermentation. Their true charac ter W.1S long in doubt, but they are now generally regarded as the lowest forms of vegetable life, and are known to mul- tiply, in some species at least, b.v the formation of spores and even of true sporangia. They consist of exceed- ingly minute spherical, oblong, or cylindrical cells, with- out "cliloropbyl, multiply by transverse division, and may be found anywhere. Thfeir origin and the part they take in putrefaction, fermentation, and disease have been the subject in recent yeai-s of much study and discussion. Very much remains in doubt, but there is no question of the importance of these investigations from a sanitary point of view. It also appears to have been demonstrated that the bacteria which exist in the soil are active in changing otherwise inert substances into matter suitable for the food of plants, converting the nitrogenous matter of oi-ganic origin into soluble nitrates. The genera and species have been variously delined, and are necessiu-ily based on slight chai'actei-s. The groups and principal genera usually recognized are M Icrorocrw^, with spherical cells, concerned in certain fcrmentatitms and found in ccnmection with speci.il contagious iliseascs; the rod-bac- teria, Ilacterium : the straight liiiform bacteria. Bacillus, etc. ; and the spiral flliforin bacteria, I'lArio, .S/iiViViiii/i, ,,,,,, , -y mr' t j i j7 i j etc. Of the genus Micrococcus, M. iHiMlieriticux is con- bad^ (bad), a. and 11. [< ML. bud, bnddc. bad, sidered to be the special cause of diphtheria, and .V.rnc- worthless, wicked, prob. a generalized adj. citUK of smallpox, ^ee Bacteriaccw, and cut \\tu\GT tmcillus. 2. [cap.] A genus of microscopic ftmgi, con- sisting of a single short cylindrical or ellipti- cal coll, or of two such cells united end to end, and capable of spontaneous movement. Tho best-known species, B. tenno, is the prime cause of putre- f.iction, occmTing early in all infusions of animal and vege- table substances and multiplying with great rapidity. The individuals of this species are about one ten-thou- sandth of an inch in length. Bactrian (bak'tri-an), a. and n. [< L. Bactri- anus (Gr. BaKvpiavog), < Bactria, < Gr. 'Eanrpia (also iiiiK-pa, < Pers. Bdkhtar), a pro^•ince so called.] I. a. Of or pertaining to Bactria or Bactriana, an ancient country of central Asia, with its capital, Baetra, on the site of the mod- em Balkh. It became a province of the Persian empire under Cyrus, and from al>out t^ih to alxiut 120 B. 0. was a separate kingdom under a tireek dynasty. — Bactrian camel, see cd «/»■(. II. n. A native or an inhabitant of Bactria. Bactris (bak'tris), «. [NL., < Gr. jiuKTpov, a staff : see bacterium.] A genus of slender palms, consisting of about 40 species, found about rivers and in marsliy places in America within the tropics. The stems arc generally covered Itactril aca»thar»r/a, wHIi friill, nnd mil deprivrd of 111 luitk, . the dou ij|»n llic Ultcr kliowlnj; |Mtkltlon of cnilfryo*. witli nplneii, and tlin leaves are )ilniintc, tliouRh occasion. ally simple or 2lohed. The frnit Is sinnll, with a thin fibrous pulp Inelosliig a hard lilai'k nut. The kernel of H. tnnjor Is eaten III Cartiuicna. The iilper, Expostulation. 6. Incorrect; faulty: as, a bad aim; ftad Eng- lish ; a bad pronunciation. fall, if you will, bad rhyming a disease. Pope, Imit. of Horace, II. ii. 182. 7. Not valid ; not sound : as, a bad claim ; a bad plea. " You had better get a porter's knot, and carry trunks." Nor was the advice bad ; for a porter was likely to be as plentifully fed, and as comfortably lodged, as a poet. Macaulny, Samuel Johnson. 8. Unfavorable; unfortunate: as, bad news; bad success. Perplex'd and troubled at his bad success The tempter stood, nor had what to reply. Milton, P. R., iv. 1. [Bad is the ordinary antithesis of pood, in all its senses, whether positively, 'evil,' 'harmful,' or negatively, 'not good,' ' not satisfactory,' and whether substantively, ' being evil,' or causally, 'causing harm.' The senses run into one another, tlu' i.rcLise iipiiliiiitimi IkIui; deUrrnined by the context.] — Bad Wood, bad conscience, ctr. .See the nouns.— Bad form, conduct not in jucindaiicc with good taste or propriety, or not in keeping witli the present couventioiial usage; slightly vulgar; not very refined. [Slang. J They are taught that to become emotional or enthusi- astic over anytliing is bad form. N. A. Itee., CXLII. 621. In bad odor. See odor.— 'Wltli a bad grace. See prace. II. «. That which is bad. (a) A bad condi- tion: as, to go to the bad (see below). (6) A bad thing : as, there are bads and goods among them. — To the bad. (a) To ruin, financial or moral : as, he and his atfairs soon went to the bad, (i)) To the wrong side of the account; inarrearor deficit: as, I am now 8100 to the bad. bad^ (bad). Preterit of bid. badak-tapa (bad'ak-tap'ji), n. [Malay.] The Malay name of the rhinoceros of Sumatra. badaneh (ba-dii'ne), h. The tunic worn by the Egyptian califs, made of the very finest quality of linen. The weight of the garment was only 2 ounces, and it is said to have cost 1,000 dinars (about S2,600). baddam (bad'am), «. A species of bitter al- mond imported into some parts of India from Persia, and used as money, with a value of about half a cent. baddert (bad'6r), a. Old comparative of bad. See tnrfi. Lewed peple . . . demen gladly to the badder ends. Chaucer, Squire's Tale, 1. 216. Were it badder, it is not the worst. L'/lu, Euphucs. badderlocks (bad'^r-loks), n. [Supposed, with- out evidence, to stand for Baldcr's locks. Cf. balder-brac.'] A name given in Scotland to the edible seaweed Alaria esculenta. The plant is olive-green, belonging to the order Luminanaft'te, and has a lanceolate frond borne upon a stipe which is continued into a midrib. The stipe bears ribless leaflets along its sides. Also called henware, and in the Orkney Islands hnnfv-varc ; in parts of Ireland, murlins. baddestt (bad'est), a. Old superlative of bad. See /«((/!. The boAidesi among the cardinals is chosen pope. Sir E. Sandijs, State of Religion. baddish (bad'ish), a. [< bad^ + -isZil.] Some- what bad ; of inferior character or quality. He wrote baddish verses. Jeffrey. A snuffy, babbling, baddish fellow. Carhjle, The Century, XXIV. 24. baddock (bad'ok), ». [E.dial. Ct.badock.'] A local English name of the coalfish. bade (bad). Preterit of bid. badelaire (ba-de-lar'), «. [F., formerly haude- lairc: see hadelar.'] In her., a curved sword or cutlas used as a bearing. badelart, «. [< F. badelaire (ML. badelare, badarellus). Cf. baselard, baslnrd.l A short curved sword. Urquhart, tr. of Rabelais. badgel (baj), n. [< ME. badge, bagge, bage (also h((gi/, early mod. Se. bagie, liadgie, bawgy), later in ML. bagea, bagia, OF. bage (rare). Origin unknown; perhaps < ML. baga, a ring, < OS. bug, hog = AS. bedg, bcdh, a ring, orna- ment, ME. beg, heigh, etc., mod. E. bec~, q. v.] 1. A token or cognizance worn in allusion to the wearer's occupation, position, preferences, or achievements. The badge in the middle ages was not necessarily heraldic, though in many cases it was se- lected from one or more of the heraldic bearings, and it is nut bound by heralds' rules. Thus, the wliite hart of Richard II. is represented in different attitudes, and is not described in the language of blazon. A figure for a badge niight also be chosen arbitrarily, as the boar of Richard III. Badges selected as personal tokens have often become heraldic bearings, as the three feathers of the Prince of Wales. His gorgeous collar hung adown, Wrought with the badge of Scotland's crown. Scott, Marmion, v. 8. 417 2. A mark, token, or device worn by servants, retainers, partizaus, or followers, as a sign of their allegiance, or a similar token worn by members of an association to indicate their membership. On bin brejist a bloodie Crosse he bore, The dearo remembrance of his dying Lord ; For whc)8e sweeto sake that glorious badije he wore. Spenser, K tj., I. i. 2. 3. Tho mark or token of anything. Sweet mercy is nobility's true badi/e. Shak., 'iMt. And., i. 2, Zeal for orthodoxy became a badfie of Spanish patriot- ism after tho long struggle, first with Ariatis, and then with Moors. //. iV. Oxenhain, Sliort Studies, p. 387. 4. Naut. : («) A carved ornament formerly placed on ships, near the stern, and often con- taining tho representa- tion of a window, (h) A mark of good conduct awarded in the United States naval service to seamen distinguished for sobriety and obedi- ence — Bad$e of Ulster, in her., the ancient distinctive ensign of tlie onler of liaro- nets. (See baronet.) It is the ancient badge of the Irish kingdom of Ulster, and is thus blazoned: arg., a sinister hand appaumi^e, couped at the wrist, gules. This may be borne upon a canti.Mi or an in- escutcheon, arul on that part of the bearers annorial shield which is most convenient. Sometimes called the btoodi/ hand of Ulster. — COrps badges, tokens worn by the dirtercTit United States army- corps during the civil war of 1861-6.5, to tli.stinguish them one from another. badgei (baj), v. t; pret. and pp. budged, ppr. badging. [< badge'^, ».] To mark or distinguish with a badge or as ynth. a badge. [Rare.] Good-conduct Bad^e, U. S. Navy.— Pendant of silli ; outer ed^es, blue : second stripes, white ; center, red. Medal of bronze. A clasp with name of ship given for each succeeding recommendation for good con- duct, to be worn on the pendant as in the cuL Their hands and faces were all badq'd with blood, t Shak., .Macbeth, ii. 3, badge-t (t>aj), v. i. [Early mod. E. also bagge; appar. the som-ce of badger^ as a noun of agent (< badge'^ + -o'l), but the verb appears later than the noun and is prob. a reverse deriv. of it, like jieddic ivova peddler or pedler, etc. : see badger^.'] To hawk for sale ; buy up, as pro- visions, for the purpose of selling again; re- grate. badgeer, ". See hadgir. badgeless(baj'les), a. [taLle. See tcind-faii. Also WTitten 6aJ<7^er. badiaga (bad-i-a'ga), n. [Knss. badyaya, also iiodijaqa.\ A small sponge (Spongilla) com- mon in the north of Europe, the powder of which is nsed in removing the livid marks of bruises. badian, badiane (ba'di-an, -an), n. [< F. 6a (/, ■ ■ ■ 418 bads (badz), n. pi. [E. dial.] The husks of walnuts. Halliwell. [Prov. Eng.] bael, «. See hel^. baeta (ba-a'ta), n. [Pg. baeta, baieta = Sp. ba- ijeta, baize : see baize^ A plain woolen stuff manufactured in Spain and Portugal. >Si»(- monds. Baetis (be'tis), n. [NL., < L. Baiis, Gr. Boi-(c, a river in Spain, now called Guadalqui%-ir.] A bag To practise deceit ; shuffle; H. intrnnK. If, quibble. Do we not palpably baffle wlien, in respect to God, we pretend to deny om-selvcs, yet, upon m-gent occasion, al- low him nothing? ISarmw, Works, I. 437. 2. To struggle inefifectually; strive in vain: as, the ship haflcd with the gale. — 3. In coitl- miiiiiiff, to bnisli out or mL\ fire-damp with air, __ ^ to such an extent as to render it non-explosive. geniiiof agnathous neuropterous insects, of the baffle (baf'l), ». [< bnfle, v.] If. Disgrace; family £pliemcrida', or gi^nng name to a gi-oup Batida, containing numerous species with 4 wings and 2 setEe. ■ ■ '" Same as 6(rf/;/M-s. dian, badiane (ca tu-an, -an;, n. L^ -r- "«- bsetyl (be'til), «. Same as b(Ftuhis. aiir, said to be so named from the color of the |,jetylus (be'ti-lus), )i. [L., also ba'tidiu<:, betii- ipsules, < L. budiiis. bay: ^^ ^ ;„^. <; fy Salrv'/.oc, also iiairv'/Mv, a meteoric cap; see 6a 1/6. ] The fruit of JIU- cium anisatiim, the Chinese anise-tree, it abounds in a vol- atile oil which gives it an ar«> matic flavor and odor. On this account it is much use Inn manner W'llich falls Ijelow a recognized standard or fair average of excellence; unskil- fully ; imperfectly ; defectively ; poorly ; not well : as, the work wjL-* bfully done. Ul"^ Incorrectly; faultily: as, to sjM-ak French ImuU;/. (e) I'nfortunately ; unsuccessfully: OH. the army fared Aa/////. — Badly Off. See off. badmash, ". Same .is budmasb. badminton (bacl'min-ton), «. [< Hadminlnn, in I iliicii'cstorsliirc, Knglaiid, a seat of the duke of llouufort.] 1. Am English outdoor game, Hiiailar to la>vn-tenniH, but played with shuttle- coek-'f. — 2. A summer l)evcriit!c, jiroperly a claret-cup ma.) [Wlih or without a capital in either senso.] badness (lind'ncH), n. [< 6n(/l + -ncMn.] The HtttH! of lieing ba|iinlitieH, physical or moral: nfi, II the r. rlarcd, badocb So.,|; jwgi I predatory marine l)ir(l o( the family taridte. par (ly. 2t. To hoodwink ; cheat. Alas, poor fool ! how have they baffled thee I A7m*.,T, N., v. 1. 3. To circumvent by interposing obstacles or diniculticH ; defeat t'lie cITorls, jiuriiose, or sue- COSH of; friiHtrate; cheek; foil; Ijiwarl ; dis- concert; coiifoiind: as, the fox baffled his pur- suers ; to baffle curiosity or endeavor. To paint lightning, and to give It no motion, la the doom of the ImfflM artlHt. /. iritrarli, Amen, nfj.lt., II. 'iin. falciilntlons so dlflleillt as tHt cnllKbUned nations, I'reteoll. 1 never watched Uobcrt In my life hut my scrutiny was presently Imffled by llnding he was wat mod. E. 6c//,v and lielidir.t :' see 6(7///, where other forms are given, and bellows. Cf. OK. bagne = Pr. bagua = \U dial, liaga, a buniUe, baggage, ML. 6((.(/a, a liiig, eliest, baggage, belongings, appar. from tile Tcut. Ill- tllc^ similar Celtic forms.] 1. A small sack; a ))orlable receptacle or reposi- tory of leather, cliitli, paper, or other II(>xibIo UHiteriiil, cajvible of being closed at the mouth; a wallet ; a pouch : as, a llniir-6(/(/ ; a rumct-bag or traveling-6(((/ ,• a niiiil-6((r/. .Siiocilically — 2. A ])urso or mimey-bag. He wiuH u thief, and had the liari. John xll. fl. 3t. A small silken iioucli in which the back hair of the wig was curli'd away. A bob wig ali.l n bla. U hllk.ii /»(;/ lied 1.. It. ,l,Wl>oii. 4. What is contained in a bag; in bnnting, the animals bagged or obtained in an expedition or a day's sport. Till' /in// Is not the solo aim o( a day alleM. Fitrent and Stream, XXI. 2. 6. A sac or rncoptnclo in aniiiial bodies con- liiiiiing some fluid or other siibslance: as, Iho h(>ney-6(i(/ of a bee. — 6. An uilder. Tile cow Is sacrlllccd to her tmn, the ox to his sirloin. Kmermin, Eng. Tralta, p, 09 . 'JOH. bag 7. pi. The stomach. [Scotch and north. Eng.] — 8. jil. Trousers. [Vulgar.] — 9. The middle part of a large haul-seiue : the two parts on the sides are called toiiins. — 10. A flue in a porco- lain-oven which ascends on the inner side, and enters the oven high up, so as to heat the upper pjij.t. — 11. A customary measure of capacity, generally from 2 to 4 bushels. — 12. In coal- mining, a quantity of tire-damp suddenly given off from the coal ; also, the cavity from which the gas is emitted: formerly used to include cavities containing a large amount of water. —Bag and baggage, M one's belongings or property: oriKiiiiiUy :i niilitury phrase. roTiii-, shepherd, let us make an honourable retreat; thoiiit of departure and the company whicli issues it. A duplicate is given to the traveler, on thf prrsi iitatinn rtf whicii tlie ba^rgage can be reclaim- ed. H'. S. and Canada.] baggaged (bag'ajd), a. [E. dial., appar. < bag- gage^ -\- -cd".] Mad; bewitched. [I'rov. Eng.] baggageman (bag'Sj-man), n.-, pi. baggagemen (-men). A man who handles baggage; espe- cially, one who carries or throws it into a bag- gage-oar. baggage-master (bag'aj-mas"tcr), «. An offi- cer of an express, railroad, or steamship com- pany whose duty is to look after the baggage intrusted to the company's care. baggagert (bag'aj-er), n. [< baggage^ + -erl.] One who carries baggage; speeificall.v, one who assists in caiTying the baggage of an army. The whole camp fled amain, the victuallers and bag- gagers forsaking their camps. Baleigh, Hist, of World, III. x. § 3. baggage-truck (liag'aj-truk), n. A hand-truck for transferring baggage at a railroad station, passenger wharf, etc. baggala, baglo (bag'a-lji, bag'16), H. [Ar.] A two-masted Arab boat used for trading in the Baggala. — Fiom model in South Kensiogtoo Museum. London. Indian ocean, between the Malabar coast and the Red Sea. Large numbers of baggalas trade between Muscat, the Red Sea, and India, making one-voyage each way annually with the monsoons. They are generally of from 200 to 250 tons burden, are exceedingly weatherI.T, and are remarkable for the elevation of the stem, whicli is liii:hly ornamented. Also bagla and buggaloir. bagget, «'. '• [ME., found only twice, in the ap- parent sense of 'squint,' or 'look aside'; adv. bagginghj, q. v. Origin obscure.] A word of doubtful meaning, probably, to squint or look aside. False fortune . . . that baggeth foule, and looketh faire. Chancer, Death of Blanche, 1. 621. bagged (bagd), p. a. 1. Hanging in bags or slack folds. In a robe of russet and white mixt, full and bagged. B. Jonmn, Masque of Beauty. 2. Provided with bags. — 3. Retained in the bags after filtration: applied to crude sperm or other matter remaining in the filtering-bags after the process of bagging. bagger (bag'er). H. [< ba(p-, v., + -eel. Only modern : see etym. of be-ggar, and cf. badger^.] One who bags or incloses in a bag. baggety (bag'e-ti), n. See bagaty. baggie (bag'i), «. [Sc, dim. of ftajcl. Ct.belli/.] The belly. A guid New-yeai" I wish thee, Maggie ! Hae, tliere's a ripp to thy auld baggie. Burns, Fanner to his Auld Mare Maggie. baggily baggily (>)ag'i-li ), adr. In a loose or baggy way. bagginess (bag'i-nes), n. [< baggy + -iwss.} The state or quality of being baggy. There was a bag^n^ss about the trousers which indi- cated the work-a-day costume of a man of might. Salioimi Baplut, XVIII. 6. baggingl fbag'ing), M. [Verbal n. of fcaj/l.] 1. ■flic aft of putting into bags. — 2. Filtration through canvas bags. Separation of " brown paraffin scale " is efTected by frag- ging and pressing. Urc, Diet., III. 511. The first operation needed to fit spermaceti (or use is leclinkally termed bagging. The crude sperm oil, as brooglit in bv the whalers, is placed in a reservoir, at the bottom of winch are a number of pipes leading into long bags lined with linen, and temporarily closed at the bot- tom by tying cords round the mouths. ir. L. Carpenter^ Soap and Candles, p. 241. 3. Any coarse woven fabric of hemp, etc., out of which bags are made, or which is used for covering cotton-bales and for similar purposes. — 4. In the northern counties of England, food eaten between regular meals; now, especially in Lancashire, an afternoon meal, "'afternoon tea " in a substantial form. X. E. D. bagging- (bag'ing), n. [Verbal n. of bag-.'] A metliiiil of reaping com or pulse by chopping it witli a hook. bagginglyt, «''<■■ [ME., < bagge, q. v.] With a leering expression. Rom. 'of the Sose. bagging-time (bag'ing-tim), n. [E. dial., < bagging + time.] Lunch-time. baggit (bag'it), n. [Sc, prop. p. a., = E. bugged.] A female salmon after spawning. baggy (bag'i), a. [< bagl + -j/l.] Ha\-ing the appearance of a bag ; bulging out loosely like a bag; puffy: as, a baggy umbrella ; a baggy fa.ee. \Vc untwisted our turbans, kicked off our baggy trow- sens. B. Taylor, Lands of the Saracen, p. lOtJ. He looked like a Hindoo idol, with his heavy-lidded orbs and baggy cheeks. T. B. Alilrich, Ponkapog to Pesth, p. 20t. bag-holder (bag'hol'dtr), «. A contrivance for supjiorting a bag and holding it open dur- ing till' process of filling it. Bagimont's Roll. See roll. baglo, bagla, «. See baggaln. bag-machine (bag'ma-shen'), h. A machine for making paper bags. bagman (bag'nian), «. ; pi. bagmen (-men). One wlio carries a bag; especially, one who travels on horseback carrying samples or wares in saddle-bags : a name formerly given to com- mercial travelers, but now used only as a term of moderate contempt. bagne {F. pron. bany), n. [F.] Same as hagitio, 3. bag-net (bag'net), n. An interwoven net in tlie form of a bag for catching or landing tish. bagnet (bag'net), «. An obsolete or dialectal fonn of liayonct. bagnio (ban'yo), n. [Early mod. E. also bagno, hauii), < It. bagno (> F. bagne in sense 3) = Sp. bailii = F. bain (see bain-), < L. balneum, a bath : si-e balneum.] 1. A bath; a house for bathing, cupping, sweating, and othenvise cleansing the body. — 2. A brothel; a stew. — 3. In the Turk- ish empire, a prison in general; in France, for- merly, one of the great prisons (bagncs) substi- tuteil for the galleys, now superseded by trans- portation : perhaps so called from the former use of ancient baths in Constantinople as prisons. Bagnolian (bag-no'li-au), H. [From Ilagnols, ill tlie department of fJard, France, where tlio licresv had its ri.so.] One of a sect of French lieretics of the eiglith century, wlio rejected thi- whole of the Old and part of the New Tes- iiiiiient, and generally held the doctrines of the .NbiMiidienns. The nanw was again applied in tlie thirteenth century to some of the Cathari. Tliey were also called .^ HiigniihnseH. ^^ bag-nut fbttg'nut), h. ^ ij^ Tlie bludder-nut of Y1\i- rope, HUiphylea pin- na la. bagonet 0>ag'6-net), n. [Cf. hagn.'l^ ' An ob- doli • ■!; I.etal form .,f I.. bagpip' I ML- pip), B. [MK. /..',,,,, /„^„ ;(,baf/l + }i>i ■ I .1 inivtical winil-i I tniinent con- msiiii,- '.f u leathom bat' ■ ' itho »'r I I. or friiiii 1 of pipe*, iiit'i wliii-.li tliii iMin^ri'»''"'«i^i''- 420 air is pressed from the bag by the performer's elbow. It originated in the East, was known to the Greeks and Romans, was popular in Europe throughout the middle ages, and is still used in many eastern coun- tries, as well as among the country people of Poland, Italy, the south of France, and in Scotland and Ireland. Though now often regarded as the national instrument of Scotland, especially Celtic Scotland, its origin and use seem to belong to the Celtic race in general. In its best- known form it has four pipes. One of these, called the chanter, has a double reed and eight finger-holes, so that melodies may be played upon it. Its compass may be ap- proximately indicated thus : bahut tection, and moves with it hanging downward ; it has also received the names baAk^^t-tcorin. drop-xcorm, etc. The male insect has well-developed wings, but the female is apterous, and lays her eggs within the puparium. ^ =!?= Bafr-pump. IvcU disk es the lace of the iiicket. There are three other pipes, called drones, with a single reed, which give a continuous sound, and are tuned in various ways. There are several kinds of bagpipes, as the Scotch (Highland and Lowland), which is the most important, most characteristic, best known, and perhaps the oldest ; the English, or perliaps more properly North- umbrian, a feeble instrument, no longer in use ; and the Irish, which is the most elaborate and most in accordance with modem ideas of musical accuracy. The word is now used cliiefly in the plural, especially in Scotland. bagpipe (bag'pip), v. t. ; pret. and pp. bagpiped, ppr. Iiagpiping. [< bagpipe, «.] To cause to resemble a bagpipe — To bagpipe the mizzen (||(I»^), to lay it aback by bringing the sheet to the niiz- zen-shrouds. bagpiper (bag'pi"p.er), ji. \}>1'E. baggejiipere ; < bagpipe + -crl.] One who plays on a bagpipe. Luii^'h, like parrots, at a bagpiper. .Shah., M. of V., i. 1. bag-press (bag'pres), n. A press in which the materials to be pressed are inclosed in sacks or bags of linen or hair, it is used in various manufacturing processes, as in the expressing of oil from seeds. bag-pudding (bag'pud"ing), n. A inuliliiig boiled in a bag. bag-pump (bag'pump), H. A form of bellows-pump in which there is an elastic bag, distended at in- tervals by rings, fastened at one end to the bottom of the piston- ^ ^.^^^.^^ chamber, and at the other to the whi'ch''tak valve-disk. B. Agr. -An abbreviation of Bach eliir of Agriculture, a title conferred by agricul- tural colleges. See bachelor. bagrationite (ba-gra'shon-it), n. [After P. R. liagrdtioii : see -ite-.] A mineral from the Ural, resembling some forms of allanite, of which it is probably a variety. bag-reef (bag'ref), »;. The lowest reef of a fdie-aiid-ai't sail, or the first reef of a topsail. Bagrinae (ba-gii'ne), «. pi. [NL., < J}agru.'< + -inw.] A subfamily of catiislies, of the family Siluridw. They have the anterior anil posterior nos- trils remote from one another, tlie latter being provided with barbels; iialatal teeth ; gill-membranes free from tlie isthmus : a short anal Iln ; a long adijiose flu ; and a short dorsal Iln in front of the ventral fins. There arc many siitciis. mostly Asiatic and East lliiliiill. bag-room (bag'riim), H. A room on a man-of- war where the clotliiiig-bags of tlie crew are slored. I.ure. BagTUS (bag'nis), n. [NL., < Sp. Pg. bagrc, a lish, Siluru.s bagrc] The typical genus of catfishes of the subfimiily liagrina: Two spe- cies, attaining a length of ') orti feet, are found in llie Nile. Bagshot beds. See beifl. bag-trousers(bag'trou'z6r7,),«. pi. Thecover- iiig fur I lie legs worn by men in the Levant, and tou certain e.xleiit by all Mohammeilnn peoples. Itcon«i»(i of an iMiiliviifed bag willi l"o liulcs in tlie bot- tom, Ihloiigii Mliii li till' feet me ]ias.Hi-d. II is drawn up with a cord, uiiil tml ai id the waist and around the ankles, or above tliini. uikI 1» eomi ily so full as nearly to reach the ground in falling over the feet. The trousers of tlio women arc more commonly iniidu with two legs, like F.iiropeaii draweis or trousers. See prilicoat-trumeri and uliinti.ii'in. bagnet, baguette (ba-gef), n. [< F. baguette, a wniiil, iMil, .'.tiek, < It. Imcchctia, a rod, slick, dim. of harehio, a rod, pole, < L. haculum, a rod, stick: see haculus.] In areli., a sniiiU convex semicircular molding: usually called when jilain a bead, when enriched with foliage a ehtr/ilrl. bag-wig (bag'wig), «. A wig Iho back liair of whii-h was inclosed in a bag. Heo hag^, 3. I;«|iecl at eviry liini to conn' iipon Intrlgnliig upectrei In haU'Wign, ImnieliHe hoopti and imlchen. llmirlU, \enillan I.lfc, x\\. bagwigged fbng'wigil), a. Wearing n bag-wig. bag-worm (biig'werm), ». The larva of ii le|)idopter<' yourig caterpillars in their bags. bagwynt, «. In her., a fabulous beast, like an antelope with a horse's tail. Cussans. bah (bii), intcrj. [< F. hah, interj. of contempt.] An exclamation expressing contempt, disgust, or incredulity. Twenty-tive years ago the vile ejaculation bah .' was ut- terly unknown to the English public. De Quinreij. bahadur (ba-ha'dor), n. [Hind. bdhadur,hTS,yfi, gallant; as a noun, a hero, champion.] A title of respect commonly affixed to the names of European officers in Indian docu- ments, or used in ceremonious mention by na- tives : as, Jones Sahib Bahadur. It may be cone pared to the phrase "gallant officer" of parliamentary courtesy, or the " illnstrissimo signoro " of the Italians. It was conferred as a title of honor by the <;reat Mogul, and by utlier native princes. Yule and Burnell, Anglo- liid. I^liissiuy. Bahama grass, sponge, etc. See the nouns. bahar (ba-hitr'), H. lA\sobaar,l)arr,barre ; < Ar. Iiahdr.] An Eastern measure of weight, vary- ing considerably in different localities and ac- cording to the substances weighed, in Mozain. liiinie it is iiliout •J.'iO pounds, in Alochii 4.')0 pounds, iu Su- niutra and Ceylon 440 pounds. It is also used as a niea. sure of capacity. bahrainga (bii-ring'gii), m. [E. Ind.] A name of an Kast Indian deer; the spotted deer of tho Siiiiilerliuiiils or swampy parts of the Ganges delta; the Iluccrvus duraucelli. bahut^ (ba-hdf), n. [¥., formerly also hahu, haliu.i, liahuce (= Pr. baur = Pg. bahii, liahiil = Sp. haiil~H. Iinule), a chest, trunk, with arched top, prob. < MIKJ. liehuot, beliut, a keeping, guarding, a magazine, < bchunten, beliiieten, (}. hrhiilen. keep, guaril, < be- (=E. he-i) + OHG. huiilen, MIKt. hiictcn, (1. hiiten, koej), = E. heed, q. v.] 1 . A chest, often with an ari'lieil or con- vex top, and frequently covered with leather, richly carved, or otherwise ornamented. Such ehe«t« were n unlversnl and very important article of fur- niture during the I jli'vitl jinil Ui-naiHsance lierliids. 2. An oniiinieiitiil eabibel, esju'cially one hav- ing doors. Hfi^ cabinet. — 3. \uarch.: (n) Tho convex crowning course of a wall or (laraiiet. Victor Hay. (h) In gi'eitt ineilievnl biiililiiigs, a low wall Nii)ipiirliTig tlii' rool' beliiml I lie gut,- bahut ter and balustrade or parapet crowning the main walls. This wall serves both to prevent iiiflltrii- tion of water from heavy storms and to protect the lower part of the roof-coverimj from damage which the use of the guttera as passages would be likely to cause. Viollet- Ip-Duc bahutH «• [ E. bee"^), a ring) (= D. beugel, a hoop, ring, bow, stirrup, handle, = MLG. bogel, bog- gel, LG. bogel, a bow, ring, = G. hiegel, hiigel, a bow, bent "piece of wood or metal, stirrup, = Dan. biijle, a bow, bar, boom-iron, = Sw. bogel, bygel, a bow, hoop, ring, stirrup, = leel. bygill, a stiiTup) ; with formative -el, < bilgan (pp. bogen) (= 6. biegen= leel. bjiiga, etc.), bow, bend, in part from the causative bygan, began, ME. bei- gen, beien, etc., mod. E. dial, bay (= G. beugen = leel. beygja, etc.: see bay^), bend: see ftoifl, v., and cf. 6om)2, «.] 1. A hoop or ring; a piece of wood, metal, or other material bent into the form of a circle or half -circle, as a hoop for sup- porting the tilt-of a boat, the cover of a wagon or cradle, etc. Specifically— 2. The hoop form- ing the handle of a kettle or bucket. — 3. One of the iron yokes which serve to suspend a life- ear from the hawser on which it runs. — 4. A stout iron yoke placed over heavy guns and fit- ting closely over the ends of the trunnions, to which it is attached by pins in the axis of the trunnions : used to raise the gun by means of the gin. Farrow, Mil. Eneyc. — 5. .An arched support of a millstone.— 6t. A wooden canopy formed of bows. Halliwell. baili (bill), V. t. [< baiX^, ».] To provide with a bail ; hoop. bail2 (bal), V. t. [< ME. "baylen, < OF. bailler, baillier, bailier= Pr. bailor, carry, conduct, con- trol, receive, keep in custody, give, deliver, < L. bajnlare, bear a burden, caiTy, ML. also conduct, control, rule, < bajulus, a bearer, car- rier, porter, in ML. (> It. bailo, baUo = Pg. bailio = Sp. Pr. baile = OF. bail, with ML. reflex baillns, balins, etc.) a governor, administrator, tutor, guardian, fem. bajula (> OF. bailie, etc., ML. reflex baila), a governess, nurse. In E. the verb, in its customary senses, is rather fi-om the noun: see bail'^, n.'] 1. In law: (a) To de- liver, as goods, without transference of owner- ship, on an agreement, expressed or implied, 421 that they shall be returned or accounted for. See bailment. If cloth be delivered (or in our legal dialect, hailed) to a tailor to make a suit of clothes. JilackHtone, Com., II. 4.S2. bailed surety, (h) To vouch (for a thing) : as. Ml r;o baU for that.— To hold to ball, to oblige Ui find bail or go to jail. -Toperfect or Justify ball, to prove by the oath of the person furnishing bail that, over and above his debts, he 'i worth the sum loi which he is about to become security. (b) To set free, deliver, or liberate from arrest baiP (bal), n. [Early mod. E. also baylc (still sometimes used archaically in def. 6), < ML. baylc, baile, bait, a barrier, ])alisade, prob. also a bar (= D. Fleiii. balic, a bar, rail), < OF. bail, baile, bailie, a barrier, palisade, pi'ob. also (as in mod. F. dial, bail) a bar, cross-bar (cf. Icel. bagall, an episcopal staff, crozier), prob. < L. baculum, hacuhis, a stick, rod, staff (see bacu- Im, and cf. bail*, < ML. "bacula) : see hait^, v., and cf. deriv. bailey^. The noun baiP in some senses may be from the verb, but all senses ap- pear to depend ult. on that of a bar, or cross- bar.] It. A bar; a cross-bar. Set them nppon some pearche or bajfle of wood that they mayc by that meanes the better keepe their feathers unbroken and eschue the dragging of their traines upon the ground. Turlxrnille, Booke of Falconrie. p. 358. (.V. E. I).) 2. In crirlcet, one of the two little bars or sticks, about 4 inches long, which are laid on thAops of the stumps, one end resting in the groove of one stump, and the other in that of the next. Since they fall with the lightest bl.nv, they servo to indi- cate when the stumps have been struck. Old Bailey gravely sets up the middle stump again, and puts the bails on. T. Hughes, Tom Brown at Rugby, il. 8. 3. A bar or pole to separate horses in a stable. — 4. A framework for securing the head of a cow while she is being milked. [Australia.] — 5. [The earliest use Lu E.] ililit. : (a) ;)/. The outer wall or line of defenses, originally often made of stakes ; bamers; palisades. See palisade. Hence — (h) The space inclosed by the outer wall ; the outer court of a castle or a fin-tified post : in this sense usually called bailey. See bailey'^. — 6. A certain limit in a forest. [Early mod. E. also iiflVc; appar. < OF. haillier, inclose, shut in, bar, appar. < bailie, a bar, cross-bar, barrier; in the second sense, directly < bail3, n., 5.] 1. To bar in; confine. [Rare.] — 2. To provide with a bail. — To bail up. (a) To secure the head (of a cow) in a bail wliile she is being milked. Hence— (d) To disarm prepar- atoiy to robbing ; order to throw up the arms. [Australia.) bail^t (bal), n. [< ME. beyle,*bayle = D. balie = MLG. hahje, ballige, halleie, LG. balje, a tub, bucket, = G. Dan. balje = Sw. balja, a tub, = It. baglia, a tub, bucket, < F. bailie, naut. a tub, bucket, pail, prob. < ML. *baeula, a bucket or tub (cf. bacnla, a small boat), dim. of baca, bacea, a tub : see back'^. Cf. bail^, jirob. < L. bacnlnm.'] A bucket; a pail; especially, a bucket or other small vessel used to dip water out of a boat. and imprisonment, upon security given that the person bailed shall appear and answer in court or satisfy the judgment given: applied to the action of the magistrate or the surety. The ma- gistrate is said to bail a person (or to admit him to bait) when h« liberates him from arrest or imprisonment, upon bond given with sureties. The surety is also said to bail the person wh(jse releiuse he procures by giving the bond. Tit. Let me be tlieir bail. . . . Sat. Thou Shalt not bail them. Shak., Tit. And., ii. 4. When they [the judges] had bailed tlie twelve bishops, the House of Commons, in great indignation, caused them immediately to be recommitted. Clarendon. 2. Figuratively, to release ; liberate. Ne none there was to reskue her, ne none to baile. Spenser, V. Q., IV. ix. 7. 3. To be security for; secure; protect. We can bail him from the cruelty Of misconstruction. Ford, Fancies, v. 2. To bail out, to procure the release of (a person) by acting as his ball. — To ijail over to keep the peace, to require security from (a person) that he will keep the peace. bail'-^ (bal), n. [Early mod. E. also bayle, hale, < ME. baylc, baill (ML. ballium, balium), < OF. bail, power, control, custody, charge, .iurisdie- tion, also delivery, < bailler, bailicr, conduct, control, etc., deliver. The noun is thus his- torically from the verb, though in E. the verb in some of its senses depends on the noun : see bail'^, (>.] It. Power; custody; jurisdiction. So did Diana and her raaydens all Use silly Faunus, now within their baile. Spenser, F. Q., VII. vi. 49. 2. The keeping of a person in nominal custody on security that he shall appear in court at a specified time. The person is said to be admitted tu bail, in which phrase, however, hail is now commonly bail^* (bal), V. t. thought of as the security given. See 3. 3. Security given to obtain the release of a prisoner from custody, pending final decision in the action against him. in civil cases a person arrested has always the right to give sufficient bail, and thereupon be released from custody. In criminal cases the defendant has also this right, as a rule, when the crime charged is a mere misdemeanor. Whether to bail one charged with treason or felony is usually in the dis- cretion of the judge, and in some states bail is always de- nied to one held for a crime punishable with death. The security is in the form of a bond executed by responsible sureties, providing that the defendant shall appear at the order of the court under penalty of lorfe'iture of the sum named in the bond. The person bailed is regarded as but transferred from the custody of the law to that of his sureties, who may therefore seize and surrender him at any time. In civil cases there are several kinds of bail at common law. the chief being common bail and special bail. Common bail, or hail below, which is now disused, was given to the sheriff' on a bail-bond entered into by two persons, 'bail-l (1)al), V. [Also less prop, bale ; early mod „.. condition that the defendant appear at the day and in such place as the arresting process commands. Special bail, bail above, or bail to the action, is given by persons who undertake generally, after appearance of a defen- dant that if he be condemned in the action he shall satisfy the debt, costs, and damages, or render himself to the proper person, or that they will do so for him. (Wharton.) In Scotland, liail in civil cases is called cawfion (which sec). 4. Figuratively, security; guaranty. Doubtless this man hath bail enough to be no Adulterer. Milton, Tetrachordon, Works (1738), I. 2,')1. 5. Liberation on bail: as, to grant bail.—Q. The person or persons who provide bail, and thus obtain the temporary release of a prisoner. Persons who make a business of furnishing bail on pay- ment of a fee often frequent law-courts. Formerly such persons wore straws in their shoes as a sign of their occu- pation ; hence the term straxo bail, used to designate fic- titious or irresponsible professional bail. The bail must be real substantial bondsmen. Blackstone. The attorney whispered to Mr. Pickwick that he was onlyatea. •'Abailf " Yes, my dear sir, half-a-dozen of 'em here. Bail you to any amount and only charge half-a'crown." Dickem, Pickwick Papers. Where tJio'se mysterious personages who were wont in the old times to perambulate the great saloon of the futile footsteps, Westminster Hall, with straws in their shoes, and whose occupation is not by any means gone now-a- days are always in attendance in a philanthropic eager- ness 'to render service to suffering humanity - or in other E. baile, baylc (= J), bdlien, uit-balien); from the noun.] 'I. trans. To remove (water), or free (a boat, etc.) from water, with a bail, bucket, basin, or other small vessel: usually with out. II. intrans. To remove water, as from a boat or the like, with a bail or bucket. baiPt, etc. Obsolete and less proper spelling of balr"^, etc. bailable (ba'la-bl), a. [Early mod. E. also baleable, baileuble ; < bail-, v. and »., + -able.'\ 1. Capable of being delivered ; deliverable. — 2. Capable of being set free upon giving bond with sureties ; capable of being admitted to bail: used of persons.— 3. Admitting of ball: as, a bailable offense. bailage (ba'laj), «. [Also bailiage, balliage, as if < AF. *bdiliage, ML. balliagium : see 6ai72, v., and -age.'\ A duty imposed upon the de- liverv of goods ; an ancient duty received by the city of London for all goods and merchan- dise brought into or carried out of the port. Cliambers. bail-bond (bal 'bond), n. A bond or obliga- tion given by a prisoner and his surety to in- sure the appearance of the former in court at eouci »c. . ...o -v »."■. o • the return of the wi'it. wools" to'become'taa wireTrteifis wanted, for agratuity Tjail-dockt (bal'dok). H. [Prob. < bail^ + dock3.'\ of half-a-crown to twelve and sixpence. 6r. A. baia. y^,^^pY\v, at the Old Bailev in London, a small IBail being an abstract noun applicable to persons only bv eliiiisis is not used in the plural.)— Ball a longues ajin^es, in Canadian lau: a lease for more than nine yeai-s, tJrmed also an emphi/teutic lea.^e whereby the les- see enjoys for the term all the rights attached to the qual- ity of proprietor, and can dispose of the property subject to the rights of the lessor.-On bail, on guaranties duly given for the appearance or production of a prisoner in court at the proper time: as, he was liberated on bail. His rSomerset's] friends attempted to obtain his release „„ 5,',;( Stuhbs, Const. Hist, § h,i. To admit to baU, or to take bail for, to release upon secur^giv", See above, 2.- To find bail, to procure persons kiaet as bail.- To go baU. (a) To act as bail or room taken from one of the comers of the court, and left open at the top, in which cer- tain malefactors were placed during trial. Also spelled bale-dock. Penn and Mead, for their stout defence at their trial, were dragged into the balaiock, and the Recorder pro- ceeded to charge the jury during their detention there, urging for an excuse, that they were still within hearing of the Court. A', "nd Q-. 6th ser., XI. S7. bailedt (bald), p. a. [< bain + -e(?2.] Pro- vided with a bail ; hooped and covered, as a wagon. bailee bailee {>>a-le'), "• [< *«''-• '•. + -<'<'^-] ^ '"'.'"' the pci-son to wbom goods are committed in bailment. He has a temporary possession of them and a qualified property in them for such purpose onlv. baileri, «. l< bail^ + -f l.] See hailor. baUer- (ba'ler), n. [< ftf/i7* + -fd.] 1. One who bails out water, or frees a boat from water. — 2. A vessel used for b a i l i n g water. For river or lake work a sponge and baler may be suf- ficient, but for sea cruising an effective pump should be fitted. Qualtrough, Boat Sailer's Manual, p. 194. Also haJer. baileyl (ba'li). n- [Early mod, E. also haihj, bailie,< ME. baili/. bailie, baillie, bailly, baili, etc., an extended form (prob. after the ilL. baliitm, ballinm, a reflex of the OF. bail) of hai/k, bail, mod. E. bail, a barrier, etc. : see haHS.'i 1. The external wall of defense about a feudal castle (see bail3) ; by extension, any of the cii-cuits of wall other than a keep or donjon, that is, any line of defense other than the innermost one. — 2. As used by later writers, the outer com-t or Dasc-court of a castle; by extension, any court of a defensive post used with a distinctive epithet. The inner taiiey contained the stables ami often the chapel, etc. , and communicated directly with the keep ; the outer !«i Uey. when there were only two, more commonly contained thechapel and sometimes a tilt-yard, exercise- ground, or the like. The entranceway to a castle, after passing the defenses of the b.irl)ican, led first into the outer bailey and thence into the inner bailey: but it was usual for the keep to have also a separate communication with the exterior. [The word is still retained in some proiiir names, as in the Old Baile;/, the seat of the central i riiiii- nal court of I>mdon, so called from the ancient ImU'';/ of the city wall between Lud Gate and Kew Gate, witliin which it was situated.] Also balliiim. bailey'-t, ». See bailie-. bailiage', ". See bailage. bailiage-', bailliage (ba'li-Sj), «. [Formerly also hailUii/e, halunje, and bailiage (cf. MI... liul- Uatjium, baillaijiiim, bulialicum), < F. baillidije (=:Pr. bailiatge = iiy. bailiage), < buiUi, abailill, bailie, + -nz/e.] The jurisdietion or district of a bailiff or bailli ; abaUimek: now used chiefly (in the form bailliage) with reference to old French or to Swiss bailiwicks. At first four baittiafjett were created. Brougham. The several orders [in France) met in their bailliar/es in 1789, to choose their repreeentatives [in the Assembly] and draw up their grievances and instructions. John Morley, Burke, p. 101. bailiary, ". See bailiery. bailie't, ". An obsolete spelling of bailey'^. bailie- ( ba'li), n. [Now only as Sc, also spelled baillie, baity, i-urly mod. E. also baily, bailey, bay- Icy, etc., < ME. baylie, bai/ly, baillie, baili, bailli, < OF. hailli. earlier baillif, > E. bailif, of which bailie^ is tlius a doublet: see haililT.'] If. A bailiff. — 2. In Scotland: («t) The chief magis- trate of a barony or part of a county, having functions cfiuivalent to those of a sheriff. (/<) A municipal ofliceror magistrate, corresponding to an alderman in England. He possesses a ccrtahi jurisdiction l)y conunou law as well as by statute. The criminal jurisdiction of the provost and l)ailies of royal burtfhs extends to breaches of the peace, drunkenness, aersrin appointed by preceptof sasinc to give infeftineiit In land (a legal formality now abolished) was also <.'nlled a hililir. bailie^t, ". Sco imiiy^. bailiery, bailiary (ba'li-e-ri. -a-ri), n. [Early \wA. K. al.--<) liatlli'-rie, etc., < F. as ii 'baillerie, < bailli : hco bailie^ and -cry.'] In lwe f r-iVnl eantle^. n% of lt..ver, to ItemoliH havli'. itiMiiof the penee In Imndii dn and In (Kine t|,,t,,, a^ We.ttndfift. r I (•. the ret'ii ,1,,, I.., I '■ 'V III Jiir 2. ■ppxii 422 bailif of forests, OT bailiff ill husbandry. — 3. An oflicer of the Knights of St. Jolm of Jerusalem. — Bailiff of forests, or tailiff in husbandry. See above, 2. — High bailiff, in KngUuid: («) The clxief offi- cer of certain corpiuations. (b) The officer of a county court, (c) The ofticer who serves writs and the like in certain franchises not subject to the ordinary jurisdiction of the sheriff. — Special bailiff, a person named by a party in a civil suit fort tie lunyoseof executing some particular process therein, and apjiointcd by the sherirt on the appli- cation of such party— Water-bailiff, in England, an officer employed in protecting a river from poadiers and from being fished at other times or in other ways than tlio?e pemntted by law. bailiffryt (ba'lif-ri), n. [Early mod. E. also bailiiery; < bailiff + -ry.] The office or juris- diction of a bailiff. bailiffsMp (ba'lif-ship), H. [< bailiff + -ship.'] The oflice of bailiff. bailiffwickt(ba'lif-wik),«. [oicl-. Cf. bailiiciel:] The oflice of a bailiff or a sheriff, or the district under his jurisdiction: a bailiwick. bailing-machine (ba'liiig-ina-sheu')> «• A form of bail-scoop (which see). bailiwick (ba'li-wik), «. [< ]\IE. bailie-jbayly-, etc., -t- -wike, etc. ; < bailie- + -niel:] The coun- ty within which a sheriff exercises his oflice ; the precincts in which a bailiff has jurisdiction ; the limits of a bailift"s authority, as (in Eng- land) a hundred, a liberty, or a forest over which a bailiff is appointed. There is a proper officer allrcadye appoynted for these turnes, to witt the slierilf of the shire, whose iiecnliar otfice it is to walke continnallye up and downe bis bab/wick, as ye would have a marsball. Speiuer, State of Ireland. bailliage, «. [F.] See bailiage^. baillieH, «• See Imiley^. baillie-t, «• See baiUri. baillie^t, n. See baiUfi. baillie-brusbkie (ba li-brash'ki), n. [Native name in Alaska.] The parnikeet-auklet, 77ia- ^)-i,s- or Oiubriii jisittaeuhi. II. W. Elliott. bailiiery, bailliary, ». See bailiery. baillon (.F. pron. ba-lyoii'), n. [< F. baillon, a gag, of uncertain origin; either (1) dim. (as if < L. *baeitlo, "baculon-) of OF. bailie, bail, a bar, barrier (see b F. bae/ne, E. bagnio, q. v.), < L. balneum, a bath, bath-houso: see iKdiunm.'] 1. A bath, in any of the senses of that word. — 2. A bagnio or brothel. bain-t (ban), v. [< ME. bayncn, < OF. baigncr = Pr. I'g. fc««/(flr = Sp. baliar = It. bagnare, < ML. halneare, bathe, < L. Ixdneiim, a bath : see bain% «.] I. tran.'i. To bathe; wash. He that in Eurotas' silver glide Doth bain his tress. Greene, Talmer's Verses. II. intrans. To bathe one's self ; takeabath. bain^'t, etc. Obsolete spelling of ftowe, bone, etc. bainbergt (ban'bcrg), ?i. [Appar. F., < G. "bcin- berg (not found) = AS. hanbeorg, bdnlierge, bdugebeorg, also v&Wei scanegebcorg, lit. "bone or leg-guard' (cf. einberge, 'chin-guard brorh, ' neck-guard,' hauberk : see hauberk), < ban, bone (= G. bein, leg), oTseanea, shank, leg, + beorgan, protect.] A name given to the jilate-armor of the leg below theknee, when lirst introduced. It was worn over the chain-mail, to pro- tect the shin. Baines's act. See act. bainie(bii'ui), «. Seotchform of bony. bain-niarie (F. pron. ban- lua-re' ), n. [F., formerly bain cry worn over S ef .IliliieilKlil. (From \"iolI(;t-lc-Oiic"s " Diet. dli Mobilier fralK^lib.") Hiilocco of I'ope riiis VI., Brltisli Mii»oum. (SIxc of tho original.) bairn bairn (barn), n. [Sc. form of thp reg. E. hnru~ (now only i-lial.), < ME. ham, hern, < AS. hcarn (= on. ixini = OFries. ham = OI). harcn — OHO. MHG. ham = leel. Sw. Dan. 6«rK = Goth. hani), a child, < bcran, E. iforl.] A child; a son or daughter. See harifi. [North. Eng. and Scotch.] Think, like gooLl Christians, on your bairna and wives. DryiUn, As she annunciated to lier bairns tlie upsliut of her praitieal fxpelifiiee, she piUled from lier pucket tlie i)ur- tiniis ui tape whicli sliowed tlie length and breadth uf the various iiHinis at the hospital house. Trolhpe. Bairns' part of gear. In Scots law, same as ktjitim. bairnliness (barn'li-nes), n. [< 'haindij (< bairn + -ly^) + -ncss.'] Childishness; the state of being a child or like a child. [Scotch.] bairntime (bam'tim), ». [Sc, < ME. harn- teuiH, hani-tciii, ete.,< AS. hcarn-tedm (= OFries. barn-tdm), a family, < beam, child, bairn, + team, family: see halm and team.'] A family of ehildi'en. [Old Eng. and Scotch.] Thae bonnie bairnttiiie Heav'n has lent. Burns, A Di'eam. balrnwort (bam'wert), n. A name for the common English daisy, Bcllis perennis. baisemaint (biiz'man), n. [F., < baiscr, kiss {< L. hasiare, kiss, < baxium, a Idss), + main, < L. manu.s, hand.] A kissing of the hands; in the plural, compliments; respects. Spenser. baisementt, »• Same as baisemain, bait^ (bat), r. [< ME. haitcn, beitcn, baytcn, bci/ten (= OF. beta; bait, in comp. abeter, urge on, abet, > E. abet, q. v.),< Icel. bcita, feed, hunt, ■ as with hounds or hawks, bait, as a hook (= Sw. beta = Dan. hcclc, bait, = AS. bwtan, also gebwtan, bridle, curb (cf. hdtian, bait, < bat, bait), = MD. heeten = OHCf. beiseii, beizzen, MHG-. G. beizen, bait), lit. cause to bite, < hita = AS. ftttajj, E. bite: see bite. In senses 5 and 6 the verb is from the noun. Cf. batc^.'] I. trans. If. To cause to bite ; set on (a dog) to bite or worry (another animal). — 2. To pro- voke and harass by setting on dogs; set a dog or dogs to worry or fight with for sport, as an animal that is hampered or confined : as, to bait a bull or a bear. We'll bait thj bears to death. Sliak., 2 Hen. VI., v. 1. 3. To set upon, as a dog upon a captive animal ; hence, to harass in any way ; annoy ; nag ; bad- ger ; worry. As chained beare whom cruell dogs doe bait. Spenser, F. Q., I. xii. 35. How oft have I been baited by these peers, And dare not be revenged. Marlowe, Edward II., ii. 2. Baited thus to vexation, I assum'd A dulness of simplicity. Ford, Fancies, iv. 2. 4. To feed ; give a portion of food and drink to, especially upon a journey: as, to bait horses. Ilhe Suinie, that measures heaven all day long, At night doth baite his steedes the <>cean waves emong. Spenser, F. Q., I. i. 32. 5. To put a bait on or in : as, to bait a hook, line, snare, or trap. Many sorts of fishes feed upon insects, as is well known to anglers, who bait their hooks with them. Hay. 6t. To allure by a bait ; catch ; captivate : as, "to bait fish," Shak., M. of V., iii. 1. Do their gay vestments his affections bait? Shak., C. of E., ii. 1. But this day she baited A stranger, a grave knight, with her loose eyes. B. Joiison, Volpone, iv. 2. H. iutrans. If. To act in a worrying or har- assing manner. — 2. To take food; feed. — 3. To stop at an inn, while on a journey, to feed the horses, or for rest and refreshment. Thence baiting at Newmarket, stepping in at Audley End to see that house againe, I slept at Bishops Strotford, and the next day home. Evelyn, Diary, .Sept. 13, ltj77. baitl (bat), w. [< ME. bait, hayte, beite, heyte, < loel. beita, f., bait (ef. belt, neut., a pasture), (= AS. hat, bait, = MHG. beiz, beize, hunting), < beita, feed, bait: see the verb. The E. noun is in part directly from the E. verb.] 1. Any substance, as an attractive morsel of food, placed on a hook or in a trap to allure fish or other animals to swallow the hook or to enter the trap, and thereby be caught; specifically, worms, small fishes, etc., used in fishing. Hence — 2. An allurement; enticement ; temptation. I do not like that ring from him to her, I mean to women of her way ; such tokens Rather appear as baits than royal bounties. Fletcher, Loyiil Subject, ii. 2. 'Their riper years were knowne to be unmov'd with the baits of preferment. Milton, Apology for Smectymimus. 423 Tlie cliief bait which attracted a needy sycophant to the court was the hojie of obtaining, .as the rewanl nf servil. ity ami llattcry, a royal letter to an heiress. Maeaulay. 3. A portion of food and drink; a slight or informal repast, (a) Refreshment taken on a journey, by man or beast. If you gi-ow dry l)efore you end your husinesa, pray take a bait here ; I've a fresh hogshead for you. B. Jotuion, Scfjrnful Lady. (h) A luncheon ; food eaten by a laborer dur- ing his shift. [Prov. Eng.] —4. A halt for re- fi'eshnu-nt or rest in the course of a journey. 'I'he tediousness of a two hours' bait at Petty France, in which there was nothing to be doTie but to eat without being hungry, and loiter about with G. boi) = Sw. boj = Dan. haj = Russ. haika, baize ; cf. dim. Sp. bayeta = Pg. haeta = It. hajetta, baize), < hai (= Sp. bayo = Pg. halo = It. bajo), bay-colored. The word is thus prop. pi. of hayO, formerly used also in the singular: see 6a(/6.] 1. A coarse woolen stuff with a nap on one side, and dyed in plain colors, usually red or green. Baize (or bay) was first manu- factured in England in 1561, under letters patent issued to certain refugees from the Netherlands, who had settled at Sandwich and other places and were skilled in weaving. Baize is now chiefly used for linings, table-covers, curtains, etc. ; but when first introduced it was a much thinner and finer material, and was used for clothing. See bay*^. 2. Any article, as a table-cover, a curtain, etc., made of baize; specifically, in theaters, the plain curtain lowered at the end of a play. baize (baz), v. t. ; pret. and pp. balzcd, ppr. halzing. [< baize, «.] To cover or line with baize. bajadere, n. See bayadere. bajdarka, n. Same as bldarkee. Bajimont S Roll. See Bagimont's Boll, under rail. bajjerkeit (baj'er-kit), n. [< Beng. bajrakit (Hunter).] Aname of the Manis pentaf setting carbonic acid free when the mixture is inoistent-d. bakshish, bakhshish (bak'shesh), n. [Also backshiih, backsheesh, bukshish, etc., < Turk. Ar. Hind, bakhshish, < Pers. bakhshish, a present, < bakhshielan, give.] In the East, a present or gratuity in money. We promised him backsheegh for a sight of the sacred book. B. Taylor, Lands of the Saracen, p. 94. "BakhihUh," says a modem writer, "is a fee or present which tlie Arabs (he here means the Egyptians, who got tiie word from the Persians through tlie Turks) claim on all occasions for services you render them, as well as for ser^^ces thev have rendered you. This bakhshish, in fact, is a sort of alms or tribute, which the poor Arab believes himself entitled to claim from every respectable-looking person." R- F. Burton, El-Medinah, p. 23. bakufa (bak'u-fo), n. [< Jap. baku, curtain, + fii, of&ee.] Curtain-government, that is, the f overnment or eotineil of the former shoguns of apan: so called in allusion to the curtain used in time of war to screen off that part of the camp occupied by the general or shogiin. See shor/un. On the 3rd of June the Shogun had an audience of the Mikado. His majestys speech on the occasion was as follows; " The duties of the 6aA-n/^u are on the one hand to govern the empire in peace, and on the other to subju- gate the barbarians." F, O. Adatna, Japan, I. 3^4. bal (bal), n. [Formerly also ball, < Com. bal, a mine (Pr\-ce), a cluster of mines (Boriase).] A mine. [Cornwall.] bal. An abbreWation of balance. balaam (ba'lam), n. [In allusion to Balaam and his " dumb ass speaking with man's voice '' (Num. xxii. 28-30; 2 Pet. ii. IG).] 1. Matter regarding marvelous and incredible events in- serted in a newspaper to fill space. [English printers' cant.] Balaam ia the cant name for asinine paragraphs about monstrous productions of nature and the like, kept stand- ing in t>-pe to Ik; used whenever the real news of the day leave an awkward space that must be tilled up somehow. Lockhart, Life of Scott, Ixx. 2. Same as balaam-box. Bring in lialnnm, anil place liiin on the table. ./. \i'ih"n. Nodes Ambros., II. xxvi, balaam-box, balaam-basket (ba'lam-boks, -bas ket), (I. .\n editor's dopository for worth- less matter, rejected wTitiugs, etc. Wlio can doubt that ... an Essay for the Edinburgh Review, in *' the old unpolluted English language," would have Iwen consigned, by the editor, to his Ixtlaain-haeket f F. Hall, .Mod. Eng., p. 17. Balaamitet (ba'lam-5t), n. [< Balaam (Num. xx'n.) + -i(<-.] One who makes a profession of religion for the sake of gain : in allusion to the prophet Balaam. Balaamiticalt (ba-lam-it'i-kal), a. Pertaining lo t,r .•li:irai'tcristii- of a Balaamite. Bala beds. See fc«/i. balachan (bal'n-chan), >i. Same as balachonrj. balachong (bal'a-chong), n. [< Malay htiUi- chdn.'^ A substance composed of small fishes or shrimps pounded up with salt an. frotitiil ; (;/. glenoid : Mh, itiatidible; Mx, maxilla ; Sa. n;isal ; /"a, parietal ; Pmx, piemaxilla ; St. squamo- sal : So. supra-occipital ; Ty, tympanic- backed whales (Meyapltra), and rorquals or pikeil » hales (Hala'iwjilera). The term is sometimes restricted to the llrst of these sections, the other whalebone whales then roiistitntiiigasepariitc family, flaltenoptpndiv. See triialr. Balaeninse (bal-e-ni'ne), II. pi. [NL., < Bahnui + -Hire.] ,\ subfamily of Balmikhv, \\\nfw>\ by tlic genus HiiUnid, enutaining only the snuicitli viglit wh;ili'S. See BdUruida. Balaenoidea (bni-e-noi'de-ii), «. pi. [NL., < Bulana + -oiitm.'} One of the fliree priiiiiiry groups into which tliii ('rtiictii are divisible, the other two being the Diljihinoiilcii ami llie I'tioriKlimtid. It euibraces the right whales ilSdld-na) and the lin-whales {BaUriioplod, <-U-.]. Balaenoptera (bal-c-nop'te-ril), «. [NL., < L. hdldiid, a wliiilc, -f 'Or. Trf/ioc, a wing] A ge- nus of whalcbDiii' whales, containing tlii' sev- eral species of ]iikeil whales, roniuals, linncrs, finbacks, or i-azor-backs, so called from their long, sharp, falcate ilorsal (in. Tlnfan' found In all seiuH. .Sonic ai-e very large, an /.'. «iW«i/./i. wlilili iiIIiiIiik a length of he feet. The lllppers liavi- 4 iliglls ; Ihi' l.nlccii In short mill coal-se; the Hklii of the tluoat In foldid ; Ihc head IsHmall. Hut. and pointed ; the body Is long and "hii iler; and the cervical virlehni- are free. ConinioM Allan- til Hpicles nil- //. miKriifiiKand //. borrttli: Tliewlinli- bolli' !•. of lolilplirallvi-lv mile Vllllliv balaenopterid (lMil-e-nop'le-rid),7i. A ci'lacenn • if llio liniiilv lldldmijitniihi: Balaenopteridae (bal <;-nop-ter'i-d«"i), h. ;./. |.NL., < lldl,n,i>itt,rd + -iiUr.'] The fiirrowe.l whalebone wlinles; n family of myslii'i'lo eetn- cennH, lyiiified bv tlii' goinis Itdliitiditlira, hiiv- Irigllie riininl iiliniteil, tlw ilorsal fin di-vilniied, lliiTervii'al vcrlebrii'fni'iirinemnpletily iinky- biHid, Ihii llippiTH with only 4 iligils, and (he Imlei'ii Hliiirl iilid coarse, it contnlnn the hiiinpbin k, d and the tlliiier wlmlin. noiiiillnieii renlpocllvely iiiuili' lypes of Ulu ■ubfainlllcl Uttiajilcrinir anil llalirnoiilrrimr. balance Balaenopterinae (bal-e-nop-te-n'ne), n. pi. [NL., < BdUrnojitera + -/««■.] A subfamily of whalebone whales, typified by the genus Balw- noptcra. (a) .\ subfamily of BnliTiiidir. iiuliuling the furrowed as distinguished from the smooth right whali» or Balirmii/T. (6) A subfamily of Balwiiopteridce, in- cluding the tinner whales as distinguished from the hump- backed whales or .Vrnapterinir. having a high, erect, fal- cate ilorsal fill, and 4 dibits of not more than G phalanges. balafo (bal'a-fo), >h [Native name.] A musi- cal instrument of the Senegambian negroes, consisting of graduated pieces of wood placed over gourds to increase their resonance. Its compass is two octaves. balalaika (bal-a-li'kii), «. [= F. balaleika = G. bdlalaika, repr. Russ. balalaikd.^ A musical instrument of very ancient Slavic origin, com- mon among the Russians and Tatars, and, ac- cording to Niebuhr, also in Egj-pt and Arabia. It is of the guitar kind, and has two, three, or four strings, giving a minor chord. {Mendel.) It is now most used by the gipsies of eastern Europe. The dances of the gipsies, accompanied by the music of the balalaika, and clapping of hands. A. J. C. IJare, Studies in Russia, vi. Bala limestone. See limestone. balance (bal'an.s), n. [< ME. balance, balauncf, early luod. E. also hallance, hcldiincc, etc., < OF. balance. F. hahiiice = Pr. haUinsa = bp. Imlanza, balance = Pg. balanca = It. bilancia, < LL. *bi- Jancia, a balance, < bilanx (ace. bilancem), adj., in libra bilanx, a balance having two scales, < L. bi-, bis, twice, + lanjc, a dish, scale of a, balance. See bi-", lance", lanncc", and aiincel.'] 1. An instrument for determining the weight of bodies as compared with an assimied unit- mass. In its simplest and most scientific form it con- sists of a horizontal lever, having its fulcriini (which is a knife-edge) just above the center of gravity of the whole balance, and carrviiig two pans suspended as delicately as possible (iirifi r:ii>ly from knife-edges) at equal distances on the ii.L;lit iiiid left of the fulcrum. It also carries a tongue-pointer or iiide.\ (a slender rod) rigidly attached to the middle of the beam or lever, and extending vertically up or down. E-\cept in coarse balances, there is a divided scale, over which the end of the tongue moves in the oscil- lations of the balance. .-Vll delicate balances are protected iroiii lunents of air by glass cases, mid they have contri- viinccs for steadying the pans, and often for removing the knives from their bearings and for rejilacing them. Ex- ceedingly delicate balances are sometimes inclosed in vaciniiii-Vhaiiibers. and have machinery for changing the Mi'iubts. In using the balance, the substance to be weighed is phii 111 111 one pan or scale and the weights arc put in the utlicr. and liiltercnt combinations of weights are tried until tile pointer oscillates at equal distances to one side and tlic other of the position it has when the scales lU'e empty. Ill chemical balances the bust adjustment is ob- tained bv moving a niiiintc \\'cight, or rider, to ditlcrent points oil the decimally griidiiated beam. The figure shows the bciiin of a balance of precision. It is so formed lui to combine stilliicss with lightness, and there are various ad- justlncntsfor ving llie center of gravity, the knife-edges etc. Other things being equal, the greater the length of Beam and ncighlwring parts of a Balance of Precision. .■r--*.licam; ;?. knifc-edgc on which it tunis; i'.C. knife.cdRes fixed to the Warn on which the pans arc luing ; />. />, the bcanng-pieces of lhep,e restrained from pursuing plans of ari|iiisition, or makiu',^ prejiarations looking towards fu- ture aruuisjtiniis, which are judged to be hazardous to the inilependenee and national existence of its neighbors, U'di'isey, Introd. to Inter. Law, § 43. Balance of probabilities, the excess of reasons for be- lieving one of two alternatives over the re.asons for be- lieving the other. It is measured by the higarithm of the ratio of the chances in favorof apioposition to the chances against it. — Balance of trade, the dilference between the anionut -u- value of the commodities exported from and imported into a country. The balance is said to be J'an'i^ihh' inr or in/aoor of a country when the value of itse\p(trts exieeds that of its imports, and unfavorable when tile value of its imports exceeds that of its exports. — Bent-lever balance. See tawjent-balanee. — Compen- sation balance, .see fro/ijje?wafio?i.— Danish balance, a wet^hin^ apjiaratns somewhat resembling the steeljard, hut ditfering from it in liav- ing the fulcrum movable, the weight being at one end and the load at the other ; the loop by which it is sus- pended is shifted along the beam until equilibrium is es- tablished. The weight of the substance in the scale-pan is indicated by the point at which tlie fnlrrum is placed when the instrument is in eiinililiriu 111.- Electric balance. .See absolute electrometer , iinder-7.<-//-'o/o7, - . il iih e^ntud ijalva- nometer, under rfaleanoineter; hut nrl iMnhnlnuee ; Wheat- stone's bridge, under re«s(anc«.— Expansive balance, a compensation-balance in watches, consisljng of a com- pound rim whose outer and inner portions are made of metals having different rates oi expansion by heat. This arrangement serves to counteract the effects of variations of temperature upon the speed of the watch. — False bal- ance, a balance having arms of unecjual length, or of eiinal length and uneijual weight, so that its positions when cinjity and when carr,\'ing eipial weights in the two pans are ditterelit. -HydratlliC balance. See Inelrdidie. — Hydrostatic balance, see ln{.ir<,-^ii,ii,\ Hygromet- ric balance, see/i.vyno/icfro-. - Roberval's balance, a balaiire lia\iim twi. Imri/untal lira!n> ',iie n\er the other, coniK-eted at their extrciiiitks b\ Joints to vertical pieces, so tiiat the whole forms a linked palallelograin. The scales are at the top. The advantage of the contrivance is, that it makes it a matter of indirterence at what point on the pan the object to be weighed, or the counterpoise, is placed. An improved form of this balance is commonly used to weigh articles sold by druggists. — Roman bal- ance, a steelyard (which see).— Spring-balance, a con- trivance for determining the weight of an> article by ob- serving the amount of deflection or coniijrcssion which it produces upon a helical steel spring properlj adjusted and tittcil with an index working against a graduated scale. Another form of spiin^-balance is made in the shape of the letter C, the upper end being suspended by a ring, and the lower end affording attachment for the hook whereby the object is suspended. As the bow opens a fin- ger traverses a graduated arc and registers the weight- Thermic or actinic balance. Sanie as bolometer.— To cast the balance, to turn the scale; cause one scale to preponderate : often used figuratively. South; Dryden.— To hold in balance, to keep in a state of uncertainty or suspense. She wolde not fonde To holde no wight in balaunee By halfe worde ne by conntenannce. Chaucer, Death of Blanche, 1. 1020. 425 To lay in balance, to put up as a pledge or security. balance-plow Oh .' wIki would cast and balance at a desk, Perchd like a crow upon a three-lcgg'd stool, Till all his juice is dried? Temiymn, Audley Court. balance-bar (bal'ans-biir), n. Same as balance- ln'atn, 'J. balance-barometer (l)ari!,ns-ba-rom"e-t6r), n. A liarcinicler c. insisting oi a beiiiii balanced on a pivot, and lorined, on opposite sides of the pivot, of materials difl'ering greatly in specific gravity. The bulks of the parts on either side of the fulcrum, and consciiuently the volumes of air displaced by them, thus dilfer greatly. If the air Increases in den- sity, its elfeetive buoyancy on the more bulky arm con- .siilerably exceeds its elfect upon the smaller ; the former therefore rises. If the air becomes lighter, the reverse hapiicii^. The viti];itions are note'! upon a scale. balance (Imrans), v.; pret. and pp. balanced, balance-beam(barans-bem),M. 1. The beam of ppr. balancinij. [= F. balancer = Pr. balansai \v Wdhlc iiat foigon his aqueyntanee I''or niochel good, I i\a.r leyc in balaunee Al that I have in my possessioun. Chaitcer, I'rol. to Canon's Yeoman's Tale, 1. hH. To pay a balance, to pay tin- ditferenee and make two accounts cipial. Torsloh-balance, an instrument for measuring ecrtain electrical fones and the intensity of magnets. It consists of a magnetic iieedli! susjiended by a silk thread or a very tine wire in a glass cylinder, of which the circumference is graduated. 'I'he force or mag- net to be measured is .applied to one siile of the cylindei-, either inside or outside, and its intensity is indicated by the amount of dellci'tiou of the su.spendcd needle, which is caused to ixcrt a bucc of torsi. n the thread or wire which supports it. (See also alliiii-lndinirr, nsxaiilnl- anee. eoin-litdiinee, nneronteter-halanee, indlstone-lmlatire.) = Syn. 10. ^re remainder. Danish Balance. = Sp. balan.:ar (obs.), balauccar = Pg. bitlan^ar = It. bilanciare, balance; from the noun.] I. trans. 1. To weigh ; especially, to weigh or con- sider in the mind ; ponder over. In the mean while I will go for the said Instrument, and 'till my Return you may ballance this .Matter in your own Discretion. Contjreiic, Way of the World, v. (i. .She balanced this a little, And told me she would answer us to-day. Tennyson, Princess, iii. 140. 2. To estimate the relative weight or impor- tance of, as two or more things ; make a com- parison between as to relative importance, force, value, etc. Balance the good and evil of things. Sir R. L'Estranfje. 3. To bring into a state of equipoise or equi- librium ; arrange or adjust (the several parts of a thing) symmetrically: as, to balance the sev- eral parts of a machine or a painting. — 4. To keep in equilibrium or equipoise ; poise ; steady: as, to balance a pole on one's chin. I cannot give due action to my words, Except a sword or sceptre balance it. Shale, 2 Hen. VI., v. 1. The maids of Nazareth, as they trooped to fill Their balanced urns beside the mountain rill. 0. If. Holmes, The Mother's .Secret. 5. To serve as a counterpoise to ; counter- balance ; offset : as, the ups and downs of life balance each other. a balniice.— 2. A long beam attached to a draw- bridge,thegateof a canal-lock, etc., servingpar- tially to counterbalance its weight, and used in opening and closing it. Also called balance-bar. balance-bob (bal'ans-bob), n. A beam, bent lever, ov liob, rocking or oscillating on an axi.s, and having at one end a counterpoise, while the other is attached to the rod of a Cornish pumping-engine. it is designed to relieve the strain on the engine and rod resulting from lifting a heavy load. Also called <'scitlatinortcd ou a skeg or |)rojoction from the keel, about one third of its surface beiug forward of and two thirds abaft its vertical axis of mo- tion. iSee nifjdir. balance-rynd (bal'- ans-rind), H. An iron bar stretched across the eye of a revolv- ing millstone, to support the stone upon the top of its uai.,ncc-™fir.) A HtatCMli-nt designed t«) show the OH- K-u nnd liabilltlet and the profits and IrMwes of a com- pany. {Marth, Hank ll^jok-ki-efiitig.) Many bankn jtuhlinh ftaianef-nhrfU profesuing to show the refterve of ready money. ./rroiiA, Money and Me<'h, cif Kxcliange, p, .320. balance-step 'hal'iins-step), n. In »Hi7i7. Idrlien, ati (■1vi: in whioh ilio tliijil in ndmitted to both hiiIch, mimI ttcfi. ' ■ . ipial jiroxMnru In npposilo Mir' I an exciHH in Iho diroili'.n of II. ..... , at to kocp tho valve in coil Uet witn it wbcu cloned. It U a iwiutructlon di'- 426 signed to permit the operation of a valve by a slight force. The baZanct^ pvi'pet-valve has two disks upon a single stem, the tluid being admitteil either between the two disks or above the tipper and below the lower. One disk is made larger than the other, that there may be a slight excess of pressure tending to close the valve, or to keep it pressed to its seat. balance-vise (bal'ans-vis), n. A small tail- vise used by watchmakers. balance-wHeel (bal'aus-hwel), n. 1. Awheel in a watch or chronometer which by the regu- larity of its motion determines the beat or strike. — 2. Figuratively, whatever serves for the regulation or coordination of movements. These are in themselves very objectionable ; the true regulators, the proper balance-wkeeU, are those which have been described. Brougham. Balance-wheel engine, a watchmakers' Instrument, used ill the construction of the balance-wheel. — Bal- ance-wheel file, a watclmiakers' tile with three sides, one i.oii\ex and cut. the utliers jilane and sntooth. It is used in workiiv-'in tlie sector openings of a balance-wheel. — Compensation bcdance-wheel, a balance-wUeel whose rim is formed of two metals of dirterent expansive powers, so arranged that the change of size of the wheel, as the temperature rises or falls, is compensated for by the ehange in position of the parts of the riiu. balandra (ba-lau'drii). n. [Sp. Pg. halandra = F. behnidrc, < D. bijluiidcr, > E. hilander: see hilander.'] A small coasting vessel used in South America. balandrana (ba-lan'dra-nii), n. [ML.; OF. balundrun, F. haUindras = Sp. bnJaiidran = It. paUnidrano, j'ahindrana : origin unknown.] A wide cloak or mantle used as an additional gar- ment by travelers and others iu the twelfth and thirteenth centuries. Also called super- tot us. balanid (bal'a-nid), «. A cirriped of the family B(d(iii>diE. Balanidae »ba-lan'i-de), n. pi. [NL., < ISnhniti.s + -((/((■.] A family of sessile thoracic eirripods, of which the genus Bahiiius is the type. The peduncle is absent or rudimentary, the operculum is present, and the scuta and tei-ga are movably articu- lated. The species are commonly called acorn-shetls or sea-acorm, and often share the name barnacle with the species of Lepas. They are found all over the world, ad- hering closely to submergetl rocks, timber, etc. Also Bntniioiiita. See cuts under Balanit^. balaniferOTlS (bal-a-nif 'e-rus), a. [< L. halanxts (< Gr. ,3roci(iiis stone; Iialiinite. — 2. [NL.] AsiinariibaccoiisgiMiusof )iluiits, iiiclinl- ing two species, spiny shrubs or siimll trees, na- tives of the drier jiarls of India, western Asia, and tropical Africa. 'Ihe (nilt Ina one-wcilid drupe, the pulp ol wliieli Is Hiunellinen nned in India iu clianing Hllk. 'Ihe oily seeds, as well as Ihe bark and huliaeld leavc.t. of the Indian species, II, /(iij-/iii|-..//iiV, arccniployed 111 native liiedlclne, and the liaril w ly nut In made Into a kind ol llreworkH. The Alliean specieH Is U. .tUiiiiiliaca. 3. (NL.l A genus of fossil ciiripodg, of thi- faiiiilv Iliil'iniitir. balanitis (bal-a-ni'tis), «. [NL., < Gr, fiii'/amr, ai'i.in, glans peiiiK, + -iliH.] In palhol., iii- flnninialion of Ihe glanN penis, balanoglossid (Iml'ii-no-xloH'ld), ». A inom- bir of I ho liiinily Iliildiioiitiissidir. Balanoglossidae' (inil'a-no-glos'i-de), ». ;■/. I.NI<., < IlidiniDfiliixiiis + -id./jw)i,anaconi, + j/'awoo, tongue.] 1. An Balanus extraordinary genus of invertebrate auimals, the type notonly of a family, B(ilaiW()los!.ida:, but also of an order or even a distinct class of animals, Enteropneustn (which see), itisrelated in its mode of development to the cchiuodernis. in some respects to the ascidiaus, aud is usually classed with the Balanoglossus. I. The Tomaria larva, alwut 1-13 of an inch long, enlamed, side view, a, anus; *, vessels leading to the dorsal pore. rf. from sac of the water-vascular system. 7e/ 7l' . prolongation of the sac ; A. heart; J, intestine; s, stomach : o, esophagus: m, mouth ; «, ti , \ohes of alimentary canal ; nib, muscular band from cye.spcck, t, to waler-vas. culars-ic. 11. Young balanoglossus. Letters as l«fore. except ^. the fitsl-fonned branchial stigmata. HI. Balanoglossus, moreadvanced. c, collar ; /, proboscis. Vermes. The menibei-s of this genus are elongated, foot- less, soft-bodied worms, with the mouth at one end of the body and the anus at the other. The fore part td the body presents a kind of collar surrounding a constriction from wliieli springs a long hollow proboscis-like tu-gim, whence the name Balanotjloasus, this organ being like a tongue soniewliat acoru-shapcil, proceeding from within the col- lar like an acorn from its cup. On the portion of the body from wliieh tlie proboscis springs there is a flattened area with a longitudinal scries of liraiuhial apertures, eonunu- nicatiiig with lirauchial saes connected with the alimen- tary eaiial; hence the temi Eiifri-opnrn.^ifn. In eonscfiuenco of ibis relation of the respiratory to the aliiucntary canal, Huxley associates Ila/iiiin^ih'.^si's with Tunicata (or a-scidi- aiis)as nicniliersof a phaiyngopnenstal series. The larval form of Balniiotihssus w.as formerly called Tomaria, and regarded .as an echinodenu from its great resemblance to the larva of a starfish. 2. [/. c] A member of the genus i?n?nHO,7(o.<.sMS. balanoid (bal'a-noid), a. and n. [< Gr. ,ia'Aa- vo(uh/c, like an acorn, < l)u?.nmr, an acorn, -t- fitSoc, form.] I. a. Resembling an actun : spe- cifically applied to the acorn-shells of the fam- ily B(d'(inidoscis. ) Art/.oi.'/A.'r-.rr^.r. <:'t',((>m,'i'i«,M corrinfum, growing upon the rt)ol ol a salsola. 1-15 n.itur.d ii/c : 11. inflorescence. 14 si*c. (From Le Maoutand Decoisnc's "Tmitiigiindrnl dc Uotanlque.") bright yellow or red color. Their small llowcra, In most cases tinisexual. are aggregatetl into dcUHO masses. The fnilt Is one-eelle.i. witTl a ailiglc seed. balantt (ba'lant), a. [< L. hidnn{t-)s, ppr. of biiliiri; bleat. C'f. i«n.] Bleating. The hitliinl and latrant noises of that sort (tf people. C. .Miillirr, .Mag. flirist. (ed. I»fi2), Ajip., p. (120. Balanus (bara-nus), H. [L., < Or. fla'kamc, an acorn. Cf. L. V/^/h,?, an acorn : si'o ;//««(/. ] Pho typical genus of sessile eir- npeils of the family liiiln- iiidir: the acorn-slioUs or sca-acorns, called biinia- rtin, e.xt^ept in Groat Bri- tain, where tlio peduncu- liiliil lyt'imduliv have tliiil niinii'. /(. linlinnaUuliim Is (he repiiNriitatlve sjieeles. 'I'he shell eonslHlH of d plates, with an o|)er. enluin id 4 valves. Colonli's are lo be found on rock« loft dry at low water, on sliips, on Umber, on lohstefs and other I riiHtiieeans. and on Ihr slielNof (■..nehiferH and oilier mol- IiiHkM. They tlilfi r ironi the ineiiilieis of the genus /,e;«M In having a Hyminellieal shell iitid in being di'stllute of a lli^xllilu stalk. They pius through a larval stage of oxIb- i forialHt. Balanus Dia^ammatic section of Acorn-shell ^Balanus). a cavity of the sac lying over the labrum T *. prosoma ; c, carina ; c/ carinolateral compartment; /, lateral compartment ; f, rostrum ; s. scutum ; /. tergum : /. penis ; g; jjut-fonned glanj : A. eluct con- necting JT with i, peduncular or ovarian tubules, and -t. cement-duct and glands : /', antenna; ; nt, ovigerous frainum ; d, anus. tence, at which period they are not fixed, but move about liy means of swimming-feet, antl possess large stalked eyes, lioth feet and eyes disappearing when they attach them- selves to their final place of repose. balasl, balass(l3al'as,ba-las'), «■ [Early mod. E. also hallns, etc., < ME. bahis, halace, Ixdiii/s, etc., < OF. balnis, balai = I'r. bahii/s, balach = Sp. halax = Pg. balaclie = It. balascio, < ML. balasdus, bala^cus, < Ar. halakhsh, a kimi of ruby, < Pers. Badnklislidii, a country in central Asia north of the Hindu Kush moun- tains (called Balasian by Marco Polo), -n-here this ruby is found.] A variety of spinel ruby, of a pale rose-red color, sometimes inclining to orange. See spinel. Usually called balas-ruhij. William of Wykeham . . . bequeathed to his successor in the bishopric of Wincliester . . . his larger gold pon- tifical ring, with a sapphire stone, surrounded with four balas-rubies, and two small diamonds and eleven pearls. Quoted in Mock's Church of our Fathers, ii. 171. balas^ (bal'as), n. [Turk.] A long dagger in- tended for thrusting rather than cutting, used by the Turks ; a Turkish yataghan. B. F. Bur- ton. balase^f, «. See balas^. balase"t, "• See ballast. balass, ". See baJas"^. balata (bal'a-ta), n. Same as balata-gum. balata-gTim'(bal'a-tii-gum), 11. The inspissated juice of a sapotaeeous tree, Mimusops (/lobosa, of tropical America fi'om the Antilles to Guiana. It is intermediate In character lietween caoutchouc .ind gutta-percha, and from its great strength is especially suited f ME. baleis, a rod.] A strip of plaited muslin or lace placed inside of the bottom of women's dresses to protect them from the floor. balaynt, n. An obsolete form of baleen. balayst, «. -An obsolete fonn of balas^. bal-boy (bal'boi), n. A boy working in a mine. r»-f, Diet., I. 280. [Cornish.] Balbriggan hosiery. See hosiery. balbusard (bal'bii-sard), n. [F., also balUi- :ard.] A name of the osprey or bald buzzard, Pandioyi haUaetus. it wtis taken in 182s by Fleming as a genus name in the form Balbtisardus. [Not in use.] 427 balbutiatet (bal-bu'shi-at), V. i. [< L. as if "Inithulirire for lialbnlirc, stammer, < bathus, stammering.] To stammer in speaking, balbutientt (bal-bii'slii-ent), a. [< L. balbu- tieii{t-)s, jjpr. of balbuiire, stammer: see balbu- tiatc.] Stiimmoring. balbuties (lial-bu'shi-ez), n. [NL., < L. haU)U.-. (From Viollet-le-Duc's " Diet, de r Architecture." I canopy, often of metal or stone, above the isolated high altar in many churches, especially in Italy and the East. From its center, according to the old ritual, usually hung by a chain the vessel containing the Host ; but this usage has now been superseded. Baldachins also occur in other po- sitions than over altars, as over tombs, shriues, etc. Also sprtlrd 'uihhnjuiu. Also called ciborium. baldachino (bal-da-ke'no), ». [< It. baldac- cliiuii.'] Same as baldachin. baldaquin (bal'da-kin), n. See baldachin. baldaret, »■ [Origin obscure : some suppose an allusion to the god Balder and his restoration to life.] .\n old name of the amaranth, Ania- aiitus caudatus. bald-coot (bald'kot), «. See baldicoot. No Question asked him by any of the senators, but they baldekint, «■ An obsolete form of baldachin stand bald before him. Shak., Cor., iv. Tliy bald, awful head, O sovran Blanc ! Coleridge, Chamouni. 3. Destitute of beard or awn: as, bald wheat. —4. Wanting force or meaning; meager; pal- try:" as, a bald sermon; a bald truism.— 5. Des- titute of appropriate ornament ; too bare, V^^^^t or literal; rmadomed; inelegant: as, "a bald translation," Longfellow, Hyperion, iii. 6. balden (bal'den), r. t. and i. [< bald^ + -(•«!.] To make or become bald. [Rare.] Balder-brae, Balder's-brae (bal'der-, bal'- derz-bra), n. [North. E.. < Icel. Balders-bra (Cotula fetida) = Norw. baldur-braa, ballebrrca (Pyrethrum inodorum), that is, as also in E., Bidder's brow; also corrujitly bald eyebrore. From Balder, a Norse divinity, son of Odin.] An old name for the mayweed, Anthemis Cotula. balderdash balderdash (bal'der-Jash), II. [First in sense 1 ; of obscure origin, appar. dial, or slang: ac- cording to one conjecture, < Dan. balder, noise, clatter (from a verb repr. by Sw. dial, balhii, Norw. baldra, bellow, prattle, = leel. refl. bal- drast, ballrast, clatter; cf. D. LG. balderen, roar, thunder), + dash, repr. Dan. daske, slap, flap: see dash. But the word may be merely one of the numerous popular formations, of no defi- nite elements, so freely made in the Elizabethan period.] If. A gumbied mixtui-e of frothy li- quors. To drinlc such balderdmh or bouny -clabber. B. Joiijion, >'e\v Inn, i. 2. 2. Senseless prate; an immeaning or nonsen- sical jumble of words ; trashy talk or writing. I heard him charge this publication with ribaldrj', scur- rility, billingsgate, and batderdagh. Home Tooke, Trial, p. 25. = Syn. 2. >ee prattle, n. balderdash (bal'der-dash), r. t. [< balderdash, H.] To jumble and adulterate (liquors) ; hence, to mix with inferior ingredients; adulterate: with tcith before the adulterant: as, to balder- dash wine iri77( cider. [Kare.] The wine-merchants of Nice brew and balderdanh and even mix it with pigeon's dung and quicklime. SinoUetl, Travels, xix. Balder's-brae, n. See Balder-brae. bald-faced (bald'fast), a. Having a white face or wliite on the face: said of animals: as, a liald-factd stag. baldhead (bald'hed), n. 1. A man balil on the head. 2 Ki. ii. 23. — 2. The name of a breed of domestic pigeons. — 3. A name of the fruit- crows {Cotinyidte) of South America, of the genus (iijmnocephulus. G. calvus is the capu- chin baldhead. bald-headed (bald'bed'ed), a. Having a bald liead.— Bald-headed ea^le. See ea'jle. baldicoot (bal'di-kot), n. [Also baldccoot, bald- mot. < in/(/l + cool; the syllable -i- is mean- ingless.] 1. The common coot, Fidica atra. Hence — 2. Figuratively, a monk, on accoimt of his somber raiment and shaven crown. Princesses tliat . . . demean themselves to holj and nob with these black baldicoots. Kiufjalty, Saint's Tragedy, iii. 4. baldly (bald'li), adr. So as to be bald, in any sense of that word. baldmoney (bald'mun'i), n. [Early mod. E. also h'tlitiutoiiifj haHdmoitei/, etc., < ME. bald- inimii, baUlimoyii, baldemoijnc, hnUltntoin, an early name of gentian; origin unknown.] If. A name of various species of ginlian. — 2. A name for the mew or spigucl, an umbelliferous plant of Europe, Meuiii athamaiiticum. baldness (bald'nes), n. [< ME. balledncssc ; < /<.W(/i -t- -iiess.'} The state or quality of being bald, (a) Lack of hair or natural covering on the liead or Utp; aljsence or loss of hair. {//) Deficiency of appro- priate oniament, as in writing; meanness or inelegance; want of oniament : as, haldnrjM of style. Uutdtian of allusion and barbarity of versidcation. r. Marlon, Hist. F.ng. I'..ctiy, III. 74. baldpate (b41d'pat), n. 1. A person with a l.uld Inad. Come hither, gooflinan baldttatr. Mat., .M. for M.. v. 1. 2. In ornilh., a kind of duck with white on the head ; a widgeon, .Mnnca jienclojtc and M. atneri- riiiia. See cut under iniliieon. baldpate, bald-pated (bald'pat, -na'ted), a. l^inking hair (^n tlio Jiate; shorn of liair. \ on hal'l-i>au>l, lying rascal. .SViii^ , .M. fur M., v. 1. baldrib (bald'rib), n. 1. A joint of pork cut troin nearer the rump than the spare-rib, and fon!ill never get Ihec up. MiddUlim. baldric i..rilrik), n. [Formerly alHoft«i«/n><-, etc., ' Ml'., hauilrik, bawilrH; hamkrilc, etc., earlifr hainlry, < OF. handni, hultlni, Imldnl (IntiT /. ./ -.ii.l^ with udili'd Hiifllx, haiidriir) = ''' I \>. biililriniiH.i), uiipiir. < MIKi. Imldii i,,._ ixThups < Olid, bill: z- K. Mt, < J,. ..,..„,; Heo belt.] 1. A bell, or an ornament f . iii(,linj{ a belt. A pnlfiifT ft aiiilcc wrapt hini rouiKl. With a wrought .M|>niiliili (xif./nV* IhiuimI. .VmK. I., of I,. M., II. 111. '" P»'" U worn round the WBJul. on till •'"""" iry tiell. Co A Jcwcbd ornii "'•"'", " « by iHilh Udl.nandg.iitlom.n la Um tliUitotli coutury. /(. ilorru. (<:») yiKiimtlvvly, 428 the zodiac. Spetiger. (rf) A belt worn over the right or left shoulder, crossing the body diagonally to the waist or below it, either simply as an ornament or to suspend a sword, dagger, or horn. Such bells, in medieval and Re- naissance times, were sometimes richly decorated and garnished with bells, precious stones, etc. •Athwart his brest a baiddHck brave he ware That shind, like twinkling stars, with stones most pretious rare. Spenser, F. Q., I. vii. 29. And from his blazon 'd baldric sluug A mighty silver bugle hung. Tennitmn, Lady of Slialott, iii. 2t. The leather thong or gear by which the clap- per of a church-bell was formerly suspended. In the earliest accounts the batdricks of the bells are always referred to eo nomine, but later on they are called '• leathers." N. and Q., 7tli ser., II. 495. Also spelled baldricl: baldric-wise (bal'drik-wiz), adv. [< baldric + H'lit'-'.] After the manner of a baldric ; over one shoulder and hanging down to the waist. balductumt, ». [Also bidducktum, < ML. bal- ductii, curd, hot milk ciu'dled with ale or wine, a posset.] Balderdash ; trash. Baldwin bit. See fci7i. baldy (bal'di), ». [< iaWl + dim. -//.] A nick- name for a bald-headed person. [Colloq.] bale^ (hal), n. [< ME. bale, balwe, balu; balitw, lialii, etc., < AS. balu, bcalu, beak) (bciilw-, beii- /oic-)=OS. 6o/H = OFries. biilii-, bale- {in oon\\i.) = OHG. 6ii?o = Icel. biil (not in mod. (i. Sw. Dan.), evil, calamity; prop. neut. of the adj. foimd only in AS. balu, bealu (bahc-, bealw-) = MLG. bal- (in comp.), Goth, bahrs (in comp. and deriv.), evil, dire.] Evil; woe; calamity: misery; that which causes ruin, destruction, or sorrow. [Long obsolete until recently re\ived in poetry. It occurs especially in alliterative antithesis to boot or bliss.] For now this day thou art my bale, Sly boote when thou shold bee. Robin Hood, in Percy's Reliques. Yett still he strove to cloke his inwaril bale. .^penner, F. Q., I. i.v. 16. Brought hither from their homes to work our bale. Southey. A touch, and bliss is turned to bale. C. Thaxler, The Pimpernel. bale2 (bal), n. [Se. also bad, bail; < ME. bale, biiilc, belle (chiefly northern; the reg. southern ME. would be *belc, *bel, giving mod. E. 'beiil or 'beel, like deal"^ or eel), < AS. b(cl = Iccl. bal = Sw. ?((!? = Dan. baal, a great fire, a blazing pile, funeral pyre; cf. Skt. bhillas, luster, Gr. (jm'/.nr, shining, 'vvhite: see biill'^.] A large fire built out of doors and burning freely ; a bonfire. Spc- cillciilly — {«) A funeral pile or pyre, lobsoletc and poet- ical.] (/y) A signal-fire ; a beacon, tiee beacon and bale-jire. On Penchryst glows a bale of fire. And three are kindling on I'l-icsthaughswire. •b'lviir, I., of L. .v., iii. 27. bales (bal), «. [< ME. bale, < OF. bale, balle = I'r. Sp. Pg. bala = It. batia, < ML. bala, bulla, a ball, a round bundle, a package, < OlIG. balhi. jiiilla, MHG. balle, a ball: see ft«//', of which bale is a doublet.] 1. A large bundle or jiack- age of merchandise prepared lor trans]iorta- tiou. either in a cloth cover, corded or banded, or without cover, but compressed and secwred hy transverse bands, wii-es, or withes and lon- gitudinal slats. The chief articles of iiicrchnudlsc I bat are baled are cotton, wool, and hay. The weight of a bale of Aincrlcan cotton Is between 4.(n/)( ir, the ancient name of the islainls and of their iiiliabitiiiits, lit., iirconling to the conimon tradition, the sliiigerH, < Gr, Un'/'/nr, throw, sling,] I'ortuining to the iHlundH Mii jm'- ca, Miiiori'ii, Ivi/.a, I'lc, in the Mi'diterriiiiruii Heu, calli'd theUuluaric islaudH. - Balearic craiio. ■ee IhUearira. Balearica (bal-e-ar'i-kll), ». [NIj., fern, Hing. of I J. llaliaricuH : hoc linlnirie.] A genus of cruiicH, fiimily (Iniiilir, iiiiliiiliiig the crowned cronoH, /(. iiaroiiinii uiid //. rii/uloruiii. ihev tinvo a fajiligluto fan-shnjieU orect creat of nimllfled ycf- balin lowish feathers resemliling a miniatnre wisp-liroom. The head is also variegated with black feathers and red naked spaces, and the tliroat is wattled ; the general plumage is blackish, with much white on the wings. The total length is about 4 feet. These cranes occur in various parts of .\frica, as well as in the islands to which they owe their name, and one species has occasionally been found in Eu- rope. The genus has also been named liatearitm (Rafi* iiesiiue. ISlo) and (?craiirtrc/i us (Gloger, 1842), balearican (bal-e-ar'i-kan), II. [< lialearica.'] A crane of the genus lialearica. baleen (ba-len'), n. [< ME. baleiie, balei/iie, a whale, < OF. baleiic, F. baleiiie, < L. bahviia, a whale: see Bala-iia.] If. A whale.— 2t. The sea-bream. — 3. ^Vhalebone in its natural state; a name given by whale-fishers. The horny ' ' teeth " of the Lampreys, and of Ornithorhyn- chus, appear to be ecderonic structures, homologous w'ith the baleen of the Cetacea. with the palatal plates of the Sirenia, or the beaks of Birds and Reptiles, and not with true teeth. Ilnxleit, .\nat. Vert., p. 80. baleen-knife (ba-len'nif ), ». A double-handled knife with a curved blade, used for splitting whalebone. bale-fire (bal'fir), n. [< ME. balefyre, < AS. Uelfyr, < ba^l, bale, + fyr, fire: see bale'^ and fire.] 1. A large fire in the open air; partic- ularly, the tire of a fimeral pile. The festival [of the death of the earth in winter] was . . . kept by the lighting of great fires, called bale-Jiren. Keanj, Prim, Belief, p. 227. 2. A beacon- or signal-fire. Sweet Teviot ! on thy silver tide The glaring bate-Jires blaze no more. .SrntI, L. of L. M., iv. 1. baleful (bal'ful), a. [< ME. baleful, balii/ul, < AS. bealiifuU, bealofull, < bealu, beato, bale, -f -full, -ful: see ba'le'^ and -/»/.] 1. Full of hurtful or malign influence; destructive; per- nicious; noxious; direful; deadly: as, "baleftd breath," Drijden ; '^baleful drugs," Milton, Co- mus, 1. 225. And when he weeps, as you think for his vices, 'Tis but as killing drops from baleful yew-trees, That rot their honest neiglibour. Fletcher, Valentini.an, iii. 1. This lustful, treacherous, and baleful woman. Edinbnvfjh Rev. He remliuied him that the tiale.fxtl horoscope of Abdal- lah had predicted the downfall of (Iranuda. Preseott, Ferd. and Isa., I. xiv. 2. Fraught with bale ; full of calamity or mis- fortune; disastrous; wretched; miserable. Ab ! lucklesse babe, borne under cruel starre. And in dead parents batefuU ashes bred, Spemer, F. t)., II. ii. 2. That lialeful burning night, ^\■hen subtle Greeks surpris'd King Priam's Troy. Shal,:, Tit. And., v. .'!. balefuUy (bal'ful-i), adr. [ME. biilfully, Imill- fully : < bull ful + -///'-.] lu a baleful manner. (a) Calamitously; jierniciouslv ; no.\iously. (6) Miserably; unhap]iily ; painfully. balefulness (bal'fiil-nes), II. The state or It. balco, a beam, > balco/ie, > E. balcony, q. v.), MHG. bcdke, G. balke, balke/i, a beam, bar; also, -with diff. formative, AS. bcdc (once), a ridge, = leel. bcllkr, bolkr = Sw. balk = Norw. balk, bolk, beam, bar, partition, divi- sion, = Dan. bolk, ridge, partition; AS. bolca, gang'svay, = leel. bjdlki = Sw. bjdlke, bjelke = Dan. bjcclke, a beam ; cf . AS. bwlc, covering ; per- haps akin to Gr. tpu/.a-i j, a beam, pole, log, trunk, block: see jj/m?fH!x.] 1. A ridge; especially, a ridge left unplowed in the body of a field, or between fields; an -uncultivated strip of land serving as a boundary, often between pieces of ground held by ditt'crcnt tenants. The hatter use originated in tlie oiien-ticlil system (which see, under yicW). [Common in provincial English and Scotch.] Dikeres and delueres digged vp the batkrs. Piers J'toimnan (B), vi. 109. Green balks and furrow'd lands. Cowper, Retirement. The property consisted of 2,752 acres, which were di- vided into 3,.S09 strips of land set at every possilile angle, from nine to thirty feet wide and about nine or ten chains long, with a grass path called a balk between each. Nineteenth Century. XIX. 902. 2. A piece missed in plowing. Hence — 3t. An omission ; an exception. The mad Steele about dotli fiercely fly, Not sparing wight, ne leaving any balke. Spenser, ¥. Q., VI. xi. 16. 4. A bltrnder ; a failure or miscarriage : as, to make a balk ; you have made a bad bidk of it. [Now chiefly coUoq.] Hence — 5. Inbctsc-ball, a motion made by the pitcher as if to pitch the ball, but without actually doing so. — 6t. A barrier in one's way; an obstacle or stumbling- block. — 7. A check or defeat; a disappoint- ment. A balk to the confidence of the bold undertaker. South. 8. In coal-7)iiui7ig, a more or less sudden thin- ning out, for a certain distance, of a bed of coal; a nip or want. — 9. A beam or piece of timber of considerable length and thickness. Specifically — (o) A cruss-beam in tlie roof of ahousewliirh unites and supports tlie raftei-s; a tie-beam. In old-fasli- ioned one-story houses of Scotland, Ireland, and the Xortli of England tliese tie-beams were often exposed, and boards or peeled saplings called cabers were laid across them, forming a kind of loft often called the balks. From these exposed tie-beams or from the cabers articles were often suspended. IProv. Eiig. and Scotch.] Tubbes hanging in the balkes. C/miicer, Jliller's Tale, I. 4-10. The stiffest balk bends more or less ; all joists creak. Carhjle, French Rev., II. i. 1*2. (6) Milit. , one of the beams connecting the successive sup- ports of a trestle-bridge or bateau-bridge, (o) In carp., a squared timl)er, long or short ; a large timber in a frame, floor, etc.; a square log. 10. The beam of a balance. [Obsolete, except in dialectal usage.] — 11. Inbilliards, the space between the cushion of the table and the balk- line. A ball inside this space is said to be in hoik. — 12. A long wooden or iron table on ■svhich paper is laid in the press-room of a print- ing-office. — 13. A set of stout stakes sur- rounded by netting or wickerwork for catching fish. N. E. £>. [Prov. Eng.] — 14. The stout rope at the top of fishing-nets by which they are fastened one to another in a fleet. [In Cornwall, baleli.'] X. E. D. balkl, baulk (bak), r. [< ME. hilken, make a balk in land, that is, leave a strip or ridge of ball land unplowed, < balk, a ridge : see halk'i, n. Cf. Norw. halka, do clumsy work.] I. tra7is. If. To make a balk or ridge in plowing ; make a ridge in by leaving a strip unplowed. To tille a felde man must Iiave diligence, And ballt it not. J'atladiia, Uusbondrle (E. E. T. 8.), p. 8. Hence — 2f . To leave untouched generally ; omit; pass over; neglect; shun. Balk logic with acquaintance that you have. Shak., r. of the .ME. balken, belken, belehen, E. belk, belch, used also, in AS. chiefly, like L. enictare, as a transitive verb, and with- out offensive implication, belch out, vociferate, utter (words, hymns, etc.); so ME. bolken. mod. dial, bouk, boke. bock, etc.: see belch, belk, bolk. All these words are prob. based on the same imitative root; ef. bawl, belloii; blcat.l To sig- nify to fishing-boats the direction taken by the shoals of herrings or pilchards, as seen from heights overlooking the sea: done at first by bawling or shouting, subsequentlv by signals. y. E. D. [Local, Eng.] Balkan (biil-kan' or bal'kan), a. [Formerly also Bcdcan ; = F. Bcdcan = G. Btdkan, etc., a name appar. of Sla^vic origin.] Of or pertain- ing to the Balkans, a mountain-range crossing Bulgaria from west to east, or to the peninsula embracing European Turkey, Greece, Bulgaria, Rumania, Serria, and the regions westward to the Adriatic. balkerl (ba'ker), n. [< 6rt?A:i,f., +-erl.] One wlio balks, in any sense of the verb. balker-' (ba'ker), n. [< fca/A-2 -f -f/-i.] A man stationed on a cliff or an eminence to look out for shoals of herrings or pilchards, and signal the direction taken by them. [Local, Eng.] The pilchards are pursued by a bigger fish, called a plusher, who leapeth above water aud bewTaveth them to the balker. R. Carew, Survey "of CornwalL balkisht (ba'kish), a. [< bam, n., + -ish.^ Furrowy; ridged; uneven. That craggy and balki^h way. Stanihurst, Ded. of Holinshed's Chronicles, II. balk-line (bak'lin), n. In billiards, a diagonal line cutting off a comer, or a straight line cut- ting oS a imiform sjiace on each side (generally 14 inches), from the main field of the table. balk-staflf (bak'staf ), n. A quarter-staff. balky (ba'ki), a. [< balkl-, v., + -y.] Given to l.ialking; apt to stop abruptly anil obstinately refuse to move: as, a balky horse. [U. S.] balll (bal), n. [Early mod. E. also balle, some- times baide, bairle. < ME. bal, ball, balle, either from leel. (see below) or < AS. *bealli( or 'beaUa (not found, but evidenced by the dim. bealluc, V.. halloek. lit. a little ball: see baUock} = D. bal = Flem. bal, MLG. bal, LG. ball, a baU ■ball, = OHG. *bal, m., hallo, pallo, m., balla, palla, f ., MHG. lal, balk, m., G. ball, m., a ball, ballen, m., a bale, package, = leel. boltr = Xoitv. ball, ball. = Sw. boll, ball, bal, bale, = Dan. bal, billiard-ball, balde, ball (in anat.), balle, bale, 6oM, plaving-ball; not found in Goth. Hence (from OHG.) ML. balla, palla, bala, a ball, a bale, >It. balla, palla, a ball (now distinguished: balla, a bale, palla, a ball), Sp. Pg. Pr. bala, a ball, a bale, = F. balle, OF. balle, bale, a ball, a bale, > D. 6«ai = OFlem. bah; Flem. bal, MLG. bale = ME. bale, E. fcn/e, prop, a round buniUe : see baleS. Appar. a native Teut. woi-d, akui to boll^, boicV-, q. v., and to L. follis, a -svind-bag, an inflated ball for playing, > nit. E. fool : see /ooA and follicle, etc. The Gr. ■^ra'/.'/.a, a ball, is appar. a different word, but it may be the soiuce of Mil. and It. jjaZto. See balloon, ballot.'\ 1. A spherical or approximately spherical body; a sphere ; a globe : as, a ball of snow, of thread, of twine, etc. SpeeificaUy — 2. A round or nearly round body, of different materials and sizes,' for use in. various games, as base-ball, foot-ball, cricket, tennis, billiards, etc. — 3. A game played with a ball, especially base-ball or any modification of it. — 4. A toss or throw of a ball in a game : as, a swift hall; a high or low ball. — 5. In base-ball, a pitch such that the ball fails to pass over the home-plate not high- er than the shoulder nor lower than the knees of the striker: as, the pitcher is allowed four balls by the rules of the game. — 6. A small spherical body of wood or ivory used in voting by ballot. See ballot'^ and blacl-ball.— 7. The missile or projectile thrown from a firearm or other engine of war; a bullet or cannon-ball, whether spherical (as originally) or conical or cylindrical (as now commonly); in artillery, a solid projectile, as distinguished from a hollow one called a shell (wldeh see). — 8. Projectiles, and more particularly bullets, collectively: as, to supply a regiment with powder and ball ; the troops were ordered to load with ball. — 9. In printing, a rounded mass or cushion of hair or wool, covered with soft leather or skin, and fas- tened to a stock called a ball-stock, used (gen- erally in pairs, one for each hand) before the invention of the roller to ink type on the press: still in use by wood-engravers, but made of smaller size, and with a silk instead of a lea- ther face. A similar i>all is used in inking the l)locks in calico-printing. Tliat used by engravers in spreading an etching-ground ia called a dabber. 10. A clew or cop of thread, twine, or yam. — llf. A spherical piece of soap. Then she said to her maids, bring me oil and washing h€UU, and shut the garden duuru, that I may wash me. Swiamui (Apocrypha), i. 17. For my part, I'll go and get a sweet ball, and wash my hands of it. ilittdUlon, Blurt, Master-ronslalilc, ii. 1. 12. A rounded package; a bale. — 13. In metal., one of the masses of iron, weighing about 80 pounds, into which, in the process of converting pig-iron into wrouglit-iron by puddling, the iron in the reverberatory fur- nace ia made up as soon as it begins to as- sume a pasty condition. As fast as the Iron is balled it in taken out o( the furnace, and is llrst ham- men-d or 8cndulum, that is, the bob or weight at the bottom. In tlie ball of his Higbl much more dear I" biin V Lninb, My Krbitlons. 18t. Tlio central hollow of the jialm of flic hiiiirl — 10. The central jiart of nn animarH foot — yo. A tcHlicIf': geniTnllv in tln' jilural. (V'liU' ■■ I — 21. A hnnd-tool wilfi a louiidid end amir iiiltiug hollow forms. — 22. A roiin 111 iiirloncd clinniber, opirntoil by III' :,.■ liouiil through the I'hitnilx'r ; It bull j.'j. Ill liiiiiiliirii-irorl:, ii sninll Mili'M' .,r load iiHi'<, as carbini' ]i , to maki MIO. halcn, rare) = Pr. ballar = Sp. Pg. haihir = It. hallare, ,»'>r, white, ^a^.n^idf, ipii- /npnr. having a Kjiot of while, as a dog, (fxj'/.nnpik, bald-headed, perhnps ult. (•(iniiecleil with K. hale", a lire. Hence ]>rob. fcdW and ballardK] 1. A whiti- streak or s])Ot. The II. properlycs of n Imuiion Ihailiterl. Tlio fyrsle In to hauo a wliyti' rn»(^ or a ball In llio furolieni ; the iieconde, to Inine a whyte fote, Finhrrbrrt, llu.bandry, t "!l. (V. K. I).) 2. A horse or nag (originally, white-fucod) ; used appellatively, like ilim, hamril. ball^f, '■■ An obsolete form of /"iiiC. balladry ballot, w. -An obsolete form of haJ. balla (bal'la), H. [It., a bundle, package, bale : see bale^.] In lace-making, a sort of cushion used by the Maltese lace-makers. ballacet, «■ An obsolete form of ballast. ballad (bal'ad), n. [Early mod. E. also ballade, also (after 'It.) ballat, ballatt, halUI, ballettc, halette (with term, conformed to -ct ; cf. salad, formerly sallet), Sc. corruptly hallant ; < ME. balade, '<. OF. Ixdadc, mod. ballade, a dancing- song, < Pr. Pg. ballada = OSp. halada = It. bal- lata, a dance, a dancing-song, < hallarc, dance: see hall".] It. A song intended as an accom- paniment to a dance. — 2t. The tune to which such a song is sung. — 3. A short narrative poem, especially one adapted for singing; a poem partly epic and partly lyric. As applied to the minstrelsy of the borders of Englanil and Scotland, and of Scandinavia and Spain, the ballad is a sort of minor epic, reciting in verse more or less rude the exploits of w.arriors, the adventures of lovers, and the mysteries of fairyland, designed to be rehearsed in musical recitjitive accompanied by the harp. Roundel, balades, and virelay. Gower, Coiif. Amant. The ballad ... is the lyrically dramatic expression of actions and events in the lives of others. \y. Sharp, D. O. llossetti, p. 355. 4. In mitsic, originally, a short and simple vocal melody, often adapted to more than one stanza of poetry and having a simple instru- mental accompaniment. The term is sometimes applied to instrumental melodies of a similar character, and more loosely to more elaborate compositions in wllich a narrative idea' is intended to be expressed. balladt (bal'ad), r. [Early mod. E. also ballat, ballet: from" the noun.] I, intrans. To make or sing ballads. These envious libellers ballad against them. Domie, Juvenilia, i. II. trans. To celebrate in a ballad. Rhymers ballad us out o' tune. SItak., .\. and C, v. 2. She has told all : I shall be ballated, Sung up and downe by Minstrells. Ueywood, A Challenge, iii. 1. I make but repetition Of what is ordinary and Ryalto talk. And ballated, and would be plav'd o the stage, Webster, White Devil, ballade (ba-lad'), ». [F.: see ballad, v.] 1. A poem consisting of one or more triplets each formed of stanzas of seven or eight linos, the last line being a relrniii eoiiinion to all the stanzas. — 2. Apoem divided iutostanzas hav- ing the samo number of lines, commonly seven or eight — Ballade royal, a ballade in which each line consit-ts of ten syllables. ballader (bai'ad-er), }i. [Early mod. E. also liallatcr, hallctt'er ; < ballad, r., -f -frl.] A writer or singer of ballads; a balUuiist. balladic (ba-lad'ik), a. [< ballad -1- -ic] Of, pertaining to, or of the nature of ballads. balladical (ba-lad'i-kal), a. Same as balladic. balladiert, "■ [< ballad + -ier: see -fcc] A public ballad-singer. balladine (Imra-den), n. [Formerly also Ixil- ladin, recently also haladine; < F. ha'lladin. now hiiliidiii, m., haladine, f., < ballade, a ballad: see hallitd.] It. A theatrical dancer. — 2. A fe- male jmblic dancer. [Rare.] Tho llrst breathing woman's clu-.'k. First dancer's, gipsy's, or sticct bnl.nline'n. llrinrnimr. In a Balcony. 3t. A ballad-maker. balladism (bal'iid-izm), ». [< hallad + -is»n.] Tlio elinrael eristic quality of ballads. N. E. D. balladist (bal'ad-ist), ». [< hallad + -!,f«.] A wrilcr or singer of ballads. balladize (bal'ad-iz), v.; pret. and pp. hallad- i:iil, jipv. halladi:inij. [< balUiil + -i:e.'] I. trans. To eonvert into the form of a ballad; make a ballad of or about. II. iiitrtins. To ninki' hallads. balladling (luil'iid-ling), ». [< ballad + -linji.] .\ hi lie biillnd. .s'0H//in/. ballad-maker (barad-ina'ktr), n. A writer of ballads, .s'/iri/,-. balladmonger (bnl'ad-mnng'g^r), n. A dealer in ballails; nil inlerlor poet; a Jioetaster. I bad rather be a kitten and cry inew, riian one i>t thcso same metre ballad .mnnflert. .V/oifr,, 1 lien. IV., III. 1. To nnike herself the pljur and tialladintinarr of n circlet to soothe her light lieai't with catilics and glees t .Sheridan, The Rivals, II. 1. ballad-opera (liarnd-oii"e-rii), ». An oiH'ra in wliieh li.'Lllnds or popular songs are sung. balladry (bal'iid-ri), n. [Early mod. K. also halldri/. Iiollalrij ; < hallad + •ri/.'] Poetry of the ballad kind; tho style of Imllads. 431 ballast (lial'ast), v. t. [Early mod. E. also balast, and, with loss of t, hallas (pret. and pp. hallasi'd, sometimes ballast, ppr. liaUaxinyj, biiitd.-isc, ballaco, balase, etc., = G. D. Elom. LG. hallastcn = Dan, ballaste, baijlaste = Sw. bar- lasta ; from the noiiu.] 1. To place ballast in or ou; fiirnisli ■vritli ballast: as, to ballast a ship ; to ballast a balloon ; to ballast the bed of a railroad. See the noun. The road was ho perfectly hallaHUd with stone that we had no dust. C. 1>. Warmir, Ruundabout Journey, p. .'1. 2. Figuratively: (a) To give steadiness to; keep steady. 'Tis cliarity must ballast the heart. balladry Wliat thoUKh thi' greedy try Be taken with false baits Of worded balladrif, And think it poesy? B. Jonson, Underwoods, xli. The villages also must have their visitors to imiuire what lectures the bagpipe and the rebec reads, even to the iallatry and the gamut of every municipal llddler. Milton, Areupagitica. ballad-singer (bal ' ad - sing " er), )(. A person whose employment consists in singing ballads in public. ballahou (bal'a-ho), n. [Prob. of native origin.] 1. A fast-sailing two-masted vessel, rigged with high fore-and-aft sails, much used in the West Indies. The foremast rakes forward, the mainmast aft.— 3. A term of derision applied to an ill-conditioned, slovenly ship. ballam (bal'am), u. [Native name, prob. same as Malayalam yaJJn/n, a large basket for storing grain, a dam.] A sort of canoe hollowed out of timber, in which Singhalese pearl-fishers wash out the pearls from pearl-oysters. ballan (bar an), n. [A]ipar. < Gael, and Ir. bal- lach, spotted, speckled, < Gael, and Ir. bal, a spot, speck: see balfi.] A fish, the ballan-vprasse. balland (bal'and), n. [Origin unknown.] In . ,, ,, ,, ■miiiiiiq, pulverized lead ore, after separation oallastt ( l»t ast), pp from its gangue. [North. Eng.] Who sent whole armadas of carracks to be iaHasf. ballant (bal'ant), n. [Sc, a corruption of bal- lad.'] A ballad. They're dying to rhyme ower prayers, and ballants.^iki charms. Scott. ballan-wrasse (bal'an-ras), «. The most gen- eral Englisli name of the Labrus maculatus, a fish of the family Labridw. ballaragt, r. t. An obsolete form of hullyrag. You vainly thought to hallarag us. r. Warton, Newsman's Verses. balllmong If necessary, tmtt bparijujui-au he placed upon the crank- pin. Sci. Aiiier. (N. .S.), I.IV. 105. ball-block (bal'blok), n. In printing with liiills, the shib or plate which holds the ink. ball-blue (bul'blo), «. Same as soluble blue (whicli see, under blue). ball-caliber (barkal"i-ber), 11. A ring-gage for determinint; tlie diameter of gun-shot, ball-cartridge (barkiir"tri,j), n. A cartridge colli ainiiiK a ball, in contradistinction to ashot- ciirlridiiii ov a blank cartridge. ball-caster (barkas"ttr), m. A caster for the k'KS of furniture, etc., having a ball instead of an ordinary roller. Hammond, Sermons, p. Oil. ball-COck (bal'kok), n. A hollow sphere or ball (fi) To serve as a counterpoise to ; keep down by counteraction. Now you have given me virtue for my guide, And with true honour b(dlasted my pride. Dnjdeti. 3t. To load; freight. — 4. To load or weigh down. When his belly is well ballaced, and his brain rigged a little, he sails away witlial. B. Jongon, Ind. to Every Man in his Humour. These yellow rascals [coins] must serve to ballast my purse a little longer. Scott, Old Mortality, ix. Ballasted. Shak., C. of E., iii. 2. Hulks of burden gi-eat. Which Br.andiniart rebated from his coast, And sent them home baltaat with little wealth. Greene, Orlando Furioso. ballastage (bal'as-taj), m. [< ballast + -age.] 1. Aji old right' of the admiralty in all the royal rivers of Great Britain to levy a rate for supplying ships with ballast. — 2. The toll paid for the privilege of taking ballast, as a gi'avel-bed, etc. of metal attached to the end of a lever, which turns the stop-cock of a water-])i])e and regulates the suijply of water. The ball, floating in the water of a tank or cistern, rises and falls with it, shutting olf the flow when the water has reached a certain level, and letting it on when it falls below this level. balledt, a. An obso- lete form of baUl^. ballerl (ba'ler), n. [< bain, v., + -crl.] One who or that which forms any- thing into balls. ballerSf (ba'ler), n. 1-i^. I, Cisl;;rn wUli Ljll-cock al- Uchcd. Fi^. 2, Section of ball-cock on larger scale : a, valve shown open so as to admit watsr; d, ann of the lever which being raised shuts the valve. One [< balft, v., + -erl.] who takes part in a ball for dancing. fJ'"" ballerina (bal-la-re'nii), n. ; pi. ballerinas, baU Icriiie (-nan, -na)'. [It.,' fem. of ballerino (pi. bal- ballardlt, ». [ME., also ft«;«rd; prob. < 6«f baflast-engiie"(bal'ast-en"jin), n. A steam- SI' baUeTdan^ef "''' '^''°''' ' '"" '"""•^ ^ + .ard.] A bald-headed person ; a baldhead. engi_ne_used^for^dredging^a^ river or drawing ,^™f (tarety," [< OF. balette, a little ball, ^^^^ ^^ ^^^^^^ ftaHe^ a ball: see bain and -et.] A little ball : in her., a bearing in coats of arms, denominated, according to the color, bezants, plates, hurts, etc. And scornede Co hym saying, stye \ip, liallard! ["Go up, thou baldhead," in authorized version.] Wiicli/, 2 Ki, ii. 23. ballard-t, «. [Origin unknown.] A kind of musical Instrument. Purchas, Pilgi-ims. {N. E. D.) ballast, ballaset, n. and v. See ballast. ballast (bal'ast), n. [Early mod. E. also balast, balest, balist',' iind, with loss of t, ballas, ballass, ballasse, balhu-e, ballesse, balase, etc. (not in earth and ballast on a railroad, ballast-getter (barast-gefer), n. One who is employed in procuring ballast for ships. I now come to the nature of the ballast labour itself. This is divisible into three classes : that performed by tin the bed of the Th.ames ; by the ballast-lighters, or those who are engaged in carrying it from the getters to tlie ships requiring it; and by the ballast-heavers, or those who are engaged in putting it on board of such ships. Mauhew, London Labour, III. 278, ME.), = F. lMdast=iG. ballast (> Pol. balast= ballast-hammer (bal 'ast-ham"er),)j. Adouble^ faced, long-handled hammer used in laying railroad-tracks. ballast-heaver (bal'ast-he"ver), n. 1. One who is employed in putting ballast on board ships. See extract imder ballast-getter. — 2. A dredging-machine for raising ballast from a river-bed; a ballast-lighter. n. Same as ballast- Euss. balastd, ballastu),'• BUliards. Spenser. contained in sockets, each ball being loose, ballimongt (bSl'i-mong), h. [Ongin unknown.] and tm-ning with the shaft. A dredge. Holland. ber, especially from Astrakhan to Moscow, ballatorium (bal-a-to'ri-um), n. ; pi. ballatoria (-a). [ML., < "ballarc, < Gr. jJaA'Aciv, throw. Cf. balista, ballista, etc.] The forecastle or the stern-castle of a medieval ship of war: baUing ballingl (ba'ling), n. [Verbal n. of bain, r.] The act or process of making into balls ; the act of assuining the form of a ball ; specifically, 432 < AS. bealluc. < 'beallii or 'healla. a ball,+ dim. -«<■: see 60//1, 20, aud-ocA.] A testicle. [Ub- solete or vulgar.] in the process of puddling, the forming of the ballont, «• L< F. ballon, balon, dim. of halle. ballot and thus of blowing itself u|i into a nearly spherical shape like a liallooii. The iv.)iy-like tips nf the jawlKines eleft above anil below, as in Tflrnothni, j;ive the llsh the appear- ance of having four teeth, two above and two below. See Gi/innotiontidtv. iron into balls or rounded masses of a size con- Tcnient for handling. ballings (ba'ling), h. [Verbal n. of baU'i. r.J The titquentiug of balls : dancing. [Rare.] balling-fornace (ba'ling-fernSs), «. [<(«(«- itif), verbal n. of bain, v., + Jiinuice.] 1. A furnace in which piles or fagots of metal are placed to be heated preparatorj- to rolling. It resembles a puddling-furnace.— 2. A reverbe- ratorv furnace used in alkali-works, balling-gun (ba'ling-gtm), H. An instrument for administering to horses medicine rolled into balls. It consists of a tube from which the air is partially exhausted; the ball is held ou the end of the tul>e bv atmospheric pressure, and is released by a piston wliin fairly within the esophagus. £. II. Kninht. balling-iron (ba'ling-i'em), n. Ahook-shaped tool for removing snow from the feet of a horse, balling-machine (ba'ling-ma-shen'), n. A ma- chine for balling cotton thread, balling-tool (ba'ling-tol), n. The tool used in collecthig into a mass the iron in a pnddling- f umace preparatory to taking it to the hammer or squeezer ; a rabble, ball-ironstone (bal'i'em-ston), ». In Enyli.sh iiKiiiiiij. nodular iron ore. .Vlso called bull-mine and hiiU-rcin. ballisedt, «. [Appar. for *jHiUisc(1, < F. palisse, pp. of jiiilixser, surround with pales : see pali- satlc] Inclosed with a railing or balustrade. irotton. (.V. £. I).) ballismus (ba-lis'mus), )i. [XL., < Gr. i]a/.?.ta- fi'jr, a jumping about, dancing, < j3a?./.Ki:tv, jump about, dance: see ball-.] In patliol., a name which has been given to chorea, to pa- ralvsis agitans, and to other forms of tremor. baUist (bal'ist), )i. [Early mod. E. also bali.st. < ilE. bali.st,< L. balli.sta, balislii : see balliistii.'] Same as balli.'-la. [Kare.] balUsta, balista (ba-lis'tii), n.; pi. halli.sta^, ha- li.iUr (-te). [L., occasionally (in gloss. ) ballistra, appar. formed on a Greek moilel, < Gr. ,id>v.c(v, throw.] 1. An ancient military engine used for throwing missiles. The dilferent references to it are conlradiclory, as it is described as acting by means of a bow, but also as tlu'owing large stones rather than darts. An attempt has been made to reconcile these statements by representing the engine as composed of a strong shaft, rotating on one of its ends, and having at the other end a receptacle for the missile ; this shaft woulii be thrown forward by the recoil of a steel bow, and stoppcil suddenly against a transom, thus releasing the nusslle. Throughout the middle ages the term is ilseil in Latin writings for military engines of different kimls. .See /rt'- biirhel, iiuinfrniwl, cattble , pHroncl , plerri^re, and catapult. When used a-i a bearing in heraldry, the ballista is repre- sented siii tb..- tin-.. rctlcal or parabolic j)ath.— Ballistic galvanometer. .See ;/n(i-ri;i/,iii.(.r.— BalllBtlO pendulum, an nliparatiis invented by Benjamin itobitis fur a.-.ceitaiiilii;r the veloiity of military pri>]ectile8, and corisei|ueully the e\ido.-.l\'' force of gunpowder. A piece of ordnance is tired against a cast-iron case llllcd with bags of sand, which forms the hall of a pendulum, ami the [lercUKHJini causes the pendu- lum Vi vibrate- Tlie distance through which it vibrates is measured on a copper arc by an index calTyIng a vcr- ft((/f a bale; m def. 2, ob's. form' of balloon : see ballooning (ba-lo'ning),n. [< balloonl + -ingl.] 1. The art or jiractiee of ascending in and of managing balloons. — 2. In political ami stock- exchange slang, the operation of booming a candidate, or of iutlatiug the money-market, bv means of tieti- ballootA.'i 1. A bale of paper, etc.— 2. Same as ballooin, 1, 2. balloonl (ba-16n'), V. [In some senses also billion, after F.; early mod. E. baliwii, baloiinc, balone, bullone, < It." ballone, pallonc, a large ball, a foot -ball (now distinguished: ballone, a large bale, pullunc, a foot-ball, balloon) (= Sp. balon, a foot-ball, a large bale, = Pg. baliio, a balloon, = F. ballon, a fardle or small pack. balon, " a little ball or pack, also a foot-ball or balloon" (Cotgrave), now ballon (after It.), a foot-ball, balloon, swelling hill), aug. (in F. prop, dim.) of balla, etc.. a ball, bale: see balft,bah3.] If. A large inflated ball of leather, used in plaj-ing certain games; a game jjlayed with such a ball. It was tossed to ami fro by either hand or foot, the hand being defended by a guard (bal- loon-brasser). .See J'uot-baU. 'Tis easier sport than the baloon. Ileytcooii. It was my envied lot to lead the winning party at that wondrous ruatch at ballon, maiiartcrlii Eev. balloon-sail (ba-lon'sal), n. Light canvas used in yachts, as the balloon-jib, tlie sjiinnaker, balioon-topsails and -foresails, and the shadow- sail and water-sail. balloon-vine (ba-lon'viu), n. A herbaceous climbing plant, Cardiospermmn Halicacabum, B.iUnon.vinc {Ctirdt'pspfrmMm tfatieacnl>Hm), intliUcfl c.ipstilc or pod, about one liairn.itur.-il size. (Hrt "Genera of the Plants of the United St!itcs."J 1 r,rav"» Imllooii-pla balUatiCS (h.t-lis'tiks), H. \yi. of hallinHc: see to iiiotect tliiOiainl anil arin. -ff.] 1. Tho Bcioiico or art of discharging ballooned (ba-liind'), a. Swelled out like a large miHsilcHby the tine of tlie ballista or other liiilloon. eiiiriiie. — 2. The Bcienco of tho motion of pro- ballooner (ba-l. — 2. .Slime as Imili i/K oiiil), 11. A joliiteil I'oniii'etinii the cfinneeted pioee^i has a bnll. ity, fitting a cup-( ball : ' III xhni. in the ..'o ball-lever > lal'lev'tr), n. The lever of a ball cock, ball-mine (biil'mln), n. Hamo an hall-iroimlon. ball-rii'-o'-f''-" ' il'moiin'liiigl, II. A kind linn uiving n bull, where a rii Ik I ' '..IMP. ballock ,, or „. {nllok,ballMk,hiiM li^ll'ion-fiBll I irOn^^"i li»/.ititti. niiilontrs, an Ihelropicnl 71"- liiioitnn linni' Ills, or slrlpeil s|iiiie-belly, or a Hpeeies tif one of the geii- ' I'a Ti'ioilini I lid Piiiilon. .s,i dh'd becaliHc II liim the power .d •.uiillowbig all. whirl) In t'etabieil In a dllalntlon of the rMiphoKtiH, milural order finjiindacia; found in all tropical countries. It bears a huge, li-celled, blailder- like pod. Also called hrarlsiiil. ballot! (bal'ot), n. [First in the IGUi century, < It. biiUitltn= V. ballolti; lialottr, a little ball, esp. as used for voting, a vote, suffrage, = Sp. biilola, a ballot (ML. ballottii), dim. of bulla, a ball: see Iniin nml -o/.] 1. A little ball used in voting. Ileiici — 2. A ticket or slip of pa- per, sometimes called a rotinii-pii]>cr, used for the same purpose, ou which is |irinted or writ- ten an expression of the elector's choice as be- tween eaudiilates or propositions to bo voted f,„..— 3. A inethoil of secret voling by means of siiKill balls, or of jirinted or wrilten ballots, whii-li are depositeil in an urn or a box ealletl II bilUol-box. In thi> foninr case, einb lu-rson who li entitled to vtitc. having the ,hoi,-,- of tw.i halls, .me while and oni' bhuk, places a whiti' ball In tbi' box If he Is in favor of the resolution iiroposeil, as the adudsslon of a pemon to nu'inberHhip in a club, or a bbu k hall if he Is op- poseil In it. llcnee, to blfii-khall a person Is to v.ile agidnst Ills ebcllon. In the latt.r lasc, the ballots or votlim- papers are so f.ddeil as to previiit the voters prefer- rnre from being dlscloseil, ami are usually handed to an aulhorl7,ed olllcer calleil an Inspector .d election", to he di'p..Blled In the ho\ In the voter's presence, I he ballot In now ernldoved In all nnpuhir elections In the Urdte.l States, throughout the I iilleil Kliigilom and the lliltlsh iciliMdes, and in the nallcuial or parliamentary elections In Oennany, Kranee, llelgluni, Italy, and most (dbir countries of continental Knnipe. See blanket- bnlli.l. 4. A cnstingof bnllots; a v.de by liiillot; also, the wIh.Ii. initiilior of votes cast or r< '(led: ballot 433 was a lai'fie baUnt. — 5. A method of drawing lots by tiiking out small balls, or tlie like, from a box"; hcnee, lot-di-awing. N. li. /'. — Austra- lian ballot, a system of balloting of whicli the pi in. i]i:il features are tllo placing of the names of all the candidates on each ballot, the printing of the ballots by the gov- ernment, the arrangement and control of the polling- plaees, and devices for securing secrecy in marldng and casting tlie lialluts. Tlie system, with numerous varia- ti.nis, has been extensively adopted in tlie United State — Tissue-ballots, ballots printed on thin tissne-paiier, . to the end tliiit a large niiiiil)er of fraudulent votes folded together may lie smuggled into the ballot-box without de- as, a Italht was taken ou the resolution ; there ballow^, w. A word used only by Bhakspero in tlic passafie cited, in tlie folio of lOliil, wFiero tlie (juarto (nlilions liiive hatlirosmOi hiil; it is, like hattcro, apparently a misprint for batton, battonn, or battoun, a stick, cudgel. See bat- ton, butooit, baton, and bat^. Keepe out, ... or ice try whither your Costard or my TSalUiai lie the harder. Shalt., Lear, iv. (i (lU'ii). ball-proof (iKU'priif), a. Capable of resisting bnlls from tirearms; impenetraljle by bullets. i ball-rack (bal'rak), n. In printinf/j the rack ,„^ ^^_ __ wliieli held tlie balls formerly used m inking. tection.— To cast a ballot, to deposit in a ballot-bo.x, or ball-room (bal'rom), )(. A room expressly de- present for deposit, a biUlot or voting-paper.- To cast ^j , ,, „. ,„^[|^ ^,, dancing parties, or a room the ballot, to reeord. as if ascertained by ballot, the vote . '^ , . ... ^f of an assembly or meeting. The secretaiT is often in- '" which siicli entertainments are given, structeil to "east the ballot" when for convenience the ball-SCreW (biU'skro), n. A screw which can actual process, as requhed by rule, is dispensed with. ),g attached to the end of the ramrod of a gun, balloti (bal'ot), i: [Early mod. E. also ballat, for the purpose of extracting a bullet from the ballet; < It. Imlloltarc = F. haUottcr, earlier 60/0/- barrel. tcr, = .Sp. balotar, vote by ballot ; from the ball-seater (bal'se'tfcr), n. A tool used in noun.] 1. intmns. 1. To decide upon a ques- fitting the ball of a cartridge accurately in lino tion, proposition, or candidacy by casting bal- with the axis of the shell, lots; take a ballot or a vote by ballot: often ball-stock (luil'stok), »!. In /jrin ((». ball-valvc (bal'valv), H. A valve formed by a 2. To choose by lot; select by drawing lots g'^^f.^/esfiJig "PO" f concave circular sea.t. T J y J ° It IS lifted by the upward pressure of the tluul, and de- lor. scends by gravity when that pressure is removed. See Peasants . . . who will not be balloted for soldiers. bnll-cock. Caiiyle, French Rev,, III. i. 1. -ball-Vein (bal'van), n. Same as ball-ironstone. ballot^ (bal'ot), n. [< F. ballot, a bale, prop, bally (bal'i), «. [Kepr. Ir. Gael, baile, Manx a small bale, tlim. of balle, a bale: see bale^ and halley, a town, \'illage.] A town: an element -ot, and cf. the ult. identical ballot'^.'] A small in many place-names in Ireland: as, BalhjvfaX- bale, weighing from 70 to 120 pounds. " ' Ballota (ba-lo'tii), n. [NL. (L. ballote), < Gr. jid/'/-Lirii, a plant believed to be black hoar- hound, origin unknown.] A genus of labiate plants, of about 125 species, mostly natives of the Mediten-anean region. The black hoarhound, B. iu'ifya, sometimes used in medicine, is found through- balm (biiin) out Europe and Russian Asia. ballotade, ballottade (bal-o-tad' or -tad'), n. [< F. halhittade (Sp. balotadd), < ballofter, toss, prob. < ballotte, a little ball: see ballot^, m.] In the manege, a leap of a horse in which all four legs are bent without jerking out the hind ones. Also spelled balotade. ballotantt (bal'ot-ant), n. [< P. ballottant, pp. of halltittcr, ballot:" see ballot^, v.] A voter by ballot. J. Harrington. [Rare.] ballotationt (bal-o-ta'shgn), «. [< ballot''- + -ation, after It. ballottasione.^ A voting by bal- lot; a balloting. Sir H. fFoMoH, Eeliquisa, p. 260. [Rare.] ballot-box (bal'ot-boks), n. A box for receiv- ing ballots. balloter (bal'ot-er), n. 1. One who ballots or votes by ball"ot. — 2. A mechanical device for receiving, counting, and recording ballots. ballotint, ". [< ballot''- + -in, irreg. used.] The carrier of the ballot-box; the taker of the votes by ballot. J. Harrington. [Rare.] balloting (bal'ot-ing),' H. [VerVial n. of ballot'', J'.] 1. The act of casting or taking a ballot: as, the balloting began at 2 o'clock. — 2. A spe- cific instance in \vhich a ballot is taken ; a vote. From the result of the balloting^ yesterday, I deem it highly improbable that 1 shall receive the nomination. Buchanan, in Curtis, ii. 2. ballotist (bal'ot-ist), H. liballot^ -\- -isf] An advocate of voting by ballot. ballottade, «. See ballotade. ballottement (ba-lot'ment), «. [F., a tossing, < ballottcr, toss: see ballotadc.~\ In obstet., a method of testing pregnancy. ballowH, ". [Appar. tfi--< imh\.^ophyllum : the bee-balm of Amerieaii "aniens. .Monarila didyuin ; the horse-balm. Col- linsuin'i'i rri/i(ii/.'i!.M«.- the lleld-balni, Neijeta Cataria; the MoUieealiiilni, Mulwcrllii tiri'i.^ : and the sweet balm, some- times e':illed liiilia of ciileiid, Dracoivphahim Canarienxc. — Abraham's-balm, an old name for an Italian willow.— Balm of Gllead. (« ) Balm or balsam li ihlMT. or lonK rimkN t,t metal rir wood, N' • <•• l>;ibii by a frniiii'Work, and UNcd as a lit'- ■>> . roNftlng lirnvy mirf. Hvv Hfe-ritft. balsam . ». [Kurly mod. K. also linl- (i"H, '"' M< (in MK, only as balm, (\. v.), < AH. '" nil, < Ij. halsamum, < (ir. ,Ui'- nniiiiy, I 11,1. lialsam-lrce, the troi' il- Belf; |."i liiintancoiiHly from InoH of till I'hnilrnn; hence, by ex- tenaioi., .. mo > o i,r oUoriferoui) exudation 434 from trees or shrubs, whether spontaneous or after incision; balm. A gi-eat variety of substances pass under this name ; but in chemistry the term is con- lined to vegetable juices, whether they remain liquid or spontaneously become solid, which consist of resins mixed with gums or" volatile oils, the resins being produced from the oils by oxidation, A balsam is thus iuttimediate be. tween a volatile oil and a resin. It is soluble in alcohol and ether, and capable of yielding benzoic acid. The bab s.ims are either liquid or solid ; ol the former are the balm of Gileadand the balsams of copaiba, Peru, and Tolu (see below); of the latter, benzoin, dragon s blood, and storax. The balsam used in the Roman Catholic Church in the cim- fection of chrism is, by the rubrics, that of .S>Tia or Mecca ; but, from difficulty in ol>taining this, concessions have been nuule by the popes for the use of the balsams of Brazil, Tolu, Peru, etc. Many of the resins occur in plants dissolved in ethereal oils. Should the vessels which contain this solution lie injured, it flows out, and becomes thick, or even solid, on exposure to the air, partly from evaporation of the solvent oil, and partly by its oxidation. Such mixtures of oils and resins are termed balsams. Strieker, Organic Chemistry, p. 73"2. 2t. An aromatic preparation used for embalm- ing the dead. — 3. Any aromatic fragrant oint- ment, whether for ceremonial or for medicinal use, as for healing wounds or soothing pain, — 4. Figuratively, any healing or soothing agent or agency. Is this the balsam that the usuring senate POurs into captains' wounds? ,SAa/:,.T. of A.,iii, 5, Was not the people's blessing . . . a ?)a/.vam to thy blood? Tenmjtiun, Becket, 1. 24. 5t. In alchemy, ahealthfulpreservativeessence, of oily penetrative nature, conceived by Para- celsus to exist in all organic bodies. A'. E. D. — 6. A tree yielding an aromatic, oily resin. In the I'nited States the name is often applied generally to the fli"s (species of Abie.'i), and sometimes ignorantly to the spruces also. See bahaiii-trer. 7. The Imjyatienshalsamina, a familiar flowering annual, of Eastern origin, cultivated in many Flowering branch of Bals.-im (i'n^ttflVfts/il/t'a). ( From Cray's •' Genera o( the Pl.mts of the United States." ) varieties, often called garden-balsam, and in tho United States ladi/'s-slipjicr; also, the native Eu- ropean species, /. Noli-me-tangcre, and the Amer- ican /./H?r(/. Sod Inijuiliiiis and jcu-rt-ureil. In nieilical jn-cscriiitions abbreviated to ball. Balsam of Mecca, halm of (lilead. .Sec («i/m.— Balsam of Peru, the product of Miiroxijlun Perelrir, a leguminous tree of ,san Salvador, It is employed in perfumery and the niniinfactiire of Boap.s, and in medicine as a stiinulat- iiig ointnient and for the relief of a-sthma and coughs. Balsam of Saturn, a solution of lead acetate in tiu'pcii- tirie, concentrated by evaporation and mixetl with ciini- phof, toriiKily used to hasten the cicatrization of wounds. ^Balaam of Tolu (from Tolu, a seaport in the I'nited States of Colomliia), a product of Sljiroxjilvn Tolui/rra of Venezuela and the United .States of Colombia, a species closely allied to ;)f. Prrrine (sec above) It has an agree- able llavor, and Is used in nuilicino as an expectorant and Htinmlaiit, though its properties are not im|iortanl.- BrazlllanbalBam,thepMiiluctof ^/.i/riij-,i/("'i;"i'"(fr''i/"i. It closely resembles balsani of I'crii,- Broad-leafed bal- Bam, of the West Indies, a small tree belonging to Ihe natural order Aratiari-fp, .Sciadoiihtilhuit rnintiituin, yield- ing an aromatic balsam, which is ilrrived cbiclly from Ihe lieiTle8,~Canada balsam, a transparent liiinid resin or tnr|ieiitineoblahiid bv puiietiiring the veBldes which form under the bark of Ibc balHam llr, Ahim hnltnnirn of .Norlh America. It Is much valued lor moiuitlngtibjects for (he iiilcroBcope, as It rcmalim iiirmam'Utly Iranspureiit, and It Is also iiHcd in making vanilBh. ihe priiiiipnl supply In from I'nnadii, other fornm .d turiicnilne fiom l; piim coniferous trees are BometlTncN lalbd /«fi«iin», — Copalm balsam, a baNam iiblaincd from the nweit gum, l.i'iuul- aiiilKir hiiraeiflua, vi-n slnilhir to slorax and used for similar purpoHeN.— VollOW balsam, of .lamalra, Crol.m llarriiJi, at) aromatic cupliorblaceiiim Nbnib, covered wHli a yellow wool. (I'or othir kinds of balsam, tee acouelii-rrnin, ri.iniiha, iiurjun, anil la qnaliiies of balsam; abounding in balsam; consisting of balsam. Now the radical moisture is not the tallow or fat of ani- mals, but ail oily and balsamous substjince, Sfrrnr, Tristram .Shandy, v, 35, balsam-root (bAl'sara-rfit), n. A name given ill ('alirorMJH tt) species of Halsumorrhi^n, a ge- nus of low, coarse, perennial composite plants, allied to the siintlower. They have deep thick roots which eontaln a tcrcliliithiluitc balsam. These roots are rati-ii by Itic imtivrs after being peeled and baked. balsam-tree (bal'sam-tro), «. A name given to iiiaiiy of the balsain-beariug trees of tho tropics (see bal.iam), aii<) to the ninstic-troo, I'istacia Lentisru.s. In North America it is aiiplled to t'ttiniliis bahami/rra, and on the western coast to /', trii-lmrarpa. It Is also given especially to the balsam- bearing coldfers, Abies bnlsamea and .4, Fraseri In tho east (Ihe hiltir I ree being distinguished as the she-balsam). and In the Itncky .Moniitains and westward to .1. coiieolnr n\\i\ A. sutmliiiiui. The balsani-tree or lialsam-Ilg of Ja. mull a is the t'hisiit roNea. balsam-'Weed (bill'sam vod). »i. A name of tho eoiiiinoii ovorlaHtingH of llio United States, dnajiliiilium drcnrrrns and (I. polyccjihiiliim. Thoy lire also called su'iil bal.sam, on account of llnir balsuniic fragranco. balsamy (linrHam-i), a. [< bal.wm + -yl.] I'.tilHaiii-like; balmy. baltei baltei, n. Plural of baltetis. baiter, «•. [Early mod. E. baulier, holier (in hUiltered, q. v.), now only dial, bauter, < ME. baltervii, prob. of Seand. origin; cf. Dan. bultre, var. of bultre, roll, tumble, gambol.] I. intrans. If. To tumble ; dance clumsily. So blythe of his wodbyno lie balteres ther vnde[r]. Alliterative Pueina (l*i1. Morris), iii. 4ri0. 2. To become tangled or matted. [Prov. Eng.] It [a Boat's beard] baltereth aiul cluttercth into knots and lialls. Ilullanil, tr. of Pliny, xii. 17. (.V. i'. U.) II, trans. 1. To tread down in a clumsy man- ner. [Prov. Eng.] — 2t. To tangle; clot; mat, as the hair. balteus (bal'te-us), «.; pi. baliei (-i). [L., a licit: according to Varro, a Tuscan word, but perhaps of Celtic origin: see belt.'] 1. In Ito- man aittiq., a belt : either a girdle, or a baldric worn over the shoulder to support a sword, shield, or quiver. — 2. In arch.: (a) A band iierpeudieular to the axis in the lateral part of *he volute of an Ionic pulvinated capital, (h) One of the passages dividing the auditorium of ancient Roman theaters and amphitheaters horizontally into upper and lower zones, and affording access to the different eunei, or wedge- shaped divisions of the atiditorium, without dis- turbing persons occupying seats. Such a pas- sage had usually the form of a wide step. Baltic (bal'tik), a. [< NL. Balticus, prob. < Lith. haltas, white, balti, be white.] Appella- tive of or pertaining to tlie sea which separates Sweden from Denmark, Cxermany, and Russia ; situated on or bordering the Baltic sea : as, the Baltic islands ; the Baltic coasts. Baltimore bird, oriole. See orioU. baltimorite (bal'ti-mor-it), n. [< Baltimore, the chief city in Maryland, -I- -itt'-.'] A variety of serpentine from Bare Hills, Maryland. balu(ba'lo), w. [Native name.] A kind of wild- cat, Fclis sumatrana, native in Sumatra. Baluchi (ba-16'che), n. [Pers. Baluchi, Beltt- c/i«.] 1. A native or an inbabitant of Balu- chistan, a country lying to the east of Persia and between Afghanistan and the Arabian sea ; specifically, a member of one of the tribes of Baluchistan, a distinct race from the present dominant tribe, the Brahoes. — 2. The language spoken by the Baluchis and by over 300,000 British subjects inhabiting Sind and the Pan- jab. It belongs to the Iranic branch of tlie Al-yun family of languages. It has no literature and written characters of its own, Arabic characters having been used for snch works in Baluchi as liave i-ecently appeared. Also written Beloochee and Belooch. baluster (bal'us-t6r), n. [Also balluster, ballis- ter (and corruptly bannister, banister, q. v.), formerly also ballester ; < F. bahistre, < It. ba- laustro (= Sp. Pg. halaustrc), a baluster, small pillar, so called from a fancied resemblance to the flower of the wild pomegi'anate, < balaiisto, balausta, balaustra — Sp. balanstra, balaiistria = Pg. balaustia = F. balauste, formerly also ba- histre, < L. halaustium, < Gr. jialavanov, the flower of the wild pomegranate -tree. Cf. Ba- laiistion.] 1. In arch, and building, a small upright member made in a great variety of 435 At the bottom is a parterre ; the upper terrace neere half a mylo in leiiKtli, wi* double declivities, arched and haluxtrr'd w'k stone, of vast and royal cost. Evelyn, Diary, Feb. 27, 1044. baluster-shaft (bal'us-tor-sbm), n. A form of pillar occurring in so-called Anglo-Saxon architecture, and in work influenced by it as late as the twelfth century. It serves especially as a separation of win- dow-lights and other openings, and is named from its rude resem- blance in shape to a baluster of the convcn- tiiiiial ty]»e. baluster-stem (bal'us-tiJr-stcm), n. The stem of a goblet, chalice, or other similar vessel when of the bulging shape characteristic of a baluster. balustrade dial-us-trad' ), n. [< F. hahistrade, < It. biil{tustr(it.a{z=Si). Pg. balaustrada), a balus- trade, prop, adj. fem., furnished with balusters, < balaustra, a baluster.] In arch., strictly, a barrier or railing consisting of a horizontal Baluster-shafts. St. Albans Cathedral, England. Balusters. j1, from church of Santa Trinity del Monte, Rome; B, from pulpit- stairs. Duomo of Siena : C (bronze), from Casa de Pilatns, Seville. forms, but typically strongly swelled outward at some point between the base and the top or capital, and commonly vase- or urn-shaped, used in series to support the rail of a railing or balustrade. The baluster, asdistinguished from a small column serving the same purjiose, originated in the archi- tecture of the Renaissance. Now often called banister. 2. In arch., the lateral part of the volute of the Ionic capital. Also bolster. balustered (bal'us-terd), a. [< baluster + -ed2.] Furnished with balusters. ?S¥^igg&- Balustrade.— From the Villa d'Este. Tivoli, Italy. member resting on a series of balusters ; but, commonly, an ornamental railing or pierced parapet of any kind, whether sei-ving as a bar- rier or merely as a decorative feature, and whether composed of balusters or not. Broad-bas^d flights of marble stairs Ran up with golden balustrade. Tennyson, Arabian Nights. balustraded (bal-us-trii'ded), a. [< balustrade + -cd". ] Furnished with a balustrade or bal- ustrades. I like the balustraded terraces, the sun-proof laurel walks, tile vases and statues. Lowell, Fireside Travels, p. 321. balustrading (bal-us-tra'ding), n. [< balus- trade -f -(/((/!.] A balustrade or balustrades; balustrade-work. The upper [floor] was ten-aced and defended by strong balustrading. L. Wallace, Ben-Hur, p. 92. balysaur, n. See balisaur. balza, «. See balsa. balzant, «• [f-, ^ It- balzano, ■white-footed, white-spotted, = OF. bausan, bansant : .see bau- sond, bauson.'] A horse having four white feet. balzarine (bal-za-reu'), n. [Origin obscure.] A light mixed fabric of cotton and wool for women's dresses, commonly used for summer gowns before the introduction of barege. bam (bam), r.; pret. and pp. bammed, ppr. bamming. [A slang word, formerly also bamh, either an abbr., or the source of the first syl- lable, of bamboozle, q. v.] I. trans. To bam- boozle; cheat; hoa.^; wheedle. [Slang.] This is some conspiracy, I suppose, to bain, to chouse me out of my money. Foote. II. intrans. To practise hoaxing or imposi- tion. [Slang.] bam (bam), )!. [< bam, v.] A cheat; a hoax; an imposition. [Slang.] It w:»s all a bam, madam, a scene we thought proper to act. A. Murphy. To relieve the tedium he kept plying them with all maTiner of bams. J. Wilson. bamalip (bam'a-bp), n. [An artificial teinu.] In logic, a mnemonic word denoting a mood of the fourth figure, containing syllogisms with universal affirmative premises and a particular affirmative conclusion : as, All greyhounds are dogs; but all dogs are quadrupeds; therefore, some quadrupeds are gi-eyhounds. Six of the seven letters composing the word are signiflcant. £ shows that tlie mood is to be reduced to barbara (which see) ; a, that the major premise is a universal aftinnative ; ni, that the premises are to be transposed in reducing it t^i the first flgiu'e ; a, that the minor premise is a univei-sal af- bamboo-brier flmmtlvc ; i, that the conclusion is a particular affirmative ; and p, that the oonclusiriu of barbara lias in the reduction to be converted per accidens to give the conclusion of bamalip. Tliis mood w;i8 originally called baralipton by i'etrns Ilispanus. F.nglish logicians more connnonly call the mood bramantip, in order to make tlie liexanieter Bramantip, oamenes, dimarig, fesapo, fresisoii. See vuiod. bamalipton (bam-a-lip'ton), n. [An artificial term. J A mood of syllogism, differing from baralijjton only in having the names of the ma- jor and minor lu-f^miscs transposed. The name was invented by .lodoc Tiutfeder of Kisenach, a teacher of l.uther, who died in irili*. bambara (liam'ba-rji), «. [An artificial terra.] A mood of syllogism, differing from barbara only in liaving the names of the major and minor premises transposed. The name was in- venteil liy .lodoc Trutfeder. See bamalipton. bambino (Iiam-be'no), n. ; pi. bambini (-ne). [It., a child, dim. of banibo, childish, simple; cf. bimbo, a child, Sp. bambarria, a child, a foolish man, Austrian bams, child. Prob. of imitative origin, and so far related to Gr. /Jo/u- jiaiveiv, chatter with the teeth, also stammer; fia/iftaKij^tiv, jiajtiia'AvC.iiv, pajiiiaXt^civ, stammer. Cf . babble.] A child or baby ; specifically, a figure of the Child Jesus. It is commonly repre- sented .as in the manger at Bethlehem, and is exposed in many Koman Catholic churches throughout tlie world from Christmas to Epiphany, the ertcct being often heightened by flgures of angels, of tbesbepbcnls, of the Magi, etc. Tlif wliolc tiigettier is rnniniiinly call- ed in English the crib. As a subject of popular devo- tion, it owes its origin to St. Francis of Assisi in the early part of the thirteenth century. The famous bam- bino in the ehurcli of Ara Cieli at Rome is of olive- wood, and was made in Pal- estine by a Franciscan lay brother some time before the seventeenth century ; it is in repute for miraou- lous healing, and has been richly decorated by the faithful. Ill the fine arts this subject has been often treated, notably in the glazed terra-cotta reliefs of Luca della Knbljia. bambocciade (bam-boch-i-ad'), n. [Also iam- bocciate, and banibocciata(afterlt.); < F. bam- bocliade, < It. bambocciata, gi'otesque painting, caricature, < hamboccio, a little child, puppet, simpleton (like bambino, a dim. of bamho, child- ish, simple : see bambino) ; said to have been a nickname given to Pieter van Laer (17th cen- tury), a painter of such scenes.] In painting, a gi-otesque scene from common life, as rustic games, a village festival, rollicking peasants cli'inking and smoking, and kindred subjects. Teniers is the great master of this style, and in British art AVilkie is probably its best representative. bamboo (bam-bo'), «. [Also bambu, and for- merly also bambou, bamboir, bambo, and (after D.) bambouse, bambus ; = D. bamboes ^ G. Dan. bambus = Sw. bambu'= Pol. Bohem. bambus = Russ. bandtuJ:u = F. bambou= Sp. bambti = Pg. bambii (first recorded as maiiibu) — It. bambit (NL. bambiisa) ; from the native E. Ind. name, MalayandJav. bambu, Canaiesebanbu orbanicu. The orig. language is uncertain.] 1. (a) The common name of the arborescent grasses be- longing to the genus Baiubu-m (which see) and its allies. (6) In the West Indies, a tall climb- ing grass of the genus Panicum, P. dirarica- tum. (c) In Queensland, a coarse grass, Stijia micrautha. — 2. A stick or cane from the stem of the bamboo. — 3. In potter;/, a name given to a cane-colored biscuit 'made by Wedgwood. — 4. An Eastern measure of length, equal in Pondichei-ry to 3f meters. — 5. In Sumatra, a measure of capacity : in Bencoolen, equal to the United States (Winchester) gallon ; in Achin, to 5 pints — Bamboo books, a collection of ancient Chinese wTitings, chiefly historical, said to have been dis- covered in the tomb of a prince of Wei, A. D. 279. Tlie writings were engi-aved on slips of bamboo, as was cus- tomary in China before the invention of paper. — Sacred bamboo, the Xandina domesttca. a handsome evergi-een berbcridaccous shrub, bearing red berries, and extensively cultivated in China and Japan. It is chiefly used for dec- oration, bamboo (bam-bo'), V. t. [< bamboo, «.] To beat with a bamboo : punish by flogging ^^^th a smooth lath of bamboo ; bastiiiado. bamboo-brier (bam-bo'bri'fer), n. The green- brier of the United .States, Smilajc rotundifolia, a tall thorny climber. Bambino, Church of Ara C3>flmm-bu'm''-6), n.jil. [NL.,< liambu- K" \ tribe of ({rnHH<'H,<)f (frciit cciinomic 11 iM'-luiliiii; iic'urly 200 Hprcii'.s in n ra, rif which 7y(iHi/)H*rt (wliicli see) 11' n-il tlin type. Tliey are numtly nin- !■■ '■■i.'lotis of tile gb»lM', thnllgh uimeiire I' .rtn.m 10.000lol.',.ll'i. A fish of the family Silu- ridw, taken in the Red Sea. In a dried state it is much used as food by sailors. bamlite (bam'lit), «. [< Bamle + -tfel.] A va- riety of fibrolite from Bamle, Norway. bani (ban), 1'. ; pret. and pp. banned, ppr. banninq. [< ME. bannen, < AS. bannan, bonnan, summon, in eomp. dbajinan, summon, (jtbannan, summon, command, proclaim, = OFries. ba/uia, bonnu, command, proclaim, = OD. bannen, prohibit, mod. D. banisb, exile, exorcise, trump, = OHG. biinnan, MHG. G. bannen, banish, expel, exor- cise, = Icel, banna, forbid, curse, refl. swear, = Sw. banna, reprove, chide, refl. curse, swear, = Dan. bande, curse, swear, = Goth. *bunnan (not recorded), orig. appar. ' proclaim or announce,' subsequently 'command or forliid under a pen- alty,' prob. akin to L. /arj, say, speak (> nit. 'E. fable, fame, fate, etc.), = Gr. "^(inaf, speak, say (> uU. K. aphasia, aphrmia, euphetnimn, etc.); cf. Skt. -/ bhan, speak. Cf. also Ur. (jxiii'nr, make appear, show, shine, Skt. y/ bhd, appear, shine. The ML. verb bannire, summon, pro- claim, banish, is formally from the noun: see banish. The sense of ' curse ' is appar. .) Working Ills best with beails and cross t*) ban Tlio enemy that comes In like a Hood. Itroitmiii'i. Hlug and liook, 1. 411. II. intrans. To curse ; titter curses or male- dictions. And curst, and band, and blasphemies forth threw. ,S';,eHii. bannum, bannii.i, ;iIm(> liiiiidnm, iinieliiiiiHlion, HUinnionH, edict, |iroH('ri|ition, banishnieiit, oxcoiniiiiiiii<'ntiiin, etc., from the Teut. (OHO.) form, which Ih from banana the verb: see 6n«l, v., and ef. banish.'] 1. In feudal times : («) A pulilic proclamation or edict; especially, a proclamation simimoning to arms. (6) The array or body so summoned. See arriere-ban, 2. The ban was sometimes convoked, that is, the possessors of the flefs were called upon for military services in sub- sequeut ages. Hallam, Middle Ages, ii. '2. (c) A proclamation made at the head of a body of troops, or in the cantonments of an army, by beat of drum or sound of trumpet, to announce the appointment of an officer or the pimishment of a soldier, to enforce discipline, etc. in mod- ern times these proclamations are published in the writ- ten ordei-s of the day. 2. A proclamation or notice given in a church of an intended marriage: generally used in the plural, bans, usually spelled banns (which see). — 3. An edict of interdiction; a sentence of outlawi-y. Thus, to put a prince under the ;>a?i of the empire was to divest him of his dignities, and to interdict all intercourse and all offices of humanity with the otf en^ er. Sometimes whole cities have been put under the bail, that is, deprived of their rights and privileges. 4. Interdiction; authoritative prohibition. — 5. A formal ecclesiastical denunciation; curse; excommunication; anathema. — 6. A maledic- tion; expression of execration ; curse. Her fyrie eyes with furious sparkes did stare, And with blasphemous bannes high God in peeces tare. Spenser, F. Q., Ill, vii. 39. 7. A pecuniary mulct or penalty laid upon a delintiuent for offending against a ban. — 8. A mulct paid to the bishoii, in addition to other penalties, for certain crimes connected with sa- cred things, chiefly sacrilege and perjury. ban- (ban), n. [Croatian ban = Bulg. Sei-v. ban, Hung, ban, < Pers. ban, a lord, master.] A title formerly given to the military chiefs who guarded the southern marches of Hungary (the Banat), but now only to the governor of Croatia and Slavonia, who is appointed by the emperor of Austria as king of Hungary, and is respon- sible to the landtag of Croatia and Slavonia. ban-* (ban), n. [Cf. banana.] A fine sort of muslin made in the East Indies from the leaf- stalk fibers of the banana. banal^ (lian'al), a. [Formerly also bannal, < F. hannid (Cotgrave), now banal = Pr. banal, < ML. bannalis, pertaining to compulsory feu- dal service: applied especially to mills, wells, ovens, etc., used in common by people of the lower classes, upon the command ot a feudal superior; hence, common, commonplace ; < ban- num, command, proclamation: see fco«l, h.] 1. Subject to manorial rights; used in com- mon: as, a banal mill or oven. See banal- ity. — 2. (\immon; commonplace; hacknej'ed: trite; stale. Too much of what (England] gives us from her painters of modern life is familiar, tawdiT, banal, Forliwililly ){el<. (N. .S.), X.XXIll. 70. banal- (lian'al), a. [< 6«h2 -f -id.] Of or per- taining to a ban, or pro\-incial governor: as, the royal han, Sp. banana (Pg. baiianeira, F. /;((;i((H(()-), tho troo itself; cited in the Kith century as the native nanio in (luinea, but the ]ilant is prob- ably a native of the EiiKt In- dies.] An endo- genous ])laiit of the j,'eiiiiH Mn- .•'II, .1/. .sajiien- tum, now culti- vated for its fruit everywhere in the tropics. The stem -like trunk, formed of the com. pact Hbi-athlng leaf- stalks, grows to a Udiiunn {Muiit la/uHtum), height Usually of 8 banana or 10 feet, bearing its oblong fvuit in n dense cluster 2 or 3 feet long and sometimes weighing 70 or WO pounds. The frnit is soft, sweetisli, nut higlily tliivored, and without seeds. It is eaten eitlier raw or coolied. Several varieties are cultivated, diltering in size, color, and flavor. After fruiting the stem decays, or is cut down, and new shoots spi-ing from the root and produce a new crop in a few nioTiths. The fiber of the stem and leaves is of little value. The plantain, M. paraditiiaca, is probaldy only a variety of the same species, ^hq MusamufX plantain. — Banana essence, an artificial fruit-essence used for flavoring jel- lies, ices, and confectionery. It is a mixture of amyl acetate and butyric ether.— Mexican banana, a name sometimes given to a species of Yucca, Y. baccata, of northern Jle.Nico and the adjacent United States, which bears a large, juicy, edible fruit. banana-bird (ba-nan'a-berd), n. A name given by early writers to several West Indian and tropical American species of tho large genus Icterus, which contains the American orioles or hangnests, more or less nearly related to the Baltimore bird, Icterus galbula. Tims, under this name, Edwards describes a species, afterward the Xan- thornus jnexicanus of Brisson (1760), and the Orioltis ba- najirtof LinntEUs(176(5). The Icterus Icttcoptenfxof J ama.\c& is also one of the species which have borne the name. One section of the genus Icterus has been named Banani- vorus from the implied habit (of banana-eating) of the birds composing it ; the type of this is the common or- chard-oriole of the United .states. Icterus gpurius. banana-eater (ba-nan'a-e"ter), n. A plantain- eater ; a bird of the genus Miisophaga. banana-C[Uit (ba-nan'a-kwit), n. A name of the black and yellow honey-creeper, CerlJiiola Jla- veola, and other species of birds of the same genus. bananist (ba-nan'ist), n. [< banana + -ist.'] A banana-bird: a name given to various birds besides those of the genus Icterus, as, for ex- ample, to Certhiola hananivora of San Domingo. bananivorous (ban-a-niv'o-ms), a. [< banana + L. vorarc, eat.] Feeding upon bananas. banat, banate (ban'at, -at), «. [Also bannat; < tfl)(- -f- -at, -omod. E. bond, the same word, now partly discriminated in use), < AS. *baiid = 0S. 6an(i = OFries. 6«Hrf = D. band =OHG. MHG. bant, G. band = Icel. Sw. band = Dan. baand, a band, a tie, a neut. noun (in D. and G. also masc), developing in later tise a great variety of particular senses, and merged in ME. with the synonjTnous bend, hcndc, bwnde, < AS. bend, rarely band, in mod. E. prop, bend, and with the slightly different bande, E. band'2, a strip, hoop, etc., derived through the F. from the same ult. source, namely, Tent. (AS., etc.) bindan (pret. band), E. bind: see bind, bend^, bend", bend^, and ct. hondX, band^, band^.J 1. -'Uiything which binds the jierson or the limbs, and serves to restrain or to deprive of liberty; a shackle, manacle, or fetter: usually in the nlural. 437 And Pharaoh-ncchoh put him in hands at Rlhlah. 2 Ki. xxlil. 33. And suddenly tliere w.as a great eartluiuake, so that the foundations of the i»rison were shaken; and immediately all the doors were opened, and every one's bamls were loosed. Acts xvi. 26. Dot. In chains of adamant? Mam. Yes, the strongest bands. li. ./onsun. Alchemist, iv. 1. 2. That by wliich loose things of the same or a similar kind are bound together. Spccillcally— («) The tie of straw used in binding sheaves of wheat or other grain, (b) In bookbinding, one of the cords, tapes, or strips of parchment which hold together the several sec- tions of tlie sewed book. The thread is drawn from with- in each section around or over the bands. 3. That which connects ; a connecting piece, or means of connection; that wliioh connects or unites the several parts of a complex tiling. The body, by joints and bands . . . knit together, in- creaseth with tho increa.se of God. Col. ii. 19. He fhopej is a flatterer, A parasite, a keeper-back of death, Who gently would dissolve the bands of life. Shak., Rich. II., ii. 2. Specifically — (at) In loffic, the copula. [Rare.] A simple Axiome is that, the band whereof is a Verbe. T. Spencer (1628), Logick, p. 160. (A'. E. D.) (b) The metallic sleeve which binds the barrel and stock of a musket together, (c) One of two pieces of iron fas- tened to the bows of a saddle to keep them in place, (d) A leaden came. See carne^. (e\) A hyplten. 4. A binding or uniting power or influence : as, a band of union. [Now usually bond.] I drew them with cords of a man, with bands of love. Hos. xi. 4. Land of my sires ! what mortal hand Can e'er untie tho filial band That knits me to thy rugged strand? Scott, L. of L. M., vi. 2. 5. -Aji obligation imposing reciprocal, legal, or moral duties: as, the nuptial bands. [Now usually bond.] Here's eight tliat must take hands. To join in llymeu's bands. S/iak., As you Like it, v. 4. 6t. A binding promise or agreement; a bond or security given. Adr. Tell nie, was he arrested on a band? Dro. S. Not on a ba^ul, but on a stronger thing. Shak., C. of E., iv. 2. You know ray debts are many more than means, My bands not taken in, my friends at home Drawn dry with these expenses. Fletcher (and anotlier), Koble Gentleman, i. 1. 7t. A surety ; a bondsman. Since faith could get no credit at his hand, I sent him word to come and sue my band. Chwrchijard, Challenge (ed. 1778), p. 162. 8t. A covenant or league. [Scotch.] - False bands, in bookbindina, strips of leather or strands of twisted cord, pasted across the inner side of the backs of books, and afterward molded in high relief to give the appearance of l)aiids of unusual thickness or strength. — Raised bands, in hiHikhindimj, stripsof leatheror braided cord of unusual tliickness, fastened on the outside of the sewed sheets of a book-back, making a noticeable projec- tion on the back, and intended to give increased strength to sewing. band2 (band), n. [< ME. bande, < OF. bande, earlier bende, mod. F. bande = Pr. benda = Sp. banda, renda = Pg. banda = It. banda and benda, dial, binda, a band, strip, side, etc., in various particular senses, < OHG. binda, binta, MHG. G. binde, t, a band, fillet, tie, cravat (ef. D. bind, neut., a crossbeam, joint, = Dan. bind, neut., a band, tie, etc.), < OHG. hintan, MHG. G. binden, etc., = AS. bindan, E. bind. The word is thus ult. cognate with 6«»rfl and with bcnd^, with which it has been mixed, but it differs in its orig. formation: see band^, bend^, and the doublet bend^.] 1. A flat strip of any material, but especially of a flexible material, used to bind round anything ; a fillet: as, a rubber hand; a band around the head; a hat-6««rf. A single band of gold about her hair. Tennyson, Princess, v. 2. Anything resembling a band in form or fimc- tion. (a) A bandage ; specifically, a swaddling-band. Henry the Sixth, in infant bands crown'd king Of France and England. Shak., Hen. V., v. 2. cnde, < OF. and F. bande = Pr. Sp. It. ftoHrfrt (ML. bandiim, bandus ; so G. bande, D. bande, now bende, Dan. bande, Sw. band, after Rom.), a band or company, < OHG. bant, OS. OFries., etc., band, a band or tie, the sense of ' company ' being developed first in Rom. : see bandi-, band^, and ef. the doublet bend^.] 1. A company of persons, especially a body of armed men ; a company of soldiers, or of persons united for any purpose. We few, we happy few, we band of brothers. Shak., Hen. V., iv. 3. My lord of Somei"set. unite Your troops of horsemen with his bands of foot. Shak., 1 Hen. VI., iv. 1. Originally there wereusuallyin each considerable society [of Methodists] four bands, the members of which were collected from the various society classes — one bajid composed of married and another of unmaiTied men, one of married and another of unmarried women. All the members of society, however, were not of necessity mem- bers of bands. Encyc. Brit., XVI. 188. Did not Senor Felipe tell you that he had positively en- gaged the same band of shearers we had last autumn, jUessandro's band from Temecula ? Mrs. II. Jackson, Ramona, i. 2. In music, a company of musicians playing various instruments in combination, in the ' manner of an orchestra: most frequently ap- plied to a company of musicians playing such instruments as may be used in marching. — 3. A collection of animals of any kind, as a drove of cattle or horses, or a flock of sheep. [West- ern U. S.] In California every collection of animals of any sort is called a batui. A herd of cattle, a flock of sheep, a party of Indians — anything and everything that walks — when seen in numbei"s is known as a band, and it is regarded as a sure sign of being a " tenderfoot " to use any other term, .v. )'. Evening Post (letter), Dec, 1886. Knights of the band. See knight.— 'Wiiitary band, a l)ody of musicians enlisted and attached to a regiment or military post. band^ (band), r. [< bands, n.] I. trans. To unite in a troop, company, or confederacy: generally reflexive. They band themselves %vith the prevalent things of this world to overrun the weak things which Christ hath made choice to work by. Milton, Church-Government, ii. 3. Among the sons of mom, what multitudes Were banded to oppose his high decree. Milton, P. L., T. 717. Band them into pueblos ; make them work ; and, above all, keep peace with the whites. Mrs. II. Jackson, Ramona, v. n. intrans. To unite; associate; confederate for some common purpose. With them great Asbur also bands, And doth confirm the knot. Milton, Ps. Ixxxiii. 29. The great lords Banded, and so brake out in open war. Tennyson, Coming of Arthur. The weak will batul against her when she becomes too strong. B. II. Stoddard, Guests of State. band'* (band), n. [Local E., perhaps a particu- lar use of baneP, a strip, or possibly of early mod. E. bande, < ME. bande, var. of bonde, a bound, limit: see bound.] A ridge of a hill: commonly applied in the EngUsh lake district to a long" ridge-like hill of minor height, or to a long narrow sloping offshoot from a higher hill or mountain. X E. D. bandit. An obsolete or Scotch preterit of bind. band'^t (band), i'. t. [Same as ban^, after ML. and It. bandire, a form of ML. bannire, banish, band ■ban: see han\ banish. Otherwise takea, in the passage quoted, as hand^, for handyK^ To 438 bandoleer stiff baiuieau of Scott, Ivanhoe. Around the edge of this cap was leather. bandedl (ban'ded), p. a. [< 6aMdl + -ed2.] Bound or fastened with a band. banded'- (han'ded), p. a. [< baiu^ + -e(f2.] Having bands ; crossed or encircled by a band or bands; specifically, in her., encii-eled witha band, often of a diffe"rent color from the sheaf or buniUe which it sun-ounds : as, a buuille of lances proper, banded gules, or the like column. See codnnii.— Banded mail, a kiml of mail- .irraor show-n in works of art of the tlurteenth centurj- interdict; banish «we€te love such lewdnes hands from hisfaire companee. Spenser, F. Q., lU. u. 41. band'^t, f. Same as bandy^. bands (band), »i. [Native name.] A weight equal to about 2 ounces troy, in use in western Africa for weighing gold-dust. Simmonds. bandage (ban'daj), «. [< F. bandage, < bande, a band, strip: see band^ and -age.^ 1. A strip, band, or swathe of cotton cloth, or other soft woven material, used in dressing and bind- ing up wounds, stopping hemorrhages, joining fi-actured and dislocated bones, etc. — 2. A band or ligature in general ; that which is bound over something else. Zeal too had a place among the rest, with a bandatje over her eyes. Addison. 3. In arch., an iron ring or a chain bound around the springing of a dome, the circum- ference of a tower, or some similar part of a building, to tie it together. bandage (ban'daj), r. t.; pret. and pp. ban- daged, ppr. bandaging. [< bandage, «.] To bind up or dress, as a wound, a fractured limb, etc., with a roller or bandage; cover with a bandage for the purpose of binding or con- cealing: as, to bandage the eyes. bandager (ban'daj-er), n. One who bandages or binds up wounds, etc. bandagist (ban'daj-ist), n. [< F. handagiste, < bandage: see bandage and -Lit.'] A maker of banilagfs, especially for hernia. bandal, ». See bandlc". bandala ^ban-dii'lii), n. [Native name.] strong outer fiber of the abaca or Musa textilia of Manila, made into cordage, espeeiaUy into |,'andeiet"«. Same as bandlet. th.- well-known Manila white ropo. bandeliert, n. See bandoleer. bandalore, bandelore (ban'da-lor, -de-lor), n |,andelore, ». See bandalore. [Origin obscure. Cf. bandore^.] 1. A kind of i,andert (ban'd^r), ii. One who bands or as toy very much used at the beginning of the present century. See qui:. — 2. Same as ban- dar fA. bandana, bandanna (ban-dan'ii), n. [First in form banrOiniio, later bandanna, prob. through Pg., < Hind. Iidndhnt'i, ''a mode of dyeing in which the cloth is tied in different places to prevent the parts from recei%-ing the dye" (Shakspear, Hind. Diet.), < bandh, or preferably banderet (ban'de-ret) bdridh, a cord, ligature, tie, band, ult. = K. ' '-' '— ---''^ - fta/irfl.] 1. A largo handkerchief, dyed blue, Indian name of the Mus giganleu.i of Hard- wicke, a large Indian rat, upward of 2 feet long including the tail, and weighing 2 or 3 pounds. It is very .abundant in some ref::ion3, a great pest ill the rice-flelds and gardens, and is said to he good eating. 2. The Anglo-Australian name of any marsu- pial animal of the family Peramelidec. Also called bandicoot rat. R""rtprt bandie (ban'di), n. [Local Sc] The stiekle- back: a name current around Moray Inth, Scotland. wiuih the rings are arranged in bands running around the bandikal (ban'di-ka), H. One of the names of arras, body, ett. Between the rows of rings there are j il„ii,i,isclii(!: csculentus. See Abelmoschus. ridges hke slender bars, havmg apparently the same thick- ,„„,'., „„.^ ,,,.„, ,i; 1=,.-% ,, a.,,,,p „>. hnndnlrer iie£ as the rings. This mail is found represented not only bandllesr ( Vian-di-lei ), ) . bame as t>anaoieer. in the miniatures of manuscripts, but also in life-size banding-macmne (ban ding-nia-Shen'), H. A efflgies in stone; but it is not deflnitely known how it ■ ■ • ■ ' ■ ^ ^ -- •- - i^-- -i j -« - was made. — Banded Structure. («) in ;ii'ol., the structure of a rock which is more or less dis- tinctly divided into layers of ditferent color, te.vture, or composition. The term implies, ordi- narily, something different from true stratification, and is applicable chiefly to V(dcanic masses. (6) In mineral., the structure of a min- eral made up of a series of layers, usually parallel and dif- fering ill color t»r texture, as onyx. banded'^ (ban'ded), J), a. United as in a band. Though banded Europe stood her foes— The star of Brandenburg arose. .'^cott, Marmion, iii.. Int. , ban- a strip: see hand-. Cf. bandeau.] A swaddling-band. Banded Stnicture(*).— Onyx. „, bandelt, bandleif, «• [< OF. bandel, m. ^Jf"^ Me, bandellc, f., dim. of bande, blocking-machine for forming the band of a hat. banding-plane (ban'ding-plan), )i. A plane used for cutting out grooves and inlaying strings and bands in straight and circular work. It bears a general resemblance to the plane called a plow. banding-ring (ban'ding-ring), 11. In hat-malc- inq, a ring -n-liieh passes over the body of a hat, keeping it jiressed to the hat-block. Its lower edge is at the band, or angle formed by the body and the brim. bandit (ban'dit), H. ; pi. bandits, banditti (ban'- dits, ban-dit'i). [Early mod. E. bandetto, later handitto, bandito, bandite,ctc., pi. bandetti, ban- ditti, banditi, banditti/, and with added E. pi. ban- dittict:, etc.; < It. bandito (pi. banditi), a bandit, pp. of handirc, < ML. handire, bannire, banish, outlaw: see ban'^, banish.] If. -A-n outlaw; one who is proscribed. Hence — 2. A lawless or desperate fellow; a brigand; a robber; espe- cially, one of an organized band of lawless ma- rauders. The Ripon men brought down the half -outlawed bandit* from the Archbishop's liberty of Tynedale. Slubbs, Const. Hist., § 695. . , ,, -Syn. 2. Piriiiaiid, etc. sociates with others; a member of a band or ^j^nditt (ban'dit), v. confederacy. Yorke and his bandem proudly pressed in To challenge the croivn by title of right. Mir. /or Mags., p. 3.^'2. You are to watch every attempt which is made ... to open any communication with any of the lonls who may lia\c licctmic banders in the west. Scott, Abbot, 1. xx. 11. [Swiss F., = F. han- liiret, E. banneret'^, q. v.] A Swiss army coni- inandor. yellow" or red, with small spots' le'ft white! banderilla (ban-de-rel'ya), «. [Sp., dim. of where the stuff has been pressed to prevent liandera, banner: see banner.] A small dart- ,,„.„„ n,„„fi '15 '/«i„a-l it from receiving the dye.— 2. A style of like javelin ornamented with a banderole, used band-lacing_ (band la sing) calico-printing in imitatio'n of bandana hand- in bull-lights to goad and infuriate the bull. kerchiefs, white spots being produced on a banderillero (ban-de-rel-ya'ro), ». [Sp.,m ninong travelers of her aex, ahe carried a KTeal deal of valuable properly. Hawthorne. bandbOZical fband'hok'si-kal), «. [< bandbox + -ic'il.] (){ tlie size or apiiearance of a band- box: as, Itiinillioxiral Ti'i>lu». [<''illor|.] band-brake (band'briik), «. A form of brake II ■ ■! •, [in-vciit or to control the revolution of I' ■.innlBUof n iiulley aerured upon thi- Hlialt, t'-iiie of wlili'li lit rinbraccd by a Ntnip or ■ I imlnl, wlilrh Ii capable of Ih liigadjllHt<.Ml t -I degrer- of tlulilne«*. band-counling (band'kup'llng), n. Anv device for ■' tlier the ends of a banil. bann iiid'dri'viT), n. A tool usid for con :,'iilaritio» in the bands of ma- cliiiiiM / //. Knight. band6 ^-■■,-'.,i' ), a. [K., pp. of bander, band: Hce liar!:, , I i„ j,gf_^ bendy dexter, lis di«- tiiiifiii-li' 1 fr'.rn iKtndy HiniHter. Hec barn'. bandeau linn dr/j, ». : jd. Imndiaiu (-doz'j. [F., < or. hrnidil, rn., dim. of hiindr, band: see Sontr^, and pf. bandore'^.] 1. A fillet wnni roiui(i tlio Iliad; II lioad-band ; onpeciaIly, n ribbon v.orii \iy girls and women iibnve tin forehead —2. A iKirizoiital band or ring form- ing A part of the lieu'erz), ji. .sing, and vl. ""••""'•■• All iiislniiiiiiit usedin liookbiiidinglodrawlno ILiiitlcriilc. art, especially of the Kenaissauce jie riod. Also written bannerol. band-fl8h(baiid'fi«li), «. An English name of (a) the Cepola rubescen.i, a species of the fiiliiily Cipolidii; more Kpecilieiilly called rcdband-,l\sh ; (h) the oar-flsh, Rcgalcma glcunc. Also culled snitke-fish. bandful (band'fnl; by miners, bon'tl), ii. (< hanil- + /■»/".] In rnal-mining, a load of men carried up or down in the mine by sitting on ehain-loops attached to the hoist ing-rojie, as was customary before the introduction of the iMit'e and man-engine. (S. SlnffordMliire, Eiig.] bandoleer Icalhir on the back close to the sides of the liaiids. bandog (ban'dog), n. [ME. bantl dnggr, etc.; < liaiid^ -t- (/()(/.] A large, lierce kind of dog, in I'lngland generally a niasliff, usually kejit chained. They jiray iih that It would please us to let ihclii still bale UM, and worry us with their Itand ilottn, and Piirsiil- vanlJi. MUtini, Ref. in Kllg., II. The keeper entered leading Ills bandoji, a large blooil- lioiiiid, tied In A learn or hainl, from which ho takes Iili iiaiiie. Scott. do- (ban - bandicoot (ban'di-kol), n. (<'f. <•■ InindiUil, from E. ; said to be ii eomiption of the Tcliigu uanie pandi-kokku, lit. pig-rat. ] 1. The Anglo- -ler'). [Early mod. E. also Ininihilri r, handelecr, hanililirr, -iir, el,c., (. I'', handouillere, now haudiiuliire, < It. Iiandidiira (= .Sp. bandolcra), a, sliouliler-belt, < 'bandola bandoleer (cf. handohi, head of a skein), (lim. of handa (= Sp. bauda = F. bande), a band, sash: see ^ band-.'\ If. A broad belt or baldric worn over the shoulder and across the breast, and used for suspending a wallet by the side. I threw mine arras, like a scarf or haiidileer, cross the lieutenant's mel- ancholy bosom. Middleton, The Black Book. The Baillie now came bustling in, dressed in his blue coat and handa- tiers, and attended by two or three halberdiers. Scutt, Monastery, I. x. Specifically— 2. Such a belt worn by soldiers ; a shoulder- belt from which cartridges are suspended. The dagger is stuck in the sash, and a bandidt'iT slung over tin- shoulders carries tlieir cartrit!gi--sse (16:i2), p. :«. (.V. E. D.) II. intrans. If. To bound, as a ball that is struck. — 2t. To form a baud or league. — 3. To contend; strive, whether in emulation or in enmity. One fit to handu with thy lawless sons. .S'AoJ:.,Tit. And., I. 2. bandyl (ban'di), n. [< bandy^, v. ; appar. for handy-club, club used at bandy ; but see bandy\ a.] "it. A partieidar manner of playing tennis, the nature of which is not now known. — 2t. A stroke with a racket, or a ball so struck; a return at tennis. N. £. D. — 3. A game played with a bent club, better known as hockey, and, in the United States, shinny (which see). — 4. A club bent at the end, used in the game of hockey or bandy-ball; a shinny or shinty. bandyl (ban'di), a. [Appar. attrib. use of bandy'^, n., a bent club, but some refer both to F. bande, pp. of bander, bend a bow, < bande, a band. The second sense seems to rest on 6e«di.] 1. Having a bend or crook outward: said of a person's legs: as, his legs are quite bandy. Nor make a scruple to expose Your baiul'j leg, an[(s(ri«(7, . • ■ then all the Boys in the Street would laugh at him. Selden, Table-Talk, p. 86. I went away, and with Mr. Creed to the Exchange, and bought some things, as gloves, and handstrinqs, Ac. Pepys, Diary, I. 173. band-'Wheel (band'hwel), «. 1. In mach., same as band-pulley.— 2. A small wheel with a grooved face or rim, driven by a round belt or cord ; also, a wheel round which a band-saw turns. bandorel (ban-dor' ),M. [Alsoformerlyfta/jrfom vand-work (band'werk), ». Cooperation; work 6aK F. mandore) and mandola (dim. mandolino, > E. mandoline), and pandora, pan- dura ; variously corrupted (as also E. banjo, q. v.), < IAj. 2Jandttra, pandurium, < Gr. navSoiipa, also (pdvdovpa, a musical instrument with three strings.] An old variety of the zither. Also called bandalore. Sound lute, bandora, gittem. Viol, virginals, and cittern. Middleton, Your Five Gallants, V. 2. bandore^t, »«• [For *bando, i. e., bandeau, < F. bandeau, a band, in the particular sense of a widow's head-dress: see batideau.'] A widow's veil for covering the head and face. Prior. band-pulley (band'pul'''i), «. A flat or slightly crown-faced pulley. Also called band- wheel. band-robin (band'rob"in), n. In hat-making, a piece of cloth saturated with cement, bound and ironed around the body of a hat to hold the brim firm- ly in its place. bandrolt, "• An obsolete form of banderole. band-Sa'W (band'sa), n. An endless narrow band or ribbon of steel with a serrated edge, passing over two large wheels, which give a continuous uniform motion instead of the re- ciprncatini^ action of the Jig-saw. It was in- vented by William Newberry of London. Also called bijt-saw and endless saw. band-setter (band'sefer), n. A tool used for shaving off the surface of a band-wheel so that the band-saw can be forced on. It has a broad in bands or companies. with bands or stripes. bandyS (ban'di), n. [Anglo-Ind., < Teiugu bandi, Tamil vandi, vanxlil.] A kind of cart or buggy much used in India. See extracts. A buggy being a one-horse vehicle ... (at JIadras they call it a bandii). ,- „ „ , Stocquder, Handbook of Brit. India, p. 109. (,N. E. D.) The framework of bandies is made of light wood, hut of wood as strong as possible. Above it is spread a semicir- cular awning of bamboev (aor. c-C(j)vov, Trt^ifiev), s\a,y ; cf. ■/ *(pa, slay, ^roc, verbal adj. in comp., slain.] It. A "slayer or murderer; a worker of death, as a man or an animal. He overcame this lieeste and was his 6a7i«. It the Earth had been bandied out of one Vortex into another. Dr. II. More, Div. Dial,, l. 17. (X. E. D.) 3. To toss about, as from man to man ; pass from one to another, or back and forth. Let not . . . known truth ... be bandied in disputa- Uon. ^.,, """'• But now her wary ears did hear The new king's name bandied from niimth to niouth. WiUiam Morris, Earthly Turadise, III. 275. Chaucer, Good Women, 1. 2147. Lest Rome herself be hane unto herself. And she . . . Do shameful execution on herself. Shak., Tit. And., v. 3. 2. That which causes death or destroys life; especially, poison of a deadly quality. A sword and a dagger he wore by his side, Of manye a mau the bane. Bubin Hood, in Percy's Reliques. 440 Twas over the lieail, he fell down for dead, O, that was a damnable banij; liohin Hood and the Kaw/er, m Child's Ballads, V. 200. I lieard sevei-al banfjs or butfets . . . given to the eagle that held the ring of my box in his beak. Swift, Gullivers Travels. 2. A loud, sudden, explosive noise, as the dis- charge of a gun or cannon, the slamming of a door, etc. bane Hence — 3. Any fatal cause of mischief, injury, or destruction :'as, vice is the bane of society. Baiie of the poor I it wouiids their weaker mind To miss one favour which their neighbours And. Crabbe, Tlie Parish Register. Thoughts with better thoughts at strife, The most familiar ba»e of life. tVordtworth, Sequel to Beggars. 4. Euin; destruction. The cup of deception spiced and tempered to their banf. Milton. 5t. Death: tisually with such verbs as catch, get, take: as, to catch one's bane. She catch'd her bane o" th' water. iliddleton, Chaste Maid, v. 2. 6. A disease in sheep, more commonly called the ro(. = Syn. 3. Pest, cm-se, scourge. banelf (ban), r. t. [< fcnHfl, «.] 1. To kill; poison. — 2. To injure ; ruin. For minors have not only batied families but ruined realms. FulUr. bane- (ban), n. Scotch fonn of bone^. bane*t, «• An obsolete form of ban^, especially in plural banes, now hanns (which see). bane-'t, a. An obsolete fonn of 6«i«l. bane=t, "• and v. An obsolete form of bahfi. baneberry (ban'ber i). «. [< fcrtHfl + fton/l.] The common name of plants of the genus _ , Acttea: so called because of their nauseous bang- (bang). )i. [< baii(i-,r.'i The front hair poisonous berries. Also called /lerfc-c/irfifop/ier. cut so as to hang evenly over the forehead: See Acla;a. often in the plural: as, to wear bangs. baneful (ban'ful), a. [< ia/ifl + -/«?.] De- bang^, «. See hlianff. as, "ftanf/H? bang-beggar (bang'beg"ar),?!. [arae as Jianirinii. The steps of a flnebelozenged caiTiage were let down bancster (baue'ster), n. {< banql, v., + -stcr.'] rith a (««<,. ^Aa<:teray,^Wcomes,^. "*"^°,''^';,V,,*' , '' ■•- •' ' - ' - ■' 3. A sudden, impetuous movement ; an ener- getic dash or bounce : as, he got up with a bang. — 4. A stick; a club. [Xorth. Eng.]=syn. 1. See thu mp. bangl (bang), adv. [Adverbial use of banij'^, v. or ».] With a sudden or -violent blow or clap; all of a sudden ; abruptly: especially with (wwe or go: as, bang went the guns. A 321b. shot struck us banij on the quarter. Turn Crinr^le's Log, Blackwood's M.ig., XXXII. 31. bang2 (bang), r. t. [< bang"^, adv.; to cut the hair 'bang off.'] To cut across: used of hair, (a) To cut (the hair) so as to form a fringe o\cr the forehead : a common fashion -with girls and young women. He was biu-eheaded, his hair banged even with his eye- brows in front. The CeiUury, XXV. 192. (i) To dock (a horse's tail) struetive; permeious; poisonous: 'wrath," Chapman. Iliad, i. 1; "baneful hem- lock," Garth, The Dispensary, ii. Like bane/ut herl)s the gazer's eye they seize, Rush to the head, and poison where they please. Crabbe, The >'ewspaper. = Syn. Ihirtfnl. harmful, mischievous, deadly, banefully (ban'ful-i), adv. In a baneful man- uf-r: pfrniciously; destructively, banefulness (ban'fiil-nes), n. The quality of beiug baneful or hurtful ; poisouousness. banewort (ban'wert), H. A name applied to twoi)lants: (a) Atropa Belladonna, or deadly nightshade ; (ft) Ranunculus Flammula, or lesser spearwort. from the supposition that it is a bane to sheep. bangi (bang), Vj^ [Early mod. E. also hangue; obj. bei/gar.'i 1. A strong staff.— 2. A consta- ble or'lieadle. [Scotch and prov. Eng.] banger (bang'ir), «. One who or that which bangs. Speoiflcally — (n) Something very large: espe- cially.alie. [Slang. J (6) A hu-ge, heavy cane. (Slang, U. S.] bangerts (ban'gerts), V. [E. dial., possibly connected 'with 6n«A-l.] In mining, a coarse kind of stopping used to hold up the earth. [Eng.] banghy (bang'i), n. [Hind, banghi.'] 1. In the East Indies, a sort of bamboo pole or yoke carried on a person's shoulder 'nith a load sus- pentled at each end. Hence — 2. A parcel- post ; a carrier. banghy-post (bang'i-post), n. Same as bang- „ , „. . . - ''.'/. not found in ME., but prob. existent ; of native banghy-'Wallah (bang'i-wana). «. [< Hind. or Stand, origin, = Lti. bangen, freq. bangcln, banghi (see banghij) + -)('«/« (in comp.), -in:iu.] strike, beat (cf. D. bcngcl, a bell, bcngelen, ring In British India, one who carries a banghy. a bell, MHG. bcngcl, a club, G. hcngel, a club, banging (baug'iug), a. [Prop. ppr. of bang'i. clown), = Icel. ftrtfif/a = OSw. 6(5h^«, hammer, ('!'. thumping, whopping.'] Huge; great; siu'- = Norw. banka = Dan. bankc, beat. In popu- passing in size. [Vulgar.] lar apprehension the word is imitative.] I. bangle't (bang'gl), f. [Prob. freq. of ftdHi/l, i'.] trans. 1. To beat, as 'with a club or cudgel; I. /raH,«. 1. To boat about or down, as com by thump; cudgel. the wind. [Prov. Eng.]— 2. To waste by lit- He having got wmie hon out of the earth, put it into his tie and little ; S(iuander carelessly ; fritter, servants' hands to fence with, and bang one another. Locke. 2. To beat or handle roughly in any way; treat with violence; knock about; drub; de- feat : often with about : as, to bang the furni- ture about. Tlie desperate tempest hath so bang'd the Turks Ttiat tlieir (Icsignnicnt halu. Shak., Othello, li. 1. What galleys liave we bang'd, and sunk, ami taken, Whose only fraughts were lire ami stern defiance. Fletcher, Double .Marriage, ii. 1. 3. To produce a loud noise from or by, as in slamming a door, and the like : as, he went out and banged the door behind him. Twa unlucky redoats . . . tmngcd nil a gun at him. .Sciilt, Waverley, II. xxvill. 4. To boat in any quality or action; surpass; excel. [C'olloq.] 'i i^^; pmctlcal denial of the eonimon l>rotherhood of the n.iiur family tmwtt heathenlitni. J. Mill. '1 li-il bangii Kamigher, and llanagher bangg the ww to Iffing ugaluNt one another according W. K. Cti/onl, lA'ctureH, I. 177. 1 with clashing noises, iinil page renew'fl their Htrlfe, (•'u tmng'il and btiry/d nu'l liac-kt. Trntn/Kon, l)jiy-|iri'«ni. I move witli HinMcn emrgy or ■ : as, ho bnngrd up at oinf. (= Icol. bang = Hw. bflug, n. '.V. Dan. ftanX, » beating ; rrnni . .'. Iienvy, roHounding blow; a h I. ■ liib. Ilmi Mow that the forrilor gave, llo miKio hii brcMui wettpun cry twang ; If wo bangle nwny the legacy of peace left us by Christ, it is a sign of our want of regard for him. Whole Diitg of Man. II. intrans. 1. In /(((coHn/, to beat about in the air; flutter : said of a hawk which does not rise steadily and then swoop down uiion its prey. — 2. To lla)> or hang down loosely, as a hat-brim or an animal's ear. bangle- (bang'gl), «. [< Hind, bangri, a brace- let of glass.] 1. An ornamental ring worn u]>on the arms and ankles in India and Af- rica. Hence — 2. A brai'elet «-ithout adasp; a ring-bracelet, n.inKlc..rroiii li.ist ImlU Museum, f-ondon. „p,„.j^lly with small ornaments suspended from it. \\\- liiar ts in the week, anil afterward otu-, in wliirhsallora in the IMiti^li navy laid no flesh-meat served out to them. Ban- ian days arc now abolished, but the term is still applied tu (lays of jioor fare. banian", banyan- (ban'ian), n. [For banian- ov banyim-lrti; that is, banians' tree, tree of the bani;iiis or Hindu merchants; orig. applied to an individual tree of this species at Gom- broon, a port of the Persian gulf, and then ex- tended to all trees of the species, from their frecjuent use as market-places. The native Hind, name for the tree is bar, < Skt. vata (cerebral 0. fie banian-tree.] An East Indian Il.ii>i.in (Ffcus Ben£aleMsis). lig-troe, 7'Vri/.s' licngalrnsis, natural order Urti- ciirca; remarkable for the area which individ- ual trees cover through the development of roots from the brancliis, winch dcsccml lo the ground and become trunks lor the Kiip))ort and nourislinient of the exteniling cruwii. it In v\- ti'iiklvi'ly idanli'd Ihroughoul Indlii a'< a kIiikIc Iree, an.;■',->■■ .i. -•■ PI ■••" • ■ , ■ - - , , Christ liiMl not doIo««t«d Judicial and aisclplliiar)' lowers = O.Sp. Pg. ft««(/ir = II. bandirr, ML. hanmrr. banisli Imidirc, proclaim, ban, banish, < bannum, han- dum, ban : see ban^, n. and r.] If. To outlaw; put under ban. When lie liiul in Loiigli-leven been Mjiny a montli and many a day: To the regent the Ittrd warden sent, That bantmht earl for to betray. Percy's Heliq\ies^\i 150. For I muste to the grene wode goo, Alone, a banysahed man. The. Nttlhrowne Maid, in Child's liallads. 2. To condemn to exile by political or judicial authority; expel from or relegate to a country or a place, either permanently or for a time : often with objectives of both person and place : as, he was banished the kingdom ; Ovid was banished to Tomi. We, From this instant, banish him our city. Shak., Cor., iii. 3. Six years we banish Ixim. Shak., Rich. II., i 3. Thou knowest what it is to be banished thy native country, to be over-ruled, as well as to rule and sit upon the throne. I{. Barclay, Pref. to An Apology. 3. To send or drive away; expel; dismiss: with a person or thing as object : as, to banish sorrow; to banish an obnoxious person from one's presence or thoughts. These evils thou repeat'st upon thyself Have banishd me from Scotland. Shak. , Macbeth, iv. 3. You have already banished slavery from this common- wealth. Sumner, Arg. against Sep. Colored Schools. = Syn. Banish, Exile, Expel, e.xpatriate, put away, are all used of removal by physical or moral compulsion ; they all have a figurative as well as a literal use. To banish is, literally, to put out of a community or country by ban or civil interdict, and indicates a complete removal out of sight, perhaps to a distance. To exile is simply to cause to leave one's place or country, and is often used reflex- ively ; it emphasizes the idea of leaving home, while ban- ish emphasizes rather that of being forced by some au- thority to leave it: as, the bitterness of exile; banished to Siberia. Expel, literally, to drive out, means prima- rily to cast out forcibly and violently, and secondarily with disgrace : as, to expel from the chamber, or from col- lege ; he was expelled the country. Ba7iished from Rome ! what's banished but set free From daily contact with the things I loathe? Croly, Catiline. The intrigues of Richelieu compelled her [Mary of Me- dicis] to exile herself, .and live an unhappy fugitive. /. D' Israeli, Curios, of Lit., I. 256. ■When the French Revolution of February, 1848, broke out, Marx was expelled without circumstance from Brus- sels. Rae, Contemp. Socijilisin, p. 132. banisher (ban'ish-er), «. One 'who banishes. To be full quit of those my banishers Stand I before thee here. Shak., Cor., iv. 5. banisbment (ban'ish-ment), n. [< banish + -ment, after ¥. bannisseinent.'] 1. The act of banishing or compelling a citizen to leave his country or place of residence by political or judicial authority. He secured himself by the banishnwnt of his enemies. Johnsmi. 2. The state of being banished ; enforced ab- sence; expulsion; exile, in either a legal or a general sense : as, 6an(s/uHe«i from thy presence is worse than death. Six fri)zen winters spent. Return with welcome home from haiii^kmeiit. Shak, Rich. II., L 3. Fields whose thrifty occupants abide As in a dear and chosen banishment, "With every semblance of entire content. Wordsworth, Sonnets, iii. 21. 3. The act of driving away or dispelling: as, the banishment of care from the mind. banister, bannister (ban'is-ter), n. Conmpt forms ot baluster. He stni^^^Ied to ascend the pulpit stairs, holding hard on the h(,„i.^ters. Scolt, Wooilstock, I. i. banister-cross (ban'is-ter-kros), n. In her., see cross-banister. banjert (ban'jer), 71. See banjo. banjo (ban 'jo), n. [Negro prou. of banjore, a corruption (in another form banjcr) of ban- dore^, q. v.] 1. A musical instrument of the guitar class, having a neck with or without frets, and si circular body covered in front with tightly stretched parchment, like a tambourine. It has from five to nine strings, of which the melody- string, the highest in pitch, but placed outside of the low- est of the others, is played l)y the thumb. As in the gui- tar, the pitch of the strings is fixed hy stopping them with the left hand, while the right hand produces the tone by plucking or striking. It is a favorite instrument among the negroes of the southern United States, and is much used by other pc-soiis. 2. A banjo-frame (which see). banjo-frame (ban'jo-fram), n. A rectangular frame of metal, fitted in the stern of a ship, for cari'yiug and hoisting or lowering a two- bladed screw-propeller, it works in guides iu the Banjo-framc. (two-bladed screw; for raising b, pur- coupling connectiMe sc '*"'"■ ' - dJcr : c, stern. 441 stem-post and rudder-post, and enables the screw to bo lifted out of the water when it is desired to proceed under sail, and to be lowered and eonnected to the shaft when stc.aniing is resumed. banjoist (ban'jo-ist), n. [< banjo + -/,s'/.] One wlio plays the banjo. bank! (bangk), 11. [< ME. ban/t, biinc, banl-c, also bonk, bone, bonl:r, < AS. "banea (found only onco, in a gloss, in comji. ho-banca, a couch, lit. ' heel-bench ': see hocl:^ ), the ME. being perhaps from the cognate Icel. "banki, assimilated bak- ki, a bank (of a river, of a chasm, of clouds, etc.), ridge or eminence, = Sw. baeke = Dan. _._^...., , bakJce, a hill, hillock, ris- ■"""• »■"'' • •'■ '"<''' 1 . ' post. mg ground, emmence; •with weak suffix, cognate with AS. bene, etc., E. bench, -with orig. strong suffix: see bench. Some senses of baidA are due to the F. banc, a bench, etc., from Teut.; so the distinct bank^, ult. a doublet of bench.] 1. A mound, pile, or ridge of earth raised above the surrounding l^lain ; an artificial embankment, especially for military use. They cast up a bank against the city. 2 Sam. xx. 1.1. 2. Any steep acclivity, as one rising from a river, a lake, or the sea, or forming the side of a ravine, or the steep side of a hillock on a plain. Tiber trembled underneath her banks. Shak., J. C, i. 1. Moored against the grassy bank of tlie brimming river, the black ships were taking in hides and furs. G. If'. Cable, Creoles of Louisiana, p. 104. 3. An elevation or rising ground in the sea or the bed of a river, composed of sand or other soU, anil either partly above water or covered everywhere with shoal water ; a shoal ; a shal- low: as, the banX'S of Newfoundland; the Dog- ger bank in the North Sea. — 4t. A bench or long seat; also, a stage or platform to speak fi'om. See mountebaiik. Per. Who be these, sir? . . . Sir P. Fellows to mount a bank. Did yotu" instructor In the dear tongues never discourse to you Of the Italian mountebanks? B. Jonson, Volpone, ii. 1. The heads of the couches were towards the walls ; and so far as one can gather from the vague descriptions which have come down to us, the euds of them towards the fire served as a bank to sit upon. W. K. Sullivan, Int. to O'Curry's Anc. Irish, p. cccxli.x. 5. A bench in a galley for rowers; hence, the number of rowers seated on one bench. A galley was double-Liaiiked when there were two tiers or rows of benches, one above tlie other, triple-banked when there were three tiers, and so on. In modern phraseology, a boat is single-banked when the oars are pulled each by one man, tlie men sitting one upon a seat and alternately on oppo- site sides of a boat ; it is double-banked when two men sit upon one seat, each man with an oar. An oar is single- banked when worked by one man, and double-banked when worked by two men. Meantime the king with gifts a vessel stores. Supplies the banks with twenty chosen oars. Dryden. 6t. In law, the bench or seat upon which the judges sat. See banc. — 7. A bench or row of keys in an organ or similar instrument. — 8; In carp., a long piece of timber, especially of fir- wood imslit, from 4 to 10 inches square. — 9. In coal-mining : (a) The surface around the mouth of a shaft: in this sense nearly synony- mous with the Cornish grass, to bank being the same as to grass, (b) In England, the whole or one end or side of a working-place imdergroimd. (c) In Pennsylvania, a coal-working opened by water-level drifts. Fenn. Geol. Sun: Glossary. (rf) In England (Cumberland), a large heai) or stack of coal on the surface. Greslcy. — 10. The support of the mo\ing carriage of a print- ing-press. — 11. In the fire-chamber of a glass- furnace, one of the banked-up parts which sup- port the melting-pots. — 12. In printing: (a) The table used by a hand-pressman for his im- printed paper and his printed sheets, (b) A frame, with sloping top, on which are placed the galleys for use in collectmg and pro'ving the type set: mainly used in newspaper compos- ing-rooms. — 13. In thread or yam manufac- ture, a creel in which rows of l.iobliins are held. — Bank of clouds, a mass of cloud.- ajii tearing as if piled up in the form of a bank.— Bank oil, menhaden-oil. — Spoil bank, in civil engineering, e.artli ul.taiiieil from dis- tant points in the line of a work, or purchased for use where a sntticient quantity for the needed liUiugs is not furnished by the cuttings. banJ£ banfci (bangk), r. [< bauk'^, «.] I. trans. 1. To raise a mound or dike; about ; inclose, de- fend, or fortify with a liank; embank: as, to bank a river. — 2. To form into a bank or heap ; heap or pile : with up : as, to bank up the snow. — 3. To lie around or encircle, as a bank ; con- stitute a bank around; form a bank or border to; hem in as a bank. Burning sands that bank the shnibby vales. Thomjion, Summer, 1. 660. 4t. To pass by the banks or fortifications of. Have I not heard these islanders shout out " Vive le rrjy " as I have bank'd their towns? .Shak., K. John, v. 2. To bank a fire, to cover up a fire with ashes, and use other means, as closing the (lampcrs and ash-pit door, to make it burn low and at the same time to prevent ita be- coming extinguished. Towards the afternoon a nice breeze sprang up, and w© were able to bank fires and sail. Ladi/ BroHsey, 'Voyage of Sunbeam, I. I. To bank out, in coal-mininf/, to stack, as coal, on the surface, in default of means for removing it. (Kng.J II. inlrans. It. To border upon. — 2. To im- pinge upon the banking-pins of a watch: said of the escapement. bank" (bangk), n. [Early mod. E. also hanke, banque, < late ME. banke, < F. bunque, < It. banca (= F. banche = Pr. Sp. Pg. banca, < ML. banea, f.), a bench, esp. (in It. and thence in other languages) a money-changer's bench or table, later a bank ; cf. It. Sp. Pg. banco = Pr. F. banc, < ML. banctis, m., a bank, bench, < MHG. banc, G. bank = E. bank^, a bench: see bank^.'] If. A money-dealer's table, counter, or shop. Exchangers of Money made the temple to be the market and the banke. Jer. Taylor, Great Exemplar, iL 11. These established their banks or tables in the forum, like ordinary bankers. Arnold, Hist. Rome, II. xxvii. 72. (.V. E. D.) 2t. A sum of money, especially a sum to draw upon, as in a loan-bank. — 3. In games of chance, the amount or jjilo 'which the proprie- tor of the gaming-table, or the person who plays against all the others, has 'before him: the funds of a gaming establishment ; a fund in certain games at cards : as, a faro-bank. — 4. An institution for receiving and lending money. The banking institutions of the United States may be classed as national and State banks, sainngs-banks, pru vale banks or ba7ikers, and loan and trust companies. National banks were first authorized by a law of the Fiiited States enacted in 1863, for a term of twenty years. In 1804 another act was adopted (allowing the like term of twenty years), which was thereafter known as the National Bank Act. In 1883 they were authorized to continue twenty years longer. They receive, lend, and transmit money, and issue notes which are used as money, and buy, sell, and collect bills of exchange. Their circu- lating notes are secured by United States bonds deposited with the government, and their operations are subject to the inspection and supervision of the Comptroller of the CiUTency. State banks perfomi the same functions except that of issuing notes. The notes of the State banks were taxed 10 per cent, by Congress in 1865, in order to cause their retirement, which was speedily accomplished. Pri- vate banks and bankers carrj' on the same business aa State banks. Sometimes one person constitutes a private bank, but generally several persons associate together and form a partnership. Loan and trust companies are incor- porated institutions, and receive deposits, usually for a fixed period, and loan them on the pledge of stocks, bonds, and other securities, while national and State banks lend largely on the promises of the borrowers : they have also a capital which is subscribed and paid by the stockholders. Savings-banks receive money and lend it chiefly on the security of real estate. See savings-bank. In Europe several great national banks are intimately associated with the fiscal departments of the governments of their respective countries, as the Bank of England and the Bank of France. Banks of issue are such as issue notes that cir- culate as cuiTcncj-, In London and for sixty-five miles around no bank lia\ing more than ten partners, save the Bank of England, is allowed to issue its own notes. 5. The office in which the transactions of a banking company are conducted Bank-charter Act, an English statiite of 1844 (7 aU'l 8 Vict., c. 32) defining the powers of the Bank of England in respect to the issue of notes and the amount of liullion reserve. Its object was to avoid the danger of the over-issue of circulating notes, which it accomplished by fixing a limit to the amount of bullion held by the bank. It also regulated the issue of notes by other banks. Also known as the Peel Act, and .S'l'r Robert Peel's -Jcf.— Bank discount. See discount. — Bank men, in IT. S. hii-t., supporters of the secontl United States Bank in its contest with Presi- dent Jackson. Two institutions Iiave been chartered by Congress under tlie title Bank of the United States, having their seat in Philadelphia, and intimately connected mth the national finances. The charter of the first, granted in 1791, expired in 1811, its renew.al ha\ing been refused. The second lasted from 1810 to 1836 under the iiationid charter, and w.as continued for a time as a State bank. The opposition of lYesideiit Jackson to the renewal of its charter, and his removal of the government depo.-its from it in 1833, led to a violent political c'.ntest, in which his course was ultimately sustained. — Bank Of issue, a bank or banking eioiipany duly authorized by law to issue bank- notes of its own.— Bank post-biU. See 6ii(3.— Days in banc. Seerfu'/i— National Bank Act, an act of Con- gress of 1864, providing for the organization throughout the TTnited States of banks whose circnlating notes were re- qnlred to be secured by a deposit of United States bonds, which resulted, as was intended, in proiiding a market for a very laree government loan, and at the same time a secure currency equally acceptable in all parts of the coun- try — Penny-baJlks Act, an English statute of 1SS9 Ci'l and 23 Vict., c. 5i) authorizing the investiug of the funds of penny sarinas-banks, charitable societies, etc., in the money of established savings-banks.— To break the bank, to win, as in faro, from the management a certain sum which has been fl.Ned upon as the limit which the bank is nilling to lose in a single day.— TO play against the hanX to take the risks of a game, as rouge-et-noir or faro, in opposition to its manager. bank- (bangk), r. [< 6anA-2, n.] I. intrans. To have an account with a banker; deposit monev in a bank ; transact business with a bank or as a bank ; e.xereise the trade or profession of a banker. I bank with one of my sons" fathers-in-law, and the other mnis with me. Thaclceray. H. trans. To lay up on deposit in a bank : »s. he bank-eel .$500. ■banka (bang'ka), n. [Native.] A passenger- boat without outrigger, used on the river and harbor at Manila. It is hewn from a single log of wood from 16 to 23 feet long, and carries three or four passengers. Imp. I>ict. bankable (bang'ka-bl), a. [< banl-^, r., + -aMe.'] Receivable as cash by a bank, as bank-notes, chei-k.s, and other securities for money. bank-account (bangk'a-kounf), «. Asumde- j.ositi il iu a bank to bo drawn out on the writ- ten order of the ilepositor. bank-bait (bangk'bat), ». A name of May-flies. A great manv fall into the water a prey to fishes, and at that time (May), especially at Dordrecht, the roach is noted as Ijeing peculiarly fat and good. Hence the name baitk'bait (in some parts of France, ia nianite). E. P. n'riijht, Anim. Life, p. 4S5. bank-bill (bangk'bil), «. 1. A note or bill drawn by one liank on another, and payable either on demand or at some future specified date. — 2. In the United States and some parts of England, a bank-note (which see). bank-book (bangk'biik), H. The pass-book in which an officer of a bank enters the debits and credits of a customer. The initials of the teller or accountant of the bank atn.xed to the sums entered in the hank-l>ook to the credit of the customer constitute a valid n-reipl. bank-credit (bangk'kred'it), n. A credit ■ivith a bank, by which, on proper security given to the bank, a person receives liberty to draw to a certain extent agreed upon : in Scotland also called a cash-account. Such credits were long a distinctive feature of Scotch banking. banker^ (bang'ker), n. [< hank^, n. or v., in various senses, -♦- -erl.] 1. A vessel employed in the cod-fishery on the banks of Newfound- land. .7. Q. Adams. — 2. The bench or table upon which bricklayers and stone-iuasons prepare and shape their material ; a banket. — 3. In sculp., a, modeler's bench pro\'ided with a cir- cular platform turning on wheels so that the work can be revolved to expose any portion to the light. — 4. A covering for a bench or seat, made of tapestrj-, ri<;h stuff, or embroi- dered cloth. — 5. A hanging for a church wall or screen; specifically, the curtains placed at the ends of an altar. — 6. A ditcher; one en- gaged in embanking. The discovery was made l*y some banktrt (men who work in the fens) from Lincdnshire. J. Freeman, Life of W. Kirby, p. 15.'). 7. In hunting, a horse which can jump on and off field-banks too large to bo cleared. N. E. V. — 8. In Anstrslia, a river full to the brim. .V. E. I). banker^ (bang'ktr), n. [< hank^, v., +-fr'>^.] 1. One who koojis a bank; one who triiflicH in iimney, receives and rirnits moiii y, negotiates bills of e.vehange, etc. — 2. Tlie liolder of the fuiid.1 of a guruing cstablishiaont ; in games of ehanco, that player who depositH a certain sum of money ugninst which bets are made, or that [ihiv ?■ who fortho sake of conveniriee receives iiiel |.i .s out betHWOii and lost.- Banker's note, 'I ' ' note givc-n by a private hanker or an iinln- bai: A I [Km Tl»-. An obnolnto form of ban- quet. ■:uig'kftr-eg). n. [< hanlccr" + -cm.'] nker; abanKor"* wife. Thackeray. 442 banket^ (bang'ket), n. [< hank'^, a bench, -I- dim. -€t.\ A piece of wood on which brick- layers cut their bricks to the size proper for the place into which they are about to lay them. [Eng.] bank-fence (baugk'fens), n. A fence made of a bank of earth. bank-game (bangk'gam), «. In billiards, a game in which only bank-shots count. bank-head (bangk'hed), n. In coal-mining, the upper level end of an inclined plane next the entriue. [Eng.] bank-holiday (bangk'hol'i-da), «. In Great Britain, a secular day on which the law ex- empts the parties to negotiable paper from the obligation of presentment, payment, etc., and consequently allows banks to be closed, its effect on such paper ditfcrs from that of Sunday in the fact that the laws establishing such holidays usually, if not always, provide that paper falling due on such day is payable on the next following secular day, while paper entitled by conmiercial usage to days of grace, and falling due on Sunday, is payable on Saturday. By a statute of 1S71, the bank-holidays in England and Ireland are Easter Monday, Whit Monday, the tirst Monday in August, and the 2Cth of December (boxing-day); in Scotland, New Year's day, the first Monday in May, the first Monday in .\ugust. and Christmas day. See hotidaif. bank-hook (bangk'huk), H. 1. A largo form of fish-hook for catching cod, used on the banks of Newfoimdland. — 2. In coal-miniiKi, the iron hook with which the banksman draws the loaded tubs off the cage. [Eng.] banking! (bang'king), II. [Verbal n. of hank'^, I'.] 1. The act of raising a moimd or bank, or of inclosing with a bank. — 2. The bank or mound raised; anything piled up to serve as a bank, as a raised edging of wax on a plate that is to be treated with acids for etching. — 3. A general term for fishing as practised on the banks of Newfoundland. — 4. In coal-mining, the sorting or loading of coals ''at bank," or at the mouth of the shaft. [Eng.] banking- (bang'king), n. and a. I. n. [Verbal n. of bank", r.] The business or emplojTnent of a banker; the business carried on by a bank. The term bankin{f was then [1742] applied only to the issue of notes and the taking up of money on bills on de- mand. W. Hm/eliot, Lombard Street, p. 98. II. a. Pertaining to or conducted by a bank: as, banking oj)prations. banking-file (bang'king-fil), n. A fUe with jiiirulli-l edges and a triangular section, banking-pin (bang'king-pin), n. In a watch, one of two pins serving to confine tlie move- ments of the escapement. banking-'wax (baug'king-waks), H. A coiupo- sitiiin (if beeswax, common iiitcli, Burgundy jiitch, and sweet oil, melted in a crucible and Ijoured into cold water, used in etching to form a border around the plate, to prevent the over- flow of the acid, bankless (bangk'les), a. [< bank^ + -less.'] Without banks or limits: as, "the bankless sea," Dai'irs. bank-level (bangk'lev'el), n. In coal-mining, the level heading from which the bank is worked. [Yorkshire, Eng.] bank-martin (bangk'miir'tin), «. Same as hinik-sinilloir. bank-note (bangk'not), H. A promissory' note l>iiyable on dcmnml, made and issued by n bunk anthorized by law, and inlended to eir- cuhito us money, 'in the United Stutes fre- (juenlly cullecl hiiiik-bilt.- Bank-note paper, impcr used tor bank-ncitcs anil gcivir iil lionds. It l.t niach' in such a way that It Is very dillicult l banquerouttier, a bankrupt), orig. in E. banke rota (def. 1). < It. banca rotta (ML. as if *banca riqita), bankruptcy, lit. broken bank or bench: banca, < ML. banca, < MHG. banc, a bank (see bank^, bank'^); rotta, fern, of rott-o, broken, wrecked, < L. ruptus, broken (in ML. also as a noun, a bankrupt). It is said to have been the custom in Italy to break the bench or counter of a money-changer upon his failure ; but the allusion is prob. figurative, like break, craslA, smash, similarly used in English. See bank^, bank'-, rupture, rout-.] I. n. If. The breaking up of a trader's business due to his inability to meet his obligations; bankruptcy. — 2. An insolvent person whose property is administered for, and distributed among, his creditors in accordance with the provisions of a system of laws called bankrujit, bankruptc;/, or insolrent lairs. See bankruptcii. In particular — (nt) In old law, a trader who secretes Inmself, or does certain other acts tending to defraud his creditoi-s. Btacksfone. (it) .K fugitive from his creditore ; one who by extrava- g.ance and reckless expenditure had brought himself into a state of insolvency and had absconded, or retired into a place of sanctuary, (c) In nioti, tair, any person who upon his own petition or that of his creditoi-s is adjudged insolvent by a bankruptcy court. His estjite may be ad- ininistered'by an assignee or trustee, under the directiuii of the court, "for the benefit of the ci-editoi-s. 3. In popular language, a hopelessly insolvent person ; one who is notoriously tmable to pay his debts; hence, one who is unable to satisfy just claitns of any kind made upon him. Wliat a bankrupt I am made Of a full stock of blessings. Ford. Cessionary bankrupt. See cessionani. 11. a. 1 . In the state of one who has committed an act of bankruptcy, or is insolvent; subject to or under legal process because of insolvency. — 2. Unable to pay just debts, or to meet one's obligations ; insolvent. n'illo. The king 'sgrown!)««Jtri/p(,likeabroken man. . . . Jio.^a. He hath not money for these Irish wars. His burthenous taxations notwithstanding. Sliak., Rich. II., ii. 1. The beggai-ed, the bankrupt society, not only proved able to meet all its obligations, but . . . grew richer and richer. Maeanlatt, Hist. Eng., xix. 3. Figtiratively, at the end of one's resources: as, to be bankrupt in thanks. Do you see ? he has tears To lend to him whom prodigal expence Of sorrow has made bankrupt of such treasure. Ufa,/, ami FL, Thierry and Tlicodoret, iv. 2. Bankrupt laws. Same as bankruptcj taws (which see, under hdnkniiitctt). bankrupt (bangk'rupt), r. [ankru)it. 2. Figuratively, utter wreck; ruin. — Act of bankruptcy, in law, an act the cmmnission ef \\'lilcb by a debtor ri'llder.i him liable til be ailjnilgeil a biiiiUnipt, .Aiiiiiiig ill-Is of Iiankl-iiptey are the asHigimieiit of Ids prop- erly by a delilor to a trustee for the lu-nelltof bis i-i-ed- Itors; the milking of a transfer of any of IiIh in-operty in friiuil of his creditors, or the coiu-ealnient or removal of It lo evade legal ju-ocess ; departing from the eouiitry, or renialiihlg out of it in order to defeiit or deliiy eredltom; the filing In eoni-t of a dechinitlon of liiiibilify to pay debts ; iioii-piiyment of debts under ci-rliiin nllier i-ireiinistiinees ilefliied' by the law as Indicating iiisolveney. ABSlgneS In bankruptcy. See as»i;,ner. Bankruptcy commla- Bloner, or register in bankruptcy, a jiufiibd ofiicor enipiiwel-i-il. sulijeil to the HUper\ fsloll of the eolirt, to in- \i-sti«iite and udjudiriiti- upon the iilfairs of liunknipls.— Bankruptcy laws, the nliilutoi-yregubit Ions under which till- iiio|iirly of ail inmilvent iiuiv be illslrlbnteil a g Ills eieillli.ri., wllh the iloilMe object of eufon lug u com- plele dlsiiiverv auil an ei|iilliilile illstrlhiitloM of the prop. i-Tlv. and of illHchai-glng the ileblor fi-oiii Ids iibllgatliilll anil from future inoleHtatlim by hl» i-reillliu-s. l''onnerl.v, only II trader could be made a biinkrii|it tiiiiler tlie bank, nilitey lawH, other pcrHiins who were iiiiiilile to iiii-el their iibllgiitlons lieing iumWrnlH. The ilinlitnlion wuh iibollshed In till- United .Slates In IS1I and In llriiit Ib'iliiln In ISllD. In the I'lilteil ,Stale». Collgl-ess bus the power of elnietlng biinlirnplcy laws Which shall be nnlbinn Ihi gboiit the eounlry. These laws lue iiilininlstered by the federal 443 ■■"^y^ banluruptcy courts. Laws having similar objects, but less efflcacioua in respect of discliavgiug tile debtor, are maintained by many of the States, but can oiicratc to give a discharge irrespective of creditors' assent nnly wlicn there is no fed- eral bankruptcy law. These are termed insolvent laws. In England bankruptcy laws have existed from the time of Uciiry VIII. The principal acts are : 34 and 35 Hen. VIII., c. 4, directed against fraudulent delitors, and empowering tile' lord chancellor and other high oHiiers to seize their estates and divide them among the ereilitors ; l;^ I'.liz., c. 7, restricting bankruptcy to traders, and prescriliing cer- tain acts by committing whicli a trader became a liank- rupt ; 4 Anne, c. 17, and 10 Anne, c. 16, removing the crim- inal character borne by bankruptcy proceedings up to that tiiEie, and permitting a debtor to obtain a certificate of having conformed to the requirements of the bankrupt law; 6 (ieo. IV., c. 18, .allowing a debtor to procure his own bankruptcy, an.l introdurinn the pi inciple of private sctUenieiits tietween debtors anti cl-cditiTs ; 1 anil 'J \Vm. I\'.,c. .Mi, establishing a court of ttankitiiitcy, consisting of six conniiissiotiers along with four judges, as a court of re- view, and making iirovision for official assignees. By the Jiankrupll'ousolidation Act of 184!>, proceedings might be begvin by petition to the Court of Bankruptcy, and the com- niissioTierswere authorized to award certificates according to the merit of the bankruptcy. The bankruptcy act of 1S61 (24 and 25 Vict.,c. 134) abolished special legislation relating to insolvent debtors, and permitted persons other tlian traders to avail themselves of the relief atlordcd by the bankruptcy court. In 1869 (32 and 33 Vict., c. 71) the cununissionerships and oflieial assignees were abolished, a new t'ourtof Bankruptcy was established, and provision was made for the appointment of trustees who should , v_ ,. ,, i / t"! x - " rm. - -^ i « „ be creditors. The Court of Bankruptcy was also stripped DanK-StOCK (baiigk stok), n. The capital of a of its criminal jurisdiction, the criminal clauses being bank. In England the term is applied chiefly to the placed in anotlier statute, the Debtors' Act, which abol- stock of I be Hank of England. The stock of other English isbed imprisonment for debt except in certain cases. In jdint-stock banks is divided into shares. 1SS3 (46 and 47 Vict., c. 62, taking effect Jan. 1,18S4) the fcank-SWalloW (banffk'swol"6), ». Hirundo English bankruptcy acts were amended and consolidated. r'o/(//> rinnrin n vprv <>omTnon bird of Eu- In the United States the subject has been, except during O' ^yOiue ripm la, a veiy common Dira 01 HjU the periods of the operation of the United .States bank- ruptcy acts, left to the imperfect regulation of divei-se .State laws. Such a law in any particular State may, when there is no United States act conflicting, provide for the distribution of an insolvent's property, may discharge him from imprisontnent for debt, and may discharge him, if a citizen of such State, from indebtedness to another citi- zen thereof contracted while such State law was in force, so far as to make the discharge a protection in the courts of the same State. The first United States bankrupt law, known as the act of 1800 (2 Stat, at L., p. 19), was based on a consolidation of then existing English statutes, and ■was in force from June 2, 1800, till Dec. 19, 1803. The sec- ond, the act of 1841 (5 Stat, at L., p. 440), was in force Irom Feb. 1, 1842, till March 3, 1843. The third, the act of 1867 (14 Stat, at L., p. 617), repeatedly amended, and finally revised in the United States Revised Statutes, tit. LXL, and reenacted with modifications in 1874 (18 Stat. at L., p. 178), was in force from June 1, 1867, till Sept. 1, 1878. A fourth was enacted in 1898. In general, debts con- tracted by fraud, or in a fiduciary capacity, are not dis- charged by the bankruptcy laws. - Commission of bank- ruptcy, a commission formerly issued by the English lord chancellor, appointing and empowering certain persons to examine into the facts relative to an alleged bankruptcy, and to secure the bankrupt's property for the creditors. - :y. See discftarge. — Fiat if banltruptcy. See ,nat.— Fraudulent bankruptcy. See/Vaiirfu^n'.— Involuntary bEinkruptcy, bankruptcy adjudged on tlie jictition of creditors, sliowing cause why the liankrupt should not be allowed to continue in posses- sion of his assets. — Volimtary bankruptcy, bankruptcy adjudged on the petition of tlie deiitor, indicating bis de- sire to surrender his assets and be discharged. = Syn, In- solvency, etc. See/ailure, bankruptismt (bangk'rup-tizm), n. [< bank- rupt + -isiu.^ Bankruptcy. bankruptlyt (bangk'rupt-H), adv. Like a bank- riijit. bankruptshipt (bangk'rupt-sUip), H. [< bank- rupt + -sliip.^ Bankruptcy. bankrupturef (bangk'rup-tur), n. [< bankrupt + -ure : aitev ruj)ture.~\ Bankruptcy, Flowering branch of linnfcsia trieifolia. of the shaft, who suijerintends the sorting and loading of the coal. [Eng.J Gresley. very rope, Asia, and Ameri- ca, of the family Hi- rundinidw : so called from its habit of burrowing in banks tobuUd its nest. It is a small swal- low, mouse-gray above and white below, with a gi-ay collar. In places where it is numerous, hun- dreds or thou- sands gather to breed in com- pany, and asand- bank may be riddled xvith their holes, which are exca- vated to the depth of a foot or more. Also called sand' sivaltow and hanlc-martlii. '^-" '^"'■'■' t If". Bank-swallow {Cotiie ripar. See Cotile. Discharge in bankruptcy. See discharge.— YiaX In bank-'work (banek'werk), n. In coal-mining, a method of working coal m use m houth Yorkshire, England, and in some of the North Welsh collieries, combining some of the pecu- liarities of the pillar system -vrith those of the long-wall system. banky (bang'ki), a. [< bank^ + -)/.] FuU of banks or ridges; ridgy; hilly. [Bare.] banlieue (ban'm), «. [F. (in ML. banleuca, bannum Icucw), < bau, command, juiisdiction, -f tieiie, league, also an indefinite extent of ter- ritory. Cf. G. bann-mcilc in same sense: see ban''- and leaffiie^.'] The territory without the walls, but within the legal limits, of a town or city. Sometimes erroneously spelled banlieti, bankshall (bangk'shal), „. J^^^^^ ^^^r^Slr'^&%.n.ot bonnet. _' _ I'V. 1 ■.» .. Vinvivio + 'J m Ho/a ''",,(Ln., ME. baner, ban banniere, bandiere Sp. bandcra = Pg. bandeira = It. bnndicra, < ML. "bandaria (bandcria after Rom.), < bandum, a standard, < Goth, bauda-a, baiidwo, a sign, token, prob. akin to E. hind and band^, q. v.] I. n. 1. The piece of cloth, attached to the upper part of a pole or staff, which in former times served as the standard of a sovereign, lord, or knight, after which he and his followers marched to war, and which served as a ralhnng-point m battle ; hence, the flag or standard of a coun- try, army, troop, etc. ; a standard or ensign. Terrible as an army with bamiers. Caut. vi 4. (= Gr. Kolta = E. hall : see hall) ; or perhaps < Skt. bhdndagdla, a storehouse, < bhdnda, wares, ware, a vessel, pot, -I- gala, as above.] 1. In the East Indies: (a) A warehouse. (6) The office of harbor-master or other port author- ity. — 2. lu Java, a large hall of audience in a princely residence, witliout regular walls, but supported by wooden pillars. Tule and Burnell. bank-shot (bangk'shot), ". In billiards, a shot which makes the cue-ball touch the cushion before hitting any other ball. Banksia (bangk'si-a), n. [NL., named after Sir Joseph Banks (1743-1820).] A genus of shrubs or trees, for the most part of small size, of the natural order Proteacem, natives of west- em extra-tropical Australia and Tasmania, where ■with other shrubs of the same order they constitute most of the so-called "semVj." The foliage is hard and dry, and extremely variable in form, aud the flowers form close cylindrical heads resembling bottle-brushes. Many species have been cultivated in European conservatories and gardens. banksman (bangks ' man), «. ; pi. banksmen (-men). [< banlFs, poss. of bank^, + jn««.] In coal'mining, a man in attendance at the mouth Hano- out our banners on the outward walls ; The cry is still, " They come ! " Our castle s strength Will laugh a siege to scorn. i'/iat., Macbeth, v. 5. 2. In her., a square flag which in the middle ages was the ensign of a knight batmeret. Instances are related of a knight companion being made a knicht banneret on the field of battle, the mark of his promotion being the tearing off of the points of his pennon, leaviu" the flag square. In modern usage, any square flag is termed a banner when it bears heraldic devices. Itie most familiar instance is the royal banner of England, commonly called the royal standard ; but other heraldic banners are used in the funeral ceremonies of knights of the Garter and the higher nobility. banner-stone 3. An ensign or flag bearing a badge or em- blem, as of a society or order, and borne in processions. Banners were early used in the proces- sions of the Christian church, usually of the form adopted by Constantine. It consisted of a siiuare clr>th suspended from a cross-bar near the top of a gilt pole, bearing or Burmollnted by the sacred symbol ^. .See tabaruin. 4. Figuratively, anything displayed as a pro- fession of principles. Thou hast given a banner tf> them that fear thee, that it may be displayed because of the truth. Pa. Ix. 4. See ensign, flag, pennon, and standard. 5. In hot., the vcxillum or upper petal of a pajiiliouaceous flower. Also called the standnnl. — 6. One of eight divisions into which the Manehus are marshaled, each with distinguishing flag or banner. Four r)f the flags are plain (red, yellow, white, or blue), the other four having a margin of a different color. Hence, the Man- ehus are known collectively as the h'iabt Banners and as bannennen. Pca-blossom with ei- II. «. Leading or foremost panded Uaoncr. a. ban. in regard to some particular ""■ *'"'^' ^•''"'■ cause or matter, such as giving the largegt majority to a political party, etc. I am reminded that there is an Alleghany City as well as an Alleghany County, the former the banner town, and the latter the banner county, perhaps, of the world. Lincoln, in Raymond, p. 84. banneralt, «• A corrupt form of bannerol, 2. bannered (ban'ferd), a. [(.banner + -ed'^.'] 1. Furnished with or bearing a banner; display- ing banners. A banner'd host Under spread ensigns marching. llilttm, P. L., ii. 88S. Bothwell's bannered hall. Scott, L. of the L., ii. 8. 2. Borne or blazoned on a banner. bannerer (ban'er-er), n. A standard-bearer; one who carries a banner. banneret! (ban'er-et), n. [Also bannerette, < ME. banneret, banerett, < OF. baneret, banerette, dim. of banere, banner : see banner and -«<.] A little banner; a banderole. The scarfs and the bannerets about thee did manifoldly dLssnade me from believing thee a vessel of too great a burthen. Shak., All's Well, ii. 3. banneret^ (ban'6r-et), n. [< ME. baneret, < OF. baneret, banneret, < banere, a banner (see ban- ner), + -et, < L. -atus (see -afel) = E. -ed^; lit., one bannered: see banner and -ed^.J 1. One who is bannered or entitled to a banner ; spe- cifically, a knight of a certain grade in the mili- taiy hierarchy of the middle ages. Originally the riglit to display a banner (as distinguished from a pennon) was limited to those who could bring a certain array of followers into the field, and who had also been dubbed or accoutred knight. As the military distinctions of earlier feudalism became confused by the employment of paid soldiers, the right of displaying a banner became more and more a reward for distinguished prowess in battle, .\fter a victory or a notable achievement a banneret elect, carry- ing his pennon in his hand, xvas, it is said, conducted be- tween two knights of note, and presented to the king or general, who cut otf the point or endsof his pennon, making it square. He was then called a knight of the square jtag. Also called knigkt banneret. Sir Richard Croftes, who was made banneret at . . . Stoke, was a w ise man. Camden, Remains (ed. 1637), p. 271. 2. Formerly, the title of magistrates of the second rank in some Swiss cantons, and also of certain officers of some of the Italian republics. Melchior Sturmthal, . . . Banneret of Berne. Scott, .\nne of Geierstein, I. vii, (In Solothurn) on the death of an avoyer, the banneret succeeds to his place. J. Adams, Works, IV. 335. bannerless (ban'er-les), a. [< banner + -less.'\ Having no banner. J. S. Jes.se. bannerman (bau'er-man), n. : pi. bannermen (-men). 1. A standard-bearer: a bannerer. — 2. A person belonging to one of the eight ban- ners into which the Manehus are marshaled. See banner, 6. bannerol (ban'e-rol), n. [See banderole. This is the usual spelling in sense 2.] 1. Same as banderole. — 2. In England, a banner, about a yard square, borne at the funerals of prominent men, and placed over the tomb. It bears the arms of the ancestors and alliances of the de- ceased, painted on silk. Also erroneously writ- ten hiinner-roU and banneral. banner-plant (ban'er-plant), n. A name given to some cultivated species of J nth urium. natural order J i-acfff, in which the bright-scarlet spathe is broadly expanded at right angles to the spadix. banner-roll (ban'er-rol), »i. An erroneous form of hauueroh 2. banner-stone (ban'er-ston), «. A name some- times given, not very aptly, to certain stone objects shaped like a small two-edged ax, which banner-stone are supposed to have been -svom as ornaments in prehistoric times, or held in the hand as badges of authority. They have an eye for the insertion of a handle. Some banner-stones of striped slate have been found iu CamiUus, and one on Skane.iteles Lake [New York]. Stnfth:'i/, rti , .*-' i (". f .vet), r. [Karlier banl.i f, < V. Formerly sometimes written hanqwt, as English. 2. The footway of a bridge when raised above tho carriageway. — 3. A bench for jiassengers, or tho space occupied by benches, on the top of a French diligence, and hence of any public vehicle. — 4. A sidewalk. [Common in the southern and soutliwestern United States.] standing outside on the banquette, he bowed - not to Dr. Mossy, but to the balcony of the big red-brick front. U. ir. Cahlf. Old Creole Days, p. 111. Banquette slope, in ,lort.. an incline connecting the ■lialiMUelte tnad with the terrcplein or interior of tile work. - Banquette tread, tlie level surface of the baii- (liiette .ill «liich llie soldiers Rtaud while tiring over the crest of the parai>et ; tlie tread. bans, ". /''- See Imnns. bansnee (Imn'she), n. [< Gael, ban-stith, Ir. bvan- Ki'tllic, lit. woman of the fairies, < Gael. ban. Ir. /;<«", woiimii, -t- ,v(//(, Ii'. sigli, siglic, .sigliidli bantery (ban'ter-i), a Bantu five size. Many of these varieties are the exact counter. ( parts, except in size, of the corresponding breeds of fujl j size, and were originally reduced in weight by careful | selection and breeding of small specimens from theaa t full-sized breeds. There are other varieties, however, as the Japanese and the Sebright bantams, which do not re- semble any of the large breeds. The chief varieties are i the African, game (in the several colors), Japanese, Pekin, , Polish, and Sebright bantams. 2. Same as Bantam-icork. II. a. Pertaining to or resembling the ban- tam; of the breed of the bantam; hence, dimin- ■ ntive; puny; absurdly combative, or fussy and : consequential. Bantam-'work (ban'tam-wferk), n. An old name for carved work, painted in party-colors, im- ported from the East Indies; "a kind of Indian painting and car\-iug on wood, resembling Ja- pan-work, only more gay," Chambers's Cye., Supp., 1753. banteng(ban'teng),Ji. [Nativename; alsospell- ed banting.] A species of ox, Bos banteng or B. sondakus, a local race iu the Malay archipelago. banter (ban'ter), V. t. [First iu the latter part of the 17th centiu-y; regarded then as slang.] 1. To address good-humored raillery to ; attack ■ with jokes or jests; make fim of; I'ally. The magistrate took it that ho bantered him, and bade an officer take him into custody. Sir Jt. L' Estrange, Not succeeding in banterin;/ nie out of my epistolary ■ proprieties. Blackwood's Ma;!., XXIII. 384. So home we went, and all the livelong way With solemn jibe did Eustace banter me. Tenny-ton, Gardener's Daughter. 2. To impose upon or cheat, originally in a jest- ■ ing or bantering way ; bamboozle. [Ai'chaic] | Somebody had been bantering him with an imposition. Scott, Guy Malinering, U. 3. To challenge; in-vite to a contest. [South- ern and western U. S.] = S3m. Banter, Italhi. iiui^ , tease, joke. We banter another in good humor chiefly for t something he or she has done or neglected to do, whether r the act «>r omission be faulty or ridiitilous or not, if It t I'lily affords a subject for a laugh or smile at his or her r expense, or causes a blush not altogether painful. Rally, , literally to rail, generally implies some degree i>f sarcasm i or pungency, and is aimed at some specific fault, olfcns^ , or weakness. The sort of mock-heroic gigantcsqne With which we banter d little Lilia llrst. Tennyso7i, Princess, Conclusion. . Lest you think I rail;/ more tllail teach, Or praise inalignly arts I cannot reach. Pojie, Imit. of Horace, i. 2. . [< hanlcr, v.] 1. A joking ; uniored ridicule or raillery; ; asautry. When wit has any mixture of raillery, it is but calling i it banter and tile work is done. SwiJ't, Tale of a Tub, Author's ApoL Mr. Adams made his contribution to the service of the • taljle iu the form o! tliat good-humored, easy banter ■ which makes a dinner of herbs more digestible than k i stalled ox without it. Josiah Quinetf, Figures of tho Past, p. 6& 2. A challenge to a match or contest ; the ' match or contest itself. [Southern and west- ■ ern U. S.] banterer (ban'ter-er), H. 1. One who banters ' or nssails with good-humoretl jests or pleas- antry. — 2. One who cheats or bamboozles. [Archaic.] His dresa, his gait, his accent, . , . marked him out a« an excellent subject for the operations of Bwinillcrs and liiuitcrrrs. Macaulaii, Hist. Eng., iii. l'> 81 4f, rfKl-nl banqn bttiHji' ■Willi I Ii, /., /;.. Ihonoiin.] I. trann. To treat bantam (biiii'tiiiii), >i. nnd n. I or rieh ontertninment. fi"i" /('/»/")«, in. Invn.) I. n 'X ' ■ I In entrrlalnitienl; ' >i < iundeil\ fairv.] A type of female fail y lielieved in Ire- land and soino jiarts of Scotland to attach her- self to a jiarlieuhir house, and to foretell by eiieli nii|ieaiiiiiee llie death of one of tho family. Also Unsliicj bcnslii, TUi: lianshee Is a species of iirlstocralle fairy, who. In Ibe shape of a little hideous old woman, hiw been known lo appear, and heard to sing in a mournful huperiiatnial v..i, e under Ibe windows of great llonnes, to warn the laiiilly Hint «undling, fanilling, nurseling, etc.; mon iiroli.for "hai'ikl'ing, < (i. bankling, ii baslai'd, < bank, beii<-h, -I- -ling: ef. ciiiiiv. (!. Imnkirl. 1,(1. Iiankcrt, < ?othA',' bench, + -nt=¥,. -ard.] A yciung child; an infant: a term carrying with it, a shade of contempt. It's a rickety sort of liantlinn, I'm told, • That II die of old age wlieli lis seven years old. .Inuira .Smith, Itejeeleil Addresses. Bantu (ban'tii), n. [A nalivi^ ii:uiie, lit. ' peo- jile.'J A name soiiiel iiiies applied In tlio South Bantu 4-15 dip, dye.] A genus of leguminous plants of the United States east of the Mississippi. 'J'hcy Jii-c herljaceouSj and turn black in drying. Tlie wild indij;o, li. tinctoria, has been used for dyeing, and its mot in medicine as a laxative, and in larger doses as a ea- tliartir iiiid emetic. Some species, especially the bluc-tlow- iicd />'. ausirali^, are occasionally cultivated in gardens. baptism (bap'tizm), 11. [< ME. haptisinc (usu- ally and earlier baplhn, baptym, baptem), < OF, hiijitasme, bapteme, batesme, bateme (mod. F, African family of tongues. The most marked pe- ruliarity of these languages is their prevailing use of pre- llxes instead of suttixcs in derivation and inliection. Those of them tliat t)order on the Hottentot employ (licks or clucks as alpliabctic elements. Also culled Chit- (Ilia and Zituiiitn. Also ii.scd as a racial name. banxring (lianKks'rinj;), ». [Native name.] A name of a squirrel-like insectivorous mam- lual of Java, the Tupaia javanica. Also called hangsriiuj and sinsring. See TupaUdw. banyan^, «. See banimii-. banyan-, banyan-tree, «. See banian^. baobab (biX'o-liiib), «. [Formerly also baho- iafc; a native African name.] An African tree, by dipping with a cup; in N. T. and eccl., the Jr/<("6'(/i(V( (/(V//teto, belonging to the tribe baptize.] 1. A sacrament or ordinance of the Bombacea;, natural order ilahaceiv, also called Oliristian church, instituted by Christ as an ini- the Ethiopian sour-gourd, and in South Africa tiatory rite, consisting in the immersion of the the cream-of-tartar tree. It is a native of tropical person in water, or in the application of water Africa, and h-M been introduced and naturalized in various to the person by affusion or by sprinkling, by an parts of the Ea,st and West Indies It is one of the^^^^^^^^^^^^^ authorized administrator, " in the name of the trees in the woiid, being often louna 30 feet in diameter, -r, ,, i i- ^.i o ^ -i cj.\ tr ^ r^\ i. m though it grows to a height of only from 40 to 70 feet. The * ather, and of the bou, and of the Holy Ghost." branches slioot out from CO to 70 feet, bearing a dense The proper signification of the rite, the proper subjects of it, and the proper methods of adminiBteriiig it, are mat- ters of dispute in the (.christian church. In I'rotestant churches it is generally regarded as a symbol of purifica- tion, a rite of initiation into the visible church of Christ, and a sign ratifying God's covenant with his people. In the Roman Catholic Church baptism is the sacrament of iiiitia- titm into the church of Christ, consisting essentially in the applicution of water to the person baptized by one having tlif intention of conferring the sacrament, and who pro- nounces at the same time the words, "N., I baptize thee in the name of the Father, and of the Son, and of the Iloly Ghost." TheGreekformula,"The8ervantofGod is baptized inthename,"etc.,i3al8orecognizedasvalid. Inmostbr;inch- esnftheehurch a layman m;iy, in caseof necessity, adminis- ter liaptism. In the Roman Catholic, Greek, and most Prot- estant chuichfs, infant children are adtnitted to baptism; but among the various Baptist denominations only those are admitted who give credible evidence of possessing a Christian experience. Among them, also, it is generally per- formed by immersion, which they regard as the Scriptural mode. Tliis is also the common mode in the Eastern churches; in the Western churches sprinkling or pouring is conmionly substituted. The Friends reject all baptism with water, regarding Christian baptism as sphitual only. Baptlsin is not only a sign of profession, and mark of dif- ference, whereby Christian men are discerned from others that be not christened, but it is also a sign of Regenera- tion or New-Birtli, whereby, as by an instrument, they that receive Bapti.'^m rightly are grafted into the Church ; the promises of the forgiveness of sin, and of our adoption to be the sons of God by the Holy Ghost, are visibly signed and sealed ; Faith is confirmed, and Grace increased by virtue of prayer unto God. Articles of Religion of Ch. of Eng. and Prot. Epis. Ch. We believe in . . . baptism to be administered to be- lievers and their children, as the sign of cleansing from sin, of union to Christ, and of the impartation of the Holy Spirit. Congregational Creed, ISH'S. toaptistic seal, OT the sml of hfiptiHm. .See 6rt;y^Vw, — Baptismal name, tht; piih(»iial rirCIn-ihtiHH name givi-n at ltaj»tiHm. — Baptismal regeneration, tJie doctrine uf the rcmiH- sion of luitflnal an-l actual .sin, any moans of baptism. water, sink (a ship), drench, soak, draw (wine) baptist (bap'tist), n. [< ME. baptist (only m • • ' ■■ '" ■' -' retVicnc-o to .John the Baptist), < LL. 6a;j<(»...„..,„. „ ,,- Y'. baptismal.'] Pertaining to baptism: as, "the baptismal \ow," Ifaiiimond — Baptismal charaC' 2. Any ceremonial ablution intended as a sigu baptistery, baptistry (bap'tis-ter-i, -tn ), «. ; pi baptisteries, baptistries (-iz, -triz). [< L. baptis- terium, a place for bathing (LL. in eccl. sense), < Gr. liaKTiari/piov, < liarTri^av, Jiaptize : see bap- Carlyle, Sartor Resartus, p. 117. Bapta (bap'ta), n. [NL.-, < Gr. jiairToi;, dipped, dyed, verbal adj. of paKTciv, dip.] A genus of geometrid moths. The white pinion-spotted moth is Fi. biinaetilata ; the clouded silver-moth is B. punctata. baptise, '•. t. See baptize. Baptisia (bap-tiz'i-il), n. [NL., < Gr. pdirnai^, a dipping (dyeing ? cf. (iaTTTog, dyed), < fiaTiTiC,tiv, ter a spiritual and indelible mark attaching to the souls of I'laptized Christians from their reception of the sacra- ment. This term is used otBeially by the Roman Cath- olic Church, .and also by theologians of the Greek, Ori- ental and Anglican churches, to express the doctrine of those churches that a baptized person can for good or for evil never bo as one unbaptized, and that the sacrament cannot be repeated without sacrilege. Also called the Baptistery of tti fee] A building or a portion of a building in which is administered the rite of baptism. In the early Christian church the baptisterj- was distinct from tlie church-building, and was situated near its west end ; it was generally circular or octagonal in form, and dome- roofed. About the end of the sixth century the baptisterj- began to he absorbed in the church, within which the font was placed, not far from the n estem door. The detached baptistery was, however, often preserved, especially in Italy ; and m.any such baptisteries still remain in use. as that of St. John Lateran in Rome, and those of the cathe- drals of Pisa, Florence, etc. .\s a separate building the baptisteiT was often of considerable size and great archi- tectural beauty ; that ot Florence is 108 feet in external diameter. In the West, baptisteries were in early times commniily dedicated to St. John the Baptist. See/ontl and '"iftisniat. baptistic, baptistical (bap-tis'tik. -ti-kal), a. [< Gr. jaKTiaTtnof, < Sa-TiaTvi:, baptist: see bap- baptistic ' tisf] Pertaining to baptism, or (with a capital) to the doctrine of the Baptists. This fniplisticai profession, which he ignorantly laugheth at is attested by fathers, by councils, by liturgies. Abp. Bramhall, Schism Guarded, p. 205. Baptistically (bap-tis'ti-kal-i), adr. Accord- ing to Baptist doctrine; ia the manner of the Baptists. baptizable (bap-ti'za-bl), a. [< 6a/)H--e + -able.^ That may be baptized. [Eare.] As for the condition limiting persons baptiiabte, which is actual belie>-ing, this also the Church of Christ under- stood in a limited and temporarj* sense. Bp. Gnuden, Tears of the Church, p. 2*4. baptizationt (bap-ti-za'shon), H. [< LL. hupti- ^atio(n-). < ba}>ti:are, baptize: see baptise.'] The act of baptizing ; baptism. [Rare.] If thev had been lay persons, their haptizalions were null and' invalid. Jer. Tat/tor, Clerus Domini, iv. baptize (bap-tiz'), '■• '. ; pret. and pp. baptized, ppr. baptizing. [< ME. bapti:en, < LL. bap- tizare, < Gr. iJaTr-iinv, dip in or under water, baptize, < jioTrrciv, dip in water. See etym. of baptixm."] 1. To administer the rite of bap- tism to. See baptism. f«one tin Yucatan] might marrj' who had not been bap- U»ed. Faithn of ttte World, p. 248. 2. To christen; name; denominate: with al- lusion to the naming of infants at baptism. Call me but love, and I'll be new baptiz'd ; Henceforth I never will be Romeo, Shak., R. and J., ii. 2. Sometimes spelled baptise. baptlzement (bap-tiz'ment), ». [< baptize + -111111/.] Tlieact of baptizing; baptism. [Rare.] baptizer (bap-ti'zer), n. One who baptizes. on the part of the baptizer, baptism was a form of re- ccptim t" instruction. Jiees, Cyc, Baptism. baquet(ba-ka'), H. [F. : see 6acic<.] A small tub or trough. barl (bar), II. [< ME. barr, barrc, < OF. barre, F. barrc = Pr. Sp. Pg. It. barra, < ML. barra, of imkuown origin. The Celtic words, Bret. barren, a bar, a branch, W, bar, a bar, rail, Gael, and Ir. barra, a bar, spike. Com. bara (v.), bar, as well as MHG. bar, barre, a barrier, G. barre, Dan. barre, a bar, ingot, Russ. baru, bar (of a harbor), are from the ML., Rom., or E. Hence barrier, barrister, barricade, barrace, em- bar, embarra.i.'', debar, dcbarra.is, etc.] 1. A piece of wood, metal, or other solid matter, long in proportion to its thickness, used for some mechanical purpose ; a rod : as, a eap- 8tan-6nr; the bars of a grate; the splinter-6nr of a vehicle ; especially, such a piece of wood or metal used as an obstruction or guard : as, the bars of a f^ce or gate ; the liar of a door or window. — 2. Anything wliieh obstructs, hinders, or impedes ; an obstruction ; an ob- stacle ; a barrier. Mu.it I new barn to my own joy create? Driiden. The incapacity to breed under conllnenient is one of the commonest barK to domestication. Darwin, Var. of Anhnals anil Plants, I. 21. 3. A barrier — (a) At the entrance to a city, or between the city proj)fcr and its suburbs ; hence, the gate at whicli tlie barrier was placed in former times, as Temple liar in London, now i:- II >f. Lottdon.— I-' .'iituic'i ikju. ffjw -<\, tmd the exlHtinK inediovul bars of Vi.ri ".\ At n toll-hoiiH"', 11 toll-gate. AIho '■!''• '"'r, — 4. An accmniilannn forming II I r II' I ive to navig;il ion or In the llnw of .-, ., ,,tf ,\ hank tif Hand, univel, ur i-iirtli fnriniiiK > (husl III uij bud/uf w>t«r; ■ bank ur uliml at tlie 446 mouth of a river or harbor, obstructing entrance or ren- dering it difficult. He rose at dawn, and. fired with hope, Shot o'er the seething harbour bar. Tennyson, The Sailor Boy. (ft) A narrow point of land jutting out iUto the water, (c) In placer-mininrr, an accmuulation of sand or gravel in or near the bed of a stream. 5. In (aid: (a) The railing inclosing the place which counsel occupy in courts of justice. [Hence the phrase at the bar of the court signi- fies in open court.] Some at the bar with subtlety defend. Or on the bench tlie knotty laws untie. Dryden. (6) The place in court where prisoners are sta- tioned for an'aignment, trial, or sentence. The great duke Came to the bar; where to his accusations He pleaded still, not guilty. Sliak., Hen. VIII., ii. 1. (o) The practising members of the legal pro- fession in a given eommuuity; all those who have the right to plead in a com't ; counsel or barristers in general, or those present in coui't. It is the bench, the magistracy, the bar — the profession as a profession ... — a class, a body, of which I mean exclusively to speak. B. Ctioate, Addresses, p. 137. The storm of invective which burst upon him from bar, bench, and witness-box. Macaulaii, Hist. Eng., iv. ((f) A stoppage or defeat in an action or suit \>y countervailing the alleged right of action. — 6. In England, a raiUng or barrier which sep- arates a space near the door from the body of either house of Parliament, beyond whicli none but members and clerks are admitted. At these bars counsel stand when pleading before tlie house, and to the same bar witnesses and such as have lieeii ordered into custody for breaches of privilege are brought. In the houses of Congress, the bar, for the latter purpose, is the area in front of the presiding officer. 7. Figuratively, any tribunal: as, the bar of public opinion ; the ftoe of God. — 8. That por- tion of a tavern, inn, coffee-house, or the like, where liquors, etc., are set out; the cotmter over which articles are served in stich an es- tablishment. I was under some apprehension that they would appeal to me ; and therefore laid down my penny at the bar, . . . and made the best of my way to Cheapside. Addition, Spectator, No. 403. 9. A band or stripe : as, a bar of light. The long, slender bars of cloud float like fishes in the sea of crimson light. Knu-rson, Nature. 10. In farriery, the upper part of the gums of a horse between the grinders and tusks, which bears no teeth, and to which the bit is fitted. — 11. In mii.vc, a line drawn perjiendicularly across the staff, di\nding it into equal measures of time and marking the place of the strong accent; hence, the space and notes included between two such lines; the portion of music represented by the included notes. See also double bar, below. Whistling a random bar of Bonny Doon. Trnnt/Kun, The Brook. 12. In com. : (a) An ingot, a Iuin)i, or a wedge, as of gold or silver, from the mines, run in a mold, and unwrouglit. ('<) A short piece of biir-iron about half a pound in weight, used as a niedium of traflie with African negroes. — 13. In jirintiiiij : (a) The lever by wliieli tin* pres- sure is aiiplied in a hand-press. (/') Tlie nmlille cross-piece of a ]iriiitors' chase. — 14. In liir., a liori/.oiiliil slrijie crossing the field, narrow- er tliiiii tlie fesse, and oceu|iying ,^ ^ usuiilly one fifth or less of I he field: one of Ihe nine ordiniiries. It iK rare tlmt om- bur only iii iihiiI ; liars limy be Imrne in any niiiiiliiT. iiiiil Itir blii/.iiii iilwayH iiaincH tin- niiriibi-r; but will- ore tliiin four, an lliey are MiiiiilliT, llii-y lire niMeil barruletK. See Immi- and liitririnc. 15. In a liiidle, the iiiouthpieco loiiiieeliiig the checks. — 16. Ill a rifle-sight, a jiliile ill lliefomi of a Hognieiit, with its upper orehord edge liorizontiil, and seeiired in ii ring. II till- iiliilr liiiK a v.rlii al hint in It. It I" calbd a »'i/ bar- niillil : l( It liii»alialinillili.i'r HiinilliTrlliKnltiiibed In It, It Ih a iMlr-Mi'till IT » the practises in the Coiiimoii Bench, for in the King's r.ciirh the place is commonly ascertained in the dechiiati.ni. ijfou lit.— Branchial bar. See fcraiie/iini.— Double bar, in music, two bars placed together at the ci.'Ir1u..ioii of a movement or str.ain. If two or four dots are ;niil,ii t" it, the strain on that side should be repeated.— Equalizing- bar. («) In a car-truck, a wrought-iron beam w hi, h luars upon the top of the journal-boxes on the same sidr nf the ti-uck. The springs which sust-ain the weight of the liody of the car upon that side rest upon the center of this bar, which distriluites the weight upon the two journals, (b) In a vehicle, a b.ai" to each end of which a whippletree is attached. It is pivoted at the middle, and is used to equalize the draft of two horses harnessed abreast. .-VIso called ercii^r and ((arrer = Pr. Sp. Pg. ht, for albeit many brought barbs, few regarded to jtiit tli«'m on. mr J. Haiimird, Edw. VI., p. 32. barb^t (biirb), v. t. [< barb'^, ».] Same as bard^, v. A brave courser trapped .and barbed. Holland, tr. of Livy, p. 1179. Barbed with frontlet of steel, I trow. And with Jedwood-axe at saddle-bow, Scott, L. of L. M., i. 5. barb^ (biirb), n. [< F. barbe, a Barbary horse (ML. carallus de barba, indicating a supposed connection with L. barba, a beard), < Barbaric, Barbary: see barbary.'] 1. A horse of the breed introduced by the Moors into Spain from Barbary and Morocco, and remarkable for speed, endurance, and docility, in Spain this noble race h;is degenerated, and true barbs are rare even in their na- tive country. The importance of improving our studs by an Infusion of new blood was strongly felt ; and with this view a con- siderable number of barbs had lately been brought into the country. Macavlay, Hist. Eng., iii. 2. A breed of domestic pigeons having a short broad beak, classed by Darwin with the carriers and runts. Also called barb-jni/eon, Barbary picjcon, and Barbarij carrier. — 3. A scisenoid fish, Menticirrus alburmts, better known as king- more usually, a retrorse tooth or double tooth 1,-arbacanK *«"''" See barUcan^. pSe^l X ^ZitK barbacou(bar'ba-k6),«. [ it at Barbadian (biir-ba'di-an), a. and n. [< Barba- 1 Barbados, a name said to be due to Pg, the first order, given off by the rachis of a feather. The vane [of a feather] con- sists of a series of appressed, flat, narrowly linear or lance- "inear laminre or plates, set ob- a varying open angle, ending in a free point ; eacli such narrow __^ ^_ actite plate is called a barb. "' "' " Coues, Key to N. A. Birds, p. 84. 4. One of the sharp points projecting backward from the penetrating extremity of an arrow, fisli-hook, or other instmment for piercing, in- tended to fix it in place ; a beard. Having two points or barbs. Ascham, Toxophilus (Arber), p. 135. 5. A linen covering for the throat and breast, sometimes also for the lower part of the face, worn by women through- out the middle ages in western Eiu'ope. It was at times pectiliar to nuns or women in mourning. Do wey your barbe and shew youre face bare. Chaucer, Troilus, ii. 110. 6. A band or small scarf of lace, or other fine ma- terial, worn by women it the neck or as a head- dress. — 7. Same as bar- bel, 3. — 8. In her., one of the five leaves of tlin calyx which project bi - yond and between thu petals of the heraldic rose. See6ar6erfl,3. — 9. A bur or roughness pro- duced in the course of metal-working, as in coining and engraving. — 10. A military term /r.,v, th as hiirhadiis, the bearded, applied by the Portu- rese to the Indian fig-trees grovring there.] a. Of or pertaining to Barbados (also spell- ed Barbadoes). II. n. An inhabitant of Barbados, the most eastern island of the West Indies, belonging to Great Britain. Barbados cherry, leg, nut, tar, etc. See the nouns. Barbados-pride (biir-ba'doz-prid), «. 1. A prickly leguminous shrub, Ccesaljnnia pulclier- rima, of tropical regions, planted for hedges as well as for the beauty of its flowers. Also called Barbados flower-fence. — 2. In the "West Indies, a handsome flowering leguminous tree, Adcuaiitliera piavonina, introduced from the East Indies. barba Hispanica (biir'bii his-pan'i-kii), K. [NL., lit. Spanish beard.] A name given to the ]]laut 'J'ilhindsia usncoides. See long-moss. barbaloin (biir'ba-16-in or -loin), n. A neu- tral substance (C34H36O14+H2O) crystallizing in tufts of small yellow prisms, extracted from Barbados aloes. barbart (biir'biir), a. and n. [Early mod. E. also barbare, <"ME. barbar, OF. barbare, < L. barbarus : see barbarous.] I. a. Barbarous. II. «. A barbarian. (bar'ba-ra), n. In logic, a mnemonic a syllogism whose parts are universal afBrmative proposi- tions: as. All men are mortal; all the patn- Barb. middle of I4th cen- tury. (From Viollet-le-Duc's }\*tT\\arSt ■•D,ct.duMob,uerfra,.,a,s.") "^^"^'^^f \:i"sylfogism of the "first figure, all barbarianism archs (Enoch, Elijah, etc.) are men; hence, all patriarchs are mortal. It is the tyi)e of all syllo- gism. This name is believed t« have been invented by Petrus Jlispainis (Pope John XXI., died 1277), although Prantl thinks the work of William of Shyrwode (died 124!t) in which it is found is earlier. .See iiumd'^. barbaresque (l)iir-ba-resk'), a. and n. [< F. burbaresijiie, of BarViary, Sp. Pg. barbaresco = It. barbaresco (obs.), of Barbary, barbarous: Hoe barbar and -est/uc. Ct. barbary.] I. a. 1. Characteristic of or appropriate to barbarianM; barbarous in style. [liare.] Our European and East Indian coins arc the basest of all base products from rude barbaresque handicraft. I)e QuiTicey, .Secret .Societies, i. 2. [mp.] Of or pertaining to Barbary in north- ern Africa. II. n. [cap.] A native of Barbary. Jefferson. [Kare.] barbari (bar'ba-ri), n. In logic, the mnemonic name of a kind of syllogism the premises of which are those of a syllogism in barbara (which see), while the conclusion is only a par- ticular instead of a universal affirmative: as, All men are mortal ; all kings are men ; hence, some kings are mortal. ITiis kind of syllogism was noticed by (fccam, and the name was Invented by one of Ills followers, Albert of Saxony. See rnotid'^. barbarian (b;ir-ba'ri-an), n. and a. [bariani:eiir-ba-ri-za'Hhon), n. [< bar- iianze + -atiim.^ Tlie act of remlcriiig bar- Imi-ous; a reduction to barbarism, or to a barbarous state : said of language, and of per- sons and communities. Also spelled barbarisn- lion. barbarize (biir'ba-riz), v. ; pret. and \t\>. bnr- liiin.iil, p|ir. b(ir))iiri:in)i. [= F. biirlnin.srr, < M,. liiirbarizarr, < (Jr. linp^uin^ny, Hpiak like a I'll' i:.'iier or barbarian, hold with IIk! barbari- M;.. '. iiipHaitor, foreign, barbarian. Sec l>nr- '"'"■" I 1. intruns. 1. To speak or write like li ' it'irian or foreigner; use liarbarisms in »! ii "r ^vriting. I '^ 1 1. ililt which th<*y got of wreti'hc-'l tutrtntrizinfi n.' • \ <'lii tin>l(ire4-k Idtom. Mttton.VAwfuyitu,. 2. . liarliarouH. [Hare.] I uijilre was txirttariiinn ruplrlly. Uttiuinrrfi, I'lilloa. of Itoin. Ilisl. n. Irn,,.,, 1. Tocomipt (Inngiiage, art. etc.) by i irii|>iiritieH, or bydepurtliigfroin "" I'll! Htaniliirds, 'I i.irliarisril Ih'' nnclolit .iilli. l..,l ..( ''t ' ii-pnlrlng Itni'f-onllni/tM lit. n t,..,,, "'I Uncut, lira., II ill. S. Tn I. iidei Ijurbiirotu. 448 Hideous changes have barbarized France. Burke, To a Noble Lord. To habitual residents among the Alps this absence of social duties and advantages may be barbarising, even brutalising. J. A. Symonds, Italj' and Greece, p. 301. Also spelled barbarise. barbarous (biir'ba-rus), a. [Earlier barbar, q. V. ; < L. barbariis, < Gr. jiapjiapoq, foreign, un- civilized: applied orig. to one whose language was unintelligible. Cf. Skt. barbara, stammer- ing, in pi. foreigners: L. balbiis, stammering: see balbuties and boobij ; cf. babble.'] 1. For- eign; not classical or pure; abounding in bar- barisms; of or pertaining to an illiterate peo- ple : applied to language, originally to lan- guages which were not Greek or Latin. See barbarism. A wholly barbarous nse of the word. Ruskin, Pol. Econ., Art. i-\. 2. Speaking a foreign language ; foreign ; out- landish: applied to people. [Archaic.] See barbarian, n., 1. The island was called Melita. And the barbarous people shewed us no little kindness : for they Idndled a fire and received us every one. Acts xxviii. 1, 2. 3. Characterized by or showing ignorance of arts and civilization; uncivilized; rude; wild; savage: as, fcarftaroiw peoples, nations, or coun- tries; barbarous habits or customs. Tliou art a Roman ; be not barbarous. Shak., Tit. And., i. 2. WHiat we most require is the actual examination by trained observers of some barbarous or semi-lmrliarous community, whose Aryan pedigree is reasonal)ly imre. Maine, Early Law and Custom, p. -I'-V.^. 4. Pertaining to or characteristic of barbari- ans ; adapted to the taste of barbarians ; bar- baric; of outlandish character. Kmetrius, king of Inde, a mighty name, On a bay courser, goodly to behold. The trappings of his horse enibijss'd with6ar6rtroujf gold. Dn/ilen, Pal. and Arc, iii. 65. Pyrrhus, seeing the Romans marshal their army with sinne art and skill, said, with surprise. "These barbarians have nothing barbarous in their discipline." Hume, Retluement in the Arts. 5. Cruel; ferocious; inhuman: as, barbarous treatment. By their barbarous usage he died within a few days, to the grief of all that knew Iiiui. Ctamuion. 6. Harsh-sounding, like the speech of barbari- ans: as, wild audbarharous music. A barbarous noise environs me. Milton, Sonnets, vii. = S3TL Barbarian, Barbarous, Barbaric (see Itarbariau); rutlili'ss, brutal, fierce, bloody, savage, truculent. barbarously (bilr'ba-ms-li), adv. In a barba- rous niaiincr; as a barbarian, (a) Ini|ierfectly ; witli'iut rt'uar'l to ]'urity "f .specdi ; with atlniixture of foreign or unclassical words and plirases. llow barbarously we yet speak and write, your lordshij) knows, and I am suillciently sensible in my own Knglish. Dryden, Ded. of Troilus and Cressida. Jlodern French, the most polite of languages, is l>arl>a- rously vulgar if compared with the Latin out of which it has been corrupted, or even with Italian. Lowell, Itiglow Papers, 2d ser., Int. (6) .\8 an uncivilized, illiterate, or uncultured person, (c) .Savagely; cruelly; ferociously; inhumanly. The Kiigliuli law touching forgery became, at ft later ]n-ii.Mi, tiurh'ti'mstynvvure. Macaulay, Hist. Kng., xxiii. barbarousness (bilr'ba-rus-nes), H. The state or (luality of being barbarous, (n) lindeness or incivility of manners. (/*) Impurity of laitguage. It is much degcnerateil, as touching the pnreness of speech ; tteing overgrown with barbarousness. Jirrrewood. (c) f'nielty; inhunumity; barbarity. barbaryt (liiir'ba-ri), n. [< ME. barbarij, bar- hrrij, liiirliiini', <()!•". barbaric = Sp. It. barlitirii , < L. barliiiria, barbiirirs (MGr. /fo/i, («/)/«), a foreign coiiulry, bnibniisni, < barbitrus, < (!r. ji animals are roasted; a large gridinm. — 3. The carcass of an ox, hog, or other animal, roasted whole. A kid tltat had been c blazon is a rose gules /)riW«;(/ jiroper. (/<) Having gills or wattles, as a cock: as, a cock sable, barbed or (that is, a black cock having gcihlcn gills). Also called uiiltled. ((') Having the ends made with biirlis like Iho.so of an arrow-head: snid csiiccinlly of a I'roMH of (his fonti. Also nillcd beardnl.— Barbed bolt. Seo/wn. Barbed shot, a nhot having lunlii or grajinelH. It Ih llnd IrnMi ■,\ iiiorlar to can-y a llfi' line to a wreck. Barbed wire, two or more wfpoi twisted togi'ther, with spikes, liooks, or points clinched or woven Into the »tranil«, or a single win' fonilslied with Khiirp points or barim: used for fences, ami ho nnldo for III'- I'-Hlniint of anhiialH. barbed- (biirbd), /I. (1. lristles or barbules. barber (biir'ber), n. [Early mod. E. also bar- hour, < (o) ME. barbour, barbor, barbur, < AF. hiirhiiur, OF. barbeor (< L. as if *barbator, < ^hiirbarc, shave: see ftdril, ii.) ; mixed with (fc) ME. barber, < OF. barbier, P. barbier = It. bar- biere, < L. as if *barbarius, < L. barba, a beard : see barb^, >i.] 1. One whose occupation is to shave the beard and cut and dress the hair. — 2. Same as surgeon-Jish.— 'Baxter's basin, a basin or bowl formerly used in shaving, having a broad rim with a semicircular opening to fit tlie neck of the cus- tomer, who held it, while the barber made the lather with his hand and applied it directly : still in use in some parts of Europe as a barber's sign.— Barber's pole, a pole striped spirally with alternate biinds of colors, generally red t)r lihitk and white, and often, in Europe, having a brass iiasiu at the end, placed as a sign at the door of a barbers shop. The striping is in imitationfof the ribbon with which the arm of a person who has been bled is bound up, and originally indicated that the barber com- bined minor surgical operations with his other work. barber (bar'ber), V. t. [< barber, ».] To shave and dress the hair of. Our courteous Antony, . . . Being barber'd ten times o'er, goes to the feast. Shak., A. and C, ii. 2. barbera (biir-ba'ra), n. [It.] An Italian red wine, made in Piedmont from a variety of gi-apes so called. barber-boat (bar'ber-bot), n. A small boat like a canoe, in use at Canton in the south of China: probaljly so called because in the early days of trade with China native barbers used such boats in going about among the shipping. barber-chirurgeont (bar'ber-ki-rer'jon), n. A barber-siu'geon. He put himself into a barber-chirurffeon's hands, who, by untit applications, rarefied the tumour. Wueinan, Surgery. barberess (biir'ber-es), n. [< barber + -ess.'] A female barber; a barber's wife. barber-fish (bar'ber-fish), n. In ichth., TeutJtis caruleus or some other fish of the family Teu- thididw. barbermongert (bar'ber-mrmg"ger), «. A man who frequents the barber's shop, or jirides him- self on being dressed by a barber ; a fop. Shale, Lear, ii. 2. barberry (bar'ber-i), n. ; pi. barberries (-iz). [Also berbcrri/, early mod. E. also barbery, bar- bary, berbery (the term, simulating ierryl),< ME. barbere (cf. F. berberis, formerly berbere) = Sp. berberis = It. berberi, < ML. berberis, barbaris, of uncertain origin. The Ar. barbaris, Pers. harbarl, are from the ML.] 1. A shi-ub of the genus Berberis, B. vulgaris, bearing racemes of yellow ill-smelling flowers, which produce red elongated berries of a pleasantly acid flavor, a native of Em'ope and extensively naturalized in New England. From the root of the barberry a yel- low coloring matter is obtained, which when rendered brown by alkalis is used in the manufacture of morocco leather. In England also called pcpperidge or piprage. See Bcrhi'i-is. 2. The fruit of this shi-ub. barberry-fungus (bar'ber-i-fuiig"gus), n. A fungus which attacks the leaves of the common barberry, formerly known as JEcidimn Bcr- bcridis, but now proved to be the a^cidiospore stage of the red and black rust (Puccinia gra- minis) which is found upon wheat, oats, other kinds of gi'ain, and various species of grass. Also called barberry-rust or barbcrry-cluster- cups. See cut under Puccinia. barber-surgeon (bar'ber-ser'jon), n. Formerly, one who united the practice of sm-gery with that of a barber ; hence, an inferior practitioner of surgery. Those deep and public brands. That the whole company (»f barbtr-sargeons Should not take off with all their arts and plaisters. B. Jonson, Poetaster, To the Reader. 29 449 barber-surgery (bar'ber-8fer"jer-i), n. The oc,('uj)ation or practice of a barber-surgeon; honco, bungling work, like that of a low prac- titioner of surgery. Slits it into four, that ho may the better come at it with liis biirbrr-surgery. Milton, Colasterlon. barberyl (bar'bfer-i), re. [Early mod. E. also barbary (ME. barbarery), < OP. barberie, < bar- bier, a bai'bcr : see harlier and -ery.] If. A barber's shop. — 2. The occupation or craft of a barber. [Rare.] The union of surgery and barbery was partially dissolved in 1540 (a-2 ffenry VIII., c. 42), the barbers being confined by tliat Act to their own business, jjIus blood-letting and tooth-drawing. N. and Q., 7th ser., II. liW. barbery-t, ». See barberry. barbetH (bar'bot), n. [< F. barbette, OF. bar- bcte, dim. of barbe, < L. barba, a beard : see ftorfil.] 1. A small beard. — 2. A part of the helmet in use in the sLxteenth century; either (a) the fixed beaver or montonniere, or (b) the lower part of the vizor when made in two pieces, so that either could be raised ■without the other. Comi)aro barbute. Also spelled barbett. barbet^ (biir'bet), n. [< P. barbct (prob. for barbe), < OP. barbct, < L. barbatus, bearded. Cf. barbute.] 1. A variety of dog having long cm-lyhair; a poodle. — 2. In oniilh., any bird of the families Capitonicla: (or Mcgakciiiidw) and Bucconidm. it is a book-name which has followed the generic names Capito and Bucco in their various applica- tions to numerous zygodactyl birds with large heads, stout bills, and prominent rictat \ i) irlss;e, inhabiting both the old and tlie new world, and lias coiise spt-i ial affinity with the scansorial barbets. — Scansorial barbets, the barbets proper; the birds of the family i'ni'ituiiida! (which see). They are chiefly birds of the old world, of the leading genera Po- iioniati (or Pogonorhytichus), Ategaloenia, Calorhamjihus, Tiitchyphonits, Psilopogon, etc., including the African birds known as barbiohs and barbicans; but they also include the South American genus Capito. barbettt, n. See barbet^, 2. barbette (bar-bet'), n. [P., fem. dim. of barbe, <.h. barba, heard. Ct. barbet^.] The platform or breastwork of a fortification, from which cannon may be fired over the parapet instead of through embrasures — Barbette-carriage, a car- riage which elevates a gnu sufticiently to enable it to be fired ovgr the parapet, and lowers it again behind the parapet" iifter the discharge. &ee gun-carriage. — Bar- bette gun, or battery, one gmi, or several, mounted in barljette.— Barbette ship, a war-vessel, generally an ironclad, carrying heavy guns which are fired over the turret or casemate, and not through port-holes. — To fire in barbette. See barb^, lO. barb-feathers (barb ' f cth " erz), n. pi. The feathers under the beak of a hawk. barbican^ (biir'bi-kan), n. [Early mod. E. also barbacan, etc., <"ME. barbican, herbikan, barbygan, etc., < OF. barbicane, barbaquennc, mod. P. barbicane = Pr. Sp. barbicana = Pg. barbicao = It. barbicane, < ML. barbicana, bar- bacana, 'barbacanus, a barbican: supposed to be r^Tl^\ Barbican.— Plan of Castle of Carcassonne, France : 12th and 13th centuries. ^, C. barbican protectinK tbe appioach on the side of the town; S, sally-port ; A main barbican without the walls : E,E ,Z,F, H. forti- fied way between the castle and Ute barbican ; /, postern-gfate. de- fended by machicolations, drawbridce, a berse. etc. ; L, intenor court of castle i M. secondary court; -V. A', covered galleries alTording ac- commodations in case of siege ; O, O. chief gate of the castle and bridge over the moat ; P. Q. Q. pennanent lodgings, three stones high : R R double donjon, or keep ; S, watch-tower ; T, guard-post be- tween the double walls of the city: V, barriers carried across the space intervening between the city walls : X. Y. .V. towers connected by curtains. (From Viullct-le-Duc's " Diet, de rArchitccture. ") Barbus of Ar. or Pers. origin, introduced into Europe by the crusaders; cf. -Ar. Pers. bdb-lclidnali, a gate- house, gateway with a tower.] 1. \n medieval fort., an outwork of a castle or fortified place. (a) Properly, a post in which a force coulil be sheltered so as to be ready f>■ [OF., orig. fem. of *barbiif, harhu. mod. F. harhu, bearded, < harhe, beard.] 1. A steel cap without vizor, but covering the cheeks and ears, used in the fifteenth century and later by foot-soldiers, archers, etc., and by the common people in times of danger. — 2. A man- at-arms : from the name of the helmet worn by heavily armed men. barcal (biir'ka), n. A fish of the family Ophio- ceph(ili(l(€ (Ojihioccjihalus harca), living in the fresh waters of Bengal. barca^ (bar'ka), u. [It., Sp., bark: see ftarts.] A boat, skiff, or barge. A'. E. D Barca longa (lit. lonp boat), a fishing-boat, conuuon in the MeditelTa- nean. Fincham, Ship-building, iv. H. Barcan (bar'kan), a. Of or pertaining to Bar- ca, a rilayet of the Turkish empire, in northern Afi-iea, lying to the north of the Libyan desert, and between Egypt and the gulf of "Sidra. Take the wiugs Of morning, pierce the Barcan wilderness. Bryant, Tbanatopsis. barcarole (bar'ka-rol). n. [< It. harcarolo, har- caruolo, a boatman (fem. harcartiola, > F. har- carolle, > E. harcarole, a boatman's song), < barca, & bark, barge : see hark'^.'] 1. An Ital- ian boatman. — 2. A simple song or melody sung by Venetian gondoliers. — 3. A piece of instrumental music comi)Osed in imitation of 8uch a song. Also spelled barcarolle. barce (bars), «. [Another spelling of barse, q. v.] An English (Yorkshire) name of the stickleback. barcelonat (bar-se-16'na), H. [Named ironxBar- cttonii, a, city in fcipaiu.^ A neck-cloth of soft silk. The anthor of Waverley entered ; . . . a double barceUma protectt'd his neck, ScoU, Peveril of the Peak, l*ref. barcenite (bar'se-nit), «. [After Prof. Jlari- ano Jiurceim, of Me.Kico.] A hydrous antimo- niate of mercury from Huitzuco, Mexico, de- rived from the alteration of livingstonite. B. Arch. An abbreviation of Bachelor of Archi- ll liun, a degree granted bj- some colleges and si-lii.ols in tlio United States. Barclayite (biir'kla-lt), n. Same as Berean, 2. barcon, barcone (blir'kon, bar-ko'ne), n. [< It. harcone, aug. of harro, a bark: see 6arA-3.] A trading-vessel used in the Mediterranean. bar-cutter (biir'kut"6r), «. A shearing-machine which cuts metallic bars into lengths. E. II. Kniqht. baril^ (biird), n. [Formerly also barth, bardh (< W.), and Sc. baird (< Gael.); = F. bardc = Sp. Pg. It. hardo, < LL. bardus, Gr. ftapdoc • of Celtic origin: W. bnrdd = Ir. and Gael. bard = Com. bardh = Bret. Tiar:, a poet.] 1. A poet and singer among the ancient Celts; one whose occupation was to compose and sin;; verses in honor of the heroic achievemeiils of princes and bravo men, and on other sub- jects, generally to the accompaniment of the harp. The WcIhIi bards funned a hereditary order regu- latoil by laws, and lield stated festivals for competition, called eintfdiljtulii, wlilcti after a long snHpcnsion were re- vived In the elghtcerilb < intur.v. (.See ri,lril,l/,iil.) There vtoA uIho a liercditary gild of bardM In Ireland, many of vttiotii attained great skill. ^^.. r. in amnngest the Iridh n certayne kinil of people '/ ', wblih are lt> llH-m instei-de of )ii»etts, whose 1 ^ to sett foorth tin- prftywes and lilsprnyses of jt poems and rimes. .S7'**nji**r, State of Ireland. 2t. Fonncrly, in Scotland, a strolling musician ; a rniii-iri'l : clasHcd with vagabouds, us an ob- j'-el f,| |,i ,i,il laws. All li < fulls (roolsl, ianffs, sciidloris, and alcllke Idlli l.rlnlln I lie cheek. *■"■ ^Ir.l. lialfonr's rr»cllck,C80. (iV. A', ft.) 3. Ill ij ]rr iiNc, n poet: 8H, the fcnrrfof Avon (Shakspere); ilio Ayntliiro bard (Hums). /ianl, who with tunnv dlviniT art llut touched the bard'* true lyre n nation »< lo art. /.■jwrti, •!.. I.iinmrllne. 4. I- ap only t( 450 bard- (bard), n. [Also corruptly barb", formerly barde. < F. barde (= It. Sp. 'Pg. barda), the trappings of a horse, the de- "SK.,;,.^ h fensive armor of a war-horse. Cf. OF. hardelle (see hardelle), F. dial. aubarde, Sp. Pg. albarda, a pack-saddle, < Ai'. al-barda'ah, < al, the, -f- bar- da'ah, a pad of wool placed un- der a saddle, a pack-saddle. But the meaning seems to have been influenced by Icel. bardh. Horse-annor of Majiimilian 1. of Germany. a, chamfron ; t, crinifrre; f, poitrcl ; d, croupifere, or buttodc-piece. i.'l liardii, mid cf. nkiitd, malil, ' I U> urohl.'] AhcoIiI: appli<ntiU'on, as a bird or meat to be roasted. bardasht (biir'dash), n. [< F. bardache, < Sp. hiinlii.ra = It. barilascia, < Ar. hardaj, slave, {•iiptivc] A boy kept for unnatural purposes. barde', barde'-, "«. See hant^, Imrd-. barded (hiii'dcd), p. a. [< hard- + -r(/2. Cf. hiirlinr-.'] Furnished with or clad in armor: sniil (if a war-horse. bardellef (hiir-del'), h. [< OF. banhUe (= It. Ii(irdillii), dim. of bardc: see Imril'-.^ A jiack- saihilo innilo (if cloth. stulTcd with straw, and tied (Idwn 1ij;htly with piicU-thrcad. Bardesanism (biii-des'a-uizm), «. [< BanU- Hants + -(.s«/.] The doctrinal system of tlio Banlesanists. Bardesanist (tiiir-des'a-nist), 11. One of tlio I'olldWiis (it Bardcsanes, of Edessa, in Meso- potamia, in the second afid third centuries. lie Is said to have taught di.clrli iKcnibllng those of thetlnoidic Vidcntlnus, namely: u «clf.e\l»tenl prinrlplu of evil ; that llie soul Is Imprisoned In the body by way of pnnlHliment ; and that therefore a body was not asanmed by I'hrist In Ids Incarnation, and Is not to be raised at the resurrection. Recent (liKcUHHi(nis have shown, however. that the true miture of Ids doctrines rcimiins an open (liu'slloii. There are still extant .Syrlac hynms and prose vso(k.( iiHrrilicil lo ItardcMiines. Bardesanite (luir-dcs'ii-nit), n. [< Bardena»rn + -ili-.\ A I'.ardcHanist. II'- f.Mant) looked upon what he considered folic f'liris. lianily proper, that is, I'lirlHtialilty as It had iH.eii devel- o|a'd among the sects of the Itasilldlans, Man loiiit«.s, and perhaps linnUiianitc*, as n comparatively vidiiable and sound religion. ICmi/r. lint., XV, ih',, bardic (liiir'dik). a, [< htird^ + -ic] Of, iicr- Ininiiig to, or of Ihu cbaractor of a bard /gold and silver, swords and darts remain. Dryden, tr. of Juvenal's .Satires. 8. Empty; valueless; paltry; worthless. Not what we give, but what we share — For the gift without the giver is bare. Lowell, Sir I.aiinfal. 9. Mere; scarcely or just suflicient: as, tho bare necessaries of life; a bare subsistence. Pray you, ciud off these fellows, as unlltting For your bare knowledge, and far more your company. Beau, and Fl., Hcornful Lady, iv, 2. 10. Unaccompanied; without addition; sim- ple. It was a bare petition of a slate. Shalt., Cor., v. 1. 11. Unadorned; without literary or artistic ef- fect; bald ; meiigor. Much hiw yet to be done to make even tho Imre annals of the time coherent. .ilhenifum, No. .'10(17, p. 170. 12. In brcr-mtihinii, not compl(>tely covered by the bubbles formed in fcriucntnlion : said of tho surface (if lieer. — 13t. Knvv; excoriated. Mow niiiny tlyes In wholtest soinrncrs day llo seize upon some beast, whose llesh is bare. SlKnaer, F. Ij., VI. xl. 48. 14t. Lean; spare. bare Fal. For their bareness, I am sure they never learned that of mo. ., .. , Priiu'c . . . Unlessyon call thi'ee fingers on the rihsMrc. Sknh, 1 Ilt-n. IV., iv. 2. Bare contract, in taw, an uncomlitional promise or sur- reniler. — Bare windt, naut., a wiml tluit is .scant, or too mucli alii-ail to 1111 tlio sails.— The bare. (•') In art, the nude. (Rare. J (M) Tlie uneovertd or unhidden surface; the body, the substance. [Rare. J You have touched the very hare of truth. Marston. To lay bare, to uhcovct--. expose to view or to know- ledrc, :'^ sonn-Uiiii;; hidden or a secret of any kind. — Under bare poles (»««/.), said of a ship with no sail set, in a gale .>f wiml. =S3m. See mere. barel (Ijilr), »'■ <•; pre*- and pp. hared, ppr. haling. [< ME. harcn, < AS. harian (in comp. aharian), also berian (= OHG. baron = loel. bera), make bare, < bmr, bare: see bare^, a.'\ 1. To make bare ; vincover ; divest of covering : as, to bare one's head or one's breast. He bared an ancient oak of all her boughs. Drytlen. That cry . . . that seemed to hare A wretched life of every softening veil. }yilliam Morris, Earthly Paradise, 11. 1;>9. 2. To disclose ; make manifest ; lay bare : as, to hare the secrets of the grave. [Ai'chaic] bare- (bar). Old preterit of hear'^. Barea (ba're-a), II. jjI. [Gr., neut. pi. of papvi, jjapia, heavy.] An Aristotelian group of birds, coiTesponding to the Linnean GaUhia;, includ- ing the gallinaceous or rasorial birds. bareback (bar'bak), a. and adiK I. a. Using or performing on a barebacked horse : as, a bareback rider. II. ado. On a barebacked horse: as, to ride harehack. barebacked (bar'bakt), a. Having the back micovered; imsaddled, as a horse. barebind, n. See hearbine. barebone (bar'bon), n. A very lean person. [Bare.] Here coTnes lean Jack, here comes hare-hone. Shak., 1 Hen. IV., ii. 4. bareboned (bar'bond), a. Having the bones bare or scantily covered with flesh; so lean that the bones show their forms. But now that fair fresh mirror, dim and old. Shows me a harehoned death by time outworn. Shak., Lncrece, 1. 1761. barefaced (bar'fast), a. 1. With the face un- covered ; not masked. Then you will play bare-faced. Shak., JI. N. D., i. 2. 2. Undisguised; unreserved ; without conceal- ment; open: in a good or an indifferent sense. [Obsolete or archaic in this use.] It [Christianity] did not peep in dark corners, . . . but with a barefaced confidence it openly proclaimed itself. Barrow, Works, II. 418. 3. Undisguised or open, in a bad sense ; hence, shameless ; impudent ; audacious : as, a bare- faced falsehood. See the barefaced villain, how he cheats, lies, perjures, roljs, nnirders! Sterne, Tristram Shandy, ii. 17. A wretch, . . . guilty of . . . barefaced inconstancy. Goldsmith, Citizen of the World, xviii. barefacedly (bar'fast-li), adv. In a barefaced manner ; without disguise or reserve ; openly ; shamelessly ; impudently. Some prolligate wretches own it too harefacediy. Locke. Earrfaeedbj unjust. Carlyle, Fred, the Gt., IV. .\ii. 11. barefacedness (bar'fast-nes), «. 1. Openness. ^2. Effrontery; assurance; audaciousness. barefit (bar'fit), a. Barefoot or barefooted. [Scotch.] barefoot (bar'fut), a. and adv. [< ME. bare- fote, harfut, < AS. bcerfot (= OFries. herfot = D. harrevoet = leel. berfmttr), < beer, bare, + Jot, foot.] I. a. Having the feet* bare ; with- out shoes and stockings. Going to find a barefoot brother out. One of our order. Shak., K. and J., v. 2. Blessings on thee, little man. Barefoot boy, with cheek of tan ! Whittier, Barefoot Boy. II. adv. With the feet bare. I must dance barefoot. Shak., T. of tile S., ii. 1. barefooted (bar'fiit-ed), a. [< barefoot + -erfl.] Having the feet bare Barefooted Augustlnians. Scf Au'imtinmn. — Barefooted Carmelites. See C'«r- IHrlfl,., barege (ba-razh'), n. [< F. harege, so called from Bareges, a watering-place in the Pyrenees. See def .] A thin gauze-like fabric for women's dresses, usually made of silk and worsted, but, in the inferior sorts, with cotton in place of silk. In reality bareges were never made in the village from which tliey have tlu-ir name, the seat of the manufacture being at Haiinm-s-di -lliLiorre in the Pyrenees. baregin, baregine (ba-ra'zhin), n. [< Bareges (see barege), the springs of which yield the sub- 451 stance, + -jh2.] A transparent, gelatinous, mucus-like substance, the product of certain algas growing in tiiermal sulphm'-springs, to which they impart the flavor and odor of ttesli- brotb. Baregin is itself odorless and tiisteless. It con- taiiis, wlien dry, from :)<) to 80 per cent, of nnneral matter, ehielly silica. The organic matter contains no sulphur and from w to 12 jier cent, of nitrogen. bare-gnawnt (bSr'nan), a. Gnawed or eaten bare. Slink., Lear, v. 3. barehanded (l)ar'lian"ded), a. 1. With un- covered liaiids. — 2. Destitute of means ; with no aid l)ut one's own hands: as, he began life barcliaiiilcd. bareheaded (bar'hed"ed), a. Having the head uncovered, especially as a token of respect. First, you shall swear never to name my lord. Or hear him nam'd hereafter, but bare. headed. Fletcher (and another'!). Queen of Corinth, iv. 1. On being lirst brought before the court, Ridley stood hairheadeil. Fronde, Hist. Eng., xxxiii. bareheadedness (bar'hed"ed-nes), n. The state of being bareheaded. Bareheaded lU'sx wan in Corinth, as also in all Greece and Rome, a token of honour and superiority. Bp. Hall, Remains, p. 237. barely (bar'li), arfr libarc'^ + -ly'^.'] 1. Na- kedly; openly; without disguise or conceal- ment. — 2. Scantily; j)Oorly: as, a man barely clad, or a room barely furnished. — 3. Only just; no more than; with nothing over or to spare : as, she is barely sixteen. In paying his debts a man barely does his duty. Goldsmith, The Bee, No. 3. Fox himself barely succeeded in retaining his seat for Westminster. Lecky, Eng. in 18th Cent., xv. 4. Merely ; only. [Archaic] It is not barely a man's abridgment in his external ac- commodations which makes him miserable. South. baremant (bar'man), n. [Sc, also bairman; < bareX + man.'] K bankrupt. [Scotch.] bareness (bar'nes), n. The state of being bare. (ff) Want or defteieucy of clothing or covering ; naked- ness, {h) Deficiency of appropriate covering, equipment, furniture, ornament, etc.: as, "old December's bareness," Shak., Sonnets, xcvii. To make old bareness picttrresque, And tuft %vith grass a feudal tower. Tennyson, In Memoriam, cx.\viii. (c) Leanness. [Rare.] (rf) Poverty; indigence. Stript of . . . its Priveleges, and made like the primitive Church for its Bareness. South, Sennons, I. 229. bare-picked (bar'pikt), a. Picked bare; stripped of all flesh, as a bone. The bare-picked bone of majesty. Shak., K. John, iv. 3. bare-pump (bar'pump), n. A pump for drawing liquor from a cask: used in vinegar-works, wine- and beer-cellars, in sampling, etc. Also called har-pump. bare-ribbed (bar'ribd), a. With bare ribs Uke a skeleton: as, "bare-ribbed death," Shak., K. John, V. 2. bares, ■«. Phu-al of baru, 1. baresark (bar'sark), n. [< bareT- -I- sark; a lit. translation of berserker, Icel. berserkr, in the supposed sense of 'bare shirt'; but see berserker.] A berserk or berserker. Many of Harold's brothers in arms fell, and on his own ship every man before the mast, except his band of Bare- sarks, was either wounded or slain. Edinburgh Jtev. baresark (bar'siirk), adv. In a shirt only; without armor. I will go baresark to-morrow to the war. Kingsley, Hereward, p. 169. baresthesiometer (bar-es-the-si-om'e-ter), «. [< Gr. jiciiKii, weight, -t- alaBy/ai^, perception, -I- fihpov, measure.] An instrument for testing the sense of pressure. Also spelled bara:stlie- siometcr. baret, «. See barret^. bare-'worn (bar' worn), a. Worn bare; naked: as, "the bare-iooni common," Goldsmith, Des. Vil. barf (barf), n. Same as hargh. bar-fee (biir'fe), «. In English law, a fee of 20 pence, which every prisoner acquitted (at the bar) of felony formerly paid to the jailer. bar-fish (bar'fish), n. Same as calico-bass. bar-frame (bar'fram), H. The frame support- ing the ends of the grate-bars iu fm-uaces. barful (bar'ful), a. [< bar'^ + -fid.] Full of obstructions or impediments. [Rare.] I'U do my best To woo your lady : [Aside] yet, a barful strife ! Whoe'er I woo, myself would be his wife. Shak., T. N., i. 4. bargain (bar'gan), K. [< ME. bargtun, har- gayiie, bargain, barijen, etc., < OF. bargainc, bargaigne = Pr. barganh, barganha = Pg. bar- bargain-chop ganha = lt. hnrgagna (Pr. also barganh = It. b'trgagnoj, < ML. 'harcauia, *barcanium, a bar- gain, traflic; cf. bargain, v. Origin unknown ; supposed by Diez and others to be from ML. harca, a boat, bark, or barge, but evidence is wanting.] If. Tlie act of discussing the terms " of a proposed agreement ; bargaining. I'll give thrice so much land To any well-deserving friend ; But in the way of bargain, mark ye me, I'll cavil on the idnth part of a hair. Shak., 1 Hen. IV., lii. 1. 2t. A contention or contest for the mastery or upper hand; a struggle. On BruduH side the better of that bloudic hargaine went. H'ariirr, Albion's Eng., XIV. xc. 36.'-.. (N. K V.) 3. A contract or an agi'cement between two or more parties; a compact settling that some- thing shall bo done ; specifically, a contract by which one party Vjinds himself to transfer the right to some proiicrty for a consideration, and the other party binds liiinself to receive the jjroperty and pay the consideration. To clap this royal bargain up of peace. Shak., K. John, ill. 1. itoa. But if you do refuse to raaiTy me, You'll give yourself to this most faithful shepherd ? Phe. So is the ^arf^ain. ,S'/iaA:., As you Like it, v. 4. "Our fathers," said one orator, "sold their king for southern gold, and we still lie under the reproach of that foul bargain." Macaulay, Hist. Eng., vi. 4. The outcome of an agreement as regards one of the parties ; that which is acquired by bargaining ; the thing purchased or stipulated for: as, lookat my ftariraiJi; a, had bargain; "a losing bargain," Junius, Letters, v. she was too fond of her most filthy baraain. Shak., Othello, V. 2. 5. Something bought or sold at a low price ; an advantageous purchase. If you have a taste for paintings, egad, you shall have 'em a bargain. Sheridan, School for Scandal, iii. 3. Bargain and sale, or, more fully, deed of bargain and sale, in law, the form of deed now in common use for the conveyance of land : so called because it is expressed as a sale for a pecuniary consideration agreed on, being thu* distingnished on the one hand from a quitclaim, which is a release, and on the other band from the old conveyance by covenant to stand seized to uses. — Dutch or wet bar- gain, a bargain sealed by the parties drinking over it.— Into the bargain, over and above what is stipulated ; moreover ; besides. Faith, Charles, this is the most convenient thing you could have found for the business, for 'twill serve not only as a hammer, but a catalogue into the bargain. Sheridan, School for Scandal, iv. L To beat a bargain, to bargain ; haggle.— To buy at a bargain, to buy cheaply.— To buy the bargain deart, to pay dearly for a thing.— To maie the best of a bad bargain, to do the best one can in untoward circum- stances. I am sorry for thy nnsfortune ; however, we must make the best of a bad bargain. Arbuthnot, Hist, of John Bull. To sell a bargain!, to entrap one into asking innocent questions, so as to give an unexpected answer, usually a coai'se or indelicate one. The boy hath sold him a bargain. Shak., L. L. L., UL 1. I see him ogle still, and hear him chat ; Selling facetious bargains, and propounding That witty recreation call'd dnmfounding. Dryden, Prol. to Prophetess. L 46. No maid at court is less asham'd. Howe'er for selling bargains fam'd. Swift. To strike a bargain, to complete or ratify a bargain or an agreement, originally by striking or shaking hands. = SyTl. 3. Covenant, mutual engagement. bargain (bar'gan), V. [< ME. bargainen, bargay- nen, etc., < OF. burgaigner (F. barguigner) = Pr. Pg. barganhar = It. bargagnare, < ML. barca- niare, traffic, trade, < ''barcania, traffic : see the noun.] I. intrans. 1. To treat about a trans- action ; make terms. The thrifty state will bargain ere they fight. Dryden. 2. To come to or make an agreement ; stipu- late ; make or strike a bargain : icith a person, for an object: as, he bargained teith the pro- ducers/or a daily supply. So worthless peasants bargain for their wives As market-men/or oxen, sheep, or horse. Shak., 1 Hen. VI., v. 5. I alighted, and having bargained with my host for 20 crownes a moneth, I caused a good fire to be made in my chamber. Evelyn. Diary, Nov. 4, 1644. n. trans. 1. To aiTange beforehand by nego- tiation and agreement. 'Tis harnaind . . . That she shall still be curst in company. Shak., T. of the S., ii. 1. 2t. To agree to buy or sell — To bargain away, to part with or lose as the result of a bargain. The heir . . . had somehow tarf/ained aMJay the estate. George Eliot, Felix Holt, Int. bargain-chop (biir'gSn-ehop), n. A kind of gambling ■ ■ iiption " on opium to arrive, formerly common among foreign traders in China. bargainee bargainee (biir-ga-ne'), «. [< bargain, v., + -ee; OF. hargaigne, pp. of bargaigner.'^ In laic, the party to whom a bargain and sale is made. Whartiyn. bargainer (bar'gan-er), n. [ME. barganar; < hitrgain, v., + -erl.] One who bargains or stipulates : specifically, in lair, the party in a contract who stipulates to sell and convey property to another by bargain and sale. In the latter sense also spelled bargainor. Though a generous giver, she (XatureJ is a hard iar- nainer. 11'. Matheic^, Getting on in the World, p. 3:; ' bargainman (biir'gan-man), n. ; pi. bargainnu i- (-men). In <(/fl/-miiii»i(7, a man who does bar- gaiu-work. [Xorth. Eng.] bargainor (bar'gau-gr), «. In laic, same as bargainer. largain-WOrk (bar'gan-w^rk), n. In coal-min- ing, any underground work done by contract. [Xorth. Eng.] largander (bUr'gan-der), n. A local (Norfolk, Eni^'lan.l) form oibergander. bargarett, «. A variant of bergcrci. largel (barj), H. [< ME. barge, < OF. barge (ML. reflex bargia) = Pr. barga. < ML. barga, appar. a var. of LL. barca, a bark: see bark'i.^ 1. A sailing vessel of any sort. His har'iarlii'H or convey- ing' jiiissengers to and from liotels, etc. ''i a ill watched lilm drive olT l.iwnrd the Htntlon In the li ■'• ' '■ ' ■/'•, llmrrlU, .Modini Infltanee, bargo' M.jirj), r. t.\ prot. and pp. harg/d, ppr. ''" ' ■' liiirr/f', n.] To curry or tranHport b; iiargcH. bai! I, n. [F.] A liook-namn of the goii...;. targe-board n.llrj'bflrd), n. [Hardly, as has be I ..I, a comiption of rrrgt-hmiril, will I I'd. Of. ML. hargiin. a kind of gftli "v/i., a board placed in nij. VftT mill uiidiTiieatli flic liin'i.-i'- con: roof exIenclH over tlii' wall, oifl riiflor thai would ollicrvMHi. ♦>'• I'ViiiK it" place. The vntip i Iwr^' M.i- M'.iii'lhv ftiurl' • nth c«>ntury ; iitiii>y aUDpl«< i,t ibU and Uic nflMlith e< nluri' are IwtutUully Barge-boards. A, carved example from Warwick, England ; B. cusped : C, openwork. New York, decorated, being cusped, feathered, paneled, pierced with a series of trefoils, quatrefoils, etc., or carved with folijige. After the medieval period barge-boards gradually become less bold and rich in treatment. Also called r/able-tmnnt. barge-couple (b!ir.i'kup''l), n. [Cf. barge-hoard.'] In arch., one of the rafters placed under the barge-eoui-se, which serve as groimds for the barge-boards, and carry the ])lastering or boarding of the soflits. Also called barge-rafter. barge-course (biirj'kors), n. [Cf. barge-board.] In hriel-Iaijing : (a) A part of the tiling which projects beyond the principal rafters in build- ings where there is a gable, (h) The coping of a wall formed by a course of bricks set on edge. bargee (biir-je'), «. [< barge^ -\- -ce.] One of the crew of a barge or canal-boat. bargeman (biirj'man), «. ; pi. bargemen (-men). A man employed on a barge ; an oarsman. And backward yode, as Baraemen wont to fare. Spemer, F. ().. VII. vii. 35. barge-master (barj'mas''ter), «. The master or owner of a barge convej-ing goods for hire. barger (biir'jer), «. A bargeman. [Rare.] Tlif London barf/ers. B. Carete, Survey of Cornwall. barge-rafter (b!irj'r^"ter), «. Same as barge- C'liiplr. bargerett, «. See bergeret. bargh (biirf), «. [E. dial., also wi-itten harf, < ME. btrgh, < AS. beorg, hcorh, > mod. E. i«r- roicl, of which hargh is a dial, form: see har- roK-l.'J 1. A low ridge or hill. — 2t. A road up a hill. Raij. — 3t. A mine. [Prov. Eng. in all senses,] barghmotet, ». See barmote. bar-gown (biir'goim), «. The gown or dress of a lawyer. barguest (bilr'gest), n. [.Also barghest, bargest, Sc. harghaist; perhaps < G. berggeist, moun- tain (or mine) spirit, gnome. Cf. harghniole, barmote. Ritson says the ghost was so called from ajipcariug near bars or stiles.] A kind of hobgoblin, sjiirit, or ghost believed in in the north of England, whose appearance to any one is supposed to prognosticate death or some great calamity. He understood Greek, Latin, and Hebrew, and there- fore, according to his brother Wilfrid, needed not to care for ghaist or bar-i/haint, devil or dobble. ScotI, Rob Roy, I. 223. barhal (biir'hal), Ji. [E. Ind.] Same as ?(HrW((7. 'J'lic hiirhal, or blue wild sheep liiibabits the Hhiml;i.Mis|. Kiu-ii,-. Ilrlt., .Ml. 71J. baril (bii'ro), ». [It.] That part of a rooling- slale which is exposed to the weather. Il'eale. Bari- (bii're), H. [It,] A wine grown near Bari, on the Adriatic coast of Italy. bariat (ba'ri-jt), n. [NL., < Or. .Jn/n'c heavy. Cf. tiarijta. bdrijlcs.'] Same as /)(l^/^». baric (bar'ik), a. [In sense 1. < Gr. ,J(i/jnf,weiglit, < liufiir, lieavy; in sense 11, < barium + -ic.] 1. Same as har'omiiric. — 2. Of or pertaining lo barinni; derived from barium: as, baric iodide. barilla (ba-ril'ii), ". [= F. harille, < Kii. harril- la = Pg, liarriiha, imjmre soda, also the jilant from wliii'li it is deriveil.] 'I'l oniniereial name of Hie impure carlionale and sulpliiile of Hoda iiMiiorteil tioni S|>ain and llie Levant, anil obtained from several llesliy plants growing by the sea or in saline localilii-H, mostly belong- ing to the elieiiopoiliaceous genera Kal^iola. .Sati- mriiia, and t'hcnopiidinni. Ilic plimln arc ilrlcd innl burned, and the liiiliiiiiilcd iuihe«c.in«litill«' linlillii, 'I'IiIk wiiBiiiicell Iilcf Hoiirce of carlK.imIc ol noila. but In ii..w nnid iirlni liijillv In the nmnufactiirc of Hoap and uliuu, llrUli.li biirllla In the criiile noibi imli left from cnmnion Bait In the iiiiiniifacliirc of carboTinli' of noila. barillet (bar'i-let), n. [F., dim. of haril, a barrel.] 1. The barrel or case cmitiiining the nininHprlng of a wati'li or spring-clock, — 2. Till- funnel of a HMi-luiig-pninii. baring (biir'ing), «. iVerbal n, of hare^, i'.] lu mtning, Hoil ur surface dotrituv, which has Abydos. boat, represented in art as bearing an enthroned deity or some symbolical or venerated object. — 2. [cap.] [NL.] A genus of rhyuehophorous beetles, of the family Curcidionida; or weevils. 7). ligiiarius feeds upon the elm. Barita (ba-ri'ta), )i. [NL.] Iuoni)i/i.,agenerie name variously used, (a) In Cuvier's system of classi- ticatioii (1817), a genus of shrikes or Laniid(f : a synonjin of tV(ri-(iVi, a sub-, stance used extensively In pyrotechiiy to produce preen lire, anil to sonic extent in Ilie niaiiiifaclurc of ixiilnsivea. — Barium oxld. See baii/in.- Barium sulphate, or /irnn/'i^l'tir, r.uSO.|, the coiiiiiiolicstof tin- leiriiiiii iiiiiicriils. alniost perfectly Insoluble in water. Arlilleially prepared hiiriiini sulphate is used as a pigment, under the lianio of jtrrntitnrnf irbitr. .Sec Imriilrn. bark^ (biirk^, r. [< ME, harl-en, berlrn, horken, < AS. heorciin (strong verb, jip. horcen, > bor- ciaii, bark, weak verli) = Icel, herhja (weak verb), bark, bluster. Supiiosod by somii to bo orig, aiiollier form of AS. hrecan (pii. broeen), break, simp. Cf. Icel. hrivkta, bloat, = Norw. bra 1:1a, hricka = Sw. hriika = Dan. brage, bleat.] 1. inlrans. 1. To utter an abriijit exiilosive cry: said of a dog, and lience of other aniiinils. No dog shall rouse thee, though a thoiiHiiud bark. Hbak., Venus iitnl Adonis, I. 210. 2. Figuratively, to clamor; jmrMue with un- reasonuble clamor or reproach : usually fol- lowed by «'. Vile Is the vengcauiico on the ashes ctdd, And envy htisvi lubarkfi nl steeping fame. .S/ii-mrr, V. (J., II. vlll. 1& The lank hungry bellv bfnt,-» for food. 11. .hituon, r.vcry Stan out of his Humour, I. 1. 3. To cough, [Collo(|.] To bark at the moon, loi'hinior or agitate to no puijiose. To bark up the wrong tree, to mistake one's ohjeit; attack nr inirKllo another than tile jierson or thing Intended, as when a dug bark by burking brings the hnnter to a tree other than that in whieli thu game has really taken refuge. ICollmi., li. S.i II. t truii.i. 1. To utter or give forth with a l.iirk.— 2. To break out with: as, to hark out llanip. bark' (biirk), n, [< &n»fcl, v.] The abrupt ex- plosive fry of a dog; hence, a cry resembling that of the dog, uttered l)y some other animals. — His bark Is worse than his bite, little harm is ijor- tenik'il by his an^ry threats, faulttintiing, etc., as by the threatening bark of a tlog which rarely or never bites. bark- (bark), n. [< ME. barJce, bark, bare, < late AS. biirc, < leel. boric/- (gen. barkar) = Sw. bark = Dan. bark = MLG. LG. borke (> G. borke), liark. Possibly connected with Icel. bjarga = AS. bcorgan = G. bergeii, etc., cover, protect: Kee6«)7/S. TheolderE. word for 'bark' isnwrf.] 1 . Generally, the covering of the woody stems, branches, and roots of plants, as distinct and separable from the wood itself. In its strictest srhritilic sense it is limited to the dry and dead portion of this covering, .is found on exogenous plants, which usually (consists of parenchyma or soft cellular tissue, cork, and bast, in varying proportions. See bast^, corfcl, and cjiiilrnnia. It is very diverse and often complicated in structure, varying in these respects with the species upon ^vliicli it is found; but it is usually arranged in annular c'iiii-cnfric layers. As these become distended by the thickening of "the stem, the outer layers often crack and ai'e gradually cast otf. In the bark the medicinal and other peculiar properties of the plant are usually abun- dant, espi-rially tannin and many alkaloids. The younger and softer layer lying next to the young wood is called inner bark, liber, or bast. See cut under bast. 2. Specifically — (n) In phar., Pem^'ian or Jesuits' bark (see Cinchona). (6) In tanning, oak and hemlock barks.— Alstonia bark, a bitter liark ol)tained from the Alstonia .■>riitihtris, an apocyna- ccous forest-tree of the tropics of the old world. It is used in India as a tonic and antijHiiipilic. The Alstonia or Queensland fever-bark i.>f .\u,stialia is the iimdurt of ^^- siunia co)w(ricto.— Angostura or Cusparia bark, the product of a rutaceous shrub, Galipea Cii^puria, of the mountains of Venezuela, a valuable tonic in dyspepsia, dysentery, and chroinc diarrhea. It was formerly prized as a febrifuge, and is now much used in making a kind of bitters. Its use in medicine was discontinued for a time. Itecause of the introduction into the markets of a false AiiLiostura hark, obtained from the nux-vomica tree, winch jtroduced fatal effects. Also Ailffi/stura bark. — Arlca bark. Same as Cikco bm-k.— Ashy crown bark, the bark of Cinchona ;Nfov<.r7r///.r. — Bebeeru or bibiru bark. See bebeeru. — Biiter bark. Sec Grorifia bark. — Bogota bark, the bark of Cinrl„„ia ('i//ci>,.//«. — Boldo bark. See ^(/rfo.— Bolivian cir callsaya bark, the bark of Cinc/iotut Calisai/a. — Canella bark. See fVnc^/al. — Carabaya bark, the hark of Cinchona clliptica. — Carib- bean !iescens, variant PctUt, riunn. Also called ^-Iricrt bark. — Cusparia bark. See Angostura bark. — Doom bark, the liark of Erifthrophlcenm Gitincen.^e. — 'Doxal- dake bark, the name of several barks obtained from the West roast of .\frica, possessing tonic, febrifugal, and other medicinal in'operties. The best-known kind is the pro- duct of a rid)iaceous plant, Sarcocephalns c^culcntii.^. — Eleuthera bark. See cascarilla bark.— 'Elk. bark, the hark at Maonolia iihmca. Also called Indian bark. — Essential salt of bark, an aqueous extract of cinchona balk. — False loxa bark, the bark of Cijirlmna [ium- tu*/(i((H«.— Florida bark. See G.-nriiia (/«/t.— French Guiana bark, a l.ark ..btained inm C^nilnna .■:j.iriosa, a rubiaceous tree of ti'opical Soutti .\incrica, ha\itcj: feb- rifugal properties. — Fusagasuga bark, a variety of Car- thauena bark.— Georgia, bitter, Carolina, oi Florida bark, the bark of the Pinrknma- pnbcns. a small rubia- ceous tree of the southern United States, having tlie same properties as French Guiami bark —Honduras bark. ^Gt: cascara airninja tarfc.- Huamllies bark, the bark of Cinchona jmrpnrca. — Indian barberry bark, the root-bark of several East Indian sp.rics acc(i\ growing in Ceylon. Itisintcnsely liittir— Santa Ana bark, the bark of Cin- chona scnibirnlnin. —Sa^nta, Martha bark, a cinchona bark shipped from Santa Martha.- Sassy bark, the bark ai Erythrophhvu ni friioi. -hm .— Sweetwood bark. See cascarilla bark. — West Indian bark. See Caribbean 6art.— Wild-cherry bark, the bark of Prunm gero- Una. — Winter's bark, an astringent pungent bark ob- tained from a magnoliaceous tree, Dritnys Wintcri, native of the mountains of western America from Mexico to ('a]ie Horn. It is a stimulating tonic and antiscorbutic. I'aratudo bark is a variety of it. Most of the so-called Winter's bark of commerce is the product of Cinnamo- dcndroa corticosuni aiul Canella alba of the West Indies. bark" (bark), V. t. [= Sw. barha = Dan. barke, tan ; fi'om the noun.] 1. To strip off the bark of, or remove a circle of bark fi'om, as a tree ; peel; specifically,- to scrape off the outer or dead bark of. See barking'^, 1. This pine is bark'd That overtopp'd them all. Shak., A. and C, iv. 10. Hence — 2. To strip or rub off the outer cov- ering of (anything, as the skin): as, to hark one's shins. So after getting up [the tree] three or four feet, down they came slithering to the ground, barkxnfj their arms and faces. T. Hucfhcs, Tom Brown at Rugby, ii. 4. 3. To cover or inclose with bark : as, to hark a house. — 4t. To cover, as the bark does a tree ; inci-ust. A most instant tetter bark'd about. Most lazar-like, with vile and loathsome crust. All my smooth body. Shak. , Hamlet, i. 5. 5. To apply bark to, as in the process of tan- ning; tan. — 6. To color with an infusion or a decoction of bark : as, to bark sails or cordage. 7. To kill (game) by the concussion of a bullet which strikes the' bark of a limb at the spot on which the animal is crouched, or by the flying bark. Barkiny off squirrels is a delightful sport, and in my opinion requires a greater degr-ee of accuracy than any other. I first witnessed this near Frankfort. The per- former was the celebrated Daniel Boone. J. J. Audubon, Oruith. Biog., I. 293. bark3 (bark), n. [Also barque, after F. ; < late ME, barke, barque, < F. barqiie=Pv. Sp. Pg. It. harca = D. hark = MHG. G. harke = Dan. bark = Icel. barki, < LL. barca (ML. also harga, > OP. hargc, > E. barge''-, q. v.), regarded by some as a syncopated form of an asstmied LL. *barica, a quasi-adj. formation, < L. bari^, < Gr. /3ap(f, < Egyi^t. (Coptic) bari, a flat-bottomed boat used in Egypt; but more prob. of Celtic or even of Teut. origin.] 1. Xawt., a three- masted vessel, fore-and-aft rigged on the miz- zenmast, the other two masts being square- rigged.— 2. A vessel of any kind, especially a sailing vessel of small size. O steer my bark to Erm's isle, For Erin is my home. Moore. barkantine, barkentine (biir'kan-ten, -ken- ten), ". [< hark-^, on ty^je of hrigaiitinci:] A three-masted vessel, with the foremast square- rigged, and the mainmast and mizzenmast fore- and-aft rigged. Also harquantine, harquentine. bark-bed (bark'bed), n. In Jwrt, a bed foi-med of the spent bark that has been used by tan- ners. The bark is placed in a brick pit in a glazed house constructed for forcing or for the growth of tender plants. Artificial warmth and dampness are produced by the fermentation of the bark. Also called bark-stove. bark-bound (bark ' boimd), a. ffindered in growth by having the bark too firm or close. bark-mill barkeeper (biir'ke "per), n. One who has charge (if tlie l)!ir of an inn or other place of public entertainment ; a bartender. barken "^ (biir'ken or-kn), v. [Sc; < bark^ + -e»l, as in harden, stiffen, etc.] I. intrans. To be- come hard ; form a crust. The best way's to let the blood barken on the cut — that saves plaisters. Scott, Guy Mannering, I. 171. II. trans. To tan (or dye) witli bark. Effie used to help me tumble the bundles o' barkeiied leather up and down. Scott, Heart of .Midlothian, v. barken'-* (biir'ken or -kn), a. [< bark"^ + -en^.'] Consisting or niade of bark : as, " barken knots,* Whitlier. [Rare.] barkentine, «. See harkantine. barker^ (bjir'ker), «. [< 6art-l, r., -I- -tcl.] 1. An animal that barks ; a person who clamors unreasonably. They are rather enemies of my fame than me, these barkers. B. Jonson, Discoveries. 2. The spotted redshank, Totanus fusetis. AU bin; Montagu. [Prov.Eng.] — 3. Apersonsta- tioned at the door of a house where auctions of inferior goods are held, to in\-ite strangers to enter; atouter; a tout. [Cant.] — 4. A pis- tol. [Slang.] — 5. A lower-deck gim in a ship. barker'^ (biir'ker), n. [< bark'", v., + -eel.] 1. One who strips trees of their bark. — 2t. A tan- ner. Barker's mill. See mill^. barkery (biir'ker-i), n. ; pi. barkeries (-iz). [< bark'" + -cri/.'] A tan-house, or a place where bark is kept. bark-feeder (bark'fe'''der), n. A bark-eating insect or animal. barkingl (bar'king), K. [Verbal n. of 6«ri-l, f.] The uttering of an abrupt explosive cry, as that of a dog. barking'- (biir'king), «. [Verbal n. of bark^, r.] 1 . The process of stripping bark fi-om trees, of removing a ling of bark from a tree so as to kill it, or of scraping dead bark from fruit-trees to promote their growth. — 2. The operation of tanning leather with bark ; also, the operation of dyeing fabrics with an infusion of bark. barking-ax (bar'king-aks), n. An ax used in scraping bark from trees. barking-bill (bar'king-bU), n. A shai-p-point- ed instrument used to make transverse cuts through the bark of trees, preparatory to the process of stripping them. barking-bird (bar'king-berd), n. [< barking, ppr. of hark''-, + fti'crfl.] The name of a rock- ^vren, Pferoptochus or Hijtaetes tarni, of the island of Cliiloe : also said to be applied to an- other and smaller species, P. rubeciila. The name is due, in either case, to the similarity of the cry of th& birds to the yelping of a puppy. Danvin. Also called ffitid-rrnid. barking-ironl (biir'king-i''em), n. [< barking, ppr. of /«()ii, !'., + iron.l A pistol. Marryat. [Slang.] barking-iron'- (bar'king-i'''em), n. [< barking^ -(- ))-o((.] An instrimient for removing the bark of oak and other trees, for use in tanning. barking-mallet (bar'king-mal'et), n. A ham- mer with a wedge-shaped edge, used in bark- ing trees. barklak (bar'klak), n. A myrtaceous tree of Veneztiela. barkless (bsirk'les), a. [< bark^ + -less.'i Des- titute of bark. bark-louse (bark'lous), «. A minute insect of the genus Jphis that infests trees ; an aphid. bark-mill (biirk'mil). ». A mill for grinding bark for tanners' and dyers' uses, or for medi- cinal purposes. barkometer barkometer rbar-kom'e-ter). «. [Irreg. < bark~ + -o-mehr. < Gr. uirpov, a measure.] A hy- drometer Tised \>y tannei-s in ascertaining the strength of infusions of bark, or ooze. bark-paper (bark'pa'per), >i. Paper made from bark: speeifieally, paper made from the bark of Jirouxsonetia papyrifera, a tree common in southeastern Asia and Oeeanica. Most of the paper used in Japan is of this kind. bark-pit (bark'pit), n. A tan-pit. or pit for tanning or steeping leather. barkstone (bark'ston). n. The concrete musky secretion taken from the castor-glands of the bf-arer: castor; castoreum. bark-stove (bark'stdv), n. Same as bark-bed. bark-tanned (biirk'tand), a. Tanned by the slow action of oak, henilock. or other barks, as leather, in contradistinction to that tanned wholly or in part bv chemicals. barky' (biir'kd). a. ' [< bark'2 + -yl.] Consist- ing of bark; containing bark; covered with bark. The harhj fingers ol the elm. Shak., M. N. D., iv. 1. bar-lathe (bar'laTH), ». A lathe with a single beam, usually having a triangular section, on which the heads or puppets slide. barley'^ (biir'U), «. [Early mod. E. also barh), barlye, Sc. barlick ; < ME. barhj. bcrlei/. bar- lich, < late AS. b(FrJic. barley, appar. < bar, E. bear'-i, barley, + -lie, E. -Ii/^ ; the word appears first as an attrib., being formally an adj. The Icel. barlak. and W. barlys, barley (as if < bara, bread, -1- llysiau, llysau, plants, herbs). Com. barliz, are from E.] The name of a grain, and of the plant yielding it, belong- ing to the genus Hordeum, natural order Graminew. TtiU isTaiii ha^ l>eeii cuUivateil fn»ra the verj- earliest times, wlieti it fi*rmed an important article of food, as it still does where otlier cereals cannot be raised. It is latKely employed for feeding ani- mals, but its chief use is in the manufacture of fermented liiiuors, as l*eer, ale, and ptirter, and of wliisky. Xo other grain can lie cultivated through so great a range of climate, for it matures in J.4ip- lainl, Nonvay, and Iceland, in 05° and 70' north latitmle, and at an altitude of 11.000 feet in the Andes and Ilimalaya. The only cultivat- ed species that has been found Willi is the two-rowed or long-eared barley. //. dhttirhon, a native of westeni Asia, but in cultivation In prehistoric times, as was also the six-rowed species, or winter barley, //. h^zaMichtm. Of later origin is the ciunnion four-rowed species, spring or summer liarley. //. ruh/are. Fan-shaped bar- ley, also called battledore- or sprat-barley, //. Zfocritmi, Is perhaps only a cultivated form of the two-rowed species. Sevend varieties of these siiecies are found in cultivation. The grain ditfer^ generally from wheat in retaining' closely ttA husks; it i.H also somewhat less nutritions and palata- ble as an article of food. Hee Ilnrdfum. — Caustic bar- ley, an early name for the seeds of Scha'iwraulnn ojHci- rutlr, called in medicine fahaitittn, and used as a Honrcc iif vemtrin.— Mouse, wall, way, or wild barley, //"r- drum muriittim, a griLvi of little value. - Patent barley, the farina iibtajiied by grinding pearl-b;iriiy. - Pearl-bar- ley, the grain dcprivi-d of husk and pcllii-li'and loniplrti'ly nuinded by uTinding. It is used in niakini: broths and In «i)U[is.— Scotch, pot, or hulled bJtrley, the grain de- prived of the husk ill a mill. barley'-^ (biir'li), «. [A corruption of parley, q. v.] A cry used by children in certain games when a truce or temporary 8top is desired. (Scotch.! barley-bige Hiiir'li-big), n. Same as biijfi. barley-bird i l>iir'li-t)f-rd), w. \< btirUy^'+ bird ; !i|i|.licd to various birds which njipcar about till- time of sowing liiirloy.] 1. A iiniiio of the Kiiroponn wryneck, Yiinr lori/iiillii. — 2. A iiai.i iif some Ktnall bird: said to be cilliiT tl ' kin (CliryMoniilris ii>iii«) or the nightin- gnl. iKiiihiis iilnliiniilin. [Kiig.] barley-brake, barley-break (biir'li-briik), ti. 'niul.n, hiirttt-hnikis ; < biirtry (uii- .■ rliiirliy^ or biirliy'^, orfrmii Homo + hrriik.'] An old gaiiio played . tliree of encli hox, forrnoil into ■Htllfllollli pl"N '.f r'"Oll'I W- 1. I 1 !■.".■ 11, Barley. Spike of HorJttim viil- gart. CM Oil >>> coil I and ral. I pi \'- I.. Iicll." •Mho went nbroail thereby ,\' '.',-'./ Uff,i;i. imj. awcct Rwiit feel fi try. Sir /'. SMivy. Arrndlii. I A tli'iiitanil Agues riay at barUiihrtak In mjr bom «. ilauhiger, Parllainont ul ljuy%, Iv. u. 454 barley-bree, barley-broo (biir'li-bre, -bro), ji. Liquor made from malt, whether by brewing or distillation : ale or whisky. [Scotch.] barley-broth (biir'li-broth), "ii. 1. Broth made by boiling barley and meat wi'h vegetables. [Scotch.] — 2. Ale or beer: used jocosely, and also in contempt, as in the extract. Can sudden water, A drench for siu--rein'd jades, their barley broth. Decoct their cold blood to such valiant heat? Shak., Hen. V., iii. 5. barleycorn (bar'li-kom), n. 1. A grain of barley. — 2. A measure equal to the third part of an" inch ; originally, the length of a grain of barley, a statute of Edward II. (a. p. 1324) makes " three barley-corns round and dry " the definition of an inch. 3. A measure equal to the breadth of a fine grain of barley, about 0.155 inch John or Sir John Barleycorn, a humorous personification of the spirit of barley, or malt liquor : a usage of considerable antiquity. John Barleycorn was a hero bold Of noble enterprise, For, if you do but taste his blood, 'Twill make your courage rise. Bunui, John Barleycorn. barley-fever (biir'li-fe"ver), ». [< barley'^ (as a soiu'ce of strong drink) + fcirr.} Illness caused by intemperance. [North. Eng.] barley-fork (biir'li-fork), h. a hand-fork with a guard at the root of the tines, used for gath- ering up stalks of barley. barleyhood (biir'li-hud), n. A fit of drunken- ness, or of ill humor brought on bv drinking. [Chiefly Scotch.] barley-islandt (bar'li-i"land), «. An ale- house. barley-meal (bar'U-mel), «. Meal or flour made from barley. barley-milkt (bar 'li -milk), «. Gruel made with Viarlcy or barley-meal. barley-sick (biir'li-sik), a. [< barley^ (see bar- Icy-fcvcr) + t.ick.'] Intoxicated. [Scotch.] barley-sugar (b!ir'li-sliug"er), «. Sugar boiled (formerly in a decoction of barley) till it be- comes brittle and candied. barley-water (b!ir'li-wa"t6r), n. A decoction of barley used as a demulcent nutritious drink in fevers, and in inflammations of the air-pas- sages and of the aliujeutary canal. barley-wine (biir'li-win), «. Ale or beer. bar-lift (biir'lift), n. A short metal bar fas- tened to a heavy window as a convenience in lifting it. barlingt, ". [North. E. and Sc, < Sw. barling, a pule, < biira = E. bear^, q. v.] A jiolo. bar-loom (biir'lom), n. A ribbon-loom. barm^t, «• [ME. barme, barm, licrm, < AS. bcarm (ONorth. barm = OS. OFrics. OHC barm = Icel. barmr — Sw. Dan. barm = Ooth. barms), the bosom, witli formative -m, < biran, E. 6<«/l, q. v.] The bosom ; the lap. barm- (biirm), n. [< ME. barme, bcrmr, < AS. btorma = Fries, bcrmc, barm = MLG. Ixrm, barm, LG. bormr, barme, barm (> G. bdrmt) = Sw. biirma = Dan. barme; prob. akin to L. fir- miiitiiiii, yeast, < /crrecc, boil : seofcrmnit. h.] The scum or foam rising upon beer or other malt liquors when fermenting; yeast. It is used as leaven in breail to make it swell, causing it to become softer, lighter, and more delicate. It may be used in liquors to make them ferment or work. It Is a fungus. SiicchdriiitiyceH ccrevixifr. See yi'nitt mn\ /ennentation. barm'' (biirm), w. Same as lirrm. Barmacide, «. and«. See liarmccide. bar-magnet (biir'maK'net), n. An artificial steil inagiiet made in the form of a straight and rather slcudrr bar. barmaid (biir'mad), ». A maid or woman who attends the bar of an inn or ollnr ]ilaco of re- fri'sliment. barman (biir'miin), «. ; y\. barmm (-men). If. iS lianisler. — iJ. A barkeeprr or Imrd'ndi'r. barmaster (biir'mas'ler). "• [Hi'duccd from earlior lianihmaslir, bari/r maitirr, jirob. < G, bvriimi i.ili r, a. surveyor of mini's, < bira, a liill, a mine (= E. barrow: see barroir'^ and harijli), + mcister = E. mantrr. A niiiiiliiT of E. min- ing trnns are of d. origin. Cf. harmoli.] In miiiiiitl, the title of an oflln-r who iicIh as maii- Mgor, agent, and Kurveynr, repri'sentiiig the in- lireHts of tlie |iropri4.'>, nooii iiflei' tho fiiinidaliiin of tlie coiigregiit inn. Their prinei- |ial liiHiMo is now in Knmo. barnabyt (luir'na-bi), n. [Prob. connected with tlio uulubrutibn of Burnuby day, < Barna- • barnaby hy, fonnerly also Ilaruahic, < F. BarnaM, < LL. Barnabas, Baruabas: see Barnabite.'] An old dauee to a qiiiek movement. Bounce I cries the poi't-hole — out they fly, And inuke the world dance BariMhy. Cotton, Virgil Travestie. Barnaby-brigllt (bar'na-bi-brit), n. [Also Barnahii brii/lit, Bariiabij the bright, and (bcott, L. of L'. M., iv. 4) St. Barnabright ; also called LoH(/ Baniab)/, in ref. to the coincidence of Bariiaby day with the summer solstice.] The day of St. Barnabas the Apostle, the 11th of June, which in old style was the day of the summer solstice. Bamalni-brirjla, the lougest day and the shortest night. Old rivK. This day tlie suniie is in his chiefest higlit, With Barnaby tlie Irrinht. Speniier, Epitlialaniion, 1. 20G. Barnaby day. Same as Barnaby-bright. barnaclel (bar-na-kl), n. [Also barnicle, bcr- nade; < ME. barnakijlle, bernakill, hcrnacle, ap- par. a dim. of the earUer bernakc, bernak, ber- nack, bcnwkke; ef. OF. bernaque (ML. bernaca, i*^. i^- »«" bernoka), later F. bernache, mod. barmtchc, barnacle (bar na-kl) barnacle = Sp. bernache = Pg. bernaca, berna- ■>"""'"- i'"''- cha, bernicha = It. bernacla, later ML. or NL. bernicla, bcrnccla, bernacula; G. hernikel-gans, ■ T)au.bernakel-gaas. Ultimate origin unknown. The word seems to have arisen in England. 4B5 3. Anything resembling a barnacle (in sense 2). (rt) Any anonialous i^rowtli or extraneous adhering matter orarrangcnient tend- ing to impede gress. Compulsory pi age, tile tin- months' extra pay i crews dischargeil i' foreign lamis, ;i 1 1 i tlio ol>ligatory rm- ployment of govern nient otlicials for tli'' sliipuK-nt of sailors in American ports, are all barnacles . . . wliich impede the progress of our com- mercial marine. Z>..lJK<'i/8,Merehant [Marine, p. 181. (&) A person holding on tenaciously to a Barnacle ^Lepa .ilt/ir^). place or position , one who is a useless or incompetent fixture in an offlce or employment ; a follower who will not be dismissed or sliai'- • ^ mi?, hnr^ml-ulh baroco a slope or plane into which the barney runs, in order to allow the mine-car to run in over it to thf foot of the plane. barn-gallon (bilrn'gal'on), n. A measure con- taining two imperial gallons of milk; a double gallon. barn-grass (biirn'gras), n. The eommou cock- spur-grasK, I'liiiiciim Crus-galli. barnhardtite (bilrn'liiir-ti't), n. [< Bamhardt, name of the owner of land in North Carolina where it is found, -I- -ile^.'] A sulpliid of cop- poi' and iron occurring massive and of a bronze- vi'Uow color in North Carolina and elsewhere. barnman (biim'man), «. ; pi. barnmeu (-men). A la)jurer in a barn ; a thresher. Ilarnman, sower, hay ward, and woodward were alike serfs. J. J<. Green, Sliort Hist, of Eng., p. 50. barn-owl (biirn'oul), n. 1. The common white owl, Strix Jlammea ov Aluco flammcm : so called from being often foimd in bams, where it is useful as a destroyer of mice. Its conspecies or varieties iidlabit nearly all temperate regions of the globe. Tlie variety found in the United States is Aluco pratin- cola. Also called chtircli'itrL large white patches on the bii'd's neck and head. If this were a popular designation, it could easily, when taken into book-language and Lat- inized, assume the above and the other numer- ous corrupt forms (ML. bernicha, bernecha, ber- nescha, bernesta, etc.) in which it appears. The loss of a knowledge of its meaning would assist the growth of the fables connected with the word.] 1 . A species of wild goose, Anser ber- nicle; < ME. barnaki/lle, byrnacle, bernacle (< OF. bcrnicle, an instrument of torture), appar. adim. of the earlier bernake, bernak, bernac,< OF. ber- nac, a barnacle (def. 1) ; origin unknown. The word bratiks, q. v., has a similar meaning, but no connection can be made out. The sense of ' spectacles ' easily arises from the original sense ; but some connect barnacles in this sense with OF. bericle, mod. F. beside, eye-glass (< ML. *bericidus, dim. of berillus, bcryllns, beryl : see beryl and brills), or with mod. F. dial, ber- niques, spectacles.] 1. A kind of bit or muzzle used to restrain an unruly horse or ass; now (usually in the plural), an instrument consist- iag of two branches joined at one end with a hinge, placed on a horse's nose to restrain him while being shod, bled, or dressed. A scourge to an hors and a bernacU [bridle, A. V.] to an asg,._ Wycli/, Prov. xxvi. 3. Hence — 2. An instrument of torture appliedin a similar way to persons. — 3. pi. Spectacles. [CoUoq.] What d'ye lack? What d'ye lack? Clocks, watches, 6iir- nades.1 What d'ye lack, sir? What d'ye lack, madam? Scott, Fortunes of Nigel. barnacle^ (bar'na-kl), V. t. ; pret. and pp. bar- nacled, ppr. barnading. [< barnacle^, «.] To apply barnacles to : as, to barnacle a horse. barnacle-goose (biir'na-kl-gos), ». [Formerly also abbr. bargoose; < barnacle'-, 1, + goose.\ Same as barnacle^, 1. barnaBdt (bar'nard), n. [Also bernardj per ' Bam'Owl ^Aluco Jlammeus:. \ 2. pi. The owls of the barn-owl type, genera Strix or Aluco and Phodiliis, which differ so decidedly from all other owls that_ naturalists now consider them types of a distinct familj. See Old and Alucunidic. barns-breaking (barnz'bra'king), n. [Sc, in allusion to the act of breaking open a l)arn to steal grain.] Any mischievous or injurious action ; an idle frolic. There is blood on your hand, and your clothes are torn. What bams-tn-eakiii'i have you been at? You have been drunk, Richard, and fighting. Scolt. barn-stormer (bam'stor'mer), «. A strolling player; an actor who plays " in the provinces." ^^^^ haps for berner, q. v.] One of a gang of swin- bam-storming (bam'stor'ming), n. [In allu Bamacle.goose {Bernicla leucopSi ■nicla or Bernida leucopsis, also called barnacle- goose or bernacle-goose. It is one of several species of the geims Beniida, inhabiting tlie northern parts of Europe, and occasionally appearing as a straggler in North America. It is smaller than the various wild geese of the genus .inser proper, has dark-brown or blackish upper parts, anil a black neck and head, with large white patches. It is related to the common wild goose of North America, B. canadensis, and still more closely to the brent- or brant- goose, Bernida brenta. This bird, which was known in the British islands only as a visitor, became the subject of a curious popular fable, not yet extinct, being believed to be bred from a tree growing on the sea-shore, either from the fruit of the tree or as itself the fruit (hence called tree- goose), or from a shell-flsh which grew on this tree (see def. 2), or from rotting wood in the water. So rotten planks of broken ships do change To Barnacles. . . . 'Twas first a green tree, then a broken hull. Lately a JIushroom, now a flying Gull. .Sijloester, tr. of Du Bartas, i. 6. A species of stalked cirriped, Lepas anati- dlers who acted as a decoy. Barnburner (biim'b6r"ner), n. [In reference to the story of a farmer who burned his barn to get rid of the rats.] A member of the more nroeressive of the two factions into which the sion to "taking by storm" the barns in -which strolling actors often played.] The practice of acting in bams, as strolling players; hence, the practice of playing ' ' upon the road " or " in the pro-vinces." Democratic party in the State of New York bam-S-wallow (bam'swol'o), n. The common was long di-vided, the other faction being called the Hunkers. The Bambiu-ners opposed the extension of tlie canal system, and after 1846 they opposed the ex- tension of slavery in the Territories. In a few years most of them joined the new Free-soil party. The internal reform of a party cannot be carried out by corrupt leaders. One of the main objects of the reforni- ers was to break the influence of the latter, and to tins they owed their appellation of barnburners, their enemies char''in<' them with a readiness to bum the building ivith the vermin, in default of a less radical means of Punflc.a- tioii. II- ™» -f^o's'. Const. Hist, (trans.). III. 359. barncock (biirn'kok), n. A local Scotch name of the turbot : so called on accoimt of its round shape. Day. „, , „ ■, barn-door (barn'dor'), n. The door of a bam. B^^oriovn.^marn-yara (o^mi^j swallow of the United States, Hirundo horreo- rum or H. erythro- gastra: so called because it habit- ually breeds in bams. The upper parts are dark steel- ^^S^^^^^^k V blue, the lower parts ^^B^^^^^^^ ~~r chestnut with an im- ^=^^-^^^^^^^^^^^» perfect collar, and the tail deeply forked and spotted witlx white. It is the American representative of the similar U. rustica of Europe. the common hen ; a dunghill or barn-yard bar-net (biir'net), n. A net placed across a - , ; , , , ' - , 1 • . ii 1 xr - f stream to guide fish into a wing-pond, clusters by the long peduncle to the bottoms of , ' "1,^ (ivfr'nil n. [Perhaps from the proper " ■ ^ ■ ^}:''±^: S:..*" ?'r,?i!!f l^?°l f^I Barney L Barnaby, formerly very com fera, of the family Lepadida:, found hanging in ships, to floatiii!^ of any kind; the goose-mussel, fabled to fall from its support and turn into a goose (see def. 1). The name is sometimes extended or transferred to various other eirripeds, as the sessile acorn-shells or sea- acorns of the family Balanidce, such as Balann^ tintinna- bulum. See Balanus. This is the usual sense of the word, except in Great Britain, surrounding or ad- joining a barn. — Barn-yard fowl, any Bam-swaUow l,HinmJo erythrogasira ). specimen of the com- mon domestic fowl, including hens, geese, ducks, guineas, and turkeys ; speciflcally, a mongrel or cross-bred speci- men of these fowls ; a barn-door fowl. mon as a Christian name, and still common amons? the Irish. But in 3d sense ef. 6?arHei/-] ■— ■ -,-x- -v,- ■ . ^ / c) - i. TllmMnn, a small car used in the anthracite baro-. [< Or. papoc^, weight, ijapv^, heavy, = region of Pemsylvania on inclined planes and U gravis, heavy: see.<7;W] An element Ilopes to push tiie mine-ear up the slope.- 2. in certain compound scientific terms, implying A mize fi<'ht [Slang.]— 3. Hvimbug. hea\nness. •= . , A barnacle may be said to be a crustacean fixed by its t,._L„^ „;* (bar'ni-pit), n. In the anthracite barOCO^ (ba-ro'ko), n. [An artificial name m- head, and kicking the food into its mouth with its legs ,,,lJ,o/of Pennsvlvsmia a pit at the bottom of vented by Petms Hispanus.] In logic, the Huxley, Anat. Invert., p. S.'ib. miiich in x cujioj ^ ' w.^"', f baroco mnemonic name of a mood of syllog:ism in the second figure, having a imivei*sal affirmative major premise, a particular negative minor, and a particular negative conclusion : as, Every true patriot is a friend to religion ; some great statesmen are not friends to religion ; therefore, some great statesmen are not true patriots. Five of the six letters that compose the word are significant. B means that it is to be reduced to bar- bara; a, that the major premise is universal aflirmative; o, that the minor premise is particular negative ; c, that the syllogism is to be reduced per impossibile (see reduc- tion) ; and o, that the conclusion is particular negative. See mood-. Also spelled baroko. baroco^, barocco (ba-ro'ko), a. [It. harocco.} Same as baroque. barogram (bar'o-gram), n. The record traced bv a barogi'aph. barograph (bar'o-graf), n. [< Gr. pdpog, weight, + }pa9£n',^vrite.] A self -registering instrument for recording variations in the pressure of the atmosphere, it is made by attaching t** tlie lever of a counterpoised barometer an ann with a pencil in contact with a sheet of paper, and moved uniformly hy clockwork. The result is a continuous trace, whose changes of form correspond to the variations of pressure. In another form a ray of light is made to travei-se the upper part of the barometer-tube and fall on a moving ribl>on of sensitized paper, the rising and falling of the mercury in the barome- ter causing the beam of light to be increased or dimin- ished in width, thus showing the changes in the barometer by the continuous photographic record of the paper. In still another form the movement of the mercury-column is u«ed to close an electric circuit and thus report its movtriitiits. Also called barometrograph. barographic (bar-o-graf'ik), a. [< barograph + -ic] Of or pertaining to a barograph; fur- nished by the barograph : as, haroyrajjJtic rec- ords. baroko, «. See baroco"^, barolite (bar'o-lit), n. [< Gr. pdpog, weight, + httor, stone.] "Barium carbonate. See xciiherite. barology (ba-rol'o-ji), n. [< Gr. iidpoqj weight, + -'/^yiaj < /i>f/r, speak: see -ology.'] The sci- ence of weight or of the gravity of bodies. barom aerometer (bar ^o-mak-rom'- e-ter;, n. [< Gr. fiapo^, weight, + fioKpoCf long, + fiirpovy a measure.] An instrument invented by Pro- fessor Stein for ascertaining the weight and the length of new-bom infants. barometer (ba-rom'e-t^r), «. [< Gr. ;iapo^, weight, + fdrpovy a mea- sure.] An instrument for measur- ing the weight or pressure of the atmosphere, invented by Evange- lista Tori'icelli, an Italijui mathe- matician and physicist, in 1C43. Tlie simplest form of this inbtrumcnt is a glasa tube over ;iO inches long, sealed nt one end, and then tilled with mercury. When the tube ia inverted, with the open end dipping into a cup i»r cistern of niercur>', the column sinks, leaving a vacuum iit the top, till the pressure of the atmosphere on each unit of surface of the mercury in the clsteni equals the weight of the column in the tube over each unit of surface of the horizontal section at the level of the mer- cury outaide, when the pressure of the column of mercury just balances that of theatniospln-re. The rise and fall can be measured on a graduated scale, baroine- temof this form are called cut- trm iHtrotnfterH. Fortln's 'Iliey are the Barometer, (■rininionest of rnugh niercuriiil barometerfl. Koracirntillcpurposis, thcmoHt / frcfpn-nlly umcI im Fortln's ba- roni'tiT, in which the cfstcni la adjii-'dtblr, thf 7.i-r<^> of theHcalc ciiini idliik' with thf! extremity fif an IvKiy ptiintiT(/i In itcrund IlKure) Hlilib |ii<>Ji:ctfi down- ward from the lop ■»( the c)»- t*ni-)H*x. 'lhi< bottom f.r the liiiti'ni in mailr of b-atlier, nml by n Birew working u^alnHt a wofxk'h bu(t«>n tlitr mcr- i:ury can bo ralHcd nr low- ered until \tn Murfnco hmt t4>ncheft the point t,l ih*- liii|' x ; thla oiMTntlon niiiMt l>< jui formed bcfori) vivh oi. . i v.i lion. 'niVMi/,/,tn,hnr:w>'.r rInU of n Infit till..-, c. h' rjiiiv of iirdforiM bor<', Ihimul- t\Mi UHer|Ua) h'un. 'IIm' l-tii.:- r I. ^'. which niu«t bf nior>- tlmn ;i'i Inch*** !'•»»'/ (• .■I.-4'l wbU. ti,, •hot'. .'i ; 'z >'■«- - I ■toicr.,.} "'<•■"<' I"",!' I ';• ■"•"<'■'; rimittr nsimlljroonnlatii of > al -^L 456 phon barometer having a float resting on the surface of the mercury in the open branch, and a thread attiiched to the float passing over a pulle3-, and having a weight at its extremity as a counterpoise to the float. As the mercury rises and falls the thread turns the pulley which moves the index of the dial. The barometer ^s used in many physical and chemical determinations, but its most ordi- nary applications are (1) to the prediction of changes in the'weather, and (-2) to the deterniinutiuii of the elevation of stations above the sea-level.— Aneroid barometer, a portable instrument, invented by yi. \idi of Paris, for in- dicating the pressure of the atmosphere without the use of mercury or other fluid. It consists of a circular nuHallie box which is exhausted of air. and of which the corrugated dia- phragms are held in a state of tension by powerful springs. The varying pressure of the atmosphere causes a variation of the surface of the diaphragm, which variation, being multiplied by delicate levers and a fine chain wound around a pinion, actuates an index-pointer which moves over a graduated scale. Boiu-don's metallic barometer is an ane- roid barometer consisting of a flattened, curved tube, ex- Bourdon's Metallic Barometer. A, front view, showing hand or indicator, a, and the scale ; ^, (, mercurial thennometere. A', back view : rf, rf, tube secured at its mid- dle, f, and having its ends connected by links, /, y, to two short levers, £t £• on the same axis as the hand, a ; A, open plate. hatisted of air and having one end fixed and the other geared to an index-pointer which traverses a graduated arc. Tlie curvature of the tube is artected by variations in the atmospheric pressure, and the pointer is moved corrc. spondinglyon the dial.— Marine barometer, a cistern barometer adapted to the conditions of a ship s motion, being suspended by gimbals, and having a stricture in tlie tube to lessen the oscillations of the mercury. — Ptunplng of tlie barometer, an unsteadiness in the barciiMciric column, due toa gu»ty wind.— Self-register- ing barometer, a liumttrapluwhicli see).— True height of the barometer, tlie lieight of the barometer corrected to the staniiaril lUnsity of mercury (that is, its tlensity at the freezing' iiuiiit rs colored with chlorid of cobalt. lu dry air they are blue, and in moist air they tiu-n pink. barometer-gage (ba-rom'c-tcr-ga.i). ". An ajipa- ratu.s attached to tlie boiler of a steam-euKiiie, to a coniU'iiscr, or to some other chamber in which a more or less perfect vaciuira is liable to^lio formed, to indieato the state of the vacuum, in one form a reversed U-tube has one end plunged in a basin of mercury and the other connected with the vacu- um-chamber. Another commcut form is a U-tube partially filled with mercury, and having one end open to the air and the other con- nected with the vacuum-chamber. Any exhaustion in the chamber causes the mercury to rise in the leg connected with it and t^i fall in tlie f)ttlcr. The fluctuattollH are nofcii upon a scale jilaced between 111.' I"" \rxn of till- tube. barometric (bar-ti-met'rik'), «. I'ei'taiiiiiit; to, made with, or indicated by a liaromctcr: as, haromrtrii- on-ors; baro- metric experiments or mea- Hiiromeuts; /)«/(i«i('?r«! changes. Also ftnnV. — Baromotrlc deprosBloo. Sic (fe/)re«non.— Barometric trough, an area of low l>aronieter. See barinnrlrr. 'lornadoi s are more frcc|uent when the major axes of the iKinmirlrit: Irowf/m trend north and south, or nnrtli- eimt and HoulliwcHt, than when they trenil ea»t ami wc«l. Scicnf-e, III. 7o7. barometrical (bnr-o-met'ri-knl), a. Pertuin- ing to or of the nature of a Imromotcr; bani- inolrii'. Barometrical aerometer. Si>o nrromrirr. barometrically (bar-o-mel'ri-kiil-i),' nt/i'. liy irii-ntiH 111 11 liiiroineter. barometrograph (bui-o-mefro-tfrt'if) u. \< (ir. /fii/»>i, wei^,'hl, + /iItiuiv, a mcHHurn (see lui- rnnirlir). + ;/h/iA'M', write.] Hame ns '«(rw/r«/i/i. barometrography (bur'o-itiet-rog'ni-d), «. I Ah liiiriiinilri'iiriiiili + -i/.) The scieni'e of the liarnineler; also, the art of moking barometric idi.MiTvntinns. barometry (bn-rom'e-tri), n. [Ah harnnulrr + -y. j The art or o)>oration of oonductinK bnro- Two fonns of Drttomc- tcr-ifaKe.— tf. l>crn >:lavs tube; *, mcrciiry-tls- Icm; e, e, imiuts at which tubes coimcci » Uh condensers: rf, bend uf tube containing mercury. baronet • metric measurements, experiments, observa- tions, or the like. A scrap of parchment hung by geometry, (A great refinement in haromctni). Can, like the stars, foretell the weather. Swij't, Grub Street Klcgy. barometz (bar'o-mets), 11. [Appar. au eiTone- ous transliteration of Euss. oaranetsu, club- moss, connected with hiiraiiu, a ram, sheep.] The decumbent caudex of the fern Dicksoiiia Baroniet-, also called Agnus iScythicus, the Scythian or Tatariau lamb. See Agtius Scythi- ciis, under aipiiis. Also written horanic::, baromotor (bar'o-mo-tor), «. [< Gr. i^apo^, weight, + L. motor.'i A portable hand- ami foot-power having two treatUes connecting with cranks on a fly-shaft. £. H. Knight. baron (bar'gn), n. [Early mod. E. also barron, < ME. baron, barun, baroun, < OF. baron, barun (orig. ace. of ber) = Pr. bar, ace. baron, baro = Sp. raron = Pg. rarao = It. barone, prop, a man (It. now a vagabond), then specifically one who was a 'man' or vassal of the king or other superior, whence the later use of the term as a title, F. baron, fern, baronne, whence, from F. or E., in other languages, Sp. baron, Pg. harao, It. barone, G. Dan. Sw. baron, Icel. barun, Kuss. baronu, etc. ; < ML. baro{n-), a man (L. homo or fir), hence, in particular uses, vas- sal, servant, freeman, husband. Origin un- certain; by some connected through 'servant' ■with L. baro{n-), a simpleton, blockhead, dunce.] 1. In Great Britain, the title of a no- bleman holding the lowest rank in the peer- age ; a member of the baronage : as, Jiaron Arimdell of Wardour ; a Scotch baron. The children of barons have the title "Honorable." Origi- nally the barons, being the feudatories of princes, were the ]iroiirictors of land held by hoimralile service. Henco in ancient records the word barons coniiu'ehends all the nobility. All such in England had in early times a right to sit in Piu'liament. Ancietitly barons were rrrfater, such as held their lands of the king in capite, or Ifsser, such .as held their lands of the greater barons by military service ill fitpite. "The present barons are-^tl) liarons hii I'lri^'rit'tiou, for that they and their ancestors have iiiMiicinorially sat in the Ijipcr Hcuise. (2) llarcns by jxit'iii. having obtained n patent of this dignity to them and their heirs, luale or otherwise. (3) ilaron.^ bit tfnnre, holiling the title as annexed to land." (llVmifoii.) Kor- merly, when all barons were not summoned to sit in Par- liament, the name of barons bii writ was given to those who actually were so summoned. Uarons in the peeragea of Scotland and Ireland have scats in the British Tarlia- mcnt only when elected by their order. See pft-r. The word baron was not known in the British isles till intro- duced fntin the continent under the Norman prince^. The coronet of a baron of Kngland consists of a itlain gold circle, with six balls or large pearls ^^ — ■ v on its edg.-. anil with the cap, etc., as Js ^^^jry ^jA in a visenuiit's. f f 2. A title of the .iudges or offi- "'"hsil Baron. "'' cers of 1 lie English Court of Ex- chetiuer, hence called barons of the Exchequer, the ]irosident of the court lieing calleil rliief liiirou. — 3. In hue and hir.,i\ husband : as. Iiaroii iinil fcmv, husbaml ami wife. — 4. On the conli- nent of Europe, especially in France and Ger- many, a member of the lowest order of heredi- tary iKibilily: in (iermany, same as Frrilierr. — Baron of beef, in coohmj. two sirloins not cut asunder. Barons of the Cinque Ports, mendicrs of the British House of Commons fnrmcrly cicetcd, two for cai-h <>f tho si-ven (originally five) cinciuc Ports litivcr, Sanilwich, Honmey, Hastings, Hytbe, ^\ inchclsca, and Kyc. baronage (biir'on-aj). ii. [< ME. iiaronagp, Intrunagc, barnagr, <. OF. barnaqe, barnaigr, F. baronnnge z=Vr. barnatge ^H. haronnggio, Inir- naggio (Mlj. reflex baronoginm), < ML. 'liarnna- ticnm,<. liaro(n-): see //(itoh ami -rt.t/c] 1. Tho whole boily of British banins; formerly, the nobilily or peerage in general. The bnrftnniji'. is divided so narrowly that the summons or cxcbmion of half a dozen members dmngi's the fate of a minixiry or of a dynasty. SlaMu, Const, Hist., § 1)80. 2. Tlie )•»'• I! taronet time. Applied in Irclan.l t.) tlu' liolderof a small Ijarony. Often synonymous witli baiincret." JV. K. I). He Imd soe many Bari-ons in Iiia Pai-liament, as were able tn waigli downe the Clcaruyt' and tiieyr frendes ; the which Barrons, tliey say. were not aft.Twai-dcs Lordes, but onlv Vamnctts, as sundrye of thoin doe yet retayne the „a,*e. *>f/..i«-, State of Ireland, 2. A British title of lioreditary rank or degree of honor next below that of a baron, and thus not oonl'erringa peerage. A b.aronet is designated Sir .So-and-so, Bart. (Christian name andsurname beinggiven), and ranlis above all knights exeept those of the Garter. Tlieri- is no ceremony nf investiture, the title Ijcing given l^y patent. The order was fouudi-il by James I. in leU, pro- fessedly to inoiiiote tlie F.ii;;lish a)id Sc.itch colonization of Ulsti'r, for winch each liai ct paid ,£l,oso. The ori- ginal limitation of the uvd. r to Jio locrolicrs was set aside and the p.aynient renuttcd at an early date. (For the badge of the order, see baiige nf Ulsler, under badgci.) The title is abbreviated Bnrt. after a name. — Baronet's hand, the hloodv hand of Ulster. .See badr/e 0/ Ulster, under (i(i((«(i.— Baronets of Ireland, an order of knights baronets founded bv James I. of Ensland, in the seven-' teenth year of his reign (18131, f"r tlie .same purpose and witli the same privileges in Ireland as had liccii cmiferred on the order created in England in Uili. — Baronets of 457 forms, partieulai'ly in church architecture, and its con- torted ornamentation, made up in great part of meaning- less scrolls and inorganic shell-work. Also called, some- times, the JcHuit Hiyl(t, from the many anfl r(;markably ugly examples supplied by churches founded liy the .Icsuit order. This word is often used intcrili;nigcahly with rococo ; hut rococo is preferably reserved forornaincnt of llie same period, particularly in France, which, tJHUigli overcliai^n'd and inf)rganic, still retains some beauty and artistic quality ; baroijue implies the presence of ugly and repclkMit (jiialities. Soinotiines wi-itten baroco, barocco, barock. Baroque pearl, a rough pearl of irregular or contorted form. .Su( b ]>earls are frequently utilized to form bodies of birdsortlutlike, the extrenuti(!S being made of gold, etc. II. H. 1. An object of irregular and peculiar form, especially in ornamental art. On the scroll handle is a pearl baroque of Neptune rid- ing on a dolphin. S. K. Loan Exhibition, 1861. 2. Ornainont, design, etc., of the style and pe- riod called baroque. See I., 2. The mad extravagances of the baroque, a style, if stylo it can be called, which declared war against the straight line, erased logic in construction from its grammar of art, and overloaded buildings with meretricious ornament. C. C. rerlnns, Italian Sculpture, p. 364. Scotland, an order institntl-d by chark'S I. of England barOSCOpe (bar'6-skop), m. [< Gr. /?dpof, -weight, + nhi)-iiv, view'.] 1. An instrument used to indieato changes in the pressure of the atmo- sphere without measiu'ing its absolute weight. See loealher-tjlass and storrn-glass. — 2. A piece of physical apparatus used to demonstrate the upward pressm-o of the air. It consists of a large body of small density attached to the beam of a balance, and exactly balanced by a sipall weight. When this is placed under the receiver of an air-pump and the air is exhausted, the arm of the balance to which the large body is attached tips down, since the upwiird pressure now taken from it is greater than that removed from the small Cftunterpoise, in Ui"2&. The nominal object was tlie settlement of Nova Scotia, and patents were granted under the great seal of Scotland, as those of the Ulster baronets had been granted under the great seal of England. After the union of the crowns in 1707 the baronets of Scotland charged their arms with the badge of Ulster, and became baronets of the United Kingdom. The baronets of .Scotland are often called Nova Scotia baronets. None have been created since the union. baronet (bar'on-et), V. t. To raise to the rank of baronet: generally in the passive: as, he expects to be baroneted. baronetage (bar'on-et-aj), n. [<. baronet + ■age, on type of baronage.} 1. The baronets fearoscopic (iiar-6-skop'ik), a. [< baroscope + IS a body.— 2. The dignity or rank ot a bar- _,-^, j iJ,,i,t. lining to or determined by the baro- scope. as onet, ^^^ ,^ baronetcy (bar'on-et-si), )(.. [< baronet + -cy.J i,ar(3SC0pical (bar-6-skop'i-kal). The title and dignity ot a baronet. baronroiiic baronial (ba-r6;;ni-al), «. [< baron + -ial. Cf. 'baroselenite (bar-o-sel'e-nit), re. ML. baronalis.l Pertaining to a baron or a barony, or to the order of barons: as, baronial possessions ; the baronial dignity. baronism (bar'on-izm), «. [< baron + -ism.l Feudalism; the baronial system. The spirit of Norman haroniam on one side, and the spirit of Anglo-Saxon freedom on the other. Harper's Mag., LXIX. 422. baronnette (bar-on-ef), »• [P-, dim- of baronne, fem. of baron, baron.] A little baroness; a baron's daughter: sometimes used for the wife of a baronet. N. E. I). baronryt (bar'ou-ri), n. ; pi. baronries (-riz). [< ME. barunri'e, < OF. baronnerie : see baron and -»v/.] 1 . A barony ; the domain of a baron. — 2. the rank or dignity of a baron. — 3. Bar- ons collectively. barony (bar'on-i), n. ; pi. baronies (-iz). [< ME. liaronie, < OF.baroiiie, barunie (F. baron- nie), < ML. baronki, < baro(n-), a baron.] 1. The rank or dignity of a baron. — 2. The do- main of a baron ; the territory or lordsliip of a baron. — 3. In Scotland, a large freehold estate, even though the j^roprietor is not a baron. — 4. In Ireland, a temtorial division corresponding nearly to the English himdred, and supposed to have 'been originally the district of a native chief. There are 316 baronies in the island. AVhatever the regular troops spared was devoured by bands of marauders who overran almost every barony in thejsland. Macaulatj, Ilist. Eng., xii. 5. Formerly, the tenm-e by which a baron held of his superior, namely, military or other hon- orable service. — 6t. the body of barons and other peers; the baronage — Burgh of barony. See burgh. barofjue (ba-rok'), a. and n. [Also baroco : = G. liuM. Iiarok, < F. baroque, barroque = It. barocco a. Same as [< Gr. fiafioQ, weight (or jiapvg', heavy), + selenite, q. v.] Same as barite. Barosma (ba-ros'ma), n. pfL., also Baryosma, < Gr. liapvodftoc, also [iapvoS/ioc, of oppressive smell, < jiapvc, heavy, oppressive, + ba/n/, older form bSfif/, smell, odor, < 6i;civ, smell, akin to L. odor, odor.] A genus of shrubs, natural order Butacew, natives of the Cape of Good Hope, pos- sessing a strong, heavy odor. The leaves of several species, as B. crenulata, B. serratifolia, and B. betulina, are largely used in medicine under the name of buchu, chiefly in disorders of the uriuogenital organs. In Cape Colony they are employed .as a stinmlant and stomachic. barouche (ba-rosh'), n. [Spelled as if F.,but taken directly < G. dial, barutsche, < It. baroccio, biroccio (with term, assimilated to that of car- roccio, a chariot) = Sp. barrocho, orig. a two- wheeled vehicle, < LL. birota, a cabriolet, orig. Barouche. yl body; .ff. perch : C. C-snrins?: D. dummy: £, under-sprirg: ; f, tiiotougli-brace ; G, rocker ; Jf, hub, or nave ; /, spoke ; 7. '"». when the whole circumference is composed of two pieces, and felly, when it is composed of several pieces. fem. of the adj. birotus, two-wheeled, < L. bis, double, 4- rota, a wheel.] A large four-wheeled carriage witli a falling or fokling top over the _ back scat, and the seats arranged as in a coach, barracoon (bar-a-kon'), n. < Pg. borroco = Sp. barrucco, irregular, bizarre, barouchet (ba-ro-sha'), '«• [As if F. ; dim. of barrad barra^t (bar'ji), n. [ML., a bar: see 6ari.] A bar or tower placed at the end of a bridge. Il'calc. barra'-^ (bar'ii), n. [Pg., a particular use of barra, a bar (cf. E. yard, rod, perch, similarly used) : see ii«»l.] A Portuguese linear measure, equal to 1.25 yards, used for cloths of various kinds. barrable (bilr'a-bl), a. [< har^, v., + -able.} In lair, eniialilo of being barred or stayed. barra-boat (bar'il-bOt), «. [Named from the island of Harra ii'i' the Jlebrides.] A vessel car- rying ten or twelve men, used in the Hebrides. It is extremely shai-p fore and aft, and has no floor, the sides rising straight from the keel, so that a cross-section represents the letter V. barracan (bar'a-kan), H. [< F. barracan, bara- can, now bouracan = Pr. barracan = Sp. barra- gan (whence also E. barrayan) = Pg. barregana "= It. baracane = I), bar/can = MHG. barchant, barchat, G. barchent, fustian, berlcan, barracan, = Pol. barchan, barakan (ML. bareanus), < Turk. barrakan, < Ar. barrakdn, barkdn, a kind of black gown, < Pers. barak, a stuff made of camel's hair.] A thick, strong stuff made in the Levant, jjrojjerly of camel's hair. Tlie name is used throughout the Mediterranean countries ; the use of it by Byron ("the striped white gauze baracan that bound her," Dan Jua7i, iii. 70) and others to denote a del- icate material is ajiparently an cri-or. Also written bara- can, barrakan, barragon, and barrayan. barracet, «■ [ME., also barrais, barres, barras, < OF. barras, a barrier, < harrc, a bar: see tori, and cf. embarra.'is, dcbarrass.} 1. A bai-rier or outwork in front of a fortress.— 2. The bar of a tribunal. [Rare.] — 3. A hindrance or ob- struction. [Rare.] — 4. The inclosure within which knightly encounters took place. Hence — 5. Hostility; contention; stiife. X. E. D. barrack (bar'ak), n. [= D. barak = G. baracke, burake = Dan" barakke, < F. baraque, < It. ba- racca = Sp. Pg. barraca, a tent, soldier's hut; of uncertain origin. Some compare Gael, and Ir. barrachad, a hut or booth; Gael, barrack, top branches of trees; Bret, barrek, full of branches, < bar, a branch: see 6orl.] 1. A building for lodging soldiers, especially in gar- rison ; a pei-manent building or range of build- ings in which both officers and men are lodged in fortified towns or other places. He [Bishop Hall] lived to see his cathedral converted Into a barrack and his palace into an alehouse. T. Warton, Hist. Eng. Poetry, IV. 2. 2. A large building, or a collection of huts or cabins, especially within a common inclosure, in which large numbers of men are lodged. Most of the quarrymen are Bretons, and live in wooden barracks. Ansted, Channel Islands, i 6. The railway has come close under the wallsof the chateau, while an ugly barrack has sprung up on the other side. Contemporary Bee, L. 329. [In both senses generally in the plural.] — 3. A straw-thatched roof supported by four posts, under which hay is liepl, and which is capa- ble of being raised or lowered at pleasure. In Maryland, and perhaps elsewhere, the word is used for a building of any kind intended for the storage of straw or hay. [U. s.]— Barrack allowance, a specific quan- tity of bread, beef, wood, coal, etc., issued by authority to British regiments stationed in barracks.— Barrack case- mate, a bomb-proof casemate for shelter and supplies. Also called store casemate. barrack-master (bar'ak-mas"ter), n. The of- ficer who supertntends the barracks of soldiers. —Barrack-master general, an offlcer who superintends the coiistnirtinu and reiKiirs of baiT.acks. and adapts the accomm.'dation to the requirements. (Eng.] barraclade (bar'a-klad), «. [< D. baar, = E. 6(()e 1, -t- kleed='E,. cloth.'] A home-made woolen blanket without nap. [Peculiar to those parts of New York originally settled by the Dutch, and now little used, if at all.] [< Sp. barracan esp. in architecture, orig. irregular-shaped, as appUed to a pearl. Origin uncertain ; perhaps, with some confusion with other words, < L. ver- ruca, a steep place, a height ; hence, a wart, an excrescence on precious stones.] I. a. 1. Odd; bizarre ; corrupt and fantastic in style. The Oncidium leucoehilum is by no means the most ec- centric or baroque member of the family of orchids. Encyc. Brit., XHI. 589. Happy the artist whose women-friends or relatives are baroiirhc.'] A small kind of barouche. baroxyton (ba-rok 'si-ton), n. [< Gr. /3aprf, heavy, -I- bivTomr, sharp-sounding.] A brass instrument of music invented in 1853, having a compass of three and a half octaves, beginning nearly three octaves below middle C : occasion- ally used in military bands. bar-post (bar'post). n. One of the posts driven into the groimd to form the sides of a field- ' .. ■■ - N - Same as bare-pu»ip. ablr t'u"li,lp him avoid the baroque developments of female -i^* T\iTmn (b^ir'Dumi)) attire \vhi,h characterize so many of our native canvases, uar-pump >■ ' 1 „„„+j„o „ "iloo hnrl-n„ti,7<- especially in genre subjects. The Century, XXV. 575. barquantine, barquentine, ". bee baikantlm. See bark'^. l^^^^^^^:^^!^ttX^&ii ^r?5?;^- oSiletes^l^o^.«.V great part of the Eighteenth centui'y, and may I'arr O^ar^ ... [AJ- ^^J' To'c'r J's a^ el^l be considered to have begun toward the close oaiiMe, ciy as au cjcjjuauu.j j of tlje seventeenth century, it is nearly equivalent phant. j, 7 - to the Louis XV. style, and is distinguished by its clumsy barr-*, M. bee oaiiar. (used in the West Indies) =Pg. *barracao, aug. of Sp. Pg. barraca, barrack: see barrack.} A barrack or an inelosm-e containing sheds in which negro slaves were temporarily detained; a slave-pen or slave-depot. Barracoons formerly- existed at various points on the west coast of Africa, also in Cuba, Brazil, etc. African baiTacoons were composed of large but low-roofed wooden sheds, and were sometimes provided with defensive works, in order to resist attack from the British forces engaged in breaking up the slave- trade. barracouta (bar-a-ko'tii), n. A corrupt form of barracuda. barracuda (bar-a-ko'da), n. [Native name.] A large voracious fish. Sphyrwita pieuda, of the West Indian and neighboiing seas. It belongs to the perch family, and is from 6 to 10 feet in length. barrad, barraid (bar'ad, -ad), n. [< Ir. bairread, baireud, < E. barret-, q. v., or from the F. oi-igi- barrad nal.] A conical cap of very ancient origin, worn by the Irish till as late as the seventeenth eenrur.v. barragant (bar'a-gan), n. Same as barracan. barrage (biir'aj)" «. [F., a bar, barrier, dam, < harrer, bar, obstruct, < barre, bar, obstruc- tion: see 6fl ''land -«(;e.] 1. The act of barring ; specifically, the formation of an artificial ob- struction in a -n-atercourse, in order to increase the depth of the water, to facilitate irrigation, and for other purposes. — 2. The artificial bar thus formed ; especially, one of those on the river XUe in Egypt. barragont (bar'a-gon), n. Same as barracan. La rranuiiA — a genteel corded stuff much in vogue at that time fur summer wear. Gilbert White, Selborne, v. 14. barragudo (bar-a-go'do), H. [S. Amer.] A na- tive Indian name of a large South American monkey of the genus Lagotlirix. barraid, ». See barrad. barrakant, «. See barracan. barramunda (bai--a-muu'da), n. [Native Aus- tralian. ] .tUi Australian fish, Ceratodusforsteri, of the order Dipnoi, representative of a sub- order Monopneumona . It attains a length of 6 feet, and its flesh is esteemed for food. See Ceratudus. barranca (ba-rang'ka), ;;. [Sp., also barranco = Pg. barranco.'\ A deep ravine, mountain- gorge, or defile : a word frequently used by writers on Mexican and South American geog- raphy and travel. Ouly in the valleys of erosion, true barancm, into which the (Ire cinnot penetrate. J. J. Rein, Japan (trans.), p. 83. barrasH (har'as), H. [Origin obscure.] Acoarse linen fat)rie originally imported from Holland. The word was in use in the seventeenth century. barras'-^ (bar'as; F. pron. ba-rii'), n. [F., < barrc, a bar, in ref. to its appearance on the tree.] The French name for the turpentine obtained in the south of France from I'inus 1'ina.stcr. Also called ijalipot. barratt, "• [< ilE. barrat, barret, barat, baret, < OF. Iiiirat (= Pr. barat = Sp. barato (obs.) = It. baratto), m., also barate = Pr. barata = Sp. barata (obs.), f. (ML. barattt.s, baratum, and ba- rata), of uncertain origin; orig. appar. traffic, dealing (as in the E. deriv. barter, q. v.), then fraudulent dealing, fraud, etc. In sense 3, cf. Icel. Imrutta, fight, strife, trouble.] 1. Fraud; deception. — 2. Trouble; distress. lluw he 11.18 in (H'eate iMrett bene sitheti he was borne. York Plays, p. 17D. 3. Contention; strife. barratt, '•. »'. [Also barret; < barrat, n.] To quarrel; brawl. barrathea-cloth, n. See baratlica-cloth. barrator ( bur'a-tor), n. [< ME. barator, l)ariti>r, liitnter, liaratour, baratur, etc., < AF. "baratniir, OF. baratcor (= Pr. baratudor = It. baratlatorc ; JIL. bnrratatur), < barater, barter, cheat, de- ceive, < barat, etc., barter: see barrat.] If. In old laic, one who buys or sells ecclesiastical pre- ferment; a simonist. — 2. In Scot.s lair, a judge who takes a bribe. — 3. One who buys or sells offices of state. — 4. One who commits baiTatry ; one who, being the master of a shifj or ono of its officers or seamen, commits any fraud or frau- dulent act in the management of the ship or cargo, by which the owner, freighters, or in- surers are injured, ns by running away with the ship, sinking or dcHerfing her, wilful devi- ation from the fi.xed course, or embezzlement of tho cargo. — 6t. A quarrelsome, brawling person; a rowdy. — 6. One who frequently ex- cites others to lawsuits or fpnirrels; a common mover and maintainer of suits and controver- sies; anencouragerof litigation between other SerHiiriH : chiefly in tho phrase common barrator. ee burratri/, 4. Win it not relle<;t nn mucli on thy chamctor, NIo, to turn hnrrtthtr tn thy olil (layii, n stirrer np of niinrn.'lK iitnonvHt thy n> li^lilioura? Arbullmut, Hint, of .(oIim Hull. Al-o j*|ielled bnrratcr, and, especially in tho IbhI Hiiise, barrilor. barratotlBt (bar'n-tiLs), a. [< MK. barntous, < (>!•'. hiir'i'rni, (."barat: see l>arrat.] Conten- tion ! 'line. 1 ' (oil of lltliflouH and barrntouit pennoR. '. ; . rn» SuiiereroKnlloii, p. m. (,V. E. I).) barratrous 'li.ir'MniH), «. f< Itarrnlrtj + -oii.i.] Of tile rj iiiir/- iif or clinrncterizeil by harralry; frnufliili lit. Also spelled liarrrlroun, barratron.ily n.'ir'n-trnii-li), adr. In a bnrra- froii ! iiinnner J by barratry. AIho him' barratiy .,,), n. r< .ME. barmtrir, < OF. biiratfric, harlcrie a Pr. Iinralaria (ML. 468 harataria), < barat: see barrat and -rj/.] 1. The purchase or sale of ecclesiastical prefer- ments or of offices of state. See biirrator, 1, 3. — 2. In old Scot^ law, the taking of bribes by a judge. — 3. The fraud or offense <^ommitted by a barrator. See barrator, i. — 4. A vexatious and persistent inciting of others to lawsuits and litigation; a stirring up and maintaining of controversies and litigation. This is a crim- inal offense at common law. Also barrctrij, especially in the last sense. barre (ba-ra'), a. [F., pp. of barrer, bar, < barre, bar: see iarl.] 1. In /«v., divided by a bend sinister: the reverse of bcndicisc or bande. [Tins Fivneh term is used because English heraldl'y has no single term for bendwise in a sinister sense.) 2. In music for the guitar or lute, barred: con- vejnng a direction to press with the forefinger of the left hand across all the strings, in order to raise their pitch, and thus facilitate a tempo- rary change of key. barred (bard), J), a. 1. Secured with a bar or bars: as, "the close-iarred portal," *off. Ab- bot, xix. — 2. Fm-nished or made with bars: as, a five-fcflrcerf gate. — 3. Obstructed by a bar, as a harbor. — 4. Striped; streaked: used espe- cially of textile fabrics: as, "barred al of silk," C/iflHcer, MUler'sTale. — 5. In music: («) Mark- ed offby bars, (ft) Sameasftrtcre, 2. — 6. In/ier., same as barry^. barrel (bar'el), n. [< ME. barel, barcle, barayl, < OF. bareil, baril, mod. F. baril = Pr. Sp. Pg. barril = It. barilc = G. bard = OBulg. Serv. Russ. barilo = Pol. bari/ln (ban'ed 1) = NGr. (iapi'/.i, < ML. barilc, barillioi, barelhis, baurilin, a ban'el. Origin imcertain ; perhaps connected with ftnrl. The Celtic words, W. baril = Gael. baraill =li'. ft(i»v7f = Mau.x barrels Corn, bal- liar, are of E. origin.] 1. A vessel or cask of a cj'lindrical form, generally bulging in the mid- dle, usually made of wooden staves bound toge- ther with hoops, and having flat parallel heads. — 2. As a measure of capacity, the quantity of anything, liquid or solid, which a barrel should contain. In English metrology there were four prin- cipal kinds of barrels: the winr-liarrrl of 3U wine gallons ; the London ale-b.aiTel of 32 beer gallons; the country ale- and beer-barrel of 34 beer gallons; and the London beer- barrel of ;j(i beer gallons. The wine-barrel was bL:;iIi/,ed ill tbe reigu of KiclianI IlL, the others under Henry VJII. Under (leorge III. the barrel of ale or beer for town and country w.as made 3(1 gallons. Oil, spirits, tar, and p«u-k were measured by the wine-barrel ; vinegar, by the barrel of 34 gallons. A barrel of eels or herrings contained ;10 gallons by a statute of Uenry VI., but by another of Ed- ward IV. this was made 42 gallons. Salmon and spruce beer were also measured by barrels of 42 gallons. A bar- rel of beef, wet codfish, or honey contained 32 wine gal- lons; but honey waji sometimes sold by barrels of 42 gal- lons of 12 pfuinds each, liy a statute of George III., a barrel of llsh was made 38 wino gallons ; but a barrel of salt pilchards or mackerel measured f>0 gallons. The bar- rel of apples, coal, or nuts contained 3 Winchester bush- els, each of s gallons, dry nu-asiire. The barrel of ancho- vies contained 10 pounds; of gunpowder, 100 pounds; of raisins, 1 biiiHircdweight ; of camiles, 120 pounds; of ba- rilla, potash, or biiltcr, 2 hundredweight (but only 106 pounds of ivsscx butter, and Iftii of .Sussex); the barrel of soap, 250 pounds. .-V iiarrel of plates, by a statute !l liters; the bnrrailon of Har- celona, 30| liters ; the liqrit of KIga, 137J litem. Tlie bar- ri'iur was commonly larger than tho baril. The ahbrevi- allon \*hhl., jil. hlih. 3. Tho contents of a barrel : sometimes, like bottle, used to signify intoxicating drink. — 4. The money (espeeinlly when llm huiii is large) supplied by a enmlidnle in a jKilillcal euin- paigii, I'lir ('mn|inig'ii expeiiHes, liiit especially foreiiiTiipt purposes : lieiice, it ft(/()v7 caniiiaigii is one in wliicli money is lavishly enijiloyed to bribe voters: in this hciiso often written and pronounced har'l (bilrl), in huTnonms iiniliilinn of viilgnr speech. [V. S. iiolilienl Miniit;. | — 6. Anylliiiig resembling a Iiarrel; a dniin nr cylinder. In partlmlnr («) The drum or ndler In a eriinr, about wlilcll the rojie or cliiiln williU. {It) The nintii IHirllon of a rapstiin, about which the rope wliiifs, belwerii the ilnimheiid at Die top and the pawl-rhil at Die holtoiii. See cut iinrli-r rajtKlan. (r) In the uteerhig iipparaliiH of a «hip, the cyllinler on which the lllbr ropo or challi« are Hound, (r/) Tin* rim In a drum or tmlley about utilcli the belt worki*. (r) The cylinder ntlldded with tiliiH which ill the hiirrel-orgall oiieliN the key-vnlves, and III the lliu- •lenl bill tet* in vibration tho tvolli uf Uio nt^'cl gomb by barrel-organ which the sound is produced. (J) The cylindrical portion of a boiler between the Arc-box and the smoke-box, con- taining the tubes or flues. (r the purpose of polish- ing or clean inu by attrition materials placed within it, and for cutting slielhj^c. etc.— Slack barrel, a coopered vessel shaped like a cask, but not made water-tight, being in- tcioicd for dry substances. barrel (bar'el), v. t. ; pret. and pp. barreled or barrelled, ppr. barreling or barrcllinij. [< barrel, «.] To put or pack in a ban'el or barrels: as, to barrel beef, pork, or fish. Stale . . . butter, and such, I fear, it is by the being barrefU'd up so long. B. Joni^on, Staple of News, ii. 1. barrel-bayonet (bar'el-ba'o-net), n. A bayo- net, formerly used, fitted to a haft which was inserted into the barrel of the gtm. See pliig- bai/onct. barrel-bellied (bar'el-bel"id), a. Having a round iiiul protuberant or barrel-shaped belly. barrel-bolt (bar'el-bolt), H. A door-bolt mov- ing in a cylindrical easing. barrel-bulk (bar'el-bulk), ». 2i'aut., a measure of capacity for freight, equal to 5 cubic feet. Eight barrel-bulks, or 40 cubic feet, are equiva- lent to one ton by measiu-ement. barrel-curb (bar 'el-kerb), n. An open cylin- der, .ii or 4 feet in length, formed of strips of wood niiiled on horizontal circular ribs of elm, used as a mold in well-sinking to keep tho ox- cavation cylindrical. barrel-drain (bar'el-dran), n. A cylindrical drain of ninsourv. barreled, barrelled (bar'eld), p. a. 1. Packed, stowed, or stored away in barrels: as, barreled butter. — 2. Inclosed in a cylinder or barrel: as. barreled bolts. — 3. Having a barrel or bar- rels of a kind or number indicated: used chief- ly in composition: as, a doubIe-6nrrc/e(/ gun. — Barreled crossbow. Sec cm.isbuiv. barrelet, n. See bamilct. barrel-filler (bnr'el-fil"er), n. An apparatus for filling barrels, provided with an automatic arrangement, generally in the nature of a float, for ctifting oil tho supjily of liquid in time to pr(>vent overflow. barrel-fish (bar'el-fislO, «. A name of the log-fish or rudder-fish (which see), Liriis perci- J'oniiis, of flic family Stromateida: They are almost always found in the vicinity of floating barrels and spars, anil sometimes inside i>f the barrels. Hence the llsberinen call them harrd-Jish, though the most usual name is rudder-fish. Slalut. Nat. llisl.. 111. 11)1. barrel-gage (bin"'<'l-Ki\i), «■ An automatic device In indicate when a barrel is full, or to shut olT file snjiply and prevent overflow. barrel-hooks (Imr'el-lnikz), )i. ;)/. A pair of iron lioeks lor lifling bar- rels liv flie chinos. barrelled, p. a. See bar- rilrd. barrel-lifter (bar'el-lif- l('r). II. A liand-tool for lift- ing a biU'i'cl by IlKM'hines. barrel-loom (biir'el-liini), ». 1. A loom in wliicli fho ]uitlerii of tho fabrio to be woven is determined by a elinin of iierloraled cards imssing overn drum or barrel. Sei^ Jiiri/iiaril loiim, under liiiiiii. — 2. A loiiiii in wliieli pins )iro- jecling Ifoin a reviilving bai'rel delennine the elevation and depression of tho warp-tliroads. barrel-organ (bar'el-('>r"gan), n. An organ with n cylinder or barrel iiirned by a I'rank mid rnniislieil vvilli pegs or slnjiles. which, when (lie liarrid reviilves, oju'ii a series of valves ailinilling enrrenis of air from a bellows acliiated by the snme inoliiin to a sol, of pipoB, IliUK proiliiciiig a tune either in melody or in harMiony. Inanolhcrformof the liiHtriimciil wires llko those of tile piano are acted on Instead of pines. Many large Instriiinents have been iiiiide on this prlnclpli\ but It Is elilelty applied to the band-organs carried abiuil by street inuslclanH. H.irrcl-hooks. barrel-pen barrel-pen (bar'ol-pen), ». A pen with a cy- lindrical sliauli adapting it to slip upon a round holder. barrel-pier (bar'el-per), n. A support for a military bridge formed of empty casks or bar- rels joined together in a raft, in the absence of ))ontoons or boats. The rafts of barrels (or the abut- ments are made fast to the shore on each side of the stream or hoiiy of water to lie erossed, and those formui;; tlie jiiers are 'anchored at proper intervals between tint tun Itaiiks. These rafts are connected by sleepers or tim- liers. whicli are lashed to them and support the planks furniin^' the loadway of the bridge. barrel-plate ( liur'el-plat), ». A plate employed in maclune-guns to assemble and hold the barrels in place about the a.xis. The Gatling gun hjis a front and a rear barrel-plate, the barrels passing thrnngh both plates. barrel-saw (bar'el-sa), n. A cylinder with a serrated edge, or a band-saw bent into a circle and fitted to a cylindrical frame, used for cut- ting baiTel-staves, fellies, the curved work in furniture, etc. barrel-screw (bar'el-skro), n. A powerful ap- paratus consisting of two large poppets or male screws, moved by levers inserted into their heads upon a bank of jilank, with a female screw at each end: of gi'eat use in starting a launch. Also called bed-screw. barrel-setter (bar'el-sefer), 91. A cylindrical mandi'el used for straightening the barrel or truing the bore of a firearm. barrel-shaped (bar'el-shapt), a. Having the form of a barrel, that is, of a short cylinder with bulging sides: used especially in describ- ing the eggs of certain insects. barrel-vault (bar'el-valt), n. A plain, semi- cylindrieal vault, much used by ancient archi- tects, and employed generally by medieval builders before the reappearance of groined vaulting at the close of the eleventh century. barrel- vise (bar'el-vis), n. A bench-vise whose jaws are grooved longitudinally, adapted for holding a gim-barrel or other similar object. barrel-work (bar'el-werk), n. In mininy, pieces of nativ^copper large enough to be sorted out by hand and shipped in barrels, but not large enough to come under the head of mass copper. The latter is sent to the smelting-works after being cut, if necessary, into pieces of manageable size, and is shipped without being barreled. ILake Superior.] barren (bar'en), a. and n. [Early mod. E. also barraine, < ME. barein, harain, < OF. "barain, brahain, brelming, fem. baraine, baraigne, bre- haigne, mod. P. brehaigne, barren : origin un- known. The Bret, brechagn, sterile, is from F.] I, a. 1. Incapable of producing or that does not produce its kind : applied to animals and plants. There shall not be male or female barren among you. Deut. vii. H. In particular — (a) Sterile ; castrated : said of male ani- mals, (b) Without fruit or seed : said of trees or plants. (c) Bearing no children ; childless ; without issue : said of a woman. The name of Abram's wife was Sarai, barren ; she had no child. . but Sarai was Gen; xi. 29, 30. For aye to be in shady cloister mew'd, To live a barren sister ail youi- life. Shak., M. N. D., 1. 1. (d) Not bearing or pregnant at the usual season : said of female animals : as, barren heifers. 2. Producing little or no vegetation; unpro- ductive ; unfruitful ; sterile : ai^plied to laud. Another rocky valley yawned beneath us, and another barren stony hill rose up beyond. R. Curzon, Mouast. in the levant, p. 14-1. 3. In mining, unproductive ; unprofitable : ap- plied to rocks. — 4. Void of ^^tal genns. It is particularly difficult to protect a liquid from all germs, or to destroy all those which have penetrated it ; however, it is possible, and the liquid is then said to he barren. Science, III. 128. 5. Mentally unproductive ; unresponsive; dull; stupid. [Rare.] There be of them, that will themselves laugh, to set on some quantity of barren spectators to laugh too. Shak., Uamlet, iii. 2. 6. Devoid; lacking; wanting: with of: as, a hill barren o/ trees; a mind barren «/ ideas. Our latest letters from America are of the middle of April, and are extremely barren of news. Jefferson, Correspondence, I. 242. It is impossible to look without amazement on a mind so fertile in combinations, yet so barren of images. Macaulay, Petrarch. 7. Not producing or leading to anything ; prof- itless ; fruitless : as, barren, tears ; a barren at- tachment. — 8. Destitute of interest or attrac- tion; unsuggestive ; uninstructive ; bald; bare: as, a barren list of names. 459 But it [Duomo of Florence! is impressive within from its vast open spaces, and from the statidy ami simple, though barren, grandeur of its piers and vaults and walls. C. !•:. Norton, Ohurch-building In Middle Ages, p. 229. Barren flowers, such as for any reason produce no seed. ^Barren ground, unproductive beds of rock: used, esperially with regard t<» cojd, for areas where there Is no cital-srani of surticicnt thickness to be worked with profit. — Barren measures, in neol., those portions of coal- measures which cc»ntain no workable seams of coal. — Barren signs, in axtrol., Oemini, Leo, an) Want of fertility ; total or partial sterility ; infertility: as, the barrenness of the land, (c) Want of the power of producing anything ; want of instructiveness, suggestive- ness, interest, or the like; want of matter : as, *^barren- ne.'^s of invention," jDrj/rfen. And this leads nie to wonder why Xisideius and many others should cry up the barrenness of the French plots, above the variety and copiousness of the English. Dryden, Ess. on Dram. Poesy. The barrenness of his fellow students forced him gener- ally into other company at his hours of entertainment. Johnson, Rambler, No. 19. (rf) Defect of emotion, sensibility, or fervency. The greatest saints sometimes are fervent, and some- times feel a barrenness of devotion. Jer. Taylor. barren-spirited (bar'en-spir"i-ted), a. Of a poor or meaii spirit. Shak., J. C, iv. 1. barrenwort (bar'eu-wert), n. [< barren + wort^.] The common name of Ejnmedium, a genus of low herbaceous plants, natui'al order Berbcridacew, having creeping roots and many stalks, each of which has three flowers. The only European species is E. alpinurn. Species occur also in central Asia and Japan.— American barrenwort, Vaneouveria hexandra, & nearly allied species found in Oregon. barret^t, «■ [^ F. barrette (= Sp. barreta), dim. of biirre, a bar: see 6(z/'l.] A little bar. barret^ (bar'et), n. [Also baret, < F. barrette = Pr. barreta, berreta = Sp. birreta = It. ber- retta: see biretta and birrus.'] 1. Same as bi- retta. — 2. A soi't of ancient military cap or headpiece. Scott. Also called barret-cap. barret^t, n. See barrat. barret-cap (bar'et-kap), n. Same as barret^, 2. Old England's sign, St. George's cross, His barret-cap did grace. Scott, L. of L. M., iii. 16. barretero (bar-e-ta'ro), n. [Sp., < barreta, dim. of barra, a bar, crowbar: see barret^ and 6arl.] A miner who wields a crowbar, wedge, or pick. The ores . . . are so soft that a single barretero can throw down many tons a day. L. Hamilton, Mex. Handbook, p. 73. barretor, barretry, etc. See barrator, etc. barr-fish (biir'fish), «. [Cf. bar^.J A name of the crappie, Pomo.rys annularis, a centrarchoid fish. See cut under crappie. barricade (bar-i-kad'), «. [First va. the form barricado (after Sp.), < F. barricade = It. bar- ricata, < Sp. Pg. barricada, a barricade, lit. made of barrels, < barrica (= F- barrique), a barrel, prob. < barra, a bar: see oar^, and cf. barrcl.l 1. A hastily made fortification of trees, earth, paving-stones, palisades, wagons, or anything that can obstruct the progress of an enemy or serve for defense or security. barrier Ev'n tho' thrice again The red fool-fury of the Seine Should iiile her barricades with dead. Tennyson, In Memoriam, cxxvii. 2. A temporary barrier of any kind designed to obstruct passage into or through a space in- tended to be kepi free for a particular use. — 3. Any bar or obstruction ; that which defends. There must be such a barricade an would greatly annoy or absolutely stop the cunents of the atmosphere. fferham. 4t. In naval arch., a strong wooden rail, sup- X>orted by stanchions, extending across the fore- most part of the quarter-"7i^, a method of working a coal-mine by pillar and stall, when solid masses or barriers of coal are left between thework- ing-places.— Barrier treaty, a treaty fixing the frontier of a country; especially, the treaty signed at Antwerp, Nov. 15, 1715, by Austria, Great Britain, and the Nether- barrier lands, determining the relations of the Dutch and the Anstrians in the strategic towns of the Low Countries. =SylL 3, Bar, Barrier, Barricade. Bar is the most gen- eral, and lakes almost all the many figurative meanings. Barrier is also, full iu figui-ative meaning. Barricade is confined strictly to obstructions set witli the specific inten- tion of stopping passage, as in streets and narrow passes. My spirit beats her mortal bars. Tenwjson, Sir Galaliad. The barriers which they builded from the soil To keep the foe at bay. Bnjant. The Prairies. The Milanese threw up barricades at their leisure, and still the .Austrian government remained passive spectators of this defiance of the Imperial amhority. E. Diceit^ Victor Emmanuel, p. 77. barrier (bar'i-er), r. t. [< barrier, «.] To shut in or off with a barrier. barrier-gate (bar'i-er-gat), ?i. A gate which closes the entrance through a stockade or bar- rier. barrigudo (bar-i-go'do), «. [Sp. Pg., big-bel- lied, < barriya, belly; of uncertain origin.] The Brazilian name for several monkeys of the ge- nus Lagiilhrix. They are the largest of South Amer- ican monkeys, one measuring 53 inches in length, of wliich tlu- tail ccnstituted 26. barring'^ (bjir'ing), n. IfV^erbal n. of Jflj-l.] In iiiiniiii/, timber used for supporting the roof or sides of shafts. [Eng.] barring- (biir'ing), ppr. as l)rep. [Prop. ppr. of (/«/■!.] Excepting; leaving out of the account ; apart from: as, barring accidents, I shall be there. [Colloq.] Little writing-desks, constructed after the fashion of those used by the judges of the land, barring the French p'o graver than a schoolboys' barrinf}.out. Tennyson, Princess, Conclusion. barris (bar'is), »i. A name given on the Guinea const to the chimpanzee, and also to the man- drill. barrister (bar'is-t^r), n. [First in the 16th century, written barrester, barester, later bar- barrow^ (bar'6), ra.iUr, barrister (XL. barrasteriiis), < barre, bar (hnr^, w.) -I- -ster, the term, being appar. assim- ilated to that of sophistcr, etc.] A counselor or an advocate learned in the law, admitted to plead at the birr in protection and defense of clients : called in full a barrister at law. The term is more esijecially used in England and Ireland, the cor- respiinding tenn in Scotland lieing adcticufe and in tlie I'nlted States counselor at taw. In England barristers al'Mie are rulmitted t4j plead in the superior courts. They must previously have belonged to one of the inns of court, and are divided into utter or outer barristers, who plead without the bar, and /queen's (or king's) counsel or Ser- jeants at law, wlio jdead within the bar. 460 mound of earth or stones raised over a grave ; a sepulchral momid; a tumtilus. Barrows are among the most impoi*tant monmuents of primitive an- tiquity. They are found iu Great Britain and other dis- Bowl Barrow. tricts of Eiu-ope, and in North America and Asi.i. They are distinguished, according to their peculiarities of foriii and construction, as lonfr, broad, bowl, bell, cone, etc., /»((/■- rows. In the more ancient banows the bodies are found barrowman (bar'6-man), Ijing extended on the ground, with implements and weap- ons of stone or bone beside them. In barrows of later date the implements are of bronze, and sometimes, though bars-gemel barrow^ (bar'6), «. [< JIE. benrc. < AS. beam, a grove (= Icel. borr, a kind of tree); perhaps orig. a fruit-bearing tree, < beraii = Icel. bera, bear.] A wood or grove : a word siu'viving only in English local names, as iJarrotr-in- Furness, IlarronHeld. barrow^ (bar'6), n. [E. dial., also bnrry, bar- ric. Origin obscure, perhaps ult, < AS. bcor- ga», cover, protect.] Same as barroic-coat. barrow-coat (,b;ii'o-k6t), «. [E. dial., also bar- ricoat ; < barnnc^ + cof(^] A square or oblong piece of flannel, wrapped round an infant's body below the arms, the part extending be- yond the *feet being turned up and pinned. Also called barrow and harry. Long Barrow. rarely, of iron, while the remains are often inclosed in a stone or earthenw.ire cist and doubled up. Where the body was burned the ashes were usually deposited in an uni. Barrow-burial is supposed not to have been aban- doned in Great Britain until the eighth century. In Eng- land, Wilts and Dorset are the counties in whieli barrows most aboimd. Stone barrows in Scotband are called cairns. The numerous barrows of North America are generally classed along with other ancient earthworks as nioumls, or distinguished as burial-mounds. Wliilst the term tunndus is almost exclusively used in barrOW-trUCk (bar'6-tndv). It. speaking of the sepulchral mounds of the ancient Greeks, ' ' • - " and the conical mounds formed by the Ronums, adjoining their camps and stations, to serve as land-marks and watching-stations, it is used indifferently with the word barrow to designate the sepnUhral mounds ctf the ancient inhabitants of this and other northern countries. Audslexj, III. IS. A long street climbs to one tall-tower'd mill ; And high in heaven behind it a gray down With Danish barrows. Tennyson, Enoch Ai'den. 4. A burrow or waiTen. See burroii}", berry-. The coney-barrow of Lincoln's Inn is now covered by smooth lawns. Blackwood's Mag., XXII. f>S7. [< ME. barrow, baroir, pi, harrowmettr (-men), A man employed in wheeling a bar- row; specifically, in eoal-tiiiniiif/. one who con- veys the coal iu a wheelbarrow from the point where it is mined to the trolle\-way or tram- way on whicli it is carried to the place where it is raised to the surface. barro'W-pig (bar'6-pig), n. Same as barroiv^. A barrow-pig, that is, one which has been gelded. Dryden, Plutaich. II. 397. barrO'W-pump (bar'6-pimip\ «, A combined suctioTi- and force-pump moimted on a two- wheeled barrow. barrO'W-tram (bar'o-tram), n. The tram or shaft of a wheelbaiTow; hence, jocularly, a raw-bouod fellow. Sit down there, and gather your wind and yovu" senses, ye Idaek hnrrow.trani o' the kirk that ye are. Are ye fou or fasting'/ Scott, Guy Mainiering, II. xiii. A two-wheeled hand-truck; especially, such a truck for use in moving baggage or freight. barro'wway (bar'6-wa), «. In eoaJ-iiiiiiin(j, an underground road on which coal is transported from till' place where it is mined to the tram- way. (lOiij;.] barirulee (liar-r>-la'),o. hiher.,sa,m6a,sbarruly. barrulet (bar'o-let), n. [Also barnilette, dim. of AF. *harriile, dim. of OF. barre, a bar: see ?)«ri.] In her., a dimiuutivo of the bar, gen- erally considered as being one fourth of its width. It is never used alone. Also written barrtlet. Seo iHirrttletty. After ai»plying himself to the study of the law Baron viis ailrnittfil in his twenty-second year (l.'iiia) as an I'ttrr JUirri.t-r of Gray's Inn. E. A. Afjbott, Bacon, p. 15. Inner banister. .Same as bencher, 1. bar-roll (blir'rOl), n. A bookbinders' tool, of circular form, tliat makes a broad, flat line on till- siiles or bai^ks of books. bar-room (biir'nim). n. A room in a public hou.se, hotel, restaurant, or other place of re- sort, containing a bar or counter where liquors or other refreshments are served. barro'w'^ (bar'6), u. [Early mod. E. also baroit; liiirroutjh (mod. dial, barr/li, barf, q. v., also berry'-); < MK. bene, beru^, her,', lieri/li, beiiruh (also, with vowel appar. allecled by association with other words, bortc, bor/ilt, buryh, etc., wln-rice the mod. form with difTerentiated meaning burrow'^, q. v.), < AS. bcnrti, bcorh = ()S. Iiirg = OFries. birg, bereh = 1). berg = ()\\('i. birg, XIIIG. bere, (i. Iicrg (> E. brrg in iee- birii) = Sw. Iieri/ = Itaii. hjarii = (iolh. 'l/airgn (in ill riv. btiirgalu i, a inountninonH district), a ifiiperpov, a litter, bier, all from the same ult. source), nlled by means of shafts at one end; a hanut to drain. — 6. The egg-case of a skate or a ray: so called from its resemblance to a hand-barrow. ni.iii..i.ni..liill(cf.W._/ealing, trade, traffic, truck, interchange. barterer (bar'ter-er), n. One who barters or traffics by exchanging commodities. barteryt (bar'ter-i), 11. [< barter + -y.] Ex- change of commodities in trade ; barter. It is a received opinion that, in most ancient ages, there was only ^az-^er^ or exchange of . . . commodities amongst most nations. Camden, Remains, Money. barth (barth), n. [E. dial., of obscure origin. Cf . bcrtli^.^ A warm inclosed place of shelter for young cattle. Bartholomew baby, day, etc. See the nouns. Bartholomew-tide (bar-thoro-mu-tid), n. The season near St. Bartholomew's day (August 24). See daij^. Like flies at Bartkol&meW'tide, blind. Slialc., Hen. V., v. 2. Bartholomite (bar-thol'o-mit), n. [< Bartholo- vicw + -ite".'\ 1. A member of the community of Basilian monks of the Armenian rite who took refuge in the West and were assigned the church of St. Bartholomew, in Genoa, in 1307. The community was finally suppressed in 1650. — 2. One of a congregation of secular priests following a rule cb'awn up by Bartholomew Holzhausen, in Germany, in 16iO. They spread Bartizan. — C.ircassonnc, France. y1, mctlon : S, embrasure ; C. loophole : Z>. machicolation. (From Viollct-le-L)uc's " Diet, de 1' Architecture.") 461 to Hungary, Poland, and Spain, but, under this name, became extinct after 1700. bartizan (biir'ti-zan), n. [Not found before Sir \V. Scott, who uses the word frequently; prob. adapted fi'om a corrupt Sc. spelling {ber- tiscne) of brclii- cing, bratticinij : see bratticinff.'] Inarch., a small overhanging tur- ret, pierced with loopholes or em- brasures, or with both, and pro- jecting general- ly from an an- gle at the top of a tower, or from the parapet of a building or medieval fortification-wall. On battlement and bartizan Gleamed axe, and spear, and partisan. Scott, L. of L. M., iv. 20. He pass'd the court-gate, and he ope'd the tower-grate, And he mounted the narrow stair To the bartizan-seat, where, with maids that on her wait, He found his lady fair. Scott, Eve of Saint John. bartizaned (bar'ti-zand), a. Furnished with a Ijartizau or bartizans. Scott. Bartolist (bar'to-list), n. A student of Bar- tolo, a famous Italian jurist (1314-57); one skilled in the law. bartont (biir'ton), n. [< AS. (ONorth.) here-tun, coui-tyard, manor, threshing-floor, < berc, bar- ley, -i- tun, inelostu'e: see bear^, barhij^, and town, and of. 6(/)vil.] 1. The demain lands of a manor, not rented, but retained for the use of the lord of the manor. Also called bertoick. — 2. A farm-yard. Spacious bartons, clean, well-wall'd arouttd, Where all the wealth of rural life was found. Souttiey, Poet's Pilgrimage, iii. 41. bartram, ». See bertram. Bartramia (bar-tra'mi-ii), n. [NL., after the naturalist William Bartram (1739-1823).] A genus of sandpipers the type of which is Tringa bartramia of Wilson, now Bartramia longicdu- Bartram s Sandpiper or Upland Plover [BarlraMia tongicauda). da, a common species of North America, va- riously called Bartram's sandpiper, upland plover, prairie pigeon, and quailly. It belongs to the family Scolopacidw and subfamily Totanina', aiTd is I)cculiar for the length and graduation of its tail. baru (ba-ro'), JJ. [Malay name.] AfinewooUy substance, used for calking ships, stuffing cushions, etc., found at the base of the leaves of the Arenga saccharifera, a sago-palm of the East Indies. baruria (ba-ro'ri-a), n. [NL., < Gr. [Sapv^, hea\'y, + ovpov, iiiine.] In imthol., a morbid condition of the body characterized by the passage of urine of a lugh specific gra\'ity. barutine (bar'o-tin), «. [Prob. of Pers. origin.] A kind of silk manufactiu-ed in Persia. Sim- monds. barvel, barvell (biir'vel), «. [E. dial., per- haps a corruption of *barm-feU, < barm\ lap, -f- fell^, a skin.] A kind of leather apron. [Prov. Eng.] barways (biir'waz), adv. In her., same as bar- wise. bar-weir (bar'wer), «. A weir which rises and faUs with the tide, placed in a stream_ to pre- vent the return seaward of any fish which may have passed it. barwin (bar'win), n. [Cf. Ir. Gael, bar, the sea.] A name appUed in County Antrim, Ireland, to the common sea-bream, Pagetliis cenlrodontus. barwise (bar'wiz), adv. [< feni-l -I- -irise'^.'] In her., in the direction of the bar, that is, hori- barytone zontally across the field : said of the divisions of tho field, and also of any bearing; thus, a sword hanrise is a sword borne horizontally. Also Iiarirays. barwood (biir'wud), n. [Prob. so called be- cause exported in bars; ct.logicood.'i A red dye- wood obtained from Sierra Leone and Angola, Africa. It is the product of the tree Bapida nititia, and is found in commerce as a rough red powder, prorluced by rasping the logs. Its cololing matter is insc,lul)le in water, )>ut yields about 23 per cent. ti> alcoholic infusion. It is used for dyeing cotton yarns the brilli:int orange-red known as nioctc Turlfey red or barwood yd. Barwood spirits. Same as tin mdrittt (which see, under tin). bary-. [L., etc., < Gr. (iapi>c, heavy, = L. gravis, heavy, > E. graved, q. v.] An element in many words of Greek origin, meaning heavy, dul^ hard, difficult, etc. barycentric (bar-i-sen'trik), a. [< Gr. (iapii^, heavy, -1- idi'-pov, center.] Of or pertaining to the center of gravity. — Barycentric calculus, an application to geometry of the mechanical theory of the center of gravity, executed in two distinct ways, according as metrical or descriptive geometrical ijrojierties are to be investigated.— Barycentric coordinates. .Sec coordi- nate. baryecoia (bar-i-e-koi'ii), «. [NTj., < Gr. (iapvri- Kuia, hardness of hearing, < l:lapvl/Koor, hard of hearing, < papir, hard, -f- amnciv, hear: see acoustic.'] In pathol., dullness of hearing; deafness. baryglossia (bar-i-glos'i-ii), n. [NL., < Gr. /iiipi r, heavy, -1- y'/.aana, tongue.] In pathol., diliioulty of speech; baryphonia. Dunglison. bary lite (bar'i-lit), n. i< Gr. papir, heavy, + /.iWof, stone.] A silicate of aluminium and barium occurring in white eleavable masses in Sweden. baryphonia (bar-i-fo'ni-a), «. [NL. (cf. Gr. liapnpuvia, a deep voice, < liapiKJxMo;, with a deep voice), < Gr. jiaphc, heavy, hard, -t- ^uvi, voice.] \n pathol., difficulty of speech. baryta (ba-n'ta), n. [NL., formerly also 6a- rita, < banjtes, q. v.] Barium oxid, BaO : also called heavy earth, because it is the heaviest of the earths, its specific gravity being 4.7. It is a gray powder having a sharp, caustic, alkaline taste, and a strong affinity for water, with which it combines tfl form barium hydrate. It forms salts with the acids, all of whicli are poisonous, except the sulphate, which is quite insoluble in the juices of the stomach. The carbouate of baryta is much used in the preparation of beet-root sugar, and in the manufacture of plate-glass and of colors. Formerly called 6aWa.— Baxyta-water, a solution of tho hydrate of barium in water, used as a reagent in chemical analysis. barytes (ba-ri'tez), n. [NL., < Gr. papimK, \v-. and much music was composed especially for it. It is now obsolete, (c) The name usually given to the smaller brass sax-horn in B? or C. — 2. In &c. gram., a word which has the last syllable un- accented. barjrtone (bar'i-ton), v. f. ; pret. and pp. bary- Iviiid.y'pT.bart/toning. [i barytone, ii.} JjiGr. gram., to pronounce or write without accent on the last syllable : as, to barytone a word. baryfcrope (bar'i-trop), n. [< Gr. ;3apif, heavy, + rp6-o(, a turning: see trope.'\ A cur\'e de- fined by the condition that, if a heavy body slides down an incline having this foiTa, the pressure on the incline will foUow a given law. basal (ba'sal), a. and n. [< base" + -'08, as sponges ; the opposite of apical ct'U. (/>) In the wings of Diptera, one of the elongate cells near tile Itase of the wing between the second and tlftli or second and siith longituilinal veins; they are numbered, the fli-st being the one nearest tlie costal margin.— Basal Cleav- age, in cniiftal., cleavage in the direction of a basal plane. — Basal field, area, or space, a portion of an insect's wing lying at the base, but very diversely dellned in the dilferent groups. In the Lt-pidoptera it occupies the whole width of the wing for about one fourth of its length, and in the fore wings of the SoctuidfB is limited exter- nally by the anterior or extra-basilar cross-line. In the dragim-llies it is a small 8i)ace at the extreme base of the wing, between the median and submedian veins, and bounded exteriorly by the arc or arculus, a small cross- vein. In other groups it is generally an indeterminate p'irti'>[i occupying al^out one third of tlie wing. — Basal ganglion, ^ec {jantHUm. — Basal half-line, in the noc- tuid moths, a line extending fri»ni tlie costal border of the anterior wing, near the icise, half way across the surface. — Basal plane, in cn/slal., a plane parallel to the lateral or horizontal axes. — ISasal valve, that valve in bivalves by which they adhere U> other suitstances. H. «. 1. One of the basal joints of the branches of a crinoid, bearing the ratlials. — 2. In irhlh., the basispheuoid. [Rare.] basale (bS-sa'le), ». ; pi. basalia (-li-ii). [XL., < K. basal, <|. v.] 1. In ichili., one of several caitihiges which may compose the basis of the pectoral limb of a fish, and to which the scries of radialia, or radial cartilages, is attached : as, the propterygial basale ; the mesopterygial and metapterygial basalia. See pterygium, and cut under scapulocoracoid. — 2. One of tlie bones which form the base for the pectoral fin; an actinost. — 3. In crinoids, same as basal, 1. A central piece, which probably represents the hojtalia of otiier crinohls. Iluxlfy, Anat. Invert., p. .Ooo. basal-nerved (ba'sal-nfervd), a. In bot., de- hcripiivo of leaves "the nerves of wliich all prooi.i made nam' .rie- le«. Coliimnar lliiult. 'k (olwiinllle. ■ 1 lava ofl4'n uivr 462 northeast coast of Ireland, and Fingal's Cave in the island of Stalla. Scotland.- Basalt ware, a kind of stonew.are made liy Josiah Wedgwood and liis successoi-s. It is usually black, colored tliroughout the paste, aud has a dull gloss': hence also called black- imiv. Articles made of it are nuich admired, and those made by Wedgwood himself are rare and costly. basaltic (ba-sal'tik), a. [< basalt + -ic.'\ Per- taining to basalt ; formed of or containing basalt ; of the nature of or resembling basalt : as, basaltic lava. basaltiform (ba-sal'ti-form), a. [< L. basal- tes, basalt, -f forma, shape.] Of the form of prismatic basalt ; columnar. basalting (ba-sal'ting), H. [< basalt + -iH.f/l.] A process of making paving- and building- lilocks from the seorias of blast-furnaces. basaltoid (ba-sal'toid), a. [< basalt + -oid."] Allied in appearance or nature to basalt; re- sembling basalt. basan, basane (baz'an, ba-zan')! "• [Also ha:aii, basin, ba:in, and more corruptly basil. ba:il:< F. basane, ba;:ane {Cotgra^'e),< Sp. Pg. badana (ML. bedane), a tanned sheepskin, < Ai-. bitdnah, lining.] Sheepskin tanned in oak- or larch-bark, and used for bookbinding, etc. It is distinguished from roan, which is tanned in sumac. basanite (bas'a-uit), n. [< L. basanites (sc. lapis, stone), < &r, * liaaavirriq (se. lido^, stone), < ,idaaim:, a touchstone, a dark-colored stone on which pure gold when rubbed makes a peculiar mark; origin imcertain.] A silicious rock or jasper, of a velvety-black color, used as a touch- stone for determining the amount of alloy in gold. The touchstone was formerly extensive- ly used, but is now much less common. See touclistonc and touch-iitedle. bas-bleu (bii-ble'), «. [F., blue-stocking: bas, abbr. of bas de chaiisses, nether-stock, stock- ing (see base^) ; bleu, blue : a translation of the E. teiTB.] Same as blue-stocking, 1. bas-che'valiert, «. [A fictitious term, based on a false etymology of bachelor; < F. bas. low, inferior (see base^), + chevalier : see chcralier.^ One of a class of low or inferior knights, by bare tenm-e of a military fee, as distinguishcii from bannerets and baronets, rhillips, 170G. [A spurious term, without historical support.] bascinet, «. See basinet. Bascuencet, »• The Basque language. basculation (bas-ku-la'shon), II. [< F. bascu- ler, swing, see-saw, < basciilr: see bascidc.'i In jiathoL, the movement by which a retroverted uterus is swung back into position. bascule (bas'loU), n. [< F. bascule, swing, I)oise, balance, see-saw, formerly baculc, appar. < batlre. beat, bump (or bas, low), + cul, the posteriors.] 1. An arrangement in bridges l>y which one portion balances another. — 2. A form of ))ailing-scooii. bascule-bridge (lias'kiil-brij), n. A drawbridge .•UTiingecl with a counterpoise, so that, as the lloor of the bridge is raised, the counter- poise descends into a ]iit pre- pared for it : the commonest form of me- dieval draw- bridge. See bal- ancr-bridge. basel (biis), fl. and H. [Early mod. E. also bace ; < ME. ba.ic, bliss, baas, < OF. (and F.) bas, masc., basse, fem., =Pr. bas ^ Sji. Inijo = Tg. baijo = It. bus- so, low, < LL. ba,at. Hist., § 609. Often has the vein of gold displayed itself amid the &a5cr ores. Marg. Fuller, Woman in 19th Cent., p. 15. Hence — 5. Fraudulently debased in value; si^urious ; false : as, base coin. They were compelled to accept ba.se money in exchange for those commodities they were forced to sell. Goldsmith, Uist. Eng., x. 6. Low in scale or rank ; of humble origin, grade, or station ; wanting dignity or estima- tion; mean; lowly: as, ftnA'e menials. Base things of the world, and things which are despised, h^th God choseu. 1 Cor. i. 28. 'Tis the plague of great ones ; Prerogatived are they less than the base. Shak., Othello, iii. 3. 7. Suitable to or characteristic of a low con- dition ; depressed ; abject : as, base servility. I am fire and air ; my other elements I give to baser life. Shak., A. and C, v. 2. 8. Of mean spirit; morally low; ■without dig- nity of sentiment : said of persons. Base is the slave that pays. Skak,, Hen. 'V., ii. 1. The base and abject multitude. Junius. 9. Sho^^^ng or proceeding from a mean spirit: said of things. Him that utter'd nothing ba^e. Tennyson, To the Queen. The one base thing in the universe — to receive favors and to render none. Etiter.-ion, Compensation. 10. Of illegitimate buth ; born out of wedlock. Why liastard? wherefore base! Shak., Lear, i. 2. I din'd with S' Rob* Paston, since Earle of 'Varmouth, and saw the Duke of Verneuille, base brother to the Q. Mother. Eeelyn, Diary, June 23, 1605. 11. Deep; grave: applied to sounds: as, the base tones of a viol. See bas.^^. The silver sounding instruments did meet With the base niitrmure of the waters fall. Spenser, F. Q., II. xii. 71. 12. In old Eng. law, not held or holding by honorable tenure: as. a base estate, that is, an estate hold by services not honorable nor in capite, or by \'illeinage. Such a tenure is called base or low, and the tenant a base tenant. — 13. Not classical or refined: as, " ftoie Latin," Fuller. No Muses aide lue ticcdes heretoo t*i call; Base is the style, ami nuittcr nu'anc withall. SpniHrr, Motlier Hub. Tale, 1. 44. Base bullion. See ?H///iio(. — Base court. See base. evil ii. — Base fee, infeftment, rlglit, etc See the nouns. — Base metals. See ii>iicnded to the doublet, or sccur- ccl to the girdle ; it was also worn' over armor. 2t. A skirt of plate - armor, corrugated or ribbeil vertical- ly, as if in imi- tation of the preceding. Sr. laiiihoi/s. — 3t. Tint skirt of a woman's outer garment. The word was usecl throughout the seventeenth and part of the eighteeiilh century. — 4t. An apron. With gauntlets blue and bases white. S. Hiiller, Iluilibras, I. II. 7(11). liiikerB In their linen banes. Marston. 5t. The housing of n, horse: iisi^d in the six- teentli and sc'venteenth I'eiituries. The liases and bardca of their horse were grene suttyn. Unll, Hen. VIII., an. 1. Or to descrlho races and games, , . . Hises and thmel trappings, gorgeous kidghts At J'OiHt mid tournament. Miltuii, V. I.., Ix. 30. 0. Ill mu.iir, same as bass'-^. base't (has), V. t, [< ba.ic'^, a., but in first siiise < F. baisser, lower, < lias, low, base. Cf. abase.] 1. To let down; aliase; lowor. The great warrior . . . Isiseil his arms ond eiiHlgns of llAte. iloHand. Il.isc nf rich shilT. the liorcler emhmlctered : ttCK'iiiXKg "f I*"'!! century.— From toinli of M.'txtuillmn 1. .tt Iiiuspruck. base 2. To lower In character, condition, or rank; ilegrado; debase. — 3. To reduce the vahie of l>y the admixture of meaner elements ; debase. [Hare.] Metals which we cannot hai^e. Bacon. base^ (bas), )i. [< ME. base, has, baas, < OP. liKxe, F. base, < L. basis, < Gr. ftnaig, a going, a stepping, a step, pedestal, foot, base, < •/ */J«, iu ftaiveiv, go, = ti. venire, come, = E. come.] 1 . Tlie bottom of anything, considered as its support, or the part of the thing itself, or a separate feature, on which the thing stands or rests : as, the base of a column ; the base of a mountain. For want like thine — a bog without a base — Ingulfs all gains I gather for the place. Crabbe. Agjlinst the bases of the southern hills. Lowdt, Under the Willows. Hence — 2. A fundamental principle or ground- work; foundation; basis. Antonio never yet was thief, or pirate, Though, I confess, on base and ground enough, Orsino's enemy. Shale, T. N., v. 1. Hereby he undermineth the base of religion. Sir T. Browne, Vulg. Err. 3. In arch., specifically — (a) The lowest mem- ber of a wall, either projecting beyond the face of the portion of the wall above it, or dif- fering otherwise from it in construction, and eft en resting on a plinth, with or without in- tervening moldings. ( b) The member on which 2.3 4 Bases. I, from nave of Lyons cathedral, 13th century ; 2, from eastern porch of Erechtheum, Athens, 5th century B. C. ; 3, from nave of Orvieto cathedral. 13th century. 4, Attic base : A, C, E, fillets : B, upper torus : D, Scotia ; F. lower torus ; G, plinth, orstylobate. the shaft rests in columns of nearly aU styles. It appears in most Egyptian forms, but is not present in the Greek Doric column, of which the shaft rests directly on the stylobate. In purely Hellenic examples of the Ionic and Corinthian the base consists of various combina- tions of moldings on a circular plan, without the awk- ward square plintll which was universally adopted by the Romans, and was generally retained in the elaborately molded bases of Byzantine and medieval architecture. See cut under entumn. 4. (a) In sool. and bot., the extremity opposite to the apex; the point of attachment, or the part of an organ which is nearest its point of at- tachment : as, the base of a leaf ; the base of a shell. T]ie point of attachment of an anther, however, is sometimes at the apex, (h) In rod/., also, that part or extremity of anything by which it is attached to another of higher value or significance. — 5. In chem., a compound sub- stance which unites with an acid to form a salt. The term is applied to tlie hyilroxids of the metals, to cer- tain metallic oxids, and to groups of atoms containing one or more hydroxyl groups (OH) in which hydrogen is re- placeable by an acid radical. 6. In phar., the principal ingredient of any compound preparation.— 7. In crystal., same as basal plane (which see, under basal). — 8. In petrog., the amorphous or isotropic portion of the ground-mass of a rock. This may possess a cer- tain amount of structure, rendering it distinct from glass, while not crystalline, when it is known as a micro/elsitic base. If a true glass, it may be, according to the amount of devitrification products present, inierolitic, globulitic, or glassy. In some recent audesitic lavas it possesses a pe- culiar appearance, so similar to felt that it is known as a felt-like base. The term magma (which see) has also been used by some writers as equivalent to base. 9. In dentistri/, the setting for artificial teeth. — 10. In (liji iiiij, a substance that has an affin- ity for both the cloth and the coloring matter ; a mordant. — 11. In fort., the exterior side of the polygon, or that imaginary line which is drawn from the point or salient angle of one bastion to the point of the next. — 12. In geom., the line or surface forming that part of a figuie 463 on which it is supposed to stand ; the side op- posite to the apex. Tlie base of a hyjjcrbola or a I)aral)ola is a line formed by the common intersection of the secant plane and the base of the cone. 13. In arilh. and algebra, a number from the different i)owors of which all numbers are con- ceived as produced. The base of a system of aritb- nu-tical notation is a iiuniber the multiples of whoso powers are added together to express any numlicr; thus, lu is the base of the decimal system of arithmetic. In the theory of numliers, the base of an index is a number which, being r:ii.4cd to the power represented by the in. ,'; feet from the home base on the hue from home to second base, the three basemen near first, second, and third base, the short- stop (G) between second and third, and three fielders, known as riiiht (H), center (I), and le.ft (J), at some dis- tance behind and on each side of the second base. The pitcher pitches the ball over the home plate to the catcher. One of the other side, which is said to be in. or at the bat, takes a position by the home base, and tries to strike the ball as it passes him. If he knocks it into the air, and one base-line of the other side catches it before it reaches the ground, the striker is out or caught out, that is, retires from the bat, and another takes his place. Should the ball pass outside the line from Iiome to first or from / home to third* base con- T * JJ tinned indefitiitely, it is a . • foul, and does not (!otmt at all, unless it is caught liefore it touches tiic grotnid, in which case tlie striker is out. Shoidd it strike inside these lines, the batter runs to first base, and then or later to second, third, and home base. If he reaches home base ho scores a rurt. Should the ball be thrown to and caught by a player standing on first base before the batter suc- ceeds in reaching it, or should the batt^^r be touched with the ball in the hands of any of his adversaries while rimning from one base to another, he is out. One jdayer after another of the side which is "in" goes to the bat imtil three men have been put out. Tliis constitutes an inning. Nine innings for each side make a game, and that side which succeeds in making the greater number of runs wins the game. 2. The ball with which this game is played. base-board (bas'bord), n. A line of boarding around the interior walls of a room, next to the floor. base-born (bas'bom), a. Of base or low birth ; born out of wedlock ; of low or mean parentage or origin ; spurious. Thy base-born child, thy babe of shame. Gwy. It is justly expected that they should bring forth a base- born issue of divinity. Milton, Dcf. of Humb. Remonst. base-bred (bas'bred), a. Of low or base breed- ing; mean; of discreditable origin. As little souls their base-bred fancies feed. J. Baillie. base-broom (bas'brom), «. A name given to (iiiiisia tincloria, with reference to its low stature. base-buimer (bas'b6r"n6r), «. A stove or fur- nace constructed on the base-bui'ningj)rineiple, base-burning (bas'bfer"ning), a. Buming at the base — Base-burning furnace or stove, a fur- nace or stove in which the fuel bums at the bottom, and is renewed from a self-acting hopper or chamt)er above. base-court (bas'kort), «. 1. A secondary or inferior court or yard, generally at the back of a house, opposed to the chief court or main quadrangle ; a farm-yard. — 2. In Eng. law, an inferior court of justice, but a court of record, as a court-baron, court-leet, etc. basedt (bast), a. [< base'^, n., + -erf2.] 'Wear- ing or clothed in a base or skirt. Based in lawny velvet. Hall, Hen. VIII., an. 6. base-dance (bas'dans), n, A slow dance in J time, resembling the minuet. When the said ilorris is doone, then the gentillmen to com xmto the women and make their obeisaunce, and every of them to taike oon liy thand, and datmce suche base daunees as is apointed theym. Quoted in J. P. Collier's Eng. Dram. Poetry, I., notes. Basedow's disease. See disease. base-hearted (bas'har"ted), a. Having a base, treacherous heart ; deceitful. baselardt, "• Same as bastard. baseless (bas'les), a. [< base^ + -less.'\ With- out a base ; having no foundation or support. Like the baseless fabric of this vision. The cloud-capp'd towers, the gorgeous palaces, The solemn temples, the great globe itself, Yea, all which it inherit, shall dissolve ; And. like this insubstantial pageant faded. Leave not a rack behind. Shak., Tempest, iv. 1. baselessness (bas'les-nes), «. The quality of being baseless, or without foundation ; groimd- lessness. base-level (bas'lev-el), n. In geol., the level at which the erosive action of a stream, in a given area, ceases. base-line (bas'lin), «. 1. A line adopted as a base or foundation from which future opera- tions are carried on, or on which they depend or rest, (a) In perspect., the bottom line of a picture, iu which the foremost vertical plane of delineation cuts the ground-plaue, on which the objects represented in the picture stand, (b) In .<»rt'., any measured line form- ing a side of 'a triangle, the adjacent angles of which being measured, the relative position of the third vertex is determined ; especially, in geodesy, a line measured with the utmost precision to serve as the origin of a system of triangles, and as the foundation for the computation of the length of their sides. In the process of triangulation, the angles of these triangles and the length of a single side (the base or ba.se-Iine) ifeinL; known, the lengths of all can be computed. In every great survey a number of base-lines are measured, each being from 3 to 10 miles in length. base-line <«) initt a line, as of frontier, sea-coast, or forts, taken by an army as tlie base of operations, from winch move- ments have their oriirin, and supplies of food, ammunition, and men are sent to the front, and to which the ai-my may retreat in case of disaster. Also called base. i2. A line traced rotmd a cannon behind the vent. — 3. In the game of lawn-tennis, the end line of the court; the line from which the player serves the ball.— 4. In base-ball, the line connecting one base with the next. basely (bas'li), adv. 1. In a base manner; meanly; dishonorably. Warr'd he hath not, But baeelil yielded upon compromise That which his ancestors achiev'd with blows. Shak., Rich. II., ii. 1. 2. In a base or mean condition; illegitimately; in bastardy. Two .Mitylcne brethren, basely bom. 3t. At a low rate ; cheaply. Them that desire to look big, and to live basely. Vtnner, Via Kecta, iii. 62. (X. E. D.) baseman fbas'man), «.; pi. basemeyi (-men). Auv one of the tLree players who in the game of i.:is<.-ball are stationed at first, second, and tluT'l bases. basement (bas'ment), n. [= MLG. basement, basiment, basmait, base, pedestal; cf. F. sou- basscment, formerly sous-ba.-riVi. — Basement tissue, the sub- it . ..■ lit mi-miirane. English basement, the . ol tt city hoUNe when jl is un the level of fltrect. ■, il the t-w Yorkers call I tf I, lja<* ItH entrance at thf level of the street 1,1 . • r'"Hii«up»liilr»,aii illnllriKuislMd from the l"i' i. :.|,c »llh ll4"hiKh »triiiiiiil; tiiiaii; dishononibly incOlneil. base-mlndedly (buH'niin'dcil-ll), ndr. In a 464 Stare on him with big lookes basen wide. Sjienser, llother Hub. Tale, 1. 670. baseness (bas'nes), n. [< base^ -t- -ness.l 1. The state or condition of being base or low in scale ; meanness of grade ; lowliness, as of bii-th or station. Baseness of birth is a great disparagement to some men. Burton, Anat. of Mel., p. 347. He mixing with his proper sphere, She finds the basetiess of her lot. Tennyson, In ilemoriam, Ix. 2. That which is base or low; anything of an ignoble grade or quality ; meanness, as of re- lation or employment. Some kinds of baseness Are nobly undergone. Shak., Tempest, iii. 1. I once did hold it a basen.ess to ^v^ite fair. Shak., Hamlet, v. 2. 3t. Illegitimacy of birth ; bastardy. Why brand they us With base? with baseness, bastardy? Shak., Lear, i. 2. 4. The state or quality of being morally mean or vile ; vileness ; worthlessness. Villains, Whose baseness all disgraceful words made one Cannot express ! Beau, and Fl., Knight of JIalta, iv. 4. Equal baseness lived in sleeker times. Tennyson, Princess, v. 5. Of metals: (n) Liability to rust: opposed to nobleness, (b) Inferior or debased quality, the result of ha\-ing been alloyed with a cheaper metal ; spuriousness. We alledgedthefraudulentobtaining his patent, theStwc- ness of his metal, and the prodigious sum to be coined. Suri/t. 6t. Deepness of sound. The baseness or trebleness of tones. Bacon, Nat. Hist., § 1S4. Knoiies. basenett, «■ See basinet. baseology (ba-se-ol'o-ji), Ji. [< Gr. jiaai;, base, -y- ->u)tu, < '/i-jtiv, speak: see -olor/y. Cf. plirasc- ohifpi.] Fuiiilaiiieiital philosopliy. Krautli. base-plate (bas'plfit), n. 1. The foumlation- jilate of metal on which a heavy piece of ma- chinery, as a steam-engine, stands ; the bed- plate. — 2. In ba.-:e-baU, one of the plates for- merly often used to mark the bases; hence, by extension, one of the bases. . base-ring (bas'ring), n. A projecting band of metal directly in front of the base of the breech in old pieces of ordnance, connected vrith the boiiy of the gun by a concave molding. base-rocket (bris'rok"et), «. A species of mi- giioiii'tte, Vcscda Uitca: so called from its roekct-liko leaves and low stature. base-running (bas'run'iug), «. In base-ball, I ho act of running from base to base. bases, ". Plural of basis. base-spirited (bas'spir i-ted), a. Having a base or mean spirit; mean; cowardly. bashl (bash), i'. ['•''• 'l''il- orcolloi|. ; in popular apprehension regarded as imitative (cf. hang, flash, smash, etc.), but ]u-ob. of Scand. origin, assibilated form of Im.iL-'-i (now obs. ; cf. dial. ftrt.vAiHjf, a sound thrashing), < Dan. basic, slap, drub, Sw. liasa, whij), drill), beat.] I. trans. To strike with a heavy blow; beat violently; knock out of shape. [('oUoq. and prov. Eng.] A woman, a whelp, and a walnuttrec, The more you bash 'em the better they he. Proverbial saying. (The above proverb refers to the practice of bcallni; wal- nut-trees wlieu in bud with poles, or heatliiK cjII the fruit, a proceeding which was thought to iucrcase their produc- tiveness.] n. inlrans. To strike; knock. [CoUoq. and prov. Kng.] bashl (bash), n, [Cf. Dan. bask, a blow, Sw. has, whipping, beating; from the vitI).] A blow that knocks out of sliapi', or leaves a ilont. ba.ichen, liai- iplieresis mr aimsnrn, cie., aliash: see abash.'] 1. trans. To daunt; disnuiy; abash It'. .H.J .See extract. r^' 11 1 1' ' 1 " ,o,t conspicuous ImporUitlon from Britain J' v'?Ti "'i ^''!'.' /<- Ml.' ;.«««), 1 the /•./,.//■./, iMsrmeni- bash-f (bash), r. [< Mh. luLssli sen, by apheresis for aha.ihrn, eti 1.^ bas confound; confuse She that bwiKd the aun-Kod with her eyes. Orrene ami I^mlye, IxnikhlK pillage. They are also at Ihe couiinand of municipal govciiiois, and'wben di'lalleil lo ai'coiiipniiy travilcrs or I'xpeillllcins Ihrougli Ibe i-onntry llii'y expect not ..iily to be "found," lint In 1..' snllablv rcwardeil with bnl-sbinli. bashlesBt (Imsh'les), a. [< liasli- + -le.i.i. Cf. Iiiislit'iil.] ShameloHs; unblushing. Spenser. bashlyk (biish'lik), ». [Also lid.shlih; repr. Wuss. hiislihiil.ii, a Cniicasiiiu liooil or cowl.] A sort 111' hoiul iir lieail-covering wilh lung ciiils, usu- ally inaili' in one piei'c, worn in Kiissia. Tho best i|ualltlcs arc of u flue light lirown camcl'shalr olotli bashlyk ornamented with silver or silver-gilt galloon. A similar artii-le to which this name has been given is worn by women in the United States as a light covering for the head. Hanging between the shoulders, and knotted around the necktof the Daghestani] is the hashtlk, or hood, woi-n dur- ing bad weather, this hood being of a crimson color. O'lJnnomi/i, Mcrv, ii. I considered that a light fur and a bashli/k — n cloth hood wllicli protects the ears — would be quite sutficient to keep out the cold- />. M. Wallace, Jiussia, p. 21. Bashmuric (bash-mo'rik), n. A dialect of Cop- tic, named from the district Bashmur of Lower Egypt, in the eastern part of the Delta: as, tlio Bashmuric version of the New Testament. Also Basmuric. basi-. The combining form, in various scien- tific terms, of Latin basis (6r. fSdai^), base. See basis. basia (ba'zi-a), n. pi. [Lit. kisses; pi. of L. basiiim, a kiss.] A name for erotic verses or amorous writings of any kind; anacreontics; Sapphics : as, the basia of Bonnef ons and Se- cundus. basial (ba'zi-al), a. [< L. basium, a kiss, + -al."] Eelating to or consisting of a kiss. [Rare.] The innocent gaiety of his sister-in-law expressed itself in the "funny answers " and the basial salutation. Quarterly Rev. basi-alveolar (ba'si-al-ve'c-lar), a. [< basion + alreolar.} In crnniom., pertaining to the basion and the alveolar point. Also hnsio-aJnolar. — Basl-alveolar length, the distanc- Ik twee n liic basion and t he alvciihir point.— Basi-alveolar line, tlic line join- i\\'^ the basion and tlie alveolar point. .See eraninmetry. basiation (ba-zi-a'shon), 71. [< L. basiutio{n-), < biisiare, pp. basiatus, kiss, < basium, a kiss.] Kissing. [Rare.] basiator (ba'zi-a-tor), n. [NL., .^, o— - , hundred and twelve pounds weight. Prescott. hood, foimded in 1800 by the archbishop of g j^ o (i,a-sU'i-ka), «.;, a. and n. [Formerly also code of laws of the Byzantine empire, adapted hasilick < F. basiliqiie, < L. basilicus, < Gr. (ia- from the laws of Justinian in the ninth century, «/.i,(oc,'kinglv, royal, < /3a<7/?.e;f, king.] I. a. by order of the emperor Basil I. A\soB>i.s;I,cs 1. KiAgly; royal.— 2. Of or pertaining to a basilical (ba-sil'i-kal), a. [< basilMi^ + -ai.] basilica ;"basiliean — BasiUc vein, the largest of the ^ame as basilic. r,^rr i. ;■ veins of the arm, formed by the junction of two ulnar jjasilicail (ba-sil'l-kan), a. [< ML. basilimnus, veins with the median basilic vein, piercing the deep fascia , ^ basilica, basilica.] Pertaining to or resem- ?e:j^^'.'\^tL"i^o4^ofThe"'bri?hialTA^e?^,'an^d'rdi^nt bling a basilica; ba.ilic.-Basmcan ointment, in the aiiUary vein, before or after receiving the vena> ."^anieas ba«d,,;.n . Smites of the brachial arterj.- Median basilic vein, basilicanism (ba-sil i-k.in-izm), n a short venous trunk at the bend of tlie elbow, crossing ^^ ^j^g ijasilican type of church, basin Hooded or Mitered Basilisk (A', the'track of the brachial artery, from which it is separat ed by the bicipital fascia, and terminating in the basilic. Also basilical. n. «• 1- A basilica (which see).— 2. In anat., the basilic vein. See I. , , , basilical (ba-sil'i-ka), n. [L., < Gr. jiaai^My, a basilica, prop. fem. (sc. trrod, stoa, or oiKia, house) of /3affi/.Mf A ap*c 1 ^, Jf • ^< }, bishop's throne : C. transept : //, na»c . ,, , , w"^.- allies ; Af, western apse ; JV. aisle lurToundln^ the (dilcl apse Cerman'form illustrating the western npsejind other unportaiil varia- n the typ hlfCh alt.»r ; A bishop's throne : tions from the typical pi yiVjUptc; S, Jt , secondary apses; C, G. transept ; //, nave ; /, /', towers: ', apsMlioleft. Over nj.. aratctl from two ilde-aUlcs by row» ol columnB. the alslcH arc gallcri fiirtlp'^tfruiii thochi iiatoilKliiiilly the Kctw..ii I.I •■ ...... ..j.^c .11 cnill Mile of till. 1 hi. f apm.; and . ir^iKclcd citbir l.y 111. I.l. ritiiot ponl- II. irtiit thi' clirliiMiili ritual. in tlic J!om. t'nlli. f'h., a title popo on ft church witlimit rff- patronymic, < (JaoiAccf, king.] A follower of Basilides, a teacher of Gnostic doctrines at Alexandria, Egypt, in the second century. The Basilidiaus discour.«iged martyrdom, kept their doctrines as secret as possible, were much given to magical prac- tices and soon declined from the asceticism of their fi.iiii.'l.T into Kross iniinorality. See Bajiihcliamsm. Basilidianism (bas-i-lid'i-an-izm), II. [< Basi- lidi generations of angels occu- living :itl.'i heavens, each with its own archon, the lowest being the God of the .lews. Clirist wius the llrst-liorn, the Nous or InU'lleet of the highest God, the nnbcgottcn Father. All his work on earth Is mere Bpiicaraiice or out- ward show, a docetlc feature found in many earlier hcre- es. At tho extremity of the bull ling v'' '•ii„„i„„ nms-i-lis'in), a. [< I>. ha.' ■•' ""■ basiliscus (bns-i-lis'kuH), «. [I'., a basilisk: SCO basilisk.] It. A biisiliKk.— 2t. [NL.] Iij oniilli., an old lunl disused name of llio small crested or goldon-crowiicd wron of Europe, Itenulus cristatm. It Is known In many laiigimues by ■names corresponding t-i "little king" m knyihl, roilfH. koniqMn, rr>rilla, rr.mll.flu, rr,,tllii: etc ;. also rrj:, fimtur.'prmh,/!, tnxhilu», arrhilhu, cnUmluIn, etc. Heo yf*-'/!'/"*. . . ,., 3 ico]).] [Nli.] A gciniH of wuman roptilcs, or iMcirtilia, of tlio family lumimila' (fnriniTly of nn In recalls the basilisk of fable, though in reality they are harmless and exceedingly lively creatures. The species are inhabitants chiefly of Central America and Mexico and peculiar to America, altli.mgli one of the A;iamulaz'il-tim), v. [< basin + llninic] A Itrilish iiliiiit., tho Valaniiiitlia Jcinos of bota- nists. It has hlulsh-nnrplo tlowers and n fragrant aro- iniilh' Biiiell, "so excellent," i'arklnson says, "that It la lit fi.r a king's bousi-." t|.. 3. I crili' ••r. I'd- 111 . th' Ihh U the alhcdt lield to bo of grcuK^r cxleiit tlmii "ow), cliiinic- basll-'Weed (baz'il-wed), n. [< hasil^ + «'«'(?!.] Willi liitsil, or lli'lil-biisil, tho common iifttne for Calamiiillin Clinopoiiium, a, Eiiroiioan labiate hitectiiral nrrniigeini tiI, . i-rlain honnr" ami priv I ..r '(ott. Iiani. I anil ith'iM ■I Quebec tcri'/,ed cHHciitiiilly liytli" pri'sciicn of a cnitiri lioug mi'ilian doi'sal crest along the back iiml tail, erectile at will. Tlnro arc n no gular sac, but a illliiliihle pouch 1 femoral lion I Ihe hind : lb.' ihii llti.in Is pleurodont. The ni'llcred or In I biuilll«k II. u.ilrnlu; l> rspeclallv rcnmrknble for n ni.'iii iranouH hag ill Ihe back of till' head, of the si'e of a Hlliall hen k egg, Hhli'h can be liinnl.d »llli air at pliiisiin'. iiiid '»' '"i"-, linn of which l« Blinlogous to that of the air blii.lder of llshes. Tho other .pecli-n have such ho.ids ali..., Init of it •nialtor ilxo. To lliU organ Ihoy owe their name, wlilch pliiiit common in woods iiinl copses. basin (liii'sii), ». [Kai'ly iim'l. E. also hason, liiisrii, < Ml';. ba.iin, baciii, < OF. liaci)i,mi = \'r. H\>. baein=zh. haciiin (ML. reflex. harinuH, liassinus) = 0110. heecliiii, brerhi, MlKl. hrckni, hi'cke, O. hccken (> Dun. ba'kkni = Sw. barken), < ML. bacliiuus, harehiinis, hdrelnnum, basin appar. for "haccinus, "baccinum, prop, an adj. form, < bacca, a bowl ('vas aquarium': see back^), perhaps of Celtic origin ; cf . Gael, bac, a hollow, a hook, crook, = W. bach, a hook, = Bret, bak, bag, a shallow boat : see back^. Hence basitiet.'] 1. A circular dish or vessel of greater width than depth, contracting to- ward the bottom, and used cliiefly to hold water or other liquid, especially for washing, but also for various other purposes. Let one attend him with a silver bason, Vvll of rose-water, and bestrew'd with flowers, . . . And say, Will't please yolu" lordship cool your hands? Sliirlc, T. ot the S., Ind., i. 2. As much as a basin will hold; a basinful. — 3. In the arts and man iif.: (a) In hat-making, a, vessel filled with boiling water in which the loose mat of felted fur formed on the cone for a hat-body is dipped in the process of basiuing (see basin, v. t.), in order to shrink it to the proper size. Also called siding-kettle. (6) A concave piece of metal on which glass-grinders form their convex glasses, (c) The scale or scale-dish of a balance when concave. — 4t. A pair of hollow metal dishes clashed together like cymbals to produce sound : f onnerly beat- en when infamous persons were exposed in a cart as a punishment. — 5. A basin-shaped ves- sel hiing by chains from the roof of a church, with a pricket in the middle for the serges. See ccrge. When of silver, such vessels usually had a brass or latten basin within to catch the wax- droppings. — 6t. The hollow part of a plate or dish. Silver dishes and plates ... in the edges and basins of which was placed . . . gold medals. Pepijs, Diary, July 21, 1662. (N. E. D.) 7. A natm'al or artificial reservoir for water. (a) A pond ; a bay ; a dock for ships. (6) In a canal, a space which enables boats to turn, or to lie and unload, without obstructing the passage of other boats, (c) The space between tlie gates in a dock. 8. In geog. : (a) The area drained by a river. The term is ordinarily used only when speaking of a large river, and then includes the entire area drained by the main stream and its tributaries. The line separating two river-systems from each other is the waterslied. A closed basin is an area which has no outlet to the sea. In the United States, the Great Basin is that portion of the Cordilleran region which has no such outlet, comprising an area of about 225,000 square miles. (^) A basin- shaped depression or hollow ; a circular or oval valley. — 9. In geol., a.n area over which the strat- ified formations are so disposed as to show that they were deposited in succession within a basin-shaped depression of the original sm'- face, thus giving rise to a series of beds which have a general dip toward a common center, especially near the edges of the area. In some in- stances the ba-siu structure is very marked, as in the case of the Forest of Dean and hide eoal-tields. Sometimes, how- ever, a mere synclinal depression of the strata is called a basin ; and this is especially the case in the Appalachian coal-field, where any smaller area, separated by erosion from the mam body of the coal-bearing strata, may be called a basin. The geological basins of London and Paris are especially known and interesting. The rocks of both are chietly Lower Tertiary, or Eocene and Oligocene, the name sometimes given to that part of the series which is inter- mediate in age between l^ocene and Miocene. The impor- tant member of the London basin — the "London clay" — is absent from the Paris basin. The Middle Eocene is rep- resented in the Paris basin by an extremely fossiliferous rock, the Calcaire grassier (which see). The Tertiary of the Paris basin, like that of the London basin, rests on a thick mass of white chalk. This has been completely bored through at various points, for the purpose of ol>taining water, which rises above the surface in large quantities at the wells of Grenelle and Passy, and at other points. 10. In anat.: (a) The third ventricle of the brain, (i) [Cf. P. bassin in same sense.] The pelvis. — 11. In entom., a large concavity in a sm-face ; specifically, a concave portion of the metathoracic segment over the base of the abdomen. The basin of the antenna is a concavity in which the antenna is inserted, often limited on the inner side by a carina, as in the ants. Formerly also spelled bason. Barber's basin. See barber. basin (ba'sn), V. t. [< basin, ».] In hat-making, to harden or shrink to the proper size, as a hat- body in the process of felting, by dipping in the basin of hot water, wrapping in the basining- cloth (which see), and rolling on a table. .Also spelled bason. The hat is basoned, or rendered tolerably fU'm. Ure, Diet., II. 784. basinasal (ba-si-na'zal), a. [< basinn + nasion + -'(?.] In craniom., pertaining to the basion and the nasion — Basinasal length, the distance be- tween tlie basion and the niisiun. See craniometry. basined (ba'snd), a. Inclosed in a basin. [Kare.] Thy basined rivers and imprisoned seas. Ymmg, Night Thoughts, ix. 918. 467 basinerved (ba'si-nSrvd), a. [< L. basis, a base, -I- nervus, nerve, -I- -crf2.] In hot., having the nerves all springing from the base : applied to leaves. basinet, basnet (bas'i-net, bas'net), n. [Also bdssiiicl, txisc.irivt, < ME. basinet, hasenet, basnet, baeenclt, liaeynct, < OF. bacinet(i!\ bassinet = Pr. bacinet = Sp. Pg. bacinete = It. bacinetto), dim. of bacin, a basin, a helmet in the form of a basin : see basin and -et.'] A steel cap, original- 1, Basinet of 1310. 2. Italian Basinet of 1380. (From Viollet-!e-Duc's "Diet, du Mobilier franjais.") ly of .veiy simple form, named from its resem- blance to a little basin, it was ordinarily worn alone ; but in battle the heavy helmet or heaume was placed over it, resting upon the armor of the neck and shoulders. When the heaume came to be abandoned, on account of its great weight, the basinet was furnished with a vizor. It was the commonest form of headpiece during the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries, and so continued until the introduction of the armet. See hel- met, vizor, aventaile, camail, and amwr. "So, youngster," said he, looking at Glendinning, and seeing his military dress, "thou hast ta'en the basnet at last? it is a better cap to live in than die in." Scott, Monastery, II. 213. basinful (ba'sn-ful), n. As much as a basin will hold. basining-cloth (bas'ning-kloth), n. [< basin- ing, verbal n. of basin, v., + cloth."] In hat- making, the cloth in which a hat-body as taken from the cone is wi'apped after dipping in the basin, and rolled on a table, to complete the process of felting. basin-trap (ba'sn-trap), n. A seal or trap placed in the waste-pipe of a set basin to pre- vent the escape of sewer-gas. basin-wrench (ba'sn-rench), n. A plumbers' wrench, having the jaws presented on one side, for working in contracted spaces. basio-alveolar (ba'si-o-al-ve'S-lar), a. [< 6a- sion -\- aheoJar.'] Same as ba'si-dlveolar, basioccipital (ba'si-ok-sip'i-tal), a. and n. [< L. Ijasis, a base, -t- occiput (occipit-), occiput, + -«/.] I, a. Pertaining to the base of the occi- put, or to the basUar process of the occipital bone — Basioccipital tooth, a tooth attached to a pro- longation downward of the basioccipital bone, as in the carp and tench. II. n. The centrum of the first (hindmost) cranial segment, forming the basis of the com- pound occipital bone, called in human anat- omy the basilar process of the occipital, which anteriorly articulates or ankyloses with the basisphenoid, and posteriorly circumscribes in part the foramen magnum, its normal union with two exoccipitals and a supraoccipital constitutes the thus compound occipital bone. See cuts under craniofacial, Crotalus, Esox, and Gallinee. basioglosSUS (ba"si-o-glos'us), n. [< L. basis, a base, -t- Gr. y^.aaaa, tongue.] That portion of the hyoglossus muscle which arises from the body of the hyoid bone. basion (ba'si-on), H. [Nil.] In anat., the mid- dle of the anterior margin of the foramen magnum. See cut under craniometry. basioplltlialniite( ba'si-of-thal'mlt), n. [< Gr. /idcr/f, a base, -t- bcpdalfio^, eye.] The proximal or basal joint of the movable two-jointed ophthal- mite or peduncle of the eye of a stalk-eyed crustacean, the other joint being the podoph- thalmite. See cut under stalk-eyed. basipetal (ba-sip'e-tal), a. [< L. basis, a base + petcre, seek, -t- -al.'] Directed toward the base; in bot., developing from the apex down- ward: applied to growtb in the leaf when the rachis or midvein is developed first, then the leaflets or lobes in succession from the top downward. basipodite (ba-sip'o-dit), n. [< Gr. /Jdmf, a base, -¥■ i.-oyf (iro(5-)'= E.'/oot] In crustaceans: (a) The proximal joint of the limb of an arthropod animal, by which the limb is articulated with the body." Dunman. (b) The second joint of a developed endopodite, between the coxopo- dite (protopodite) and the ischiopodite. Milne- basisylvian Edwards ; Huxley. See also cut under endopo- dite. basipoditic (ba^sip-o-dit'ik), a. Pertaining to or of the nature of a basipodite. Huxley, Cray- nxU, ]K 164. basipterygial (ba-sip-te-rij'i-al), a. [< L. la»is, a Ijase, -{■ jiterygial.'] Situated at the base of the fin, as of a cephalopod. In Sepia, along the whole base-line of each lateral fln of the mantle, is a " basi-pterj/i/ial cartilage." E. K. Lankesler, Encyc. Brit, XVI. 67.'.. basipterygoid (ba-sip-ter'i-goid), a. and n. [< L. basis, a base, -1- ]iteryiieut. xxviii. b. ^ baby-elflthcB for a charitable banket. iJicknin, 6. 1 1, old HtaKe-coachea, tho two outside seats tmiii ■ .•:ich other bohiml. Cartilaginous Branchial Basket of lam> >rey ■^Petromyxon 1, depending from verte- bral column. A light ■••;■? f..i.,.. vvn not only (u insidi e. In of nv hno t,\\ 8 of Im p..l' aaruit '.',. I ' t'KrpN Ui (^tn ' stitch used in embroi- , - — dery. See couching. basket-fern (bis'ket fern), «. Tlie common male fern, Aspidimn Filis-mas, from the bas- ket-liko form of its growth. basket-fish (bas'ket- tisli), n. A kind of Me- dusa's-hoad or ophiurian, Astrophtjtim agassi:i : a curyalean sand-star of tlie family Astrojilnj- tida; found on tho coast of New England: so named by Governor John Wiuthrop of Couiiei- ticut, about 1670. The name is given to other siHuiis suin, Aliixsiini saxiililc, basket-palm (lii'is'ket-piim), «. Tho liilipot- pnliii of (he Fast Indies, f«rv;(/i« umbraculi- I'l I'd. basketry (biiH'ket-ri),?!. [h'thtr. .v(w7/i.vA, and stinjtsh. .See Cetorhinidce. baslard (bas'liird), n. [< ME. basebird, haslard, hasclardc, < AF. haselard, < OF. hasalart (ML. Iinsfnlardiui, liasalardiis), appar. < base, a short knife or saber; but cf. OF. baselaire, bazclaire, badi'laire, a short sword: see badelaire.~^ An ornamental dagger worn in tho fifteenth cen- tury, hanging at the girdle in front. Kaslaids were consideretl imlispensable to all having claim to gen- tility. In a satirical song of the reign of Henry V. we are tohl'that There is no man worth a leke, lie he sturdy, be he lueke, lint lie here a liaselard. Basmuric, ". See Baslimuric. basnet, ». See basinet. basolateral (.ba-so-lat'e-ral), «. Same as basi- lakral. The Batto-lateraZ angle [of tlie scutum], Darwin. Basommatophora (ba-som-a-tof'o-rii), n. pi. [NL., < tir. ;iaan; base, -I- o/;/m(T-), eye, + -(j>6po(, <. ijii puv =z Va. /icnrl.] A division of puhuonato gastropodous niollusks. including those which have tiiti eyes at the base of tho tentacles, as in the families Auriculida; Lininaida; etc.: op- posed to Sti/lommatophora. See cut \mder I.im- )nrida\ basommatophorous (bii-som-a-tof 'o-rus), a. In conch., having eyes at the tiase of the ten- tacles, as a |ioiid-siiail ; specifically, pertaining to tlie liasiimmatiqihora. bason, ". and c. t. Same as basin. BascLUe^ (Imsk), «. and a. [Also Bask; < F. Hasiiuc = S)i. Pg. llasco; ult. = F. (la.ieon (see gti.iconade). < I., a form of relief in which the figures or fipoffiaiiiwiPTipBra'"!?"' [qu)uumupt«ujiupiumMiJ>'(j 469 singer having such a voice. — 4. A musical in- strument of any class having a deep, grave tone, excelled in gravity only by the c-fiintiiiiw). — Funda- mental bass. .See .fundamental. — Ground bass, a fundamental bass consistiitg of 4 or b bars, which are , a hunille. It serves for the bass amon)< wood wind-instruments, as hautboys, flutes, etc. 2. A reed-pipe stop in an organ. haWiig a (juality of tone resembling that of the bassoon. bassoonist (ba-son'ist), n. [< bas- xoon + -ist.] A performer on the iiassof)n. basso-OStinatO (b&s'o-os-ti-na'to), n. [It., lit. olisliiiate bass: basso = E. fi)i.'liifn giuna. AIho called tragan- ■ ! oilrai/anthin. i .iM'ri}.|ef' ), "• Hiimo H» has-rrlicf. iiij)). n. [< bass- + ropi:'] A ■lade from bass or bast, used for I'l f(ir other piirpoHCH. 'wild), n. f< liass'J + wood.] :iiiie of the Aini-rienn linden or < Amirirana. Tlie white liaMK- "liliillla. Also i-alli'd Iiosh. |.\Iho corriiiillv liasx-, <|. v. : hoHl = I). MHU.d, Imslim.) • III.) = Kail. '"M<; origin iin- • '.niK'ctfd with /wmiH, (|. V.) iM'iig inner fibrous liiirk of various 470 trees, especially of species of Undein (T>7«i), of which the Russia matting of commerce is made. Cuba ba.f iiniisiiul veiileeiilli eenluiy, a small cannon, otherwise known as a bastard ruheriii (which HW, uiiiliT culverin).—7i. A sweet Simn- ish wine rcHerabling muscadel ; any kind of sweetened wine. Wo shall have nil the world drink brown and while iMMlaril. Klink.. M. f.ir .M , ill. i Why, this now, which you account so choice, were eniinleil but nil * clip of hiulard nt the (Jroyi"'. "r nt Port .St Mary's. Sciill, Kenllworlh, I. I. 8. \n falroimi, n kind of hnwk. — 9. [Sp. bas- tardo,'n bastard, a short, lliii'k-bodieil Hiiiike, etc.] A lornl iiniiie of Kemp's gulf turtle, ThalassocheliiH (Colporloli/s) l.nnpi, of the dull' of Mexico. Special bavtard, a ehlhl born befori' llie innrrliiKO uf lU pnmiit*. useil ill llie middle size. — 6t. Ill llie baste n. a. 1. Begotten and born out of wedlock; illegitimate: as, afcfwfari/cbild. — 2t. Mongrel; hybrid : as, a bastard brood. — St. Unauthor- ized; um'eeognized: as. '■ bastard officers be- fore God," Knox, First Blast (Arber), p. 48. (X. E. D.) — 4. Spurious; not genuine ; false; supposititious; adulterate: as, ''fco.S'fflrrf hope," Shak., M. of V., iii. 5; " bustard houoiu's," Temple. jThey] at the best attain but to some bastard piece of fortitude. Sir T. Rroinic, Religiit .Medici, i. 25. 5. Ha'ving the appearance of being genuine; resembling in some degi-ee : an epithet applied especially in botany, zoology, medicine, etc., to things which resemble, but are not identical ■nith, the things uamed : as, bastard mahogany, bastard piiupci'nel, bastard caddis, bastard mar- ble, bastard measles, etc. See phrases below. AJso bastardly. — 6. Of abuonual or irregular shape or size ; of unusual make or propor- tions: applied to guns, ships, swords : as, bas- tard culverin, bastard galley, etc. See phrases. — Bastard Baltimoret, bastard oriolet, the oicicud- oriole, /I'fi rus .v7'«riii.<.— Bastard bar, in tier., same as baMon, 1 (I').— Bastard branch, a shoot or sucker spring- ing up of its o\Mi acriiril from Itle root of a tree, or where it is not w.an ted. — Bastard breadnut. See hreaihnit.— Bastaxdcod. Sameasi/K.H.c-i.i/.i;. — Bastard culverlnt. See cuh'L-rui.— Bastard file, a tlU- of a grade lietwecu smooth and rough.— Bastard limestone, an imimre sili- cious limestone, incapiilile i-f licin--: mnNtTted into (Hiick- liine by burning.— Bastard manehineeL See mnn- f A uK'f/. — Bastard musket, ."^ee wi/ji-rf. — Bastard plover, a name for tile lapwing. Vaitclhtt^ crititatitit. — Bastard saltie, a lucal Scolcll name (about Aberdeen)of the rwlgh dab, /yi;i;«);;;ii.'.«oii/.'.< /i/mim/i./ifex.- Bastard senna. Same as bladder'Senna,— Bastard sole. (i) A local Knglish name of the smear-dab, Cioiinu/losna micro- c^phala. (b) A local English name (in Weymouth) of the variegatetl sole, Sotea crtri'.i/o^i.— Bastard StUCCO, in i>lasi,rin:i. See ,«(ncco.— Bastard sugar, same as baxlard. n.. '2 (/i).— Bastard title, in iTiiilinti, an al>- breviatcd title of a book on an otherwise blank page ineeeding the full title-page. — Bastard turbot.tlic InilL [Local Sc.itch (about Moray rYilh). |— Bastard typA in yriiiliua, type with a face larger or smaller than that proper to the size of the body, as boni-gcois on a brevier Imdy. — Bastard wheel, in mach., a fiat bevel-wheel, or one" which is a near aiiproach to a spur-wheel. — Bas- tard wlnet, « ine which is neither sweet nor sour.— Bas- tard 'Wing. Same as alula, bastardt (bas'tiird), V. t. [< bastard, v.] To declare to be a bastard; stigmatize as, a bas- tard; bastardize. [Kare.] Have I ever cozened any friends of yours of their laiidf bought their possessions'? . . . ftrtsrardprf their issue? B. .hintion, Epicccne, 11. 1. To bastard our children. Bp. Burnrt, Kecords, Tl. li. 3. bastardicet (bas'i iir-dis), «. [< F. bastardise (Kith e(>ntury), mVw bdtardise, < OF. bastard, bastard.] Bastardy. Chapman. bastardise, r. t. See l)iistardi::e. bastardismt (bas'tiir-dizm), n. [< bastard + -ism.] Rastardy. bastardize (bas'tjlr-diz), r. ; pret. and pp. bas- liiriti:i(l, pjir. bastariti::ing. [< bastard + -ice.] I. trans. 1. To declare or prove to bo a bas- tard; stigmatize as a bastard. The law is so indulgent as not to ba.^lardize the child if born, though nut begotten, ill lawful wedlock. Blarksloiic Com., I. xvi. 2t. To beget out of wedlock. Shak.— 3. To render mongrel or hybrid ; make degenerate ; debase: as, "a bastardised race of the Ro- mans," /. Ii'israrii, Amen, of Lit., 1. 260. II. intraiis. To become degenerate. .\lso sjielled bastardise. bastardlyt (bas'tiird-li), a. [< bastard + -ly'^.] 1. Haslai'd; base-born. Thou baslardhi rogue ! Stiah., 2 Hen. IV., il. 1. 2. Spurious; counterreil. A furtive siinulatlon, and a haslardhj kind of adoption, .tfr. Taiilitri'O, Artif. Ilanilsomcneas, p. flfl. 3. Pegenerate ; debased. — 4. Same as bas- tard, a., ,'). bastardy (bas'tilr-di), n. [< bastard + -y. Ct liastardiee.] 1. The state of being a bastard, or begotten and born out of lawful wedlock. Horn In lni>ilnrdpelr>iiged lo Ihe deeewwd liaslnnl hi'lonu b> the dnnalory. In virli f the gift fiiim the crown. 01ft of bastardy, in Sraln lau\ a gift from Ihe crown of the herllalile or niovalile elfeels of a baslaril \sho has filed wltlionl liiwliil issue, iilid without having dl«|.o»ecl of hU propi'rly In liege p.iUHtle. baste' (bast), 1'. t.; pret. nnd Jip. basted, ppr. basting, [First kmnvii In pi-el. or pp. boslo. baste baist, basit, porhaps with orig. inf. "base, < Sw. biisa, strike, beat, whip (cf. fins/il, bask'<>) ; some compare Icel. beiista, beyrsta = Sw. biis- ta = Dan. boste, beat, drub, generally associat- ed with bfirste (= Sw. borsta), brush, < biirstc, a brush, bristle, = Sw. borste, a brush, borat, a bristle. Others take baste'^ to be a fig. use of hnsli'-'; ef. annint in sense of fiostel.] To beat with a stick; thrash; cudgel. Mine liail struck down Creeds boy in the ciirt, with his now suit on, and the boy . . . was in a pitiful taking and pickle, but 1 basted ray rogue soundly. Peinjs, Diary, I. 372. Would now and then seize . . . A stick, or stool, or anything that round did lie, And baste her lord ami master most confoundedly. Barham, Ingoldsby Legends, I. 100. baste^ (bast), V. t. ; pret. and pp. basted, ppr. Iiitsiiiuj. [Origin unknown; the word fii'st oc- eui'S in the IGth century. Cf. btistc'^.'] 1. To moisten (meat that is being roasted or baked) with melted fat, gravy, etc., to improve the tlavor or prevent burning. The fat of roasted mutton falling on the birds will serve to baste them. Swrj't. Down ran the wine into the road. Most piteous to be seen, Which made bis liorse's flanks to smoke As tliey had basti'it liefn. Coicjin; .lohn Gilpin. 2. To mark (sheep) with tar. [Prov. Eng.] baste^ (bast), V. t. ; pret. and pp. basted, ppr. hasting. [< ME. basteii, < OF. bastir, F. bdtir = Sp. b/istear = It. imbastire, baste, sew (cf. Sp. Pg. It. basta, basting), prob. < 0H6. bestan, patch (MHG. besten, lace, tie, OFries. besten, baste), < bast, bast, the fibers of which were used for thread: see fertsJl.] To sew slightly; fasten together with long stitches, as the parts of a garment, for trying on or fitting, or for convenience in handling during the process of making. The body of your discourse is sometime guarded [trim- med] with fragments, and the guards [trimmings] are but slightly banted on neither. Shak., Much Ado, i. 1. baste* (bast), 11. [Another spelling of beast, re- taining the former pronunciation of that word.] In card-fhiyhuj, same as beast, 7. bastel-houset, "• [< ME. bastel, bastele, bastile (see liaslilc) + house.'] A fortified house, espe- cially one built in an outlying and e.xposed po- sition. See border-tower. basterl (bas'ter), n. [< baste'^ + -erl.] 1. One who bastes or beats with a stick. — 2. A blow with a stick or other weapon. [CoUoq.] baster^ (bas'ter), n. [< baste^ + -eri.] One who bastes meat. baster'* (bas'ter), n. [< baste^ + -erl.] One who bastes or joins the parts of a garment loosely with long stitches; also, an attachment to a sewing-machine used for basting. bastema (bas-ter'nil), H. [LL.] 1. A sort of litter or sedan, boriie by two mules, used by the Romans. — 2. An ox-cart or wagon used by the early French kings. bastida (bas-te'da), n. [ML., also bastita: see hastide.'] Same as bastide. bastide (bas-ted'), n. [F., a farm-house, a fortress, < Pr. bastida, < IIL. bastida, prop, bas- tita, lit. a building, prop. fem. of bastitus, pp. of bastire, build, > OF. bastir = Pr. bastir, build: see bastile, hastion.J If. A small forti- fied building, often of timber, corresponding nearly to a modern blockhouse. — 2t. A tem- porary or movable hut or tower erected for be- sieging purposes. See bastile, 4. — 3. A small farm-house or country dwelling in the south ol: France, especially in the neighborhood of Mar- seilles. bastile, bastille (bas-tel'), n. [In spelling and pi'on. conformed to mod. F.; < ME. bastile, bas- tille, bastele, bastel, etc., < OF. (and mod. F.) bastille, < ML. bastile, pi. bastilia, a tower, for- tress, < bastire (> OF. bastir, F. bdtir =Pr. OSp. bastir = It. bastire), build, of unknown origin ; referred by Diez to Gr. ftaurd^eiv, raise, support.] 1. A bridge-tower, gate-tower, outlying de- fense, or citadel. At vch brugge a berfray on basteles wyse. Thai seuen sythe vcli a day asayled the gates. Alliterative Poems (ed. Morris), ii. 1187. 2. In French hist., a fortress used as a state prison. Many French cities had bastiles of this kind in feudal times, but the one especially known is that of Paris, called specifically the Bastille, It commanded the Porte St. Antoine, and its erection was begun by Charles V. in 1369. This, being of peculiar strength, remained after the other medieval fortifications of the city had been removed, and its use as a prison for persons con- fined at the arbitrary will of the king or bis ministers gave it celebrity as a reputed strongliold of royal des- potism and cruelty. It was stormed \vith much blood- shed by the populace July 14, 1789. and was demolished 471 shortly afterward. There were delivered from the prison- cells four formers, two lunatics, and a nobleman who had been conllned at the demand of his family. In Paris la Bastile is, as our Tower, the chief prison of the kingdom. Cotf/rave. That rock-fortress, Tyranny's stronghold, which they name BastUle. Carbjle, French Rev., I. iv. 3. Hence — 3. By extension, any prison, espe- cially one conducted in an arbitrary or op- pressive way. The modern hospital for the insane, especially the many private and corporate homes, conducted as they are with the utmost humanity and skill, are not bastiles or prisons, furnishing only restraint behind the bars. Alien, and Neurol., VII. 700. 4. A movable tower used by the besiegers of a strong place, whether for approaching the walls (see belfry) or as a defense and protec- tion for the besiegers. bastile, bastille (bas-tel'), v. t. ; pret. and pp. bastiled or Imstilled, ppr. hastiliiig or hastilling. [< bastile, «.] To confine in a bastile; im- prison. bastilliont (bas-til'yon), )(. [< OF. bastillon, iMm. ot bastille : see bastile.'] A small fortress or castle. bastimentt (bas'ti-ment), n. [< OF. bastiment (F. Ixilimerit = Sp. 'bastimento), a building, structure, ship, < ia«tir, build: see bastile.] 1. Military supplies. — 2. A rampart. — 3. A shij) of war. bastimentot (bas-ti-men'to), n. [Sp.] Same as bastiment, 3. Then the bastimentos never Had our foul dishonour seen, .Nor the sea the sad receiver Of this gallant train had been. Glover, Hosier's Ghost, st. 7. bastinade (bas-ti-nad'), n. and v. Same as bastiiia, a d. Hanks ; be. ad, a d, parts of basylous the outworks and ground before the fortification. The inner space between the two flanks is the fforcje, or entrance into the bastion. The use of the bastion is to bring every Ijoint at the foot of the rampart as much as possible under the guns of the place. Formerly called bulwark. Anil t4)pples round the dreai^ west, A looming bttJftion fringed with fire. Tennyson, In Menioriam, xv. To our right was a long embattled line, with many a bastion square and round. O'Doiunian, Merv, xviii. Center of a bastion, a point at the niiddle of the gorge, whence tile cajiital lini; luoceeds. It is in K'lii'ral at the angle of the iom-r |»>lygon. — Detached baBtlon, In/ml., :t bastion ubirb is separated from the enceinte liy a ditch. F'irnu; .Mil. l;iicyc. bastionary (bas'tion-ii-ri), a. [< bastion + -ary^.] Pertaining to or consisting of bastions: as, systems of haslionary fortification, bastioned (bas'tiond), a. [< basliou + -ec?2.] Provided with or defended by bastions. His palace bright, Bastion'd with jiyramids of glowing gold. Keats, Hyperion, t P'rom the bastion'd walls, Like threaded spiders, one by one, we dropt, And Hying reached the frontier: then wecrost To a livelier land ; and so by tilth and grange. And vines, and blowing bosks of wilderness. We gained the mother-city thick with t^jwers, And in the imperial palace found the king. Tennyson, PrinceBS, L Bastioned fort, a fort having two or more bastions con- iHTted by irurtiiiii.s : a ti riii cunimonly restricted to fleld- winks.— Bastioned front. see./v«(i<. bastionet (bas'tion-et), H. [< bastion + -et.] 'la fort., a small bomb-proof chamber placed in a position flanking the ditch of a lunette or redoubt. Bastiouets are usually placed at the salient angles of redoubts, and are furnished with loopholes tor small arms, and sometimes are pierced for one or two gnns. bastite (bas'tit), n. [< Baste (see def .) + -ite^.] A serpentinous mineral occurring embedded in serpi'ntiue at Baste in the Harz and elsewhere, and iiroliiilily derived from the alteration of a variety of eustatite (bronzite). It often shows a metallic-pearly luster, or schilier, in the cleavage-face, and is hence called schiller-spar. bastnasite (bast'na-sit), ti. [< Bastnas (see def.) + -i7f2.] A fluocarbonate of cerium, lanthanum, and didymium from the Bastnas mine, Sweden. It also occurs as an alteration product of tysonite near Pike's Peak, Colorado. basto (bas'to), «. [< It. Sp. Pg. basto, ace of clubs ; cf. It. bustone = Sp. baston = Pg. basliio, a stick, club : see baston.] In card-])laying, the ace of clubs in quadrille and ombre. In Spanish cards clubs are really represented by " clubs," for which basto is the Spanish word. In certain games, e. g.. Ombre, the ace of clubs plays an important part, and is emphatically called basto. X. and Q., 7th ser., II. 115. bastont (bas'ton), n. [< ME. baston, ba.'itiin, < OP. baston, T'.'bdton = Sp. baston = Pg. bastao — It. bastone, < ML. *basto{n-), a stick, club, cudgel. Origin tmknown. The word appears in E. also as baton, batoon, ballon, batten"^: see these forms.] 1. A. stick, staff, or cudgel; a baton. Specifically — (a) A mace of wood used in a toni-ney, instead of the mace of metal used in war. It was usually shaped into a handle, and had a guard like a sword. (6) A leading-staff or ensign of command. Baston. See 6a?OTi, 1. (c) In Aer., a bendlet sinis- ter cut off at each end, so as not to reach the edge of the field : it is generally considered in English heraldi-y a mark of illegitimacy. [Still used in this sense.) Also baton and bastard bar. 2. In arch., a segmental molding used espe- cially in the bases of columns; a torus. — 3. A servant of the warden of the Fleet, who attend- ed the king's courts as an officer, carrying a red truncheon, it was his duty to take to ward such prisoners as had been committed by the court, and also to attend those suffered to go at large by license. Hence, (o iin out of prison by baston was to go at large in the custody of a servant of the warden of Fleet prison. [London, Eng.) bast^palm (bast'pam), «. Two species of Bra- zilian palms which yield the piassaba fiber, a coarse fiber from the sheathing-bases of the leaf-stalks, used for cordage, brooms, etc. The Babia bast-palm is the Attalea Jvnifera (see Attalea); that of Para is the Leopotdinia Piassaba. bast-tree (bast'tre), n. [ME. baste-tre; < bast^ -H tree. ] A tree furnishing bast, in Europe espe- cially the linden, Tilia Europwa. See basf^. basyl, basyle (ba'sil), n. [< Gr. (iiatc, a base, -t- I'/;/, substance.] In chem., a name given by Graham to the electropositive constituent of a salt. basylous (ba'si-lus), a. [< basyl + -ons.] In chem., of the nature of or relating to a basyl, or electropositive constituent of a salt. The name of the electro-negative ingredient . . . being that which is placed first as the generic term, whilst that of the electro-positive :"/i't(.* element folloxvs as indi- cating the species. H'. A. Miller, Eleni. of Chem., J 331. bat ■bat^ Cbat), n. [< ME. hat, batte, hotte, the ear- liest recoi-ded forms being dat. sing, botte, nom. pi. botten (nom. sing. *bat, *botf), pointing to an AS. *bai (gen. dat. *batte), given by Somner, but not authenticated, appar. < Ir. (Jael. bat, bata, a staff, cudgel. But in part at least the ■word rests on OF. batte, F. batte, a rammer, a •wand, appar. < battre, beat: see batter^. Some of the noun senses are from the verb (see baf^, v.), while others are perhaps from orig. difi. sources.] 1. A heavy stick or club; formerly, a walking-stick. A handsome bat he held. On which he leaned, as one farre in elde. Spenser, Mother Hub. Tale, 1. 217. 2. The Tvooden club with which the players in base-ball, cricket, and similar games bat or drive the ball. That used in base-ball is a round ta- pering stick 01" vaning size and weight to suit the strength of the player ; that used in cricket is shaped somewhat like the brt>ad end of an oar, and is proWded with a round handle. 3. A batsman or batter. \y. is the best bat left. r. Hughes, Tom Brown's School-Days, ii. 8. 4. A blow as with a bat or baton : as, he re- ceived a bat in the face. [CoUoq.] — 5. A tool made of beech, used by plumbers in dressing and flatting sheet-lead. — 6. A rammer used by founders. — 7. A blade used for beating or scutching hemp or flax. — 8. A piece of brick having one end entire ; hence, any portion of a brick; a brickbat. — 9. A kind of sun-dried brick. Southey. — 10. Shale; hardened clay, but not fire-clay: same as tixf?, 2. Fcnn.Surv. Glossary. Also spelled 6of/. — 11. In liat-mal:- itiff, a felted mass of fur, or of hair and wool. Two such masses are rccjuii-ed to form the body of a hat. Also spelled 6a ». One half of the intended hat, called a bat, is bowed at a time. J. Tlioiiinon, llats and Felting, p. 39. 12. A continuous wad of cotton from the batting-machine, ready for carding; also, a sheet of cotton wadding or batting. See bat- ting. — 13. In ceram.: (a) A fle.xible sheet of felatin used in transferring impressions to the iscuit. Itatt or iMt is ... a plate of gelatine, used in printing on to [Mattery or porcelain, over the ^lazc. In bat-pruit- ing, the impression is ti-ansferred from an engraved cop- per plate to a bat of gelatine or glue, whence it is printed on tlio glaze, in oil or tar. Enamel powder being then duste K. rrr r V f. The d. name \h Itidirniaiis; cf. E. ' ] A wiiig-Iianded, wiiiK-fooled fly I I. of the order Chirojitirn f which f"'' ' I iipwani of 4;/l In I u r.*<*],, ...I (,io«t vaib'l 111 1 ino.' udunln In tropliiil " I *;onitti t,\ i,.m|H>rnl<- «oiih' ' nil' 1 I M|,r. ar*' ciiinpfiratl\ ■ i •ml ■' , ,inrt.T» Hint Hill II "f tlr . ,.., ,,f II rdiT In v>i.i... KIoii' iIiiI or v.,MtnMtof all hiiIimiiI.. •1*^111 Mini'ctJi, lor tbey havt' Hi'iir< • ly *"/ "''■ I- ' !'•• Miiiollun thnii nyllig. They lire 472 nocturnal and crepuscular, passing most of the daytime in dusky i-etreats, where they grather sometimes in almost incredible multitudes, and geuerally repose hanging head downwai'd by their hind feet. In size they rauge from less than the size of a mouse to lai'ge forms with sume five feet spivad of wing. The body is usually softly furry; the wings ai-e membi'anous and naked. Thegieat majority -^. Hoar>' Bat ■Lnsiurtis firuinosus). are insectivorous .ind carnivorous, and constitute the sub- order Animalivora or Iti.^ectivora; of these, a few prey upon other bats, and some, of the genera Dcsmodas anil Diphylta, suck the blood of large animals ; but the great bats of South America called vampirc-g are chietly fru- givorous. See Desmodonteji, Vamjn/ri. The old-world fruit-bats, fl>'ing-foxes, or roussettes are mostly large spe- cies, constituting the family Pteropoduice and suborder Frugivora. See cut under Xvt"".7-.^('^. The physiognomy of many of the bats is grotesque, o\ving to the extraordi- nai^' appendages of the snout, especially in the families Rldnolophidce and PhjtUostomatidw, or horseshoe bats and leaf -nosed bats. The ears, too, are often of great size and much complexity of detail, and, like the various ap- pendages of the face, and the \vinL:-iiK-mtiraiU'stluMii>clvcs, serve as tactile organs of extreme deliL-acy, even to tin- ex- tentof sensingobjects without actual contact. The wings of bats are commonly given to representations of evil ge- nii and demons, as those of birds are attaclied to good angels. The large bat represented on Egyptian moini- ments is one of the fruit-bats, the Ct/notu/cten:^ (r;i!/j>tuica. The Hebrew name of the bat of the Old" Testameiit, atal- leph, is now used in the form Atalapha for a geiuis of American bats. The commonest species of the Vnited States are the small brown bat, Vespfrtilio subnlaius, and the red bat, Lasiurus noveboraenm.t. Among European species may be noted the serotine {Veupprtilio .verotintis), the pipistrelle {V. pipistretlu.^). the barbastel (llarbashl- lu^ cominuni.^), the oreillard (Ptecntua auritu^, and the horseshoe bats (lilihiolophus hipposiderog and Ii. /errw- qtiinum). In heraldry the bat is always represented dis- played, that is, with the wings opened.' and is often called by its older name rereritoif.-"\ — Bat's wing, in aiiaf. Sei- ata venpertillunis, under ata. — Bat's-Wing burner, -^ee iiirner.— Bulldog bats, the molossoid chinipterans. .Sec .Vci/fissiK,— Harlequin bat. See /mrfei/Kin. bat^ (bat), V. t. [Variant of batel, prob. now taken in allusionto the ej-cs of a bat.] To bale or flutter, as iu the phrase ^> hat the eye.'!, that is, wink. [Prov. Eng. and U. S.] You hoi' your head high; don't you hat vour cj/cs to please none of 'em. Tfie Centuri/, aXVII. 140. bat-* (bat or ba), n. [< F. b4t, < OF. hast, a jiaek-saddle : see 6a.9(3.] A pack-saddle: only in composition, as fcaVhorso, ftatman, etc. baft (bat), )i. See batz. bat" (bat), 11. [Hind, bat, a weight, a measure of weight.] Same as tical. baf, ". A measure of land formerly used in South Wales; a perch of 11 feet square. bat*+, «. Same as hath^. batablet(ba'ta-lib, ff. [Wso bateable : short for dcbatalile, as hate'^ for dehule. See drhatalilr.'] A shortened form of dehatalAe, as in batahle ground, batable land. See debataldr. As we crossed the Ilatabte land. Harder battad. batailet, bataillert, etc. Obsolete forms of hattli\ liiilllrri, etc. batara (lia-ta'rii), n. [S. Amor.] A name of .'(Uiiilry Inish-shrikes or foniiicainiil iiasscrine birds of South America, of tlii> subfamily Tliam- iiiijihiliniruiul t'iwnWy luinniciiriiilii : .sjn'citically, the Tham>i<>iiliilu.s cincreii.s {ViviUoi ). it was used as a generic name by Ia^ssou in IWU, and by Hclater in ls:>?*, to (liHllnguish the last-imnied species generlcall^' from other TUavnuiphilinw, under the name Itafara cinerea: also by I'cmndnck, IH'iO, as a generic name of species of ThawnophituM projjer. batardeau (ba-tiir-do'), v.; pi. Iiatardratij- (-(iriz'). [K., diko, ilani, colTcr-iltini, I'drimTly baslarilrnu, dim. of OK. ha.ilard, ilikc, pcrlinps connected with ba.ilir, build.] 1. AcolTi'i'-tlnm; a casing of |)iles made walor-liglit, fixed in the bed of a river to exclude the water fniiii the site of the pier or other work while it is bring conHtnii-ted. — 2. In fori., n wall, gcnrrally fnr- niNheil with a sluice-gate, built ncroHs a iriimt or ditch, to retain tht^ water in thot<;i ]iiirlH of the ilitcli which retpiire to bo iiiiinilated. batata (bfi-tii'tii), n. |Sp. I'g. batata, < llaytian liiiliilti, th(^ native name of the sweet pcitiito; >ult. K./)0^nM, ajipiied to adilTereiit jilaiit; see potato.^ The sweet jiot at o. The product* of bolh *'hllin and .tnpan are here (l/io. choo) culllvat«U, capeclally tmlalajt anil the sugar-CRne. J. J. Jlriu, .Inpan (trntis.), p. 51(2. bate Bata'Vian (ba-ta'vi-an), a. and n. [< L. Bata- ria. the country of the Batavi, a people an- ciently inhabiting an island {Bataioriim In- sula or Bataiia) formed by the rivers Rhine, Waal, aud Maas, and the ocean.] I. a. 1. Pertaining to the ancient Batavia, or by ex- tension to the Xetherlands or their inhabi- tants, the Dutch. — 2. Pertaining to Batavia, the chief city of the island of Java, aud the capital of the Dutch possessions in the East. II. ". 1. A native of the Netherlands; a Dutchman. — 2. A native of Batavia in Java. bat-bolt (bat'bolt), M. [< ball + bolf-.} A liolt barbed or jagged at its butt or tang to ixive it a firmer hold. batcfal (bach), H. [< ME. bacche, hatche, < AS. as if *bacce, < bacaii, bake; cf. Dan, bregt, d. gebdck, a batch: see 6nAr.] 1. A quantity produced at one operation ; specifically, the quantity of bread made at one baking. — 2. The quantity of material prepared or reqidred for one operation. Specifically — (a) In fitass-malciivi. the frit ready for the glass-pot. See J'rit. (b) The qnaiitity of Iluur rir dough to be used at one baking, (c) The quantity of grain sent at one time to the mill to be grovmd ; a grist. 3. .An aggregation of indi\-iduals or articles similar to each other ; especially, a number or aggregation received, despatched, etc., at one time: as, a batch of letters; a batch of pris- oners. The Turkish troops are being hurried to the front in bateties of 40,000 at a time. Tt'me* (London). When he had her all to himself, . . . he would pull out his last hateh of sonnets, and read them iu a voice tremu- lous with emotion. Charlotte Bronte, Shirley, xxvii. 4t. Kind, sort, or lot. One is a rimer, sir, of your own bafeh, your own leaven. 11. Jonsvn, Every Man in bis llnmour, i. 1. batch^ (bach), r. t. [< 6n(d/i, )(.] To mass; bring together in a batch or the quantity re- ipiircd. The white calico is batched. Enej/c. Erit., IV. 685. batch- (bach), n. [E. dial. , formerly also baiche ; < ME. bache, hwcclie, perhaps for "heeehe, < AS. bcce, hwce, a brook: see beck^. For the trans- fer of sense from 'stream' to 'bank, mouml, vale,' cf. dike anil dilcli.'\ 1. A bauk ; a. stmd- bauk. — 2. A field or patch of ground lying near a stream; the valley in which a stream flows: especially in local foiglish names. [Lo- cal, Eng.] batch'- (bach), V. t. [E. dial., < hatch'2, ii.] To ])rol ect (the bauk of a river) by facing it with stones, so as to prevent the water from eating into it. [Local, Eng.] batch-'t, ». [Apjiar. an assibilated form of hark'-K] A vessel used iu browing. X. H. D. batchelor, «. See bachelor. bate' (hilt), r. ; pret. and pp. bated, ppr. bating. (Also bait; < JIE. balen (only intrans.), < OF. hatre, mod. F. ballrr, beat, llaj) (hattre U:< aihs, beatthe wings, flutter; i\'lk'X..,^e battre. flutter), = Pr. balrc = Sp. hatir = Pg. hater = It. bat- tcre, beat, etc., < ML. (LL.)7)rt/cce, batlerc, for L. haturre, Ixilliiere, beat, strike. wheiu'C also ult. !•;. halter'^, battle'^, etc., iiiid ]ii()b. iu part the sinijile bat'^, v.: see these words. The orig. sense ' beat ' is covered by hale-, I'm' nhalr, iuu\ bailer^.'] I.f /miw. To beat: iu the jihraso to hale the wings, to flutter, fly. [In the passago tpuited, there is an tillusion to hate" for aholc.'] 'Till tile Soule by this mcanes of overliodying hcrselfo . . . bated her t/'ini; apace tlowncwanl. 'Millou. Chnreh Discipline. (.V. K. /).> II. intrans. 1. In/((^'(i»n/, to beat the wings iniimtii'iitly ; flutter as preparing for flight, par- ticularly at the sight of prey ; flutter away. 1 am like a hawk that bates but camtot fly, because I am ty'd to another's fist. . Haeon. These kites That hate and beat and wilt not be obedient. .s-/i,i/,-., T, of the S., Iv. 1. 2t. To flutter; be eager or restless. — 3t. To flutter or fly down. [With allusion to batc'^ for ahate.l bate- (biit), r. ; pret. and pp. bated, \i]yr, bating, [l'".arly mod. h. also bait; < ME. halen, by n)ihi'resis for abatin, abate, which thus bc- riiiiM'H in fnnn and in some senses iileiitical with the orig. simple form veprrsriilril by ^((^ ' : see abate anil hiilr^.\ I. hans. If. To beat ilown or away; remove by beating. Aliont autumn ttale the earth from alioiil the roots of olives, and liiy I hem bare. Iltdland. tr. of I'llny, II. Fi'il, 2t. To beat 1>aek, or liliint. Spite of eiinnorant devouring Time, Th' rndeavonr of this present breath may buy That honour which shall bate his scythe's keen edge. A'/int., 1,. I.. I.., I. 1. bate 8t. To weaken ; impair the strength of. These griefs and losses have so bated me, That I shall hardly spare a pound of Hesh. Shak., M. of v., ill. 3. 4t. To lessen or decrease in amount, weight, estimation, etc.; lower; reduce. Who bates raiue honour, shall not know my coin. SImk., T. of A., iii. S. 5. To strike off; deduct; abate. • There is twelve shillings to pay, and, as I am a true knight, 1 will not bate a penny. Ilea a. and Ft., Knight of Burning Pestle, Iii. " 473 This sour informer, this bate-breedinr^ spy, This eanker that cats up Love's tender spring. This earry-tale, dissentious Jealousy. Shak., V. and A., 1. 665. batefult (bat'ful), a. [< baieS + -ful.} Con- tentious; given to strife ; exciting contention. It did Itnteful question frame. Sir P. Sidney. batelesst (bilt'les), a. [< hate^ + -Zra.?.] Not to be abated : not to be dulled or blunted. [Rare.] llaply that name of "chaste" unhappily set This liateless edge on his keen appetite. Shak., Lucrccc, 1. 9. I would rather bale him a few strokes of his oar, than bateleur (bat'e-16r), «. [Appar. a particular not employ an lionest man that has been wounded in tlie Queen's service. Addison, Sir Roger at Vauxhall. I bate no jot of trust that this noble trial of self-govern- ment will succeed. W. Phillips, Speeches, p. 320. 6. To lessen in force or intensity; moderate; diminish: as, to hate one's breath, or -with hated breath (see phrases, belo-w) ; to hate one's or a person's curiosity. — 7+. To rob or deprive of. "Wlien baseness is exalted, do not bate The place its honour for tlie person's sake, O. Herbert, Church Porch, xlv. 8t. To leave out ; except ; bar. Bate me the king, and, be he flesh and blood. He lies who said it. Beau, and FL, Maid's Tragedy, i. 1. To bate oft, to make a reduction in or an abatement from ; lessen or moderate. Abate thy speed, and I will bate o/mine. Di-yden, tr. ol Ovid's Metamorph., i. To bate one's breath, to elieck one's breathing ; breathe restrainedly, as from fear, humility, or deference.— With bated breath, with subdued or restrained breathing, as from fear or awe. Shall I bend low, and in a bond-mans key. With bated breath and wluspring humbleness. Say this? Shak., M. of V., i. 3 (1623). Il.t intrans. To decrease or fall away in size, amount, force, estimate, etc. Bardolph, am I not fallen away vilely since this last action? do I not bate! do I not dwuidle 1 Shak., 1 Hen. IV., iii. 3. I know 'twas this which made the envy and pride Of the great Roman blood bate and give way To my election. B. Jonson, Catiline, iii. 1. bate^t (bat), v. i. [< ME. hateii, by apheresis for " ' see rfeftafci, I'.] To contend; ■'^'^"Tt^T^ [ip])licatioii of F. hateleur, a juggler, buffoon.] A name of an .African eagle, the Helotarsus ecavdatus. batellatet, v. 1. [< ML. as if *hatrUtttm, pp. of *hatcllarc. asstuned from OF. liataillic); or E. hattcl, battle, fortify : see battle^.'] Milit., to fortify or make defensible, as a dwelling-house. batementt (bat'ment), n. [By apheresis for uljateiiient : see hate'^ and -ment.'] Abatement ; diminution; lessening; specifically, among car- penters, the portion to be cut off from a piece of timber to 'bring it to a desired length. batement-light (bat'ment-lit), n. In arch., a vertical light in the upper part of a window of the Perpendic- ular style, of which the nor- mal rectangular form at tho bot- tom is altered or abated so as to fit in tho arched head of a light below. , Compare anrjel- I ill hi. batestone (baf- st6n),». [<.bat(:^ + stone.} A curved scour- ing-stone used in bating hides. ■When the hides have been properly worked with the batesttnif, they are placed in a wash-wheel and worked for about twenty nnnutes. C. T. Daeis, Leather, p. 686. [< ME. bate, Bo«, by apheresis bat-fish (bat'fish), n. l< bat^ + fish'^.'] 1. A bath bathl (bath, pi. baTnz), n. [< ME. bath, < AS. ba;th, pi. bathu, = OS. bath = 1). had = 0?IG. MHG. G. bad, bath, = Icel. hadh = Sw. Dan. bad; prob., with formative -ih (-(/), from the verb roijrosontcd by OHG. bujan, MHG. bajen, 1m;n, G. bdheu = LG. bden, foment, = ME. ba:- wen, cleanse, prob. = h. foiwre, foment: see/o- ment.'] 1. A washing of tho body in, or an cx- Sosiu-e of it to the action of, water or other uid agent, for cleansing, refreshment, medi- cal treatment, etc. : as, to take a hatk; to ad- minister a bath to a patient. — 2. A provision or arrangement for bathing: as, to prepare a bath; a, hot or cold bath; a vapor-bath; an electric bath. 'Ihere are many kinds of baths, all of which may be dlvidc, batement-lights ; «, «. angel-lights. see debate'^, n.] Con- dibalcn, debate strive; quarrel, bate^t (bat), n. _ for debate, dehat, debate tention ; strife ; debate. Breeds no bate with telling. Shak., 2 Hen. I'V., ii. 4. bate^t (bat), V. and «. Obsolete and less cor- rect spelling of baifi. bateB (liat), ('. t. ; pret. and pp. bated, ppr. bat- ittij. [Prob. a particular use of hate^, properly- spelled bait; ef. Sw. beta, tan, bait, = G. hei- zen, steep in lye, macerate, bait, lit. cause to bite : see baith'] 1. To steep, as a hide, in an alkaline lye. See bate^, n.— 2. Injute-niaimf., to separate (the raw material) into layers, and then soften by sprinkling with oil and water. bateS (bat), n. [< 6«fe5, r.] The alkaline solu- tion in which hides are steeped after being limed, in order to remove or neutralize the lime. bate''t. Obsolete or dialectal preterit of bite. Yet there the steel stayd not, but inly bate Dcepe in his flesh, and opened wide a red floodgate. Spenser, F. Q., II. v. 7. bate'' (bat), n. [Also bait; origin unknown. Hence ero.ss-bated.'] The grain of wood or stone. [Scotch.] bate^t, n. [< LL. batus, < Gr. /Sdroc, < Heb. hiith : see bath".'] Same as bath'^. batea (bat'e-a), «. [Sp. Pg.] A wooden ves- sel in the form of a very flat hollow cone, about 20 inches in diameter and 2 or 3 inches deep, used by Mexican and Californian miners for washing auriferous sands and pulverized ores of various kinds. fish of the family Maliheida; (which see). The best-knowji species is Malihe vespertilio. It has a heart- Dorsal view. Bat-fish {Mtitthe vesper tiiitf). In the rubbish which was thrown out of the old mine, : comfortable subsistence is gained by washing in bateas. Mowry, Arizona and Sonora, p. 44 bateau, batteau (ba-to'), teuux (-toz'). [< F. bateau, batelh = Sp. Pg. hotel = It. hattello, < ML. ba- telliif, dim. of ML. batits, battus (> It. batUi), a boat, prob. < AS. bat, a boat : see boat.'] 1. A light boat for river na-vigation, long in pro- portion to its breadth, and ^dder in the middle than at the ends. — 2. A pontoon of a floating bridge. shaped trunk, produced anteriorly in a prolonged snout, a shiirt coniform tail, a small inferior mouth, and a rostral tentacl.' \indir the snout. It inhabits the .Atlantic along the southern leasure. Chancing to batltc him.self in the river Cydnus, ... he fell sick, near unto death, for three days. South. Others, on silver lakes and rivers, bathed Their downy breast. Hilton, P. L., vii. 437. 2. To apply water or other liquid to with a sponge, clotli, or the like, generally for thera- peutic jiurposi^s. — 3. To wash, moisten, or stxf- luse with any liquid. Her bosom balhnl in blood. Drj/den. 4. To immerse in or surround with anything analogous to water: as, bathed iu sunlight. One sip of this Will bathe the drooping apiritJt in ilellght. Stilton, Comus, 1. 812. Thy rosy shadows fyathe me. Tpnnynon, TithonuB. The nun was j»ast the middle of the day. But batlMl In Hood of li^ht the worlil Htill lay. William Morrijt, Earthly ruradisc, II. 221. 6. In sool., to tint; tinge in a uniform man- ner, giving the apx)Oarance of one color seen through another: as, black bathed vfith purple, brown bathed with rosy, etc. U. inlrrin.i. 1. To take a bath ; be in water or otlier liquid ; go into water to bathe oue'w Mlf. They bathe In «ammer, and In winter Blldc. Waltitr. 2. To bo immersed or surrounded as if with water. bathe n.M-pii), n. [< bathf, r.] The act of balliiiii': ihe immersion of the body in wnlir: Bf. ' k's usual biillie. ICditdiuriih Her. [>'• iillrcly to .Scotland, whiTc a iHntlnitlnii w I'' >i '*fi/A/T an'l n txtitt, the former bfhiK ap- phed "■ ! II 'HI nlon hi the flea, a river, or a lake, and the Utter to 11 l,ftth for which urtlflcUl eonvenlenccH an: inwno w)io hatbeH :>ti.,lli,.r, bather'-' HMVu'on, p. <. [E. dial.] ToHcrnl.h nnd nit. m tin du»t, aa birds do. JltUtuvell. [Prov. Omk.] 474 bathetic (ba^thet'ik), a. [< bathos, on type of pat}i€tie, < pathos.'] Relating to or character- ized by bathos ; sinking rhetorically, or in style . Coleridge. A fatal insensibility to the ludicrous and the bathetic. The Academy, July 3, 1875, p, 5. bath-house (bath'hous), H. 1. Ahouse fitted up with conveniences for bathing, as bath-rooms, tubs, sometimes a tank or swimming-bath, etc. — 2. A small house, or a house divided iuto a number of small rooms, at a bathing-place, or place for open-air bathing, where bathers change their dress. bathing-box (ba'THing-boks), «. A covered shell or bath-house in which open-air bathers change their dress. [Eng.] bathing-dress (ba'THing-dres), «. A partial or loose costume used by open-air bathers, as on a sea-beach. bathing-house (ba'THing-hous), n. A bath- house. [U. S.] bathing-machine (ba'THing-ma-shen'), w. A covered vehicle used at the seaside resorts of Great Britain, iu which bathers dress and tin- dress. It is driven into the water to a sufficient distance to suit the convenience of the bather. bathing-tub (ba'sning-tub), n. Same as bath- tuh. bath-kol (bath'kol), n. [Heb., < lath, daugh- ter, + 1<(A, voice.] A kind of oracular voice frequently referred to in the Talmud, the later Targums, and rabbinical writers, as the foiulh grade of revelation, constituting an iustrument of divine communication throughout the early history of the Israelites, and the sole prophetic manifestation which they possessed during the period of the second temple. From the death of Haggai, Zechariah, and Malachi, the Holy Spirit [which, according to the Jewisli distinction, is only tlie second degree of the prophetical gift] was vithdrawii from Israel; but they nevertheless enjoyed the use of the Hath Kol. The treatise Sanhednjn, quoted in Kitto's Bib, Cyc, 1. 316. Bath metal. See metal. bathmic (bath'mik), a. [< Gr. ^a6fj.6c (see bath- 7ius»!) + -ic.] Pertaining to or of the nature of bathmism. I compared the transmission of bathmic force to that of the phenomenon of combustion, which is a force conver- sion transmitted from substance to substance by contact. E. D. Cape, Origin of the Fittest, p. 22!1. bathmism (bath'mizm), n. [< Gr. /3a9//(if, also ifaauuc, a step, threshold (< (iaivciv (y */3o), go), + -h»>.] See extract. It is here left open whether there be any form of force which may be especially designated as "vital." Many of the animal functions are known to be physical and chem- ical, and if there be any one which appears to be less ex- plicable by reference to these f(n'ces than the othei-s, it is that of nutrition. Probably in this instance force has been so metamorphosed through the influence of the origi- native or conscious force in evolution, that it is a distinct species in the (category of forces. Assuming it to be such, I have given it the name of Hathmism. E. D. Cojie, Metli. of Creation, p. 2fi. Bathmodon (bath'mo-don), n. [NL., < Gr. paB- /tiic, a step, + Mui'c = E. tooth.] A genus of fossil hoofed quadrupeds named by Ccijic in 187'2, sulisequently identified by him with Conj- jihiidiiii (wliieh see). bathmodont (bath'mo-dont), a. [< Bathmo- don{t-).] In odontog., noting a pattern of denti- tion in which Iho posterior pair of tubercles of the upper molars are approximated, connected together, and compressed and sulicrescentio in section, and tlie anterior outer tubercle is connooted with the anterior inner one by an obliiiuo crest forming a V. Such dentition is • linracteristic of the genus Bathmodon. Bath note. See vote. bathometer (lia-thom'e-ter), n. [< Or. pA„nr, deptli, + filTinv, a niensiire.] An npiiarulus, consisting of a spring-balanco of peculiar eon- Btniction, used for ascertaining the depth of water. Bath o51ite. Sen Bath stnnr, under .v/ojic. bathorse dial'- or Ini-'lii'irH), H. [< 'I'/f (P. Ii(it), a iiacU-Huddle, + horse.] In the Uritish army, a lioise f.ir carrying baggage behmging to an ollieer or to the baggagi'-train. Also wril- tf'ii hiiwliorse. bathos (ba'thoH), n. [Or. ftAOn^. depth, < (ittiihi:, deep. In def. 2, orig. an antithesis to fci/""?. height, the Knliliine.J 1. Depth; lowest )iarl or stage; bolloni. [Itaro.] — 2. A ludicroiiH ileseent from the eU'vated lotlie coinuioiiTihiee or ridicnh>UM in writing or spuuuli; u siiiKing; Biitiulimox. Bathymaster In his fifth sonnet he [Petrarch] may, I think, be said to have sounded the lowest chasm of the Bathon, Macaulay, Petrarch. = Syn, 2. Fustian, Turfjidness, etc. See bombast. bath-room (bath'rom), n. A room for bathing in. bath-sponge (bath'spunj), n. A sponge used in bathiug, etc. Sponges suitable for this use all belong to the genus Spomjia, of which there are six commercial species or varieties, deriving their value from the fineness and elasticity of the skeletal fibers. The bath-sponge of the Mediterranean is 5. equina, resembling the wool- sponge, 5. tjossypina, of the United States. Other species ai-e the zimocca, S. zimocca; the cup-sponge, 5. adriatica, of Turkey and the Levant ; the American yellow sponge, 5. corlosia ; and the American hard-head, S. dura. Bath stone. See stone. bath-tub (bath'tub), n. A tub to bathe in: in the usual form, approximately of the length of the body, and often permanently fixed in a bath-room. Also called bathing-tuh. bathukolpian, a. See bathycolpian. bathvillite (bath'vil-it), «. [< BathviTle (see def.) + -itc".] A brown, dull, amorphous min- eral resin, ocenrring in torbanite, or boghead coal, on the estate of Bathville, near Bathgate, Linlithgowshire, Scotland. bathwort (bath'wert), ». [Corruption of 6trf7i- wort, after bath'^.] Same as birthroot. bathybial (ba-thib'i-al), a. [< bathi/bius + -al.] Of or pertaining to 'bathybius or the depths at which it is found ; bathybiau : as, " bathybial fauna," JSiicj/e. Brit., XXI. 774. bathybian (ba-thib'i-an), a. [< bathybius + -»».] Pertaining to bathybius; composed of or resembling bathybius. The use of the dredge resulted in finding the usual ba. tbiibian forms that have been already described in works relating to Arctic voyages. Arc. Cruise of the Coriein, 1881, p. 14. bathybius (ba-thib'i-us), n. [Nl.., < Gr. Padix, deep, + liiog, life.] A name given by Htixley to masses of so-called animal matter said to have been fotmd covering the sea-bottom at great depths (over 2,000 fathoms), and in such abundance as to form in some places deposits upward of 30 feet in thickness. It was described as consisting of a tenacious, viscid, slimy substance, ex- hiliiting under the microscope a network of graiuilar, nmciluginous matter, which expands and contracts spon- taneously, forming a very simple organism, and corre- sponding in all respects to protoplasm (which sec). Em- bedded in it were calcareous bodies with an oi-gauic structure, called disrxlillis, curatlifh.t, and coccospbcres, which .seemed to belong tu batliyliius as such. The exis- tence of any such living siibst.-iiice is now generally denied. bathycolpian (bath-i-kol'pi-an), a. [Also less jirop. Iiathiikolpiau; < Gr. lia8iK0?,iT0Q, < jiaOv^, deo]i, + KiiXTor, breast, bosom.] Dee[i-bosomed: as. ''bathycolpian Here," O. IV. JJolmcs. Bathyerginae (bath i-er-ji'uo), ». vl. [NL., < liathycrtins + -ina:.] A subfamily of Ethi- opian mole-like rodents, of the family Spala- cida; or luole-rats, differing from Spalacina; in having the mandibular anglo arising beside tho socket of the lower incisors. There are three genera, Bathyergus, Georychus, and Heliopho- biii.'i. bathyergue (bath'i-erg), n. A rodent quadru- jicil of the genus Ballii/erme places tbcsiindy still is lioney- cMiiibcil with lt.s extensive cxi'iiviitions. The fur isgraylsh- bi'iuii. and liilglit pos.sess cnnilni-rijiil viilnc. Bathymaster (balh'i-mas-ter), n. [NIj., < Gr. jinOvr, dee]), -l- /wnH/p, a seeker.] A genus of lishes, fyiiical of tho family Bathymasteridm, Co.iBt-rat {Fitt/iyrrjTUS marilirnus). Koiiqull {Hathyittiittfr si^rnntus). The only known species inlmbltn water of modenitrc depth fihont nirks along tlic not-lliiTii riiclllc cotiHt south to I'nget .Sound, anil In jiopularly known as the roju/uil or rtnxchil. Bathymasteridse Bathymasteridae (bath"i-mas-ter'i-(l6), n. pi. [NL., < Iliitli!))iiiisfcr + -)■(/(('.] A family of acan- tlioptcrytjiau fishes, represented by the genus Iliithi/miistcr, and scarcely distinct from Latili- (l(V (which see). bathymeter (ba-thim'e-t6r), n. [< 6r. (iadbr, deep, + /lirpov, a measure.] An instrument lor taking soundings at sea. bathymetric (bath-i-met'rik), a. [< hathyme- tnj + -if.] Pertaining to bathymetiy or the measurement of depths, especially at sea. — Bathymetric zone, iti zootjcoij., one uf the horizontal hilts of tlie (Icpths of the sen vertically separated by their tii;irart< I istic l:Miii:t and flora. Five .sueli zones are reck- oncil: (1) tile litloral, hetwecn tide-marks; {2) the lami- iiariitii, ivum low water to almut 15 fathoms; (3) the oiraHinp, from that to about 50 fathoms ; (4) the deep-sea, friiTu that to about 300; (5) the abijssal, from that to the lowest depths. bathymetrical (bath-i-met'ri-kal), a. Same as hiilhjimctrii'. bathymetrically (bath-i-met'ri-kal-i), adv. As regurd.s bathj^metry ; by deep-sea measurement or soim cling. bathjraietry (ba-thim'e-tri), Ji. [< dr. fiad'u^, deep, -I- -/leTfiia, < /lerpov, a measure.] The art of sounding or of measuring depths in the sea. bathyphon (bath'i-fon), n. A musical instru- ment of the clarinet class, having a single reed and a wooden tube, and a compass of nearly three octaves from the third D below middle C. It was invented in 1829 in Berlin, but was soon supplanted by the tuba. Bathythrissa (bath-i-thris'aj, n. [NL., < Gr. padix, deep, -1- tip'iaaa, Attic dp'tTTa, a certain fish, otherwise called rpixio-q, < Bpii (rpix-), hair.] The typical genus of the family Bathythrissida;, containing one known species (Bathythrissa dorsalis) of deep-water fishes with some resem- blance to a herring or whitefish, found off the coast of Japan. Bathythrissidae (bath-i-thris'i-de), n. pi. [NL., < Biillii/llirifina + -i'rfrt'.] A family of malaeop- terygian fishes, typified by the genus Bathy- thrissa, They have an oblong body and rounded abdo- men, covered with cycloid scales ; the margin of the upper jaw formed by the intermaxillaries mesially and by the niaxillaries laterally; complete opercular apparatus ; very elongate dorsal tin ; a short anal fin ; the stomach with a blind sac; numerous pyloric appendages; and ductless ovaries. batiator-root (bat'i-a-tgr-rbt"), ". The root of an imdetermined Brazilian plant, used as an emetic and in dysentery. Batides (bat'i-dez), v.pl. [Nh., pi. of Batis (a genus of fishes), < Gr. (ianc, a flat fish, perhaps the skate or ray.] The rays, as an order of selachians. L. Agassis. See Baice. batingl (ba'ting), n. [Verbal n. of tate^, o.] The act of beating the wings; fluttering; flut- teriug away. bating^ (ba'ting), prep. [Orig. ppr. of hate'^, for abate; now regarded as a prep.] Abating; taking away; deducting; excepting. Bating the outward respect due to his birth, they treat- ed him [the Prince of Cond6) very hardly in all his preten- sions. Bp. Burnet, Hist. Own Times, an. 1677. bating* (ba'ting), 11. [Verbal n. of iate^, «\] The process of steeping hides and skins in an alkaline bath, to separate the lime, oil, and glutinous matter, and render them soft and pliable, and fit for tanning. batiste (ba-tesf), 11. [< F. latiste, < OF. hap- tiste ; so called, it is said, from its inventor, one Bapti-ste, a linen-weaver of C'ambrai (see cambric) in French Flanders.] A fine linen cloth made in Flanders and Picardy, of three dif- ferent kinds or thicknesses ; a kind of cambric. batler^t (bat'ler), 11. [Appar. for battler^, q. v. Found only in Shakspere, with a var. ballet.^ A small bat or beetle for beating clothes in wash- ing; a clothes-pounder. Also called 6aWei, 6oi- tkr, battril. I remember the kissing of her batler [so in early edi- tions, but in most modern editions batlet], and the cow's dugs that her pretty chopped hands had milked. Skak., As you Like it, ii. 4. batler^t. See batteler. batlett (bat'let), n. [< 6a)a-toi'de-i), n. pi. [NT.i., < Batis (a genus of fishes) -H -oideus, pi. -oidci.] In Giin- ther's system of classification, a suborder of plagiostomatous fishes having ventral gill- openings : synonymous with Baia;. Batolites (bat-o-li'tez), n. [NL., < F. bdton, a staff (see batonj, + Gr. Wo<;, a stone.] A genus of straight cyUndi-ical bivalve fossil shells, al- lied to the hippurites. Some are of great length, and form masses of rock in the high Alps. Also written Batolithes and liatolithus. batologist (ba-tol'o-jist), n. [<.*batology {<. Gr. /terof, a bramble-bush, -I- -'Aoyia, < 'Aeyew, speak: see -ology) + -ist.] A botanist who has made a special study of the genus Rubiis, or the brambles, the numerous European species of which are very variable and exceedingly diffi- cult to determine. baton (bat'on, ba-ton', or, as F., ba-ton'), «. [This word appears in E. in various forms ; fii-st as boston (< OF. basion = Sp. baston = Pg. bastao = It. bastone, < ML. basto{n-), a stick, staff, of imknown origin), then baton (< F. 6a- ton), with accent on first syllable, also spelled batton and batten (see batten"), and with F. ac- cent baton', also spelled batoon, battoon (see batoon), and recently, esp. in the musical use, pronounced as F. : see baston, battoon, batten^.] 1. A staff or club; atrimcheon: carried either (a) for use as a weapon, as a policeman's bat- on; (6) as a mark of authority, as the baton of a field-marshal ; or (c) as a warrant to do something, as the baton or staff earned in Great Britain by the engineer of a train on a single-track railway, as his authority to pro- ceed. — 3. In music : (a) The stick or wand used by the leader of a chorus or an orchestra in di- recting the performance. Wlien I went home I made myself a baton, and went about the fields conducting an orchestra. Dickens. (b) A rest of two or more measures. — 3. In her., same as baston, 1 (c). Also spelled batton. To wield a good baton, to conduct a musical perform- ance well. baton (bat'on), r. t. [< baton, ».] To strike with a baton; cudgel. baton-cross (bat'on-kros), «. In her., same as cro.fs potent (whieii see, under crossl). batoont (ba-ton'), n. [An older foi-m of baton, < F. bdton : see baton.] 1. A club or truncheon ; a baton. Although his shoulders with batoon Be claw'd and cudgell'd to some tune. S. Butler, Hudibras, II. ii. 719. 2. A staff of office. See6ainura. batster batracMan (ba-trii'ki-an), a. and n. [< liatra- ehia + -an.] J. a. Of or pertaining to the Ba- trachia, especially frogs and toads. The batrachian hymns from the neighboring swamp. 0. W. Holmes, Autocrat, ix. II. n. One of the Batrachia. batrachid (bat'ra-kid), n. A fish of the family liatraeliidiv. Batrachidse (ba-trak'i-de), n. pi. [NIj., < Ba- traehiis + -idw. ] A family of acanthopterygian fishes, typified by the genus Batraclius, with im- armed chocks, a dorsal fin developed and com- posed of a few sharp spines, and jugular and imperfect ventral fins. The species are mostly inhabi- tants of subtropical rooding over the silent thun- ders of their baltailowi armaments. Lowell, Among my Books, ii. 241. battaliat (ba-ta'liii), n. [Early mod. E. also ha- talia, balatlia, battaqlio, etc., < It. iKilltn/liii (= Sp. balalla = Pg. I'r. batailia = OF. baltiilk, > E. battle^), battle, squadron: see battlc^.'\ 1. Order of battle ; battle array. 1 have made all his troops and companies Advance- anil put themselves ranged in battalia. Chapman, Revenge of Bus.sy Il'Alnboia. iii. I. 2. MiUt. : (a) A large body of men in order of battle or on the march, whether a whole army or one of the great divisions of it; a host; an array. K. liich. Who hath descried the numlier of the traitors? Aor. Six or seven thousand Is their utmost power. K, Rich. Why, our battalia trebles that accoimt. Shak., Rich. III., v. 3. [This Is the reading of the folios ; the quarto editions read battaliim. I In three Ixtttalian (hrt'S the king dispose His strength, which all in ready order stand, And Ut each other's rejtcue near at hand. Maji, Edward III. (b) The main body or center of an army. Wee (pilckly pla<-'d .ItM-key In the right wing. Sir John In the left wing, and Old .Nick In the JIaltalia. Sacr. J/rrrrtal, 14. (ff. E. D.) battalion fba-tal'yon), n. [Fonni'rly also ba- tiilhnn, halailloii, etc., < F. balaillon, < It. bat- tiiiihnnr, liuttnlion, aiig, of brilluglia, a battle, 8 ■ i,f in- faii' .f . iivniry, or biill-« of ml (II. n ,. n InK \ !■ \ 11 lnillall"n.'lnii.lvt.iri..iiv. iii.f 3. I ,1 tii.ily of idfiiiitry ciittipiiMiiil of '"■'■' ■' I'liiipanicd furming part of a ret(iiii''Mi, fir HomctiraoN conHtiliiting n wlxiln rojpinent. i„ r.,jrofrf.nti armle* an infantry ri-glmnni I4 uuollji ilivl'lnl Intii Iht'i' liatUlloiiii, •uinotlmu with n 476 fourth in reserve from which losses in the others are filled. Formerly the regiments of the United States army, then consisting of twelve companies, were divided into three battalions ; but now each regiment of ten com- panies constitutes a single battalion. battalioned (ba-tai'yond), a. [< battalion + -ed-.'\ Formed into battalions. batteau, ". See bateau. battelif, «. and r. See battle'^. battel't, V. See battle^. batteFt, a. and v. See hattkS, ba't'tel* (bat'l), H. [Usually in pi. battels, also battles, battflls, first found in the 10th century. Latinized batilli, batellce; a peculiar college use, of uncertain origin. The sense of •pro\'i- sions ' appears much later than that of ' charges therefor.' but, if original, suggests a connection with battels, battle^, v., feed : see battk^.'] 1. pi. At the tmiversity of O.^ord in England : (a) Col- lege aeeoimts for board and provisions supplied from the kitchen and buttery, (ft) Tlie whole of the college accounts for board and lodgings, rates, tuition, and contributions to various funds. — 2. At Eton college, a small allowance of food which, in addition to the college allow- ance, the collegers receive from their dames. Richarilson. battel^ (bat'l), r. i. [< batteli, «.] To stand indebted in the college-books at Oxford for pro'visions and drink from the buttery. battelert, «■ [Also battelkr, battler,' batkr ,- < halteli, battlei, + -erl.] 1 . A student at O.xford indebted in the college-books for provisions and drink at the buttery. — 2. One of a rank or order of students at Oxford below commoners ; a poor student. Pierce Pennyless. exceeding poor scholar, that hath made clean shoes in both universities, and been a pitiful bntth-r all thy lifetime. lliddleton. The Black Book. battement (bat'ment; F. pron. bat-e-moii'), n. [F.,< battrc, beat: see batc^, bat^, aiid -mrat.] 1. A beating; striking; impulse. — 2. In musk; a triU-like ornament, consisting of a slow shake of a tone 'with the next tone below, beginning with the latter : common in old-fashioned music. batten^ (bat'n), r. [Not found in ME., but prob. existent dialectally; < led. batna, grow better, improve, recover, = Goth, ga-batnan, bo bettered, profit, avail, a neut. passive form from the pp. *batans of a lost strong verb, 'baton (pret. "bot), be useful, profit, boot, represented secondarily by D. MLG. LG. bnten, jirofit, avail, help, and in E. by the derived forms bet^, bct- tcr'(, and boot^: see fte(l, better^, and boot^. A noun, 'bat, improvement, profit (cf. Icel. bali, itnprovement, advantage, I), baat, MLG. L(i. bate, advantage, profit, gain), is imjiliod as tho formal base of the adjectives batful, lialtabk, but these are appar. manipulated forms of the orig. adj. battle^, from the verbal root.] I. in- trans. 1. To become better; improve in condi- tion (especially by feeding) ; grow fat ; thiive. It makes her fat, you see ; she battfn.i with it. S. Joiison, Bartholomew Fair, ii, 1. 2. To feed gluttonously; figuratively, gratify a morbid apiictite orcra'ving; gloat: absolute- ly, or with on or upon. Have you eyes ? Could you on this fair mountain leave to feed. And batti:n on this moor? S/iak., Hamlet, lit. 1. Her savage birds O'er human carcasses do scream and battt-n. J. liaillir. The moths, that were then battcniwi upon Its obsolete ledgers and day-books, have rested from their deiireda- tions. Lamb, .South-Sea House. Melanrholy sceptics . . . who haltrn on the hiilenns facts in history. Kmcrgon, Society and Solitmle, x. 'J'Jo. 3. Figuratively, to thrive; prosper; live in ease and luxiny, csp('ci;illy iil tlie ('xjii'iiso or to the ilctriment of olhcrs: wilh on, I'liriiierly also with : as, to batten on ill-gotten gains. And irith these thoughts so ttattrna, as If fate Would be as easily clieated on as he. Ii. .lonmn, ^'olpl>nl', I. I. H. tran.1. 1. To improve by feeding; fat- ten ; inako fat or cause to thrive with plenteous feeding. Jtattening our flocks with Iho fresh dows of night. .Milton, Lycidas, 1. '..*!l. 2t. To fertilizo or onricli (the Hoil). batten'*^ (bat'n), n, [A nioro KngllMh Hpilliiig o! ballon, baton, prevailing in (lie iii.n-lilcniry UHOH of the word : see baton, haliion, baslon.] 1. A strip or Hciintling of wood. Speclfiiniiy - (n) A linr nailed acrosii paraUi-l liiiardu (iw ihoiir foriiiliiua door, nhnller, etc.) to kicp Hum togctlnT Co ilnii.f llir Rtrl|is used as Hup|>or1s for ibi- lattin of a plastered wall. or for nailing over the rrncks lietweeii tioanlH. (rt One of the narrow strlips nnlleil to n ninsl or spnr. at n jilnee ex- posed t4j fiiction, to prevent rhafliig. \il) A narrow strip Ulcd to noil duwu tho edges of a taniaulln over a hat<;li. batter way, to prevent leaking in stormy weather, (f) A wooden bar or cleat nailed to the beam of a ship, from which the seamen's hammocks are slung. (,0 One of the long slipa used in the molding-loft of a ship-yard in tracing lines and setting fair the shear of a ship in molding. 2. In eom.. squared timber of 6 or more feet in length, 7 inches in width, and '2i inches in thickness, used in earjieutry and house- building for various purposes. Pieces less than 6 feet long are known as batten-ends. — 3. In wearing, the beam for striking the weft home: a lathe — Louvered or loovered battens, battens fitted in frames, or between stanchions, in parti- tions, etc., at such an angle as to admit air, and yet to pre- vent dirt from entering. Fimham, Ship-building, iv. 83. See loiitYr. batten'- (bat'n\ r. t. [< batten-, h.] To form or fasten vrith battens To batten down the hatches of a ship, to cover them witli tarpaulins and nail liatti lis over their edges, so as to prevent water from leak- iiii; below during bad weather. batten-door (bat'n-dor), n. A door made of narrow boards held together by means of cross- battens nailed to them. [He] stepped cautiously up to one of the batten doors with an anger, and succeeded, without arousing any one, in boring a hole. G. W. Cable, The Grandissinies, p. 107. battening (bat'ning), «. [Verbal n. of bat- ten-.} 1. The operation of fixing to a wall bat- tens, to which are to be nailed laths to receive plastering. — 2. The battens fixed to a wall for this pvu'pose. batter! (bat'er), r. [< ME. bateren, batren, with freq. formative -cr, < hat- (repr. in ME. by haten (only intrans.) in the sense of b) The armament of a ship of war: as, the Colorado's battery consists of 46 nine-inch guns. — 5. The personnel or complement of ofiieers and men attached to a military battery. — 6.. In fort., a parapet thrown up to cover the gunners and others from the enemy's shot, with the guns employed ; a fortified work mounting artUlery. Admiral Farragut had run the batteries at i'ort Hudson with the llagshi]) Hartford and one iron-clad and visited me from below Vicksbnrg, IJ. .S', Grant, Personal Memoirs, I, 464, 7. In base-ball, the pitcher and catcher together : as, the work of the battery was excellent. — 8. (a) In frictional elect., a number of Leyden Leyden-jar Battery. jars usually aiTanged with their inner coatings connected together, and their outer coatings also connected, so that they may all be charged and discharged at the same time, if an-anged so that the inner coating of one is in connection with the outer coating of the next, and so on, they are said to be charged (or discharged) in cascade, (fc) In voltaic j'-V.^S-i'^i:*-'' Voltaic Plunge-battery, elect., a voltaic cell, or more properly a num- ber of voltaic cells (see cell) arranged together so as to give a powerful current of electricity. The way in which the cells are coupled depends upon the nature of the cur- rent which is desired and the relation between the external and internal re- sistance, (^ee resistance.) For example, if the cells are arranged in series, the copper of the first with the zinc of the next, and so on, the result is to give the maximum electromotive force ; on the other hand, if arranged abreast, all the zincs being connected together, and all the copper plates together, the electromotive force is the same as for a single cell, but the internal or bat- tery resistance is diminished, and hence the strength of the current or the quan- tity of electricity may, under certain conditions, be much increased. The first method Is sometimes spoken of in popular language as the arrange- ment for inlenisity, the second for quantit!/. An early form of battery was Voita's pile, and another his cot*- ronne des tasses, or "croM-u of cups." The different kinds of battery are named according to the materials or the form of the cells of which they .are composed, or the way in which the cells are arranged, .Some of the commoner kinds are the Daniell, Grove, Bunsen, Le Clanchti, gramtij, bichromate, etc. For a description of these and others, see cell. 9. In optics, a series of lenses or of prisms, as in the spectroscope, combined in use. — 10. Voita's Pile or Bat- tery. fi, positive wire ; n, negative wire. battery In maeh., an assemblage of similar construo- tions or parts : as, a battery of boilers ; a battery of stamps in a stamping-mill; a battery of Bugar-kettles. The dark sugar-house ; the battery of huge caldrons, with their yellow juice boiling like a sea, half-hidden in clouds of steam, G. W. Cable, Creoles of Louisiana, p, 112. 11. In the manufacture of nitric acid, a com- bination of large bottles and carboys serving as a condensing apparatus for the acid vapors. — 12. In hat-making, a large ojien boiler con- taining water to which some sulphuric acid has been added. It is suiTounded by planka which slope toward the center, and is used in felting. — 13. Metals, or articles of metal, especially of brass or copper, wrought by ham- mering; hammered metals or utensils; espe- cially, apparatus forpreparing or serving meals ; all metallic utensils of service for the kitchen. Compare battcria. Soon our tea battery came in, and she [the maid-servant) was forced to sniTcnder tlie table for our use. The first instruments of the aforesaid batten/ looked like prepara- tions for scrubbing the lloor. Harper's Mag., LA VI, 6&5. There are [in Middelbnrg Town-hall museum], amon^ other things, the grand old feasting batteries of the vari- ous guilds and corporations. Harper's Mag., LXI.X. 334. 14. An oblong box submerged to the rim in the water, used as a boat, and for concealment^ by persons engaged in shooting wild fowl ; a sink- boat. One of the commonest and most successful methods of killing fowl along the seaboard is from batteries. Forest and Stream, XXIII. 441. 15. In coal-mining: (a) A structure built of timber, to keep the coal in the breast or pre- vent it from sliding down the shute. (b) A platform on which miners stand while work- ing in thin and steeply pitching beds of coal. [Pennsylvania.]— Ambulant battery, a battery of heavy siege-guns provided with traveling-carriages to transport them from point to point, — Anderson bat- tery, a galvanic battery using zinc and carbon in baths of muriate of auimonia, oxalate of chromium, ami po- tassium.— Barbette battery. See 6ar6e(te.— Battery amalgamation, in minin'i, amalgamation effected l»y placing mercury in the battery or mortars while the metalliferous mck is being stamped, — Blinded bat- tery, a battery in which the guns are protected by an armored parapet, by bomb-proof blinds or casemates, or by embrasure-casings or mantelets, — Breaching-bat- tery, a battery so placed that its fire is perpendicular, or nearly so, to a line of wall or parapet to be breached. It is used for making an opening in the enemy's works through which an assaulting column may enter,— Cava- lier battery, a battery mounted in the cavalier (which see), and arranged to deliver a plunging lire into the works of an assailant,— Clearing -battery, in breweries, an arrangement for straining the wort from the vat. It includes a device for cutting off the flow when the wort has attained a sufficient depth, — Counter-battery, (a) A battery intended to silence and overthrow gims of the defense which bear upon the breaching-batteries. Its guns are generally so placed as to tire along the ditches of the works. (6) Any battery opposed to another, Tid- ball. — Covered battery, a batt<^ry concealed from the enemy, and intcndeii to deliver a vertical fire, TidbaU. — Cross-batteries, two or more batteries whose lines of fire intersect,- Direct battery, a battery whose fire is perpendicular to the line of works attacked. — Enfilading battery, a battery which sweeps the length of an enemy's line, or takes him on the flank. — Fascine battery, a liattery of which the parapet is wholly or partially made of fascines : used where the earth is loose or sandy. — Floating battery, a battery erected either on a simple raft or on a ships hull, for the defense of the coast or for the bombardment of an enemy's ports. The name is sometimes given to a type of ship which, though it may be provided with independent propelling power, is designed primarily not for navigation, but merely to afford support and cover to heavy guns. — Gabion battery, a battery with a parapet formed of gabions filled with earth or sand, — Galvanic battery, a pile or series of plates of copper and zinc, or of any materials susceptible of gal- vanic action. .See galvanic. — Grove's gas-battery, a battery in which the cell consists of two glass tubes partly filled with water, and the renminder with oxygen and hydrogen respectively : in these tubes two platinum elec- trodes are immersed, — Horizontal battery, a battery the interior or terrepleiii of wiiich is on tlie natural level of the ground, ^ Ti'i/dii/;. — Indented battery, or battery a cremaillere, a battery constructed with sa- lient and reentrant angles for obtaining an oblique as well :is a direct fire, and to atfiird shelter from the enfilade flre of the enemy. TidbalL — Joint batteries, batteries whose flre is directed against the same object.- Latimer-Clark battery, an electric battery intended as a standard, the electromotive force being CLtnstant. It is a combination of zinc in sulphate of zinc and niercnry in sulphate of mercury, E. H. Knight. — lAgbt battery, (a) X mounted field-bat- tery, (b) A battery composed of guns of small caliber. — Magnetic battefji. See magnetic. — Masked battery , a battery ai'titi< ially concealed until required to open upon the enemy. Tidh'aU. — Mortar-batteiy, a battery having an armament of mortars. .Siuh i'atteries are constructed with a parapet without embra.-^ures, an interior slope not re- vetted, but ret:uning the natural slope of the soil, and plat- forms horizontal instead of inclining slightly toward the front, as in gim-batteries, .See cut on next page,— Moun- tain battery, a battery of li:;ht guns, so fitted that the pieces and their carriages may be transported upon the backs of mules or pack-horses.— Oblique battery, a bat- tery whose line of flre makes an angle of 20' or more with the battery perpendicolar to the interior crest of the enemy's works : 80 called in contradistinction to a direct battery.— Open battery, a battery entirely exposed, that is, unprotected by a parapet.— Plunge-battery, an electric battery so arranged that the metals can be removed from the liquid when not in use.— Raised battery, a battery whose terre- plein is elevated considerably above the ground. Tidball. — Eedan battery, a battery giving a cross or flanking fire from a salient or reentrant angle of a fortification. — Reverse battery, a battery which fires directly or ob- liquely upon the rear of a work or line of troops. — Rico- chet battery, a battery which fires horizontally or at a low angle of elevation, so that the projectiles graze and bound along the surface of the ground or water. Smooth-bore guns firing spherical projectiles are most effective for ricochet fire. — Siege-battery, a battery for siege opera- tions. Such batt':'rie3 are either fixed, comprising siege- guns and mortars or the hea\iest caliber and largest size, or movable, consisting of field-guns and small mortars.— Storage battery, or secondary battery, in elect. , a com- binatit.-n of secondary cells or accumulators which wlieii once charged may be xised for a considerable time after as a source of an electrical current. The Plants cell con- sists essentially of two plat«s of metallic lead (C, C) rolled into a spiral form, and in the improved Faure form covered Storage or Secondary Cell, or Accumulator, Plant6 form. C, C, Icid plates rolled in a spiral and separ-ited by pieces of nib- ber; G. //, wires from the primary or charging battery ; ^, A', poles of secondary cell. with red oxidof lead; the primarycurrent with which the cell is charged (by the wires Gr and //) serves to pero.\i- dize and reduce this coating, respectively, on tlie i>hects connected with the two poles ; the chemical energy thus ■tored up i.4 given back in the form of a continuous and regular electric current when the poles of the charged cell (^, ^ )are connected and tlie cliemical action is reversed. — Sunken battery, a battery in whicli the sole of tlie embraiiure is nn a level with the ground, and tlie platform U consequently sunk Ih;Iow it. (TiUbalt.) The parapet la fonned fr-im the earth excavated from the site constitut- ing the platform.- Half-sunken battery, a batter>- of which the parapet is fiirnieil partly from eartli taken from the injtlde or terrephin. and partly from a ditch oubtide. — Urticatlng batteries, in r""/., the nematocysts or thread-celln of liydn.jd P'»I>j.h. —Water-battery, an electric battt-ry In uhirh thr liquid enipluyecl Ih water. It 1ji useleHu a^ a source of a current, because of the high rc- ■isunce of the water, but. by having a lurKC number of zinc- copper coTipleH. a hl^h anci conntant dllference of p<)ten- tialH Ia r.titained ut tin- two prdes; It is thus valuable In tiiiiny tl'itr-Htatl' <*\i)erlnn'nt«. battery-boi (l>Jit'( T-i-bokH), n. A Hquaro cheat or bo.\, iWU'd with curth, uHod for makinf^ para- pota for IjuttcrieH whoro (^ihioriH or Baud-bags iir<' not, to hf })agar. battiest (bat'l), V. t. ; pret. luid pp. battled, ppr. bitllliiuj. [Early niO(l. E. itlso battel; < Ml'l. liiildi/li'ii. batailen, < OF. lialaillier, Ixitcillirr (= Pr. 'lidlntliar), forlify with Imttli'inents, < ba- taille, 1 ml t lenient, appar.idcnliciil witli lialaillc, battle; but in later OK. the verb was niergeil in batillier, bantillier, < ba.itille, a forlresw: see ba.tlile, battle^, mid battlement, and cf. embatlle'^, cmhnlllei.^ 'Vo furnish or strengthen with bat- tlements; emburttle. Uist any tynu) It wero iwsayi^d. Eul wel aboute it was liatagled. Horn. o,(the nose,]. IIHI. battle'' (bat'l), a. [Aptii'urs first in the llitli (■(■iilMrv, in ^S(■ol(•ll iind North. 10., also written balUl,'liatlil, ballill, baillle. liellle, batwell, clc; in form < "l)al,ii verbiil root iippearing in tlii' verli ballen^, improve, etc., + -el, -te, an adj. formative sufllxeil to verbal roots, as in brittle, Jieile, etc. : s<'e batten'^, and cf. tlio later a. D. machicolations- From originally purely VioUet-le-DuCs ■' Diet, dc I'Architecture." ) military, and used from the earliest times in Egypt, Assyria, and Greece, were also employed freely, generally in reduced size, dur- ing the middle ages, especially in England, upon ecclesi- astical and civil buildings by wjiy of mere ornament, on both parapets and cornices, and on tabernacle-work, tran- soms of windows, etc. Hence — 2. Any high wall for defense. This was the valley of the pools of Gihon, where Solo- nion was crowned, and the battlements which rose above it were the long looked-for walls of Jerusalem. R. Curzon, Monjlst. in the Lev.ant, p. 144. battlemented (bat'1-men-ted), a. Furnished with battlements, as the ramparts of a city or castle. battle-piece (bat'l-pes), n. A painting which represents a battle. battlerl (bat'ler), ». [< battle^ -h -o'l; appar. not descended from ME. batelur (< OF. batail- leor), batailler, < OF. bataillier.'] One who bat^ ties or fights ; a wan'ior or contender. battler^t" (bat'ler), n. [< battle^ + -cj-1.] 1. One who beats with a bat or battledore. — 2. A bat or beetle. — 3. See batter'^. battler '^t, "■ See batteler. battle-scarred (bat'l-skard), a. Scarred -with wounds received in battle. battle-ship (bat'l-ship), n. A ship of war; specifically, a powerful war-ship designed to fight in the line of battle ; in recent use, a heavily armored and armed sea-going war-ship intended for the line of battle. The change from the wooden war-ship propelled by sail-power to the mod- ern armored iron and steel steam battle-^hip dates from about the middle of the niueteenth century. I'he first war-ship propelled by a screw was the I'nited States ship Princeton, and the first ironclad (with tlic exception of a number of floating batteries built by the French for use in the Crimean war, and cojiied by the English) the French armored wooden frigate LaGloire, launched in 18tiO. This was followed by the English Wiirrior, launched in 18t)l. From this date the development of the war-ship, largely influenced by the success of the Mcinitor (which see), has been very rapid, resulting in a great diversity of types (as regards arrangement and weight of protective armor, character of armament, and adaptation of desit;n to special ends), and accompiinied by an equally rapid progress in the perfection of ordnance (see ordnance, gun), armor- plate (which see), and explosives. The Warrior, an iron vessel, was of 9,210 tons' displacement, had 4J-ineh iron armor, carried 33 muzzle-loading guns, of which the largest were of S-incli caliber and of small power, and Iiad no torpedo-ejectors; the Lepanto, of the Italian navy, launched in 1S83, one of the largest war-ships yet con- structed, is of ir>,900 tons' displacement, has i teel armor 19 inches in maximum thickness, carries 16 guns, of which 4 are of 17-ineh caliber, and has 4 torpedo-ejectors. Alod- ein war-vessels are lassitted, according to the Lervice for which they are specially designed, as battle-ships, coast-de- fense and barbor-detense ships, cruisers(wbieli are chissed as armored, protected, or unarmored, according to their de- greeofdefensivepower),lookoutships,gnnboats,despatch- vessels. rams, torpedo-boats, to rpedo-boatdestroyers,etc. Of vessels of these classes the United States possessed at the beginninfiOflS90fourbattie-ships, with live more inproeess of construction (two, the Kearsarge atiu Kentucky, were launched March 24, 1898) ; nineteen coast-defense and har- bor-defense vessels (incluiling a number of obsolete moni- tors) ; one ram: one dynamite cruiser; three armored cruis- ers (one of which, the Texas, has 12-ineh armor and is also rated as a second-class battle-ship); tlfteen protected cruisers ; four unprotected cruisers; a number of gunboats and despatch-vessels ; twelve torpedo craft, with thirteen in process of construction ; and various transports, etc. Of the battleships the Oregon, Massachusetts, and Indiana, launched in 1893, are of 10,288 tons' displacement ; have battue nickel-steel armor 18 inches in maxiioum thickneBS ; cany four 13-inch, eight 8inch, four (iinch, and twenty- six quick-lire guns; have toriiedo-ejectors ; and are capable of a (nominal) speed of 15 knotn. T!ie Iowa, launched in 1896, is o( 11,410 tons' displacement, has 16- incli armor, and carries four I'i-inch guns in place of tlie W-incli guns of the other vessels. The Kearsarge and Kentucky are of 11, .'',25 tons' disiilacemeiit, have 17-inch armor, and carry fourlS-inch, fonrS-inch, fourteen S-incb, and twenty-six quick-fire guns. The Alabama, Illinois, and Wisconsin are to have the same displaceincnt and armor. Of the armored cruisers, the Texas, launched in 1892, is of 0,31.'> tons' displacement, carries 12-inch armor, and has two 12-inch, six 6-incb, and eighteen quIck-fIre guns. Tlic New York, lailm bed in 1891, is of 8.200 tons' displacement, is piotect<*d with lO.inch armor, and has six H-incli and twenty-four quick-fire guns. The coast-defense vessels are of t!te monitor type, and several of them are heavily armored and powerful vessels, mounting 10-inch and 12* fnidi guns. The effective vessels of the British navy com- prise 58 battle-ships, 14 coast-defense shijis, 9 armored cruisers. 80 cruiBei-s of inferior classes, 19 lookout ships, 34 torpedo gunboats, ami 171 torpedo craft of all classes. A large number of vessels also are in process of construc- tion. The eifective French navy includes 37 battle-sliips, 16 coast-defense ships, 11 first-class cruisers, 16 second- ;ind tliird-cbiss rruis'-rs. 12 lookout ships, 13 torpedo gun- boats, and 242 torpedo craft of all classes. Of the other Ijiropean navies tin- most powerful are those of Russia, Italy, and Germany. The Spanish navy includes 1 battle* ship, 1 coast.defense sbiji, 9 armored cruisers, ] protected cruiser, 18 second- and third-class cruisers, 80 uuidwats, despatch-vessels, etc., and 27 torpedo craft of all classes. battle-shout (bat'l-.shout), n. A shout raised ill battle. battle-song (bat'l-s6ng), «. A song sung on llie battle-field, or relating to battle ; a martial song. battleton (bat'1-ton), «. [E. dial., appar. a var. of battledore.'] Same as battledore, 1. [Prov. Eug.] battletwig (bat'1-twig), M. [E. dial.] .An ear- wig. [Prov. Eng.] llalliwell. battle-'writhen (bat'l-riTH"en), a. [< battle^ -I- writhcn, old pp. of writhe.'] Twisted or dis- torted by stress of battle. [Poetic] His battle-writJien arms and mighty hands. Tennyson, Lancelot and Elaine. battling! (bat'ling), a. and n. [Also batteling ; p]ir. and verbal n. of battle^, v.] I. a. 1. Nour- ishing ; fattening. The meads environ'd with the silver streams. Whose batt'liny pastures fatten all my flocks. Greene, Friar Bacon and Vriai Bimgay. 2. Fertile. II. H. 1. A growing fat, or the process of causing to grow fat; a fattening. — 2. That which nourishes or fattens, as food, or feed for animals, or manure for soil. battological (bat-o-loj'i-kal), a. [< battology -(- -teal.] Given to or of the nature of bat- tology. _ ., battologist (ba-tol'o-jist), n. [< battology + -ist.] One who talks idly; one who needlessly repeats the same thing in speaking or writing. A truly dull ftattolomst. Whitl.jch; Manners of Eng. People, p. 209. battologize (ba-tol'o-jiz), r. ; pret. and pp. battologized, ppr. battulogizing. [< battology -(- -ize.] I, trans. To repeat needlessly ; iterate. Sir T. Herbert. II. intrans. To repeat words or phrases with needless iteration. battology (ba-tol'o-ji). H. [< Gr. (}arTO?.oyia, < fiaTToAuym:, a stammerer, < jiarroi, a stammerer (used only as a proper name), + '/.eyetv, speak: see -ology.] IiUe talk or babbling; a needless repetition of words in speaking. [With refer- ence to Mat. vi. 7.] That heathenish batlologn of multiplying words. Milton, Def. of Ilumb. Kemonst. battont, H. An obsolete form of baton and bat- ten-. battoont, »• Same as batoon. battoryt (bat'o-ri), ». A factory or warehouse established abroad by the Hanse towns. battoule-board (ba-tol'bord), n. A spring- board used for .lumping — particularly, in cir- cuses, for vaulting over horses, elephants, etc. It consists of a few phinks fastened at one end to a pole supported by two uprights, the other end resting upon a floor or other surface. battrilt (bat'ril), «. [E. dial. Cf. battler^, bat- ter^.'] Same as batlcr'i^. batts (bats), H. pi. Same as batting, 3. battue (ba-tii'), n. [F. (= Pr. batuda = It. battiita), prop. fem. pp. of battre, beat: see bate^, batter^.] 1. A method of hunting in which the game is driven from cover by beaters toward a point where the sportsmen are in wait. He has not a word to say asainst 6a((t« shooting, though for his own part he greatly prefers shooting over a well- trained dog to having the game put up in droves by a ser- ried line of beaters. Wettmiiister Rev., CXXV. 300i battne Hence — 2. Any beat-up or thorough search, or undiseriminating slaughter, espeeiallyof de- fenseless or unresisting crowds. — 3. The game driven from cover by the battue method, batture (ba-tOr'), n. [F., a sand-bank, a shoal, < hnttre, beat, beat as waves: see bate\ batter^, and cf. iartfrS.] An alluvial elevation of the bed of a river; in particular, one of those por- tions of the bed of the Mississippi river which are dry or submerged according to the season. In September, 1S07, occuired the "balture riots." The hatlurt was the sandy deposiu made by the Mississippi io front of the Faubourg .Ste. Marie (in New Orleans). The noted jurist. Edward Livingston, representing private claimants, took possession of this ground, and was opposed by the public in two distinct outbreaks. O. IT. Cable, Creoles of Louisiana, xxiii. 480 q. v.] Primarily, a sort of scepter or staff of office, the attribtite of Folly personified, car- ried by the jesters of kings and great "lords in the middle ages, and down to the seventeenth cen tury. It is generally represented as crowned with the head of a fool or zany, wearing a party-colored hood with asses' ears, and with a ring of little bells, Uke sleigh-bells. .\t the other end there was sometimes a ball or bladder inflated with air, with which to belabor people. Also spelled bawbte. The kynges foole Sate by the fire upon a stoole, As he that with his ba uble plaide. Gower, Conf. Amant., vii. Fools, who only wanted a party-col- oured coat, a cap, and a bawble, to pass for such amongst reasonable men. Dryden, Post, to Hist, of League. battnta (hat-to'ta), n. [It., < ftflttpre, beat. Cf, })attiu.'\ In WM.SIC; (a) Abeatin keepingtime. (ft) A bar or measure. See a hattuta and a ^aubleryt, «• [Earlv mod. E. also tempo, (c) In «ierfi>r(?( »iM.fio, a forbit^den pro- i,ablerie, babeln/ ; i'bnuble'^ + -ry.] gression of the outer voice-parts of a harmony trilling; a trifling matter. from a tenth on the up-beat to an octave on taublmgt (ba'bUng), a. [< fcaMifel, v. the down-beat. Contemptible; paltry. battyl (bat'i). a. [< bat2 + -yl.] Of or resem- ^ ^^^^^^ ,.^^^^j „.^ j^^ ^^p^„i„ „f bling a bat ; battish. Till o'er their brows death-counterfeiting sleep With leaden legs and baity win^-s doth creep. Shak., M. N. D., lii. 2. batty- (bat'i), «. ; i>\. battles (-iz). [Anglo-Ind., used in southern India for northern paddy, Fool's Bauble. Childish -1- -i«<72.] Shak., T. N"., v. 1. baucb, baugh (bach), a. [Sc, perhaps < Icel. bagr, uneasy, poor, hard up ; cf. bagr, awkward, clumsy.] Weak; pithless; shaky. [Scotch.] bauchee-seed (ba'ehe-sed), n. Same as baic- cluDi-seed rice; < Canarese batta, bhatta, rice: see batta^ bauchlel, bacMel (bach'l), „ [Sc; origin un- andparf(f^2. Cf. l«'6, aweight.] I.Rice while growing. — 2. A measure for rice in India, equal to 120 pounds. McElrath. Cora. Diet. batweed (bat'wed), n. The burdock, Arctium Ltqipa. batz, batzen (bats, bat'sen), n. [Formerly also bats, taken as plural, with an assumed bavardage stretching from tree to tree Uke cables. The tough fibrotu bark of the Maloo climber, B. I'ahlii, of India, is used for making ropes and bridges, and is suitable for paper-mak- ing. The wood of B. varicfjata is one of the varieties of ebony, and its bark is used in dye- ing and tanning. Other species are equally use- ful. Bauhinian (ba- hin'i-an), a. Re- lating to the Swiss anatomist and bot- anist Gaspard Bau- hui (1560-162-i).— Bauhinian valve, valvula Bauhinl, the ileoca^cal valve. See ileiKiVcal. bank (bak), 11. A Scotch form of ball^. bauld (bald), a. A Scotch form of bold. bauldricket, »• See baldric. baulea (ba'le-ii), n. [E. Ind.] A round-bot- tomed passenger-boat, having a mast and sail, but generally propelled by oars, used on the shallower parts of the Ganges. baulite (ba'lit), n. [< Baula, a mountain in Iceland, + -itc^. The mountain prob. derives its name from Icel. baula, a cow, an imitative name; cf. mod. Icel. baula, low as a cow: see 6flH'/l.] A white transparent mineral, foimd in the matter ejected by the volcano of Krabia in Iceland. It is a variety of glassy feldspar or sauidiue. Also called krablitc. Bttuhiniij.— Inflorescence. known. Cf. baucli.'] 1. An old shoe worn down at the heel, or one with the counter turned down and worn as a slipper. — 2. A slovenly, pithless, or shiftless person ; a sham- bling good-for-nothing. [Scotch.] Hell be but a bauchle in this world, and a backsitter in baulk, ». and V. See balk^. theneist. i/oi;.;, Shep. Cal., II. 195. (>'. .B. B.) 1,aulmet, «. See balm. smg , ba't, '< yikG' ba'tze, G. bat:en, baccn, the bauchle-t, t'- t. [Sc.: see baffle.'] To maltreat; baultert, ('. See baiter. coiS so called, < JIHG. k7--, G. 6«?--, i^ef.-, a Ijaffle. ^^.^„.^ ., ra , , . ^ , o -, 5^™!*'^'-. .,??'' ''"/,'"• , v-. • n„ bear, the bear being the arms of Bern, where baucUy (bach'h), ntft'. [Sc, < baiich + -?^-.] baunscheidtism (boun shit-izm), )i. the coin was first issued.] A small billon coin Weakly; indifferentlv; poorly. [Scotch.] the inventor, Karl hau,,.-i('lieidt, a ^'^9}i>f^ ObTcnc. BaUof St. Gall. Switzerland. Rcvcrec - British Museum. (Size of original.) worth four kreutzers (about three cents), first issued toward the end of the fifteenth century by the canton of Bern, and afterward by other Swiss cantons, which placed their respective arms upon it. The name came to be applied also to certain small German coins, banbee, n. See baichcc. bauble^ (lia'bl), n. andn. [Earlvmod. E. hable, bal.rl, < ME. bable, l)ab>jlle, babulle, babel, < OF. habel, baubel (with dim. baubclet, bcubelet, > early ME. beauheltl), a child's tov, plaj-thing, trinket. Origin doubtful; cf. mod. P. babiotc, a toy, gewgaw, It. babbola, a toy, appar. connected w^ith It. babbeo, a fool, blockhead (babbano, Hilly), = Pr. baban, a fool, < ML. babulux, a bab- baudekynt « bier, fool. Cf. babble. Tlio forms, if from the baudelaire't ». same source, show imitative variation. Bauble^ baudkin. ».' S poorly, baud'^t, »• See baicd^. baud^t, V. t. See 6a«'rf2. baud^t, w. See bawdS. baud^ (bad), H. [Origin obscure. Cf. bawd^.] The fish othei-wise called the ruckling. [Local Kiig. (Cornish).] baudet, a. [ME., < OF. baud, < 0L6. bal also E. baldakin. bal- dachin: see balilaeliin.'] A rich embroidered or brocaded silk fabric woven originally wil li a warp of gold thread, and properly called cloth of baudekin. it wjis used fur garments, sacred vest- ments, altar-cloths, canopies, etc., and is llrst mentioned in English history In connection with the knighting of William of Valence in 1247 by Henrr III. It was proba- bly knpai;.ofdifren-ntorigiM.] I. h. If. A child's baudrickt, «■ See haWric, ]iliiytliiiigortoy. — 2. A trilling jiiece of finery; tliiU which is guy or showy without real value ; u gewgaw. • I, trinket«, Blr, trinkcl»— n bauble for Lydla ! .Ihrriilan, T'hc Kivals, v. 2. Arc all these worlds, that Hp<*cd their eti-eling Illght, I'tmib, vacant, soulless --Mie',/.'^ ..f the night 'i* O. W. Iliilmin, Ihe .Secret of the Stars. 3. .\ trifle; a tiling of litllo or no value; a childinh or foolish matter or nITalr. II. t ". Trilling; in»igtiifleniii : contemptible. ■||. II > ninny Khallou nil ' ;. 1. I. .r patient l.i ■ I iind <'.. I. .'i. ,\ ■■',.• Il.d biiirhU:. bauble'), . I. [< fcnufclct, «.] To trifle. bauhl'' • l.I), n. [YMT\y n\oi\. v.. bablc,bahel, < M I ' • hiihtilh, hiiM, n fool'H niiice, uIho f^ii •■ word) a Hiick with a lieiivy ..I, uMcil for weii;lijiig, < .ML. '"'' ivcr, Hwing In and fro, iipiinr. » ff HI Hamo Moiirlied ludicrously or in contempt to a fat or pertinacious person. His mittens were of bau-soti'« skin. Draylun, Dowsabell, st. 10 (169S). II. a. Same as ban.'iond. bausond (bii'snd), a. [Early mod. E. also baw- .sonde, bawsaud, mod. dial, baw.iont, bausand, also (erroneously written as if a participle) bau.wn'd, ba.i.'ien'd, baws'nt, etc; < ME. bau.iand (also, as a noun, bauson, Ixiu.ion, bau.ien, etc.), < OF. bausant, bau.t.iant, bauseul, bau::ant, bau<;ant, balcent, bauchant, etc. (with iippar. unorig. -t), also baii:an, bau,tcn, bau.iay grouiul; having a white stri)) down the face, or a patch on the forehead: iipjilied to animals. [Scotch.] IliH honest, sonsle, bawM'nt faco Aye gat him frlenilH in ilka place. liurnn. The Twa Dogs, 1. ,11. >f/-W/rv.] Abeam. . , bauson-faced (ba'sn-fast), n. Having a white bauge (bozh), n. [F.; of uncertain origin. ] ,„,,,.,. „„ ii,,,,,,,.^ nk,, a badger; bausond. ' A kipil of coarse drugget made in Burgundy, ^^j^jj I'riini'C.— 2. Miirtar niado of clay and Hiraw. baugh, ". See baurh. Bauninia (IM-hin'i-a), ». [NL., named in linii- pper-red. The yellow bronze eontanis about 82J per eent. of eopper to 173 per cent, of tin ; the red about 97 pel- cent, of eo])per to :i per eent. of tin. II. n. A native or an inhabitant of Bavaria. bavaroyt (bav'a-roi), H. [< F. Bavarois, Bava- rian.] A kind of cloak. Let the loop'd bavaroy the fop embrace. Gay, Trivia, i. 53. Bavenotwin. See («'(«. bavert, »■ An obsolete form of beaver^. bavette (ba-vef), ». [F., with dim. term, -ctte, < bare = Pr. It. baca = Sp. Pg. baba (ML. b(ira), drivel, slaver, saliva.] 1. A bib. — 2. The upper jiart of a child's apron turned over to serve as a bib. baviant (ba' vi-an), n. A variant form of baboon. baviert, »• Aii' oljsolete form of beaver'^. bavin^ (bav'iu), n. and a. [E. dial, bavin, bav- en, iilso biibbin ; of obscure origin; cf. OF. baffc, a bundle.] I. u. 1. A fagot of brushwood; light and combustible wood used for kindling fires. [Now rare.] The Baiiin, though it burne bright, is but a blaze. Lyly, Euphues, Anat. of Wit, p. 73. If he outlasts not a hundred such crackling bavins as thou art, God and men neglect industry. Marston, Jonson, and Chapman, Eastward Ho, i. 1. About two in the morning they felt themselves almost olloked with smoke, and rising, did find the fire coming up stairs : so they rose to save themselves ; but that, at that time, the bavins were not on fire in the yard. Pepys, D^ary, III. 73. 2t. Milit., a fascine. II. a. Resembling bavin. [Poetic] .Shallow jesters, and rash bavin wits. Soon kindled and soon burn'd. Shak., 1 Hen. IV., iii. 2. bavin^t (bav'in), V. t. [< bavin, ».] To make up into fagots. Kid or havin them, and pitch them upon their ends to preserve them from rotting. Evelyn, Sylva, p. 638. bavin^ (bav'in), n. [E. dial. ; origin obsetu-e.] Impure limestone. HalUicell. [Prov. Eng.] bavill'^ (bav'in), n. [Origin obscure.] A name on the northeastern coast of Ireland of the bal- laii-wrasse. Bavouism (ba-vo'izm), n. Same as Babouvism. Bavouism, as Baboeuf's system was called, was thus en- abled to play a role in French history from 1830 to 1S30. li. T. Ely, Fr. and Ger. Socialism, p. 31. bawl (ba), H. [E. dial, and Sc. (Se. also ba'), = hiiin.l A ball. [Prov. Eng. and Scotch.] baw- (ba), i'. J. [E. dial., = baii-n. In def. 2, cf. L. biiubari, bark.] 1. To bawl. [Prov. Bug.] — 2t. To bark. Topsell. baw-^ (ba), inter). [< ME. baw, bawe; a natural exclamation of tlisgust, like bah.'] An ejacu- lation of disgust or contempt. Goldsmith. bawbee, baubee (ba-be'), «. [Se., formerly also hdirliie, baiibic, rarely bahie : first mentioned in pi. bdiihris. Of uncertain origin; jirob. an abbr. of tlie name of the laird of lidlcbawby, a mint-master mentioned at the date of the issu- ance of the bawbee, in connection \i\i\i Atchison, another mint-master whose name was applied to the coin called atchison ; cf. also bodlc, boil- dle, said to be named from a mint-master Bad- well or Bothwell.'] 1. A Scotch VMllon coin, "weighing about 29 grains troy, first issued in obverse. Bawbee of James V.— British Museum. Reverse. (Size of the original.) 1542 by James V. of Scotland, and worth at that time lirf. Scotch, a half-bawbee, worth 31/. Scotch, was coined at the same time and had similar types. 1ti Scotland the name is now given to the bronze halfpenny current throughout the British islands. 2. pi. Money; cash. [Scotch.] bawble', ». See baubkK bawble-, n. See bauble^. 481 bawchan-seed (ba'chan-s6d), n. [E. Ind. ; also writtoii liimrhcc-sefd.'] The soofl of I'soralea cori)tiJ'iili(i, a h^guminous plant of the East In- dies, us(!d by the natives as a tonic and in skin- (liscases, aiifl exported as an oil-seed. bawcock (bii'kok), n. [< P. hcau eoq, fine cock : see te((« and coc/ci.] A fine fellow. [Archaic] How now, my bawcoek? Shak., T. N., iii. 4. bawdl (bad), «. [Early mod. E. also baud, < ME. bawde, baiidc, in the earliest instance varying with baivdxtrot, of whicli baird is prob. anabbr., boingtlius (prob.) indirectly, and not, as commonly supposed, directly, derived from the OP. baud, bold, lively, gay. The OF. adj. is not used as a noim, and does not have the sense of the E. word. ' See hawdstrot, and cf. bawdij'^, bawdy'^,'] A procurer or procuress ; a person who keeps a house of prostitution, and conducts illicit intrigues : now usually applied only to women. He IPundarus] is named Troilus' hawd. Skeltim, Poems, p. 235. bawdU (bad), V. i. [< bawdX, m.] To pander ; act as procurer or procuress. l.tMniii],c is agent for the king's lust, and bawds . . . fur the wiiole court. Spectator, No. 200. bawd"t (bad), )'. t. [Also spelled baud; < bawdy^, q. v.] To foul or dirty. Her shoone smered with tallow, Gresed upon dyrt That baudeth her skyrt. Skelton, Poems, p. 126. bawd^ (bad), n. [Early mod. E. also baud, per- haps abbr. from baudrous, or perhaps a var. of ME. badde, a cat, the name being transferred to the hare.] A hare. [In the extract there is a play on bawd in this sense and feawrfl.] Mei\ A bawd, a haicd ! so ho ! limn. What hast thou found? Mer. No hare, sir. Shak., R. and J., ii. 4. bawd-born (bad'bom), a. Born of a bawd ; a bawd frdiu birth. Shale., M. for M., iii. 2. bawdekynt, «• See baudekin. bawdily (ba'di-li), adv. In a bawdy manner; obscenely; lewdly. bawdiness (bii'di-nes), n. [< bawdy''- + -ness.'] Obscenity ; lewdness. bawdmoney, «. See baldmoney. bawdrickt (bad'rik), ??. See baldric. bawdry (bad'ri), n. [< ME. batiderye, < baiide, bawd, 4- -rij, Cf. OF. baudcrie, boldness, gayety. See bawd'-.'] 1. The business of a bawd or proeiu'ess. — 2. Illicit intereom-se; fornication. We must be married, or we must live in haivdry. Shak., As you Like it, iii. 3. 3. Obscenity; lewd language ; smuttiness. It is most certain that barefaced bawdry is the poorest pretence to wit imaginable. Dryden. 4t. Bawds collectively. Udall. bawdship (bad'ship), n. [< bawd^ + -shij).] The oflice or employment of a bawd. Ford. bawdstrott, ". [ilE., also baudstrot, baustrot, baldtslrot, baldijstrot, < OF. "baudestrot, *bal- dcslrot, found only in later form baudetrot, prob. a cant name, and as such of obscure ori- gin; possibly < OF. baud, bald, bold (< OLG. bald = E. bold), + *strot, < OLG. strotten, *strut- tcn = Dan. strutte = MHG. G. strotzen='E. strut; cf. .LG. G. strutt, stiff.] A bawd; a pander. Biers Plowman. bawdyl (ba'di), a. [< baicdT- + -i/l.] Obscene ; lewd ; indecent ; unchaste. bawdy-t (ba'di), a. [Early mod. E. also baiidy, < ME. bawdy, baudy, cUrty, appar. from a sim- ple form *baud, which is not foimd till much later, and only as a verb (see bawd~) ; origin unknown; cf . W. bawaidd. dirty, < baw, dirt, mire; F. bone, mud. Not connected with bawdi/'', tliough the two words are commonly associated.] Dirty*; filthy. His oversloppe . . . is al baiidy and to-tore also. Chaucer, Prol. to Canon's Yeomau's Tale, 1. 82. Slovenly cooks, that . . . never wash tfieirtaicriy hands. Burton, Anat. of llel., H. 323. bawdy-house (ba'di-hous), n. A house of lewilncss and prostitution ; a house of ill-fame. bawhorse (ba'hors), n. Same as batliorsc. bawll (bal), r. [Early mod. E. also ball, baid, < ME. bawlcn, bark, prob. < ML. bautarc, bark (cf. L. liaubari, bark); cf. mod. Icel. baula = Sw. bola, low as a cow (Icel. baula. a cow); cf. also Sw. bSla, roar, G. bailen, bark, and see bell", bellow, balk'^, etc , all prob. orig. imitative.] I. intrans. If. To bark or howl, as a dog.— 2. To cry out with a loud full sound ; make vehe- bay ment or clamorous outcries, as in pain, exulta- tion, etc.; shout. That baai for freedom in their senseless mood. And still revolt when truth would set them free. Milton, Sonnets, vfi. Passing under Ludgate the other day, I hearil a voice bawliny for charity. .Steele, Spectatr^r, No. 82. II. trans. 1. To utter or proclaim by outcry; shout out. still must I he-ar?— shall hoarse Fitzgerald bawl His creaking couplets in a tavern hall'^ Byron, Englisli liards and Scotch Revieweni. 2. To cry for sale, as a hawker. I saw my labours, which had cost me so much thought and watching, bawled about liy tiie common hawkers of Grub Street. Swift, liickcrstatf J'apers. bawl' (bal), «. [< bawl^, v.] A shotit at the top of one's voice; an outcry: as, the children set up a loud bawl. bawl'-'t, "• Obsolete spelling of 6«Hl. bawla (ba'lji), n. [Native term.] A matting made in the islands of the Pacific from the leaves of the cocoanut-palm, u.sed for thatching. bawler (ba'ler), n. One who bawls. bawmet, "• An obsolete form of balm. Chaucer. baw-money, ». See bat-mouey. bawn (liiiii), "• [^ if- bnhhun = Gae\. babhunn (pron. nearl.v as bawn), an inelosure for cattle, a fortification.] 1. Formerly, an outer in- elosure of an Irish castle : nearly e(iuivalent to bailey and outer bailey, in the seventeenth cen- tury grants of govcnmient land in Ireland were made on the coiblition that the grantee should build a castle antl bawn, the latter for the protection of the cattle of the tenants. 2. In modem times, in some parts of Ireland — (a) The cattle-yard near a fann-house. (b) A large house, including all its appurtenances, as offices, courtyard, etc. Swift. bawn (ban), V. t. [< bawn, «.] In Ireland, to surroimd or inclose with a bawn. ba'wrelt, «• [A corresponding mase. bawret is t'ouiiil; appar. of F. origin. Cf. buckcrel, bock- eret.] A kind of hawk. Phillips. bawsin, «. and a. See bauson. bawsint (ba'sint), a. See bausond. bawson, ". and a. See batison. bawtie, ba'wty (ba'ti), «. [Sc. Ct.bawd^.] In Scotland, a name for a dog, especially one of large size, and also for a hare. baxa, baxea (bak'sii, -se-a), n. [L.] In Bom. antiq., a sandal or low shoe of various forms, often plaited from papyrus or palm-leaves; generally, an inexpensive foot-covering worn by the poorer classes, but also referred to as occm-ring in rich materials and workmanship, and specifically as the shoe of comic actors, as distinguished from the cothurnus used by tra- gedians. baxter (bak'ster), n. [Also backster, < ME. bn.rUr, bacster, bakestre, < AS. bwcestre, a baker: see bakcitcr. Hence the proper name Baxter, equiv. to Baker.] A baker; properly, a female baker. [Old Eng. and Scotch.] Baxterian (baks-te'ri-an), a. Pertaining to or pro|jnuuileil by Kiehard Baxter, a celebrated English nonconformist divine (1615-1691): as, ISii.rIi rian doctrines. Baxterianism (baks-te'ri-an-izm), »i. The doctrines of Richard Baxter, who amalgamated the Arminian doctrine of free grace with the Cahinistic doctrine of election. bayl (ba), n. [Early mod. E. also baye, bale, < ME. bay, bale, a beiTy, esp. that of the laurel- or bay-tree, perhaps < AS. heei, berry, occurring only in pi. beijcr, begir, glossed baccinia, i. e. vaccinia, 'blueben'ies' (see Faccinium), and in comp. begbedm, lit. 'berry-tree,' applied both to the mulbeny-tree (Gr. fiopia) antl to the bram- ble or blackberry-bush (Gr. /Jdrof). But the ME. form, like JID. beye, baeyc, a beiTV, a lau- rel-berry, agi'ees also with, and may have come dii-ectly from, OF. bale, baye, mod. F. bale — Pr. ba'ia z= Sp. baya, OSp. baca zzi Pg. baqa, baca = It. bacca, a beiTV, < L. baca, less correctly bacca, a berry; of. Lith. hapka, a laurel-berry.] If. A berry, especially of the lam-el-tree. The bays or berries that it beareth. Holland, tr. of Pliny, xv. 30. 2. The laurel-tree, noble laurel, or sweet-bay, Laurus nobilis. See laurel. The name bay is also given to a nunilier of trees and shrubs more or less re- sembling the noble laurel. See phrases below. Hence (like laurel, and in reference to the an- cient use of the laurel) — 3. An honorary garland or crown bestowed as a prize for victory or ex- cellence ; also, fame or renown due to achieve- ment or merit : in. this sense used chiefly in the Iiay plural, with reference to the leaves or branches of laurel. Also called bay-leaf. Yet as you hope hereafter to see plays^ Encourage us, aud give our poet bays. Beau, and FL, Thierry and Theodoret, Epil. I play'd to plea^je myself, on rustick reed, Nor sought for baif, the learned shepherd's meed. H . Browne, Blitannia's Pastorals, i. 1. [In the following quotation, the office of poet laureate : formerly a not uncommon use. If you needs must write, write Caesar's praise. Vou'll gain at least a knighthood, or the bays. Pope, Imit. of Horace, Satire i. 22. Baus was sometimes used as a singular (compare bai/s, baize, as singular^ Do plant a sprig of cypress, not of bays. Robert RancLolph. A greener bays shall crown Ben Jonson's name. Feltham, Jonsonus Virbius.] 4. [Cf. bay-.'] A piece of low, marshy ground producing large numbers of bay-trees. [N. Carolina and Florida.] Bartlett BvtU-bay, the Ma'jiU'lia ■- sea Carolinen.\-i.i. — Rose-bay, a name given (a) to tlie willitw-herb, Ei'iiobium an'/as'i.t'olium ; {b) in the United States, to the great laurel. Rhododendron maxiinuin. — Sweet-bay. See above, 2.— sweet-bay, or white bay, of the L'nited States, the Magnolia fjlavca. bay- (ba), n. [Early mod. E. also baye, < JEE. bciyr, < OF. baie, bai/e, mod. F. bale = Pr. boia = Sp. baliia, formerly also bnia, baya (> Basque haia, bail/a), = Pg. bahia = It. baja (cf. G. bai, < D. baai, iLD. baeye = Dan. bai, < E. bay^}, < LL. baia, a bay, first mentioned by Isidore, and said to have its gen. in -«.?, implying its existence at a much earlier period ; perhaps connected with L. Baia:, pi., a noted watering-place on the coast of Campania, hence applied also to any watering-place. Bay in this sense has been confused in E. and Kora. with bay'^.] 1. A re- cess in the shore of a sea or lake, ditfering from a creek in being less long and narrow ; the ex- panse o£ water between two capes or head- lands. The sea winding, and breaking in bays into the land. Gray, I.etters, I. 265. 2t. An anchorage or roadstead for ships; a port; a harbor. A bay or rorinci|ial8 of the roof, or Ijy any other leading features that scpurato tho design into corresponding parts. Oifitrd (ilimnnry. — 2. riie part of a window included liotween two mullions; a light. Alsocalli'il win/loic-bay. — 3. A li ly-window. • .:•■ Ia»''' I. I wo Bc,recd'<. *■<• 7. V/IMf., tllMl I>Brl l,i.|w.'<-n (leckH which Ilea Curwanl of tho bittN, rArthltecture.' 4b2 on either side ; in a ship of war, the foremost messing-place between decks. See sick-bay. — 8. In bridffe-building, the portion between two piers. — 9. In coal-miniiig : (n) An open space for the gob or waste in a long wall working. (6) The space between two frames or sets in a level: synonymous with board. [Leicester- shire, Eng.]— Bay of joists, the joists between two binding-joists, or between two j:irilers, in a framed lloor. — Bay of roofing, the small ratters and their supporting purlins between two principal raftei-s. bay-*t (ba), V. i. [< OF. buyer, beer, baer, gape, < LL. badare, mod. F. buyer, dial, bader = jPr. badar = Cat. budur = It. badare, < LL. ba- dare, gape, be open. Cf. bayS and buy^.] To open the mouth, as for food ; seek with open mouth. Bayer A la mamelle, to seeke or baye for the dugge. Ilollyband, Treasurie of the French Tongue. bay" (ba), V. [Early mod. E. also buye, < ME. bayen, < OF. buyer — It. hujure (also in comp., ME. ubuycii, < OF. ubuyer, abater, abhayer, mod. F. aboyer = It. abbajare), bark ; of uncertain origin, perhaps imitative (cf. E. baicl^, bark, L. bauburi, ML. baulurc, G. baileii, bark, aud E. bate", boir-u-ow), but prob. associated in earUcr use with OF. buer, beer, buyer = It. bndurc, < LL. badure, gapo : see buy^, and cf. buy^', n., in which the two notions unite. In some senses the verb is from the notm.] I. intrant. To bark, as a dog; especially, to bark with a deep prolonged soimd, as hounds in tho chase. The hounds at nearer distance hoarsely bayed. Dryden, Theodore and Honoria, 1. *279. H. trans. 1. To bark at; beset with deep prolonged barking. I had ratlier be a dog, and bay the moon. Than sucli a Roman. Sttak., J. C, iv. 3. 2. To express by barking. 'Tis sweet to hear the watch-dog's honest bark Bay deep-mouthed welcome as we draw near home. Byron, Don .Juan, i. 123. 3. To drive or pursue so as to compel to stand at bay ; cliaso or htmt. They bay'd the bear With homids of Sjiarta. Shak., M. N. D., iv. 1. 4. To hold at bay. For we are at tho stake, And bay'd about with many enemies. A'/mi., J. C, iv. 1. bay'' (ba), 11. [Early mod. E. also buye, bcyc, < JIE. bail, baie, of different origin, according as it stands (o) for bay, a barking, < buy, ME. hay- en, bark; (6) by apheresis for ubay, < OF. ahni. uhay, ubbay, uboy, mod. F. ahoi, a barking, < abayer, bark (soo bay^, r.), csp. in the jilirHsc to be or stand at buy (or at a buy, which is pcr- liaps always to be read at abay), to brini/ to Ixiy ; (f) in the phrase to hold nt bay, rcpr. OF. tenir a bay, It. tenerc a bada, liold in suspense or ex- pectation, lit. on tho gape: OF. buy (=lt. bada), suspense, lit. gapiug, < iacr = It. badure, gajic, a verb prob. in part connected with buy^\ bark: see above.] 1. Thedeep-toned barkingnf adog in pursuit of game; especially, the barking ot a pack of hounds. — 2. The stale of being so hard pressed, as a liunted animal by dogs and hunters, as to bo compelled, from impossiliility of escape, to turn and face tlKulaiigcr: witli at or to: as, to bo nt buy, stand ut buy, hold ut bay (formerly also ut u bay), bring to liay, etc.: often u.sod figuratively, in these and other con- structions, with reference to jiorsons beset by enemies or held at a disadvantage : strait; distress. rnhiii>|iy Sqntre I what hard niiHhap thee brought Into thin bay of peril! and disgrace? iSpetuur, V. Q., VI. 1. 12. Nor flight was left, nor hopcn to force his way : Kmb K. liudiuuH), bay, in ri-f. to a color of horscH. II. «. I. Knrrlv in sing. Imy (= 1). tiuui = MLG. bail, Lli. Iiujr (> <1. Imi) = Dnn. Iiai = Hw. Iioi), usually in pi. bui/n, early mod. E. bayct, baicii, baiso (whonco tbo moa. sing. bayard baize, q. v.), < OF. bales, pi. of buie, fem. of bai, adj.] I. a. Reddish or brownish-red, inclining to chestnut; rufous; baiiious; eastaneous: ap- plied most frequently to horses, but also to other animals displaying the same color. II. ». If. A light woolen fabric (originally of a bay color), the manufacture of which was introduced iuto Eugland in 1561 by refugees fi'ora France and the Netherlands : usually in pliu'al buys, now, as singular, baize (which see). — 2. A bay horse. The ploughman stopped to gaze "Whene'er his cliariot swept in view Bellind the sliiuing bays. "O. ir. Jlolmes, Agnes. bay'' (bii), n. [Origin uncertain ; the ME. ' ' bay, or ■svithstondynge, obstucidiim," may possibly be a use of bny^ in to stund at buy, etc.: see buy", I'.] A dam; a pond-head; an embank- ment. [Eng.] bay" (ba), ('. t. [Perhaps from the related noun (buy~), or, as the source of that, < Icel. fcn-j- ju, push back, hinder, < bdgr, opposition, colli- sion; ef.fara i bug, come athwart.] To dam: as, to buy back the water. bay* (ba), »(. [Short for fto,)/-o''"f''.] Tho bay- antler or bez-antler of a stag. bayO (ba), r. t. [E. dial., < ME. beicn, beiglien, beisen, bleu, buyen, hitmen, < AS. began, biegan, btgun, bygun (= OFries. beja = MI). ooghen = MLG. bogen = OHG. boiigen, MHG. bougen, G. beiigtn = Icel. beygju = Sw. hiija = Dan. boje = Goth, buugjun), trans, bend, causative of biigun (= Goth, biugun, etc.), E. toicl, intrans. bend : see bow^, and cf. 6ni7l.] To bend. [Prov. Eng.] baylOf, V. [Only in Spenser, who also uses em- buy for embnthe, iu most instances for tho sake of rime.] A poetical jierversion of buthc. Hee feedes upon tlie cooling shade, and baycs His sweatie forehead in the breatliiiig wynd. Spenser, F. Q., I. vii. 3. baya (ba'yji), n. [Hind.] Tho weaver-bird, J Ulceus }iliiliiijii)ins, an East Indian passerine bird, somewhat like the bulfinch, remarkable for its extremely curious nest. See weat>er- blrd. baya-bird, n. Same as buyu. bayadere, bayadeer (,ba-ya-der'), n. [Also spelled bujiiilere (< F. bayudere); formerly bal- liudcre. l)ulliuderu, < Pg. builudeiru (fern, of bui- lador = Sp. builudor), a dancer, < builur = Sp. builur, dance: see ball9.'\ An East Indian dan- cing girl. bayal (bii'al), ?i. A fine kind of cotton. Sini- nionds. bayamo (bil-yii'mo), n. [Cuban.] A violent blast of wind, accomjianicd V>y vivid lightning, blowing from the land on the south coast of Cuba, and especially from the Bight of Bayamo. bay-antler, ». See bez-untler. bayardl (ba'jird), u. and n. [Early mod. E. also buyerd, buinrd, buyiirt, < AlK,. buyurd, buy- tirt, < OF. buyurd, buiurd, Iniiurt (= Pr. Iniiurt), bay. a bay hi>i'se, < but, bay: see buy^i and -urd. Till' ailj. came to be a general appellative of a bay horse, esp. of Rcnaud's (Riiialdo's) iiiagio steed in the Charlemagne romances; later of any horse, esp. in alliterative jirovcrbial uije, bold liuyurd, blind buyurd, of ten with rel'crenco to reckless or si lipid ]iei'sons, |K'rliai)sassociiilod ill llie latter si'use with OF. buyurd. gaping, staring, one who gajies or gazes, < buyer, baer, gaiie, gaze: see ?»(,'/''.] I.t <'• l^'iyi *'f ». I'^y color : apiilied to a liorse. II. ". 1. Abayliorse; generally, any horse: fciniii'ily freiiiii'iil in )irovrrliial use, especially wilh tlio ejiilliet blind or bold. Illlnd Imyard moves tho mill. Philips, Who MO bold as bliinl hayard f Prnrerhial saying. 2. A person who is si'lf-confident and ignorant: usually with tho epithet blinil or bold. Tho more wo know, the more we know wo want : What Bayard boulder tbcn the ignorant'/ Marston, What you Will, Inil. rhtllln tho B(!coiid, lato king of Spuili, perceiving Unit many Itltiid ttayarils were ovrrtioM to iiinlrrtukc tile work- ing of his niliu'H of nilvcr til tho West liiilicH, etc. (Jeraril Malynrs, Lex Mcrcali>ria (l(l'2'2), p. 180. What arc inoHt of our papists, but Mtiipid, Ignorant and blinil linyarils! Iliirloii. Anal., ot Met, p. 009. (Olwolele or archaic in all iis(>s.] bayard'-'t, ". [< <'!''. Iwiani, bayurl, a basket iihid for the carrying of earth iniil fiisleniMl iiliiiut till' neck; pi'rlia|>s a I'liiiriful npplicalion of liui/urd, a liorse: see liuifurdK] A kind of hiiinl burrow uhimI for carrying heavy loads, especially of stouos. I bayardly bayardlyt (ba'ard-li), a. [< bayann + -Z//1.] Bliml ; stupid. A bliml urcdiility, a baiiardly confidence, or an imperious ins'ilftice. Jet: Taylor {'!), Artif. Handsomeness, p. 143. bayberry (ba'bGr^''i), 71. ; pi. bat/berries (-iz). [< bay^ + bf-rnj'^.l 1. The ft'uit of the bay-tree, or Lauras nobilis. — 2. The wax-myrtle, Myrica cerifcra, and its friiit. xiie coating of wax upon tlie berries is known as ba;/l'cn-ii-talloio or inyrth'-ivax. See Myrica. Also called ani'llrh.'rrii. 3. In Jamaica, the runenta acris, from which an oil is obtained which is used in the manu- facture of bay-rum. bay-birds (ba'berdz), n. pi. A collective name of numerous small wading birds or shore-birds, 483 binert knife and bayonet arranged to fit the rauzzlo of a ritle, carried wlien not in use in a sheath altaclied to the waist-bt'lt.— Rod-bayonet, a long steel rod with triangu- lar-shaped end, used as a bayonet. It is attached to the rifle liy a spring-catrh, and may also be used as a wiping- rod. It was pcrfci trd by Lieut. -Col. A. R. liuflhivrtoii. U. S. A.— Spanish bayonet, a common name given !.» plants bclniij^'ing t(j several species of Yucca, with narruw, rigid, spin'-Lipptd leaves, especially to i'. aloiJoUa, Y. canalu-iihitir, and Y. taccaia.— Sword-bayonet, a short sword wiLli a cutting edge and sharp point, made to fasten by a spring-catch t*i the barrel of a ritle or carbine. It is carried in a scalibard when not fixed to the piece. Tliis is now the usual form of military bayonet. — Trowel-bayo- net, a form of bayonet with a short and broad but sharp- p(nnted bladt\ intended to serve in case of need, after the manner of a trowel, as an intrenching tool. It was invent- ed by Col. Edmund Kice, U. S. A., and lias done good ser- vice in Indian-flghting. , , . , ■-, ,, .,. 1 ' 1 * ILV; 111 lllltlllll-ll^lltlllK. chietly ot the siupo and plover famibes, which bayonet (ba'o-uet), v. t. [< Vayonct, «.] To stab with a bayonet ; compel or drive by the bayonet. You send troops to sabre and to bayonet us into a sub- mission. Burke, Bxv, in France. fi-equent the muddy shores of the bays and e.s- tuaries along the Atlantic coast of the United States. bay-bolt (ba'bOlt), n. A kind of barbed bolt See hoW^. bayonet-clasp (ba'o-net-klasp), n. A movable jiavmg tue ^.- ^^ j^^^j.^ ^^^^^^ ^^^^ socket of a bay-breasted (ba'bres'ted), a. breast bay in color : as, the bay-breasted warbler, Dendrwca caatanea, one of the commonest birds of the United St^ates. ,,. bayonet-clutch (ba'o-net-kluch), bay-cod (ba'kod), «. The name of a fish of the „ ?„,.,„ „f „,„t„,, ;,„„AVi „„„„ii„ Ja fa'mily <>phi(lihl(i\ Gciiijiiterus blacodes, of New Zealand, also called cloudy bay-cod and liii(i. bayed (bad), rt. l< bayS + -cd^.] 1. Having a bay or bays, as a building: as, "the large bay'd ham," Drayton, Polyolbion, iii. — 2. Formed as a bay or recess. A handSonie and substantial mansion, tlie numerous ga- ble-ends and bayed windows of whicb bespoke tlie owner a man of worsbip. Barhain, Ingoldsby legends, I. 119. bayest, «• See Sace. bayeta (ba-ya'ta), n. [Sp., baize: see baize.'] A common kind of coarse baize manufactured in Spain. Bayeux tapestry. See tapestry. bayonet, which serves to strengthen it and to prevent its discii^,':ifi'ciiient. n. In mach. a form of clutch ai-med usually with two prongs (a a), which when in gear act on the ends or lugs of a friction-strap (&), fitted on a side-boss of the wheel to be driven, the lat- ter being loose on the same shaft. The clutch is attached to tlie shaft by a feather-l:ey, and wlieii drawn back or out of gear with the strap the wheel remains at rest, and the clutch continues to re- volve with the shaft. When it is re E. bowel, q v.] in the southern United States, the outlet of a lake, or one of the several outlets of a river through its delta ; a sluggish watercourse. For hours, in fall days, I watched the ducks cunningly tack and veer and hold the middle of the pond, far from tlie sportsman ; tricks which they will have less need to prac- tise in Louisiana bayous. Thoreau, Walden, p. 254. Under the shore his boat was tied, And all her listless crew Watched the gray alligator slide Into the still bayou. Longfellow, Quadroon Girl. bay-porpoise (ba'p6r"pus), n. A typical por- poise, as of the genus Fhocwna; a puffing-pig: so called from the frequent appearance of the bazaar-maundCba-zar'mand') France, because bayonets are said to have been first made there {Bayonne, Sp. Bayona, is said to mean 'good harbor,' < Basque baia, harbor (see bay^), + ona, good) ; but cf. P. "bayonnier, as arbalestier [see arbalistcr]; an old word" (Cotgi-ave), < bayon, baton, the arrow or shaft of a crossbow.] If. A short flat dag- ger. — 2. A dagger or short stabbing instru- ment of steel for infantry soldiers, made to bo attached to the muzzle of a gun. in its original _ ^ _ [Formerly sometimes baziers (ba'zerz), n. sinff. OTpl. [Corruption of bai sal't' base-salt, < late ME. baye salt: cf. Dan. heai^s ears.] The plant bear's-ears. Primula baisalt=G.l>aisalz,a,itev'E.; appar. < ftay^ (gome Auricula: used in some parts of England. suppose orig. in ref. to the Bay of Biscaj') + The baziers are sweet in the morning of May. salti.] Coarse-grained salt: properly applied Book of Days, L m:. to salt obtained by spontaneous or natural bazil (baz'il), n. Same as basan. evaporation of sea-water. Tanned with bark, . . . [sheep-skins] constitute bazils, hav-.?.iov, a plant, a fragrant gum which exudes from it (Dioseori- des, Pliny) : used (also in the form j36iA'/.a) to translate Heb. Vdolakh, a precious article of merchandise mentioned along with gold and precious stones (Gen. ii. 12). The opinion of the rabbins, which Bochart supports, is that b'dolakh signifies orig. a pearl, and as a collec- tive noun pearls, which may be compared to grains of manna ; hence its secondary sense of a gum.] A name given to two aromatic gum- resins, similar to myrrh, but weaker. Indian bdellirim is believed to lie the product of Balsamode lulron Mukid, and African bdellium of />. A/ricanum. They are used for the same purposes as myrrh, but cliietly as an in^rredieut in plasters and as a perfume. An Egyptian r'-iit nlso called bdellium is obtained from the douni-palm, ll\. i'lne T/iebaica, of Upper Eg\'pt. Bdelloida (de-loi'da), n. [NL., < Gr. pAina, a leech. + -oirfn.] A family of rotifers that swim and creep like a leech, with the foot retractile, jointed, telescopic, and forked at the end. bdellometer (de-lora'e-ti'r), n. [< Gr. jiSDJji, a leech (< jii'ia'/.'/.etv, milk, suck), + /lerpov, a measure.] An instrument used as a substi- tute for the leech. It consists of a cupping-glass, to whii-h a scarificator and an exhausting syTinge are at- tached, huivtliiton. Bdellostoma (de-los'to-mii). n. [NL., < Gr. ,<'i(7>.n. a leech, + ardua, mouth.] A genus of cyclo.stomous or marsipobrauchiate fishes, or myzonts, referred to the family Myxinidw, or made the type of a family BdcUnntomidw : so called from the comparison of the suctorial mouth to that of a leech. There are 7 branchial apertures or openings of the branchial sacs. 11. heptatre- via is Umw'i at the Cape of Good Hope. Tlie genus is the ■anic as U''j>tnlri'ma. bdellostomid (de-los'to-mid), n. A myzont of till- I'aiiiily /till lloxtomida:. Bdellostomids (del-os-tom'i-de), n. pi. [NL., < BdiAlostoma + -idw.'\ A family of hj-pero- tretous myzonts, represented by the genus Bdellostoma : synonymous with SeptatremidcB (which see). bds. An abbreviation of boards, in use among bookbinders and booksellers. be' (bo), V. >'., subnUintivc verb; pres. am, art (sometimes becut), in, arc (sometimes be) ; pret. was, wast, were; subj. be, were, wort; impv. be ; pp. tjrrn ; ppr. beiiiij. [Under the verb he are classeil. a.H ideiitii^al in Hoiise, the surviving forms of three orig. independent verbs, which, 8upple;menting each other's defects, serve to- gether to make up the Hiibstantivo verb or cop- ula ; they are represented by the forms be, am, iind was. 1. Be, inf., early mod. E. also bee, < MK. he, bee, been, ben, heon, < AS. hedn, hidn; pros. ind. sinij. 1st pers. he, early mod. E. also '"■'■, < MF;. he, bee, beo, < AH. /»», rarely be6ni, Ininii ^retaining the Huflix -m, which appears ill-', iti am) = U.S. bium = OEries. bem = Olid. ■ m), MUG. O. bin; 2d pers. beest, be>st, '. < .\!i;. hee/it, best, bioHl, hist, < AS. hist ' = < lllG. /(/*, pisl, MUG. (i. hisi; .'td il. uIh.i heeth, hen, < MK. helh, brolli, AK. huh ; pi. he, areliiiic and dial. ■//, uIho heth, < MK. been, ben. bin, an ind.) beelh, bilh, benlh, < AH. ' ' I ' ■■ iierHoiiH) = OltG. IkI, pers. pi- \\\\i i. birnt, hint) CM Hint); Kith -^iibj., etc. ; all from u 'Mitiirnfin ' ' I.. I'll- In pcrt.fntsHe, have been I' , f linvo been), fiif. [inrt. /«- ' ' ' ■ iHet^fuluri I, flit. inf./or<, lie ■''■ 'ir. '■ynnlhii, be. becoiriM, jfrow t<"l- •■ ■■ I leet (> ull. E. iihi/Hle, jiliiixirnl, etc.), a Hkt, ■\/ bhu, become, eomo into beinj;, 484 take place, exist, be ; the sense 'become' being stiU e-s-ident in AS., and giving the present gen- erally a future implication. 2. Am, etc., pres. ind. (without inf.): 1st pers. am (often contr. 'm in I'm), < ME. am, amm, em, < ONorth. earn, am, AS. eom = Icel. em (mod. usually er) = Goth. im (orig. *ism) = L. sum (orig. *esum) z= Gr. tlfii, dial, i/iui (orig. ''eaf:i), = OBulg. yesmi = Bohem. jsem, etc., = Lith. esmi, etc., = Skt. asmi ; 2d pers. art, < ME. art, ert, < AS. eart, ONorth. arth = Icel. ert = Goth, is = L. fs = Gr. el, dial, eaai, = OBulg.yes/', etc., = Skt. asi; 3d pers. i«, < ME. is, es, < AS. is = OS. ist = OFries. ist = OHG. MHG. G. ist = Icel. er, earlier es, = Sw. o> = Dan. er (extended in Sw. Dan. also to 1st and 2d pers. ) = Goth, ist = 1j. est= Gr. icri = OBulg. yestl, etc., = Skt. asti ; pi. (irc,< ME. are, aren, ante, ere, eren. erne, < ONorth. aron, caron (in all three persons) = Icel. 1st erum, 2d eruth, 3d eru, = Sw. 1st (iro, 2d dren, 3d dro, = Dan. ere: a new formation from the stem as seen in the sing, art, etc., taking the place in Scand. and ONorth., etc., of the older form, namely, AS. sind, also in double pi. sindon (in all three per- sons), = OS. sind, sinden = OFries. send = OHG. MHG. 3d pi. sint, G. sind = Goth. 3d pi. sind = L. 1st sumus, 2d estis, 3d sunt, = Gr. 1st lauh; 2d iarc, 3d clai, dial, laai, = Skt. 1st smas, 2d stlia, 3d santi; also in subj. (lost since early ME.), AS. 1st pers. ,reserit parllclpb-, it has the gninimatlcal conslrui'tlnri of a predicate ailjecllve r|Ualirylng the SUbJi'ct, to nutkc neonllnuous or progrcRsive or fmperfrcl present ; IIiiih, / ntn liirinif, l-tc, besiibr / tiii(t with n past partli'Ipli' (having the name coii- slrui'llon as above), lo make tihranes iiiulviilent with the Iinssive VGrb-fonns or verb phrases of olln-r langiinges ; lius, he it lured, ].»tin ainatur, (lorman er vird aeliebt. beach-birds Hence such phrases are ordinarily viewed as making a passive conjugation of the English verb. They are un- distinguished in form from mere combinations of be with a predicate participle; thus, he is beaten is passive when it means 'somebody is beating him,' hut not when it means ' he is a beaten man,' or 'somebody has beaten him.' ^^■) Formerly, as still to a very limited extent (much more in other related languages, as German and French), be was the auxiliary useti in making the past tenses of in- transitive verbs, as liave of transitives: thus, he is come, they icere gone (German er iM gekom meti, French ilg latent atles), and so on. At present, liare has come to be the au.\iliary almost universally used in this sense. The heathen are perished out of his land [that is, have perished and now no longer exist in the land). Ps. x. 16. ((f) An infinitive with to after be forms a sort of future, often with a certain implication of obligation : thus, he is to come, they were to appear, she tvould have been to blame or to be blamed. [Be, with lo, in perfect tenses {have been, had been, etc.). is used in tlie sense of tjo, yet liardly except in colloquial style : thus, he haa been to Paris; we had been to see her.J — Been and, a common vulgarism introduced pleonastically into the perfect and pluperfect tenses of other verbs; sometimes extended to been and elie, be- howl, tie.^huj, etc., verbs of either class often conveying slight contempt, as ?*c;i?-f7iA'c, l/eplaxter, bepouder, etc., and are hence often made for the nonce. In a few verbs, all obsolete except ttehead, be- assumed a privative force; while in many verbs this prefix, through loss of the simple verb, or a dellection of its sense, or by mere dilution, haa now no assignable force, as in beqin, betineath, become, be- hold, etc. be--. [ME. and AS. be-, hi-, or separnloly he, bi, being the ]nvp. with following adv. or noun: see /)(-l.] An inseparable prolix of advi'rbs, which may also bo used as prepositions or conjunctions, it is properly the preposition Ini. Mid- dle Knglisli h'\ bi, ((f) used adverbially, as in be/ore, hehind, ItetvYen, bi'ttrij-tj betow, etc., contracted in atntre, atntut ; or {It) merged with the governed nonn, as in Iteeause, be- side, that is, 'by cause,' 'by side": so also in behalf, origi- nally a prepositional phrase, now taken as a noun. See the words cited. beach (bech), «. [Formerly also beech, healrh, hiiich, haiche, baehe ; first in early mod, E., ap- jiar. dial., with the meiiiiiiig lirsl given. Origin unknown.] 1. Tho loose pebbles of tho sea- shore; shingle. [I'liig.l — 2. That part of the shore of tho sea or of ii liiUe which is washed by the tide and waves ; the strand, it may bo somctimeH used for the slnu-e of large rivers. It usually means the tract between high- and low-water mark. Only the long waves as Ihcy broke la ripples on the pebbly tieaeh. Lonnfelloii', liullding of tho Ship. Raised beach, in fjeol., a shelf or terrace of shlnglo, gravel, and siitid, elevated above the sea-level, and indi- cating a pause in tlx! upheaval of the land,ora depression and siilihcijueiit Upheaval ; the margin of an ancient sea, ii'ov inland. beach (bech), v. [< beach, «.] I, trans. To run or haul up (a ship or boat) on tho beach. We rowed ashore, dresHcd In our unlforin, Iteaetied tho boat, and went up to the fandango. It. II. Iliinii, .Ir., llefore the Mast, p. 281. II, intrans. To land upon a beach. All Ibat afternoon we drifted between Bca and shore, and lii'oi'hed at sniisel In a new laud. C. If. .S'/(i(((((in/, Sonlh-Sea Idyls, p. 344. beach-birda (boch'b^rdz), n. pi. A colloctive name of Hiinilry sandpiiiers orotlier small wad- ing birds found in Hocks on beaches. beach-clam beach-clam (beeh'klam), n. A popular name of tho Miu-tra stilidis.siiiia. [Local, U. S.] beach-comber (befli'k6"mer), «. 1. A long wave rolling in from the ocean. Jlartlett. |-U_ g_] — 2. A seafaring man, generally of vagrant anil dnuiki L'li habits, "who idles about , „„„^ ^ ,. -„ -., the wharves of seaports : used most frequently ^^^^?J!^^^^;}t,}^^':V}.. in countries bordering on the Pacilic ocean. This is a specimen of tlic life of halt of tho Americans and English who are aih-ift alons: the inasts of tlie Paeitle and its islands, commoiilv failed Ix'iwIiriunUrr^. li. 11. Daiut, Jr., IWtnVL- the .Mast, p. Sill. beached (beeht), ;>. a. 1. Having a beach; 485 II. intrans. To serve or shine as a beacon. The soul of Ar.lcr('d by a beach: formed by or consisting beacon-fire (be'kpn-fir), n A fire ]i| of a beach. [Rare.] , -^ hmron or signal ; a signal-fire. Tinion hath made his everlasting mansion beacOn-tOWer ( be kon-tou 'er), n. Upon the beached verge of the salt flood. Shak., T. of A., v. 2. 2. Run on a beach ; stranded. beach-flea (bech'fle), «. A name of sundry' suiiUl amjihipod crustaceans. Also called santl- liopiicr, .•iliiirif-jumprr, and saiid-flfd. beach-grass '(berh'^ras), n. Tho sand-reed, .Iniiiiojiliilii arundiiLdCca, a coarse grass with stout running root-stocks, growing on sandy beaches and protecting them from the winds. beachman (bech'man), 11. ; pi. beachmen (-men). A person on the coast of Africa who acts as in- tevpiH'ter to ship-masters, and assists in con- durling the trade. Imp. Diet. beach-master (bech'mas"ter), n. 1. NauL, a naval officer appointed to superintend the dis- embarkation of an attacking force. — 2. A name used in some places for a male seal. beach-wagon (bech'wag"on), n. A light open wagon with two or more seats, nsed on beaches. beachyt (be'chi), a. [< beach + -j/l.] Covered with beach or shingle ; pebbly; shingly. The beaehii girdle of the ocean. Sliah., 2 Hen. IV., iii. 1. beacon (be'kon or -kn), n. [< ME. beicji, bekene, < AS. be(icen,'becen,becn, a sign, signal-standard, = OS. bOkan = OFries. belccn, bahcn = D. baah = LG. bake (> G. bahv) = OHG. boiMan, MHG. houchcn = leel. bnloi (after AS.), a sign. Henee leckon and bed:".} 1. A guiding or warning signal; anything fixed or set up as a token; especially, a signal-fire, either in a cresset and placed on a pole, or lighted on a tower or an eminence. Such beacons were formerly much used to signal the approach of an enemy or to spread a call or ■warning for any purpose, a chain of them often conveying intelligence to great distances. Modest doubt is call'd The beaeon of the wise. Shak., T. and C, ii. 2. Uncertain, troubled, ejirnest wonderers beheld his intel- lectual tire as a beacon burning on a hill-top. Hawthorne, Old Manse, I. 2. A tower or hill formerly used for such pur- poses. Various hills in England and the older parts of the United States have the name of Beacon, from the fact that signal-fires were formerly lighted on them. 3. A lighthouse or other object placed conspic- uously on a coast, or over a i-ock or shoal at sea, to give notice of danger, or for the guid- ance of vessels. — 4. A painted staff about 9 feet long, carrying a small square flag at the top, used in camps to indicate an angle of the quarters assigned to a regiment or company. — 5t. In England, former!}', a division of a wapentake; probably a district throughout which a beacon eoiild be seen, or which was bound to furnish one. N. E. D. beacon (be'kon or -kn), v. [< beacon, i\. Cf. beckon.'] I. trans. 1. To illumine or light up as a beacon. That beacons the darkness of heaven. Campbell, Loolliel's Warning. 2. To afford light or aid to; lead; guide as a beacon. — 3. To furnish or mai'k with beacons : as, to beacon a coast or a boundary : sometimes witho_^. — 4t. To use as a beaeon; make a bea- con of. A tower on which a Vieacon is raised. A beacon-tower above the waves. Tennyxon, Prineess, iv. bead (bed), «. [< ME. bede, a prayer, also (in pcire of bede.'!, a pair of beads) a bead used in counting prayers, < AS. bedii (rare, and the nom. is not foiuid), in comj). bed- (= OS. beda = OFries. bede = D. bede = OHG. belii, MlKi. bete, G. bittc = Goth, bida), fem. (also (/ebed = OS. gibed = OHG. f/abet, MHG. G. gcbct, neut.), a prayer, < biildan, etc., pray: see bid. Beads are used by Roman Catholics to keep them right as to the number of their prayers, one bead of tho rosary being dropped every time a prayer is said ; hence tho transference of the name from that which is counted (the prayers) to that which is used to count with. Cf. Sp. cuentas, Pg. contas, the beads of a rosary, < Sp. Pg. COH to)", count.] If. Prayer; a jjrayer; specifically, a prayer of tho list or bead-roll, read at public church-services by the preacher before his sermon, or by tho curate (see bead-roll) : usually in the i^lural. Ilence, in this sense, to bid {one's) beads, to say (one's) prayers. See phrases below. Wlien holy and devout religious men Are at tlieir beads, 'tis much to draw them thence ; So sweet is zealous contemplation. Shak., Rich. III., iii. 7. 2. One of the little balls, of wood, cocoauut- shell, pearl, glass, jewels, or other material, strung in a prescribed order, which form the ehaplet or rosary in use in the devotions of Roman Catholics, Buddhists, etc., to keep count of the number of prayers said. See pair of beads, below. Tlie commonest, though not the only, appliance for reckonijlg these prayers was, and still is, a string of beads so put together that every set of ten smaller ones for the " Hail Marys" is partedby a larger bead, to tell when the " Oui- Father " must be recited. Rock, Church of our Fathers, III. i. 320. 3. Anything resembling a rosary-bead, strimg with others for ornament, as in necklaces or beadwork: as, glass, amber, metal, coral, or other beads. With scarfs, and fans, and double change of bravery, With amber bracelets, beads, and all this knavery. Shak., T. of the S., iv. 3. 4. Any small globular, cylindrical, or annular body, as the small projecting piece of metal at the "end of a gun-barrel used as a sight, a drop of liquid, etc. Beads of sweat have stood upon thy brow. Shak., 1 Hen. IV., ii. 3. He raised his piece gradually, until the Irarf . . . of the barrel was brought to a line with the spot which he in- tended to hit. J. J. Audubon, Ornith. Biog., I. 293. 5. One of the circular markings of certain dia- toms. — 6. The bubble or mass of bubbles ris- ing to the top or resting on the surface of a liquid when shaken or decanted: as, the bead of wines or spirits. Give me the wine of thought whose bead Sparkles along the page I read. M'hittier, Lines on a Fly-Leaf. Pleasure, that immortal essence, the beauteous bead soarkling in the cup, effervesces soon and subsides. ^ Alcott, Table-Talk, p. 75. 7. A glass globule for ti-j-ing the strength of alcoholic spirits. Beads .are numbered according to their siiecilic gravities, and the strength of the spirit is denominated by the number of that one which remanis suspended in it, and neither sinks to the bottom nor floats on tlie surface. Beads, in determining the strength of spirits, are now for tlie most part superseded by the hydrometer. , , , . ... c 8. In mineral, in the blowpipe examination ot minerals, a globule of borax or other flux which is supported on a platinum wire, and in which the substance under examination is dissolved in the blowijipe flame.— 9. In areh. and join- a small convex molding, in section a semi Bcid as used beneath a capital.— Abbey- church of Vczelay, Vonnc. France: nth century. ( From Viollet-Ie-Duc's " IJict. de r Architecture.") No, if other things as great in the Church and in the rule of life both econoraicall and politii-all be not lookt into and reform'd, we have 1 that Zwinglius and Calvin hatl: are stark bUnd. MUtuii, Areopagitica, p, fj-y, - . . , , circle or gi'eater than a semicircle ; properly. a plain molding, but often synonymous with .nUt s.. l.mg uimii the blaze „ J^„,,„, .^-iiieh is better reseiwed for a small ":,V:«"';;;"Are^pa^Uca 'p! 11 convex molding cut into the form of a string of bead-furnace beads. The bead is a very iie(|Uont ornament, used to mark a junction or a separation, as betueen the shaft and the capit:i1 of a colunni, Ui di-ess an angle, et(;. It is muuli uBcd in woodwork of all kinds, from car- penters' work t't the finest kiui joinery and calii- net-work. Anion;; joiners the bead is variously in- troduci'd ; as: {a) hcudandhiitt (W'z. 1), frjuncd work hi wiiich till! panel is tlush with the framing and li;w a bead run on two edges in the di- rection of the grain only, while tlie ends are left jdain ; {b) head and jluHh (tig. 2), framed woik in which a bead is run on the edge of the framing ; (c) bead and rjuirk (fig. 3), the edge of a piece of stuff on which a bead is formed, or stuck, as it is called, tliisli with the sui-face; (d) head arid double quirk, or return bfjtd (fig. 4), the angle of a ^iece of stuJf on which a bead is stuck and quirked or relieved on b(»th surfaces; (e) bead, Initt, and square work, a panel which haa beads on two of its edges on one side oidy, wliile the other side is plain. (/) head,jhish, and square, framing which is ))eadea on one side only. 10. In hool'hiufiimf, shoemaling, etc., any cord- like prominence, as the roll on the heatl-band of a book, the seam of a shoe, etc.— Baily's beads, appearances resembling a row of bi'ight beads, seen at the moon's limb in a total solar eclipse about the instant of internal contact. The plienomenon is due to diffrac- tion and iiTadiation, and is much exaggerated in case the telescope is imperfect or out of focus, ^o called from the English astronomer Francis liaily, who observed these ob- jects in the annular eclipse of May lb, 1*36. — Dniidical bead. .Same as adder-stfnie.— 'Pair of beads [MK. peire of bed€s\, that is, "set of beads" {Shak., Rich. II., iii, 3^ a rosary ; now, specifically, a ehaplet of five decades, that is, a third part of the rosary. A ehaplet or pair of beads, as thus restricted, is the foi-m in common use under the name of the bi^ada. The large beads between the decades were formerly called gaudies (see gaud, gaiuly); each separate bead, or grain, as it is now termed, Tyudale calls a stone. Of smal coral aboute hir arm she bar A peire of bedes gauded al with grene. Chaucer, Gen. Prol. to C. T., 1. 159. The beads for saying the rosary went by several names, — "a pair of beads"; "a pair of Pater nosters"; "ave beads" ; but never were they called a rosary- Quoted in Rock'fs Church of our Fathers, III. i. :i27, note. St. Cuthbert' s beads, or fairy beads, the small perfo- rated joints of the stems of fossil enirinitfs, formerly much used in rosaries.— To bid (one's) beads (formerly also in singular, to bid a ttead) [M E. bidthn e the duty of the faculty to appoint a college btadU, who shall direct the procession on Commencement day, and preserve order during the exhihitions. Laioi of Yale CoUetie, 1837. 4. In England, a parish officer having various subordinate duties, such as keeping order in church, punishing petty offenders, waiting on the clorgjTnan, attending meetings of vestry or session, etc. Audi, forso . .MM'i' \>^'irtahle kinds of fi^Ml and . .. lining ili'-ay. bead-molding ( bed'moi'ding), n. In arrh., Hlllni' uu l.,„,l (»■ bead I i' l'|ilun),n. Aformof iilnin' usiil ''"■• I. Thicultlnge.lgi i.ftlii i.lii' ir II |4 n , .1 (llaiiiotcr oqual l<> Ihc illanu t< r of till- r. bead-pi prtif), a. 1. Of Huoh a nalnre or qiiaiii y xiv.a u cruwu of biibblea formed by 486 shaking will stand for some time on the sur- face : said of spirituous liquors, and eiTone- ously supposed to indicate strength. — 2. Of a certain standard of strength as ascertained by beads. See bead, «., 7. bead-roll (bed'rol), n. [< bead, a prayer, + ro//, a list.] 1. A list of prayers ; specifically, before the Eeformation, the list of the persons and objects for which prayers were said, read out by the preacher before the sermon, in "an order ("of Henry VIII,. a. li. 1534] taken fur preaching and bidding of the beads, in all sermons to be made within this realm," mention is made of the church catholic, especially in England, of the king and royal family, of the bishops aud clergy, of the nobility and entire temporally (laity) of the kingdom, particularly of such as the preacher's devo- tion may prompt him to name, and of the souls of the faithful departed. The bead-roll was prohibited by Ed- ward VI. in 15-18. It has often been supposed by later writers to have had something to do with the recital of the beads or rosarj'. 2. Figuratively, any list or catalogue ; a long series. Dan Cliaucer, well of English undefyled. On Fames eternall beadroll worthie to be fvled. .Spciiser, V. Q., IV. a 32. Xeither is the Scripture without a pitiful beadrow of miserable torments. BuUinf/er's Dixades, 15S7 (trans. Parker Soo.). The bead-roll of her \icious tricks. Prior, .\lma, iii. 3. A rosary. — 4. [< bead, a dot, + roll, a cyl- inder.] In bookhindinfi, a brass roll with the edge cut in dots or beads, used in gilding. Also called bead-row. bead-sight (bed'sit), n. A sight on a firearm consisting of a small round bead on a thin stem, placed in the line of sight at the end of the baiTel. Sometimes a small ring or perfo- rated bead is used, forming an open bead-sight. beadsman (bedz'man), n. ; pi. beadsmen (-men). [Also bedesman, earlier bcdeman, < ME. bede- man, < bede, a prayer (see bead), + man.] 1. A man employed in praying; especially, one who prays for another. In this sense the word was used in former times at the conclusion of petitions or letters to great men, as we now use "servant "or "humble servant." Whereby ye shall bind me to be your poor beadsman for ever unto almighty God. Fuller. ■We your most humble subjects, daily orators, aud beads- nten, of your Clergy of England. Quoted in /?. W. Dixon\t Hist. Church of Eng., ii. 2. In England, a man who resides in a bend- house or almshouse, or is supported from its funds. In all our old English foundations for the sick, the old, and destitute, the beads — that is to say. prayers for bene- factors living and dead — were said everyday by the in- mates, who were hence also called beadsiiten. Quoted in Rock's Church of our Fathers, III. i. 13(>, note. 3. Formerly, in Scotland, a public almsmau ; one who received alms from the king, and w,as expected in return to pray for the royal wel- fare and that of the state ; a privileged or li- censed beggar. In this sense usually spelled bedesman. A long blue gown, with a pewter badge on the right ann ; two or three wallets for holding the dllferent kinds of meal, when he received his charity; ... all these at once marked a beggar by profession, and one of that privi- leged class which are called in .Scotlaiui the King's hedes- tu'en, or, vulgarly, Blue-gowns. SeaH, Antiiiuary, I. iv. 4t. A petitioner. bead-snake (bed'snak), n. [< 6ca(i (in allusion to its coloring) -f- snake.] A name of the coral- snake, ICtaps fulriu-t, of the United Stales. bead-stuff (bed'stuf), n. The thin wood out of which are formed the headings for cabinet- work. beadswoman (bedz'wum''an), n. ; pi. bead.i- ininiiH (-wiin'Cn). [Also hedesieoman, earlier hedewoman, < ME. bede, a jn-ayer, + iriiman. Of. beailsman.] 1. A praying woinun : Hiiiiie- times used as an ei|uivalent to "humblo ser- vant." See beadsman. Honour done to your poor beadsm>man. II. Juiuion, Sad Shepherd, II. 0. My humblest service to his grace, 1 am his heatU-womnn. Shirlrii, flrnteful Servant, III, 1. 2. In England, a woman who resides in un nlniH- llOHHC. bead-tool (bod'tOI), w. 1. A turning-tool wliicli lias its cutting face ground to a concave curve, HO that it may produce a convex iiioliling when applied to the work. — 2. In srat-ingraving, ii tool with an en. Also called ruin (which see). For a cut of the beak of an aneieid. war- giilli'j", see aeroslotiuni. (h) 'riie horn of an anvil, (e) In /arriertf, a little shoe about an inch long, turned up and faslined In upon the fore part of the hoof, (i/) In arrh., n Utile pendenl llllet with a ihamicl behind It left on the edge of a lanniri-, to form a drlji and thus pri'vent the water from trickling down the fares of lower archltectunil iiuunbitnt, (e) In but., a narrowed or- pidlonged tip, (/) In riiryi,, (he crooked end of the holdfast of a carpenler's hein:ll, (i|) The lip or spout of a vessel, as a pitcher, through which the contents arc poured, (Ii) In ehem., the roslniin of an ulenihic, wlilch conducts the vapor to the worm, (t) The long point of the peculiar hoot or shoe worn from about U7r> to 1.V2II: also. tlii< imint of the clog worn at the same period, which was often longer than the shoe llm-lf, ,See s.dhrrl. 3. A gas-buriicr having a romid smooth hole j'a of an inch in iliaMieter; a bird's-niouth. — 4. A biak-iron (which see). beak' (bek), r. I. f< fcraA-l, n.] In cock-fighUnu, to seize or strike with lllc^ beak. ^ beak ■beak- (bek), n. [Same as heckS; of obscure oi'i^'in.] A magistrate; a judge; a policeman. [SlTuig.] beaked (bekt), n. [< fcm/.l + -ed^.] Having a beak, or something resembling a beak; beak- shaped, (n) Haviiiu a long Ijuak-Iike mouth, iw some in- sects ('') In '"''-T rostrate; eniiinj; in a l)e!ik-like point, (c) In lirr., iipplieil to birds, ami used oidy wlien tlie beak is of a liifii rent tiiielure from the rest of the bird ; thus, an cntiW sahlf, hraki'd ur, mean.s a l)!ack ea^le iiavint; a gold beak. Wiien beaks and claws are of the same tincture, the term armed (which see) is used, (d) Ending in a point, like a beak, Hiicb iimltrd promontory. Milton, Lycidaa, 1. 94. Beaked helmet, a helmet of which the vizor was worked to a sharp pr It. hicchierc, pecclicro = OB', i^ichcr, pichier, > ME. pichcr, E. pitcher, which is thus a doublet of beaker), a wine-cup, < Gr. as if *jiiiiapiov, dim. of /SiKOf, an earthen wine-vessel; of Eastern origin.] 1. A largo drinking- vessel with a wide mouth. O for a beaker full of the warm south, Full of the true, the blushful Hippocrene I Keats, Ode to a Nightingale. 2. A glass vessel used by chemists, usually for making solutions. It is made of thin ghiss to with- stand lieating, and has a Hat bottom and jierpendieular Bides, with a lip for poui'ing, and varies in capacity from 1 to 30 fluidounces. He used a modification of Thomson's electrometer, and connected it, with suitable precautions, with twelve large beakers which were covered with tinfoil and were filled ■with ice. Science, III. 260. beak-bead (bek'hed), «. 1. An ornament re- sembling the head and beak of a bird, or, often, a grotesque human head terminating in a beak. - 7 i' Beak-heads.— From St. Ebbe's, Oxford, England. used as an enrichment of moldings in Roman- esque architecture. — 2. That part of a ship before the forecastle which is fastened to the stem and supported by the main knee. beaking-joint (be'kiug-joint), n. [< beaking, verbal n. of beak^, + joint.'] A joint formed by the jimction of several heading-joints in a continuous line, as sometimes in folding doors, floors, etc. beak-iron (bek'- i'ern), n. [A further con-up- tion, simulating fce«A-l -I- iron, of bickiron, a cor- ruption of bick- er n, q. v.] An anvil with a long beak or torn adapted to reach the interior surfaces of sheet-metal ware ; a bickern. Used in various forms by blacksmiths, cop- persmiths, aud workers in sheet metal. Also called beak aTid bickiron. beakmentt, «. [E. dial, also erroneously beat- mcnt; appar. < F. bccquer, peek, + -mcnt: see peck, a measui'e.] A measure of about a quar- ter of a peck. HuUiioell. beak-rush (bek'rush), n. A common name for species of Ehijnchospora, a genus of eyperaceous plants with conspicuously beaked achenes or seed-vessels. Also called beak-sedge. beak-sheath (bek'sheth), n. In entom., the rostral sheath or jointed extension of the la- bium, inclosing the mouth-organs of a hemip- terous insect. beaky (be'ki), a. [< beak + -i/l.] Fm-nished with or distinguished by a beak. beali (bel), ». [< ME. bcel, bele. a variant of bile, bule, > E. 6j/el, now comipted into boiU: see ftitel and Jotfl.] A small inflammatory tu- mor ; a pustule. [Obsolete or dialectal.] beall (bel), r. i. [< bean, «.] To gather mat- ter ; swell and come to a head, as a pimple ; Beak-irons. (I. tool with long beak used for rounding sections of stove-pipe. etc. : fi, tool with shorter and cylindrical beak ; c, tool with two beaks which act as stakes or anvils in the interior of ware ; Gael, and Ir. bealach, a defile, a mountain-pass.] A mouth; an opening, as between hills ; a narrow pass. [Scotch.] Angus M'Aulay mumbled over a number of hard Gaelic names descriptive of the different passes, precipices, cur- ries, and heals, through which he said the road lay to In- vciary. Scott, Legend of Montrose, viii. Beale light. HoeUgki'i. Beale's ganglion-cells. See cell. bealingt (be'liug), «. [Verbal n. of 6«a/l.] A boil or gathering ; a suppuration or suppurat- ing part. be-all (bo'fll), n. All that is to be ; the whole being. That but this blow Might be the be-all and the end.all here. Shak., Macbeth, i. 7. beam (bem), n. [< ME. bcem, bcmc, etc., < AS. beam, a tree, a piece of timber, a ray of light, = 0S. ?)om=OFries. fca/« = D. boom O^. bourn") = MLG. bom, LG. boom = OHG. MHG. bourn, G. baum, and jjrob. = Icel. badhmr = Goth. bagms (the Icel. and Goth, presenting unex- plained variations of form), a tree; jterhaps akin to Gr. (pvim, a growth, and Skt. lihiiman, earth, < -^ hliu, grow, become: see be'L, bowcr^, boor, big'-^ = bigg^, etc., and cf. the doublet boom'^. The sense of 'ray of light' is peculiar to AS. and E., appar. tr. L. columna (Incis), a column or pillar of Light: cf. L. radius, a spoke of a wheel, a rod, a ray; G. strahl, an arrow, a spoke, a ray or beam.] 1. In arcli., a long piece of stone, wood, or metal, or a construction of wood or metal, or combining wood and metal, used in a horizontal posi- tion, usually in combination with others like it, all being generally laid parallel to one another, and at regular inter- vals, to support weight, or, as a tie-beam or a collar-beam, to resist two opposite forces either pulling or com- pressing it in the direction of its length. — 2. A long piece fixed or movable in a structure, maehiue, or tool: often equivalent to girder. The word beam is used in a number of more or less specific senses ; as : (n) Any large piece of timber long in propor- tion to its thickness, prepared for use. (b) One of the prin- cipal horizontal timbers in a building, especially one con- nectingtwoopposite rafters ; atimberservingtostrengthen any piece of wooden frame-work, (c) The part of a balance from the ends of which the scales are suspended. The doubtful beam long nods from side to side. Pope, R. of the L., v. 73. (dt) The pole of a carriage which runs between the horses, (e) A cylindrical piece of wood, making part of a loom, on which weavers wind the warp before weaving ; also, the cylinder on which the cloth is rolled as it is wov,pn. The staff of his spear was like a weaver's beam. 1 Sam. xvii. 7. ( f) The straight part or shank of an anchor, (p) One of the strong transverse pieces of timber or iron stretching across a ship from one side to the other, to support the decks and re- tain the sides at their proper dis- tance, (/i) The main piece of a plow, in which the plow-tails are fi.\ed, and by which it is drawn, (i) The oscilhiting lever of a steam-engine recip- riicating upon a center, and forming the medium of communication between the piston-rod and the crank-shaft. Also called workinff-beam or walking-beam. See cut under atmos2)heric. 3. The widest part of a ship's hull; the exti'eme breadth of a ship: from the beams extending quite across the vessel where it is broadest: as, a steamer of fifty 5J,f ^,^ijj^""^i"„^: teetbeam. int^^.deck-tiani; Broad in the beam, but sloping aft, With gr,aceful curve and slow degrees, Lonrifellow, Building of Ship, 4. The main stem of a Medieval Floor-beams. (From VioUet-le-Duc's " Diet, de 1' Architecture.") IP r>p. deck-plank- inj; ; S. shelf to which the beam- end is coaked : /*'. thick waterway ; deer S ^. thin waterway ; horns bearing the snags or ant- „f' TetHng^town lers. One of the snags themselves ZflLi'.' 'Z'tS^ is sometunes called the beam- unes show the bolts. beamed antler. See antler. — 5. A ray of light, or rnoro strictly a collection of parallel rays of light, emitted from the sun or other luminous body. The middle ray is the axis. In heraldry, beams of the sun are conunoidy represented as radiating from some other charge, which is theit said U) be radiant tir ruyonnant. The existence of ati isolated ray of light is inconceivable. . . . However small a portion of tlie wave surface may be represented, it contains innumerable rays, which collec- tively form a beam or fasciculus of rays. Lomiiw.l, Light, p. 232. Yon silver beams. Sleep they less sweetly on the cottage thatch Than on the dome of kings'/ Shelley. Hence — 6. Figuratively, a ray or emanation of splendor: as, "beams of majesty," TiUotmn, Works, I. iii. — 7. Same as rood-beam. — Atisift the beam. See aixi/t. — Arched beam. See nrehed.— Axis of a beam of Ught. See unxi,— Beam and scales, a balance. — Beam-Center, the fulcrum oi' pill on which a Wfdking-bcani vibiatcs. Also called beayn-'jvd- genn.— Beam of a car-truck, a crussbcain canying the weight of the sni.p.irtid car. - Before the beam. .See /jc/ori;. — Built beam, a Ix-am formed of stiialler beams ntttcbed, scarfed, jind bolti-d tou'ctln-r.— CeUular beam, a beam formed of wrought iron jtlates riveted with angle* irons in the fonn of longitudinal cells, with occasional cross-struts. — Composite beam, a beam composed of wood ami metal, or of two dilfcrcnt metals. — CUTTlers* beam, an inclined post ovi*r which a hitlc is stretched to be shaved.— Fished beam. See jisii, r.— Kerfed beam, a beam with slits sawed in one side to facilitate iiending in that direction. — On the beam, naut., on a line with tlie beams, or at right angles with the keel. — On the beam-ends, in the position of a ship which in- tdines so much to one side that her oeams approach a vertical positiim ; hence, figuratively, to he on one's heam- emls, to be thrown or lying on the giitund : be in bad cir- cumstances ; be at one's last shift. — On the weather- beam, on tile weather side of the ship.— To JOCK or Strike the beam, to rise, .as the lighter scale of a bal- ance, so as to strike against the beam ; Ilence, to be of comparatively light weight or little consequence.. In these he jmt two weights, The setjuel each of parting and of fight; The latter quick upfiew and kidi'd the beam.. Milton, V. L., iv. 1004. beam (bem), v. [< ME. beenien, bemen, < AS. 'hedmiaii (Somner), radiate; from the noun.] I, trans. If. To shed rays of light upon; ir- radiate. — 2. To shoot forth or emit, as or like beams or rays: as, to beam love upon a person. God beams this light into men's understandings. South, Sermons, L 8. 3. To furnish or supply with beams ; give the appearance of beams to. The bell-towers, again, are ribbed and beamed with black lava. J. A. Symonds, Italy and Greece, p. 197. 4. In currxjing, to stretch on the beam, as a hide. — 5. In weaving, to put on the beam, as a chain or web. II. infrans. To emit beams or rays of light ; shed or give out radiance, literally or figura- tively ; shine. A mighty light flew beaming every way. Chajnnan, Iliad, xv. More bounteous aspects on me beam, Me mightier transports move and thrill. Tentvfson, Sir Galahad. beam-bird (bem'berd), «. 1. A name some- times given to the spotted flycatcher, Musci- capa grisola, because it often builds its nest on the projecting end of a beam or rafter in a building. — 2. A provincial name for the petty- chaps or garden-warbler, Hylvia hortensis. beam-board (bem'bord), «. The platform of a steelyard or balance. Also called beam-plat- form. E. H. Knight. beam-caliper (bem'kal i-per), «. An instru- ment similar in construction to a beam-com- pass, but with the points tm-ned in so as to be used as calipers. beam-center (bem'sen''ter), n. The pin upon which the working-beam of a marine engine reciprocates. beam-compass (bem'kum'pas), «. An instru- ment consisting of a wooden or brass beam. B^:: 3=> OP astcnings. F. frame ; OP, Beam-compass. ha'ving sliding sockets that carry steel or pencO points, used for describing large circles and for lajnng off distances. beamed fbemd), a. Having beams or horns : ha\-ing all its antlers put forth, as the head of a stag. There were many great beamed deer in it J. F. Campbell. Pop. Tales of West Highlands. beam-engine beam-engine (bem'en jin), n. A steam-engine in which the motion of the piston is transmit- ted to the crank by means of an overhead- or ■5Vorkin<'-beam and connecting-rod, as distinct from a° direct-action engine and a side-lever engine, in which the motion is communicated by'Wo side-levers or beams below the level of the piston cross-head — Compound beam-engine, a beam-ensine having compound evliiiiiere. in wIulIi the steam is used first at a higher and then at a lower tem- perature. beamer (be'mer),' m. 1. In weaving, a person whose business it is to put warps on the beam. — 2. Same as lienminfi-inachine. beam-feather (bem'feTH'er), «. One of the long feathers in a bird's wing, particularly that of a hawk : one of the remiges or flight-feathers. beam-filling (bem'fil-ing), n. 1. Brickwork or masonry carried up from the level of the under side of a beam to the level of the top. — 2. Xaut, that portion of the cargo which is stowed between the beams. beamful (bem'ful), a. [< beam + -/«/.] Emit- ting beams; beaming; bright: as, "beamful lamps,'' Drayton, Noah's Flood (Ord MS.). beam-gudgeon (bem'guj on), n. One of the bcariug-studs on the center of a working-beam, or the central pivot upon which it oscillates. beamily (be'mi-li), adv. In a beamy or beam- ing manner ; radiantly. 5 Thou thy griefs dost dress With a hright halo, sliining beamily. Keats, To Byron. beaming (be'ming), n. [Verbal n. of beam, f.] 1. In cloth-maniif., the operation of winding the warp-yam on the beam of a loom. — 2. In leather-making, the operation of working hides with a slicker over a beam, or with a beam- ing-machine. beaming (be'ming), p. a. Characterized by ra- diance ; bright ; cheerful. beamingly (be'ming-li), adv. In a beaming niuniicr ; brightly ; radiantly. beaming-machine (be'raing-ma-shen*), n. 1. A niaeliiue for winding yarn upon the beams of looms. — 2. An apparatus for working hides with a slicking-tool or slicker, it consists of a table on which thelii Je is placed, and an oscillating beam fur niMviii;: the tool over it. .\lso called beamcr. beam-knife (bem'nif),n. A double-edged knife with a straight handle at one end of the blade, and a cross-handle fixed in the plane of the blade at the other. It is used in sha\ing off the thick, fleshy parts of a hide and evening its thii'kness. beamless (bem'les), a. [< beam + -less.'] Emit- ting no rays of light; rayless. The beamlejis eye No more with ardour bright. 7'hom8on, Summer, 1. 10-15. beamlett (bem'let), n. [< beam + -let.'i A lit- tli- tii-iiin. as of light. beam-light (bem'Iit), h. The light formerly kipt Imrning in churches in front of the re- Hcr\ed sacrament : so called because suspended from the rood-beam. [Rare.] beam-line (bera'lin), n. In ship-building, a lirii- sliowing where the tops of the beams and the frainis intersect, beamlingt (bem'ling), n. l< beam -h -ling^.'] A littli' Ijcaiii, as of light. beam-platform (bom'plat'fOrm), ». Same as hi iim-lt'nittl. beam-roll (bern'rol), n. In cloih-manuf., the Hpool-shaped roll upon which the warp-threads arc wound. beam-room (bom'rom), «. The room or shed ill a currier's establishment wh(Te the beaming nr slicking of hides is carried on. I'.'it for unnavory odors n beam-rfunn might paM for a I ,. ilry. Ilariii-rt Mttij., LXX. 274. bcaniHOmet Cbem'Hum), a. [< beam + -some.'] -■ • I liim hi'anis; radiant. N. li. 1). beamster (bem'st/T), n. [< beam + -stcr.'] A unrknian I'ngngcd in beaming or slicking hides. 488 The fitaiiutrrt iMjndlng to their XmV*. llarixTi Mag., LXX. 274. bfc.i . In, \ Kiiroi ■ ■f II, beam t fonm — r-i 'brm'frill), n. A trawl-nfit the \t kept open by n bi-nin. hire), n. [Short for H7iif«7rt- A tree of I lie iienr kind, I'ljrm Aria of » tf^Xar, ffillofl irhitfhram), and oUtuoly . iitnil Asia. It l« i .' 6na, MUG. bone, G. bohne = Icel. baun = Sw. bona = Dan. bonne, bean. Cf. W. j[f'aen, pi. _;/'«,• h.Jaba = OBulg. Russ. bobu ="OPruss. babo, a boaii.] 1. Originally and properly, a smooth kidney- shaped seed, flattened at the sides, borne in long pods by a leguminotis plant, Vicia Faba ; now extended to include the seed of the allied genus Phaseolus, and, with a spocilie e|iitlict, of other genera. — 2. The plant producing beans. The bean known to the ancients from prehistoric times was the Vicia Faba (cu* Faba vuiifaris), a native of western Asia, and the same as the field-, horse-, or tick- hean, and the broad or Windsor bean, still largely culti- vated in the fields and gardens of the old world. It is used when green as a table-vegetable, and when dry as feed for horses and sheep. Tlie imiLierous other kinds of cultivated beans are of American origin, and belong ehiell> to the genus i'haneotu^. To 1\ vut^aris belong the ctnn- mon kidney-lieaii, and the haricot and French beans, the string-lieari, and the pole-bean: to P. Innattm. the Lima and Carolina beans, the sugar-bean, and the butter-bean; and to P. nanuK, the dwarf, field-, bush-, navy-, pea-, and si-v-weeks beans. To the same genus belong the wild kid- ney-bean, P. jwrenni^ ; the scarlet-rumier bean, J\ miilti. lUinw, cultivated for its scarlet flowers; and the prairie- beau of Te.\as, P. retu-nm. The asparagus-bean. Didiehai! nt'ii/iuipedatin, with very long cylindrical pods, fretpiently cultfvated in Europe, is a native of tropical Anu'riea. Beans as an article of food arc very nutritious, conlahi- ing nnich starch and a large percentage of a nitrogenous ciiuipound called Icgiimin, analogous to the cancin in cheese. The name bi'an is also given to many leguminous seeds which are tiot cultivated or used as food, such iis tile atiiarroha, Calattar, and coral lieans, and to certain otiicr jilants and their seeds widcli are not legilininons iit all, as the ciil/'ee-bean. 3. A sniafl oval or roundish seed, berry, ntit, or lump: as, a colTee-/«'n». — 4. />/. In eoal-min- int/, small coals; speciliciilly, cuals wliicli will pass tlivoiif,'li a screen willi liaH'-iiich meslies. [North. Eng.] — 5. /'/. Mmiey. [Slang.] Algar- roba, carob, or locust bean, tlie imii ..( tiw iio..ii. tree Oratniiia »i7i./iiipliany, which oceura on the same day, it is supposed that thia cnstiun can be traced back to the Koman Saturnalia. See bnin-lciny and turl/th-cake. bean-fed (ben'fed), (7. Fed on beans. Shak. bean-fly (bcn'fli), n. A bciiutiful fly of a pale- ]mr|ilii ccilor, jinidiieod fi'oni a maggot called niiilii, and found on bcan-llowcrs. bean-goose (ben'giis), «. [So mimod from tho likoncssoF Uie upper nail of tho bill to a horse- bctin. I A siK'cios of wild goose, tho Anser stiirtum, which arrives in England in autumn and rcliies to tho north in the end ot April. Some consider it a niero variety of the Euro- pean will! goose, A.firus. bean-king (bcu'king), «. [Ho call(>d bi>caiiso till' liiimir I'l-ll (o him who, when tlie Twolflh- niglil cake was distributed, got the bean burit^d in it.] Tlio ]H'rson who )ireHided as king over the Tw('irili-nii;bt festivities. bean-meal (ben'mel), n. Meal made from beans, nsi'd in some parts of lOurope as feed fur horsi's, and for lalteiiing hogs, etc. bean-mill (beii'mil), n. A mill for siilitting bi'iiiis fur ralllo-tceding. bean-sheller (lien'sliel'er), «. A machine for romoviii(,' beans from Uic ]iods. bean-shooter (ben'sliii' tor), ». A toy for sliodliiit; beans, shot, or other small missiles; a poii-Hhooter. bean-shot (ben'shol), H. Copper grains formed liy loiiiriiig mclli'il metal llirou>;li a iicrfonited biilio iiilii warm wnlor. It colcl water is used, Hakes are formed, called y'taWitr-s/iyf. a. Bean-weevil ^Brltchus /tzba). b. Bean from which the beetles have issued. (Small figure shows natural size.) bean-stalk bean-stalk (ben'stik), ». The stem of a bean, or the uiiolo jjlaut: as, Jack aud the bean- slnlk. bean-tree (ben'tre), n. A name given to spe- cies of Baiihinia; iu Australia, to the Moreton Bay ehestnut, Castaiioxpermriiii. iiiisfirile; in the' United States, sometimes, to Calalpa bigiHi- iiioides; and in Jamaica, to Erythrina Corrallo- ileiidroii. , „, , , bean-trefoil (ben'tre "foil), H. 1. The labiir- nuiii, Ciitisiis Laburnum, a leginniuous shrub with trifoliate leaves. See laburnum. — 2. The AiKKiiiris fwtida, a similar shrub of southern Kiimiie, whose violet-colored seeds are said to be poisonous like those of the laburuum. — 3. Tlie buckbean, Menyanthes trifoUata. [Bare.] bean-weevil (ben'we"vil), n. An American species of the genus Bruchus, which attacks beans. It lias- licni (icsoribetl as Bnirlins J'abce (Ri- jt-y), liut is held l)y Horn tu be i.iclltifal witll the /;. ,li>eiv = Skt. \/ bhar, bear, caiTy. A very prolific root in all the languages, both in form and senses. From the AS. come bar- (•oir2, bier, barm^, barn", bairn, birth^, burthen^, burden^, etc.; from the Xi. fertile, C07ijer, defer, differ, infer, etc., Lucifer, conifer, etc., aurifer- ous, vociferous, etc., and other words iu -fer, -ferous; from the Gr. semaphore, hi/drophore, phosphorous, electrophorus, etc., and other words in -phore, -phorous, etc.'\ I. trans. 1. To sup- port; holdup; sustain: as, a pillar or a girder bears the superincumbent weight. Sage he stood. With Atlantean shoulders (it to bear The weight of mightiest monarchies. Milton, P. L., ii. 306. 2. To support in movement ; cany; convey. Whither do these bear the ephah? Zech. v. 10. From the unshaken rock the torrent hoarse Bears off its broken waves, and seeks a devious course. Scott, Vision of Don Roderick, Conclusion, st. 3. And down a rocky pathway from the place There came a fair-haird youth, that in his hand Bare victual for the mowers. Teiimjmn, Geraint. 3. To suffer ; endure ; undergo : as, to bear pun- ishment, blame, etc. Alas, how many bear such slianieful blows. Which not themselves but he that gives them knows ! Shale, Lucrece, 1. 832, 4. To endure the effects of; take the conse- quences of ; be answerable for. He shall bear their iniquities. Isa. liii. 11. Su-, let her bear her sins on her own head ; Vex not yourself. Bean, and Fl., King and No King, i. 1. 5. To support or sustain without sinking, yielding, shrinking, or suffering injury. A wounded spirit who can bear? Prov. .tviii. 14. Console if you will, I can hear it ; 'Tis a well-meant alms of breath. Lowell, After the Biuial. Anger and jealousy can no more bear to lose sight of their objects than love. Oeorge Eliot, Mill on the Floss, i. 10. 6. To suffer or sustain without violence, in- jury, or change ; admit or be capable of. Id all criminal cases the most favourable interpreta- tion should be put on words that they can possibly bear. Swi/t. Ttie motives of the best actions will not bear ioo strict an imiuiry. Swift, Thoughts on Various .Subjects. 489 7. To suffer without resentment or effort to prevent; endure patiently. It w.as not an enemy that reproached me ; then I could have borne it. I's. Iv. 12. With your long-practis'd patience bear alllictioUH. Fletcher, Spanish Curate, i. 2. 8. To sustain, as expense ; supply tbe means of paying. Somewhat that will bear your charges. Dryden. 9. To have, or have a right to ; be entitled to ; have the rightful use of, as a name, a title, a coat of arms, aud the like. We are no (aiemies to what are commonly called con- ceits, but authors bear them, as heralds say, with a dilfcr- ence. Lowell, Study Windows, p. 330. Who in the Lord God's likeness bears the keys To bind or loose. Swinburne, Laua Veneris. 10. To carry, as in show ; exhibit ; show. Bear welcome in your eye. Shale, Macbeth, i. 5. Which, like a waxen imajze 'cainst a flro. Bears no impression of the thing it was. Shall., T. 0. of v., ii. 4. 11. To bring forward; render; give; afford: as, to bear testimony. Thou Shalt not bear false witness against thy neighbour. Ex. XX. 111. 12. Tocarryinthemind; entertain or cherish, as love, hatred, envy, respect, etc. If I can catch him once upon the hip, I will feed fat the ancient grudge I bear him. Shalt., M. of v., i. 3. The reverent care I hear unto ray lord Made me collect these dangers in the duke, Shak., 2 Hen. VI., iii. 1. The great and guilty love he bare the iiueen. Tenmjson, Lancelot and Elaine. 13. To possess, as a property, attribute, or characteristic ; have in or on ; contain : as, to hear signs or traces; to bear an inscription; the conteuts which the letter hears. What, think you much to p,ay two thousand croivns. And bear the uame and port of gentleman ? Shak., 2 Hen. VL, iv. 1. 14. To possess and use, as power; exercise; be charged with ; administer: as, to bear sway. Here's another letter to her : she hears the purse too ; she is a region in Guiana, all gold and bounty. Shak., M. W. of W., i. 3. Russia soon showed that she was resolved to hear a part in the quarrels as well as the negotiations of her neiglibours. Brougham. 15t. To carry on; deal with. This can be no trick : The conference was sadly borne. Shak., Much Ado, ii. 3. Beware Of entrance to a quarrel ; but, being in. Bear t, that the opposed may beware of thee. Shak. , Hamlet, i. 3. 16. To manage ; direct; use (what is under the immediate control of one's will). Bear your body more seeming. Shak., As you Like it, v. 4. Hence, with a reflexive pronoun, to behave; act in any character: as, he bore himself -aoblj. 17. To sustain by vital connection ; put forth as an outgrowth or product ; produce by natu- ral growth : as, plants hear leaves, flowers, and fmit ; the heroes borne by ancient Greece. Can the flg-tree . . . 6rar olive-berries? Jas. iii. 12. Here dwelt the man divine whom Samos bore. Dryden. Life that bears immortal fruit. Tennyson, In Memoriam, xl. 18. To bring forth in parturition ; give birth to, -as young; figuratively, give rise or origin to. [The past participle born is now used only in this sense. See remarks below.] And she conceived, and hare Cain, and said, I have got- ten a man from the Lord. Gen- ^^- 1- I can tell thee where that saying was iiom. Shak., T. a., I. o. 19. To conduct; guide; take: as, he 6ore him off to his quarters. Bear me forthwith unto his creditor. S/ia*-.,C. of E.,iv. 4. 20. To press; thrust; push; drive; urge: with some word to denote the direction in which the object is driven: as, to bear down a scale; to bear back the crowd. The residue were so disordered as they could not con- veniently fight or fly, and not only justled and 6o« down ™e another but, in their confused tumbling back, brake a part of the avant-guard. Str J. Hayuurd. Confldence then bore thee on ; secure Eitlier to meet no danger, or to find _ ' Matter of glorious trial. Mttton, P. L., ix. 1175. How the rushing waves Sear all before them. , , „ Bryant, Flood of Years. 21 To o-ain or vrin : now commonly with awai/ or off; formerly, sometimes, with an indefinite it for the object. bear ."fomc think to bear it by speaking a great word. Huron, (tf Seeming Wise. 22. In the game of backgammon, to throw off or remove, as the men from the board. — 23. To purport; imply; import; state. 'I'he letters hore that succour was at hand. Scott. [Bear, signifying to bring forth, when used passively, espe- cially a-s an adjective, has the past particijile bitrn (b(*jrn), but when used after the verb hare, or followed by hy, borne (born), the latter having a more direct reference to the lit- eral sense. Thus, a cliild wjui bom; but, she iuis borne a cliild. In all the otlier senses both ijarliciples are spelled honw : as, I have hftme the expenses ; the expenses must be borne. The regular fctrin, lii.-ilnrically, is born (born), like torn, mvorn. The iliHliinli'iii is artificial and lecent iaftcr the middle of the ciKbtceiilb century).) -To bear a land, to lend a hand quickly ; take hold ; give aid or as- sistance. [Naut. and colloq.J All hands ahoy ! hear a haiul and make sail. Ji. II. Dana, Jr., IJefoiv the Mast. p. ii9. To bear arms. See arm'-'.— To bear away the bell. See I/ell'.— To bear (a iierson) company. See compauy. —To bear date, to have the mark of time when written or ejccuted : as, the letter bears date Sept. 30, 1(587. A ijublic letter which bears dale just a month after the admission of Francis Bacon [to Trinity College]. Mnemda]f, l,(jrd Bacon. To bear down, to force down ; figuratively, U> overcome ; vanquish ; as, to bear down all opposition. — TO bear in, in eoul-mininy, to hole, undercut, or kirvc. See hole. r. t. [reunsylvania antliracite region.)— To bear in handt, to keep in hope or expectation ; amuse witli false pre- tenses ; deceive. A rascally yea-forsooth knave ! to bear a gentleman in hand, and then stand upon security ! Shak., 2 Hen. IV., L 2. Still bearing them I'n ha7id, Letting the cherry kn<)ek against their lips. Ami draw it by their mouths, and back again. B. Jonson, Volpttne, i. 1- Wliat I take from her, I spend upon other wenches ; bear her in hand still : she has wit enough to rob her husband, and I ways enough to coiisiuue the money. Middleton and Dckker, Roaring Girl, ii. 1. To bear in mind, to keep in remembrance ; have fixed in the nicnioi-y. Witll reference to the effects of intercrossing and of competition, it should be borne in ndnd that most animals and plants keep to their proper homes, and do not need- lessly wander about. Darwin, Origin of .Species, p. 94. To bear off. (at) To sustain ; endure. Do you suppose the state of this realm to be now so feeble that it cannot hear o/ a greater blow than this? Sir J . Hayward. (b) Naut., to remove to a distance ; keep clear from rub- bing against anything ; as, to hear off a boat, (e) 'I'.i gain anil carry otf : as, he hore off the prize. — TO bear one bardt, to cherish a grudge toward a person. Though he bear me hard, I yet must do him right. B. Joiuon. To bear out. («) To give support or countenance to. Company only can 6mr aman out in an ill thing. SotUh. (6) To defend ; support ; uphold ; second : with a personal object. If I cannot once or twice in a quarter bear out a knave against an honest man, I have but a very little credit with your worship. Shak., 2 Hen. IV., v. 1. I never suspected him to be a man of resolution or courage sufficient to bear him out in so desperate an at- tempt. Swift, Change in Queen's Ministry. .Eschines by no means bears him out; and Plutarch directly contradicts him. HacaiUay, Mitford's Hist, of Greece. (c) To confirm ; corroborate ; establish ; justify : with a thing for the object. That such oscillations [of cUmate) occurred during the Tertiary period seems to be borne out by the facts of ge- ology and palaeontology. J. Croll, Climate and Cosmology, p. 160. (dt) With a more or less indefinite it for the object : (1) To last through ; endure. Love alters not with his [Time's] brief hours and weeks. But bears it out even to the edge of doom. Shak., Sonnets, cxvi. If that the Turkish fleet Be not enshelter'd and embay'd, they are drown'd ; It is impossible to bear it out. Shak., Othello, Ii. 1. (■2) To enable to endure ; render supportable. Many a good hanging prevents a bad marriage; and for turning away, let summer bear it out. Shak., T. X., L 5. To bear the bag. See (, MHf!. her, G. hdr, m., — led. ht:r/t, f., a bear. (jf. led. Kw. iJari. hjiirn, a hear (nppar. = A.S. hcorn, a. man, a warrior, "n({. a bear? — see 6crn2), an extended form 490 of the same word. Perhaps ult. = L. ferns, wild; fera, a wild beast: see fierce.'\ 1. A large plantigrade carnivorous or omnivorous mammal, of the family Ursida:, especially of the genus Ursus. The teeth of the true beai-s are 42, and none of the niolai-s are sectorial. Tlie animals are less truly carnivorous than most of the order to which they belong, feeding largely upon roots, fruits, etc., as well .as honey and insects. The tail is rudimentary, and the muz- zle is prominent, with mobile lips and a slender, some- times very extensile, tongue. The best-known species is tile brown or black bear of Europe and .-Vsi.a, Ursu.'t arctos, found chiefly in northerly regions, of which several varie- ties are descrilied, differing much in size and color, and to some extent in shape ; it is ordinarily about 4 feet long and 2* feet high ; its flesh is eaten, its pelt is used for robes," and its fat is in great demand .as an unguent known as bear's grease. The grizzly bear of North America, U. horribili^, is as regards specific classification hardly sepa- rable from the last, and like it runs int^. several varieties, as the cinnamon bear, etc. It is unliiiarily larL^cr than the European, and is noted for its ferocity and tenacity of life. It inhabits the mountainous portions of western North America. The common black bear of North America is a smaller and distinct species, V. americanuit, usu.ally black with a tawny snout, but it also runs into a cinnamon va- riety. See cut under (Trsus. The polar be.ar or white bear, Ursits or Thalassarctos vtaritimus, is very distinct, i,iir,\y B»mi ilirnu >umniu\. Polar Bear it/rsus maritimus). of great size, peculiar shape, and white or whitish color, maVine and maritime, and piscivorous to some extent, though seals constitute nnich of its food. The .Syrian bear, U. syriacus, and the Himalayan bear, U. himalaya- 7ii/.«, respectively inhabit the regions whence they take their names. The spectacled bear, I ^rtnt-f or Trentarrlo.f oriiatus, is the sole rfprcseiitati\c of the f'/-.s/(/(/' in South America: so called frnm tin; liulit-rnlnrcd rings an luiid the eyes, which h.ave exactly tlie apjK'aiaiicc of a pair i»f spec- tacles, the rest of the face and body being black. The ilalayan be.ar or bruang, IT. inatayanuit, is a small, black, close-haired species, with a white mark on the throat, with pPiitrusile lips and slender tongue, capable of being tau^^bt a variety of amusing tricks in confinement. Tbcslutli bear or .aswail of India is distinct fn>Mi the other Ix.irs, and is usually placed in ailillcrcnt gcmis, Mclursuslabititu.'i. .Sec UrnidfP, and cut nmiir a.^tmit. 2. The Anglo-Austi-iiliim name of a mar.suinal quadruped, the koala, Plinscolarctos cimrviix. See koala. — 3. [ay).] The name of two con- stellations in the northern hemisphere, called the Great and the Little Boar. r.oih these flgnns have long tails. The principal stars of the Great IJear compose the figure of Charles's Wain, or the Dipjicr. In the tail of the Little Bear is the pole-star. See Urta. 4. A rude, gruff, or uncouth man. You are a great bear, I'm sure, to abuse my relations. .Sheridan, School for Scandal, iii. 1. 5. [Prob. in allusion to tho proverb "to sell a bear's skin before ono lias caught the boar." (There is a similar proverb sibout the lion's skin. ) Ono who sold stocks iu this way was formerly called a hcarshinjuhbcr, later simply a hi(tr ; now tisually ex))lained, in connection with its cor- relative bull, as iu allusion to a l)ear, " which pulls down with its ])aws," as opposed to a bull, "wliicli tosses with its horns."] In exchanges: (of) Stock whieli ono contracts to deliver at ii future diite, tliongli not in (lii^ possession of (ho seller at. tlic time tlie contract is made: in tho phraNcs to hiii/ or sill the hear, (ft) Ono who sells stocks, grain, provisions, or other commodities neither owned nor possessed by liim at the time of selling them, but which he expi'ots to buy at a liiwiT jprii-e before the time fixed fur making di'livery. (r) One who endi'avors to briiiK down prices, in order tliul. ho miiv buy <'liea]) : rii>poHeil ton liull, who tries to raine tho price, that ho may sell dear. Every ono who draws a bill or In- nurn ft note unconicliinpily aclii lU ft bear upon the gol.l markH , Common Ycllo, lir., J«M/nj, Money and .Mech. of hi- \sfticiemo /'ir^ixi- (cllAngu, D. H1&, ca\, nsUirAl Mfc. bearbine 6. A popular name for certain common cater- pillars of the family Arctiida:, which are dense- ly covered ■with long hair resembling tho fup of a bear. They undergo their transfoi-mation under old boards or other sheltered places, forming a slight cocoon composed chiefly of their own hair. Spilv.^oma Viniiniea (Fabricius) is a common ex.ample; the moth is white with a few black spots, the abdomen orange-colored, banded with white, and ornamented with three rows of black dots. See cut in preceding column. 7. In metal., one of the names given to the metaUie mass, consisting of more or less mal- leable iron, sometimes found in the bottom of an iron furnace after it has gone out of blast. — 8. Xaiit., a square block of wood weighted ■with iron, or a rough mat filled ■with sand, dragged to and fro on a ship's decks instead of a holy- stone (which see). — 9. In mctal- worVing, a portable puuching-ma- chine for iron plates. E. U. Knight. — Bear's grease, the fat of bears, exten- sively used to promote the growth of hair. The unguents sold xmder this name, how- ever, are in a great measure matle of hog's lani or veal-fat, or a mixtm-e of b G. biihn; a ])illow-case.] A pillow-case: iisuaHv iu com- position, pilloie-bce softe. Chaucer, lieath of Blanche, 1. 254. bearable (bar'a-bl), rt. [<. bcar^ \- -able.'] (^a- jiiiblo of being borne; tolerable; endurable; sii]>portable. bearably (bar'a-bli), adv. In a bearable man- ner. bearance (bar'ans), n. [< bear^ + -ance. Of. forbearance.] 1. Endurance; patient suffer- ing. [Archaic] — 2. In hkic/i., a bearing, bear-animalcule (btir'au-i-nial kill), «. A gen- eral naiiui for one of the iiiiiiiiti> nrachnidaiisof the order Jrcti.'i;s, usually mastilTs, to light with captive bears. The practice was prohibited in Great Britain by I'arliainimt in 18;!5. Let him alone : I si'c bis vi'in lies only For falling out at wakes and bear-baitings, That may express him sturdy. lirau. and FL, Captain, Iv. S. Benr-hnilinf high ami low. was llie uboiuination f the austere sectaries. *l'ho I'liiilans hated it, not because it gave pain to the bear, but because it gave ploaauro to the spectators. Mncaulay, Hist. Eni?., II. bearbane (biir'ban), w. A variety of tlio wolf's- liNiic, AciHiihim Lifcocfininm. bcarberry (biir'ber i), ». ; ])1. hearberrie.i (-iz). 1. .\ Iniiling evergreen ericaceons shrub, Arc- /"staphi/liM iira-ur.ti, found tliroiighoiit the arc- tic ami mountainous porticuis of tho north- irn hemisphere, and bearing small biiglit-n d drupes. The leaves are very astringent juid slightly bit- l< I. and under the nanio ura-urni are nscil in medicine M an iHlrlngcnt tonic, chlefiy in nltccllonsot the bladder. It Is Ihi' hinuikinic which the Indians of Hcslcrn AnuTica ndx with their t»diaccn for smoking. Also called bear'ti- Inltirrry. Itriir'it-;rrn/tr, anil /oxherril. 2. In the Piicilii^ States, a speeiesof Hhamnux, Ii. I'lirsliiiiiiii, iinined from the fondness of bears for its berries. Also called hiiiriiood Alpine or black bearberry, a dwarf arctle-al]dnc species oi tlin (teiHis Arctii^litiihiilos, .4. alftina. bearbine, beiirbind (ber'bin, -liind), ». [< /«'«r» -I- liine, bind : sei'^y/jir'.] The lunne in lOngland of several coninion species nf ('onrolcnlns, n.s ('. rtri'f'n.vi.i, CKCinnni, anil ' '. Koldamlla, from their twinliiK about ntnl binding together the stalke of barley. Also iiieori tly wrilteu ban-bind. bearbine The hearbine with the lilrtc interlaced. Uuod, Haunted House, i. 24, bear-caterpillar (bai''kat"6r-pil-iir), n. A larva of Olio of tlie bombycid moths: so called from its huiriiioss. See cut under bear^. bear-cloth (bar'kloth), n. Same as learinq- rlolli. beard (berd), n. [< ME. berdc, iercl, < AS. hninl = D. baard = OFries. bcrd = OHG. MH(;. G. bitrt = Icel. -bardltr, in comp. (of. iieut. biirilli, brim, beak of a ship (see bard-) : tlid ordinary term for 'beard' is skcgi/ = E. sliiiii) = OBulg. Serv. Bohem. brada = Pol. hroda = Russ. biiroda = Lith. bar::dn, barza = Lett, btirda = OPruss. bordus, and prob. = L. barbii (> E. barb''-), W. and Corn, barf, a beard. The agreement in spelling between mod. E. and AS. beard is merely accidental : see «(.] 1. The close growth of hair on the chin and parts of tho face normally character- istic of an adult man; more specifically, the hair of the face and chin when allowed to re- main wholly or in part imshaved, that on the upper lip being distinguished as "the mustache, and the reiuaiiulcr as tlio iiiiisl-ers, or the Hdc- wliiskcrs, chiii-uiiislais or -beard, etc., according as the beard is trimmed : as, to wear a beard, or a full beard. — 2. In MoL, some part or ap- pendage likened to the human beard, (a) In mammal., long liairs about tlie head, as on a goat's ellin, etc. (b) In ontllh., a chister of fine feathers at the base of tlie be.ak, as in the bearded vulture and bearded tit. In some breeds of the common hen, as the bearded Polish, the Houdan, and the Russian, this appendage has been made, by selection, very full. The feathers are supported by a peudulous fold of sliin, and often extend up to the eyes, (c) In ichth., the barbels of a fish, as the loacli and catfish, (d) In conch. : (1) The byssus of some bivalves, as the mussel. (2) The gills of some bivalves, as the oyster, (e) In entom.., one of a, pair of small fleshy hodies of some lepidopterous and dipterous insects. (/) Whalebone. 8. In bot. : (a) A crest, tuft, or covering of spreading hairs. (6) The awn or bristle-like appendage upon the chaff of gi'ain and other grasses. See cut imder barley, (c) With some authors, a name given to the lower lip of a ringent corolla. — 4. A barb or sharj) process of an arrow, a fish-hook, or other instrument, bent backward from the point, to prevent it from being easily drawai out. — 5. Tho hook for retaining the yarn at the extremity of the needle in a knitting-machine. — 6. In organ- building, a spring-piece on the back of a lock- bolt to hold it moderately firm and prevent it from rattling in its guides. — 7. The part of a horse which bears the curb of a bridle, under- neath the lower mandible and above the ehin.^ 8. The train of a comet when the comet is reced- ing from the sun (in which case the train precedes the head). — 9. In j;n«fiH(7, the outward-slop- ing part of a type which con- nects the face with the shoulder of the body. It is obsolete, type being now made with high square shoulders, to lighten the work of the eleetrotyper. — 10. The sharp edge of a board. — False beard, in Entfjii. antiq., a siugu- l:;r artiliiial I.L-ani, nftca represented on ni(»nunif nts auil nuinuny-cases, held under tlie eliiii )py bands attached to the wearer's castine nr luad -dress. — To makeone'sbeardt literally to dress ;S"u?'"iar" o'f one s beard ; hence, to play a trick up- RamesesII. at Abou- on ; deceive ; cheat. Simbei. Yet cau a miller make a clerkes berd, Tor al his art. Chaucer, Reeve's Tale, 1. 175. Mo berd^s in two houres (Withoute rasour or sisoiires) Yniade, then greynes be of sondes. Chaucer, House of Fame, 1. 181. To one's beard, to one's lace ; in defiance of one. Kail'd at their covenant, and jeer'd Their rev'rend persons to inij beard. S. Butler, Hudibras. beard (berd), v. [< late ME. berde; from the noun.] I. trans. 1. To take by the beard; seize, pluck, or pull the beard of, in contempt or anger. Hence — 2. Figuratively, to oppose to the face ; set at defiance. It is to them most diagracefull, to be bearded of such a base varlett. Spemer, State of Ireland. Dar'st thou then To beard the lion in his den. The Douglas in his hall ? Scott, Marmion, vi. 14. 3. To furnish with a beard, in any sense of the word.— 4. In carp., to chip, plane, or otherwise diminish from a given line or to a given curve : as, to beard clamps, plank-sheers, etc. ; in .s7(//)- building, to roimd, as the adjacent parts of the rudder and stern-post, or the dead-wood, so as 491 bearing to adapt them to the shape of the vessel.— 5. bankinq and com., one who holds or presents 10 remove the beard or fringe from, as from for payment a check or order for money, pay- oysters, inent; of which is not limited by the drawer to a specified individual or firm. Checks pay- able to bearer need no indorsement. — 5. One who wears anything, as a badge or sword; a wearer. Thou [the crown], most fine, most honour'd, most re- nown'd. Hast cat thy bearer up. Shak., 2 Hen. IV., iv. 4. 6. In old law, one who bears do\vn or oppresses others by vexatiously assisting a third ])arty in mjuntainiug a suit against them ; a maintainor. — 7. Any part of a structure or machine that servos as a support to some other pait («) a support for the fire-bars of a furnace, (b) The support of the puppets in a lathe, (c) pi. In a rollinif-mill, the lioua- iriKS or stanilards in which the roller-i.'ndKeons turn, (d) II. intrans. To grow a beard, or become bearded. [Rare]. ^(jr l.auf,diing girl, nor bcardiuff hoy, Mor full-pulsed nmnhoftd, lingering here, Shall add, to life's .■dnpundin- joy. The charmed rei«isi- to Kiilfering dear. W/iitUrr, .Summer by Lakeside, bearded (ber'ded), a. [< ME. bcrded; < beard -{- -eil'-'.] 1. Having a beard. Then a soldier. Full of strange oaths, and bearded like the pard. Shak., As you Like it, ii. 7. It is good to steal away from the society of bearded men, and even of gentler woman, and spend an hour or two with children. Hawthorne. Twice-Told Tales, I. 2. In her. : (a) Same as barbed^, 3. (b) Having a train like that of a comet or meteor (which ""e of the strips which extend over a molding-trough and see).— 3. In entom. : (a) Having a tuft of hairs ^"'i ^ s"I'I'ort the fiask. on the clyjjeus, overhanging the mouth, (b) °- ^°, 7"''»'"'fi' •; («) A strip of wood or metal, Covered on one side with short and thickly set ^yP'^-'^'SK put in any exposed place in a form hairs: said of aiitcima;,- Bearded argall Sec nr- "'^yP" or on a press, for the purpose of bearing f/nii.— Bearded griffln. .See f/nj/i/i.— Bearded tit off impression and preventing injury to t>7je or bearded titmouse, the Pammui 6tan«ic«.<.— Bearded woodcuts. (6) pi. Tyije-high pieces of "metal l,I^v3''^'i'L";','"-' '1" '"'!'"''"'■ „. placed in the very open spaces and over the beard-grass (berd gras) » The common name l,eads of pages to be stereotyped, and also type- ot («) some species of /o///;wtfOH, especially P. high strips of metal placed! around pagc^or Monmhen^sis and P. httorahs, from tho dense- fo?ms to be ele.-trotypll, to prevent fn^ury to ly bearded appearance of the close panicles; the face of the type or the plites in the subse- (i) some common species of Andropogon, as A. quent processes, and cut away from the plates nutans, A. scopanus, ete.-'WpoUy beard-grass, a before printing.- 9. In her., a siipporter.-lOt. ^^'4,^rnan,l"o?'sredls°o'f ^;;;;;;;;/;,;;;;«^"''^'^ ''^^^'^- a roU o'^f paddfng forming a'kin»;i„ „*„«,„„ l'c>v years more and the Wolf-hounds shall fall sup- enee to the bearded stenle stamen. pressed, the Bear-hounds, the Falconry. ^ beardy (ber dl), «.; pi. beardies (-diz). [Dim. of Carlyle, French Rev., I. iii. I. beard.'] 1. A name of the white-throat, ■SyWa |,earing (bar'ing), n. [< ME. hering, beryng ; cinerea. MacgiUivray. [Local, British.] — 2. In Scotland, a name of the loach, Xemachilus bar- batulus, a small fresh-water malacoptei'ygian fish, family Cyprinidie : so called from the six barbules that bang from the mouth. Also spell- ed beardie. bearer (bar'er), n. [ME. berer, bererc; < bear^ -t- -((■!.] 1. One who bears, carries, or sustains; a carrier; specifically, one who carries any- thing as the attendant of another: as, St. Chi'is- topher, or the Christ-fcearfr (the meaning of the name) ; a sword-6earer, an armor-Zieorer, a palanquin-foearer, etc. His armour-6^«rer said unto him. Do all that is in tliine heart. 1 Sam. .\iv. 7. Forgive the bearer of unhappy news : Your alter'd father openly pui-sues Your ruin. Dryden. 2. One who carries a body to the grave; a pall-bearer. — 3. In India : (a) A palanquin-car- rier. (6) A domestic servant who has charge of his master's clothes, fui'niture, etc. — 4. In verbal n. of fcenrl.] If. Support, as of a prin- ciple or an action ; maintenance ; defense. I speak apiinst the bearing of bloodshed: this bearing must be looked upon. Latimer, 5th Serm, bef. Edw. VI., 1549. 2. The act of enduring, especially of enduring patiently or without complaining; endurance. The two powers which constitute a w-ise woman are those of bearing aud forbearing. Epietetxu (trans.). 3. The manner in which a person bears or comports himself ; carriage ; mien ; behavior. A man of good repute, carriage, bearing, and estimation. Shak., L. L. L., i. 1. I had reason to dread a fair outside, to mistrust a pop- ular bearing, to shudder before distinction, grace, and courtesy. Charlotte Bronte, Shirley, xxiv. 4. The mutual relation of the parts of a whole; mode of connection. But of this frame the bearings and the ties. The strong connections, nice dependencies, Gradations just, has thy pervading soul Lookd through? Pope, Essay on Man, L 29. bearing Transactions which have . . . direct hearings on free- dom, on health, on morals, on the permanent' well-beiug of the nation, can never be morally inditferent. JRae^ Contemp. Socialism, p. 2l:>. 5. The special meaning or application of aiiy- thing said or written. To change the btaiing of a word. Tennyson, In Memoriam, cxxviii. 6. The act or capability of producing or bring- ing forth: as, a tree past bearing. In travail of his bearing, his mother wa3 first dead. Jiubert o/ Gtouce^^tcr. 7. In arch., the space between the two fixed extremes of a beam or timber, or between one extreme and a supporter: that is, its unsup- ported span. — 8. In niach., the part in con- tact with which a journal moves: that part of a shaft or an axle which is in contact with its supports ; in general, the part of any piece where it is supported, or the part of another piece on which it rests. — 9. Same as bearing- note. — 10. pi. hiship-buikling, the widest part of a vessel below the plank-sheer ; the line of flotation which is formed by the water on her sides when upright, with pro\'isions, stores, etc., on board in proper trim. — 11. In her., any sin- gle charge of a coat of arms; any one of the ordinaries, or any heraldic bird, beast, or other figure (see charge) ; hence, in the plural, the whole heraldic display to which a person is en- titled. Seeann^, 7. — 12. The direction or point of the compass in which an object is seen, or the direction of one object from another, with reference to the points of the compass. In r/.o?. and niiiiin;/, used in speaking either of the outcrop of the strata or of the direction of any metalliferous lode rir de- posit, whether under ground or at tlie surface : nearly sy- nonymous with run, courge, and utrike. "Before the sun could go bis own length, the little wa- ter will be in the big." . . . "1 thought as much," returned the scout, . . . **from the course it takes, and the bttarimjii of the mountains." Cfoper, Last of the Mohicans, .\xxii. Antifriction bearing, i^eeanfi/n'i-tion. — Conical bear- ing, an eiid-ltearing fur the spindle of a machine-tool, formed by abutting the spindle-end against the enti of a screw. One of these ends is brought to a conical point, and the other is con*espondingIy countersunk. The screw senes to adjust the bearings for wear. — Continuous bearings. See continuotui.— Sand-bearings, in mot'i- iwi, the supports for the core iit the sand itf a mold. - Bide bearings of a car-truck, pi.iie.s idocks, or r.jikr^ placed on each side of Ibe centel-I>iil t'l Jilevttit a t'm great rtuking muii.Mi. — To bring a person to his bearings, to fiiit him in his proper place: lake him down.— To lose one's bearings, to Iiecome unceitain or confused in re- gard to one s inisition ; become bewildered or puzzleil. — To take bearings, to ascertain on what ])oint of the com- paj*s an <lied to ascertain- ing the situatiiMi or direction of any object estimated witlt reference U» 8»ime part of a ship, as on the beam, l)efore the beam, abaft the beam, etc. Hence, to determine one's position ; make one's self acquainted with the locality in which one is; discover how matters stand; get rid of be- wilderment or misunderstanding. The best use that we can now make of this occasion, it seems to me, is to look alx>ut us, take, our bcariwjs, and tell the fugitives . . . what course, in our opinion, they sh'.uM pursue. It', I'hitliim, Speeches, p. 7U. bearing (bar'ing), a. 1. .Supporting; sustain- ing' : as, a bearing wall or (lartition (that is, a wall or partition supporting another). — 2\. Solid; Kub.stantial: as, "a good bearing din- ner." FIrithtr, Women Pleased, ii. 2. bearing-cloth (biir'ing-kloth), «. The cloth with Hliich a child is covered when carried to church to be baptized. Also called bear-cloth. 'i'hy scarlet robes, as a child's benrin;i carry thee out of this place. Shitk., 1 Hen. VI., 1. .".. bearing-feeler nmr'ing-fe'16r), n. An auto- matic ulai^n for signaling the overheating of II joiimul-beariug. a plug of fuslblu material con- ii' ' t' •! «Ub the U-ariiig melLs at a given teniju-ratnre, iih I ).\ huital'lr eonlieclionK i-. made to sounrl an alarm. bearing-neck (bar'ing-nek), ti. The jiart which luni.t within the braHst'H of the jiodcHtal of a car-iriick. and Himtains the strain; the journal h te fbiir'ing-not), H. In tuning tom- iirncnts, like the pinnoforto, one of ' at are first carefully tuned us a ba- ' I lie otherB. Also calleil Inuring. b ri niiir'inc-riin), h. The rein liy I' I of II jiorse iHbi-M up III driving. '■:ir'iii'.;-roli), «. A garment iiii- I" piir|ioHe as a lienriiig-idoth, ' lUHloinnry for the Hpunsors to I'f*^' '■ ■•■ndi'd KeiiHO now only in dialectal or coll(i(|uiiil use. 'J'liesu ben tliu eyryvsli lairlsli) IteKten. lo. i'liaueer, Iloime of Fame, I. p,'(2. To keojio tills worlde botlie more and lesse I v make. Yttrk I'tiijfii. p. l.'i. 2. Any four-footed animal, iih iliHtingiiished from fowls, inseelH, (IslieH, and iiiiin : ns, hrastn of burden; ttvaHtt of the cliiiHe; IwattlM of the forest. It is applied chiefly to large animals. Ilio iKOtt*, the (Ishcs, and the Mlitgi-il fowls. Hhak., (.'. of I',., II. I I keoll ■kylfi A Mkylfllll tieeste (inali) than will y make beast's-bane One deep cry ' Of great wild beasts. Tennyson, Palace of Art Beasts of chase are the buck, the doe, the fox, the mar. ten, aiul the roe. Beasts of the forest are the hart, the hind, the hare, the boar, and the wolf. Beasts of warreti , are the hare and cony. Cowell, Law Dictionary. 3. Any irrational animal, as opposed to man, as in the phrase man and beast, where beast i usually means horse. heaven I a bea-*'Wd, profane, and Ivastly phrase. B. Jottsotu Thrown Into lieastly prisons. Dickens, Hist, of Eng., xvl. 5. Nasty; disagreeable: as, beastlii weather. [Slung.] Hy laying the defeat t^i tho accinint of "this licastiy laigllsli weather, you know." American, VI. 24fi. =- Syn. HiuIuI, Bestial, etc. See bnile. beastlyt (li«"'st'li), adv. [< beast + -?i/2.] In the manner of a beast; filthily; abominably. l''ie on hcrl see how beastly she dnth court him. .SA.iA:., T. of the, S., Iv. SI. 1 have seen a handsome cause so fmiUy lost, sir, .So lieastly cast away, for want of wlt.nesses. l-'leleher, Spanish Curate. III. 1. beastlyheadt (best'li -bed), ». [< In-asth/ + -hcail = -hiuul : oncuif Spenser's arlilicial words.] The chnracleror (|iiallly of a beast; lienstli- ness: used by Spenser as a, greet ing to a beast. HIeke, slcke. alas [ anil little lack of dead, Hut I bo relieved by your tteasilyhead. Siicnscr, Shep. Cal., May. beast's-bane (bosts'biln), w. A variety of the woM's-biine, Aconilnm Li/coctiinum. beat beat^ (liet), V. ; prot. heat, pp. beaten, &m^ ppr. hcatinq. [< ME. heten, < AS. hcdtan{^Yei. bcot, pp. /jt«/ To ilcprrssi or ciiisli : as, to heat domi oiiposition. — To beat into, to tiarh or inslil by rept'titioti of iiislniction. — To beat off, to np.-l oi-fhivi- back.— To beat out. («) To extt-nd liy liamnninng ; hence, figuratively, to work out fully; amplify; expand. A man thinking on his legs is obhged to heat out his thought for his own sake, if not for the sake of his hearers. Conihill May. (b) To perform or execute, as a piece of music, by or as if by beats with tlie hands or feet. The child's feet were busy beating out the tune. Cornhill Mag. Perplext in faith, but pure in deeds. At last he beat his music out. Tennyson^ InMemoriam, xcvi. (c) To drive out or away. Intermediate varieties, from existing in lesser numbers than the forms which they connect, will generally be beaten out and exterminated during the course of further modification and improvement. Daricin, Origin of Species, p. 26C. To beat the air, to fight to no purpose, or against no an- tagonist or opposition. I therefore so run, not as uncertainly; so fight I, not as one that beateth the air. 1 Cor. ix. 20. To beat the bounds. See boundi.— To beat the dust, in the maiieye: (a) To take in too little ground with the fore legs, as ahorse, (b) To curvet too precipitately or too low, as a horse. — To beat the general, to sound the roll of the drum which calls the troops to'^tther. — TO beat the tattoo, to sound the drum for evening roll-call, wlien all soldi' r.s except those absent with permission are expertrd to l)u present in their quarters.— To beat the wind, to make a few flourishes in the air, and thus be entith-d to all the advantages of a victor, as was done under the medieval system of trial by battle wlien the other combatant failed to appear. — To beat time, to measure or regulate time in music by tlie motion of the h«nd or foot.— To beat to a mummy. See mununy.— To beat up. (a) To attack suddenly; alarm or disturb; hence, to come to or upon unexpectedly : as, to beat up an enemy's quarters. A distant relation left him an estate in Ireland, where he had resided ever since, making occasional visits to the Continent and beating up his old quarters, but rarely com- ing to England. Laiorence. (b) To summon or bring together as by beat of drum : as, to beat up recruits, (e) In hunting, to rouse and drive (game) by ranging. They beat up a little game peradventure. Lamb, Imperfect Sympathies. iti) In engraving, to remove (a dent or mark) from the face of a plate by striking the back with a punch wliile the face rests on a sheet of tin-foil on an anvil or a stake. In this way engravers can remove marks too deep to be obliterated by the scraper or burnisher. = Syn. 1. To pound, Iiang. buffet, maul, drub, thump, thwack, baste, thrush, pommel. — 11. Discomfit, Ro^it, etc. See defeat. IL intrans. 1, To strike repeatedly; knock, as at a door. The men of the city . . . beat at the door. Judges xix. 22. 2. To move with pulsation; throb: as, the pulse beats. A thousand hearts beat happily. Byron, Childe Harold, hi. 21. Witli unused thoughts and sweet And hurrying lnjpes. his heart began to beat. William- MorHs, Earthly Paradise, I. 40S. 3. To act, dash, or fall with force or violence, as a storm, flood, passion, etc. : as, the tempest beats against the house. And the sun heat upon the head of Jonah, that he fainted, and wished in himself to die. Jonah iv. 8. Rolling tempests vainly heat below. Drydcn. For the noon is coming on, and the sunbeams fiercely heat. Bryant, Damsel of Peru. 4. To be tossed so as to strike the ground vio- lently or frequently. Floating corps lie heating on the shore. Addison. 5. To give notice by beating a drum ; also, to soxmd on being beaten, as a di-um. But Linden saw another sight When the drum beat at dead of night. Campbell, Hohenlinden. 6. To contain beats or pulsations of sound, as a tone formed by sounding together two notes which are nearly in unison. See heat, n., 7. — 7. To ponder; be incessantly engaged; be anx- iously directed to something; be in agitation or doubt. If you be pleas'd, retire into ray cell, And there repose ; a turn or two I"ll walk, To still my beating mind. Shak., Tempest, iv. 1. beat Thy heaven is on earth ; thine eyes and thoughts Beat on a crown, the treasui'e of thy heart. Shak., 2 Hen. VI,, it. 1. 8. Naut., to make progress against the wind by alternate tacks in a zigzag line, a good square-rigged vej^sel will make a direct gain Ut windward of three tenths of the distance she has sailed wliile beat- ing, while the gain to windward of an average fore-and-aft rigged vessel will be equal to five or six tenths of the dis- tance sailed. We took a pilot on board, hove up our anohor, and be- gan beating down the buy. R. II. Dana, Jr., Before the Mast, p. 3. Many yachtsmen had pronounced it to 1)C! an impossi- bility for our ve-ssel to beat out in so light a Ijrceze. Lady BroAssey, Voyage of Sunbeam, I. i. To beat about, to search by various means or ways ; make efforts at discovery. To find an honest man, I beat about. Pope, Epil. to Satires, ii. 102, To beat about the bush, to approach a mattt-r in a rouniiaboiil or .in iiiiilonitoiy way.— TO beat tO quar- ters, to summon the ciew of a luaii-of -wjtr by heat of drum to their stations for battle. — To beat up and down, in hunting, to run first one way and tln-n miotlit r : said of a stag.— To beat up for recruits ot' soldiers, to go about to enlist men into the amiy : a |ilii;i,s(- oiiu'iii:itiiig in the fact that a recruiting party was.. idti i.t.rrd.-.i by a drum- mer with his instrument.— To beat upont, to enforce by repetition ; reiterate. How frequently and fervently doth the Scripture heat iipiin this cause. llakeivill. beat^ (bet), n. [< beaf^, v."] 1. A stroke; a striking; a blow, whether with the hand or with a weapon. [Rare.] The Smith Divine, as with a careless beat, Struck out the mute creation at a heat. Dryden, Hind and Panther, i. 253. Thus we get but years and b>'ats. Fletcher, Valentinian, ii. 3. 2. A recurrent stroke; a pulsation; a throb: as, the heat of the ptilse ; the heart makes from sixty to seventy 6^«/5 a minute. — 3. The sound macle by the foot in walking or running; a footfall. The heat of her unseen feet, Which only the angels hear. Shelley, The Cloud. 4. A round or course which is frequently gone over: as, a watchman's &ea^/ a milkman's fc(?a^. We had to descend from the sea-wall, and walk under it, until we got beyond the sentry's beat. Hoivells, V^enetian Life, xiL Hence — 5. A course habitually traversed, or a place to which one habitually or frequently resorts. — 6. In Alabama and Mississippi, the principal subdivision of a county ; a voting-pre- cinct. — 7. In music: (a) The beating or pul- sation arising from the interference of two musical notes differing but slightly in pitch. See interference. The number of beats per second la equal to the difference between the numbers of vibrations of the two notes. Thus, two notes having 256 and 255 vibrations per second respectively, if sounded simultane- ously, will give rise to one beat each second, because once in each second the two wave-systems (see soimd) will coin- cide and produce a maximum sound, and once they will be half a wave-length apart, and the sound will almost disappear. Also called 6<'nfmf/. (ft) The motion of the hand, foot, or baton in marking the divi- sions of time during the performance of a piece of music, (c) Used vaguely by vai-ious English writers to denote different kinds of oi-namental notes or graces. — 8. The third operation in paper-making, in which the pulp is still further divided and torn apart, in the' beating-engine, — 9. The blow struck by a valve when falling into its seat. — 10. The bearing part or the facing of a valve. The iidet and outlet valves in the covers of the air-cyl- inders are of brass provided \vith leather beats. Ure, Diet., TV. 740. 11. A worthless, dishonest, shiftless fellow; a knave. [Slang.] -Beat of a watch or clock, the stroke made by the action of the escapement. A clock is said to be in beat or out of beat according as the stroke is at equal or unequal intervals.— Beat or tUCk Of drum {milit.), a succession of strokes on a dnmi, varied in differ- ent ways for particular purposes, as to regulate a march, to call soldiers to their arms or quarters, to direct an at- tackoraretreat, etc.— Bead beat, (a) Formerly, a person without money or resources ; now, one who never pays, but lives by evasions ; an utterly dishonest, worthless fel- low: an intensified expression of beat, 11, above. [Slang,] (6) A stroke or blow without recoil, as in the dead-beat escapement. See escapcrDent.— Double beat, in music, a beat repeated.— Out of one's beat, not in one's sphere or department. [CoUo(|.] beat^ (bet), pp. [Shorter form of beaten, which is the only form used attributively.] Exhaust- ed by exertion, mentally or bodily; fatigued; worn out by toil. [Colloq.] Quite beat and very much vexed. Dickens. Dead beat, completely exhausted or worn out, so as to be incapable of further exertion; utterly baffled, as by the difficulty uf a task ; thoroughly defeated in a contest or struggle, [Colloq.] beat beat^ (bet), n. [Also beet, bait, < ME. bete; origin iinknown, perhaps < 6ea(l, v., or perhaps connected with jrtif, 6ate, steep: seebate^.'] A bundle of flax or hemp made up ready for steep- ing. beat-* (bet), n. [Also bait, bate; origin im- known. Cf. beet^, make a fire. Peat is appar. a diJferent word.] The rough sod of moorland, or the matted growth of fallow land, which is sliced or pared oflE, and burned, when the land is about to be plowed. See beats, c. x. E. D. [ProT. Eng.] beat* (bet), r. t. and ». [See beat^, «.] To slice oflf (the beat or rough sod) from unculti- vated or fallow ground with a beat-ax or breast- plow, in order to burn it, for the purpose at once of destroying it and of converting it into manure for the land. .V. E. D. [Prov. Eng. ] beatae memoriae (bf-a'te me-mo'ri-e). rL., gen. of heata mnnoria, blessed memory: see biatifu lani. memory. '\ Of blessed memory : said of the dead. beat-ax (bet'aks), n. [E. dial., also hidax, biilix; < beats + axl.] The ax or adz with which the beat is pared off in hand-beating. See beafi, v. X. E. I). [Prov. Eng.] beaten (be'tn), p. a. [< ME. bctcn, < AS. hidtiii, pp. of bciitan, beat: soo beat^, r.'] 1. Wrought upon by beathig; formed or affected in any way by blows or percussion: as, beaten work (which see, below). Tliis work of the candlesticks was of beaten gold. Num. viii. 4. Specifically — 2. Worn by beating or treading; much trodden ; hence, common from frequent nse or repetition ; trite : as, to follow the beaten course of reasoning. A broad and heaUn way. Hilton, P. L., ii. 102C. lYuth they profe&s'd, yet often left the true And beaten prospect, lor the wild and new. Crabbe, Tales. 3. Conquered ; vanquished. I supp^jse everything is right, even to Wooler's being conqueror and I the beaten man. 6". Tijtler. 4. Exhausted ; worn out. — 5. Baffled, as by the difficulty of a task, intellectual or physical. — Beaten work. («) \Ietal shaped by being hammered on an an\ il or a block of the requisite form. Hand.made vessels of metal, especially those of rounded form, are com- monly shaped by this process. (6) Kepoussti work. See beater (be'ttr), n. 1. One who beats: as, a e;upet-6cfl(<;-r; a dxvLxa-beater. Euen the wisest of your great beaters do aa oft puniahe nature as they do correcte faultes. Aschani, The Scholemaater, p. 32. 2. In hunting, one who rouses or beats up game. When the ireatern came up we found that tlie bag con- sisted of live red-deer — namely, one snuill stag aeid four hinds. J. Baker, Turkey, p. 369. 3. That which beats or is used in beating. Specifically — (a) In bajtket-maJcinfj, a heavy iron used for beating the work close, or compacting it. (h) In cotton tnunu/., a machine for cleaning and opening ttie cotton fireparat^»ry to carding. Tliis is accomplished by beat- ng the cotton, as it is fed through rolls, by luiiizontal blades attached to an axle revolving with great rapid- ity, (c) The Jack of a knitting-machine, (il) A mallet used in hat-niaklng. (f) A toid for packing powder in a blast-hole. (/) A scutching-blade for breaking tlax or hemp, (tt) In weamtvj, the lathe or batten of a loom: «o named Itecause It drives the weft into the shed, and m:il<'M till* fabric more compact. beater-press (bo'tt-r-prfs), n. A machine for ciiiMji.ieiiiig materials for baling, by beating tliciii down by a weight, and also by direct and continued presHuro. beatb fbeTii), v. t. [Now only E. dial., < MK. Ill thru, < AS. botliiaii, u parallel form of hiillii- an, > K. blithe, q. v.] 1. To batho ; foment. — 2. To heat (unHiuHoned wood) tor the pur- pOHo of straightening (it). A tall young oakc . . . Urath'd Id (Ire (or iteelo to be In nti-d. Sl>''nMcr, V. ()., IV. vll. 7. beatific iHJ-a-tif'ik), a. [< LL. Iieatifir.iis, < bea- tu.H, ]. ipy,' + /Viwrr, make; cf. bidlify.] 1. Blew r • r making happy; imparting blisH. Tin: ;'i ■ ■ ,,, i^ and Mtrnriuenciui of the tteatijic vision. South. 2. IJj'SHi.j; blisHfiil; exnltedly hajipy. lb' .-irnv-I in the most fjeati/ie frnrrie of ndnd. Tbrrf ill .\iinraii, p. ]7rt. Bealtflo Tlllon, In Iheol.. the dlri'< t vUlnn of iiod, nnp- pnacil loronxltutellivcMcntlnl bliss of ludiitannd nngels In heavi I, beatifical (iM-n-tif'i-kttl), a. Hamo a« beatific. [Knr'' ' beatlfi Mya.r-rt-tlf'l-kftl-i), nrfr. Innbialilic iniiii' beatil 'i-ki'it), r. (. To beatify, beatil. i fi-ki'Hhpn), n. \=l\lii'- attjirjiii.n,^ \\„ til II lifiearo: »i'0 beatify.} 1. 494 The act of beatifying or of rendering or pro- nouncing happy; the state of being blessed; blessedness. The end of a Christian, . . . the rest of a Christian, and the beatijieation of his spirit Jer. Taylor, Sermons, xx. 2. In the Eom. Cath. Ch., the act by which a deceased person is declared to be beatified, or one of the blessed, and therefore a proper sub- ject of a certain degree or kind of public reli- gious honor. This is now an exclusive prerogative of the pope, but for several centuries it was also exercised by local bishops or metropolitans. It is usually the second step toward canonization, and cannot lake place till fifty years after the death of the person to be beatified, except in the case of martyrs. The process is an elaborate one. consisting of thirteen or fourteen stages, and extending over many years, during which the claims of the reputed saint are carefully and strictly investigated. If the final result is favorable, the popes decree is publicly read in the pontifical church, the image and relics of the newly beatified are incensed, etc. See canonization. Ximenes has alwjiys been venerated In Spain. Philip IV. endeavored to procui'e his beatification. G. Ticlcnor, Span. Lit., I. 424. beatify (bf-at'i-fi), v. t. ; pret. and pp. beati- fied, ppr. ieatifi/ing. [< F. bcatifier, < LL. beati- ficare, make happy, bless, < beatificus, making happy, blessing, < L. 6ffl?i(,s, happy, blessed (pp. of bcare, make happy, akin to boms, bonus, good, bene, well), + facerc, make.] 1. To make su- premely happy ; bless with the completion of celestial enjojTuent : as, " beatified spii-its," Drij- den. — 2. To pronounce or regard as happy, or as conferring happiness. [Kare.] The common conceits and phrases which so hcati^fii wealth. Barrou; Works (ed. 1(586), III. 161. Specifically — 3. In the Mom. Cath. Ch., to de- cree beatification. Tlie right of beati/i/inii, that is, declaring a holy person a saint, and decreeing that due honour might l>e paid him, within a particular diocese, contiiiurd tn be exercised in England and everywhere else by the t)islii'ps of the church. Rock, Church of our F:ithers. 111. i. VX\ Hence — 4. To ascribe extraordinary virtue or excellence to ; regard as saintly or exalted. His heroine is so bcatitii'd with tlescription, that she loses all bold upon svni])atliv. Wlilpple, Ess. and Rev., I. 12S. beating (be'ting), n. [Verbal n. of beat^, «•.] 1. The act of striking, or operating by blows : any process of working by percussion, spcciii- cally — (a) A process in the dressing of fiax anti hemp b>' which tliey ai-e made soft and pliidile. (h) Tlic process of hammering gold and silver into leaf. The sheets arc placed between pieces of parchment, and hammered on a marble block, (c) In bookbinding, the process of llattiim out with a h.amraer the leaves of a liook which have been badly pressed, or which have been buckled or twisted by bad sewing or uneven dampening. 2. Punishment or chastisement by blows; a flogging. — 3. The state of being beaten or out- done ; a defeat. Our .American rirte-team has had its heating, but not a bad beating. The American, VI. 245. 4. Regular pulsation or throbbing. Tlie heatings oi my heart. Wordftivorth, Tintcrn Abbey. 5. In music, same as bent, 7 («): but in this form more froijuently applied to the beats of the strings of a piano or the pijies of an organ. — 6. Naiit., the act of advancing in a zigzag line against the wind. beating-bracket (be'ting-brak'et), ti. The li:itliii (.1 :i Idiini. beating-engine (be'ting-en .jin), «. 1. A ma- eliiuti witli I'otiitiug cultcrHfor preparing rags ill pnpcr-ninkiiig.^2. Siiiiie as bnUtuii-maehiiic. beating-hammer (bo'ling-lmm er), «. A liam- iiiii- liuviiii,' I wci sliglitly rounded faces, tised in slinping llic liiick.s III' books. beating-machine (iM'tiiig-ma-sli6n*),>i. A ma- cliiiic fordpiiiiiig iiiid licating cotton, to loosen it and remove tlie dust. Also called icHlmoinij- marhiiie, ojxncr, bealinii-entjine, etc. beatitude (be-at'i-tiid), «.' [< V. bt'aliliide, < I,. Iiiiililiido, < liraliis, liappy, blessed : see ^r- iilifij.] 1. Suprc'ino bli'SHcdnesH; felicity nf the highest kind; coiisiiiiinmtc bliss; hoiic(>, in a less restricted HenH<', any e.vlreine jileaHiire or satisfaction. Tnie beatitude growelh not on carlli. .Sir T. Browne, Chrlll. Mor, III. II. About hhn all the minclllb .« of heaven Stood thick aji ulnrs. and from bis sight received Hentilude past ulternnee. MiUun. 1'. I. , III. (12. I'hoiisands of the .liwii find n peculiar lienlilinlr In linv ing Ibeniselves Interred on the opponlte nlopeol the Moiml of Ollveii. B. Tiiulor, l.iiiiiU of lbi> Sarai p. 7:.. 2. One of the <'iKlit iiscriptioim of IiIchhimI- nesH to those who iiohscsm partiiMiliir virliii-s, proiiounei'd by (-'lirmt in tho Henrion on (he Mount, Mot. V. ;»-ll: so named from tho word beaupere "blessed" (in the Latin, beati), with whick ' each declaration or ascription begins. — Formal beatitude, the possession of the highest good.— Objec- tive beatitude, the highest good. beattle i,be-at'l), v. t. [E. dial. (Exmoor and Soilly Gloss.) and U. S. ; appar. < (le-l + attic for addle.'] To addle the brain of; make a fool of. [Prov. U. S. (Massachusetts).] beau (bo"), a. and «. [As an ad.i. long obsolete; early mod. E. beic, < ME. beu, bicu, beau. < OF. bean, biau, earlier bel, beat, biiil, mod. F. beau, bcl, fern, hclle, < L. bcHus, fair, beautifiU, fine: see 6e/l, bell". The noim is mod., and follows the F. in pron. ; the ME. ad.i. if still existent would be pronoimeed as in its deriv. beauty, q. v.] I.t a. (lood; fair: used especially in ad- dress: as, ''beau sii'," CAn«cfr, House of Fame, 1. 643. See beausire, beaupere, etc. II. n.; -pi. beausov beaux (\>bz). 1. One who is very neat and particular about his di-ess, and fond of ornaments and jewelry ; a fop ; a dandy : now most often said of a man of middle age or older : as, he is an old beau. Besides thou art a bean : what's that, my child? A fop, well-dressed, extravagiuit, and wild. Di'i/den, tr. of Persius, Satires, iv. 42. He is represented on his tomb by the figure of a beau, dressed in a long periwig, and reposing himself upon vel- vet cushions under a canopy of state. Addison, Thoughts in Westminster .\bbey. 2. A man who is stiitor to or is attentive to a lady ; a lover ; a swain. [Now chiefly colloq. or rustic] Her love was sought, I do aver, By twenty bea ux ami more. Qoldsmith, Elegy on Mrs. Mary Blaizft. The rural beaxtx their best attire put on. To win their nymphs, as other nymphs are won. Crabbe, The Village. = Syn. 1. Dandy, Exquisite, etc. See coxcomb. beau (bo). !'. t. [< beau, «.] To act the beau to; attend or escort (a lady). beauc^antt, ". See beauscaut. beauclerkt (bo'klerk or -klark), ». [Early mod. E. also bcauctarl; < ME. beauclcrl; < OF. bean, fine, -1- ctcrc, clerk, scholar.] A good scholar; a learned man : known especially as a surname of Henry 1. of England (Henry Bcauclerk). beaufet, ». An erroneous form of buffc/-, beaufin (bif 'in), ». [A forced spelling of biffin, as if < F. beaa, beautiful, -I- fin, fine.] Same us biffin. beaufreyt, "• Same as baufrcy. li'eale. beau-ideal (bo'i-de'al or bo'e-da-al'), «. [F., /(' liciin ideal, the ideal beautiful: Ic beau, the beautiful; idi'al, adj., ideal. Hence in E. often taken as beau, adj., qualil'yiiig ideal, n., an ex- cellent (one's best) ideal : see beau and idcal.^ A mental conception or imago of any object, moral or physical, in its jierfect typical form, frc(> from all the deformities, defects, and bU'iiiishcs accompanying its actual existence; a model of exeeUenee in the mind or fancy; ideal excellence. My ambition is to give them a beau-ideal of a welcome. Charlotte Bronte, Jane Kyre, xxxiv. beauisb (bo'ish), «. [< beau + -(.s7il.] Like a lieau; fopjiisli ; fine: as, "a beauisli young spark," Hi/niu, Beau and Bodlamite. Beaujolais (li6-/.ho-la'), h. [F. Jlcaujolais, a fiiniicr division of France, now chiefiy com- prised in the department of Klione.] A kind of red wine made in the department of Klione, in siiiilhcnstcni I'toiico. beau monde (bo mclnd). [F. : beau, < L, bel- /».s', line; uiiindc, < L. mundns,\vciv]d. See beau and iiiundane.] 'I'lie I'aHliionable world; people of fashion ancl gayely, collectively. beaumontite (lui'mon-tit), «. [After Prof. Klii' do I'lKiumout, of France.] In mineral., a vniioly III' lii'iijaiidite from Jones's Falls near HnlliiiKin', Maryland. beaumont-root (bO'inont-rOt), h. Same as biitrniiln^s-roat. Beaune (h''>n), n. [F.] A red ■\vino of Bur- gundy. The name Is given to wines nrodnccd In a large • ilHtrli't around the city of Beaune, and vai-yhig greatly In i|niill(y. beauperet, beaupeert, »■ flOaily mod. E., also liiniifir, oil', (in I ho si'ns(> of ' conqianion,' soniellines K]>oil('il lintu]ilii rr, by eonfiisioii with jihrrr, an erronooiis H]>i'llinK of MI'l.yr/'c, acom- piinioii: s('o/(C(), < MM. In irjirrc, hnniiirrc, Iww- I'l/r, etc., < (1) oi''. beau }irrr, 'go'"! fnthcr.'a piilito form of pcre, fatliiT (mod. I''. Iiiiin-]>he, father-in-law, or stepfather), < beau, fail', good, + jierr V. phr, < L. paler = 10. father : (2) OF. Iwdu, fair, good, + per, peer (moil. V. pair), beaupere peer, equal.] 1 . A term of courtesy for ' father,' used especially in addressing or speaking of priests. — 2. A companion, compeer, or friend. Now leading; him into a secret sliade From liis JBeauperes, and from bright heavens vew. Spenser, F. Q., III. i. 36. beauperst, bewperst, "• [Also bowpres; per- haps, like many other fabrics, named from the place of its original manufacture, conjectured ui this case to be BeaiiprSmi, a town in France with manufactures of linen and woolen.] A fabric, apparently of linen, used in the six- teenth and seventeenth centuries. Flags were made of it. Witli my cozen Richard Pepys upon the 'Cliange, about supplyintl us with bewpera from Norwich, which I should be shid of, if clicap. Pepys, Diary, II. 136. beau-peruket, "• A name given to periwigs of exaggerated length worn in the reign of Wil- liam III. beau-pot (bo 'pot), n. [An erroneous form (simulating F. beau, beautiful) of bowpot for boHijIipiit, q. v.] A large ornamental vase for cut flowers. beauseantt, beauceantt, n. [OF. bauceant, a flag (see def.), perhaps < baiigeiit, baucent, etc. (> E. bausond, q. v.), orig. black-and-white spot- ted, but later written hvauseant, bcimceiint, as if < F. beau, fine, handsome, comely, + scant, suit- able, lit. sitting, ppr. of seoir, sit: see seaiicc.'] The flag of the order of the Templars, half black and half white, and bearing the inscrij)- tion, "Noil nobis, Domine, non. nobis, sed no- uiiui tuo da gloriam." beau-semblantt, «. [F. : beau,ta.ii;semblant, appearance: see semblance.'\ Fair appearance. Cdiiii rautiful. Can we conceive of a period of human development at which religion is the worship of the beauti,ful ? J. Caird. It is very old, this architecture [Duomo at Mnrano] ; but the eternal youth of tlie beautiful belongs to it, and there is scarce a stone fallen from it that 1 would re- place. Howells, Venetian Life, xii. = SjTl. Beautiful, Heauteous, Handsome, Pretty, Fair, Lovdy, Comely, charming, all apply to that which is highly pleasing, especially to the eye. Beautiful, the most gen- eral of these words, is also often the noblest and most si)iritnal, expressing that which gives the highest satis- faction to eye, ear, mind, or soul. Beauteous is chielly poetic, and covers the less spiritual part of tjeautitul. Handsome is founded upon the notion of proportion, sym- metry, as the result of cultivation or work ; a handsome figure is strictly one that has been developed by atten- tion to physical laws into the right proportions. It is less spiritual than firautifut ; a handsome face is not necessarily a If^'auti/ut face. Handsome applies to larger or more important things than jrretty : as, a handsome house ; a pretty cottage. It is opposed to fiomely. Pretty applies to that which has symmetry and delicacy, a dimin- utive beauty, without the higher qualities of graceful- ness, di.Liiiity, feeling, purpose, etc. A thing not small of its kinii ni.iy be called pretty it it is of little dignity or consetjnence ; as, a pretty dress or shade of color ; but jiretty is not used of men or their belongings, except in contempt. Fair starts from the notion of a hrightTiess that catches the eye; it notes that sort of beauty which delights the eye by complexion and feature ; in this sense it is now less common in prose. Lovely is a strong word for tli.at which is immediately pleasing to the eye ; it ap- plies primarily to tliat which excites admiration and love. Comely applies rather to the human tii:urc. cliielly in its proportions ; it is used less commonly than handsome to express the result of care or training. See elegant. The moon was pallid, hut not faint ; And beautiful as some fair saint. Lonyfellow, Orion. And there a vision caught my eye ; The retlex of a beauteous form. Tennyson, Miller's Daughter. A handsome house, to lodge a friend ; A river at my garden's end. Pope, Imit. of Horace, Satires, II. vi. 3. Nothing more beautiful — nothing prettier, at least — was ever made than Phcebe. Hawthorne, Seven Gables, ix. The lamps shone o'er fair women and brave men. Byron, Childe Harold, iii. 21. Sweet Auburn, loveliest village of the plain. Goldsmith, Des. Vil., 1. 1. I doubt, indeed, if the shepherds and shepherdesses of his day were any conielier and any cleaner than these their descendants. C. IK Warner, Roundabout Journey, p. 114. beautifully (bii'ti-fiil-i), adv. In a beautiful manner. Fine by degrees and beautifully less. Prior, Henry and Emma, 1. 323. beautifulness (bu'ti-ful-nes), «. The quality of being beautiful; elegance of form; beauty. beautify (bii'ti-fi), r. ; pret. and pp. beautified, ppr. beautifying. [Early mod. E. also bcntify, beutijfy, bewtify, -fie; < beanty + -fy.} I. trans. To make or " render beautiful ; adorn ; deck ; grace; decorate; embellish. The arts that beautify and polish life. Burke. Mid creeping moss and ivy's darker green. How much thy presence beautifies the ground ! Clare, 'The Primrose. = S3m. Adorn, Ornamtnt, etc. See adorn and decorate. II. intrans. To become beautiful ; advance in beauty. [Bare.] It must be a prospect pleasing to God himself, to see his creation for ever beautifyiny in his eyes. Addison, Spectator, No. 111. beautiless (bu'ti-les), a. [< beauty + -less.} Destitute of beauty. Unamiable, . . . beautiless, reprobate. Hammond, Works, IV. 7. beauty (bii'ti), «.; pi. beauties (-tiz). [Early mod. E. also beuty, bcwty, < ME. bewty, bewte, beute, beaute, earliest form bealte, < OF. biaute, bealtet, beltet, F. beaute, = Pr. beltat, beutat = Sp. beldad = Pg. beldade = It. beltd, < ML. belUta(t-)s, beauty, < L. beJlus, beautiful, fair: see beau and bell^.} 1. That quality of an ob- ject by virtue of which the contemplation of it directly e.xcites pleasurable emotions. The word denotes 'priTuiirily that which pleases the eye or ear, btlt it is applicii also to that c|uality in any object of thought which awakens admiration or approval : as, intelhctnal beauty, moral beauty, the beauty oi holiness, the beauty of utility, and so on. He hath a daily beauty in his life That makes me ugly. Shak., Othello, v. 1. A thing of beauty is a joy for ever. Keats, Endymion, 1. 1. The homely beauty of the good old cause is gone. Wordsioorth, National Independence, i. beaver If eyes were made for seeing, Then fjeauty is its own excuse for being. Emerson, To the Rhodora. Beauty results from adaptation to our faculties, and a perfect state of health, physical, moral, and intellectual. C. E. Norton. The sense of beauty and the affection that follows it at- tach themselves rather to modes of enthtisiasm and feel- ing than to the course of simple duty which constitutes a merely truthful and upright man. Leeky, Europ. Morals, I. 84. 2. A particular grace or charm ; an embellish- ment or ornament. — 3. Any particular thing which is beautiful and pleasing ; a jiart which surpasses in i)leasLng qualities that with which it is united: generally in the plural: as, the beauties of an author; the beauties of nature. Look in thy soul, and thou shalt Ijeauttes find, Like those which ilrown'd Narcissus in the flood. Sir ./. Davies, Immortal, of Soul, xxxiv. 4. A beautiful person ; specifically, a beauti- ful woman; collectively, beautiful women: as, all the beauty of the place was present. This lady was not onely a greate beauty, but a most virtuous and excellent creature. Evelyn, Diary, July 8, 1675. And I have shadow'd many a group Of beauties, that were horn In teacup-times of hood and hoop. Or while the patch was worn. Tennyson, The Talking Oak. 5t. Prevailing style or taste ; rage ; fashion. She stained her hair yellow, which was then the beauty. Jer. Taylor. Camberwell beauty, the Vanessa Aniicpa, a beautiful biittcrlly, rai-e in Great Britain, but often found in some parts of the United States : so named from having been fotnid sometimes at Camberwell. a suburb of London. The wings are deep, rich, velvety brown, with a band of black, containing .a row of large blue spots around the brown, and an outer band or margin of pale yellow dappled with black spots. The caterpillar feeds on the willow.— Curve of beauty, line of beauty. See rarpe.— Dependent beauty, that beauty which does not appear when the ob- ject is contemplated in itself, but only when it is consid- ered in its adaptation to its end. What has been distinguished as depended or relative beauty is nothing more than a beautified utility or utilized beauty. Sir W. Hamilton. Ideal beauty, the standard of esthetic perfection which the mind forms and seeks to express in the fine arts and in the rules which govern those arts. — Mixed beauty, the char.acter of an object which is beautiful and at the same time affords pleasure of another kind. = Syn. 1. Loveliness, fairness, comeliness, attractiveness ; elegance, gracefulness, adornment. beautyt (bu'ti), v. t. [< ME. bewtyen, < bewty, etc., beauty: see beauty, n.] To render beau- tiful; adorn, beautify, or embellish. The harlot's cheek, beautied with plast'ring art. Shak., Hamlet, iii. 1. beauty-of-the-night (bii'ti-pv-the-nit'), »• The four-o'clock, Mirabilis Jalapa. beauty-sleep (bii'ti-slep), «. The sleep taken before midnight, popularly regarded as the most refreshing portion of the night's rest. beauty-spot (M'ti-spot), «. 1. A patch or spot placed on the face to heighten beauty, as formerly practised by women; hence, some- thing that heightens beauty by contrast; a foil. The filthiness of swine makes them the beauty-spot of the animal creation. Grew. The numberless absurdities into which this copyism has led the people, from nose-rings to ear-rings, from painted faces to beauty-spots. H. Spencer, Universal Progress, p. 90. 2. An especially beautiful feature or thing. Bunyan. beauty-'washt (bii'ti-wosh), n. A cosmetic. beaux, n. Plural of beau. beauxite, ". See bauxite. bea'verl (be'ver), «. and a. [Eariy mod. E. also bearor, berer, < ME. bever, < AS. beofer, befer = D. LG. bercr = OHO. bibar, MHG. G. biber = Icel. bjorr = Sw. biifver = Dan. ba:rer = L. fber, OL. biber (> It. bevero = Sp. bibaro = Pr." ribre = F. bierre) = Gael, beabhar = Com. befr = OBulg. bebrii, bibrii, bobrit, Bohem. Pol. bobr = Russ. bobrii = Lith. bebrus = Lett, bebri,?, OPruss. bebrus, a beaver, =Skt. babhru, a large ichneumon; as adj., brown, tawny; perhaps a redupl. of y *bhru, the ult. root of AS. bruii, E. broion: see broun.'i I. n. 1. A rodent quadi'uped, about two feet in length, of the family Castorida; and genus Castor, C. fiber, at one time common in the northern regions of both hemispheres, now found in considerable numbers only in North America, but occurring solitary in central Europe and Asia. It has short ears, a blunt nose, small fore feet, large webbed liind feet, with a flat ovate tail covered with scales on its upper surface. It is valued for its fur (which used to be largely employed in the manufacture of hats, but for which silk is now for the most pai't substituted) aud for an odorife- rous secretion named castor or castoreura (which see). beaver Its food consists of the bark ol trees, leaves, roots, and ': =rrie5. The favorite haunts of the beavers are rivers ; ■ .re bordered by forests. When they find -ally deep for their purpose, they throw j.structed with great ingenuity of wood, ^■■r..--. ..-.'. miM. ^fuawiDg down small trees for the pur- I'..;e. and compacting the mud hy blows of their power- ful tails. In winter they live in liouses, which are from 3 to 4 itret lii::h. are built on the waters edge with subaipie- ous entrances, and afford them protection from wolves and otlier Willi animals^ They formerly abounded throughout northern .\merica, but are now found only in unsettled or tliinly ijopulated regions. Several slightly different varie- ties tif the European beaver have received special names. The North American beaver is somewhat larger than the European, and exhibits some slight cranial peculiarities ; 496 Beaver ^Castor Jiber). it is commonly rated as a distinct species or conspecies, under the name of Cantor canadetuns. The so-called fossil beaver, CaMoroidea ohioensi-n, belongs to a different family, Caittoroidid(e (which see). See also Catttoridce. 2. The fiir of the beaver.— 3. (a) A hat made of beaver fur. This day 1 put on my half cloth blaclc stockings and my new coate of the fashion, which pleases me well, and with my berer I was, after office was done, ready to go to my Lord Slayors feast. P'^PV, Wary, I. 230. Hence — (6) A hat of the shape of a beaver hat, but made of silk or other material, in imitation of the fur. The modern stilt silk hat was com- monly called a bearer until recently. — 4. A glove made of beaver's fur. Miss Austen. — 5. A thick and warm cloth used for garments by both sexes. The thickest quality is used for overcoats. II. a. Made of beaver or of the fur of the bea- ver: as, a beater hat ; bearer gloves. beaver- (be'ver), ». [Early mod. E. also bever, beecor, etc., altered, by confusion with beaver^, in ''beaver hat," from earlier barer, barter, < late ME. baricre, < OF. baviire (= Sp. babera = It. bariera), beaver of a helmet, prop, a bib, < tare, foam, froth, saliva : see barcttc.'] In medi- eval armor, originally a protection for the lower I, Beaver filed to the cnriclel : H, vizor: C, licTVcr. a, Beaver KttrkiniE on pivots .ind cipable of tieinir rai&e'l to cover the face : t>, beaver. B^dh arc csnmnfcs of the mldale of the t^lh century. (From VtoIlct'lC'Duc't " Diet, rlu Mot)iUer fran^u.") part of the face and cheeks, fixed securely to the armor of the neck and breast, and sufli- cicntly large to allow the head to turn behind it. In thlH f'irtn ft vinM wnrn throiiglioiit ttie tlfti't-titli century Willi headpieces otlier than the itrniet. In Kngllsh annor It wjiM the movable |tr'»tectl(ni fnr the lower part of tlie f:i' <■, while the y\7jtT rovi-red tile nnper part ; It Is thi-re- f"i-' nearly the Kame w\ the uvi-ntalle (which see). In (lie .'■rvNt'tllh century the ni'ivable lieavcr was confonndeil wlt.h till; vl/or. ^'<< lieene they lioth al one, and dni-n nprearo 'I heir txtxrt brlKht each other for to greet. Slieiurr. K. li., II. 1. 29. II. w.ire lilnAraiMr up, .V/int, Hamlet, I. 2. 'Miier! Mtttves In chflTRc, their Uarfm down, > H of lire sparkling thrniigh mIuIiIh of steel. .SVint-., 2 Hen. IV,, Iv, 1. t' ', and F. Bee hrrrr'-^. 1 riie'vf-rd), n. [< bnirir- + -rliiH v.iij, 1..^, aii.i ill geiiuial iconumy rcMjitii.l.i.g Beaver-rat ^Hydrcmys chrysozaster). the water-vole of Europe, Arvicola amphibius, or the musl^- rat of America. 2. A name of the ondatra, muskrat, or mus- quash of North .America, Fiber ::ibethicus. beaver-root (be'ver-rot), H. The yellow pond- lily, Xii2)bar adrena. beaverteen (be'ver-ten), n. [<6fn!'f)-l + -leen, after relretee)i.'\ 1. A cotton twilled fabric in which the wai^p is drawn up into loojis, form- ing a pile, which is left imcut. — 2. A strong cotton twilled fabric for men's wear, it is a kind of smooth fustian, shorn after being dyed. If shorn before dyeing, it is called molejikin. K. II. Kniriht. beaver-tongue (be'vfer-timg), n. Same as cost- iiiiiri/. beaver -tree (be'ver-tre), n. The sweet-bay of the United States, Magnolia (jJaiica. beavorH, beavor-t, "• Obsolete forms of Z)f«- «)•!, hearer'^. beballyt, "• [Late ME., a corruption of OF. (AF.) *bipaUe, < 6/-, two, twice, + "j'alW, party par-pale : a term of blazon" (Cotgravc).] In her., divided into two parts by a vertical line ; party per pale : said of an escutcheon. bebeastt (be-besf), !•. t. [< fcc-l + beast.'i To make a beast of ; consider as a beast ; treat as a beast. bebeeric (be-be'rik), a. [< bebeeru + -('<•.] Of or derived from bebeerin. Also written bebirie. — Bebeeric acid, a wliite, crystalline, volatile acid cx- tracted from tlie seeiis of Svctandra liinluri. bebeerin, bebeerine (be-be'rin), «. [< bebeeru, q. v.] The active principle of the bark of the bebeeru or greenheart-tree of Guiana. It is said to be identical with buxine, CirHoNO^, and is used as a bitter tonic and febrifuge, chielly in the form of tlie tymie sulphate. Also written bebcaritie, biberine, bibiritie, be- beeria. etc. bebeeru (be-be'ro), «. [Native name, also spoiled bebe'aru, biliiru.'] A tree of British (iui- aiia, Sectandra Ixodia-i, natural order XoHracca.', the timber of which is known to wood-mer- chants by the name of greenheart, and is large- ly imported into England for the building of ships and submarine structures, being remark- ably hard and durable, and not suli.iect to in.iury from the ship-worm (Teredo iiaralis). Its liark contains belioerin, and is used as a febrifuge. bebization (bo-bi-za'shon), n. In vtusie, the system of indicating the tones of the .scale, for reference or practice, by the syllables bi, be, ee, de, me, fe, ge, proposed in KiliS by Daniel Hitzler, and apparently applied not to the scale in the abstract, but to the scale beginning on A. See bnbi:ation, solini::ation, etc. bebleedt (Ije-bled'), v. t. [< ME. bebleden; < /»-! + blee'd.'] To make blootly. Chaucer, Knight's Tale, 1. 1144. beblott (be-blof), V. t. [< ?)f-l + bh>n.'] To blot all over; stain. Beblotte it with thi teerls cko a lyte, Chaucer, Trollns, ii. 1027. beblubbered (be-blubVrd), a. [< be-^ + blub- ben iL] Hcfciuleil iir bleared, as with weeping. Iler eyes all bcblubbfrril with tears. Shrllon, tr. of Don (Jitlxoto, 1. 111. 13. beblurt, '•• '. [< be-l + blur.'] To blur all over. bebung (lui'lmng), w. I II., a trcmliliiig, < bi- bcii, tiemhle.T A certain imlHatiiiii or troiiililing effect given to a HiiHtained note, in eillier vo- cal or lustrmnental music, for tlio sake of ex- pression. Crnrr. bec't, «• An obsolete form of brrk'^. bee- (bck), H. [F., beak: see beel-*, beak}.'\ A Ixoik; in mii.iir, a inoiithpieco for a muHical iii- Ktniiiicnt. becaflco, becaflgo (bek-a-fo'ko, -go), «. Same as /" eeit lifo, becall (biz-ki'll'), I'. I. [< MK. bieaUen, hilal- hii, < bi-, be-, + calirn, call: see /<(•-' anil rail.] It. To accuse. — 2t. To call n)(on; call forth; ehnlleiige. — 3t. To call ; Htimnion. — 4. To call nanios; niJHcall. .V. I'. J>. becalm die-kiim'), r. I. [< he-^ + rahn.] 1. 'I'll Illlike fahu or utill; make i|uict; eiiliii. I lie miHin »lionc clear on the becalmed Hood. I>ri/ilrn. beccafico Baaish his sorrows and becalm his soul with easy dreams. * .iddison. 2. Saut., to deprive (a ship) of wind; delay by or subject to a calm. A luan becalmed at sea, out of sight of land, in a fair day, may look on the sun, or sea, or ship, a whole hour, and perceive no luotioix, Li'cke. becalming (bf-kii'ming), n. The state of being becalmed; a calm at sea. [Rare or obsolete.] iitlier unlucky accidents oftentimes happen in these seas, especially in bevatminfjs. Sir T. Herbert, Travels in Africa, p. 6. becalmment (be-kam'ment), H. [< becalm + -tiunt.] The state of being becalmed. [Rare.] became (be-kiim'). Preterit of become. becap (be-kap'), r. t.; pret. aud pp. becapped, ppr. hecnpping. [< be-'- + cap'^.] To cover with a cap. becard (bek'ard), n. [< F. "hecard, < bee, beak: see ftfiii'i ant"! -ard.] A name of snndi-y insec- tivorous birds of Central aud South America, such as those of the genera Tityra aud I'.'iaris, given on account of their large or hooked bill. becarpeted (be-kiir'pet-ed), a. [< 6f-l 4- ear- pct + -ffZ'-.] furnished or covered with a car- pet or carpets ; carpeted. [Rare.] Is there another country under tlic .'sun so becushioned, becarpeted, and becurtained with t;rass'.' 7Vii- Crnlurii, XXVII. 110. becarve (be-kiirv'), f. t. [< JIE. bekerven, < AS. beceor/aii, int off, < 6f-priv. + eeorfan, cut. In mod. iise, < fcr-l -I- fonr.] If. To cut off. — 2t. To cut up or open (land). — 3. To cut to pieces. X E. D. becasse (be-kas'), ». [< F. ?)«o«.sy, a woodcock, < bee, a beak: see fccfiAl.] The Em-opean wood- cook, Scolopax rusticula. becassine (be-ka-seu')i n. [< F. becassine, < lic- ensee : see becasse.] The European snipe, Gal- liiiiigo media. because (be-kaz'), adr. and conj., orig. prep. phr. [Early mod. E. also hi/ cause; < ME, because, bi- cniisr', bijcause, also and jirop. written apart, be cause, bi cause, by cattsc, being the prep. ?i_v with the governed noun cause. The phrase by cause of, or becatise of (cf. the similar phrase /).)/ rea.mn of), was used as etjuiv. to a prep., and the phrase by cauiiC that, or bertiuac that, aiterwaril short- ened to bceau.w (colloq. and dial, cause), as a conj.] I. adr. 1. By reason (of ) ; on account (of) : followed by of. Tlie spirit is life, because of righteousness. Kom. viii. 10. Let no self-reproach weigh on yon liecaujie o/'nie, (rVorw ICIii:!, Mill oil tlie Fbisa, vii. 3. 2t. For the sake (of); in order (to). II. conj. 1. For the reason (that); since. These wickets of the soiile are plac'd on liic llecaune all sounds doc liglitly mount aloft. Sir J. Davien, Nosce Tcipsnm. Why is ottr food so very sweet ? Ilecause we earn lieforo we cat. Cotton, Fables, i. Men who could never be tanglit to do what was right tie. cattite it was riglitj soon learned to do riglit beeauw it was a becoming thing in tliem, as kniglits aud nobles, to do so. .S7,», . stud, Med, llist., xlL 2t. To the end that; in order that. And the niultitudo rebuked thorn, txcaune thev should liold tlicir peace. JIat. xx. SI. [lireitusr introduces a clause stating some parti'-ular cir- cuiiislaurc, from wliich, (it) by virtue of a geiinai truth not iiwimlly mentioned, the truth of the preceding clause nrn'ssarily follows, or (/>) in coiisequence of a gciural jtiiipnsc, tile agent is led tn jicrform ttie act, or lnitig a I lout the state of tilings, nicntioncd in the previcuis clause. lierittt.ie is not properly used to introduce a genertil prin- ciph- or major prciiiisc. 1 Syn. 1. Sec niiice, becca(bek'ii), H.; ])l. /«cc(r(-se). [NL.: see^iccA^, beali^.] 1. 'riiii long point of a hood, especial- I.V in tho fil'li'i>iith century, when such points reitcheil below Iho wiiist behind. — 2. A long scarf or streamer attiichi'd to a turban-shapeil Clip in the lil'teentli Cfiitiiry. Fairliolt. beccabunga (bck-n-bung'gij), n. [NL. ML.,< 1,1 J, tiiehcliuuge (= 1>. li Y;. brrl.~\ brak^), + ficn, it lig, < \i. fieus. a fig: see.//;/ II lid. /(CO.] 1, An old mid diHiiHeii name of sundry small Euroiieiin birds, chitlly of the family .s'///n(r/(/', or warblers, wliich petrk ligs, or were supposed to do so, Tlic aiipllciilinn id the wiird Is Inrleteniiiniit^*; but it has liccii. pcrliups, niuMt rre(|ueiitly tmcil It nncctlon with tlie giirden-war- hler, .V;//r)iii hortcjiftin (Ilechstelti), Curruca hortetudu of Home authors. beccafico In extended use — 2. One of sundry small American birds, as some of those formerly in- eluded ill a genus FiccduUi. — 3. The European golden oriole, Oriolus f/albula. Ibeccot, ". [It., a goat.] A cuckold. Liiike, thou art a becco, a cornuto. Marxtmi and Webster, Tlie Malcontent, i. 3. it. 1. lec-de-COrbint (bek ' de-kor-bau '), »• [F.> crow's beak: see beak^, dc", and corbie.} A name given in the middle ages to the pointed end of the mar- tel-de-fer, or war - hammer. Hence-2. Tlie ■whole weapon having such a, point or beak. — 3. A name given in the eighteenth century to the head of a walk- ing-cane hav- ing somewhat the form of a bird's beak. 1)echamel (besh'a-mel), n. [<"F. be- chamel : see definition.] In cookery, a white sauce of elaborate composi- tion, named from its inventor, Louis de Becha- mel or Bechameil, marq[uas of Nointel, steward to Louis XIV. "bechaiicel (be-chans'), V. [< 6e-l + chance, r.] I. iiilrans. To happen ; chance. II. trans. To befall ; happen to. My 8ons — God knows what hath beehanced them. Sliak., 3 Hen. VI., i. 4. Becs-de-corbin, 15th centurj'. y4, with handle of wroiifjht-iron: S, with wooden handle sheathed with metal. ( From Viollet-le-Duc's " Diet, du Mobiiier fran- ca is.") bechance^t (bf-etans'), ada. [For by chance ; ff. because.} Accidentally; by chance. We bechance lost our sovereign lord. Grafton, Hen. VIII., an. 14. becharm (be-eharm'), v. t. [< 6e-l + charm.} To charm ; captivate ; enchain. The lethargy wherein my reason long Hath been bectiarmed. Beau, and Ft., Laws of Candy, v. 1. Prithee, interrupt not The paradise of my bectianainfi thotights. Ford, Fancies, iv. 1. beche-de-mer (bash'de-mar'), n. [F., lit. spade (•f the sea (beclw, < OP. besclie (ML. besca; cf. equiv. becca: see beck'i), spade; de, < L. de, of; mer, < L. mare, sea, = E. mere), a name explained as having reference to the shape of the animals when dried and pressed, but really an accom- modation of the Pg. name bicho do mar, lit. worm of the sea, sea-slug : bicho = Sp. biclio, a worm, gi'ub, slug; do, of the ; mar, < L. mare, sea.] The trepang, a species of the genus Holothuria (H. arffiis), or sea-slugs, much es- teemed by the Chinese as a culinary delicacy. See trepang. liechic (be'kik), a. and n. [< L. bechicus, < Gr. /3w""5f) pertaining to a cough, < jiiji (0r/X-)^ a cough, < j3i/aa£iv, cough.] I. a. Having the property of curing coughs. II. »(. A medicine for relieving coughs; a pectoral. leckl (bek), n. [< ME. hek, becc, < AS. *becc (Bos- worth) = Icel. bekkr = Sw. back = Dan. 60?^; but the ME. form may be from the Seand., the only authenticated AS. form being bece, bcece, dat. of bece (giving mod. E. *betch, which prob. exists in the dial, batch: see batch^) = OS. beki = OD. beke, D. beek = LG. beke, bdk = •OHG. bah, MHG. bach, a brook.] 1. A brook ; A small stream; especially, a brook with a ■.stony bed or rugged course. The brooks, the beclcs, the rills. Drayton, Polyolbion, i. The reflex of a beauteous form, A glowing arm, a gleaming neck. As when a sunbeam wavers warm Within the dark and dimpled beck. Tennyson, Tl 2. The valley of a beck ; a field or patch of ground adjacent to a brook. See batch^. 3)eck2 (bek), V. [< ME. becken, bekkeri, short for W:me«, beckon : see beckon.} I. intrans. 1. To signal by a nod or other significant gesture ; ieekou. 32 497 Who 's he but bowed if this great prince hut becked! Drayton, Queen Margaret. Let us follow The bectcinff of our chance. Ftetctier {and anotlier). Two Noble Kinsmen, i. 2. 2. To recognize a person by a slight bow or nod. [Sfotcli.] II. trcnis. 1. To summon or intimate some command or desire to by a nod or gesture ; beckon to. Hell, book, and candle shall not drive me back, When g(jl(i and silver beckg me to come on. Sfiak., K. .!ohn, iii. 3. 2. To express by a gesture : as, to beck thanks. [Rare.] I|i)eck2 (bek), B. [< ME. bek, < heken, becken, beck: see beck'^, v.} 1. A nod of the head or other significant gesture intended to be un- derstood as e.xpressive of a desire, or as a sign of command. Nods, and becks, and wreathed smiles. Milton, L' Allegro, L 28. My guiltiness had need of such a master, That with a beck can suppress multitudes. iliddleton, The Witch, iv. 1. I would wish myself a little more command and sove- reignty : that all the court were subject to my absolute tyeck. 11. Jonson, Cynthia's Revels, iv. 1. 2. A gesture of salutation or recognition; a bow; a courtes.y. [Scotch.]— At one's beck, at one's beck and call, subject to one's slightest wisii ; obliged or ready to obey all of one's orders or desires. It was necessary for him to have always at his beck some men of letters from Paris to point out the solecisms and false rhymes of which, to the last, he was frei|uently guilty. Macaulay, Frederic the Great. We move, my friend. At 710 maii.i tieck. Tennyson, Princess, iii. beck3 (bek), n. [B. dial., not found in ME., < AS. becca, glossed Ugo, a mattock ; cf . ML. becca (cf . ML. besca, > OF. besche, mod. F. beche), a spade ; Pr. beca, a hook, Ir. Jiacc, a hook.] An agricul- tural implement with two hooks, used in dress- ing turnips, etc.; a form of mattock. beck'tf (bek), n. [< ME. bek, bee, < OF. bee, beak ; the same word, retaining the orig. short vowel, as the now more common beak^.} 1. A beak. — 2. Any pointed or projecting part of the dress, especially of a head-dress, as of the byeocket. beck* (bek), n. [Prob. another form of backS, q. v.] A vat or vessel used in a dye-house ; a back. — Clearing -heck, in calico-printiny, a vat in which cottons printed with certain colors are cleansed or scoured with soap and water. beck^t, n. [Of. beak"^.} Same as beck-harman. becker (bek'er), n. [E. dial, (also becket^, q. v. ), appar. < bcck^ + -erl. Cf. F. beccard, the female salmon.] A name of the fish Sparus payrus, otherwise called braize and king of the sea-breams. beckern (bek'ern), n. Same as bickern and beak-iron. becketl (bek'et), n. [E. dial. ; cf. OF. bcquet, bechet, a pike or pickerel, dim. of bee, beak: see beak^, beeJc*.} Same as becker. becket^ (bek'et), «. [Origin obscure.] Nant.: (a) A short piece of rope, with a knot at one end and an eye in the other, for tempora- rily confining ropes or small spars. (b) A handle made of a rope grom- met or ring, (c) A wooden cleat or hook, fastened on the fore- or main-rigging of a ship, for the tacks and sheets to lie in when not in use. (d) A rope grommet in the bottom of a block for securing the standing end of thefall. (e) Acanttermforatrousers-pocket. becket2 (bek'et), V. t. [< becket2, «.] To fas- ten or provide with beckets. Cooper. beck-harmant, "• [Also harman-beek; old slang, of obsciu'e origin; ■with beck cf. equiv. beak'i.} In old slang, a constable. B. Jonson. Miller's Daughter, beckingt (bek'ing), Ji. [Verbal n. of beck-, r.} The act of making a beck; the act of bowing or nodding. The Communion w.is altogether like a popish mass, with the old apish tricks of Antichrist, bowings and beck- ings, kneelings and knockings, the Lord's Death, after St. Paul's doctrine, neither preached nor spoken of. £p. Bale, in 11. W, Dixon's Hist. Ch. of Eng., xxi. become beck-iron (bek'i"ern), ». [< beck-i + iron. Cf. beak-iron.} 1. A contrivance for holdinga piece of wood firmly wliilo it is planed, it is made of iron or steel rods fastciieil to a benuli and bent parallel to the surface of the wood. 2. A small anvil with a shallow groove, for rounding tlio inside of the bows of scissors. beckon ( bik'n), r. [Early mod. E. also becken, < ME. beknen, liecnen, beknien, < AS. becnian, bUcnan, later also l/cdcnian (OS. boknian = OHG. bouhnen = ON. bdkna), < bedcen, a sign, beacon: see beacon.} I. intrans. To make a significant gesture with the head or hand, in- tended as a hint or an intimation, especially of a desire for approach or departure, or for silence. Alexander beckoned witli the hand, and would have made his defence unto the jicople. Acts xix. 33. II. tratis. To make a significant sign to ; sum- mon or direct by making sigua. I see a hand you cannot see. Which Oeclcoiui mc away. Tiekell, Colin and Lucy. Beck- a. [Irreg. and rare pp. of become.'] Becoming. I met the youthful lord at Laurence* cell, And gave him what becomed love I might, liot stepping o'er the iKiuuds of moitesty. Shak., R. and J., iv. 2. becomenessf, ». [<&ecome,pp,, + -HfAs. Gt.for- llinms.Q^ similarly formed.] Becomingness. becoming (be-kimi'ing), p, a. and n. [Ppr. of hci'ome, t;.] 1, ^.>. a. 1. Fit; suitable; congni- ous; proper; belonging to the character, or adapted to the circumstances: formerly some- times followed by of. Such [discourses! as are becomino o/them. Dryden. This condescension, my Lord, is not only becoming of your ancient family, but of your personal cliaracttr in the worli Dryden, Ded. of Love Triumphant. 2. Suitable to the appearance or style of; be- fitting esthetically: as, a becoming ^ess. = Syn, ileet, appropriate, fitting, seemly, comely, decent. H, n. If, Something worn as an ornament. Sir, forgive me. Since my becomings kill me, wlicn they do not Eye well to you. Shak., A. and C, i. 3. 2. That which is suitable, fit, or appropriate. Hiimet, among whose many guod qualities self-com- mand and a tine sense of the becoming cannot lie reckoned. Macaiilay, Hist. Eng., ix. 3. Inmetaph.j the transition from non-existence into existence; an intermediate state between being and not being; a state of flux; the state of that which begins to be, but does not endure ; chantr'*; development: o]fposed to bei tig. becomingly {be-kum'ing-li), adv. After a bo- coiiiiii;^ or proper manner. becomingness (bo-kum'iug-nes), h. Suitahlo- uo>sh; conji:niity; propriety; decency; graceful- ness arising from fitness: as, ^' becomingness ot virtue," Dclatti/j Christmas Sermon. becqu^ (be-ka'), a. [F.,< /;cc (6fre-krip'l), r. t. [< fct'-l + crip})lc.'] To make lame; cripple. [Rare.] Th-ise whom you Ipcdvviirf aiui hrcripple by your poison- on- iii'dii MICH. JJr. //. .Wwr/*, .Mystery of OodlincBs, vi. 19. becuiba-nut (be-kwe'ba-nut), 71. [< becuibn, bicuibfij or ricuiba, the native name, + «"^] A nut produced by a Brazilian tree, M}fristica Jiiriihi/bn, from wliii'h a balsam is drawn that in fonsiderod of value in rh•«;- « mnttt n«cuna (Sfhyrirmi .ffff>. piko. Krom It* ncjilm nml Alr-hladder U I ■•taiirt* iijicfnl ill Ihf ninniifaetiire of ortin* ■ IN Nh Im w<'ll flnvortMl. ' I ' I. V. t. [< bc'l + curn To fur- .■. ith curlH; ns, a becurieffi\nui\y. { I'jirly mod. K. uImo hfibf, btdde^ "f'h-^ < AS. bedd, brd=zi}H. brd = \ >. brd = ()Ui\. beti, brfii, MIKJ. '. brrt = Ifid. bfdhr = Sw. hddd .'.lb. btidi, a ln'd (Ih«i Hprcial t tfr'Miitfl ill a triinlcn fK'curH in . and Ih tin- only hoiih'* of Dan. *'. form brit)\ |MrliupH ori^;. n r, rinfl thuH akin to Ij.fndrrr, . f'tc] 1. That upon or i-OHOM or ^if'fpH. iti) A I:ui/.- iH '^.Iftwn, )■ tlr.mrnw.or th- hk. ; niiiitr' M UruvHt' T with tin- rnvv. .< . •• 498 intended for shelter and warmth, (c) The mattress and bedclothes together with the bedstead, a permanent struc- tore of wood or metal, upon wliich they are placed, (rf) Tlie bedstead by itself. The chest contrived a double debt to pay, A bed by night, a chest of drawers bv day. Goldsmith, Des. Vil., I. 230. Hence — 2. By extension, the resting-place of an animal. — 3. Any sleeping-place ; a lodging; accommodation for the night. On my knees I beg That you'll vouchsafe me raiment, bed, and food. Shak., Lear, ii. 4. 4. Matrimonial connection; conjugal union; matrimonial rights and duties. George, the eldest son of his second bed. Clarendon, Hist. Kef., I. i. 9. 5. Offspring; progeny. — 6. Au}-thiug resem- bling, or assimied to resemble, a bed in fonn or position. («) A plat or piece of ground in a gai-don in which plants, especially flowers, are grown, usually raised a little above the adjoining ground. Beds of hyacinths and roses. Milton, Comus, L 99S. (&) The bottom of a river or other stream, or of any body of water. A narrow gully, apparently the dry bed of a mountain torrent. Irving, Sketch-Book, p. 53. (c) A layer; a stratum; an extended mass of anything, whether upon the eai"th or within it ; as, a ^t-rf of sulpliui" ; a heil of sand or clay. In geology a bed is a layer of rock : a portion of a rock-mass wIulU has so nmch homogeneity of character may be given by peculiarities of tnmposili^vn textui-e, or color, or sinijjly by a facility of separation fruni the associated beds. Thus, there may be a bed of marble intercalated in a mass of shale; or tliere may be several beds of marble associated together, each bed being indi- \idualized by peculiarities of texture or color. In the latter case there would ordinarily be a distinct break or solution of continuity between the different beds, so that when (HKinit'd thuy would separate from each other with- out ililtli.ulty along the i>lanc of contact. The Latin word stratum is cominunly employed in geological writings, and is almost the exact fqiiivaltnt of bed. Bed, as applied to mineral deposits, iiiiplits ordinarily that the masses of ore thus characterized lie flat, and have nu)re or less of the character of sedimentary deposits, in distinction from those of true veins, or lodes. 7. Anytlung resembling a bed in function ; that on which anj'thing lies, or in which anything is embedded. Particularly— (a) Inbuilding: (1) Either of the horizontal surfaces of a building-stone in position. The surfaces ai-o distinguished as tlie vpper and the loivor bed. (2) The under surface of a brick, shingle, slate, or tile in position. (6) In gun., the fnunilation-piei-c of a gun-caniagc. The bed of a mortiir is a solid piiirof hard wood, hollowed out in the middle, to rtccivi' the breech and half the trunnions, (c) In mach., the foundation-piece on which the machine is constructed, (d) In a grinding- mill, the lower grindstone, (e) In printing, the tatde of a ]trinting-presson which the form of types is laid. It is now always of iron, but in old hand-presses it was made of wood orstone. (./") In railirag-nmtitruction, the superllcial earth- work with the ballasting, (g) Saut., a thick, flat piece of wood placed niulerthe quarter of nw*ks in a ship's hold, to relieve the liilj^c or thickest part of the cask from pres- sure, (h) The beams orshears which.supportthe puppets or stocks of a lathe. (/) In masonrg, a layer of cement or mortar in which a stoiie is embedded, or against which It bears, (j) In a i)hine. the inchned face against which the plane-iron bears, {k) 'I he lower die in a pnnching-machine. (0 In ship-building, the cradle of a sliip when on the stocks, (m) In honkhindin/j, the couch used in the ju-ocess of marbling the edges of books. It is u water-solution of gum tragacanth. 8. A flock or number of animals, as of wild fowl on the water, closely packed together. — 9. A division of the ground in the game of hop-scotch, also called locally the game of ** beds."— AlX beds, in g*»l., thick fresh-wnter Tertiary strata, occurring near Aix, in I'rovence, fr'rance, consist- ing of calcareous marls, calcareo-Billcious griU, and yvp- snni, and fullof fohsil MHhe.s. Insects, and plants.— Appie- ple bed. See «;*/'/''■/"'*•— Ba^fShot beds, in g'-ol.. certain bedH of Eocene Tertiary age which forui nuMlers near l,r)ndon, England, ami oi-eiijiya coTiMtdiTalile area aronnd I'.agHliot in SiMTry, and In the New KorcMt, II«mp'*hire. They are ehielly composed of sand, with oi-ea«ional layers of ciay, as also of brlck-eartli aiul peldileM. The HagHliot beds rent ujion the London clay. Thry are UMiiilly d.ntl- lute id foHsils. AIhu called Itngshot. Hand.- Bala bodS, in groL, cerliiin liedH of biwi-r sllin liin a^;^• which are piir- tlciilarly well flevidoped near tin- (o«ri and lukr of Hala In .Merionethshire. Wales. Bed Of tbo bowaprlt.a bear ing formed out of the ln-ad of tin' st«Mi and (In- apfh to Hupport the bowsprit. Bed of Justice (K. '«' d. yr«^ tier), {u) A throrirnn whleh the kinwof Krance was siui..] when he attended parliament. Ilence, (/*) a formal \ l-|t of u king of l-'raiK-i- to hU |«arllaniriit. These vUlts Ii;if the Jurassic- series in Kngland. The fos>ils of tlu- Purbeck are fresh- water and brackish, and there are in tliis formation diit- beds or layers of ancient soil containiiiL' stumps of tree* which grew in them. The same forniaiion is also fouiul iu the .Tura, in the valley of the Doubs.— St. Helen's beds. Same as Osbonu^ .sericg (which see, under aeries).— To ii^ brought to bed, to be confined in child-bed : follow cd by ii/: as. to be brought to bed of a son.— To make a be^ to put it in order after it luis been used. " " " h,'d- Mian- (OHG. bclton = Sw. bcidda), prepare a bed, < bed, a bed.] I. trans. 1. To place in or as in. a bed. My son i' the ooze is bedded. Shak., Tempest, iii. 3. 2. To go to bed ■with ; make partaker of one'a bed. Tlicy linvc inavrieci me : I'll to the Tuscan wars, and never hfd lier. Shak., Alls Well, ii. 3. 3. To provide a bed for ; furnish ^vith aecom- modatioiis for sleeping. — 4. To ptit to bed; specifically, to put (a couple) to bed together, as was formerly the custom at weddings. The Dauplliu »nti the Daupliiness were bedded. London Gaz. (KiSO), No. 1494. (A*. E. i).> 5. To make a bed of, or plant in beds, as a. mass of flowering plants or foliage-plants ; also, to transplant into a bod or beds, as from pots or a hothouse : often with out. ami is so separateil Irom the rock which lies over ami nil- bed^ (bed), f. ; pret. and pp. bedded, ppr. bei derit.thatithasacliai-iicterof itsowii. Thisilisthiitmss diiiff. [< ME. beddeii, brddieii, < AS. beddic Sudi (cnttingsl a.s are too weak to be put in the nursery rows . . . will reiinire to be heddfd out; that is, seb closely in beds by themselves, where tlieycan remain for one or two yeai-s, until they are large and strong eimugh for root grafting or for the nursery rows. P. ISan-ji, I'Yuit Garden, p. 139. 6. To embed ; fix or set in a permanent posi- ' tion ; furnish with a bed: as, to bed a stone. Rites which attest that Man by nature lies lirddM for good and evil in a gulf l*'carfully low. irorrf*ieor(/i. Excursion, v. 7. To lay in a stratum ; stratify ; lay in order or flat. Your bedded hair . . . Starts up and stAnds on entl. Shak., Uamlet, iii. «. 8. To make a bed tor, as a horse : commonly used with down. .■\fter bfddinfj down tlie horse and fastening the barn, be returned to the kitchen. ./. T. Trotrbridr/e, Coupon Bonds, p. 24,' II. intrati.i. 1. To go to bed; retire to sleep: l)y extension aiiplicd to animals. — 2. To co- habil ; use the same bed ; sleep together. If he be married and bed with Ids wife. • iViseman, Surgery. • Tlu'y (the wasps] never molested nic scrlouslv. thonglk they bedded with nn\ Thoreiiii. \\aldcn, p. '.'.'iD. 3. To rest as in or on a bed : wit It <(«. The rail, therefore, beds tliroughont on the ballast. Ure, Diet,, III. 69«. 4. To flock closely together, as wild fowl oil tl») surl'nee of I hi" waler. — 5. To sleep; pn8» tlie night, as game in cover. bed'-'t. An occasional Middle English preterit of /),(/. bedabble n.e-dnb'l), r. t. (< be-1 + dubbh.-] To ilalililc uilli iMdislui'c; iiuiUe wet:iis, "bednb- ///<7/ Willi tlic di'w," .S7»(/,., M. N. ]).j iii. 2. f I'lirN. bedad (lie-dud'), intrrj. An Irish minced oath, '"'■i' T ,'.'! " i'"i'Mi]iti(>n of br i/iid, for bi/ (lod ! (., ,1,; llrdod, Mhe'd come and marry Hume of 'em. Thtiekeray. t. FME. bedatlni (pp. *;/- .laiclbe nia)..riiyof ibc kiiiK. etc. - Bembrldgo bodB, bedafff (be-diVf), r. t. TME. bedaffrn (pp. ill iieid., n fr.«.lllfii.iiiH dlvl«l.pn of Ihc' I pi" r iMniiie ,i,,,i:.,i\ / f,„ J. ,/,,«•/. ,. fn„l • u.,<. ),^.l ,i,wl /L/)l' 1 iitnitn, prinriimlly .bvelo,,,-.! In llio I. I Wlubl. I'.im !'"•!'',''',• ^ '"'■ + '.'"■('':> '.' il"' • «"" '"■' •""' ''".('.'•J land, rMMMhlliiij ..t mail, mid cliiv". nnlliiK "ii a cm T" befool; make ti fool of, had pale yellow or i-rram ctorcil llnicHtoiie rnjieil llriii- Tide. I'^nvoye. 1. l.'i. ('linucei; Clerk's i,il,l«.; llincMie lli.y abound In lb I . of /,,/,. .i..,r bodaftt lie-dllft' ), ).. fl. Htupid; and fl.innrMM and lemabm "f two spoclen of Vhin-.i. y,„j„_,' ,, ; ■ <• i'.t,, i,,,,;,,„,,,,' . / w,.i.rplant«: ImiI lliolr most dl.tlnellve tcBliire In lb.' ".^^aBti ' • '• L< »^'''- beddm/rn , <. bedagglo. plants: iiiallan reinaliiN foolish. < be..'. + d(tl. The coverings used on beds; sheets, blankets, quilts, etc., col- lectively. bed-cover (bed'kuv'er), n. A bedquilt or bed- spread. bedded (bed'ed), iJ. a. [Pp. of 6e(il, v.] 1. Provided with a bed. — 2. Laid in a bed; em- bedded. — 3. Existing in beds, layers, or strata; stratified, or included between stratitied masses of rock. Chiefly used in combination, as thin-bedded, he&vy-bedded, etc. Masses of igneous rock formed by suc- cessive overflows of molten material are often said to be bedded, but not ordinarily stratijled. 4. Growing in or transplanted into beds, as plants. Dost sit and hearken The dreary melody of bedded reeds In desolate places, Keats, Endymion, i. 239, bedder (bed'er), n. 1. One who puts to bed. — 2. One who makes beds (mattresses); an upholsterer. [Local, Eng.] — 3. Abed-stone; specifically, the nether stone of an oil-mill. Phillip.s (1706). Also bedetter. — 4. A bedding- plant (which see). bedding (bed'ing), n. [< ME. bedding, < AS. bedding (for 'beddung) = G. liettimg ; < bed'- + 499 -)«(/!.] 1. The act of placing in a bed; a putting to bed, especially of a newly married couple. See bed, v. t., 4. A circumstantial description of the wedding, beddinerties. bedehouse, «. See beadhoiwe. bedel, bedell (be'dl, be-del'), n. [< LL. bedellus : see headlc.] In the medieval universities, a ser- vant of a "nation" or faculty (each of -which companies elected two, an upper and a lower, termed the esquire hcdel and the yeoman bedel, terms showing the classes from which they were chosen), wlmso duties were to apportion the "schools" or lecture-rooms and the chapters of the colleges and halls, to cry the days and hours of the lectures, to publish and carry out the de- crees of the company, to march before the rec- tor, dean, or proctor with a silver mace on occa- sions of ceremony, etc. See beadle — Grand be- del, tile upper bedel of the faculty of theology. a, a, Bedegars, bedight bedelvet, ''. '■ [ME. hedelven, < AS. bedel/an, < be-, about, + delfan, dig: see h«-l and delve.] 1. To dig round or about. — 2. To bury in the earth. A man dalf the erthe . . . and fond there a gobet of golde bijdolven. Chaucer, Boethius, v, prose 1, bedeman, «. See beadsman. beden (be'den),)(. [(.Ax.baden.] Akiudofibex. bedenet, udv. See bedeen. bederollt, ». See head-roll. bedesmant, n. See beadsman. bedettert, "• Same as bedder, 3, of which it ap- ]iears to be a corruption. bedevil (be-dev'l), v. t.; pret. and pp. bedeviled or bedevilled, ppr. hedemling or bedevilling. [< he-'- + devil.'] 1. To treat with diabolical vio- lence or abuse. Bedevilled and useil worse than St, Bartholomew. Sterne, .Sentimental Journey, I. 34. 2. To possess with or as with a devil. One age, he is hagi-idden, bewitched; the next, priest- ridden, befooled; in all ages, bedevilled. Carlyle, Sal-tor Resartus, iii, 3, 3. To "play the de-vil -with"; transform or con- fuse as if by the aid or agency of evil spirits; confound ; muddle ; coiTupt ; spoil. So bedevil a bottle of Geisenheira . . , you wouldn't know it from the greenest Tokay, Disraeli, Vivian Grey, vi. 4. To be-wilder -with worry ; torment; bother; confuse. — 5. To make a devil or devils of; bring into the condition of a devil : as, to be- devil mankind. bedevilment (bf-dev'l-ment), n. [< bedevil + -ment.] The act of bedeviling, or the state of being bedeviled; especially, a state of bewil- dering or vexatious disorder or confusion. The lawyers have twisted it into such a state of bedevil- went that the original merits of the case have long disap- peared, Dickens, Bleak House, viii. bede-W (be-dti'), V. t. [< ME. bedewen, bedea- iven (= MH6. betouwen, G. bethauen); < Je-l -I- dew. ] To moisten with or as vrith dew ; moisten in a gentle maimer with any liquid. The most precious tears are those with which heaven bedews the unburied head of a soldier. Goldsmith, Vicar, xxi, bede^wer (be-du'er), n. One who or that which bedews. bede-wyt (be-du'i), a. [Erroneously formed from bedew,' v. ; prop, dewy, < dew, n.] Moist -with dew. Dai-k night from her bedary wings Drops sleepy silence to the eyes of all, A. Brewer (?), Lingua, v. 16. bedfast (bed'fast), a. [< fterfl + fast.] Con- fined to bed; bedridden. My old woman is bed/ast. Mrs. Gaskell, Sylvia's Lovers, ii. bedfello-W (bed'fel"6), n. [< ME. bedfelow, -fcluive; < bed'- + fellow.] One who shares a bed with another. Misery acquaints a man with strange bed.fellows. Shak., Tempest, ii. 2. bedferet (bed'fer), n. [Early mod. E. also, erroneously, hedphere, < ME. bedfere, bedifere, < bed -i- fere, companion: see /erel.] A bed- fellow. Her that I mean to choose for my bed-phere. B. Jom>vn, Epiccene, ii, 3. bed-frame (bed'fram), n. The frame of a bed ; a bedstead. bed-go^wn (bed'goun), n. 1. A night-go-wn or night-dress. — 2. A kind of jacket like a dressing- sack, usually of printed calico, worn in Scotland by women of the working-class, generally to- gether with a drugget or colored flannel petti- coat. Also called short-gown. She had wooden shoes, a short red petticoat, a printed cotton bed-gown ; her face was broad, her physiognomy eminently stupid. Charlotte Bronte, The Professor, ^ii. bed-hangings (bed'bang ingz), n.jal. The val- ance and curtains of a bed. bediamonded (bf-di'a-mon-ded), a. [< 6(-l -I- diiimond + -ed^.] Covered or ornamented with diamonds. Astarte's bediamonded crescent. Poe, Ulalume, ii. 21. bedight (be-dit')i ('• f- ; generally or always in pret. and pp. bedight or bedighted. [ME,, only in pp. bediht,.hydyght; < be-'- + dight.] To ar- ray; equip; dress: trick out; bedeck; invest. [Archaic and poetical.] A troope of men the most in armes bedight. Mir. for Mags., p, 270, His head and beard «ith sotit were ill bedight. Spenser, F. Q,, II, rii, 3, bedight ilaiiy a nirc aiul siimptnous tome In vellum bound, with gold Itediijht. Lonff/etlow, Wayside Inn, Prelude. bedim (be-dim'), r. t. ; pret. and pp. hedimmed. ppr. bcdimming. [< 6e-l + dim.'\ To make dim ; obsciu'e or darken ; becloud. I have htdimm'd the noontide sun. Shak., Tempest, v. 1. Phffibe, coming so suddenly from the sunny daylight, was altogether bedimmed in such density of shadow as lurked iu most of the passages of the old house. Hatcthome, .Seven Gables, xx. bedimple OJf-dim'pl), r. t. [< fce-l + dinqile.] To rover over or mark irith dimples, bedirtt (be-i. 1. [«yj.] The hospital of 8t. Mary of Bethlehem in London, originally a priory, founded about 1:147. but afterward used as an asylum for lu- natics. At ray rctumelstept into Bed/om*, where I saw several poore miserable creatures in chaines. Evelyn, Diary*, April 21, 1657. Hence — 2. A madhouse; a lunatic asyltmi. He's past Recovery ; a Bedlam cannot cure him. Ford, Pcrkin Warbeck, v. 3. 3. A scene of ■wild uproar and confusion. A ucneral diWsion of pttssessions would make the coun- try a scene of pn>lligate extravagance for one year and of universal desolation the next— a bedlam for one short season and a chaniel-house ever after. Broufjham, 4t. An inmate or a patient of Bethlehem Hos- pital, or Bedlam; specifically, one discharged as cured ( t lioiigh often only partially cured) and licensed to beg. .Such persons wore a tin plate as a baduc "in their left arm, and were known as ^etf^am bcggarg, bedtamiteA, or bedlamers. Let's follow the olil earl, and get the Bedlam To lea>'d'latn-iz),e. (. ; priit. nml pti. iird- lamUid, ppr. hcdliimlHn0. '!'» make itiacl. 500 Tlie Germans, on their part, calmly conscious of their irresistible strength, proceeded to fasten ever more com- pulsive bonds and sobering straps on the Bedlami^ted country. Lowe, Bismarck, I. 599. bedlart, bedla-wert, «• [< ME. oedlawere (= G. bettlager), < bed + 'hiicer, appar. < Icel. lag, a lying; cf. /«»".] A bedridden person. [Old English and Scotch.] bedless (bed'les), a. [< bcd^ + -less.'\ Without a bed. bed-linen (bed'lin'en), )i. Sheets, pillow-cases, etc., originally always of linen, now sometimes of cotton. bed-lounge (bed'lounj), n. A combined bed and lounge; a loimge or plain sofa made so as to open and fonn a bed. bedmaker (bed'ma ker), n. [< ME. bedmaler.'] 1. One who manufaetm-es beds or bedsteads. — 2. One who prepares beds for use ; espe- cially, iu English universities, a man or woman whose duty it is to take care of the rooms and make the beds in college. Female bedmakers were forbidden in Cambridge in 1625, but are now usual. The bed-makers are the women who take care of the rooms ; there is about one to each staircase, that is to say, to ever}' eight rooms. C. A. Bristed, English University, p. 30. bedmate (bed'mat), «. A bedfellow. Shal: bed-molding (bed'm61"ding), «. In arch., a molding of the cornice of an entablature, situ- ated beneath the corona and immediately above the frieze. Also called bcdding-moldiiuj. bedotet (be-dof), r. t. [ME., < be-1 + dote.'i To make to dote ; befool ; deceive. For to bedote this (lueene was her entent. Chaucer, Good Women, 1. 1547. Bedouin (bed'6-in), n. and a. [Early mod. E. Bcdiciit, or as ML. Baduinl, Bcduini, pi. (ME. rarely Bedoynes); mod. E. also freq. Bcdoween, and more exactly Bcdaici, sing., Bedaiviii, pi., after Ar., the form Bedouin being < F. Bedouin (OF. Beduin = It. Bcduino, ML. Beduinu.-<, etc.\ < At. badatrin, pi. of badawii/, a dweller in the desert (ef. baddwi, rural, rustic), < badu; desert, open country.] I. n. 1. An Arab of the de.sert ; one of the nomadic Arabs, divided into many tribes, who live in tents, rear lloeks and herds, especially of camels, and are scattered over Arabia, parts of Syria, and Egypt and other parts of Africa. Also Bedawi, plural Bedau-in. Professionally, and in the ordinary course of their lives, Bedouins are only shepherds and hcnismcn : their raids on each other, or their exploits in dcsjioiling travellers and caravans, are but occjisional, though welcome and even exciting, exceptions to the common routine. Jincyc. Brit., II. '246. 2. A vagabond boy; a street Arab. II, (I. Kehiting to the Bedouins. bed-pan (bed'i>an), n. 1. A pan for ■warming beds; a warming-pan. — 2. A necessary utensil for the use of persons confined to bed. bedpheert, bedpheret, »• Erroneous spellings lit hcilh /■< . bed-plate, bed-piece (bed'pliit, -pes), n. In mech., the sole-plate or foundation-plate of an engine, etc. bedpost (bed'post), n. If. Same as bed.>ilat}'.— 2. A iiost fcu-ming an angle of a bedstead, in old bedsteads oil en rising high enough to su])- port the canojiv inid rods for the curtain.^ In the twinkling oi a bedpost, with thi* utmost i-apidity. Sc- liifl.^lilf. bed-presser (bed'pres*6r), «. A lazy fellow ; one who loves his bed. This sanguine cowanl, this bed-preuer, this horse-back breaker. Ibis huge hill .if llc.tli. Hhak., 1 Hen. IV., II. 4. bedquilt (bcd'kwilt), n. A wadiled and iiuilted covering for a bed. Also used for l)iil.i)iread and comforter. The king |ln a Sicilian faln'-story) Iniiess proclamation imimisiiig a large nwurd to whoever shall steal tlii' bon. bedral' (bed'nil), ». [Also brihral, lielheril; iippnr. a corriiplion of beadle, var. beddel, Sc. bcddal, etc.] A l)eadle. [Scolcli.] Ml hac her before presbytery and synod; Vm half a minister inyscl', now tliat I'm tirdrtit In an Inhabited par- ish. Seittt, llrlde of Ijinimermoor, x\x\v. bedral-t (bod'rnl), h. [AUo bedrel, a eornip- tion of bcdrcd, for bedrid: nee bedrid.^ A iiir- bed-sore son who is bedridden. Knox. Also bed-thrall. . [Scotch.] His father — who as Bedrel lay iJciure his gate. Douyta.^, tr. of VirglL betireintt. Obsolete past participle of bedrench. beorencll (be-di-eneh'), V. t. [< ME. bedrenchen ipp. Iiedreiiit); < t>c-^ + drench.] To dreneb thoroughly; soak; saturate with moisture. Keceyve our billes with teres al bedreynl. Court of Love, 1. 577. Such crimson tempest should bedrench The fresh green lap of fair King Richard^s land. Shak., Rich. II., iii. S. bedress (be-dres'), v. t. [< fte-i + dress.] To dress up. The Bride whose tonish inclination Attended to the ruling fashion. To make her entry had bedregsd Her upright form in all her best, ir. Combe, Dr. .Syntax in Search of a Wife, v. bedridden, bedrid (bed'rid "n, -rid), a. \< ME. bedral, biilreile. bcdreden, bcdredden, adj. and u., < AS. bedrcila, bedrida, bednjda, beddrcdda, n., one bedridden, lit. a bed-rider (< bed, bed, -I- rida, ridda, a rider, a knight, < ridan, ride). Cf . LG. bedderedc, bcddcredig'', bedridden ; OHG. pcttiri.w, G. bettrise, of same sense. The second element eamo to be regarded as the pp. of ride; hence the now usual form bedridden, ME. bed- reden.] Confined to bed by age, infirmity, or sickness. Is not your father grown incapable Of reasonable affairs'? . . . Lies he not bed-rid > Shak., 'W. T., iv. S. What an over-worne and bedrid Argument is this I Milton, Def. of Humb. Remonst. Old bedridden pals.v. Tennyson, Aylmer's Field. bed-rightt, bed-ritet (bed'rit), n. [< bed^ + rii/ht, rile.] The iiririlege of the man'iage-bed. .No hed-ritjht [iu sumc cds. bed-rite^ shall be paid Till Hymen's torch be lighted. Shak., Tempest, iv. 1. bedript, ». [JIE., also bcdripe, bedrepc, etc., < AS. bedrip, < bedu, prayer, -I- rip, a reaping; see bead and reap. Also called in AS. benrip, < ben, jirayer, -t- rip.] Boon-work at, harvest- time: a service wliich some tenants had to per- form at the bidding or request of their lord. bed-ritet, ". See bed-right. bed-rock (bed'rok),n. '[< bed^ -i- rod:] 1. In mining, the older crystalline and slaty rocks whicli underlie the unconsolidated gravelly and volcanic beds of Tertiary and Post-tertiary ages, along the ilanks of the Sierra Nevada. The term is begiiiiiiiig to be nsctl elsewhere to designate solid rock lying under loose detrital masses, such as sand and gravel. Hence — 2. That wliich underlies anything else, as a foundation; bottom layer; lowest stratum. F.verywhere life and energy, working on a gigantic scale, have plow-cd furrows into tlie institutional bed rock or Western Society. C. II. Shinn, Land Laws of Mining Districts, p. 44. bedroom (bed'rom), «. 1. Room in a bed; slccpiiig-room in bed. [In this sense properly with a liyiiheu.] Then by your side no bed-room me deny. Shak., M. N. D., ii. 8. 2. A room or sipartment containing or intended to contain a Vied; a sleeping-apiirtnient. bedrop (be-drop'), r. t.; pret. and pp. bedrowied (sonielimes bedropt), pyir. hedri>p)iiiiti. [< ME. Iieilroppen ; < ftr-l -(- droji.] 1. To drop upon; fall upon iu drops. As men scne the dew liedroppe The loves luul the llowers eke. Qowcr, Cunt. Ainaut., 111. 2154. 2. To <'over, strew, or sprinkle with drops, or as if withdro])s; bespatti'r; bespangle. The yellow carji, in scales /if'(/r<»/»/''(/ with gold. 7'n;w, \\'tIidsor Forest, I. 144. Hncful check, I'ale and bcdropped with cvcrllowing tears. irio-(/«inir(/i, I'rclude, Ix. bed-sacking (bed'sak'ing), V. Canvas designed to lie strcli'hcil on the frnmeworU of a bed- slcnd til siip|iiirt the mattresses and bedclothes. bed-SCre'W (bcd'skro), ". 1. A bed-key or bod- wroncli, — 2. Same as barrel-serem, bedside (bed'sid), ». [< MK. bed.ii/de, orig. hiddiH Kidr, i. e., bed's side.) The side of a bod; jMisition by a bed: usually with reference to nttciiilanco on one eonliniMl to bed: as, she watched liv his beil.iiile till dawn. bed8i8tert'(beil'HiK't«'^r), ». |< MH. brd.iu.iter (Holierl of dloneester), < 6c(M -f .sH.f/cr, sister.] A conriiliine. 11 is not iiiui h to be wondered at that we lost lied-mler (or coninbiric, /■'. Hall, Mod. Hug., p. 165, luito. bed-sore (bed'HiM-), h. A very tronblesome kind of nlci'i', liable to appear on patients long con- titieil in boil and eillier iiinililo or nut allowed Bedstalf.— From a French manuscript of the 15th century. bed-sore to change their position. Bed-sores occur at the parts pressed by the weight of the body, ehlelly over tlie sacnun and trochanters, and on the elbows and heels. Also calli-d ,l.rul:ll:is. bedspread (bt'd'spred), n. The uppermost quilt or eoveriiiK of a bed, generally ornamental. bed-spring (lietl'spring), n. A spring, usually of spiral f(n-m, used in making spring-beds. bedstafft (Vted'staf), H. A staffer stick former- ly used in some way about a bed, and frequent- ly serving as a weapon, iu which sense the word most com- monly occurs. Specifically — (a) A bed-slat. (6) The stick or start used to s[)read out the bedclothes in mak- ing a bed placed in a recess, (c) A bar or post placed at each side of a bed to keep the bed- clothes from falling off. (d) One of the rods used in form- ing the " tent" in old-fashioned tent- beds. Now do I feel the calf of my right leg Tingle, and dwindle to th" smallness of a bed-staff, T. Tomkis (?). Albumazar, ii. 3. He gives out Hfll (ake a BeJstaff, or an holy Wand And i)aste you lustily two or three hours Before you go to Bed, to make you limber. Cartwright, Love's Convert, iv. 1. His [the bewitched boy's] bed cloathes would be pulled from him, his bed shaken, and his bed-staff leap forward and backward. C. Mather^ Mag. Christ., vi. 7. In her hand she grasped the bed-staff, a weapon of ndckle miglit. as her husband's blondy cox-comb could now well testify. Barhaiii, Ingold^lty I.cu'cnds, I. 266. (Used in the colloquial phrase mi tltr tivhiliing of a bed- staff, in which, when bedstaff hec^rae obsolete, Itedpost was substituted, depriving the phrase of its literal force in modern use. I'll do it instantly, in the tunnkliitrf of a bed-staff. Shadwell, Virtuoso, i. 1.] bedstead (bed'sted), n. [< ME. hedstede (=D. LG. hchlrde — MHG. bettestat), < bed, bed, -1- steilc, place, stead.] A frame or framework, more or less elaborate, for supporting a bed : most commonly made of wood, but now often of iron, and sometimes of brass. ! bed-steps (bed'steps), «. pi. Steps for ascend- ing an old-fashioned high bed. bedstock (bed'stok), n. One of the two side- pieces or bars of a bedstead on which the rungs or slats are laid. [Now chiefly used in Scot- land, the north of England, and Ireland.] bedstone (bed'ston), «. The lower or station- ary millstone. bedstra'W (bed'stra), V. [< ME. bcddestrawe, ledstre (= OHG. hettistro, G. beimroh), bed- straw, bed; (.led^- + stratc.^ 1. Straw used in stuffing a mattress or bed. [In this literal sense properly with a hyphen.] — 2. («) A popular name of the different species of the genus Ga- Uiciu, from the old practice of using it iu beds. Our Lady's or i/ellow hedstraw is G. verum; white bedstraw is G. MoJhtgo. See Galium. (6) A name given to Desmodium Aparines. bed-S'Wer'7ert {bed'swer"ver), n. One who is false and unfaithful to the marriage-vow. She's A bed-swerver, even as bad as those That vulgars give bold'st titles. Shak..V!. T., ii. 1. bed-thrallt (bed'thral), n. [A modification of bednil-, as if < bcd^ + thrall.'] Same as bedraP. bedtick (bed'tik), n. A ease of strong Unen or cotton cloth for containing the feathers or other materials of a bed. bedticking (bed'tik^ing), re. The material from which bedticks are made. bedtime (bed'tim), n. [< ME. bedtime ; < fterfl + timc.'\ The time to go to rest; the usual hour of going to bed. bed-tool (bed'tol), n. A block with openings or holes corresponding to the shape of a die or punch, in connection with which it is used. bedub (be-(hib'), r. t.; pret. and pp. hcdubbed, ppr. heiliihiiiiiif. [< 6e-l -I- d((6l.] If. To adorn. — 2. To designate ; dub. beduck (be-duk'), V. t. [< 6c-l + duclA.'] To duck or immerse thoroughly ; submerge. To tlie flood he came, . . . And deepe him selfe beducked in the same. Spenser, ¥. Q., II. vi. 42. beduke (be-diik'), V. t. ; pret. and pp. bednked, ppr. hcduking. [< 6e-l + duke.] To make a duke of; style or dub with the title of duke. Swift. To 501 bedung (be-dung'), V. t. [< 6e-l + dung.] cover or befoul with dung. Bedunged with calunmy and filth, T. J'ulter, Mod. of Church of Eng., p. 485. bedusk (be-dusk'), r. t. [< 6<>-l + dusk.] To smutch. C- + dye.] To dye; stain. Fieldes with Saraziu blood bcdydc. Spenser, F. Q., I. xi. 7. beel (be), re. [Early mod. E. also be, pi. bees and been, < ME. bee, pi. been, < AS. bed, also bi, pi. beon, = 01). bie, D. bij, bije = LG. bigge = OHG. bin, G. dial, beie — Icel. by, generally in eomp. by-fli/gi, by-fluga ('bee-fly'), = Sw. Dan. bi ; also with added -«, OHG. bina, MHG. bin, f., OHG. bini, neut., MHG. bine, bin, G. biene, f. (ef. Lith. bitis, a bee); supposed to come, through the notions 'fear, tremble, quiver, buzz, hum ' (cf. bumblebee and drone), from the root *bi (= Skt. v' ^I'h OBulg. bojati = Russ. bojati z= Lith. bijoti, etc.), fear, which appears redupl. in AS. beofian = OS. bibhon z= OHG. hiheit, MHG. bihen, 6. beben = Icel. bifa, tremble.] 1. An insect of the genus Apis; a hive-bee or honey-bee. See Apis^. The common honey-bee, A. ■metliffca, has from the ear- liest periods been kept in hives for its wax and lioney. It is also found wild in great numbers {now especially in North America, where the »bee was introduced by the European colonists), storing honey in hollow trees or in other suitable situations. It lives in swarms or societies of from 10,000 to 60,000 individuals. Tliese swarms contain three classes of bees — the perfect females or queen bees, the males or drones, and the imperfect or undeveloped females, called neuters, constitut- ing the working bees. In each hive or swarm there is only one female or queen, whose sole ofhce is to propagate the species. The queen ■ is much larger than the other bees. When she dies, a young workin;; bee three days old is selected, its cell is enlarged by breaking down the partitionSj its food is changed to royal jelly or paste, and it gi-ows into a queen. The queen lays 2,000 eggs a day. The drones serve merely for impregnating the queen, after whicll they are destroyed by the neuters. These last are the laborers of the hive. They collect the honey, form the cells, and feed the other bees and the young. They are fur- nished with a proboscis by which they suck the honey from flowers, and a mouth by which they swallow Neuter, or Worker. it, conveying it then to the hive in their stomachs, whence they dis- gorge it into the cells. The pollen of flowers settles on the hairs with which their body is covered, whence it is col- lected into pellets Ijy a brush on their second pair of legs, and deposited in a hollow in the third pair. It is called bee-bread, and is the food of tlie larvfe or young. The adult bees feed on honey. The wax was at one time supposed to be formed from ptdlen by a digestive process, but it is now ascertained that it is formed by secl'etion from the honey. The females and neuters have a barbed stiu'-c attaclied to a Drone, bag of poison, wliich flows into the wound intlictcd by the sting. When a hive becomes overstocked a new colony is sent out under the direction of a queen bee. This is called swarming. Besides the corn- Honey-bee { .-ipis i/teili- Jica\. Queen. beech mon bee, A. mellificu, there are the A. fascicata, dome»- ticated in Egypt ; the A. ligustica, or Ligurian bee of Italy and Greece, introduced generally into apiaries in other lands ; the A. unicolor of .VIadaga.scar ; the A. indica, etc. 2. Any aculeate hymenopterous insect of the division Mellifera or Anthophila, comprising the families Apidte and Andrenida; and in- cluding, besides the hive-bees of the genus Apis, the mason-bees, carpenter-bees, bumble- bees, etc. See cuts under Anthophora, car- penter-bee, and Uymenoptera. — 3. An assem- blage of persons who meet to engage in united labor for the benefit of an individual or a fam- ily, or in some .jofut amusement : so called from the combined labor of the bees of a hive : as, a quilting-6ff, a husking-fcee, a spelling-6ee, etc. [U. S.] Now were instituted " quilting 6ee«," and " husking 6«f»," and other rurjvl .assemblages, where, under the inspiring influence of the flddle, toil was enlivened by gayety and followed up by the dance. Irving, Knickerbocker, p. 405. To have a bee in one's bonnet, to he a little crack- brained or crazy ; lie flighty or full of whims or tmeasy notions. [Ori'^inally Scotch.} Sometimes used specifically: as, to have the I'yesidnitial bee in one's bonnet, to cherish the hope of liccuniing President. [U. S.]— To have a bee (or bees) in one's head, (a) To be choleric. (Ij) To be restless or uneasy. B. Jonsort. (c) To be somewhat crazy. She's whiles crack-brained and has a bee in her head. Scott. bee2 (be), re. [Prop. North. E. dial., for reg. E. *6// or *bigh (cf. IiigJi, nigh, of like phonetic re- lations), < ME. by, bye, bie, beghe, behg, beg, beh, < AS. beuh, beug (= OS. bog, bag = OHG. bouc = Icel. baugr), a ring, esp. as an ornament, < biigan (pret. bedh), E. botr:, bend; ef. bow'^, a bend, an arch, and ftaiU, a hoop, from the same soui'co : see 6o!/)l.] If. A ring of metal, usuall.y an ornament for the arm or neck ; a collar or brooch ; sometimes, a finger-ring. Bee or collar of gold or syluer, torques. Huloet. 2. Naul., a ring or hoop of metal through which to reeve stays. See bee-block. beebee (be'be), re. [Anglo-Ind., < Hind, bibi, < Pers., orig. 'Turk., hibi, a lady, a la'wful ■wife.] 1. A lady. — 2. A Hindu mistress or concu- bine. [India.] The society of the station does interfere in such cases; and though it does not mind heebees or their friends, it rightly taboos him who entertains their rivals. IF. n. Russell. bee-bird (be'b^rd), re. The small spotted fly- catcher, Muscicajia grisola, a European bird of the family Muscicajndw : so called because it catches bees. [Local, Eng.] bee-block (be'blok), «. [ibee^ + block.] Naut., a piece of hard wood, bolted to each side of the bowsprit, through which the fore- topmast-stays are rove. bee-bread (be'- bred), «. [Not f oimd in ME. ; AS. bed-bread, bibredd = MHG. bie brot, G. bienen-brot = Sw. bibrdt, orig. (in AS.) the honey- comb ■with the honey, < bed, bee, -I- bread J bread.] 1 . A variously col- ored substance, the pollen of flowers, collected by bees as food for their young. See ieel. — 2. A plant much ■visited by bees or cul- tivated for their use, as red clover, Trifolium pratcnse, or borage, Borago officinalis. beechljbech), u. [< ME. beche, < AS. bece, ear- lier bcece, by umlaut for *bdce (= OLG. bdke, bdke, LG. baike), a deriv. of bdc (> mod. E. buck in comp. buctniast and buckwheat) = OD. boeke, D. bcuk = Flem. bock = OHG. Icel. bdk = Sw. bok = Dan. bog = OHG. buohha, MHG. btioche, G. buche (> CiBulg. bukui, bukuve, Bulg. bnl; Serv. bukva, Pol. Bohem. buk. Buss, buku, Lith. buka. Hung, bilk, bik, beech) = Goth. *hdka (not recorded), beech, = L. fagus (see Fagus), beech, = Gr. ^rp/i':, ^iiyoi, an esculent oak, perhaps orig. a tree ■with escident fruit, from the root seen in Gr. 6ayelv, eat, Skt. •/ bhaj, share. For the connection ■with book, see book.] A tree of the genus Fagus, natm-al order Cupuliferai. The common or European beech. F. siflratiea, glows to a large size, with branches forming a beautiful head with thick ftdiage. The bark is smooth and of a silvery cast. The nuts or mast are eaten by swme, poultry, oxen, and other animals, and yield a good oil for lamps. The timber is not much used in building, as it soon rots in damp places, but it is used for piles in Bowsprit Bee-blocks, bee-blocks ; 6, tr, foretopmast- beech - it is constantly wet. It is manufactured variety ol tools, for which it is fitted on ac- jr-:ir iiiirdncss, toughuess, and close, uniform ■ t>^ some extent in makiuL: fur- ■il jK.'lish and varying much in r.tal varieties are frequently seen, ■,. li and copper beech with colored leaves, ] : aied beech with divided leaves. The .-^meri- , f'rrnann^a, is a very similar tree, sometimes l,n, ic. I ii. lie'iL'lit and 3 or 4 feet in diameter. — Austra- iijm beech, Tcctona auj'-trali.<, a species of teak.— Beech- Cherry. •'*ee cAcrry.— Blue beech. Same as tcat.-r-iH„-li. — Seaside beech, of the West Indies. Exontemtna Carib' ("i-'nii, a tree belougini; to the nattiral order liuiiaceiv. It is a!beil to cinchona, anil its bark is useil as a febrifuge, beech-'t, »• Obsolete spelling of beach. beech-coal (beeh'kol), n. Charcoal from beech- Wi'Otl. beech-drops (beeh'drops), n. A low annual plant, Ejiijihegus Virginiana, -without green foli- age, parasitic upon the roots of the beech in the L'nitfJ States. It belongs to the natural order ' r. ^;/>aiji/ 6eecft.rfro;«, or pine-drops, /*tero- nedea, and /al^e be^ch-tirops, or pine-sap, 1 ! hif-opitt/s, are" similar parasitic plants of the li.i*. ai.J ■ rjLr Kricace(e. beechen (be'chen), a. [< irE. beclten, < AS. heceii (=D. betileu = OHG. fti/ocAin, MHG. G. biichen = L. fdginus = Gr. (^ri)ivoc:), < joc, beech, + -en: see bcecIA and -en.'] 1. Of, pertaining to, or derived fi-om the beech: as, beechen boughs ; beechen shade. His aged head, crowiied with befchen wreath, .'deemed like a poll of ivy in the teeth Of winter hoar. Keats. 2. Made of the wood of the beech : as, beechen vessels. A beechen bowl, A maple dish, my furniture should be ; Crisp, yellow leaves my bed. Wordjtworth, Eccles. Sonnets, i. 22, beech-fern (bech'fern), H. A fern belonging to the i,'(uus Fhegopteris (which see). beech-filicll (bech'finch), «. The chaffinch, J'niigillii Caleb.'!. Macgillivray. beech-fongUS (beeh'fmig'gus), Ji. An edible fuiitru.-*, t'litldria Dancinii, allied to the morel. It in aliumlant in Terra del Fuego upon the branches of evepjreen beeches, and is at times the principal food of the nfltive-s. beech-gall (bech'gal), n. A gall or excrescence l..riiii i| .111 tlic beech by insects. beech-hopper (bcch'liop'er), ». A coleopter- ous insect, Orchestes fiigi, family Curculionida:, or weevils, injurious to beech-trees, between the two surfaces of the leaves of which they lay their eggs. beech-marten (bech'mar'ten), 71. Mustelafoina, one of two wjieeies or varieties of the European marten, u.sually distinguished from the common pine-marten, il. viiirtes, by the white throat and some other external features, as well as by Kome difTerences in habits. .iVlso called sUme- iiuirtiii. beech-mast (bech'mast), «. [< beech^ + mast~; = liiirk-mitst.] The must or nuts of the beoch- trie, from which an oil is obtained. The cake wliich reiiiains after the oil lias been expressed is a good fattenin;; food for oxen, swine, and poultry, but is inju- rioiiH to honscs. .See beech-oU. beechnut (bech'nut), «. One of the nuts or fniils of the beech. The nuts are triangular, iiii'l iiirlo.^ed in a spiny capsule or husk. beech-oil (beeh'oil), n. A bland fixed oil OX- pres.sed from the must or nuts of the beech- tree. It Is tiiie- Htriiiiacli. beech-owl (t'oili'owl), «. A name of the tawny owl or woorl-owl of lOiiropi', Siimiiim ittiici). beech-wheatt I herh'liwOt), ;/. Same as buclc- II hint. beechy (bo'chi), ". (< /)«Y,r/il + 1/1. 1 Of, per- i::wiiii^ to, or „i.,. i.,.|in(j in I ruij.i bee-culture (Ih' ,1 lui) , Tb. |.„.;M,r . b.. of tioi l>ee • i'. t Whi OH •piav., . , 502 cally— (n) The F.uropean .Vrrops ajnaMer. (b) pi. The bird's of the family ^tcro]ntl(e. of which there are several genera and nuinerons species, eliiefly African. See Meroi'v, Mervpuiiv. beef (bef), ». [Early mod. E. also beefe, beafe, biefe, etc., < ME. beef, befe, beof, bmtf, b'ocf, < OF. boef, hitef, boeuf= Pr. bov =Sp.buei/ = Pg. boi = it. bore (ef, Sw. biff, Dan. bof, beef, from E. ; and see beefsteak), < L. bovem, aec. of bos (see J}os and bovine), = Gr. ,3oi'f, an ox, = Ir. and Gael, bo, a eow, = W. buw = Skt. go, a cow, = AS. cu, E. coH-l : see coirl, which is thus ult. identical with beef.] 1. AJa auimal of the bovine genus, whether ox, bull, or cow, in the full-grown state. [In this, which is the original sense, the word has a plural, heepes, formerly sometuues bt'ej'g. The singular is nearly obsolete.] These are the beasts which ye shall eat : the bee/, the sheep, and the goat. Deut. xiv. i (ed. 1578). A pound of man's flesh, taken from a man. Is not so estimable, profitable neither, As flesh of muttons, bee/s, or goats. Shak., M. of V,, i. 3. A herd of beeves, fair oxen, and fair kine. Milton, V. L., xi. (MT. 2. The flesh of an ox, hull, orcow when killed. [In this sense the word has no plm-al.] — 3. A name given by quaiTymen to certain beds of iibrous carbonate of lime occtirring in England in the middle division of the Purbeck series, the highest part of the Jurassic. — 4. Brawn; muscularity; weight and strength combined: as, the crew is lacking in beef. [Colloq.]— Ala- mode beef, f^ce ntai/ioric— Baron of beef ."^ic lun-un. — Collared beef, beef rolled, I»ihl-,I, .-li^ilitly salt. .1 or corned, atid si-a^^nned with herbs ami >piccs. — Himg beef, beef cured by lieinghnng up to dry; dried beef. — Jerked beef. See jt'rk. beef-brainedt (bef 'brand), a. Having the brain or wit of an ox; beef-witted: as, "the most lieef-braintd sensualist," Turnicrs, Cure of Mis- Itrision, p. 29 (Ord MS.). beef-cattle (bef'kat l), n. }>1. Bovine animals adapted or intended for conversion into beef ; bovine animals for slaughter'. beef-eater (l>et"e'ter), H, l< beef + eater. In sense 2, merely a particular use of the same word; cf. AS. hlaf-wta, a domestic servant, lit. 'loaf-eater,' contrasting with hJdforil, master, lit. ' loaf -keeper.' Servants are often thought of as eaters; Ben Jonson uses <■«/(')■,< in the sense of 'servants' ('' Epicoene." iii. 2). The oft-quoted etymology from a supposed *buffe- ticr, < buffet, a sideboard, is mere fiction.] 1, One who eats beef ; hence, a well-fed fellow : a stout fleshy man. — 2. One of the yeomen of the Englisli royal guard, who, since tlie acces- sion of Henry VII. in 1485, have attended the sovereign at state banquets and on other ceremonial occasions. The name is also given to the warders of the Tower of London, wlio wear a similar uniform. [In this sense com- monly without a liyi>!ien.] Charles had begun t<» ftirm a small standing army, lie felt tliat without some latter protection than that of the trainbands and beff-rnlerx his palace and iicrson would scarcely be secure in the vicinity of a great city swarming with warlike Fifth Mtuiarchy men who lia/i«fy<|iiiilily.— 2. oMs ; miiscularily ; hardinesH, - tilifi (bef'iiig), H, [ilirrf+.ingK] A bul- L lil for Kliiughler, [ I'niv, Kng.] ijuuflng-' (bcf'ing), II. 'I'lie origiiml but laler 1. .-..I Jed and less iiHiial form of biffin. (Kng.] beeflsh (l>i-f'isli), «. 1. Stupiil; lliick-headed ; linviiig the brain or sonso of an ox. — 2. Obeso; solid; beefy. rill" degeneracy has luniod hini Int4ilhnl "Iwefnh, iKir- I. rUli,' bellowing norl of a .lolin Hull, haiilly endnnd by 111" own kind. Andiiver Iter.. Vil. .i.;. bonf-kid n>6f'kid), ". A mosH uteiiMil iisecl by I lo eri'W of a nierehiint Mhip for holding cooked iH-of, beehive bee-flower (be'ttouer), H. Same as bce-orchi». bee-fly (he'fli), n. A dipterous insect, Phora incr(i^t.iila, which is a formidablepest of thebe»- hive, formerly considered capable of producing the disease called foul-brood. See Phoridw. beef-measle (bef 'me"zl), n. The measle of beet; the hytlatid or scoleciform stage of the vmarmed tapeworm of the ox, Twnia mcdiocancllata. beefsteak (bef'stak'), «. [< baf + steak. Adopted in other languages, D. ii'r/is/Mt (assim- ilated to stitk; piece), G. bcefstcal-,Dan.bdfsteg, Sw. biffstek, F. bifteck, Sp. (Cuban) bifteq, It. biftecco, Russ. bifsteksii, etc.] A steak or sUce of beef, cut from the hind quarter, suitable for broiling or frying. beefsteak-fungus (bef'stak'fung'gus), n. An edible hjTnenomycetous fungus, Fistidina he-_ patica, belonging to the family Polyporei. it sometimes attains a large size, and is thought to resemble beefsteak sonK-what in appearance. beefsteak-plant (bef 'stak'plant), n. 1. A spe- cies of tfaxifraga, Pers. zubdb, a fly. See Beelsebul and Baal.'] 1. A god of the Philis- tines, who had a famous temple at Ekron. He was worshiped as the destroyer of flies. — 2. A name of the Mycetes ursinus, a howling monkey of South America. See cut under howler. Beelzebul (be-el'zf-bul), «. [< L. Beehebnl, < Gr. Bfe/uL^f/3oi//l, < Heb. BaUd-zebid, a name given by the Jews to the prince of demons; com- monly explained as either ' lord of the (heaven- ly) dwelling,' or 'lord of dung' (Heb. sehel = Ar. sibl, dung), but prob. a mere variant of Ba'al-zebub, Beelzebub, the name of the Philis- tine god, which came to be applied to the prince of demons. The best Gr. manuscripts have BfcZfc/^oiA in the Gospels. See Beelzebub.'] A name given by the Jews to the prince of demons, being an opprobrious alteration of the name Beelzebub. beemt, «. ^An obsolete form of beam. bee-martin (be'mar'tin), n. A common name in the United States of the king-bird, Tyramms earolinensis. See cut under king-bird. bee-master (be'mas"t6r), n. One who keeps bees. bee molt (be mol), «. [For B mol, ML. B molle, that is, ' B soft ' : opposed to B durum, ' B hard.' See nwU.] Same as beniol. bee-moth (be'moth), «. A pyralid moth of the genus Gaieria, G. cereana (Fabricius). it lays its eggs in beehives, and the larvaj when hatched feed upon the wa.\. Also called wax-moth (whence its specific name). See cut in next column. beenl (ben or bin). Past participle, and ob- solete present plural and infinitive, of bel. been-t, ". Obsolete plm-al of bee^. been'^, '(. See bein. been'* (ben), ». [Hind, bin, a lute, guitar, fid- dle.] A fretted stringed instrument of music of the guitar kind, having nineteen frets, used in Inilia. bee-nettle (be'nefl), w. A species of hemp- nettle, Galeopsis versicolor. See Galeopsis. 503 Bec-inolh i,OaUria fr«o«a), natural size. a, larva ; b, cocoon : c, pupa : d, moth with wings spread : e, moth with wings closed. beent (be'ent), a. [A forced translation by J. H. Stirling of G. seiend.] In metaph., having being as opposed to existence. [Rare.] If the Eleatics persist in the dilemma, the world i.s either be>int or non-heent, Heraclitus answers, It is neither of them, because it i.s both of them. J. II. Stirliufj, tr. of Schwegler's Hist. Philos., p. 20. bee-orchis (be'6r"kis), n. A European orchid, Ophrijs apij'cra, with a bee-like flower. Also called bee-flower and gnat-flower. See Ophrys. bee-parasite (be'par"a-sit), •». 1. A stylops; an insect of the order Strepsiptera, the species of which are parasitic upon bees. Bees so in- fested are said to be stylopizcd. See Stylops. — 2. Some other insect parasitic upon bees, as a bee-louse or bee-wolf. beerl (ber), n. [< ME. bere, ber, < AS. beor = OFries. biar, bier = D. bier = LG. ber, beer = OHG. bior, MHG. G. bier (> It. birra = F. biere) ; cf. Icel. bjorr, Ir. Gael, bcoir, from AS. or E. (the Scand. word is that cognate with E. ale). Origin uncertain ; some assume a loss of r fi-om orig. *bredr, < AS. breowan, etc., brew: see brew.'] 1. An alcoholic liquor made from any farina- ceous grain, but generally from barley, which is first malted and ground, and its fermentable substance extracted by hot water. To this e.vtract or infusion hops or some other vegetable product of an agreeable bitterness is added, and it is thereupon boiled for some time, both to concentrate it and to e.xtract the useful matters from the hops. The liquor is then suffered to ferment in vats, the time allowed for fermentption de- pending upon the quality and kind of beer, and after it has become clear it is stored away or sent to the market. The beers of England and France, and for the most part those of Germany, become gradually sour by exposure to air. Ate and beer were formerly synonymous terms, ale being the earlier in use ; at present, beer is the common name for all malt liquors, and ate is used specifically for a carefully made beer of a certain strength, and rather light than dark: thus, small beer, ginger beer, and the like, are not ale, nor are stout and porter. A distinction drawn by Andrew Boorde, in 1642, is that ale is made of malt and water, and should contain no other ingredients, while beer is made of malt, hops, and water. 2. A fermented extract of the roots and other parts or products of various plants, as ginger, spruce, molasses, beet, etc — Beer process, in ptintor/., a collodion dry-plate process in which the sensi- tized plate, after being washed, is treated with an infu- sion of nuilt or beer. The process is of no practical value, and is disused. — Beer vinegar, a vinegar prepared from beerwort.— Bitter beer. See nie.— Black beer, a kind of beer manufactured at Dantzic. It is of a black color and a syrupy consistence. Also called Dantzic beer. — Broken beer, remnants or leavin^is of lieer : as, " a bum- bard of bruken beer," B. Jotison.— Condensed beer, beer which has been reduced in a coi)per MiLUuni-pan to one eighteenth its bulk in solids, .added to an eiiual quantify of alcohol.— Dantzic beer. Same as bitiric //,vr.— Green beer, beer which is just made. - Lager-beer, or stock- beer, a light German beer so called because it is stoied fur ripening before being used. It is extensively manufactured in the United States.— Schenk, yoimg, or winter beer, a German beer brewed for immediate use. (See la;ier-bcer.) It was formerly brewed only between October and April, but now is manufactured at all seasons. — Small beer, weak beer; hence, hguratively, a trilling matter; a small orunimpoitaiit thlnj; or pel son. — Stock-beer. Seeiojrcr- beer.— To think small beer of, to liave a low opinion of ; hold in slight esteem. lOdloii.) She titinks smnll beer of jiainters, J. J.— well, well, we don't tliiiik smalt beer o/'onrselves; my noble friend. Tltaekeraij, The Newcomes, x.x.xix. Yeast-beer, new beer with whicli a small quantity of fermenting wort has been mixed in the cask in order to make it lively. beeri (ber), v. i. [< becr^, «.] To drink beer; tipple. [CoUoq.] beer'- (be'er), «. [< ME. beere; < be^ -\- -erl. Cf. forebear.] One who is or exists. [Rare.] beer^t, n. An obsolete form of bier. beer'^t, «• [< D. fceer, a mole, pier.] A mole or pier. N. E. D. beer^t. Obsolete present and preterit of bear'^. Chaucer. beestings beer'H, »■ An ol^solete form of bear^, beeregart, n. [Early mod. E. also beereager, bvareger, etc., < beer^ + eager, sour. Cf. alegar, vinegar.] Sour beer; 'vinegar formed by the '.leetous fermentation of beer. beer-engine (ber'en'''jin), »(. A hydraulic ma- cliine for raising beer and other liquors out of a cask in a collar. beer-faucet (b6r'fa"set), n. A faucet fitted with a small air-pump, for mi.xing air with beer as it is drawn. beer-float (ber'flot), «. In distilling, an areom- eter or hydrometer designed to ascertain from the observed density of a grain-mash the pos- sible yield of spirit therefrom. The scale of the instrument is graduated to indicate directly, at the stand- ard temperature, the prrienfagi^ liy volmne of proof siurits that the mash will yield, provided the fermentation pro- ceeds to a point where the density is equal to that of water. E. If. Kni'iltl. beer-garden (ber'gar"dn), n. A garden at- taclied to a brewery, tavern, or saloon, in which boer is served. beer-house (ber'hous), n. A house where malt liquors are sold; an ale-house. beeriness (ber'i-nes), «. [< beery + -ness."] The state of being beery or partially intoxicated; slight intoxication from beer. beer-measure (ber'mezh'ur), n. An old Eng- lish system of measures of capacity. The gallon contained 282 cubic inches, being 10 pounds :i ounces avoirdupois of water, but was adopted as containing 8 Jiounds of wheat. beer-money (ber'mun'''i), n. An allowance of 1(/. per day panted in 1800 to the British soldier in addition to his pay, as a substitute for an allowance of beer or spirits; also, an allowance given to domestic servants in Eng- land in lieu of beer, to save trouble in serving it out, or waste by leaving the cask open. beerocracy (ber-ok'ra-si), n. [< beer + -o-cracy, as in aristocracy,] The brewing and beer-sell- ing interest ; brewers and beer-sellers collec- tively. [Ludicrous.] beer-preserver (ber'pre-zer"ver), «. A device for keepino' the space above the beer in a cask or barrel filled with earbonie-aoid gas, which is supplied from a reservoii-. beer-pull (ber'pid), «. The handle of a beer- pump ; also, the pump itself. beer-pump (ber'pump), «. A pump for beer, especially for raising beer from the cellar to tlie bar in a saloon or public house. beer-saloon (ber'sa-lon"), "■ A place where beer is sold and drunk. beer-shop (ber'shop), n. A beer-saloon; an ale-house. beerstone (ber'ston), n. [< beer^ + stone.] In brewing, a hard incrustation like stone on the interior of the wort-coolers. In time a greenish, or brownish, shining, thin crust is formed on the sides of the coolers — no matter what ma- terial they may be constructed of — which adheres to them like varnish, and cannot be removed by the usual wash- ing. This substance is called beer-stone. Thaxmng, Beer (trans.), p. 473. Beer stone. See stone. beer-s'willing (ber'swil 'ing), a. Drinking beer immoderately. In beer-sioitting Copenhagen I have drunk your Danesman blind. Theo. Martin, Dirge of the Drinker. beery (ber'i), n. [< ftcejl -f -)/l.] 1. Pertaining to or resembling beer. — 2. Stained or soiled with beer. The sloppy, beery tables. Thackeray. 3. Addicted to beer; affected by beer ; partial- ly intoxicated from drinking beer ; maudlin. Tliere was a fair proportion of kindness in Raveloe, but it was of a be^ry and bungling sort. Georye Etiot, Silas Marner, ix. Ha'thorn was not averse to ale, especially at another man's expense, and, thought he, " Farmer is getting beery ; looks pretty red in the face." C. Reade, Clouds and Sunshine, p. 10. bee-skep, bee-scap (be'skep, -skap), n. [< 6eel -I- skep, scap, a beehive, a basket : see skep.l A beehive. [Scotch.] beest (best), H. [Found in ME. only in deriv. beestings, q. v.; < AS. beost (also byst, after bysting, beestings) = D. biest = LG. best = North. Pries, bjast, bjiist = OHG. biost, MHG. G. biest, beest. Origin unknown; some sup- pose, from the G. dial. (Swiss) briest. Icel. d-brystur, pi., beestings, a connection 'with AS. breosf, etc., E. breast^ Same as beestings. beestie, «. See bheesty. beestings (bes'tingz), n. sing, or pi. [Also writ- ten beastings, biestings, etc., dial, beastin, bistin.<, bi^kitis, etc., < ME. hiestynge, also bestniugc, ttcstynge, < AS. bysting, < beost, beest, -1- -inu . ■beestings see heest and -ing.'] 1. The first milk given ty a cow after calving. So may the first of all our fells be thioe. And both the batting of our goats and kiue. B. Joiuion, Pan's Anniversary. 2t A disease caused by drinking beestings. X. E.D. beeswax (bez'waks), n. [< bee's, poss. of bee, + icax.'] The wax secreted by bees, of which their cells are constructed. See irojr. beeswing (bez'wing), n. [< bees, poss. of bee, + icing : from its appearance.] A gauzy film in port and some other wines, indicative of age ; hence, sometimes, the wine itself. Also writ- ten be^s-tcing. Fetchd His richest htesmng from a binn resened For bamiuets, praised the waning red, and told The Wntage. Tennyson, Ayhuer's Field. Scott from under bushy eyebrows, «inked at the ap- parition of a befi-iriiv). Thackeray. beeswinged (bez'wingd), a. So old as to be covered with beeswing: said of wine, especial- ly port, nis port is not presentable, unless bfes'-winged. F. Hall, Mod. Eng., p. 32. beetl (bet), n. [< ME. bele, < AS. bete (not 'beta) = OFries. bete = D. beet, biet = LG. bete = OHG. hie:a, MHG. bie:e (G. beete, after L6. or L.) = Sw. betei = Dan. bede = F. bettc = It. bietfi, < h. beta, beet.] A plant of the genus Beta, natural order Chenopodiaceie. The vari.ius forms are generally referred to a single species, B. Tul'iarif, the skndcr-rooteil variety of which, known as t.\\e smbrti, is found wild in F.urojie and western Asia, and is occasionally used for greens. The common beet is extensively cultivated in many varieties for tlie use of its sweetish succulent root as a vegetable and as feed for cat- tle. The mangel-wurzel is a large coai-se form raised ex- clusively for cattle. Tlie sugar-beet is a large, white, and ver>- sweet variety, from the root of which large (|uanti- ties of sugar (called beet-root sugar) are manufactured in France, Gcmumy, etc. The white or Sicilian beet and the char.l lieet are cultivated for their leaves only. beet- (bet), r. t. [E. dial, beet, bent, Sc. beet, belt. < JIE. bcteii, < AS. betmi (= OS. botian = OFries. beta = I), bocten = LG. boten = OHG. buo;:en, MHG. bue:::en, G. bU.isen = Icel. b(eta = Sw. bota = Dan. bode), mend, improve, make good, < but, improvement, reparation, boot : see ioo/l, which is related to beet as food to feed, brood to breed, etc. The word was par- ticularly used in reference to memliiig, ami hence by extension to kindling, iires: ME. beteii fijr, < AS. bclan fijr = D. bocten ruur = LG. bijlen riier; cf. Sw. bota eld, etc. Cf. beat-^.'i It. To make better; improve; alleviate or re- lieve (huuger, thirst, grief, the needs of a per- son, etc.). All his craft ne coud his sorrow bete. Chaucer, T. and C, i. 666. 2t. To mend; repair; put to rights. ripen he coude, and flshe, and nettes bete. Clittucer, Reeve's Tale, i. 7. Daily wearing nefds yearly heiting. Scotch proverb. 3. To make or kindle (a fire) ; hence, to fire or rouse. Two fyrc» on the autcr can she brelr. CItaticer, Knighfs Talc, 1. 1434. It warms me, it charms me. To mention but her name ; It heats me, It bi-elM nic, And Bctfl nic a' on flame! liunu, Ep. to Davie, i. 8. And Htiren folk to love and beten Arc On Vemiw awter. Court o/ Love, I. .123. 4. To mend or replenish (a fire) ; add fuel to. Ticking up penlR to Uel his Ingle. yl///jn Itnninaif, To Kobert Vardu of Devonshire. ['"'bsoleto or dialectal in all Hcnscs.] b^-f't ', ». Same an ImiiI'^. \i- ' II. Same bh lictil'^. 1)1 • lly (iMjI'fli), 71. A two-winded insoet, .-Ih- lli'"/"r" hi:t4i; Hmaller than the hoiiHe-(ly, in- fi-i:i/ . lopH of inuMnel-wurzcl and olhtir va- riiii- "I iieof, on wlioHe leavcH it depiiHJt.t its egf. li' liirvio after^vurd ilcvourinn tlic Hoft purl . beetle' (l.<"'ll), n. [= He. liitHe, billill. < MK. //''-', liriiill,, hitel, hillill, hiiliillc, < AS. Iiiitel. I,, I, I. I„l,l, hf/lel (lif/ll-) (=' \M. bill I, boll I = Mill.. Ii'i.ih. with formative -rl, < briilnii, beat : >■' ' ' ' A lii'iivy woiiili'n iiiallet.ntieil to 'i'l .rixiiliil'ati' earth, ell'. Ii I. nin.lc ' 'I t.iili thi' hiindir x't III II i'MI' 'f tlo 1 Ml for riiniliilii^. Miti (iiri.v. i|.« with iiro).'. ling, i till' h. . :rl „t Ihe liciil Inth' I ' a* f'-> it |4 n.>iii. I >i(i.-ii hcavh ch^'u^l, t'l rr<|Uii ,. I., ..|Hi,l. 11. AIXJ called a wmaui. .i,.l f ,riii a romntrr. 504 If I do, fillip me with a tliree-man heetU. SAoJt.,2Hen. IV.,i. 2. 2. A wooden pestle-shaped utensil used for mashing potatoes, for beating Unen, etc. Aroint ye. ve limmer, out of an honest house, or shame fa' me, hut I'll take the bittle to you. Sciitt, Pirate. 3. Same as beetling-machine — Between the beetle and the block, in an awkward or dangerous position. beetle! (be'tl), j-. t; pret. and pp. beetled, ppr. beetling, [^(.beetle, n.'\ 1. To use a beetle on ; beat with a heavy wooden mallet, as linen or cotton cloth, as a substitute for mangling. — 2. To finish cloth by means of a beetlitig-machine. beetle- (be'tl). n. [The form seems to have been influenced by that of beetle^ ; it would reg. be as in mod. dial.'bitile, earlv mod. E. also betel, biitlc, bittil, etc.,< ME. bitle, biti/l, betijlle, bijtijlle. < AS. bitela. bituht (also *betel, once in pi. betlo.^), a beetle, appar.< *6i/k/, *bitol.'hitcI. ME. bitel. bit- ing (cf. ctul. etol, eating: with suffix -ol, fonuing adjectives from verbs), < bitnn (pp. biten). bite : see6i7e. Ci.bitterandLbeetlc-broirrd.'i Anyinsect belonging to the order Coleoptera (which see). Sometimes, however, tlie term is used in a more restricted sense, as equivalent in the plural to Scarabieidiv, a tribe of this order embracing more than ;i,000 species, characterized by clavated antennre, fissile longitudinally, legs frequent- ly delitated, and wings which have hard cases or sheaths called elytra. Beetles vary in size from that of a pin's liead to nearly that of a man's fist, the largest being the elephant- beetle of South America. 4 inclieslong. The "black beetles" of kitchens and cellai-s are cockroaches, and belong to the order OrtAo/ifcin.— Bloody-nose beetle, a large species of beetle of the genus I'iinairlin. T. Iivrianta : so named because wlien disturbed it emits :i red tluid from the joints. — Colorado beetle, a coleoptiiou^ ins.-ct. Ihu-iqili'ira. Chrysomela, or J'vlygramma dccumliiitata, family Clirij' Colorado Beetle ( Doryphora deeemliHeata. Say). a, eggs ; b, I.irvn, adv.nnccd st,igc ; f , pupn : d. beetle : t. wing.covcr, eiil.irgcd :/, leg, ciiuiTged. nomeliclie, belonging to the telramerous section of the or- der. In size it is somewhat larger than a pea, nearly oval, convex, of a yellowish or ochcr-yellow color, marked w illi black spots and blotches, and on the elytra wjtli ten black longitudinal stripes. The wings, which are foldc4i under the elytra, are of a blood-red color. This insect works great havoc upon the leaves and Mowers of the i)o(ato, and is also destructive to the tomato and the egg-plant. It was first observeti in the Koeky Mountain region about lti.M». and has since spreail from Colorado over the whole of the United States and Canada. Also called jiotaln-hiij. — Elm-leaf beetle, a Kuropcan chrysoni. lid he. lie, (inle- ntra xiiiil/iiim'l/enit. Sic Oiitenica.— Harlequin beetle. .See A'/r/.'yi'ill.— Homed beetle, a llimelllcorn beetle of the genui. .Mfimlmtnntt and sonic related genera, belong- ing to the cetotilan gi'onp of Satrtlhifida-. beetle-' (be'tl), a. [Seimrnte use of beetU- in liii III -liniwcd.] Sliiisgy; iiroiiiiiient: used in beetle brow (also written bci tte-brow). Here oro the beetle brows shall blush for me. Shak.. It. and. I., 14. lient hollow bertle browes, Kharpn staring cy.'s, That innd or f.Killsh Heem.l. .^iiellnfr, V. if., II. i\. '>''. beetle'' (bO'll), v.i.; pn-t. nnd p]i. brrlled, |i|ir. liiillnig. (< liii'lli'^, II. First used liy .Slmk- H|icr('. J To lio prominent; extend mil; over- liaiig; jut. What, if It tempt you lowaril the flood, my lord. Or to the .Ireiullul Hummit .>( the clllf, 'lllat tjectlm iter his liiuie InUi the sea'/ Shak., Ilanilel, 1.4. Ivach heellimj rampart and cocli t.iwer Hui.lim.', ir.im/wiMir/A. beetle-brow (b«'.'tl-l>roii), «. See brrlli'K n. beetle-browed (iie'il-brmid), n. (< Ml'., hiiel- hriiind, hi/liibriiiriil, etc. (used ill "I'iiTH I'low- inan" witli viiriiintH liillnr browed and hiiller browiil), ns if lit. ' liiiving biting evetimwH,' Unit is, projecting evebrnWH, < MK. fiitil. iiilj., wliHi'i., bitiiig, < AS. 'bill I l^i-i^ lirrlli-^): but Miorr ]prob. ' willi eyidirowM like ii heetle'M,' Hint 1m, projecting like the liifleil aiitennii. of Honie bcetlcH, Hoo beetle'^ uud brow.] 1. Having befall shaggy, bushy, prominent, or overhanging eye-J brows; hence, often, suUen; scowling. A beetle-browed sullen face. Howell, Letters, ii, 2& . Its beetle-browed and gloomy front. Haiethome, Scarlet Letter, i. 2. Figuratively, having an overhanging or pro- jecting top. beetle-head (be'tl-hed), n. 1. The monkey or i| weight of a pile-tlriver. — 2. A beetle-headed i or stupid fellow. — 3. A name of the Swiss or black-bellied plover, Squatarola helvetica. [Lo- cal, U. S.] beetle-headed (be ' tl -hed " ed), a. [Cf. beetle- bead.] Having a head like a beetle or mallet; dull; stupid. i)evor), < be, by, about, + foran, adv., before, < for, for, lit. before : see fore and for, and ef. afore.] I. adv. 1. In front; on "the anterior or fore side ; on the side opposite tlie back; in a position or at a point in advance; ahead. The battle was before and behind. 2 Chron. xiii. 14. Reaching forth unto those things which are liefore. Phil. iii. U. Had he his hurts before ! Shale, Macbeth, v. 7. I am sent with broom before, To sweep the dust behind the door. Shak., il. N. D., v. 2. If you will walk before, sir, I will overtake you in- stantly. Beau., and Ft., Woman-Hater, i. 3. 2. In time preceding; previously; formerly; already. You tell me what I knew before. Dryden. A flatterer is a dunce to him, for he can tell him nothing but^what bee knifes before, 'le, Midfo-ci beg Jesus answered and said unto him, Befor, called thee . . . I saw thee. Bp. Earle, Midfo-cosmographie, A Selfe-conceited JIaii. , ._ [The adverb is frequently used in self-explain- beforetime (be-for'tim) ing compounds, as before-cited, before-going, '■'/""?■ ^ tjijoie + tunc, before-mcn tioncd, etc.] that Philip John i. 48. Before this treal.se can be of use, two points arc neces- sary. Swift. Seventy of the Moors made their way into the streets liefore an alarm was given. Irving, Granada, p. 54. 2. Sooner than ; rather than. Then take nty soul ; my body, soul, and all, Before that England give the Krench the foil. .S'/mi., 1 Hen. VI., v. :i. beforehand (be-for'hand), adr. [< ME. before- honit, tiifornhand, bivorenhond, before, previous- ly, < biforcn, before, -f hand, bond, hand.] 1. In anticipation ; in advance. So that they . . may be taught beforehand the skill of speaking. Hooker. 2t. Before there is time for anything to be done ; before anything is done. What is a man's contending with insuperable difRcul- ties but the rolling of Sisyphus's stone up the hill, whiclk is soon beforehand to return upon liim again 'i •Sir It. L' Estrange. To be beforehand with, to anticipate ; be in advance of; be prci)arcd or leady for. Agricola . . . resolves to be beforetiand with the danger, Milton. The last-cited author has been beforehand tvith me. Addison. beforehand (be-for'hand), a. [< beforehand, ado. Ct forehanded.] In good pecimiary cir- cumstances; having enough to meet one's obli- gations and something over; forelianded: as, " rich and much beforehand," Bacon. [Archaic, j I now began to think of getting a little beforehand, Franklin, Autobiog., p. 77. beforesaid (be-for'sed), a. Aforesaid. Chaucer, adv. [< ME. before- Cf. aforetime.] For- merly; of old time; aforetime. [Obsolescent.] Beforetime in Israel, when a man went to enquire of God, thus he spake. 1 Sam. i.x. 9. II. prep. 1. In front of, in time or position ; on the anterior or fore side of ; in a jjosition or , at a point in advance of: as, a happy future lies befortunet (be-foi- tun), v. f. [< ie-l -I- fortune.] before you; fce/oce the house ; 6e/b)-e the fire, lohaiipen; betide. The golden age, which a blind tradition has hitherto placed in the Past, is liefore us. Carlyle, Sartor Resartus, iii. 5. Before them went the priest reading the burial service. Hawthorns, Twice-Told Tales, I. 2. In presence of; in sight of; under the cog- nizance, jurisdiction, or consideration of. Abraham bowed down himself before the people of the land. Gen. xxiii. 12. They tell me, if they might be brought before you. They would reveal things of strange consequence. Fletcher {and another). Sea Voyage, iv. 2. If my lady die, I'll be sworn before a jury, thou art the cause on 't. appc I wish all good befortune you. Shak., T. G. of V., iv. 3. befoul (be-foul'), V. t. [< ME. befoulen, befulen (mixed with bcfijlen, etc.: see befile), < be- + foulcn, foul: see ie-l and fouli, v.] To make foul; cover with filth ; soil; tarnish. Lawyers can live without befouling each other's names. Trollape, Baixhester Towel's, xxi. Birds of prey winged their way to the stately tree, be- foulinij its purity. X. A. liev., CX.XVI. 263. befreckle (be-frek'l), v. t. [< 6e-l -t- freckle.] To freckle; spot; color with various spots ; va- riegate. Iler aiav-befreekled face. Drayton, Polyolbion, xxii. 910. Bku'.'aniiK., Scornfui Lady, V. 1. bofrot (be-fref), v.t.; pret. and pp. befretted, 3. In precedence of; in advance of, as regards VW- Whetting. \< be-^ + fret^.] To "fret or rank, condition, development, etc. gnaw away. Accept this ring, wherein my heart is set, A constant heait with burning tlames tjefret. Greene, James IV. iv. I can shew one almost of the same nature, but much 6f- \^-.e^i,^-,A fv.p^ f^^^A'\ ,. t r/ j.„ i _i_ *■...■ ^ j t rr" fore it. B. Jonson, Cynthia's Revels, iv. 1. befriend (be-frend ), V. t. [< ic-1 ■\- friend.] To act as a triend to ; coimtenance, aid, or benefit ; assist; favor: as, fortune befriended me. That you were once unkind, befriends me now. Shak., Sonnets, cx.v. The climate [of Chieronea] is not much befriended by the heavens, for the ail" is thick and foggj'. Dryden, Life of Plutarch. Every little pine needle expanded and swelled with sym- pathy and befriended me. TImreau, Walden, p. 143. befriendment (bf-frend'ment), n. [< befriend + -inent.] The act of befriending. Foster. [Kare.] befrill (bf-fril'). v. t. [< fce-l -hfriU.] To fur- nish or deck with a frill or frills. The vicar's white-haired mother, bef rilled . . . with dain- ty cleanliness. George Eliot, .Middlemarch, xvii. befringe (be-frinj'), V. f. [pi: befurring. [< fte-l + /'«)-.] 1. To cover or supply with fur. — 2t. To fur over; incrust. ^v. e.'d. begl (beg), )'.; pret. and pp. begged, ppr. beg- ging. [Eai'ly mod. E. also bcgg, beggc, < ME. beggen, first "found in the early part of the 13th century (in the "Ancren Riwle"); origin un- He that conieth after me is preferred before me. John i. 15. The eldest son is before the younger in succession. Johnson. 4. In preference to ; rather than. One joyous howre in blisfuU happiues, I chose before a life of wretchednes. Spenser, Mother Hub. Tale, 1. 984. I love my friend before myself. .Sir T. Browne, Keligio Medici, ii. G. We think poverty to be infinitely desirable before the torments of covetousness. Jer. Taylor. 5. Anterior to in time; previous to: as, I shall return before six o'clock. Temple sprang from a family which, though ancient and honourable, had before his time been scarcely mentioned in our history. Mncaulay, Sir William Temple. They arrived close to Albania about two hours before daybreak. Irving, Granada, p. 30. 6. Under the action, influence, or power of. Mordecai, . . . before whom thou hast begun to fall. Esther vi. 13. Tower .and town, as he advanced, went down before him. Prescott, Ferd. and Isa., ii. 2. Before all. See all— Before the beam (;ia«t.), in a po- sition or direction which lies before a line drawn at right angles to the keel at tlie midship section of the ship.— Be- fore (or afore) the mast, as a coranion sailor, the crew of a ship being berthed in the forecastle or forward of the foremast.— Before the wind, (a) Saut., in the direc- tion of the wiiul : as, to sail before the wind, that is, in the direction in which the wind blows : said of a ship. We continued running dead before the -wind, knowing that we sailed better so. K. II. Dana, Jr., Before the Mast, p. 20. (b) Figuratively and colloquially, in prosperous circum- stances ; out of debt or ditticultj'. III. conj. 1. Pre\'ious to the time when: formerly sometimes followed by that. Before I wa.s afflicted, I went astray. Ps. cxix. 67. beg certain. Various explanations Lave been of- fered: (1) < ME. bagffe. a bag (because beggars carrv bag.;: see first quotation under bci/fidi; H.):"but this is certainly -n-rong. It would im- plv the forms 'begrjen, *begge, as variants of hiigqeii, bagge, but no such rariants are found or are probable, and no such sense as 'put into a bag,' or 'carry a bag.' which might connect the notion of "'bag' with that of 'beg,' belongs to the ME. verb btiggctt, which is found only in the sense of ' swell out Uke a bag'; the sense of 'put into a bag' is modem, and that of 'carry a bag' does not exist ; bag- ger, moreover, the supposed antecedent of beg- gar, is only modern. (2) < AS. hnlecian, beg (conneeteci with Goth. bkJagwa, a beggar, ap- par. < bidjan = AS. biddan, E. bid, ask; cf. t>. bedelen = OHG. betalon, MHG. betelen, G. bet- tehi, beg. freq. of D. bidden = 6. bitttn = AS. biddan, E. bid, ask); but the AS. bcdeeian oc- curs but once, in the 9th century, and thei'e are no intermediate forms to connect it with ME. beggcn. (3) < OFlera. 'beggin, beg; but there is no such word. (4) < OF. beg-, the com- mon radical of begard, begart, beguard, begar (ilL. begardus, beggardus, beghardus, etc.), and beguin (ML. beginus, begginns, beghintts, begiii- nus, etc.), names given to the members of a men- dicant lay brotherhood (see Bcgliard and Be- gitiii ) ; also applied to any begging friar or other beggar. Such mendicants were very numerous at the time of the fii'st appearance of the E. verb, and the derived OF. verb beguiner, bc- guiguir (< beguin), with AF. begger, is actually found in the sense of 'beg.' The E. verb may be a back formation from the noun beggar (ME. begger, beggcre, beggar, bcggare), which is, in this view, an adapted form (as if a noun of agent in -nil, -eri) of the OF. begar, begard, etc., a Beghard. Beghard is otherwise not found in ME., though the precise form begger is found in Wyclif and later as a designation of the mendicant friars (Beghards), appar. without direct reference to their begging.] 1. trans. 1. To ask for or supplicate in charity; ask as alms. Vet have I not seen the righteous forsaken, nor his seed begging bread. Ps. xxxviL 25. For all thy blessed youth incomes as aged, and doth bfif the alms Of palsied elil. SItak., .M. for M., ui. 1. 2. To ask for earnestly; crave. He (Joseph] . . . begged the body of Jesus. Mat, xxvii. 5S, 3. To ask as a favor; hence, to beseech; en- treat or supidicate with humility or earnest- ness: as, I begged him to use his influence in favor of my friend. And on our knees we beg (As recompense of our dear services, Past and to come) that you do cliaiitte this purpose. Shak., \V. T., ii. 3. To beg a person for a fool', to take him for, or regard lUlll U.-,, U fool. In tlie old crunmon law was a writ . . . luider which if a man was leKally proved an idiot, the profit of his lands . . , mi;.'ht Ije Kranted hy the kiuK to any sul)jct't. . , . .'^uch a person, when this grant was asked, was said to be bfjj'jfd Jur a Jiml. Harot. To t}eff the Question, in lo^jic, to assmne or take as loanted that which i.^ not mure certain than the pro|)(>Kl- lion to lie proved, or which riljvionsly involves the piiint in (jUeMliun ; asHUine as a prendse what no one who takes th<: opposite view of the i|Ucstion wilt admit. The sophism of If'i'iiiui the f/uetiiiiiu Im, then, when any thlnit is proved eitlier liy itself or something that is c<|ual- ly unknown with itself. liurgendidtu, tr. by a Ocntloman (ien7). I ' attempt to Infer hi« (.Shakspcre'sJ classical cduca- 'in tile Internal evidence of his works is simjily a / '(/ the 'fueitimi, (i. I*. Marfh, I.*;cts. on Kng. Lang,, p, 82. lo riinlnlain, ns Hlr Wyvllle VUnnnm dois, that 32" Is tif t' niiM!mtun; of the llmir on which the Antarctic ico- iihcet rests. Is virtually tu ttri-aii lungwort, I'Hhnonaria o_(lieinalis. beggar's-lice (beg'iirz-Hs), n. 1." An English nanie of Galium Aparine, or goose-grass, given to it because its burs stick to the clothes, and sonic'wluit resemble lice. — 2. The name given in tlii> United States to species of Bi hegiii irtth prayer, (b) At the out- Set ; as the first thing to lie considered ; first of all : as, to beg-In with, I do not like its color. Animals can be trained to behave in a way in which, to begin with, they are incapable of behaving. T. H. Green, Prolegomena to Ethics, § 113. legint (be-gin'), m. [<.begin,v.'\ A beginning. Let no whit thee dismay The hard beginne that meetes thee in the dore. .'■Ipenser, F. Q., III. iii. 21. beginner (be-gin'er), w. [ME. begy liner; < be- gin + -eri.] 1. One who begins or originates ; 507 one who starts or first loads off ; an author or originator. Wliere are the vile beginners of this fray? Shale, K. and J., iii. 1. 2. Onebeginningto learn orpractise ; anovice; r tyro: as, "a sermon of a new beginner," Smifl. . There are noble passages in it, but they are for the adept and not f(jr the beginner. O. W. Holmes, R. W. Emerson, xiv. beginning (be-gin'ing), «. [< ME. beginninge, beginnunge {= MHG. beginimnge) ; verbal n. of begin.] 1. The origin ; source; first cause. I am . . . the beginning and the ending. Rev. i. 8. 2. The point of time or epoch at which any- thing begins ; specifically, the time when the universe began to be. In the beginning God created the heaven and the earth. Gen. 1. 1. It was reserved for Hutton to declare for the first time that the rocks around us reveal no trace of the beginning of things. Geikie, Geol. Sketches, ii. 3. The initial stage or first part of any pro- cess or ])roeeeding; the starting-point: as, a small beginning. He was come to that height of honour out of base be- ginnings. Burton, Anat. of Mel., p. SS-l. The beginning of writing is the hieroglyphic or symbol- ical picture, the beginning of worship is fetishism or idol- atry, the beginning of eloquence is pictorial, sensuous, and metapliorical, the beginning of philosophy is the niytli. Leeky, Europ. Morals, I. 1.12. beginningless (l)e-gin'ing-les), a. [< beginning + -less.'] Having no beginning: correlative to endless. [Rai'e.]' begird (be-gerd'), V. t. ; pret. and pp. begirt, begirded, ppr. begirding. [< ME. begirden, only in pret. or pp. begurt, < AS. begyrdan {— OHG. bigiirtjan; cf. Goth, bigairdan, strong verb), < be- + gijrdan, gird : see ftc-l and gird^.] 1. To bind witii a band or girdle. — 2. To sur- round ; inclose ; encompass. Uther's son Begirt with British and Armoric knights. Milton, P. L., i. 581. begirdle (be-ger'tU), v. t. [< 6c-l + girdle.] To sm-round or encircle as with a girdle. Like a ring of lightning they . , . begirdle her from shore to shore. Carlgle, French Rev., III. vii. 3. begirtt (be-gerf), V. t. [A form of begird, inf., due to the frequent pp. begirt, pret. and pp. being the same as those of begird.] To be- gird; encompass. Begirt the wood, and fire it. Massinger, Bashful Lover, iii. 5. To begirt the almighty throne, Beseeching or besieging. Milton, P. L,, v. 868. beglare (be-glar'), v. t. [< 6e-l + glare.] To glare at or on. [A humorous coinage.] So that a bystander, without beholding Mrs. Wilfer at all, nnist have known at whom she was glaring by seeing her refracted from the countenance of the beglared one. Dickens, Our Mutual Friend, I. xvi. beglerbeg (beg'ler-beg'), n. Same as bei/lerbey. beglerbeglic (beg'ler-beg'lik), n. Same as bei/lvrbciilik: beglooni (be-gl6m'), f. *• [< fte-^ + gloom.] To make gloomy ; darken. [Rare.] begnaw (be-na'), V. t. [ME. not found; < AS. begnagan, gnaw, < be- -h gnagan, gnaw: see Je-l and gnaw.] To bite or gnaw; eat away; corrode ; "nibble at. [Rare.] The worm of conscience still be-gnaw thy soul. Sliak., Rich. III., i. 3. begot (be-go'), V. t; pret. bewent, pp. begone. [< ME. began, bigon, < AS. began (= D. beguan = OHG. bigan, SIHG. began, begen, G. begelun), < be-, by, about, + gan, go : see 6e-l and go.] 1. To go about; encompass; suirouud. — 2. To clothe; attire. — 3. To surround or beset; affect as a circumstance or influence: now only in the perfect participle begone, in woebe- gone, beset with woe (originally in the con- struction him was wo began, in which wo is the subject and him the dative object, subsequent- ly made the subject). So was I glad and wel begon. Chaucer, Parliament of Fowls, 1, 171. begodt (be-god'), «>• t- [< 6e-l + god.] To dei- fy: as, -'begodded sa'mts," South, Sermons, V. xevii. begonel (be-gon'). [Prop, two words, be gone (he, inf. or'impv. ; gone, pp.), irreg. united, as also in beware.] Begone; go away; depart. Begone ! you ai-e my brother ; that's your safety. Beau, and FL, Maid's Tragedy, iv. 1. " You must begone," said Death ; " these walks .ire mine." Tennyson, Love and Death. begone^t (be-gon'). Past participle of bego. Beguard Begonia (be-go'ni-a), n. [NL., named after Micliid Began (1G;38-1710), a French promoter of science.] A very largo genus of polypeta- lous exogenous plants, the type of the nat- ural order Begoniacem. They are mostly herbaceous, natives of the warmer regions of the globe, and are fre- Mm%^ Begonia pannosa. (z, branch with male flowers ; b, c. two forms of styles and stigmas; (t. fruit. ( 1-rom Lc Maout and Decaisnc's " 'Traits general dc Bota* nique.") tpient in ctlltivation as foliage-phuits and for their showy or singular flowers. A very great diversity in the often brilliant coloring of the leaves has been reached by skilful crossing. From the shape of their large, obliijue, fleshy leaves some species are known by the name of elephant's- ear. The succulent acid stalks of several species are used as i»nt-berbs. Begoniacese (bf-go-ni-a'sf-e), n. pi. [NL., < Be- gonia -(- -acece.] A natiu'al order of plants, al- lied to the Cucurbitaceie and Cactacece, of which Begonia is the typical genus. The only other genera are milebrandia of the .Sandwich Islands, monotypic, and Begoniella of the United States of Colombia, of only two species. begoniaceous (be-go-ni-a'shius), a. Belonging to or resembling tiie Begoniacew. begore (be-gor'), «). t [< ie-l + j/orel.] To be- smear with gore. Spen.-ier. begot (be-gof). Preterit and past participle of beget, begotten (be-got'n). Past participle of beget. begrace (be-gras'), v. t. [< 6e-l + grace.] To say "your gi-ace" to; addi'ess by tlie title of a duke or bishop. Holinshed. [Rare.] begra'Vet (bf-grav'), v. t. [< ME. begraven, < AS. begrafan, bm-y (= OS. bigrabhan = D. begraven = OHG. bigraban = Sw. begrafva = Dan. be- grave, bury, = Goth, bigraban, dig around), < be- + grafan, grave, dig: see 6e-l and graved, v.] 1. To bury. Gower. — 2. To engi'ave. With great sleight Of workmanship it was hegrave. Gower, Conf. Amant., L begrease (be-gres'), v. t. [< 6c-l + grease.] To soil or daub with grease or other oily matter. begrime (bf-grim'), r. *. [<. be-^ + grime.] To make grimy; cover or impress as with dirt or grime. The justice-room begrimed with ashes. Macaulay, Hist. Eng., x. = Syn. Tarnish, etc. See soil. begrudge (be-gruj'), v. t. [Early mod. E. also begrutch,<. ME. begrucchen : see 6e-l and grudge.] To grudge ; envy the possession of. There wants no teacher to make a poor man begrudge his powerful and wealthy neighbour both his actual share in the government, and his disproportionate share of the good things of this hfe. Brougham. begruntlet (be-grun'tl), v. t. [< 6e-l + gritntle. Ct. disgruntle.] To render imeasy ; disconcert. The Sijaniards were begnaitled with these scruples. Bp. Haeket, Life of Abp. Williams, L 131. begrutcht, ''• t- Obsolete form of begrudge. begrutten (be-gmt'n), a. [< 6e-l + grutten, pp. of greit, greet, cry : see greet^.] Showing the effects of much weeping ; marred or swollen in face through sore or continued weeping. [Scotch.] Poor things, . . . they are sae begrutten. Scott, Monastery, viii. begstert, "• A Middle English form of beggar. (hanrtr. Begtashi (beg-ta'she). H. [Turk.] A secret religious order in Tm'key resembling the order of Freemasons, employing passwords and signs of recognition very similar to, and in some cases identical with, those of the latter order, and including many thousands of influential members. Imp. Diet. beguan (beg'wan), n. [Prob. a native name.] A bezoar or concretion found in the intestines of the iguana. Beguard, «. See Beghard. beguile ■begnile (be-gU'), r. t. [< ME. hegilen, hegylen (= MD. beghijlen), < be- + gilen, gylen, guile, deceive: see 6«-l and (7i(i7f .] 1. To delude with guile; deceive; impose on by artifice or craft. The serpent beguiled me, and I did eat. Gen. iii. 13. By expectation ever>- day beffuWd, Dupe of to-morrow even from a child. Cowper, My Mother's Picture. 2. To elude or check by artifice or craft ; f oU. Twas yet some comfort, When miser>- could beguile the tyrant's rage. And frustrate his proud will. 5Aai'., Lear, iv. 6. 3. To deprive of irksomeness or unpleasant- ness by diverting the mind; render unfelt; cause to pass insensibly and pleasantly; while away. I would bfffxtiU The tedious day with sleep. Shak., Hamlet, iii. 2. Chiefs of elder Art ! Teachers of wisdom ! who could once b^guUe My tedious hours. Roncoe^ To my Books. 4. To transform as if by charm or guile ; charm. Till to a smile The goodwife's tearful face he did beguile, Wiltiam Morris, Earthly Paradise, 11. 225. 5. To entertain as with pastimes ; amuse. The tales 'With wliich this day the children she beguiled She glean'd from Breton grandanies when a child. J/. Arnold, lYistram and Iseult, iii. To beguile of, to deprive of hy guile or pleasing artifice. The writer who beguiles of their tediousness the dull hours of life. Everett, Orations, I. 302. =SyiL 1. Cheat, mislead, inveigle. — 3-5, Amuse, Divert, (tc. (?rt- umu.^e); clieer, solace. beguilement (be-gil'ment), «. [< beguile + -HI' H^] Tho act' of beguiling; the state of bc- in2 beguiled. beguiler (be-gi'ler), n. One who or that •which b.-^'iiili-s or deceives, beguilingly (bf-gJ'ling-ll), adv. In a manner I.I licguile or deceive, beguiltyt (be-gil'ti), c. t. [< 6e-l -1- giiilty.] To rcuJcr guilty ; burden with a sense of guilt. By easy commutations of public penance for a private pecuniary mulct Ithtm] dost at once beguilty tlline own c'.n.si-iciicL- witli Sordid bribery. Bp. Sanderson, Sennons, p. 27r». Beguin, Beguine (beg'in; sometimes, as mod. F., ba-gau', m., -gen', f.), n. [(1) Beguin, Be- guine, fem.: early mod. E. also begin, bcginc, begliine, bcggiii, higin, higgaijne, < AIE. begync, hygynnc. < OF. bcgiiiiic, mod. F. hegidnc = Sp. Pg. begiiinti = It. heghinn, bighina (MU. begliijne, D. begijn, LG. and G. hegine), < ML. begliina, beginii, beggiua, beguina, biginii, etc. (cf. E. ?«';/- (/iiil, from the same source). (2) Beguin, masc, < OF. beguin, mod. F. beguin = Sp. Pg. beguino = It. bigliino. bighino, < AIL. beghiiiii.s, beginus, begginu.s, biguinus, biginus, etc. : formed, first as fem., with siiffi.x -in, ML. -itia, -inns, from the name of Lambert liegue or le Begue (i. e., tho stammerer : OF. begue, mod. F. begue, dial. beitjue, biegne, stammering ; of unknown origin), a priest of Li<>ge, who founded the sisterhood. See also Beglmrd. The origin of the name was not generally known, and the forms varied, leading to many etymological conjectures. The connection with E. beggar nnil /<«/' is per- haps real; in the sense of 'hypocrite' and 'bigot' (as in It. begliino), the word was later eonfu.'icd with bigot, q. v.] 1. A name given to the members of various religious eoniinuni- ticHof women who, pirofessiiig a life of jiovcrly and self-denial, went about in course gray clothing (of midyed wool), reading the Scrip- tur«-.s and exhorting the i)eople. They orlKlnaled in Hj." twelfiti or tlitrteeiith ccnturv. and foniuTly Hour- i.!r 1 iriiMTniany, the NetbertandN, i'raiirf, and Italy: and • ' 1. iiiiiiltiftt i,f the name Htlil t\iM in I'.cl^lum. Hnv be* T'-n'tf. (Now ijenurally written /;.-,'/"iiic.J And I'arnt- Atmlincnci- fttrcyiicd, 1'oke nn a robe of kanii-lyne. And Kan her graithu (tlri-MM) ajt n In/f/i/nne. Itiim. i,f the llotr, I. 7368. « .■ • . «.,,,(,,.„ t,nd begiiins. World nf Wonders, 1(J08. 'I the cX'bnruomanterH and liln dnUKh- '■ --..M, went l»y iiU Bide nn he wiut led to '«'■ "' Mulleg, Dntrll Itejillblli:, II. 412. [Only Itiguin.'] A memlwr of a eomniiiiiity ' ' 'I 'in the Hnine general prin<'i|)le 1 llie MegnilieH (xee 1). Iliiybu. IlidIM fllTlnil -. ' ■piTbllly Wllb li)M. vUiirJi Wire iifltTHitril Iil"Ii:ti;.ll<'d ' . i.f Wonii'll. TIm) W.Ti ' 'ill't. MUM «| 'I ibi' ■•nrly part of IIm' rem i.i nlli I ^-11 Inn Jiiiiii-d tb<-riiM< Im ' III iiiiiii- I. r» of frlnr*. I lir «.^ l, i;. m i .I'Jcrtof ni-viTi- nii'ioiill' -, Itliil ' folUiwIiiu • i-hlury, but i'in- V nilddlcof (iMnlflcenlb. AIM! 2. ..f iieni have \n'' ithuui lapltali.] n fref|iienlly uiied 508 begninage (beg'in-5j, or, as mod. F., ba-ge- niizh'), n. [F. ht'guinage, OF. beguinage (> ML. beghinagium), < beguine, a Beguine. See Be- guin and -age.'] A community of Beguines. A beguinage usually consists of a large walled inclosure, containing a number of small detached houses, each in- habited by one or two Beguines ; there are also some com- mon houses, especially fur the novices and yoilnger mem- bers of the community. In the center is the church, where certain religious offices are performed iu common. Each Beguine keeps possession of her own property, and may support herself from it, or from the work of her hands, or by serving others in their houses. Tliey are free to leave at any time, and take only simple vows of chastity and obedience during residence. Pious women may also. under certain restrictions, rent houses and live inside the inclosure without formally joining the community. Such establishments are now chietly met with in Belgium; the immense one near Ghent, built by the Duke of Aremlierg in IS74, is the finest example, and oue of the most recent. Beguine, «. See Beguin. begumi (be-gum'), V. t. ; pret. and pp. begummed, ppr. begumming. [< fce-l + .] .An illusion; a trick; a cheat. [Scotch.] If I havena' gien Inchgrabbit and Jamie Howie abonnie begunk, they ken tliemscl's. .Scott, Wavcrley, II. x.V-W. behad (be-hiid'). a. [Contr. of Sc. *hehald = E. beholden.'] Beholden; indebted. [Scotch.] behalf (be-haf), n. [< ME. behiilre, hilialre. iu the phrase on (or upon, or in) Inlialrc, iu be- half, incorrectly used for on halce (< AS. oh hcalj'c, on the side or part of), owing to confu- sion with ME. Itehalre, hehalven, bchiilrcs, adv. and prep., by the side of, near, < AS. 6c healfe, by tho side: see be--, by''-, and half, n. Cf. be- hoof] 1. Advantage, benefit, interest, or de- fense (of somebody or something). In the behalf of his mistress's beauty. Sir P. Sidne;/. I was moved to speak in behalf of the absent. .Sumner, Prison Discipline. 2t. Affair; cause; matter. In an unjust behalf. .Shak., 1 Hen. IV., i. 3. [Always governed by the preposition in, on, or uj>on. See note under behoof] — In this or that behalf, in respect of, or with regard to, this or tliat iiKiltcr. behapt (lie-hap'), r.». [< 6c-i + /iopi.] Tohap- lirll. behappent (be-hap'n), v. i. [< 6c-i + happen, appar. suggested by befall.] To happen. That is the greatest sliame, and foulest scorne, Which unto any knight behanjien may. Spenser, F. Q., V. .\1. !,i. behatet, '•• <• [ME. ; < 6e-i + hate.^ To hate ; ., and 7«;s^.] it. A vow; apromise. Chaucer; Gower ; Holland. — 2. A command ; precept ; mandate. Wlieie I have learn'd me to repent the sin Of disobetlient opposition To you and your behests. Shak., E. and J., iv. 2. He did not pause to parley nor protest. But hastened to obey the Lord's behest. Lonfjjellow, Torquemada. behestt (be-hesf), »'• t. [< ME. behesten, prom- ise, < beheste, a promise: see behest, »t.] To promise ; vow. behetet, v. A Middle English form of behigh t. behewt, ''■ t. [< ME. behewen, hew about, carve, < AS. behedwan, hew off, < be- (in AS. priv.) + hedwan, cut, hew.] To carve ; adorn ; embel- lish. A! with gold hehewe. Chaucer, House of Fame, 1. 1306. behightt (be-hif), V. [The common spelling in Spenser' and his contemporaries of both present and preterit of ME. pres. inf. beheten, Tega\a.T\y beholen, earlier behnten (pret. beliight, iehUjhte, earlier belieht, belief, pp. behotcn, later behiriitt), < AS. bikdtiin (pret. Ixliet, pp. behdten) (= OHG. bilini::(iii, JIHtx. beliii::cn), promise, < be- + hdtait, command, call : see 6e-l and hight^. The forms in ME. were confused, like those of the simple verb. The proper sense of beliiijht is 'promise'; the other senses (found only in Spenser and contemporary archaists) are forced, being in part taken from ltig]it~.~\ I. trans. 1. To promise; vow. The trayteresse fals and ful of gyle. That al behoteth and nothing halt. Chaucer, Death of Blanche, 1. 621. Behbiht by vow unto the chaste Minerve. Surrey, .iEneid, ii. 2. To call ; name. That Geauntesse Argante is behiqht. Spenser, F. Q., III. vii. 47. 3. To address. Wliom suone as he beheld he knew, and thus behipkt. Spenser, F. Q., V. iv. 25. 4. To pronounce ; declare to be. Why of late Didst thou behiiiht me borne of English blood? Spenser, ¥. Q., 1. x. 64. 500 5. To mean; intend. Words sometimes mean more than the heart behitcth. Mir. /or Mags., p. 461. 6. To commit ; intrust. The keiea are to thy hand bchiriht. Spenser, F. Q., I. x. .M. 7. To adjudge. There was it judged, by those worthie wights, That Satyrane the first day beat had dotnie ; . . . The second was to Triamond behiejht. Spenser, F. Q., IV. v. 7. 8. To command ; ordain. So, taking courteous congd, he behight Those gates to be unbar"d, and forth he went. Spenser, F. (J,, U. xi. 17. II. intrans. To address one's self. Aiul lowly to her lowting thus behight. Spemer,-¥. Q., IV. ii. 23. behightt (be-luf), n. [< bekight, v. Cf. ME. be- het, bchot, beluit, < AS. behdt, a promise. See beliest.] Apromise; vow; pledge. Surrey, behind (be-hind'), ado. and prep. [< ME. be- hinde, behiiideii, < AS. Iiehindan (= OS. bihindan), adv. and prep., behind, < be, by, + hindan, adv., behind, from behind, at the back : see 6e-2 and hiiidS.] I. adv. 1. At the back of some person or thing ; in the rear : opposed to before. So nuni'st thou after that which flies from thee, Whilst I thy babe chase thee afar behind. Shak., Sonnets, cxliii. 2. Toward the back part; backward: as, to look behind. She that could think, and ne'er disclose her mind, See suitors following, and not look behind. Shak., Othello, ii. 1. Worse things, unheard, tinseen, remain behiml. Shelley, Prometheus Unljoimd, i. 1. 3. Out of sight; not produced or exhibited to view ; in abeyance or reserve. And fill up that which is behind of the afflictions of Christ in my Hesh. Col. i. 24. We cannot be siu-e that there is no evidence behind. Locke. 4. Remaining after some occurrence, action, or operation : as, he departed and left us be- hind. Thou shalt live in this fair world behind. Shak., Hamlet, iii. 2. Where the bee can suck no honey, she leaves her sting behind. Bean, and Ft., Prol. to Knight of Burning Pestle. 5. Past in the progress of time. Forgetting those things which are behiiui. Phil. iii. 13. 6. In arrear; behindhand: as, he is behind in his rent. So that ye come behind in no gift. 1 Cor. i. 7. II. prep. 1. At the back or in the rear of, as regards either the actual or the assumed front: the opposite of before : as, the valet stood be- hind his master; crouching behind a tree. Behind you hills where Lugar flows. Burns, My Nannie, O. A tall Brabanter behind whom I stood. Bp. Hall, Account of Himself. The lion walk'd along Behind some hedge. Shak., Venus and Adonis, 1. 1094. 2. Figuratively, in a position or at a point not so far advanced as ; in the rear of, as regards progress, knowledge, development, etc.; not on an equality with: as, behind the age; he is behind the others in mathematics. i'qr I suppose I was not a whit behind the very chiefest apostles. 2 Cor. xi. 6. In my devotion to the Union I hope I am behind no man in the nation. Lincoln, in Raymond, p. 99. 3. In existence or remaining after the removal or disappearance of : as, he left a large family behind him. What he gave me to publish was but a small part of what he h-tCbehind him. Pope. Behind one's back. See iwrcti.— Behind the curtain. .See c«/(aiH.— Behind the scenes. See .«vhc.— Behind the times, not w ell informed as to ctirreut events ; hold- ing to older ideiis and ways. - Behind time, later than the proper or appointed time in doing anytliing. =Syn. Be- hind, After. Behind relates primarily to position ; a/ter, to time.' When a/tcr notes position, it is less close or ex- act than behind, and it means position in motion. To say that men stood one after another in a line was once cor- rect (see Chaucer, Kinghfs Tale, 1. 901, "kneeled . . . each a,fter other"), but is iu>t so now. They may come one after another, that is, somewhat irregularly and apart; they came one beliind auotli.r. that is, close together, one covering another. The distinction is similar to that between beneath and below. Out boiniced a splendidly spotted creature of the cat kind. Immediately behind him crept (mt his mate ; and there they stood. P. Kobimon, Under the Sim, p. 144. On him tliey laid the cross, that he might bear it after Jesus. Luke xxiii. 26. behindhand (be-hind'hand), prep. phr. as adr. or a. [< behind + hand; cf. beforehand.] 1. In the rear; in a backward state; not sufficient- beholding ly advanced; not equally advanced with some other j)erson or thing : as, behindhand in studies or work. And these thy offices, So rarely kind, are as interpreters Of my behind-hand slackness. Shak., W. T., v. 1. Up, and all the morning within doors, beginning to set my accounts in order from before this lire, I being tiehind- hand with them ever since. J'ejnjs, Diary, II. 480. Nothing can exceed the evils of this spring. All agri- cultural operations are at least a month liehindhaitd. Sydney .Smith, To Lady Holland. 2. Late ; delayed beyond the proper time ; be- hind the time set or expected. CJovernment expeditions are generally liehindhand. Cornhill May., March, 1862. 3. In a state in which expenditure has gone beyond income ; in a state in which means are not adequate to the supply of wants; in arrear: as, to be behindhand in one's circumstances ; you are behindhand with your payments. Having run something behindhand in the world, he ob- tained the favour of a certain lord to receive him into his house. .Swift, Tale of a Tub, ii. 4. Underhand; secret; clandestine. [Rare.] Those behindhand and paltry maucenvres which destroy confidence between human beings and degi'ade the char- acter of the statesman aiul the man. Lecky, Eng. in 18th Cent., xv. behithert (be-hiTH'er), prep. [< 6c-2 as in be- yond, behind,' etc, + hither.] On this side of. Two miles behitker Clifden. Eeelyn, Diary, July 23, 1679. behold (be-hold'), V. ; pret. and pp. beheld, ppr. beholding. [< ME. beholden, biholdan, bihalden, hold, bind by obligtition (in this sense only in pp. beholden, beholde : see beholden), commonly observe, see, < AS. behealdan, hold, keep, ob- serve, see (= OS. bihaldan = OFries. bihalda = D. behouden = OHG. bihaltan. 5IHG. G. be- halten, keep), < be- + heaklan, hold, keep: see 6e-l and hohV-. Other words combining the senses ' keep ' and ' look at ' are observe and regard.] I. trans. If. To hold by; keep; re- tain. — 2t. To hold; keep; observe (a com- mand). — 3. To hold in view; fix the eyes upon; look at; see with attention; observe with care. When he beheld the serpent of brass, he lived. Num. xxi. 9. Behold the Lamb of God, which taketh away the sin of the world. John i. 29. = Syn. Observe, Witness, etc. (see see); look upon, con- sider, eye, view, survey, contemplate, regard. II. intrans. 1. To look; direct the eyes to an object; view; see: in a physical sense. Virginias gan upon the cherl beholde. Chaucer, Doctors Tale, L 191. And I beheld, and lo, in the midst of the throne . . . stood a Lamb as it had been slain. Rev. v. 6. 2. To fix the attention upon an object; at- tend; direct or fix the mind : in this sense used chiefly in the imperative, being frequently little more than an exclamation calling attention, or expressive of wonder, admiration, and the like. Behold, 1 stand at the door and knock. Rev. iii. 20. Prithee, see there I behold .' look ! lo ! Shak., Macbeth, UL 4. 3t. To feel obliged or bound. For who would behold to geue counsell, if in counselling there should be any perill ? J. Brende, tr. of Quintus Curtius, iiL beholden (be-hol'dn), p. a. [Formerly often erroneously beholding ; < ME. beholden, beholde, prop. ppr. of behold, c] Obliged; bound in gratitude ; indebted ; held by obligation. Little are we beholden to your love. Shak., Rich. II., iv. 1. We had classics of our own, without being beholden to " insolent Greece or haughty Rome." Lamb, Clirisfs Hospital. beholder (bf-hdl'der), n. [< ME. beholder, biliolder, -ere; < behold + -e;!.] One who be- holds ; a spectator; one who looks upon or sees. Was this the face That, like the sun, did make beholders wink? Shak., Rich. II., iv. 1. beholdingi (be-hol ' ding), h. [< TdE. behold- ynge, bihaldiinge ; < beholden, behold.] The act of looking at; gaze; view; sight. The revenges we are bound to take upon your traitor- ous father are not fit for your beholding. Shak., Lear, iii. 7. beholding^t (be-hol'ding), a. [Corrupt form of bthiihUn.] 1. 'Under obligation; obliged. The stage is more beholdiny to love than the life of man. Bacon. Love. beholding Oh I thank yon, I ani much btholding to you. Chapman, Blind Beggar. It is in the power of ever>- hand to destroy us, and wc are beholding unto ererj' one we meet, he doth not kill us. Sir T. Browne, Keligio Medici, i. 44. 2. Attractive; fascinating. When he saw me, I assure you, my beauty was not more beluMinn to liim than my harmony. Sir P. Sidney, Arcadia, i. 50. beholdingness (bf-hol'ding-nes). n. The state of biiug beholden or under obligation to any one. Thank me, ye gods, with much beholdingnesse. For niarke. I doc not curse you. 3larslon, Sophonisba, v. 2. behoney (be-hun'i), i: t. [< 6f-l + hone;/.'] To cov.r or smear with honej' ; sweeten with honey, or with houeved words. behoof (be-h6f'), «. [< ME. behof (chiefly in thi- dat. hdioie, with prep, to, til. or for), < AS. *lKliof\ advantage (inderiv. hehoflic. advantage- ous, bchet'e, useful, necessary, bcliojian, behoove : see bihooie) (= OFries. behof, biliof = D. be- hot r = MLG. behof = MHG. 6i7i«o/, G. bchuf advantage, = Sw. behof = Dan. behoi; need, necessity; cf. Icel. hof, moderation, measure, Goth, ga-hobains, self-restraint), < 'behebbaii (pret. 'behof) — MHG. beheben, take, hold, < be- + hebban, heave, raise, orig. take up, take : see fce-l and heave. In the phrase in or on be- hoof of, the word is confused with behalf] That which is advantageous to a person ; be- half; interest; advantage; profit; benefit. Accordeth nought to the behove Of resonable mannes use. Gower, Conf. Amant., i. lo. No mean recompense it brings To your behoof. ilillvn. P. L., ii. 982. Who wants the finer politic sense To mask, tlio' but in his own behmf, Witii a glassy smile liis brut.'il scorn. Temtygon, Maud, vi. Is not. indeed, every man a student, and do not all things exist for the students behoo/! Einerson, Misc., p. 73. [Thi* word is probably never used as a nominative, being regularlv governed by one of the prepositions to, for, in, or '■II. and limited by a jiossessivc Aord or phrase. BehalJ i- ii-'-'l stiiiilurly.J behooffult, a. The more correct form of be- hnnr, l,d. behodvable (be-hti'va-bl), n. [< behoove + -able.] L'seful ;■ profitable ; needful ; fit. Also spelled behovabh and bchoveable. [Rare.] All spiritual graces behoveabte for our soul. JiooK- of IIontilii-R, ii. behoove (be-hov'), v.; pret. and pp. behooved, iijir. l/ehoovi'nij. [Also spelled, against analogj-, behove; < ME. behoven, behofen, AS. behOJiaii, need, be necessary (= OFries. bihOvia = D. 6c- hoeven = A[LG. behoven, LG. behoben, behiiben = G. behufen (obs.) = Sw. behof ra = T>an. behove); from the noun: see behoof. Cf. Icel. ho fa, nun at. hit, behoove, = Sw. hifvas, besccni. The pret. behooved is worn down in Sc. to bud, bid : sec bid.] I. tratis. 1. To be (it or meet for, witli respect to necessity, duty, or convenience ; be necessary for; become: now used only in the third person singular with it as subject. It behoFett the high. For their own sakes, to do things worthily. Ii. Jntutfin, (Cynthia's Itevels, v. 3. Indeed, if ttehoved him to keep on kooiI tenns with tils pnplln. Irving, .Sketch-Hook. He U sure of himself, and never needs Ut ask another what in any crlnfM it Itehimivn hlln (o do. i'linrrtioit. War. 2t. To relate to the advantage of; concern tlie well-being of: formerly used with a regular nominative. ir >on know aught which docH tirhore my knowledge 'rhercid lo lie infonod. imprhon It not In Ignorant coneealnient. .S'/iaJt.. W. T., I. 2. II, t intrant. To be neccHHary, suitable, or fit. .Sometime bdwuee.th It t4i be (-oiniNelled. t'hnurer, .VlelilH'Us. II !i id alt IhoM) cndowmcntii mlghllly at conmuiml will' Ii .tn- behored In a ludiolnr. Ill>. Ilarket. l.lfo of Atjp. Williams, I. 3!). Ali'i ^lulled behove. beh'iov •, ". An obHoloto form (properly da- I • I'nlf behoovofult ' lio-hHv'ffil), a. [r'ro|i., nn in eiirlv nml I '., t.„„)M, < MK. Iilhnrrfnl, < lirhtf, be- hoot, t -i,ii.\ "Needful; UHornl; lit; profitable; Wivilhl.i'. X. ^^ '■ liaro culi'd Mich nrcewMirlrii ' ■'■rftd for our ■tjile to-momiw. .slink., It. and .1., tv. 3. I' ' .'re/ul for prliicri, In nmd.t* of ur !■ publiilv. (V,. ;.,„, behoov ,:.... , i.i luiv'fdl-ii. '"''■. Timrmiv: prolitnlily; uiii'SWrily. 510 behomt (be-h6m'), V. t. [< be-l + horn.] To jiiit horus on; cuckold, behotet, i'. Same as behight. behourd, «. [OF., also written jehourt, behoiir, bihour, bohoiird, etc., "a juste or tourney of many together with latmces and batleaxes; also "a bustling or blustering noise " (Cotgrave) ; < bchourder, behoitrtlir, '• to just together with latmces," < behoiirt. a lance.] A variety of the just practised in the thirteenth century, or, in some cases, a variety of the tourney. behovable, behoveable, a. See bthoovable. behove, '■• Less' correct spelling of behoove. behovelyt, «• [ME. (mod. as if 'behoof;/): see beho(f and -/yl.] Necessary; advantageous. Chaitcev. behowl(be-houl'), I'. ?. [< 6c-l -t- ;(0h7.] To howl at. Ihe wolf 6c/io«fa the moon. Shak., ^r. N. D., ,v. 2. behung (be-hung'), p. a. [Pp. of 'behang, not used, < 6f-l -I- hang.] Draped; ornamented ■nath something hanging: as, a horse behung with trappings. [Rare.] beid-el-sar(bad-el-s!ir'), n. [Ar.] A plant used in Africa as a remedy for various cutaneous atfections. it is the Calotropis procera. an asclepiada- ceous shrub of tropical Africa and southern .Asia. The Egj-ptians use the down of its seeds as tinder. beige (bfizh). «. [F., < It. bigio, gray: see ))iei.] Having its natural color: said of a woolen fab- ric made of uiidyed wool. beild, »• and V. t. See bicld. beildy, a. See liieldi/. bein (Ijcn), a. [Also been, bene, Sc. also bien, < ME. been, beeiie, bene : origin imknown. The Icel. beinn, hospitable, lit. straight, is a different word, the source of E. bain\ ready, willing, etc.: seebain^.] 1. Wealthy; well to do : as, a 6eJ« farmer; a 6f ('« body. — 2. Well provided ; comfortable; eozy. This is a gey lii'in place, and it's a comfort to hae sic a corner to sit in in a bad day. ,Scott, .Vntiiplary, II. .\xiv. [Now only Scotch.] bein (ben), t'ldv. [Also bien; < bein, a.] Com- fortably. [Scotch.] I grudge a wee the great folks' gift. That live sac bien and snug. BurnJt, F-p. to Davie, i. being (be'ing), H. [< ME. beijnge, bijinge, verbal n. of been, be.] 1. E.xistence in its most com- prehensive sense, as opposed to non-existence; existence, wild her real or only in thought. — 2. In niiidjili.. sulisisti'uce in a state not necessa- rily amounting to actual existence; rudimentary existence. But the word is used in dilferent .senses by ilitferent philosophers. Hegel defines it as inilnediacj. that is, the abstract character of the present. In its mo.st proper acceptation, it is the name given by philosophical rcllection to that which is revealed in inlinediate con- sciousness independently of the ilistinction of sulijcd and object. It may also be licllncd, but with less pleci.sinn, at the abstract noun corrcsiioiidiiig to the concrete class em- bracing every object. Ilcing is also used in philosophy in- Muenccd by Aristotle to signify the rudiment or germ nf e-vistence, consisting in a nature, or principle of growth, before actual existence. It is al.so freiiuently used to inean actual existence, the comidcle preparation to iiroducc cf fectson the senses and on other objects. l*sychologicaIl> , fcei'ii./ niav be dclbled as the objectillcatlon of cmiselousncss, thougli tin- .lisiinction of subject from object logically presujipiiscs being. Wee nniy well reject a Utin'gie which had no being that wee luui kiiow of, but from the corruptest times. .Milton, l>ef. of Hunib. Itcmonst. First, Thou mailcst things which should have /ii-i'ii;7 with- out life. /)'/). Hall, fontcinplations. The irealloii. I'ouBider eveiTlhing as not .vet in being; then consider if it must needs have been at all. Ilentlrg. Our noisy years H*-ein momenta In Ihe being Of the eternal .sllemc. Wordnmrlh. Ode to Inunortalily. 3. That which exists; aaylhing that is: us, inaninnite beings. What a sweet fni'iii/ Is an honest nilml ! Middleton (ami olliem), The Widow, v. 1. 4. Life; conscious existenco. I wHI aing praises unio my dod while I have any Ifring. r». i\hl. J. I fetch my life and l/eimi From men of royal siege, .shak., Othello, I. 2. I felt and feel. Ilio' left alone. Ills bfiii'i working In ndnc own. Teiiiiiimin. Ill .Meiiiorlnin, Ixxxt. 5. Ijifotimo; mortal exiHlence. Clalldliia, thou Wont follower of lil« fortunes In his bring. n'rhtlrr. It Is, ox Inr OS It relnles lo our present Itrtiig, the gn at end of edliintbin to ralne oiimelves nbme the vulgar. .st.ete. Tiiller, No. (111. 6. Tlinl wliielilniHlili';nliviiiKixiMt82. bejaundice (lie-jan'dis). v. t. [< fic-i + jaiin- ili,-: .] To JMrcel Willi till' jaundice. bejesuit (ln;-jcz'i;i-il), v. t. [< In-^ + Jesuit.] To infect or intliience with Jesuitry. Who hath so beje.iulted us that we should trouble that man with asking lieensc to doe so worthy a lieed*/ Milton, Areopagiticn, p. fi4, bejewel (be-jo'el), r. ^ [< be-^ + jetvel.] To Iiriivide or adorn with jewels. Her bejewelled hamls lay sprawling In her amber satin lap. Thaekerag, N'anity Fair, I. xxl. bejuco (Sp. pron, bii-hd'ko), H. [S]i.] A Sjuin- isli iiniiK' fur scvi'ral species of tlii" liiiiii's or tall climbing iilanlsof tlie tropics, such as Iliji- poeratea seandrns, etc. I'lie serpent-like bejnen winds his spiral folil on fulil Hound the tidl and stately eellm till It withers in his hold. Whittier, Slaves of .Marlbiii|UO, bejumble (be-juni'lil), r. t. [< /ic-l + jumlile.] 'I'll tliriiw iiilo eoiiftision ; jnmhlo. .ish. bekah (btVkii), H. [Ilih.] An ancient Hebrew unit of weiglil, I'ipiiil to litilf a shekel, 7.08 gintiis. or W.)\ grains. Ex. xxxviii. 26. beken't, v. t. [ME. hel.-ennen, bikcnnen ; < fcc-l + l:f-la'giv), v. t. [A forced word, used only in the passage fi'om Milton, < Je-l -t- *lawgice, assumed from lawgiver.] To give a law to. The Holy One of Israel hath belawgiven his own people with this very allowance. Milton, Divorce. belay (be-la'), v. t. [< ME. beleggen, bileggen, < AS. bele'cgan, lay iipon, cover, charge (= D. be- leggen, cover, overlay; as a naut. term, belay; = OHG. bilcijcn, MHG. G. belegen), < be-, about, around, by, + lecgan, lay. The naut. use is perhaps due to the D. In the sense of ' sur- round,' cf. beleaguer.] If. To surround; en- viron; inclose.— 2t. To overlay; adorn. All in a woodman's jacket he was clad Of Lincolne greene, belayd with silver lace. Spenser, F. Q., VI. ii. 6. 3t. To besiege ; invest; surround. Gaynst such strong castles needeth greater might Then those small forts which ye were wont belay. Spenser, Sonnets, xlv. So when Arabian thieves belayed us round. Sandys, Hymn to God. 4t. To lie in wait for in order to attack; henee, to block up or obstruct. The speedy horse all passages belay. Bryden, Mneid, ix. 5. Naut, to fasten, or make fast, by winding round a belaying- pin, cleat, or cavel : applied chiefly to running rigging. When we belayed the halyards, there w.os no- thing left but the bolt- rope. It. H. Dana, Jr., P.eforo [the Mast, p. 266. belaying-bitt (be- la'ing-bit), «. Any bitt t"o which a rope can be belayed. Belaying-pins in rail, with ropes be- layed on them. belaying-pin (bf-la'ing-pin), «. Naut.. a wooden or iron j)in to which running rigging may be belayed. beleave belch (belch), V. [Early mod. E., also belche, bache, < ME. helchcn, assibilated form of early mod. E. and E. dial, (north.) belk, < ME. belkcn, < AS. baieian, bealcian, also with added forma- tive, bcalceltun, belch, ejaculate; allied to 6a(fc- and boUtj all ])rob. ult. imitative : see belk, balk'^, bolk.] "i.inlrans. 1. To eject wind noisily from the stomach through the mouth; eructate. All radishes breed wind, . . . and provoke a man that eatcth them to belch. Holland, tr. of Pliny, xix. 5. 2. To issue out, as with eructation : as, " belch- ing flames," Dryden. II. trans. 1. To throw or eject from the stomach with ■violence ; eructate. Belching i-aw gobbets from bis maw. Addison, MncU}, iii. 2. To eject violently from withrn ; cast forth. The gates, that now Stood open wide, belching outrageous flame. Milton, P. L., X. 232. Though heaven drop sulphur, and hell bekh out fire. B. Jonson, Sejanus, ii. 2. 3. To ejaculate; vent with vehemence: often with out : as, to belch out blasphemies ; to belch out one's fury. belch (belch), n. [< belch, v.] 1. The act of throwing out from the stomach or from within ; eructation. — 2t. A cant name for malt liquor, from its causing belching. A sudden reformation would follow among all sorts of people ; porters would no longer be drunk with betch. Dennis. belcher^ (bel'cher), n. One who belches. belcher" (bel'cher), n. [So called from an English pugilist named Jim Belcher.] A neck- erchief with darkish-blue ground and large white spots with a dark-blue spot in the center of each. [Slang.] belchildt (bel'child), m. ; pi. belchildren (-chil"- dren). [< bel-, grand-, as in beldam, behire, etc. (see bel^), + child.] A grandchild. To Thomas Doubledaye and Katherine bis wife, my daughter, a cowe. To their children, my belchildren, etc. I Will 0/1664, quoted in N. and Q., 7tb ser.. III. 77. beldam, beldame (bel'dam, -dam), n. [< ME. beldam, beldame, only in sense of grantlmother (correlative to belsire, grandfather), < ME. bel-, grand-, as in belsire, etc. (see 6e/l), -I- dame, mother. The word was thus in E. use lit. ' good mother.' used distinctively for grandmother, not as m P. belle dame, lit. fair lady: see bel^, belle, and dame.] If. Grandmother: corre- sponding to belsire, grandfather : sometimes applied to a great-grandmother. To show the beldame daughters of her daughter. Shak,, Lucrece, 1. 953. 2. -An old woman in general, especially an -ugly old woman ; a hag. Around the behiam all erect they hang. Akemide. Our witches are no longer old And wrinkled beldames, Satan-sold. Whittier, ?*'ew-England Legend. 3t. [A forced use of the F. belle dame.] Fair dame or lady. Sjienser. beleadt, r. t. [< ME. beledcn, < AS. belmlan, < be- + Icedan, lead: see ic-land lead^-.] 1. To lead away. — 2. To lead; conduct, beleaguer (be-le'ger), v. t. [< D. belegeren, be- siege ( = G. belagern = Sw. beldgra = Dan. be- leegre, also belcjre, perhaps < D. belegeren), < be- + Icyer, a camp, encamping army, place to lie down, a bed (= E. lair and layer = G. lager, a camp, = Sw. liiger, a bed, etc.): see 6e-l and leaguer, ledger, lair, layer, lager.] To besiege; siuTound with an army so as to preclude es- cape; blockade. The Trojan camp, then beleaguered by Turnus and the Latins. Dryden, tr. of Dufresnoy. = Syn. To invest, lay siege to, beset. beleaguerer (be-le'ger-er), 11. One who be- leaguers or besieges ; a besieger. O'er the walls The wild beleayuerers broke, and, one by one. The strongholds of the plain were forced. Bryant, The Prairies. beleaguerment (b|-le'ger-ment), ?i. [< 6c- leagucr + -iiient.] The act of beleaguering, or the state of being beleaguered. Fair, fickle, courtly France, . . . Shattered by hard beleaguerment, and ^T^d ire, That sacked and set her palaces on fire. R. 11. Stoddard, Guests of State. beleavet (be-lev'), v. [< ME. beleven, bileren, etc., also by syncope bleven. leave, intrans. remain, < AS. belie/an, leave, < be- + Iwfan, leave ; prop, the causal of belire^, q. v. See 6e-l and ?eorel.] I. (™«6'. To leave behind; aban- don; let go. There was nothynge bele/te. Gower, Conf. Amant., iL beleave H. intram. To remain; continue; stay. Bot the lettres bilmed ful lai-ge upon plaster. Alliterative Poems (ed. Morris), ii. 1549. Iwlection (be-lek'shon), n. Same as bolectioii. belectTire (be-lek'tur), r. t. [< 6e-l + lecture.'] To vc-x with leetm'es: admonish persistently. .'ihe no»- had somebody, or rather something, to lecture and belecture as before. Savage, Reuben Medlicott, I. .\vi. beleei (be-le'), r. /. [< be-i- + /fei.] To place on the lee. or in a position tmfavorable to the wind. [Kare.] I . . . must be ielee'd and calm'd B.v debitor and creditor. Shak., Othello, i. 1. belee-t, r. '• An apocopated form of beleeve, now wTitten believe. Fi»l. Belee me, sir. Clii. 1 would I could, sir ! Fletcher, 'Slail Lover, \: i. ■beleftt. Preterit and past participle of beleave. telenmite (be-lem'nit), «. [= F. belemnite, < NL. bdeiiiiiiles, < Gr. iii/J:uvov, poet, for /3f/oc, a dart, missile (< iia?j£iv, throw, cast), + -ites.'] 1. A straight, solid, tapering, dart- shaped fossil, the internal bone or shell of a molluscous animal of the extinct family Belemnidila; common in the Chalk and Jurassic limestone. Beleniiiilcs are popularly known as arrow-heads or Jinijer-stones, from their shape; also as thumierbnlls and thunder-stoties, from a belief as to their origin. See Belemnitidoi. 2. The animal to which such a bone belonged. Alsii called ceroiinite. Belemnitella (be-lem-ni- tel'ii). II. [XL., dim. of ife- lemiiitis.'\ A genus of the Jaraih' Heleiiiiiitidfc, charac- terized by having a straight fissure at the upper end of the guard, on the ventral side of the alveolus. The species arc all f 'retaceous. Belemnites (bel-em-ni'tez), II. [Slj.: see belemnite.'] The typical genus of the family Hrlemiiilidtc. 'belenmitiC (bcl-em-nit'ik), a. I >< iiT )HM'taining to a belem- nite, or to the familj' to which it belongs: as, a bclemnitic animal; a belemnitic shell; belemnitic deposits. 'belemnitid (be-lem'ni-tid), ». A cephalopod of the family liclcmiiilidn: Belemnitidae (bel-em-nit'i-de), h.^)?. [NL., < liili iiiiiilt:s + -iiln:'] A family of extinct di- biauchiate cephalopods, having 10 anus near- Belemnite, with re- mains of the animal. tt, arms with hoots: *. head : c. ink-bag ; rf, phnijrmaconc ; e, guard, or rostrum. 512 belemnite. Some specimens have been found exhibiting other points of their anatomy. Thus we learn that the organs were inclosed in a mantle ; that there were 10 arm- like processes, S of them houked at the eud, called the tin- ciliated anus, and 2 not uiicinated, called the tciitaciila ; that the animal Avas furnished with an ink-bag, and that its mouth was armed with mandibles. There are four known genera, Bdcmnites, Beleiniwtcuthis, Belemnitella, and Xiplioteitthis. belenmoid (be-lem'noid), a. [< belcmn-itc + -()((/-] Like a belemnite. beleper (be-lep'er), V. t. [< te-l + leper.'] To infect witli or as with leprosy. Belcpered all the clergy with a worse infection than Ge- hazis- Milton, Eikonoklastes, xiv. bel esprit (bel es-pre') ; pi. beaux esprits (boz es-pre'). [F., a fine spirit : see 6e(l and esprit.] A tine genius or man of wit. Men who look up to me as a man of letters and a brl esprit. Irciti'i. belfried (bel'frid), a. [< belfry + -c(P.] Hav- ing a belfrj : as, a belfried tower. belfry (bel'fri), n. ; pi. belfries (-friz). [Early mod. E. also belfreij, belfery, bclfrie, etc., < ME. bclfray, earlier herfray, berfrey, berfreid, ber- freit,\ OF. berfrai, berfrnij, bcrfrei, bcrefreit, berfroi, later b'elfrei, bclcfreit, beUfroi, belfroi, befroi, baffray, etc., mod. F. beffrui — It. biitiifre- dii, < ML. berefredus, berrfridus, bcrf reditu, '\^■ith numerous variations, bel-, bil-, buU, birti-, balte-, bail-, biitifredus, < MHG. hercrrit, bircfrit, herchfrit, bcrlifride, MD. bergfert, berafrvdc (in sense 1), lit. 'protecting shelter,' < OHG. bcr- gan, MHG. G. bcrgen (=AS. beorgan), cover, protect, + OHG. fridu, MHG. fride, G. friede = AH. fritlni, fiilli, E. ohn. friili, peace, secu- rity, shelter. The origin of the word was not known, or felt, in Rom., and the forms varied; the It. biittifredo (after ML. batifredus) simu- lates battcrc, beat, strike (as an alarm-bell or a clock), and the E. form (after ML. bclfrediis) simulates hell, whence the restriction in mod. E. to a bell-tower. The same first element also occurs in bainbcrg and huubrrl: ; tlic second, with ac- cent, in affray.] It. A movable wooden tower used in the mid- dle ages in at- tacking fortified places. It consist- ed of several stages, was mounted on wheels, and Wiis gen- erally covered with raw hides to protect those under it from fire, lioiling oil, etc. The luwci-most story sometimes slndtered abatteriug-lam ; the stories intermediate lietweeii it and the uppermost were till- ed with bowmen, arbalisters, etc., to gall the defenders ; while the nppermo.st story was furnished with a drawltridge to let down on the wall, over which tile stunning parly rushed to the assaiilt. 2t. A stationary tower near a fortified iilace, in which were stationed sentint^ls to waleli Ihe surrounding country and givo notice of Iho approach of an enemy, it was fminslii'd with a iru'p Htrni .S^? Belfry used in the assault of a medieval fortress, f From Viollet-lc-Duc*s " Diet, dc rArclntecturc."J Deletnnltcft. aMli.fui4t. vniirat ftlde. 9. tItlfmHiIti OivtHii ' I ' niinii-rnnH it*'" ill ; II niliiiiti i«(t( till- I I'lii rip- rrw iitatlvu, thuiiKh on an Infarlur lunlc, of Iho Miclent llclfry of the l>uomo lit I'Im, lll|l^ < '.niiiiniii^ '.nli iitic LcatiInK I ower. belie bell to give the alarm to the garrison, and also to sum- mon the vassals of a feudal lord to his defense. This circumstance helped the Ijelief that the word was con- nected witli bell. 3. A bell-tower, generally attached to a ehtirch or other building, but sometimes standing apart as an independent striteture. The same dusky walls (If cold, gray stone. The same cloisters and bel/ri/ and spire. Lonrifellow, Golden I^igend, iL 4. That part of a steeple or other structure in which a bell is himg; particularly, the frame of timberwork which sustains the bell. See cut tinder bell-gable. — 5. Saiit., the ornamen- tal frame in which the ship's bell is hung. [Eng.] — 6. A shed used as a shelter for cattle or for farm implements or iJroduce. [Local, Eng.] belfry-owl (bel'fri-owl), n. A name of the barn-owl (which see), from its frequently nest- ing in a belfry. belfry-turret" (bel'fri-tur''et), n. A turret at- tached to an angle of a tower or belfry, to re- ceive the stau-s which give access to its upper stories. Belfry-turrets are polygonal, square, or round in external plan, but always round within for convenient adapuitiiin to winding stall's. belgardt (bel-gard'), «• [< It. bel guardo, lovely look : see bel^ and guard, regard.] A kind look or glance. Upon her eyelids many Graces sate, X'luler the shadow of lier even browes. Working belqardett, and amorous retrate. .Spenscr, F. Q., II. iii. 25. Belgian (bel'jian), a. and n. [See Bclgie.] I. II. Belonging to Belgium, a small country of Europe, between France and Germany, for- merly part of the Netherlands, erected into an independent kingdom in 1830-31 Belgian blocks, nearly cubical blocks of granite trap, or oilier suitalile stone used for pavements.— Belgian syllables, syllables applied to the musical sciUe by tlte lielguin W'ael- rant about 1550. See bobization and bocedizativn. II. n. A native or an inhabitant of the king- dom of Belgium. Belglc (bel'jik), a. [< L. Selgicu.'), < Belga:] 1. Pertaining to the Belga^, who in Ca'sar's time possessed the country bounded by the Khine, the Seine, the North Sea, the Strait ot Dover, and the English Oliannel. ■j'licywerc pmliably of mixed TeuUinic and Celtic origin. At the time ot Otcsar'B invasion triltes of Belga) were found in smitliern Britain, whose connection with the contiuentjil Belgie is disputed. 2. Pertaining to Belgium. Belgravian (bel-grii'vi-an), a. and 1I. I. a. Be- longing to Belgravia, an aristocratic district of Loiidiin aroinui Pimlico; hence, aristocratic J tasliionable. Thach-ray. II. «. An inhabitant of Belgravia; an aris- tocrat ; a member of tlie upper classes. Thach- iraij. Belial (be'lial), n. [Karlv mod. E. also Jklyall, MK. Ill Hal, '< LL. (in Viilgatc) llelial, < Gr. He 7.ia'A, < ]Ii>b. b'liya'al, ustnl in the Old Testament usually in phrases tiaiislated, in the English version, "man of Belial,'' "son of Belial," as if Jlilial were a ]ir<)|iir name 0(|uiv. to ISalaii; hence once in New Testament (Gr. iit'Aiiif)) as an appellntivt^ of Satan (2 Cor. vi. 1.')). But the Heb. b'liya'iil is a common noun, meaning worth- lessuess or wickedni>ss; < b'li, without, + ya'al, use, ])rofit.l The spirit ot evil ]ii>rs(Uiili('d; the devil; Satan; in Milton, one of the fallen inigels, distiiu't. from Satan. What concord hath Christ with llelial/ 2 Cor. vi. 16. /*'(7iVi/ came lust, than whom a spirit more lewd Kdl not from heaven. Milton, 1'. I,., 1. 400. belibel (be-li'bel), r. t. [< /)(■-! + libi'l.] To lilii'l or traduce. Belideus (b(;-lid'e-us), w. [NL.l A genus of siiiiiU Hying phalangers, of tliefiiiiiily I'lialangis- lidir ; the sugiii'-8(|uirrels. Tbise litlle marsupiala rcNcniblc llyltiK-Hi|iilrrclH in siipcidcliil iippcarancc, having a large )>itraeliule. largi> niikif the neighboring islaiKls. belie't (be-li'). r. t.\ iiret. Iiilai/, p]!. Iielaiii, |>|ir. Ill lying. (,< Ml". Iirhiin. Iiiliiiijin, < AS. 6c- liiiian. iiilirijan (= ( )\Ui.' biligiinj Klllti. biligeii, C' liiliiiiin), < III-, iilioul, by, -t- liriiiin, lie: HOO /«-' iitid //(', and cf. bilii'y.] To lie around; encoinimsH ; especially, to lie around, as an army; belengiHT. belle- (l)i;-li'), I', t.; pret. and pp. Inlird, ypT. beli/inii. '[< MIO. licUien, hrlriiyni, < AS. Iiilioijun (='(Jl''ries. hiliaija '=0\U',. bilingnn, MIK!. he- liegrn, G. beliigin), < bi-, about, by, + lii'iijan, lie': (tee /«-l and lie".] 1. To tell TieM concorn ■ itig; ciiliiiiinint(' by fnlso ri'inirts. belie Thou dost hciie him, Percy, thou dost belie him : Ho never did encounter witli Gleiidowcr. Shak., 1 Uen. IV., i. 3. Who is he that belies the blood and libcis tlic lame of liis own ancestors ? , D. Webster, Speech, Senate, May 7, 1834. The clamor of liars belied in the hublnil) of lies. Tennyson, Maud, iv. 9. 2. To give the lie to ; sbow to be false ; con- tradict. Their trembling hearts belie theil- boastful tongues. Dryden. Novels (witness ev'ry month's review) Belie their name, and offer notlling new. Cowper, Retirement. 3. To act unworthily of ; fail to equal or come up to ; disappoint : "as, to belie one's hopes or •expectations. Shall Hector, born to war, his birthright yield, Belie his courage, and forsalie the field ? Dryden, Hector and Androm., 1. 109. Tuscan Valerius by force o'ercame. And not iely'd his mighty father's name. Dryden, ^neid. 4. To give a false representation of ; conceal the true character of. Queen. For heaven's sake, speak comfortable words. I'orifc. Should I do so, I should belie my thoughts. Shak., Rich. II., ii. 2. 5t. To fill with lies. 'Tis slander, . . . whose breatli Rides on the posting winds, and dotli belie All corners of the world. Shak., Cymbeline, iii. 4. 6t. to. To counterfeit ; mimic ; feign resemblance With dust, with horses' hoofs, that beat the ground. And martial brass, belie the thunder's sound. Dryden, Astra^a Eedu.\. belief (be-lef), n. [Early mod. E. beleef, he- 513- In the cathedrals, the popular heliffs, hopes, fears, fan- cies, ami asi>irations fouml expressinn anrl were perpet- uated in a language intelligil)le to all. C. I'j. Norton, Travel and Study in Italy, p. 105. 5. The whole body of tenets held by the pro- fessors of any faith. In the lieat of persecution, to which tlie Cliristian belit.f was sui)jcct, upon its first promulgation. Hooker. The belief iti CIn-istianity is a belief in the beauty of holi- ness ; tlie creed of Hellas was a belief in tlie beauty of tlie world and of mankind. Keary, I'rim. Belief, iv. 6. A creed; a formula embodying the essential doctrines of a religion or a church. Ye ought to see them have their belief, to know the com- mandments of Ood, to keep their holy-days, and not to lose their time in i- licanism, in education, etc. : usually with in or on (for- merly also witli to), rarely aljsolutely. He saith unto the ruler of the synagogue. Be not afraid, only believe. Mark v. 30. 3. To exercise trust or confidence; rely through faith: generally with on. And they said, Believe on the Lord Jesus Christ, and thou Shalt be saved, and thy house. Acts xvi. 31. And many believed on him there. John x. 42. To them gave he power to become the sons of God, even to them tliat believe on his name. John i. 19.. 3. To be persuaded of the truth of anything ; accept a doctrine, principle, system, etc., as true, or as an ob.ject of faith: with in: as, "I believe in the Holy Ghost, the holy Catholic Church, the communion of saints," etc., Jpo.9- iles' Creed; to believe in Buddhism. See belief. If you will consider the nature of man, you will find that with him it always has been and still is true, that thiit thing in all his inward or outward world which lie sees worthy of worsliip is essentially the thing in which he be- lieves.' Keary, Prim. Belief, i. To make believe. SeenKiJ-ci. II. trans. 1. To credit upon the ground of authority, testimony, argument, or any other ground than i-oinplete demonstration; accept as true ; give credence to. See belief. We know what rests upon reason ; we believe what rests upon authority. Sir \V. Hamilton. Our senses are sceptics, and bdiem only the impression of the moment. Emerson, Farming. We may belirve wliat goes beyond our experience, only when it is inferred from that e.vperience by the assump- tion that what we do not know is like what we know. ir. K. Clifford, Lectures, II. 210. Wlio knows not what to believe Since he sees nothing clear. 31. Arnold, Empedocles. belive 2. To give credence to (a person making a statement, .anything said, etc.). Lo, I come unto tliee in a thick cloud, that the people may hear wlien I speak with thee, and believe thee for ever. Ex. xix. 9. Vou are now bound to betievehim. Shak., C. of E., v. 1. 3. To expect or hope -with confidence ; trust. [Archaic] I liad fainted unless I had believed to see the goodness of tlie Lord in Uie land of tlie living. P». xxvii. 13. 4. To be of opinion ; think ; understand : as, I believe he has left the city. lliey are, I believe, as high as most steeples in England. Addison, Travels in Italy. believer (be-le'ver), «. [Early mod. E. belcever, bclever (not in Affi. or AS.); < believe + -er^.] 1. One who believes; one who gives credit to other evidence than that of personal know- ledge; one who is firmly persuaded in his own mind of the trutli or existence of something : as, a believer in ghosts. Johnson, incredulous on all other points, was a ready believer in miracles and apparitions. Macaulay, Von Rankc. 2. An adherent of a religious faith ; in a more restricted sense, a Christian ; one who exercises faith in Christ. And believers were the more added to the Lord. Acts v, 14. 3. In the early church, a baptized layman, in contradistinction to the clergy on the one hand, and to the catechumens, who were preparing for baptism, on the other. The name believer is here taken in a more strict sense iinly for one order of Christians, the believing or bap- tized laity. Binyham, Antiquities, I. iii. 1. believing (be-le'ving), J), a. 1. Having faith; ready or disposed to believe or to exercise faith. Be not faithless, but believing. John xx. 27. Now, God be prais'd ! that to believing souls Gives light in darkness, comfort in despair. S/iaJ-.,2Hen. VL, ii. 1. 2. Of the number of those who are disciples. .\ud they that have believing masters, let them not de- spise them, because they are brethren. 1 Tim. vi. 2. believingly (be-le'ving-li), adv. In a believ- ing manner ; with belief: as, to receive a doe- trine belieringly. belight (be-lif), V. t. [< 6e-l + lightK] To light up; illuminate. Coivley. [Rare.] belike (be-lik'), adv. [First in early mod. E., also written belyVe, bylyke ; also belikely, q. v. ; appar. of dial, "origin, < be, by, prep., + lilce, likely, i. e., by what is likely; but perhaps a reduction of "an introductory phrase it may be (or ivill be) like or likely. Cf. maybe and likely, as similarly used.] Perhaps; probably. [Now chiefly poetical.] Then you, belike, suspect these noblemen As guilty of Duke Humphrey's timeless death. Shak., 2 Hen. VI., iii. 2. Belike this is some new kind of subscription the gallants use. />. Jonson, Every Man out of his Humour, iii. 2. If he came in for a reckoning, belike it was for better treat than mine. Scott. belikelyt (be-lik'li), a(?f. [See belike.] Prob- ably. Having belikely heard some better words of me than I could deserve. Bp. Hall, Account of Himself. belime (be-lim'), v. t. [< 6c-l -1- lime^.] To besmear or entangle -with or as -with bird-Umo. Bp. Hall. beiinkedness (be-lingkt'nes), n. [< 6e-l -H link^ + -cd^ + -ness.] In math., the number of times one branch of a link must be passed through the other in order to undo it. belittle (be-lit'l), v. t. ; pret. and pp. belittled. ppr. belittling. [First in U. S. ; < fee-l -1- little.] 1. To make small or smaller; reduce in pro- portion or extent. [Rare.] — 2. To cause to appear small; depreciate; lower in character or importance ; speak lightly or disparagingly of. belittlement (be-lit'l-ment), n. [< belittle -H -ment.] The act of belittling, or detracting from the character or importance of a person or thing. A systematic belittlement of the essential, and exaggera- tion of the non-essential, in the story. Pop. Sci. Mo., XX. 370. belivelf, *'■ i- [ME. (rave), < AS. belifan (pret. beldf, pi. belifon, pp. belifcn) (= OS. bilibhan = OFries. biliva, bliva = 'D.bliiven = 0'HG. biliban, ATHG. belibcn, blibcn, G. bleiben = Goth, bilei- ban), remain, < be- + *lifan (pret. laf). remain. Hence the causal bclcave, q. v., now also obso- lete : see leave'^.] To remain. belive belive-t, «^('., orig. prep. phr. [Now only E. dial., also written helyvCj Sc. Mifey helyre, liclitY, < ME, helive, helyve, heUfey Wife, hlife, l>!ir(, also Wife^. hiliveSj etc. ; sometimes used cxpletively; prop, two words, he UvCj be Ufe^ lit. by life*, i. e., with life or activity; ef. alive smd lively.^ 1. With speed; quickly; eagerly. Rise, rise bt/live. And unto batteil doe yoiu* selves addresse. Spemer, F. Q., II. viii. 18. Thou schalte haue delyueraunce Bflxfue at thi list. York Plays, p. 231. 2. Presently; ere long; by and by; anon: sometimes merely expletive. Twenty swarm of bees, Whilk all the summer hum about the hive, And bring me wax and honey in bilive. B. Jonson, Sad Shepherd, ii. 1. Bell/re the elder bairns come drapping in. Burtu, Cottars Sat. Night [Obsolete in both senses, except in Scotch.] beltf (belk), r. t [E. dial., < ME. belkett, the Unas sibilated form of helcheny hclch : see belehf and cf. balk^, bolk\'] To belch; give vent to. Till I might beike revenge upon his eyes. Marston, Antonio and Mellida, II. i. 1. bell^ (bel), H. [Earlv mod. E. also hel, < ME. bel, heUe, < AS. belle (=J). Z^W = MLa LG. belle; ef. Icel. bjalUiy < AS. belle), a bell. Perhaps con- nected with bell-, v., roar.] 1. A hollow metal- lic instrument which gives forth a ringing sound, generally of a musical quality, when struck with a clapper, hammer, or other appli- ance. Its usual shape resenililes that of an inverted cup with a flaring rim. If the bell is sta- tionarj', it is often made saucer- shapt'd. and in this case is commonly termed a wivi. Belts of this fcnu are generally used as call-bells or signal- bells. Bells are made fur many pur- poses and in a great variety of forms and sizes. They usually consist of an alloy of copper and tin, called bell- metal (which see). Church-bells are known to have been in use in Italy about A. 1>. 400, and in France in the sixth century*. The earlier bells were often four-sided, made of thin plates of iron riveted together. The manu- facture of the largest and finest bells has been developed snice the fifteenth century. Tlie largest ever made is the great bell of .Moscow, called tlie Czar Kolokol, cast in ll'.iS, and computed to weigh about 440,000 pounds. It is about 19 feet in diameter and the same in height. It is sup- IK>3ed never to have been hung, and is now used as a chapel, having been raised in l»3ti after lying half buried since 17.'17, when a piece was broken out of its side in & fire. Tlie largest bell in actual use weighs VM tons, and is also in .Moscow. The bell of the Buddhist monastery Chi-on, in Kioto, Japan, was ciist in ICiS, and weighs 125,000 catties, or over 74 tons of 2,240 pounds each. Among the great Bell (section). /}, cl.'tpper, or tongtie ; C. clapper-bolt ; A yoke ; F, cannon, or car ; J/, mouth ; P P. souod-bow ; .S', shoul- der; T T, ban-el. ^r.n'll licIU. the hourdon of Notro Dnmn, PariH, weight ■ ...„^ ti,. i..r-„.-t »M>|| of HenH ciitlirdral, Ifl tonii ; Ir;il. 11 t4>nH. In r;i>Kluiid, the •r weighs over i:; Iotik, hut In r. hr," at York, lo bMin ; and ' ' oxford, 7 torit* TIm inw " KaUer- i ithedrnl wiluli" '/-'< tonn. For cJninJi* ' tv Miildon. «•••■ c/o;/!'' 1m heraldry, t'' ' ritt-d art- liiivtk- )' lu. In Rhapo h' . hawk ri|tt< - III- .| with thewj •• -Ml 1-. in- ^«cn\v, Ar ; . :),> tipet nuch a 'W/--/ Chaucer, fiounr' of Fame, I i ^ 1 1 2. Anything in the fonn ol a bill or coinpand to a bf'll. -; iflcally — (a) A boUahapoU corolla .-f a flower. ■514 VThere the bee sucks, there suck I ; In a cowslip's bell I lie. Shak., Tempest, v. 1. (6) In arch., the plain echinus of a Corinthian or compo- site capital, around which the foliage niM\ volutes are ar- ranged. Also called basket, (c) The large end of a fun- nel, or the end of a pipe, tube, or any n^usical instrument, when its edge is turned out and enlarged so as to resem- ble a bell. ((/) The strobile, cone, or catkin containing the seed of the hop. (c) The pendulous dermal appendage under the throat of the male moose. (/) In hydroid polyps, the umbrella or gelatinous disk. 3. pi. A number of small bells in the form of hawks* bells or sleigh-bells, fastened to a han- dle and constituting a toy for amusing an in- fant. — 4. j>/. Xaitt. jihe term employed on ship- board, as o^clocl' is on shore, to denote the divisions of daily time, from their being mark- ed by bells, ■which are struck every half-hour. The day, beginning at midnight, is divided into watches of foiu" hours each, except the wat^'h from 4 to 8 P. M., which is subdivided into two dog-watches. A full watch thus consists of eight half-hours, and its progress is not*d by the number of strokes on the bell. For instance, 1 o'clock P. M. is equivalent to two bells in the afternoon watch ; 3 o'clock, to six bells ; 4 o'clock, to eicht bells, etc. — Angelas bell, Gabriel beUt^ Lady bell, a church- bell rung to remind those witlun li(?aring to recite the angelus. See anriehtg. — Ave bell, Ave Maria bell, or Ave Mary bell.' Same as aiyjclus bell. 1 could never hear the Ave Manf hell without an eleva- tion, or think it a sufficient warrant because they erred in one circumstance fur me to err in all — that is, in si- lence and dumb contempt. Sir T. Brounie, Religio Medici, i. 3. Bell, book, and candle, a phrase popularly used'in con- nection with a mode oi solemn excomnmnication for- merly practised in the Roman Catholic Church. After the fonnula had been read and the book closed, the assis- tants east the lighted candles they held in their hands to the ground so as to extinguish them, and the bells were rung together without order ; the last two cere- monies symbolized the disorder and going out of gi'ace in the souls of the persons e.\communicatcd. — Blessed or hallowed bell, in the Rom. Cath. Ch., a bell which has received the solemn blessing of the church, in which tlie bishop prays that its sound may avail to suimnnn the faithful, to excite their devotion, to drive aw;iy storms, and that the powers of tlie ail", hearing it, may tremlde and flee before the standard of the holy cross of the .Son of God engraved upon it, etc.— Elevation or Sanc- tUS bell, in the Jiom. Cath. Ch., a bell rung during the celebration of mass to give notification of the more solemn portions: now usually a small hand-bell, but in lire- Reformation English chm-chcs a large bell often Imng in a bell-gable erected over the nave, immediately above the entrance of the chancel, from which it -was rung by one of the acolytes. 0.r/»r,l Glossartf, p. 74. — In the belL (a) In flower. [Scotch.] (h) In seed, or having the seed-capsules formed, as hops.— Mass belL Same as sachnff &f/^.— Recording bell, a bell attachetl to a hand- punch, or to an instiunuiit "f similar purpose, with which fares collected, as by a conductor, etc., or moneys taken in, as at a bar, arc recorded.- Sacring bell, a bell rung during the celebration of the Koinan ('atliolic mass, at the elevation of the host, at tli<- S:iiictus, and at other solemn services. A\'lien rung at the consecration it is also called the A'jmt^ bell ; at the time of the Sanctus. the Sanctus bell, "etc. Also called mint.'i' Mi.— Saints* bell. Same as xacrituj bell. The term is a corrupted form of Sanctus bell, but is no longer spccitlcally restricted to the bell rung at the Sjinctus. The saints' hell is now a small hand-bell rung within the church, but fonncriy it was sometimes a small church-bell suspended in a turret outside the church and rung by a rope from within. And it is said tliat his i>eoi_de would let their plough rest when George llerViert's samts'-bell rang to ])rayfrs. Waleott, Sacred Archicoloj^j-. ji. f.J7. Sanctus belL See elevation bell.— To bear away (or gain, etc.) the bell, to win the prize at a race. In for- mer times a hell was a usual i)rize at a horse-race. Here lyes the man whose horae did yaine The bell in race on Sulisluiry jtlain. Cannlen, F.pitai)hc8. To bear the bell, to be the first or leader: in allu»ion to the hfll-wcthiT of a Hock, or the leading horse of a team or drove, that wears a bcU or bella on its collar. Lat se whicli of you shal l>ere the belle To speke of love. Chaueer, Trollus, lii. I'.is. In memory of the man but for whom had gone to wrat k All tlutt Franco saved from the light whence Kngland h<>re the hell. Broirniwi. Ilerve Jtlcl. To clamor bellB*. See c/amor.— To lose the bell, tu In- w donr in the belief that lt» Konnd Iiad virtur to lUHpcrtse -itorniH, drive awnv a prutlli-nr*- or devils, and extingulNh ftre. — TO shake tho bellfl*. to move, or give notbr oralarni : In alhiMi.in (o \\u- lullrt on u falcon'H neck, which when sournhd uhirmed Um pr. y. Neither the kln«, nor he that Iovch hlin IkhI. 'IIm- proudcHt he that IioMh up I,iine(n»t< r. iJiin'H Htir a wing. If Warwick nhake IiIh thlU. Shak., .1 H-n. VI., I. 1. To take one's bells, t<> tnk»^ one « diparture : from tho cuiit4>m in falconry of attaching belU to a hawk n leg bu- forc letthiK It liy. If ever for Ihc Spring you do but sigh, I takt my beUn. Ifekkrrand Font, Hun'* DnrlinR, 111. 2. belli o„-l), r. [< hrin. 71. T I. iittrantt. To pro- tliHT Im'IIh; be III bell : Huid of imjjH when llio Bot' beautiful, etc.), and some half-Ercneh uses: see beO, belle, beau, etc.] Fair; beautiful. bellacityt (bo-lns'i-ti), n. [< L. as if *'l)elhiei- ti. In infusorian, of the family rorticellida; (which see). See cut under Vorticella. Also called bcU-polijp. bellarmine (bel'ar-min), n. [See def.] A large stoneware jug with a capacious belly and nar- row neck, decorated with the face of a bearded man, originally designed as a caricature of Car- dinal Bellarmin, who made himself obno.xious to the Protestant party in the Netherlands as an opponent of the Reformation, in the end of the sixteenth century and the early part of the seventeenth. construction designed to Vk'Us, and often crowned by a small spire. The bell-cote I'l-sts npon a wall, and is stmie- tinii's supported by corbels ; but no chanj;e is made on account of its pres- ence in the archi- tectural disposition of the lower parts of the buildieiK. >ivi-h,'ll-liin;'l. Also written l„ll.,-i,t. macli., a rectan- gular lever by which the di- rection of mo- tion is changed through an an- contain one or two bellied Reviews of publications not purely hfUetriafic or ephem- eral in their nature arc (generally written by professors, ./. i\l. Ilarl, German Universities, p. 273. bell-flower (berflou"i'r), n. 1. Acommonname for the species of Campanula, from the shape of the flower, whicli resembles a bell. See cut under Canip(iiiiil((. — 2. In some parts of Eng- land, the (liilToilil, Xareissus I'seudo-Narcissus. ~ Autimin bell-flower, a species of gentian, Oentiuna I'tHininmiliitlir. bell-founder (berfomi"d6r), n. A man whose occuj)ation is to found or cast bells. bell-ioundry ( lierfoun"dii), n. A place where bells are founded or cast. bell-gable (berga"bl), «. 1. The continuation upward of a portion of a wall terminated by a small gable, and pierced to receive one or more bells. Such a feature sometimes surmounts the Bell-cotc. Darnetal. near Rouen, Normandy. Or like a larger jug that some men call A Bellarmine. W. Cartwright, The Ordinary. Large globular jugs, stamped in relief with a grotesque bearded face and other ornaments, were one of the favour- ite forms (in stoneware]. .Such were called "greybeards " or bellannmes, from the unpopular cardinal of that name, of whom the bearded face was supposed to be a caricature. Encyc. Brit., XIX. 631. bellasombra-tree (bel-a-som'bra-tre), n. [< Sp. heUa, beautiful, + sombra, shade.] A South American tree, PhytoJacca cUoica, cultivated as a shade-tree in Spain, Malta, and some of the cities of India. Bellatrix (be-lii'triks), n. [L., fem. of bellator, a warrior, < belhire, wage war, < bellion, war: see bellicose, belligerent. In 1 it is the trans- lation by the authors of the Alphonsine Tables of the Ar. name Alndrlsliid, the real meaning of which is doubtful.] 1. A very white glittering star of the second magnitude, in the left shoul- der of Orion. It is y Orionis. — 2. In ornith., a genus of humming-birds. Boie, 1S31. bell-bind (borbind), ». Another name of the belleric (l)C-'lcr'ik), n. [< F. belleric, ult. < Ar. hedge-bells or hedge-bindweed of Europe, Con- halllaj, < Pers. bitlilah.'\ The astringent fruit of rolnilns sepium. Terminalia liellcrica, one of the fruits imported bell-bird (bel'berd), n. 1. The arapunga. — 2. from India, under the name of myrobalans, for An Australian bird of the family Melipliagidw, the use of calico-printers. the Manorliiiia{orMy:;a)itlia)»ie1anophrys,whose Bellerophon (be-ler'o-fon), n. [L., < Gr. Be?.- notes resemble the soimd of a bell. — 3. An Aus- '/.epoipur, also B£Ucpo.tur'-H and nieadowH of Ivui-ope, arid iti very ciinnon in eultivatioli. .Hee daintf. Only one Hpeeies is fi-inid In Nortli Aiiiericn. li. inlegn'hitifi, (he weHteru daisy. bellitudet (bi^'i-tiid), «. [< L. bellitudo, < bel- luji, beautiful : see bcll^.'] Beauty of person ; loveliness; elegance; neatness. Corhrnm. bell-jar (bel'jiir), »i. A belI-Hha))cd glass ,iar, u-' J livcIieiiiistM, inphysicnl laliorntorleH, etc., ^'as lighter than till' alrnoHpherc iin in whii'li it ih pliiiigiil, and It is a form of licll-glass. 1 . s), o. [< 6oH» + -/t™.] Having 1 belli [A n m. to... ftiiil ' ....,' ii't), n. An alarm in I'l Htriko a bell by the • r ;iij iii.|.|n>- circuit. 10 (liermag'pl), n. Hamo uo hell- iian), n. : pi. hrllmnn (-men). I,, II; -,....,1:...,-: ■ t i..,wi ;;. 516 I staid up till the bell-man came by with his bell just under my window as I was writing of this very line, and cried, "Past one of the clock, and a cold, frosty, windy morning." Pepi/.^, Diary, I. S. bell-mare (bel'mSr), n. Amaro used bymide- herders as an aid in keeping their herds to- gether. The mules follow the bell-mare wher- ever she goes. Also called modrina in the originally Spanish parts of the United States. bell-metal (bel'metal), H. A variety of bronze, an alloy of copper and tin, of which bells are made. The proportions in which the two metals are employed are variable. In some very large English bells there is from 22 to 24 per cent, of tin and from 7t» to 7S of copper. Four parts of tlie latter metal to one of the for- mer is said to be the priiii..rtinn used in many of tlie lar- gest bells. See ^rojuc— Bell-metal ore, a name by which tlie mineral stannite, or siilpliid uf tin, copper, and iron, found in Cornwall, is frequently known, owing to its re- semblance in appearance to bell-metal or bronze. bell-metronome (bel'mefro-nom), n. A met- ronome provided with a bell that may be set to strike after a given number of oscillations of the pendulum, thus marking the beginning of measures as well as the pulses within measiu'es. bell-mouth (bel'mouth), n. A mouthpiece ex- panding like a bell. .-V betlmouth may also have the form of the contracted jet. Encyc. Brit., XII. 403. bellmouth (bel'mouth), V. t. [< bell-mouth, «.] To pro^^de with a bell-shaped mouthpiece; shape like the mouth of a bell. It is often desirable to bellmouth tlie ends of pipes. Enctic. Brit., XII. 463. bell-mouthed (beKmoutht), a. 1. Gradually expanded at the mouth in the form of a bell. His belt-mouth'd goblet niakes nie feel quite Danish, Or Dutch, with thirst. Byron, Don Juan, xiii. 72. 2. Having a clear, linging voice : said of a hound. bell-nosed (bel'nozd), a. Expanded at the muzzle in the shape of a bell : said of lirearms. In blunderbusses the barrels are generally bell-nosed. W. W. Greener, Gun and its Development, p. 77. bellon (bel'on), n. [Origin unknown.] Lead- colic, or painters' colic. Bellona (be-16'nil), n. [L., OL. liuellona, < bel- Itiiii, OL. ducllum, war.] 1. In Horn, myth., the goddess of war. Ilcr temple stood in the Campus Martius, without the walls, and was held to symbolize enemies* territory. In it the Senate received foreign am- bassadors and victorious generals entitled to a triumph. 2. [NL.] In 0)-Ki7A., agenusof huniining-birds. Muhant and Verreaux, 1865.— 3. [/. <-.] [NL.] In herpet., the specific name of a snake, I'ityo- l>his bcltona. bellonion (be-lo'ni-ou), n. A musical instru- Tnent, invented at Dresden in Iril'J, consisting of twinty-tour trumpets and two drums, which were played by machinery. bellow (bd'o), V. [< ME. belowen, bellewen, belwen, bellow, low, < AS. hylgean (o(>cm-ring only once), bellow (as a bull), appar. witli added formative anil mnlaiit i'roin tlio same root as belUin, low, bellow, E. hell: see Inll-.] 1. inlrans. 1. To roar; make a hollow, loud noise, as a bull, cow, or deer. Jupiter Became a bull, and bcUuii'd. Sliak., W. T., Iv. 3. 2. Of persons, to make any violent outer)- ; vo- ciferate; clamor: used in ridicule or contempt. This gentleman ... is aceustomcil to rojir aiul Ifetlnir so ten ibly loud . . . that he frightens ns. 7'(1((it. .No. f,l. 3. To roar, as the sea in a tempest, or as the wind when violent; make a loud, hollow, con- tinued sound. Ever overhead Bettow'J the tempest. Tcnngnvn, Merlin and Vivien. II. Irans. To utter in a loud deep voioo ; vo- cift-rate: generally with out or forth. To bellow out " Green pease" inider my wlmlow. .inuitlett, JJuinphrey Clinker. bellow (bel'o), n. [< bellow, v. f.] A roar, as (if a bull ; a loud outcry, bellower (bel'o-iT), «. One who bellowM. bellows (bel'oz or -lis), )i. Hint/, ami />'. [Also, < MIO. Bellows. — French. 17U1 century. (From " L'Art pour Tous.") r ii llll' Sll.I' ol IIp luatiiMi, M lie panxud. collH, etc. ; alho uhciI in or- bell-roof gans for producing the current of air by which ' the pipes and reeds are sounded, it consists e»- sentiallj of an air-chamber which can be alternately expanded and contracted, and a nozle by wliich the current of air can be directed. When the air- chamber is expanded, air i.s admitted through a valve opening inwai'd. The pres siu-e produced by the con- traction of the air-cham- ber closes this valve, and leaves the nozle the only available avenue of escape for the air in the chamber. Bellows are made in many dilferent forms, a usual one being the small hand-bel- lows, an ornamented ex- ample of which is shown. in the cut, used for promoting the combustion of a house- fire. Bellows of great pow. er are called bburing-ma- c/;(;i'',v, niul are operated by nKu!iinei> driven by steam. — Blindman's bellows. See btindman. — Hydro- Static bellows. See hy. drontatie. bellows-camera (bel'- 6z-kam' e-rii), n. In photog., a form of ex- tensible camera in which the front and after bodies are connected, for the sake of lightness and ecouomj' of space when the camera is not in use, by a folding tube or chamber made of leather, rubber, or a similar light-proof mate- rial. The tube is made to fold upon itself in the .same way as tile air-clianiber of an accordion or of bellows of the usual form ; that is, it is made in a series of small folds, each carried entirely around it in a direction per- pendicular to its axis, and having their edges turned alter- nately inward and outward. The edges of those folds which are turned outward are usually stitlened by a wire frame. When the tube is ]uilled out to its full extent, its walls are Hat; when it is eontraeted, it requires merely the space taken up by the fohls of its nniterial. In use, the back of a camera of this form can be llxeil, by a screw or other device, at any distance from the front or lens end, within the limits of the contracted or expanded tube, that the fo. ens of tile lens or the particular work in hand may require. bellows-fish (bel'oz-fish), H. 1. A local name in England of the trumpet-fish, Centriscnsscolo- ])ii.e. — 2. A local iianie of sundry plectognath fishes, of the suborder (lymnodoiite.s and family Tiiriidiintidiv. — 3. A local name in Rhode Is- land of the angler, Lojihiiis jii/ictiloriii)<. See cut under iiiiglir. bellows-pump (bel'oz-pump), n. A sort of atniosphoric pump, in which the valve is in the lower side of a bellow.s-chamber, while the uiijier side ]ierforms the function of the piston. bellows-sound (bel'oz-souud), H. In jKithol., an iiliiHirninl sound of the heart, resembling till' pulling of a .siniall bellows. bell-pepper (berimp or), n. The fruit of Cap- .'.■iciiiii i/i-iissitiii, much used for pickling and as a vegetable; (iuinea jieppor. bell-polyp (bel'pol'ip), H. Same as bell-orticket U Inserted ; L.door Incloktni; bell: />, recc|>t;icle tor i:niinlcn. cliirne of bells; also, a performer with musical hanil-bellB. — 2. An automatic device upon a liMMUiiiitive for ringing the bell.. — 3. Meeluiiiisin fur ringing chimes by hainl, by means of Icver- liaiiilleH wliich are connecteil Jiy wires with the elappers or the axes of (he bells, or by waler- piiwer, compresHed air, or sleain o]ieraling in vnriiiiiN ways lo uccomplish Ihn Hiime object. bell-roof (bel'rilf), «. A loiif shaped some- «lial like a bell. Its (igiire is geiieialed by Hie revolution of an ogee curve about the apex. See cut on iiexl page. Belt-roof. ContCTuporancous American. bell-rope bell-rope (iicl'rop), n. 1. A ropo for ringiug a bell. — 2. A boll-cord. bell-rose (bel'ioz), n. A Miiine some- times used for tlie daffodil, NarcissKS I'scudo- Ka rciss us. bell-screw (bel'- Bkrii), II. A rod or bar of iron witb an internally threaded bell-shapi'd end, for recovering broken or lost tocds in a deep borc-bok". Bell s disease, fincb. See disease, finch. bell-shaped (bel'shapt), a. Having the form of a liell, or of a somewhat deep vessel whose lip turns out and then begins to turn in again ; specifically, in hot., eampauulate. See cut under Campanula — Bell-shaped pa- rabola, a diver^'eiit itaralmt-a liavinj.- Tiei- thcr cruiioile nor ctisp. Some ycoiiietri- ciaiis, without sufficient reason or author- ity, restrict the name to tliose iliver<,'ent paraliitlns to whicli from some points of the iil.me six je;\l tani,'-titsc:iii lie drawn. — Pure bell-shaped parabola, one which cnlistltllirs tllc entile r«al part of a culjic curve of tile sixtli class. bell-sound (bel'sound), «. In aus- cultation, a peculiar sound indica- tive of pneumothorax. It may be ol>served by applying a small piece of ntetal, as a coin, to the arfeeted part of the chest, and striking it with a second piece. when a clear, bell-like sound is heard tlii-oii^h the stethoscope applied in the vii-iiiily. bell-telegraph (bel'tel"e-graf), n. 1. A telegraphic apparatus in which two dif- ferently toned bells take the place of a vibrat- ing needle in giving the signals. — 2. An an- nunciator ; a fire- or bm-glar-alarm. bell-tower (bel'tou'er), n. A tower of any kind built to contain one or more bells. See cut under campanile. The unsurpassed hell- tower of the Duomo, known and admired by all men .as the Campa- nile of i:i,itto, {is] the most splendid memorial of the arts of Florence. C E. Norton, riiurch- [building in iliddle [Ages, p. 2-22. bell-trap (bel'trap), n. A small stench- trap, usually fixed over the waste-pipe of a sink or other in- let to a drain. The foul air is prevented from rising by an invei-t- ed cup or bell, the lips of whiih dip into a cham- ber JiUed with water sur- rouiiilin;^ the top of the pipe. bell-turret (bel'- tur"et), H. A turret containing a bell- chamber, and usu- ally crowned with a spire or other ornamental feature. In medie- val architecture the lower part of such turrets is often used as a staircase. A bell-turret is distinguished from a bell-cote in that the fonner always appears upon the gl-ouiul-plan of the building to which it belongs. Belluae (bel'u-e), ». jil. [NL., fern. pi. of L. bellua, prop, heliia, a beast, particularly a large beast.] In the Linnean system of classification (1766), the fifth of the six order.s of the class Mammalia, containing hoofed quadrupeds with incisors in both jaws, and consisting of the four genera Equus, tiippupotanins, Siis, and Rhino- ceros. It is occasionally used in a modified sense, cor- res])onding to some extent with the Pachydemuita of Cuvier, for the perissodactyl as distinguished from the artiudactyl ungulates, though the Linnean Belluce in- cliulcd representatives of both these suborders of Uiigu- latti. belluine (bel'u-in), a. [< L. ielluinus, prop, he- luiiiits, < bellua, prop, hehm, a beast.] 1+. Beast- ly; pertaining to or characteristic of beasts; brutal: as, '• animal and belluine life," Bp. At- terbury. — 2. In zooL, of or pertaining to the Belliiw. bellum internecinum (bel'um in-ter-ne-si'- luiiii). [Ij.: hdluni, war; internecinum, interne- cine.] A murderotis war ; a war of mutual ex- termination ; war to the death. Bell-turret, — Abbaye-aux-Homtnes, Caen, Nomaandy. 517 bell-wether (berweTH'tr), n. [< ME. hel- wetlur, Ixileveder ; < bcW^ + wether.^ A wether or sheep whicli leads the flock, usually cann- ing a bell on its neck. [.\8j a hell-wether (will) form the flock's connection I'.y tinkling sounds, when they go forth to victual ; Such is the sway of our great men o'er little. liyrmi, Don Juan, vii. 48. bell-work (bel'werk), n. In mininf/, a system of working Hat ironstone-beds by underground excavalions in the form of a bell arounil the jiits or shafts; also used on a grand scale in working the s;Ut-niincs of Transylvania. bellwort (bcrwert), )). 1. A general name for [ilants of the natural order Campannlaccir. — 2. In the United States, a common name for spe- cies of the genus Uoularia, spring flowers of the natiu-al order JAliaccce. belly (bel'i), n. ; pi. bellies (-iz). [Early mod. E. and E. dial, also balli/jK. ME. bcli/, 6c/f, belly, stomach, womb (in early ME. the body), also a liellows (see hcllows), < AS. bclij, lia.'lij, birli/, bijUj (also ha-lig, beliy, hijlirj, with intrusive /) also btvlye, hi/lge, a ba^, bell, pouch, purse, hull, bellows, a bag of any kind, esp. of skin (= OFries. bah/a = D. hah/, skin, belly, = OHG. baly, MHG. bale, (i. bale/, skin, case, bellows, paunch, = Icel. bcl(jr (whence perhaps hikjur, ti bag, baijiji, a bag, whence perhaps E. haij^) = Sw. 6(j7(/ = I)an. t/LL. hulga, bag: see bulge, hfiugeX, budget, etc.] 1. That part of the human body which extends from the breast to the groin, and contains the bowels; the part of the trunk between the diaphragm and the Ijelvis, considered as to its front and side walls and its ca'vity and contents ; the abdomen. See cut under abdomen. — 2. The part of any animal which corresponds to the human belly ; the ab- domen in general. Ihiderneatli the helly of their steeds, Shak., 3 Hen. VI., ii. 3. 3. The stomach with its adjuncts : as, a hungry helly. He would fain have filled his belly with the husks. Luke XV. IG. 4t. The womb. — 5. The fleshy part of a muscle, as distinguished from its tendinous portion : as, the anterior belly of the digastricus muscle. — 6. The hollow or interior of an inclosed place. Out of the bdhj of hell cried I. Jonah ii. 2. 7. The part of anything which resembles the belly in protuberance or ca'vity, as of a bottle, a tool, a sail filled by the -wind, a blast-furnace, etc. If you were to fall from .aloft and be caught in the belly of a sail, and thus saved frum instant death, it would nut do to look at all disturl)ed. it Ii, Dana, Jr., Before the "Ma-st, p. 3.->. Neither hollow nor swelling, called a helly, is made on the flat part of the brick. C. T. Davis, Bricks, etc., p. 124. 8. In technol., the inner, lower, or front sur- face or edge of anything, (a) In ennrarinri, the lower edge of a graver. (6) In locks, the lower edge of a tumbler against which the bit of the key plays, (c) In masonry, the batter of a wall, (d) In saddlery, a piece of leather sometimes attached to the cantle or hind pommel of a saddle to serve as a point of attachment for valise- straps, (e) In sMp-carp., the inside or concave side of a piece of curved timber, the outside being termed the hack. (/) In earriage-makiim, the wooden covering of an iron axle, (i?) In archery, the interior side of a bow, which is concave' when the liow is bent. See hack of a how, under bachi. (A) The widest part of the shaft of a bl.ast-furnace. (0 The middle or bulging part of a cask. .-Mso called the buli/e. (;) Theunburntsideof asKabof cork. (J-) .-V swell on 'the tinder side of an iron bearer or girder. (I) The upper plate of that part of a musical instrument, as a violin, which is designed to increase its resonance; the sounding-board of a piano. In instruments of the violin class the bridge rests upon the belly, (in) In mininrj, a mass of ore swelling out anil occupying a large part of the breadth of the lode.— Back and belly. .See hackl. belly (bel'i), V. ; pret. and pp. bellied, ppr. belly- ing. [< belly, «.] I. Irans. To fill ; swell out. Your breath of full consent bellied his sails. Shak., T. audC, ii. 2. Nor were they [the Pilgrim fathers] so wanting to them- selves in faith as to burn their ship, but could see the fair west wind belly the homeward sail, and then tuj-n unre- pining to griipple with the terrible Unknown. Lowell, Introd. to Biglow Papers, 1st ser. II. intrans. To swell and become protuber- ant, like the belly; bulge out. The bellying canvas strutted with the gale. Dryden, Iliad, i, 654. belly-timber To belly out, in mining, to increase rapidly in dimeii- hions : said of a lode. belly-ache (bel'i-ak), n. Pain in the bowels; (he colic. The helly-ache, Caused by an inundation of pease-porridge. lieau. and i''l., Mons. Thomas. belly-band (bel'i-band),«. 1. Abandthatgoes • round the belly ; speeifieally, a saddle-girth ; also, a band fastened to the shafts of a vehicle, and passing under the belly of the animal draw- ing it. — 2. yaut., a band of canvas placed across a sail to strengthen it. belly-boards (bel'i-bordz), «. pi. A kind of fir and jjino Vjoards jiroduced in Switzerland, used for the soujiding-boards of musical instru- ments. belly-bound (bel'i-bound), a. Constipated; costive. ['Vulgar.] belly-brace (bel'i-bras), n. A cross-brace be- tween the frames of a locomotive, stayed to the boiler. belly-button (belM-bufn), n. The navel. [Collori.] belly-cheatt (bel'i-ehet), n. [< helly + cheat, also spelled chete, a thing: see cheat^.'] An. apron or covering for the front of the person.. Beau, and Fl. [Old slang.] belly-cheert (bel'i-cher), n. Good cheer; meat and drink; food. Elyot, Diet., 1559. Bald-pate friars, whose summum bonum is in helly-checr.. Marlowe. Loaves anil Itelly-cheer. Milton, Def. of Humb. RemoilsU belly-cheert (bel'i-cher), v. i. To indulge in. belly-cheer; feast; I'evel. Let them assemble in consistory, . , . and not . . . by themselves to belly. cheer ... or to promote designs to. atiuse and gull the simple laity. Milfoil, Tenure i»ched v^oU," SItal:, Loar, iii. 1. belly-pipe (bel'i-pip), n. A flaring nozle for a blast-pipe in a blast-ftimace. belly-rail (bel'i-ral), n. 1. In a pianoforte, a transverse rail forming a portion of the main body of the framing. — 2. In railway cngin., a rail with a tin or web descending between the flanges which rest on the ties. belly-roll (bel'i-rol). H. A roller of greater diameter in the middle than at the ends, used for rolling land between ridges or in hoUows. belly-sla'7e (bel'i-slav), ». A person who is a slave to his appetite. Beastly helly-slaveg, which, . . . not once, but continu- ally, day and' night, gfve themselves wholly to bibbing and bamiueting. Homily against Gluttony. belly-stay (bel'i-sta), n. Xaut., a tackle ap- plied from above half-mast down when the mast requires support, as the beUy-guy is ap- plied from below. See belly-guy. belly-timber (beri-tim'''ber\ ji. Food; that which supports the belly. [Formerly in serious use, but now only humorous.] belly-timber Through deserts vast And regions desolate they pass'd, ^Vhe^e belly-timber, above ground Or under, was not to be found. S. Butler, Hudibras, I. i. 331. belly-vengeance (bel'i-ven'jens), n. A name given in some parts of England to weak or sour beer. belly-wash (bel'i-wosh). «. Any kind of drink of poor quality. [Vulgar.] belly-wonn (bel'i-werm), «. A worm that breeds in the bellv or stomach. Ray. belock (be-lok'), i". t. [< be-l + lockl; not di- rectly < ME. belouJ;en, pp. ieloken, < AS. belil- can, pp. belocen, < be- + Ifican, lock.] To lock, or fasten as with a lock. This is the hand which, with a vow'd contract. Was fait beliKkd in thine. Shak., M. for il., v. 1. Belodon(bero-don),n. [NL., < 6r. .3£/.of , a dart, ■+ uioi f (o'lorr-) = E. tooth.'] The typical genus of crocodiles of the family Belodontidir, belong- ing to the Triassic age, and including the oldest known crocodilians, remains of which oeem' both in European and American formations. B. Upturns, the largest species, attained a length of 10 feet. belodontld (bel-o-don'tid), n. [< BelodontidtE.'] A I roi'.iiiilian reptile of the {aim\y Belodontida. Selodontidse (bel-o-don'ti-de), h. pi. [NL., < Bilodon^t-) + -ida.] A family of fossil pre-Cre- taceous crocodiles, order Crocodilia. They have ami>hic-iilty IiIn ehtbin.-n, liut, evrn if they have not »|irimK from blni, they an? KUbJect toliiio, they fcirni part of hli household, they (If n word coloured by latii7 Vouraeir Ut pardon of Milf-dolng irliiie. .Shak., .Sonnetji, Ivlll. '■'•. I ■ (■ iippfindnnt (to); be connected (with); il rotation (to): an, a. beam or ruftor ldi< jirlvnU'ly Into a donort I' the rlly railed Ik llivtlda. Luke Ix. 10. 4. ; .hie; }»! due. Atr li'/eth III them that arc of full age. II. b. V. II thy beauty Honit'ted, '!■ t |i|> AA to till-' Utonif.) iiiu\ 'I lo wo*j tlin for my wlb-. Shak.iT. ut th«H., II. I. 518 Sir, monuments and eulogy belong to the dead. D. Webster, Speech, Bunker Hill. 5. To have a settled residence (in); be domi- ciled (in) ; specifically, have a legal residence, settlement, or inhabitancy (in), whether by birth or operation of law, so as to be charge- able upon the parish or town : said of a pau- per, or one likely to become such. B-astards also are settled in the parishes to which the mothers belong. Black.^lone, Com., T. xvi. 6. To be a native (of) ; have original residence (in). There is no other country in the world to which the gipsies could belong. M. Raper. 7. To have its (or one's) proper place; be resi- dent : as, this book belongs on the top shelf ; 1 belong here (in this house or town). [U. S.] belonging (be-16ng'ing), n. [< belong + -i«(/l.] That which belongs to one : used generally, if not always, in the pltiral. (a) Qualities; endow- ments ; faculties. Tliyself and thy belongingn Are not thine own so proper, as to waste Thyself upon thy virtues, they on tllec. Sliak., U. for 51., i. 1. (&) Property : possessions : as, "I cai'ry all my bclmigiugn with me," Trollope. (o) Members of one's family or house- hold; relations or dependants- [Humorous.] When Lady Kew said, " aic volo, sic jttbeo," I promise you few persons of her ladyship's belongings stopped, be- fore they did her biddings, to ask her reasons. Thackeray, Kewcomes, xxxiii. I have been trouble enough to my belongings in my day. Dickens, Bleak House, II. 103. (d) Appendages. The bclongijigs to this Indian-looking robe- Cornhitl Mag. belonid (bel'o-nid), ». l<. Beldnidw.] A fish of the tsmily Belonidw. Belonidse (b"e-lon'i-de), n. pi. [NL., < Belone + -irfff.] A familj' of fishes, represented by the genus Belone, containing HijnentognatUi with an Silver GaHish ( Tylorurus lonsirostris). elongate stout body, oblong wide head flat- tened above and terminating in long stout jaws, the upper of which is composed of the coalesced intermaxillaiies, supramaxillaries, and facial bones, while the lower has an addi- tional bone behind. The vertebra; have zygapophyses, and the bones are generally green. The species are called garpikes, garfish, or gars, 'j'he English species is a mem- ber of the genus Belone, B. vutgari/i, but those of the I'nited .States belong to the geiius Ti/losurus, of which there are nine species, as T. niarinus, T. cratsus, T. ejcili.^, T. lon;/irostri.t, etc. belonite (bel'o-nit), n. [< Gr. peMvii, any sharp point, a needle (see Belone), + -itc-.] A kind of minute imperfect crystals, usually acicular in form, sometimes dendritic, obseired in glassy volcanic rocks. The term is now liiiiilod to such as e.xert no action on polari/ed light. belonoid (bel'o-uoid), a. [< Ur. lic'MivoeM/r, nt'idl(-shaped,'< fieUvt/, a needle (see Belone), + liihc, form.] Resembling a bodkin or nee- dle; styloid: applied to processes of bone. Beloocliee (be-lii'chc), ». Same as Biitiiehi. Beloptera (be-loi>'te-ril), «. [NL., < Gr. /Jf^.of, ilurt, + TTTKiiuv, wing.] 1. Agenusof diliranchi- ate cephalopods, with a wing-like expiinsion of the sides of the shells, — 2. [/. c] I'lural of hilnplrrini. belopterid (bc-lop'to-rid), n. [< Beloutenda:'] A cciihiildjiod of the family Belopteridiv. Belopteridse (bel-(ip-ier'i-rd'), r, I. [< fcr-1 -I- lord.] ' 1. To njiplv tho title Lord to; address liv Ih" plinme "my loril." — 2. 'I'o iloiiiiiner over. I Hure.] BeloBtoma (tio-los'io-mll), m. I Mi,, < (ir. iii>iir., li diiVt, + . belie fen, please, gratify, = G. belieben, like, wish, impers. please), love, < be-, bi-, + loien, lueen : see 6c-l and love.] I. iutrans. To please. [Early Middle EngUsh.] II. trans. 1. To be i)leased ■with; like. — 3. To love. [Little used except in the past parti- ciple.] If beauty were a string of silke. I would wear it about my neck for a certain testimony that 1 betovc it much. Wudri'ijilte, French and Eng. Grammar, p. 322, belo'ved (be-luv'ed or -luvd'), p. a. and n. [< ^l^E. beloreii, belured, biluved,\>p.: see love.] I, p. a. Loved; gi'eatly loved ; dear to the heart. This is my beloved Son. Mat. iii. 17. Beloved of all, and dying ne'er forgot. William Morris, Earthly Taiadise, 11. 307. II. H. One who is greatly loved; one very dear. Ue giveth his beloved sleep. Ps. cxxvii. R. belO'W (be-16'), adr. and inrp. [< ME. bilooghe (found only once), adv., < bi, be, prep., by, -(- loogh, high, adv., low: see be-- and low'". The older form was aloie ; cf . afore, before, ahind, behind.] I. adr. 1. In or to a lower place or level; beneath; downward from a higher point: as, look below ; in tho valley below. Hear the rattling thunder far below. Wordtiivortll 2. On the earth, as opposed to in the heavens. The blessed spirits above rejoice at our happiness belotti Sir T. Browne, Christ. Mor., iii. 6, 3. In hell, or the regions of the dead : as, ''the rialins below," Dryilen. — 4. On a lower floor; downstairs. sir Anthony Absolute is lielow. im^uiring for the captain. Sliendan, The Rivals, tv. 1. Hence — 5. JN'nwY., off duty: as, the watch Mow, in coutradistinetion to tho watch on deck. — 6. At a later point in a page or writing; further on in the same part or ilivisioii : as, particulars are given heloir ; see the statistics oc/oic. — 7, Lower down in a course or direction, as toward tho mouth of a river or harbor, etc. : as, the vessel bus just arrived from below. — 8. In a lower rank or gi-adc : as, at tho trial below, or in the court belnw. II. prcj). 1. Under in place; beneath; not so high as : as, below tho knee. The . . . dust below thy feet. Sliak., I.ear, v. 3. All the abhorred births below crisp heaven Whereon Hyperion's quickening fire doth shine. .Shak., r. of A., Iv. 3, 2. Lower than in position or direction : lower down : iis, lie livi's n little In low our lioiisi', that is, a little lower down the street, road, hill, etc. The castle was now taken ; but the town heloiv it was In nrniH. /rving, (iranada, ji. 32. 3. Lower than in d(>gree, amount, weight, price, vnlue, etc. — 4. Later in time than. [Knre.] The more eminent HcllolarH wblcli I'.nglanil produced bo- foicanil even bettiii' the twelfth rentury, were cdiicateil In our rellgioUH hollHcs. T. Wtnlmi, Hint. Kng. Poetry, I. III. 5. Inferior in rank, <'xcelleiiee, or dignity: as, "one degree lieliiw kiiigK," .((Wi.wH, Hcniarka on Italy, Venice. — 6. Too low to bo worthy of; inferior to. They bi-lii'lil, with a Just loathing and disdain, , . . how I'elitw all history the persoiiH and their actions were. union. The works of Petrarch wen* tielnw both his genius and III" .lii-bilty. Maeaiitay, Dante, Below the salt. Si-e salt. -Syn. Ilebiw, r niter. Beneath. Below, lower than the plane of ; ntuter, lower In the per- below pet)(li4-ul:u- line »if ; Iwneath, close under : as, the sun sinks ieloic the hitrizun ; a thins is under a chair or tree, hi'- neath a pile of rubbish, tinder has often the 8i:Mse of betwath : as, " under whose wings," Ruth ii. 1*2. Compare the ohl use of beneath in E.x. .\xxii. 19 — ^* Beneath the mount." (A sail) that sinks with all we love below the verge. Tennyson, Princess, iv. Whereon a hundred stately beeches grew, .-\nd here and there great hollies under them. Tenm/son, Pelleas and Ettare. Heneatit the milk-white thorn that scents the ev'ning gale. Burns, Cottar's Sat. Night. belsiref (bd'sir), u. [< ME. bctsirc, lit. good sire, < bcl, fair, good, as a prefi.\, grand- (as ia beldam, q. v.), + sire. Cf. beausire.'] 1. A grandfatlipr : correlative to beldam, grand- mother. — 2. Au ancestor. Drayton. belswaggert (bel'swag"er), n. [Perhaps for bvUij-swuijijer, a form given by Ash, < belly + SH'oi/, sway.] A bully; a pimp. belt' (belt), n. [< ME. belt, < AS. belt = OHG. balz = leel. bclti = Sw. bdlte = Dan. bmlte = Jr. and Gael, halt, a belt, a border ; prob. ]r ^:i < L. balteus, a belt.] 1. A broad flat strip or strap of leather or otlier tie.xible mate- rial, used to encircle the waist; a gir- dle ; eiuctiu'e ; zone ; band, ordinarily it is worn buckled or hooked ti;;ht tn tlie waist, and in all a^es it has 1 teen a com- luiin article of appjirel, both Ui keep the gar- ments in place and to support weapons, or a purse, a writing-case, or the like: it maybe made of any material. The mil- itary belt of the middle ages was sometimes com- posed of .small plates of metal held In eaeli other by rillLis, was attached to the armor, antl, accord- ing to the fashion of the latter, was worn more or less low, sometimes resting bclnw the hips upon the skirt of plate- artnor. .Sometimes the sword was not secui'ed to the belt, which was then rather a mark of rank and dignity than a Quarter-turn Belt. Military Belt, end of i^tti century. ji, tlie l>elt, consisting of plates of metal lield togettier by rings or links and supporting tile sword Dy chains secured to the scabbard : the dagger is secured to the right side and be- hind the hip in a similar way; B, leather girdle buckling around the channel-shaped steel belt to whicti the braconnit-re is attached ; C, brig- antine. buckleri at the left side; D, braconnifire of plates slidingone over another ; E, a ring secured to the brigantine from which a chain passes to the Ijarrel of the sword-hilt to pre- vent it from falling if the hand lets it go during combat. ( From VioUet-le- Duc's "Diet, du Mobilier fran^ais.") necessary part of the dress. (.See sword-belt and baldric.) The broad bands supporting the bayonet-sheath and cartridge-bo.x, worn by infantry in Europe during the century ending about 1850, were also called belts or eross- ielts. See girdle. The shining belt witli gold inlaid. Dryden. 2. Any broad baud or strip of leather or other fle.xible material, designed to pass romid any- thing, with its ends joined, (a) in marh., a flexible cord or li:tiid p:issiij;.; ;i I miittlie periphery of wheels, drums, or pulleys, Ini- the purpose of transmitting motion from one to another. Belts are usually made of leather, but inilia-nililiri' :ind gutta-percha are occasionally used ; also hempen cord, wire rope, and cords for small pulleys. See bettiny. (b) In surr;., a bandage or band used by surgeons for various purposes. 3. Any broad band or stripe or continuous broad line distinguished in color or otherwise •from adjacent objects, and encircling or ap- pearing to encircle something. Specifically — («) In a^tron., one of certain girdles or rings which surround the planet Jupiter, (b) .\ broad band or stripe on the -earth's surface extending over or along a surface or re- gion, and distinguished from it by difference of color, as- pect, etc. ; a tract or district long in proportion to its breadth, and characterized by the presence, occurrence, or absence of some marked physical or other peculiarity or phenomenon: as, the oil belt; abelt of vegetation; the corn hell, wheat belt, etc. ; a belt of trees. Pinks were gleaming in every direction through the -clumps and belts of the plantation. Lawrence. You see green trees rising above the belt of sand. W. H. Russell. The proposed Nicaragua Canal has proved to lie within the earthnuake belt. Sci. Amr.r., N. S., LV. 64. The manufacturers of this favored region have decidedly the advantage of their less fortunate competitors away from the gas bell. Jour. Franklin Inst, CXXI. 310. (c) In masomij, a band or string-course. ■4. That which restrains or confines like a gir- dle. He cainiot buckle his disteraper'd cause Within the hell o( rule. Shak:. Macbeth, v. 2. 5. A disease among sheep.— Angular chain- l)elt. See fjn>)w(«/-. — Belt of Orion. See '^Wo/! and ell- mod. Black belt. See ( SetzvisiiJi trifasciata, natu- ral size. Belvoisia Belvoisia (bel-voi'si-a), n. [NL., named after M. /)<«i'rf)/;<. a Frenet scientist.] A genus of two- winged flies, of the family Tachinida-, com- prising numerous gen- era, parasitic on other insects. They are most iliffi- fult to distinguish on account of the uniformity of their somber colors and the simi- larity of their structural characters. The only species of Bdroisia in the United States is e.xceptional by the beauty of its coloration, the third and fourth abdominal j.ints being briiht golden yellow, with only the hind bor- ■ l--rs black. It has been described as B. Iri/asciata (Fa- bvicius). and is parasitic on the green-striped maple-worm, AiiiMita rubieuwla, and allied species. belyet, i'. t- -An old spelling of helie'>: belyvet, "*• -Aji old spelling of fee/irel. Belzebub (bel'ze-bub), n. See Beehebub. bema (be'mii), «.; pi. hemata (-ma-ta). [Gr. pi]ua, a step.'a stage, platform, < ;iaivuv (•/ *,5a), go, = E. come, q. v.] 1. In (rr. antiq., a stage or kind of pulpit on which speakers stood when addressing an assembly. If a man could be admitted as an orator, as a regular dcmagogus. from the popular bema, or hustings, in that case he obtaiued a hearing. De Quincey, Style, iv. 2. In the Gr. Church, the sanctuary or chan- cel : the inclosed space surrounding the altar. It is the part of an Oriental church furthest from the front or main entrance, originally and usually raised above the level of the nave. The holy table (the altar) stands in its center, and behind this. ne:ii' or skirling the real- W.1II of the apse, is the gt/hthronu.^, >jy ^t•at for the bishop and clergy. Digger-wasp ( Bemttx /asci. ata], natural size. Bema. — Typical plan of Byzantine Church, St. Theodore, Athens. A D. bema; S H and B' f. . paralicmata (A P.. prothesis; B' E' , diAconicon : C.alur: />. apse: A", /:, secondary apses : F F.'viono- stasis ; t#'. dome and choir : //, nave : / / , antiparabcmata : y y jf, narthcx: A', chief entrance ; Z.. south porch ; A/, holy doors, or dwarf foldinf doors, with ampbilhyra. An architectural screen (iconostaitU)) with a curtain (^amphi- tliiira) at its doors, or, a.s was the case especially ni early times, a curtain only, separates the bema from the boily of the church. On either side of the bema are the i>ara- bemata, called respectively the yrothcxis and the diacoiii- con. These regularly communicate with the bema, and in poor churches often have little more than an indication of separation from it. Rubrically they are often counted as part of the bema. The Jewish type, which. If anywhere, prevails in the. Eastern Church, ropiires a fourfold division; the Holy of Holies anawering to the Uma, the Holy flace to thi' choir, the LVuirt of the Jews to the nave, and that of the Gentiles to the narthex. ./. 3t. yetilc, Eastern Church, i. 17". 8. A step; a rough measure of length employed by the Oreek.s and Macedonians when slmliii were paced off, ami not raerely estimatfd by shouting. It was conildered to be 2) feet, which tor this pur|H>»e are prni tically iilenllcHl with English feel. In a late lonn of llie I'hiletierelan (i. <•., rergameninn) system it became as exait measure 21 feet; but these feet were of Ih'' Itabylonlan nibit, so that the bema was U.HitS meter, ai cording to lA'p»iii.>t. In the later Jewish system, the l..-inJi appears AS two royal cubits, or l.O.'il meters. bemadt (be-mad'), v. t. [< 6c-i + mad.'] To iii;ik<' mad. i he patriarch herein did bewitch and Ittmad Godfrey. fiilhr. Holy War, II. r.. bemangleCbe-manK'Kl), r. t. [< ln-i + mtniiilc^.'] riig-ji'; lonr aMUiider. lirdnmimt. [linn. | b;iii.irt3rr (bi;-iiiiir'tiT), I-. t. [< '«-l + martyr.] I lilt to dfiith ns a mnrtyr. J^'iillcr. bciii.-i.Hk n>e-ini'i.sk'), r. t. [< fcc-' + mask.] To 'II ; 'oiiceal. Shrllon. bemritn, n. I'liinil of bema. h ' ' ' . ' •■ fl, H. [< dr. IhinnririT^r, iiV pttOCB, < flr/IIIITI^iiV, iMca- ,iiri(r-), n Btep, piieo,) An I oimurer undiT Alcxamlor the '■ I'lolemieii. Hi'n brma, 3. beni ' i;it'( r), c. /. \< hc-^ + mailer.] 'I'm it with maftiT. Niri/I. bem.i 1'), I-. I. [l. [XL., prop. Bcmbici(i(F. < Bembex, prop. Bembix (Bembic-) + -iil(C.] A family of solitary, aculeate or sting- bearing hymenopterous insects, resembling wasps or bees, and, along with the i'cm- /».)■ + dim. -Idiiim.] A genus of minute preda- tory caraboid beetles, sometimes forming tlic type of a family BembidiUlce, sometimes jilaced in Carabida: The species are characterized by an ovate body and large eyes. -Also Bcm- bidion. Bembix (bem'biks), n. [NL.] 1. Same as J!i iiihix. — 2. A genus of gastropods. Watsaii, IHTIJ. Bembridge beds. See bed^. bemet, «. [ilK., < AS. heme, bymc, a trumpet; supposed to be uU. imitative. Cf. boom'^, bum- ble, bomb^, Bembex, etc.] A trumpet. Of brass they broughten be.mfS. Chaucer, Nmi's Priest's Tale, I. 577. bemet, v. [< ME. bemen, < AS. bymian, < bymc. a trumpet: see bcmc, n.] I, intrans. To sound a trumpet. II. tnins. To summon with a trumpet. bemeanif, t'- '• [Early mod. E. bemeiic, < ME. bcmenCH (= UHG. biii'irinan, MHG. bemciiicii), mean; < 6f-l + mcaii^.] To mean; signify; inform. The croune of thorne that garte me blede, Itt be-infiies my digrnte. I'orA riat/i, p. 424. bemean'- (be-raen'), I', f. [< bc-^ + mean".] To ni!ilbaae; lower: as, to bcmmn one's self by low associations; to hinienii hu- man nature. [Dniinui is commonly but incor- rectly used in this sense. See deiiiiiiii-.] It is a pity that men should . . . beiivnii themselves by ilcfending themselves against charges of which the giaml- Jury of their own hejirt Ilinis them Innocent. Mux Mailer, lilograph. Essays, p. li". I felt iiulte ashamicl that a pal of mine should have so bemeaned himself for a few ounces of silver. Jatncn J'otin, Canon's Warcl. bemercyt (be-m^r'si), v. t. [< 6c-l + mercy.] 'I'll I lent wild mercy. bemetet (be-niof), k t. [ME. wanting; < AS. bcmelun, measure, compare, consider; < /»•-! + mile] To measure. Shak. [Karo.] bemingle(b<"'-nnng'Kl), r.l. [r as in iniBt. ben How can that judge walk right that is bnnisted in his way? Fetthnm, Resolves, ii. 4. bemitered, bemitred (be-mi'terd), a. [< 6e-i -I- mitir + -fe(wei-,.Shep.Cal., November, bencher (ben'eher), »(. l< bench, n., + -eA.'] 1. [E. dial, and Se. also benlc, In England, one of the senior members of an • • ' • inn of court, who have the government of the society. Benchers have been readers, aTid, being ad- mitted to plead withiu the bar, are called inner barristers. These were followed by a great crowd of superannuated benchers of the inns of court, senior fellows of colleges, and defunct statesmen. Addison, Trial of the Dead in Reason. 2. One who occupies an oflfieial bench ; a judge ; sometimes, specifically, a municipal or local magistrate ; an alderman or justice. [Rare.] You are well understood to be a perfecter giber for the table, than a necessary bencher in the Capitol. Shak., Col'., ii. 1. This corporation (New Windsor] consists of a mayor, two bailiffs, and twenty-eight other persons, . . . thirteen of which are called fellows, and ten of them aldermen or chief benchers. Ashmole, Berkshire, iii. 68. Each town [of colonial Virginia] was to be a free bor- ough with markets and an annual fair. For their gov- ernment, whenever the number of inhabitants should have become thirty families, they were, upon summons from the Governor, to elect eight benchers of the guild hall, who should annually elect one of their number di- rector. Johns Hopkins Hist. Studies, 3d ser., p. 106. 3t. One who frequents the benches of a tav- ern ; an idler Sometimes from the ben another apartment, called the iar-hcii. is roacheil. The terms hut and bcii arc now fre- "oiioiitlv ainilied to kitchen and parlor (or bedmoni) of a two ri" ■Hied dwelling, even when they .are on ojiposite sides .if a linle liall or passage. Hence, to lice but and ben. with iiiiV one is to occupy an apartment or series of apartments uii'the opposite side of the hall or passage from that oceu- ])ied Ity liim. ben-t, beneH, ". [ME., also bene, < AS. ben, a prayer, = Icel. been, a prayer, parallel with bon, >E. ^)0"«l, (I. v.] A prayer; a petition. ben''!. Obsolete or dialectal form of been^. ben* (Ijcn), ». [< Oael. and Ir. beinn, peak, sum ijiit, mountain, = W. jKu, top, srmimit, head.] .•\ mountain-peak: a word occurring chiefly in t he names of many of the highest summits of the ijKiimtain-ranges which traverse Scotland north of the friths of Clyde and Forth: as, Ben Nevis, Ben Mac-Dhui, Ben Lawers, etc. Sweet was the red-blooming heather \nd the river that flowed from the Ben. Jacobite So7iff. ben^ (t>en), n. [Early mod. E. also bcnn, < Ar. hi'iii, the tree which produces the ben-nut : see In n-nut.'i The ben-nut, properly the ben-nut free. ben", n. See behen. benamet, v. t. ; pret. and pp. bcnamed, benempt, pjir. bcnaming. [< ME. benemnen, < AS. benem- niiH (= G. benennen = Sw. bendmna), < &e-l 4- iiimiKtn, name: see 6e-i and name, ■«.] 1. To name ; denominate. He that is so oft bynempt. Spenser, Shep. Cat, July. And therefore he a courtier was benamed. Sir P. Sidnei/. 2. To promise ; give. Much greater gyfts for guerdon thou shaft gayne, Than Kidde or Cosset, which I thee bynempt. bench (bench), n. link, < ME. bench, benk, bynk, < AS. bene (orig. *banki) = OS. bank, benki = D. bank = OHO. lanch, MHG. G. bank = Icel. bekkr = Sw. bank = Dan. bwnk, a bench: see 6a«/il, bank".] 1. A long seat, usually of board or plank, or of stone, differing from a stool in its greater length. He took his place once more on the bench at the inn door. Irving, Sketch-Book, p. 64. S. The seat where judges sit in court ; the seat of justice. To pluck down justice from your awful bench. Shak., 2 Heu. IV., v. 2. Hence — 3. The body of persons who sit as judges ; the court : as, the case is to go before the full bench.— 4:. A strong table oil which carpenters or other mechanics do their work ; a work-bench, in this sense bench forms an element in a immber of compound words denoting tools used on a bench, such as bench-drill, bench-hammer, bench-plane. 5. The floor or ledge which supports muffles and retorts. — 6. A platform or a series of ele- vated stalls or boxes on which animals are placed for exhibition, as at a dog-show. Bench-table.— Church of Notre Dame, Ch4- lons-sur-Marne, France. A vise which may Excellence on the bench and exceUence in the field may bcnchership (ben'cher-ship), n. [< bencher + be two utterly diverse things. -ship.'] The office or condition of a bencher. Forest ctml Stream. XXII 361. .j,,^^^ ^^^^^ benchers of the Inner Temple] were coevals, 7. In eiifirin., a ledge left on the edge of a cutting and had nothing but that and their tenc/icrsAi/j in com- in earthwork to strengthen it.— 8. In (jeol. and mou. Lamb, Old Benchers. mining: (a) A natural terrace, marking the bench-forge (bench'forj), n. A small hearth outcrop of a harder seam or stratum, and thus and blower adapted for use on a workman's indicating a change in the character of the rock On this rest argillaceous, splendent, siliceous talc scllists, sometimes containing chiastolite ; and on these, three benches of conglomerates, tuffs, and argillaceous schists and lime-stones, which he refers to the Potsdam sand- Btones. Science, III. 72t). (b) In coal-mining, a division of a coal-seam separated from the remainder of the bed by a parting of shale or any other kind of rock or bench. bench-hammer (beneh'ham"er), n. A finish- ers' or blacksmiths' hammer. bench-hook (beneh'hiik), n. A hook with pro- jecting teeth used on a carpentei-'s bench to keep the work from moving sidewise. It is fitted in amortise, so that it can be placed at any required height. It is also made in various clasp-shapes, and called a bench- jf. p, — — — ., clamp. 7 _i_ - 1 n 1 mineral. [Pennsylvania.] — 9. A small area benching (I)en'ehing), n. l are used in making a certain kind of car-wheels. It consists of a circular saw with a traveling bed which is moved by a screw, and by means of a system of levers actuated by projecting and adjustable pins throws the belt automatically from one to another of three pulleys, causing the action to be direct or reversed, Benches; seats generally.— 2. la coal-mining, one of the many names given to the process of getting the coal after it has been holed. See /(o?ei and kirve. bench-lathe (bench'lain), n. A small lathe which can be mounted on a post placed in a socket in a bench. bench-level (beneh'lev"el), n. A level used in setting up a machine, to bring its bed into an exactly horizontal position. » bench-'mark (bench'mark), n. [< bench + »iO)7;l : in reference to the angle-iron which in taking a reading is inserted in the horizontal cut so as to form a support or bench for the leveling-stafl'.] In surv., a mark cut in stone or some durable material as a starting-point in a line of levels for the determination of alti- tudes over any region, or one of a number of similar marks made at suitable distances as the survey advances. bend They [places of the stars] are the reference-points and bench-marks of the universe. Science, IV. 202. bench-master (beneh'mas*t6r), n. In England, a governor of an inn of court; an alderman. /«(/*. Dili. bench-plane (bonch'plan), n. Any form of piano used on Hat surfaces, as the block-plane, the compass-piano, the jack-plane, the jointer, the long plane, the smoothing-plane, and the try- ing-plane. bench-reel (bench'rel), «. A spinning-wheel on tlio jiirn or bobbin of which a sailmaker winds tlio yarn. E. H. Knight. bench-screw ( bench'skrci), n. The screw which secures tlie vise-jaw of a carpenter's bench. bench-shears (bench'sherz), n. j;/. Large hand- sliears for cutting metal. bench-show (boneh'slio), H. An exhibition of animals, as of dogs or cats, which are arranged on benches for a comparison of their physical merits according to a fixed scale of points: in contradistinction to a field-show, or field-trial, where awards are made for performance. Bench-shows and field trials in America . . . have be- come permanent institutions. Forest and Stream, XXI. 3. bench-stop (bench'stop), n. Abench-hookmade to bo fastened down on a piece of work, some- times by means of a screw. bench-strip (bench'strip), n. A strip of wood or metal capable of being fixed on a work- bench at any '"">{. I'flf*-'!' I, '''. required dis- tance from the edge, to assist in steadying the article or material being worked on. bench-table (beuch'ta"bl), n. A low stone seat carried around the in- terior walls of many medie- val churches. bench-vise (beneh'vis), be attached to a bench. bench-warrant (bench'wor"ant), n. In /«!(>, a warrant issued by a judge or court, or Ijy order of a judge or court, for the apprehension of art offender: so called in opposition to a, justices warrant, issued by an ordinary justice of the peaceorpolioe magistrate. Mozleyand Wkiteley. bendl (bend), n. [< ME. bend, < AS. bend, rarely ba'nd, fern, and masc. (= OS. b&ndi = OFries. bendc = OD. bende = Goth, bandi), a band, bond, fetter ; cognate with 'band, E- band'-, < bindan (pret. band), bind: see band^. Bend'- is practically identical with band'-, th& two being partly merged in use with the closely related pair hand'^. bend". In senses 4-11 bend is modern, from the corresponding verb : see- 6c»rfi, c] It. A band; a bond; a fetter; in. plural, bands; bonds; confinement. — 2f. A. band or clamp of metal or other material used to strengthen or hold together a box or frame- In all that rowme was nothing to be scene But huge great yron chests, and coffers strong, All bard with double bends. Spenser, F. Q., II. viL 30; 3. Naut.: (a) That part of a rope which is- fastened to another or to an anchor. (6) A knot by which a rope is fastened to another rope or to something els?. The different sorts are distinguished as fisherman's bend, carrick- bend, etc. See cut under carrick-bend. (c) One of the small ropes used to confine the clinch of a cable, (d) pi. The thick planks in a ship's side below the waterways or the gun-deck port- sills. More properly called uales. They are reck- oned from the water ^s first, second, or third bend. They liave the beams, knees, and foot-hooks bolted to them,, aiul are the chief strength of the ships sides. 4. [See etym.] The action of bending, or state- of being bent or curved ; incirrvation ; flexm-e : as, to give a bend to anything: to have a bend of the back. — 5. An incUnation of the body; a bow. — 6t. -An inclination of the eye; a turn or glance of the eye. And that same eye, whose bend doth awe the world, Did lose his lustre. Shak., J. C, i. 2. 7t. Inclination of the mind ; disposition ; bent. Farewell, poor swain ; thou art not for my boul, I must have quicker souls. Fletcher, Faithful Shepherdess, i. 3. 8. A part that is bent ; a curve or flexure ; a crook; a turn in a road or river, etc.: as, the bend of a bow, or of a range of hills. bend Just ahead of ns is a great bend in the river, beyond wlik-h the wind drops dead and the current hurls us up un- der a beetling crajr. C. TT. Stoiidard, Mashallah. p. 137. 9. A ctirved or elbow-shaped pipe used to change direction, as in a drain. — 10. A spiing; a leap; a bound. Jamieson. [Scotch.] — 11. A •■pull" of liqnor. Jamieson. [Scotch.] Come, gie's the other bt-nd, Well drink their health, whatever way it end. AUan Rarnsat/, Gentle Shepherd. iiL 2. 12. In mining, indurated clay, or any indurated argillaceous substance — Close-return bend, a sh^rt r.shaped tube joining the e.xtreniities ot two wruught-iron pipes.— Grecian bend, a nii'de of wsiUdng with a slight stoop forward, at one time alfected by some women. bendi (bend), r. ; pret. and pp. bent, rarely bend- ed, ppr. bending. [< ME. benden. < AS. bendan, bind, fetter, restrain, bend a bow (= MHG. bendt. ii , fetter, = Icel. benda = S w. bdnda = Dan. b(ende, bend; cf. OF. bender, mod. F. bander, tie, bind, bend, hoodwink, = Pr. bcndar = Sp. Pg. vender, bind, hoodwink. = It. hendare, hood- wink), prop, fasten with a bend or band, < bend, E. bend^, a band, the noun being practically identical with band^, n. The nouns and verbs of these groups {hancP-. bend\ band", bend^, etc.) reacted on each other both in Teut. and Koni., developing a variety of senses which have a double reference.] I. trans. 1. To bring or strain into a state of tension by cur- vature, as a bow preparatory to launching an aiTow. What, are the hounds before and all the woodmen, Our horses ready and our bows bent i Beau, and Fl., Philaster, iv. 1. Our English archers bent their bowes. Their harts were good and trew ; Att the tlrst Might of arrowes sent, Full four-score Scots they slew. Percrt's lieliques, p, 142, Hence — 2. Figuratively, to brace up or bring into tension, like a strong bow: generally with up. [Obsolete or archaic] Now set tile teeth, and stretch the nostril wide ; Hold h,ard the breath, midbend up every spirit To his (nil height ! Shak., Hen. V,, iii. 1, Her whole mind apparently betit up to the solemn in- terview. Scott, Old .Mortality, vii. 3. To curve or make crooked; deflect from a nonnal condition of straightness ; flex : as, to bend a stick ; to bind the arm. In duty bend thy knee to me. Shak., 2 Hen. VI., v. 1. A kindly old man, . . . somewhat 6«i( by his legal eru- dition, as a shelf is by the weight of the books upon it. Lonftfellow, Kavanagh, xvi. 4. To direct to a certain jioint : as, to bend one's course, way, or steps; to bend one's looks or eyes. Towards Coventry bend we our course, Shak., 3 Hen. VI., iv. 8. Southwards, you may be sure, they bent their ilight. And harljour'd in a hollow mck at niglit. Drijden, Hind anil Panther, 1. 1747. How sweet are looks that ladies bend On whom their favors fall ! Tennyton, Sir Galahad. 6. Figuratively, to apply closely: said of the mind. It must needs lie they should liend all tlicir Intentions and services to no other ends but t^) bis. Mitton, Church-Government, ii. To bend his mind to any public business, .Sir W. Temple. 6. To incline ; determine : said of a person or of his disposition: as, to bo bent on mis- chief. , Where will Incllneth to goodncs, the myndo Is bent to truth. AMcham, The .Scholemnstcr, ji. 70. One great design on which the king's whole soul was Unf. Maraidaif, Hist. Eng., vl. ^tlll bent to make some port he knr^wH not where, M. A rnittd, A Hummer Night, '• cause to bow or yield; Hulidue; make ■ivo: us, to bend a man \i> one's will. Except she bend her hinnour. Shak., (ytnbellne, I. 8, Oh there arc words and looks To bend the stenieat |Mir|>'abl<' t» an unclior. Bent levi I raver, 'ii- M.cib. ,. To bend an.i. . ,!,•■ It (ii»l I" ll« |.r..i"t yiir.l. L-.iir, ..i •I. ,,- To bend the brow or brows. i** ki> ■»! ; Iritwn. n. 1 . To b« or become curved or crook- 'i. TTicn was I as a Iffe Wh'jue Imighs did bend wlih (nilt. ^A'lJ.-., Cynilielliic, 1 I 2. To incline; lean or turn the road bends to the west. To whom oiu- vows and wishes bend. .Milton, Arcades. 1. fi. Our states daily Bendinj to bad, our hopes to worse. B. Jonson, Catiline, i. 1. Descend where alleys bend Into the spai-ry hollows of the worlil. Krats. 3. To jut over ; overhang. There is a cliff whose high and betiding head Looks fearfully in the confined deep. Shak., Lear, iv. 1. 4. To bow or be submissive: as, to bend to fate. Most humbly therefore bending to your st.ite. Shak., Othello, L 3. Must we bend to the artist, who considers us as nothing unless we are canvas or marble under his hands? /. D' Israeli, Lit. Char. Men of Genius, p. 14.'>. 5. To spring; bound, Jamieson. [Scotch,] - [Scotch.]— To Beiiiilt-'ts gules. A Bend azure. 522 beneath be directed: as, bendingl (ben'ding), n. [Verbal n. of bendfi-, !'.] The act of causing to bend, or the state of being bent or deflected; a deflection. If matter that will not yield at each bend is deposited while the bendinrjs are continually taking place, the bend- inys will maintain certain places of discontinuity in the deposit. /f. Spencer, Prin. of Biol., § 257._ bending-t, »■ [< bend^, «., + -imj.'i Decoration (of clothes) with stripes or horizontal bands. ClKiiicer. bending-machine (ben'ding-ma-shen"), n. Att .npparatus for bending to shape timber, rails, iron beams for sliips, plates for boilers, etc. bending-Strake (ben'dtng-strak), «. In ship- buildinfi, one of two strakes wrought near tna deck-coverings, worked all fore and aft. They are about an inch or an inch and a half thicker than the remainder of the deck, but are lowered between the beamB and ledges to make the upper side even with the rest Their use is to make a more complete tie between the (leck-fr:inie ami deck-plank. bend-leather (bend'lcTH'fer), n. [< bend^ + kuther.'] The strongest kind of sole-leather for shoes. See bend~, 2. bendlet (bend'let), «. [Early mod. E. also bendelet, appar. < bendel + -et ; but cf. OF. bendelette, dim. of bende, band. Doublet baiidlet.] 1. lu her., a bearing of the nature of the bond, but half as wide. Also called garter. — 2. A name of the common British sea-ane- mone. Actinia mcsfnihri/anthe- inuni Bendlet sinister, in her., a beiidlet drawn troin the sinister chief to the dexter base. bendsome (bend'sum), a. [< 6fH((l + -some. Cf. hi(.nini.~\ Flexible; pliable. [Kare.] bendways (bend'waz), adr. Hsiiae us bendtoise. bendwise (bend'wiz), adr. [< bend- + icise^.] In lur., lying in the direction of the bend: said of any bearing : as, a sword beiidirise. bendwitht, ". [ME. henwyt-tre (latervar. benewith tre — Prompt, Parv.) ; perhaps < bendl -1- tcitli^ (cf. bindiritli); but cf. Sw. hen- red, dogborry-trec, Icel. hein- ridhr, bcincidlii, ebony (lit. bono- wood); also Icel. beincidliir, a willow {Sulix arbtiscula), lit. bone-withy.] An old name of a shrnb not identified. Its twigs were used to tie up fagots. bendy (beu'di), a. [< OF, bende, F. band/', pp. of bander, cross with Viands: see bend-.] In lier., divided into four or more diagonal parts in the direction of the bend : said of the field. This word is used, no matter bow great the nuinl)er of the divisiiuis, as brndletii ami coltisit, which would he the regular forms, are awkwanl in use.— Bendy barry, in her. Sec bariij bendy, under (iarii/2.— Bendy paly, in /('/■., «iivi(lcd by lines iteiidwise and palcwise, and tliere* foiT 'Uvi.icd into lozenges. bendy-tree (ben'di-tre), ». The Thexpesia po- jinlnea, an ornamental tree of rapid growth, often planted in gardens and avenues in India, bene't, ". See ben". bene-'t, "■ See bein. bene-', ", See bennc. bene-. [Ij. bene-, sometimos beni-, combining I'lirin of litne, adv,, well, < bonus, good: see lioon-, bonu.s:] An elenienl of some words of Latin origin, meaning well, good, as in ^ciic- liirliiin, benefit, benevolence, etc.: opposed to male-, mill-. beneaped (be-nejit'), a. [< fte-i + neap + -ed^.] .\inil.. same as neaped. beneath (lio-nflh'), adv. and prep. [< ME. be- nellie, bintihe, binellien, adv. and prep., < AS. hrneothan, binitluin, pr(>p, (= OFrics. hinethas 1). liineiUn = ^Ai. In nedden = {}. Iirnirwn end Of lovely Nymphs, Spenaer, Shep, Cal,, May. The Duke of Gloucester . . . and other I.ord«, tlii' chief of Ills Wnd. Speed, Hist. (It. llrll., I.\. xvlll. l... bendable (ben'da-bl), a. [< i'«(/l + -able.} i'niialiio of being bent ; flexible, .^heriraiid. bende (lieiid), », [Origin uiiknown,] Avariety of the iilieliiioselmSiUsed iniMidkery. MilUriilli. bendelt, "• [ME,, < OF. bendel, bamlel, dim. of III uilr, bande, a band ; doubh-t of bamlel, handian.] 1. A little band or fillet.— 2. In her., a little bend. benaer (bi-nMer), ». 1. Ouo who or that which bends,— 2. A HJxpi'nco. [Eng. slang.] — 3. A leg, [U.*i. slang.] The prospectus (of a new fiislilonable bonnUng scliiiolj has been sent to our house. One of the reuillatlolis is. " Young lai Kamnai/. I'octna, III 112(1048), Bendigo ware, iii-n pollcry. The generars dtsdaiird Uy him one step below ; he, by the next; I'hal next, by hlin henealh. Shak., T, anil C, 1,8. next, by 1 2. Hi'low, as op])OHi'd to on high, or in heaven or oilier su])erior region. Thou nhalt not make . , , any likeness of anything that Is In heaven nliove, or that Is hi the earth beneath. Ei. IX. 4. beneath II. prep. 1. Below; under: with reference to what is overhead or towers aloft : as, beneath the same roof. For all beneath the moon Would I not leap upright. Shak., Lear, iv. C. A3 I lay beneath the woodland tree. Whiltier, M(jgg Megone. Tliey sat Beneath a world-old yew-tree, darkening half The cloisters. Tennyson, Holy Grail. 2. Underneath, whether in immediate contact ■with the under side of, or further down than ; lower in place than : as, to place a cushion be- neath one; beneath one's ieet; beneath the sut- face: sometimes with verbs of motion: as, he sank beneath the wave. As he was raising his arm to make a blow, an arrow pierced him, just beneath the shoulder, at the open part of the corselet. Irmny, Granada, p. (i'J. 3. Under the weight or pressiu'O of; under the action or influence of: as, to sink beneath a turden. Our country sinks beneath the yoke. Shak., Macbeth, iv. 3. It is my fate To bear and bow beneath a thousand griefs. Beau, and Fl., JIaid's Tragedy, iii. 1. Wherever lights appeared, the flashing scinietar was at Its deadly work, and all who attempted resistance fell beneath its edge. Irving, Granada, p. 21. 4. Lower than, in rauk, dignity, degi'ee, or ex- cellence; below: as, brutes are beneath man; man is beneath the angels. Maintain Thy father's soul : thou hast no blood to mix With any beneath prince. Shirley, Bird in a Cage, i. 1. Beyond the limits of a vulgar fate. Beneath the Good how far — but far above the Great. Gray, Prog, of Poetry, iii. 3. 5. Unworthy of; unbecoming; not equal to; telow the level of: as, beneath contempt. He will do nothing that is beneath his high station. Atterbury. He had never sullied himself with business, but had chosen to starve like a man of honour, than do anything hemath his quality. Addison, Trial of Punctilios. Beneath the saltt, in a subordinate or inferior position. My proud lady Admits him to her table ; marry, ever Beneath the salt, and there he sits the subject Of her contempt and scorn. Massinger, The City Madam, i. 1. = S5T1. Under, etc. See below. beneatht (be-neth'), a. Lower. This beneath world. Shak., T. of A., i. 1. Benedic (ben'e-dik), n. [LL., prop. 2d pers. sing. pres. imp'v. of benedicere, bless: see bene- dict.'] 1. The canticle beginning in Latin "Benedic, anima mea," and in English "Praise the Lord, O my soul," from Psalm ciii. In the American Prayer-Book it is an alternative of the Deus misereatur (as ordered in 1SS6, either of the Nunc dimit- tis or Dens miserealur) at Evening Prayer. 2. A musical setting of this canticle. Benedicite (ben-e-dis'i-te), n. [LL., prop. 2d pers. pi. pres. inipv. of benedicere, bless: see benedict.'] 1. The canticle or hymn beginidng in Latin "Benedicite omnia opera Domini," and in English " O all ye works of the Lord, bless ye the Lord,'' taken from " The Song of the Three Holy Children " forming part of the Apocrypha in the English Bible, it is essentially an expansion ■of Psalm cxiviii., and has been used from a very early period in the Christian church. In the Anglican service it is used as an alternate to the Te Deum. 2. A musical setting of this canticle. — 3. [l. c] An invocation of a blessing, especially a blessing before a repast, as said in religious communities, etc., answering to the grace ov thanksgiving after it. — 4t. [A common use in ME., where the word was often contracted ben- dicite, benste.] Usedinterjectionally: («) Bless you! expressing a wish. (6) Bless us! bless me! expressing surprise. benedick (ben'e-dik), V. See benedict. benedict (beu'e-dikt), «. and n. [In ME. bene- du/ht, < LL. bencdicttw, blessed (in ML. often as a proper name Bencdictus, whence in E. Bene- dict, Benedick, and (through F.) Bennet, Ben- nett; cf. also benet'^, bennet^), pp. of benedicere, bless, use words of good omen, in class. L. al- ways as two words, bene dicere: bene, well; dicerc, say, speak.] I.t o. Blessed; benign; salutary; especially, in med., having mild and salubrious qualities : as, "medicines that are benedict," Bacon, Nat. Hist., ^ 19. II. n. [In allusion to Benedick, one of the characters in Shakspere's play of "Much Ado about Nothing " ; esp. to the phrase, ' ' Benedick, the married man" (i. 1.). Benedick is an easy lorm of Benedict.] A sportive name for a 523 newly married man, especially one who has been long a bachelor, or who has been iir the habit of ridiculing marriage. Having aliandoned all his old misogyny, and iiis pro- fe.s.siuiis of single independence, Ctelebs has lieconie a benetiiek. ix. p. Jt. James, Hern'y Masterton. Benedictine (ben-e-dik'tiu), a. and n. [< ML. Biiiiilirlinm, < Bencdictus : see benedict.] I, a. I'ertainiiig to St. Benedict, or to the order of monks or the monastic rule originating from him. II. n. 1. A member of an order of monks founded at Monte Cassino, between Rome and Naples, by St. Benedict of Nursia, about A. D. 530. The rules of the order (which was open to persons of all ages, conditions, and callings) enjoined silence and some useful employment when not engaged in divine ser- vice. Every monastery llad a library, every monk a pen and tablets, and study anti the copying of maimscripts were encouraged. The monasteries became centers of learning and the liberal arts, and the name of the order synonymous with scholarship and erudition. The order was introduced into England about A. D. 600, by St. Au- gustine of Canterbury. The oldest establishment in the United St.ates is that of St. Vincent's Abbey in Westmore- land county, Pennsylvania, founded by a colony of inonks from Bavaria in 184(i. There are also diiferent eongregu- tions of nuns known as Benedictines, and following llio rule of St. Benedict ; they date from the same lime, owing tiieir foundation to his sister, St. Scliolastica. 2. A cordial or liqueur, resembling chartreuse, distilled at Fecamp in Normandy. It w:is ori- ginally preiiared by the Benedictine monks, but since tlie French revolution has been made by a secular company. benediction (ben-e-dik'shon), n. [< LL. bene- dictio(n-), blessing,' < benedicere, bless, use words of good omen : see benedict. Benison is a shorter form of the same word.] 1. The act of speak- ing well to or of; blessing. — 2. (a) An invo- cation of divine blessing, either by a private individual or a church official; specifically, in the Christian church generally, the form of blessing pronotmced by the person officiating, at the close of divine service and on several other occasions, as man'iages, the visitation of the sick, etc. The benedictions of the good Franciscans accompanied us .as we rode away from the convent. B. Taylor, Lands of the Saracen, p. 103. The benediction ... is given in a different manner by the Oriental Church from that used by the Latins. The Priest joins his thumb and third finger, and erects and joins the other three : and is thus supposed to symbolise the procession of the Holy Ghost from the Father alone ; and, according to others, to form the sacred letters I H C by the position of his fingers. J. M. Neale, Eastern Church, i. 352, note. When the benediction is pronounced officially by a priest or clergyman, he usually stands with hands uplifted, and the congregation receive it with bowed heads. Illustra- tions of ancient benedictions are afforded by Gen. xxiv. 60 (a nuptial blessing) ; Gen. xxvii. 27-29 (a death-bed bless- ing); Num. vi. 2i-27(a priestly blessing). The apostolic benediction is that proceeding from the pope, and is either given personally, as at Rome, or by delegation in other parts of tlie world. See blessing, (h) The rite of in- stituting an abbot or an abbess, and of receiving the profession of a nun or of a religious knight. The action of the archbishops was excluded, and the abbots elect sought confirmation, if not benediction also, at Rome. Stubbs, Const. Hist., § 710. ((■) An additional ceremony performed by a priest after the regular celebration of matri- mony: called the nuptial benediction, (d) The ceremony by which things are set aside for sacred uses, as a church or vestments, bells, etc., or things for ordinary use are hallowed, as houses, etc.— 3. The advantage conferred by blessing or the invocation of blessings. Prosperity is the blessing of the Old Testament ; adver- sity is the blessing of the New, which carried the greater benediction, and the clearer revelation of God's favour. Bacon, Of Adversity. Over and above this [sense for light and shade] we have received yet one more gift, something not quite necessary, a benediction, as it were, in our .sense for and enjoyment of colour. 0. .V. Hood, Modern Chromatics, p. 304. Benediction of the Blessed Sacrament, one of the more connuon religious services of the Roman Catholic Church, in which, after the solemn exposition, incensing, and adoration of the eucharist, which is inclosed in a monstrance and placed under a canopy on the altar, the officiating priest, taking the monstrance in his hands, makes the sign of the cross with it in blessing over the kneeling faithful.— The apostolic benediction, a bene- diction in the words of 2 »\>r. xiii. U. benedlctional, benedictionale (ben-e-dik'- shou-al, ben-e-dik-sho-na'le), n. [< ML. bene- dictio'iudis (sc. Jiber, book), < LL. benedictio(n-): see benediction.] In the Rom. Cath. Cli., a book containing a collection of benedictions or bless- ings used in its religious services. Psalters, liooks of Gospels, Benedictionals, Canons, and other treatises relating to the discipline and ceremonial of the Church. Edinburgh Rev., CLXIII. 63. The Sarum, like the Anglo-Saxon Bemdictiovial, con- tained the forms for blessing the people, by the bishop, at high mass. Kock, Church of our Fathers, III. ii. 213. benefic benedictionary (ben-e-dik'shon-a-ri), n. [< ML.a.sif ' lienediclionarium,<. LL'. benedictio{n-) : see benediction.] A collection of benedictions or blessings ; a benedlctional. Tile betii'.dietionarg of Bishop Athelwood. Bj). Still. benedictive (ben-e-dik'tiv), a. [< LL. bene- dictus (see benedict) + -ive.] Tending to bless; giving a blessing. His paternal jirayers ami benedictive comprecations. liji. tiatiden, Mem. of Bp. Brownrigg, p. 201. benedictory (ben-e-dik'to-ri), a. [< LL. as if "liincdictoriu.s, < bencdictus : see benedict.] Blessing; expressing a benediction or wishes for good: as, "a benedictory prayer," Thack- eray. BenedictUS (ben-e-dik'tus), n. [LL., blessed: aee lii'iicdict.] 1. The short canticle or hymn, also distinctively called the Bencdictus qui rc- nit, beginning in Latin "Bencdictus qui venit in nomine Domini," and in English "Blessed is He that eomoth in the name of the Ijord," preceded and followed by "Hosanna in Exeel- sis," that is, "Hosanna in the highest," which is usually appended in the Roman (.'atholio mass to the Sanctus, from Psalm cxviii. 26, Luke xix. 38, etc. The Bencdictus qui venit was re- tained in the Prayer-Book of 1549, and is sung in some Anglican clmrclies at choral or solemn celebrations of the lioly eonnnuiiinn, just before the prayer of consecration. 2. A musical setting of this canticle, forming a separate movement in a mass. — 3. The can- ticle or hymn beginning in Latin " Bencdictus Dominus Deus Israel," and in English "Blessed be the Lord God of Israel" ; the song of Zach- arias, Luke i. 68-71. in the English Prayer-Book it is the canticle following the second lesson with the Jubi- late as its alternate. In the American Prayer-Book only the first four verses are given ; alterations made in 1886 direct the use of the whole canticle on Sundays in Advent, but permit the omission at other times of the portion fol- lowing the fom'th verse. 4. A musical setting of this canticle. benedightt (ben'e-dit), a. [ME. bcnedyght, ben- edight, < LL. bencdictus : see benedict.] Blessed. And soul more white Never through martyrdom of fire was led To its repose ; nor can in books be read The legend of a life more benedight. Long/elloiv, The Cross of Snow. bene discessit (be'ne di-ses'it). [L., he has de- parted honorably.] In English universities, a permission by the master and fellows of a college to a student to leave that college and enter another. Mr. Pope, being about to remove from Trinity to Em- manuel by bene discessit, was desirous of taking my rooms. Alma Mater, i. 167. bene exeat (be'ne ek'se-at). [L., let him depart honoralily.] A certificate of good character given by a bishop to one of his clergy remo'ving to another diocese : as, he brought a bene exeat from his last bishop. benefaction (ben-f-fak'shon), n. [< LL. bene- J'actio{n-), < bene/actus, pp. of benej'acere, in class. L. always written as two ■nords, bene facere, do good to, benefit : bene, well ; fncere, do. Cf. benefit.] 1. The act of conferring a benefit; a doing of good ; beneficence. Worshipping God and the Lamb in the temple : God, for* his benefaction in creating all things, and the Lamb, for his heixefactvin in redeeming us with his blood. Sewtoru 2. A benefit conferred; especially, a charitable donation. A man of true generosity will study in what manner to render llis benefaction most advantageous. Melmoth, tr. of Pliny, vii. 18. = Syn. 1. Kindness.— 2. Gift, contribution, alms, charity. benefactor (ben-e-fak'tor), «. [< LL. benefactor, < benej'acere, do good to: see benefaction.] 1. Literally, a well-doer; one who does good. [Rare.] * Bene.factors ? Well ; what benefactors are they ? are they not malefactors? Shak., M. for M., ii. I. 2. One who confers a benefit : a kindly helper: as, "the gi'eat benefactor oi mankind," Milton, P. E., iii. 82. He is the true benefactor and alone worthy of Honor who brings comfort where before was wretchedness, who dries the tear of sorrow. Sumner, True Grandeur of Nations. 3. One who makes a benefaction to or endows a charitable or other institution ; one who maki's a bequest. benefactress (ben-f-fak'tres), «. [< benefactor + -r.w.] xV female benefactor. benefic (be-nef'ik), a. and n. [Formerly bene- fiquc ; < L. beneficus, < bene, well, + facere, do.] I. a. 1. Beneficent. [Rare.] benefic He being equally neere to his whole Creation of Man- ki.i'! :t:, i .>f free power to turn his betu-jick awl fatherly r. il Region or Kingtlome he plt-ases. hatli yet - Hand under tlie spec-iall indulgent eye of _;■. Milton, Del", of Humb. Kenionst, 2. In astrol., of good or favorable influence. The kind and truly benejit/ue Eucolos. B, JoiiKon, Cynthia's Revels, v. 3. H. ". In asfro/., a favorable planet; Jupiter or ^'pnus. benefice (ben'e-Ss), n. [< ME. benefice, bene- fise, < OF. benefice, F. benefice, < LL. beneficium, estate granted, L. beneficium, a favor, kind- ness, (.beneficiig, kind, liberal: see bcnefic.1 1. In feudal laic, originally, a fee or an estate in lauds granted for life only, and held «• ineio beneficio (on the mere good pleasure) of the donor. Such estates afterward becoming hereditary, the word /gud was used for gi'ants to indii'iduals, and beimjice became restricted to church livings. The Beneticiuni, or Beuencc, an assignment of land by a coni|uering Teutonic king as the reward or price of mili- tary service, is allowed on all sides to have had much to do with this great chancre (from allodial to feudal) in the legal point of view. Main';, Early Law and Custom, p. 345. The kings gave their leading chiefs portions of con- quered land or of the royal domains, uniler the name of benefices. Lecki/, Em'op. Morals, II. '2S6. 2. An ecclesiastical living; a church office endowed with a revenue for its proper fulfil- ment; the revenue itself. The following terms of canon law are freijuently found associated with this word, which is of historical imjmrtance : A benefice in- volving no other obligation than service in the public otfices of the church is tdmpie ; if the cure of souls is at- tached to it, double : if with a certain rank attached, diif- nitary or tnajor ; the two former without rank, minor. Thus, a chnntni was a simple benefice ; a prebend gives the right to only a part of the income of a canom-y at- tached to a collegiate or cathedral church ; while the hen£- Jiee is perpetual and has a charge, though there are some (catleit manual, from their being in the bands of the one conferring them) revocable. The benefice issaid tobe r<'.7»- tar if held by one i|nali>led to fulfil the duties e reserved or afected (which see); or the collation is made alternative, that is, to the pope and regular patron or superior, according to tlie months in which the benefice falls vacant, by definite system. Ful thredbare was his overeste courtepy. For he baddc geten him yet no benefice. Chaucer, (ien. Prol. to C. T., 1. 291. The estates of a bishop or abbot came now to be looked on as a fief, a ttenefice, held personally of the King. A*. A. Freeman, Norm. Conq., V. hi. One priest, being little learned, would liold ten or twelve benefices, and reside on none. jB /(. ir. Dixon, Hist. Church of Eng., i. 3t. Benefit. Verely. this thyng by the benefice of philosd^bie was roted in hym, that he sUxle in rlredeof no man liuying. Udall, tr. of Eriisnnis's Apopbthcgmes, p. 70. B^n^flCe de discussion, in French law, the legal right of a debtor who is Hecundarlly liable to demand that the creditor should be required first to reach and comi)el application of the property of the prlncii>al debtor before dl^cuHMJng his property. tbeneflced (ben'e-list), a. [< benefice + -ed-.] Possessed of a benefice or church preferment. All manner persons of holy church . . . beneficed in ihtr realm of France. Hall, lien. V., an. h. My Father sent me thither to one Mr. Oeorge Bradshaw (nomen Invlsum ! yet the son of an excellent father, bene- ficed in .Surrey). Hreli/n, lilary. May 10, )«:i7. ftenefieed men. Instead of residing, were found lying at the Court in lorils' house.* ; they tiiok all from their parifll). loners, and did nothing for Ibem. It. »'. Dixon, Hist. Church of Eng., I. beneficeleSS (ben'o-fis-les), a. [< benefice + ■'' .] Miivitig no hi-nclieo; ns, " bencficeless jr' ' r-inFis," .Shrlilon, Mirai'les, ]i. I'.tO. beneficence (b^-nef i-»<;iiM), ». [< h. bcneficen- 1,11 ' •'irri<')fc< «({-)», beiieilcent: ni'i' hem ficcn I. "] i '• pnicticti of doing go. 2.'>.'5. beneficential (be-nef-i-sen'slial), a. [< L. be- iirfirentia (see beneficence) + -n/.] Of or ihm-- taiuiiig to beneficcuce; coucorncd witli wlint is most bonolicial to mankind. \. E. 1). beneficently (be-nefi-sent-li), adr. In a bc- Mi'lieiiil manlier. beneficia, ". I'lural of beneficium. beneficial (ben-f'-fisli'iil), a. and H. [< \j\j. brntfirittli^, < L. hrnefii'inm, ii benefit ; see hrnc- fice.'] I. a. 1. Conlriliiiliiig tci n vnliiiilile eiiil ; conferring benelit; advantageous; prolitablo; useful ; helpful. The war which would have been most beneficial to us. ,S'in/f. That which Is beneficial tntho community as a whole, it will becnnie the private Inten^st of some jiart of the com. munity to uceoniplish. //. .•>peneer, .Hoelul Statics, p. 41:!. 2. Having or conferring tlio right to the use or benefit, as of proiierly; jiertaining orenlillnl to the usufruct: as, a /(riir/iVi'a/ owner (wliiili seo, below); a binrficial interest in an estate. — 3t. Pertaining to or having a heiieflco; beiie- ftecd. An I'ligaKemrnt wo« tendered to nil clvl' olllrorB and hrnefieial clergy. Ilnltam. 4t. Kiiiil; generous: as, a " brneficial tm;" U. •loHHiin. Boneflclal owner, one who. (hough not hiiv- tug apparent b-giil tllli-. Ii In equity entitled to en)oy tin- advnnliige of owiiernblp Syn. 1. Beneficent, lleneficiat (hcc lienefieeni), good, Hiililliiry. Il.t »• A benellce; a eliiirch living. For that the ground work<- In, and end of all, llow to obtainn a Itenefieiatl. Hpeixtrr, Mather Hub. Talc, I. 4M). benefit [A license for the sake of the rhyme, benefice being also used several times in the same pas- sage of the poem.] beneficially (beu-e-fish'al-i), adv. If. liber- ally; bountiful!}'; with open hand. Cott/rave. — 2. lu a beneficial manuer; advantageously; profitably ; lielpfully. beneficialness (beu-e-fish'al-nes), H. [< 6c)ie- ficial + -nes.^.] If. Beneficence. — 2. The qual- ity of being beneficial; usefulness; profitable- ness. Usefulness and beneficialness. Sir it. Hale, Orig. of Mankind, p. r.. For the eternal and inevitable law in this matter Is, that the beneficialne.'is of the inetiuality depends, first, on the methods by which it was accoiiiplislied. Jiuskin, Unto this Last. ii. beneficiary (beu-e-fish'i-a-ri), (7. and n. [< L. bcneficiarius, < beneficium : see benefice.'] I, a. 1. Arising from feudal tenure; feudatory; hold- ing under a feudal or other superior"; subor- dinate: as, " beneficiary services," Spelinan, Feuds and Teuiu'es, xxv. ; " a feudatory or bcneficiarji king." Bacon. — 2. Connected with the receipt of benefits, profits, or advantages; freely bestowed: as, beneficiart/ gifts or privi- leges. There is no reason whatever to sxippose that Beneficia ry grants and Commendation arose suddenly in the \vorld at the disruption of the Roman Empire. Maine, Early Hist, of InstS., p. 158. II. ". ; pi. beneficiaries (ben-e-fish'i-a-riz). 1. One who holds a benefice. The beneficiary is obliged to serve the parish church in his own proper person. Ayliffe, Parergon, p. 112. 2. lu feudal law, a feudatory or vassal. — 3. One who is in the receipt of benefits, profits, or advantages ; one who receives something as a free gift. Specifically — (a) In American colleges, a student supported from a fund or by a religious or edu- cational society, {b) One in receipt of the profits arising from an estate held in trust ; one for whose benefit a trust exists. The fathers and the children, the benefactors and the heneftciary, shall . . . bind ejieli other in the eternal in- closiircs and circlings of iniiiiortality. ./(■r. Taylor, Works. II. xiil. beneficiate (ben-e-fish'i-at), r. t. ; pret. and pp. bcnefn-iated, ppr. benefieiating. [< NL. 'bene- ficia tus, pp. of beneficia re, after Sp. beneficiar, benefit, improve, cultivate tlie ground, work and improve mines, < L. beneficium (>Sp. bene- ficio), benefit, improvement (in Sp. of ground, mines, etc.).] 1. To work and improve, as a mine; turn to good account; utilize. — 2. To reduce (ores); treat inetallurgically. Also called benefit. [Little used except by writers on Mexican mining and metalhirgy.] There are a great number of mines located and owned by natives, some of whom have nrrastras, and others not even those, to beneficiate their minerals extracted. IJnoted in IlamiUon\-i Mex. Handbook, p. 2,10. beneficiation (ben-e-fish-i-il'shon), n. [< bene- ficiate + -ion.] The reductiou or metallurgical treatment of tlie metalliferous ores. beneficience, beneficient. Erroneous forms of hrnrlirrHCr, In'mficenl. beneficioust (ben-e-fisli'us), a. [< L. beneficium, bi'iii'lit (see henifire), + -ons.] Heneficent. beneficium (ben -e- fish 'i-um), H. ; jd. brnifieia (-ii). [< LL., L. : see benefice.] 1. A right or jirivilege: a terra more especially of the civil law: as, beneficium ahstiumdi, that is, right of abstaining, the power of an lieir to abstain from accepting the inheritance. — 2. In feudal law, a beiielice. Till- benefieium originated partly in gifts of land made by the kings out of tlietr own estates to their own klni- men iind servants, witli a special uiiderti)kliig to be faith- ful ; piirtlv in thr surrender by landowners of their es- tates to elmrclies nr powerful men, to be received back again and held by tliem as teniints for rent or service. By the latter arnillgement the weaker niim oblalneil the pro- tectlon of the stronger, anil ho who felt liinisclf insecura placed his title uniler the defence of the ebureh. .S'JkWm. Const. Hist., I. 276. benefit (ben'e-fit), n. [lOarly mod. K. also bent- til, bini/fil, etc. (also benefa'cl, after L.) ; < ME. benefet, benfret, benfit, brnfait, benfvtjie, etc., < AF. benfel, bienfel, OK. Iiieiifail, l'\ bienfait = It. bcnrfallo, < LL. hinrfactnm, a kindiieHS, benefit, neut. of hcnifaclu.i, )ip. of bini fiieerc, do good to: see bimfaelion. 'Ine same lerniinal cleUKUit occurs in cinnti rfril, forfeit, and .««»'• feit.] If. A thing well lione; a goml deed. — 2. Aiiact of kindness; a favor I'onl'erred; good done to a pi'rson. ItlesM the Loi'il, o niy Hoiil, and forget not all his henefttf, I'M, eld. 2. 3. Advantage ; profit ; concretely, anything tbftt ia for the good or advantago of a person benefit or thing ; a particular kind of good receivable or received. Men have no right to what is not for their benefit. Burke. The benefits of affection are immense. Kmcrson, Society and Solitude. Certain benefits arise [to herijivorous animals] from liv- ing together. //. Spencer, Prin. of Psychol., § 503. 4t. Bestowal, as of property, office, etc., out of good will, grace, or favor; liberality; gene- rosity. Either accept the title thou usurp'st, Of benefit proceeding from our king, And not of any challenge of desert, Or we will plague thee with incessant wars. Slia/c., 1 Hen. VI., v. 4. 6. A performance at a theater or other place of public entertainment, the proceeds of which go to one or more of the actors, some indigent or deserving person, some charitable institu- tion, or the like. In Great Britain also called a bespeali. — 6. A natui'al advantage; endow- ment; accomplishment. [Rare.] Look you lisp and wear strange suits ; disable [under- value] all the benefits of your own country. Shak., As you Like it, iv. 1. Wlien these so noble benefits shall prove Not well dispos'd, the mind growing once corrupt, They turn to vicious forms. Shah:, Hen. VIII., i. 2. Benefit of clergy, in Ian: See ffcri/.i/.— Benefit of dis- cussion. See discussion.— Beneht Of inventory. See inventory. — Benefit play, a ]>lay acted for some one's benefit or advantage. — Benefit society, a friendly so- ciety. Hee J'riendlif. — Benefit ticket, a winning ticket at a lottery.— By the benefit oft, by the kindness or favor of; by the lielp of. = Syn. 2 and 3. Admntage, Benefit, etc. (see admntaifc), service, gain, good, avail, use. benefit (ben'e-fit), V. [< benefit, «.] I. trans. 1. To do good to; be of service to; advantage: as, exercise benefits health ; trade benefits a na- tion. What course I mean to hold Shall nothing benefit your knowledge. Skak., W. T., iv. 3. 2. Same as beneficiate, 2. These ores [silver] on account of the scarcity of water cannot be benefited in Catorce. U. S. Cons. Rep., No. l.wii. (1886), p. 619. '■ II. intrans. To gain advantage; make im- provement: as, he has benefited by good ad- vice. To tell you what I have benefited herein. f Milton, Education. Each, therefore, benefits egoistically by such altruism as aids in raising the average intelligence. H. Spencer, Data of Ethics, § 7S. benegrot (bf-ne'gro), v. t. [< 6e-l + negro.} 1. To render dark ; blacken. The sun shall be bcncgroed in darkness. Heimjt, Sermons, p. 79. 2. To people with negroes. Sir T. Broione. benemptt. Obsolete preterit and past partici- ple of bename. beneplacitf, a. and n. [< LL. beneplacitus, pleas- ing, acceptable, pp. of beneplacere, please, < bene, well, + placcre, please: sqq please.'] I, a. Well pleased ; satisfied. God's Beneplacite wil, commonly stiled his wil of gooil pleasure, ... is that wheleby he decrees, effects or per- mits al events & effects. Gale, 'Works, III. 18. (iV. E. D.) II. n. [< LL. beneplacitum, good pleasiu'e, ■wUl, decree, neut. of beneplacitus, pleasing, ac- ceptable : see I. Cf. placi'tum, pleasiu'e, what is decreed, neut. otplacitus, pp. otplacerc, please.] Good pleasure ; will ; choice. ISir T. Browne. bene placito (ba'ne pla'che-to). [It. : bene, < L. bene (see bene-); placito, < L. placitum: see hencplacit.] In mmic, at pleasiU'e. beneplacituret, "• \_t. rharitij, etc. (see beneficence), benignity, humanity. bene'VOlencyt (be-nev'o-len-si), n. The quality of being benevolent ; tien'evolenoe. benevolent (bo-nev'o-lent), a. [< late ME. benevolent, beni/volent, <'0F. benivolent, < L. be- nevolen(t-)s (usually bcnerolus), well-wishing, < bene, well, + volens, ppr. of vellc, wish, = E. will.] 1. Having or manifesting a desire to do good ; possessing or characterized by love toward mankind, and a desire to promote their prosperity and happiness; kind: as, a benevo- lent disposition or action. Beloved old man ! benevolent as wise. Pope, Odyssey, iii. 466. The benevolent affections are independent springs of ac- tion equally with the self-regarding affections. Fowler, Shaftesbury and Hutcheson, p. 77. 2. Intended for the conferring of benefits, as distinguished from the making of profit : as, a benevolent enterprise; a benevolent institution. = Syn. Kind-hearted, humane, charitable, generous. benevolently (be-nev'6-lent-li), adv. In a benevoleut manner; ■svitti good will ; kindly. benevolentness(be-nev'o-lent-nes), n. Benev- olence. [Kare.] benevoloust (be-nev'o-lus), a. [< L. benevolus, well-wishing : see benevolent.] Kind ; benevo- lent. A benevoloiis inclination isiniplanted into the very frame and temper of our church's constitution. T. Puller, Mod. of Church of Eng., p. 509. beng (beng), ». Same as bhang. bengal (ben-gal'), n. [From the province of Jkiii/al, Hind, and Beng. Bangal: said to be named from a city called Bdngdlcl; in Skt., Banga.] 1. A thin stuff made of silk and hair, used for women's apparel: formerly made in Bengal. — 2. An imitation of striped muslin. Also called Bengal stripe. Bengalee, a. and n. See Bengali. Bengalese (ben-ga-les' or -lez'), a. and n. [< Bengal + -cse.] 1. a. Of or pertaining to Ben- gal,. a province of British India, and also a lieu- tenant-governorship comprising several other provinces. II. n. sing, and jii. A native or jiatives of Bengal ; a Bengali or the Bengalis. Bengal grass, light, quince, root, etc. See the nouns. Bengali, Bengalee (ben-ga'le or -ga'le), a. and n. [< Hind, and Beng. Bangali.] I. a. Of or pertaining to Bengal, its inhabitants, or theii- language ; Bengalese. II. H. 1. A native or an inhabitant of Ben- gal ; a Bengalese. The wretched Bengalis fled in shoals across the Ganges. J.T. Wheeler, Short Hist. India, p. 267. 2. The language of the Bengalis. benic (ben'ik), ((. [< ben'' + -ic.] Obtained from oil of ben : as, benic acid. Beni Carlos (ba'ni kiir'los), n. [Formerly beni- carlo, bvneciirlo, < Benicarlo, a seaport in the province of Castellon, Spain.] A red 'wine of dark color and considerable strength, made on the shores of the Mediterranean, in eastern Spain. Much of it is exported to France, where it is mixed with lighter ■wine for table use. benight (lie-nif), v. t. [< 6e-l + night.] 1. To overtake with night. [Rare in this sense, except in the past participle.] benignity Rome virgin, sure, . . . Benighted in these woods. Milton, Comus, 1. 160. 2. To involve in darkness, as with the shades of night; shroud in gloom; overshadow; eclipse ; figuratively, to involve in moral dark- ness or ignorance. And let ourselves benight our happiest ilay. iJouiie, Tlie Expiration. Her visage was benighted with a talteta-maak, to fray away the naughty wind from her face. Middleton, Father Hubbard^s Tales. But oh ! alas I what sudden cloud is spread About this glorious king^s eclipsed head? It all his fame benif/hts. Cowley, Davideis, ii. Shall we to men benighted The lamp of life deny? Bp. Ueber, Missionary Hymn. benighten (be-ni'tn), v. t. [< benight 4- -enl, alti^r enlighten, etc.] To benight. ' [Rare.] benighter (be-ni'ter), n. [< benight + -er^.] ' iiii' who benights or keeps others in darkness, benightment (be-nit'ment), n. [< benight 4- -nient.] The state or condition of being be- nighted. benign (be-nin'), a. [< ME. benigne, < OF. be- nigiic, benin, F. benin = Sp. Pg. It. benignn, < L. benignus, kind, < benus, old form of bonus, good, + -genus, born, < gignere, OL. genere, beget : see -genous, etc. Cf. malign.] 1 . Of a kind disposi- tion; gracious; kind; benignant; favorable. Thou liast fuinlld Thy words. Creator bounteous and benign. Giver of all tilings fair ! Milton, P. L., viii. 492. 2. Proceeding from or expressive of gentle- ness, kindness, or beniguity. To whom thus Michael, with regard benign. Milton, P. L, xi. 334. What did the benign lips seem to say? Hawthorne, Great Stone Face. 3. Favorable; propitious: as, fccHii/H planets. Godlike exercise Of influence benign on planets pale. Keats, Hyperion, \. 4. Genial; mild; salubrious: applied to weather, etc. — 5. Mild; not severe; not violent; not ma- lignant: used especially in medicine: as, a be- nign medicine; a benign disease. =3301. Gradoiu, etc. See benignant. benignancy (be-nig'nan-si), 11. [< benignant: see -iincy.] Benignant quality or manner. benignant (be-nig'naut), «: [In sense like benign; in form < LL. benignan{t-)s, ppr. of benignari, rejoice, ML. benignare, appease, < L. benignus, benign, kind: see benign. Cf. malig- nant, malign.] 1. Kind; gracious; favorable: as, a benignant sovereign. And thank benignant nature most for thee. Lowell, Cathedral. 2. Exerting a good, kindly, or softening influ- ence ; salutary; beneficial: as, the benignant influences of Christianity on the mind. — 3. In med., not malignant; not dangerous: said of diseases. =Syil. 1. Benignant, Gracious, Benign, Kind, Good-natured. Benignant and gracious are generally ap- plied to superiors, and imply especially a certain manner of kindness or favor. Benignant is more tender or gentle ; gracious is more civil or condescending ; both are winning. 'Benign has largely given up to benignant the associations with activity or manner, and is applied especially to looks and influences: as, a benign smile. Kind often implies stion of bcnjoin, an earlier form of ben- zoin, (). v.] 1. Oum benjamin. See benzoin. — 2. An essence mudo from benzoin. )-pirc ttrnjiitnin, the only splrlt^-d scent that ever awaked '■• :i[>olltari noHtrfl. 75. Jinmi/n, Cynthia's Itevi-ls, v. ^. bf:;il,imin-bU8h fben'jn-inin-busli), n. An aro- ^liruti of .North America, I.indrrn lleti- I rn:oin), and (li) of Fien.i lUn- KuhI Indian tree. bii 'jii-in), n. An earlier form of fc™- bcn . n. [Origin obBCiire : perlmiPH ff' .Inn. of Jlenjamin, n proper niiinc] A 1' '. cru'.vneU straw hat having a very broiid brint. bra-kit (beii'kJt), >i. A large wooden vikkoI ■with a cover to it. Thoruby. [Local, Eng.] B^nilicr.— Villcneuve.lC'Roi, Fr.ince ; i3lh century. (From Viollct.lc Due's "Diet, tic r Architecture.") Benne-plaot {Sesamum Indicu 526 bemnost (ben'most), a. [< Jf«i -1- -most. Cf. innidsl.'] Innermost. See ?/c«i. [Scotch.] benne, bene-^ (ben'e), H. [Of Malav origin.] An annual plant, Scsamum Imlicum, natural order Pcdaliacea; a native of India, but largely cul- tivated in most tropi- cal and subtropical countries for the sake of the seeds and the oil expressed from it. The leaves are very muci- laginous, and readily im- part this quality to water. The seeds have from an- cient times been classed with the most nutritious grains, and are still exten- sively used for food in Asia anil Africa. They yield about half their weight of oil (known as benne-, pingili-, teel-, or sesame- oil), which is- inodorous, not readily turned rancid by exposure, and in uni- versal use in India in cooking and anointing, for soaps, etc. Large quantities of both oil and seeds are imported into France, England, and tlie United States, and are used chiefly in the manufacture of soap and for the adultera- tion of olive-oil, or as a substitute for it. bennetl (ben'et), n. [Var. of 601^2^ ult. < AS. "beonct : see bent'^.] A grass-stalk ; an old stalk of grass. [Prov. Eng.] bennet" (ben'et), n. [< ME. benet, beneit, in herhe beneit, < OF. *lierbe beneitc (mod. F. bc- noite) = It. erba benedetta, < ML. hcrba bcnc- dicta, i. e., 'blessed herb': see herb and bene- dict.] The herb-bennet, or common avens, Geiim urbannm. bennick, binnick (ben'ik, bin'ik), v. [E. dial. (Somerset); origin obscure.] A local English name of the minnow. ben-nut (ben'nut), H. [< ie«5 + nut] The winged seed of the horseradish-tree, Horinria pterygosperma, jielding oil of ben, or ben-oil. See horseradish-tree. ben-oil (ben'oil), n. [< ben^ + oiJ.] The ex- pressed oil of the ben-nut, bland and inodorous, and remarkable for remaining many years without becoming rancid. At a temperature near tlie freezing-point it deposits its solid fats, aiul the re- maining liquid portion is used in extracting the perfumes of flowers, ami l)y watchmakers for the lubrication of deli- cate machinery. The true ben-oil, however, is said to be derived from the seeds of Mon'npa aptera of Abyssinia and .'\rabia. Also called oil of ben. benome't, 7'. o- Soo benumb. benome'-'t, benoment. [See benumb, benim.] Karlier forms of licnuni, past participle of benim. benorth (be-north'), prep. [< ME. be (bi, by) uiirthe, < AS. In-northan (= MLG. benorden), < lie, prep., -t- northan, from the north : see be-- and north, and cf. besonth, etc.] North of: as, III north the Tweed. [Scotch.] benote (be-nof), v. t. [< /«-l -I- note.] To aiiMnlute or make notes upon. benothing (bo-nuth'ing), v. t. [< 6e-i + no- thiiii/.] To reduce to nothing; annihilate. bensel (ben'sel), n. [Also bcnsall, benxil, ben- sail, and bentsail (simulating bent + sail), < leel. bcn:l, bending, tension, < benda, bend : Bee ben d^.] 1. Force; violence; impetus. — 2. A severe stroke or blow, properly that re- ceived from a ijush or shove. [Scotch and prov. Eng.] bensel (ben'sel), «. f. [< hensel, 71.] To boat ; liaiig. Jamieaon. [Scolch.] benshie (l)en'slie), ». Same as banxhee. bent' (lieiit), a. [Pret. and i)p. of brnd^.] 1. Curved; dellected; crooked: as, a bent stick, — 2t. Determined; sot. Tlie brnt eiiemie against flod and gooil order. .l»(7i«i/i, The Scholemastor. p. ,H7. bent' (bent), ». [Var. of lirnd^, »., ]ierlia]is after fco«i.siios)liim is often a matter of character, with more of choice in it than in the others, but it is used with freedom in lighter senses: as, the disposition to work ; the disposition of a plant to climb. They fool mc to the top of my bent. Shak., Hamlet, ill. 2, Without the least propemntif to jeer. Biiron, Don .fnan, x. 42. The bias of human nature to lie slow in correspondence trinni]>hs even over the present tiuickening in the general pace of things. Qcorije tUiot, Mlddleinarch, II. '263. H is BO much your inclination to do good, that you stay not to lie asked ; which is an approach so nigh to the Deity, that human pature is not capaldc of a nearer. Dri/dcn, Ded. to Indian Emperor. Everywhere tholiistory of religion heti'aysa Icndencitta enthusiasm. Emerson, Essays, Ist ser., p. 256. Actions that promote society and niiitiial fellowship seem reducilile to a pronencss to do good to others and a ready sense of any good done by others. .South. It cannot be denied that there is now a greater disiiosi. tion amongst men toward the assertion of Individual lib- erty than existed (fliring the feudal ages. //. S/ieiicer, Social Statics, p. 187. bent- (bent), n. [Also dial, hennet : < ME. bent, < AS. 'Iwonet (found only in comp., in local names, as in liennetledb, > E. Jientley) = OS. 'binet (not iinthenticated) = LG. Iiihnil (Hrem. Wiirferii.) = one. hinu:, bine:, MlKi. bin^.Q,. binse,a. bent, rush; origin unknown.] 1. .\ny stiff or wiry grass, such as grows cm coniiiiong or neglected grounil. The name is given to many spe- cies, as Aijrostis ruliniris, A'jroiiuruin juiiccum, species of Alia, etc. ; ill America it Is applicil exclusively to Aijrottil riiliHiris it\)i\ A. ettiiiiiii. A\nit bcnl-;trass. 2. The culm or stalk of bent ; a stalk of coarse withered grass; a ilead stem of grass which has borne seed. Ills spcnr n bent both stlir and strong. Drai/ton, .Nymplildlo. 3. A place covered with grass; a field; unin- closed pasture-land ; a heath. ^ Vcho hcflto to the bent that (bat bytes on erbeg. j Allitcrntii'c Poems {ci\. Morris), II. MS. ' Black bent, .tlopccorus n;iicsiix. Dob •" brown bont, .ioioniis cnninii. Marsh, creeping, fine, "r white bent, .Xoionlis loihiniin. Reed bont, .tinmo/diihi iirun- diiiihcii Wire bent, .v.ii-i/ii» siricia. To take tM bent, to taki' t" the bent; inn away. |.Siolch.) ae pair o' logl lt..li ll.iy, II. 4. Mr. Ilashlelgh. ' llalldN. Make ScnII, Take the bent, wnrlh twa pair ben-teak (ben'tek), «. A elose-griiined, infe- rior kind of toak, used in Indin. for buildings ben-teak and other ordinary purposes. It is the wood of Lagemtram Ui m icrocarpa. bent-grass (benfgriis), n. Same as henf^, 1. benthal (beu'thal), n. [< Gr. fiivftoc, the depths of tho sea, + -o/.] Of or pertaining to depths of tho sea of a thousand fathoms and more. See extract. In his presidential address to the hiological section of the Britisli Association at Plymouth in 1877, Mr. Gwyn JelTreye sutc^csted the use of the name " benthal . . . for depths of one thousand fathoms and more," while retain- ing' the term "abyssal"' for depths down to one tilousand fathoms. /*. //. Carpenter, in .Science, IV. 223. Benthamic (ben-tham'ik), a. Of or pertaining to .Jeremy Bentham or to his system. See Bcii- tliamiam. The Benthamic standard of the greatest liappiness was that wluch I had always been taught to apply. J. S. Mill, Autobiog., p. 64. Benthamism (hen'tham-izm), «. [< Bentham + -ism.] The political and ethical system taught by Jeremy Bentham (1748-1832), who held that the greatest happiness of the gi'eat- est number is the rational end of moral rules, and ought to be the aim of governments and individuals alike; utilitarianism (which see). My previous education [that is, before 1821-2] had been, in a certain sense, ali'eady a course of Benthamism. J. S. Mill, Autobiog., p. 64. Is Benthamism so absolutely the truth, that the Pope is to bo denounced because he has not yet become a convert to it? J. H. Jfemnan, Letters (1ST5), p. 114. Benthamite (ben'tham-it), n. [< Bentham + -itc-.] A follower of Bentham ; a believer in Benthamism; an adherent of the Benthamic philosophy. A faithful Benthamite traversing an age still dimmed l)y the mists of transcendentalism. M. Arnold, Essays in Criticism, p. 13. bentinck (ben'tingk), n. [From Captain Ben- tiiicl- (1737-75), the inventor.] Naut., a trian- gular course, used as a trysail : now generally superseded by . the storm-staysail. — Bentinck boom, a small boom on the foot of a square foresail.— Bentinck shrouds, ropes extending from the weather futtocl<-staft' t, > the lee-channels, to support the mast when the ship is rollin^r beavily. [No longer used.] bcntiness (ben'ti-nes), n. The state of being benty. benting (ben'ting), n. [< bent^ + -ing.'] The act of seeking or collecting bents or bent-stalks. The pigeon never knoweth woe I'ntil she doth a benting go. Ray's Proverbs. benting-time (ben'ting-tim), n . The time when pigeons feed on bents before peas are ripe : as, "rare Inntiiiij-times," Dryden, Hind and Pan- ther, iii. 1L!83. bentivi, bentiveo (ben-te've, -te-va'o), n. [Said to be Braz.] A name, said to be used in Brazil, of a elamatorial passerine bird of the family Tyranii icUe, the Pitanyus sulphnratus of authors in general, Tyrannits .stiljihnratus (Vieil- lot), LaiiiHs sid/ihuratns (Linuieus), originally described in 1700 by Brisson as la pic-griesche jaiine de Cayenne, and hence long supposed to be a shrike. ben trovato (ban tro-va'to). [It.: ben, < L. bene, well; trovato (pi. trovati), pp. of trovare, find, invent: see trove.'] Well feigned; well in- vented : a part of a familiar Italian saying, Se non ^ vero, e ben trovato (If it is not true, it is well imagined), sometimes introduced, in various relations, in English. A'arious anecdotes of hira [Dante] .are reljited by Boccac- cio, Sacchetti, and others, none of them verisimilar, and some of them at least fifteen centuries old when revamped. Most of them are neither veri nor ben trovati. Lowell, Among my Books, 2d ser., p. 19. benty (ben'ti), a. [< bent^ + -j/l.] 1. Of, per- taining to, or of the nature of t)ent or bent- gi-ass. — 2. Covered with or abounding iu bent. benumt, P- a. and v. t. An earlier form of be- H II III I). benumbt, benomeif, 7:1. a. [Karly mod. E., < ME. beiioDic, liciiomeii, < AS. beniinien, pp. of bc- iiimaii, deprive: see benim.] Benumbed. benumb (be-num'), r. t. [Early mod. E. benum, lieiwinbe, benomc, < benumb, benum, benome, p. a.: see benumb, p. a.] 1. To make torpid ; deprive of sensation : as, a hand or foot benumbed by cold. — 2. To stupefy; render inactive. It seizes upon the vitals, and benumba the senses. South. My mind revolts at the reverence for foreign authors, which stitles inquiry, restrains investigation, benumbs the vigor of the intellectual faculties, subdues anil debases "le mind. N. Webster, in .Scudder, p. 230. benumbed (be-numd'), j). «. Numb or torpid, either physically or morally: as, benumbed limbs; benumbed ia,ith. 627 benumbedness (bo-numd'nes), n. [< benumbed, pp. of iiinnmb, + -ness,] The state of being Ixniunibi'd ; absence of sensation or feeling. benumbment (be-num'ment), n. [ibennmh + -iiieiil.] 'I'hc net of benumbing; the state of being bciiuiuJKid ; torpor. benweed (beu'wed), n. [Also bin-, bind-, bun- wriil ; < lii-ii (uncertain) -I- weed^. Cf. bcndwith, hindivrnl.] Ragwort. [Scotland and North. Ireland.] benzaldehyde (ben-zal'do-hid), «. [< benz{oic) -I- aldehyde.] Tho oil of bitter almonds, C'c H5COH, a colorless liquid having a jjleasant odor and soluble in water, it is prepared artifi- cially on a large scale, and used in making benzoic acid as well as various pigments. benzamide (ben'za-mid or -mid), n. [< ben- :{oic) + amide.] A white crystalline suV)stance, CeHK.CO.NH2, which may be regarded as the amide of benzoyl. benzene (ben'zen), ». [< benz{oic) + -ene.] 1. A hydrocai-fcon (CgHg) formed whenever or- ganic bodies are subjected to destructive dis- tillation at a high temperature, and obtained commercially from coal-tar. it is a clear, colorless liquid, of a peculiar <-th'-real, agreeable odor, used in the arts as a solvent for KUins, resins, fats, etc., and as the material from which .-iniliiie and the aniline colors are derived. Also called benzol, benzolin. 2. Same as bemin or benzine. benzil (ben'zil), n. [< benz{oin) + -it.] A com- pound (C14H1QO2) obtained by the oxidation of benzoin, and also by heating bromotoluyleue with water at 150° C. benzilic (ben-zil'ik), a. [< benzil -I- -(<;.] Of, pertaining to, or formed from benzil : as, ben- silic acid. benzimide (ben 'zi -mid or -mid), «. [< ben- zi{ne) + {a)mide.] A compoimd (C25HigN202) formed by the action of hydrocyamc acid on hydrid of benzoyl, it occurs also in the resinous resi- due of the rectification of the oil of bitter almonds. benzin, benzine (ben'zin, ben-zen'), n. [< ben- z{oic) + -ill", -iiiC".] A colorless limpid liquid consisting of a mixture of volatile hydrocarbons and having a specific gravity of between 62° and 65° B. it is obtained by the fractional distillation of petroleum. It is essentially different from benzene, being a mixture of hydrocarbons, wliile benzene is a single hy- drocarbon of constant composition. Its chief use in the arts is as a solvent for fats, resins, caoutchouc, and certain alkaloids. Also improperly written benzene. benzoate (ben'zo-at), n. [< benso{ie) + -ate^.] A salt of benzoic acid. benzoated (ben'zo-a-ted), a. Mixed with ben- zoin or benzoic acid. benzoic (ben-z6'ik), a. [< bemo(in) + -ie.] Pertaining to or obtained from benzoin Ben- zoic acid, C^jHsCOOH, a peculiar vegetable acid, ob- tained from benzoin and other balsams by sublimation or decoction. It forms light feathery needles ; its taste is pungent and bitterish, and its odor sligliti.v arnuiatic ; it is used in making incense and pa.stils.— Benzoic ether, a substance obtained by distilling together 4 parts of alco- hol, 2 parts of crystallized benzoic acid, and 1 part of con- centrated hydrochloric acid. It is a colorless oily liquid, having a feeble aromatic smell like that of friiits, ami a pungent aromatic taste. — Benzoic fennentation. See .fermentatioJi. benzoin (ben'zo-in or -zoin), n. [First in IGth centmy; also written benjoin, bengewyne, ben- gtein, later benzion, etc. (also corruptly benja- min'^, q. v.), = D. henjuin = G. benzoe, benzoin = Dan. benzoe, < F. benjoin, < Pg. beijoim = Sp. benjid, menjui = It. benzol, < Ar. luhdn jdwa, lit. 'incense of Java' (Sumatra). The omission in Rom. of the syllable lu- was prob. due to its being mistaken for tho def. art.] Gum benja- min ; the concrete resinous juice of Styrax Benzoin, a tree of Sumatra, Java, and tho Ma- lay peninsula, obtained by incisions into tho bark. The benzoin of commerce is obtained from both .Sumatra and Siam, that from Siam being much superior to the other in quality. Wien rubbed or heated, it lias a fragrant and agi'eeable odor. It is chiefly used in cos- metics and perfumed, and in jnceuse in Koman Catholic and Greek churches, and is the base, of the tincture called .friars' or Turliin/ton's balsam, long famous as a remedy for bronchitis aiid an effective application to indolent sores, etc. It forms the medicinal ingredient of court- plaster. See Styrax. benzol (ben'zol), n. [Less prop, benzole; < ben- z(oic) + -ol.] Same'as benzene, 1. benzolin (ben'zo-lin), n. [< benzol + -in-.] .Same as benzene, 1. benzolize (ben'z6-liz), v. t.; pret. and pp. ben- zoUzed, ppr. benzolizing. [< benzol + -ize.] To treat, impregnate, or cause to combine with benzene or a benzene derivative. benzoyl (ben'z6-il or -zoil), n. [< benzo(ie) -\- -t/l.] The radical (C7H5O) of benzoic acid, of oil of bitter almonds, and of an extensive series of compotmds derived from this oil, or connected ■with it by certain relations. bequeath benzyl (ben'zil), n. [< lienz(oie) I- -yl.] An organic radical (CgMgC'II^) which does not ex- ist in the free state, but in combination forms ;i consiclcnibli! numlx'r of compounds. benzylation (bcn-zi-la'shon), n. [< benzyl + -ation.] Tho act of adding benzene to rosani- line or some similar substance. The tendency of the benzylation being to give the colour a bluer shade. Craee-Calvert, Dyeing and Calico-printing, p. 399. benzylic (ben-zil'ik), a. [< benzyl + -ic.] Ee- latc(l to or containing the radical benzyl, bepaint (be-pauf), »•. (. ltt.] To paint ; cover with paint, or as with paint. Else would a maiden blush bepaint ray cheek. Shak., K. and .1., ii. 2. bepale (be-pal'), o. t. [< 6e-i + jiale^.] To make pale. Those perjur'd lips of thine, bej>aled with blasting sighs. Carew, To an Inconstant .Servant. bepat (be-paf), v. t.; pret. and pp. bepatted, ppv. bepdtting. [<. be-^ + pat.] To beat upon; patter upon. As timing well the equal sound Thy clutching feet bepat the ground. J. Baillie, 'The Kitten. bepearl (be-perl'), v. t. [< Jc-l -f- pearl.] To cover with pearls, or with shining drops like pearls. This primrose all bepearled with dew. Carew, The Primrose. bepelt (be-pelf), 1'. t. [< 6e-l + ^^eHl.] To pelt soundly. bepepper (bf-pep'er), v. t. [< 6e-l + pepper.^ To pepper ; pelt with thickly falling blows. bepester (be-pes'ter), V. t. [< 6e-l -)- jjcsfec] To pester greatly ; plague ; harass. bepinch (be-pineh'), r. /. [ became obsolete in the ME. period, except in the pret. quoth, which 528 berat (be-raf), n. [Armen.] patent of dignity or privilege ental monarch. „-,„,,., berate (be-raf), v. t. [< 6e-l + rate^.^ To chide vehemently; scold. ZoDvrus berated Socrates as if he had caught a pick- po^.);e"t Pop. Set. ilo., XXII. 65. berattlet (be-rat'l). v. t. [< 6e-l + rattle.^ To orv do ^^•n; abuse; run down. Shak. [Kare.J ■ "' [< Bern K)i (see def.) bequeath Temains arehaicallv in an idiomatic construc- tion (see quoth). The compound has been pre- sen-ed thi-ough its technical use m wills.J It. To give away; transfer the possession ot; as- .sign as a gift. . ,^ , ..» Wilt thou forsake thy fortune. Bequeath thy land to him, and follow me? ^ Shak., K. John, i. 1. 2 To give or leave by wiU ; assign as a legacy : more commonly, but not necessarily, used «* v-j-mjitg (be-ra'nit). «. [< Bermn personal property, in contradistmction to real "^ ._, ^ hvdi-ous phosphate of iron of a berg 4t. ■5t. property, which is said to be devised. Mine heritage. Which my dead father did i«oiiea(A to me. Shak., Pericles, u. 1. 3. To hand down ; transmit. One generation has bequeathed its reUgions gloom and toe counterfeit of its religious ardor 1.othe^nex^_^ ^^^^^ Greece has bequeathed to us her ever living tongue, and the immortal productions of her int*-llect Glad. . E. V.) 6t. Reflexively, to commit ; dedicate ; devote. Orpheus . . . iK'«M?a(/iJ!/iim««('' to a solitary life ill the diMTts. K.Z>i/;6;/, Broad Stoneof Honour, 1. 166. (.\.E.V.) bequeatht (bf-twera'), «• [< bequeath, r.] A bciiuest. ■bequeathable (be-kwe'THa-bl), «. [< hequcath + .nhl<-.} Capable of being bequeathed, "bequeathal (be-kwe'THal), n. [< bequeath + -<(/.] The act of bequeathing; bequest. The h-nu^-athnl of their savings may be a means of giv- iiig unalloyed happiness. The Amenean, % I. iH. ■bequeather (be-kwe'?Hfer), «. One who be- <(U'-:itii>. . bequeathment (be-kweTH ' ment), «. [< queulh+ -ment.'] The act of bequeathing, .. l>o(iucst bequest (be-kwesf), H. [< ME. hequestf, hij- ^. berberidaceous (ber'be-n-da'shius), a. Of or pertaining to the Bcrbcridaccw. berberine (ber'bo-rin), «. [< NL. berberina : see Bcrhcris and -inc'-.] An alkaloid (C20H17 NO4) widelv distributed in the vegetable king- dom, being" found in the barberry and a con- siderable number of ])lants, or jmrts of plants, whose extracts combine a yellow color and bit- ter taste. It forms line yellow acicular crystals, spar- ingly soluble in water, having a bitter taste. The sul- lihate and livdroclilorate are si>lilbk-, but « itll dillKiilty. He claimed the crown to himself, pretendiiiR an adop- BerberiS (ber'be-ris), n. [NL. : see barhrrry.'] _ . . ,* .,,„ i-t.....lnt., iiiit/k linn hv till' {.utiles- **>.*"«**" \ , "..,,*- , , . i _. t»_.. lion or bequcft of the kingdom unto him, by the Coiife ^j Sir il. Halt. Fosaeaaion, with the right of bequest and hiheritaiicc, is the stimulant which raises property to iU highest value. A'. A. Jlev., CXLIJI. 5b. 2. That which is left by will; a legacy.— 3. That which is or has been handed down or transmitted. 11,1 "ur creeds, our liturgies, our varied „,li,, .i:i.v!ion fur every form o( human sulfer- liii; ' Ir.iiii the age n( tuitli. Jl. X. Ozenham. Short Studies, p. 2«3. bequestt (be-kwesf), v. t. [< bequest, «.] To give us a be'tiuest; bequeath, bequethet, r. t. An obsolete form of bequeath. C 1,11 nil r. bequia-SWeet (ba-ke'ii-«w6t). ii. [See qiiot.] All oHciiie pasHerine bird, of the family Ictiridie and subfamily Qui.scnlhiii: ; the Quiscalits lumi- wjsuM, a grakle found in tlie ( 'aribbees : so named from itH note. In 1;. .inia |ln the Curlbbtesj, and extending through. ..ni i^. .bain (of iBlniid-;, I- a Mii'kliird, a new species ijiiitmtwil" 'i'- nlr r"- •1, ItH loyoii>. \ lliqma (,h. ■ , p..!M«. Uiitltcrry i,lterhfris vMifitris). with fniil, nower. nnil ontlier (a a) In the net of dchlKclicc. bcquotenw-kwof ), r. r. [<'"-' + «""'«•] To ' '(liifntly or much. A Miildlt) KngliHh piiHt participle ber ber If ''. 1'. 1, [^ MK. hiriuii)i-ti\ brrii- ■ iniii'iii, V. llVa. Ber riir'di-iiH), n. (.NL.. ,\l A gi-iiii« of odoiit" of '■' 7 1 liriilir and kuI'I nil ....•titinal Ititlii.i. 1 tiM inl.llNsi-. II l< 1' 1 1. Till nl.l:, |.. . 1. f. // • Beran .iltMfcvt, l>l'>iiiidlii ci Steel. Uce Htcel. The prbicipal genus of the natiu'al order Ber beridacea-, including the common barberry. It contains about 50 species of shrubby plants, mostly Ameri- can, and ranging from Oregon to Tierra del Kiiego. The common barberry, JS. mliiaris, the only Knropeaii spe- cies and e.vteiisivcly na- turalized in the I'liitfd States, is well known for its red acid berries, which make a pleasant preserve. The leaves also are acid, and the bark and root, us In many other species, are astringent and yield a yellow dye. 'Jlle bark of the root of this and of several Asiatic «iie. cies, as IS. hiiciiim, IS. Aiiiil'i'n, anil IS. aria- , , .. . .1 > lata is used as n bitter tonic and for the exlraetloii of berberine (wliiili see). Some of the Mahimia gliilip of sneeles, dlslillgnlsheil by pinliute evenireell leaves aii.l including the Oivgnii grapi' "f the rai-lllc coast. It Ami- Mium, nn freiiuenlly riilllvaleil .tnr ornanienl llie staniens In this genus are eurlmisly Irritable, »P>hig ng fonvard iipmi the jilstll when the Inner side of the Ilia- nii'iit is lonched. berberry (b^r'ber-i), n. Hame an barlierrii. berbine (iHr'liin), n. [< Brrb(eris) + -<"'-. I All nlknloid e.xlniclrd from Ihc root and inner linik of the liarl>erry. It iH an uiiiorphoiis while iiowder, hitler lo the liisle. berceuse (luir-H.'z'), «. [F., " rocker, n liillal.v. Cf. liircrini, a eratlle, < berrer, rrii'k, lull t" I.ep.] A crudli'-Hong; cHpfcinlly, n vocnl or .iiilniiiu'iilHl I'oinpnHilion of u lender, (jiiiet, .Nil HiMilliing ehiinn'ter. bcrcheroot (ber'ehe-rat), ».. Th.^ ,K"»hih.i in.iind, the unit of weight in Hiihhib, 1 he Hi lard "f lK:i-'i eqiiiilH 401t..'>174 grnmH, or (i.!mii;h.107 of n pmiiid iivnirdiipoiH. borcowetZ, "• Hee brrkoxctn. A warrant or berdasht, n. See burdash. given bv an On- berdet, ». An obsolete form ot beard. ' bereH, '■.. bereft, »., etc. An obsolete form of III itr'^'. bear", etc., berrij*, etc. Berean (be-re'an), a. and «. [Also written Be- nvaii. < L'. Beroeus, < Bercea, < Gr. Bqmia, Bip- po(o.] I, a. Of or pertaining to the ancient town of Berea (Bercea, now Verria) in Macedonia; in religious use, resembling the people of Berea as described in the Acts. See II.. 2. II. II. 1. An inhabitant of ancient Berea.— 2. One of a sect of dissenters from the Church of Scotland, who took their name from and profess to follow the ancient Bereans men- tioned in Acts xvii. 11, in building their sys- tem of faith and practice upon the Scriptures alone, without regard to human authority. Also called Bardaiiitcs, from their founder, John Barelav (173-t-98), of Muthill, Perthshire. Berea sandstone. See .landstone. bereave i,be-rev'). '••; pre*, and pp. bereaved ot bereft, p-pv.' bereai-ini). [< ME. bereven, bireten (pret. bererede, bereftc, bereft, berafte, pp. 69- reved, bereft, bernft), < AS. bcredfian (= OFries. birCiva = OS. birobhoii = D. berooven = OHG. birouboii, MHG. berouben, G. berauben = Goth. biraubon), rob, bereave, < be- + redjian, plun- der, rob: see hc-l and JTotr.] I. trans. 1. To deprive by or as if by violence; rob; strip: with 0/ before the thing taken away. Me have ye bereaved of my children. Gen. xlii. Sa. Fate had weaven The twist of life, and her 0/ life bei-eaven. Pord, Fame's MemoriaL Wilt thou die e'en thus. Ruined midst ruin, ruining, bereft Of name and honor '( WilUain MorrU, Earthly Paradise, II. 18. [It is sometimes used without of, more especially in the ■ passive, the subject of the verb being either the person deprived or the thing taken away. And 'tis your fault I am bereft him so. SlMk. , Venus and Adonis, 1. SSL All your interest in those territories Is utterly bcirft you. Shak., 2 Hen. VI., ill, 1.) 2t. To take away by destroying, impairing, or 1 spoiling; take away by violence. Shall move you to beream my life. .Wnrfoiw. I think his understanding is bereft. Shak., 3 Hen. VI., ii. 6. 3t. To deprive of power; prevent. No thing may bireve A man to love, til that him list to leve. Chaiirer, Troilus, i. 6S&, • II. iiitriiii.'!. To destroy life ; cut oft". [Rare.] bereavement (be -rev 'ment), «. [< bereave + ■ -incut.'] 1. The act of bereaving.— 2. The state t of being bereaved ; grievous loss; particularly, , the loss of a relative or friend by death. Ho bore his (if rca Dement with stoical fortitude. n. Smith, TorHiU. ll bereaver (be-re'v('r), n. One who bereaves orf d<'i>rivcs another of something valued. ' bereft (bo-reff ). Preterit and past participle d of III riiire. \ Berengarian (ber-cn-ga'ri-nn), H. and a. \S\ ML. iHirniiariiis. Berengar, a theologian, bom< about A, 1).' !i!>S. died about 1088.] I. ». One of j asect wliicli followed Berengarius or Berengar j of Tours, arelideacou of Angers in the eleventh 1 century, who denied tho doctrine of transub-^ staiitiation. II. II. or or pertaining to the Berengarian or llieir opinions. _ Berengarianism (ber-en-ga'ri-an-izm), n. \s Birriiiiiiriaii + -i.s/».] Tlii> opinions or doctrineB « of He'reiigarius and his followers. See Beren- ffiirii'ii. Berenice's hair. See Coma Berenirc.i. beresite (lier'e-sit), «. [< /(<;r.s(or.s/,) + -i(ea.] ,\ line-grained granite found near Beresovsk, UiisKia, in llie Ural, associateii witli gold-bear- ing <|iiart/.. beret, berreti (ber'et), «. [F. hdret, < ML. M- rilta, biri'tia, a cap: see barrel'^ ami birettti.} 1. A riiiiiid lint woolen cup worn liy tlie Hasiiue pe»Hiiiitry. X.K.D.— Z. Same us ('(rcffd. beretta, ». See biretla. berettina, ». S(><< berreltina. berewickt, ". See binrU-k. berg ' ( I leig), ». r< I''"''- '^"'- Norw. berg = Dan. /;/.)■(/, n rock. (!. brrij = E. barrow^, a hill. J A\ ruik. (Slielland.] berg- (b^Tg), Jl. [From -berq in iccfccr/;, < O. ( inTnrq : see ieebcrii. Nol from AS. biiirij, a hlUJ whieli given K. fcHmdc', a niounil (but t^f. bergh)^ Hce barriiiiti.] A large lloating mass or mou tain of ice; an iceberg. Like glittering terff* of Ice. T,-nn]inon, I'rIiiccM, IVr^ bergall bergall (bfer'gal), n. [Also written burgaV, var. i)f liirgelh hergle, (i. v.] The ctinner or blue- Iierch.a very common New England fish, Clvno- labriis adspersus. See bun/all, and cut under ciDiiici: Bergamask (ber'ga-mask), a. and )8. [< It. };cr. iii'jrtt:aii^ ; the common wild goose of North A, or Canada goose, is B, canadensis ; Uutchins's - i7 a similar but smaller species, B. hutching ; there arv others also. See cuts under barnafle and brrnl-irooKe. bemicle, bemicle-goose (ber'ni-kl, -gos), «. [A form of barimch^, liistoricaUy obsolete, but now occasionally used with ref. to the XL. generic name Bemicla.'] The barnacle or bar- nacle-goose. See barnacle^, 1. Bemissartia (ber-ni-sar'ti-a), 71. [NL., < BfT- nissart. name of a quarry in Belgiimi.] A ge- nus of extinct Wealden crocodiles, t,^-pical of the family Bcriiissartiidee, whose remains have bt'in found in a quarry in Bernissart, Belgium. Bemissartiidae (ber-m-sar-ti'i-de), n.2'J- [NL.. < Jientissartia + -irfff.] A famUy of extinct crocodilians. The technical characteristics are: the choana; comparatively approximated; the supratemporal tosAX smaller than the orbits ; a well-defined orbitolatero- temporal sirnis ; the doreal plates imbricated and forming more than two longitudinal rows; and the lentral arma- ture reduced to one buckler of imbricated plat«s. The family occurs in the Wealden and Purbeck formations. Bemoollian (ber-no'lian), a. Pertaining to or disi'overed by one of several famous mathe- maticians belonging to the Basle family Ber- noulli, which originated in Antwerp Bemoul- lian function, a function defined by an equation of the fonu A F(jr) = X'.— Bemotilllan numbers, a certain series of numbers discovered by Jacob IjernouUi {1654- 1705), of which the Urst menibcr's are : l-j = J r-» = 3\t Bo = ^ Bs = A Bio = ^. BemouUlan series, in math., the series /o = /x — x/'z I- x3 + p/"x — —/'"x+,etc bemonse, ". See bumoose. berob (be-rob'), r. t. [< ME. lerohben ; <. Jc-1 + rub.] To rob ; plunder. What evill starre t On you liath frowud, and pourd his influence bad, ' That of your self e ye thus berobbed arre '; Spenser, F. Q., I. Tiii. 42. Beroe (ber'o-e), n. [L., < Gr. Bepdri, one of the ocean nymphs.] The tj'pical genus of cteno- phorans of the family Beroida: B. furskali is an example. The species are of the size ami shape of a small lemou. The Kenus was formerly of much greater extent than now, including species now referred to other fanii- lic-i, iUi Clldiiijif. etc. beroid (ber'o-id), «. A ctenophoran of the fatiiilv licrdifltc. Beroidae (be-ro'i-de), K. pi. [NL., < Bcroe + -III)!.] A family of the class Ctcnojihora, sub- kingdom I'a'kiiteiatii, having the body globular or oval, without oral lobes or tentacles, and with fringed appendages of the periphery of the polar spaces. They are transparent jelly-like ma- rine oi-gani^^ms, <)iffering from most of the ctenophorans ill liaviuK a large tnouth and digestive cavity. Jtepresen- tJttivf genera are Beroi; Idi/ia, and J'andora. beroon (be-rcin'), «. [Pers. hirun, without, ex- terior.] 'rho chief court of a Persian dwelling- house. 8. G. >r. Benjamin, Persia and the Per- HiuiiH. berret', «. See beret. berret'-' (ber'et), n. A kind of opal bead of the nizo of a marble. It Has mttnt amusing to witness his [the chief of Latoo. Ij.j_ ii-fi (ii, tciuberi, grapej = ,M1). birr , u\ni)hc:e, I), bedc, brii= MLO. hirr =OII(l. Aim, Mfl'l. hrrr, brr, O. I>ci-rc = Iccl. bcr = Hw. b'n iiifr _ Ooth. bum (in iriinabiisi = ' '' AH. irinberir, ' wine-biTry,' grapp) (ii'-'i I ii in. forma mixed), a berry. Origin unkti'. •. II ; I. sDiiK; referred to till' root of /"(re, tu If ih<- ■ l.ir. ' (,r •uncoveri-d' fruit.) 1. In bol.: (a) In ordinary use, any nmtill pulpy fruit, Bs the hucklx'iCTTV, Htrawborri/, lilmk- beny, mtilfrcrry, checkorocrri/, etc., of wliich 630 only the first is a berry in the technical sense. (6) Technically, a simple fruit in which the entire pericarp is fleshy, excepting the outer skin or epicai-p, as the banana, tomato, grape, cm'rant, etc. (o) The dry kernel of certain kinds of grain, etc., as the hcrrii of wheat and barley, or the eoSee-berri/. See cut under icheai. — 2. Something resembling a berry, as one of the ova or eggs of lobsters, crabs, or other crustaceans, or the di-upe of Bhamniis iiifcctoriiis, used in dyeing — Avignon berry, the drupe of Rfuiuinus alaternus, used in dyeing yellow. .\lso called French berry. berryi (ber'i), v. i. ; pret. and pp. berried, ppr. berryimj. [< berrii\ m.] 1. To bear or pro- duce berries. — 2. To gather berries : as, to go btrryinff. berry- (ber'i), n. ; pi. berries (-iz). [Early mod. E. also berye, berie, < ME. berijUe, ber^e (prop, dat.), a barrow: see barrow^.] A mound; a barrow. [Obsolete or dialectal.] This little berri/ some ycleep An hillock. ir. Browne, Britannia's Pastorals, i. 2. Tlie theatres are bern^s for the fair : Like ants on mole-hills thither they repair. Dryden, tr. of Ovid's Art of Love, i. 103. berrySf (ber'i), ».' [E. dial., < late ME. bery : see burrou-.'] 1. A biu'row, especially a rab- bit's burrow. — 2. An excavation; a military mine, berry' (her'i), v. t. ; pret. and pp. berried, jipr. berryiiii/. [E. dial, and Se.,< ME. bcrycii, bcritn, < AS. 'berian (only in pp. gebcrcd) = OHG. berja, MHG. berren, bcren = loel. berja = L. ferire (> ult. E. ferule, interfere), strike.] 1. To beat ; give a beating to. Here this boy is, ge bade vs go bary With battis. We arc combered his corpus for to carry. York Plays, p. 834. 2. To thresh (grain, etc.). I'll berry yotu- crap by the light o* the moon. W. yicholnon. berry^t, n. [Also berrie; a corrupt form of jierrie, pirrie: see jdrrie.] A gust of wind. bersaglieri (bar-sii-lya'ri), n. })l. [It., pi. of bcr- .' E. *'«)'A', coat, shirt; but prob. rather 'bear-sark,' < 'beri, m. (only in comp.) {bera, f.), = AS. bera, E. bear-, + serkr. " In olden ages athletes and champions used to wear hides of bears, wolves, and reindeer " (Vigfusson). The "berserker's rag(> " is expressed by Iccl. bvr- scrksifaiiiir, < iMrscrkr + (jaiiyr, a going, esp. a rapid going, furious rush: seef/foir/.] 1. A wild warrior or chatnpicm of heathen times in Scan- dinavia. In battle the berserkers an salil to have been subject to fits of fury, when they hoivlcd like wild biasl.t, foamed at the mouth, gnawed the rim of their sliiil.l», etc. : and on sin-h occasions they were popnlutly bclirvid to be jiroof against lire and steel. Il-'om nly written with a capital.] Out of unhnndseled savage nature, out of terrible Undds and Berterkim, come at last Alfred and .shakspere. Kmcrmnt, .Nlisc., p. 85. The wild pirates of the Nortli Sea have Income con. verteil Into warriors of oriler ami ihampioiis of jicaceful freedom, exhausting what still renndns hraHeH, also UBcd ligiiralively, to f/iie it iiniid, clear, or aide berth to, keep a wMv berth of berwick (to keep clear of, keep well away from), (ft) Koom for a vessel to turn around or to ride at anchor, (e) A station in which a ship lies or can lie, whether at anchor or at a wharf, (rf) A room or an apartment in a ship where a number of officers or men mess and reside, (f) The shelf-like space allotted to a inissen- ger in a vessel (and hence in a railroad sleep- ing-car) as a sleeping-place ; a sailor's bunk on board ship ; a place for a hammock, or a repository for chests. — 2. A post or an appointment; situation; emplojanent: as, he has got a good berth at last — Berth and space, in ship-bnildinir, the distance between the molding-edge of one timber and tile molding-edge of the one next Ut it. berth- (bOrth), r. t. [< bcrtlfi, «.] Xaiit.: (a) To assign or allot anchoring-ground to: give space to lie in, as a ship in a dock. (6) To al- lot a berth or berths to: as, to berth a ship's company. The special object of these [changes on the aj)proach of winter) was the economy of fuel and the berthing of thfr whole crew below deck. C. F. Halt, Polar Exp., p. 122. berth^ (berth), r. t. [Early mod. E. byrth, per- haps < 'berth, n. (not found), < Icel. byrdhi, board or side of a ship, < bordh, board: se» board.] To board; cover with boards : chiefly in ship-building. bertha (ber'thii), »i. [Also berthe, after F. ; from, the proper name iJer^a.] 1. A small cape worn, by women over the shoulders, usually crossed ill front and open at the throat. — 2. A trim- ming of lace or of other material in the shape of a small cape wont round the upper edge of » low-uecked waist, or in a corresponding posi- tion on the body in the case of a high-necked >vaist. berthage (b^r'thaj), n. [< berths + -age.] 1. The dues paid by a vessel anchored in a harbor or dock, or berthed at a wharf. — 2. Accommo- dation for anchoring; harborage. berth-brace (bcrth'bras), n. A metal rod, rope, or chaiu for supporting the upper berths of a sleeping-ear. berth-deck (berth'dek), n. In a man-of-war, the deck next below the gun-deck. See deck. berthe (berth), «. [F.] Same as bertha. ber'thierite (b6r'thi-er-it), «. [After Pierre /)()■;//(()', a French mineralogist, died 18G1.] A sulphid of antimony and iron occurring in dark stcil-gray ju'israatic crystals or fibrous masses. berthing! (ber'thing), 11. [< berth- + -»»(/!.] The arrangement of berths in a ship; th» berths collectively. Brrtliinff requires the earliest attention, and the opera- tion may be facilitjited by having a plan of the decks. Luce, .Seamanship, p. 2iH. berthing- (b^r'thiug), n. [< berth^ + -ing^.] 1. The (xtorior planldng of a ship's side above the shcer-strake, designated as the berthing of the (luarter-deck, of the poop, or of the forecas- tle, as the case may be; the bulwark. [E'lgO — 2. The rising or working up of the planks of a ship's side, llaiiirrshi. ber'thing-rail (ber'thlng-ral), n. In ship-huild- nig. Sec extract. The brrtliinil-rnit, which was the uppermost rail in Ui» shij), was let into the lace piece, and had an iron knee at the fore end embracing the rails on each side. It also abutted against the cathead, ami an iron knee connected it with the cathead ami ship's side. Tliearle, Naval Arch., S 238. berth-latch (bcrth'lach), n. A spring-catch I'lir keeping the upper berth of a sleeping-car ill place when closed. Bertholletia(ber-tho-16'shi-ii), 91. [NL., named alter (!laude Louis lirrtholhl, a French chem- ist, 1748-1822.] A genus of Mi/rtacea; of which only one species, It. cxctl^a, is known. It la a tl'( f largo dimensions, and forms vast forests on the banks of Ihe Anni/on, Hlo Negro, and Orinoco. It grows to a height of l.'iO feet, and its stem is from :i to 4 feet in dlanii'lir. The fruit Is known as the lirazlbinit (which bertram, bartram 0>('r'-, biir'tram), «. [A cor- riipliou of ]j. pi/nlhniiii ; see I'yrithritm.] An old iiaiiie (if the jiliint J'yrelhnim I'lirlhcniltm, bnslnrd jielliliirv or feverfew. bertrandite (lM''r'tniiid-it), h. [After E. licr- triinil, a l''i'eiich crvslallognipher.] A liydrouB Hllii'iiit^ of glue I II mil, oceiiri'liig in niiiiiili' iiHIio- rhdinbic erysliils in jiegmalile near Nantes in l''rn.iice. berwickt, berewickt, «. [Used only as a his- liiriciil term, < MK. Iirnwil.r, < AS. brrriric, < /")•'•, barley, + trie, dwelling, villnge: see heal* and wick-, and cf. Ixirlon.] Siiiik- as barton, 1. In the courts of the Forest of KnarcHlMtrough each of the townships or brrnmcH whh'h form Ibc iinnior of tho forest Is representetl liy the constalile and four men ; from berwick these the jurors of the leet are chosen ; anil by them the nraenositus or crave, and the bedel. ,,iaepo8icus b S(w66s, Const. Hist., I. 120. A fish of the family Bery- berycid (ber'i-sid), n. ciiliv. Also herycoid. Berycidse (be-ris'i-de), pi. [Nil., < Beryx 531 beset honey-yellow masses, also less frequently in ^^^^;^^^Z^:^^SZu^,en. isouiolnc crvs1 ills. /j. Jonmn, I'oetaster, v. 1, berzeline (b6r'ze-lm), «. i< ^er'^elius {see ber- (be-skuch'on), v. t. [< hc-T- + .cHanite) + -ine^.l _ 1, The_ copper selemde ^^escutclieon ,(^V «kuch^9J^^;,^t .^ .^ «^e„tcheon: as, " hesciilchconed and betagged," Churchill, usually called herselianitc. — 2. A name early given to the mineral haiiyno. (lUnjc ) + -idd'.'] A family of acanthopterygian ]jes (bes), ii. [L., rarely bessis {hess-), < hi-, two-, fishes, of which Beryx is the typical genus. Vary iiig limits have been assigned to it. (a) In Gunther's sys. Cautotepis totigidens. teni it is the only family of the BertKiformes. (h) In Gill's system it is limited to Berycoidea, with a single dorsal Bn h'aviTi),' few spines in front, and ventral flns with many soft rays luid moderate spines. It includes the genera Beryx, Aii'ijiliiauairr, Cmdolepis, and others. beryciform (be-ris'i-form), a. Having the cliarai-f ITS of or pertaining to the Beryciformes. Beryciformes (be-ris-i-for'mez), «. pi. [Nl., < Beryx {Beryc-) + Ij. forma, shape.] In ichth.. + Hit (ass-), as, unit : sec as^.}' In Bom. mctrol- 0(jy, two thirds of a unit or eight twelfths of an as; especially, eight cyathi or two thirds of a sextarius; also, the name of a small copper coin. Also hessi.'i. besa (bo'sii), ?(. [Heb.] A measure of capacity mcul iciiicd in rabbinical writings, equal to about one sixth of a United States pint. besabol (bos'a-bol), n. [Ar.] A fragrant res- inous balsam obtained from a biirseraeeouj, tree, ('iiniiiiiphnra kataf, of the Somali country in eastern Africa, it was formerly called Fast Indian inyrrh. and dilters from true mynh chiefly in its odor. Also bi^sahol. besagne (be-san'), n. [OF. hesange (Koque- fort), a piece, bit; perhaps same as OP. bosant, bezant: see 6cjn«i.] In medieval armor, a round plate protecting the interval between two pieces of plate-armor, as at the knee-joint or elbow-joint. During the period from the flrst in- troduction of plate in the earliest rerehrac to the com- plete suit of steel (nearly a century aTiil a half), till- pirilic- tion of these joints was one of the most ditlicnU prolilciiis, and the use of the roundel of steel (easy to forge and to attach), to protect the outer side of the elbow or knee, was .almost uinversal ; it it disappeared for a few years, it was f>nly to come into use again. See roundel. TllO Oliost, iv. beseet (be-se'), v. [< ME. besen, beseon, Useon, < AS. Ijeiicdii, look, look about (= OS. bischan, OFries. hisia = Goth. Usaihwan), < he- + seon, see: see ftt-l and seel.] I. trans. 1. To look at; see.— 2. To look to; see to; attend to; ar- range. — 3. Reflexively, to look about one's self ; looli to one's self. II. iutraiis. To look about; look. beseech (be-sech'), v. t. ; pret. and pp. besought, ppr. beseeching. [Early mod. E. (north.) also heseek, < ME. besechen, hisechen, also beselcen (not in AS.) (= OFries. 6jseA-a = D. bezneken = OHG. bisuochan, MUG. besuochcn, G. hesuchen = Sw. ie.TOte = Dan. besiige, visit, go to see), < be- + seJcen, seek: see ie-l and .see/t.] 1. To entreat ; supplicate ; implore ; ask or pray with m-gency: followed by a personal object. I Paul myself beseech you by the meekness and gentle- ness of Clu-ist. 2 Cor. x. 1. I do beseech you (Chiefly, that I might set it in my prayers). What is your name? SUalc, Tempest, ill. 1. followed by in Giinther'ssystemof classification, the second besague (bes'a-gu), re. [OF., also bisatgue, F. division of the order JcoHiftopferi/r//*, character- '--■—•" ^~ '- ->- ■' t >..<. ^«..Wa -4- ized by a compressed oblong body, a head with large mueiferous ca^■ities covered with thin skin only, and the ventral fins thoracic with one spine and more than five soft rays (in Mo- nocentris with only two). berycoid (ber'i-koid), a. and n. I. a. Pertain- ing to the superfamUy Berycoidea or family Berycidee. II. n. Same as berycid. Berycoidea (ber-i-koi'de-a), ». pi. [Nliv < Be- rifx (Beryc-) + -oidea.'] A superfamily of acan- thopterygian fishes having nearly the same limits as the group Beryciformes, and including the families Berycidfe, Monocentridw, Stejjhano- hen/cidxe, and Solocentridce. beryl (ber'il), n. [Early mod. E. beiil, berel, ber- rel, etc., < ME. beryl, beril, berel, < OF. beril, < L. berylhis, berilhis, < Gr. ^iifrvXhiQ, beryl, per- haps < Skt. vaidurya (with lingual d), beryl. Cf. Ar. Pers. ballur, bellaur, crystal] A colorless, bluish, pinkish, yellow, or more eomnionly freen mineral, occurring in hexagonal prisms, he precious emerald is a variety which owes its beanty besailt,_«. besalgiie = Pr! bezagudo, < L. his, double, -I- acuta, acutiis, pointed, sharp: see bis- and acute, and cf. E. twibill.'] In medieval antiq.: (a) A two- edged or two- pointed wea- pon, especial- ly a sort of pick having one short jjoint and one blunt or four-pointed head; a variety of the martel- de-fer (which see), (b) A carpenter's tool with perhaps an ax-blade on one side and an adz- blade on the other. besaint (be-siint'), v. f. [< Je-l 4- saint] To make a saint of. Their canonizing . . . and besainiing themselves. Hammond, Works, IV. Ix. See begant. Besagues. (From Viollct-le-Duc's " Mobilier fran^ais." ) of color to the presence of a small amount of chronnum See emerald. Aquamarine is a pale-green transparent va- riety, also used as a gem, though not highly prized. Beryl is a silicate of aluminium and beryllium (glucinum). The best beryls are found in Brazil and Ceylon, and in Transbai- kalia and elsewhere in Siberia. Beryls occur also in many parts of the United States, especially in the New Eng- land States and North Carolina ; the latter State has af- forded some good emeralds. beryllia (be-ril'i-a), n. as glucina. Befyllian (be-ril'ian), n. One of a sect found- ed in tlie third ceiitury by Beryllus, bishop of Bostra in Arabia, who taught that Christ was non-existent previous to his incarnation, and '(jegcorn (be-skoru'), i'- *• [< *e-^ + scorn.l that at his birth a portion of the divine nature lYcat with scorn; mock at. bes-antler, «. See bez-antJer. besaylet, "■ [ME., < OF. besayel, besaiol (F. hisaieul), a great-grandfather, < bes-, bis- (< L. bis, twice) -t- ayel, aiol, aieid, grandfather: see bis- and ayle.'\ A great-grandfather.— Writ of besayle, in oM law, a writ by which a great-grandchild, wrongfully excluded from an ancestor's property, vindi- cateil his or her claim to it. [< be-'- + scatter.] [KLi.,Ti thou most love thurgh thy destenee That thou beset rcere on swich on that sholde Know al thi wo, al lakkede here pitee. Chaueer, Troilus, i. 521. besetment (be-set'ment), n. [< beset + -ment.'] 1. The state or condition of being beset. The breeze freshened off shore, breaking np and send- ing out the floes, the leads rapidly closing. Fearing a be- tetment, I determined to fasten to an iceberg. Kane, Sec. Grinn. Exp., I. 33. 2. The sin or failing to which one is most li- able ; a besetting sin or tendency. [From the expression in Heb. xii. 1.] It's ray besetment to forget where I am, and everything arriund me. Geortje Elir>t. bese'tting (be-set'ing), p. a. Habitually at- tacking or waylaying. We have all nf us our besettinij sins, our special moral daii^rer, and our special moral strength. J. F. Clarke, Sell-Culture, ix. besewt (be-so'), v. t. [< ME. beseieen, < be- + sew- (71, sew: see ic-l and .s-eifl.] To sew. Gower. beseyet, pp. A Middle English form of beseeii . besha (be'sha), H. An ancient Egyptian mea- sure of capacity, said to be equal to 4.5 liters, or one imperial gallon. besbett, iJ>i>- A past participle of 6e«7iM<. CVkik- rrr. beshinet (be-slun'), v. t. ; pret. and pp. beshone, jipr. III. shining. [< ME. bc.shinen, bischinen, < AS. i(j»cinaK (= OFries. hischina = 1). beschijnen = OHG. bisceinan, MHG. beschinen, G. bescheinen = Goth. biskcinan), shine upon, < be- + scinan, sthine : see 6e-l and shine."] To shine about or upon. Chaucer. [.She] was as fair a creature as the sun might beshine. Benjn, 1. 3S1. besblik (besh'lik), n. A Turkish silver coin, of t 111' value of Jl United States cents. Also beslik. beshmet (bcsh'met), n. [Native term.] An article of food consisting of grapes made into the consistenee of honey, used among the tribes tit tlic mountainous districts of Aam Minor, beshonet (be-shon'). Preterit and past purtici- jil"' of liishine. besho'W (be-sho'), II. A nuine given by the In- ilmii'i of the strait of .Tuan do fnca to the can- ill'-liNh, AnoploponM fimbria. Hee cut under rftiiiHr-Jish. beshrew 'be-shrii'), r. t. [< ME. bcshrewen, I 111-. , |,irv('i-t, < be- + shrew : si'O ic-l and shrill^.] If. To wish a curse to ; execrate. Alle »tiche freendU 1 beshreuv. Rom. o/the Hose. ^' , a bUiMOm from the IkiiikIi : I'.iil ifhreir bin In iirl ilml ipiill'd It. Fli-leher, Faltblul Hhcpherdeiui, Iv. 2. N ny. '|i"''h the cock : but I limhreu! tu bvrong her neck. HoUnshed, Chron., Scotland (ed. 1806), II. CO. Neleus, Son of Codrus, being put beside [out of] the King, dom of Athens by his younger Brother Medon. Stanley, Hist. Philos. (ed. 1701). (X E. D.) 4. Apart from; not connected with; not ac- cording to. It is beside my present business to enlarge upon this speculation. Locke. 5t. Contrary to. .It Durham, beside all expectation, I met an old friend. Johnson, Letters (ed. 1788), I. Ixxiii. 106. 6. Out of ; in a state de'viating from. Enough To put him quite beside his patience. 67iaA-„ 1 Hen. I\'., iii. 1. 7t. Without. Execut was al byside hire leve. Chaucer, Troilus, iii. 622. Beside the mark, away from the mark aimed at ; not to the point; in-elevant or irrelevantly: as, to shoot or to argue beside the mark. To reason with such a writer is like talking to a deaf man who catches at a stray word, nnikes answer beside the mark, and is led fiuther and further into error by every attempt to explain. Macaulay, Utilitarian Theory of Ooverniuent. To be beside one's self, to lie out of one's wits or flenses ; In; in a lii^'li state of mental exaltation or excitement ; lose one's aelf-coniniand tln-ough strong feeling. Paul, thott art beside thyself; niuch learning doth make thee mad. Acts xxvi. 24. He came domi with a hiigi' long naked weapon in botli his hands, and looked sodreadlnlly .' sure he's beside him- ^elf. li. Jonsfin, F'pictene, iv. 2. To go besldet, to pass by ; pass over. — To look besldel, to overlook ; fail to see; miss seeing. Let vs but open our eyes, we cannot looke beside a lesson. Bp. Halt (1027), Epistles, Iv. 341. = Syn. Beside, Besides. Beside, by the side of ; besides. In addition to. Then went Sir Bedlvere the second time Acrosa the ridge, and paced beside the mere. Tennyson, Passing of Arthur. His IMulcy Ablll Hassan's] kingiloni now contained four- teen cities, nincty.seven f<)rtillcii places, liesides nnuwrtiu^ nnwallcd towns and \illages defenilcd by formidable cuh- tI,H. /rtn'nj/, Gnmadii, p. ];{. besideryt (htj-si'do-ri), »• [Origin unknown.] A snccK^H of pear, .fohn.ion. besides (be-sidz'), adv. and prep. [< MK. hr- siilr.i, hisiiliH, < beside + adv. gen. suftlx -is: hi'h beside.] I, adv. 1. Moreover; more than that; further. Tlie match Were rlrli and honourable ; liesidrt, the geiilluman Is full of virtue, iHiiinly, worth, and i|niillllc« Ih'scendng su<;h a » lie us vour fair diiugliler. .s'/i.iJt.,T. (i. of v., 111. 1, 2. In addition; over and above; as well. 'Die men said unto Ixil, llast thou here any IftiiUi' Gen. x\%. 12. Tllrre arc /MiTi'dr* many jHinii » volumes, someembowt'd with gold, and Intatfllaa on nelintJt, mcdnllrw, etc. Hvelyn, Diary, .'Icpl. 2, lOMO. besmear 3. Not included in that mentioned ; otherwise; else. She does %vrite to me .\s if her heart were mines of adamant To all the world besides. Beau, and Fl., Philaster, iii. L 4t. On one side ; aside. To gon besydes in the weye. Chaucer, Canon's Yeoman's Tale, 1. 405. Thou canst not light ; the blows thou mak'st at me .Vre quite besides. Beau, and Fl., Maid's Tragedy, v. 4, Sometimes beside. 11. prep. If. By tie side of; near. Spenser. — 2. Over and above; separate or distinct from; in addition to: as, besides these honors he re- ceived much money. — 3. Other than; except; bating. No liWng creature ever walks in it besides the chaplain. Addison, Spectator, No. 110. 4t. Beyond ; away from : as, quite besides the sub.iect. — Besides himselft, beside himself. Holland, tr. of Livy, p. 4:»t'.. = Syu. Beside, Besides. Sec beside, IL besiege (bo-sej'), r. t.; pret. and pp. besieged, ppr. besieging. [< ME. besegen, bisegen, < be- + segen, besiege : see be-^ and siege, r.'] 1. To lay siege to; beleaguer; beset or stuTOiuid with armed forces for the purpose of couipelling to surrender, either by famine or by violent at- tacks: as, to besiege a castle or city. Till Paris was besicg'd, famish'd, and lost. Shak., 2 Hen. ■\rL, L 3. 2. To beset; throng around ; harass. All frailties that besiege all kinds of blood. Shak., Sonnets, cix. The arras, rich with horseman, hawk, and hound, Flntter'd in the besieging wind's uproar. And the long cai'pets rose along the gusty floor. Keats, Eve of St. Agnes, xL - Syn. L To beset, hem in, invest, blockade, besieged (be-sejd'), p- a. In astral., said of a ]il:uR't whiok is between two others, besiegement (be-sej'meiit), «. [< besiege ■^■ -ment.] 1. The'act of besieging. — 2. A state of siege ; beleaguermeut. It is not probable, however, that Pemberton would have permitted a close besiegement. U. S. Grant, Personal Memoirs, I. 495. besieger (be-se'j6r), «. One who besieges. On tlie 27th of November, the besiegers made n despe- rate though ineffectual lissault on the city. Prescott, VeVii. and Isa.. ii. 23, besieging (be-se'jing),». a. Surrounding in a hostile manner; employed in a siege: as, a hisiigini/ army. besiegingly (be-se'jing-li), adi: lu a besieging niniuior. [Rare.] besil'Ver (be-sil'vSr), f. t. [< 6e-l -1- silver.] To cover with or as with silver. G. Fletcher. besing (be-sing'), r. t. [< ^c-l + sing.] To sing about ; celebrate in song. Varlyle. besitt (l)e-sit'), I', t. [< ME. besitttn, < AS. bc- sitlan, sit about, < be-, about, -H sittan, sit: see ftf-l and sit, and cf. llio causal form beset.] 1. To sit about; bosiogo. — 2. To sit upon. — 3. To sit properly upon, as clothes ; suit ; bo- come. That which is tor Ladies most besiUing. Spenser, V. Q., IV. ii. 19. beslabbert (be-slab'6r), v. t. [< ME. beslaber- (•«, also be.slnberen (= LG. beshibbrrn), < be- -h slabcrcn, slabber, slobber : see be-'^ and slabber, slabber.] To beslaver ; beslobber. I'iers I'loiv- inaii. besla'^e (be-slav'), v. t. [< 6c-l + slave.] To make a slave of; enslave. [Covetousness] besUti'es the nITectlons. Qitarles, .TudginiMit and Mercy. besla'Ver (be-slav'6r), r. t. [< /)(-! -I- .slaver^. t't. btslablier.] To cover with slaver, or any- thing suggesting slaver; hence, to cover with fiilsonio llattery. beslik (b(>s'lik), n. Same as beshlik. beslime (be-Hlim')j r. t. [< /«;-! + slime.] To daub with or as with slime; soil. Our fry of writers nuiy beslime his fame. B. ,/onson. Pro!, to Toetastor. beslobber (be-slob'^r), f. t. \<.'MV.. heslnhiren, Hiimo lis hisliiiirren : see beslidihir.] To bi'smciir or befoul will) H|iittlo or iniylliiiig ninnitig I'l'oin tho nioiitli; Hlnbbi'i- over with cITiisivi' kisscH; lieni'i', to lliiltcr ill a fulsome manner or to a fiilsonio dogree. beslubber ( lie-slub't'r), v. t. [Var. of be.ilobber.] Tu besuicar or b(. /. [. I. [Early i 1. K. also bcsmeir, hcsmcrc, bcsmire, etc., < MIO. bismior- besmear wfn, < AS. 'hismerunan, hesmyrian (= MHG. he- smirwen), besmear, < he- + smyrwan, smierwan, smear : see 6r-l and xmcur.'] To smear over or about; bedaub; overspreiid with any viscous matter, or with any soft substance that adheres ; hence, to foul ; soil ; sully. ily honimr would not let ingratitude So much besmear it. Shak., M. of V., v. i. His dear friends Acates and Acanthes Lie in the field besmired in their bloods. Chapman, Blind Beggar. Her gushing blood the pavement all besmear'd. Dry den. besmearer (be-smer'6r), n. One who besmears. besmirch (be-'smerch'),». *• [< he-^ + smirch.'\ To soil ; djseolor, as with soot or mud ; hence, to sully ; obscure. [The figurative use is now the more common one.] Our gayness, and our gilt, are all besmircKd With rainy marciiing in the painful field. Shak., Hen. V., iv. 3. The dishonor that besmirches the husband of a faithless woman. Hawthorne, Scarlet Letter, p. 87. besmoke (be-smok'), v. t. [< ME. besmoken, < Ic-i. +■ smohen, smoke: see 6e-l and smoJcc.'] 1. To befoul or fill with smoke. — 2. To harden or dry in smoke. Johnson. — 3. To fumigate. [Rare.] besmooth (be-smoTH'), «'■ t. [< fte-l + smooth.} To make smooth. Chapman. besmoteredt, pp. [ME., pp. of 'lesmoteren ; appar. freq. of besmut, which, however, does not .appear in ME.] Smutted; spotted; made dirty. A gepouu Al bysinotered with his habergeoun. Chaucer, Gen. Prol. to C. T., 1. 7fi. besmut (be-smuf), v.t; pret. and pp. besmut^ ted, ppr. hesmutting. [< be-^ + smut.'] To blacken with smut ; foul with soot. besmutch (bf-smuch'), v. t. [< 6e-l + smutch.] To besmirch." Carlyle. besnow (be-sno'), V. t. [With altered vowel (after snow), for earlier besneu; < ME. besnewen, < AS. besniiean (=MHG. hesnlcii, G. beschneien), < be- + sniwan, snow: see he-^ and snow.] To cover with or as with snow ; whiten. A third thy white and small hand shall besnow. Carew, To Lady Anne Hay. besnuflf (bf-snuf'), v. t. [< 6e-l + snuff.] To befoul with snuff. [Eare.] Unwashed her hands, and much beanuffed her face. Young, Satires, vi. besogniot, «• Seebisognio. besoil (be-soil'), r. /. [< ME. besoylen, < 6f-l + soiUn, soil: see fte-l and soil.] To soil; stain; sully. Venerable too is the rugged face, all weather-tanned, hesoiled, with its rude intelligence. Carlyle, Sartor Kesartus, iii. 4. besom (be'zum), n. [< ME. besum, besem. besme, a broom, a rod,< AS. besema, besma, a rod, in pi. a bundle of twigs or rods used as a broom, also as an instrument of punishment, = OFries. besma = OD. bessem, D. bczem = LG. bessen = OHG. besamo, MHG. besemc,_ G. besen, a broom, a rod; orig. perhaps a twig, hence a bundle of twigs, a broom.] 1. A brush of twigs for sweeping ; hence, a broom of any kind. 1 will sweep it with the besom of destruction, saith the Lord of hosts. Is. xiv. 23. The Lord Bacon was wont to commend the advice of the plain old man at Buxton, that sold besoms. Bueun's Apophfheyms, p. 190. There is little to the rake to get after the bissome. Scotch proverb, in Ray (167S), p. S'.W. 2. A name given to the common broom of Eu- rope, Cytisiis scoparius, and to the heather, Cal- luna vulgaris, because both are used for besoms. — 3. [Pron. biz'um.] A contemptuous epithet for a low, worthless woman. [Scotch.] besom (be'zum), *. /. [< besom, n.] To sweep as with a besom. Cowper. [Rare.] besomer (be'zum-er), n. One who uses a besom. besoothment (be-soTH'ment), n. [< *besoothe (not in use) (< fc'e-l + soothe) + -ment.] That which yields consolation ; solace ; comfort. Quarterly Rev. [Rare.] besortt {be-s6rt'), V. t. [< 6e-l + sort.] To suit; fit; become. Such men as may besort your age. Shak., Lear, i. 4. besortt (be-sorf), n. [< besort, v.] Something fitting or appropriate ; suitable company. I crave fit disposition for my wife, . . . With such accommodation and besort As levels with her breeding. Shak.. Othello, i. 3. besot (be-sof), !'. t.; pret. and pp. besotted, ppr. besotting. [< 6e-l + sot.] 1. To infat- uate ; make a dotard of. 533 A fellow sincerely besotted on his own wife. li. Jonson, Every Man out of his Humour, Pref. 2. To stiipcfy; affect with mental or moral stupidity or blindness. A weak and besotted prince — who had . . . produced a revolt in wliich six thousand lives were lost — is per- mitted, uinnolested and in safety, to leave the city. Everett, Orations, I. 517. 3. To make sottish, as with drink; make a sot of. Permitted ... to besot themselves in the company of theu' favourite revellers. Macaulay, Hist. Eng., ii. besotment (be-sot'ment), n. [< besot + -ment.] The act of making one's self sottish by drink; the state of being besotted. The debasing habit of unsocial besotment is not l)rought under the eyes of his superior. liidwer. besotted (be-sot'ed), ;;. a. 1. Characterized by or indicative of stupidity; stupid; infatuated. Besotted, base ingratitude. Milton, Conius, 1. 778. Historical painting had sunk ... on the north into the patient devotion of besotted lives to delineations of bricks and fogs, fat cattle and ditch water. Buskin. 2. Made sottish by drink ; stupefied by habit- ual intoxication. besottedly (be-sot'ed-li), adv. In a besotted or foolish manner. besottedness (be-sot'ed-nes), n. The state of being besotted ; stupidity ; arrant folly ; infat- uation. besottingly (be-sot'ing-li), adv. In a besotting manner. besought (be-sof). Preterit and past participle of beseech. besour (bf-sonr'), r. t. [< Se-l + sour.] To make sour. Hammond. besouth (be-south'), ^»-f;). [< M'E.be-sotcth ; <. 6e-2 + south. Cf. benorth.] To the south of. [Scotch.] bespangle (be-spang'gl), v. t. [< ie-l -t- span- gle.] To adorn with spangles; dot or sprinkle with small glittering objects. Not Berenice's lock first rose so bright, The heav'ns bespangling with dishevell'd light. Pope, K. of the L., v. ISO. bespat (be-spaf). Preterit of bespit. bespatter (be-spat'er), V. t. [< 6e-i + spatter.] X. To soil by spattering; sprinkle with any- thing liquid, or with any wet or adhesive substance. — 2. Figuratively, to asperse with calumny or reproach. Wliom never faction could bespatter. Swi.ft, On Poetry. bespattlet (be-spat'l), v. t. [< ftc-l + spattle.] To spit on. Bp. Bale. bespawlt (be-spal'), V. t. [< be-l + spawl.] To soil or make foul with or as with spittle. Bespaicls The conscious time with humorous foam and brawls. B. Jonson, Poetaster, v. 1. This remonstrant would invest himself conditionally with all the rheum of the town, that he might have suffi- cient to bespawl his brethren. Milton, Def. of Humb. Eemonst. bespeak (be-spek'), v. ; pret. bespoke (formerly bespake), pp. bespoken, bespoke, ppr. bespeak- ing. [< ME. bespekcn, bispeken, speak, agree upon, complain, < AS. besprecan, complain (= OS. bisprekan = OFries. bispreka = D. bespreken = OHG. bisprehhan, MHG. G. besprechen, be- speak), < be- + sprecan, speak: see &e-l and speak.] I. trans. 1. To speak for beforehand ; engage in advance; make arrangements for: as, to bespeak a place in a theater. Staying in Paul's Churchyard, to fcrajJcaJrOgilby's.Esop's Fables and TuUys Offlcys to be bound for me. Pepys, Diary, I. 138. 'Tis very true, ma'am ; every thing is fixed, and the wed- ding liveries bespoke. Sheridan, School for Scandal, i. 1. 2. To stipulate, solicit, or ask for, as a favor: as, to bespeak a calm bearing. This is a sinister and politic kind of charity, whereby we seem to bespeak the pities of men in the like occasions. Sir T. Browne, Eeligio Jledici, ii. 2. 3t. To forebode ; foretell. They started tears, bespoke dangers, and formed omi- nous prognosticks, to scare the allies. Swift. 4. To speak to ; addi-ess. [In this sense mostly poetical.] He thus the queen bespoke. Dryden. 5. To betoken; show; indicate, as by signs. When the abbot of St. Martin was born, he had so little the figm-e of a man that it bespoke him rather a monster. Locke. His face bespeaks A deep and simple meekness. Wordsit'orth, The Borderers, i. The object, alike paltry and impossible, of this ambi- tion, bespoke the narrow mind. Motley, Dutch Republic, II. 613. Bessel's function Il.t inirans. To speak up or out; exclaim; speak. Until their Lord himself bespoke, and bid them go. Milton, Nativity, vi. And thus the chief bespake. Cowper, Iliad, ii. 201. bespeak (be-spek'), n. [(.bespeak, r.,\.] Among actors in Great Britain, a benefit : so called from the bespeaking of patronage by the actors, or of the play by the patrons. See benefit, 5. bespeaker (>ie-.spe'ker), n. One who bespeaks. bespeaking (be-spe'king), n. [Verbal n. of be- speak.] The act of speaking for or soliciting; solicitation. A preface, therefore, which ia but a bespeaki^i{f of favour, is altogether useless. Dryden, Hind and Panther, Pref. bespeckle (be-spek'l), v. t. [< 6e-i + speckle.] To mark with' speckles, spots, or binght patches. Bespeckted her with . . . gaudy allurements. Milton, Reformation in Eng., L bespendt (be-spend'), V. t. [< Je-1 + spend.] To expend; bestow; employ. All his craft Bespent about the bed. Ctiapman, Odyssey, viii. bespett, V. t. [ME. bespeten (weak verb^pp. besjjct, bespat), < be-T- + speten, < AS. spwtan, spit: see spit, and cf. bespit.] To bespit. bespe'W (be-spu'), r. t. [< 6e-i -I- spew.] To spew or vomit on. bespice (be-spis'), r. t. [< 6e-i + spice.] To season witli spices or drugs; hence, to drug; poison. Ay, and thou. His cup-bearer, . . . mightst bespice a cup. To give mine enemy a lasting wink. Shak., W. T., L 2. bespirtt, ". t. See bespurt. bespit (be-spif), V. t.; pret. bespit, hespat, pp. bespit, be'spittcn, bespitted, ppr. besjntting. [< ME. bispitten, < bi- + sjjitten, spit: see 6e-l and sjnt, and cf. bespet.] To spit upon; soil with spittle. bespoke (be-sp6k'). Preterit and past partici- ple of bespeak. bespot (be-spof), v. t. [< ME. bispotten, < bi- + spotteyi, spot: see be-^ and spot.] To make spots on ; mark with spots ; cover with or as with blots or blemishes. Lcspotted so with sin. Drayton, Matilda to K. JohB. bespread (be-spred'), v. t. [< 6e-i + spread.] To spread over; cover with. His nuptial bed. With curious needles wrought, and painted flowers be- spread. Dryden. bespreng (be-spreng'), V. t. [< ME. bespreiigen, bisprengeii (pp. besprenged, bespreynt, etc.), < AS. besprengan (= D. and G. besprengen), be- sprinkle, < be- -h sprengan, sprinkle: see be-^ and spreng, and cf. besprinkle.] 1. To sprinkle over; besprinkle: as, "besprent with teares," Alir. for Mags., p. 26. The floor with tassels of fir was besprent. Longfellow, Wayside Inn, King Olaf, iv. 2. To spread; scatter. His silver tresses thin besprent. T. Warton, Grave of King Arthur. [Obsolete except in the perfect participle be- sprent.] besprent (be-sprent'), p. a. [Pp. of bespreng.] Besprinkled. In the ^ovier-besprent meadows his genius we trace. Wordsworth, At Vallombrosa. besprinkle (be- spring 'kl), v. t. [< 6e-i -I- sprinkle. Cf. bespreng.] To sprinkle over; scatter over : as, to besprinkle with dust. Herodotus . . . hath besprinkled his work with many fabulosities. Sir T. Browne. Besprinkles with Cimmerian dew. Pope, Dunciad, iii 4. besprinkler (bf-spring'kler), n. One who be- sprinkles. bespurt, bespirtt (be-spert'), v. t. [< 6e-l -I- spurt.] To spurt out or over; throw out in a stream or streams. Well bespurted with his own holy water. Milton, Def. of Humb. Remonst. bespurtlet (be-sper'tl), r. t. [< be-i- + spurtle.] To bespatter,' as with conttunely; asperse. I give thy dogged sullennes free libertie : trot about, and besjntrtle whom thou pleasest. Marston and Webster, The Malcontent, L 2. besputter (be-sput'er), V. t. [< 6e-i + sptitter.] To sputter over. Besselian (be-sel'yan), a. Pertaining to or ori- ginated by the German astronomer Friedrich WUhelmBessel (1784-1846) — Besselian function. Same as Be.^scl's function (which see, under /uncfio?j). Bessel's function. See function. Bessemer converter Bessemer converter, iron, process, steel, etc. See the nouns. ^ ^ *, Bessera (bos'e-rii), n. [>rL., named after the KvLSsian naturalist Besser.2 A genus of Mexi- can bulbous liliaceous plants, consisting of a single species, £. elegans, frequently cultivated. Its showy crimson flowers are borne in a termi- nal umbel. tessisXbes'is), n. Same as 6fs. bessognet, "• See hinogno. best (best), a. and n. (superlative of good). [See better, a., and good.'] I. a. 1 . Of the highest quality, excellence, or standing: said of both persons and things in regard to mental, moral, or physical qualities, whether inherent or ac- quired: as. the 6fsf writers and speakers; the best families ; the best judgment : the best years of one's life; a house built of the 6e«t materials, best (best), r. t. 534 6fS«-behaved boy in the school ; the 6es«-culti- bestial (bes'tial) vated fields. Speak ye, who best can tell. Milton, P. L, V. 160. Most solicitous how best He may compensate for a day of sloth. Cou'per, Task, iv. He prayeth best who loveth bc.it All things both great ami small. Coleridge, Ancient Mariner, vii. 23. 2. In or to the highest degree ; to the fullest extent; most fully: as, those who know him best speak highly "of him ; those best informed say so ; the ftesf-abused man in town. Old fiishions please me best. Sliak., T. of the S., iii. 1. Tell whom thou lovest best. Shak., T. of the S., ii. 1. I relish best the free gifts of Providence. Baivthorne, Old Manse, I, [< best, a. or k.] 1. ■nijen he is best, he is a little worse than a man ; and when he is worst, he is little better than a beast. Shak., M. of v., 1. 2. What she wills to do or say Seems wisest, ^irtuousest, discreetest, best. Milton, P. L., viii. 550. 2. Of greatest advantage, usefulness, or suita- the better of ; outdo ; surpass. I cannot stand quiet and see the dissenters best the es- tablishment. Trafford, World in Ch., ii. 77. (.V. E. D.) 2. To overreach or outwit : as, to best a client. — 3. To defeat in a contest; do better than; beat; hence, in pugilism, to thrash soimdly; drub; defeat at fisticuffs To bilitv for the purpose intended ; most advan- ^ggtadt An obsolete preterit corresponding to tagebus, suitable, appropriate, or desirable : jj^^ '^ participle bestead^. as, the bett man for the place ; the best way to ijggta,in (be-stan'), r. t. [< 6e-l + stain.'] do anything. "' " His best companions, innocence and health. And his best riches, ignorance of wealth. Gotdtmith, Des. Vil., 1. 61. 3. Most kind, beneficent, or good : applied to persons: as. the best husband imaginable ; which of your brothers is best to you T — 4. Largest ; greatest ; most : as, we spent the best part of three days in getting there — Best man, tin- groomsman or chief attendant on the bridegroom at a wedding. mark with "stains; discolor; spot, All with blood bestain his cheeks. Percy's Jieliques, p. 1.'14. bestand (be-stand'), r. t. [< be-^ + stand.'] To serve ; be of service to ; be ready to serve or aid. [Rare.] To such practical lessons as would always bestand them „,.ll D. G. Mitctiell, Bound Together. best-best (best'best), n. The very best: some times quality bestorm a. and n. [< L. bestialis, < bcstia, beast: see beast.] I. «. 1. Belonging to a beast or to the class of beasts; animal. Of shape part human, part bestial. Tatler, No. 49. 2. Ha^"ing the qualities of a beast ; brutal; be- low tlie dignity of reason or humanity; carnal: as, a bestial appetite. I have lost the immortal part of myself, and what re- mains is bestial. Skak., Othello, ii. S. Bestial automaton. See automaton. — Bestial slfn, in nxIroL. a zodiacal sign denoted tiy a quadrupid, .\ne8, Taurus, l.eo, Sagittarius, or Capriconuis. = Sjm. Brutish, Bestial, etc. fsee bnile'l: vile, depraved, sensual. II. n. [< LL. bestiale, cattle, neut. of L. bes- tialis : see above.] 1. In Scot.s law, the cattle on a farm taken collectively. — 2\. A work on ,i,i,i,r . zoology. Brewer. T^apt bestiality (bes-tial'i-ti), «. [< LL. bestialitas, < ^ bestialis : see bestial.] 1. The qualities or na- tui-e of a beast; conduct or mental condition unworthy of human nature ; beastliness. WHiat can be a greater absurdity than to affirm 6es(iai- ilu to lie the essence of humanity, and darkness the centre of light ? Martinus Scriblertts. 2. Uniiiituval connection with a beast. bestialize (bes'tial-iz), v. t. ; pret. and pp. bes- tiali^cd. ppr. bestiali::ing. [< bestial, a., + -ize."] To make like a beast ; bring or reduce to the state or condition of a beast. Tlie process of bestialisinri humanity. Sare. bestially (bes'tial-i), adv. In a bestial man- ukT ; brutally ; "as a brute beast, bestiant (bes'tian), a. Of or belonging to the beast spoken 61 in the Apocalypse (Bev. xiii. XX.). bestianismt (bes'tian-izm), n. [< bestian + The power of the beast. See bestipr. besdatiiKj. [< L. bestin, a beast, -t- •aiei.] To make beastly; bestialize. [Rare.] Drunkenness bestiate.'i the heart. Jl. Junius, .sinno Stigmatized, p. 2SS. bridegroom. In our own marriages the best man seems originally tu have been the chief abettor of the bridegroom in the act of capture. Dancin, Des. of Man, II. xx. Best work, in mining, the richest class of ore.— To put one's best foot foremost. See foot. n. "• 1. The highest possible state of ex- cellence; the best quality or property of a person or thing. Yf thou wylte levc in peas & Kcste, Here, & see, & sey the beste. Prop. 0/ Good Countei, 62. But you, O you. So perfect, and so peerless, are created Of every creature's best. Shak., Tempest, ill. 1. 2. All that one can do, or show in one's self : often used in this sense with the possessive pronouns m//, thy, his, their, etc. : as, I will do TOy^c.^( to advance your interests; she is bent ""•" A',ii/7,'Haue with you to Saftronwalden. Vestick (be-stik'), r. ^ ; pret. and pp. bestiick, on looking hcrl^st; he did all he could to ap- ^ ^, ,, g^, j,,^,^. pp"^,!^,/,/'/,;,. [< be-l 4 stielA.] Y. To sticli T>«ar at h,s best in that oerformanco. halted bestead (be-sted'), P- a. [Prop, only Ii tlie surlace of ; cover over.- 2. To pierce as a pp. or \k a.;' but Spenser uses a pret. in various places ; pierce tlirough and through. c.Hlad and pp. Iwstedded, and other authors . ^t ..* r / 'K\^? I.....*..,; .(/, besteil, ppr. besteading. [< fcc-l + stead, r. support, help.] 1. To help; assist.— 2. To profit; benefit; serve; avail. Kcmember this, Gil Bias, . . . pay your court to Signior Rodriguez, . . . his friendship will bestead you much. '' ' Smollett, tr. of Gil Bias, iii. 3. In this ship was great store of dry Newfoundland fish, . . . the same being so new and good as it did very grcitly bestead us in the whole course of our voyage. Sir F. Drake, West India Voyage. Hence, vain deluding .Toys, The brood of Folly without father bred ! How little you bested Or fill the fixed mind with all your toys ! Milli:ii. II I'l'iiseroso, 1. X bestead^t (be-sted'), v. t. [< ie-i + stead, place.] To take the place of. Hys missing ot the Vniuersitle Oratorship, wherein Doc- tor Perne besteaded him. pear at his best in that performanc Then gan I him to comfort all 7/11/ best. Spenser, Dapiniatda, 1. liH). Win shall I not, but do m;/ best to win. Tennyson, Lancelot and Elaine. At best, in the utmost degree or extent applicable to the case ; in, life Is at best very short. The Law ot England Is at best but the reason of I'arlia. nn-nl. Milton, Eikonoklastes, x. For bestt. Anally ; for good and all. lliose constitutions ... are now established /or brM, and nut to be mended. Hilton.^ For the best, »o ns to secure the most advantageous re. suit; with the best Intentions.— The best. (") The best people collectively ; tli.me of the highisl standing In any respect, but especially socially or Intellectually. Tliroiig, their rags and they. The bnwst, far lntui;'h lust. The lails and lassies In their bent Were dressed from top t*» toe. X. Raruford, Oypsylng. "n , ■ ' ,liantage In (a contest or proceeding) . trointhistart A. II. hail (/"• ("•«(«/ It. I one emed. .Steele has certalldy the I ... ,1. /V«im, Inlrod. to.stcele, p. xxxix. T' lient of, to use Ut the Ix'st ailvantagc ; get I .rn to carry IhclrcommodlUes whiTe I I t of thcin. Il'iron. i'rlfttlv«< of itcH). [Hoe III itio rnoHt exoollent or inoHt Willi iriont ne3trid (be-strid' ). Pretei-it and past participle of bestride. 535 bestride (be-strid'), v. t.; pret. bestrode or be- strid, pp. hestridden, bestrid, improperly he- stridedf (Sterne), ppr. bestriding. [l -I- stud"^.] To set with or as with studs; adorn with bosses. The unsought diamonds Would so imblaze the forehead of the deep, And so bestud with stars, that they below WovUd grow inured to light. Miltmi, Comus, 1. 734. beswaddle (be-swod'l), v. t. [< 6c-l + swad- dle.] To envelop in swaddling-clothes. W, Whitehead. bes'wiket, ''• *• [ME. beswiken, < AS. beswican (= OS. biswikan = D. bezwijken = OHG. beswih- lian = Sw. besvika = Dan. besvige), deceive, be- tray, < be- + swican (= OS. swikan = OFries. swika = OHG. swihhan = Icel. srikja = Sw. svilm = Dan. svige), deceive, weaken.] To al- lure. Gower. beS'Winget (be-swinj'), v. t. [ME. not foimd; AS. bcswingan, only in pp. beswungen, scourge, beat, < be- + swingan, scourge, swinge.] To scourge; beat. Vou had best to use your sword better, lest I beswinge you. Greene, Orlando Furioso. beswinkt, c t. [^ ME. beswinken, < AS. beswin- can, earn by toil, < be- + sioincan, swink, toil: see 6e-l and swink.] To earn. That of a poison which they drunke They hadtlen that they have besivimke. Gower, Conf. Amant., i. 131. besyt, a. A Middle English form of busi/. betlf (het), adv. [< ME. bet, < AS. bet = OFries. bet = OS. bat, bet .= OD. bat, bet = OHG. MHG. bag, G. bass = Icel. betr = Goth. *batis (in adj. batiza), better, orig. adj. in the neut. ace. -nith reg. compar. suffi.x (lost in AS., etc.; hence the later form betere, betre, E. better, adv., prop, neut. of the inflected adj. betera: see better^), < "bat, a positive not used, from the root which appears also in Icel. batna, E. batten'^, become or make better, improve, AS. bot, E. boot^, ad- vantage, improvement, AS. betan, E. beet^, im- prove, etc. : see batten'^, battle^, boot^, beet", etc.] Obsolete and earlier Middle English form of better^. "Go het," quod he, "and axe redily Wli.it cors is this that passeth heer forby." Chaucer, Pardoner's Tale, 1. 205. It had been bet for me still to have kept my quiet chair. Gascoigne. bet2 (bet), V. ; pret. and pp. bet or betted, ppr. betting. [First in early mod. E.; prob. short for abet (cf . bate'^, short for ahate) ; if so, prob. first as a noun, instigation, eneom'agement, support, backing, whence the verb, to give sup- port, etc.] I. trans. To pledge as a forfeit to another who makes a similar pledge in return, on a future contingency, in support of an aflir- mation or opinion ; stake ; wager. John of Gaunt loved him well, and betted much money on his head. Shak., 2 Hen. IV., iii. 2. II. intrans. To lay a wager; stake money or anything of value upon a contingency — You bet, certainly; of course. [U. S., originally California, slang.] " Friend," said I to a Jehu, whose breath suggested gin, "Can thee convey nie straightway to a reputable inn?" His answers gross irrelevance I shall not soon forget— ^ Instead of simply yea or nay, he gruffly said, "You bet!" The Century, XI. 1-12. bet2(bet), H. [See the verb.] 1. The pledging of some valuable thing, as money (or of the do- ing of some onerous act), to be forfeited, in case some future event happens contrary to the as- sertion or belief of the one making the pledge, beteacb to another who pledges a forfeit in return on the opposite contingency. — 2. That which is wagered; also, that about which a wager is made. But, on : Six Barbary horses against six French swords, their assigns, and three liberal conceited carriages: that's the French bet against the Danish. Sluik., Hamlet, v. 2. bet'H. An obsolete preterit of beat^. Betal (be'tii), n. [L., a beet: see becf^.] A genus of apetalous plants, natural order Che- nopodiacea;. See bei:t^. beta- (be'ta), n. [L., repr. Gr. ji^ra, name of the character 15, p.] 1. The second letter of the Greek alphabet, corresponding to English B or 6. — 2. As a classifier in astronomy, chemistry, etc., the second in any series. See alpha, 3. betacism (be'ta-sizm), n. [< NL. betacismus, < L. beta, the ((jreek) letter ji, b. Cf. iotaeism, rhotacism.] Conversion of other sounds to, or their confusion with, a /;-souud. Kven these forms were threatened with destruction by the spread of lletacismus, whereby amavit was jironounced like .aniabit, and vice versa. Atiu;r. Jour. Philol., VI. 501. betag (be-tag'), V. t. ; pret. and pp. betagged, ppT. bctagging. [<.be-^ + tag.] To furnish with a tag; deck with tags. Betagged with verse. Churchill, The Ghost, iv. betail (be-tal'), V. t. [< 6e-l -f- taiU.] 1. To furnish with a tail: as, "betailed and bepow- dered," Goldsmith, Citizen of the World, iii. — 2. To take the tail off: a word jocularly form- ed on the analogy of behead. [Tlie sportsman] puts his heavy boot on the beast's body, and there Ijotli ijeheads and hetails him. TroUope. betain (be'ta-in), n. [Irreg. < L. beta + -in^.] A chemical base found in the common beet and mangel-wurzel. betakel (be-tak'), t). ll. of hcon, be: see it.] Be ye. Chau- cer. bethankit (be-thang'kit), V. [Sc, humorously ndiijiti-d from the formula God be thankit, where llitiiikit = K. tlmtikcd, lip.} Grace after meat. Bumn, bethel (beth'el), n. [Hob. betli-el, house of (ioil, < belli, house, + el, God; hence Bithel (Ilitti-d), name of a place : see Elohim.'] 1. A liallowed spot. — 2. A name sometimes ap- plied to a ]>l«co of worsliip in England, ok])C- cially to a dissenting chaix-l. — 3. A oliurch or chapel for seamen, whetlicr located on shore or, as is nfttm the cas(^, alloat in a harbor. Bethell process. See proecss. bethink dii'-thingk'), r. ; pret. and pp. 6c- rh'nn/h!, |it)i-'. bi:lhiiikina. [< ME. bclhcnken, bi- Ihiol' II, commonW betlienche)!, < AS. belhencan, litth- 1,1,111 (= I), bedenken = OH(l. bidetichan, iMin:. I., Iiidriiken = Hw. biliinhi = Dan. hr- tiihl ' , ■ ..iiHidcr, tliink about, < In- + llimeini, think; h.i. he-l and think.] I. Iraus. If. To think; imat^ine. II> Kj.iik in'To hnmi than hert*- ntay Uthinkc. ri.n.,.-,-r, I'r.il. to Wife of lialhn Tnl. , 1. 77'.'. 2<. To tliink almnt; reflect upon ; consider. With patience rnlm the Htifrui, Whilo wo Ijflliiiik a meanii lo break It "If. .VArtt., :i II. n. VI , III. a. 3. Rfflexivcly: («) To call lo mind; take into conHideri.ti<,n ; remind one's Mclf: with«/(for- merty nl ■■■ "ii nr upon) before tho name of tho ObjO<-| Ol IlLMl^llt. k yt/urt'tr^ji tH'torelinnil what iii»tt'Ic« you wniil. Bp. heMridffe, ,H<>nnonii, 11. < viv. Arcca-palm ijirfca Catec/iit,, lU fnilt. the Betel.nut. 536 Bethink thee of thy Lord, Who healed again the smitten ear. And sheathed his follower's sword. ir/ii«uT,TheE.\iles. (6) To reflect; deliberate ; commune with one's self. Rip bethmtght himse^ a moment and inquired. Irving, Sketch-Book, p. 60. H, intrans. To deliberate ; consider. Bt'fhink ere thou dismiss us. Byron, Manfred, i. 1. Bethlehem (beth'le-em), «. See bedlam. Bethlehemite (beth'ie-em-it), n. [< Bethle- hnii + -fft'l. See bedlam.'] 1. An liihabitaut of Bethlehem of Judea (2 Sam. xxi. 19). — 2. An inmate of Bethlehem hospital or other luna- tic asylum; a bedlamite. See bedlam and bed- lamite. — 3. Eccles.: (a) One of an order of monks introduced into England in the year 1257, who were habited like the Dominicans, except that they wore a star with five rays, in memory of the comet or star which appeared over Bethlehem at the birth of Christ. (6) One of an order founded in the seventeenth cen- tury for the service of the hospitals in Spanish America. Bethlemitef (beth'lem-it), n. Same as Beth- lehemite. bethought (be-thof). Preterit and past parti- ciple of bethink. bethrall (be-thral'), f. *. [< be-^ + thrall.'] To enslave ; reduce to bondage ; bring into subjection. She it is that did my Lord bethrall. Spenjser, F. Q., I. viii. '2S. bethroot (beth'rot), n. Same as birthroot. bethule (beth'ul), n. [< Beth>/lus.] A bird of the genus Bethijlus (Cu'vier), or Cissopis (Vieil- lot). bethump (bf-thump'), «'• '■ [< 6«-^ + thump.] To beat soundly. I was never so bethuinp'd with words Since 1 first call'd my brother's father dad. Shak.. K, .lohn, ii. 2. beth-wack (bc-thwak'), v. t. [< Ic-l + thivuck.] To tlirash soundly. Bethylus (beth'i-lus), «. [NL.] 1. A genus of pupivorous hymenopterous insects, of the family Proctotrypida; having an elongated and somewhat triangular j'l'othorax, a flattened head, and 13-,iointed antennre. — 2. In oriiilli.. a genus of South American tanagroid i'o.f.sf )•< ,v, based on the Laniiis lei'erianus of Shaw, sup- posed to be a shrike. Antedated by Cinsopis of \icill()t, ISIG. based upon the same bird, and also in en- tniiir.logy. Also spelleil iJt'*/(u/^us. [Not in use.] betide (be-tid'), v. [< ME. bitideu, < hi-, be-, + lidcn, happen: see he-^ and tide, v.] I. trans. 1. To happen; befall; come to. What will betide the few? ililton, P. L., xil. -ISO. " El luck betide them all" — he cried. II7ii((icr, The Exiles. 2. To betoken ; signify. [Rare.] llow could I but muse At what such a dream should betide f Cowpcr, The Morning Dream. II. intrans. To come to pass; happen — To betide ont, to become of. If be were dead, what would betide on me? Shak., Rich. III., I. 3, betidet (be-tid'), «. l (song). 1 went one ilay myself liriinie In the morning to n great nian'fi houne li> sfieak with him. l.atimrr. Semi. brf. Edw. VI., l.'.,'.n. betimes (bo-timz'), adv. [< ME. brtijmrn, l>i- lijmen, < beiime + adv. gen. Huflix -».] 1. Scii- Honably ; in good season or time ; boforo it is too late ; early. Not to bo a-hcd after midnight Is to bi- up lielimrt. .SImk., T. N., II. :i. To measure life learn Ihcui lirlimrn. Milton, Honnctx, xvl. Partake' »c their blithe cheer Whr, gathered In ffflime/i the nnshorri Mock liiwonhthcflecuc. Wordtuairth, Klver lluddon, lllll. betrap Having engaged our guide and horses the night befon^ we set out betimes this morning for Orlevano. Lowell, Fireside lYavels, p. 240l 2. Soon ; in a short time. He tires betimes, that spurs too fast betimes. .Shak., Rich. II., ii. 1, 3. Occasionally ; at times. [Scotch.] = syn. Earl;/. Soon. Betimes. See earlif. betinet, ''• t. [< 6e-t + tine for tind, kindle.] To set fii'e to. betitt, ''• Obsolete shortened form of betideth. Vhiiiiccr. betitle (bf-ti'tl), r. t. [< 6e-i + title.] To give a title or titles to; entitle: as, a betitled man; a "pictiu-e . . . betitled. Glorious Revo- • lutiou," Carlyle, Misc., HI. 82. betle, n. See betel. betoilt (be-toil'), V. t. [< be-l + toin.] To worrv with toil. betokt. iliddle English preterit of betal-e^. betoken (be-to'kn), r. t. [< ME. betokeneu, bi- tocneii, < AS. *betdcnian (not found: equiv. to petdeiiian, with diff. prefix; cf. believe) (= OFries. bitekna = D. beteekenen = IjG. beteik- en = OHG. bixiehanon, G. be:cichnen = Sw. betcekna = Dan. bcteffne), < be- + tdvn, tdccn, token: see 6f-l and token.] If. To signify; mean ; denote in words. — 2. To be a token of; be a visible sign of ; give promise of. A dewj' cloud, and in the cloud a bow, . . . Betokening peace from God. Milton, P. L., xi. 867. 3. To foreshow by signs ; be or furnish a pre- monition of; indicate the probability of: as, this fact betokens a good result. The morning betokened foul weather. Bancroft, Hist. Const., II. 261. 4. To give evidence of ; show. This doth betoken The corse they follow did with desperate hand Fordo its own life. Shak., Hamlet, V. 1- =Syil. To signify ; presage, portend, augur, bode. beton (bet'on; F. pron. ba-ton'), «. [< F. lieton, < OF. hetun, rubble, of disputed origin, but prob. < Pr. beton = Sp. betun, < L. bitumen, bitumen: see bitumen. Some compare F. be- ton, beestings, ciu-ded milk, < OF. bcter, co- agulate.] A mixture of lime, sand, and grav- el, forming a kind of concrete, it is much used as a hydraulic cement in submarine works, and whole buiblint.'S have been constructed of it. betongue (be-tung'), r. t. [< ?)c-l + tonfiue.] To sciild : attack with the tongue ; rail at. H.Av lit-n Jimsun and Sliakspere betongued each other. A'orth British Beo, betonica (be-ton'i-kii), n. Same as betontj. betony (bet'o-ni), ji. [Early mod. E. also betonie, betloni/, etc., < ME. betony, betani/, earlier bctone, bctan (cf. ML. bctonia), < (IF. beteine, F. betoine = Pr. Sp. Pg. It. betonien = G. betiinie = AS. betonica, < L. betonica, a cor- rupt form of vettonica, so named, according lo Pliny, from the Vettones, otherwise 1'eetoiie.i. a people of Lusitania in the Sjmiiish peninsu- la.] The jiojiular name of Slochys Jtetonica or Betonica officinali.'i, a European labiate j^lant, gl'owiiig in woods. It is sometimes used to dye wool, producing a dark .yellow ciHor. It Is usually lUstinguisliert frniu water-hffting (an aquatic plant, .*>i'ii'jihiilaria aguati. c(i)as wood-belong, which name is also given in the I'liited States to I'eilintlaris Caniutensis, and sMimtinies to l.ij- eopuM Virginicu^. The Veronica nerpglli/olia Is called Paul'n beionif. because described as a betony by an old lierliulist. I'aiilus .-l>)giiieta. betook (bc-tuk'). Preterit of betake^ and he- ld h-. betornt (lie-torn'), p. a. [Pp. of verb 'betear^ (111. I usoil)', < /«•-! -I- tcar^.) 1. Torn. \\ hose heart betorn out of bis jianting breast. Norton ami Sackmlle, Oorliodue, iv. 1. 2. Torn in pioeos. betoss (be-los'), r. ^ [< hc-1 + /rt.f.f.] To toss; iigiliile; disturb; jiut in violent motion. The miserable betonned siiuire. Shelton, tr. of Don (Juixote, T. ill. 3. My lietonfed soul. ,Shak., K. and .1., v. .S. betraiset, betrasht, '■. '. [MK. belrai.ien, betray- si n, hitrni.ssliin, liilnis.ihcn, < be- + OF. traiiK-, stem of certain jiiirts of tniir, F. trahir, betray: see brlniy and -w//'-.] To betray. 'rlley buvc hrfnii^rit thee. Jiohrrt of Itnimie. betrap't die-trap'), r. t.; Tirel. and pp. he- Irtijijiid, ppr. bctrappin;}. [< ME. bctrapven, < AH. bilnrppan, betreppan, insnare, < he- + Irnppiin, Irciipan, trap : see fcr-' and trap"^.] 'I'll I'litrap; insnaro. (lower. betrap'-'t (bo-lrap'), r. t.; prot. and pp. be- Inijiiiid, ppr. liitriippint/. [< lie-'^ + trap^.] To ]iut InippiiigH oil ; I'liillie; deck. After tlielii tolloived two utiier cbiiriotH covered with red satin, and the horsoi t/etrajiiird with tin- hiiiiic. Stoit', Ijiieeii Mary, an. ItttiH. betrash betrasht, »'• '■ See betraise. betray (be-tra'), v. t. [< ME. hetrayen, hi:train, < be- + t'raien, betray, < OF. trair, F. trakir, < li. tradere, deliver, give over : see traitor, trea- son, tradition. The form of betraij was influ- enced by that of bewray, a quite different word.] 1. To deliver to, or expose to the power of, an enemy by treachery or disloyalty: as, an officer betraijed the city. The Son of man shall be betrayed into the hands of men. Mat. xvii. •1-i. , 2. To violate by fraud or unfaithfulness ; be unfaithful in keeping or upholding : as, to be- truii a trust. Bi'trai/'d her cause and mine. Tennyson, Princess, v. 3. To act treacherously to ; be disloyal to ; disappoint the hopes or expectations of. Do not betray me, sir. I fear you love Mistress Page. Shak., M. W. of W., iii. 3. I will betray Tawny-finn'd fishes ; my bended hook shall pierce Their slimy jaws. Shak., A. and C, ii. 6. But when I rise, I shall find my legs betraying me. Bostoell. Men of unquiet minds and violent ambition followed a fearfully eccentric course, . . . served ami hrtruiird all parties in turn. Macaulay, Sir \SilIiani Temple. 4. To deceive ; beguile ; mislead ; seduce. Far, far beneath the shallow maid He left believing and betrayed. Byron, The Giaour. Our impatience betrays us into rash and foolish alli- ances which no God attends. Emerson, Essays, 1st ser., p. 195. 5. To reveal or disclose in violation of confi- dence ; make known through breach of faith or obligation: as, to betray a person's secrets or designs. Secrets are rarely betrayed or discovered according to any programme our fear has sketched out. George Eliot, Mill on the Floss, v. 5. 6. To show in true character ; allow to be seen ; permit to appear in spite of will or desire. Be swift to hear, but cautious of your tongue, lest you betray your ignorance. Watts. And scarcely look or tone betrays How the heart strives beneath its chain. Whittier, Mogg Megone, i. My own too-fearful guilt. Simpler than any child, betrays itself. Tennyson, Guinevere. 7. To indicate; give indication or evidence of: said of something not obvious at first view, or that would otherwise be concealed. Yon azure smoke betrays the lurking town. Wordsworth, Prelude, iv. All the names in the country betray great antiquity. Bryant. -A. turned leaf, a broken twig, the faintest film of smoke against the sky, betrayed to him the passage or presence of an enemy. J. F. Clarke, Self-Culture, v. betrayal (be-tra'al), «. [< hetray + -al.'\ The act of betraying." Gained his freedom by the betrayal of his country's cause. S. Sharpe, Hist, of Egypt, xii. He seldom lost his self-control, and slu-ank with the most sensitive pride from any noticeable betrayal of emo- tion. George Eliot, Mill on the Floss, vi. 7. betrayer (be-tra'er), n. One who betrays; a traitor ; a seducer. betraymentt (be-tra'ment), 11. [< betray + -niciit.} Betrayal; the state of being betrayed. foTifessing him to be innocent whose betrayment they had sought. Udall, Com. on Mat. xxvii. betrendt (bf-trend'), v. t. [ME. betrendeii; < 6f-l + t)-ctid.'} To wind about; twist; turn round. Aboute a tre with many a twiste Bytrent and wrythe the soote wodebynde. Chaucer, Troilus, iii. 1231. betrim (bf-trim'), v. t. ; pret. and pp. betrimmed, ppr. betr'immintj. [< 6e-l + trim.'\ To trim; set in order; decorate; beautify. Thy banks vnih pioned and twilled brims, Which spongy .\pril at thy best betrims. Shak., Tempest, iv. 1. betroth (be-tr6th' or -troth'), v. t. [Early mod. E. also be'trothe, betroatk, betrouth, < ME. bc- troutlmi, betreuthen, Utreuthien, betroth, < bi-, be-, -^^ treuthe, treowthe, < AS. treowth, troth, truth: see fce-l and troth, truth.'] 1. To con, tract to give in marriage to another; promise or pledge one's troth for the marriage of ; affi- ance. You, to remove that siege of grief from her, Betroth'd and would have married her perforce To County Paris. Shak., K. and J., v. 3. 2. To engage to take in marriage ; pledge one's troth to marry. 537 What man is there that hath betrothed a wife and hath not taken her? Deut. xx. 7. To her, my lord. Was I betroth'd ere I saw Hennia. Shak., il.il. D.,iv. 1. 3t. To nominate to a bishopric in order to con- secration. It any person be consecrated a bishop to that church whcreunto he was not before betrothed. Ayliffe, Parergon. betrothal (l)e-tr6th'- or be-troth'al), n. [< be- troth -t- -«;.] The act of 'betrothing; betroth- ment. The feast of betrothal. Longfellow, Evangeline, iv. betrothment (be-tr6th'- or be-troth'ment), «. [< betroth + -nlent.'] A mutual and "formal promise or contract made for or by a man and a woman with a view to their marriage; be- trothal ; the act or state of being betrothed, or promised in marriage. How the strange betrothment was to end. Tennyson, Princess. betrust (be-trusf), V. t. [< 6e-l + trust.'] 1. To intrust; commit to another in confidence of fidelity. Whatsoever you would betritst to your memory, let it be disposed in a proper method. Watts. 2. To confide in. To esteem themselves Maisters, both of that great trust which they serve, and of the People that betrusted them. Milton, Eikonoklastes, xiii. [Rare iu both senses.] betrustment (be-trust'meut), n. [< betrust + -iiient.] The act of intrusting; the thing in- trusted. [Rare.] betsot, betsat (bet'so, -sa), n. [< It. beazo (pron. bet'so), farthing, piece of money; appar. same as It. pe:M, a piece, bit (see piece); but cf. G. betz, bate, also batceii, a small Swiss coin: see batz.] A small copper coin of Venice, current in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, in the system establislied in 1750 it was equal to a quarter of a XTnited States cent, being the fortieth part of a lira piccola ; a bagattino. The last and least [coin] is the betsa, which is half a sol ; that is, almost a fartliing. Coryat, Crudities (ed. 1776), II. 69. bettt, bettet, "di: Middle English forms of beti-. betterl (bet'er), a. and n. [< ME. bettere, he- tere, < AS. betera, bctra = OFries. betere, betre = OS. betara, betera = D. beter = OHG. bezziro, MHG. bezzer, G. besser = Icel. betri = Sw. bdt- tre = 'Da,n. bedre =: Goth, batiza; conipar. with weak inflection; with superl. best, < ME. beste, < AS. betst, betcst = OFries. beste = OS. betsto = D. best = OHG. bezzisto, MHG. beszi.it, best, G. best = Icel. beztr, older baztr, = Sw. bast = Dan. bedst = Goth, batists; with regular com- par. and superl. suffixes from a positive not in use, Teut. *but, of which the eompar., with loss of the suffix, appears in the AS., ME., and early mod. E. adv. ftc'i.- see bef^.] I. a. 1. As comparative of (/oofj; (a) Of superior quality or exeellenee, whether personal, physical, mental, moral, or social, essential or acquired: as, he is a better man than his brother; better times are at hand; a better position. Man's better nature triimiphed then. Bryant, The Prairies. Our institutions had been so good that they had edu- cated us into a capacity for better institutions. Macaulay, Slirabeau. (6) Of superior value, use, fitness, acceptable- ness, etc. ; more profitable or suitable for a purpose ; more useful, eligible, or desirable : as, copper is a better conductor than iron. Better is a dinner of herbs where love is, than a stalled ox and hatred therewith. Prov. xv. 17. Sleep Doth, in my estimate of good, appear A better state than waking ; death than sleep. Wordsivorth, Excursion, iii. (c) Larger; greater: as, the better part of a day was spent in shopping. Y^ou are as a candle, the better part burnt out. Shak., 2 Hen. IV., i. 2. How have we wander'd, that the better part Of this good night is perish 'd ! Fletcher, Faithful Shepherdess, ii. 4. 2. As comparative of well: (a) More in accor- dance with one's ■wish or desire ; more satis- factory, (b) More healthy ; ha-ving sounder health, (c) More just, right, or proper — Better arm. See armi.— Better half, a wife. [Colloq.]— Tobe better, (a) To be improved, as in health, estate, etc. : as, the patient w better, (ft) To be quite well again; be fully recovered. [Scotland.] II. H. 1. That which has superior excellence ; that which is better. That ideal better, towards which both men and institu- tions must progress, if they woiUd not retrograde. EwUey, Universities. betterment 2. A superior ; one who has a claim to prece- dence on account of rank, age, merit, skill, power, or office : as, give place to your betters. [In this sense generally used in the plural, and with a possessive pronoun.] In al Ynglelond was non hys beter. Rich. C. de L. Their betters would hardly be found. Hooker. Thou poor shadow of a soldier, I will make thee know my master keeps servants thy betters in quality and per forniance. Ford, 'Tis Pity, i. 2. The better, (a) improvement : generally in the adver- bial phrase for the better, that is, in the direction of im- provement. If I have altered him anywhere /or the better. Dryden, Preface to Fables. Qj) Advantage ; superiority ; victory : cliiefly in the phrases to get, gain, or have tfie better of {a person or thing). Dionysius, his countryman, in an epistle to Pompey, after an express comparison, affords him the better of Thucydides. Sir T. Broivne, Vulg. Err. She took her leave, charmed with the prospect of finally getting the better of the only woman in London whom she acknowledged as her equal in subtlety and intrigue. J. Hawthorne, Dust, p. 334. better^ (bet'Sr), adv. (comparative of well, adv.). [< ME. better, beter, betre, < AS. betere, betre; with superl. best, It.' betula, betiiUa, also bedello, = Pg betiilla = Sp. abediil = F. dim. bouleaii) ; cf. Corn, betho, /)fro=Bret. be^o = W. bedic =Gael. belli = Ir. beth. beit, the birch.] A genus of hardy trees or shrubs, natives of the north temperate and arctic regions; the birches. It if* the type of the order iifiulncfw, and is distiu- (.'ui-luil from the accom- p:iTiyirn; genus ^1/nu* by a diltvrence of habit and by its »ini:eil nutlet. There are al t ;tO njiecies of Betula, ..( wliiih ID are N'orth Amer- 538 ticeen the eyes; between Washington and Phila- delphia; the prisoner was placed between two policemen. ^^ '^ The sea Swallows him with his host, but thef i lete pass \s on drv land, betireen two crj-stal avails. Milton, P. L., xil. 197. 2. In intermediate relation to, as regards time, quantity, or degree : as. it occurred between his incoming and outgoing: a baronet is between a knight and a barou ; they cost between §5 and §6 each; between 12 and 1 o'clock. Bolus arrived, and gave a doubtful tap, Between a single and a double rap. Colman, Broad Gnns. Her lips to mine how often hath she joined, Betmen each kiss her oaths of true love swearing! Shak., Pass. Pilgrim, vii. 3. In the mutual relations of: &s, discord ex- ists between the two families. Friendship requires that it be between two at least. South. \n intestine struggle, open or secret, betiveen authority and liberty. Hume, Essays, v. The war between Castile and Portugal had come to a close- the factions of the Spanish nobles were for the most part quelled. Irvimj, Granada, p. 26. Differences of relative position can be known only through differences between the states of consciousness accompanving the disclosure of the positions. //. Spencer, Prin. of Psychol., § 93. 4. From one to another of, as in the exchange of actions or intercourse. If things should go so fcediwn them. Baeon, Hist, of Hen. \ II. Thus graceless holds he disputation 'Tween frozen conscience and hot-burning will. Shak., Lucrece, 1. 247. France has been the interpreter between England and mankind. Macaulay, Horace Walpolo. 5. In the joint interest or possession of: as, they own the property between them. There is between us one common name and appellation. Sir T. Browne, Keligio lledici, i. ;i. Castor and Pollu.\ with only one soul between them. Locke. 6. By the action, power, or effort of one or both of. bevel betwixet, betwixent, prep. [Now only dial, or archaic; < ME. betwixe, bctwixen, belwexen, bitwiixeii, etc., bilwixe, bitwixen, etc., < AS. *be- tweoxan (occurs once spelled bctweoxn), prob. for earlier *betwcoxum (= OFries. bitwiskum, bi- twiseha). < he, prep., by, + 'twro.tum for *twih- sum. "twincum, dat. pi. of *twi.sc = OS. twi.sk z= OHCt. .-h(.5A-. :wisk-i, MHG. zwi.'ie, twofold, < twd {twi-). two, + sc, -iac, E. -is/il. Forms with other prepositions appear in OS. undar twi.sk, OFries. entiriska, ontwiska, atwi.ika, abbr. iwisk-a, twisk, twischa, NFries. twissehe, D. <««-• schen. OHG. in ;:wisk-en, unter -wisken, MHG. in .Twischen. unter cwijielicn, G. libhr. cwiselien. be- tween. This form was early mixed with betwix, betiri.rt.] Betwixt; between. betwixt (be-twikst').i)rfjj. and adv. [Also by apheresis t'wixl, 'twixt. Sc. hetwi.sht, betweesht, < late ME. betwixt, byiwyxte, earlier betu-ix, bettixt, betuixtc, hetwex, betuix. bitwix, etc., < AS. 6e- twi/xt, betwuxt (mth excrescent -0, betwyx, be- tweox, hetweohs. betwiix, betux, appar. shortened from the dat. form (or perliaps repr. an orig. ace. form) 'betweoxum, > ME. betwixen, betwixe, a. v. In ME. the words were mixed.] I. prep. Between ; in the space that separates ; in inter- mediate relation to as regards time, quantity, or degree ; passing between ; from one to an- other, etc., in most of the uses of between (which see). Betwixt two aged oaks. .Milton, L' Allegro, 1. 82. The morning light, however, soon stole into the aper- ttire at the foot of the bed, betwixt those faded curtains. Ha wllwrne. Seven Gables, v. There was some speech of nnirriage Betwixt myself and her. Shak., U. for JI., v. 1. fleliita. ct, branch of ft. fiumila, wiUi male and fcm.alc anieiils: t, a sln^ilc scale of fertile amirnt. with fruit, f Trom Le Maout and Decai&nc's "Traili giniral tfe Dotanique.") Betulaceae (bet-u-la - se-e), n. pi. [NL., < lietula-\- -ace(T.'\ A nat- ural order of apetalous dicotyledonous trees and "slirubs, of which Betula is the tj-pical genus, and containing besides this only the genus Minis, with 60 spe- cies belonging to the two genera. See cut un- der aUlir. betulin, betuline (bet'u-lin), v. [< Betula, binli, + -ill-, -("<-.] An alkaloid (Van^lao^h) obtuini'il from the bark of the wliite birch. It crVHtallizeH in the form of long needles, which all' fusible and volatile. betumble (iHVtum'bl), «. t. [< fcc-l + tumble.^ To tumble ; disarrange tho parts of. From her be-lumUed couch iilie Htartcth. .S/inlt., Lucrcoo, L 1037. bettltor (be-tii'tor), V. t. [< fcf-l + tutor.'] To iiiiMiot; tutor. Coleridge. between (bf-twen'), prep, anil iidr. [< (1) ME. , hi'liriiirn, etc., < AS. hilweonitm, be- , III lirinun, lietwednan, betirman, bilwidn- . (iirig. sepanitc, oh in he mem twvdiium, u till; seaH, lit. 'by HcaH twain'), < 6c. p.. I.v. -I- lirn'nium, dat. pi. of 'Iwiiin; (2) ',. I.ii'i.io, 1)1 tin lie, liilirnu; ete. (inl.xid with '■'■1" '), < AS. (OXorth.) brtiriYm, helwin, < be, prep., by, + 'Iwe6n, ace. of •Iwrnc (= f)t^. OKricH. hreiie — . iinie, a. sirern), two, I wain, orit;. .th.1wnihnai= It. hini, <»lj. 'iliiinii, ^r<■( (liri-), two: see Iwo. iiiid 'f. 'I'lii' foniiH of III tin in liftvi' iilwiiy.s I lb ilii.Hcof fc(fHir/(wliich ^(lej.J piice wliii'li Hi'piiriili'H (I wo ..H . iM, or liiii'H); at any point • ■ iroui one to the other of : ax, '« - hi I,, linjn um, I betw i.n Ml i.re.. hi I II 'lin OlHi. "Ill diKlril I'l. iinn. '<' "■ ' I. r' jKiiii «f UlC' iIinI, Unless you send some present help. Between them they will kill the conjurer. Shak., C. of E., v. 1. 7. In regard to the respective natures or qual- ities of: as, to distinguish between right and wrong. There is an essential difference between aland of which we can trace the gradual formation from the sixth century onwards and a land whose name is not heard of till the eleventh century. £. A. Freeman, Eng. Towns, p. 12U. 8. In regard to one or the other of: as, to choose between two things. Between two dogs, which hath the deeper mouth? Shak., 1 Hen. VI., ii. 1. {Between is literallv apiilii-iilde only to two objects ; but it maybe and comnwuil.v is iisrd of more than two wliere they are spoken ..f distnlmtively. or so that t ley can bo thought of as divided into two parts or categories, or with reference to the action or being of each imlividnall.y as coiiinareil with that of any other or all the others, \N ben more than two objects arc spoken of collet-lively or in- divUibly ainon'i is the proper word.] — Between our- selves not to be coinimiiiieuted to others ; m t-.inmbii.-.-. Between the beetle and the block. See ijeeilei. To go between. S"- ../.., =Syn. Ao,i,l,•.(. [■''• II. intrans. To incline toward a point or bevel-wheel (bev'el-hwel) ' liom' a direct line; slant or incline off to a l)cv<>I-angle. bevel-angle (bev'el-ang"gl), n. Any angle ex- cept, a right angle, whetlier it be acute or ob- tuse. Also called bevel. leveled, bevelled (bev'eld), p. a. 1. Having bevel-wise (bev'el-wiz), adv a bevol; formed with a bevel-angle. — 2. In form or direction of a bevel Same as ieoeV- 4. A small collection of objects ; an assem- blage of things. [Karo or obsolete.] = syn. 1. ,y,,^^ ^^^y^j. ,.^^. ^. ....^.„ ... In mack., a Com-;/, etc. See /Oct. cog-wliecl of which the worldng-face is oblique bewail (be-wal'), v. [< ME. bewaikn, hewmhn to the axis. .s,>el, a wheel is commonly u.se.i in con- hiwaikn^otc, < 6e- -t- loathn, wail: see ?;c-l and nection with another revolving with a shaft at right angles to that of the first. These wheels are often called coni('iil wheels, as their general form is that of fnista of cones. See ht'Del-gear. In her., in the said of a ribbon Also »jwcra/.,replaoedbytwoplanesincliningequal- or pennon charged thus upon the field. iy upon the adjacent planes, as an edge ; hav- betvl-wat/s: iug its edges replaced as above, as a cube or beverlf, »• An obsolete form of beaver^. ■other solid. — 3. In her., broken by an acute bever'-t, «• An obsolete form of beaver^. angle: thus, in the cut under bevel, the blazon bever'*! (be'ver), n. [Now chiefly E. dial.; also -would be a chief vert, ftecefed Beveled bushing, written beaver, i MK. bever, later also bevoir, boevcr, < OF. bevrc, boivre, vaod. F. fioire = It. bevere, bere (ML. biber), a drinlj, prop, inf., drinli, < L. bibere, drink: see fciftl, bibber. Hence beverage.'] 1. A collation or slight re- past between meals. Are. What, at your bever, gallants ? Mor. Will 't please your ladyship to drink ? B. Jowfon, Cynthia's Revels, iv. 1. Some twenty mark a-year ! will that maintain Scarlet and gold lace, play at th' ordinary. And bevera at the tavern ? Middleton, Anything for a Quiet Life, i. 1. Formerly, at some colleges and schools, a Bevel-gear. a biiahiiiK in which tile sides are inclined to the ends.- Beveled douWe, in ln-r., lieveled on either side.— Bev- eled furniture, m jiriiiHufl: (a) The tapering side-sticks and font-sticks used in imposing forms or locking up gal- leys. (/') Be\eled pieces of wood less than type-higb. — Beveled gearing. See ffeanncj.— Beveled washer, a washer having its two faces not parallel to each other, used to give a proper bearing to a head or nut when the rod or bolt is not perpendicular to the surface against which the washer presses. bevel-gear (bev'el-ger), «. In much., a species of wheelwork in which the axis or shaft of the leader or driver forms an angle with the axis or shaft of the fol- lower or the wheel driven. bevel-hub (bev'el- hub), n. A hub or short conneet- iug-pipe having a bend. beveling, bevel- ling (bev'el-ing), 71. Same as bcv- el,l. It is evident from tlie preceding, that by applying the bevel in the work- man's usual manner, viz., with the stock against the left- hand side of the board and directed towards his body, all the beveliii'18 will be under, that is, less than a right angle. . . . We ttius find that when the first futtock frames are on the amidship side of the joint, their bevelin, give your tears to those that lose their worths. liewaU their miseries. Fletcher, Valentinian, iv. 4, The nightingale Her ancient, hapless sorrow must bewail. Willium Morris, Earthly Paradise, I. 391. H. intrans. To express grief. Mourning and heivailiiig exceedingly. lIMand, tr. of Livy, p. 70. bewailable (be-wa'la-bl), «. [< bewail + -able.] t^itpiibhi or worthy of being bewailed. bewailer (be-wa'ler), «. One who bewails or laiiK'nls. bewailing (be-wa'Un^), n. Lamentation. bewailingly (be-wa'hng-li), adv. In a bewail- ing manner. bewailment (be-wal'ment), n. [< bewail + -ment.] The act of bewailing; a lamentation. bewaket (be-wak' ), v. t. [< ME. bewaken, watch, " wake" a clead body, watch through (= D. be-, waken = G. bewachen = Hw. bevaka), < be- + tvaken, wake: see be-^ and icake'i-, and cf. bi- vouac.] To watch, especially a dead body ; ob- serve funeral rites for. Gower. beware (be-war'), v., prop.pAr. [Formerly and prop, written separately, be ware, a phrase com- Wlien I was at Eton — now more than thirty years ago posed of the impv. or inf. of the verb be and the upplied in the dining- „/ii ,„/,,,•«.• ph in AS. ftm uircr f/jprf. 2(1 Tiers, sinff. slight meal which the students received at the buttery-hatch and took to their rooms. No scholar shall be absent above an hour at morning bever and half an hour at evening bemr. Quinaj, Hist. Harv. Univ., I. 517. Bevelmentof the edges of a cube by planes of a tetrahexaheuron. ing joint having its faces dressed to an angle, generally of 45°. bevelled, bevelling. See beveled, beveling. bevelment (bev'el-ment), 11. [< bevel + -merit.] In mineral., the replacement of an edge by two similar planes, equally inclined to the including faces or adjacent planes. bevel-plater (bev'el-pla"ter), 11. A machine for rolling the bevel-edged plates of shin- gling and veneering saws. bevel-protractor (bev'el-pro-trak"tor), n. A drafting instrument with a pivoted arm sliding upon a graduated sector, used in laying off angles. bevel-rest (bev'el-rest), 11. A clamp for holding wood to a saw in making a bevel- ed cut. bevel-square (bev'el-skwar), n. the blade of which can be adjusted to any angle with the stock, and held at such an angle by a set-screw, it is an artisan's instrument for try- ing his work to see if it has been made with the proper Angle. Also called angle-bevel. — the boys on the foundation were supplied in the dining hall with an intermediate meal (if meal it could be called), which went under the name of beaver. According to my recollection it consisted of beer only, and the hour was 4 l: M. N. and Q., 7th ser., II. 454. bever^t (be'ver), v. i. [< bever^, n.] To take a bever or slight repast between meals. Your gallants never sup, breakfast, nor bever without me. A. Brewer (?), Lingua, ii. 1. beverage (bev'e-raj), «. [Early mod. E. also beveridge, beuvrag'e, etc., < ME. beverage, bev- erege, bcverache, beurage, etc. (cf. ML. bevera- giiim), < OF. bevrage, beuvrage, breuvraige, mod. F. breurage (= Pr. beurage = Sp. bebrage = Pg. beberagem = It. beveraggio ; ML. as if *bi- beraticiim), < bevre, boivre = It. bevere, < L. bi- bere, drink: see bevcr^, n., and -age.] 1. Drink of any kind ; liquor for drinking : as, water is the common beverage; intoxicating beverages. A pleasant beverage he prepared before Of wine and honey mixed. Dryden, Pal. and Arc, IL 2. A name given specifically to various kinds of refreshing drinks, (a) In Devonshire, England, water-cider; a drink made by passing water through the crushed apples from which cider has been made. (&) A liiiuor made by passing water through the pressed grapes after the wine has been expressed. Touching price and quality of a liquor or drink called in England "bevaradqe " and in France " pimpeene." Record Soc. Lancashire and Cheshire, xi. 117. (c) In the West Indies, a drink made of sugar-cane juice and water. 3. In Great Britain, drink-money, or a treat provided with drink-money, as on wearing a new suit of clothes, or on receiving a suit from the tailor; a treat on fii-st coming into prison; a garnish. [Obsolete or dialectal.] bevewt, n- See bevue. In her., same as bevel, 5. adj. ware ; as in AS. beo war (be_6, 2d pers. sing, impv. of bedn), bed the wwr (the, thee, reflexive dative), be ware, just like E. be careful. So ME. "6c war therfor" (Chaucer); "A ha! fel- awes ! beth war of such a lape ! " (Chaucer), where beth is 2d pers. pi. impv., < AS. beoth. (See other ME. examples below.) Like be gone, now begone, be tvare came to be written as one word, beware, and then was classed by some authors with the numerous verbs in ie-i, and inflected accordingly; hence the eiToneous forms be- wares in Ben Jonson, and beivared in Dryden. This confusion may have been promoted by the existence of a ME. verb beicaren, show, exhibit, descended, with some change of sense, from AS. bewarian, guard, keep, preserve (=OFries. biwaria = D. beicaren = OHG. biwarmi, MHG. bewaren, G. bewahren = Sw. bevara = Dan. be- vare, keep, guard), < be- + warian, guard, < wcsr, cautious, observant, E. ivare^, as in be ware above. In the quotation from Chaucer, below, both fonns appear. See ware^.] To be wary or cautious ; be on one's guard ; exercise care or vigilance : properly two words, be ware, con- sisting of the infinitive or imperative of be with the adjective xvare : followed by of, expressed or understood, with the force of 'against,' 'in regard to': as, fteioare of evil associations; be- ware how you step; "beware the bear," Scott. Thus oughte wise men ben. ware of foils ; If thou do so thi wltte is wele bywared [shown], Chaucer, Troilus, 1 635. Wycli/, Mat. viL 15. war of him ben. Be ye war o/ false prophets. That uo man no scholde . . . Life of Thomas Beket (ed. Black), 1150. Beware o/aU, but most beware o/man. Pope, E. of the L., L 114. Every one ought to be very careful to beware what he admits for a principle. Locke. Beware the pine-tree's withered branch. Beware the awful avalanche. Longfellow, Excelsior. bewash (be-wosh'), v. t. [< 6e-l -f wash.] To chench with water. [Rare.] Let the maids bewa.sh the men. Herrick, St. DistafT's Day. Bevel-protractor. A try-square bevort, «. See bearer". bevue (be-vu'), n. [Formerly also bevew, < F. bevue, OF. besvue, < he-, bes- (< L. bis-, double), -f- vus, -view : see vietv.] An error of inadver- tence ; a slip. [Rare.] be'Vy(bev'i), «.; pi. femes (-iz). [Early mod. E. also be.avi/, beavie, < ME. bet^, bevey, beve, < OF. beveye ("'beueye [printed deueije] des heronez," in a poem cited by Leo, Rect. Sing. Perso- ijeweep (be-wep'), «'• ; pret. and pp. bewept, ppr. narum, p. 40); cf. It. "6pra, abeavie,"Flono: - ' ■' . . r, i . applied esp. to a flock of birds and thence to a company of ladies; orig., perhaps, a drinking company, or a number of animals at a water- ing-place, being thus a particular use of OF. bevee, buvee, drink, drinking (cf. It. beva, a drink), < bevre = It. bevere, drink : see berer'', n., and beverage.] 1. A flock of birds, espe- cially of larks or quails.— 2. A small company or troop, as of roebucks, heifers, etc.— 3. A group or small company of persons, especially of girls or women, but also used of the male sex: as, "a bevy of powdered coxcombs," Gold- smith; "a bevy of renegades," Macaulay, Hist. Eng. A lovely bevy of faire Ladies sate, Courted of many a jolly Paramoure. Spemer, i\ Q., II. ii. S4. beiceeping. [<"ME. bewepen, biwepeii, < AS. be- wepan (= OFries. hiwepa = OS. biwopian), < be- + wepan, weep : see 6e-l and iveep.] I, trans. 1 . To weep over ; deplore. Old fond eyes, Beweep tliis cause again, I'll pluck ye out Shak., Lear, i. 4. 2. To bedew or wet with tears ; disfigure or mark with the signs of weeping. Fast by her syde doth wery labour stand. Pale fere also, and sorrow all bewept. Sir T. More, T.j Them that Trust in Fortune. Il.t intrans. To weep ; make lamentation. bewest (be-west'), pnp. [< ME. be west, bi- icesten, < AS. be westan : be, prep., by ; wcstan, adv., west, from the west. Cf. be-east, benorth, besotith.] To the west of . [Scotch.] bewet bewetl (be-wef), r. 1. ; pret. and pp. heirettfd, heictt. ppr. beicetting. [< ME. beweten, < h(- + iceten, wet : see 6e-l and icet.'\ To Tvet ; moisten. Bis napkin with his true tears all bt-icet. Skak. ■"■- ■- 540 The more he considered it, the more betritchinrj the scene appeared to him. Sterne, Tristram Shandy, ii. S. bewitchingly (be-wich'ing-li), adv. In a be- witoiiint: manner. Tit. And., iii. 1. bewitcluilgness (be--srich'ing-nes), «. The bewet-, bewit (bu'et, -it), «. [< late ME. 6eir- quality which makes a person or thing be ette. dim. of OF. beue. bue, earlier bitie, boie. a , witehmg. ., , . collar, chain, fetter, < L. bokc, a collar for the bewitchment (be-wich ment), «. [< bemtch + neck, whence also nit. E. buoy, q. v.] In f2. Smocks all bewroufjkt. B. Jonson, Masque of Owls. bewpers, «. See beaupers. bewrap (be-rap'), v. t. ; pret. and pp. bewrapped, bi wrnpt, ppr. bewrappimj. [< JIE. bewrappen, also bewrahben (with var. hcwlappen), < be- + wrappen. wrap: see be-^ and wrap.'] To wrap up; clothe; envelop. His sword. . . . Betcrapt with flowers, hung idlie by his side. Fairfax, tr. of Tasso, xvi. 30. We have elementary disturbances of consciousness in hewravt (be-ra'),1'. <• [< ME. fccicraicn, fciicm/oi disclose, reveal (= OFries. biwrogta = OHCi. biruogan, MH6. beriiycn), < be- + wraicn, wrey- en, obs. E. wray, disclose, reveal, < AS. irre- gan, accuse (= OFries. xcrogia, wreia = OS. wro- gian = D. wroegcn, accuse, = OHG. ruogen, MHG. ruegen, G. riigcn, censure, = Icel. ragja, slander, = Sw. riij'a, betray, = Goth, wrolijan, accuse), from a noun repr. by Goth, irrolis, an accusation, = Icel. rog, a slander. Somewhat affected in sense by betray, a quite different word.] 1. To accuse; malign. — 2. To re- veal ; divulge ; make known ; declare. The In a diseases of the mind, such as epileptic states, ecstacy, . . . and the bewildered state of the mind in paralytic dc mentia. E. C. Mann, Psychol. Med., p. 35, = Syn. To confonnd, confuse, mystify, nonplus. bewilderedness (be-wil'd^rd-nes), n. ,Kt:iti- I'f b.inL' bewildered; bewilderment bewilderingly (be-wil'd6r-iug-li), adv. 1m Willi, riii^ manner; so as to bewilder, bewilderment (be-wil'dfer-ment), n. [< bewil- der + -ment.'] The state of ij'eing bewildered. Thought was arrested by utter beunlderme7it. Geur;ie Uliot, Silas Marner, ii. bewimple (bf-wim'pl), v. t. [< ME. bewimplen (= V.lwwimpelen), < be- + mmjielcn, wimj)lo : see 6e-i and wimple.] To cover with a wimple ; veil. Cower. bewinter (be-win'tcii'itch youths and artists by their HentlmentJi and beauty, l>ut tlieir thought takes hi. Id of tbink'-ni and men of the world, .Stcdman, Vlit. Poets, p. IfiO. bcwitchedness (b§-wicht'ncH),«. [eeclies, p. 07. 4. To reveal or disclose unintentionally or in- cidentally ; show the presence or true character of; show or make visible. Tlle ointment of his right bund which bewrayelh itself. I'rov. xxvii. 111. Thy speech brnrayeth tlict;. Mat. xxvi. 73. [Bewray is still sometimes used, especially in jioetrv, as an archaic word.] bewraiyert (lie-ra'er), n. A betrayer or di- viil^cr. \ liiirriiycr of secreta. Addition, Spectator, No. 22.'., bewraylnglyt (be-rii'ing-li), adv. In a manner Id howniv. bewraymentt (bo-rfi'ment), ». [< brwmy + w ni. I Till' ai'l (if bcwTayinK. imitntionof ir.fc/iCT-y.] Witchery; fuHcinaliou; i,e,;yreak» (iH-rf-k'), r. t. [ and «TfflA-.J To avenge revenge. Thus murh am I lieirrrkr. fhnorrr, IT..), to Wife of llntlls Tale (eil. Sjieghl), I. will. bewreckt Oif-rek'), r. I. [< /in« I. ..r I parlcil llienie, Imrreckl. Mir., for Main. bewroughtt (be-r6l'). Obsolete pttHt])articiple of bework. beyond beyl (ba), n. [= F. Sp. bey, < Turk, bey, beg = Pers. bdig. a lord: see '»;/'-, brglerbcg, and be- gun,.] 1. The governor of a minor pro\inc6 "or sanjak of the Turkish empire. — 2. A title of respect given in Turkey to members of princely families, sons of pashas, military offi- cers above the rank of major, the wealthy gen- try, and, by eom-tesy, to eminent foreigners. We therefore rode out of Beyrout as a pair of S>Tiaii Beys. B. Taylor, Lands of the Saracen, p. 33. 3. The title usually given by foreigners to the former Mohammedan rulers of Tunis. Frequently written beg. bey-t, V. A Middle English form of buy. beyetet, '■■ '• A Middle English form of beget. beylerbey (ba'lcr-ba'), n. [< Turk, beylerbey, beglerbeg, prince of princes, lit. 'bey of beys.'] The title of the governor-general of a province of the Turkish empire, ranking next to the grand vizir, and so called because he has under him the beys at the head of the several san- jaks or districts composing his province. Also written beqlerbeg. beylerbeyiik (ba'ler-ba'lik), «. [Turk., < bey- It rb< II + -lik, a common noun formative; cf. bvi/li'k.] The territory governed by a beyler- bey. Also beglerbeglik or begUrbcglic. beylik (ba'lik), «. [Turk., < bey, a bey, + -lik; cf. beylerbeyiik.] The district ruled by a bey. beyond (be-yond'), jirc;). and adv. [< ME. be- yonde, beyeiide, etc., < AS. begeondan, < be, by, -I- geondan, from the further side, < geond, prep., across, over, beyond (= Goth, jdins, yonder), + -an, adv. suffix: see be-- and yon, yonder.] I. jirep. 1 . On or to the other side of: as, beyond the river; beyond the horizon; "be- yond that flaming hill," G. Fleteher, Christ's Victory and Triumph. We send our best commodities beyond the seas. Burton, Anat. of Mel., To the Reader, p. 69. 2. Further on than; more distant than: as, a mile beyond the river; a hundred miles be- yond Omaha ; he never could get beyond simple "equations. So far your knowledge all their power transcends, As what should be bei/ond what is extends. Vniden, I'rol. to Univ. of Oxford, L 39, It is not necessary to look beyond Nature or beyond ex- perience in order to find tliat unique Object of which the- ology speaks. J. II. Secley, Nat. Religimi, p. 62. 3. Past in time; later than: as, a day beyond the proper time. — 4. At a place or time not yet reached by ; before ; ahead or in advance of. What's fiuue? A fancied life in otliers' breath; A tiling beyond us, even before our death. i'..;ii', Kssay on Man, iv. 288, 5. Out of reach of; outside of the capacity, limits, or sphere of; past : as, beyoniiouT power; beyond comprehension ; that is beyond me. We bring a welcome I., the liigbest lessons of religion and of poetry out of all proportion beyond our skill to teacb. Emerson, Success. That the Antarctic continent has a Hat and even sur- face, the character of the icebergs shows b,-yond dispute. J. Croll, Climate and Cosmolog.s , p. 74. 6. Above; superior to: in or to a degree which rivals, exceeds, or surpasses, as in dig- nity, excellence, or quality of any kind. Bcuond any of the great men of my country. Sir P. Sidntg, -l Iianyle. Egad, we were just speaking of your tragedy.— Admirable, Sir I'Vetful, adiiiiralile ! Sneer. Von never did anytblng /ici/oiii/ it. Sir Kretful — never in your life. Sheridan, The Critic, i. t. sbe is beautiful lieyoml the race of women. Steele, Spectator, No. 118. 7. Morn than; in excess of; over and above. O, I've been vexed And tortured with him tteyond forty fevers. Ii. Jonson, PoetaMter, iil, 1. lie IPKtl refused lo accept one farlhlng lieyond the sal- ary which tlie law bad annexed to bis oMice. Maeaulny, William I'ltt. Beyond all. s.io/?. Beyond Beafl.onl of ibe country; iibr.iiui. To go beyond, i-. t-xccc.i in ..pcnitt ibility, iittiiliiMii-nt, or the like ; hence, in a bail sense, lo duculVQ or clrciinivent. 'I'liiit no man go beyond and defraud his brother In any mailer. 1 Tlios. Iv, 0. Till- king lias yotte brj/ond nie ; all my glories In Unit one woman I have lost for ever. .SVinfr., lien. VIII., ill. 2. To go beyond one's self, to he much excited hy any- tllllig ; be lieside one's self. Xarcs, II. adv. At a distance ; yonder. IWo"ud be lyi'tb. bingiilNlilng. Si'cnner, V. (^. III. i. 38. beyond (be-yoml'), n. Tliat place or state wiiieli lies iiii the other side; an exporieni'e or beyond life beyond our present life or experience : as, the great beyond. They are the All, with no beyond. J. Martineau, Eth. Theory, I. 281. (JV. E. D.) The back of beyond, a very distant or out-of-the-way place. [I'olloii.l beyond-sea (be-yond'se), a. From beyond the sea; foreign; outlandish: as, beyond-sea woTds. Nay, my beitond-sea sir, we will proclaim you ; You would be king ! beau, and Fl.y Philaster, V. 4. beyship (bii'ship), «. [< bey^ + -ship.'] The office of 11 bey ; incumbency of such office. Those siiKill pt-iitieal offences, which in the days of the Miuiieliikes wtuilii liave led to a liey^^hip or n bowstring, receive luur-fold punishment by deportation to Kaizoghli, the local Cayenne. I{. F. Burton, El-Medinah, p. 31. bezan (bez'an), n. [= F. bezan, prob. of E. Ind. origin.] A wliite or striped cotton cloth from Bengal. bezant (bez'ant or be-zant'), m. [< ME. bezant, besant, besau, < OF. bvsant, besan, besan = Pr. be:a)i = Sp. bezante = Pg. besante = lt. bisante, < ML. Bezantius, L. Byzantius (sc. nummus), a Byzantiue coin, < Byzantium, < Gr. "BvCavrtov, older name of Constantinople. Ci. florin.'] 1. A gold coin (the proper name of which was Obverse. Reverse. Bezant (Solidus) of Romanus III.— British Museum. ( Size of the original. ) solidus) issued by the emperors at Constanti- nople in the middle ages. Bezants had a wide circulation in Europe till the fall of the Eastern Empire, more especially during the period from about A. D. 800 to the middle of the thirteenth century, when European countries, except Spain, had no gold currencies of their own. Also called byzant, byzantine. And who that did best should have a rich circlet of gold worth a thousand bezants. Sir T. Malory, Jlorte d'.\rthur. 2. In her., a small circle or; a gold roundel. It is a common bearing, and is supposed to have originated from the coins of Constantinople, assumed as bearings by crusailer.s. Also spelled besant. White bezant, a silver coin of Byzantium, worth about "0 cents. bezante, bezant^e, bezanted (bez-an- ta', be-zan'ted), a. In /(')■., same as he- zaiity. bezaht^e (bez-an-ta'), n. [OF., prop. fem. of bezante, besante: see bezanty.'] A mold- ing ornamented with roundels or small disks resembling be- zants, of frequent oe- cuiTence in Norman architecture. Encyc. Brit., II. 461. bez-antler (bez-anf- Icr), II. [Also bcs-ant- Irr and bay-antler; < (IF. bcz-, bes; secon- dary, inferior (prob. < L. bis, twice), + E. ttntler.] The branch of a deer's horn next above the brow-antler; the bay-antler. See antler. bezanty (be-zan'ti), a. [Also bezante, hezantee, < F. besante, < besant, bezant."] In her., strewn or studded with bezants : said of the field, or of any charge. Also bezanted. bezel (bez'el), ji. [Also bezil, basil, and for- merly bea:;el, bazil, bczle, etc., < OF. *bcsel, bisel (F. biseau), sloping edge, a bevel, = Sp. Pg. Iiisel; origin uriknown ; perhaps (a) < L. bis, dou- ble, -1- dim. suffix -el, or {li) < ML. bisalus, a stone with two angles or slopes, < L. bis, twice, -I- ala, a wing. Cf. axil and aisle.] 1. The slope at the edge of a cuttiug-tool, as a clusel or plane. It is generally single, but sometimes double. [In this sense commonly basil.] — 2. The oblique side or face of a gem ; specifically, one of foiu' similarly situated four-sided facets on the top or crown of a brilliant, which are sometimes called templets. See cut under bril- tiant. Bezel is also sometimes used to denote the space between the table and the girdle, that is, the "crown," with the e.\ception of the table. Bezantee.— Tower of Church of La Charite-sur-l-oire. France. (From Viollet-le-Duc's "Diet, de ['Architecture.") 541 3. In jewelry : (a) That part of the setting of a precious stone which incloses it and by which it is hold in place, (b) A Hat surface of gold engravtitl with any device to serve as a seal, when a stone is not used. Seecliatun. [Rare.] — 4 . In watch-making, the grooved flange or rim in which the crystal' of a watch is set. bezel (bez'el), v. t. ; pret. and pp. bezeled or bczcllcd, ppr. bezelinii or bezelUng. [Also basil; < bezel, n.] To grind to an edge; cut to a slop- ing P(.lge ; bevel. bezesteen (bez'es-teu), n. [Also written bezcs- tein, bezestan, < Turk, bazistdn, orig. Pers., a clothes-market.] .An exchange, bazaar, or mar- ket-place in the East. A'. E. D. bezetta (be-zet'a), n. [A corruption of It. pezzctta, red paint, prop, a piece of cloth dyed red used for rouging, lit. a little piece, dim. of pezza, a piece, esp. of cloth : see piece. ] Coarse linen rags or sacking soaked in certain pig- ments, which are preparer! thus for exporta- tion; the pigment itself. Eed bezetta is colored with cochineal, atid the pi^'ment is used as a cosmetic. Blue bezetta is prepared from the juice of some euphor- biaccous plants, treated with dtnig and urine, and is used to color the rind of Dutch cheese. Beziers (ba-zia'), n. A sweet wine, named from the town of Beziers in the department of H^rault, France. bezique (be-zek'), n. [Also bazique ; < F. be- ni'jiif, bezigue, besy ; of obscure origin. Some compare Pers. bdzlchi, sport, a game, < bdzi, play, sport; but the resemblance is appar. ac- cidental.] 1. A game of cards played by two, three, or four persons, with two packs from which the cards having from two to six spots have been removed. The object of the game is to win the aces and tens, and to secure various combinations of cards, which when shown or "declared" entitle the player to score a certain number of points. 2. The queen of spades and knave of diamonds, one of the counting combinations in the game of bezique — Double bezique, the two queens of spades and two knaves of diamonds, the highest counting combination in bezique. bezoar (be'zor), «. [Also bezoard, early mod. E. bezor, bcazor, beazer, bezar, bezer=¥. bezoard, formerly bezar, bezahar, = Sp. bezoar, bezaar, bezar, = Pg. bezoar = NL. bezoar, bezaar, be- zahar, < Ar. bdzahr, bddizahr, < Pers. bddzahr, pddzahr, the bezoar-stoue, < pad, expeUiug, -1- zahr, poison : so called because it was consid'J ered an antidote to poison.] A name for certain calculi or concretions found in the stomach or intestines of some animals (especially rumi- nants), formerly supposed to be efficacious in preventing the fatal effects of poison, and still held in estimation in some eastern countries. They are used in China both as a pigment and as a drug, buth calculi are generally formed around some foreign substance, as a bit of wood, straw, hair, etc. Many vari- eties have tteen mentioned, but most value was put on the 1 e/ I ir from the East Indies and that from Peru. — Be- zoar mineral, an oxid of antimony, or antimonic acid, especially that prepared from butter of antimony by the action of nitric acid. — FOSSil bezoar, a formation like animal bezoar, consisting of several layers around some extraneous body which serves as a nucleus. — Vegetable bezoar. Same as calapitte. bezoardic (bez-o-ar'dik), a. and n. [< F. bezo- ardique (NL. bezoardicus, bezoarticus), < bezo- ard, bezoar.] I. a. Of the nature of or per- taining to bezoar; compounded of or possess- ing the supposed antidotal properties of bezoar ; sendng as an antidote Bezoardic acid. Same as ellmiic add (which see, umier ellarfie). II. n. A medicine having the properties of bezoar; an antidote. bezoar-goat (be'zor-got), «. A name given to the wild goat, Capra a-gagrus, fi'om the fact that it produces the bezoar. See wgagrus. bezoartict, bezoarticalt (bez-o-ar't'ik, -ti-kal), a. [< NL. bezoarticus : see bezoardic] Same as bezoardic. The healing bezoartieal virtue of grace. Chillingworth, Works, p. 378. bezonian (be-zo'ni-an), )(. [Also besonian, bi- sonian, < bes'onio, besegnio, bisogno, etc., a beg- gar: see bisogno.] An indigent wretch; a beggar or scoundrel. Under which king, Bezonian? Speak or die. Shak., 2 Hen. IV., v. 3. Eezoutian (be-zo'ti-an), a. Belonging to the French mathematician Etienne Bezout (1730- 83) Eezoutian method of elimination, a method published by Bezout in 17t)5. bezoutiant (be-zo'ti-ant), n. [< Bezout (see Bczoutian) + -i-ant.] In math.: (a) The ho- mogeneous quadratic function of n variables, whose discriminant is the resultant of two equations, each of the «th degree, (h) Incor- rectly used for bezoutoid. Bhutanese bezoutoid (be-zo'toid), n. [< Bezout (see Be- ziiuliaii) + -old.] In math., the bezoutiant to two lioiiiogciieons functions obtained by differ- entiation I'rotii one homogeneous function of two variables. bezzle (bez'l), v. ; pret. and pp. bezzlcd, ppr. bez- zling. [Now only E. dial. ; early mod. E. also bezzel, bezel, bizlc, bissel, < late ME. hesile, < i)V. besiler, beziller, besillier, by apheresis for embe- sillier, waste, embezzle : see embezzle.] I. trans. 1. To purloin or make away with; emljezzle. I must be shut up and my substance bezel'd. Fletcher, Woman's I*rize, iv. 1. 2. To consume a large quantity of, as food or drink; waste or squander, as money. [Prov. Eng.] II. intrans. To di-ink to excess. Dekker. bezzlet (hez'l), 9i. [<. bezzle, v.] A debauchee; a sot. A'««7i. bezzlert (bez'ler), n. Same as bezzle, n. bezzlingt (bez'ling), «. [< bezzle, v.] Dissipa- tion ; excessive drinking. From haughty Spayne, what broiight'st thou ela beside But lofty lookes and their Lucifrian pride? From Bclgia, what but their deep bezelinrj, Theii' boote-carouse, and their beere-buttering? Marxton, .Satyres, iL I have proposed and determined with myself to leave the bezelings of these knights and return to my village. Shelton, tr. of Don Quixote, fol. 168. bhadoee (ba'do-e), n. [< Hind, hhddiil or bha- douiei, adj., relative to the month Bhddou, the fifth month of the Hindu year, answering to the last half of August and the first of Septem- ber.] The earliest of the three annual crops in Hindustan, consisting of rice, maize, etc. It is laid down during the rainfall in -April and May, and ia reaped in August and .September. It furnishes about one fourth of the food-supply in a normal year. bhainsa (bin'sa), n. [Hind, bhainsd (masc), bhaiiis (fem.).] A name of the domestic Indian buffalo, Bos bubulis. bbang, bangS (bang), «. [Also bhung, and formerly bangue, also (after Ar.) benj ; < Hind. etc. bhang, bhang, bhung (= Pers. bang, > Ar. banj, benj), bhang, < Skt. bhangd, hemp.] The dried leaves of the hemp-plant, C(/)i;iaAis/«f/ica, which as grown in India contain a powerfully narcotic resin and a volatile oil. in India bhang is used for smoking, either with or without tobacco, and Is also made up with Hour, sugar, etc., into a kind of sweet- meat called vtajun (majun). An intoxicating drink is prepared by infusing the pounded leaves in cold water. As prepared and used by the Arabs, it is known as haahUh. (See hemp'i.) It is also employed in medicine for its ano- dyne, hypnotic, and antispasmodic qualities. bharadar (bar'a-dar), ji. [Hind, bharaddr.] One of the Gorkia chiefs who invaded Nepal in 1768, and parceled out the land among them- selves. The bharadars form a kind of feudal aristoc- racy, and in times of emergency act as a council of state. bharsiah (bar'se-a), n. [E. Ind.] The native name of an East Indian badger-like quadruped, Ursitaxus inauritus of Hodgson. bhat (biit), n. [Hind, bhdt, also bhdrata.] In India, a man of a tribe of mixed descent, the members of which are professed genealogists and poets; a bard. These men in Kajputana and Guzerat had also extraordinary privileges as the guaran- tors of travelers, whom they accompanied, against attack or robbery. Yule and Burnell, Gloss. Bheel, n. See Bhil. bheesty, bheestie (bes'ti), «. [Anglo-Ind.. also written bccsty, beestie. beasfy, brastie, < Hind. bhtsti, bihisti, Pers. bihisti, a water-carrier, lit. heavenly, < bihist (> Hind, hihist), paradise, heaven.] An Indian water-earner, who sup- plies domestic establishments with water from the nearest river or reservoir, ean-ying it in a sheepskin bucket or bag. In particular there is a queer creature, like what I fancy a brownie should be, called a beestie or bhextie, whose special calling is to fill the baths in that refreshing apart- ment . . . attached to every Indian bedroom. S. Macleod. bhel (bel), n. See bel'i. Bhil (bel), n. [Also spelled Bheel, repr. Hind. Bhil.] 1. A member of the aboriginal tribes of India which occupy the valleys of the Ner- budda and Tapti, and the slopes of the Vind- hya and Satpura moimtaius. The language of the BbfU in the Bombay province, Kiijpootana, and Central Intiia. is understood to be a dia- lect of Hindi. B. S. Cmt, Mod. Langs. E. Ind., p. ». 2. The language of the Bhils. bhogai (bo'gi), n. [E. Ind.] An inferior cot- ton made in India. Bhotanese (bo-ta-nes' or -nez'). a. and n. See Bhutantse. Bhutanese (bo-ta-nes' or -nez'), a. and n. [< Bhutan, the country {Bhutia, a native of Bhu- tan), -I- -cse.] I. a. Pertaining to Bhutan, its people, or their language. Bhatanese In reality the Bhutan^^ authorities did not want to re- ceive a mission at alL J. T. Wheeler, Short Hist. India, p. 074. n. «• 1. sing, or pi. A native or the na- tives of Bhutan, a mountainous state in the Himalayas, having Tibet on the north, Bengal and Assam on the south, and Sikhim on the ■west. The Bhutanese have flat faces, high cheek-bones, brown complexion, almond e.ves. and black hair. They profess a corrupt form of Buddhism, and are subjects of a dual government imder a pontiff and a prince. 2. The language of Bhutan. Also written Bhotanese and Bootanese (Bho- tan, Bootan). bhyree (bi're). n. [E. Ind.] A kind of falcon used in hawking in India. Also behree. bit, P^cp- [ME., < AS. he, in comp. with nouns bl: see hy^, ie-l.] A common Middle English form of the preposition by. Bi. The chemical symbol of bismuth. bi-if. A Middle English and Anglo-Saxon form of ie-l or be-~. bi--. [L. bi-, combining form of his (= Gr. Af-, <)(- = Skt. dvi- = OHG. MHG. :ui-, G. pcie- = AS. twi-, E. twi-), orig. "duis, twice, doubly, two-, < duo = E. tiro : see tico, twi-, iai.'ition ; where moat are short, or over, or wide, or wrong liijas'l, and some few jnstlc in to the Mistris Fortune. Bp. Karlc, llicro-Oosmograithic. xli. 2. To incline to one side; give a particiihir direction to the mind of; prejudice; warp; prepossess: as, the judgment is often biased by interest. .My Judgment of desert Iiath not been hiassrii by jjer- sons lieing of my own purticiiliir judgiMent, In matters of disputation, among the Churches of Ood. C. Mather, Mag. Chris., Int. No nnin Is allowed to be n judge In his own cause ; be- cause Ills Interest will certainly hinii Ills judgment, and, not Improbatily, corrupt his integrity. Mnitison, Federalist, No. 10. bias-drawing (bi'as-dra'ing), )i. A turning iiwrv; Im'Iii'c, partiality; prepossession. Shnk. biasness (bi'iiK-ncs), «. [< bias + -ness.] Tlio stnto iif lieiiig biased; inclination to a parlicii- larsiilr; imrliHiity. Shiruood. Blatora (tii-n-ld'ril), n. (NIj.] An extonHive genus of licheim wliich liiive ii criiHlaceoiiH lliiil- liiB ailhering closely to llie sub.staiice on whirh it grows, and sessile aiiolliccin, of which (lie cx- ci|»I(' is cfilored or lilacUening. biatorine (bi-M-tri'rin), «. \< liintnra + -iHr'.] Ill liclicns, pertaining l'. .Yni//ir, Kcyniud the Fox, 4. bibativeness (bib'a-tiv-nes), H. [< 6(^1 + -ative + -Mcsi'.J Fondness for liquor; tendency to drink : a term used in ])lirenology. bibb (bib), n. [A particular use of bilfi. A somewhat similar compiu'isoii ajipears in the case of braver", originally a bib.] Naut., B, bracket of t iiiiber bolt- ed to the hound of a lowi'r mast for I he ]mr- jiose of supporting the — J trestletree. bibber (bibV'r), «. | < /„/,! -f -H-l. Cf. Ol). hihercr, a bibber. Seo liili^.] A ti))]iler; a Jierson given to drink- ing: chii'lly used in cf)tii|>oHition : as, a wine-/»7)/)(T. hero, Dlhh on fttarho.itd stric nf miut. d, mimt' ^lill>l>; c, trcRlIetroe. All I /I'pliyniH 1 art and Klora t^io ? Vf teiidt-r tiihbers of tho I'liln and dew, Ketitx, l<'ndymton, Iv, bibblet, I', f lOarly mod. E. also bible, bibil (cf. er|uiv. ( »I). Iiiliercn), freij. of bih^.] I, trans. To drink ; drink of or from. II. iiitrans. 1. To drink often. — 2. To sip. I Biberon.— Oiron faience (France). in South Kensington Museum, Lon- don. (From " L, Art pour Tons.") bibble-babble blbble-babble (bib'l-bal)"l), n. [Early mod. E. also hihlr-tiablc, a varied redupl. of bahhic. Cf. Uttlc-taUlc, shilly-shaUy, etc.] Idle talk; prating to no purpose. Thy wits till! Iiwivpiis restore ! endeavour thyself to sleeii, anil luavc tliy vuni bibble-babble. Shall-., T. N., iv. 2. bibblert (bib'lor), ». One who bibbles ; a bib- ber. Kare ye well, bibbler. Udall, Roister Doister, Hi. 5. bib-cock (bib'kok), n. [< hib'^ (in reference to the bent-down nozle) + cock^, 3.] A cock or faucet having a bent-down nozle. E. H. Knight. bibelot (bib'lo), ». [F.] A small object of curiosity, beauty, or rarity ; especially, an ob- ject of this kind which can be kept in a cabinet or on a shelf. See curio. biberon (bib'ron), n. [F., artificially formed, < L. bibere, driiik, and F. suffix -oh.] 1. A ves- sel having a spout through which to drink, designed for the use of sick per- sons and children. — 2. An infant's nurs- ing-bottle. Bibio (bib'i-6), 11. [NL., < LL. bibio, a small insect said to be generated in wine, man Catholics and Protestants dilfer BlbllClSm(blb h-sizrn), n. [< ML. blMlcuS, blb- in the degree of .authority which they attach to the I'.ible. Heal, + -isin.'\ 1. Adherence to the letter of Tlie Roman Catholic Church "receives with piety and jj^,, Biljle. — 2 Biblical doctrine, learning, or reverence all the books of the Old and New 'i'l-stamentK, , j,'„/„„*,-.» /?>-.„ liti^niiiire. Eclectie liev, Biblicist (bib'li-sist), n. [< ML. biblicus, bibli- cal, + -ist.] 1. A professed adherent of the since one God is the Author of each " (Council of Trent) ; but "at the same time it maintains that there is an un- written word of God over and above Scripture" (Cath. Diet.). Protestants generally hold that "the Supreme Judge, by which all controversies of religion are to lie de- termined, and all decrees of councils, opinions of ancient writers, and private spirits are to be examined, and in whose sentence we are to rest, can be no other but the Holy Spirit speaking in Sciiptm-e" (Westminster Conf. of Faith). Hence — 2. Any hook or collection of reli^ous writings received by its adherents as a divine revelation : as, the Koran is the Bible of the Mohammedans ; the Mormon Bible. — 3t. [/. c] Any great book. "To tellen all wold passen any bibte. That owher [anywhere] is. Chaucer, Prol. to Canon's [Yeoman's Tale, 1. 364. 4. II. c] A medie- val military engine for throwing large stones. Grose Bible Christian, one of a re- ligious sect in England and Wales, sometimes called Brtjanitex from their founder, William Bryan, a Wesleyan local preacher, who separated from the Wesleyans in 1815. In doctrines and forms of worship they do not differ widely from the Arminian Methodists.— Bible Commimist. Same as Per.t'ectiuHist (which see). — Bible Society, an association for the pur- pose of priiitiij'4 and einulating the I'.ilde. — Breeches Bible. See (A ;i- 171 liihl,: -Geneva. Bible, an English translation of the Bible issued from Geneva in 15GU by sev- eral English divines who had fled thither to escape the persecution of the reign of Mary. It was the first complete Bible to appear in Roman type, the first to omit the Apoc- rypha, and the first to recognize the division into verses. This translation was in common use in England till the version made by order of King James was introduced in Bible for fiurling missiles. (From a drawing dated 1472.) letter of the Bible ; specifically, in the twelfth century, one who adhered to the Bible as the solo rule of faith and practice, as opposed to a scholastic, who prof essetl, to bring all the doc- trines of faith to the test of philosophy.— 2. A biblical scholar. Also Biblift. bibliochresis (bib'li-o-kre'sis), n. [NL., < Gr. jiiji'/duv, a book, + XPW'S, iise, < ^p^tTtfai, use.} The use of books. The public librarian may soon deserve the additional title of .Master of Bibliochresis. The Nation, XXXVI. 297. bibliognost (bib'li-og-nost), n. [< F. hiblio- f/noste,< Gr. jiilS'/Jov, a book, + ^tuot^c, one who knows: see gnosis, gnostic.} One versed in. bibliography or the history of books. /. D'ls- racli, Curios, of Lit., IV. 251. bibliognostic (bib'li-og-nos'tik), a. [< bibli- ognost + -ie.] Of or pertaining to a bibliog- nost, or to a knowledge of bibliography. blbliogony (bib-U-og'o-ni), n. [< Gr. jiijiMov, book, -I- -yovia, production: see -gony.} The production of 'books. Soutliey. bibliograph (bib'li-o-graf), n. [< Gr. ^ifiTM- ypa^oq: see bibliographer .} Same as bibliog- rapher. A thorough librarian must be a combination of the trio^ ^bihliDiiraphe, bibliognoste, and bibliophile. J. t'. Van Dyke, Books and How to Use Them, p. 132. bibliographer (bib-li-og'ra-fer), n. [< Gr. litli'AioyfMipog: see bibliography.'] If. One who writes or copies books. — 2. One who writes about books, especially in regard to their au- thorship, date, typography, editions, etc. ; one skilled in bibliography. bibliographic, bibliographical (bib'li-o-graf '- ik, -i-kal ), a. [As bibliography + -ic, -ical.] Per- .— . „ „ J .,_ „ , tainiug to bibliography. 1611. The Geneva Bible has also been called the Brcec/iM vjViiinirraTi'hif allv (■bib''li-6-ffraf'i-kal-i'). adv. Bible, because Gen. iii. 7 is translated, "Then the eyes of DlDllOgrapmcauy y>w u-o gr^ Kd.i 1;, them both were opened, and they knew that they were naked, and they sewed flg leaves together and made them- selves (ircfi'/jcs." " Breeches " occurs in previous transla- tions, though the name is given especially to this one.— Ma- zarln Bible, an edition of the Bible printed by Gutenberg at Jlentz in 1450-65, being the first book ever printed with movable types. It was so called because the first known copy of it was discovered in the Mazarin library at Paris in 1760.— Vinegar Bible, an edition printed at the Claren- don press, Oxford, in 1717, with the heading to Luke xx. as the "Parable of tlie I'ih.'.m)-, ' instead of the "Parable of the rinfii/nrrf."— Wicked Bible, an edition printed in 1632 in whieirthe word nut is omitted from the seventh com- mandment. .,.„,., Bible-clerk (bi'bl-klerk), m. 1. In Engbsh uni- versities, a student whose duty it originally was to read the Bible during meals : now often required to note absences from chapel. — 2. The holder of a certain scholarship in Corpus In a bibliographical manner. bibliography (bib-li-og'ra-fi), n. [= F. biblio- (/raphie, < Gr. jit,3?.ioypa(pia, the act or habit of writing books, < jiijiMoypaipoi;, a writer of books^ < jitjUJov, a book, + ypa(jieiv, -write : see Bible.^ if. The writing of books. — 2. The science which treats gf books, their materials, authors, t j-pography, editions, dates, subjects, classifica- tion, history, etc. Biblioaraphy . . . being the knowledge of books, which now is liot confined to an "erudition of title-pages," but. embraces the subject-divisiou of all the branches of hu- man learning. J. C. Van Dyke, Books and How to Use Them, p. 113. 3. A classified list of authorities or books on any theme: as, the bibliography of political _ __ _ economy. Christ! College, Cambridge, established in 1473. biblioklept (bib'U-o-klept), n. [< Gr. pi^Viov, Bible-oath(bi'bl-6th), ». An oath on the Bible ; book, + K/J-n-TK, a thief.] A book-thief; one a sacred obligation. who purloins or steals books. [Rare.] So long as it was not a Bible-Oath, we may break it with bibliokleptomaniac (bib " li - o - klep '' to - ma '- a safe conscience. Con^rCTe, Way of the World, v. 2. ni-ak), H. [< Or. jiiMioi; book, + kleptoma- I doubted the correctness of your statement, though niac.] One affected by a mania for steaUng backed by your lordship's Bi6Ie-oa(A. . . .. books. [Rare.] Thackeray,\ irgimans, xcii. |,i|,iioiater (bib-li-ol'a-ter), n. [See bibliolatry ; bible-press (bi'bl-pres), «. [< bible, appar. cf. idolater.] 1. A book-worshiper; one who with thought of 'a large book bound in heavy boards,' + press.] Naut., a hand-rolling board for cartridges, and for rocket- and port-fire C3SCS rEii''. 1 bibiic (bib'lik), n. [< ML. biblicus, < LL. biblia, Bible.] In the medieval universities, the lowest grade of bachelor of theology. The ordinanj ("'''- fie read and expounded the Bible on the days of the ordi- pays undue regard to books. Specifically — 2. One who is supposed to regard the mere letter of the Bible with undue or extravagant re.spect ; a worshiper of the Bible. Be Quincey. The mistaken zeal of Bibliolaters. Hxtxley, Lay Sermons, p. 278. bibliolatrist (bib-li-ol'a-trist), n. [< bibliola- try + -/.«(.] Same as b'lbliolater. nary lectures ; the curs^ bibiic did so in extraordinary {{{-^^{^^^^^^l^^^.^^.^y ^.^^^ 'a. (;< miiola- courses, hee fxti/tfior, .i. _^ — ^ ,.,,. r -r x /ri/ -I- -ri«s- 1 ^:"— t-^ "'« nl^"''"''*-^'^™"'^ l-»Tr Tm'K. liolatry. biblical (bib'li-kal), a biblia, Bible, + -al] 1 [< ML. biblicus, < LL. Pertaining to the Bible Given to or characterized by bib- tibliolatry 544 bibliolatrv rbib-li-ol'a-tri), n. [< Gr. Pi^h'ov, bibllophobia fbib'li-o-fo'bi-a), n. [< Gr. book +/a7pria, worship. Ct. idolatry.] l.'^or- 3i3hoi: book, + -oo^'o, fear: see -phobia.] A ship or homage paid to books.— 2. Speeifi- dread or hatred of books. caliv excessive reverence for the letter of the bibliopoesy (bib'U-o-p6'e-zi), n. [< Gr. ^i^rmv, gjjj{g_ a book, + -oiriaca, making : see poesy.] The It was on account of this exclusive reference to Scrip- making of books. Carb/le. rare that the Protestant divines laid more stress on the in- bibliopolar (bib-li-o-jio'lar), a. [< bibliopole + spiration of the holy writings than the theologians of the _,„. -i Bibliopolie. ' [Rare.] on"Sll?irnr'' ^""^ ""'' *"' ^'*"*°'^ "'■■"' ■"•'"""* bibUopole (bib'U-o-p61), h. [< L. bibliopdla, < "' ""^ir^a'C Ifini, Authority in Matters of Opinion, V. Gr. fiiS/JO-uhj^, si bookseller, < ,ii;iP:(oi', book, biblioUte (bib'U-6-lit), n. [< Gr. 3i3>.iov, book, + -"/.rix-. seU.] Abookseller; now, especially, + >.,i)oc, stone.] 'A name sometimes given to a dealer m rare and cimous books. _ certaiii laminated schistose rocks, otherwise blbliopohc, blbliopolical (bib'li-o-pol ik, failed bool--sto,,es. -i-ks')-, ""^.C^ ^'''''"i"* + -'<■' -'«''•] Relating bibUological (bib li-6-loj'i-kal), a. [< bibliol- to IJooksellmg or booksellers ',,7+ fc-/?.] Relating to bibUology. blbliopolically (bib li-9-pol'i-kal-i), arfi'. By bibliologist(bib-U-ol'6-jist), «. [<6,Wo%i/+ 1;i[bhopoles; as a bibliopole. /""] One versed in bibUology. blbliopolism (bib- li-op'o-lizm), h. [li.<;t + -((•.] Eelating'to a bookseller or to bookselling. [Rare.] mg to tne very ing the Scriptures. Encyc. Metropolitana. lock, or framing them in glass cases. /. D'Israeli, Curios, of Lit. IV. . [As bicamer-al advocates the bicameral ness, mama.] Book-madness; a rage for col- -bibliotheca (bib li-o-tlie'kii). n. [Cf. AS. lecting and possessing books, especially rare and curious ones. Also bibliomany. bibliomaniac (bib'li-o-ma'ni-ak), n. and a. [< bihlinnmitia. td\.eT maniac] I. n. One affected with bibliomania. I found, in the owner of a choice collection of- books, a well-bred gentleman and a most hearty bibliomaniac. Dibdin, Bibliographical Tour, i. 155. n. a. Affected by or pertaining to biblio- mania ; book-mad. .\lso bihUi'tiianian. bibliomaniacal (bib'li-o-ma-ni'ar-kal), a. [< bibliomania, after maniacal.] Of or pertain- \i\K to bitilioraania or bibliomaniacs. bibliomanian (bib'li-o-mil'ni-an), n. and a. [< liililinnKiiiia 4- -ail.]' Same "as bibliomaniac. [Kare.] bibliomanianism (bib'li-o-ma'ni-an-izm), H. [< l„hl„ - -• . .■ . - bibliotheca ;'arv bib liothece, the Bible ; = F. bihliotbcqiw = Pg. bih liotlieca = Sp. It. bibliolcca = G. Dan. bibliolliik, a library, < L. bibliotheca, a library, collection of books, in LL. and ML. esp. the" Bible, < (ir. 3iji/.MyjK>i, a library, a bookcase, < iii,iXm; book, -f- BiiKTj, case, place to put things, < TiOivai, put : see Bible and theca.] 1. A library ; a place to keep books; a collection of books. Cairo was once celebrated for its nuigniflcent collection of books. Besides private libraries, each large nioscjue had its bibtiMheca. Ji. F. Burt07i, El-Medinah, p. 711. 2t. The Bible. From the circumstance of the Bible lllling many rolls it acquired such titles as pandectes and hibliutheca, the lat- ter of which remained in use down to the 14tli century. Encyc. Brit., XVIII. 144. It is a bibliotheca, or a copy of the Bible of the large folio size, and now bound up into several large volumes. liock. Church of our Fathers, i. ■JJS4. which their senate is to bo fault. Contemporary Rev., XLVII. 323. [As biblio- bicapitate (bi-kap'i-tat), a. [< 6i-2 + capitate.] llaviiii: two heads; two-headed. bicapitated (bi-kap'i-ta-ted), a. Furnished with two heads. bicapsular (bi-kap'su-lar), a. [< 6»-2 -*- cap- sular.] In bot.. haviiig two capsules. bicarbonate (bi-kiir'bo-nat), «. [< bi-^ + car- bonate.] A carbonate containing two equiva- lents of carbonic acid to one of a base ; one of the supercarbonatos. bicarbureted, bicarburetted (in-kar'bu-ret- -ed), <(. [< bi-- + ciirburtttd, carburvttcd.] Com- bined with or containing two atoms of carbon : as, bicarbureted hydrogen, C2H4. bicarinate (bi-kar"'i-uat), a. [< bi-- -t- carinate.] 1. In hilt, and :o<>l., two-keeled; doubly cari- nate; having two keel-like projections, as the upper palea of grasses. — 2. In entom., having two carinas or sharp longitudinal raised lines. bicarpellary (In-kiir'pe-la-ri), a. [< bi-- + car- IH'lhirj/.] In bot., formed of two carpels or seed-vessels, whether distinct or united; di- carpellarv (the more common word). an„in + -i.wi.] Book-maduess ; biblio- ■bibliothecal (bib"li-9-the'kal), n. [< h. biblio- bicaudar(bi-ka'dal), a. l< bi-^ -I- caudal. Cf. mama. [Rare.] bibliomanist ( bib-li-om'a-nist), n. [As bibliom- any + -i.it.] A bibliomaniac. Not bibtiomaniut enough to like black-letter. hamb. Letter to Ainsworth. bibliomanv (bil)-li-oin'a-ni), n. [< F. biblio- miiiiii, < XL. bibliomania: see bibliomania.] Siirne lis hibliotnania. Imp. IHct. bibliopegic (blb'li-o-pej'ik), a. l< bibliopeny + -ic.J Of or pertaining to bookbinding. [Rare.] A mainiiflcent flpeclmen of bibliopcffic art. JV. 1', Tribuiw, April 21, 1884. bibliopegist (iMli-li-op'o-jiHt), n. [< bibliopegy + -int.] A l)i>okl)iiiiler. [Rare.] bibliopegistic (bib'H-o-pe-jiH'tik), a. [< bih- liniiri/ist + -ir.] Of or pertaining to abibliojx'- L'lsi iir to bibliojx'gy : as, hibliojiet/istic akiU. bibliopegy (bib-li-op'e-ji), n. [i Gr. jUii7.iov, lio'jk, -f- --r/yia, < Trrnvivai, fasten, fix, bind: see part.] The art of bimiing books. [Rare.] Ii riif.' th.' mill and 17th centurliM lilndlnKS were pri thccalis,< bibliotheca': see bibliotlieca.] Belong- LL./jkvk/h/h.v. having two tails.] Double-tailed; ing to a library. terminating in two tails or prolonged extremi- bibliothecarian (bib"li-o-the-ka'ri-an), a. [< tics. hiliUiilhicarii + -an.] ( )f' or pertaining (0 a bib- bicaudate (bi-kii'dat), a. f< bi-^ + catidatc.] liothecary or librarian. In entom., liaving two circi or jointed appen- We confess a bililiuthecarian avarice that gives all books dages at t lie eiul of the abdomen, or t wo t ail- Of or "pertaining to a library or libra- mterii /./.../.■. llril., IV. 42. bibliophile (bib'li-o-fil), n. [< V. hililiophilf. < lir. ;i (/loii, book, -I- ipiynr, loving.] A lover of li<">U-. .Siitnotinicg WTittoM hililioiiliil, bibliophilic (bib li-o-fll'ik), ". \< liUdiophil' + -i< . I < pi >,r pertaining to a bibliopliilu or book- faii'i, r. A '..' ' .7./, ,i- rnrliMlty ■• » conjr of the flmt Aineri'nu pUy, "tlH: ( ohtnuit, " from the lllirarjrof flrorge Wt..' 10. • t.. -hii), «. [< bi-'^ + liniilrolali .] In '"''.. having two bnetli'ts. bibulose (bil>'fi-loH), a. Same «h bihubin.i, 1. bibulous (bib'ii-biH), a. |< L. Inlndux, < bilirre, dniik: 8oe fcifc'.J 1. Having the cpiality of like ])osterii)r processes, as the posterior wings of some insects. bicavitary (bi-kav'i-ta-ri), a. [< bi-'^ + cav- ity + -ary.] Consisting of or possessing two I'avities. bicchedt, a. [ME., also written bicchid, byched, liieehni, hieche, a word of uncertain meaning, a)iplied to the basilisk, to a body, to dice, and hiter to tlie conscience, a burden, etc., in a vagiK'ly opprobrious sense, apjiar. 'cursed,' and hence taken by some to be iieoiitraclion of ME. biwicehe -»'(/'- : botli reailings occur in ilitTer- eiil M.SS. in the first instance <|iioted)of hieche, a bitcli, iisi'il oii|irobriously. Cf. .ihreuil, (>arlier nliriuid, in sense of 'iMirseil,' 'curst,' siniihirly formiMl (but su])i)orted by a verb) from tho earlier attril). .ihrewe: see shrew. In the allit- eliilive phrase liieehed bones, dice, the word lias evii-'^ + chro- 1)11110.] A compound containing twice as much chromic acid, combined with the same amount of base, as the normal chromate contains. — Bichromate or blchromic battery. See cell, s. bichromate (bi-kro'mat), v. t.; pret. and pp. bichrumated, ppr. bichromating. [< bichromate, n.] Same as bichromatize. The gelatine mass may be bichramated after it is set by soaking it in a solution of bichromate of potassium or anunoniiHH. Sci. Amer. (N. S.), LVI. 161. brunous hemielytra. [Not in use.] bicensal (bi-sen'sal), a. [< 6»-2 -I- census + -al.] In gcom., cousistiiig of two ovals, real or imagi- nary, finite or infinite. "bicentenary (bi-sen'te-na-ri), a. and n. [< iJ-2 chromate, n., + -ize.] To treat with a bichro- mate, especially bichromate of potassium. Also bichromate. The film of a bichromatUed gelatine, used as a photo- graphic negative. lire. Diet., II. 299. Fig. 4- Third genus, cuspi- dal curve. -I- ccHtcnafji.] I. a. Relating to or consisting bichromic (bi-kro'mik), a. [< bichrom{ate) + of two hundred, especially two hundred years; -jc] Pertaining to or using a bichromate, bicentennial: as, a bicentenary celebration. j„ jj,). construction of the induction balance a bichro- II. ». 1. That which consists of or compre- im'c battery, is used. .Scievicc, IX. 190. bends two htmdi-ed (commonly the space of ]3igiiy (bich'i), n. [Appar. a native name.] A '— ' '—' "' " * *^"'" i,,,^.!-.,.!*!, „., ^^^^ sometimes given to the Cola acuminata, a tree of the natural order StercuUaceai. See -2. A two hundredth an- two hundred years), niversary. Part of the enthusiasm of a bi-centeiiary. The American, VI. 23. bicentennial (bi-sen-ten'i-al), a. and H. [< bi-2 + centennial.] I. a. 1. Consisting of or last- ing two hundred years : as, a bicentennial pe- riod. — 2. Occurring every two hundred years. cola-nut. biciliate (bi-sil'i-at), a. [< 6J-2 -I- ciliate.] Hav- ing two cilia. The biciliate swarmspores that escaped were observed for some hours under the microscope. Trans. Boij. Soc. of Edinburgh, XXXII. 597. II. re. The two hundredth anniversary of bicipital (bi-sip'i-tal), a. [< L. bice2)S (bicipit-). an event ; a bicentenary, bicephalic (bi-se-fal'ik or bi-sef'a-lik), a. [< L. bi-, two-, -I- Gr. K^nijia'Aij, head: see cephalic] Having two heads ; bicephalous ; specifically, ornamented with two heads or busts, as an engraved gem or the like. Jour. Archwol., XXIX. :ni.» "bicephalous (bi-sef'a-lus), a. [As bicepkalie + -ous.] Having two heads. 1)iceps (bi'seps), a. and «. [< L. biceps (bicipit-), < bi-, two-, + caput, head.] I. a. Two-headed, or having two distinct origins : specifically, in anat., applied to certain muscles. II. n. 1. In anat., a muscle having two heads or origins; specifically, the biceps brachii. — 2. Figuratively, strength or muscular develop- ment. — 3. Muscular strength of the arm ; ability to use the arm effectively : from such strength or ability depending on the devel- opment of the biceps muscle — Biceps brachii, or biceps humeri, tlie Iwo headed muscle of the arm, arising l>y its lon;^ liead from the glenoid fossa, and by its short liead from the enraeoid process of the scapula, and inserted into the tul)erosity of the radius. It is a strong ^ ^ii^i^. flexor and supinator of the forearm, and a guide to the v°^^.^""^'i!^J~'7T^n^""Jov'VTi liir^ a brachial artery in surgical operations upon that vessel. DlCirCUlar (.Dl-sei J^V-'SVi^JJ. See cut under m fi.sr/e. — Biceps femoris, the two-lieaded muscle of the thigh, arising by its long luad lioni the tube- rosity of the ischium, and I'y its sliort laud tiniii the shaft of the femur, and inserted into the head of the hbula, its tendon forming the outer hamstring. Its action is to fle.x the leg upon the thigli. Mcessis (bi-ses'is), n. [L., < bic-, a reduced form of viginti, = E. twenty, + as (ass-), an as, a unit : see as^.] In lUim. metrology, twenty asses. bichet, ''• [< F. liichc, OP. also bisse = Wal- loon bih = mod. Pr. bicho = It. dial, becia, a hind or roe ; of uncertain origin.] A kind of fur ; the skin of the female deer. bichir (bich'er), n. [Native name.] A re- markable living ganoid fish, Fohjjiterus bichir, of the family Polyptcridu' and order Crosso- pterygii, inhabiting the Nile and other African rivers, attaining a length of 18 inches, and esteemed as food. See Folypterus. In the system of Cuvier, the bichir was placed among the bony fishes, in the vicinity of tlie herrings. One of 35 two-headed (see biceps), + -al.] 1. Having two heads; two-headed. [Rare.] — 2. In aHflt: (a) Having two heads or origins, as a muscle. See biceps, (b) Pertaining to the biceps mus- cles. — 3. In bot., dividing into two parts at the top or bottom. Also bicipitous. Bicipital fascia, an expansion of the tendon of the bi- ceps l>raeliii into the deep fascia of the forearm.— Bicipi- tal groove, a furrow along the uijper i)art of the humerus, in whieli the tendon of the long head of tlie Ideeps muscle lies, .^ee cut under /i«»icii(.i. — Bicipital ridges, the lips of the liiciiiital groove. bicipitosus (bi-sip-i-to'sus), ». ; pi. bicipitosi (-si). [NL., < L. biceps (bicipit-), two-headed: see hicciis.] The bicipital muscle of the thigh ; the biceps femoris. bicipitous (bi-sip'i-tus), a. Same as bicipital. Biri/Htous serpents. Sir T. Browne, Vulg. Err., iii. 15. bicircloid (bi-ser'kloid), ». [< bi-^ + circle + -oid.] A curve generated by the uniform mo- tion of a point around the circumference of a circle the center of which itself uniformly de- scribes a circle. , „ , . _ " - ',, [< bi-^ + circu- '/arT"composed of ' or similar to two circles. — Bicircular oval, a real branch of a bicircular quartic. — Bicircular quartic, a quartic curve which passes twice tlirou^di each of the circular points at infinity, having thus Fig. I. Bicircular Quartic. Curve of first genus, first division ; two real ovals with focal circle and central hyperbola. an essential analytical similarity to a pair of circles, which it also somewhat resembles to the eye. For the purpose of traciii"- it it may be aetined as the envelop of all the circles liaving their centers on a fixed ellipse or hyper- bickerer bola, and cutting a fixed circle orthogonally. This circle is called t\ui focal circle, because its intersectionB with the fixed collie are foci of the quartic. Tlie latter has, besides, two double foci, which are the foci of the conic. The perpendiculars from the center of the focal circle to the asymptotes of the conic arc bitangents c.] Re- as the fi-iiit of Traim bicomis. la'i"S ^^ ™' connected with bicycles. ,., . . , .. -.v bicorporal (bi-kor'po-ral). «■ [< L. Wcojyor, bicycling (bi' si -klinj^),". There remained .6l<^t^";y,., not a,lways carried onwith '',\'=°J.P,^^;^,-^„^,,„., ^fiv.hlp-bortied, < hi-, two-, + Tlio art or practice ot rulin the best taste or »1th the best temper, between the man- agers of the impeachment and the counsel for the defence, itacaulaii, Warren Hastings. later bicorporeiis, doxible-bodied, corpus {corpor-), body.] In her., same as bicor- purate Kcorporal sign, in antral., a zodiacal sign whose fig:ure represents two animals, namely, Pisces, Gem- ini, or Sai:ittarius. bickennentt (bik'er-ment), II. [< bicker^, v., + -iiieiit ^ Contention; conflict. Spenser. , . - - - , ,,-,.,- _-.» „ bickem (bik'em), „: [Also by popular etyzn. ''ff JP?-:,**;,, .t^l^'^a'^r "ifL"- bickhoiii. and bickiron, beak-iron, q. v., also jxt- L^ ''.' \ ^ZV-'V'i„-T^ "t ' iron" v^op. bicorn, eaily mod. i:.b,,ckor„e: by^ l^a""'^ t^° I'^dies: said of a Bicorporate. coVn'e, <'¥.'bigorne, a bickern (cf. OF. bicorne:< T^east or bird used as a bearirjg. ML.6.cor««,6,cor»«.,atwo-handledcup),=Sp. Bicosoeca (bi-k^-se ka^"- |^L., Pff fci<7or«iVi = It. bicornia, a bickem, < L. bi- "'reg. < hv. ^ikoc a wine-jar a ci^nia. leMt. pi. of 6;<.<,rm-.,'two-ho™ed : see 6/- bowl, + o.koc, a house.] bame com.} 1- An anvil with two projectiiig. taper- a^_«'^^i^«- _^ L, in Son to its double head, of which one «^renate leaves when the crenatures are them- side was made pointed and the other bltint; J^J.'^^^.^f^t^^^n,, v-p sen 'tiki a [< Ji-2 + if a contracted form of 6eaA:-irc.« (which see), ^.^^l;^^^ (bi-kro'ral), a. [< bi-2 + crurall bictoon (Wi-em),n. S^.me .s bickern, beak- ^-^-^^^o '^S^' ^ ^^^ elongations resem- i.'-"i"' 4. /v,- 1 iT'^sf-i y, r<' 7.; 2 4- /.7/77'«/p 1 bicuspid (bi-kus'pid), o. and H. [< NL. 6/cks- T>!™^-'/'»,i oS'bs\ « rNTT. ^ fir ,'?;/.or n drink- cusps. Specifically applied— (a) In j/ram., to a cui-ve Bicoeca (bi-se ka), n. l^^iU., <. Ur. liiKog, a onnK ^^^r ,„,„';.„ (^) ]„ ,,,„„„„ anat., (l) to the premo- ing-bowl (see beaker), + oinoc, house. J A genus |^j. ,,..i.,^ ^^ f^i^^. „i„iars, of which there arc two on each of infusorians, typical of the family Bicacida: si,iea\ioveandbel..w,rei)laoins the milk-molars; (2) to the Previouslv written Bicosccca. BiC(BCidae'(bi-se'si-de), n. pi. [XL., < Bicceca -t- -i.— Bicuspid forceps, dentists' forceps with curved beaks for e.vtractini; bicuspid teetli. II. H. One of the premolars or false molars iu man, of which there are in the adult two on each side, above and below, between the canines and the true molars. They are the teeth which suc- ceed and replace the milk-molars of tlie cllild. Also bi- bicolligate(bi-kol'i-gat),a. [< L. 6i-, two-, -1- c»?- tjcugpidal (bi-kus'pi-dal), a. Same as biciis- .- 1 w n, ^.^^ tlie usual form of the word in geometry. bicuspidate (bi-kus'pi-dat), a. [< bi-~ + cus- Bicolligatc— Foot of Uuck . Same as bi- ligatus, bound togeth er: see bi-^ and colli gate, r.] In ornith., palmate, but not toti- palmate; having the three front toes unit- ed by two webs, bicolor (bi'kul-or), a. [< \j. birolor, of two colors, < bi-, two-, + color, color.] Clll"lttl. bicolored (bi'kul-ord), a. [< &i-2 + colored. Cf. Ij. bicolor, of two colors.] Of two colors, as a flower. bicolorous fbi-kul'o-nis), a. Same as bicolored. biconcave (bi-kou'kav), a. [< /'!-" + roiicavc.'i Jli.Uow oi- ((incavo on both sides; doubly con- cave, a-i a liiis. See lens. biconic, biconical (bi-kon'ik, -i-kal), a. [< 6!-2 + conic, conical.'i Doubly conical; resembling two cones placed base to base. ITlie) cKf" of the (jrebcs, . . . which also have both cnilii nearly alike but pointed, arc bo wide in the ndddle OA Ut present ft Ijiconical appearance. Knctir. Jlrit., III. 775. biconjugate (bi-kon'jB-gSt). a. [< ii-2 -f- con- jiii/iilr.] 1. In imirs; f)laced side by side. — 2. In bot., twice iiuircil, as when each of the divisions of a forked ptdiolo bears a i>air of lo!itll-|S, biconsonantal (bi-kon-»9-nan'tal), a. Com- jK.-o.j ■<■ driimirr. To bid the baims, ,Hie /,,i,n,«. To bid the IT a baael. Sn («.<.'■:. Syn. 1. /iM'id, ,Vio/i?;iiili. cic. Sic m/(. II, iiilrans. To iimkc uii oITim'; oll'er ii price: as, to bid at an auction. do- < bid." (lay, What I Jiray Willi bends. .Seo Did Aiiliiponisms between different powers in the State, or diilereiit factions, have caused one or otlierof tliem to bitl for iiiipular support^ witli tliu result of increasing popular p,,wer. //. Spencer, Prin. of Sociol., § 498. To told fair, to open or offer a good prospect ; seem likely. bid(Wil), «• An offer of a price; specifically, an otTer made or the price offered at an anctiou : as, to increase another's bid. bidactyl (bi-dalc'til), a. [< L. hi-, two-, + Gr. (iaK-c/oi-, finger, toe.] Same as didcictyl. bidagova (bid-a-go'vii), )/. [Braz.] The name given in Brazil to a substitute for coffee lire- pared from the seeds of the Cassia occiitentalis. McElmth. bidale (bid'al), n. [< Ud, invite, + ale.'] An entertainment to which jiersous were invited for the purpose of contributing to the relief of some one in distress. [Prov. Eug.] Also writ- ten bidall. There was an antient Custom cjilled a Bid-Ale or Bid- der-Ale, from the Saxon liiddcu |/i/i/(/«h], to pray or sup- plicate, when any honest Alan dei^iyed in his Estate, was setup again by the liberal Benevolence and Contributions of Friends at a Feast, to which those Friends were bid or invited. It was most used in the West of England, and In some Counties called a Help Ale. Brand's Pop. Antiq. (1777), p. 339, note. bidarkee (bi-dar'ke), n. [Also written Udarlca ; native name.] A boat of skins used by the Aleutian Islanders. There are three miles to traverse to reach the nearest river, and here I trusted my.self to one of the far-famed hidarkics. Furtnirilitly Rei\, XLI. 399. biddable (bid'a-bl), «. [< hid + -alilc.l Obe- dient to a bidding or command ; willing to do what is bidden ; complying; docile. She- is exceedingly attentive anil useful ; . . . indeed, I never saw a more biddable woman. Dickens, Dombey and Son, viii. A more gentle, biddable invalid than the poor fellow made can hardly be conceived. H. Kiiuisley, Ravenshoe, xliv. biddance (bid'ans), ». [< hid + -ance.] Bid- ding; invitation. [Kare.] bidder (bid'er), n. [< ME. bidder, hiddere ; < bid, ask, offer, + -eel.] One who bids; spe- cifically, (a) one who begs; (b) one who com- mands or orders ; (e) one who asks or invites ; ((() one who offers to pay a specified price for an article, as at a public auction. Bidders at the auction of popularity. Burke. biddery-ware (bid'e-ri-war), n. Same as bidri. bidding (bid'ing), ti. [ME. bidding, biddincje ; verbal n. of hid in both the original senses.] 1. Invitation; command; order; a proclama- tion or notifying. At his second bidding darkness fled. Milton, P. L, iii. 712. They had chalked upon a slate the psalmes that were to be sung, so that all the congregation might see it without the bidding of a Cleark. Evelyn, Diary, Aug. 19, 1641. Henry . . . nominated Richard Henry Lee and Gray- Bon for the two senators from Virginia, and they were chosen at his bitlding. Bancroft, Hist. Const., II. 364. 2. The act of making an offer at an auction : as, the bidding was lively. bidding-prayer (bid'ing-prar), «. [See be- low.] hi England, the prayer before the ser- mon. As directed in the 65tli canon of the Chui-ch of England, this is a form in which the preacher calls on the congregation to pray for the church catholic, the sover- eign, and dW'erent estates of men. A similar form of prayer preceding the sermon has been in use since long before the Reformation. At first it was called bidding o/ the beads (literally, praying of the prayei-s), after the Reformation bidding of the common pragers, biddiiuf (of) prayers or prayer {the last word being object of the first) ; but 'after the sixteenth century the word bidding came to be popularly regarded as an adjective, or the phrase bid- ding prager as a quasi-compound, a pr,ayer which bids or directs what is to be prayed for. A collect is now generally substituted for the bidding-prayer (and sometimes called by the same name), but on special occasions, and in cathedrals and at university sermons, the bidding-prayer is always used. Liturgiologists often designate the dea- con's litanies of the primitive and the Greek Church as bidding-prayers. See ectene and litany. Our people, as of yore, may all join their priest and say along with him, before he begins his sermon, the truly Catholic petitions of the bidding-prayer. Rock, Church of our Fathers, ii. 354. biddyl (bid'i),H.; -p^. biddies (-i7j). [E. dial, and XI. S., perhaps of imitative origin. Cf. chiclca- biddi/.'] A familiar name for a hen. Biddy- (bid'i), ». [Dim. of Bridget, a fern, proper name, usually given in honor of St. Bridget (Ir. and Gael. Jlrighid (gen. Brighide, Bride, whence the form St. Bride), < brigh, strength), who lived in Ireland in the 5th and 6th centuries.] An Irish female domestic; a servant-girl. [CoUoq., U. S.] bide (bid), V. ; pret. and pp. bode, ppr. biding. [< ME. bidcn, < AS. bidan (pret. bad, pi. bidon, pp. bidcn) = OS. 6tdaK = OFries. hida= D. bei- 547 den = OHQ. hitan, MHG. hiten, G. dial. beiten = Icel. bidha = Sw. hida = Dan. hie = Goth, bei- dati, wait. Cf. Ir. feithim, I wait, = Gael. J'eith, wait. Sec abided and abode.} I. intrans. If. To remain in expectation ; wait. — 2. To bo or remain in a place or state ; wait. In whose cold blood no spark of honour bides. Sliak., 3 Hen. VI., i. I. Safe in a ditch he bides. With twenty trenched gashes on his head. Shak., Macbeth, iii. 4. 3. To dwell; reside. AH knees to thee shall bow, of them tliat bide In heaven, or earth, or under earth in hell. Milton, P. L., iii. 321. And Lancelot saw that she withheld her wish, Ajul bude among them yet a little space Till he should learn it. Tennyson, Lancelot and Elaine. II. trans. 1. To wait for; await. He has the elements of greatness within him, and he patiently bides his time. Prcscott. I will bide you at King Tryggve's hill Outside the city gates. William Morris, Earthly Paradise, I. 0. 2. To endure; suffer; bear. Poor naked wretches, wheresoe'er you are, That bide the pelting of this pitiless storm. Shak., Lear, iii. 4. Oh, humble me ! I cannot bide the joy That in my Saviour's presence ever flows. Jones Very, Poems, p. 58. Bidens (bi'denz), n. [NL., < L. hidens, having two teeth: see bident.'] 1. A genus of herba- ceous composite plants, closely related to Dali- lia and to Coreopsis, having aehenes armed with two or more rigid, persistent, retrorsely barbed awns. They are coarse, useless weeds, but some of the species have conspicuous yellow flowers and are known as bur-marigolds. The persistency with which the aehenes adhere to clothing and the coats of animals has given rise to the common name of beggar's-tirks or beggar's-lice. The root and seeds of B. bipinnata, known as Spanish needles, have had an ill-founded re[iut;tfi<>n as emmenagogues and as a remedy for acute hronelii;d atfec- tions. 2. In ro67., a genus of hawks with two-toothed beak ; same as Diodon or Earpagus (which see). Spix, 1834. bident (bi'dent), n. [< L. biden{t-)s, OL. dui- dcn{t-)s, witii two teeth, < hi-, dui-, = E. twi-, two-, + den(t-)s = E. tooth. Cf. trident.'] 1. In archwol., an instrument or a weapon with two prongs. Hence — 2. Aaj two-pronged in- strument. The conversion of the bident into a trident, by which, instead of two, you chalk three for one. Foote, in Jon Bee's Samuel Foote, cv. bidental (bi-den'tal), a. [< L. hiden(t-)s, with two teeth (see fcfdeHO, + -al.] Sameasfc/rfc/itote. bidental (bi-den'tal), «. [L., so called from the animal sacrificed at its consecration (< hi- dcn{t-)s, an animal for sacrifice whose two rows of teeth are complete), or from the forked light- ning (a sense of bidentalin'Mli.), < hiden{t-)s, with two teeth or prongs : see biden t.] In Horn, antiq., a monument marking a place that had been struck by lightning. It consisted of a wall, not roofed, carried around the site, which was considered to be sacred and neither to be trodden nor looked upon, and often resembled a raised well-curb. Sucn monuments were consecrated by the pontiffs, or, later, by the harus- pices, by the sacrifice of a sheep or other victim, and were probably given in charge of guardians, themselves called bidentales. bidentate (bi-den'tat), a. [< L. biden(t-)s, hav- ing two teeth (see bident), + -ate^.] HaWng two teeth or processes Uke teeth; two-toothed. Other forms are bidentated, bidental, bidcniial, and (rarelv) hidcnted. bidential (bi-den'shal), a. Same as bidentate. bidenticulate (bi-den-tik'u-lat), a. [< 6i-2 + denticulate. Cf. bidentate.] Having two mi- nute teeth. bidery (bid'e-ri), n. See bidri. bidet (bi-det' ; P. pron. be-da'), n. [< F. bi- det (> prob. It. bidetto), a small horse; of un- known origin.] 1. A small horse; formerly, in the British armv, a horse allowed to each trooper or dragoon for eaiTying his baggage. For joy of which I will . . . mount my^Ji'def in a dance, and curvet upon my curtal. B. Jonson, Chloridia. 2. The basin of a water-closet so made that, in addition to the ordinary places of entrance of water- and discharge-pipe, there is a contri- vance for washing or administering injections: sometimes made as a separate article of bed- room furnitui'e. bid-hook (bid'huk), n. [A variant of bead- hool-.] Naut., a small kind of boat-hook. bidigitate (bi-dij'i-tat), a. [< hi-" + digitate.] Having two digits, or two finger-like processes. biens^ance biding (bi'ding), «. {^(.liiE. biding, bydi/ng ; ver- bal M. of hide.] 1. An awaiting; expectation. — 2. Residence; habitation. At Antwerp has my constant bidinf/ been. Howe, Jane Shore, i. 2. bidiri, ». See bidri. bidogyn (bi-do'giu), n. [W., a dagger: see ^m- dcr hixll.in.] In Celtic antiq., a dagger. bidri, bidry, bidree (bid'ri, bid-re'), n. [An- glo-Ind., also liiderij, hidiri, < Hind, bidri, < Bidar, a town in the state of Hyderabad, In- dia.] A kind of ornamental metal-work of In- dia, consisting essentially of damascening of silver upon some metal ground which is made black by coating it with certain chemicals. The alloy used as the Ijasis of the damascene work varies in composition in diffeivnt localities ; it may be cither bronze or brass, in the latter case sometimes containing a very large pei'centage of zinc. Also called biddery-ware. bidri-ware, bidri-'work, «. Same as bidri. bid-standt (biil'stand), n. A cant term for a highwayman. Why, I tell you, sir: he has been the only Bid-stand that ever kept Newmarket, Salisbury-plain, Hockley i' the Hole, Gads-hill, and all the high places of any request. B. Jonson, Every -\lau out of his Humour, iv. 4. biduOUS (bid'u-us), a. [< L. biduus, < bi-, two-, 4- dies, dayT] Lasting two days only, as some flowers. bieberite (be'ber-it), «. [< Bieber (see def.) + -ite-.] Native cobalt sulphate or cobalt vitriol : a decomposition-product of other cobalt min- erals found at Bieber, near Frankfort-on-the- Main. bielaga,". The Russian sturgeon,.4eJ7)enser 'huso, bield (beld), n. [Now only North. E. and Sc., in Sc. also written beild, hiel ; early mod. E. hield, hceld. etc., < ME. heeld, beld, helde, < AS. hyldo (= OHG. baldi. MHG. belde = Goth, bal- tliei), boldness, courage, < beald, bold: see bold.] It. Boldness; courage; confidence; feeling of security. — 2t. Resoui'ce; help; relief; means of help or relief ; support; sustenance. For fuid thou gettis nane utlier beild. But eit the herbis upon the field. Sir D. Lymhriy, The Monarchic, L 1087. 3. Shelter; refuge; protection. This bosom soft shall be thy beeld. Fair/ax, tr. of Tasso, xvi. 49. The random beild o' clod or stane. Burnt. Folk maun bow to the bush that they seek beild frae. Hogg, Brownie, ii. 197. 4. A place of shelter. These evil showers make the low hush better than no beild. Seott, Monastery, I. iii, bield (beld), r. [Now only North. E. and Sc, in Sc. also written beild, hiel, etc. ; early mod. E. hield, heeld, etc., < ME. bcelden, helden, < AS. biehUm, byldan (= OS. beldjan = OHG. balden, MHG. helden = Goth, balthjan, intr.), make bold, < beald, bold: see hold, a., and cf. bold, ('.] I. trans. If. To make bold; give courage or confidence to. — 2. To defend; protect; shel- ter. Scorn not the bush that beilds you. Scott, Monastery, I. xiv. Il.t intrans. To be bold or confident; grow bold or strong. bieldy (bel'di), a. [Sc, also -written beildy, < hield + -//.] Sheltered from the weather; af- fording shelter. His honour being under hiding lies a* day, and whiles a' night, in the cove in the dern hag; . . . it's a beildy enough bit. Scott, Waverley, II- xxnlL biemarginate (bi-e-miir'ji-nat), a. [< 6i-2 + cmarginate.] In entom., ha\-ing two emargina- tions or concavities in the margin. bien, bienly, bienness. See bein, etc. biennial (bi-en'i-al), a. and n. [< L. biennium, a space of two years, < biennis, lasting two years (> hiennalis, adj.), < hi- + annus, year: see bi-~ and annual] I. a. 1. Happening or taking place once in two years : as, biennial games. I consider biennial elections as a security that the sober secoud thought of the people shall be law. Ames (1788). 2. Continuing or lasting for two years; changed or renewed every two years: said especially of plants. H. ». 1. A jjlant which requires two seasons of growth to produce its flowers and fruit, growing one year and flowering, fruiting, and dying the next.— 2. An exercise, as a college examination, occurring once in two years. Sometimes also bisannual. biennially (bi-en'i-al-i), adv. Once in two years ; at the return of two years. bienseance (F. pron. byaii-sa-ons'), «. [F., < bienscant, becoming, seemly, < hien (< L. bene), well, + scant, becoming, seemly, lit. sitting. biens^ance ppr. of seoir, sit, befit. < L. sedere = E. sif.] Decency: deconun; propnety; seemliness. •n.e rule' of ol.servina what the French caU the bim- «j;.« io an allusion has been found out of later years, „d in U.e colder region, of i^^^. ^^^^^^^^ ^^ ^^ He rSir Robert Peel] scarcely ever offended against either the conventional or the essential btemeances of so- ciety ""■ ^ ''"•''• ^"^- ^^^'^' ^"-' ^' bienvenuet (F. pron. byan-ve-nu'), n. [Early mod E. also benremie, ME. btenvenu, < Oi . (and F.) bienrenue, < bien, well, + renu, coin- ing, pp. of leiiir, < L. venire, come.] 1. wel- come. . ^.. They by this have met him, And given him the 6i>n«n«. . * Jlaisinger, The Picture, ii. 2. 2. A fee exacted from a new workman by his fellows, especially in printing-offices. A ne«- bien rf/iu. or sum for drink, was demanded of me bv the compositors. I thought it an imposition, as I had paid it below [to the Pressn^iJ).^^. _ ^^^^^,^^^^^^ bier (ber), n. [The present spelling is perhaps in imitation of the F. biere ; early mod. E. reg. beer, < ME. beere, beer, berc< AS. 6. Diet. bier-balkt (ber'bak), «. [< bier + 6"'*^^, a ridge, a path.] A balk left in a field for the passage of funerals. A broad aud sufficient bier-balk. . «, , • A i.roau »u UomHy/or Rogation Week, iv. bier-right (ber'rit), H. An ancient ordeal, in which those who were suspected or accused of murder were required to approach and touch the eorfise of the murdered person as it lay on the bier. If when touched the corpse bled, this was g„|,,, I 1,, ii„li.at«; the guilt of the person touching it. biest, biestings. «. See bce.itiniis bietle (be'tl), ». [Amer. Ind.] A kind of iucket. made of an entire dcor-skm, worn by the women of the Apaches. L. Uamilton, Jlex. Handbook, p. 49. .,..„. .r ■ , ■, i bifacial (bi-la'shial), «. [< bi-^+ facial] 1. Having the opposite surfaces alike.— ^. in uol., having the opposite faces unlike : as, the bi- facial Hrran(,'iment of the parenchyma or gi-een ■pulr. upon the two faces of a leaf. Also ilorsi- ,'.(,„ (r«/.— 3. Having two fronts or principal faces ; specifically, ha\niig two human faces turned in opposite directions, as a medal or an bifara'(bif'a-rii), «. [It., also biffant, jn/nra, inltrrn, a pipe :' see pipe.] In nrniin-biiMiiui, a stop the piin's of which are either two-mouthed or sounded in pairs, and are so tuned that the two tones emitt<'d differ sliglitly in pitch, thus producing a wavy tone. Also called p-rus), a. [< L. bifer, bearingtwiee ,< hi-, t«-ice,"-l- ferre = E. ftffl/l), + -(>»■<•] In bot., bearing flowers or fruit twice a year, as some plants in warm climates. bifan (bif 'in), «. [Also spelled beefin becfen (and bv a false etTm., heuulm, as it < !• . beau, beautiful, + 1in, tine); a tUal. eomiption of bvejing, < beef + -i'lg : so called from tlie red color of the apple.] 1. An excellent cooking- apple cultivated in England, especially in the countv of Norfolk. It is often sold in a dried aud flattened condition. Hence — 2. Abaked apple crashed into a flat round cake. bifid (bi'fid), a. [< L. bifidus, forked, < 6/-, two-, 4- fmdcre (fid-), cleave, divide, = E. hite, q. v.] Cleft or di\-ided into two parts; forked, as the tongue of a snake; specifically, in hut., divided half-wav down into two parts; open- ing with a cleft ;" divided by a linear sinus, with straight margins b'ifasciate (bi-fao'i-at), a. (< W-2 + /flj,ciafe.] In -"../., liiiving two transvorso or encircling BIfaicaria "irrak-sa'ri-ft), n. (NI.., . bi-, twice, ■k- lUc(Ure), benil, + imdim. node.] In ""('"- ii node or point at wliiiOi a curvo crosses itscll, anil which is at tlie same I iiiie a point of iiillection. or a point wlieie the direction of the bending changes. This is a singularity found among quart ic and liiglier curves. lunccnode. blflorate (bi-flo'rat). froiiit-)s, having two foreheads (an epithet, of .laniis), < ''.-, two-, -t- i;-oii{l-)s. forehead, front.] Having two froiits or faces, as the god Janus. bifronted (bi-frun'ted), fl. [As bifroiit + -ed^.] Same as lufronl bifurcate (bi-f6r'kat), v. i. : pret. and pp. btfur- aitcd, ppr. hifiircitiiuj. [< ML. bijiireatiis pp. adi., two-forked (cf. E. bifiircio<, two-forked), < Li. hi-, two-, + fiircdtiis, forked: seejiircate.] To divide into two forks or branches. The contnil trnnii which runs up the foot-stalk b\fur- cito near tlic centre ,,1 tlie leiif, ni.,.,(= „ .m7 Diinnn, Inscctiv. riiil'ts, p. 247. bifurcate, bifurcated (bi-fer'kat, -ka-tod), «. [< ML. hifiirciitii.i: see the verb.] Two-lorked; divided i'lilo two branches. bifurcately (bi-fer'kat-li), adv. In a bitm-cate bifurcation (bi-fer-ka'shon), «. [< bifurcato -t- -ton.] 1. A forking or division into two brandies; separation into two parts or things; in oplic.i, same as doidile rifnictioii. See irjrnc- tion.—2. A point at wliicli forking occurs; one or bolli of the bifurcating ii.arts.— 3. Specifi- cally, in ./.•((fl., the division of a stiviim into two parts, eiich'of which connects with a difleront river system: as, the bifurcation of tho uppe' bifurcOUS (bi-f^r'kns), fl. [< L. bifurciis, two- foil;...!, < /..-, two-, -1- fiirea, a fork.] Same as hifiirriilr. big' (big), fl. [< mi;, /'.fl, '",'/,fl. biiific biif], oto., iDW.'rful, strong, large; orik'in uMknown. Iho E dial, bun, boil, proud, imi.orlant, selt-siUn- cient, agrees jiartly in sens.', but app.'iirs to 1... iinr.dal.Ml: see ho,f\ '..../'.] If. »>1 great Mn'Mk'lliorp..w.'r.— 2. Ilaving gri'ut size; larBe in bulk or iiiagniludo, absolutely or relatively. M.thlnkH he seeuiB no bigger than his head. Slink., I,car, Iv. 8. ■1 Ii.' worl.l wiigg..l on In lis nce.i»to.nc.l way brlnglnR all inaiiiier of chaiiKes liig ami llltl.', " """" 3. (ir.'iit with vouiig; i.regnnnt; read.vtogive birth; li.'ii.-.', li'guialiv.'ly, full of something im- p.irtiinl; rcaily l.i pi'o'bn-.'; t.'cming. At himlh Ih.' m.iineiitoiw hour an Ivch, as bi,i with con- m'cin.n.'.". to man lis liny that cv.r stni.U in IiIh hlNt.iry. Jiva-ctI, oriitloiiB, p. HI. big 4. Distended; full, as of grief, passion, cour- age, determination, goodness, etc. Thy heart is big ; get thee apart and weep. .SViafc., .1. C, iii. 1. For myself, I find my heart too hig ; I feel Iliave not pa- tience to look on, whilst you run tlieae forl)idden courses. Beau, ami Fl., King and No King, iii. 3. 5. Tumid; inflated, as with pride; hence, haughty in air or mien, or indicating haughti- ness ; pompoiis ; proud ; boastful : as, big looks ; big words. He began to loolt big, and talie niiglitily upon him. Swi/t, Tale of a Tul>, iv. 6. Great as regards influence, standing, wealth, etc. [CoUoq.]— Big game. Si-e ./hiuci.— Big tree, tlie luanimotli tree, Sequoia 'juianlia. found on tlic' slopes of tile Sierra Nevada, central California, particularly in the " big-tree grove "in Calaveras county. = S3ni. 2. Large, etc. (see great), bulky, huge, massive. — 5. lofty, pompous, arrogant, important. big'-^, bigg2 (big), V. [< ME. Uggen, lyggen, < leel. hijggja, older form hijggva (= Sw. bygga = Dan. iygge = AS. buian), build, dwell in, in- habit, a secondary form of bila (pret. pi. bjoggii) = AS. bmn, dwell: see 6el, bower, boor.'] I. trans. If. To inhabit; occupy. — 2t. Eeflex- jvely, to locate one's self. — 3. To build; erect; fashion. [Scotch and North. Eng.] O bigged hae they a bigly hour Fast by the roaring stnind. Rose the Red, and White IJllii, Iti Child's Ballads, V. 174. Il.t iutrans. To dwell ; have a dwelling. big^, bigg* (t>ig)> "• [Se. and North. E., more commonly bigg, early mod. E. also bi/gg, bijgge, late ME. byge, < Icel. bygg = Sw. bjiigg = Dan. byg, barley, = AS. beow, grain, ult., like the remotely related big^, bigg^, < y bu, gi'ow, be, Skt. -y/ bhii, be, Gv.' (jikaOai, grow: see 6el.] A kind of winter barley cultivated in northern Europe, especially in Scotland ; properly, four- rowed barley, Hordeum vulgare, inferior to but hardier than H. hexastichon, of which it is some- times called a variety. See bear^. biga (bi'ga), n. [L., sing, from earlier pi. higie, a pair of horses, a chariot or ear drawn by them, eontr. of bijugm, fern. pi. of bijugus, yoked two together, < bi-, two-, + jugum = E. yoke.] In Rom. antiq., a chariot or ear drawn by two horses abreast. bigamt (big'am), n. [< ME. bigam, < OF. big- ame, < LL. bigamus, twice mamed: see big- amy.] A bigamist. Some parts thereof teach us ordinances of some apostle, as the law of bigamy, or St. Paul's ordaining tliat a bigam should not be a deacon or priest. Bp. Pecock, in his Life by J. Lewis, p. 2S6. bigamist (big'a-mist), H. [< bigamy + -ist.] One who has committed bigamy, or had two or more wives or husbands at once. Lamecli the prime bigamist and corrupter of maiTiage. Doiim, Hist, of the .Septuagint, p. 202. bigamous (big'a-mus), a. [< LL. bigamus: see bigamy.] Df or pertaining to bigamy; guilty of bigamy ; involving bigamy : as, a big- amous marriage. And very good reading they [the novels of our grand- mothers] were too in their way, though it was not the way of the bigamoits and murderous sclxool that lias come after them. JV. A. Rev., CXXIII. 223. bigamy (big'a-mi), h. [< ME. bigamie, < OF. bigaiuie, < ML. bigamia, bigamy, < LL. bigamus, twice married, a bigamist (equiv. to Gr. oiya/joc, > diya/jia, bigamy), < L. bi- (= Gr. Si-), t-wice, -l- ya/joi, marriage.] 1. Literally, double mar- riage ; remarriage during the existence of a former marriage; in /««', the offense of having two or more wives or husbands at the same time. To constitute the offense, which by statute law is a felony, it is necessai-y, by the law of many jurisdic- tions, that the accused should liave actual or constructive knowledge tliat the first wife or husband was still living when the second one was taken, and that tlie second mar- riage should liave been one solemnized under the forms of Jaw, and not merely an informal marriage resting on the contract of the parties, or their holding out each other to the world as husband and wife. Where these elements of knowledge and of formality are wanting, the second mar- riage is still generally invalid, but not bigamous in the criminal sense. 2t. Second marriage ; remarriage of a widow or -widower, in the early church, before the establish- ment of clerical celibacy, such reniarriai,'e on the part of a man was generally regarded as an impediment to holy orders. Marriage with a widow is called tnira ing by Shak- spcre in Richard III., iii. 7. bigarade (big'a-riid), n. [F.] The bitter or Seville orange, C'itCMS Aitrantium, variety Biga- rudid. bigaroon (big-a-ron'), n. [With term, altered in E., < F. bigarreau, white-heart cherry (ef. bigarrure, motley, medley, mixture), < bigarrer, streak, checker, variegate; of disputed origin.] 549 The largo whito-heart cherry, red on one side and white on the other. bigaster (bi-gas'ter), u. [< L. bi-, two-, + Gr. ■janri/ii, belly.] Same as biventcr. big-bellied (liig'bel"id), a. 1. Having a large or protulKTant belly, lie IWilliaiu lliifus] was in stature somewhat below the usual size, and big-bellied. Sjeijt, Hist. Eng. 2. Advanced in pregnancy. [Vulgar.] big-boned (big'bond), a. Having large bones; stout; very strong. nig-hiiiiei/, and large of limb, with sinews strong. Dryden, Pal. and Arc, iii. 45. big-COrnedt ( big'komd), a. Having large grains. The strength of big-corn'd powder. Dryden, Annus Mirabilis, ii. 149. BigelOVia (big-o-16'vi-ii), n. [NL., named after Dr. Jacob Jligclow (17^7-1879), a physician and botanist of Boston, U. S. A.] A genus of Com- positw, nearly related to SoUdago, containing over 30 species, natives of western North Amer- ica. They are mostly suffrutescent or shrubby, with nar- row and entire leaves, and small rayless heads of yellow flowers. B. veneta, from the borders of Mexico, is one of the sources of a drug called damiaiia. bigemina, «. Plural of bigeminum. bigeminate, bigeminated (bi-jem'i-nat, -na- ted), a. [< bi-" + gciiiiiiate. Cf. L. bigeminus, doubled.] Twin-forked; doubly paired; bi- conjugate: in bot., said of a decompound leaf having a forked petiole, with a pair of leaflets at the end of each division. bigeminum (bi-jem'i-num), «.; pi. bigemina (-na). [NL., neut. of L. bigeminus, doubled, < bi-, twice, -I- gctmims, twin.] One of the cor- pora bigemina or twin bodies of the brain ; one of the anterior pair (nates cerebri) of the cor- pora quadiigemina ; one of the optic lobes, when there are only two, instead of four as in the higher mammals. Wilder. big-endian (big-en'di-an), n. and a. I. m. A member of the Lilliputian party in Swift's "GuUivei-'s Travels" who maintained, in op- position to the liUle-endians, that boiled eggs should be cracked at the big end ; hence, one of any con-esponding set of disputers about trifles. II. a. Pertaining or relating to the big end of an egg, or any equally foolish matter, as a subject of controversy. bigener (bi'je-ner), n. [L., hybrid, mongrel, < bi-, two-, + genus (gener-), kind: see genus.] A cross between two species of different genera; a mule. bigeneric (bi-jf-ner'ik), a. [As bigener -\- -ic : see bi-" and generic.] Having the characters of two different genera; having the character of a bigener. bigential (bi-jen'shal), a. [< ML. bigen(t-)s, of two nations, < bi-, iv/o-, + gen{t-)s, a nation.] Comprising two tribes or peoples. big-eye (big'i), «. A fish of the genus Priacan- tlius ami family Priacanthidw : so called from its very large roimd eyes. big-foot (big'fiit), H. [Tr. of the generic name Alcg(i2>odiiis.] A book-name of a moimd-bird of the genus Megapodius. bigg^t, "• An obsolete spelling of big'^. bigg-, '•• See big". bigg-', >'. See big'i. biggab, ". See bega. biggen (big'n), v. [< big^ + -e«l.] I.t trans. To make big ; increase. II. in trans. 1. To grow big; become larger. [Dialectal.]— 2. To gain strength after con- finement. [North. Eng.] The gossips regularly wish the lady a good biggening. Brockett, North CountlT Words, p. 16. bigger (big'er), n. [< big^, bigg^, + -eri.] A builder. [Scotch.] biggini (big'in), n. [Also -written bujgen, big- gon, early mod. E. also byggen, begin, < OF. bc- guin, mod. F. beguin = It. beghino, a cap, so named from thatworn by the nims called Jie- guines, ME. begine, beggin (early mod. E. iiigin, bi(/gayne,etc.): see Beguin.] 1. A child's cap. -^2. A nightcap. Brow with homely biggin bound. Shak., i Hen. IV., iv. 4. An old woman's Wyji'ft for a nightcap. Massinger, The Picture, iv. 2. 3. In England, the coif of a Serjeant at law.— 4. A head-dress worn in the later midiUe ages, and throughout the seventeenth eentmy, by both men and women. That worn by women was broad at the top, vrith projecting corners, like ears. biggin'-^ (big'in), n. [Another form of piggin, q. v.] A small wooden vessel ; a can. biglandular biggin'' (big'in), n. [Named from the inventor, Mr. Biggin, about 1800.] A kind of coffee-pot containing a strainer for the infusion of the eolTee, without allowing the grounds to mix with the infusion. N. JJ. D. bigging (big'ing), K. [Also biggin, < ME. big- ging, a Ijuilding, < biggen, build : see big".] A building; a habitation; a home. [Scotch and North. Eng.] biggont, ". -A-n obsolete spelling of biggin^. biggonet (big'o-net), n. [Also bigonet, after equiv. OF. beguinet; dim. of biggon, biggin^, q. v.] A cap or head-dress; a biggin. [Scotch and North. Eng.] And gi'e to me my biggonet. My bisliop's satin gown, For I maun tell the bailie's wife That Coliu's come to town. Jean Adaiwi, There's nae Luck. bigba (big'ii), n. Same as bcga. bigbead (big'hod), n. A local name of aCali- foruian species of sculpin, Hcttrpcenichthys mar- moratus, a fish of the family Cottida;. Also call- ed cabezon. bigborn (big'hom), m. 1. The Rocky Moun- tain sheep. Oris montuna: so called from the immense size of the horns, which resemble those of the argali, but are shorter and comparatively stouter and not so spiral. The animal in other re- spects resembles and is closely related to the argali, of ^-^ Bighom of the Rocky MouDtains {Ovij tnotitana). which it is the American representative. In color it is grayish-brown, with whitish buttijcks, like the other wild sheep. It stands about 3^ feet high at the withers, and is vei-y stoutly built. It inhiibits the higher mountain ranges of the western United States from New Mexico and southern California northward, down nearly or quite to sea-level in the higher latitudes, and is abundant in suitable localities in Colorado, Wyoming, Montana, Idaho, etc. It is much hunted for its flesh, w-hich makes excel- lent mutton. Like other wild sheep, it is gregarious. 2. The great fossil Irish elk of the peat-bogs, Ccrrus megaceros. [Bare.] bight (bit), n. [< ME. bycht, bygt, < AS. byht, a bend, a coi'ner (= D. boclit = (i. buch t, a bay, bight, = Sw. Dan. bugt, bend, bight of a rope, a bay); ef. byge, a bend, angle, < bugan (pp. bogen), bend, bow: see ftoH'l, and ef. the ult. identical E. bought'^, boutl, and the related bailX, a ring, hoop: see 6oH% ash, beech, poplar, and ■many other sorta of timber, of surprising bifrness. Beverley, Virginia, ii. U 2. Bignonia (big-no'ni-a), n. [NL., named after Bigiton. librarian to Louis XV.] A genus of plants of many species, natiu'al order Bigno- niacece, natives of the ■warmer portions of the new world. The species are characterized by a twin- ing or climbing stem, frequently in the tropics reaching the tops of the highest trees, with divided leaves and often magnificent tnimpet-shaped flowers. In the stems of some species the wood is so arranged as to have a cross- like appearance in section. The most northern species, B. capreolata of the southern United States, is frequent- ly cultivated in gardens, and others are ornnments of greenhouses. B. Chica of South .\merica jields an orange- red c"l),ring matter called chico (which see). Bignoniaces (big-no-ni-a'se-e), n. pi. [NL., < Bignvnia + -f tlie many V ■ ■ kri'iwn are Ititiiumin, 'JWoinri (the trum- I>- I'ldini; Home Ireen that fiirrihh liaril and ' 1 U, f'rrjirfntia (the caliibii.shtrce), and ''■:■ ( 11,1 I iilt>>.l Slntc». bif(noniaceOU8 (big-nf'j-ni-a'HhiuH), a. In bol., [■'I i.iiiriu to yr having the characttTS of the /•'"( iirliw. biRolfl' l.i'troUl), n. The yellow oxeyo or com- II ' ' riisiinthcmumncgrtum. (Irrnrd. big' . n. and a. [Kirst at end of )6th <•' hiijiil, a bigot, n liy|i(icritf, < OI''. bi. - 2, A punKm who in obstinalo- 550 ly and unreasonably wedded to a particular religious or other creed, opinion, practice, or ritual ; a person who is illiberally attached to any opinion, system of belief, or party organi- zation; an intolerant dogmatist. In philosophy and religion the bif/ots of all pai*ties are generally the most positive. Il'affs. The bic/ots of the iron time Had called his harmless art a crime. Scoff, L. of L. M., Int. The existence of genuine piety amid serious errors is forgotten, or rather rejected, by certain illiberal minds, the bigoU of exclusive ecclesiastical hypotheses, who, in maintaining that " out of the church there can be no salva- tion," would have us believe that tliere is none out of tlieir own. Is. Taylor, Spiritual Despotism, § 10. Il.t «• Same as bigoted. In a country more bigot than ours. Drydeit. Ded. of Limberham. bigoted (big'ot-ed), a. [< bigot + -ed-.'i Having the character of a bigot ; obstinately and blind- ly wedded to a particular creed, opinion, prac- tice, or ritual ; unreasonably and intolerantly devoted to a system of belief, an opinion, or "a party. Also rarely spelled bigotted. A more abject, slavish, and biyoted generation. Steele. So nursed and biyoted to strife. Byron. A bigoted Tory and High Churchman. Macaulay, Hist. Eng., xvii, bigotedly (big'ot-ed-U), adv. In a bigoted manner ; with irrational zeal. bigoticalt (bi-got'i-kal), a. [< bigot + -icni.'] Bigoted. Some biyoticat religionists. Cudworth, Intellectual System, p. 18. bigotry (big'ot-ri), n. ; pi. bigotries (-riz). [< F. bigotcrie, < bigot.] The character or mode of thought of a bigot; obstinate and um-easona- ble attachment to a particular creed, opinion, practice, ritual, or party organization; exces- sive zeal or warmth in favor of a party, sect, or opinion; intolerance of the opinions of others. Tliose bigotries which all good aud sensible men despise. Pope. Were it not for a bigotry to our own tenets, we could hardly imagine that so many absurd, wicked, and bloody principles shoidd pretend to support themselves by the gospel. Vi'atts. James was now a Roman Catholic. Religious bigotry had become the dominant sentiment of his narrow and stubborn mind. Macaulay, Hist. F.iig., ii. = Syn. Cred^dity, Fanaticism, etc. (see superstition), !iar- rowniiiidedness, prejudice, intolerance. bigroot (big'rot), n. The name in California of species of Megarrlii:a, acucurbitaceous vine the roots of which gi'ow to an immense size. big-sounding (big 'souu" ding), a. Ua^^ng a pomjious sound. Biii-soundin(i sentences and words of state. Bp. Hall, Satires, i. 3. big-swollen, big-swoln (big'sw6"len, -swoln), a. Greatly iutlated; swelled to great bulk; turgid ; ready to burst. My hignuoln heart. .f/mj-., 3 Hen, VI., ii. 2. bignttate (bi-gut'at), (I. [< bi-"^ + guttatc.'] Ill -i">7., marked ■with two small spots. bigwig (big'wig), H. [< /)(V/1 + wig. in refer- ence to the large wigs worn in Great Britain by judges and others in authority.] A great man; a person of consequence; one high in au- thority or rank. [Slang.] Her husband was a nieinbcr of the Chamberof Deputies, a f'oiiHclllcr dT.tat, or other French big-wi'f. Thackeray, .Newconies, xlvl. bigwigged (big'wigd), a. Pompous; solemnly authoritative. Towards nightfall comes the chariot of n phyBlclan and dcpositA lis bigiriygcd uiiil solemn tiiirden. Ilawtlmrne, TwIccToId Tales, I. bibamate (bi-ha'mat), a. [< bi-- + hamate.] iJoubly hooked; having two hooks. The hi/inuiatc " hpinilcs nf the »nrcodo"80 chararter- Istle of the genilH I'^Hiieria and its allies. SirC. It. Tliunmun, Depths of the Sea, p. li:i. bihourlT (bi-oiir'H ), fi. and adv. [< 6i-2 -t- liiiiirli/.] Kviry I wo lioiirs; nncc ovory (wo liiiiirs; as, /ii/xiHr^/ observalioiiH. bihydrognret (bi-hi-drog'ii-ret), «. [< 'n-" + hiidrogii II) + -urrl.] A compound of liyilrogen with a non-Mietallic or negalive eleiiienl or riidieal, in the jiroportion of twoalonis nf liy- ilnii;eii to one atom or group of the other nieiu- l"r of the compound. bijou (lie-zhii'), n. f K. ; of unknown origin.] 1. A jewel; Hpociflciilly, a jewel of gold ridily wroiiglit in the metal itHclf willioiil the aid of precious stones. Hoe bijouterie, lienco — 2. bilander An object of beauty of small size ; something delicately pretty ; any relatively small charm- ing oliject. bijouterie (be-zho'tre), «. [F., < bijou.] Jew- elry ; small ornaments for personal decoration ; specifically, jewelry of gold richly adorned in the metal itself, with little or no use of precious stones. bijoutry (be-zho'tri), n. Same as bijouterie. bijugate (bi-j6'gat), a. [< fti-2 + jugate.] 1. In mimis., bearing two prolile heads, one of them overlapping the other. See cut under uc- colated. — 2. In bot., having two pairs of leaf- lets or pinnie: used of pinnated leaves. bijugous (bi-jo'gus), «. [< L. bijugii.'i. yoked two together: see biga.] Same as bijugate. bijugue (bi'jog), H. [< L. bijugus. yoked two to- gether: seebijugou.1.] A double bottle consist- ing of two complete vessels attached to each other by strips of the same material, so that they form one piece. bikel (bik), II. [Sc, also written bi/ke, < ME. biki, bi/kc, a hive.] A nest of wild bees, hor- nets, or wasps. A feld with flouris, or bony byke. Toirncley Mysteries, p. 43 bike- (bik), H. and i: A corruption of bicycle. bikh (bik), n. The name given by the natives of Nepal to a mo.st virulent poison derived from the roots of Acoiiituiit fero.i- and proba- bly other species of aconite, and to the roots themselves; Nepal aconite. Also called hish, hishma, or bisk. bikos (bi'kos), H.; pi. bikoi (-koi). [Gr. fiiKo^: see beal'cr.] In Gr. aiitiq., a form of earthen- ware vase, usually of large size, used, like other large vases of similar character, for storing pro- ■dsions, liquids, etc. it was sliapcd like a stainiios with handles, and is mentioned also as made of small size, sometimes in glass, to serve as a driiikiug.vessel or a perfumo-jar. biksbu (bik'sho), n. [Skt. bliilshu.] A Bud- dhist mencUeant monk. biksbuni (bik'shii-ne), «. [Skt. bbikshuni.] A Buddhist nun. bil (bil). )i. [Also called billard andbiUet ; ori- gin obscure ; perhaps connected with biUel", a stick or club.] A local English name of tho coal-lish, I'ollachiiis rimts. bilabe (bi'lab), ». [< L. bi-, two-, 4- labium, lip.] In siirg.. an instrument for removing small for- eign bodies from the bladder through the ure- thra. bilabiate (bi-la'bi-at), a. [< bi-^ + laliiate.'] 1. Possessing, or having the appearance of possessing, two lips: in bot., apjilied to an irregular corolla or caly.\ whose lobes are so arranged as to form an upper and a lower lip. This cliaiacter lirevails in tlic natural order /.n^iflfir, and is freqiit'iit in some other orders. 2. In eoiieli., ha\nng tho outer li]i doubled by a thickening behind the margin or true lip. bilabiation ( bl-la-bi-a'shon), «. [< hilabiute + -ion.] 'I'ho quulity or condition of being two-li]iiied, or having two lips ; a bilabiate formation. Amcr. ■hiiir. Sri., M ser., XXIX. 319. bilaciuiate (bi-la-sin'i-at), a. iiili .] In bot., doubly hiciniate. bilalo (bi-lll'16), II. [Also written guilala; a native mime.] A two-masted passenger-boat, aliout (i.'i feet long and 10 feet broad, peculiar to Manila bay. it carries an outrigger for use when the wind blows fresh, and has u large cabin behind the niiilniiijist. bilamellate (bi-lum'e-lat). a. [< bi-" + lamel-^ Inli.] Doubly hiiuelliite ; liiiviiigtwo lamelUn: specitieally, in but., eiim])Ose(l of two plates and as many sliginiis iind pliicentiis, or bearing two phlles, as llie lip of Home orchids. bilamellated (l>i-lam'o-lu-ted), a. Same as 6i- linnrlhllr. bilaminar (bi-lam'i-njlr), a. [< fci-'-' + laminar.] • 'iiiisisliiig of two thiii plates or laminio ; two- lliyereil. bilaminate (bl-lam'i-nat), a. [< bi-- + lami- iiiiti . I Having (wo plates or lamime. bilan d''. jiron. be-loh'), II. [!''.,< LL. bilanx (se. libra), a balance: ki'o balance.] A baliuico- slieel ; the mime given in liOuiniiina (o a book in wliiili meicliants keep account of their assets iiiid liiibilities. bilandt, ". Si^e byland. bilander (bil'an-derorbi'lan-d6r), n. [Alsofty- luiidvr (cf. V, bilandrc), < b. bijlandcr, < ty, = nil.iMiite Calvx and Corolla of Sa/via (sngc). [< 6«-2 -I- laciti- bilander E. h>J^, + '("'^ = E. land.} A small merchant vessel with two masts, and the muiiisail bent to tlie whole lenfcth of a yard, hanging fore and aft, and inclined to the horizon at an angle of about 45 (lrj,'reos, the foremost low- er corner, called the tacic, being secured to a ring-bolt in the deck, and the after- most, or s/iee(, to the taffrail. Few vessels are now rigjieil in this manner. The bilander is a kind of hoy, manageable by }our or five men, and used chiefly in the canals of the Low Countries. Why choose we, then, like bila>}dfrx to creep Alon;; tlie coast, and land in virw to kirp? Drydcn, ilind anil I'anther, i. 128. bilateral (bi-lat'e-ral), a. [< NL. Ulateralis, < L. ()(- + lattis (later-), side: see lateral.] 1. Having two sides ; of or pertaining to two sides; two-sided. The bilateral movements escape in cases of hemiplegia 551 bilge (biij), and hilliifii'i Spain, such swords being, like those of Toledo bileve^t, " (see Toledo), held in high esteem for their tern- bileve-t, per.] 1. Formerly, a sword or sword-blade, famous for e.\tremo elasticity, made in Bilbao in Spain. Conipass'd like a good bilbo in the circumference of a peck, hilt to iioint, heel to head. SAo;i:.,M. W. of W.,ili. 5. Hence — 2. Any sword. [Poetical.] At Poitiers bath'd their bilboes in 1^'rench blood. Drayton, I'olyolbion, xvl. 72. bilbo^ (bil'bo), n. ; pi. bilboes or -bos (-boz). [Early mod. E. also bilbow, bilboe, usually in pi. ; prob. so named, like bilhA, from Jiilbao in Spain; but direct evidence is lacking.] A bilifulvin See bclcave. See biiieve. II. [In 17th century also bildge ; var. of bnlffc: sae bulfjc] 1. The wider part or belly of a cask, which is usually in the middle. — 2. The breadth of a ship's Bilander. '-^^^ Bilboes, from the Tower of London. long bar or bolt of iron having sliding shackles and a lock, formerly used to confine the feet of prisoners or offenders, especially on board ship : usually in the plural. Methought I lay "Worse than the mutines in the bilboes. Shak., Hamlet, v. 2. bilbo-mant (bil'bo-man), n. A swordsman. You are much bound to your bilbo-vien ; I am glad you are straight again, -captain. Beau, and Fl., King and No King, v. 3. Hard Bilgrc. Easy Bilge. in spite of destruction of some of the nervous arrange- ^jjlljonuet (bil-bo-kef), n. [Also dial., in def. ments representing them. Pop.^ci. Mo XXV. 1,5. ,^ ^/Hioi-. icA, bilhocatcll, hilverlcetcho, etc., < F. 2. In bot., having the sides different. The vegetation in all Hepaticie is bilateral, that is, dif- ferently developed on the upper and under sides. Lull, of III. State Laboraturij, II. 6. 3. In biol. , having the sides symmetrical — Bilat- eral contract, in /««•, a i-ontrait wliic-li hiinls thi- parties to perform rt-ripr Rai.alj' ocal • u-t whic-li biiMl ilisatioMS rarli tM«ard llir otller !•/ /w,«'i-(HCi'.— Bilateral restriction, ill (";/i>, tlic i-L-strictinii of a proposition at once in its suljject and in its pri'diriLte, as in the following example: All triangle is all trilatL-ral ; some triangle is some trilateral. — Bilat- eral SSTnmetry, the symmetry of right and left halves or .itlur iKirls of the body; sinistrode.xtral symmetry; transverse antitypy. Also called lateritypy. In both the foregoing cases it is the bilateral symmetry which is so peculiarly characteristic of locomotive power. ir. B. Carpenter, Prin. of Physiol. Bilateralia (bi-lat-e-ra'li-a), n. pi. [NL., neut. pi. of bilatcralis : see bilateral.] 1. A collec- tive name of those animals which exhibit bilat- i^j,eTx(y,ii) „. [Early mod. E. also bijle, < ME. erahty or bilateral symmetry, as of right and "j|J-J^ ;„;/"/ .-•'-.-- ,,„.■'', left sides. J. A. Ryder. — 2. A division of Aiii- bidacraria represented by Balanoglossus alone bilboquet, OF. billeboquet, billebauqiict ; origin obscure.] If. A gardener's measuring-cord or -line. Cotgrurc. — 2. The toy called cup-and- ball. — 3t. An 8-ineh mortar for throwing shells. — 4. An implement for curling hair. Fairholt. bilcock (bil'kok), II. [Also called bidcock. < ^,^^■^■n -i\ „ r/ j •>„„ j. 7.„.,7i t h-„..* In or bid- (origin nnkno^™) + cockL] The fcllge^keelCbilpJ^d). «. [<6t;|e + ^edlO A««*., water-rail of Europe, Kalliis aquaticiis. bottom, or that part of her floor which ap- proaches a horizontal direction, and on which she would rest if aground. bilge (bilj), v.; pret. and pp. bilged, ppr. hilg- iiig. [(. bilge, ii.] I. inlraiis. 1. A'aut., to suf- fer a fracture in the bilge ; .spring a leak by a fracture in the bilge. — 2. To bulge or swell out. II. trans. To break or stave in (the bilge or bottom of a ship). bilge-board (bilj'bord), n. In ship-building, one of the boards used to cover the timbers where the bilge-water collects. bilge-coad (bilj'kod), «. Same as hilgctcays. bilge-free (bilj'fre), a. Xaut., so stowed on beds that no weight rests on the bilge : said of a cask. bildt, bildert. Old spellings of build, builder. bildstein (bild'stin), ii. [G., < bild, image, fig- ui-e (< MHG. bilde, < OHG. biUdi (= OS. bilithi = OFries. *bikthe, bijld = D. heeld = Sw. be- Idte (also bild. prob. borrowed) = Dan. billede, billed), prob. < hi- = E. AS. bi-, by-, -f- lid = OS. nth = Goth, litlins = E. lith, a limb, member: see by-, (/c-l, and litli), 4- stein = E. stone] Same as agalinatolitv. A, A, Bilge-keels. Same as bilge-leel. contrasted with other echinoderms which are called lOtdiata. iletsclmikoff. bilateralism (bi-lat'e-ral-izm), 11. [< bilateral + -ism.] The state or quality of being bilate- ral; bilateral symmetry. bilaterality (bi-lat-e-ral'i-ti), »»• [< bilateral -i- -ill/.] Same as bilateralism. bilaterally (bi-lat'e-ral-i), adv. In a bilateral manner; on both sides: as, a bilaterally sjm- metrical larva. bilateralness (bi-lat'e-ral-nes), n. [< bilateral •f -iiess.] The state or quality of being bilat- eral; bilateralism; in roo7., bilateral symmetry. In the Sycamore ami the Vine we have a cleft type of leaf in which a decided bilateralnexs of form co-e.xists with a decided bilateralness of conditions. H. Spencer, Prin. of Biol., § 2-29. ■bilberry (birber"i), «. ; pi. bilberries (-iz). [Fcirmerly also spelled bill-berry and bull-berry. The last form, if not simulated, is prob. right, < buW^- + berry'^. Another species, the red whortleberry, is named cowberry, and the NL. name of the genus, Vaccinium, means 'cow- berry.' The word bull enters into the names of several other plants, as buUweed, bull wort, bulrush. Cf. hartberry, another name for bil- ierry. But the relation of the equiv. Dan. bfille- 6(er, also simply bolle, whortlebeny, to Dan. ioll, a castrated bull (ef. Icel. boli = Norw. bol -= E. liull^), is not clear. The usual Dan. term for bull is tyr = Sw. tjur = Icel. stjorr = E. steer. The name blaeberry is of different origin : piece of timber fastened edgewise under the bottom of a ship, for the purpose of keeping her from rolling heavily and from drifting to lee- ward. Also called bilge- piece. bilge-keelson (bil.i'kel"- sou), II. A timber ex- tending fore and aft in a ship, inside the bilge, to strengthen the frame. bilge-piece (bilj 'pes), ». bilge-plank (bilj'plangk), «. Naut., one of the thick planks which ran round the bilge of a ship, both inside and outside. bilge-pump (bil.i'pump), «. Xaut., a pump for removing bilge-water from a ship. bilge-water (bilj'wa"ter), n. Naut., water which enters a ship and lies upon her bilge or bottom. If allowed to remain, it acquires an offensive penetrating smell — BUge-water dls- charge, a device for discharging bilge-water automati- cally. bilgeways (bil.j'waz), n. pi. Naut., a series of timbers placed on each side of a vessel on the lauuching-ways, to assist in supporting her hidl in launching. Also called bulgeicays and bilge-coad. See cut under laimching-icays. bile, byle (occasionally Uel, beel, > E. beal, prop, a dial, form: see bean), < AS. byle = OFries. beil, bel = MD. bule, D. bull = LG. bule, biile = MHG. biule, G. beule, bile, = Icel. beyla = Sw. bula = Dan. bule, bugle, a swelling; cf. Icel. bola = Sw. bold = Dan. bijld, a blain, a blister ; < Teut. V *bul, seen in causal form in the Goth. ufbauljan, puff up: cf. boin. Bile is the true E. form, "still retained in the vernacular speech ; but, owing to a confusion with the verb boifi (or perhaps with the D. form buil, pron. nearly as E. boil), the word has taken in mod. literary E. the corrupt form boil. See boil^.] An in- flamed tumor; aboil. See fto(7l. bile2 (bil), n. [< F. bile, < L. bilis, bile, anger; atra (or nigra) bilis, equiv. to Gr. iiclayxo'/ua, black bile: see atrabile, melancholy.] 1. A ^_^^ ^^ yellow bitter liquid secreted by the liver and fcilgy (bil'ji), a. [< bilge -h -;/l.] Having the collected by the' biliary ducts to be conveyed into- the duodenum, its most important constituents Bilharzia (bil-hsir'zi-a) are the bile-salts, socHum glycocholate and sodium taiiro - - chelate, and the bile pigments, bilirubin and bihverdin, with cholesterin. The bile renders the contents of the duodenum alk.aline. It aids the enmlsiouizing of the fats, apparently by increasing the solubility of soaps assists the passage of the fats through the intestinal walls, and stimulates peristalsis. Also called !7a". 2. Figm-atively, ill nature ; peevishness ; bit- terness of feeling : because the bile was fancied to bo the seat of ill humor, properties (as the smell, etc.) of bilge-water. Mlliarzia (bil-har'zi-a), h. [XL., named after Theodor Bilharz, an old helminthologist.] A genus of the order Trcmaloidea, or fluke-worms, endoparasitic in the blood-vessels of man, espe- cially in the minary organs, the ova escaping through an ulceration which the presence of the parent causes. The animal is dicecious, the male being the larger and retaining the female in a gyiia;co- phore or canal formed by an involution of the edges of , uu LUC oetvu "i ^.* " the c<.'ncave side of the body. \nthing apnears to have stirred his bile so much at biliary (bil'i-a-ri), a. [= F. biUaire, < NL, see blaeberry.] dnium Mijriillus. Yuste as the' proceedings of some members of the board of trade at Seville. Pre^ott. Black bUe. See atrabile bile^t "■ -An obsolete form of btln. bilection (bi-lek'shon), II. Same as ^o'cchoK. bile-cyst (bil'sist), n. In anat., the gall-bladder. — -•'-■-'-'''- « j-,»j- Qj. eanal con- n. coloring matte I the bile of carnivorous 1. A shrub and its fruit, CrtC- „ji>^-.^_,„„ ^ ,, In Scotland the bilberry is usually bile-dUCt (bil'dukt), H. A duct called blaeberry, from its blae or dark-blue color. See ve\iii°' bile; a gall-duct. Vaccinium And loliortleberry. . ^u rr ■<■ A bile-nigment (bil'pig"ment), 2. A name sometimes given m the United ""j PJ°„ inatters in the bile. States to the fruit of the shad-bush, Amelan- eoioim„ maiieiB chier Canadensis Bog-bilberry, Vaceinium ulitii- nosum of the United States and Europe. — Dwarf bU- berry, v. cfespitosuin,— Jamaica bilberry, l'. meridio- nale. l)ilbol (bil'bo), «. ; pi. bilboes or -bos (-boz). [Early mod. E. also bilbow, bilboe, bilboa, prop, a sword of Bilbao (in E. formerly Bilboa) in ig matter in lhl- one l^. ^........ t— ■■- — -:, man; bilitvrdin. is the greenish pigment m the bile of herbivorous animals. A considerable iiuniber of other bile-ni-nients have been described, some of which are prob- ably mixtures of pigments, and others oxidation or reduc- tion products not existing in the Uviiig body. bilestone (bU'ston), n. A bihary calculus or gallstone. biliaris, , ,. Blllment lace, an omamentaa lace used in the sixteenth biliveroin (bil-i-ver'din), ?!. century for trimming.^ _ ^ ^ _ ^ . „ , mi l' '''''' (''^''^ vert), green, + bilin I'bil'in). n. [< L. bilis, bile, + -i«2.] The mixture of sodium glycocholate and taurocho- iate isolated from the" bile, constituting a gum- 552 chief coloring matter of human bile and that of carnivorous animals, to which the formula Ci6Hi8^»2<^3 I'SS been given, wnien isolated it forms an orange-ivd powder or red rhombic prisms. It is insoluble in water. little soluble in alcohol and ether, but readily soluble in chloroform or alkalis. biliteiral (hi-Ut'e-ral), a. and ;i. [< L. bi-. two-, -I- /i7f ca, /i7/f TO, letter: see literal.'] I. a. Con- sisting of two letters: as, a biliteral root in language. Sir F'. Jones. Although we may call all these verbal bases roots, they stand to the first class in about the same relation as the triliteral Semitic roots to the more primitive biliteral. itax Miiller, Sci. of Lang., p. 263. n. «. A word, root, or syllable formed of two letters. -bility. [F. -biliie = Sp. -bitidad = Pg. -bilidade = It. -biliii), also in older form F. -blcte, OF. -blete (> ME. -blete), etc., < L. -bilitability, credibility, etc., from noble, capable, cndibli, 'etc. See -able. bilive^t, bilive-t. See belire^, helire^. '" ' [. dentirostral ; c. tenuirostral ; d, fissirostral ; e, loDgi- rostral ; /. pressirostral ; ^, cultrirostral ; A, lamelliroslral. 2. The beak, snout, rostrum, or jaws of sundry other animals, as tm-tles, cephalopods, many fishes, etc. billl (bil), I'. ('. [< ME. billcn. peck as birds, < bil, 6f7f, beak: see WHl, n.] 1. To join bills or beaks, as doves ; caress in fondness. Doves, they say, will bill. After their pecking and their murmurhig. B. Junson, Catiline, 11. U 2t. To rub the bill. [Rare.] Thanne ^'eth he (the eagle) to a ston, And he InHcih ther on. Billelh til Ills life liifoiii Haveth the wTfiigthe [crookedness] forloren. Bc.tlinry, in Old Eng. Misc. (ed. Morris), p. 82. Bill and coo, to kiss and caress and talk nonsense, as- lovers : a phrase derived from the habits of doves- Come, we must interrupt your biUintj awl cooing awhile. Sheriilan, The Rivals, iv :!. bill2 (bil), n. [< ME. bill, bille, bil, a pick or mattock, poet, a sword, < AS. bil, bill (only poet.) = OS. bil, a sword, = MD. billc = OHG. bill, fern., MHG. bil, neut., G. bille. a pick to sharpen millstones, = Sw. hill, a plowshare ; prob. connected with t)(7^l, a beak, and perhaps ult. with Skt. ■\/ bhid, split, cleave. Associ- ated in sense with these words and somewhat confused with them, but etvmol. distinct, are OHG. bilud, hi- af, bil, MUG. biliel, bil. G, bed = MD. bijl. an ax. hatchet, = Dan. (iiV = Sw. bila ; prob. = Icel. hildr, hiUln, an ax ; cf . Ir. Gael. hiad. ax, hatchet. In sense o, bill- may bo an applica- tion of /i(7/l.] It. In the earliest use, a kintl of broadsword. — 2. An obsolete niilitarv weapon, consist- ing of a broad liook-shaiied blade, having a short pike at the back and another at the summit, fixed to a long handle. It was used until the century by the English infantry, especially ill bile, niarked by anorexia, furred tongue, a bad ^jj^i (j^;])^ „ [^ mk_ j,7/_ m^ mif, hUc, < AS. taste in the mouth, dull headache, drowsiness disturbed sleep, with general malaise and de- pression. It la peculiarly amenable til-l-f6'in), nr [Also written bili- phi in, hiliiihain, < L. biliii, bile, -t- dr. ^«if, dii.iky, ijnii-gniy, + -in"^.] A name foniiorly given 111 an impure bilirubin. Also rlndniiluein. bilipraBin 'hil-i-pru'Hin), «. [< L. bilis, liile, + rrii^iiiii, II leek (see firiisr, jirn.mn), + -in".] A bile-|.it'i"eiit, found in hiiinnii giillMlones and in til" liile of neat lallle, mid retarded hy some millioritiiB «H identical with liiliverdin. Ullpurpin (bil-i-p^r'pin), «. [< I- bilis, bile, -♦• jiiirpturii), piir|ple color, + -in'^.] A purple comi.oiiM.I olilftiiied from liiliverdin. See bile- piqini II '. nllnibln (tiil-i-rirbin), n. (< L. Wit, bilo, + ■ntb(er), rod, + -<«*.] A red bile-pigniont, the bile, beak, also used of an elephant's jiroboscis; not found in otlii'r "Teut. languages; iirob. connected with bill-. The Ir. (iael. bil, beak, moutli, is aiijiar. of K. oritfin.] 1. Tliebciikor nel) of a bird. Ii consists of the upper iiiul lower man- dibles, so lur li-s these are sheathed in hoi-n. The ap- posed edges of the iiiandibles are the tolniil ; the line of »Iipc»sitioii, the rinniniiiniirr ; the highest midille lenglh- wlse line of the iipiier mandi- ble, thef»/i/i''n or ridge ; anil the corresponding line of the lower lliatnllbh', the gtniymtv keel. Tin- ittmill /lutml is a pit, usually close to the base i>f the Upper inandlbh', in which the nostrils open; a sheath at the base of the bill Is the eere. The lending shaiies of the hill among birds are teeliiilially expresseil by derivatives iinri eom- jHiUiids of riMfruiii (whbh see), as ronlroslrni, delillioB tral, tenuirostral, llsslrostral, eiiivlro.tnii, prisslroslial, Uiiiglrostral, eultrirostral, himelllroslral, etc,; ami many other descriptive teniis arc eiiuiilly teehiilcnl in this ap plication. Tile hilt Is halKl and inoulh In one; Hie Inslrui it of Iirehonslon. As hand. It takes, h.dds. and i arrles tooil „r other substances, and In iiiaiiy Install (eels ; as mouth. It tears, cut*, or crushes, ii.cirdliig to the iintnre of the siili- stnnees Uken: assuming the (unctions of bidli lips and teeth neither of which do any recent birds possess. Couu, Key lo N, A. lllrds, p. 100. J Dlagraiii of Bill. a, upper iiiADchhlc : #. ciiliiicn ; e, nnhjilf<»wi ; it, nofttrll ; /,cnm- miuuriil uoliil; /, »ip|>cr t„iiit- uiii : jr. (icluhi A, forehead; i', rotiiut : J. lower lomium ; ,*, gonys : /, lower mondiltle. Old Englisli Bil), time of Elizabeth. Ilfte ., .,,, „ ... - defending tlieniselves against cavalry, and to the end ol the .srvcnteenth century by civic guards or watchmen, etc. They were formerlv scuiietimes called bniwn-bilUi or black- bill.1. probuldy because not brightened, hut colored like tile modern rillebarrcl. I cannot sec how sleejiing should olfeiid. only have » care that yourdi'ifs be not stolen. Slink., Much Ado, lil^S, Make us n round ring with your hill.<, my Hectors, And let us see what this trim man dares do. Ilenii. anil Fl.. I'hilaster, v, t. 3. A cutting instrument with a blade hook- slmped toward the (loint, or having a concave cutting edge, used by (iliimbers, basket-mak- ers, gardeners, anil ol hers. Such instriimeiits, when used liv gardeners [or pi lining IiedgcH, trees, etc.. arccalleil heilyc-billii or bill-hookn. -See bHI-hook. The shomaker must not goe aboue his liitchel, nor the hedgcr meddle with anv thing Init his '.i7. Lilly, r.Mphues, Anat. of Wit. p. SW. 4. A pickax; a mattock.— 6. Saut.: (a) The point or extremity of the lluko of an anchor. (/)) Tlie end of compass- or knee-timber. BOW» and bills. .'laee ; an ad- vertisement posted; a placard. — 10. A bank- note : usually with its amount : as, a five-dollar hill. [U. S-]— Accommodation bill. See accymmtJ- da^toyi.— Appropriation bill. See a-ppnipriatioa. — k'p- proved bill or note. See rt^/^mud.— Bank post-bill, a bill for a sum not less than £10 issued by the Iiank of England without charge, payable at seven days' si^^lit and accepted at time of drawing, for conveniLiicc in re- mitting by post. Bills of this kind originated in 1738, when mail-robberies were frequent in England, and are not now in use. — Bill in eqidty, in an equity suit, the pleading in which the plaintiff sets forth the circum- stances on which he bases his claim for relief. It corre- sponds to the complaint or declaration at common law. — Bill of adventure, a writing signed by a merchant, ship-owner, or master to show that goods shipped on board a certain vessel are at the venture of another person, he himself being answerable only for their delivery. — Bill of credit, (a) A letter sent by an agent or other person to a merchant requesting him to give credit to the bearer for goods or money, (b) Paper issued by the authority and on the faith of a State to be circulated as money. The Constitution of the United States (Art. I. § 10) provides that no State shall emit bills of credit, or make anything but gold and silver coin a tender in payment of debts. Mr. Bancroft shows by a careful upturning of the colo- nial records that bills of credit were nothing else than Government legal-tender notes. The Century, XXXII. 160. Bill of debt, an old term including promissory notes and bonds fur the payment of money. — Bill Of entry, a writ- ten account of goods entered at the custom-house, whether imported or intended for export.— Bill of exceptions. See exception.^'R)M Of exchange, an order in writing, addressed by one person to another, to pay on demand or at a tlxed or determinable future time a certain sum in money to a specified person or to his order. Every com- pleted bill of exchange should bear on its face the follow- ing : (a) three names, namely, those of the drawer, the drawee, and the payee ; (6) the sum to be paid; (o) two dates, namely, the date of drawing and a time for pay- ment or the means of determining the time, as where the bill is payable at sight or a certain time after sight, that is, presentment; (d) the place where it is drawn. If the drawer and drawee are the same person, even in legal effect of name, as where a corporation by one officer draws on itself by naming another officer, as such, as the payee, the paper is not a bill of exchange, but a mere draft or promissory note. The drawer and the payee, however, may be the same, as where one draws to his own order and indorses to a third person. If the paper is not payable alisolutely, as where it is expressed to be paya- ble only out of a particular fund, it is not a bill of ex- change ; but a payment absolutely ordered may be di- rected to be charged to a particular account of the drawer. The words "value received " are usually inserted, hut are not essential to validity. The drawee of a bill becomes liable by accepting it, usually done by writing his name across its face, and he is thereafter called the accepter; but a bill is negotiable before acceptance. In a foreign bill of exchange, the drawer and drawee are residents of differ- ent countries. In tliis respect, in the United States, the residents of tliedittVrnit States are foreign to one another, — Bills Of exchange acts, a short name by which are known sevt-ral British statutes (1S71. 1S7S. and 1882), the last of which codifies the whole body of British law re- lating to negotiable paper.— Bill of fare, in a hotel or restaurant, a list of dishes to be served in due course at a regular meal, or which may be ordered. — Bill Of health, a certificate signed by a consul or other autliority as to the health of a sliips company at the time of her clear- ing any port or place. A clean bill imports that the ship sailed at a time when no infectious disorder was supposed to exist; a suspected or touched bill imports that there were rumors of such a disorder, but that it had not ap- peared ; tifoal bill, or the absence of a clean bill, imports that the place of (leparture was infected when the vessel left.— Bill of indictment. See indictment.— THU of lading, a rL-ct-ipt for goods delivered to a carrier for transportation. It is usually of goods shipped on board of a vessel and signed by the master of the vessel, ac- knowledging the receipt of the goods, and usually prom- iBing to deliver them in good condition at the place di- 553 reeled, dangers of the sea, the act of God, perils of war, etc., excepted. In foreign trade they are UHually ilrawn up in triplicaUis, one of wliicli goes to the nhipiier, one to the consignee, and one is ndained by the master. Often abbreviated />■. /.. — Bills Of Lading Act. a British stat- ute of 185.'), vesting riglits under bills of lading in the consignee or indorsee, but reserving riglitoi ^loppa^'f in transitu and chums for freight. Similar statiiti-s in ntlu-r jurisdictions are variously known.— Bill ol mortality. Sec uifyrtality.—'RWX of paxcels, an ac<>.:1), regu- lating bills of sale, esi^'ciatly when given without trans- ferrin^r ]•■ -ssession of the property, ami requiring a schedule and re-l^tI;ltiMlt, for the prevention of fraud on creditors, — Bill of sight, a form of entry at a custom-house by which goods respecting which the importer has not the full particulars may lie provisionally lauded for examina- tion. — Bill of stores, a license granted at a custom-house to merchaut-shii)3 to carry stores and provisions for their voyage duty-free.— Bill Of sufferance, a coasting license to trade from port to port witliout paying customs duty, the dutialile iroods Itt-ing loaded and landed at suff'erance wharfs,— Bill payable, bill receivable, a bill of ex- change, proniissory note, or other commercial paper. It is called a bill payable by the peison wlio is to pay it, and a bill -receivable by the person who holds it. Separate ac counts under these names are usually kept in mercantile books.— Blackstone's Hard-labor Bill, an English stat- ute of 177!> (lU Geo. III., c, 74) relating to the transporta- tion, imprisonment, and punishment of convicts. It es- tablished "penitentiary houses," required that prisoners should be put to severe work according to their ability and be separately confined when at rest, and prescribed minute regulations for their care and control,— Bland Silver Bill, a United States statute of 1878 (20 Stat., 2r.) : so called from its author, Richard P. Bland, a member of the House from Missouri. It reestablished the silver dol- lar containing 412^ grains troy of standard silver as a legal tender ; but its special feature was a clause requiring the Treasury to purchase every month not less than two mil- lion nor more than four million dollars' worth of silver bullion and to coin it into dollars, — Boston Port Bill, an English statute of 1774 (14 Geo. III., c. 19) incited by the destruction of tea in Boston harbor. It closed tliepoi t of Boston to trade, allowing the admission only of food and fuel brought from other parts of America. — Creditor's bill. See c/-(''//^'r.— Deceased Wife's Sister Bill, a I'ill repeatedly introduced into the British I'ailianient to ab- rogate the rule of English law which forbids a widower to marry the sister of his deceased wife. In the summer of 1806 it passed its tliiid reading in the House of Lords. — Deficiency bilL (a) A short loan or advance made to the British governnieut by the Bank uf England whenever the taxes received are insufficient to pay the dividends due on government stocks, {b) A legislative bill appropriating aa amount of money required to make up a deficiency. — Exchequer bilL See exchequer.— General Deficiency Bill,theuame of that one of the appropriation bills passed by Congress which covers the deficiencies of previous ap- propriation bills.— Home-Rule Bill, («) A bill intro- duced into the British Parliament by Mr. Gladstone, in I8S6, to provide a separate parliament for Ireland. It was defeated in its second reading, June 7, 1886. ('') A simi- lar bill introduced by Mr. Gladstone on Feb, 13, 1893. and defeated In the House of Lords t)n Sept, 8. — Jew BiU, aa EiTglish statuteof 1753(repealed in 1754) enidding Jewswho were foreigners to be natur.i I ized without first partaking of the sacrament. — Kansas-Nebraska BiU, an act of the United States Congress of 1854 for the oigauization of the Territories of Kansas and Nebraska. It abrogated that pro- vision of the Missouri compromise of 1820 which foriiade slavery north of latitude o(i' 30' (the southern boundary of Missouri), left the decision of all questions as to slavery in the TeiTitories or States formed from them to the rep- resentatives of the people residing there, extended the fugitive -slave law to these Ten-itories, and allowed appeal in cases affecting the title to slaves from the local courts to the United States Supreme Court, The political conse- quences of the bill were most important, causing the de- struction of the Whig party and the struggle between the proslavery and antislavery parties for the control of the Territories, which culminated in the war of secession and the total abolition of slavery,— Ori^al bill in equity, in law, a bill of complaint originating a litigation; one not connected with a previous bill, as distinguished from one growing out of a matter before litigated in the court by the same person standing in the same interests.— Pen- dleton Bill, a I'liited States statute of 1SS3 (22 Stat., 403) regulatinL.' and improving the ci%il service : so called after its promoter, Senator George H. Pendleton of Ohio. It provides for the competitive examination of applicants for office, and tbeir appointment to vacancies according to their grade as estal)lished by the examining commission. — Poland Bill, a rnited States statute of 1874 (18 Stat., 253), so called after its author, Luke P. Poland, a member of the House of Kepresentatives from Vermont, the design of which was to render effective the authority of the officers and courts of the United States in the Territory of Utah, by prescribing the duties of the United States marshal billet and attorney, the jiirisdictiuii of tlie courts, the inipanei- iiiKof juritiH, ai»iir;ilH, etc. -Private bill, an act of a legis- lature wiiich (IcalK with the rit,'hts rjf a siiiyle individual or asBociatiuii, or of a f;rouj> rjf iii(iividual», a.** distinguish- ed from one affecting tile cominuuity generally, or all per- sons of a siiccified class or locality. It is regarded rather as it) the nature of a judicial award r»r decree than as a statute; or law, - To enter a bill short. Hee «n(er. — Ta note a bill of exchange. See n" Imllet has its destination :l-;- ■-.uJy those are killed in battle whose death ,<-d bv Providence : a saying attributed to III. of England. ct). f. [< bmet\ )!.] I. trans. To "direct (a soldier) by a ticket or note where to lodge: hence, to quarter or place in lodgings, as soldiers in private houses. Betire thee ; go where thou art bitUted. Shak., Othello, iL 3. If at home any peace were intended «s. what meant those bUUIed Soldiers in all pans of the Kingdom, and the design of German Horse, to subdue us in our jwace- full Houses'; Jliltun, Eikonoklastes, ix. The rude, insolent, unpaid and therefore insubordinate soldier^' were bitUted in everj- house in the city. ilotteii, Dutch KepuWic, II. 2S9. n. intrans. To be quartered; lodge: spe- cifically applied to soldiers. He bilUtt in my lodgings. Dr. Prideaux, To Abp. I'ssher. tillet^ (bil'et), n. [Also hiUot, < ME. billettc, byli t, < OF. billete, F. billette, also billot, a block or log of wood, diminutives of billc, < ML. billits, a log. a stock of a tree ; origin uuknown. Cf . billiards.] 1. A small stick of wood; especial- ly, a stick of wood cut for fuel. A billet of flre- woikI must, by a statute of Elizabeth, measure 3 feet 4 inches in length. Bundles of billets are called bilM-icood. What aliall these billetii do? be pild in my wood-yard? Btau. and t'L, King and .No King, v. 3. He slept on the ground, or on the hard floor, with a bit- Ut of wood for his pillow. Prenxtt. Ferd. and Isa., ii. 5. 2. In her., a bearing in the form of a small rectangle, usually set with the long sides verti- cal. Tlic immlter, jiosition, and tincture must always be specilled : thus, the illustration shows three billeU azure in chief. Billets <^ ^ should always be represented flat, with- out shadow or relief. .See brick', 4. 3. In arch.: (a) An ornament much used in early medieval work, consisting of an imitation of a wooden billet, or a small section of a rotl, of which a se- ries arc placed at regular inter- val.s in or upon a molding, usu- allv a concave molding. See cut under billet- moliling. (b) A checker.— 4. A short strap used for connecting various straps and portions of a harness. — 5. A pocket or loop into which the' end of a strap is inserted after passing through a buckle. — 6. A small bloom; a short bar of iron or steel, with a square section, and of smaller size than an ordiuar^V "pile." A billet M rolle'l of the size and weight required for the finished article » liich is to be produced from it. — Billet and Zig- zag, a fre4iuent inoliling in medieval archilcclnre. consist- ing of a torus onianiented Ity alternate checkers. — Cast billet, a nii>denite.size'i billet, formerly, liylaw, lu inches in circumference.— Single billet, a siimll billet, former- ly, by law, 71 Inches in circumference.— Two-cast billet, a large billet, fonnerly, by law, 14 inches in circunifer- ence. billet^ fbil'ct), n. [Cf. billard and bU.\ A local Kiiglish name of the coal-fish, especially whin iiiio vi'iir old. blllet-cable(bil'et-ka'bl),H. [<}>iUefi+ cable.) A nioldirig oci'urring iu early medieval archi- tecture, consisting of a torus or cable orna- mented with billets. billet-doux (bil-e-do'), II.; \>\. hilleti-doiix. [F. ; lit., Mwiit li-ltor: billet, sec billill, n. ; (Inux, < L. dutcDi, sweet.] A love-note or .short love-letter. ValrntlncHDay kept courting pretty May, who sate next hltn, Mllpping amorouM biUetg-ilnux under the table. Lamb, New Year's Cointng of Age. billetde (bil-e-ta'), a. [F. biUctf, -(c, < billette: ••••o hilh I'-.) In hir., sumo as billi li/. billet-head fbil'rt-hcd), «. [< bilbr-: + hentl] 1. \layers at billiards and records the progress of the game. — 2. An apparatus for registering the points and games scored at billiards. billiards (bil'yiirdz), n. [Formerly also spelled billiard, billyards {-Hi-, -lUj-, to indicate the for- m'er pronunciation of F. -//-), billards, etc. ; < F. billard, billiards, billiard-table, formerly a bil- liard-cue, orig. a stick with a curved end,< billc, a log of wood, a young stock of a tree (see bil- Ut-); a different "word from billc, a ball, a bil- liarcl-ball, = Sp, lnlln = \\. hilia, biiilia; ML, billa, a ball, same as billa, a seal, a writing, a bill : see biW^.] A game played by two or more persons, on a rectangular table of special construction (see liilliard-tablc), with ivory balls, which the players, by means of cues, cause to strike against each other. Formciiy in the Initcd states the game wa.s played with four balls on a tabic having six pockets, the players scoring both for caroms and for driv- ing the balls into tile pockets, (See carom.) This is nearly the present Eii'ilisli oKltioii, With aching heart, and discontented looks, Kctiims at noon to billiard or i** books, Cou'jHtr, Kellrement. I billiard-table (bil'vilrd-tii'bl), n. A table on whicli the game of lilliiiirdH iK|)layed. It is made of iiialiouiiny or oilier bard wood, of sliong and heavy construction, and has u niliid cuBliloncd bduc all round, llie area thus formed consisting of a bed of slalcor liial ble covered with line gncn clolll. The sl/e varies, Ihr' snialb n( cominoii kIzi- being in by r. fic-t, and lln-largi-Bl IJby II fe. I. .Some lalili'S arc jirovlded with six poi kel«, one at ciii h cor neraml one In the inbldle of each of I he long sides; olhei-« li'ive lour pockets; but bllllald lablcs arc now, except In I iiLliind. lommonly made wllhont puckeU. billicock, n. Hee bilhiciirk. billing (bil'iiig), II. |1'pr, of /)///', r,] A cnresH- iiit? lifter the fasliiiiii of iIovih; love-nuikiiig: as, "your Irillinyii and cooingB," Ixiiyh Hunt. billowy billingsgate (bil'ingz-gat), II. [Formerly also , Billin^fliitr. Bfcliiigsijate, < ME. Jtelliiigcs f«(e, i. e., Billings gate (cf. AS. Billiiiy, a patro- nvmic name), the name of one of the ancient gates of the city of London, and of a fish- market near it, iioted for the foulness of the language used there.] Profane or sciuTilous language or abuse ; blackguardism. Satire is nothing but ribaldry and billingsgate. Addison. Papers. billion (bil'yon), n. [F., contracted from *W- iiiillidii, < L.i/-, tvrice (second power), -\- F. mil- lion, million.] 1. In Great Britain, a million of millions ; as many millions as there are units in a million (1,000,000,000,000).— 2. In France and the United States, a thousand millions (1,000,000,000). [The word Ullion was introduced into French in the sixteenth century, in the sense of a million to the second power, as a trillion was a million to the third power. .\t that time numbei-s were usually pointed oil in periods of sL\ figures. In the seventeenth century the custom prevailed of pointing otf numbers in periods of three, and this led to the change in the meaning of the word billion in French, The wnrds hiUion. trittinn. etc,, did not apparently come into use in English until a later date, for Locke (''Essay on the Human I nderstanding," ii, 10, g t>, Iti'.xi) speaks of the use of billion as a novelty. The Eiiglish meaning of the word is thus the original and most systematic. The word billion is not used in the French of every-day life, one thousand millions being called a i/ii/fiai'(f,I billionaire (bil'yon-ar), n. [< billion + -aire, as in iiiilliiiiiaire.] One who possesses property worth a billion reckoned in standard coin of the coimtry. [Rare.] One would like to give a party now and then, if one could be a hillionaire. O. H , Holmes, Elsie Vcniicr, vii. billman (bil'man), n.; pi. hillmcn (-men). [< bill^ + man.] 1. A soldier or civic guardsman of former times armed with a bill. In rushed his bill-men. Mir. for Mags., p, 4*27. A billman of the guard, Saville, tr, of Tacitus, i, 24. "When the bill-men saw that the fire was overaw'd, and could not doe the deed lliuni the martyr], one of them steps to him, and stabs him with a sword. Milton, Prelatical Episcopacy. 2. A laborer who uses a bill for cutting. [Rare.] billon (bil'on), «. [F., copper coin, base coin, a mint for such coin (= Pr. hillo = Sp. vcllon = Pg. bilhSo = It. bii/lionc; ML. billio{n-), bil- lon), orig. a 'mass' of metal, < billc, a log: see billet-, billot. In older E. form (by confusion) bullion: see ?jk///oh'-.] 1. Gold or silver alloyed with copper in large proportions, so as to make a base metal. In many continental countries the smaller currency has been made of a very low alloy of silver and copper, called billon. . . . According to an analysis performed at the Owen's College chemical laboratory, one part of silver and three of copper, /iillon is still being coined in Austria. ,/epons, Money and Mcch. of Exchange, p. 125. 2. Coin struck from an alloy over half copper. billot (birol), ". [F., dim, of billc : see billel-.] Snmo as billi l~. billow (bil'o), n. [Early mod. E. also bellow; pnil). < Icel, bylgja (through an tinreconled ME. "bijUic) = Sw. biilja = Dan. biilge, a billow, = OI). iiolghe, Imlghe = LG. bulge = OllG. 'bull/a, Mliti. G. Iiiili/e, a billow, prob, related to IIIIG. bnlgd, MlKl, »i, /i»/,. of billoii\ p.] •Swilli-il like a billow. billowy (liil'ii-i), a. [< billoic + -i/K] Swell- ing or swilled into large waves: full "I' bil- lows or singes; having an appearance or rITect as of billows: as, "the billowic ocean," (Imp- man, (hlyssey, v.; billowy llames. Wc had gIllii|meH of the bilhnn/ I'ainpiignn, with tho great dome bulging from lis tiin. Loiirlt, Klrcslilu Travels, p, 'iOb. bill-poster lill-poster (birp6s"t6r), II. One whose busi- ness it is to post up bills and advertisements. Also called hill-sticker. Mil-scale (bil'skal), 71. The hard scale or nib on the tip of the beak of a chiek, aiding it to peek the shell in order to make its escape from the egg. bill-sticker (bil'stik'^r), n. Same as Ull-poster. billyh (bil'i), H. ; pi. hillies (-iz). [Also spelled bUlie ; of unknown origin. The sense is rather too definite to be considered an application (like "Jack," "Jill," "Tom, Dick, and Harry") of the familiar proper name Billy, dim. of Bill, a corruption of Will, which is short for WiUiam.'] A comrade ; a companion ; a brother in arms, trade, and the like; a fellow; a young man. [Scotch and North. Eng.] When chapman billies leave the street. Burns, Tam o' Shanter. hilly" (bil'i), n. ; pi. billies (-iz). [A slang word, perhaps a particular ajiplication of the familiar proper name Billy : see billy'^, and cf. betty and 11)111111/. Cf. also F. bille, a stick or stock, under billet^ and billidrds.'i 1. Stolen metal of any kind. [Slang.] — 2. A small metal bludgeon that may be carried in the pocket ; hence, a policeman's club. [Slang.] — 3. A slubbing- machine. See slubber. billy-biter (bil'l-bi'ter), n. [< Billy, a familiar name, + biter.'] A name for the blue titmouse, I'arus caruleus. Macgillivray. [Local, Brit- ish.] Billy-blind (bil'i-blind), n. 1. In ballads, the name of a benevolent household demon or fa- miliar spirit. Also written Billy Blind. — 2. [;. c] The game of blind-man's buff. N. E. JJ. billyboy (bil'i-boi), n. [Appar. a humorous application of Billy boy (< billyh + boy), a fa- miliar phrase of address ; but prob. an aecom. to this form of some other name.] A flat-bot- tomed, bluff- bowed barge, of very light draft, espe- oially built for the navi- gation of the river Humber in England and its tribu- taries. Sea-go- ing Ijillyboys are generally clincher-built and sloop-rig^'ed, but some are carvel-built and schooner-rigged. Many carry a square topsail and lee-boards. Tile mast is fitted to the deck by a liinge, so that it can be lowered when passing under Bilocellate. — Enlarged section of a biloccllute anther, in which each of the two cell^is also bilocellate. D.Iiyooy. a bridge. You look at the clustered houses, and at the wharves with the black old billyboys squattering alongside. W. C. Russell, Sailor's Sweetheart, ii. billycock (bil'i-kok), n. [Origin obscure.] A stiff, round, low-crowned felt hat : often called a hitliieock hat. Also spelled billicncl:. [Colloq.] billy-gate (bil'i-gat), «. The moving carriage in a slubl ling-machine. billy-goat (bil'i-got), n. A familiar name for a he-goat, as nanny-goat is for a she-goat. billy-piecer (bil'i-pe"ser), n. In u-oolen-mamif., a child who pieces or joins together roving on a carding-engine called a billy or slubbing- billy. [Not used in U. S.] billy-roller (biri-r6"ler), ». In woolen-mamif., a wooden roller in the slubbing-maehine, under which cardings are passed, and by which they are .'ilifihtly compressed. billy-web (bil'i-web), n. A name given in Honduras to the wood of a little-known timb«r- tree. bilobate (bi-lo'bat), a. [< 6i-2 -f lobate.'] Hav- ing or divided into two lobes: as, a bilobate leaf. bilobed (bi'lobd), a. Same as bilobate. bilobular (bi-lob'u-liir), a. Same as bilobate. Round or bilobular structures of very variai^le size. Frey, Histol, and Histo-chem. (trans.), p. 29. bilocation (bi-lo-ka'shon), n. [< bi-^ -t- loca- tion.] The power of ijeing in two" places at the same time. See extract. The word bilocation has been invented to express the miraculous faculty possessed by certain saints of tlie Roman Church, of being in two places at once. E. B. Tylor, Prim. Culture, I. 404. bilocellate (bi-lo-sel'at), a. [< bi-" + locellus + -afci.] In bot., divided into two locelli or secondary cells. See cut in next column. 565 bilocular (bl-lok'u-lar), a. [< L. U-, two-, -I- lociilu.s, a cell (< locus, a place), + -ar''^.'] Divid- ed into two cells, or containing two cells internally: as, a bilo- cular jiericarp. biloculate (bi-lok'n- lat), a. [As bilocul-ar + -rttei.] Same as bilocular. bilophodont (bi-lof- o-dont), a. [< L. bi-, two-, + Gr. A(i(/iof, a crest, + bSohg {oAovT-) = E. tooth.] Having two transverse crests on a molar tooth, as the tapirs, dinotheriids, and kangaroos. Tile bilophodont sub-type liecoines more marked in Di- notherium and in the anterior small molar of Mastodon. Owen, Anat. Vert., III. 34:f. biloquial (bl-lo'kwi-al), a. [< L. hi-, two-, -f- /t»/«t, speak; after coHot/iwraL] Speaking with two diti'erent voices. N. E. D. biloquist (bil'o-kwist), n. [As biloquial + -ist.] One who can speak with two different voices. N. E. D. bilsah (bil'sii), n. [E. Ind.] A fine kind of tobacco grown in the district of Malwa in cen- tral India. bilsted (bil'sted), n. [Appar. a native name.] Another name of the American sweet-gum tree, Liquidamlmr Styraciflua. biltong, biltongue (bil'tong, -tung), n. [S. jU'rican D. biltong, < D. bit, buttock, pi. rump, -I- tong = E. tongue.] A South African name for lean meat cut into thin strips and dried in the sun. bimaculate, bimaculated (bi-mak'u-lat, -la- ted), a. [< hi-'^ + maculate.] Having two spots; marked with two spots Bimaculated duck, Anas frlocitans or Querquedula biinaculata, a Euro- pean species uf teal. Bimana (bim'a-nii), n. pi. [NL., neut. pi. (sc. animalia) ot bimanus, two-handed: see bima- noiis.] An order of Mammalia, including man alone, established by Blumenbach, and retained by Cuvier and most naturalists until qidte re- cently. The order is now practically abolished, since it has been shown that, zoologically and morpliologically, man differs less from the anthropoid apes tlian these apes do from most monkeys. The custom is now to revert in this particular to the classification of Linna)us, who in- cluded man with the apes, monkeys, and lemurs in one order, Primates. The zoological rank now usually assigned to the genus flomo is that of the type of a family Uorni- nidcE or Anthropidce, the term Bimanu being used, if at all, as the name of a superf amily or suborder, by means of which man alone is thus contrasted with Simice. bimanet (bi'man), a. [< F. biviane, < NL. bi- vianus : see bimanous.] Same &s bimanous. bimanous (bi'ma-nus), a. [< NL. bimanus, two-handed, < L. bi-, two-, + manus, hand. Ct. Bimana.] 1. Having two hands. Two-handed and two-footed, or bimanous and biped. Lawrence, Lectures, p. lf»9 (Ord MS.). Specifically — 2. In moL, belonging to or hav- ing the characters of the Bimana. bimanual (bi-man'u-al), a. [< L. bi-, two-, + manus (manu-), hand,"+ -at. Cf. manual.] In- volving the employment of both hands. bimarginate (bi-mar'Ji-nat), a. [< 6J-2 + marginate.] In conch., furnished with a dou- ble margin as far as the tip. bimbo (bim'bo), n. A kind of punch, dnmk as a liqueur, made with six lemons and a pound of sugar to a quart of brandy and a quart of water. bimedial (bi-me'di-al), )(. [< iJ-2 -1- medial; tr. of Gr. ka 6vo /icauv, from two medials.] In anc. math., a line compounded of two medials. If these latter make a rational rectangle, the compound is called a first bimedial : if they make a medial rec- tangle, the compound is termed a second bimedial. In modern language this would be expressed by saying that a bimedial is a quantity of the form (/a + yb) yc, where a, b, and c are commensurable. It is a first or a second bimedial according as a (i c is or is not a perfect square. bimembral (b!-mem'bral), a. [< L. Umembris, < bi-, two-, -t- membrum, member.] Consisting of two members, as a sentence. Gibbs. bimenet, «'• *• -A- Middle English form of bemoan. bimensal (bi-men'sal), a. [< L. hi-, two-, + mensis, a month. Cf. bimestrial.] Occurring once in two months; bimonthly. Bimeria (bi-me'ri-a), H. [NL., < L. bi-, two-, -I- Gr. /tipoc, part.] A genus of hydrozoans, typical of the family Bimeriidm. Bimeriidae (bi-me-ri'i-de), n. pi. [NTj., < Bi- meria + -idic.] A family of tubularian hydro- zoans, typified by the genus Bimeria. The polyp, stock is covered with a per'isarc, the generative buds are sessile, and the tentacles of the polyps are simple. bin bimestrial (bi-mes'tri-al), a. [< L. bimestris, of two months' duration, < hi-, two-, + mensis, a month.] Happening every two months; con- tinuing two months. Dante beraiiic one of tlie ei.x priors (June, ISOO), an office which tlie I'lorentincs itad made bimestrial in its tenure, in order ajiiiarcntly to secure at least six constitu- tional chances of revolution in tlie year. Lowell, Among my liooks, 2d ser. , p. 11. bimetallic (bi-me-tal'ik), a. [< P. bimtStalligne, < hi- (< L. hi-, two-) -I- melallique ; or < Ai-* + metallic. This word and its derivatives are of recent origin, M. 0(!rnuschi having been the first to use bimetallique in 186&, and bimetallic in 1876. N. E. J>.] Of or pertaining to two met- als; specifically, pertaining to the use of a double metallic standard in currency. See bi- metallism. The fallacy that prices depend directly on the volume of currency, that a bi-metallic standard is practicable, etc. A'. A. Rev., CXXVII. 352. bimetallism (bi-met'al-izm), n. [< bimetall-ic + -ism.] The use of two metals as money at relative values set by legislative enactment; the union of two metals in circulation as money at a fixed rate. Specifically, that system of coinage which recognizes both coins of silver and coins of gold as legal tender to any amount, or the concurrent use of coins of two metals as a circulating medium at a fixed relative value. This coinage was superseded by the bimetallic (gold and silver) coinage of Crojsus, and bimetatlissn wa-s tlic rule in Asia down to Alexander's time in tJie fixed ratio of one to thirteen and a lialf between tlie two metals. Academy. bimetallist (bi-met'al-ist), n. [< bimetall-ic + -ist. Cf. bimetallism.] One who advocates the use of a double metallic standard in currency. bimetallistic (bi-met-a-lis'tik), a. [< bimetal- list ■+■ -ic] Pertaining or relating to Vjimetal- lism. Contemporary liev. bimodular (bi-mod'u-lar), a. [< bimodulus + -ar''^.] 1. Pertaining to the bimodulus. — 2. Having two moduli. bimodulus (bi-mod'u-lus), n. ; pi. bimoduli (-li). [NL., < t(-2 -t- modulus.] In math., the double of the modulus of a system of logarithms. bimonthly (bi-munth'li), a. [< ii-2 + monthly.] Occurring every two months. Sometimes errone- ously used for semi-monthly , as applied to periodicals ap- pearing twice a month. bimucronate (bi-mu'kro-nat), a. [< 6(-2 -)- „[„. cronate.] In zool., having two mucros or angu- lar projections: as, bimucronate e\ytva. bimuscular (bi-mus'ku-liir), a. [< 6J-2 -t- muscu- lar.] In conch., having two adductor muscles, as some bivalves ; dimyarian. Bimusculosa (bi-mus-ku-16'sa), «. pi. [NL., < L. bi-, two-, + musculosus, muscular, < mus- culus, muscle.] In conch., an order of bivalve moUusks: synonymous with -Djmyaria. Gould, 1841. bini (bin), n. [< ME. hinne, bynne, byn, a re- pository for grain or bread, usually a manger, < AS. binn, a manger. Origin uncertain; per- haps, like D. benne, hen, = G. benne, a basket- wagon, = It. benna, a sleigh, cart, = F. banne, benne, a basket, creel, pannier, basket-wagon, < ML. benna, a basket, a hamper, appar. the same as L. benna, quoted as an old Gaulish name for a kind of vehicle; cf. W. ben, a cart, wagon.] 1. A box or inclosed place used as a repository for any commodit}-: as, a com-ftm; a coal-W». — 2. One of the open subdivisions of a cellar for the reception of wine-bottles. Also spelled binn. binl (bin), ('. t. ; pret. and pp. binned, ppr. bin- ning. [< bin''-, «.] To put into or store in a bin: as, to bin liquor. bin^t (bin), adv. anAprep. [=E. dial, and Sc. hen (see ben'^), < ME. hinne, binnen, binnon, < AS. binnan, ONorth. hinna (= OS. *binnanz= OFries. hinna = D. btnncn = MHG. 6. binnen), within, < be-, by, -t- innan, within: see 6e-2 and i«l; et.buti.] I. adv. Within; inside. II. j>rcp. 1. Of place, within; inside of; in. — 2. Of time, within ; during. bin^t, r. A shortened form of been, past partici- ple, and obsolete infinitive and present indica- tive plural, of he. Bin is the ordinary pronun- ciation in the United States of the past partici- ple been. Out of whom [Beda] cheifly hath bin gatherd since the Saxons arrival, such as hath bin deliverd, a scatterd story pickt out heer and there. Milton, Hist. Eng., iv. Witll ev'ry thing that pretty bin My lady sweet arise. Shak., Cymbeline, il 3 (song). Blushes that bin The burnisli of no sin. Crashaic, \\ ishes to his supposed ilistress. As fresh as bin the flowers in May. peele. bina bina fbe'na), n. [< Hind. bin. Ct. been*.'] An East Indian guitar with seven strings. Also called rina. binacle, "• See binnacle. binal (bi'nal), a. [< ilL. binalis, double, < L. bini, two by two: see binary.'} Twofold; double; binary: as, "binal revenge," Ford, Witch of Edmonton, iii. 2. The attenipt of tlie French to compel the use of the decimal system shows the difficulty of such an undertak- ing. Popular necessities compelled the introduction of irinat divisions. Pop. Set. Jlo., XIII. 423. binariant (bi-na'ri-ant), Ji. A solution of the diflterential equation, bDa + cDli +, etc., = 0. binary (bi'na-ri), a. and «. [< L. binarius, consisting of two things, < bini, pi. (rarely sing, biniis), two by two, two, < bis, double: see 6i-2. Cf. bettc'een.] I. a. 1. Twofold; dual; double; twain; twin; paired: said of anrthing which is composed of two things or considered as divided into two t h i n gs. — 2. In bot., having the organs in twos : applied to flowers : equivalent to dimerous — Binary arith- metic, that system, invented by Leibnitz, in which two figures only, and 1, are used in lieu of ten, the cipher being placed as in common arithmetic, but denoting mul- tiplication bv 2 instead of by 10. Thus. 1 is one ; 10 is two ; 11 is tliree ; 100 is four ; 101 is live ; 110 is sut ; 111 is seven: 1000 is eight ; 1001 is nine; 1010 is ten. — Binary classification, binary system, in zwl, . one which di- vides a group of objects into two series, as the class of birds into two subclasses, Attrices and Pretcoces ; adicliut- omous arrangement; opposed to quinarij, etc. — Binary compound, in chem., a compouna of two elements, or of an element ami a compound performing the function of an element, or of two compounds performing tlie functions of elements, according to the laws of combination. Fara- day assigns as the distinctive character of a itinary com- pound that it admits of electrolysis. — Binary Cubic. See cuiic — Binary engine, an engine having the piston of one cylinder impelled by steam which, being exhausted into another part of the apparatus, connnunicates its un- utilized heat to some volatile liquid at a luwt-r tempera- ture ; the vapor of tliis second liquid, by its e\p;iiision in a second cylinder, yields additional force. — Binary enun- ClatlOZl, iu logic, a categorical proposition who.st- verb is not to be: as, Socrates dies. Usually called a jimpoitition qfucond adjacent.— Binary form, or binary quantic, ill alg., a homogeneous function of two variables ; as : ax + bti, ax- + bx\j -f ct/-, 0x3 -f 6i2y + acy^ + tly^, etc. So binary cubic quartic, etc.— Binary form, In muric, a movement based upon tw-o subjects or ilivided into two distinct or contrasted sections.— Binary logarithms, a system of logarithms contrived and calculated by Euler for facilitating musical calculations. In this .system 1 is the logarithm of -1, 2 of 4, etc., and the modulus is 1.442- 605 ; wliereas in the kind commonly used 1 is the loga- rithm of 10. 2 of 100, etc., and the modulus is .4:i429448. — Binary measure, in muaic, the measure used in com- mon time, in which the time of rising in beating is eijual to the time of falling.— Binary nomenclature, binary name, in zonl. and hot., a binniMiiil tioniiinlatitrf or tiinu- mialname. .Sec ftinomiaf. — Binary number, u nunibcr which iacomposedof two units.— Binary scale, the scale of notation used in binary arithmetic. — Binary Star, a double star whose members have a revolution ;iround their common center of gravity.— Binary theory of salts, the theory which regards salts a.s consisting of two elements, a basic or electropositive, which may be a metal or a radical, and an acid or electronegative element or rad- ical ; as, potaseium nitrate, K-NO3 ; potassium acetate, K-roH:,iJo. H. n. ; pi. binaries (-riz). A whole composed of two ; a dyad. To make two, or a binary, . . . add bat one unto one. Fotherby, Atheomastix, p. 307. binate (Vn'nat), a. [< NL. bina- tun. <. h. bini, two aud two: sec binnrij.] In bot., being double or in couples; having only two leaflets to a peti- olo ; growing in pairs, binaural (bin-u'rnl), a. [< L. bini, two and t wii. -(- rturi* = E.crtcl.] 1. Having two ears. — 2. Pertaining to or involving tho uho of both ears; fitted for being simultaiicouHly used by two ears : as, a binaural str>tlioHcope, whien haH two connected tubes capped by sraall ear- pieces. There U even a kind of hinnurnl audition, by means of which wo Judge imperfectly of direction of nonnd. /.r Ci,i,l,-, sight, p. 205. blnchine niin'cbing), n. [Appnr. 11 dial, form of //' iiiTiiiif/. Cf. dial, bink, hmlc = biuch.'] In coat-mining, the bed or rock on wliich u layer of I'oiil roHtH. [HomerHetHliirc, Kng.] bind (biijil), I.; pret. boinut, pp. Iminiil ({ar- ini rly hnundcn, now only iittrib. ), ji|ir. hindinii. [< .MK. Inii'lfii (pret. bund, himd, Intor hoiindf, pi. Ijiiiiinli n, liiiiiiidf.fjt. biiundrn), < Af^. Iiindiin (nrol. Iiiinil, j,|. Imndnn, Iip. hundin) = OS. Iiin- dun = OI-'rieH. binda = I), hindm = OIKl. bin- tan, MHd. (I, bindrn =Icel. binda = Hw. binda B Dim. hiiKit = (loth, liinitan. bind, lie, = ,Skl. ■^bandh, on;/, 'hhiindh, bind. tii-. Tlii'Hiiiiic root prob. appiunt in L. of-fend-ix. iff-fcnd-irnvntum. tassium acetate, Illnate I^avei. 556 the knot of a hand, Gr. -elaua (for "Tttvdfia, *(pei'6fta), a rope. See band^, band-, bend^, bemP, etc., bond^, bundle, etc.] I. traiDi. 1. To make fast (to, on, or upon) vrith a band or bond of any kind. Thou Shalt bind them for a sign upon tliine hand. Deut. \1. 8. Bind the chariot to the swift beast. Micali i. 13. 2. To unite by any legal or moral tie ; attach by considerations of love, duty, interest, obliga- tion, etc.: as, bound hi the bonds of matrimony ; bound by gratitude, duty, debt, etc. Distrust and grief Will kind to us each Western chief. .Scott, L. of the L., ii. 30. 3. To put in bonds or fetters ; deprive of lib- erty or of the use of the limbs by making fast physically. Bind him hand aud foot, and take him away. Mat. xxii. 13. He took PatU's girdle, and bound his own hands and feet, and said. ... So shall the Jews at Jerusalem bind the man that owueth this girdle. Acts .\xi. 11. 4. To restrain ; hold to a particular state, place, employment, etc. < He bindeth the floods from overflowing. Job xxviii. 11. I have no official business to bind me. Macautay, in Trevelyan, II. vii. 5. To hinder or restrain (the bowels) from their natural operations ; make costive ; con- stipate. — 6. To fasten around anj'thing ; fix in place by girding or tying : as, to bind a cord round the arm. I, maiden, round thee, maiden, bind my belt. Tcnni/son, Holy Grail. 7. To encircle with a band or ligature ; gird ; confine or restrain by girtling: as, "bind up those tresses," Sliak:, K. John, iii. 4. A fillet binds her hair. Pope, AVindsor Forest, 1. ITS. 8. To swathe or bandage; cover and swathe with dressings : with ty). He healeth the broken in heart, and bindeth up their woimds. Ps. clxvii. 3. Give me another horse, bind up my wounds. Shak., Kich III., v. 3. 9. To form a border or edge on, for the pur- pose of strengthening or ornamenting ; edge : as, to bind a wheel with a tire ; to bind a gar- ment or a carpet. Her mantle rich, whose borders roimd A deep and fretted broidery bound. .Sciitt, Marmion, vi. 3. Black clilTs and high. With green grass growing on the tops of tlicui, Binding them round as gold a garment's hem. Wittiam MoiTij^, Earthly Paradise, I. 172. 10. To tie or fasten (loose things) together with a band, cord, or tie ; tie up into one bun- dle or mass: as, to bind sheaves of grain. — 11. To fasten or secure within a covei\ as a book or pamphlet. See bookhindiny. — 12. In fcn- cintj, to secure (the sword of an adversary). See binding, n., 3. — 13. To cause to cohere; cement ; knit ; unite firmly : as, to bind the loose sand. The sooner to effect, And surer bitut, this knot of andty, — The Earl of Arniagnac . . . Prollirs bis only daughter to your grace In niJirriage. Shttk., 1 Hen. VI., v. 1. God has so hound society together that if one membir sutler, all sulfcr. J. !■'. Clarke, Self-Culture, p. no. Have enough oil in the colours to bind them. Worktthtip ItiTciptit, ]Ht Bcr., ji. 423. Binding the Ink to prevent lis smearing. Workulutp W-ceiptH, 2d ser., p. 343. 14. To place under obligation or compulsion: as, all are bound to obey the laws. This ring I gave liirii, when In- parted from me, To biiul him to remember my good-will. .Shak., T. <). of V., Iv. 4. 'TIs true, by my father's will. I am for a short period boutul to regard you as his substitute. .Slieridun, .Sihoid for Scandal, 111. I. 16. To put under legal obligation: often with ofir: as, to hind a man orir to ker'p the |iciic<'. Specifically — 16. To indenture as an appren- tice: often with out. .My mother h)ic wanted to bind ino out tu a bincksmltli. MrM. .Slowe, Oldtown, i., s;i. To bind hand and foot. «oe hand.— To bind In, to IncloHc ; surroinid. Bound in with the triumphant sea. .Shnk., KIch. II., II. 1. A costly Jewel . . . bound in with dlamiunlH. .Shak., :: Ibii. VI,, III. 2. To bind up In. locaustJ to be wlndly engro«*ed with ; ab- Horb in; cotmei-t Intimately with : chtwlly In the pitHHtvi-. Seeing thai his 11f«> Is Otiund up in the lad's 111)-. Uen. Illv. 30. binding II. intrans. 1. To cohere ; stick together.— 2. To become indurated, hard, or stiff: as, < clay binds by heat. — 3. To be obligatory or of force. Those canons or imperial constitutions which have not been received here do not bind. Sir M. HaU. 4. To tie up anything; specifically, to tie up sheaves. They that reap must sheaf and bind. Shak.. .As you Like it. iii. 2, 5. In falconry, to seize a bird in the air and cling to it: said of a hawk. bind (bind), n. [< bind, v. In third sense, cf. bundle, and see lie, n. In the botanical sense, < ME. bynde, a climbing stem, esp. woodbine, ivy ; chiefly in comp. as wudcbindc, woodbind. The word, by its use in comp., has suffered cor- I'uptiontoftiHe, Se. bin-, ben-: seebine^, woodbine, bearbine, etc., and the compounds of bind be- low.] 1. A tie or band; anything that binds. Specifically — (a) A connecting timber in a ship. (6) In music, a tie, slur, or brace. — 2. In coal-mining, indurated, argillaceous shale or clay, such as frequently forms the roof of a coal-seam: same as hend^, 12, aud baf^. 10. [Eng.] — 3. A unit of tale. A bind of eels is 250. A bind of skins is 32, or of some kinds 40. [Eng.] — 4. Bounds; limit; stint; as, I am at my bind. [Scotch.] Their hind was just a Scots pint overhead, and a tapplt. hen to the bill, and no man ever saw them the waur o t, Scott, St. Konan's Well, I. I. 5. A climbing stem; a bine; specifically, a stalk of hops. See bine'^. The whyle God of his grace ded growe of that soyle The fayrest bynde hym [Jonah I abof that ever burne wyste. Alliterative Pocws (ed. Morris), iii. 444. binder (bin'dfer), n. [< ME. bynderc, < AS. bin- dere, < bindan, bind: see bind, r., and -crl.] 1. A person who binds. Specifically — (n) One who binds books; a bookbinder, (ft) One who binds sheaves. — 2. Anything that binds, in any sense of that verb. — 3. In bricklayinei, a header which extends partly through a wall ; a bonder. — 4. In carj)., a tie-beam; a binding-joist serv- ing as a transverse support for the bridging- joists above and the ceiling-joists below. — 5. An attachment to a sewing-machine for folding an edge or a binding. — 6. In iii/ri.: (a) An at- tachment to a reaper for tying the buiuUcs of grain. (6) A separate horse-power machine for gathering up and binding grain already cut. — 7. An arrester or stop for tho shuttle of a loom. — 8. A temporary cover for loose sheets of mu- sic, papers, etc. — 9. ]il. Same as binding, i. — Binders' board, thick, smooth, calendered pastelioard used for the covers of hooks. binder-frame (binMer-fram). n. In niach.. a hanger supporting shafting, and having adjust- able bearings by which the position of the pul- leys can be regulated to suit the direction of the motion of the belts. bindery (bin'd6r-i), ».; pi. binderies (-iz). [< bind, i:, + -ery.] A place where books are bound. bindheimite (bind'hi-mit), n. [< liindheini (a ticrman chemist) -h -1 ?<■'-.] An amorphous an- timouiate of lead produced by the decomposi- tion of antiraonial minerals, especially jarac- sonile. binding (bin'ding),;). n. [Pjir. of bind, c] 1. Serving to bind, fasten, or toniioct; making fast. — 2. Having power to bind or oblige; obli- gatory ; as, a bindimj engagement. I'ivil contracts nniy be held liliiiliwi ultlunigh made hjr hmiitlcs, E. C. .WdiiM, I'sycbol. Med., p. «7. 3. Astringent. — 4. Causing constii)ttl ion; cor- sti|in1ing. [t'ollocj.] binding (bin'ding), «. [Verbal n. of /i/nff. r.] 1. The act or action of making fast, securing, unit- ing, etc., in any sense of tlie verb liind: as, the bindinij of jirisoiiers; wire that serves for hind- infi. — 2. Anything that binds; a bandage; tho cover (if n Ixiok, with the sewing and accom- panying work ; SDinclliing that secures I he edges of riolli or of u garnieiit. — 3. In fencing, a method of securing 1 lie adversary's sword, con- sisting in crossing it with a jiressure, accom- l)ani(Ml with a spring of lln' wrist. — 4. /''. In .iliip-bnilHinii,\\\v\>fn\\\n. Ii'iiiisoins, knees, wales, ke<'ls<)n, aM I'ondi- tion assumed by adhesive soils in hot dry sea- sons; a similar c(>iidilii>n in the siill of llower- polH in whicli phinlN luivo been ki'|d too long or 1(1(1 dry ; cIokciicsn. (Iryncss. or lini'dnoHS of l(^x- turc. — 6. In niticli., the prevention of free ino- Binding-screw. binding tion in one part of a machine by the sagging or any deviation from a straight line of another portion. — 7. A jirojection of a part of a struc- ture or machine by which parts intended to toucli are prevented from coming into perfect contact. — 8. Naiit., a wrought-ii'on ring around a dead-eye — Binding-cloth, a ' soft iron, used to ei.nnrct ].i.ees which are to be soldered to- gether. — Extra binding. .See hon nd extra, under bound'J. — Half binding, m h.,nkh;ndiii>i. a leather back and pa- pend-bii.inl .^ides. Quarter binding, in buukblndimi, aelieap leather ..r elotli buek with hoard sides cut liusll witli the leaves.— THree-quarter binding, in buokbind- intl, a leather back of e.xtra width witlt leather corners and papered board sides. bindingly (bin'ding-li), adv. In a bindingman- ner; so as to bind. bindingness (bin'ding-nes), )(. [< binding, p. a., + -;i(.s.y.] The quality of being binding or ob- ligatory. The unconditional bindingiiess of the practical reason. Coteridge. binding-post (bin'ding-post), II. In an elec- trical apparatus, a small post having a hole into which a wire is inserted, or through which it passes and is held by a screw. binding-screw (bin'ding-skro), n. 1. A screw desiy;iied to bind and fasten two parts of any adjustable tool or apparatus, as the blade of a bevel; a set-screw; espe- cially, a screw set in at right angles to another, either abutting against it or tight- ening the female, so as to prevent the male fr»m turn- ing. — 2. In elect., a simjile arrangement by which two electrical conductors may be brought into metallic con- nection. (See cut.) A sim- ilar stationary arrangement is called a Unding-post — Binding-screw clamp, a combined clamp and set-screw used to connect a wire with the elements of a galvanic battery. bind-rail (bind'ral), n. 1. In engin., a piece to which the heads of pipes are secured. — 2. A timber cap or tie placed on top of a gi'oup of piles, to hold them together and make a support for floor-beams. bindweb (bind'web), n. In anat., neuroglia, bindweed (bind'wed), n. [AXsohineweed; early mod. E. bifiideweed : < hind + weerfl.] The com- mon name tor plants of the genus Convolvulus, especially of C. arvensis, C. (or Calystegia) se- piimi. and ('. (or Ctili/stegia) Soldanella Black bindweed, irt) l'in<>mnnC'-im-olvulus. Qj) Tamus com- m ini is . ,t Iji rojie. — Blue bindweed, the bittersweet, Sola- ninii liiiirii Ilia m. — Rough bindweed, a species of smilax, SmUnx ilxpera. bindwith (bind'with), n. [< bind + witli^.'] A name given to the plant Clematis Vitalba (the traveler's joy), from its stems being used to bind up fagots. bindwood (bind'wM), n. [< bind + icootZl.] A Scotch name for ivy, from its entwining or binding itself around stronger plants, etc. bine^ (bin), n. [A dial, form of bind, n., now accepted in the botanical use, esp. in eom- potmds, as woodbine, Impbine, bearbine : see bind, «.] The slender stem of a climbing plant. WTieu burr and biiie were gathered. . _ Tennymn, Aylmer's Field. bine^ (bin), H. See boijn. binervate (bi-ner'vat), a. [< hi-" + nei-vate.l 1. Tvvo-nerved; especially, in hot., having two longitudinal ribs: applied to certain leaves. — 2. In en ton/., having two nervures or veins, as an insect's wing. Binet's function. See fimetion. bingi (bing), n. [< ME. bing, binge, hengc, < •leel. bingr=S-w. binge, aheap; also, with trans- ferred sense, Dan. bing, a bin. Cf. bin^, with which i(Hr/hasprob. been confused.] 1. Aheap or pile of anything: as, a bine; of corn, potatoes, coal, ore, etc.— 2. A definite quantity of lead ore, equal to 8 hundredweight. [North. Eng.] bing2 (bing), v. i. To go. [Old slang.] Kiiuj out and tour, ye ailld devil. !:icott, Guy Mannering, I. xxviii. Ijinge (binj), V. i.; pret. and pp. hinged, ppr. Ungeing. [Se. , also beenge, beenje, appa'r. formed 567 by fusing bend and cringe.'} 1. To make a low obeisance; courtesy. — 2. To cringe; fawn. bing-ore (bing'or), n. Lead ore in small lumps. LKng.J bingstead (bing'sted), n. In mining, the place where bing-ore is stored ready to go to the smelter. [North. Eng.] bink (bingk), n. [Sc. and North. E. ; < ME. hill/.; binke, var. of benk, benlcc, unassibilated form of beneh, q. v. Cf. hankl, hank^.'] 1. A bench; a seat.— 2. A wooden frame, fixed to the wall of a house, for holding dishes. — 3. A bank; an acclivity. — 4. In coUon-manuf., a stock of cotton composed of successive layers from different bales; a bunker. In supplying cotton to the machinery, the stock is raked down in such a manner as to mi.x the material thoroughly. binn, ». See 6mi. binna (bin'ji). [So., = be na, be not: na = B. Hol, adv. Cf. dinna, do not, winna, will not.] Be not. binnacle (bin'a-kl), n. [Also written binacle, a corruption of earlier bittaclc, bittiele, < Pg. bita- cola = Sp. hitdcora = P. habita- cle, a binnacle, orig. an abode, < L. hahitaculum, a little dwell- ing, < habitare, dwell : see liahi- tation.} A framework or case on the deck of a ship, in front of the steersman, and also in various other positions, con- taining a nautical compass, and fitted with lights by which the compass can be read at night. Men-of-war generally carry two steering-binnacles, one on each side of the steering-wheel, for the steering-compasses, and an azimuth binnacle in a convenient place to bold the azimuth compass. binnacle-list (bin ' a - kl - Ust), Binnacle. "• A list of the sick men on board a man-of-war, placed in the binnacle for the information of the officer of the deck. Binneya (bin'e-ya), n. [NL., after Binney, an American naturalist.] A genus of land-snails, family Helicidw, peculiar to Mexico and Cali- fornia. The shell is too small to contain the whole body, so that when the animals retreat, as they do at the ai»- proaeh of the dry season, the parts of the body which would otherwise be exposed are covered and protected by the greatly enlarged epipbragm. binnick, ». See bennick. binnite (bin'it), n. [< Sinn (see def.) + -ife2.] A sulphid of arsenic and copper oeeiu'ring in isometric crystals in the dolomite of the Bin- nenthal, or valley of Binn, in the canton of Valais, Switzerland. binnogue (bin'nog), «. A head-dress formerly worn by the women of the Irish peasantry, described as a kind of kerchief. Plancke. binny (bin'i), «.; pi. binnies (-iz). [Appar. of native origin.] A fish {Barhus bijnni) of the family CjiprinidcB, related to the barbel. It in- habits the Nile. binocle (bin'o-kl), n. [= F. binocle = Sp. bind- colii, < L. bini, two and two, double, + oculiis, eye : see ocular.'] A dioptric telescope, fitted with two tubes for the use of both eyes at once : also used for opera-glass. binocular (bi-nok'- or bin-ok'u-lar), a. [< L. bini, double, + oculus, eye, + -ar^. Cf. binocle.'] 1. Having two eyes: as, "most animals are binocular,'' Dcrliam. Also binocidatc. [Rare.] — 2. Referring to both eyes; suited for the simultaneous use of both eyes: as, a hinoctdar telescope or microscope. The want of biiwcular perspective in paintings interferes seriously with the completeness of the illusion. Le Cmiti; Sight, p. 14-1. Binocular microscope. See microscope. binocularity (bi-nok- or bin-ok-u-lar'i-ti), n. [< binocular + -ity.] Binocular quality or con- dition; the simultaneous employment of both eyes. Lc Conte. binocularly (bi-nok'- or bin-ok'u-lar-U), adv. By means of two eyes; in such a manner as to be viewed by both eyes. The reticulation presents itself in clear relief, wljen viewed binocularly with a sufficiently high power. IF. B. Carpenter, Micros., § 276. If these two photographs be binocularly combined, . . . they ought to and must produce a visual effect exactly like an actual object or scene. Le Conte, Sight, p. 127. binoculate (bi-nok'- or bin-ok'u-lat), a. [< L. hini, double, + oculus, eye, + -afel.] Same as binocular, 1. Binoculus (bi-nok'ii-lus), n. [NL., < L. bini, twd and two, + oculus, eye.] 1. A genus of branehiopod cnistaceans. See Apus, 2. — 2. A binomialism genus of neuropterous insects, of the family Jiphcmcrida: [.atreille, 1802.— 3. [I. c] An X-shaped bandage for maintaining di'essings on botii eyes. Also called diophtltalmns. binodal (bi-nO'dal), a. [< L. hi-, two-, -I- nodiix, kiiolj node, + -«/.] Having two nodes or joints. binode (bi'nod), n. [< L. hi-, two-, + nodus, knot.] 1. In math., a singularity of a surface Fig. 2. Fig. 3. Binode and Neightjoring Parts of the Surface a3 z= xy. Fiff. 1. View in the direction of the axis of z. Fig. 2. Sections parallel to the axis of x. Fig. 3. Sections inclined 45* to the axes of X and.y. consisting of a point at which there are two tangent planes. In the siu-face shown in fig. 1 each of these planes is tangent along the whole length of a line ; but this circumstance is not a necessary concomitant of the singularity. — 2. A crunode formed by the crossing of two branches of a curve. binodose,binodous(bi-no'd6s,-dus), (/. [< L. hi-, two-, + nodus, knot, -t- -ose, -otts.] In ;:oiJl., having two knot-like swellings. binomial (bi-no'mi-al), a. and n. [< ML. bi- nomius, tr. of Gr. £k 6io ovouaTuv, having two names (< L. hi-, two-, -f- nomen, name), + -al ; theftdler form wouldbe ii«o»i!««/, q. v.] I. a. 1. In alg., consisting of two terms connected by the sign -t- or — ; pertaining to binomials. — 2. In :ool. and hot. : (a) Using or having two names: applied to the system of nomencla- ture introduced by Linnseus, in which every plant and animal receives two names, one in- dicating the genus, the other the species: as, Fclis leo, the lion; Bellis perennis, the daisy. The generic word is always written first, and with a capital initial letter ; it is, or is taken as, a noun. The specific word follows, and is usually an adjective, or used adjec- tively, though it may be a uoun. In zoology the practice is now to write all specific words with a lower-case (or small) initial, though substantive and personal and geo- graphical words are often written with a capital, which is the common practice in botany. Hence — (h) Con- sisting of two names : as, binomial terms. Also binominal. — Binomial COeflQclent, the numerical co- efficient of any term in the development of (.r — ii)". where n is any wiiole number. — Binomial deveiopment, a development t>y the binomial theorem. — Binomial equation, an algebraical equation consisting of tw-o terms: as, ax" -t 6aT-=o.— Binomial theorem, the the- orem invented by Sir Isaac Newton for raising a binomial to any power, or for extracting any root of it by an ap- proximating infinite series. According to this theorem, we have : (i-t-t/)2=i2-l-2a:!/+jr2 (a;-t-i/)3=z3-|-3a:2y-4-3a^/2.fy3 lx+y)*=xi+ixSy+6xiy^+ixift+y*; or, In general, n(n— 1) „ „ 7!(n— l)(n— 2) (x + yy=x-+nx'-^y + -^ — i^— 21/2-f-i — ^ -' II. «. 1. "hi alg., an expression or quantity consisting of two terms connected by the sign + or — , denoting the simi or the difference of the two terms : as, a + h, 3fl — 2f , o2 -)- j, ^2 — 2 ■/.'/■ — 2. In zool. and hot., a name consisting of two terms, generic and specific, as the proper name of a species, the .generic always preced- ing the specific word: as, Felis leo, the lion. binomialism (bi-n6'mi-al-izm),H. {<.hinomial + -ism.] 1. The binomial method of nomencla- ture, especially in zoiilogy and botany.— 3. The doctrine or use of that method. Also binomiality. binomialist binomialist (bi-no'mi-al-ist), n. [< binomial, n.. + -i>?.] One who uses the binomial system of nomenelature in zoology and botany. See 6i- nomial, a., 2. binomiality (bi-no-mi-al'j-ti), n. [< binomial + -iti/.] Same as biiiomialism. binomially (bi-no'mi-al-i). adv. In a binomial manner : after the binomial method of nomen- clatare in zoology and botany. binominal (bi-noin'i-nal). a. [< L. binominis, haviut; two names (< bi-, two-, + nomen, name), + -a!.] Same as binomial, 2. binominated (bi-nom'i-na-ted), a. [< L. bi-, twii-. + nomitiatus, named (see nominate), + -fa<^ia, biography, < • The ljiostatic.ll anil the hiodnnamical — X. e., the consid- *;'''o; imoot: ( > ML. hiograplius, > F. hiogra/ilic, a eration of the structure ready to act, and the considera- biogi'apher), < Or. Jioc, life, + J/Mpea'. \\Tite.] tiou of the structure acting. ,,..,, 1 The history of the life of a particular person. G. //. Acirc*. Frobs. of Li.e and Mind, I. 119. • re _. , . ,,--]- /:u„\ „ r/ n« :/' There is no heroic poem in the world nut is at bottom blodynamiCS (bi o-ib-uaia iks), «. [< Gr. 3.0f, ^ hionraph!/, the life of a man. Carlyle, Essays, life, + lij/iiamics.^ The doetrme of vital force or energy, or the action of living organisms: opposed to biostatics. biogen (bi'o-jen), n. [< Gr. /3iof, life, + -yei'iK, producing: see -gen.J A hypothetical soul- stuff; the substance of a supposed spiritual bodv ; the od of organic life. Coties. biogenation (bi o-je-na'shon), «. [< biogen + -atiOK.'] The state or quality of being affected by biogen; animation; vitalizatiou. All animals are probably also susceptible of biorienation, which is the affection resulting from the intlucnce of bio- gen. Coues, Key to N. A, Birds, p. 192. In math., a normal to two consecutive elements biogenesis (bi-6-gen'e-sis), n. [< Gr. /3/of, life. of a cur\-e in space; a nor- mal perpendicular to the osciUating plane. binotate, binotated (bi- no'tat, -ta-ted), a. [< L. bi-, tn-o, -t- nota, mark, + -ate^,-ated.'\ In roo(., mark- ed with two dots. binotonoos (bi-not'o-nus), a. [< L. bini. two by two (see binary), + tonus, note, tone (see tone) ; after Dinormai.— The fuii lines . T /-,„„„:«♦;«„ showacylinder with a helix monotonous.] Consisting '^„„„ „'p<,„ j, ^^ ,„„ bi- Of two tones or notes : as, normaU. The dotteJ lines ... J ' show the tangents and prin- a binOiOnOllS SOnna. clpal normals at the same binous (bi'nus), «. [< L. ZS\Soft:''c^-il:.tV'"' binus, usually in pi. bihi, two and two, double : see binary and between.'] Double; in a pair; binate. binozalate (bi-nok'sa-lat), n. [< L. bini, two and two (see binary), + oxalate.] In cJiem., an oxalate in which only one of the hydrogen atoms of the acid is replaced by a metal. binozid, binoxide (bi-uok'sid, -sid or-sid), H. [< L. hini, two aud two (see binary) In rhi m., same as (lioiid. binozyde, »■ See binoxid. bintt. A Middle English and Anglo-Saxon con- tra rita, life: see rivid, vital), = Goth, k-wius = AS. cwicu, E. quick, living : see quick.] An element in many compound words, chiefly scientific, meaning life. 2. Biographical writing in general, or as a de- . partment of Uteratm-e. This, then, was the first great merit of ilontcstiuieu, that he etfected a complete separation between hiwrraphy and history, and taught historians to study, not the pecu. iiarities of individual character, but the general .ispect of the society in which the peculiarities ai>peared. BucUi\ Civilization, I. xiU. 3. lu nnf. hist., the life-history of an animal or a plant. = Syn. 1. Bioijraph)/, Memoir. When there is a ililference between these words, it may be that.»iemoir indicates a less ciuuplete or minute account of a person's life, or it may be that the person himself records his own rcLul]. ^ liMiis"..f the past, especially as connected with his ttie latter case t»t';/(ON- should be in the plural. -1- )ti'fOTc, generation: see genesis.'] 1. The ^jokinetics (bi" o-ki-net 'iks), h. _[< Gr. ,i(of, genesis or production of living beings from liv- ing beings; generation in an ordinary sense: the converse of spontaneous generation, or abio- gcnesiS. Various methods in which biogenesis is known to occur give rise to special terms, &a gamogejuifis, parthe- mtifeuesis, etc. 2. The doctrine which holds that the genesis of li\-iug beings from living beings is the only one of which we have any knowledge, and life, + kinetics.] That part of biological science which treats of the successive changes through which organisms pass dui'ing the different stages of their development. biologian (bi-o-16'jian), n. [< biology + -ian.'i A biologist. Those great classes into which systematists and biolo- ifiaimhave divided existing vertebrate forms. The Century, XXXI. 362. which investigates or speculates upon the facts ^j logj,. (bi-6-loj'ik), a. [< biology -I- -ic.] Same in the case upon such premises: the opposite ",'"^!'^^yV,- J '! \. J J J of flftiooenesis.— 3. Same as ft(Ooe««, 1. ... '. .. . . » ■ -ij, . v; „„„,•„+ /i,T ?, i,.„'Q oSof-i ,i U ;,.-n/,/.>i^o;o The interpretation of structure ... is aided by two blOgenesist (bi-o-jen e-sist), n. [< biogenesis ^^y,^^^^^.^,.,^, .livjsions of bioloqic inquiry, named Compara. -I- -isl.] One who favors the theory or biogen- tjye Anatomy (properly Comparative Jlorphology) and t'sis. Also called iio<7eHiSf. Comparative Embryology. II. Spencer. biogenetic (bio-je-net'ik), o. [(.biogenesis {in biological (bi-6-loj'i-kal), a. 1. Pertaining to sense li, < biogen), after genetic] 1. Of or per- biology or the science of life. tainiug to biogenesis or biogeny in anyway: as, a biogenetic process; a biogenetic law or principle. This fundamental hiogenitic law. Haeckel (trans.). 2. Consisting of biogen; done by means of bio- tJi'ii; relating to the tlieory of biogen. Coues. oxirf.j biogenetically (bi o-jf-net'i-kal-i), adv. In a biogenetic manner; by means of or according to the principles of biogenesis or biogeny. biogenist (bi-o,i'c-nist), n. [< biogeny + -ist.] Same as biogencsist. biogeny (bi-oj'e-ni), n. [< Gr. ^io;, life, -I- -jtrtm, generation: see -geny. Ct. biogenesis.] 1. The genesis or evolution of the forms of matter vrtiich manifest the phenomena of life. It is ilivided into two main branches : ontwien;/. or the genesis of the indiviilual organism, and ;i*.i;(";"'".". "■" H'e genesis of the species, race, stock, or tribe to which the indiviilual belongs. Also binpcneniii. 2. The science or doctrine of biogenesis; the history of organic evolution. As in the preced- ,,-.. ing sense, it is iliviilcd into untorieny, or germ-history, or blOlOglSt (bi-ol o-jist), n They [the discoveries of Cuvier] contain a far hirger por- tion of important anatomical and bioloijieal truth than it ever before fell to the lot of one man to contribute. Whewell, Hist. Induct. Sciences, I. tv:9. The prick of a needle will yielil, in a drop of one's blood, material for microscopic observation of iihcnomena which lie at the foundation of all biuloqical conceptions. Huxley, Pop. Sci. JIo.,XI. 670. 2. In zool., illustrating the whole life-history of a group or species of animals: as, a biologi- cal collection of insects, biologically (bi-o-loj'i-kal-i), adv. In a biologi- cal iiiaiiiicr; according to the doctrines or prin- ciples of biology. That which was physically defined as a moving equilib- rium we define biologically as a balance of functions. )/. Speneer, Data of Ethics, 5 39. Ethics, if positive, must rest on sonic empirical data. These data are furnished partly by bi^l.ny. partly by hu. man natiu-c, either bioloqicalhi or psychologically consid- ercd, .V. .1. iiVr., CXX. 266. [< biology + -ist.'] One skilled in, or a student of, biology, biologizet (bi-ol'o-jiz), v. t. [< biology + -iw.] To mcsnic'rizc. bio-bibliographical (bi 6-bib"li-6-graf'i-kal), biographer (lji-og''ra-fer a. [< (ir. ifi'ir, life, -l- bihiior/rajihical.] Treat- pim.y (si^e biography) + ■ biograph (bi'6-graf), n. [Gr. (iioc, \\fe, + ypAd>ew, write. J A niecliaiiical device invented by Iler- nian Casler, for projecting upon a screen jiic- tm-es of moving objects taken by a niulogniph. r), n. i< ML. biogra- , , . ,, ^.., V. .,...i„..,, . -cr^. a. j'hilosoiihtr.] ing of or dealing with both tho life and the Oiie who writes a biography, or an uccnunt of writings of an author. tlie lite and actions of a particular person; a bioblast (bi'6-bla»t), H. [< Gr. /?iof, life, -I- wr it. r of lives. ',bud,Bprout, grow.] ],iQgi.aphic(bi-o-graf'ik),a. l1-01 O-Jl-zer;, n. une wno prao sidlary science of jiathology. On the other hand, lliognui t iscs nu'snierism. comprisesenibryology.niorphology.andquestionsrelating biology (bi-ol'o-ji), m. [=F. biologic, < Gr. /1/of, to the origin of species. J. /•VsAre, Cosmic I'lillos., j^221. jj|-^,^ + _'^g^ -^^ ^ ?,iyetv, speak (see -ology) ; cf. Gr. i1m'/.ii)nc, a player, one who represents to the if, |iirlaining to, or of tho nature of bioblasts. biocellate (bi-o-Hel'at), a. [< '«-- + oceltate.] .Miirkiil with two cyo-liko spots, as tho wings of M(,nii' insecttt. biocentric (lii-o-Hon'trik), n. (< dr. fiior, life, + '■■i-,,;:; center.] Trottling lifo as u central fact. blochemic (hi-o-kom'ik). a. [< Or. /?/oc, life, -f- c/ir/iiir.J Of or portoinuig to tho chomiBtry of lifo. Mod fbi'od), II. f< Or. fiinr. lifo, + nd, i\. v.) The .,.1 ,,f animal lifo; biogen; animal iiing- neti-Tii, -.>. ciillr.d. Ton Ilnchridiach. Uodynamic (lii'o-di-iiam'ik), a. f< ( these Sninlil . . . betray, il their pens to Biiih nboniliinble untruths. /•|i«. + /.ivir, loosening, solution, < '/.iiiv, loose, ilis- solve.] Dissolution of a living being; deatll, IIS tlicri'Holntidn of an orgaiiiHiii into itsconstit- iii'iit imrls, and ciiiise(|uently the destruction of I lie |ilieiioniena of life. biolytic (lii-o-lit'ik), a. [< Gr. (Hoe, life, + /IT/MI., utile til loose, < /tiTiif, verbal adj. of /iui', loose.] Ill mcd., tending to the destruc- tion of life: HH, a bioli/tic agent. biomagnetic (bi'..-niiig-ni't'ik), a. [< Gr. plot, liio. + miiguilic] I'ertaining or relating to biiiniagnetlHUi. i biomagnetism biomagnetism (lji-r)-iniin;'ne-tizra), ». [< Gr. /Jk«. lil'i', + >ii(iivrs inherent in clemcnta matter. tnintfl TTivinrJ two ^JZ,-,^^ f„ ir. /;. Can>e,dcr, Cyc. of Anat. and Pliys., lit. IM. l" "u. ..,." ,^ .• n . .™f '?'"** *«' biotics (bi-ot'iks), «. [- statu'ah-n\u\\V\'n\ii which, when considering them as causes, ami cniKji msIm;,' tlifiu all into a single expression, he calls Vitality, or tli.' Vital Forces. G. II. Lewes, I'robs. of Life and jMind, I. ii. § 2. biostaties (b!-6-stat'iks), «. [PI. of hiostatic: see -ics.] That branch of liiology which deals with the statical and coexistent relations of structure and function ic..<: and bioidnetics. biotaxy (bi'o-tak-si), ». [< Gr. /3/oc, life, + -Ta^ia, < raiiQ, arrangement: see tartic] The classification, arrangement, or coordination of living organisms, according to the sum of their 72, for the sta?e bipartiblo (bi-piir'ti-bl), a. [< bi-^ + partible.] Divisilile into two parts. Also bipartite. bipartient (bi-piir'ti-ent), a. and n. [< L. bipar- tieii(t-)s, ppr. of bipartire: see bipartite] I. a. Dividing into two parts ; seiwing to divide into two — Bipartient factor, a number whose stpiare di- vides a given nnmlier without remainder. II. n. In matli., a number that divides an- other into two equal jiai'ts vrithout remainder: thus, 2 is the bipartient of 4. bipartile (bi-par'til), a. [< L. bi-, two-, + LL. partilis, < L. p>artire, part: see part, v.] Same as bipartiblc. bipartite (bi-par'tit), «. [< L. biparUtus, pp. of bipartirc, divide into two parts, < bi-, two-, -(- partire, divide : see tal ; but since biped (bi'ped), a. and n. [< L. bipcs {biped'-) (= tir. (S/-o«f (Affot!-) : see dipody), two-footed,< bi-, two-, + pes (ped-) = E. foot. Cf. r/iiadruped, ceniiped, milliped.] I. a. 1. Having two feet. An heliiless, naked, biped beast. Ili/roin, An Epistle. 2. In hcrpct., having hind limbs only. II. n. An animal having two feet, as man. bipedal (bi'ped-al), a. [< h. bipedalis, measur- ing two feet, < bi-, two-, -h pes (ped-), foot. Cf. biped.] X. Of or pertaining to a biped; hav- ing or walking upon two feet. The erect or bipedal mode of progi'es.sion. E. D. Cope, Origin of tile Fittest, p. 335. 2t. Measuring two feet in length. bipedality (bi-pe-dal'i-ti), v. [< bip)edal + -ity.] The qualitv of being two-footed. Jintozoa. Bipeltata (bi-pel-ta'ta), H. ;)/. [NL., neut. id. ovmaie.\ ^j bipeltatus: see bipHtate.] A tei-m adopted by Cuvier from Latreille as a family name for sundry organisms known as glass-crabs, of a certain genus called I'hyllosoma by Leach. The forms in tiuestion are larvx of scyllaroid crustaceans. See glass-crab, Piiyllosomata. [Not in use.] bipeltate (bi-pel'tat), a. [< NL. bipeltatus, < L. bi-, two-, -I- prlta, shield: see bi-" and i)eUate.] 1. In zoiil., having a defense like a double shield. — 2. Of or pertaining to the Bipeltata. bipennate, bipennated (bi-pen'at, -ii-ted), «. [< L. bipcnnis, bipinnis, two-winged, < bi- + penna, pinna, wing: see pen^.] 1. Having two wings: as, " bipennated inseets," Berliam, Phys. Theol., viii. 4, note.— 2. In bot, same as bipinnatc, (a). lipennatifid, a. See bipinnatifid. bipennis (lu-pen'is), «. ; pi. bipennes (-ez). [L., prop. adj. (se. securis, ax), two-edged ; confused with bipen nis, bipinnis, two- winged, but accord- ing to QuintUian and other Latin writers a different word, < bi-, two-, -I- *pennus or *pinnus, sharp. Cf. jniiT- and 2>eti'>:] An ancient Bipennis. (From a Greek red-fiffured vase.) o part, r.] 1 parts ; ha\-ing two coiTespondent parts, as a legal contract or wi'iting, one for each party; duplicate. The divine fate is also bipartite. Cudwortli, Intellectual [System, Pref., p. 1. 2. In bot. into two parts near- ly to the base, as the leaves of many passion-fiowers — Bipartite curve, in grnm.. a curve consisting of two distinct continuous series of points. Bipartiti (bi-par-ti'ti), n. pi. [NL., pi. of L. bipartitus: see bipartite.] In Latreille's system of classification, a grou]) of carnivorous Coleop- tera containing fossorial caraboid beetles. bipartition (bi-piir-tish'on), n. (see bipartite), altev partition .] Bipartite Curve. >2 =*(*-!) (j:- ax with two blades, one on each side of the handle, in art it is a characteristic weapon often depicted in the bands of the Amazons, and also attributed to Heplijestus or Vulcan. In two Bipes (bi'pez), n. [NL., < L. bipes, two-foot- ed: see biped.] 1. A genus of lizards, of the family Jnffuida; or Gerrhonotida; : by some united with Ojyhisaurus. Oppel, 1811. — 2. A genus of lizards, of the family Scincida-: now called Scelotes. The species are African ; the .S. bi]}es inhabits South Africa. Merrem, 1820. bipetalous (bi-pet'a-lus), a. [< hi-- -I- petaloiis.] Ha\ang two flower-leaves or petals, divided Biphora(bi'fo-ra), Ji.pi. [NL., < L. bi-, two-, + Gr. -en'^.] A generic name given to the bi- lateral larval form of some echinoderms, as a starfish, under the impression that it stages of develop- ment of a lar^-al aste- rid termed Btpmna- rta. Upper tigure. later P/itffus; lower, earlier Ec/tinopaiii-^ um. Bipinnaria ^^^ was a distinct animal: nearly the same as when it has within it two dots or pupils of a B^chiolaria. The term is retained to desifrnate different eolor f,rh larvffi or sta-e of development. See also bipyramidal (bi-pi-ram i-dal), a. l< J»- + sueh larvaj or sia^e ui. uc f "v,,.,;rf<7; 1 In ccf/sfn?., having the form of cut under Js?inafe. Ct.bijtemiate.} Doubly pin- nate, (a) In bot., applied to a pinnate leaJ when its divi sions are themselves again pin- nate. Also biprnnate and bijjen- naled. (b) In :av!., having op- site sides oi a main or axial in entum., speeiflcally ap- Bipinnate Leaf. opp. line. - , . - - plied to certain leathery forms of antenn.t. See antenna. (<■) In anat., having the Heshy flliers inserted on opposite sides of a tendinous intersection: said of a muscle. The rectus femoris muscle is an example. bipinnately (bi-piu'at-li), adr. In a bipinnate man- ner. bipinnatifid, bipennatifid (bi-pi-, bi-pe-nat i- fid) a. L< *"'-'- + piiniatilid, pennatijid.] In fto^'doublvpinnatifid; ha's-ing the primary and secoudarv"divi3ions of the leaves pmnatifid. bipinnatlform ibi-pi-nat'i-fdrm). a. [As bi- piiiniiu- + -fonii.'i Doubly pinnate m form; bipinnate : as, a bipinnaii/orm muscle. bipinnatipartite (bi-pi-nat-i-piir'tit), a. [As bipinmitc + L./'. iihindiiti'm). 2. A birch rod, or a number of birch-twigs bound together, sometimes used for punishing children.— 3. A birch-bark canoe. Lowell. — Jamaica or West Indian birch, or gumbo-limbo, a species of Biirffrn. B. ittmmi/fi-a, a small tree with ex- ceedingly soft, liL'lit, aiid spongy wood, yielding a kind of gum elemi. whicii is used .as a remedy for gout and as the chief ingreilient of a valuable varnish. birch (berch), r. t. [< birch, n.] To beat or punish with a birch rod; flog. From the child sentenced to be birched, to the assassin doomed to lose his life. //(';(;«', liunciad, iv. 141. these are the twofold xspects of reality. ,„..,,, s), n. [< L. U-, two-, + guished such a quantity from a real quaternion, because the whole algebraic procedure with imaginary qualeriuons is difterent from aiul more difficult than that with r.al ., ., , i / -ix «, a„ „;i „vf„D..to,l from - - - .-..., , nj birch-Oll (bt-rch oil), »i. An oil extractea liom birch-bark, said to be used in preparing Russia leather. birch-water (berch'wa"t6r), n. The sap of the liireh. See birch-Kinc. birch-wine (bfrch'win), n. A fermented 11- (;u(ir made from the sap of the birch-tree, which is collected in the siting throughout the moun- taiiunis and wooded districts of Germany and Scandinavia. It is called by names whicli signify bireh- water i>r birch-wine in the dilferent languages. It is said to be possessed of diuretic and antiscorbutic properties. quaternions, instead of being essentially the same bni more easy, as is the case xvith ordinarj- imaginary alge bra .as compared with real algebra. 2. The ratio of two rotors. Tliis meaning was given to the word by W. K. Clitford, who conceived that Uamil tons biquaternicms did not deserve a separate name. I- this sense a biquaternion is the sum of two quaternion belonging to dilferent systems, so that their product vai ish In ]-}4° or twice iiurt of a ffi'cat cir , biradiatei biradiated (bi-ra'di-at, -a-ted), a. ^jij-cii (i,i.rd), „. [irA-. < riHu-sectioii being an obtuse-angled Iriiiiigle. blpnlmonary (bi-pul'mo-mi-ri), a. [< bi-^ + jiuhii-ii.oni.] In y(rnWiiiii/o, liaving only one pair of pultnoniiry sacs: oppo.tcil lo quadri/iul- niinuirii, Wpunctate aii-piingk'tftt), a. [< W-'-i + puno- liiti . 1 Having two punctures or Hpotn. Wpnnctnal (i.i-pungk'iti-|il). a. [< W-* + jiiiniiii.il. ill llio liteml mii-fe.] Having two iMiiiii-. p.jpuncluiU cotiTdlnatei. n<'v c„<,rdiunic. mpnpillate d.i-pu'i-i-liU), a. [< '"-" + /»w;n'- lal' . I ll.iviiig a (liHible pupil: in rnlom., miimI of like Hpol on tlio wing -jf it b connected with L. brUda, birch: see liitula.] 1. A tree or shrub belonging lo tho genus lU- tuUt (wllicll see). The bliiheii have miiootli, hinij. naled ..ut.r bark and i-los.- gniliied wooil, wlilch In Home ipeeles U liai d and lough, taking a line polluli, and l« iiKcd In till- iimiiiilaeture of fiiniltiire ami (or many oiinr pur- poneH. The whlU', Kray, or (."plar bireli, llclnln :dlrl and liiqron. Tho common Tent, wor.l fin- 'bird' (.lef. 2) is/(»r^ now reslricled in Knglish: see fowl.] It". The young of any fowl. Ileiug fell bv us, you ns.il us so As that nngeiille gull the eu.'k.io's ()ird , I'seth the »|iarrow. .sliak., I Hen. IV., V. 1. 2. A feathered vertebrate animal of the dnss .Irr.i. fri'.|ueiilly in.'lu.l.'.l "illi reptiles in ii su- perclass Sai(roii.-»llig of the old belief In UM language of lilrds and lieilHtH. , , , A', n. 'I'ulvr, Prim. Cnllnr.', I.I. Aquatic birds. Hcc aqnalic- Arabian bird, the (nl>- nl.iiiH i.li.nlx. s.'i' .Ini/onii.- Baltimore bird, s,-.- .pr^ ../.' Blrd-con)urer. sce ciijn,... Bird of iroedpm. lb.- .\ln.li.'an lial.l .'agle. | All Am. i iianisni, I Bird 01 Jove, lb.' .'iigli' Bird of Juno, lb.' i.. a. ... K. Bird Of Minerva, lb.' owl. Bird of nlKht, lb.' owl. Bird of paradlBo, ("1 'hi.' "I lb.' r,u„.l,.r,d,r, ..»,-in.' pa^s.-rliio blr.lH ri'hile.l t.. lb.' .'..rviii,' an.l slninol.l pass.'rlllM. .'..illlii.-il lo the Papuan i.'ul..n. an.l long fanioiiH for mag- ^ lillleelleu o( plumage aii.l (oi the exliaor.lhiary dcvsl- bird Topography of a Bird. (From Coues's " Key to North American Birds.") , forehead {/rons); a, lore: 3, circuinocular region; 4, crown (-vfrtex); s. eye e \tiucha) ; 8, ' ■ ' ■ ■ - - - -' • ' rsutft. or back 10, interscapular region ; 11, aorsutn. or back proper, including 10 ; 12, nottxum, or upper part of body proper, including 10. ir, anu 13; 13, rump [uropygmtn) ; 14, up- per tail-coverts; 15, tail; 16, under tail-coverts {crjssH>n)x 17, tarsus; 18, abdo- men; 19, hind toe (Aa//«A-) ; 2o,^aj'^rits : chiclly in the saying, "Birds of a fe.itller flock together," indicating tile usual association with one an. other of persons of like proclivities. — Early bird, an early " " ; morning : i to the proverb, " The early bird catches the worm. "— Man- of-war bird. Same as friyate-bird.^ Sea-cow bird, th treblf-cnllared plover of Africa, -fi(7iff;/f..s' /;/(v.H«ri4; Si, ,.,.,,, , ,., . -u - ^ . i i called l.y i.'liapman, a traveler in southern Africa. — To birdie- (ber di), ». A name about Aberdeen, hear a bird sing, to receive private communication ; be informed privately or secretly. I heard a bird so sing. Skak., 2 Hen. IV., v. 5. I heard a bird siny, they mean him no good office. Fletcher, Loyal Subject, iv. 2. birdi (berd), V. i. [< bird^, «.] 1. To catch birds ; go bird-shooting or fowling. I do invite you to-morrow morning to my house to break- fast : after, well Si-birdiny together. Shak., M. W. of W., iii. 3. Hence — 2t. To look for phmder ; thieve. Mam. These day owls Sur. That are birdiTig in men's purses. B. Jonvon, Alchemist, v. 3. birdet (bferd), M. [Sc. bird, burd, etc.; < ME. bird, herd, burd, byrd, etc., a transposition of the somewhat less common brid, bride, etc., Scotland, of the young halibut. birding-piecet (ber'ding-pes), n. A fowUng- piece. Shak:, M. W. of W., iv. 2. My Lord Hinchingbroke, I am told, hath had a mis- chance to kill his boy by his birdiny-piece going off as he was a-fowling. Pepys, Diary, I. 420. bird-lime (berd'ljm), n. A viscous substance prepared from the inner bark of the holly. Ilex Aquifolium, used for entangling small birds in order to capture them, twigs being smeared with it at places where birds resort or are like- ly to alight. Holly is of so viscous a juice, as they make birdlime of the bark of it. Baeori, Nat. Hist., § 692. Not bird-lime or Idean pitch produce A more tenacious mass of clammy juice. Dryden, tr. of Virgil's Georgics, iv. 57. prop, a bride, but much used in poetry in the birdlime (biSrd'lim), v. t. To smear ■with bird- general sense of 'maiden,' 'girl,' -with the epi- lime. 36 bird's-nest When the heart is thus bird-liined, then it cleaves to everything it meets witli. Goodwin, A Christian's Growth, it 3. bird-louse (berd'lous), n. One of a kind of lico whicli iiil'(!Ht tho plumage of birds. The genera and species are numerous. They arc mostly degl-aded parasitic insects of the order Mallophaga, and constitute most of tliat order. birdman (bt-rd'man), n.; pi. birdmen (-men). [< bird^ + maii.y 1. A bird-catcher; a fowl- er. — 2. An ornithologist. — 3. One who stuffs birds. birdnest (berd'nest), V. for the nests of birds. bird-net (berd'net), n. iiig birds. bird-organ (b6rd'6r"gan), n. A small barrel- organ used in teaching birds to whistle tunes. bird-plant (berd ' plant), M. A lobeliaceous plant, Uetcrotoma lobelioides, from Mexico, with yellow irregular flowers somewhat resemjjling a bird. Also called eanary-bird Jtoiver. bird's-bread (berdz'bred), 11. A name of the coiniiion stonecrop, Sedum aere. bird-seed (berd'sed), n. Small seeds used for fcciliiif,' birds, as those of hemp or millet ; more spccilicnlly, the seed of Phalaris t'anarieiisis, or eanary-gi'ass. bird's-eye (berdz'i), n. and a. I. n. 1. In bot: (a) The pheasant's-eye, Adonis autumnali.tA cJt-f'/.W'jr. bird-tick (berd'tik), n. A name of some pnpip- arous dipterous insects which infest the plu- mage of birds, creeping quickly about among the feathers. A good example is Olfersia ameri- cam. which is found on manv species of birds, birl^ (berl) bird-witted(bcrd'wit'ed), a. Having only the ^ ■" •■■•■•■■ wit of a bird ; passing rapidly from one subject to another ; flighty. It a child be birdtrilted, that is, hath not the faculty of attention, the mathematicks giveth a remedy thereunto. Bacort, Works, I. l(il. birectangular (bi-rek-tang'gu-liir), a. [< bi-^ + ifctanijiilur.'] Ha\-ing two right angles : as, a birectaiu/iilar spherical triangle. birefractive (bi-rf-frak'tiv), a. [< hi-- + re- name as birefringent. 562 II. n. 1. A lively yoimg fellow; a self-as- sertive fellow. Ye see yon birlcie ca'd a lord, Wha struts, an' stai-es, an' a' that. Burns, For A' Tliat. 2. Beggar-mv-neighbor: a game a', cards — Auld tirWe, t'U boy". [Oi.lloq.l ^ .^ ,. , , , , , birll (berl), f. [Sc. and E. dial., also burl, < MK. birleii. byrhn, < AS. byrelian, byrlian, bir- Uan (> Icel. byrla), pour out drink, < byrde (> Icel. byrti), a cupbearer, butler (perhaps con- nected with OS. biril = OHG. biril. a basket), prop, a carrier, bearer, < beran, bear: see bear^.'i 1. trans. 1. To pour out (wine, etc.) for. Dame Elynour entrete To byrle them of tlie best. Skelton, Elynour Eummyng, 1. 269. 2. To supply or ply with drink. II. iiitraiis. To drink in company; carouse. [A modern forced use.] "~ - - J, [Appar. imitative; cf. birr", bur-, whirl, ifhir. tirl, etc.] I. iiitrans. To move or rotate rapidly; make a noise like that made by wheels moving rapidly over stones or gravel. II. trans. To cause to rotate; twirl or spin (as a' coin) in the air or on a table, as in pitch- and-toss; hence, to toss out (a coin or coins) on the table as one's contribution; contribute as one's share in paying for drinks: as, "I'll birl mv bawbee," Scotch soikj. birla'w", birley, birlie, «. See byrlaw. t'ractirc.'] . -u.^.^ «., ., — ^ .,.•. — , •" ;-. ■ ,. ., - o i. tirefringent (bi-re-frin'.jent), a. [< hi-- + re- birla'wman, birlieman, birlyman, ». See byr- fhnncnt.'i Doubly refractive ; possessing the l,,u-iiiaii. property of separating a ray of light into two birlin (bcV'lin), n. [Also birUnn, birhng, berhn, ravsbv double refraction. See refraction. bcrlimj ; < Gael, birliiin, btoirhnn, a barge or bireme (bi'rem), «. [< L. biremis, < li-, two-, pleasure-boat.] A kind of boat used m the -I- remus, an oar.] An ancient galley ha^-ing two banks or tiers of oars. K few were biremes, the rest stout triremes. i. n'allacr, Ben-Hur, p. 149. biretta (bi-ret'a). n. [Also birrelta. herrelta; < It. berrctta ="Sp. birreta = Pr. berreta, bar- Hebrides, rowed with from four to eight long oars, but seldom furnished with sails. There's a place where their berlins and galliea, as they ca'd them, used to lie in lang syne. Scott, Guy Mannering, xl. reta = F. barette (> E. barret"), fem. ; form. Pr. birret = Cat. baret = F. beret (see beret),<.'Slh.bir- rettiim, birrctum, al- so bereta, etc., dim. of birru.t, a hood or cape, Llj. a cloak: seefcirriw.] 1. Origi- nally, any small cap worn as "distinctive of a trade or pro- fession ; afterward, a scholastic cap, or Sailing from Ireland in a birlinn or galley. Quoted iu N. and Q., Ctliser. birlingi (b^r'ling), A drinking-match. XII. 79. [Verbal n. of hirn, c] birtb-hour older Ti'p(7i5f, red, flame-colored; cf. iri'piTiif, ;i fire-brand, usually referred to irii/i = E. fire. Hence ult. biretta, berrctta, etc. (see biretta), burrcl, bureau, etc.] 1. Under the Roman em- pire, and later, a cloak with a hood worn as an outer garment for protection from the wea- ther. It was strictly a heavy anil niuifh garment, woven of co.irse woi^ in its natural color ; but after a time cloaks of the same form and name came to be made of Hue qual- ity also. 2. A species of coarse thick woolen cloth used by the poorer classes in the middle ages for cloaks and external clothing. birse (bers), H. [Sc, also birs, < ifE. brust, < AS. b)/rst = OHG. burst, bursia, MHG. borst, biirst.' borste, G. borstc = Icel. burst = Sw. borst = Dan. borste, bristle: the primitive of bristle, q. v.] A bristle ; collectively, bristles. [Scotch.] —To set up one's blrse, to put one on his mettle; put one in a towering pasiiion. birsle (ber'sl), r. t.; pret. and pp. birsled, ppr. birslin(i. [Sc, also brissle. bruslc = E. brustle, make a crackling noise: see brustle^.] 1. To scorclt or toast, as before a fire: as, to birsle one's self or one's shanks before the fire. — 2. To parch or broil : as, to birsle peas or potatoes. [Scotch.] birt (bcrt), II. [Also written burt, and formerly bcrt, bi/rt; also brit, bret, q. v.] A local Eug- lisli name of the turbot, P.irum. pi. pira, whence also ult. E. pear, q. v.] That jiai-t of an instrument of the clarinet class into which the mouthpiece fits: so called from its shape. -y 1.] Abounding such as was worn — — , indoors by mem- Bircna. birny (b6r'm), a. [< birn^ -t- bers of the learned in birns. [Scotch.] ,.i -x * - , n professions; now, in the Rom. Cath. Ch., the birostrate, birostrated (bi-ros trat, -tra-ted), ecclesiastical cap. This last is square, and ha.s three „. [rocecdlng to and from the altar at mass. 2. Bvoxtension, aTuniscap; a smoking-cap. ';'■''/'';';'' J^-"'/,'';"'';.-,,,-, , birgandert,". ^ee bergander. ^}'^°H*°f7 ^''': "J'^" birlomboidal (bi.rom:boi'dal), a. [< 6.f + "'V/.J 1 ossessing dc rho,nbo,dal]n..Su^ a si.rtaco composed of ^";;^^; {.^'o-tin). « twelve rhomlii ■faV"?, which','"being "taken six birotine (.'"r'a-tin); --- - ^ - luiid i>l silk from tlie [Origin tmcertain.] Levant. 8hadow« i.f the sllvfr hirk «wceii tho green that folds thy grairo. '/''•«ni/jion, A Dirge, I. birk'- fb/rk), r. I. [Sc; origin obscure; cf. I.. '..;,-<, bark, bluster.] To give a tart an- ■.•.THO in a sharp and cutting way, birkcn i" r'kcn), a. Northern English and S.i.'-li 1i:nn lit birchen. birkent dior'ken), r. I. [< birkcn, a., or (.irA.1 + -r«'.] To beat with a liin-h or nxl. ■niey ran up ami ilown like ("rh «. ami liirkrnM \hm>' Ihejr m«l with. Chritltan ttrliilinni Apiirnl. p. Ill brarl.] It. A strong wiml.— 2. The force of tho wind; impetus; momentum. — 3. A thrust or juiKh.— 4. Force; vigor; energy. [Scotcli anil North. Eng.] birr- (bi'T), v.i. [Sc, also hir. her. etc, appiir. imitative, like bur", burr", and birl". ij. v. | To make n whirring noise; make a noise like thai of revolving wIiocIh, or of inillBtoneH at work, [Scotch.] .... birr-(bi'T),»i. [n that birtit confers rights anterior to law and unalterable by law. .Miicaubiil. 5. That which is born ; that which is produced. Poets are far rarer liirtlis tlian kings. JS. Jvn.iiin, Epigrams. Others hatch their eggs and teml the birth till it Is able to shift for itself, .iddixvn. Spectator, No. 120. Lines, the birth of some chance morning or evening at an Ionian teatival, or among the Saliine hills, have lasted generation after generation. J. H. A'eiriiiaii, Oriun. of Assent, p. i6. 6t. Nature; kind; sex; natural character. y. E. J>.— 7t In astrol., nativity; fortime. A cunning man did calculate my liirlh, And told me that by water 1 sllould die. Shak., -i Hen. VI., Iv. 1. New blrtb, regeneration (which sec), birth'-', ". See berth-. birth-childt(beilli'chil Dan. beskojt), < OF. hescoit, bescuit, later biscut, F. biscuit =Pr. bcscueit = Sp. biz- cocho = I'g. hiscouto = It. biscotto, lit. twice cooked, < L. his, twice, + coctus, pp. of coquere, cook.] 1. A kind of hard, dry bread, consist- ing of flour, water or milk, and salt, and baked in thin flat cakes. The name is also extended to similar articles very variously made and fla- vored. See cracker. As dry as the remainder biscuit After a voyage. Shak., As you Like it, ii. 7. 2. A small, round, soft cake made from dough raised with yeast or soda, sometimes shortened with lard, etc. [U. S.] — 3. In ceram., porce- lain, stoneware, or pottery after the first bak- ing, and before the application of the glaze. Formerly bisque Meat biscuit, a preparation con- sisting of the matter extracted from meat by boiling, com- bined with flour, and baked in the form of biscuits. biscuit-oven (bis'kit-uv"n), n. In ceram., the oven used for the first baking of porcelain, bringing it to the state known as biscuit. biscuit-root (bis'kit-rot), n. A name given to several kinds of wild esculent roots which are extensively used for food by the Indians of the Columbia river region, especially to species of Camassia and Peucedanum. biscutate (bi-ski\'tat), a. [< hi-^ + scutate.] In hot., resembling two shields or bucklers placed side by side ; having parts of such a character. bisdiapason (bis"di-a-pa'zon), n. [< his + rf(nj)OSon.] In music, an interval of two octaves, or a fif- teenth. bise (bez), n. [F. : see bice.] A dry cold north and northeast wind, prevailing especially in Provence and the Rhone valley, and very destructive to vegeta- tion, so that " to be struck by the hise" has become a proverb in Provence, meaning to be over- taken by misfortune: nearly the same as mistral. bisect (bi-sekf), V. t. [< L. hi-, two-, -t- sectus, pp. of secare, cut : see section.] To cut or divide into two parts ; specifically, in geom., to cut or divide into two equal parts. One line bisects another when it crosses it, leaving an equal pai't of the line ou each side of the point of intersection. He exactly bisects the effect of our proposal. Gladstone. An inevitable dualism bisects natm-e, so that each thing is a half, and suggests another thing to make it whole : as, spirit, matter ; man, woman. Emerson, Compensation. Bisecting dividers. See divider.— Bisecims gage. See '7a oAo-of, a watcher), < -y/ *crK^~ = L. sptecercy look at: see scope, specieSj specta- cle, spy, etc.] 1. An overseer: once applied to Christ in the Xew Testament. For ye were as sheep going astray ; but are now retxim- ed unto the Shepherd and Biihop of your souls. 1 Pet. u. 25. 2. In the earliest usage of the Christian church, a spiritual overseer, whether of a local church or of a number of churches; a niler or director in the church. See elder and presbyter. Paul and Timotheus ... to all the saints in Christ Jesus which are at Philippi, with the bishops and deacons. Philip, i. 1. The English version lias hardly dealt fairly in this case with the sacred text, in rendering ennTKovov^y verse 28 (Acts XX.), "overseers"; whereas it ought there, as in all other places, to have been "bishops"; that the fact of t-Klers and bi. another Is B;ild U> be Irnntlatfd ; the church contain- ing bin cathedra or episcopal throne Is called cathedral. and the local JiirlsdlrtlDU indicated by this throne, and thf city or locality in which Ibis standi, together with the dio<:.'«e or terrll'jry attached to it, bis */■-, to which he Is uiid to be itrddf'd, and which In in'dowfd when deprived of him. This relation Is symlKillztd by the bishop's ring, which In the \Ve«t»*ni rhurcb Is a part of the Insignia of hi* '.jtire, t/>«. gothT. JUrltfHS. 7. !• A name of viirions hptcron- ijx iriMiTtd, ttN'! inllfd IttHli'iii f(- "II'' iijiiri- fniit by pifreing il, and euiit an inliiicraDlu oilor. (o) A oamo of the Bishop's Throne and Synlhronus. — Basilica of Torcello. near Venice. of the principal or cathedral church of his diocese. In the early church, as stil! in the Greelv Church and in some Roman Catholic churches, it stood hehind the altar in the apse, and formed the central and highest seat of the syn- thronus (which see). Accordinj:; to a later arrantiement. which continues to be the j^eneral rule in Roman ("atholic and Anglican catheiirals, it is placed at the extreme east end of the stalls on either (preferaldy tlie nortliern or gos- pel) side, and is generally separate, hut sometimes forms part of tlie stalls. It is usually of wood, but often of mar- ble or bronze. .\lso called cn^Aerfra. — Boy-blshop. .'^ee fcci/i.— Cardinal bishop. See cardijiat.—Cskse of the seven bishops, a famous English trial, in ItV^s, of the nrl- jii;itr and !-i\ bishops on a charge of libel in protesting, in a petition to James II., against his order that his "declara- tions for liberty of conscience" be read in the churchea. — Chancellor of a bishop. See c/ifoio/ior.— Coadju- tor bishop, a bishop who assists t!ie bishop of tlie tlio- ccse in discharging the duties of his bishopric. — Dio- cesan bishop, a bishop having jurisdiction over the churches and clergy in a regularly organized diocese, and having his canonical place of resitience anti his catlu-dral church in a city (called his see-cittt or ratfietlral rit;/), fr.iin which heusually takes his title, and from which he governs ami visits his diocese : opposed to an asgislant, coddjulur. missionani , or itim'niiii t'i.^h'ip. -Ecumenical bishop. Sec ccuwu-nicn;.— Itinerant bishop, a bisliop not having a separate teiTitorial jurisdiction, but possessing joint authority with others over all the churches of the same organization. The bishops of the Methodist anil Moravian churches are itinerant bishops.— Suffragan bishop. (olitiin. This title is used of the other bishops of the Church of I-ltig1and in relation to the archbishops. bishop (bi.sli'up), !•. t. ; prot. mid pp. hishnjml or hitiliojiped, \<\>v. hisltopituj or bishopjriny. [< MK. bigchopcn, < AS. bixcopiav, < biscop ; from tlic uouu. In the last two senses, from the ]>ro]>i'r name Jiishnp.'] 1. To administer the rite of confirmation to; admit solemnly into the church; confirm. [Arcliaic] They are prophane, imperfect, oh ! too bad . . . Except conllrm'd and t/ijthoppftt by thee. Ikmni', I'oenis, p. 172. 2. To confirm (anything) formally. [Jocular.] And chtjse to Iicar The name of fool confirmed and Itiji/topt'tt by the fair. /fru'lru, Cyin. and Iphlg., I. 'Jt;t. 3t. To appoint to the office of bishop. This trii'lition of lliahiipinij Timothy over Ephesus was lilit taken for granted out of that place In St. I'aul, which wall only an intreatliiK lillii tu tnrry at Ephenlla, to do floniethlng left him in charge. MUlon, Prelfttlcftl KplRropaey, 4. To let (milk, Mc.) bum wliile conkinj;: in alltiHion to (ho ])rovi'rb, "The hiHlmii Iium put hiH foot in it." rinirl.ill. [North. Kn^. dinl. | — 5. [Supposed lo bo from Jtinliap, tlic niinii' of a horHc-dcaler, J In farriiri/, to make (iin old horse) look like a young one, or to give a good appearance to (a bad liorse) in ordiT to deei-ivi' iiurcluiHers. — 6. [From a man nnmed Jlislinj), who in IKll drowned a boy in nnliT to Ki'll liiH body for disNi'ction. ('f. biiih.] To niiiribr by drowning. biflhop-blrd (biHh'up-l)/'rd), H. A name of sun- dry African woavor-birds of tho family I'locci- bisbop's-weed da, especially of the restricted genus Eupiec- tes (Swainson) or Pyromelana (Bonaparte). bishopdom (bish'up-dum), «. [< bishop + - of a bishop. Thackcraij. [Kare.] bishophood (bish'up-hiid), H. [< ME. bischop- hoiid, < AS. bisccophdd, < bixccop, bishop, -t- hdd, condition: see bishop and -hood.~i The of- fice, dignity, or rank of bishop. bishoplyt (bish'up-li), 0. [< ME. bisshoply, etc., < AS. bi.sceojdic : see bishop and -/^t.] Bishop- like ; episcopal. If he preach . - . before a bishop, then let him treat of bijshoply duties and orders. Latimer, 1st Sermon bef. Edw. VI. (1549). Episcopal, which has supplanted bishoplij, is only a Latin wi 'rd in an English dress. Trench, Study of Words, p. 104. bishoplyt (bish'up-li), adv. [< bishop + -ly'^.] In the manner of a bishop. bishop-ray (bish'up-ra), H. 1. A raioid sela- chian of the family Myliobatidw, Jitobatis (or Stoasodon) narinari, of tropical and subtropical seas, sometimes wandering in summer north- ward along the coast of the United States to ^*irgillia. Its disk is twice as wide as long, and is briovnish diversified with small round pale spots. 2. Any fish of the genus JEtobatis. bishopric (bish'up-rik), n. [Early mod. E. also bishoprifhc, hishoprick ; < ME. bisshoj>rikr, bis- i-choprichc. also contracted bispriche, < AS. bis- ccdjirii'c (= Icel. biskup.Rriki), < bisciop, bishop, + rice, ,iurisdiction, kingdom, =Icel. riki = u. reich, kingdom; connected with AS. rice, pow- erful, rich: see -no, rich.'] 1. The office or dignity of a bisliop. A virtuous woman should reject marriage as a good man does a bishaprick ; but I would ailvise neither tii per- sist ill refusing. Adilisim. Spectator, No. 81). 2. The district over which the jurisdiction of a bishop extends ; a diocese. On the 17th of April, 1420, a question was raised in council which involved liis right to retain the hisbajn-ic of Winchester. Slubbs, Const. Hist,§ti&7, 3t. The charge of instructing and governing in spiritual concerns; overseorship. His hishi'pric let another take. Acts i. 20. bishop's-cap (bish'ups-kap), n. A name of two species of Mitclhi (If. diphylla and M. iiiida), natural order Saxifraijacca; which are natives of the United States : so called from the form of the pod. Also called mitcrwort. And bishop's-caps have golden rings. lAmcifclhnv, Prel. to Voices of the Night bishop's-elder (bish'ups-el'd6r), n. Same as hishiiji'.i-ira il, 1. bishop's-hat (bish'up.s-hat), H. Another name 111' I lie barrenwort, Kpimcdium alpinum. bishopship (bish' up-ship), n. [< bishop •¥ -ship.] Sumo as bishopdom, 1. Miltoti. bishop's-leaves (bisli'uiis-levz), >i. A species of tif^wiirt, Scrojiliiddrid atjiidlico. bishop-sleeve (bish'up-slev), ". A peculiar wide form of sleeve formerly worn by women: so nam(s. bishop's-length (bish'ups-length), H. In paint- iiiil, eniivns iiii'usuring M inches by !M. The Imll'-liisliop measures 4.') inches by .V). bishop's-miter (bish'ups-mi ter), «. 1. Same US /ii.v/ii//), 7 («)• — 2. A name of the mitor- sholl, Milro ijiiscoiiali.i, of the family ^filrid Ived this name fi the great illlllcnlty of extlriial- Ing II. Also called l/i«hiip'ii-rlilrr. 2. A name given to the jilants of tho genua .tiiimi, anil in Iho Tiiiloil Slates to a somewhat similar iiiMbrllifi'mim )ilant, Disrojdnira enjril- Idcett.— Xrue bUllop'a-woed, tlie ujowui.' f-'orum C'o|>' ticum. bishop's-wort bishop's-WOrt (bish'ups-wert), n. A name givou to the devil-iiJ-:i-V)usli, NujcUa Damasccna, and to betouy, SUwhi/.i BcUmiea. bishop-weed, n. See bishop's-wced. bisilicate (bi-sil'i-kat), n. [< 6(-2 + silicate.'] 1. A salt formed by the union of a base and a eilicic acid containing two atoms of silicon. It may be a bibasio or a polybasie acid. — 2. A Bait of metasilicie acid, Hof!ii(.);j, in which the ratio of oxygen atoms combined with the base and silicon respectively is as 1:2: for example, calcium metasilicate (the mineral woUaston- ito), CaSiOg or CaO.Si02. bisiliO[UOUS (bi-sU'i-k\vus), a. [< iJ-2 + sili- giioiis.] In hot., having two pods. bisinuate (bi-sin'u-at), «. [< ?)i-2 + simiate.'i III :oi>l., having two concave em'ves meeting in a convex curve : as, a bisinuate margin. bisinuation (bi-sin-u-a'shon), n. [< bisinuate, alter sinuation.'] In entom., the state of being bisinuate ; a double curve on a margin. bisk^ «. See bisque". bisk'-', bisque'' (bisk), n. [< F. bisque, odds at play, a fault at teunis; cf. It. bisca, a gaming- house; origin imknown.] Odds at tennis-play ; specifically, a stroke allowed to the weaker jilayer to equalize the parties. bisk-' (bisk), )(. Same as bikh. biskett (bis'ket), II. A former spelling of bis- cuit. Biskra bouton, Biskra button. Same as Alep- po ulcer (which see, under ulcer). bismar, «. See bismer^. Bismarck brown. See brown. bismet, «• An apheretie form of abisme. bismerlf, '»• [ME., also bismar, bisemer, etc.; < AS. hismer, bismor (= OS. bismer = OHG. bi- smcr, reproach, opprobrium, derision, abuse), < bi- (accented), by, -t- -smer, perhaps con- nected with MHG. smieren, smile, AS. smercian, E. smirk, and ult. with E. smile, hence orig. a laughiiif,' at, ridicule. Hence the verb bismeri- an, blsiiirian, reproach, deride, abuse.] 1. Abu- sive speech: as, "bakbitynge and bismer," Piers Plowman (B), v. 89. Ful of hokur, and of bissemare. Chaucer, Reeve's Tale, 1. 45. 2. A person worthy of scorn. bismer-, bismar (bis'mer, -mar), n. [Also writ- ten bijsmer, bismorc, sometimes bissiiuar; < leel. bismari = OSw. bisiiiiirr. Sw. bcsmnii = Dan. bis- mer = MD. besemcr = MLG. bcscmcr, bisemer, a steelyard, balance ; < Lett, besmens, besmers, Lith. be-menas, Russ. bezmenu, Pol. besmian, a balance.] A balance or steelyard used in the northeast of Scotland, and in the Orkney and Shetland islands. bismer'' (bis'mer), n. [Origin uncertain.] The name in the Orkney islands of the sea-stickle- back, Spinachia vulgaris. bismer pund (bis'mer-pond), n. [Dan., < bis- mer, a steelyard, -I- pund = E. pound.'] A ■weight used in Denmark, equal to 6 kilograms precisely, or 13 pounds 3| ounces avoirdu- pois. It was formerly one three-hundredth part less. bismillah (bis-mil'a), iuterj. [Turk. Ar. bi- 's;h-(7?«/(, in the name of Allah: see Allah. ] In God's name : an adjuration or exclamation common among Moslems. Sometimes written bizmellah. bismite (biz'mit), n. [< bism{uth) + -ite^.] Native oxid of bismuth, or bismuth ocher. bismore (bis'mor), «. Same as bismer^. bismuth (biz'muth), n. [= F. bismuth, < G. bismuth, now commonly iinsmiit, toismuth, orig. wissmuth ; of mod. (17th centmy) but unknown origin.] Chemical symbol, Bi ; atomic weight, 208 ; specific gravity, 9.6 to 9.8. A metal of a peculiar light-reddish color, highly crystalline, and so brittle that it can be pulverized, its crys- talline form is rhombohedial, closely approximating that of tlie cube. It occurs native in imperfect crystallizations, filiform shapes, and disseminated particles, in the crystal- line rociis ; also as a sulphuret, and in combination with tellurium and some other metals, and in various oxidized combinations. The native metal and the carbonate (bis- mutite) are the chief important sources of the bismuth of commerce. Until recently, almost the entire supply of the metal came from Sclnieeberg in Sjixony, where it oc- curs in combination with ores of cobalt, arsenic, and sil- ver. Nearly all the bismuth of commerce contains at least a trace of silver. Bismuth is a remarkable metal in that its specific gravity is diminished, instead of being in- creased, by pressure. It is the most diamiignetic of the metals. It fuses at a comparatively low temperature (507"), and is volatilized at a white heat. Alloys of bis- mutli with tin and lead fuse at a temperature considerably less tlian that of l)oiliug water. (.See Xt^wtun'g and Rose's iiufitts, under metal.) Alloys of the same meials with the addition of cadmium fuse at still lower temperatures ; 566 one prepared by Lipowltz remains perfectly fluid at I'lO". These alloys have Ijcen used to some extent for clidies and for stcreotyi)iiig, but are ju)w of little practical im[Mti-- tance. Tlie chief uses of bisirnith areas a jiK'.lii ineainl asa cosmetic. l''..rth.-Nc purposis it is prepare .1 in tin- loiniof the subnitrat.' . alld in tllc old iiliarniatcutiral laiiKiiaue nuitjisteriuiti hisittnflit. The cosmetic, in preparing wliicli the liasic clilorid has also been employed, is known as pcarl-powder or blanc d'Espagnc. Bismuth has of late years been nmch experimented with a.s a pos8il)le compo- nent of useful alloys, for several of whicli patents liave been issued ; Iiut no one of these alloys is known to luive come into general use. iiisnmth has also been used to a limited extent in the manufacture of liighly refractive glass, anil of strass (which see). It is used with antimony in the thermo-electric pile or battery. (.Sec ttieniiu-etce- triciUi.) It has also begun to be used to some extent in the manufactui-e of porcelain, for the purpose of giving to its surface a peculiar colorless, iri.Hed luster, which can also be bail of v;uious colors when other metals are used in lonibiiiatioii with the bismuth. This metal is one for which the demand is extremely fluctuating, but on the whole increasing; audj as its ores have nowhere been dis- covered in large quantity, its price has been more variable than that of any other metal, with the possible exception of nickel, running between 55 cents and S5 a pound. The total consumption of the metal is probably between 25 and 50 tons a year, and it comes chiefly from the Erz- gebirge (lietween Saxony and Bohemia), France, South America, and New South Wales. It wa.s called by the al- chemists, while in their uncertain condition of knowledge as to its nature, by various names, as marcasita arr/entea, pluuthuni cbiereum, staiinum ciiwreum, etc. ; also called formerly in French rldia ile ,ilni-e, corrupted in English into (iii-(7(ossc.— Bismuth-biende, the mineral eulytite (which see).— Bismuth-glance, an ore of bisnmth. J'ris- 7imtic bismuth-glaiir,' is a snljibid of bismuth or bismuth- iuite, and acicular hisntiitli-tjUince is the same as needle, ore or (lifadiVe.— Bismuth ocher, the mineral bismite.— Bismuth silver. Sec ^r./.;l^.^|■^u^ HfiV,'.— Butter of bis- muth, an old name for the cblorid of hi.^Tiuith. — Flowers Of bismuth, a yellow-colond oxid formed by the subli- mation of bismuth.— Magistery of bismuth, the subni- trate or basic nitrate (tf bismuth. — Telluric bismuth, the mineral tetradymitc. bismuthal (biz'muth-al), a. [< bismuth + -al.] Pertaining to or composed of bismuth. bismuthic (biz'muth-ik), a. [< bismuth + -ic] Of bismuth: as, bismuthic oxid and bismuthic acid. bismuthid (biz'muth-id), n. [< bismuth + -id^.] An alloy of bismuth with another metal. bismutHiferous (biz-muth-if'e-rus), a. [< Ws- mutJi -\- -i-ferous.] Containing bismuth. Bisimithtferous calcium carbonate yields only a violet fluorescence, differing little from that produced without the bismuth. Scl. Amer. Supp., XXII. 9121. bismuthin, bismuthine (biz'muth-in), n. [< bismutit -h -ill", -inc".] See bismuthinitc. bismuthinite (biz-muth'i-nit), n. [< bismuth- ill + -/(('-.] Native bismuth sulphid, a mine- ral of a lead-gray color and metallic Ulster oc- curring in aeieular crystals, also massive, with a foliated or fibrous structure. It resembles stibnite, mth which it is isomorphous. bismuthite, ". See bismutite. bismuthous (biz'muth-us), a. [< bismuth -f -oiis.] In cheni., combined with bismuth as a triad: as, bismuthous oxid, BigOg. bismutite, bismuthite (biz'mut-it, -muth-it), n. [< bismuth -t- -itc".] A hydrous carbonate of bismuth. bismutosphserite (biz'''mut^o-sfe'rit), n. [< bis- muth -(- Gr. aipalpa, sphere, -I- -ite".] Anhydrous bismuth carbonate (Bi.2C05), sometimes occur- ring in spherical forms with radiated struetm-e. bisogniot, bisognot (bi-s6'ny6), n. [Also writ- ten besognio, bessognc, bessogno, bezonian, etc. ; < It. bisogno, need, a needy fellow, beggar.] A person of low rank ; a beggar. Spurn'd out by grooms like a base bisofjno. Cliapinan, Widow's Tears, i. 4. Beat the beisognes that lie hid in the carriages. Brome. He that would refuse to swallow a dozen healths on such an evening, is a base besognio, and a puckfoist, and shall swallow six inches of my dagger. Scott, Kenilworth, I. xviii. bison (bi'son), n. [= D. bison = G. bison = Sw. bison = Dan. bison {-oxe), < F. bison = Pr. bi~on = Sp. bisonte = Pg. bisao = It. bissonte, < L. bison{t-) (first in PUny and Seneca), > Gr. fliauv (in Pausanias) ; prob. from OTeut. : cf . OHG. wisunt, wisant, wisint, MHG. G. wisent = Icel. (perhaps borrowed) nsuiidr, bison, = AS. wesend, a wild ox; origin uncertain.] 1. The aurochs, or bonasus, a European -wild ox: hence applied to several similar animals, re- cent and extinct.— 2. Bison or Bos americanus, improperly called the buffalo, an animal which formerly ranged over most of the United States and much of British America in countless num- bers, now reduced to probably a few thousands, and apparently soon to become extinct as a-wild animal. It formerly extended into some of the Atlantic States, as Virginia ; the contraction of the area of its habi- tat and the reduction of its numbers have gone on steadily with the advance of European occupatioii ; the construc- tion of the Union Pacific railroad cut the great herd in bissextile two, leaving a soutliern or Texan herd, chiefly in the re- gion rif the Staked Plains, and a northern or Yellowstone or Saskatchewan herd, in the region of the upper .Missouri and northward. The animal reM(-rnbles the aurochs (which see), but is considerably smaller ; the hump is very high and large ; the hind quarters are li^lit ; the tail ia a1>out American Uison (BijeH atnericanut). 20 inches long, ending in a wisp of hairs of about 6 inches additional ; the liorns, especially in the male, are short, thick, and much curved ; the head is can-ied very low ; the long shaggy hair of the fore parts sometimes sweeps the ground ; the color is bljiekish in fresh pelages, more brown or gray in worn ones and in aged individuals ; the calves are reddish. Formerly the hair-covered skins were much used as robes, but only the cows were killed for them, the hides of the bulls being not easily manageable. In summer, after shedding its hair, the animal is nearly naked. 3. [cap.] [NL.] A genus or subgenus of the family Bovidcr, inchuiing the aurochs, B. bona- sus (see cut under aurochs), the American bi- son, B. americanus, and several related fossil species, as B. latifrons. bisonant (bi'so-nant), a. [< 6i-2 -t- sonant. Cf. LL. bisonus, sounding twice.] Having two sounds, as an alphabetical letter. bisontine (bi'son-tin), a. [< NL. bisontinus, < L. bisiiii{t-), bison.] Bison-like; related to or re- sembling a bison ; belonging to the genus Bison. bispherical (bi-sfer'i-kal), a. [< bi-'^ -\- spheri- cal.] Composed of two spheres. Tiie second form [of Schizophytae] is bijtj/hericat : the spherical cell has grown and become contracted, or in- dented in the middle, forming two uinted gr'anules. Scleiwe, III. 157. bispinose (bl-spi'nds), a. [< bi-"^ -\- spinosc.] In ziiol. and bot., having two spines Bispinose eljrtra, in eiilom., those having each two apical, spine-like processes, bispinous (bi-spi'nus), a. [< 6i-2 -i- spinous.] Same as bispinose. bispiral (bi-spi'ral), a. [<. bi-^ -h spiral.] Con- taining two spiral fibers; doubly spiral: ap- plied to the elaters of some Hepaticie. bispore (bi'spor), n. [< Ji-2 -)- spore.] One of a pair of spores formed by the division of a vegetative cell in red algae, Floridew. It is the same as a tetraspore, except as regards num- ber. See tetra.yiore. bisporous (bi-spo'ms), a. [< 6i-2 -f sporous.] Containing or bearing two spores. bistjue^ (bisk), ji. [See biscuit.] In ceram.: (a) Formerly, same as biscuit, 3. (b) A variety of unglazed white jiorcelain used for statuettes and other small figures. bisque- (bisk), «. [F., crawfish soup; origin unknown.] In cooker;/, a soup made of meat or fish slowly stewed until all the strength is ex- tracted, and thickened with finely minced or shredded forcemeat; specifically, such a soup made from crabs, crawfish, shrimps, and the like. Also spelled bisk. bisque'', ". See bisk'^. bissabol (bis'a-bol), n. Same as besabol. bisse'^ (bis), n. [< OF. bissc, an adder.] In her., a snake borne as a charge. bisse^ (bis), n. [E. Ind.] A weight used in PondicheiTy, a French possession in India. It is exactly 2^ French pounds, or about 3 pounds 2 ounces avoirdupois. bisselt, !'. A variant of bez::lc. bissemaref, ». An unusual Middle English form of bismer'^. bissett, ". Same as bisctte. [Scotch.] bissex (bis'seks), «. [< I./, bis. twice, -I- sex = E. six.] A musical instrimient of the guitar kind having twelve strings, the pitch of the up- per si.x of which could be altered by stopping on frets. It was invented in 1770, but never extensively used. bissextt, "• [< ME. bisext, < L. bisexius. bissex- tiis (se. dies, day), an intercalary day, < bi-, bis, twice, + .wxtiis = E. sixth : so called because the sixth day before the calends of March was reckoned twice in even- fourth year. See &is- sexhis.] The intercalary day in leap-year. bissextile (bi-seks'til), a. and n. [<'ML. bis- scxtilis, bisextilis (sc. annus, year), leap-year, \ L. bisextus. bissextus : see bi.'isext.] I. a. Con- taining the bissextus or intercalary day: aj)- bissextile plied to those years which have 366 days, the extra day being inserted in the month of Febru- ary. See bisi'eJCttts, This occurs every fourth year, taken as each year of which the number is divisible by 4 without remainder. Inasmuch, however, as a year of 365i days exceeds the true length of a solar astronomical year by'll minutes and 14 seconds, amounting to an error of a day in 12S years, it was provided in the Gregorian calendar that the intercalarj" day should he omitted in all cente- nary years except those which are multiples of 400. n. n. A leap-year (which see). bissextUS (bi-seks'tos). h. [L. : see bissext, and cf. bissextile.'] The extra or intercalary day in- serted by the Julian calendar in the month of February every fourth year, in order to make np the six hours by which (it was reckoned) the natural or solar year exceeds the common year of 365 days. TJiis extra day was provided for by reckon- ing twice tile sixth day before the calends (or first) of March (or the sixth day from the calends of March, both days in. eluded, reckonini: backward from the succeeding month, as was the custom of the Romans), the "sixth " (or first sixth) day proper thus corresponding to February 25th, according to our reckoning, and the extra sixth, or "second sixth," to our February 24th. Since 1662, when the .Angli- can liturgj* was revised, the 29th day of Februar>' has been, more conveniently, regarded as the intercalated day in all English. speaking countries. In the ecclesiastical calen- dars of the countries of continental F.urope, however, the 24th day of February is still reckoned as the bissextus or intercal'ar>' day. bissont (bis'on), a. [Also E. dial, heesen, bee- zen ; < ME. bhen, bisne, ONorth. bisene, blind, of uncertain origin ; perhaps < AS. bi, be, by, -I- *sene, *syne, as in gesyne, adj., seen, visible, < seon, see. Cf. D. bijziend, short-sighted, < bij, = E. by. + :iend, ppr. of :ien, = E. see; G. bei- sichtig, short-sighted, < bei, = E. by, + sicht = E. sight.'] Blind or purblind; blinding: as, "bisson rheum," Shak., Hamlet, ii. 2. What harm can your bUgon conspectuities glean out of this character? .Shak., Cor., ii. 1. bisteptaanic (bi-ste-fan'ik), a. [< bi-~ + stepha- nion + -!<■.] In craniom., pertaining to both stephanious : as, bistephaiiic diameter. bister, bistre (bis'ti-r), n. and a. [= 6. hicstir = Sw. bister, bister, < F. bistre, a dark-brown color. Origin uncertaiu ; prob. not connected with G. dial, bicstcr, dark, gloomy, = D. bijster, confused, troubled, = Icel. bistr = Sw. bister = Dan. bister, angry, fierce.] I, h. In paint- ing, a brown pigment extracted from the soot of wood. To prepare it, soot (that of beech is the best) is put into water in the proportion of two jiounds to a gal- lon, and iKdIed half an hour ; after standing to settle, and while hot, the clearer part of the fluiil must be poured olf to remove the salts, and the sediment (which is bister) evaporated to dryness. It h.is been nmch used as a water- color, particularly by the old masters, for tinting drawings and shading sketches, before India ink came into general use for such work. In oil it dries very slowly. II. fi. Of the color of bister; blackish-brown. bistered, bistred (bis'terd), a. [< bister, bis- irr, + -III-.] Of the color of bister; swarthy; browned. The beak that crowneil the bitttred face Betrayed the mould of Abraham's race, O. »'. IJalmen, At the Pantomime. bistipulate (bi-stip'u-lat), a, [< fci-2 -t- stipit- liit/.\ Same as bisliiiiilcd. bistipaled (bi-stip'iild), a. [< bi-- + stipuled.] In bill., having two stipules. bistort (bis'tort), w. f= F. bistorte = It. bis- torta. < NL. bistorta, < L. his, twice, + tortii, fern, of tortus, pp. of tori/uerc, twist: see tort.] A plant. I'lili/goiium Bistorta, so called because of its twisted roots : poi>iilarly called snnUeicecd and addcr'n-uorl. Al/nw lni,iorl U a dwarf allied spe- cleit, niplne and arctic, /'. virijtarum. bistoomage (bi«'tSr-naj), n. [F., < bistourncr (= It. hi.tloniare), twitit, deform by twisting, < his-, bes-, a pejorative jirefix (])rol). ult. < L. Iji.1, twice), + tourner. turn.] In rit. surg., an operation which consists in twisting the testi- olfs of bulls and otiier male aninmls round the coril, so as to produce atrf)i)liy, but leave the Hcrotiini intact: a form of castration or gelding. bistoury fbi»'t<)-ri), ».; pi. hislmini.i (-ri/.). [< V. !,,•>,,, in, ft bistoury, < OK. hi.ilorii , a dagger, a biHi , ir . Origin uncertain; cornnionly conjec- turi ■! i<. I,. HO called from I'isloriiim, It. I'istojii, Ii I"" 11 III 'I'liHcanv, whence also the E. words /M ''.' ,: I iiislolr.'] A Hmall, narrow surgical ^' -tniight, convex, or concave edge, 11' "r blunt point, used for making 1' lor other purjM'HcH. bi-'i td. Si-v histrr, liislrrrd. bistri.. in'at), a. [<. ht-- + striate] In lioi. nii'i . I'l,,,,,,, marked vrtthtwo imrBllcl Htrio) orgr..... . ,, bistnrriH (■; (nr'is), «.; pi. hiaturrps (-6/.). [Mh..' I.. '. 1 1. ICC, -f- fiirri/i, a lower: net- tur- ret, toiccr.] ((Ill, of a sorieii of small toweru 566 upon a medieval fortification-wall; a bartizan: sometimes equivalent to barbican^. See cut under bartizan. bisulct (bi'sulk), a. [< L. bisulcus, two-fur- rowed: see bisideotis.] Same as bisulcate. bisulcate (bi-sul'kat), a. [< bi-- -^■ silicate.] 1. Having two fiuTows or grooves. — 2. In zool., cloven-footed, as oxen, or haviug two hoofed digits, as swine — Bisulcate anteimje, an- tenna? in which the joints are longitudinally grooved on each side. bisulcoust (bi-sul'kus), a. [< L. hisulcus, two- furrowed, < bi-, two-, -t- sulcus, furrow.] Same as bisulcate. Swine, . . . being bistdcoiis, . . . are farrowed with open eyes, as other bi-^ulcous animals. Sir T. Browne, Vulg. Err., vi. 6. bisulphate (bi-sul'fat). «. [< hi-- -(- sulphate.] In chein., a salt of sulphuric acid, in which oue half of the hydrogen of the acid is replaced by a metal. bisalphid (bi-sul'fid), n. [< hi-- -\- sulphid.] A compoimd of sulphur with another element or radical, forming a sulphid which contains two atoms of sulphur to one atom of the other mem- ber of the compoimd: as, carbon bisiili>hid, CSo. — Blsulphid of carbon (C82), a compound of carbon ai^d sulphur w hich forms a colorless mobile liquid, having usu- ally a fetid odor, due to impurities, and a sharp aromatic taste. It is insoluble in water, but soluble in alcohol and ether. It is used in the arts as a solvent for vegetable oils and for caoutchouc. Taken internally, it is a violent poison. Externally it is tised as a counter.irritaiit and local anesthetic— Bisulphid prism, a prism filled with carlion bisulphid. bisulphite (bi-sul'fit). n. [< 6(-2 + suliihite.] In clinii., a salt of sulphurous acid, in which mil' lialfof the hydrogen of the acid is replaced Viy a luetal. bisulphuret (bi-sul'fu-ret), n. [< hi-" + sul- phuret.] In chem., a compound of sulphur and another element, containing two atoms of sul- phur. bisunitjue (bis-u-nek'), ». [<, bis + unique.] A luinie given about 18.^0 to a reversible jacket, coat, or the like, made with two faces. bisyllabic (bi-si-lab'ik), a. [< J(-2 + syllabic] Composed of two syllables ; dissyllabic. The verbal steins exhibit bisyllabism with such re- markable uniformity that it would lead to the impression that the roots also must have been bisyllabic. Smith'K Bible Diet., art. Confusion of Tongues. bisyllabism (bi-sil'a-bizm), n. [< bisyllab-ic + -ism.] The state onjualityof being bisyllabic, or of haviug two syllables. bisymmetrical (In-si-met'ri-kal), a. [< hi-~ 4- .s-ifiiiiiKtrical.] Bilaterally sjTnmetrical ; having bi.syiiinietry, bisymmetry (bi-sim'e-tri), n. [< hi-~ -{- sym- mitrij.] The state of being bilaterally sym- metrical ; correspondence of right and left parts, or of the two equal sections of anything. bit' (bit), 11. [Also in some senses occasionally liitl: early moil. E. hit, hitt, bitte, hytte, < UK. byl. byte, bite, < AS. bite (= OFries. biti, bile, hit = OS. hiti = MD. bete, D. beet = LG. hrt = OHO. MIIG. hi::, G. hiss, strong masc, = Icel. hit = Sw. hett = Dan. bid, nout.), a bite, act of biliiig. < liituu (pp. biten), bite: see bite. In ME. and mod. E. (as well as in some other languages) confused in spelling and sense with hit-, which is from the same verli, but with an orig. differ- ent formative. In the general sense, now rcji- resentcd by bite, n., directly from the mud. vi'i-b: SCO iiitc, 71. The concrete senses are later, and are expressed in part bv forms with other suffixes: cf. ME. bitte, bytte, 'hytt = MLG. hcle, bet, bitte, bit, lAi. bit, neut.. = Sw. hrti, nout., bridle-bit, = G. i/ebi-is, neul., bridle-bit (= AS. gehit, biting); cf. Icel. /ii7/7/, liridle-bit ; AS. gebwtel, bridle-bit, < AS. biilan, giliatiin, bit, curb: see biiil^, and cf. hitt. Th(! other con- crete senses are recent.] It. The act of biting; a bite. Voii may. If you atund clone, be fiure of a bit, but not sure to rilt<-ll htm, /. W'ltltun. Cnmpleto Angler, Ip. bl>. S|, MHO. bi::c, G. bis.ie, bissen = Icel. hiti = Sw. hit = Dan. /)(■(/, a morsel), weak masc, < bilini (pp. bitrii), bite: see bitt^, v., bite, n,, and bit^, with whicli hit" has been in jiart confused.] If. A portion of food bitten off; a mouthful; a bite. — 2. A morsel or a little piece of food. Follow your function, go I and batten on cold bitt. Shak., Cot., iY. b, rtalnty liitH Make rich tlie ribs, but baiikeroiit the wits. Shak.. I„ I,. I„, I. 1, Henc(> — 3. A small quantity of food; a modi- cum or iiiodei'iite supply "f iirovisious; as, to take a bit andji sup. [bialectal.] He desh'us no more in this world lint a bit and a brat; that iH, only as much food and raiiiu-iil ns nature craves. Scotch I'rrnbiili-riao Ktoiiuenee, p. .Hfl. 4. A .small piece or fragment of anything; a small ))orlion or quantity ; a little : as, a hit of glass; n hit n( Innd; a hit of one's mini!, I'ho word Is oltiM used ill certain plirasrs rxpn khIvc of ex. tent or degret^ ; thiiK, " a /'i7 older" nieiiim soinew hat old* er. otdf-r to Home extent: "not a ''iV," not a whit, not in any ilcgree : " a good tot olih'r," ii good deal older ; " n liit id a hnmorlBl." somiwhnt of a hiimortnt. etc. It l« used depreciatingly or conipaMHloniilelv : as, a llltic Int of ft man; Mf« of ehlldren, that Is, | r IKtIi' elilldren. llln majesty lias power to grunt a |iiitciit for stampInK round bits id copper, Sivift. There an- Heveral liitH at Vatliioiitoiic to delight an artist, ei»IM'cliitly at the elltrail if the town, where II lllllglllrt- cent fragniciit of the ancient wall forms the foregroiiiid Ui some ]ilclure8<|Ue hoUHcs. A. (J. C. liar* Exp.inding Bit. bit Your case is not a bit clearer than it was seven years «o. Arbiithnot. My young companion was a bit. of a poet, a bit of an ar- tist, a bit of a musician, and ... a hit of an actor. 7'. Houli, . bijten = MLG. biten, LG. biten =OHG. lii:itn, MHG. bi- zen, G. beissen = Icel. bita = Sw. bita. = Dan. bide = Goth, beitan, bite, = L. findere {s/ *fid), cleave, = Skt. •/ bhid, divide. From the AS. come bite, n., bit^, bit", bitter^, beetle^, beetle^; to the Icei. are due bait^, and prob. bitt ; from L. findere come fissile, fissure, bifid, etc.] I. trans. 1. To cut, pierce, or divide with the teeth: as, to bite an apple. The fish that once was caught new bait wil hardly byte. Spemer, F. Q., II. i. 4. 2. To remove with the teeth; cut away by bit- ing: with off, out, etc. : as, to bite off a piece of an apple, or bite a piece out of it ; to bite off one's nose to spite one's face. I'll bite my tongue ont, ere it prove a traitor. Eeau. and Ft., Wit at Several Weapons, iv. 1. 3. To grasp or grip with the teeth ; press the teeth strongly upon: as, to bite the thumb or lip. (See phrases below.) There Faction roar, Rebellion bite her chain. Pope, Windsor Forest, I. 421. 567 4. To sting, as an insect: as, to be bitten by a flea. — 5. To cause a sliarp or smarting pain iti ; cause to smart: as, pepper bites the mouth. — 6. To nip, as with frost; blast, blight, or injure. Like an envious sneaping frost. That bites the first-born infants of the sjiring. Shale, L. L. L,, i. 1. All three of them are desperate ; their great guilt, Like poison given to work a great time after, Now gins to bite the spirits. Sliak., Tempest, ill. 3. 7. To take fast hold of; grip or catch into or on, so as to act with effect ; get purchase from, as by friction : as, the ancnor bites the ground ; the file bites the iron ; the wheels bite the rails. The last screw of the rack having been turned so often that its purchase crumbled, and it now turned and turncil with nothing to bite. Diekenn. 8. In etching, to corrode or eat into with aqua- fortis or other mordant, as a metal surface that has been laid bare with an etching-needle: often witli in : as, the plate is now bitten in. — 9. To cheat; trick; deceive; overreach: now only in the past participle : as, the biter was bit. The rogue was bit. Pojte, Moral FiSsays, iii. 304, At last she played for her left eye ; . . . this too she lost ; however, she had the consolation of bitiwj the sharj'cr, for he never perceived that it was made of glass till it he- came his own. GoltL^iuith, Citizen of the World, cii. To bite the dust or the ground, to fall ; be tlirown or struck down ; be vanquished or humbled. Uis vanquished rival was to bite the dust before him. Disraeli. To bite the glove. See glove. — To bite the lip, to press tile lip lirtu.en tlic teeth i[l order to ri-jirrss si^^lis of an- ger, niirtli, nr ,,tii.;r einntion. (Coiniiart- to I'ile tin' tongue.) — To bite the thumb att, to insult or defy by putting the thumb-nail into the mouth, and with a jerk making it knack. I will bite my thwntb at them, which is a disgrace to them, if they liear it. Shak., R. and J., i. 1. To bite the tongue, to hold one's tongue ; repress (an- gry) speech ; maintain fixed silence. (Compare to bite the lip, and to hold one's tongue.) So "Vork must sit, and fret, and bite his tongue. While his own lands are bargained for and sold. S/ia/t.,2Hen. VI., i. 1. = Syn. See eat. II. intrans. 1. To have a habit of biting or snapping at persons or things : as, a dog that bites; a biting horse. — 2. To pierce, sting, or inflict injury by biting, literally or figuratively. It [wine] bitetft like a serpentand stiugeth like an adder. Prov. xxiii. 32. Look, when he fawns he bites; and when he bites. His venom tooth will rankle to the death. Shak.. Rich. III., i. 3. Smiling and careless, casting words that bit Like poisoned darts. William Morris, Earthly Paradise, II. 327. 3. To take a bait, as a fish: either literally or figruratively. Bait the hook well : this fish will bite. Shak., Much Ado, ii. 3. We'll bait that men may bite fair. Fletcher, Wildgoose Chase. 4. To take and keep hold ; grip or catch into another object, so as to act on it with effect, obtain purchase or leverage-power from it, and the like: as, the anchor bites; cog-wheels bite when the teeth of one enter into the notches of the other and cause it to revolve. In dry weather the roads require to be watered before being swept, so that the brushes may bite. Mayheu: To bite at, to snap at with the teeth ; hence, figuratively, to snarl or carp at ; inveigh against. No marvel, though you bite so sharp at reasons, You are so empty of them. Shak., T. and C, ii. 2. To bite in. (a) To corrode, as the acid used in etching. (b) To rejuess one's thoughts, or restrain one's feelings. bite (bit), n. [< late ME. bi/ie, bite {bite), tak- ing the place of earlier bite (Mte), in mod. E. bit (see 6^«l); fi'om the verb.] 1. The act of cutting, piercing, or wounding 'with the teeth or as -with the teeth: as, the bite of a dog; the bite of a crab.— 2. The seizing of bait by a fish : as, waiting for a bite. I have known a very good fisher angle diligently four or six hours for a river carp, and not have a bite. I. Walton, Complete Angler. 3. A woimd made by the teeth of an animal or by any of the biting, piercing, or stinging or- gans of the lower animals: as, a dog's bite; a mosquito-ftite ,• a tlea-lrite. Their venoni'd bite. Dniden, tr. of Virgil's Georgics. 4. As much as is taken at once by biting; a mouthful : as, a bite of bread. Better one bite at forty, of Truth's bitter rind. Than the hot wine that gushed from the vnitage of twenty 1 Lowell, Life of Blondel. 5. Food; victuals: as, three days without either bite or sup.— 6. The catch or hold that one object or one part of a mechanical appa- ratus has on another ; specifically, in a file, the bituoben roughness or power of abrasion : as, the bite of an niiclior on tlio ground ; the bite of the wheels of a locomotive on the rails. The shorter the Ute o( a crowbar, the greater is the power gained. W. Matthews, Getting on in the World, p. 119. 7. In etching, the corrosion effected by the acid. — 8. In printing, an imperfection in a printed sheet caused by jiart of the impression being received on the frisket or paper mask. — 9t. A cheat; a trick; a fraud. I'll teach you a way to outwit Mrs. Johnson ; it is a new-fangled "way of being wittv, and they call it a bite. Swift, To a Friend of .\Ir«. Johnson, 1703. lOt. A sharper; one wlio cheats. Johnson. — His bark is worse than his bite. .See i/arti . biteless (blt'lcs), a. [< Inte, n., + -ic»s.] With- out bite; wanting in ability or desire to bite ; harmless. Chilled them [midges] speechless and biteless. The Century, XXVII. 780. bitentaculate (bi-ten-tak'u-lat), a. [< bi-^ + tcniaculate.'] Having two tentacles, or a pair of organs likened to tentacles. The gonophore contained in a gonangium. somewhat like ttiat of Laomedea, is set free as a ciliated bitentacu- late body. Huxley, Anat. Invert., p. 120. biter (bi't6r), n. [ME. hiter, bitere ; < bite + -f'i'l.] 1. One who or that which bites; an animal given to biting; a fish apt to take bait. Great barkers are no biters. Camden. A bold biter. I. Walton, Complete Angler. 2. One who cheats or defrauds ; also, formerly, one who deceives by way of joke. A biter is one who tells you a thing you have no reason to disbelieve in itself, and, if you give him credit, laughB in your face, and triumphs that he has deceived you. Spectator, No. 504. biterminal (bi-ter'mi-nal), n. [Tr. of Gr. Ik 6vo oi'o/;drwi'. ] A binomial line ; a line that is the sum of two incommensurable lines. biternate (bi-ter'nat), «. [< bi-- + ternate.'i In bat., doubly temate, as when each of the partial jjetioles of a temate leaf bears three leaflets. bite-sheept (bit'shep), re. [So MLG. bitcschdp, G. biss-scliaf, with the same allusion.] A once favorite pun upon bi-shop, as if one who bites the sheep which he ought to feed. N. E. D. bitheism (bi'the-izm), n. [< bi-" + tJieism.'] Belief in two gods, specifically a good and an evil one; dualism. [Rare.] biti (be'te), )(. [E. Ind.] An East Indian name for species of Dalbergia, especially D. latifoUa, one of the East Indian rosewoods. biting (bi'ting), «. [< ME. biting; verbal n. of bite, c] 1. The action of cutting, piercing, etc., in any sense of bite. — 2. The corroding action of a mordant upon a metal plate, wherever the lines of a design, drawn upon a prepared ground, have been laid bare with a needle, as in etching, or the surface is alternately stopped out and exposed, as in aquatint. biting (bi'ting), /). a. [Ppr. of tiite, i\] 1. Nip- ping; keen: as, biting koH; biting yreSither. Tlie western breeze, And years of biting frost and biting rain. Had made the carver's labor wellulKh vain. William .Morris, Earlhly Paradise, I. 325. 2. Severe; sharp; bitter; painful: as, a "bit- ing aflliction," Shak., M. W. of W., v. 5.-3. Acrid; hot; pungent: as, a biting taste. Hence — 4. Sharp; severe; cutting; sarcastic: as, a biting remark. This was a nipping sermon, a pinching sermon, a bifing sermon. Latimer, Sermon bef. Edw. VI., 1550. Pope's provocation was too often the mere opportunity to say a biting thing, where he could do it safely. Lowell, .\mong my Books, Ist ser., p. TO. biting-dragon (bi'ting-drag"on), n. An old name for tarragon, Artemisia Dracunculus. bitingly (bi'ting-li), adv. In a biting manner; sarcastically ; sneeringly. bitingness(bi'ting-nes), m. Pungency; acridity. bit-key (bit'ke), «. A key designed to fit r. liennutation-loek, the steps of which are form- ed bv movable bits. See lock. bitless (bit'les), a. [< bit\ n., + -less.'i With- out bit or bridle. Eitless Numidian horse. Fantham, .Eneid, iv. bitlingt (bit'ling). n. [< Ut^ + dim. -ling.] A vprv small bit or piece. bitmoutht (bit'mouth), 11. The bit or iron put into a horse's mouth. Bailey. bitnoben (bit-no'ben). 11. [A corruption of tlie Hind, name bit lavan. or bid lavan : bit. bid (cerebral t or d) is of uncertain meaning : lavan, dial, laban, Ion, lun, etc., < Skt. lavana, salt.] A 568 in which they occur. The term is now restricted to the brown amorphous bitter extract, generally not of definite cuiupositiou. obtained from many plants by boiling in wa- ter evaporating to dryness, ami treating with alcohol to remove resin, etc.— To tlie bitter end, to the last and direst extremity; to death itself. =Syn. 3. Grievous, dis- tressing, alflictiVe, poignant, II. H. 1. That which is bitter; bitterness. Hi no conne deme [judge] betuene zuete [sweet] and ly^jter. Aycnbite of Imcit, p. 82. The sick man hath been offended at the wholesome dif- fer of the medicine. Scott, Abbot, I. 65. Some bitter o'er the flowers its bubbling venom flings. Bi/raii, fhilde Harold, i. 82. Specifically — 2. A bitter medicine, as a bitter bark or root, or an infusion made from it. See hitters. bitterl (bit'er), v. t. [< ME. hiteren, < AS. 6/- teriaii (= OHa. hittareii, MHG. G. hittrrii), < biter, bitter: see bitter^, a.] To make bitter; give a bitter taste to ; embitter. [Rare.] Would not horse-aloes bitter it [beer] as well? Wolcot (P. Pindar). bitter^ (bit'er), n. [< bitt + -f)-l.] yaut., a tiiru of a cable round the bitts. Origin uneer- bitterSf (bit'er), ». An old form of bittern'': in the early bitter-blain(bit'er-blan), H. A name given in mod E spelling beetes, in form, -svith Sw. be- Guiana to a scrophulariaeeous herb, pimlellia ting = ban. beding, a bitt. bitts, > D. beting = tliffiu^a^ which is used as a remedy in fever and G <r = Goth, (with irreg. ai for i) biiitrs), bitter, < 6t7o((, bite : see bite.'\ I. a. 1. HaWng a harsh taste, like that of worm- wood or quinine. Formerly tlie word was applied to fiungetit and to salt things, as well aa to those t« which it « now nearly always restricted. All men arc agreed to call vinegar sour, honey sweet, and aloes bitter. Burke, .Sublime and Itenutiful. Hence — 2. Unpalatable; hard to swallow, lit- erally or figuratively: as, a bitter pill; a 6(7to- lesson. But thou art roan, and canst abide a truth, Tho' bitter. Tennyitim, lialin and Balan. 3. Hard to be borne; grievous; distressful; calamitous : as, a bitter moment ; liitter fate. .Nailed bitters bellows like a bull ; (2) also erroneously iden- tified by some with ML. bitorins. biturius, which, with a var. pintorus, is explained in AS. glosses by n-renna, ivra^n- na (> E. wren), and once by erdling (> E. arling) ; but (3) prob. a var. of L. butio{n-) (> Pg. 6h((()), a bittern — a word supposed to be of imita- tive origin, re- lated to bubere, cry like a bit- tern, 6((6((, an owl, etc. Cf. the equiv. E. dial. butter- bump, Sc. niire- drum. E. dial. bog-buU,¥.tau- reuu d'eiang, ' bull of the swamp,' hauf de niarais, G. moosoehse, ' ox of the marsh,' etc. ; and see booni'^. bum}fi, bull^, 6((K'/i. belloic, etc.] 1. A European wading bird, of the family .Irdeidw and subfamily Holauri- nw; the BalJturus stellaris, a kind of heron, it is about 2 feet long, is speckled, niottU-d, and freckled with several shades of l)lackish-hrown, liulf, etc., lives solitary in bogs and morasses, has a hollow guttural cry, and nests usually on the ground. As a bitore bumbleth in the mire. Cfiaucer, Wife of Bath's Tale, 1. 116. Where hawks, seaowis, and long-tongued bittimm bred. Chapman. 2. Any heron of the subfamily liotaurina: The American bittern is Botauruit wnfjhan..: or />. trnti'jino. .S1W. The very small raildike herons of tlic genera .4r- detta, Ardeola, etc., are called little or leant bitterns; the European species is -4r(f m ^? S^^^"*" \% . ^ ..-** ■^-^t. .- ^ Common Bittern i Jicfiiiiriis j/c./jr,.. -ing For our advantage on the Inner cross. Shak., I Hen. IV. I. 1. 4. Causing pain or smart to the sense of feel- ing; piercing; painful; biting: as, 6(«rv''''n. — 6. Harsh, as word.s; re|.r<.:irliful; sarcastic; cutting; shnqi: u«,"6i/- I'-r litijMtH," .Shak., :i Hen. V'L, ii. 0. II .til,.., ifimplalned in bitter tennai.t tli. way In which Im- w.'l. ffiit*.*!. JUaeautntf, Warren IIiuitlngR. 6. ClicriHhing or exhibiting animosity, liato, anf'T, "T -tevcrity ; cruel; Hcvcrc ; harsh; : I. I'lltirrst enmity," Shak., for., iv. 4 ; "' its," tVattn, IJogic— 7. Evincing g intenne pain or siifTering : as, u bitter cry. Bltt<>r al< .■*. •' ' tb' pr..r, ni»l AO'i tJUt«. li/alde, ' iloabtlcw tlic .ti.Uvo Our /*i'(f^r t«'arn irii n^ (heeyea of those that lnvc u% i bin*.. Ilniaiil, lbi> Agin, I. bitt.r hf-BT .Sec alf. Bltter-almond qU. ■ • T aah. bark. cucumber, etc Sie iinclpleB, a i-rni ii|.|.lbd locTtaln , ,. liMii .,( lilttii u Id III I l> !■• mil ll.T l.d- ■. II,.; i '.in. r t:i^'' ■ 111' t' III- 'I'cn iiiodUinal prUidple of the vegctablo y a corruption of a L. 'boliiuruM (wUriirr the NL. Ilolaunm, nn- Hunicd UH the name of the genus), as if < bos, ox, + Itturus, u bull, applied by I'liiiy toabinl that 1.] 1. In salt-works, the brine remaining after tho salt is concreted. This, after being ladled olT and tlic salt tlikeil out of the pan, is returned, and, being again Imiled, yieltls more salt. It is used in the preparation of Epsmn salt (the sulphate of magnesia) and i;liuilier salt (tlie sulphate of soila). ami contains also chlnritl of inagiiesiiim, iiiiti iinliiic jimi bromine. 2. A very bitter comiioinui of quassia, coceulus inilifus, licorice, tobacco, etc., used for adul- terating beer. Also called bittering. hitivntasi-, < AS. Iiiterniis, < 6(/<')' -1- -ni/s: see bit- ter', II.. ami -Hc.sw.] The state or quality of be- ing bitter, in any of the senses of that word. She was in hitterne.'is of soul. 1 Sam. I. 10. Shall we be thus nitlieteil in his wreaks, His tits, his frenzy, and his liittrrnem.' .Shak., Tit. And., Iv. 4. The bitterness anil iinimosily between tile commanders was such that a great part of tlio army was niiirclied. I^larentlim. The bitternt'ss of anger. Linui/rlloui. In the gall of bitterness, in a stale of l■^lrl■nlc impiety or cnniity to Ib.d. Acts vlil. •J.'l, Root Of blttemesB, a iliingtToils error or schism tending to <\ian persons to apostasy. Ilcb. xil. IS. =Syn. .Irrim.oi;;, .is/n-rilii. Harsh- ness, etc. (see acrimtinii), spite, ill will, niallgnity, heart- Imrning ; grief, distress, heaviness. bittemut (bit'i'T-nnt), ». The swamii-hickory of the United States, Voriiit aniaro. Its nuts are very tliiu-Khelleil, with an iiiteiiHoly bitter Ueriifl. bitter-root (bit'ei-riil), n. 1. The big-root, 3fe- gnrrlii:ii I'dliforniea. — 2. The I.eirixiii mlivirn, a |iluiit wliieli gives its name to the Hitler Hoot iiiiimitiiiiis lying between Idiilio antl Mmitiina. — 3. Dogbane, Jpoei/nuiii iindrosiimifolium. bitters (bit'er/.), H. ]'il. |1'1. of bitter', ».] 1. Hitler medicines generally, as eimhona, qiii- iiiiie, elf. — 2. Si^iecificall.v, a liquor (geiiernl- ly a s|iintuinm liquor) in which liilter herlis lir riMits lire sleeju'il. Hitters lire eiiiployeil as sloniarhics, autheliniiitliics, and in viiri- ous other ways. Angostura bitters, a blili r ionic, 1 li used ill Ibi' Wei.1 Iniliesio. ii i.nveiil ivi' iigiiliist inn- biilal fiveis and the Ilk.-, llrigliiiilly iiiii.b- at AiigeHliiltt or I'liidiid lli.llvar, a illv In Veneziicbi, II in n.ov made also at I'oit of Spain, riinldiid. PralrlO blttorB, a beViTiig llimoil aliioiig tlie Ininlcln unci iiinlilillltlleeri of weiitern Anierbli. iiiiule wltb a liliil of tMilel and a ililaiterof a gill of biilfalogall. It Is eoimidereil by them an excellent inedletne. bitter-salt Wtter-salt (bit'6r-salt), n. [< hitterl- + salt, n. ; = G. liilltrsiil:: = D. hittcrzout.^ Epsom salt; inaKiicsivira sulphate. bittersgall (bit'erz-gal), n. An old Englisli iiainii for the fruit of the wild crab, Fyrus miilns. bitter-spar (bit'er-spiir), n. Rhomb-spar, a miuural crystallizing in rliombohedrous. It is the same as dolomite, or carbonate of calcium and magncsitnn. bitter-stem, bitter-stick (bit'er-stem, -stick), n. The ehirutta of India, OjjIicUa Chirata, a gentianaceous plant furnishing a valuable bit- ter tonic. I bitter-sweet (bit'er-swet), o. and «. I. a. Uniting liitteruess and sweetness; pleasant and painful at the same time. One by one the f lesh-stirred memories, So bitter-sweet, flickered and died away. William Morris, Earthly Paradise, I. 139. II. n. That wliich is both bitter and sweet : as, the bitter-sweet of life. I have known some few. And read of more, who have had their dose, and deep, Of those sharp bitter-sweets. B. Jonson, Sad Shepherd, i. 2. bittersweet (bit'6r-swet), n. 1. The woody uifihtsliade, Solanum Dulcamara, a trailing plant, native of Europe and Asia, and natural- ized in the United States. Its root and branches 669 vent the chain from jumping off while veering. See cut under liitt-stopjin: bitt-stopper (bit'stop"fer), n. Naut,, a vo\>e or Flowering branch of the Climbing Bittersweet ^Celastrus scan- ifens), with fruit and flower on larger scale. (From Gray's " Genera of the Plants of the V nited States." ) when chewed produce first a bitter, then a sweet taste ; they have long been used as a remedy in various skin-dis- eases. Its small scarlet berries, resembling red currants, though not absolutely poisonous, are not wholesome. The skrubbp, false, or climbing bittersweet of the United States is the Ceiastrus scajidens, also known as the staf-tree. 2. Same as bitter-sweeting. bitter-sweetingt (bit'er-swe"ting), «. A variety of apple. Thy wit is a very bitter sweeting. Shak., R. and J., ii. -1. bitter-vetch (bit'er-veeh), n. A name popu- larly applied to two kinds of leguminous plants : (fl) to Ervum Ervilia, a lentil cultivated for fodder; and (6) to all the species of the genus Orobus, now included in the genus Lathijrus. Common bitter-vetch is L. macrorrhi-us. bitter-weed (bit'er-wed), n. A name given to American species of ragweed. Ambrosia arte- misurfolia and A. frifida. bitter-wood (bit'er-wud), n. 1. The timber of Xijhpia ijlabra, and other species of the same genus. All of them are noted for the extreme bitterness of their wood. — 2. Aname applied to the quassia woods of commerce, the West Indian Picrcena excelsa and the Surinam Quassia ama- ra. See quassia White bitter-wood, of Jamaica, a riieliaceous tree. Trtchilia spondioides. bitterwort (bit'er-wert), n. Yellow gentian, Gcntiiiua lutea, and some other species: so callod from their remarkably bitter taste. bitt-head (bit'hed), u. Naut., the upper part of a bitt. bitting-harness (bit'ing-har"nes), n. A har- ness used in training colts. bitting-rigging (bit'ing-rig"ing), n. A bridle, sm-cingle, back-strap, and crupper placed on young horses to give them a good carriage. bittle (bit'l), n. A Scotch and English dia- lectal form of beetle'^. bittlin (bit'liu), 11. [E. dial. ; perhaps for "bit- tlimj, < but, bifi (= 6?(H3) -(- dim. -U>ig.'\ A milk-bowl. Grose. bittock (bit'ok), n. [< bit" + dim. -ock.J A little bit ; a short distance. Scott; Mrs. Gore. [Scotch.] bittort, bittourf, n. Obsolete forms of bitteriA. bitt-pin (bit'pin), n. Naut., a large iron pin placed in the head of the cable-bitts to pre- Bitt and Bitt-stoppet on Chain-cable. a, bitt-pin. chain stopper made fast to the bitts, and used to hold a cable while bitting or unbitting it. bituberculate, bituberculated (bi-tu-ber'ku- lat, -la-ted), a. [< /)/-'-' -I- tiihrrculiitc.'] In cii- tom., having two tubercles or small blunt ele- vations. bitumet (bi-tum'), n. [< F. bitume, < L. 6/- tumcu : .see bitumen.'] Bitumen : as, " hellebore and black bitume," May. bitume (bi-tum'), v. t.; pret. and pp. bitumed, jipr. bituminti. [< bitume, «.] To cover or be- smear with bitumen ; bituminate. We have a chest beneath the hatches, caulked and bi- tumed. Shale, Pericles, iii. 1. The basket of bulrushes for the infant Moses, when thoroughly bitumed, was well adapted to the imrpose for which it was made. W. M. Thomson, Land and liook. bitumen (bi-tii'men), n. [Early mod. E. also bittumcn, bvtumen (also bitume, betumc, bclune: see bitume) = F. bitume = Pr. betum = Sp. betun = Pg. betume = It. bitume, < L. bitumen.'] The name given by Latin writers, especially by Pliny, to various forms of hydrocarbons now included under the names of asphaltum, maltha, and petroleum (see these words). Bitumen, as used by artists, is a mixture of asphaltuin with a drying-oil. It produces a rich brow n traiisjiarent sinface, but is liable to crack and blacken.- Bitumen process, in j>l"ti<h"fi>firapbif, and iriW't process, under photo-engraving. — Elastic bitumen. See elaterite. bituminate (bi-tii'mi-nat), V. t. ; pret. and pp. bitumiiiatcd, ppr. bituminating. [< L. bituiui- natus, pp. of bituminare, impregnate with bitu- men, < bitumen (bitumin-), bitumen.] 1. To cement with bitumen. Bitmninated walls of Babylon. Feltham, Resolves, i. 46. 2. To impregnate with bitumen. bituminiferOUS (bi-tii-mi-nif'e-rus), a. [< L. bitumen, bitumen, -I- ferre = E. bear^.] Pro- ducing bitumen. The bituminiferOUS substance known as boghead Can- nel [coal]. W. A. Miller, Elem. of Chem., § 15a7. bituminization (bi-tu'ml-ni-za'shon), n. [< bi- fumiuizc + -atinu.] The transformation of or- ganic matters into bitumen, as the conversion of wood by natm-al processes into several va- rieties of coal. Also spelled bituminisatiou. bituminize (bi-tii'mi-niz), v. t. ; pret. and pp. bitiimiuized, ppr. bituminizing. [< bitumen (bi- tumin-) + -izc.] To form into or impregnate with bitumen. Also spelled bituminise. bituminous (bi-tii'mi-nus), a. [= F. bitumi- ucu.r, < L. bitiimiuosus, < bitumen (bitumin-), bitu- men.] 1. Of the natirre of or resembling bitu- men. — 2. Containing bitumen, or made up in part of the hydrocarbons which form asphal- tum, maltha, and petroleimi. See petroleum. Near that bituminous lake where Sodom flamed. Miltun, r. L., X. 662. Bituminous cement, or bituminous mastic, a cement or mastic in which bitumen, especially in the form of as- phalt is the most important ingredii-nt : it is used for roofs, pavements, cisterns, etc.— Bituminous coal, soft coal, or coiil which burtis with a bright yellow llan?e. Soft coal, scniibituniin.ius coal, and hard coal, or anthracite, arc the three ninst ii.jp' irtant varieties of coal. See coal— Bitu- minous limestone, limestone contfiining bitumn ,- matter It is of a brown or black color, and when rulibed emits an unpleasant odor. That of Dalmatia ia si. cliarL'cd with bitumen tliat it niavbe cut like soap.— Bituminous shale or bituminous schist, an argillaceous shale much impre-iiated witli liilumt-n, and very conmion m various "eolo.'lcal formations, especially in the Devonian and Lower Silurian. Before the discovery of petroleum in Pennsylvania it was worked to some extent for the pr"- duction of paraffin and other useful products.— Bitium- nous springs, springs impregnated with petroleum, biunguiculate (bi-tmg-gwik'ii-lat), a. [< 6j-2 + unguiculate.] Ha\Tng two claws, or two jiarts likened to claws; doubly hooked. biunity (bi-ii'ni-ti), «. [< bi-2 + unit!/.'] The state or mode of being two in one, as trinity is the stato of being three in one. Bivalve Shell of Cytherea chione. A, right valve ; B, left valve ; C, dorsal mar- gin ; D, ventral margin; E. anterior side or front margin; F. posterior side or hinder mar- gin ; G, umbo ; H, hmge and hinge-teeth ; o, cardinal tooth ; x, x. lateral teeth ; /. ligament, ligament pit or groove ; y, lunule; A", anterior muscular impression ; L, posterior muscular im- pression ; .1/, pallial impression ; A', abdominal impression ; 0, pallial sinus. bivlous biuret (bro-rot), «. [< hi--^ + urea: see -wref.'J A coinjKniiKl (Civalve. See laindlihranrh. 3. In hot. J a pericarp iu which the seed-case opens or splits into two parts.— Equilateral bi- valve. See equilateral. bivalved (bi'valvd), a. [< bi-"^ + i-alved. Cf. birah-c] Ha\nng two valves. Also birahous. Bivalvia (bi-var\'i-a), «. pi. [NL., neut. pi. of bioulrius, < L. bi-, two-, + valva, door, in mod. sense 'valve.' Cf. bivalve.] A term formerly used for all the bivalve shells or lamelUbrau- chiate moUusks, but now superseded by the class names Accphala, Conchifcra, and Lamelli- brauchiata. bivalvous (bi-val'-sTis), a. [< bivalve + -oits.] Same as bivalved. bivalvular (bi-var\'u-lar), fl. [< bivalve, after valvular.] Having two valves: said especial- ly of the shells of certain moUusks and of the seed-vessels of certain plants. See bivalve. bivascular (bi-vas'ku-lar), a. [< L. bi-, two-, + vasculum, a small vessel; after vascular.'] IlaWng two cells, compartments, or vessels, bivaulted (bi'val-ted), a. [< ti-2 -f- vaulted.'] Having two vaults or arches, biventer (bi-ven'ter), «. [XL., < L. bi-, two-, + venter, belly.] A muscle of the back of the neck, so called from having two flesh}- bellies, with an intervening tendinous portion, it is com- monly clistinguisheil from other biveiitral or digastric mus- cles ."is the biventer cervicis. It occurs in man, various inuiiniKils, birds, etc. .\lso called bigastcr. biventral (bi-ven'tral), fl. [< bi-- + ventral.] Digastric ; having two bellies, as a muscle. See biventer. biverb (bi'vcrb). n. [< L. bi-. two-. + rerbum, wiiril.] A name composed of two words, biverbal (bi-ver'bal), a. [< bi-i + verbal. Cf. biverb.] Relating to two words ; punning. .\s some stories are said to be too pood to be true, it may with eiiu.il truth be asserted of this birfrbal allusion, that it is too good to be natural. Lainb, Popular Fallacies. bivial (biv'i-al), fl. [< L. birius (see biviotis) + -al. Cf. trivial.] 1. Going in two direc- tions. — 2. In echinoderms, of or pertaining to the bivium: as, the hivial (posterior) ambu- lacra. Hujclexi. bivioust (biv'i-us), fl. [< L. ?)iri MS, having two wa\s, < bi-, two-, -I- via = E. way.] Having two ways, or leading two ways. Bivious theorems, and .1 anus-faced doctrines. Sir T. Brovme, Christ. Mor., ii- S. bivittate bivittatC (bi-vit'at), a. [< 6i-2 + ,,,(ta + -n/fl.] 1. In b"t.. having two rittip or oil-tubes: ap- plied to the fruit of some CmbeUi/erw. — 2. In ^ool., marked with two longitudinal stripes. bivinin (biv'i-am), (I. [XL., neut. of L. /)(i(«.>.' ; see bilious.'] In echinoderms, the ambulacra of the two posterior anns or rays taken together and distinguished from the three anterior rays collectively. See trivium, and cut under Spa- tangoida. In the fossil genus Dysaster this separation of the am- bulacra into tmiura and biviuin exists naturally. HuxUif, Auat. Invert., p. -ISS. bivocalized (bi-v6'kal-izd), a. Placed between two vowels. bivouac (biv'9-ak), n. [Also bivouacl: in 18th century occasionally biauac, biovac, bilioiac, < F. birouac, formerly bioiiac, orig. bivac, prob. < G. dial. (Swiss) beiwacht, a patrol of citizens added in time of alarm or commotion to the regular town watch (cf. G. beiwache, a keep- ing watch). < hci, =E. by, + 'waclit, G. wache = E. icateh, h.] An encampment of soldiers in the open air without tents, each soldier remaining dressed and with his weapons by him; hence, figuratively, a position or situation of readi- ness for emergencies, or a situation demanding extreme watchfulness. We followed up our victory until night overtook us about two miles from Port Gibson ; then the troops went into bivouac for the night. U. S. Grant, Personal Memoirs, I. 4S4. In the world's broad field of battle, In the bivouac of Life, Be uot like dumb, driven cattle ! Be a hero in the strife ! Loiifijelloic, Psalm of Life. bivouac (biv'o-ak), V. i. ; pret. and pp. bii-oii- ackcdjppr. biiouacking. [< fcicoMnc, «.] To en- camp in the open air without tents or cover- ing, as soldiers on a march or in expectation of an engagement. We passed on for al>out half a mile in advance, and bivouacked on some rising ground. Sir S. If'. Jlaker, Heart of Africa, p. ISO. The Chasseurs Nonnandie arrive dusty, thirsty, after a hard day's ride, but can find no billet-master. . . . >*or- mandie must even bivouac there in its dust and thirst. Carlyle, French Rev. bi'Wal (be'wa), «. [Jap., = Chinese pi-jia, the Chinese medlar.] Theloquat; the fruit of the Photinin Japonica. biwa- (be'wii), n. [Jap., = Chinese pi-pa, a guitar.] A Japanese musical instrument with four strings, resembling a flat mandolin. bi'weekly (bl-wek'li), «. and orfc. [< bi-- + iccckli/.] I. a. Occurring or appearing every two weeks: as, a ftiicceWy magazine. Sometimes erroneously u-sed in jilace of iemiu-eekli/, for or occurring twice in a week. n. (iili: Fortnightly. bi'wepet, '■. An obsolete form of bcirccp. BLzaceaB (bik-sa'se-e), 11. pi. [XL., < liixa, the typical genus, + -acca:'] A natural order of jiolypetalous exogenous plants, nearly related to the Violaccw. 'Iluy are mostly shrubs or trees, natives of the warmer regions of the globe, and of little economic im|>ortance. I'here are about 30 genera, mostly small. The moat jiromincat si>ecle8 is liixfi Oretlana, yielding nrnott/>. .See cut under nnutllit, bixin (bik'sin), H. [i Bifn + -in'i.'] 1. The or- ange-coloring principle (CiQlIgnOg) of amotto, a vermilion-red powder, insohiblo in water or ether, but soluble in alcohol and benzol. — 2. A variety of amotto, having from six to ten times the coloring ]iower of common arnotto, from (|uicker extraction. biza, ". .Sec liixii. bizardt (t>iz'iird), «. Same as bi:arrc. bizarre fbi-ziir'), «. and ». [F. (formerly also Imiinrri', feynrre), Mtriing'", cajuiciouH, formerly headlong, angry, orig. valiant, = It. bi::arr(i, irascilili', clioieric, < Sp. I'g. hi::arro, gallant, lirave, valiant, pcrliapH < liaHcpie bi:iirni, a l>">nrd; cf. S\). Iioinlirc ilc bi(jiili, u, man of spirit (hifiotf, muMtHche).] I. '(. Odd; fanciful; fan- t»-\'fK',i\i. ' I t.:^ . . . dppcnilrd from the walU not only i" < I i .>ii Riirfncca. but In very many iiookH whl'li the buiirrr nrchlt«cturo of tho chateau rcmlerfd n.-* .■•.^iiry. /'♦'<•, 'ralet. I. ;ul((. n. ''. A variety of carnation in which the whit- i-r,,ii,ir|-<.()lor is Htri|MMl witli two colom, nn<- ■' ■ r >lian the other. blzarr'ne i.izii're-ri), n. [< i\ bisarrcHc, < btcn : l;i/.iirro ijunlily. 570 bizcacha (bith-ka'cha), «. Same as viseaeha. bizelt, «. -^n obsolete form of bezel. Bizen ■ware. See fmttenj. bizlet. ;■. Same as be::le. bizmellaht (.biz-mel'a), interj. Same as bxsmil- lalt. bizygomatic (bi-zi-go-mat'ik), a. [< 6i-2 -t- zijijiimulic.'] Pertaining to the two zygomatic arches: as. the bi:iigo»iatic breadth, bjelkite (biel'kit)," h. [< Bjelke (see def.) + -ite-.] A variety of the mineral cosalite from the Bjelke mine, Nordmark, Sweden, bk.j bks. Abbreviations of fcooi', books. B. L. -i^n abbreviation (a) of Bachelor of Law ; (b) in com., of bill of lading. blab' (blab), f. ; pret. and pp. blabbed, ppr. blabbing. [In ME. only in the freq. form (which is preferred for such words ; cf. babble, gabble, gabber, jabber, etc.), but the derived noun blabbe, a blab, telltale, occurs: see blalA. n., and blabber^, v.] I. trans. To utter or tell in a thoughtless or unnecessary manner (what ought to be kept secret) ; let out (secrets). Oh, that delightful engine of her thouglits, "That blabb'd them with such pleasing eloquence. Shak., Tit. And., iii. 1. Yonder a vile physician, blabbing The case of his patient. Tennyson, Maud, xxvii. 3. H. intrans. To talk indiscreetly ; tattle ; tell tales. You're sure the little milliner won't hlab ? Sheridan, School for .Scandal, iv. 3. But letters, however carefully drilled to be circumspect, are sure to hlab, and those of Pope leave in the reader's mind an unpleasant feeling of circumspection. Lowell, Study Windows, p. 4'27. blabl (blab), n. [< ME. blabbe: see blalA. r.] A babbler; a telltale; one who betrays secrets, or tells things which ought to be kept secret. Good merchant, lay your fingers on your mouth ; Be not a blab. Greene, .lumes IV., v. Kxcluded All friendship, and avoided as a blab, The mark of fool set on his front ! Milton, S. A., 1. i'M. Show me a very imiuisitive body, I'll show you a blab. Sir H, L'EetraiKie. blab^t (blab), h. [Another form of bleb, blob.] A bubble ; a blister ; a swelling. blab-t (blab), r. i. or t. [< blab'^, «.] To swell out or up ; make swollen, as the cheeks. blabberH (blab'er), r. i. [< ME. blabcrcn, stam- mer, talk without reason, blabber, blab, = LG. blubber n = G. plappern, blab, babble, = Dan. blabbre, blabber, gabble: imitative words, prob. in part of independent origin. Similar forms of imitative origin are Sw. dial, bladdra, blaf- fra, prattle, D. LG. G. bUiff'rn (> E. l>lr), a. [< ME. blahrr, blabi/r. Cf. blab", bleb, blob, blobbir, blubber, etc.] Swollen; protruding: as, Wa66cr-lipped ; blab- ber cheeks. blabberingt (blab'6r-ing), a. Inarticulate; IjMljblillu'. blabber-lippedt (blabv-r-lipt), a. [< ME. bia- bifrhfitiml, ;ils(t Itlabln rlijipril : see hlahln r- tiin\ lilnhhi r-liji/Kd.] Having HWoUcn or protruding lips; blubliir-lii)))ed. blabbing (blab'ing), ;i. a. [Ppr. of Wrtfc', v.] Having I be character of a blab; talking inilis- ereedv; tattling: as, "the blabbing inMi'vn Hcout,"" Milton, ComiiH, I. i:iH. black (blak), a. uikI ". f< ME. blak, blrk, bleke, < AS. bbrr (in def. inlleeli'in bbira, blarr, Honie- times with long vowel bhieti, blare, ami thus confiiHcd with bliir, btiic, ME. btake., etc., hIiIii- ing. while (hi-i' bleak^), = ()II(i. (in eonip.) /)/<;/(, blarh), black, = (willi np|)iir. di(T. orig. sufllx) leel. blakkr, dark, dusky, = Sw. Iiliirl., gruyish, dark, = Uan. bbik, dark (wlionce the noun, AH. bUec = MLU. black, Hi. blak = AUJU. black black = Icel. blek = Sw. hlack = Dan bltvk, ink: see bleck) ; prob. from a verb repr. secondarily by D. biaken, burn, scorch, freq. blakeren, scorch, MLG. (> 6.) hlaken, biirn with much smoke, LG. i-erblekken, scorch as the sun scorches gi'ain ; perhaps akin toJj. fagrare, Gr. (p'/.i} eiv, burn : see Jiagrant. flame, phlegm. Hence blatcli, bleck, bletch, bleach'^; but not connected, unless re- motely, with bleak'^, bleach^, q. v.] I. a. 1. Possessing in tlie highest degi'ce the property of absorbing light; reflecting and transmitting little or no light; of the color of soot or coal; of the darkest possible hue ; sable ; optically, wholly destitute of color, or absolutely dark, whether from the absence or from the total ab- sorption of light: opposed to white. 1 spy a black, suspicious, threat'ning cloud. SAn*., 3 Hen. VI., v. 3. On either hand, as far as eye could sec, A great black swamp and of an evil smell. Tenrnjxon, Holy Grail. A black body is one which absorbs every ray which falls on it. It can, therefore, neither reflect nor transmit. A mass of coke suggests the conception of such a body. Tait, Light, 5 307, Hence — 2. Characterized by the absence of light ; involved or enveloped in darkness. In the twilight, in the evening, in the black and dark night. Prov. vii. 9. And, beauty dead, black chaos comes again. Sliak., Venus and Ationis. 1. 1020. 3. Dismal; gloomy; sullen and forbidding: as, a black prospect. — 4. Destitute of moral light or goodness; evil; wicked; atrocious: as, black deeds. " Thou art," quoth she, " a sea, a sovereign king, And, lo, there falls into thy boundless flood Black lust, dishonour, shame, misgoverning." Sliak., Lucrcce, I. 8!i4. Puring stages in which maintenance of authority is nu>st imperative, direct disloyalty is considered the black- et^t of crimes. //. Spencer, Prin. of .Sociol., § 5S2. 5. Calamitous; disastrous; bringing ruin or desolation: as, 6?«cfc tidings; black Friday . Ulaek tidings these, . . . blacker never came to New England. Hawthorne, Twice-Told Tales, II. 6. Deadly; malignant; baneful: as, a bluci: augury. Taking thy part, hath rush'd aside the law. And turned that black word death to banishment. Shak., S.. and .1., iii. 8. 7. Clouded with anger; frowning; threaten- ing; boding ill: as, ?.-(lon ot llu' !.'a\csof Ilex eajmine, usi-d by the In.llans of the sonthcni I 'nit. '.I StatcH tut a meilleinc uii.l as a.h'ink of ceremony.- Black eartb. See **«rf/i.— Black Flags, bantis of Irregnlal K..ldiirH In- festing the npi..-r vali.-y ..( the Hi-.l Itlv.-r in I' inln. They were originally Kiir\'lv..rs of the Taiping n-l.clllon in f'hiini; in.-rense.l by the a.-.-esslon .>f vini.tns a.t\i-ntin-er«. tbev fought against tin- Vf i-n.-b In their wars « Itli Annan), al...ntis7:isri.- Black Friday, frost, etc. .s,-.-iii,-n..ini». — Black glass, a glass ma. I. -in \'cnl.-e.)f Mantl.HtlipInu-.an.t l.t ri.vl.l ..(inangani-se. It{H..r:i .li-.p l.lack .'..I..I'. Black nogden. s.-.- /"i..;./.-".- Black Hand, mi .-.Mar. hisin- s.u-Tely In Spain conip.iscil of m.-nib.-rs .il llu- liil.i.rliiil clasHcH. .Mimv of its nn'mlnTH In Hoiilb.-r-ii Sp;iin w.-n- ar-n-Ki.-.l an.l liu|ii-ls..ni-.l In in.s:i- Black Harry, Black Will, l...-id Tianirs in lb.- I iiil..l SImI.-s ..f 111.- s.-ii liaM, ('.,!(, I.;. i-;<(,-« /iin>ii.i. Bl.ack herrlni?. s.-.. herriiui.- Blackln the flesh, an.l waxed and black In the grain, teiniH apptie.l lo skins i-nrri.-.] on III.- i ran.l .nil.-r Hi.lca r.-speetively. The foiiii.-r- is applie.t to (b.- ni.p.-rs ..f men's hIioch, an.l lb.- Ii.ll.-r ..f Moinen's, Black Japan. See jn;/n)i. Black Mnria, a .-los.lv .-..v.-r.-.l v. -hi. -I.-, n«u- ally jialnled l.lio i,, .is.-.l Ml <'oMv.>> iii^' prison. -Is to and tr.mi Jail— Black martin, Monday, naphtha, ocher, el.-, s.-.- III.- n..iiriii. Black rent, exa.li..n» l'..rni.'rly b-vii-.l by native .-lil.-rialnH in li.-lan.l, paltlcnlurly upou districts where KnglUh were settled. I black Besides the payment of lihu-k rent, the oomraons of Tre- iaiul wure oi)presse(i by iriinuiiL'j;iltl<' lAactiims. Bw/trett, IrLliiiiil uihIli- the Tailors. Black rot, rust. See the nouns.— Black silver. See .s7<7'/h( /iff''. -Black-spot, a disease of rose-huslies, cliarac- tf ri/.cd liy dilliisc, tlarKcoIored spots on tlie upper surface of the leaves. It is iic-ltlack, ivort/. black, lampblack, peach-black, and plati- oin„-black.) black (blak), V. [< ME. blaclcen, Naken; < blacl; "■] I. trans. 1. To make black; blacken orput a black color on; soil; stain: as, to t?((ci- one's hands. — 2. To clean and polish (shoes, etc.) by 571 blacking and brushing them. — 3. To blacken; stain; sully; defame. [Rare.] Thon blacked'st no man's character, devoured'gt no man's hread. Sterne, Tristram Shandy, iii. 34. To black down (jiaut.), to tar and black (a ship's rigging). II. inlrans. 1. To become black; take on a black color.— 2t. To poach. See blade, «., 8. blackamoor (lihik'a-mor), n. [Also formerly blademoor, bliiflcaniorc, bladcemore, -iuo'm; etc., Sc. bladci/morc; orig. and prop, bladannnr, blade Moor, < blade + Moor. The inserted a is meaningless; cf. bladcavised.'] A negro; a black man or woman. I care not an she were a black-a-nwor. Shak., T. and C, 1. 1. I am sure I hated your poor dear uncle before man-iagc as if he'd been iiblack-a-moor. Sheridan, The Rivals, i. 'J. blackavised (blak'a-visd), a. [Sc, also blade- ai'iced, blackavi^ad'i < blade + F. vis, face, vis- age, -t- -(y;2. Tlie inserted a is meaningless ; ef. blackamoor.'] Dark-complexioned. I would advise her blackaviced suitor to look out; if another comes with a longer or clearer rent-roll, he's dislicd. Charlotte Bronte, Jane Eyre, xix. blackback (blak'bak), n. 1. The great blat^k- baeked gull, Larus marinits. Kingsley. Also caWeA saddle-back, CO ffin-carricr , and cob. — 2. A local Irish name (about Belfast) of the com- mon llounder. blackball (blak'bal), n. 1. A blacking com- position used by shoemakers, etc. Also called heel-ball. — 2. A name applied to both the smut and the bunt of wheat. — 3. An adverse vote. See blackball, v. t. blackball (blak'bal), v. t. To reject (as a can- didate for election to membership or office in any club, society, etc.) by placing black balls in the ballot-bo.x; exclude or defeat by ad- verse vote ; also, simply to vote against. See ballot^, n., 3. If you do not tell me who she is directly, you shall never get into "VMnte's. I will blackball you regularly. Disraeli, Young Duke, II. ii. blackballing (blak'bal-ing), n. [Verbal n. of blackball, c.] The act of rejecting or voting against a candidate by the use of black balls. Y'our story of the blackballing/ amused me. Lamb, Letter to B.Barton. blackband (blak'band), n. In mining and metal., a kind of iron ore, which consists essen- tially of carbonate of iron intimately mixed with coal. It is a very important ore of iron, especially in Scotland, wliere its true nature was discovered aliout the beginning of the present century. Often called black- band iron-^tonc. black-bass (blak'bas'), »• !• A centrarchoid American fish of the genus Microp terns. The body is oblong; the dorsal fin is low, especially the spinous por- tion of it, which is separated from the soft pai't by an emar- gination ; the anal fin is shorter than the soft part of the dorsal, with three small spines ; and the caudal rtn is emar- ginate. The color is dark, and the cheeks and opercules are crossed by tlircc dark oblitjue stripes. Two species are known, the Iar'_a'nioiitlir,l hlack-bass, Mieropterus salmo- ides, extending from Canada and the great lakes south- west into 1'exas and southeast into Florida, and the small- mouthed black-bass, Mieropterus dolomieu, ranging from black-brush blackberry (blak'ber'i), «.; pi. blacUerries (-iz). L< MK. hlakberijc, blaleeberie, < AS. blwc- bcric, prop, written apart, bkec berie, pi. blace herian: see black and bcrry^.] 1. The fruit of those species of Kubus in which the recepta- cle becomes .juicy and falls off with the drupe- lets, in distinction from the raspberry. The principal European species is li. /ruticoms. In the L'nitcd States there are several kinds, as the liigh black- berry. It. mllosuH, Home varieties of which are extensively cultivated ; the low blackberry or dewbeny, U. Canaden- sis; the bush-blackberry, /(. Iriiiialis, of the Southern States; the running swanip-blackberry, li.hispidus; and the sand-blackberry, /(. cuneij'ulius. In Scotland generally called bramble, and in the west of Scotland blackhuyd or black-bide. 2. In some parts of England, the black currant, liibcs nigrum. blackberr3rtng(blak'ber'''i-ing), n. [< blackberry -\- -ing"^; as if from a verb blackberry. See the quot. from Chaucer, below.] The gathering of blackberries — Goablakeberyedt, a doubtful phraer, ma^t-bass, and }yelshman. 2. A local name, along portions of the Pacific coast of the United States, of a scorpa;noid fish, Scbastichthys melanops, or black rock-fish. black-beetle (blak'be"tl), n. An English name of the common cockroach of Great Britain, Blatta (reriplancta) orientalis, a large black orthopterous insect, of the f&imlyBlattidee. See cut under Blattida: blackbelly (blak'bel-'i), n. A local name in Massachusetts of a variety of the alewife, Clupea cernalis. song thrush ; the male is wholly black, except the bill and the orbits of the eyes, which are yellow ; the female is dark rusty-brown. The male lia.s a fine, rich, mellow note, but its song has little compass or variety. Also called merle and ouzel. 2. In America, a bird of the family Jcieridce (which see). These birds have no relation to the Euro- pean blackbird, but are nearer the old-world starlings. There are very many species of the family, to several of which, as the bobolink, the oriole, and the meadow-lark, the term blackbird is not specifically applied. The lead- ing species are the several crow-blackbirds, of the genera Quiscalus and Seolccophagus, and the mai-sh-blackbirds, Afielceus and Xanthocephalus. The common crow-black- bird is Q. purpureas ; the common red-winged marsh- blackbird, A.phoEuiceus; the yellow-headed blackbird, X. icterocephalus. See cut inider Ayelo'ince. 3. In the West Indies, the ani, Crotophaga aui, of the family Cuculidce, or cuckoos; the sa- vanna-blackbird. See cut under ani. — 4. A cant term on the coast of Africa for a slave. blackboard (blak'bord), w. 1. A board painted black, used In schools, lecture-rooms, etc., for writing, drawing, or cipheiing with chalk. Hence — 2. Any prepared surface, as of plaster or slate, used for the same purpose. blackbonnet (blak'bon et), n. One of the names of the reed-buuting. [I.,oeal, Scotland.] blackboy (blak'boi), H. The common name of the Australian grass-tree, Xanthorrhwa ar- borea, etc., a juncaeeous plant with a thick blackened trunk and a terminal tuft of wiry, grass-like leaves. The different species yield an abundance of fragrant resin, either red, known as l>tack- boy fturn, or yellow, called acaroid ffum. blackbreast (blak'brest), «. 1. Anameofthe red-backed sandpiper, Tringa alpina, variety omericana. — 2. A local name in the United States of the black-beUied plover, Squatarola helvetica. black-bro'wed (blak'broud), a. Having black eyebrows; gloomy; dismal; threatening: as, •'a bhick-broued ^ist.'' Dryden. black-brush (blak'brush), a. Aterm used only in the phrase black-brush iron ore, a brown hematite or limonite. found in the Forest of Dean, England, and used chiefly for making tin-plate. blackbur blackbur fblak'ber), n. A local name in the Uiiited States of the plant Geiim striciiim. black-burning (hlak'ber'ning), a. Scandal- ous: used only in the phrase black-bunting slmmc. [Scotch.] blackcap (blak'kap), h. 1. One who wears a black cap. — 2. A name given to various birds ha\-ing the top of the head black, (n) Tlie Europe,in black-capped w.irliler, Sylria alricapilla. (b) The European titraou;*e. Parity major, (c) The American black-capped fly-catchini; warbler, Miiiodioctes pu.-nllus, also called fTU^on's blackcap. (, 2. black-cat (blak'kat), n. A name of the fisher, pekan, or Pennant's marten, Miistclapennanti, a large blackish marten peculiar to the northerly parts of North America. Also called black-fox. See cut under llsher. black-cattle (blak'kat'l), n. Cattle reared for slaughter, in distinction from dairy-cattle : used without reference to color. [Great Britain.] blackcoat (blak'kot), n. 1. One who wears a black coat : a common and familiar name for a clergyman, as redcoat is, in England, for a sol- dier. — 2. jil. A name given to the German reiters, or mercenary troops, in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, from their black armor and dress. blackcock (blak'kok), n. The male blaek- grouse or black-game; the heath-cock; a grouse, Tetrao tctrix, or Lijrurus tetrix, of the •^^ Blackcock t^Lyrums tfirtx). family TetraonUUc, found in many parts of Eu- rope. It Is mostly black, with a lyrate tail. Tlic female in called a 'jraif ht-n, and the young are called poults. black-dainp (blak'damp), «. Carbon dioxid gas. wliiil] is found in greater or less quantity in all collieries, being given off by many coals, eitlier mixed with flro-<]amp, or separately, or produced in various other ways, as by the ex- iialations of the men, by fires, and by explo- sions of firi'-dainp. Also called rlKiki-iiamp. black-dog (blak'dog), 71. it. Ahiidsliilling or otlicr base Kilvcr coin. — 2. Hypochondria; the blues. fSlang in bolli Honsos.] black-draught (blak'driift), n. A pojiular pur- giitive iiiiiln'iiii', coiiHisting of an infusion of Kciina Willi KpHom HallH. black-drop (blak'ilrop), n. A liquid prepara- ti<.ii of opium in vinegar or verjuice. Also liillcrl vinegar of opium Lajicaater black-drop, fi - ■'■■M'.ii fif «>[tinn) In verjuice with jtiitrur and iiutNieif. i ij'fakrr Uark-ilrop. The black-drop of the rtiiirmni-o|Kcla, Arttum opii, Ik HJndlar, ex- it.- nr-rllc acid In used. . (luck (blak'duk), n. 1. Tlir' black hco- '/ 'I' iiiia nigra, one of the wa-ducks or Hce cut under urolir. — 2. Tlie of North America, ,lnai< /iliHciirii, Iniitinii; or river-ilnckH, Hiirl a near ' ho milliard. Tlio male la montly black- liidn;£or the wlnifR anil a vhdel Hpccullim; ■ Inrk. Mi), n. A compound of oxid iK'iil nii G. fc?«<*/i«c/i, inkfish.] 1. A name of several fishes, (a) .\ local Enjilish name of the female salmon about the time of spawning. (6) A name of the tautog, Taii^o^'ra o»iV/.s-. See cut under tautofi. (c) A local Alaskan name of DalVta pectoralis, a flsti wliich alone represents the suborder Xenomi. See Dallia. (.'\ One of a certain tribe of North American In- dians, tlio most western division of the Algcni- kiii stock. [In this sense tlie plural is properly I'lUickfiiiil.t, but commonly Blackfcct.'] black-fox (liliik'foks), n. Same as black-cat. black-friar (blak'l'ri'iir), n. [So called from the disliiictivi' black gown. Ci. gray-fnar, u'hili- friar.] A fiiar of the Dominican ordi'r. AI»o called a prctirant or ]treachin*j .friar, anil in Kralu'C ,/aro- bin. See Jhiminican. I I'rojierly written as two wordH. | black-game (blak'gam), n. See blackcock and grnn.^1 . black-grass (blak'griVs), )i. 1. A dark-colored rush (.luncn.s C.rrarili) of salt-marslies. [U. S.] — 2. A species of foxtail grass, Alopccurus (iiir(^lis. ( Kng.] blackguard (blug'iinl), «. and a. [< black + giiarJ, Sec dcf.] I. h. If. In collective senses (properly lis two words): (a) The sciillidiis and lowest menials ccniliecled willi a groat lioiisc- liolil, will) altended to llie |ioIk, coals, I'tc, iind looked afler tliem wlien tlie household niovcil from ono place (o anollier. A loimy ulavc. that wlllilii thin Iwenty year* rode with Ihn hlnrk iiiiard in llle dllkeli carrlliKe 'nioi.init iiplla and ilrl|ipllig-pan»! Welmler, While llrvll, I. ■•. (fc) A guard of attendants, black in color of flio skin or dress, or in ctiaraclor. relauliiK. (VImIIiik, and other like heretlcn of tho dcvll» Uark iiuartl. Fiilke, Defence (U*:i|, \. .'IS*!, (.V, K. I).) (c) The idle criminal class ; vagabonds gener- ally. blacking How prevent your sons from consorting with the black, miard f A. Tucker, Light of Nature (17(K), II. 143. (.V. E. D.) {(I) The vagabond children of great towns; "city Aiabs," who run errands, black shoes, or do odd jobs. — 2. A man of coarse and offen- sive manners and speech; a fellow of low char- acter; a scamp; a scoundrel. The troops which he commanded were the greatest blackguards on the face of the earth. C. D. Vonffe, Life of Wellington, xxvL II. ". It. Belonging to the menials of a household; serving; waiting. Let a blackuuard boy be always about the house to send oil your errands, and go to market for you on rainy days. Swi/t, Directions to Servants, Couk. 2. Of bad character ; vicious; vile; low; worth- less : said of persons and things. Marking certain things as low and blackguard, and cer- tain others as lawful and right T. Ilwiheg. 3. Scurrilous; abusive ; befitting a blackguard : as. blackguard language. blackguard (blag'iird), r. [< blackguard, n,] 1. trans. To revile in scurrilous language. I have been called names and blackguarded quite suffi- ciently for one sitting. Ttiackeray, Newcomes, xxix. Il.t intrans. To be, act, or talk like a black- guard ; behave riotously. And there a batch o' wabster lads, Blackijiiardiu!! frae Kilmarnock, For fun this day. Burns, Holy Fair. blackguardism (blag'iird-izm), n. [< black- guard + -isni.'i The conduct or laugiuige of a blackguard ; ruffianism. This ignoniinions dissoluteness, or rather, if we may venture to designate it by the only proper word, black- fftiardigm, of feeling and manners, could not but spread from public to private life. Macaulay, Hallam's Const. Hist. blackguardly (blag'ard-li), a. [< blackguard + -/i/i.] Characteristic of a blackguard; ras- cally; villainous: as, a 6/flciv/Hflrrf/i/ business. blackguardry (blag'iird-ri), n. [< blackguard + -n/.] Blackguards or scoundrels collectively. [Rare.] black-gum (blak'gum), n. A North American tree, Xyssu niultijlora, 40 to 70 feet high, bearing a dark-blue berry. The wood is strong, tough, and iinwcdgeable, and is largely used fiu- the hubs of wheels, fcir >okes, etc. .Also called pepperidije and tiour-truin. blackhead (blak'hed), H. 1. A popular name of the scaups or sea-ducks of the genus. l(f/i(/(a; as, the greater and lesser blackbeads, A. miirila a,nd J. oltinif!. See scaup. — 2. A local name in the United States of the black-headed min- now, or fathead, I'inipbalcs promclas. blackheart (blak'hiirt), «. 1. A species of cherry of many varieties: so called from the fruit being somewhat heart-shaped aud having a skin nearly black. The unnetted black-hearts ripen dark, All tlliile, against the garden wall. Ti'iniimm, The Blackbird. 2. A wood obtained from British Guiana, suit- alile for use in building and in f urn it in-e -mak- ing. black-hearted (blnk'hiir'ted), a. Having a black or iiialigniint heart. black-helmet (blnk'hel'met), v. A shell ob- tained from a sjiecies of molliisk, and used by cameo-cutters. McElratli, Com. Diet. black-hole (blak'hol). ». A dungeon or dark cell In a prison ; a |ilace of confiueiiient for sol- diers; any disiniil place for conliiieiiieiit by way of punishment. There grew up . . . Inn academic] discipline of iiidiul- ilcd autocracy upheld by rods, and fenilcH, and the tdack- li'ilr. II. .Spencer, Education, p. 98. The black-hole of Calcutta, the gnnlson strong-room <)r lilack-hote at falciitta, measuring about IS feet K(|iiare, into which llli Itritish prisoners were thrust at the point of the sword, by the Nawali SlraJ-iid-Panln, on .luiie 20, IT.Ml. The next morning all hut 2'.i were dead from sulTo- cation. black-horse (blak'liArs), n. A local name of tlie Missiiiiri sucker, Cyclcptus clongatns, of the t'uiiiilv ('iiliisliimiita: blacking (blak'ing), n. [Verbal n.of black, v.] 1. A pii'piinitiou for bliicking boots and shoos, usuiilly iiiiide of powdered bone-black, sperm- or linseed-nil, niiiliisses, sour beer or vinegar, oil of vitriol, and cop]ienis. ■nirougbont the mid- dle ages boots were wciiii of tlie brown cidor natural to the leather, or of a dark red ctdor, not iiiiliKc thi> modern Itlissiii Ii'iitlier. There Is nicniion of lilacking as early U the bcgliiiijm; of tile Kcvelltccndl century. 2, In Icatlicr-trorking, any one of a number of Jiri'iuiratioiis used in dyeing or sliiiiiing leather lilai'k. — 3. Tlie iiaiiie given by I'oiiinlers to a black wasli, conipoHcil of clay, water, and pow- blacking dered charcoal, with which cores and loam- molds arc coated, to give the requisite smooth- ness to the surfaces which come into contact with the melted metal — Brass blacldng, a deaci- black ornaineiital surfai-u fnrnied on brass-work. It is inadt; by phmgiiiiJ: tbr In a.ss into a mixture of a strouK so- lution of Tutratu of silver uitli a solution of nitrate of oop- pii-, and licatin;; it, after withdrawal, until the desired di-ptli ol rnh.i' is ..litaini'd. blackish(liliik'isli), ((. [<6Zacfc -t--is/il.] Some- what black ; moderately black or dark. Benin to be blactciyh. Hollnnd, tr. of Pliny, vi. 11). black-jack (blak'jak), B. 1. A capacious drLuk- iiiK-cu]! or can formerly luaile of waxed leather, but now of thin metal, the outside being ja- panned black, except * the edge, which is left bright, in imitation of the ancient leathern black-jacks with silver rims. There's a Dead-sea of drink in the cellar, in which goodly vessels lie wrecked ; and in the middle of this Leatliern Black-jiicks. liibridhytca trijctia. a fruit ; h. section of same. (From Gray's " Genera of the Plants of the United States.") ral order ftapiiidacea; given on account of their • inflated fniit-eapsule. The European S. piiiimta and the .s'. Irtiiiliri of tile Atlantic States are occasionally cul- tivated lis oriuiiiieiital shrubs, t'eiitral Asia, Japan, and | t'alif. <» wanh that blackens. Remove . . . the mlak'wV J ..;2 Same as pert 1* giis trii-lil) ffastnda. bladder-green (blad^T-gron), II. Snnie us siiji-tirern. bladder-herb (1>1».1''t-), «. The winter-chi'rry, rhy.iati.iAt- kekengi : so calli'd from its in- flated cdlvx. ., ,, bladder-kelp (bbulVT-kelp), n. 1. Haine as bladilir-irrnck.—2. A seaweed of the ( abfornia coast, of tbe geniis SinncyHlin, having an ex- ceedingly long stem which dilates above into H bjiwldor sovenil feet in length. n;.< E. Jlouer. To the same ult. root belongs perhaps L. folium = Gr. ^i7i;ioti, leaf: see /'o//o, t'oili. The reg. mod.- K. form would hv'blad (like sad. glad, etc.); the long | vowel is line to the Ml-:, iiilli-cteil forms, bbido, eli-.l 1. The leaf of a )iliiiil, imrliciihirly (now | |H-rhapsexclusively) of graniiiieoiiK)ilaiits; also, the young stalk or spire of gramineous plants. Hut when the lilivlr was sprung up iiml broughl forUl fruit, lllcll a|ipeareil the tarcH also. Mat. vlH. S*. Whoever could make . . . two Wro/i-» of grans to gi-ow -I . . . where only one grew bi'foi-e. would ili-Hi-rve better 01 I mankind . . . tliiiu the wlioli- race of iinlltli-laiiK. Siiifl. (lulllvcl-'s Travels, 11, 7. mid Hlirlif. I. I lay-Dream. I 2. In bot., the lamina or binad )iarl of a leaf,,! jielal, sepal, etc., as distinguished I'roin thOJ pvtiiile or foot.ittilk. S ut und(>r leaf. — 3. Anvlhing resembling a blade, (n) A swnnl; iilno,! tlie'llat, thill, cutting part of a knife m other eult lug-tool, \ I'lle varying year with /i/iii/'- blade If ere your blades Had point or prowess, prove tlieni now. Moure^ Lalla Rookli. The famous Damascus blades, so renowned in the time of tlie Crusaders, are made here no longer, IS. Ttnilur, Lands of the Saracen, p. 130. lb) Tlie broad, flattened part of certain instruments and utensils, as of an uur, a ijuddle, a spailc, etc. The blade of her light oar threw otT its shower of spray. Whittier, Bridal of Peruiacook. (c) A broad flattened part of a bone : as, a jaw-blade ; specifically, the scapula or shoulder-blade.' Atrides' lance did gore Pylffimen's shoulder in the blade. Chapman, Iliad, v. (d) The front flat part of the tongue. H. Sweet, Hand- biiok uf riiouetics. (e) A commercial name for the four large plates uM the sides, and the ftve large plates in the niiiliile, uf tlie upper shell of the sea-turtle, which yield the hist tortoise-shell, {.f) That limb of a level wliich is nuivalite on a pivot at the joint, in order that it may be adjusted to include any angle between it and the stock. (-7) The float or vane of a propeller or paddle-wheel, (/i) the web or plate of a saw. (i) The edge of a sectorial tooth. (.0 In eiitnm., one of the flat, two-edged plates forming the sword-like ovipositor of certain Orthopiera anil Iluiiioptera : in a wider sense, the ovipositor itself. 4. A swordsman. The short man I felt quite confident Hugh could handle, and was surprised, seeing his build, that Pike should have declared liim a good blade. S. Weir Mitchell, Hugh Wynne, I. 214. 5. A dashing or rolliekiug fellow; a swaggerer; a rakish fellow; strictly, perhaps, one who is sharp and wide awake : as, "jolly Mades," Eve- lyn, Memoirs, i. A brisk young fellow, with his hat cocked like a fool behind, as the present fasiliou among tlie blades is. Peijys, Diar.Vj III. 142. 6. One of the principal rafters of a roof. Gwilt. (Made (blad), j!\; pret. and pp. bladed, ppr 576 blady (bla'di), n. [< hhuU + -i/l.] Consisting of blades; provided with blades or leaves: as, " the hlady grass," Drayton, Polyolbiou, xix. 73. blae (Vila or ble), a. and v. [Sc. and North. E. ; also \\'rit,t It. biaro = OSp. blavo = Pr. blau, f em. Uava, = OF. and mod. V. bleu, > ME. bleu, blewc (perhaps in part < AS. *bWw (as in blicwen) tov *bldtc), mod. E. blue, q. v.), blue, prob. = L. Jldvu.t, yellow (color-names are unstable in application) : see blue.} I. a. 1. Blue; blackish-blue; li^nd ; also, bluish-gray; lead-colored: a color-name applied to various shades of blue. — 2. Livid; pale-blue : applied to a person's complexion, as affected by cold, ton-or, or contusion. Oh ! sirs, some of you will stand with a blae countenance before tlie tribunal of God. M. Urtice. II. "■ [Commonly in pi. blaci ; also written hlaize, bla:e.~\ In coal-mining, indurated argil- laceous shale or clay, sometimes containing nodules of iron ore. The same term is also applied to beds of hard sandstone. blaeberry (bla'ber"i), re. ; pi. blaeberries (-iz). [Sc. ; also spelled bleoherry, blaybcrrij ; < bine -1- berry, after Icel. bldber = Sw. bl&hdr = Dan. blaabwr : see bilberry.} The Scotch name of the bilberry UadiiKj. l< ME. bidden {='ML'G.blriden='Sw. blae-linen (bla'lin"en), n. A slate-colored btmbi, thin out plants); from the noun.] I, linen beetled in the manufacture. Also blay- trans. 1. To take off the blades of (herbs), linen. [Now only prov. Eng.]— 2. To furnish with a blsesitas (ble'si-tas), re. [NL., < L. blwstis, blade; fit a blade to To blade itt, to fight with lisping, stammering; cf. Gr. jSXaiad^, crooked, blades or swords. II. intrans. To come into blade ; produce blades. As sweet a plant, as fair a flower is faded. As ever in the Muse's garden bladed. P. Fletcher, Eliza, an Elegy. I blade-bone (blad'bon), «. The scapula or shoid- der-blade. bladed (bla'ded), p. a. [< blade -k- -ed"^.} 1. Having a blade or blades, as a plant, a knife, etc.: as, "bladed gi-ass," Skak., M. N. D., i. 1; '^ bladed field," Thomson, Summer, 1. 57. — 2. Stripped of Ijlades or leaves. — 3. In mineral., composed of long and narrow plates like the Bladed Structure, Cyanite bandy-legged.] 1. Stuttering or stammering. — 2. An imperfection of speech consisting in the substitution of d for t, b for }}, etc. See 2>scl- lisniiis. [Rare.] blafft, V. i. [Prob. < D. bluffen - MLG. LG. blaffen, bark; cf. ME. lolajfen, and baffen, E. 6oJl, bark: all appar. imitative.] To bark. Seals which would rise out of the water, and blaff like a dog, Capt. Cowley, Voy, (1729), p, 6. (iV. K D.) blaffert (blaf'ert), «. [< MHG. blaphart, pla- phart, plappert = MLG. blaffert = MD. blaf- ferd, hlaffaert (ML. blaffardits), a silver coin with a blank face, < blaffaert, having a blank or plane face, < blaf, having a blank or broad face: see bluff '^.'\ Aji old silver coin of Cologne, worth about 4 cents. blafluxa (blaf'lum), re. [Also bleflum. Cf. be- llnni.} Deception; imposition; hoa.x. [Scotch.] blague (blag), re. [F.] Humbug; vain boast- ing ; pretentious falsehood. blague (blag), r. «.'; pret. and pp. blagued, ppr. bldiiuing. [< F. blaguer, humbug, hoax ; from the" noun.] To humbug; boast; lie jestingly. She [a Belgian shopkeeper) laughed, and said I blagued. The Bread-Winners, vi. blain (blan), re. [< ME. blane, blayn, bleyn, blein, < AS. blegen (= D. lilein = LG. bleien = Dan. blegn), perhaps, like bladder, ult. from the root of bidwnn, blow, puff: see Woioi.] 1. A pustule ; a blotch ; a blister. Botches and blaiiis must all his flesh emboss. Milton, P. L., xii. ISO. 2. Abubbleof water.— 3. In /arrierT/, a blad- der growing on the root of the tongue against the windpipe, and teni:Ung to cause suffocation. . .„ , . ,. blaize, »• /)'■ i^eehlae,n. A mill for grinding . ,^, Via'tet a. Middle English forms of ; ME. bleche. mod. E. bleach'^, adj., also prob. without assibilation ME. *bleke, mod. E. bleak'^: see bleach^, a., and hleak^) (= OS. blek = D. bleek = MLG. blek = OHG. bleih, MHG. G. bleieh = leel. hleikr), shining, white, pale, < bllcan (pret. bide), shine, gleam: see blicJ^.} 1. Pale ; pallid ; wan ; of a sickly hue, as the com- plexion ; of a pale-green or yellow hue, as vege- tation.— 2. Yellow, as butter, cheese, etc.— 3. Bleak; cold; bare; naked. Ealliwell. [North. Eng-] blaket, i'- »'• [ME. blaken, the northern form Four arms, which serve a double purpose, connecting corresponding to the reg. southern early ME. £g at thrii'«'frenUrieT;U'°(^r-:^;'„^,r^'™' ''■'' ''"'- 1'lok.nU AS.bldcian, become pale, < bide, pale : Cmnpin, Mech. Engineering, p. 142. see blake, a. J To become paie. blamelessly blakeling (blilk'ling), m. [E. dial., < blake, yel- low, + -tiiu/K] The yellow bunting. Halli- u-ill. [.Xi.rl'li. Kng.] blamable. blameable (bla'ma-bl), a. [< blame + -dhlc.l Desi'rviiig of bliime or censure; faulty; culpable; reprehensible; censurable. Such feelings, llii^ugh blamnl>b\ were natural and not wholly inexciisatile. M'naulait, Jliflt. Eng., il. blamableness, blameableness (bla'ma-bl- nes), re. The state or (juality of being blama- ble; culpability; faultiness. If we arc to measure degrees of blameabUruss, one wrong must be set off against the other. Kdinhurrjh Itev., CI,.\IV. 450. blamably, blameably (bla'ma-bli), adv. In a blarnaidc iiiaiiiifr; culpably. I . . . took occasion t^j observe, that the world in gen- eral began to be blanicably indifferent as to doctrinal matters. ♦ Goldstnith, Vicar, xiv. blame (blam), r. t. ; pret. and pp. blamed, ppr. hhiming. [< ME. blanien = MD. blamen (also blamcren, D. blumcren), < OF. blusmer, blamer, F. blamer = I'r. blasniar = OSp. bld.'T//jf iv, speak ill, whence the full E. form bhmplieme, q. v.] 1. To express disapprobation of ; find fault with ; censure: opposed io praise or commend. No lesse is to be blam'd their odd pronouncing of Latine, so that out of England none were able U} understand or endure it. Evelyn, Diary, May 13, Vitil. We blaincd him, and with perfect justice and propriety, for saying wliat he did not mean. Macautay, Sadlers Kef. Itefut«d. Formerly it might bo followed by of. Tomoreua he blam'd of inconsiderate rashness. KnnUes, Hist. Turks. 2. To charge ; impute as a fault ; lay the re- sponsibility of: as, he blames the failure on you. [Colloq.] — 3t. To bring reproach upon ; blemish ; injure. This ill state in which she stood ; To which she for his sake had weetingly Now brought herselfe, and blam'd her noble blood. Spenser, F. Q., VI. iii. 11. [In such phrases as he is to blame, to blame, by an old and common construction, has the passive meaning ' to be blamed, blamable.' Compare a house to let, hire, build; yrain ready to cut, etc. You were to blame, I must be plain with you. Shak., II. of v., v. 1. I was to blame to be so rash ; I am sorry. Fletcher, .Spanish Curate, iii. 4. In writers of the Elizabethan period it was often written too blame, blame apparently being mistaken for an adjec- tive. i=Syn. 1. To reprove, reproach, chide, upbraid, reprehend. See decry. blame (blam), n. [< ME. blame = MD. blame, D. bluani, < OF. blasnie, F. bldnie (= Pr. blasme = OSp. Pg. blasmo = It. biasimo), < blasmer, v., blame : see blame, v.} 1. An expression of dis- approval of something deemed to be wrong; imputation of a fault ; censure ; reprehension. Let me bear the blame for ever. Gen. xliii. 9. 2. That which is deserving of censure or dis- approbation ; fault ; crime ; sin. That we should be holy and without blame before him, Eph. i. 4. 3. Ctilpability ; responsibility for something that is wrong: as, the blame is yotirs. — 4t. Hurt ; injury. Antl [the blow] glauncing downe his shield from blame him fairly blest. Spenser, F. Q,, I. ii. 18. blameable, blameableness, blameably. See hhimdhli; hlaiiiahleness, hlamahhj. blameful (blam'fid), a. [< blame, n.. + -/«/.] 1. Meriting blame; reprehensible; faulty; guUty; criminal: as, "blameful thinges," Chaur- cer, Melibeus. Thy mother took into her bUimefxd bed Some stern untutor'd churL Shak., 2 Hen. VI., iiL 2. 2. FaultfiniUng; blaming: as, a blameful look or word. Eu.^kin. blamefully (blam'fid-i), adv. In a blameful manner. blamefulness (blam'ful-nes), ». [< blameful -t- -«(,«,] The state of being blameful, blameless (blam'les), a. [ME. blameles ; < hlainc + -less.} Not meriting blame or censure ; without fault ; undeserving of reproof : inno- cent; guiltless: as, "the blameless Indians," Thomson, Memory of Lord Talbot. We will be blameless of this thine oath. Josh, iL 17. Wearing the white flower of a blameless life. Tennyson, Ded. of Idylls. = Syn. Faultless, irreproachable, unimpeachable, unsul. lied, spotless, stainless, unblemished. blamelessly (blam'les-U), adv. In a blameless manner; without fault or crime; innocently. blamelessness blamelessness 0)lam'les-nes), n. The state or qxiality of being blameless ; innocence ; purity. iliy white blamele^neis accounted blame. Tennymn, Merlin and ViWen. blamer (bla'mer), n. One ■who blames, finds fanlt, or censures: as, "blamers of the times," Donne, To Countess of Bedford, iii. blameworthiness (blam'wer^THi-nes), n. [< blniiuicorthti + -ness.'^ The quality of being blameworthy ; blamableness. Praise and blame express what actually are, praisewor- thiness and Itameimrthines^ what natiu-ally ought to be, the seutiiuents of other people with reganl to our charac- ter and conduct. Adam Smith, Theory of Moral Sentiments, iii. 3. Blame I can bear, though not biameivorthittess. Brownin(j, King and Book, I. 140. blameworthy (blam'wer'THi), a. [< ME. blameicortliii, < blame + jcorrti/.] Deserving blame ; censurable ; culpaDle ; reprehensible. That the sending of a divorce to her husband was not blam^irorthy, he allirms, because the man was heinously vicious. MUtoHj Divorce, ii. 22. blanc (blangk; F. pron. blon), n. [OF. blanc, a silver coin (see def. 2), < blanc, a., white : see blanl:} 1. A silver coin, weighing about 47 Obvcise. Reverse. Blanc of Henry \n.. Britisli MuseuiQ. (Size of the original.) grains, struck by Henry VI. of England (1422- 1461) for his French dominions. Sometimes spelled blank or blanck. Have you any money? he answered, Xot a blanck. a. Joiuion, Gayton's Fest. Night. 2. A French silver coin, first issued bv Philip of Valois (1328-1350) at the value of 10 deniers, or ^i livre. Vndcr King John the Good (1350-1364) the blanc was coined at 5 deniers. Under Charles VI. and Obycrsc Reverse. Blanc of Charles VI . of France, Bririsb Museum. ( Size of the original. ) his successors the blanc was worth 10 deniers, and the demi-blanc 5 deniers. From Louis XI. to Francis I. a grand blanc was Issued worth 12 deniers, or 5^ livre, and a petit blanc of one half that value. After the time of Francis I. the grand blanc was no longer coined ; but the petit blanc was retained as a money of account, and was reckonedat 5 deniers, or -^ livTe; it was commonly called nim\t\y blaitr. The blanc was coined acconling to b<)th the timrwiU and the jinrUiA systems, the hitter coins, like others of the same system, being worth one (plarter more tlian tliose of the same name in tlie former system. 3. A white paint, especially for the face. — 4. A piece of ware such as is generally decorated, sold or delivered without its decoration. At tlie .Sevres and other porcelain-factories pieces not (lulte per- fect in r.\iti\H3 are sold undecorateil, but bearing a special Inetfaceatde mark, which distinguishes them from those finished in the factory. 6. A rich stock or gravy in which made dishes or entr^'-oK aro somotimes served. — Blanc d'ar- gent, a pigment, the carbonate of Irad, or white leari, uhu- iilly f>pH. Blanc flxe, <'in :ii titl'lally prcpar«-d sulphate of luiriiirii. niadc by rllMnoIv- ir. -Mil,, rit.- friirt'onat^T of barinin) In liydriH.-lilorle acid, f (ting this iMtlutloii vs itii >.iilpiiurlr- aeld. It is 'tniiierce In a pulpy hImI*- in water, and is used ' r.itit nf pa|MT, plgnielltH. cp-. blancard (blang'kilrd), n. [F., < blanc, white (•<.i. hliink), + -arlanch), a. and n. [Also wriltitii '•" ^ , ' MK. blanche, blnunrhc, < OF. blanche, f' • ' ' I hiiir, white: Reo blank, a.'\ I. n. If. ^' I'-. — 2t. Hame nn litinrh'^. Blanch !.■ ■I„r/if,lr,n. Blanch fOVCr' ll' -lirrr.-t '■ . 11, « whi'n'Wllli iiifilih'tix Hint liii\e tlii; V ir. Hilled.' f^f/nitvL literally, pale '• n. till- blnwh )• i»T Is ollher to lie In 1"^ ' ■ itli wnnt^iniipss. 1 •' >'li>»t harlde a lAnnfhe try^r/- , A t ijn.i he sholdr n- verr fcevcr- I7i'iu«r, Irollim, I. tflO. 576 Blanch lion, anciently, the title of one of the pursoirants of arms. n. ". It. Same as blanc, 3. — 2t. A white spot on the skin. — 3. In mining, a piece of ore found isolated in the hard rock. R. Hunt. [Eug.] blanch^ (blanch), v. [Early mod. E. also blaunch; < SIE. blaunehen, blanchen, < OF. blan- chir (F. blanchir), < blanc (> JIE. blank, blanch), white: see blank.1 I. trans. 1. To make white ; whiten by depri\'ing of color ; render colorless : as, to blanch linen. — 2. In hort., to whiten or prevent from becoming gi-een by excluding the light : a process applied to the stems or leaves of plants, such as celery, lettuce, sea-kale, etc. It is done by banking up earth about the stems of the plants, tying the leaves together to keep the inner ones from the light, or covering with pots, boxes, or the like. 3. To make pale, as with sickness, fear, cold, etc. Keep the natural I'uby of your cheeks, WTien mine are blanch'd with fear. Shak., Macbeth, iii. 4. 4t. Figuratively, to give a fair appearance to, as an immoral act; palliate; slur; pass over. They extoll Constantine because he extol'd them ; as our homebred Plonks in their Histories blanch the Kings their Benefactors, and brand those that went about to be their Correctors. Stilton, Ref. in Eng., i. Blanch over the blackest and most absurd things. Tillotson, Works, I. SO. 5. In cookery, to soak (as meat or vegetables) in hot water, or to scald by a short, rapid boil- ing, for the purpose of producing firmness or wliiteness. — 6. In the arts, to whiten or make lustrous (as metals) by acids or other means; also, to cover with a thin coating of tin To blanch almonds, to deprive them of their skins by hu- mersion in hot water and a little friction, after their shells have been removed. One word more, and I'll blanch thee like an atnwTid. Fletcher, Wife for a Month, L 2. =SyTL 1 and 2. Etiolate, etc. See whiten. n, in trans. To become white ; turn pale. The ripple would hardly blanch into spray At the feet of the clilf. Tennyson, The Wreck. Drew his toil-worn sleeve across To brush the manly tear From cheeks that never changed in woe. And never blanched in fear. 0. W. Holmes, Pilgrim's Vision. blanch-t (blanch), V. [A corruption of 6?c«c/(l, simulating blanclA, turn pale: see 6/eHoAl.] 1, trans. To shun or avoid, as from fear; evade. The judges . . . thought it . . . dangerous . . . to .iii- niit ifs and ands to qualifle the words of treason, whereby every man might expresse his malice and blanch his dan- ger, llacon. Hen. VII., p. 134. By whose importunitie was the saile slacken 'd in the first encounter with the Dutch, or whether I am to blanch this iiarticular'/ Erelyn, To my Lord 'lYeasurer. II, intrans. To shrink; shift; equivocate. Books will speak plain when counsellors blanch. liacon, of Counsel. blanched (blancht), p. «. Whitened; deprived of color; bleached. And still she slept an aznre.liddeil sleep. In blanched linen, smooth, and lavender'd. Keats, Kve of St. Agnes, xxx. Specifically applied to coins and silver articles contain- ing copper which have hci-ii submitted to the action of liot dilute siilplinrii: acid, to dissolve a part of the copper of tlu- alloy on tlie surface, and leave a film or coating riclier in silver. — Blanched copper, an alloy of copper and arse- nic, in about the proportion of 10 of tile former to 1 of the latter. It is used for clock-dials and tliermoineter- and barometer-scales. It is prepared by heating copper clip- pings with white arsenic (ai-senions acid), arranged in al- ternate layers and coverca with common salt, in an earth- en crucible. blancher' (bli'in'ohi'-r), n. [Early mod. E. also hUiuiichrr. < MF,. blancher; < blanch^ -I- -rrl.] i liie who blanches or whitens, in any sense of (he verb blanch^. blancher-t (l>li'in'ch6r), n. [Early mod. E. also liUiunrlicr, bliiunshcr, etc. ; < blanch- (= blench^ ) + -ri-l.J 1. One who turns aside or causes to turn aside ; a pervertor. These Itlanrlicrs will be ready to whisper the king In the car, and to tell lilni that this iiliuse Is but a siiinll mailer. Latimer, Sermon of Hie I'loiigli. 2. One Htationed for the purj'OHe of turning game in some direction; a sowol (which see). /.einiane was like one that stood In a tree walling a good oeitaslon to shoot, and Oyneeia a blancher wlileli kept the dearest deer from her. Sir I'. .Sidney, Arcaiiiii, I. And lliere we found one Mr. (Ircendeld, 11 geiilleiimii of Itiicklngbamsblre. galherlng up pari of the said liookH' leaves (as lie said), llierewitli to make lilm seweis or blamulicren to keep the deer within the wood, thereby to have the liettor cry wllb his hounds. I.aylim, In It. W. lll lllsl. Dl. of Kng., Iv. .3. One wlioHlurls orlinlkHHt aiiylliing. X. E. f>. blanch-farm, blanch-form, "." (< <>1''. binnchr Jcrmc, lit. white rout: see blanch^, a., and blandiloquence farm.^ Rent paid in silver instead of in ser- vice or produce ; also, a kind of nominal (niit- rent, paid with a small piece of silver or other- wise. Also written blench-farm, blencb-Jtrm, and hlench-firm. blanch-holding (blanch ' hoi " ding), n. A Scotch tenure by which the tenant is bound to pay only a nominal or trifling yearly duty to his superior, as an acknowledgment of his right, and only if demanded. Also written hhnch-hohling. blanchimeter (blan-chim'e-tfer), n. [Irreg. < blanch + meter. Cf. altimeter.] An instru- ment for measming the bleaching power of ox^'muriate (chlorid) of lime and potash. blanching (blan'ching), n. The act of render- ing blanched or white; specifically, any pro- cess applied to silver or other metals to impart whiteness and luster. blanching-liquor (blan'cMng-lik"or), «. The solution of chlorid of lime used for bleaching. Also called blcachinjj-liquid. blanckt, "• and ». An obsolete spelling of blank. blanc-mange, blanc-manger (bla-monzh', -mou-zha' ), n. [The present spelling and pron. imitate the mod. F. Also WTitteu blamantje, blo- mange, blumange, bliicmange, according to the cmTent pronunciation ; early mod. E. also blaice- manger, blowmanger, etc.,< ME. blamanger, blatc- manger, blammanger, blanmangcr, bhinkmanger, blancmangcr, etc., a preparation of different kinds; < OF. (and F.) blanc-mangcr (= Sp. manjar bianco), lit. white food, < blanc, white, -I- manger, eating, prop, inf., eat: see blank and manger.'] In cookery, a name of different preparations of the consisteiu^y of jelly, vari- ously composed of dissolved isinglass, arrow- root, corn-starch, etc., with milk and flavoring substances. It is frequently made from a marine alga, Chondrns crisp^t^, called Irish moss, which is common on the coasts of Europe and North America. The blatw- vianfier mentioned by Chaucer in the General Prologue to the (Canterbury Tales, 1. ;iS7, was apparently a compomid made of capon minced with flour, sugar, and cream. bianco (blang'ko), n. [Sp., < bianco, a., white; see blank.'] A grade of cochineal-bugs, often (railed silver-whites, from their peculiar lus- trous appearance, in distinction from the black bugs or zaoatillas. Tliey are picked into bags and immediately dried in a stove, while the others are first thrown into hot water. blandU, r. t. [Early mod. E. (Sc), < ME. blan- il< II, hliindcn, < AS. hlandan (pret. blednd, pp. bi(indcn)=OS. blandan =OIIG. blantan =Icel. blanda — iivf.Manda = Dan. /)/««(/(• = tioth. blan- dan (reiiupl. verb, pret. baibland, pp. blandaiig), mix; rare in AS., and in later use superseded by ft/ou/l, q. v.] To mix; blend. blandl (bland), n. [(I) MK., < AS. bland (= Iccl. lilaiid). raixtiire (Icel. i bland, in union, to- gether), < hlandan, mix; (2) < Icel. blanda, a niixt lire of liquids, esp. of hot whey with water, < blanda = AS. blandan, mix, blend : see bland^, )'.] It. Mixture; union. — 2. An agreeable smmncr beverage prepared from the whey of churned milk, common among the inhabitants of the Shetland islands.- In blandt, together; lileli.leil, bland" (bland), a. [< L. blandns, caressing, soft, agi'eeable, flattering, perhaps orig. "mlati- dus, akin to mollis, mild, Skt. niridii, Gr. /icih- .V"f, E. mild, etc.: see niilil, moll.] 1. Mild; soft; gentle; balmy. Kxhlhirating vapour bland. Milton, P. L., ix. 1047. The weather . . . beingfor thoniost jiart of a Witik/ and equal temperature. I'reseolt, IVrd. and Isa., I. 14. 2. Affable; suave; sootliing; kindly : aa,"bland words," Milton, P. L., ix. 8.').'). His inaiiuers were gentle, coniplyiiig, and bland. Ooldsmilh, lletaliation, I. 140. Itland the smile that like a wrinkling wind On glassy water dnive his cheek in lines. Tennyson, rrlnccu, I. 3. Mild; free from irrilaliiig qualities: said of eortiiin niedicini's: 11s, hliiiid oils. — 4. Not stiniulating: said of food._8yn. .Wi'W, cU\ Sob iientle. bland^f, v. t. [Early mod. E. (Sc.), < ME. hlaiidin, blondcn, blaiindiii = Ml"). blaniUn, (. OK. hlandir (> u\m> F. blandish, 11. v.), < I-. hlan- diri, Halter, caress; seo blandisli.] To Hatter; b]]iI1iliNll. blandationt (blan-dil'shon), n. [< L. as if 'lilanilatio(n-), ei|uiv. to' blanilitia, < blandiri, pp. blanititn.i, flnttor: see blandish.] A piece of lljillory; blaiiiliHliini'iil. Camden. blandilotiuence (iilnn-iliro-kweiis), n. I< L. blanUiluijucnttu, < Olandiluqucn(t-)s, spoakiujr blandiloquence flatteringly, < hUiiiiiiis, flattering, + lnqnen(t-)s, ppr. of liiiiiii, speak.] Fair, mild, or flattcr- iiii: speech ; courteous language; compliment, [h^ire.] blandimentt (blan'di-ment), n. [= Sp. hlan- dimieiiti) = It. blandimento, < L. hlandiiiieiitinii,<. blantliri, flatter: see blandish.'] Blandishment; alhu'emout ; enticement. Allure no man with suasions and hlandiinents. Bp. Bitrmt, Injunctions to the Monasteries, [temp. Hen. VIII., I., App. blandiset, c A Middle English form of blandish. blandish (blan'dish), v. [< ME. blaundishen, bldiidiscii, < OF. blandiss-, stem of certain parts of bliiiidir = Pr. Sp. blandir = It. blandire, < L. bliiiidiri, flatter, caress, < bhtiidus, caressing, gentle, bland : see blamf^, a.] I. trims. 1. To flatter; caress; coax or cajole with complai- sant speech or caressing act. — 2. To render pleasing, allui-ing, or enticing. In former days a country-life, For so time-hononrelarren, roar, bellow, bleat, blare; prob. an imitative word.] I. intrans. 1. To roar; bellow; cry; low. [Now chiefly prov. Eng.] — 2. To give forth a loud soimd like a trumpet; give out a brazen soima; bellow. AVarble, bugle, and trumpet blare. Tennitson, Welcome to Alexandra. H. trans. To sound loudly; proclaim noisily. .\nii sucli a tongue To blare its own interpretation. Tenniison, Lancelot and Elaine. blare^ (blar), «. [< blared, c] 1. A roaring; loud or bellowing noise. Whitman . . . sang the blare and brawn that he found in the streets. .Stedman, Poets of America, p. 3.^5. 2. Sound Uke that of a trumpet. And his ears are stunned with the thunder's blarf. J. B. Drake, Culprit Fay. With blare of bugle, clamor of men, UoU of cannon and clash of arms. Tennymn, Duke of Wellington. 3. The bleat of a sheep, the bellowing of a calf, or the weeping of a child. [Prov. Eng.] blare- (blar), «. [Origin imknown.] Xaiit^, a paste of hair and tar used for calking the seams of boats. blare^ (blar), n. [Swiss.] A petty copper coin, of about the value of 2 cents, struck at Bern, Switzerland. Blarina (bla-ri'nii), 11. [NL.: a nonsense- name.] A genus of American shrews, with 32 or 30 colored teeth, concealed ears, and short tail. It is the short -tailed mole-shrew of North America, Blanquillo {Caulctalitut micrcfit). genus Caulolaliliis and family I.atilidce, such as C. cliri/sop8, C. niicrops, or ('. princeps. c. mi- crop* Is oi moderately elongate form, and has 7 dorsal Bpinea and 'i.^ ruyt^, is of n reddish color marked with yellow, and ha.H a yellow l)and below the eyes and a dark axillary blotch. It iidiabits the Caribbean sea anil the southern coEuttH of Florida, and Is esteemed fr,r the table. C. ;*rrn. f**/M is n closely related species, olivacei>us with bluish re- flections, ociMirring along the Hontbern Callfomian coast, where It ts known as blan'littlhf and irhitrfttth. Blaps (blaps), H. [>IL.] A goiius of beetles, gcnorally referred to the family Tiiiibrioniila; but by some taken as tlie typo of a family Blftpgifttr, illnpn utitrl iitatia Is a common European spc- cb'H, called churchyard beetle In f Jr* III, r.rltain ; //. mnrrnnitla is f I hi kitchens and i?ella|-H; /;. .../ .1,. I, ,ir.-.„.,| Willi butUTHiid '■ I -tlan Women t/> make Bi I e lilup'Hi-do), n. pi. [.'.i... ' lUaiiH + -i(/rt',] A family of iitnichelinlc hele- riihi loii^i bcetleH, K''n''nilly lu' r.'' 'i in 'Jriirhrioiiitlir, Molc.shrcw {Blarina br^vicauita). of which there are several species, of two subgenera, lila- rina proper, with 32 teeth, and Soricincun, with 30 teeth. The best-known is B. brevicaada, the common mole- shrew of the United States, one of the largest of tlie fam- ily Siiricidoe. blarney (bliir'ni), ». [Popularly referred to Castle Blame;/, near Cork in Ireland, in tlie wall of which is a stone (the "Blarney stone") said to endow those who kiss it wilh unusual fiicility and unserupulousuessin the use of flat- tery and compliment.] Exceedingly coni]ili- mentary language ; flattery; smooth, wheedling talk; pleasiug cajolery. The blarney 's so great a deceiver. ,S. Lover. Madame dc .Stael was repi"ctting to Lord Castlcreagh that there was no word in the English language whieli answered to their "Sentiment." " No," lie said, "there is no English word, but the Irish have one that corre- sponds exactly, — blarney !" Caroline /'oj, Journal, p. Vl\. blarney (bliir'ni), r. t. [< blarney, n.] To talk over or beguile by wheedling speeches; flatter; humbug with agreeable talk. The (Jeneral has yet to learn tliat my father's country- men (I have ever felt proud of my descent from an Irish man), though they sometimes do blarney others, are yet Iiard to be blarneyed themselves. ./. liuehanan. In Curtis, 11. IB. blast, It. [Invented by Van Ilelmoni (l.')77- 1044). Cf. ;/'(.s'.l A siilitle kind oC iimlter sup- posed by Van lleliiionl, a Dutch inyslii' )iliilos- opher, to bo radinled from the stars and lo pri bla odiice effects opposite to those of heat. ■"-'.■■ I ill II III 111 t eci'iH^ini; iioeturiial black- ':i,„„i,,,„.| ikoic 1" ■ - of modernte Hize, tho Li^{"«,„,."?°j;i!"""' wn of •.vliich are Rener- nli ■ .ml llie i-lvtrii fo • ' il,er. 1 I < olrfl i-« niiif when ^ . ti 11 l.lrflci.niiil whin • . Ill •■ '' . I "I (I |ii-' tilinr and |.< t, blare' , ■ .; pret. fc/«r«/, jipr. /i/i/imr/. I He. iiIho /.' . , 1 1 V inod. K. hhar(»v. Iilrir) ; < late MK. ' r hlorrii (nee htnri^), and prob. 'blari |,. - MD. Mann, lilnerrn, low, bleui idarnn, LO. blarren, blannzz bias6 (bla-za'), a. [F., jiji. of bhiHir, cloy, wit into, blunt, of uncertain origin.] ExhaiiHted liy en- joyment, especially by sensuous ])lensiireK; liiiviiig I lie liealtliv energies exhausted; weary iind ilisgiisled with lifi'. blash (liliisli), ('. /. [An iniilativo word, aHHiini- liileil to jiliisli, Kiiln.-ili, ilo.'ih, JlasU, etc.] 1. 'I'o dash or splash willi a i|iiaiiti1y of lii|iiiil; dremli. — 2. To pour ill siiiMeiily and in great ipiiiiilily. fSeoteli and Norlli. Eiig.] blash (blash). n. [< lila.sh, r.] 1, A dash or plush, us of rain falling in slieets. A snaw Htonn (^anie down frne the mountiilns, . . . noo n whirl, and noo a WrtiA. J. Wilntm, Nncti'S Ambms, 2. A ipiantity of thin, wulery hIii(T, eHpeeially an exceNHiveinumlity : iin,u,b)aHh of tea. — 3. A broad blaze or lliiri'. [I'rov. Kiig. Hiid Scotch.] BlaBh-bOffgart, a geblln who appear* mid dUnppenm In :, llii.ll, Si-r bailrMnIK |Sciilcb.| blashy (blnBh'i), rt. (< /»/««* -H -w'.] 1. Char- ailenzed by suddeu drenching HliowerH; delug- blasphemy ing ; wet : as, blash;/ weather ; bla.^h;/ ■n-alking. — 2. Thin; weak; watery; of poor quality : ap- plied to food or ili'ink. [Prov. Eng. and Scotch.] blaspliematoryt (blas-fe'ma-to-ri), a. [< blas- pUenic + -atiiri/. Cf. LL. lilasphemator, a blas- phemer.] Blasphemous. blasphemet (blas'fem), a. and ».l [ME., also hlii.yiiin. < OF. bldsfeme (mod. F. blas/ihenie), < JIL. blasfeinus. LL. blasphemii-s, < Gr. fi.d- a ME. hlasfeme, blas- ])heniing, a blasphoiner), < Gr. ji> dnipt/fioi; evil- speaking: soi^hta.ijiheme, a.'\ 1. Uttering, con- taining, or exliibitiiig bhisplieiny ; ini])ioiisly irreverent toward God or siicriMl tilings: lis, " bla.ijihcmoiis publications," Bji. J'orleiis, Leo- tmes, I. i. \\'e have heard him speak blasphemous words against Mohts and against Goil. Act.s vl. 11. Mythnliigies ill iinderstond at (list, then perverted Into fn ble MclihiiidiMes, take tlic place of representations of I'liristiaii snbJertH, which had become WiM^v/icmmiw iindor the treatment of men like the Caraecl. tiunkin. [iMirmerly accented on the second syllable, as below. (Ill urnniuvllt blasjihrnwn.'i, false, mid proud 1 .l/i7r../i, I'. L., V.800.) Jf. Allusive: defiinuitory ; railing. ' fe-niiis-li), «(/)». Impi- blasphemously (blns'i oiisfy; profanely. Terribly eiirsctll and btasphriiinuHh/ HWfniith he never ■ 'iiiiniiUr.l any Hiieh net. .Slow, t^iieen Mary, an. 16fi7. blasphemy (blas'fe-mi), «. ; pi. bliisi)heinies (-nil/.). I < MK. lilasfemie = Sp. hliisfi iniii = Pg. btasiihimid = {)\\. blasfemia ,<, \Ai. hhixjilieniiitii (ir. lihini^r//iia,<. Ii2iinilii/iinr; see bliis/ihiiiie, a., bllU- pheme, «.'•!] 1. In Old Testament usage, imT attem|i1, to diminish I lie reverence wllli whion ■bOiovah's inline was iiivesleil lis llie Sovereign King of llie .lews, or lo liirii tlie hearts of tuft jieople troni llieir I'liMiplnle allegiance to hinu blasphemy It was ft crime answeriiiR to treason in our own time, and was carefully denned and rigorously punisheil by the Mo- saic laws. It was of this crime that Jesus was accused, aiui for it condeunied, because he assumed the divine character and accepted divine honors. p'or a good work we stone thee not, but for hlanpheiny ; and because that thou, being a man, niakcst thyself God. John X. 33. Hence — 2. Any impious or profane speaking of God or of sacred things ; reproachful, con- temptuous, or irreverent words uttered impi- ously against God or religion. Wa.^l'hi'nnj is an injm-y offered to God, by denying that which i.s due and belonging to him, or attributing t(» bini that which is not agreeable to his nature. Linwovd. Blasphemy cognizable by common law is described by Blackstone to be " denying the being or providence of God, contumelious reproaches of our Saviour Christ, pro- fane scoffing at the Holy Scripture, or exposing it to con- tempt or ridicule"; by Kent as "maliciously reviling God or religion " ; and by Chief Justice Lenuiel Shaw as " speaking evil of the Deity with an impious purpose to derogate from the Divine Majesty, and to alienate the minds of others from the love and reverence of God." Blasphemy is punished as a crime or a nnsdemeanor by the laws of many nations. In the Roman Catholic Church, language irreverent toward the Virgin Mary and the saiTits i.s also held to be blasphemy. 3. Evil speaking or abusive language against anything held sacred: as, "blasphemy against learning," Bacon, Advancement of Learning, i. (Latham.) — 4. An indecent or scurrilous ut- terance, as distinguished from fair and respect- ful ditscussion; grossly irreverent or outrage- ous language. That in the captain's but a choleric word, Which in the soldier is flat blasphemy. Shak., M. forM., ii. 2. 5t. A blasphemer; a blasphemous person. [Rare.] Now, blasphemy, That swear'st grace o'erboard, not an oath on shore. Shak., Tempest, v. 1. = Syil. Blasphemy, Profanity, agree in expressing the ir- reverent use of words, but the former is the stronger, and the latter the wider. Profanity is language irreverent to- ward God or holy things, covering especially all oaths that, literally interpreted, treat lightly the attributes or acts of God. Blasphemy is generally more direct, intentional, and defiant in its impiety, and is directed toward the most sa- cred things in religion. And he [the dragon] opened his mouth in blasphemy against God, to blaspheme Ids name, and his tabernacle, and them that dwell in heaven. Rev. .\iii. 6. If indecency and profanity, inspired by "potations pot- tle-deep," were heard anywhere with peculiar emphasis and shameless vociferation, it was at the board of Eng- lantis prime minister [Sir Robert Walpole]. Whipple, H. Fielding. blast (blast), n. [< ME. blast, blest, < AS. bUest (=OHG. blast, MHG. G. blasts Icel. bldsir=Svr. bldst = Dan. bUest), a gust of wind, a blowing, < *btiixau (= D. blazcn = MLG. blascn = OHG. blmaii. MHG. blascn, G. hlasen = Icel. blasa = Sw. bl&na = Dan. bla:se = Goth, blesan (in comp. ), blow, breathe, > E. bla::e'^, q. v.), akin to bid- wan, blow: see blom^, v. Perhaps ult. connect- ed with AS. blwst, a flame, blwse, a flame, > E. bla;:e'^, q. v.] 1. A blowing; a gust or puff of wind ; especially, a strong and sudden gust. Rede that boweth downe at every blast. Chaucer, Troilus, 11 Blasts that blow the poplar white. Tennyson, In Memoriara, LxxU. 2. A forcible stream of air from the mouth, from bellows, or the like. At the blast of his mouth were the rest of the creatures made, and at his bare word they started out of nothing. Sir T. Browne, Religio Medici, i. 36. Hence — 3. A jet of e.xhaust-steam thrown into a smoke-stack to assist the draft. — 4. In metal., the air forced into a furnace for the purpose of accelerating combustion, a furnace is said to be in blast when it is in operation, out of blast when stopped, either temporarily or permanently. 5. The sound made by blowing a wind-instru- ment, as a horn or trumpet ; strictly, the sound produced by one breath. One bUist upon his bugle-horn Were worth a thousand men. Scott, L. of the L., vl. 18. 6. Any sudden, pernicious, or destructive in- fluence upon animals or plants ; the infection of anything pestilential ; a blight. Blasts and fogs upon thee ! Shak., Lear, 1. 4. Of no distemper, of no blast he died, But fell like autunni fruit that mellowed long. Drydcn, CEdipus, iv. 1 Hence — 7. Any withering or destructive in- fluence; a curse. By the blast of God they perish. Job iv. 9. 8. The product of a blast or blight ; a bud which tinvm' blossoms. 579 As in all gardeins, some flowers, some weedes, and as in al trees, some blossoms, some blasts. Lyly, Euphues, Anat. of Wit, p. 106. 9. The charge of gunpowder or other explosive used at one firing in blasting operations. — 10. The explosion of inflammable air in a mine. — 11. A flatident disease in sheep. — 12. A smoke of tobacco. [Scotch.] — At one Wast, at once.— For a blast* for once. — Hot blast, airraiscd toa high temperature and forced into a blast-furnace in snudt- ing, and especially in the manvifactnrc of pig-iron. The plan of heating the blast originated with Mr. James Beau- inont Neilson of Glasgow, and a patent was issued to Inni in 1828. The introduction of the hot blast has had an im- portant inlluenee on the development of the iron busi- ness, since by this method the amount of fuel required is considerably lessened. — In full blast, in full operation : refen-ing to a blast-furnace when worked to its fullest ex- tent or capacity. The business of the day was in full blast. C. D. Warner, Roundabout Journey, p. 155. = Syn. Q^ist, etc. See iiyind, n. blast (blast), V. [< ME. Hasten, blow, breathe hard ; trans., blow, as a trumpet ; < blast, a blow- ing: see blast, ».] I. intrans. 1. To blow; puff; breathe hard ; pant. [Scotch and Middle Eng- lish.] Dragouns . . . That grisely whistleden and hla^ten And of her niouthe fyre outcasten. King Alisaunder, 1. 5348. To puffen and to blaste. Chaucer, House of Fame, 1. 18C6. 2. To smoke tobacco. [Scotch.] — 3. To boast; brag; speak ostentatiously. Scott. [Scotch.] — 4. To wither; be blighted. Blasting in the bud. Losing his verdure, even in the prime. Shak., T. G. of V., i. 1. 5. To burst as by an explosion ; blow up. This project Should have a back, or second, that might hold. If this should blast in proof. Shak. , Hamlet, iv. 7. II. trans. If. To blow forth or abroad; hence, to utter loudly ; proclaim. — 2. To break or tear to pieces (rocks or similar materials) by the agency of gun])owder or other explosive. In the ordinary operations of mining the roeks are at- tacked, or broken into fragments of manageable size, by blasting. He spoke ; and, high above, I heard them blast The steep slate-quarry. Tennyson, Golden Year. 3. To confotmd or stun by a loud blast or din ; split; burst. [Rare.] Trumpeters, With brazen din blast you the city's ear. Shak., A. and C, iv. 8. I have seen you stand As you were blasted 'midst of all your mirth. Beau, and Ft., Maid's Tragedy, iii. 2. 4. To blow or breathe on so as to injure, as a sudden gust or destructive ■wind; cause to fade, shrivel, or wither; check the gro'wth of and prevent from coming to maturity and pro- ducing frait; blight, as trees or plants. Seven thin ears, and blasted with the east wind. Gen. xlL 6. Say . . . why Upon this blasted heath you stop our way? Shak., Macbeth, i. 3. Since this I live to see. Some bitter north wind blast my flocks and me ! Fletcher, Faithful Shepherdess, iii. 1. 5. To blight or cause to come to nothing, as by some pernicious influence ; bring destruction, calamity, or infamy upon ; ruin : as, to blast pride, hopes, reputation, happiness. With Hecate's ban thrice blasted. Shak., Hamlet, iii. 2. The prosecutor urged that this might blast her reputa- tion, and that it was in effect a boasting of favours which he had never received. Addison, Cases of False Delicacy. He shows himself . . . malicious 11 he knows I deserve credit and yet goes about to blast it. Stillingjicet. 6. To cm'se ; strike with the -wrath of heaven. His name be ever blasted! For his accursed shadow has betray'd The sweetness of all youth. Fletcher, Double Marriage, v. 2. Calling on their Maker to curse them, . . . blast them, and damn them. Macaulay, Hist. Eng., iii. blast-, -blast. See blasto-. Blastactlnota (blas-tak-ti-no'tii), n. pi. [NL., < Gr. .i'/aornr. a germ (see blastiis), + aKTiiwror, furnished with rays : see actinote.] A class of radiate animals: same as Blastoidea. Bronn, 1860. blastasa (blas-to'ii), n. [NL., < Gr. iSUarSc, a germ: see blastus.^ The hypothetical parent form of the lilastaidie. We call this the Planioa or Blastcea. Uaeckel, Evol. of Jlan (trans.), II. 61. blastaead (blas-te'ad), «. [< blasta:a + -arfl.] 1. Same as blastwid. — 2. One of certain exis- blasting tent animals, as the Norwegian flimmer-ball, which permanently resemble a blastula orpla- nul;i. blastseid (blas-te'id), «. One of the hypotheti- cal lUiisUfidu;. Blastseidse (blas-te'i-de), n. pi. [NL., < blag- tica + -tdw.'i A hypothetical group of animals having permanently the form of a blastula, planula, or vesicular morula. Less con'ectly written liliista-ada;. blast-box (blast'boks), n. A chamber into or through which the air of a blowing-engine passes. These bearers may connect at their front ends In any desired manner with the blast-pipe, and at their rear ends with a Mast-box. Ure, Diet., IV. 46S blasted (blas'ted), p. a. 1. Confounded; exe- crable ; detestable : used as a milder form of imprecation than damned. Some of her own blasted gypsies. Scott, Guy Mannering, II. 13. 2. In her., deprived of leaves: said of a tree or a branch. blastelasma (blas-te-las'ma), Ji. ; pi. hlastelas- matd (-uin-tii). [NL., < Gr. li'MarHr, a germ (see blustus), -t- e'/.aa/ia, a (metal) plate, < c'/Jiiviiv (t/.n-), drive, strike, beat out.] In embryol., a secondary germ-layer ; a germ-layer, as the mesoderm, api^'aring, if at all, after the for- mation of the two primary layers called en- dodcrm and ectoderm, or blastophylla. blastema (blas-te'mii), n. ; pi. blastemata (-ma- ta). [NL., < Gr. 0'/MaT7//ja, a shoot, sprout, < liAaarelv, ji'laaTavuv, sprout, bud, shoot.] X. In bot. : (a) Originally, the axis of an embryo, consisting of the radicle and the growing- point at its summit, (b) In later use, the ini- tial point of gro-wth from which any organ or part of an organ is developed, (c) Sometimes, the thallus of cryptogamous plants. — 2. In anat. and phys., the bioplasm or protoplasm of a gei'minating ovum ; the substance of the blastomeres, blastoderm, etc. ; gi'anular forma- tive material. [The term is now being super- seded by more special names of substances and stages of germination.] blastemal (blas-te'mal), a. [< blastema + -ai.] Of or pertaining to blastema; rudimentary: as, bliintinial formations. blastematic (blas-te-mat'ik), a. Blastemic. blastemic (blas-tem'ik), a. [< blastema + -ic.] Pertaining to blastema ; consisting of blas- tema; bioplasmic ; bioplastic. blast-engine (blast'en'jin), n. 1. A ventUat- injj:-iiiaehine used, especially on shipboard, to draw off foul air. — 2. A machine for producing a blast by compressing air for use in urging the fire of a fm-nace. blaster (blas'ter), n. One who or that which blasts, in any sense of the verb. I am no blaster of a lady's beauty. Nor bold Intruder on her special favours. Fletcher, Rule a Wife, L 1. Blast^roidea (blas-te-roi'df-a), «. pi. [NL.] Same as Blastoidea. blastful (blast'ful), a. [< bla.ft + -/«?.] Full of blasts ; exposed to blasts : windy. blast-furnace (blast'fernas), «. A furnace, usiuilly vertical, or a so-called shaft-furnace, in which ores are smelted by the aid of a blast of air. iiee furnace. blast-gate (blast'gat), n. The valved nozle or stop-cock of a blast-pipe. blast-hearth (blast'harth), H. The Scotch ore- hearth for reducing lead ores. blast-hole (bUist'hOl), «. 1. In mining, the hole through which water enters the bottom or wind-bore of a pump. — 2. The hole into which a cartridge is inserted in blasting. blasti, «. Plural of bla.^tus. blastide (blas'tid or -tid), ». [< Gr. ^?.aar6c, a germ, -I- -idc'^.] In biol., a minute clear space on the segments of the fecundated ovmn of an organism, which is the primary indica- tion of the cvtoblast or nucleus. blastie (blas"'ti), n. [< blast + dim. -;'«.] A blasted or shriveled dwarf ; a wicked or trouble- some creatm'C. Burns. [Scotch.] blasting (blas'ting), n. [< ME. blastynge; verbal n. of blast, c] 1. A blast; destruction by a pernicious cause ; blight. I have smitten you with blasting and mildew. Amos iv. 9. 2. The operation of splitting roeks by gun- powder or other exi>losive — Blasting-compoimds, substances used in blasting. The more important are blasting 580 gnncotton.blastiiig-gelatin. blasting-powder.dualin.dyna- blastocyst (blas'to-sist), n. mite, gunpowder, haloxjlifl, and lithofracteur. See these "^ - . -. - words. blasting (blas'ting), p. Affeecing with injurj- or A Ua^tino auJ a scandalous bl-eath. Shak., M. for M., t. 1. blasting-cartridge (blas'ting-kar-'trij), h. a cartridge containing a substance to be used in blasting. Such cai-tridges are made with various de- vices to prevent premature explosion, and are conuuooly evpluded )>y means of electricity. blasting-fuse (blas'ting-fuz), n. A fuse con- sisting of a cord the a.xis of which has been a rPpr of blait r~\ ^P^if'P- -S.E.D. See bhistoiJfrm. blight; destructive. blastoderm (blas'to-derm), n. [< Gr. , jij, ,^ ' ' a genu, -f- ('fp//a, skin: see rffrm.] Ine [< Gr. pXarrrdc, a germ, + Kiaric. bladder (eyst).] The germinal vesicle. S.E.D. See blastoderm. /3?.0(rr<)f, embryol.f the primitive membrane or layer of cells re- sulting from the subdiWsion of the germ (the segmentation of the vitellus or yolk), it is furtlier ditferentiated in all Meta:!oa into at least two membranes or cell-la.vers, an inner and an outer, the endoderm and the ectoderm; and still further modified in most3/eMron by the production of a third layer, the mesoderm, between the other two. Tlie outer layer is also called epiblast ; the inner, In puldast : the middle, mesoUast. See extract un- der J/. '.i ... filled with fine powder during the manufaetm-e. ,'\" 'J' ','- "'■ -""l ™' under c./ijfAo^w/,/. This bums slowlv and gives the workmen time blastoderma (blas-to-der ma), n. ; pi. blastoder- to iret to a safe distance before the explosion. '""'!' (:™is ; anil (,() modilled by Etheridge and Carpenter lu ISSti as a class divided into two orders, Ref/xUareH and JrrefnUarfa. The Hptcies range frcmi the Uj)per Silurian to tha Car- boniferous. Also lilaMeruidfa. blastomere (blas'to-mCir), ». [< Gr. I^laa-ur, a germ, -I- /lipor, a jiart.] In cmbri/ol., one of tlie segments or derivative cells into wliicli (lie vitellus or yolk of an ovum of one of (he Miia- soa divides after fecuiulation. See cut under fiastritliitiiin. blastomeric (blas-to-mor'ik), a. [< blastomere + -ic] I'ertaining to or of the nature of a blastomere ; chaiacterizod by segmentation of tlie yolk or vitellus. blastoneuropore (blas-tci-nu'ro-por), n. [< lilaslii(i)iiii ) + niiimixirr.'] A tranHient ori- lice ill (lie embryo of some anitnalH, resuKiiig from the fiiHion of a iieuroiiore with the liliislo- iiore. See nritntpare. blastophore (blas'lo-for), n. [< Gr. p?M(nAr, a gerin, -I- -i/i'i/ioc, -lienriiig, < ififpeiv = E. hcar^.] The jiaKHive pordoii of a Hporm-ooll or spenno- Kpore which does not give rise to Hlieriniitozoa. blastophyllum (bliiH-dVfll'nm), «.; jil. hlnsln. ]ilii/ll(i (-ii). (Xli.,< (Ir. ii'/nnriir, n germ. + i,n'/'/iii'— \j. J'liliiiw, a leaf.] In rnibr,inl., either one of tlie two priuinry genn-liiyerH (;c. cavity, or Uattoarlr. lIuiUi/, Annt. Invert., p. 100. Mr nilaH-to-H«'lik), fl. f< hUisimaU + '■ni'il., pertaining to a bln.-(.piiili.; M MiiKtoca'le: ftH.a /'///v/or// /»*■ iliiid. r>m, blantocceloma (Mn- i.. -.'lom, '''mil), H. [Sit. blllfilnni hniltl, \IH 'ima.\ .Same liH blaKlnrulc, b1p"+' blast blllM /,'., ■ bU't i.las-t9-kol'ii), II. INL., < Gr. blastophyly (bluB-tof i-li), n. [< Or. flhi(n/«:. '"' + ""/./la, ftlne. ] The balmim n germ, -f (»i'>//, trib.'.] The tribal liiH(ory of "?^'''; f-budH of Bome plaatH, uh of pcrHoim or of individual living orgaiiiHnis. roi,ut.. jrra. Uacckcl. blastus Blastopolypidae (blas''to-p6-lip' i-de), n. pL [XL., < 'Blaaipa, sphere.] In embri/ol.: (a) A hollow sphere (vesicular morula) eom))osed of a single layer of blasto- meres or derivative cells, inclosing a central cavity or blastocoele. The blastomeres of one liemi- sphere of the vesicle may have proceeded from the macro- mere ; of the other, from a micromere. See these words. The bhtstomercs arrange themselves into a hollow sphere, the Maslospheiv. Iliixhii, Anat. Invert., p. 415. (6) By Haeckel restricted to the germ-vesicle, vesieiilar embryo, or blastodermic vesicle of the Mainmalia, which follows after gastrula- (ion, and is called by him a fiastriici/stis, or in- testinal germ-vesicle. Also called blastula. blastospheric (blas-to-sfer'ik), a. [< blastn- .■ijilirn' + -/('.] Pertaining to a blastospbere: SIS, hhi.'itiisjiju'ric cells. blastostylar (blas-to-sti'lSr), a. [< blastostyle + -(/)•.] Pertaining to a blastostyle. blastostyle (blas'to-stil), ». [< Gr. /WaoTiif, a germ, -t- arv'/o;, a pillar: see style-.'] In -ooV., a colunmiform zoiiid liestiued to give origin to generative buds; a long simple zoiiid, without mouth or tentacles. Also called ijonoblastidium. In some Uastostijles, during the development of the buds of the gonopliores. the ectoderm splits into two layers. . . . Into tile interspace between these two, the budding gonophores project, and may eniei-ge from the summit of the gonangium thus formed. Iliixlf<"■/,-, Textile Fabrics. blatteant (blat'f-au), a. [< blatta'^ + -can.] Purple ; of a purple color. blatter (blat'er), V. i. [= G. dial, blattern, bladdern, prate; cf. L. blatcrare, blacterare, talk nonsense, hlatire, babble (cf. Materate) ; cf. blather, blateS, bleat, blab, blabber, babble, brab- < Mauw (blaai(u-), = E. blue, -\- bok = E. ii(rf-l.] 1. The Dutch colonial name of a South African antelope, Hippotragus {or JUgoceros) leucophceus, given on account of its bluish appearance, caused by the dark hide showing through light hair, it is related to the orj-x, addax, etc., and iias rather large horns curving backward. Also called blue- buck, blue antelope, and eta/ic. 2. A small South African antelope with very short straight horns and hea\'y hind quarters. Also spelled blaubok. blaver, blavert (bla'ver, -vert), n. Corrupt forms of blawort. [Scotch.] Your gloves shall be o' the green clover Come lockerin' to your hand, Well dropper o'er wi' blue Havers, "That grow amang white land. Gardener Lad (.\non.). bla'W (bla), i'. ; pret. blew, pp. blown, ppr. blaw- ing. [Sc = E. blow^.] I. intrans. To blow; breathe ; publish : brag ; boast ; magnify in nar- rative To Waw in one's lug, to cajole; flatter a person. Hence, blaiv-in-my-lug, a flatterer; a wheedler. Scott. II. trails. To flatter; coax. Sfayhew. The horse was so maddened by the wound, and the road so steep, that he went like blazes. Be Quincey, Spanish Xun, p. 24. The blazes, hell ; perdition. Hence, to go to blazes, to go to perdition, or to the deuce. lSlang.) = Syn. 2. Glare, etc. .-^ee flame, n. See also Dlaze^ (blaz), ;•. ; pret. Mazed, ppr. blazing. [Early mod. E. also blase (= Sc. blecze, Mese); < ME. blasen, blaze; from the noun.] I. in- trans. 1. To burst into flame; burn with a bright flame or fervent heat; flame: either literally or figuratively. Two red fires in both their faces blazed. Shak., Lucrece, L 1353. Starry lamps and blazing cressets. Milton, P. L., i. 728. 2. To send forth a bright light; shine like flame or fire : as, a blazing diamond. I lift mine eyes, and all the windows blaze With forms of saints and holy men who died. Longfellow, .Sonnets on the Divina Commedia, iv. Tlie cupola blazes with gigantic archangels, stationed in a ring beneath the supreme figure and face of Christ. J, A. Synwnds, Italy and Greece, p. 169 3. To be conspicuous ; shine brightly with the brilliancy of talents, heroic deeds, etc." [Poetic] Jlighty names Have blazed upon the world and passed away. Bryant, Fifty Years. To blaze away, to fu'e away ; keep on firing (with guns or artillery) : work vigorously or with enthusia.''ni. See away, 12.— To blaze out. (a) To tlirow out flame or Ught; sliine forth, (b) To go out with a flare, (c) To break out with passion or excitement ; speak or act vio- lently.— TO blaze up, to burst into flame, and hence into passion, anger, etc. II. trans. 1. To set in a blaze. [Rare.] Take him in and blaze the oak. Hood. 2. To temper (steel) by covering it while "hot with tallow or oil, which is then burned off. — 3. To cause to shine forth ; exhibit vividly. Fiery eyes blaze forth her wrong. Shak. , Venus and Adonis, 1. 219. So spake the F.ather ; and, unfolding bright Toward the right hand his glory, on the Son Blazed forth uiicloudeil deity. .Milton, P. L., x. 65. To blaze outt, to burn out ; figuratively, exhaust in a blaze of pa.ssion or excess. blaze- (blaz), 1!. t. ; pret. and pp. blazed, ppr. Mazing. _ [< ME. blasen, blow, as a tnimpet, < AS. "blwsan, blow (= JID. blaesen. D. blazen. blow, sound a trumpet, = JILG. blasen = OHG. Masan, MHG. blasen, G. blasen = Icel. bldsa = Sw. MSsa = Dan. bhcse, blow, = Goth. Mesan, in comp. ufblesan, puff up) ; prob., with forma- tive -«•. fi'om the root *Md of bldwan, blow, breathe : see bloic^, and cf. Mast. In the later blaze 582 senses confused with blazon blow, as from a trumpet. With liis blake clarioiin He gan to blasiii out a soun As loivde as beloweth wjnde in helle. Chaucer, House of Fame, 1. 1S02. Hence— 2. To publish; announce in a public manner. Till we can find a time To Haze yonr marriage. Shak., E. and J^., iii. 3. To tell you truth, lady, his conceit was far better than I have Maxell it yet. . Beau, and Fl., Wit at Several Weapons, ii. 2. .Such musick -worthiest were to bta^e The peerless liighth ol her immortal praise. J/i7(on, Arcades, I. i4. 8t. To disclose ; betray ; defame. To cover shame. I took thee ; never tear That I would blaze myself. Beau, and Ft., Maids Tragedy, ll. 1. See hlazon, n., 1 and 2. he bears a tierce sable Peachain. n vT It To starwort (CAani«EZin'«m CaroIinMnum), natural order if- blazy (bla'zi), n. q. >.j J.T. ;,•„,.,.,» thp roots nf which yield a bitter tonic, (c) A spe- i,,.;„l,tu-. Wn^ino 4. In lier.. to blazon. You should have Hazed it thus between two tierces or. Braggadochio . . . did shew his shield, Which bore the Sunne brode blazed in a golden field. Spenser, F. Q., V. iu. 14. blaze^ (blaz), n. [< hlaze^, v.'] Publication ; the act of spreading widely by report. [Poetic] For what is glory but the Maze of fame ? Hilton, P. R., iii. 47. blazeS (tlaz), w. [= D. bUs = MLG. bUsse = MHO. hlasse, G. Wdsse = Icel. blesi = Sw. Was and hUisa = Dan. bits, a white spot or streak on the forehead (G. Masse also paleness) ; from the adj. represented by 0H6. bias, whitish, MHG. Has. bald, pale, weak, G. bhiss, pale, wan, orig. 'shining'; connected vrith Wflrcl, a torch, flame: see bla:e'^ : cf. Icel. blasa, lie open to \-iew.] 1. A white spot on the face of a horse, cow, ox, etc. See cut under blesbok. A square blaze in liis (a sacred ox's] forehead. Cuatey, Plagues of Egypt, note to st. 16. 2. A white mark made on a tree, as by remov- ing a piece of tlie bark, to indicate a boundary, or a path or trail in a forest. [Orig. American.] — 3 A local English name cf the bleak. blaze^ (blaz), r. t. ; pret. and pp. blazed, ppr. bluzinij. [= MLG. bkssct, pp.; < blazci, «.] 1. To mark with a white spot on the face, as ahorse: onlv in the perfect participle blazed.— 2. To set a inark on, as a tree, usually by cut- ting off a piece of its bark, so as to show a white spot. As for me, tlie son and the fatlier of Uncas, I am a blazed pine in the clearing of the pale-faces. Cooper, Uist of Mohicans, x.xxlll. 3. To indicate or mark out, as by cutting off pieces of the bark of a number of trees in suc- cession: as, to blaze a path through a forest. (■hampr)Illon died in ISii'i. having done little more than Un:,- out the road to be traveled by othei-s. Noll. blaze* (blaz), 71. [E. dial, (not foimd in ME. or xVS. ), = MLG. blase, a blar, = OHG. bla- sa, Mllfi. hlmc, G. blasen, a liladdcr, bubble, blister, pimple ; from the verb blaze'^ (= OHG. blil^aii, MHii. G. blasen), blow: see blazc^, and cf. bla.tt and btisUr.] A pimple. [Prov. Eng.] blaze^ (blaz), n. [Origin uncertain.] Same as hrnyhl, 4 (a). blaze" (blaz), n. vl. Irregular speUmg of blaes, i.liinil of blue. See blue, n. blazer' (bla'z6r), n. [< W«-tl + - to u few yearn ago 1 iiiit'- modern ii«e of blazer fur II Jacket of any oingr colour than red wan unknown. N. nii((Q.,7th«cr., HI. 43«. blazer^ f bla'zfcr), >i. [< blazr'^ + -ery] 1. One wii.. l.hi/in; one whojiublislies ami sproails ri- |...rt .; ;.N, " blazem of crymc," Spinsir, !•'. t^., 11. i\. J').— 2t. A blazoner. blazer- I lilii'zir), «. [< fctarcS + -<»•'.] Ouo w h'- lii:'/.r-s II tree, blazingly ( bla'zing-li); adv. In ablazing rnan- n'-r. bUzlng-star (bla'zing-Htilr'). "• 1- Ij> ''«■•. ft COfii' ■ I - 1 111 11 bi'ttrintt. It l« ri-pr'< IhiMc. .\\tucaiii-'l •'■I'croni . j i he llacear. the roots of which yield a bitter tonic- (c) A spe cics of IJatrii., L. squarrosa, natural order C'ompo.?i(a', one of the many popular remedies for rattlesnake-bites. 3. A Stampede of pack-mules or other animals from a central poiut. [Western TJ. S. slang.] „ , " blazon (bla'zu). «. [< ME. blasO)i, blasoioi, a make well known; siiield, = MD. fc/asoeii, D. Wa.;ofn, < OF. blasoii, blazon (= Pr. blezo, blizo = Sp. blason = Pg. bla- sao. brasao = It. blasone), a shield with a coat of arms painted on it, the coat of anus itself (the Pr. and Sp. terms mean also honor, glory, fame) ; usually referred to MHG. blasen, OHG. blasan, blow, "hence sound a trumpet, proclaim, blaze (see blaze^) ; by some to blaze'^ ; but the orig. sense 'shield, 'with other facts, is against such derivation. In ME. and mod. E. blaze'^ and blazon are of coiu'se associated iu thought.] 1. In lier., a shield with arms on it ; armorial bear- a coat of arms; a banner bearing arms. bleach-field [< blazed + -1/1.] Burning briglitlv; blazing: as, a blaz;/ lire. [Rare.] blet «. " A Jliddle English form of blee. -ble. [ME. -ble (-bel, -6(7, -byl, -bid), < OF. -Ut, mod. F. -ble = Pr. Sp. -ble = Pg. -vet = It. -bile, < L. -bdis, ace. -bilem, a suffix (< -bi- -{- -lis), forming adjectives, usually with a passive sig- nification, from verbs ending with one of the vowels -a, -e, -i, -i, -6, -ii, being the root- or stem-vowel or (as usually -0 a mere iusertioiL as in admirS'-bilis, dele-bilis, seiiell-bilis, credJf- bills, igno-bilis, mo-bilis, volH-bilis, etc- ; rarely fi'om perfect participles, as in fix-i-bilis, /<(a«a- t-bilis, etc. See further imder -able. Adjec- tives in -ble are aecompauied by adverbs in -blij, eontr. fi-om -ble-ly, and nouns in -ble-nesa or, according to the L'., in -bil-iti/, as ciedi-ble, credi-bleness, credi-bility. In many words the term, -ble is of different origin, as in nimbU, hamblc, humble, marble, jmraldc. siillable, etc., dirided et\'mologieally nimb-le, liiimb-le, etc., the real term, being -le, of various origin.] A suffix of Latin origin, occurring in adjectives having originally a passive signification, which is retained more or less fully in adjectives ac- companied hy verbs derived "from the inliuitive or perfect participle (English -ate or -if) of the same Latin verb, as in commendable, admirable, dissoluble, etc., habitable, imitabic, tolerable, navi- gable, etc., credible, etc., but is not obvious in adjectives not accompanied by such verbs, aa m equable, delectable, horrible, terrible, ignoble, voluble, feeble, etc. In English it is felt and used as a suffix only with the preceding vowel, -able or -ihlc. See -able, -iblc. blea"^, ". and n. See blae. blea- (ble), n. [Origin uncertain; perhaps < /(/(((I = blae, pale (see blae). Cf. Sc. blae, blay, rough parts of wood left in sawing or boring.] The part of a tree immediately under the bark; tlie alburnum or white wood. [Rare.] mgs; The chief functionaries of city and province, ... all marching under emblematical standards or time-honored blazons. Motley, Dutch Republic, HI. b'S'S. 2. A description in technical language of ar- morial bearings. Peculiar and fantastic changes in- troduced by certain heralds are chiefly in the blazon, and not in the gi-aphic rei>resentation : thus, when the arms of nobles aie desciibed by precious stones (sapphire instead of azure, topaz instead of or, and the like), or when the arms of sovereigns are described by the planets, the description only is peculiar, the drawing and coloring of the achievement being ot the same character as those of ordinary bearings. 3t. Interpretation; explanation. I think your hlazon to be true. Shak., Mucll Ado, ii. 1. 4. Publication; show; celeliration; pompous display, either by words or by other means. But this eternal Uazoti must not be To ears of flesh ami blood. Shak., Hamlet, i. 5. blazon (bla'zn), r. t. [= MD. blasoencn = G. lil(isoiiircn,< F. blasonner, blazon, = Sp. blaso- nar, blazon, brag, boast, = It. blasonare, hhi/.on ■ (ML. blazonare) ; from the noun. Cf. blaze" in bieaberry, ". Same as blaebcrrij. similar senses.] 1. To explain in proper her- ijleachi (blech), v. JX ME. blcchen, < AS. blaican aldic terms (the arms or bearings on a shield). King Edward gave to them the coatof arms which I am not herald enough to blazon into English. Addison. 2. To depict (armorial bearings) according to the i-ules of heraldry. [An incorrect use of the word, not recognized by heralds.] — 3. To inscribe with arms, or some ornament ; adorn with blazonry. The blood-red flag of the Sacred Ofllce . . . blazojud upon either side with the portraits of Alexander and ot Ferdinand. Motley, Dutch Republic, II. iii. Wili. ^^^lat matter whose the hillside grave, Or whose the blazoned stone? Whitlier, The Countess. 4. To deck; embellish; adorn as with bla- zonry. Then blazons in dread smiles her hideous form. Garth, The Dispensary, ii. The bottom of the valley was a bed of glorious grass, blazoned with flowers. Ii. Taylor, Lands of the Saracen, p. 280. 5. To disjilay; exhibit conspicuously; make known; publish. For better farre it were to hide their names. Than telling them to blazon out their blames. Spenser, Tcares of the Muses. Blazoning our injustice everywhere. Shak., Tit. And., And blazon o'er the door their nnmes In bnuss, Byron, Dun .hum, xl. :il. 6. To proclaim or publish boastingly ; boast of. My friend Lancelot is not a man to blazon anylliliig. Jrmny, Salmagundi, p. 124. blazoner (bla'zn-<>r), »i. 1. 'One who blazons; a liinild.— 2. One who publishes or proclaims with strong or extravagiiiit praise. blazoning (blit'zn-ing), ". In her., the art of di-si-riliiiig ariiiiirial bearings. See blazon, n. blazonment (bla'/n-ineii)), n. [< blazon + -ment. \ Tlic ml of blazoning; emblazoniiieTil. blazonry (blii'zn-ri), n. [< blazon + -n/.] 1. Till- .lit of ileHi'riliiiig or explaining coiits ol iiriiis ill proper lienildic terms and inetliod. liub ban dune inure to w-t the public rlghl rui thin lin niirtant point of lilazonni Hum the whuli- College of llii- 1,1,1,. J^ndi. Ne»-i.|mpi-r«Tlillty-llvc Vi-am aiiu, 2. Emblazonry; decoralimi in color, iis wiUi heraldic dovic'es ; brilliant decoration; H|deii- dor. Tlie Korge<)U« hiillilliiK anil wild blatonry ot that nhrlne of.si. .Miirkn. Buskin. Ho iiiucli mihtler l> a human minil than the uiilnlde li««ueB which make a wirl r.f Uaznnry or i lock line for II. liroriie liluil, Mlihlluiiiarcli, I. I'.!. 3. Figurativoly, display. (= D. bleel-en = OHG. blcichcn, MHG. G. blei- Chen = Icel. bleil^ja = Sw. blel;a = Dan. ble.ge), make white, cause to fade (cf. btdcian, become white or pale), < bide, pale, bleak: see bleakl, blakc.'l I. trans. To make white or whiter by removing color; whiten; blanch; make pale; specifically, to whiten (as linen, etc.) by wash- ing and exposure to the action of the air and sunlight, or by chemical preparations. See bleaching. IniiiKU-tal libcvtv, whose look sulilinie Hath bleached tiio tyrant's cheek in every varying clime. Snwlletl, Ode to Indepcndeuco. The bones of men, In some forgotten battle slain, And bleached by drifting wind and rain. ,S'i-c>», 1.. of the L,, iii. 6. The robed and mitred apostles, Menrhnt and rain-washed by the ages, rose into the blue air like lni«c siiuw llguivn. //. .iames, ./;-,, Trans. .ski-t<-lu-a, [i. 2ia = Syn. ntanrh, etc. See le/ii'fcn. II. in trans. 1. To become white in any man- ner ; become pale or colorless. Along the snows a stilfened corse, Stretched out and bleachin'/ in the northern blast rhoni.wn. Winter, 1. S2L 2. To become tnorallv pure. [Rare.] bleach't, «. [< ME. blcdie {bleclic), < AS. blice, var. ot bide, pale: see blciih-^, blake, and of. bUacIA, c] 1. Pale.— 2. Bleak. bleachl (blech), n. [< ME. birclie. < AS. blSico, paleness, < 6/m', pale: see bbnIA.lt If. A dis- ease of the skin. Holland. U: of Pliny.— 2. [< bleach^, v.] An act of bleaching: exposure to the sun or other bleaching agency or intlu- enco. What is known its ' the three.quarter blrarh ' Sei. .Inier., N. S,, with llax. I. VI. '.Ml). of blctch, n. v.] " icKing. bleach'-'t (blech), n. [A var. Bliicldng; any substance used for blacl Cidgrape. bleacher (ble'chi'-r). ?i. 1. One who bleaches; one whose occupation is to whiten cloth. — 2. A vessel used in bleaching. — 3. A large slial- low wooili'ii tub, lined with metal, used in dis- lilliiig p(-ti-oli'iim; a settling-tub. bleachery (blo'ch<'l'-i), w. ; jd. bleacherirs (-iz). |< tdrach', v., + -erij.'] A place for bleaching; an establishment where the bleiuliiiig of tex- tile fabrics, etc., is carried on. Vonng rcproliates dyid In the wuul wllli perversity aro taken liilo a kind uf mural lileaeheru ami c-onie cult whlln lubiniliK. (I. W. Holmes, lll.l Vul. •,! Life, p. .'IM. bleach-field (blech'fold), n. A field whore cloth or yarn is bleached. bleaching bleaching (ble'fhing), «. [Verbal n. of J/cac7^1.] Tlio art or process of freeing textile fibers and fabrics, and various other substances (sucli as materials for paper, ivory, wax, oils), from their natural color, and rendering them white, or nearly so. The ancient in.-tli"il of lileadunj,' liy exposing to the action of tlie suns rays, and frequent wettint,', lias heen nearly supersedeil, at least where the business is prosecuted on a large scale, by more compli- cated processes in connection with powerful chemical preparations. Among these preparations, the chief are chlorin and sulplturous acid, the latter being employed more especially in the ease of animal (lljers (silk and wo(d), while cotton. Hax, and other vegetalile fibers are operated upon with chlorin, the bleaching in both cases being pre- ceded by certain cleansing processes. Glass is bleached by the use of chemical agents, usually braunite, saltpeter, ■ aryeuioiis acid, anlhorne, Twice-Told Tales, II. bleaky (ble'ki), a. [Extended form of bleak^, «.] Bleak; open; fmsheltered ; cold; chill. [Eare.] The bleaky top of rugged hills. Dryden, tr. of Virgils Georgica, iii. 583 blearl (bier), v. [< ME. hl«ren, make dim or rlicuiny, in reference to the eyes, esp. in the pliraso blear one's eyes, i. e., deceive, hood- wink one; 'rarely intrans., blink; cf. Dan. Mire, also plire, blink, = Sw. ]>lira, dial, blira, and blura, blink (cf. dial, blirra J'ojr augu, quivor before the eyes, of summer heat), = LG. plilren, plyrcu, plircn (also hleer- in blcer- oged =E. blear-eyed. q. v.), blink; cf. G. dial. ftteiT, an ailment of the eyes.] I. trans. 1. To affect (the eyes) with flowing tears or rheuni so that the sight is dimmed and indistinct; make rheumy and dim : as, "blered her eyes," I'icrs I'lowman. To his bleared and offended sense, There seems a hideous fault blazeil in the object. Ji. Jotuiun, f'oetaster, v. 1. Tease the lungs and blear the sight. Cmvper, Task, iii. 2. To bhir, as the face with weeping; obscure ; obfuscate. Stern faces bleared with immemorial watch. Lowell, Cathedral. To blear one's eyest, figuratively, to deceive; liood- wink; blind. They wenen that no man may hem bigile, But by my thrift, yet shal I blere lw,r eye. Chaucer, Reeve's Tale, 1. 129. Entising dames my patience still did prone, And blear'd mine eyes. Gaseoiyne, The Fruits of Fetters. Il.t intrans. To have bleared or inflamed eyes ; be blear-eyed, blearl (bier), a. and n. [Not an orig. adj., but assumed from blear-eyed, where blear is directly from the verb. See blear-eyed.'] I. a. 1. Sore or dim from a watery discharge or other super- ficial affection : applied only to the eyes. A wit that can make your perfections so transparent, that every blear eye may look through them. B. Jonsun, Evei'y JIan in his Humour, iv. 1. Half blind he peered at me through his blear eyes. Layard, Nineveh and Babylon, i. 2. Producing dimness of vision; blinding. [Obsolete or poetical.] Power to cheat the eye with Wear illusion. Hilton, Conms, 1. 155. 3. Dim; indistinct; confused in outlines. [Rare.] II. n. Something that obscures the sight. [Scotch.] Nor is the blear drawn easy o'er her e'e. A. Ross, Helenore, p. 91. blear^t (bier), v. [< ME. bleren; origin ob- scure.] I. trans. To thmst (out); protrude: with out. [TheyJ stood staring and gaping upon Him, wagging their heads, writhing their mouths, yea blearing out their tongues. Bp. Andrews, Sermons, ii. 173. II. intrans. To thrust out the tongue in mock- ery. He baltyrde, he bleryde, he braundyschte ther-after. Mortc Arthure (E. E. T. S.), 1. 782. blearedness (bler'ed-nes), n. [< bleared, pp. of blear^, + -ness.] The state of being bleared or blurred with rheum. Holland. blear-eye (bler'i), n. [Rather from blear-eyed, a., than from blettr^, a., ■¥ eye. Cf. LG. bleer-oge, pliir-oye, blear-eye, fi'om the adj. See blear- eyed.'] In med., a disease of the eyelids, con- sisting in chronic inflammation of the margins, with a gummy secretion from the Meibomian elands; lippitude. Also called blear-eyedncss. blear-eyed (bler'id), a. [< ME. blereyed, bler- eighed, etc., < bleren, blear, + eye, eighe, eye; cf. Dan. plir-ojet = LG. bleer-oged, also pliir- oged, blear-eyed, of similar formation. Cf. also LG. blarr-oged, with noun blarr-oge, due to eon- fusion with blarren, cry, howl, weep, = G. blar- ren, blerren, ■asnaWy plarren, roar, bellow, = E. blare'^; but there is no etymological connection. See blcar'^.] 1. Having sore eyes; having the eyes dimmed or inflamed by flowing tears or rheum; dim-sighted. Crook-back'd he was, tooth-shaken, and blear-ey'd. Sackville, Ind. to Mir. for Mags. 2. Wanting in perception or understanding; short-sighted. blear-eyedness (bler'id-nes), n. Same as blear- ei/e. bl'eariness (bler'i-nes), n. [< bleary + -ness.] Bleari'ilncss. blearnesst (bler'nes), n. [< blear^, a., + -ness.'] The state of being blear. Udall, Mark x. blear-'witted (bler'vrit'ed), n. Dull; stupid. They were very blear-witted, i' faith, that could not dis- cern the gentleman in him. B. Jornon, Every ilan out of his Humour, v. 2. bleed *» blearyl (bler'i), a. [< W«o>-l -t- -i/l.] 1. Bleared; rheumy; dim: as, Wc/n/ red eyes. — 2. Blurred; confused; cloudy; rnisty. Oh give me back niy native hills, If bieak or bleary, grim or gray. , . Cumberland Ballad, bleary-, n. See bleery. bleat (blet), V. i. [< ME. blcten, < AS. blietan = D. blatni, bleeten = MLG. LG. bleteu = OHG. bld;:an, 11 JIG. bldzen, G. dial, bldssen, blat:cn, bleat; cf. G. itofrew, bleat, bellow (see balk'^, bolk), L. balarc, bleat (see balant), 6r. (iTji- XaaOai, bleat, (ilrixii. Dor. ft>.axa, a bleating : all perhaps ult. of imitative origin, like baa, q. v.] To cry as a sheep, goat, or calf; also, as a snipe. Then suddenly was heard along the main To low the ox, to bleat the woolly train. f-'oife, Odyssey, xil. bleat (blet), n. [< bUat, v.] The cry of a sheep, goat, or calf; also, of a snipe. The Meat of flocks, the breatli of flowers. Moir, UarebelL And gf)t a calf . . . Alncii like to you, for you have just his bleat. Shak., Much Ado, v. 4. bleater (ble'ter), n. An animal that bleats; specifically, a sheep. In cold, stiff soils the bleatert oft complain Of gouty ails. John Dyer, Fleece, L bleauntt, "■ [ME., also written bleeavnt, ble- hand, bliand, btiliand; ='^WJx. 6Hnn< (with term, varied from orig.)=MH(i. blialt, bliat < OF. bliaiit, bliaitd, bliat, earlier bliult (mod. F. dial. Maude, biaudc: see blouse) = Pr. blial, hliau, bliaut, bli::ant = Sp. Pg. brial; ML. blialdus, bliaudus, blisaudus, a kind of tunic; origin un- known.] A garment common to both sexes in the eleventh, twelfth, and thirteenth cen- turies. As worn by women, it w.as a tunic placed over the chemise, usually with long and loose sleeves, and held by a girdle, except perhaps when a gai-ment was worn above it. That for men was worn as an outer garment, and especially over the armor, in which case it is hard to distinguish it from the tabard, which afterward re- placed it. For mounted men it was divided nearly to the girdle, to enable the rider to sit in the saddle. A blewe bleaunt obofe brade him al ovir. King Alisaunder, p. 167. Blysnande whyt watj hjT bleaunt. Alliterative Poemjt (ed. Morris), L 163. bleb (bleb), n. [Another form of blob, q. v.] 1. A blister or pustule. — 2. A bubble, as in water or other fluid, or in a substance that has been fluid, as glass. Arsenic abounds with air blebs. Kincan. blebby (bleb'i), a. [< bleb -\- -yK] Full of blebs, blisters, or bubbles. [Meionite] fuses ... to a white blebby glass, Dana, System of Mineral. (1868), p. 31S. bleek (blek), n. [Also (in def. 1) assibilated bhtch ; < ME. blek, Meke, appar. < AS. blwc (= Icel. blek = Sw. black = Dan. bltvk, ink), prop. neut. of the adj. bhec, black: see black, n.] 1. Any black fluid substance, as black ink, black- ing for leather, or black grease. — 2. Soot ; smut. — 3t. A black man. — 4. A local English name of the coalfish, Pollaehius rirens. [Now only prov. Eng. or Scotch.] bleckbok (blek'bok), n. Same as bleekbok. bled (bled). Preterit and past participle of bleed. bleet (ble). n. [< ME. blee, ble, bleo, < AS. bleoh, Mioh, usually contr. hleo, blid, color, hue, com- plexion, = OS. Mi = OFries. bli, blie. North Fries, bldy, color.] Color ; hue ; complexion. Thou art brjght of blee. Eglamour, L 933. I have a lemmau As bright of blee as is the silver moon. Greene, George-a-Green. White of blee with waiting for me Is the corse in the next chambere. Mrs. Browning, Romaimt of the Page. bleed (bled), v. ; pret. and pp. bled, ppr. bleed- ing. [< ME. bleden, < AS. bledan, bleed (= OFries. bleda = D. bloeden = LG. bloden = OHG. bluotan, MHG. 6. bluten, = Icel. blwdha = Sw. bloda = Dan. blade), < blod, blood: see 6/oorf, and cf. 6?essl.] I. intrans. 1. To void or emit blood; drop, or mn with, blood: as, the wound Med profusely ; his nose bleeds. Many upon the seeing of t.thers bleed . . . themselves are ready to faint, as if they bled. Bacon, 2. Figuratively, to feel pity, sorrow, or an- guish; be filled with s\Tnpathy or grief: with for: as, my heart bleed.ifor him. Take your own will; my very heart bleeds. for thee. Fletcher (aud another), Queen of C^orinth, u. 3. I bleed inwardly /or my lord. Shak., T. of A., i. 2. St. To come to light: in allusion to the old superstitious belief that the body of a murdered ' bleed person -would begin to bleed if the murderer approached it. The murdering of her Marquis of Ancre will yet bleed, as some fear. Hoicell, Letters, I. i. 19. 4. To shed one's blood ; be severely ivounded or die, as in battle or the like. Cjesar most bleed for it. Shak., J. C, ii. 1. 5. To lose sap, gum, or juice, as a tree or a vine. For me the balm shall bleed, and amber flow. Pope, Windsor Forest, 1. 393. 6. To pay or lose money freely ; be subjected to extortion of money: a^, they made him ftffcrf ijiemish (blem'ish), «. l< blemish, r.] 1. A 584 lent) ; mar or make defective ; destroy the per- fection of ; deface ; sully. Vanish ; or I shall grive thee thy deserving', And bleinUh C'asar's triumph. Shah., A. and C, iv. 10. Sin is a soil which bleinisheth the beauty of thy soul. Ji. Bralfurnite. 2. To impair morally; tarnish, as reputation or character; defame; stain: as, to bkmisli one's fair fame. On a general review of the long administration of Has- tinijs, it is impossible to deny that, against the great crimes by which it is blemished, we have to set iitf great jiublic services. Macaulay, Warrea Uastings. freely for that whim." [Slang.] — 7. In dyeing, to be" washed out: said of the color of a dyed fabric when it stains water in which it is im- mersed. O'Seill, Dyeing and Cal. Printing, p. 105. — 8. To leak; become leaky. The defects in the plates, whose presence may not even be suspected, become exposed, and being attacked anew by the acids in the water tised for washing out the boiler, which are not neutralized by the soda, are caused to bUed. S. Wilson, Steam Boilers, p. 174. 9. To yield; produce: applied to grain. [Scotch.] n. trans. 1. To cause to lose blood, as by ■wounding ; take blood from by opening a vein, as in phlebotomy. — 2. To lose, as blood; emit blemished (blem'isht), p. a. defect, ilaw, or imperfection; something that mars beauty, completeness, or perfection. As he hath caused a bletitish in a man, so shall it be done to him again. Lev. x.\iv. 20. Xaught had blemish there or spot. For in that place decay was not. Williayn Morris, Earthly Paradise, I. 35S. 2. A moral defect or injury; reproach; dis- grace ; that which impairs reputation ; imputa- tion. That cleare she dide from blemish criminall. Spenser, F. Q., II. i. 37. That you have been earnest should be no blemish or discredit at all unto you. Hooker. Ha\'ing a fault or or distil, as juice, sap, or gum, A decaying pine of stately size bleeding amber. 3. To extort or exact money on: as, the sharpers bled him freely. [Slang.] He (Shaykh M.asudl returned in a depressed state, hav- ing been bled by the soldiery at the well to the extent of forty piastres, or about eight shillings. R. F. Burton, EMIedinah, p. S.iO. 4. In dyeing, to extract the coloring matter from (a dye-drug). Napier. — 5. In bookbind- ing, to trim the margin of (a book) so closely blemish; specifically, in her., broken or cut Miller, short: said of a cross, weapon, or the like, - „ used as a bearing. fiom, sponge ijiemishless (blem'ish-les), a. [< blemish, n.. + -less.] Without blemish; spotless; perfect; without defect. A life in all so blemishless. Fellhayil, Ltisoria, x.\xvii. blemishment (blem'ish-ment), n. [< blemish, n., + -ment.'] Damage; flaw; impairment. For dread of blame and honours bteiitishment. Spenser, F. Q.,IV. ii. 36. as to mutilate the print.— To bleed a buoy blemmatrope (blem a-trop), n. [< Gr. p-efifia, ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ look, glance, eye (< j3?.i7Teiv, look), -I- TpcTretv, turn.] An apparatus for illustrating the va- rious positions of the eye. blench^ (blench), V. [in early mod. E. some- times spelled blanch by confusion with blanch, make white (see blanch'^ and blanch-): < ME. blenchcn, also blenken, occasioually hiinchcn, turn aside, evade, disconcert, usually intrans., shrink back, give w-ay, < AS. blcncan (= led. blckkja), deceive, supposed to be a causal form of *blincan, blink (cf. drench'^, causal of drink). but the latter verb does uot occur iu the older language: see blink. For the sense 'deceive,' (wiwM, to let out of a buoy water which has leaked into it.— To bleed the brakes, in a locomotive, to relieve the prc-isure on the air-brakes by opening the bleeding-valve or release-cock of the brake-cylinder, bleeder (ble'der), n. 1. One who lets blood. — 2. A person who is naturally predisposed to bleed. See hemophilia. bleed-hearts (bled'hiirts), n. The scarlet lych- nis. I.i/chnis Chalcedonica. bleeding (ble'ding), «. [Verbal n. of bleed, c] 1. A running or issuing of blood, as from the nose; a hemorrhage; the operation of letting blood, as in surgery. — 2. Tlie drawing of sap from a tree or plant. — 3. In bookbinding, an excessive trimming dovra of the margins of a book, which cuts into and mutilates the print. bleeding-heart (ble'ding-hiirt). «. 1. In Eng- land, a name of the wall-flower, Cheiranthus Cheiri. — 2. A common name of some species of Vicentra, especially IK spcctabilis from China, from the shape of the flowers. — 3. A name sometimes applied to cultivated forms of Coliicasin with colored leaves. bleeding-tooth (ble'ding-toth), n. A common name of a shell of the family Ncritidw, Xerita fieloronta, the toothed colum'ella of which has a red blotch suggesting the name. See Serila. bleekbok (blek'bok), «. [D., < bleck, = E. hU,ik^, pale, -I- bok = E. huck^, a goat.] The Dutch colonial name of the ourebi, Scopophorus ourebi, a small pale-colored antelope of South Africa, related to the steiuboks. Another form is blirkhok. bleery (bler'i), n. A burning brand; a fagot. Also spelled bleary. [Scotch.] Scowder their harigals iIcIIh wI' u bleary. Hogg. bleezel (blez), n. and v. A Scotcli form of blazc^. bleeze", ''. <■ ; prct. and pp. hUe:ed, ppr. bleez- imi. To become Hlightly sour, UH milk. [Scotch.] bleik't, a. See WenAl. blnik-'t, ". See htiak'^. blend-water 3. One who blenches or flinches, blench-firmt (blench'ferm), n. Sam© as llanch- farm. blench-holding (blench'hol"ding), n. Same as bhiHch-liolding. blend^ (blend), r.; pret. blended, pp. blended or blent, ppr. blending. [< ME. blcnden, mix, sometimes intrans., a secondary form of blan- den, (.AS. blandan, a strong verb (= OS. blandan = Icel. blanda = Sw. blanda = Dan. blande = OHG. blantan, MHG. blanden = Goth, blandan), mix: see bland^.'\ I. trans. 1. To mix to- gether in such a way that the things mixed be- come inseparable, or cannot easily be separated. In p:u-licular: (a) To mix (ditlerent sorts or qualities of , a commodity) in order to produce a particular brand, kind, orquality: as, to t?^;id teas ; to ^^in/tuliacco. ('i)Tomix so intimately or harmoniously that the identity or individ- uality of the things mixed is lost or obscured in a new product : as, many races are blended iu the modem Eng- lishman. Kider and horse, — friend, foe, — in one red burial blent Byron, Childc Harold, iii. 29. Blended and intertwisted hi this life are the sources of joys and tears. De Quincey. I blend in song thy flowers and thee. Whitficr, First Flowers. (c) To cause to pass imperceptibly into one another; unite so that there shall be no peireptible line of division : as, to blend the colore of a painting. 2t. To mix up in the mind ; confound (one thing \vith another). — 3t. To stir up (a liquid); hence, to render turbid; figuratively, disturb. — 4t. To pollute by mixture ; spoil or corrupt. And all these stormea, which now his beauty Wend. Spensej; Sonnets, Lxii. And thy throne royall with dishonour blent. Spmsa; Mother llub. Talc, 1. 1330. = Syn. ^fi^r, etc. See minfile. n. intrans. 1. To mix or mingle; unite in- timately so as to form a harmonious whole j unite so as to be indistinguishable. And Rupert's oath, and Cromwell's prayer, With b.attle thunder blended. Whittier, The Exiles. Changed seemed all the fashion of the world, And past and future into one did lilend. Williani Morris, Earthly Paradise, I. 349. 2. To pass imperceptibly into each other : as, sea and sky seemed to blend. The distant peaks gradually blended with the white at- mosphere above them. Tiindatl, tJlaciers. p. 196. It would clearly be advant.igcous to two varieties or incipient species if they could be kept from blending, on the same principle that, when man is selecting at the same time two varieties, it is necessary that he should keep them separate. Darwin, tlrigin of Species, ]). 246. cf. blear one's eyes, deceive, under blear^.'] I. blendl (blend), n. [< blendl, «!.] 1. A mixing t,ii bleiti,bleit2(blat), o, '- ■••■'' 1 1,' Mfl'iirn), n. [Ajiimr. imitative of ^ihblc. Ct.hlrthrr^.] An idle, Hcnso- .. -., .,,.,].g, or noisy fellow. [Hcolch.] A blethcrlnf;, liluatcrlnK, dninkeii IMlum. JtnriiM, 'rani ••' .shnntcr. blenii hlr,,. ■ Idem (V.I. < bb. 1. 'I that I- inirans. 1. To "shrink; start back; give way ; flinch ; turn aside or fly off. Though sometimes you do blenek from this to that. SAn*-., M. for M., iv. 5. I'll tent him to the quick ; if he but bleneh, 1 know my course. Sliah:, Hamlet, ii. 2. I know his people Are of his own choice, men that will not totter Nor blench much at a bullet. Fletcher, The Pilgrim, v. 3. 2. To quail : said of the eye. Il.t trans. 1. To deceive; cheat. — 2. To draw back from; shirk; aVoid; elude; deny from fear. He now blenched what before ... he afllrmed. Eneltjn. 3. To hinder or obstruct; disconcert; foil. The rebels besieged them, wimiiliK the even grounil on the lop, by carrying up great trusses of hay liefore thcni to blench the detendanU' sight and dead their shot. (r. Careir. blenchlf (blench), «. [< blench'^, i\] 1. Adoceit ; a trick.— 2. A sidelong glance. TlicBo blenches gave my heart jinother youth. .shak., Soiirieta, ex. blench'^ (blench), a. or adr. [A variant form of blanch^, a.: see blanch^ and blank.] Upon or liasod upon the puyincul of a iioMiiiuil or trifling yearlvduty : apiilicd Id a sort of tenure of land :"aH, the estate is held Wen W» of the crown. Hoe hlanrh-hiililinii. Some as Wafcl, Wo»■ siifl- nor. ..VI r lb Willi u delicate, fialliiiy Inii.li. blendoUR (lileii'diis), a. [< blende + -ou.i.'] In mineral., iicrtiiining lo or consisling of blende. blend-'water (lili'nd'wa'lcr), n. A ilistemper of cattle. AIbo called niorc-houijh. Blenheim Blenheim (blen'em), «. [From Blenheim House, erected by the English Parliament for the Duke of Marlborough in recognition of his military sorvieos, and especially of his great victory at Blenheim, G. Btiiidlieiiii, in Bavaria, Aug. i:i, 1704.] One of a breed of dogs of the spaniel kind, preserved in perfection at Blenheim House, near O.xford, England, since the begin- ning of the eighteenth century. Blenheim orange, wig. See the nouns. blenkt, ''■ '• [A var. of liliiil:, q. v. ; partly eon- fused with i/(Hc/(l.] 1. To shine; gleam; glit- ter. — 2. To glance; give a look. Sfarslie . . . Iiuviny the leisure to blenk upon .any paper. Jaiiirs /., in Disraeli's Amen, of Lit., II. 147. blennadenitis (blen"ad-e-m'tis), n. [NL., < Gr. li'AivvoQ, ji'Mvva, mucus, + aiii/v, a gland, + -Hit!. Cf. adenitis.'] In pathol., inllammatiou of the mucous glands. hlennelytria (blen-e-lit'ri-a), ». [NL., < Gr. fi/tvmc, mucus, + eAvTpov, sheath (vagina).] Same as leiicorrkea. blennenteria (blen-en-te'ri-a), ». [NL., < Gr. ji'Aivmc, mucus, + ivrepov, intestine.] Inpathol., a mucous flow from the intestines. blennentery (blen'en-te-ri), ». Same as blen- nenlrriii. blenniid (blen'i-id), n. A fish of the family Blnniiiilte. Blenniidse (ble-ni'i-de), n.pJ. [NL., < Blennius + -idle.] A family of fishes, typified by the genus Bieniiins, adopted by various authors with tlifferent limits. In Giinther's system ol classi- y^yr^: Blenny {Blenniics gattorugitu). flcation it is a family of Acantkopterpffii bleimiiformes, having the ventral flns jugular and composed of a few rays (sometimes absent), a prominent anal papilla, and few or no anal spines. blenniiform (blen'i-i-f6rm), a. Pertaining to or having the characters of the Blenniiformes ; having the form of a blenny. Blenniiformes {blen"i-i-f6r'mez), «. pi. [NL., < L. l/lennins, blenny, + forma, form.] In Giinther's classification of fishes, a division of AcaHthopteryyii, ha\'ing the body low, sub- cylindrical or compressed, and elongate (rare- ly oblong) ; the dorsal fin long ; the spinous portion of the dorsal, if distinct, very long, as well developed as the soft portion, or more so ; the whole fin sometimes composed of spines only ; the anal more or less lengthened ; the caudal subtruneate or rounded, and the ven- trals thoracic or jugular, if present. Blenniinae (bleu-i-i'ne), n. pi. [NL., < Blennius + -ince.] A subfamily of Blenniidm, typified by the genus Blennius, to which various limits have been assigned. blennioid (blen'i-oid), a. and n. [< L. blennius, bleuuy, -H -o(rf.] I. a. Like a blenny ; blennii- form. Also blennoid. II. n. A fish of the family jB?eM«Mcf(s; a blen- niid. Sir J. Richardson. Blennioidea (blen-i-oi'df-a), n. pi. [NL., < Blennius + -oidea.'] Asuperfamilyof acanthop- terygian fishes, Jiearly equivalent to Bleiiniidtr. The principal families are the Blenniidce, Vlini- dce, Mwrwnoididce, Sticheeidce, and Anarrhieha- didw. Blennioidei (blen-i-oi'de-i), n. pi. [NL.] A family of acanthopterygian fishes : synony- mous with Blenniidw. Ayassiz. Blennius (bleu'i-us), n. [L., also hlendius and hhiidea, < Gr. jiTiivvoc, a blenny, < ji'Ahvoq, also jilivva, mucus, slime : in reference to the mucous coating of its skin.] The typical genus of the family Blenniidw, originally containing' numer- ous species now dispersed in many different genera: the term is at present restricted to those species which are closely related to the common blenny of Europe. See cut under Blenniidce. blennogenic (blen-o-jen'ik), a. [As Uennogen- ous + -(P.] Generating mucus; muciparous. blennogenous (ble-noj'e-nus), ((. [< Gr. ji'Uvvoi;, muc\is, -f- -}ti7/f, producing: see -genous.'] In med., producing or generating mucus. blennoid (blen'oid), a. [< Gr. jiUmo^, mucus, + ciiSof, form.] Eesembling mucus. 585 blennometritis Cblen'o-me-tri'tis), n. [NL., < (ir. li/ivvor, mucus, + metritis, q. v.] In pa- IIkiI., mucous flow accompanying metritis. blennophthalmia(blon-of-thal'mi-ii),«. [NL., < Gr. ji'Aivvoc-, njucus, + NL. npilitlialmia.] In piithol,, inflammation of the mucous membrane of the eye; conjunctivitis. blennorrhagia (blen-o-ra'ji-ii), n. [NL., < Gr. ji'Aieeiie, mucus, + -pnyi(t, { p?/yv(jvai, burst, break.] In j;«(/(oJ., a discharge of mucus; spe- cifically, gonorrhea. blennorrnagic (blen-o-raj'ik), a. [< blennor- rli(i(/i(i,+ -)'c.] Pertaining to, characterized by, or sufl'ering from bleimorrhagia. blennorrhea (blen-o-re'il), n. [NL., < Gr.Ji7.h- roe, mucus, -l- poia, a ilow, < pn'tv, flow.] In pathnl., a flow of mucus. The tei-m is ai>iilicablc to an increased discharge from any of the mucous surfai^es, but is usually restricted to that from the uretlira and Vii- gina, goTKurheu. Also sjielled lilenuorrhcea. blennorrhea! (blen-o-re'al), a. f< blennorhea + -«/.] Pertaining to or characterized by blennorrhea. Also spelled hlennorrhaial. blenny (blen'i), n. ; pi. blennies (-iz). [< L. blen- nius: see Blennius.'] A fish of the genus Blen- nius, of the family Blenniidee, and especially of the subfamily Blenniina: blennymenitis (blen"i-me-ni'tis), n. [NL., < Gr. /J/ti'i«f, mucus, + vpipi, membrane, + -itis.] In pathol., inflammation of a mucous mem- brane. blens (blenz), n. [E. dial., also blinds: see def. 2.] 1. A local English name of the com- mon cod. — 2. A Coruisli name of the bib, a fish of the cod family. The fish is said to have been so named from a sort of loose bag capable of inflation and resembling a bleb or blain, which is formed of an outer layer passing from the cheeks over the eye, and a second layer passing over the eyeball. Day. blentl (blent). Past participle of blcnd^. blent^t. Preterit and past participle of blend?. Chaucer. blepharadenitis (blef-a-rad-e-ni'tis), n. [NL., < Gt. ji'Aiipapov, eyelid, + ai'iriv (drffv-), gland, -l- -itis.] Inpathol., inflammation of the Meibo- mian glands. Also written blepharoadenitis. blepharal (blef'a-ral), a. [< Gr. fi'ktipapov, eye- lid, -I- -dl.] Pertaining to the eyelids. blepharedema (blef-a-re-de'mii), «. [NL., < Gr. ,i'/-iipapov, eyeWA, + ol/irjua, swelling: see edema.] Inpathol., edema of the eyelids. blepharitis (blef-a-ri'tis), n. [NL.j < Gr. lS?.e- (j>apoi; eyelid, -¥ -iiis. Cf. Gr. j31[(paplTi^, adj., of or on the eyelids.] Inpathol., inflammation of the eyelids. blepharoadenitis (blef'a-ro-ad-e-ni'tis), n. [NL.] Same as blepharadenitis. blepharophimosis (blef'a-ro-fi-mo'sis), n. [NL., < Gr. ii'/i(j>apoi', eyelid, + (jtipuaiQ, a muz- zling, shutting up of an orifice, < cjuuovv, muz- zle, shut up, < ^(/JOf, a muzzle.] Inpathol., congenital tliminution of the space between the eyelids. Du)itilison. blepharophthalmia (blef"a-rof-thal'mi-a), n. [NL., < Gr. ji'Ai^apov, eyelid, + ocpdaA/iia, oph- thalmia.] In iHithoL, conjunctivitis accom- panied by blepharitis. blepharophthalmic (blefa-rof-thal'mik), a. Pertaining to blepharophthalmia. blepharoplastic (blef'a-ro-plas'tik), n. taining to blepharoplasty. blepharoplasty (blefa-ro-plas'ti), n. [< Gr. jiM(papov, eyelid, + TtAaarog, verbal adj. of -'Aiiaaeiv, form, mold.] In snrg., the operation of making a new eyelid from a piece of skin transplanted from an adjacent part. blepharoplegia (blef"a-ro-ple'ji-a), n. [NL., < Gr. ji'/ ((papoi; eyelid, + rtAVYI, a stroke.] Same as jifusis. blepharoptosis (blef'a-rop-to'sis), n. [NL-, < Gr. li/ij-^apur, eyelid, + tttIxiq, a fall.] Same blepharorhaphy (blef'a-ro-raf''i), n. [NL., < Gr. ji'Aiipapov, eyelid, -I- pa>pii, a sewmg, seam, < paTTTetv, sew.] The sm-gieal operation of imit- ing the edges of the eyelids to each other, as after enucleation. blepharospasm (blef'a-ro-spazm), n. [< Gr. jiAcijiapov, eyelid, + ff-au/zof, a spasm.] Spasm of the orbicular muscle of the eyelid. blepharostenosis (blef 'a-ro-ste-no'sis), n. [NL., < Gr. iiAiiiapov, eyelid, + arn'uca;, a nar- rowing. < arfvo'vv. contract, narrow, < cretw, narrow.] Inpathol., a diminution of thespace between the eyelids, not of congenital origin. See hlephcirophimosis. blesbok, blessbok (bles'bok). n. [Also Eng- lished blessbuck : < D. blesbok, < bles, = E. bhizeS, bless Per- Blesbok {Atceiafihus aitt/ro»s). + bote = E. fcMrf'l.] A largo bubaline or alcela- phine antelope of South Africa, Damalis or Alcelaphus albifrons, with a white face or blaze. bleschet, v. t. See blesh. blesht, "• t. [ME. blesshen, bUschen, blessen, blisscn, prob. of LG. origin : MD. hlesschen, blusschen, D. blusschen = LG. blttschen , quench, extinguish, appar. contr. of 'bcleschen, < be- + MLG. leschcn = MD. lesschcu = OHG. lesken, MHG. Icsclien, G. liischen, put out, causal of OIIG. leskan, MHG. leschen (G. loschen), go out, as the; prob., with present-formative -sk (= AS. -sc, E. -sh, as in thresh, wash, etc.), from the root of AS. lece/an, OHG. legen, etc., lay: see fai/i.] To quench ; extinguish ; put out (a fire). Bleschyn [var. blesskyn], or qwenchyn, extingiio. Promjit. Pan., p. 39. blesgi (bles), v. t. ; pret. and pp. blessed or blest, ppr. blessing. [< ME. blessen, blcssien, blescen, bletsien (also6Wssf",etc.),< AS. blilsian, bledsian = ONorth. bladsia, gi-bladsia, bless (> Icel. bletza, bleza, mod. blessa, bless), originally *bl6dis6n, which may have meant 'consecrate the altar by sprinkling it with the blood of the sacrifice' (Sweet), lit. make bloody, < Mod, blood, with verb-formative -s, as in clwnsian, cleanse, minsian, grow small (see cleanse ami ■mince). Confused in ME. and since with the unrelated bliss ; hence the ME. parallel forms blissen, blissien, bliscen ; and see bh.isfidly, bless- fulncts.] 1. To consecrate or set apart to holy or sacred purposes ; make or pronounce holy : formerly occasionally used of persons. And God blessed the seventh day, and sanctified it. Gen. ii. 3. 2. To consecrate (a thing) by a religious rite, as with prayer and thanksgiving; consecrate or hallow by asking God's blessing on : as, to bless food. Where the master is too resty or too rich ... to bleu his own table. Milton, Elkonoklastes. And now the bishop had blest the meat. Southa/, Bishop Bruno. 3. To sanctify (one's self) by making the sign of the cross, especially as a defense against evU influences or agencies: used reflexively. Aryse be tjTne oute of thi bedde. And blysse tlii brest A thi forhede. Babees £ook(B. E. T. S.), p. 17. "When they heard these words, some . . . blest them- selves with both hands, thinking . . . that he had been a devil disguised. Urqultart, Itabelais, i. 3.'>. (X E. D.) I fancy I see you bte^s yourself at tliis telTible relation. Lady M. W. Moniagu, Letters, II. 47. (-V. E. D.) 4t. To defend; preserve; protect or guard from eril ; reflexively, to guard one's self from ; avoid; eschew. And, were not hevenly grace that did him blesse. He had beene pouldred all, as tliin as flowre. Spenser. F. Q., I. viL 12. Bless me from this woman ! I would stand the cannon, Before ten words of hers. Fletcher, "Wildgoose Chase, L 3. And therefore God bless us from titat [separation by death], and I will hope well of the rest. Arabella .Stuart, in D'Israeli's Curios, of Lit, II. 377. 5. To invoke or pronounce a blessing upon (another or others); commend to God's favor or protection. And Isaac called Jacob, and blessed him. Gen. xxviii. 1. A thousand times I blest him, as he knelt beside my bed. Tennyson, May Queen. 6. To confer weU-lieing upon: bestow happi- ness, prosperity, or good of any kind upon; make happy, prosperous, or fortunate ; prosper with temporal or spiritual benefits: as, a nation blessed with peace and plenty. The Lord thy God shall blet» thee in all that thou doest. Dent. x:v. IS. Heaven bless your expedition. Shak., 2 Hen. IV., L 2. bless If I do well I shall be blessed, whether any bless me or not Seidell, Table-Talk, p. 1". 7. To favor (with); mate happy or fortunate by some specified mtaus: as, blessed with a good constitution ; bksstd with filial children. You will to your lute, I heard you could touch it cun- ningly ; pray bUis my ears a little. Shirley, Witty Fair One, L 3. Mrs. Bull . . . bUgied John with three daughters. Arbuthnol, John Bull (1755), p. SO. (.V. E. D.) 8. To praise or extol (a) as holy or worthy of reverence, or (6) as the giver of benefits ; ex- tol or glorify with thankful acknowledgment of benefits received. Bie^s the Lord, O my soul : and all that is within me, bUis His holy name. Ps. ciii. 1. I am content with this, and blejts my fortune. Fletcher, Wildgoose (."base, iii. 1. 9. To esteem or account happy ; congratulate ; felicitate : used reflexively. The nations shall bless themj be, tdest. I'fil^e, F.H.say on Man, I. 90. Specifically — 4. Enjoying K|>iritual blesgings iitid tlio fuvor of (jloa; enjoying heavenly feu- city; beatified. bUjutd aru the merciful : for they sliull obtain mercy. Mat. V. 7. f. .. ,...-.| iiitc a blftied nolnt. .S/ipin<'SH, health, or jirosiJirily, .'> E. lierb-beniiei.} The com- mon European avens, Geiim iirbajiiim. blessedly (bles'ed-li), adr. In a blessed man- ner; happily; in a fortunate manner ; joyfully. One day we shall blessedly meet again never to dep.art. Sic P. Sidney, Arcadia, iii. blessedness (bles'ed-nes), «. [< blessed + -«fs«.] The state of being blessed; happiness; felicity; heavenly joys ; the favor of God. His [Wolsey's] overthrow heiip'd liapiiiiiess upon him ; For then, and not till then. In- felt liiiuself. And found the blessedness of beinu little. Shak., Hen. ATII., iv. 2. Nor lily, nor no glorious hyacinth. Are of that sweetness, whiteness, tenderness, Softness, and satisfying blessedness, As my Evanthe. Fletcher, Wife for a Month, i. 1. It is such an one as, being begun in grace, passes into glory, blessedness, and inmiortality. Sotitb. Single blessedness, the unmarried state ; celibacy. Grows, lives, and dies, in single blessedness. Shak., M. N. D., i. 1. I'erlclcii, III, 2. -Syn. Felieity, Bliss, etc. (see happiness), joy, beatitn.ie, blesser (bles'^r), «. One who bestows a bless- ing; one who blesses or causes to prosper. God, the giver of the gift, or blesser of the action. Jer. Taylor, Uoly Living, § 4. blessfuUy (bles'fiil-i), adv. [For bli.isfulhi, by contusiou of bless'^ with bliss; so ME. btcsfiil, and even blessedful, as variations of blissful. See bless''- and bliss.} Blissfully. [Rare.] Of these many are bless/ulhi incognizant of the opinion, its import, its history, and even its name. Sir W. Hamilton. blessfulness (blcs'fiil-nes), n. [For blissfidnr.vs. i't. bicssfiilli/.'] Blissfulness. Drunt. [Rare] blessing (blcs'ing), «. [< ME. blessingc, bles- sioiije, etc., < AS. bteismuj, blcdsitiui, werha} n. of hletsian, bless: see i/r*vi.] 1. The act of in- voking or pronouncing happiness upon another or others; benediction. Sri'iiilcally, in the I.iitin and Greek clmrches, the act of pr..n.nmein"g a bent'.li.th.ii on the laity or inferior clergv, ]i.i'i..niie.l by a liislj.ip ..r other priest. In the Roman Catliolic I'lmrcli, the blcsshig is now given with all the fingers joined and extended, but formerly with the thumb and the first two fin- gers of the right hand extended and the two remaining lin- gers turned down. In the Greek chureh, the thumb and the thud finger of the same band are jolneil, the other fingers be- ing extended. Some Eastern writers see in this position a symb.il of the Greek sacred monogram of the name of Christ. In either case the three fingers (or two lingers and thumb) extended symbolize the 'Trinity. In the An- gllesn chureh, either the former or the present Latin ges- ture is used. 2. The form of words used in this invocation or declaration ; a (or the) benedict ion. ^3. The bestowal of divine favor, or of hallowing, ]>i'<>- tocting, or ])rosp<'ring inllui'iiccK: as, lo ask God's hlessiiui on any miderlaUing. — 4. A ti'Ui- {)oral or spiritual benefit; anyt hiiig which iinikes lapiiy or prosperous; something to be lliaiik- f 111 for; a boon or inerc^v: as, tlie blessintis nf life, of heallh, or of civilization; it is a bless- ing we fared so well. .Nature's full hlessiniit Would he well dispensed. Milton, Coniuh, I. 77'..'. 5. EupheniiHiicaUy, a eurse ; a scolding; a cas- t igat ion with wordg.— To ask a bleSBlng, to say grncu bef.ire a meal, blest O'li'sl ), pret., pp., and ]>. a. A contrnctod liiriii of blessed, blet (hlet). I'. I.; pret. and pp. hlrllrd, piir. hlci- liiiij. [< !•". bifllir, become 'sleepy,' < biritt; 'sleepy,' amilii'd lo a pear (u)w poire blilti), fem. of a diHUHcd iniiHC. 'blet, < OK. Iilet, fein. hlelle, Boft, mellow, overripe; cf. e«)iiiv. blnhr, lileipie, np|)lied also to an overripe apple (Cot- Latin Church (old use). Greek Church. Position of Hand In Blessing. blight grave), also hlesse, blosse, blot (Roquefort). The relations of these forms, and their origin, are uncertain.] To become " sleepy " or internally decayed, as a pear which ripens after being picked. Its [the medlar's] fruit is hard, acid, and unfit for eating till it loses its green colour and becomes bletted. Eneyc. Brit., XII, 271, bletcht, V. t. [The assibUated form of bleck, r. Cf. blotch, black.} To black; make black. Lcrins. bletcht, ". [The assibilated form of bleck, n. Cf. hit tell, r.] Blacking. Levins. bletheri (bleTH'er), v. i. Same as blather. blether! (bleTH'er), n. Same as blather. Strin^'in' blethers up in rhyme. Burns, The 'Viaion. blether- (bleTH'er), H. A Scotch form of blad- il, r. bletherskate (bleTH'tr-skat), n. Same as hhithirskite. bletonism (blet'on-izm), n. [So called from M. Blctoii, a Frenelmian living at the end of the ISth century, who was said to have this fac- tdty.] The pretended faculty of jierceiving and indicating subterraneous springs and cur- rents by peculiar sensations. bletonist(blet'on-ist), H. \QeQ bletonism.'] One who possesses or pretends to possess the fac- ulty of bletonism. bletting (blet'ing), n. [Verbal n. of blet, r.] The slow internal decay or "sleepiness" that takes place in some fruits, as apples and pears, after tiicy are gathered. LitidUi/. bleu-de-roi (ble'df-rwo'), «. [F., kin^s blue: bleu (see blue) ; dc, < L. de, of ; roi, king : see roy.'i In ceram., the name given to the cobalt- blue color in Em-opean porcelain, first pro- duced m Sevres, it is sometimes uniform, and some- times mottled or marbleil. It was one of the first colors used in Kuropean porcelain decoration. ble'7et, !'• t. A Middle English contraction of bell (ire. ble-wi, ble-w2 (bio). Preterit of blow^, blow^. ble'W-*t, ('. See blue. ble'wart (ble'wart), n. [Sc. Cf. blawort.'] In Sootlaiul, the germander speedwell, Veronica Chiuinrilrys. blewits (blo'its), n. [Prob. same as bluets, pi. (if liliii t. a name applied to several different flowers.] The popular name ot Jflorictis jier.so- natus, an edible purplish mushroom common in meadows in autumn. bleymet, «. [< F. bleime, of same sense, ro- I'crrcil by some to hit'mc, formerly blaime, OF. blcmc, blesme, pale: see blemish.'] An inflam- mation in the foot of a horse, between the sole and the bone. BradUij. bleynt, ». An obsolete Ki)elling of blain. bleyntet. An obsolete preterit of blench^. Therwithal he blninte and ervede, A ! Chanter, Knight's Tale, 1. 22a bliandf, «. See bleaunt. bliaust, bliautt, ». See bleaunt. blick'f, r. i. [In mod. E. appar. only in dial. bliekiiit, shining, bright, orig. (as in lid extract below) piir. of blick; («) < ME. blikkeu, hlikien, blikeii.i AS. •/)/«■(■((» = Ml), blicken, shine, gleam, D. Iilikken, twinkle, (urn pale, = MLG. blieken, shine, glcani, = G. blieken, glance, look, = Icel. blikfi, sliiiic, gleam, = Sw. hiickii, glance, look; a weak verb, m JIE. mixed with the orig. strong verb (/)) bliken, < AS. blicnn (jiret. bliie, })p. bli- eeii) = OS. blikiin, shine, gleam, = OFries. lilika (P]). bliken), apjiear, = Ml), bliken, 1). blijken, look, appear, = 01 IG. blihhan (in coiiip.), JlllG. bliehrn, shine, gleam; perhaps = OHulg. Wi»- kiili, MjHirkle, = h. fultjire, shine, lighlen, = Gr. i(i7it)riv, bm-n : hih^ fiiliiml, phliiim, phlox. lleuco ult. (from AS. liliran) ]•;. bleiib, hleach^, q. v. Cf. blink, blank.] To shine ; gleam. llryat blykked iW lii'in of the lii-.i.le beuen. Allilerutire Purins (ed. Morris), 11.008. The lilykkaiide belt he here tlu-ralMuitt.. .fir a<\miyne and the (Jreen Kniijhl (ed. Miurls), 1. 2485. blickl (bilk), «. [< G. bliek = I). Dan. blik, a look, glance, twinkle, flash, = Ml-G. blick, gleam, sheen; from llie verb: see bliek^, v.] The brightening or iridesci'iieo aiipearing on silver or gold at llie end of the i'ii))cliiig or ro- linin;; jirocess. Ildiinuiiid, Milling (iloHsai'V. blick'-' ( lilik ), H. [E.' dial. var. of ///<«/,'•!.] Same as bliiil.-. blickey, blickie (blik'i), ». A small pail or Kinki'l. I New .Tersey.] blight (bill ), n. [First certain iuatancos in Cot- graven and Sherwood, 17(h century; later also L blight spelled hUtc. Origin unknown; the various ex- planiitions offered all fail for lack of evidence.] 1. Some influenco, usually hidden or not con- spicuous, that nips, blasts, or destroys plants ; a diseased state of plants caused by the condi- tion of the soil, atmospheric influences, insects, parasitic plants, etc. ; smut, mildew, or the like. Ill Iiutimy it is suinetimes rcstiiotetl tii a class of niimite piiiasitic fungi, tlic Erijsiplmeeie, which grow upon tile surface of leaves or steins without entering the tissues, and prnilucc a whitish appearance, but is frequently applied also to those of other groups which are destructive to crops. The garden fears no blight, and needs no fence. Cowjicr, Task, vi. 772. 2. Figuratively, any malignant or mysterious inlluenee that "nips, blasts, destroys, or brings to naught; anythingwhieh withers hope, blasts one's prospects, or checks prosperity. A bliyht seemed to have fallen over our fortunes. Disraeli. The biting presence of a petty degrading care, such as casts the liliyld of irony over all higher effort. George Eliot, Middleniarch, II. 178. 3. In med. : (ft) A slight facial paralysis in- duced by Kudileu cold or damp, (i) See blights. — Bladder-bllglit, a disease of peach-trees caused by the pitriisitir liiimns Kxoascxts deforriiaiiSy which produces in- llatcil ilislorlii'iis in the leaves. See Exfjaacu!!. — Pear- blight, an i'|iiik-niic disease attacking pear-trees, also kiinwii as iin--ldi>jlit, and when affecting the apple and qiiiiiLc as tirni-I'dtiht, caused by a microscopic fungus, j/(ViiH''M-((i,s' uiinf/'uvrus, one of the bacteria. Also called ilfithnir. and .■99. Wliom pafisfon hath not btiiuled. Tennyson, Ode to Memory, v. 3. To render dark, literally or figuratively; obscure to the eye or to the mind ; conceal. Such darkness blinds the sky. iJryden. 'J'he state of the controversy between UB he endeavoured, with all his art, to blind and confound. .Stillingjtett. 4. To dim or obscure by excess of light; out^ shine; eclipse. [liare.] 'J'hirsil, her beauty all the rest did blind, 'i'liat she alone seeni'd worthy of my love, r. Fletcher, Piscatory Eclogues, vL Thy sweet eyes brighten slowly close to mine, Ere yet they blind the stars. Tennyson, Tithoniu. 5. In road-making, to fill %vith gravel, as inter- stices between stones; cover with gravel or earth: as, to /. When they bad blind/olded him, they struck him on tin- face. Luke xxii. t^l. blindfold (blind'fold), w. [< blindfold, f.] A disgui.-ic; a ruse; a blind. See blind^, n., 2. The cyotihui of a iloman is a UimJ/old, impcm-trable as tils lirca-stplale. L. Wallace, Ucn-Iliir, p. l(n;. blindfolded (blind'fol'ded), i>. a. [Pp. of blind- fold, r.J Having the eyes covered; hindered from sct'ing. blind-Harry (blind'har'i), n. 1. A name for l>liiiilMi:in'.s-bnlT. — 2. A name for a puff-ball. blinding (blin'diiif,'),H. [Verbal n. of /Ml charn<;terri ^'iii' t' ' iiTi bi' ri'itil by the touch, blindleaa (bliiid'lefi),rt. [< blind'^, n., + -/<•»«.] Wiiliout u blind or Hhado. TIte new mm II- it Ihro' the UindUu caumcnt of the riHini. 'J'rtlltif>^>.i,, Ceralnt. bllnd-lirt: 'bnn(l'llft),»i. A metal book or.aich on i ridow-blind, bv nionim of wliicli it car l.iwiTi'd. AIho r-iiILd /./i;,'/-/,i///. blin'l \i). "dr. r< MK. /'/i/"''/v, '■ AH. '''"' '. Iiliiid.l 1. In a blind liinnii. T ; a»i> n; wilhoMlHigljI.— 2. WilJKoil ren 'loiit (liHccniiniril ; wilbout rc- '|"|" ; « iiliout exiiniiiiBtion ; reok- leuly ; ;. iio led I'lindly by another. 588 England hath long been mad and scarr'd herself; The brother hlindly shed the brother's blood, The father rashly slaughter'd his own sou. Shak., Rich. III., v. 4. How ready zeal for interest and party is to chai-ge atheism on those who will not, withou* examining, sub- mit, and blindly swallow theil" nonsense. Locke. blindman (blind'man), H.; pi. blindmen (-men). 1. A clerk in a post-office whose duty it is to decipher obscm-e or illegible addresses on let- ters. [Eng.] Called 6//«(?-renrf«' in the United States, — 2. A blind or blinded person : used as a single word in certain phrases and names. — Blindman's ball, blindman's bellows. .SeeWimdnnH's- bnf, -2. — Blindman's holiday, the time, just before the lamps are lighted, when it is too dark to work, and one is obliged to rest ; twilight ; gloaming. VMiat will not blind Cupid doe in the night, which is his blimiman's holiday ? Xashe, Lenten Stuffe (Harl, Misc., 'VI, 167). Indeed, madam, it is blindman's holiday; we shall soon be all be asiglitlesH worm, a nolion as erroneous iiH is the Mi|ipoHition thai it is polHunouH. Also called orvct and clow-worm. lllllKlsliiry -- I blink (blingk), r. [= Sc. blink, blenk ; < ME. blynken, rare and appar. only as var. of bknk- cn (see blenk, blench); not found earlier (though an AS. 'hlincan appears to be indicated by the causal verb hlcncan, deceive, > E. blench'^) ; "= D. blinken = Ct. blinkrn — Sw. blinka = Dan. blinke, shine, twinkle, blink, nasalized forms parallel with D. blikken = G. blicken = Sw. blicka = Dan. blikke, look, glance, fi-om a strong verb repr. by AS. blican, shine : see 6/jcA'l, blike, bleak'^; and cf. blench^ and blink, n.] I, in- trans. 1. To -svink rapidly and repeatedly; nictitate. .\ snake's small eye blinks dull and sly. Coleridye, Christabel, iL He hlinked with his yellow eyes, that seemed .Ml sightless and blank to be. C. Thuxter, Oreat 'OTiite Owl. 2. To see with the eyes half shut or with fre- quent -winking, as a person with weak eyes; hence, to get a glimpse ; peep. Show me thy chink, to blink through with mine eyne. .S'Ail*., M. X. D., v. i; 3. Figuratively, to look askance or indiffer- ently. Why then ignore or Mini- at moral purpose ? May. of Art, March, 1S84. 4. To intermit light ; glimmer: as "a, blinking lamp," Cotton, An Epigi-am. — 5. To gleam tran- siently but cheerfully; smile; look kindly. [Scotch and prov. Eng.] — 6. To become a lit- tle stale or sour : said of milk or beer. [Prov. Eng. and Scotcli.] II. tran,^. If. To deceive; elude: shun. — 2. To see or catch sight of with halt-shut eyes; dimly see ; wink at. I heard the imp brushing over the dry leaves like a black snake, and. hlinkiny a glimpse of "him. just over ng in yon big pine, I pulled as it miglit be on the sct^lt. Cooper, Last of tile Mohicans, v. 3. Figuratively, to shut one's eyes to; avoid or purposely evade ; shirk: as, to blink a ques- tion. How can I blink the fact? Browniny, Ring and Book, II. 214. I'nderstand us. We blink no fair issue. . . . We have romitcd the cost. H'. Phillips, Speeches, p. 34. 4. To balk at ; pass by ; shirk : as, a dog that never blinked a bird. In fear he comes there, and consequently ** blinks Ids birds." Ditys o/ Great Brit, and America, p. '240. 5t. To blindfold; hoodwink. Ltindor. blink (blingk), n. [< ME. blink, a glance, = Sw. hhnk = Dan. blink; from the verb.] 1 . A glance of the eye ; a glimpse. Lo, this is the first blinke that ever I had of him. Bp. Hall. Works, II. 108. 2. A gleam ; a glimmer; specilicallv, the gleam or glimmer rcllecti'il from ice in t'lie jiolar re- gions: hence the term ice-blink (which see). Not a ?i/i«A' of light was there. TTorrfsieor^/i, Sonnets, vlL ' After breakfimt this morning, I ascended to the crow's nest, and saw to my sorrow the omlnoiiH hlink of Ico ahead. Kane, .Sec. IJrinn. Kxp., I. 49. And where north and smith tlie eoiistOincs run, The blink of tile si-a ill lirceze and sun. | Whitlier, rropliecy of .Samuel .SewBll. I 3. A very slioH time; a twinkling: as, bide a blink, [i^coteli,] — 4t. /V trick ; a scheme. — 6. j pi. BoiigliN lliniwn (o turn aside deer from their i eoiM'se; also, feathers, etc, on a tlireiid to scare birds. X. A'. J). — 6. A fishermen's name for the iniickerel when about a year old. See .ijiikc and linker. blinkardf (bliMg'kiinl), n. [< blink + -nrd, as ill ihnnkoril, doliird.'] 1. A person who blinks or sees imperfeclly ; one who squints. Aliiniig tin- blind till? oneeved Ittinkard reigllH. Char, of lloUomI, In lliiil. Misc. (ed. IHlll), V. (II.'I. [ I'or I was of ('Iii'IhIh eluxmlng, I Mod's kiilKht, .No ttliixkard heathen Htiliiiblliig for Hciiiit liglit. .^n'lnhurne, LallH N'enerlll 2. That which twinkles or glances, as a dim star wliicli a|)pears and liii!;s. blinkingly (bling'king-U), adi'. In a blinking or winlving manner; evasively. Death, that fatal necessity which so many would over- look, or blinkingly survey, the old Egyptians held con- tinually before their eyes. Sir T. Browne, Mummies. blinks (blingks), n. [< bUnk, n. ; a quasi-plural form.] Same as blinking-chickwecd. blinky (bling'ki), a. l<. blink + -ij^.] Prone to bUnk. We were just within range, and one's eyes became quite blinkif watching for the flash from the bow. W. H. Russell, London Times, June 11, 1861. blirt (blert), n. [A var. of blurt.'] An outburst of wind, rain, or tears; specifically, naut., a gust of wind and rain. [Scotch.] blirty, blirtie (bler'ti), [< hlirt + -^1.] Characterized by blirts or gusts of wind and rain: as, a blirtij day. [Scotch.] bliss (blis), n. [< ME. blis, blisse, < AS. Wis, bliss, contr. of the unusual blids, bliths (= OS. blidsea, bttt:(a, bVa::a), joy, < blithe, joyful, blithe : see blithe, and ef. bless^, with which the word has been notionally associated.] 1. Blitheness; gladness; lightness of heart. — 2. The highest degree of happiness, especially spiritual joy; perfect felicity; supreme delight; blessedness: often, specifically, the joy of heaven. How sweet a thing it is to wear a crown. Within wliose circuit is Elysium, And all that poets feign of bliss and joy. Shak., 3 Hen. VI., i. 2. All my redeem'd may dwell in joy and bliss. Milton, P. L., xi. 43. = Syn. Felicitij, Blessedness, etc. (see happiness), trans- port, rapture, ecstasy, blissfulness. blissful (blis'ful), a. [< ME. blisful; < bliss + -Jul-] 1. Full of, abounding in, enjoying, or conf erring bliss; full of felicity: as, "htis.,<. Jj. lilitmn : see lilituni.] A com- mon name of several succulent-leafed plants, chiefly of the genus dhenopodium (or Blitum), sometimes used as pot-herbs. Tlic name is speclfl- cally given t^j good-King-ileiiry (C. lionwi'I/cnricwi) and Ui Amarantus Blitum. 'J'lie strawljerry-blit^.-, C7(^wy/««/t- um cajntatum, is so called from its red fleshy clusters of fruit. The coast-blite, C inarHimum, is found in saline localities. 'J'he sea-blite, Suceda maritima, is a cheno- I)odiaceon8 coast-plant with nearly terete or cylindrical tlesliy leaves. blithe (bU?H or blith), a. and n. [< ME. blithe, blijthe, < AS. blithe, joyful, glaxl, kind, gentle, peaceful, = OS. blithi = OPries. "blule (in composition blkl-skip, joy), North Fries. Mid = D. blijde, blij = OHC. Midi, MUG. blitJe =, Icel. blidhr = Sw. blid = Dan. blid = Goth. bleiths, merciful, kind ; root uncertain : see bliss.] I. a. If. Kind; kindly. Ijirins (,\.>'(i). — 2. Glad ; merry ; joyous ; sprightly ; mirth- ful ; gay : in colloquial use only in Scotland : as, "I'm blithe to see you." Ful blitlic . . . was every wight. Cliaucer, Gen. Proh to C. T., L 84«. No lark more blithe than he. Bickerstajf, Love in a Village, i. 2. Hail to thee, blithe spirit ! Bird thou never wert. Slielley, Ode to a Skylark. 3. Characterized by or full of enjoyment ; gladsome : said of things. ! how changed since yon blitlie night ! Scott. Blithe would her brother's acceptance be. Tennyson, Maud, x. 2. In June 'tis good to lie beneath a tree While the blitlie season comforts every sense. Lowell, Under the Willows. = S3m. Cheerful, light-hearted, elated, buoyant. Il.t n. 1. A blithe one. — 2. Kindness; goodwill; favor. — 3. Gladness: delight. blithet (biiTH or blith), V. [ME. blithen (= OHG. bliden, rejoice, be blithe, = Goth, bleith- jan, gableithjan, be merciful, pity); fi-om the adj.] I, i>itrans. To be blithe or merry. II. trans. To make blithe ; gladden. The prince of planetis that proudely is pight Sail brace furth hid hemes that oure I>elde blithet. York Plays, p. 123. blithe (bUTH or bUth), adv. [< ME. blithe, hli/the, < AS. blithe, adv., < blithe, a.: see hl'ithc, a.] It. Kindlv.— 2. Gladlv; blithely. blitheful (bliTH'- or"blith'fid), a. [< ME. blitheful, blithful, < blithe, n., kindness, favor (= Icel. Wi(Hm), "-f- -ful.] If. Kindly.— 2. Glad; joyous; jojilul. [Poetic] The seas with blitheful western blasts We sail'd amain. Greene and Lodge, lx)oking Glass for Lend, and Eng [Samuel] Lover, a versatile artist, blitheful humorist and poet. Stedman, Vict. Poets, p. 258. blithely (bliTH'- or bUth'U), adv. [< ME. hlitheliche, blethely, -liche, etc., < AS. btithelice (= OHG. blidlicho), < blithe + -lice: see blithe, a., and -ly^.] If. Kindly.— 2. Gladly; jo.^-ful- ly: gaily. blithemeat (bliTH'- or blith'met), n. [Sc, < blithe, glad, + meat.] The entertainment or refreshment provided at the birth or ehrijsten- ing of a child. [Scotch.] blithen (bli'Tneu or -then), r. t. [< blit]te. a., + -nA. CI. blithe, r.] Tomake blithe. [Rare.] blitheness (bliTH'- or blith'nes). ii. [< ME. blitlicnesse, < AS. blithmti, < hlilhe -i- -nes: see blithe, a., and -ness.] The state of being blithe; gaiety ; sprightliness. The delightfuluess and blilhenets of their [poets'] com- positions. 5tr K. Digby, On the Soul, iil Legend told of his [Eadw.ird's] pious simplicity, hia blitheness and gentleness of mood. J. II. Green, Conq. of Eng., p. 467. blithesome (bliTn'- or blith'simi), a. [< blithe + -some.] Full of blitheness or gaiety: gay; merry ; cheerful ; causing joy or gladness. On blithesome frolics bent. Thomson, Winter. Tlie rising sun, emerging from amidst golden and pur- ple clouds, shed his blithesome rays on the tin weather- cocks of Communipaw. Irving, Knickerbocker, p. 109. Charmed by the spirit, alternately tender and blithe- some, of Procter's songs. Stedman, Vict. Poets, p. 110. blithesomeness blithesomeness (bllTH'- or blith'sum-nes). ". [< blithesome + -«ess.] The quality of being blitbesome ; gaiety. A glad blithesoinfness belonged to her, potent to conquer even ill health and suffering. Jfew Prinaton Rev., IL 78. Blitoin (bU'tirm), n. [L., < Gr. jS/Jrov, a cer- tain plant nsed as a salad.] A genus of plants, natural order Chenopodiacew, now included in (henopodium. See bUte~. blivet, adi- A Middle English contraction of fiflirt-. Chaucer. blizzard (bliz'iird), n. [An expressive word, orijK'Luating in the United States, appar. at &-st loeallv on the Atlantic coast (see first quot.). bloated (blo'ted), p. a. 590 bloats (blot), V. [< hloaf^, n.'] I. trans. To make tiirgid or swollen, as with air, water, etc. ; cause to swell, as with a dropsical humor; in- flate ; pufi up ; hence, make vain, conceited, etc. His rudf essays Encourage him, and bloat him up with praise. Dnjdf'n, Vto\. to Circe. And then began to bloat himself, and ooze All over with the fat altectionate smile That makes the widow lean. Tennyson, Sea Dreams. H. iiifrans. To become swollen; be pufiEed out or dilated ; dilate. If a person of firm constitution begins to bloat. Arbuthnot. and carried thence to the West, where, in a new application, it came into general notice and u.se in the winter of 1880-81. The word is evidently a popular formation, and is prob. based, with the usual imitative variation ob- servable in such formations, on what to the popular consciousness is the common root of blaze, blast, blow (the latter notions at least be- ing appar. present in the familiar third sense). In the orig. sense a blizzard is essentially a " blazer," of which word, indeed, it may be con- sidered a manipulated form: see blnzc^^, and cf. blaze", blast, bluster.] 1. [Appar. the earliest sense, but not recorded, except in the figura- tive use, until recently.] A general discharge of guns ; a rattling voUey ; a general "blazing See extract. [Pp. of bloat^. r.] 1. Along the Atlantic coast, among the gunners who often bloater (bio ter), ii. [< hunt in parties stationed near together behind blinds, English name tor a lierrin. Swollen; puffed up; inflated; overgrown, so as to be unwieldy, especially from over-indul- gence in eating and driukiug; pampered: as, "a bloated mass," Goldsmith. Grotesque monsters, half bestial, half human, dropping with wine, bloated with gluttony, and reeling in obscene dances. Macanini/, Milton. 2. Connected with or arising from self-indul- gence : as, " bloa ted slumber," ilicl.'le, A Sonnet. — 3. Inordinately swollen in amotmt, posses- sions, self-esteem, etc.; puffed up with pride or wealth: as, a bloated estate; bloated capi- talists; a bloated pretender. bloatedness (bl6'ted-nes), H. [< bloated + -iiess.] The state of being bloated; turgiiiity; an inflated state of the tissues of the body; dilatation from any morbid cause. Arbuthnot. ■ " bloati^ + -«■!.] An which has been waiting for the flocks of migratory birds, the word UU- steeped for a short time, slightly salted, and zarif means a general discharge of all the guns, nearly but p^rtiaUv smoke-diied, but not split open, not quite together — a rattling volley, ditfenng from a ,t, ;',, rAlsr,7,Mi S.. hleb hieih blnb broadside in not being quite siumltaneous. This use of blOb (blOb), «. lAiso OUUj !5t. ttlto, liieio, piao,_ the word is familiar to every longshore man from Sandy Hook to Currituck, and goes back at least forty years, as my own memory attests. . . . The 'longsluuc nan of forty years ago were all sailors, and many of tlo-m had •erved in the navy. That they may have learneil the w ord there is rendered probable by the rather notilble accuracy with which they always distinguished between a bliz:urd and a broadside. This points to a nautical origin of the word, though it made no progress in general use till it •truck the Western imagination as a term for that con- vulsion of the elements for which "snowstorm," with whatever descriptive epithet, was no adequate name, and the keen ear of the newspaper reporter caught it and gave blobber (blob'er) It currency as " reportorial " English __ .. blob; cf. blobber, blubber.] 1. A small globe of li(iuid ; a dewdrop ; a blister ; a bubble ; a small lump, splotch, or daub. Flawed rubies and emeralds, which have no value as precious stones, but only as barbaric blohK of colour. Birdit'oud, Indian Arts, II. 9. 2. The bag of a honey-bee. [Prov. Eng.] — 3t. The under lip. Halliieell. [Karc.] — 4. Aoot- toid fish, Vranidea richardisoiii, a kiud of mill- thumb On the blob, by word of mouth. [Slang.] Same as blubber. block (c) A piece of hard wood prep.ircd for cutting by an en- graver, td) The stand on wiiich a slave « as jilaced when being sold by auction, (c) In falconry, the perch whereon a bird of prey is kept. 3. A mass of wood or stone nsed in moimting and dismoimting ; a horse-block. — 4. A mold or piece on which something is shaped, or placed to make it keep iu shape. In particular— (a) The wooden mold on wiiich a hat is formed ; hence, some* times, the shape or style of a hat, or the hat itself. He wears his faith but as the fashion of his hat ; it ever changes with the nc.\t block. Shak:, Much Ado, i. 1. The blocke for his hcade alters faster than the Feltmaker can fltte him, and thereupon we are called in scorne Block- heades. Dckker, Seven Deadly Sins, p. 37. (i>) .K wooden head for a wig ; a barber's block ; hence, sometimes, the wig itself. A beautiful golden wig (the Duchess never liked me to play with her hair) was on a block close by. Buhver, Pelhaiu, xxiiL 5. A person vrith no more sense or life than a block; a blockhead; a stupid fellow. Mliat tongueless bhcks were they ! .Shak., Rich. III., ill. 7. 6. In ship-building, one of the pieces of timber, or supports constructed from such pieces, upon which the keel is laid. "Thus," said he, "will we build this shipl Lay square the blocks upon the slip." Lowj/cUow, Building of the Shipt 7. The solid metal stamp used by bookbinders for impressing a design on a book-cover. — 8. A piece of wood fitted into the angle formed by the meeting edges of two other pieces. — 9. A wooden rubber covered with thick felt, used in polishing marble. — 10. A piece of wood or metal serving as a support, (a) In a sawmill, one of the frames supporting and feeding the log to the saw. (b) In vehicles, a piece, generally carved or onnimented, placed over or under the springs of a carriage, (c) In priiitiny. the piece on wiiich a stereotype plate is fastened to make ittype-lligh. 11. A mechanical contrivance consisting of one or more grooved pulleys mounted in a cas- ing or shell, which is furnished with a hook, eye, or strap by which it may be attached : it is ,V. y.£VnV,^7.orf, March 24, 1887. blobber-lip(blob'cr-lip), «. Same as 6/K66fr-?,>. Hence — 2. Figuratively, a volley; a sudden His blubber-lips and beetle-brows commend. Vryden, tr. of Juvenal's Satires, iii. lame as blub- Like a A gentleman at dinner asked me for a toast; and sup- blob ; abountling in blobs. posing he meant to have some fun at my expense. I con- blob-klte (blob'kit), n. A local English name eluded to go ahead, and give him and his likes & blizzard, ^^j- (j^p ),urbot barid Crockett, Tour Down East, p. W. ^^^-^.^y^^Q^ (l.lob'lipt), a. [See blob.] Same 8. Agale or hurricane accompanied by intense .|j. i,i,ti,i„ i-lip}ic rring. B. Jonson, .Mercury VltHllcat4-(l. bloat' 'blot), r. t. [Appar. < bloati, «.] To euro bysMi'.king, ashcrringH. FonniTlyBpi.'llod///«fc. I " 'Tnoke In my month than wouM blntr ringn. Fletcher, Ulanil Trhu'eM, II, 0. [Earlier bloirt (bh orig. in the from HIiakHpiTc, wliero bloat is .::■ iTucndalioM, though it oecurs Till eiFitiiry), liloirle, hloulr, prnl). jL Sw. bliil, soft, flc: HOC btoiill, I'lio wonl is now rcgiirdcd ns I I'lifTed; Hwollon; turgirl: hh, K," .shuk., Hamlet, Iii. 4. [Now bio., jm an < I. an' I These blob-talen could find no other news to keep their tongues in motion. Dp. Ilackel, Abp. Williams, ii. (!7. blocfcl (blok), n. [< ME. blol; a block (of wood) ; not in AS., but borrowed fioin IXi. or OF. : Ml). bloe, bloek, 1). blok = MLG. block, LG. hlok = OH(i. bloh, MII(}. bloeh, G. block = iiw. bloek = Norw. blokk = Dan. hlok (= Icel. blokk, Haldor- sen), > ML. blocu.s, OF. and F. bloc; all in the general sense of 'block, log, Itunp, mass,' Init confused more or less witli the forms cited \m- doT block". There are similar Celtic forms: W. jiliic, a block, = Gael, ploe, a roiin 1. -Vny solid mass of matter, usually with one or more jilaiie or api)r<).\iinately lilaiie faces: a»,a,block of wood, stone, or ice; BOinetimos, spociflcally, a log of wood. Now all our neighbours' chimneys smoke, And I'hrlslmaH bUicks are burning. Wither. What sculpture Is to a block of marble, edncallon Is to nn hinnan n.pul. .Si,eetati,r, No. '.'l,'). 2. A solid mnsH of wood the umior surface of wiiich is used for some H|>ccifl(! purpose. In liei'c id u iiud on u lllch » hutcher I iKKpllt. only in rar., literary use.] particular - (d) The large pie eliopH meat, or on which llr<-- llarertle\. BlooK and block, ibe ]iMslil..n ..t Iw.i lil.>eli» of a tackle when .Iruvm ,l..He to eileh ..lb. f. Als..,nlleil lieol,toeks. fllO a.l ..( .Iniwltig lb.' Iil..ilis apinl Is called flertina (« joirehnte. Block-and-cro8B bond. .seiW«iiii/i. Blow and tackle, ibe pull.v M... ks and n.p.'s nse.l f..r liolslr lug Block brake, s..- /.rn*.:' Block cornices ana ontablaturcB, ..niamenlal leiilur. s. . ..ir.'sii..i"llng In p..Mtl..ri I.. .'liisKl.'id condces anil .iilnlibilnr.'s. In archi- tectural elevations not composiMl of (he regular orders.— . block Center-plate block, ;i pifii; uf wood placed beneath tlie cfiitir-iilatt' "t" u cin-tniLk to briny it to tlie rutiuired li,i' iit.-Cblp of the old block. See c/ii/n.— Dead rilock, one of tlie pair of Ijlocks placed, one on each side u\ llu'draw-lmr of a railroad-car, to lessen the concussion when two cars coine toL'ether after tlie luilfer-spriiiKS are roinpressed.— Differential block, a donhle IpIoiI; hav- ini; sheaves of diitii.iii m/.cs. A'. //. Kiii.ilit.^ Erratic block See.rrafo-. - Fly-blOCk, mint., a niovahle bloik in a iiin-ihase or compound tackle like a Spanish burton.— Hydraulic block, see A;/(//n"(iV. — Long-tackle block, a nidlev-lilock having' two .sheaves in the same plane, one an.ive the otiier. - Made block, a puUey-hloek formed of seveial piecis. - Nineptu block, a block shaped some- what like a niTiepiu, with a single sheave pivoted at the top and bottom that it may accommodate itself to the Miotiou of the rope for which it serves as a guide. It is plaei'd under the cross-pieces of the bitts on a vessel.— Purchase block, a douljli'-strapped block with two scores in till- shell, used for moving heavy weights on shiplioald. — Rouse-about block, a large snatch-block.— TMck- and-thln block, a lichlle-block. „,.,,„ blocki (blok), c. t. [< fctocJ:!, n. Cf. block^, V. t.] 1. To strengthen or support by blocks ; make firm, as two boards at their interior angle of intersection, by pieces of wood glued to- getlier.— 2. To form into blocks.— 3. To mold, shape, or stretch on a block: as, to block a hat. —4. In hookbinding, to ornament by means of brass stamps ; stainp : as, to block the boards of a book. [Eng.]— 5. In calico-priiitiiif), to press up or apply to the blocks containing the colors. — 6. To s"traighten and toughen by lay- ing on a block of wood and striking with a naiTow, flat-faced hammer; planish: said of saw-blades. — To block down, to force sheet-metal, without breaking it, into a die, in cases where the irregu- larities of the mohl are so great that the metal is likely to be torn, by covering it with a block of lead, which is then carefully hammered. The yielding of the lead gives a slow drawing' action to the metal beneath it, enabling it to be graduallv brought to its bed.— To block in,in slat- mini or iininiinii. to outline roughly or bring approxi- mately to the ilesired shape ; form the outlines, founda- tion, orgeueral plan of any work, disregarding the details ; execute roughly. — To block out, to form the plan or out- lines of ; sketch. 591 blockish That I could not think of this as well as he ! O, I could beat my inllnite hbtrkhmd. II. jitiiho/i, The Devil is an Ass, iii. 1. 3. A person possessing such a head ; a stupid follow; a dolt; a person deficient in under- standing. Madam, 'twere dulnesjf past the ignorance of common bUtckheadH not to understand Whereto this favour tends. Ford, Love'8 Sacrifice, L 2. The hookful blockhaad, ignorantly read. With loads of learned lumber in his head. I'lijif, Essay on Criticism, 1. 812. the verbs eoiTesi)ouding to blockheaded (blok'hed-ed), a. [< hlock'^ + ] 1. Till) shutting up of a place, hiiitl + -cil-.] Stupid ; dull: as, "a itoc/tAcarfc/ particularly a port, harlior, or line of coast, by boy.'' N/r /.'. I' F.striniiir. [Rare.] hostile ships or troops, so as to stop all ingress blockheadism (blok'hod-i/.rn), «. [< hlocklteud or egress, and to hinder the entrance of sup- -f -ism.\ The character of a blockhead; stu- plies of provisions, ammiinition, or reinforce- piility. [Kure.] Weak saints being as formidable impediments as the strong silmers, both hUtckimj the ways of auiendiiient. Alcotl, 'lablets, p. 1«. 2. In Jiitxc-bdll and cricket, to stop (a ball) with the bat witliout knocking it'to a distance. — 3. In fool-ball, to stop (a player) when running with the ball. blockade (blo-kad'), n. [Cf. D. blokkadc = G. blockiiilr = Sw. blockad = Dan. blokkadc, from the K. ; from t he verb block'^ (F. bloqucr) + -ndc^ ; cf. stockailc, barricade, palisade, etc. Cf. Sp, bloqiico, I'g. bloqucio, It. blocco, also hloccatvra blockade, from block-, i{ ments. The word ithn-kmlf properly denotesobstructing the pas- sage into or from a plart; on either element, but is mon- especially ajiplied to naval forces preventing conununi cation by water. Wtxthfy, Introd. to Inter, haw, § ISfi. Hence — 2. A hindrance to progress or action caused by obstructions of any kind Paper blockade, a constructive blockade; a blockade estali- lished by proclamation, without the actual presence of a force adeciuate to make it effectual. -To break a block- ade. See b^raak.—To raise a blockade, to remove or break tip a blockade, either by withdrawing the ships or troops that keeji the place blocked up, or by driving them away from their respective stations. — To nin a blockade, to pass through a blockading squadron and enter the port blockaded by it. blockade (lilo-kad'), v. t.; pret. and pp. block- aded, ppr. blockddiiiij. [< blockade, «.] 1. To subject to a blockade ; prevent ingress or egress from by warlike means. The building . . . was on every side blockaded by the insurgents. Macaulay, Warren Hastings. Hence — 2. To shut in by obstacles of any kind ; block; obstruct. Every avenue to the hall was blockaded. Prescott, Ferd. and Isa. publ ,.„.„..,. , ... Iti. But Washington had some hand in WocHn.*/ 0H( this re- _ _ _ , ,-, , _,,. , n„„ «-i.« „„ 4-l,«f niblic. S. Lanier, The English Novel, p. 50. blockadsr (blo-ka'der), n. One who or that t, , o /^, ,x rT i, • ii ■ which blockades; especially, a vessel employed block- (blok), n. [In this sense the noun, m ^^ blockadino- E. , is ill most senses due rather to the verb : ^ ^ good pilot and little depth, she could general- See i/opA--, C. The orig. noun is found once in jy ^un well inside of the blockaders. ME. blok, an inclosed space ; ef. OP. bloc, bar- J. R. Sulcy, Blockade and Cruisers, p. 160. rier, post, wall (>0P. bloquer, F. bloqucr, stop, blockade-runner (blo-kad'run"er), n. A per- bloek : see the verb ; the mod. F. bloc goes with son or a vessel engaged in the business of run- block^; MD. block, post, stocks (cf. blocklands, um^ a blockade. an inclosed piece of ground, ditch, swamp, blockage (tlok'aj), 11. [< block^ + -age.'] Ob- MLGr. block, post, stocks, LGr. blokland, an in- struetion ; the state of being blocked up or ob- closed swamp), = OFries. "hlokk, in eomp. structed. hlock-syl, a sluice; OHG. 6J?o^i, confinement ijiockan (blok'an), h. [Appar. due to E. 6tocA-. (MHG. block, a kind of trap, G. block, stocks, cf. block. Ir. lilocan means 'a little lump.'] A prison), < bi-, = AS. bi-, be-, E. fe-l, -I- loh, MHG. G. loch, a confined space, hole, dim- eoalfish. geon, = AS. loc, E. lock, a place shut in, etc. : block-and-block (blok'and-blok'), a see lock'^. Confused more or less with the forms and block, under block^, n. cited under bloclA, \vith which it is by some block-bond (blok'bond), n. In bricklaying, an identified. See the verb following.] 1. Any arrangement in which headers and stretchers, obstruction or cause of obstruction; a stop; a hindrance ; an obstacle. Heilueed to that state of blocklteadiim which is so con- spicuous in his master. C Smart. blockheadly (Idok'hed-li), a. [< blockhead + -///'.] Acting like a blockhead; densely stupid : as, "some blockheadly hero," Dryden, Amphi- tryon, i. 2. [Rare.] blockhouse (blok'hous), n. [< block'^ + house; = I), blokhuis, OD. blockhuys = MLG. blockhUg = G. blocklians (> F. blockhaus) = Dan. hlokhus = Sw. hlockhns, blockhouse, older form blociis; orig. a house that blocks a passage, though later taken as a house made of logs (< block^ + house).'] Originally, a detached fort block- ing the access to a landing, a mountain pass, narrow channel, etc. ; in later use, an edi- fice of one or more stories, constructed chiefly of hewn timber, and supplied with loopholes for musketry and sometimes with embra- sures for can- non. When of nujre than one story, the upper is made to overhang the lower, and is furnished with machicolations or loopholes in the overhung floor, so that a lunging fire can be directed against the enemy in close attack. When a blockhouse stands alone, it con- stitutes an independent fort, a form which is often very useful in a rough country; when it is erected in the in- terior of a fieldwork, it becomes a retrenchment or re- doubt. Stockades are sometimes called blockhouses. blockiness (blok'i-nes), «. In photog., the state of being blocky; indistinctness and uneven- ness of shading. --'^ssfcg^ggai^tSi^i^ Blockhouse. , loopholes for inusketr>'. See block The good gods assuage thy wrath, and turn the dregs of it upon this varlet here ; this, who, like a block, hath de- nied my access to thee. Shak., Cor., v. '2. Hence — 2. The state of being blocked or stopped up ; a stoppage, as of carriages : as, a 'block on a railway ; a block in the street Block system, a system of working railway traffic, according to which the line is divided into sections of a mile tu" more, with a signal and telegraphic connection at the end of each section ; the principle of the system being that no train is allowed to leave any one section till the next succeeding section is entirely clear, so that between two successive trains there is preserved not merely a definite interval of time, but also a definite interval of space. The system thus defined is called the "absolute.'* In the so- called "permissive" system, a second train is allowed to enter a section that is not clear with orders to proceed cautiously. block^ (blok), V. t. [Associated with the noun block^, but orig. (as an E. word) < OF. bloquer, F. bloquer (> also Pr. blocar — Sp. Pg. blor/ucar local Irish (County Down) name of the young ijiogj^jug (blok^ng), n. [Verbaln. of block\ f.] '^''"'' 1. The act of blocking, or the state of being blocked, in any sense of the verb block^. Specifl- cally — (n) The impressing, either in gold or ink. or with- out color, of a design on the covers of a book : in the Vnited States usually called stami/inri. (b) The process of bending leather into shapes for the fronts or soles of boots. 2. Blocks used to support anything temporarily. — 3. A small rough piece of wood fitted in and glued to the interior angle formed by two boards, in order to strengthen the joint be- tween them Blind blocktng, in bookbitulintr, blind stamiiiiig; the jirocess of decorating a book by pres- sure, usually w ith heat, but without the use of ink or gold-leaf. blocking-course (blok'ing- kors), H. In arch., a plain member of square profile, either a single course of stone, or built up of bricks or the like to the required height, sm-mounting a cornice in the Roman and Renaissance styles. Its vertical face is usually in the plane of the wall or frieze below the coniiec or bricks laid lengthwise and across, succeed each other alternately. Also called garden- bond. block-book (blok'bids), n. A book printed from l>locks of wood having the letters or figiu-es cut on them in relief. Specittcally, a kind of small book so prhited in Europe before the invention of movable types, consisting generally of coarsely cut religious or historical pictures, with illustrative texts or descriptions in Gothic letters. The next step in the progress of wood engraving, subse- quent to the production of single cuts, . . . was the appli- cation of the art to the production of those works which are known to bibliographers by the name of block-boukf. Chatto, Wood Engraving, p. .'iS. block-coal (blok'kol), n. A peculiar kind of coal, found in the Indiana coal-fields, which breaks readily into large square blocks, and is used raw, or without coking, in the smelting of iron. .J... „^ block-colors (blok'kul"orz), «. pZ. Colors laid ijiQg^jjjg.jjammer (blok'ing-ham'er), n. A a. blockiRg.course : , cornice ; c, face of alL on with blocks, as in block-printing. liainnur used in straightening saw-blades. = It. blnccare), block, blockade, stop^'iip, < OF. blocker (blok'er), n. 1. One who blocks: used blocking-kettle (blok'ing-ket'l), n. In hat- bloc, block, barrier, obstruction : see block'-, n. Cf. D. blokkeren = Sw. blockera = Dan. blok- kere = G. blockiercn, blockade ; D. bhikken = G. blockcn, study hard, plod, = LG. blokkcn, stay at home and study or work, orig., it seems, lock one's self in ; MLG. blockcn, put into the stocks.] 1. To hinder passage from or to; prevent ingress or egress; stop up; obstruct by placing obstacles in the way : often follow- ed by iijp : as, to block up a town or a road. With moles would block the port. Riiwe, tr. of Lucan's Pharsalia, ii. There is no small despair, sir, of their safety, Whose ears are blocked up against the truth. Fletcher {and others), Bloody Brother, iv. 1. specifically in hat-making, shoemaking. book- binding, etc. — 2. A blocking-tool or -machine. block-furnace (blok'fer'nas), «. Same as bloomrrii. blockhead (blok'hed), n. [< bloclp- + head; cf. making, the hot bath in which felts are soften- ed before being blocked, blocking-machine (blok'ing-ra,a-shen'), n. An apparatus for yiuUing, forming, pressing, and blocking the bodies of hats; a blocker. blocki-, u., 5.] It. A head-shaped piece of wood ^jjQp^j°pj.ggg (blok'ing-pres), n. A press used as a block for hats or wigs. Hence — 2t, A head containing no more intelligence or sense than a block ; a blockish head.- Your wit ... is strongly wedged up in a block head. Shak., Cor., ii. 3. Are not you a Portuguese horn, descended o' the Moors, and came hither into Seville with your master, an arrant tailor in your red bonnet and your blue jacket, lousy; thoU"'h now your block-head be covered with the Spanish block? Fletcher (and another), Love's Cure, iL 1. used f(3r stamping designs on book-covers: knomi in the United States as a sfampiiig-press. blockish (blok'ish),". []>. of hhnido/i, mix (see blcnd^), + fenx, hair, is hardly prob- able.] I, «. Of a light golden-brown or golden color: applied to hair; hence, light-colored; fair: applieil to complexion, and by extension to persons having light hair or a fair comidex- iou : an, "(iodfrey's blond eountenance," (tcorife Kliiit, Silas Manier, iii. Byn. /"rV, .ir, Sw ii/n7<'. II. ". 1. A person with blond hair and fair coiriploxion. — 2. Blond-lofio (which see). L'i'tiit. lIciKh-ho ! — What ant tho«o lt'>fikH by the glajut? I'Ucy. llie Kreal one In only "Tlie Wliole Inityof Man," wlten; I |treiiii a few blowU, nia'nni. Shrriiinn, Tlie Itirnia, I. 2. blonde l.loiid), rt. and «. The feminine of Monrf. 1" ^'w (I Mne and iMimewhat full-lilnwn tUontlr, Itjrron, \hn\ Jiinn, xlv. 4'.;. blondf)-cendr6e (blond -Bon-dra'), a. [F., < bbf ' ' '.fiidr, lilonri, + ccndrf, feni. no/i- dff I, iihIiv, < rrndii. < t>. cini/i («"• I Ash-colorofl: applied to hnir whi iM'own in color, nuamthout ri'd or y blond iidMiiM), n, Tjuee made of Hilk, "Til :l)lejii'lii>d iiilk (from tlii- yellow- ish ithicb Iho name arose), now of Human Blood-corpus- cles, magnified 225 diam- eters. 592 ■white, black, or colored silk, manufactured at Chautilly and other places in France. The name has also been given to a kind of thi-ead- laee. blond-metal (blond' met ^al), n. A peculiar variety of clay-ironstone of the coal-measures oceui-ring near Wednesbury in Staffordshire, England. blondness (blond'nes), ?i. [< hlond + -«fif5.] The state of being blond; fairness of com- plexion. With this infantine blondness showing so much ready, Sflf-possessed grace. George Eliot, Sliddleinarch, xvi. blonkett, (t- and n. A variant of bUinlet blood (blud), H. [=Sc. hluid, hhtde : < ME. blood, bloud. blud, bhd, < AS. blod (= OS. blod = OFries. blod = D. bloed = MLG. blOt, LG. blood = OHG. bluot, SIHG. bJuot, G. W»f = Icel. blodh = Sw. blod = Dan. blod = Goth, bloth), blood; perhaps, with formative -d {-th), from the root of bl6tvoHy E. bloic-, bloom, Hourish, mth reference to either life or color.] 1. The fluid which circulates in the arteries and veins. From it the sulid tissues take their fuod and oxy^'en, and into it tliey discliarge tht-ii- waste products. The Idood is red in vertebrates, except aniphioxus, and colorless, red, bhiish, greenish, or milky in other animals. In pass- ing through the lungs (see circulation) it is oxy^'enated and gives up carbon dioxid ; then, after passing through the heart, it is carried as arterial blood by the arteries to the tissues ; from the tissues it is returned to the heart through the veins, deprived of its nutrient properties, as vi'iwiift blood. The venous blood of the Craniota is dai'k- red, the arterial briglit-scarlet. The specitie gi-avity of liuman blood in health is about 1.055. The blood con- sists of a fluid pale-yellow plasma and semi-solid corpus- cles ; the latter constitute between one third and one half of it; they are of two kinds, red and white. In acubic millimeter of healthyhu- man blood there are about 5,000,- 000 corpuscles, the red being to the white on the average about as 350 tol. The red corpuscles are flat bi- concave disks, non-nucleated and almost always round in mammals, and niicleated and almost always oval in other Craniota. Their di- ameter averages in man about 7.5 niicroraiUimeters (-n^n inch), while in Ampfmnna tridac- tjfltnn the longer diameter is 67.2 micromillinieters (,,\^ inch). Their color is due to hemoglobin, which constitutes about 00 per cent, of their dried substance. The white corpuscles are nucleated, slightly larger than the red in man, and exhibit active amoeboid movements. Animal blood is used in clarifying sugar, in making animal char- coal, as a manure, and in many other ways. 2. Blood that is shed; bloodshed; slaughter; murder. I will avenge the blood of Jezreel upon the house of Jehu. Hos. i. 4. So wills the fierce avenging sprite. Till blood for blood atones. Uuod, Dream of Eugene .■Vram. 3. The responsibility or guilt of shedding the blood of others. His blimt be on us, and on our children. Mat. xxvii. '25. 4. From being popularly regarded as the fluid in wliich more especially the life resides, as the seat of feelings, passions, hereditary quali- ties, etc., the word blood has come to bo used tyjucally, or witli ccrlaiu associated ideas, in a number of different ways. Thus — (rtt) The vital princijde ; life. Itomeo Blew him. he slew Mercutio; Who now the price of his dear bhod doth owe? Slmk., R. ami J., ill. 1. (b) Fleshly nature : the carnal part of man, m oppoited to the spiritual tuiture or divine life. All fraUlle.-i that besiege all kinds of hlood. Shnk., Siunieta, clx. For beauty i« a wHeh, Against whose charms faith inelteth into bloiHl. Shak., Much .\do. il. l. (f) Temper of mhid; natural dlBpoHJtlon; !d«h t*plril; mettle; jjOHflion ; anger: hi this kcuhc often acmniiiiitded with rold or warm, or other ^|ualifyin^' word. TIiuk, to commit an act hi cold blnoif in to ito it delllierately and without HUdden piiH'iton. Hot or irnrm blood denotes a temper tntlamed or IrrltAtcd; to ?(yirMi or heat the blo4)d U to excitij the pawdons. Our blondt No more obey the heavens. Shak., rymbrllnr, I. 1. Hirnnge, unununl btnud. When mnn'n womt shi Is, he doen I much giKMl ! 5/m*.. r. «f A., Iv. '2. HIent codH. .Make all their nctloiii answer to their W"<«/«. It. JtnimoH, SeJiillUH, ill. 1. The word* "ciMTrlon" and "hivaslon " are miieh nwed In tiicHr days, and ofU-n with sonic temper and lnd hU>i>d. Lincoln, In Kaymund, \\. so. id) A man of fire or spirit ; n liol spark ; n rake. The unllnnU of these tlnn-s pretty inurli nsenibled the idiKtdii of ours. tiohUinith, Urverle nt lUxir's Head Tavern. (r) ivrsons of niiy Hprelllrd mcc, naUoimllty, ur family, • •iitsldercd collertlvrly. blood Indian blood, thus far in the history of this countrj*, hat tended decidedly toward extinction. Quoted in Pop. Set. Mo., XXVI. 233. ' (/) Birth ; extraction ; parentage ; breed ; absolutely, hi-jh birth ; good extraction : often qualilied by such adjectives as gcud, base, etc. A prince of blood, a son of Priam. Shak., T. andC, iii. 3. Good blood was indeed held in high respect, but be- tween good blood and the privileges of peerage there was ■ no necessary connection. Pedigrees as long, an(l scutch- eons as old, were to be found out of the liouse of Lords «, as in it. Maeauiay, [In this sense the word is often used of the pedigree of ' horses. She's a tine mare, and a thing of sliape and blood. Colman, Jealous Wife, ii. L) (*7) One who inherits the blood of another; child; col- lectively, offspring ; progeny. The world will say — He is not Talbot's blood That l)iisely fled, when noble Talbot stood. Shak., 1 Hen. ^^., iv. 6. (A) Relationship by descent from a common ancestor; consanguinity ; lineage ; kindred ; family, ' I hope I do not break the fifth commandment, if I cod- ceive I may love my friend beftire the nearest of my blood. Sir T. Brvirtie, lieligio Medici, ii. 5. Ami politicians have ever, « ilh great n-ason. considered the ties of blood as feeble ami jut cariiuis links of political connecti(Ui. A. llnniilton, Federalist, Ni>. 24. Nearer in blood to the Spani-sh throne than his grand- father the Kmperor. Macaulaij, Hist. Eng., xxiiL It is a maxim that none shall claim as heii' who is not of the blood {i. e., kindred) of the purchaser. Wharton, Law Lex. 5, That which resembles blood; the juice of anything, especially if red: as, **the blood of grapes,'" Gen. xlix. 11. — 6f. Adi.sease in cattle. — 7. A commercial name for red coral A bit of blood, an animal of good jiedigree ; a thoroughbred. — Bad blood, ill blood, disagreement ; disunion ; strife; , angry feeling; unfriendliness. PiU'tly to make bad bloud, . . . they instituted a method I of petitioning the king that the parliament might meet ami sit, Roger Xorth, Life of Ltu'd tiuilford, ii. 25. Tfot words passed on both sides, and ill blood was plen- tifully bred. Sici/t, I'.attle oi Hooks. Baptism of blood. See &f7/>^".N»i.— Blood on bread. See blondfi bread, under Woo(/t/.— Blue blood, aristocratic bloinl ; biood fiowiug in the veins t>f old and aristocriitic fanulies. The phrase is said to have ori^iinated in Spain, from a notion that the blood of some of the oldest ana proudest families, having never been tainted by intennlx- tine with that of the Mooiish invadei-s, was of a bluer tint than that of the eonnuon people. The very anxiety shown by the modern Spaniard to prove that only the sangre azul, bine-blood, tlows through iiis veins, uncontamiuated by any Moorish or .lewish taint, nuiy be thought to afford some evidence of the in- timacy which oiuu' existed between his forefathers and the trilies of eastern origin. Pnscott. Corruption of blood. See attainder, i.— Dissolution of the bloodt. See disnohition. Doctrine of blood- atonement. See rt?tiHem«'nf. — Flesh and blood. (-OTlie bod\ as the seat of human passions and desires; hnnmn nature : as. it was too much for jfrsfi mid blood to endure. (b) Offspring; progeny; child oi- children : as. one's own jU\sh and blood should be preferred to strangers.- FlOWOT Of blood, froth of blood, names used in commerce to deimlr coral of e.rtain .bun'ees of hardness antl brilliancy of color. For the blood of hlmt, for the life i>f him.— Fresh blood, blood of another strain ; hence, new mem- li< IS. or new elenu'ut-s of vigor or strength ; pei-sonsof now or fresh iilens and ways of thinking: as, /resh blood U netdid in the management of the party. ^Half blOOd. I'rlatinnship through one parent only, as (bat of half bmtbers or sisters, or of pel-sons of the same race on one side an«l different races on the other.— In blood, in a state of jierfeet heatth and vigor: proi)erly a term of the chase. Hut when they shall see, sir, his crest up again, and the man in h/oml, they will out of their burrows like eonles aflir rain. Shak., Cor., Iv. 6. In cold blood, In hot blood. See 4 (r>, above,— Min of blood, a inunlerons or I'loinUhirsty man ; a murderer. The seciefst man o/ blood. Shak., Macbeth. III. 4. Out of blood, in ba f>ee fi i the eonse- iluriicrM of attainder; rcadmil (o the privllcKes of otio'i birth and rank. To nm In the blood, lo be liercilHiiry In the ramlly, natioinillty. or race. To the bloodt. t'> the i|ulek ; tiiroUKb (lie hUIm. I could not get on my hoots, which vexed mt; to the bl„od. Pein/H, Diary, I. SS2. Whole blood, relatlnrmhip thronwii both father and mother. See full/ blnnd, td)ovc. YOUng blOOd, yoUUR propU- tfi-nerally i the younger membeiH of a coniuuiidty, |iarty, etc. I blood l)lood (lilud), c i. [< hlood, B.] It. To lot blooii from; bleed by opening a vein. Joint- son. — 2t. To stain with blood. Reach out their spears af.ar, And bluod their points to prove their partncrsliip in war. Dnjili-ii, Faljk's. Hence — 3. To give a taste of blood ; inure to the sight of blood. It was must important too that his troops shouUl be blvmkiL Macnutaij, Hist. Kn;<., i.\. He [tlie deerhound] must be made steady from all *'riot," and, if possible, should ite talien up in couples to the death of adccr onrc oi' luire am! hhindcd, so iis to make him undcrsland I In' natiiri nt t lie scent. l)ij(i.^ of (inut lint, (ill ami America, p. 221. 4t. To hoat the blood of ; excite; exasperate. The auxiliary forces of French and English were imieh blotntal one .against another. Bacon, Hist. Hen. VII, 5t. To victimize ; extract money from (a per- son); lilei'd. [Slang.] blood-baptism (bhid'bap'tizm), n. A term applied by the early Christians to the martyr- dom of those converts who had not been bap- tized. See haplism of blood, under baptism. blood-bespotted (blud'be-spofed), a. Spot- ted with blood. (1 blu„d-luxj„ill,'d Neapolitan. Shak., 2 Hen. VI., v. 1. blood-bolteredt (blud'boF'terd), a. [< blood + hollered, pp. of bolter, a rare word: see bolter'^.'] Clotted or clogged with blood. The blood-bolter' d Banquo smiles upon me. Shak., JIacbeth, iv. 1. In Warwickshire, when a horse, sheep, or other animal perspires much, and any of the hair or wool becomes matted into tufts with {^rime and sweat, he is said to lie boltered ; and whenever the blood issues out and coagu- lates, forming the locks into hard clotted bunches, the beast is said to be blood-boltercd. II. N. Hudson, note on Macbeth, iv. 1, 123. Wood-bought (blud'bot), a. Bought or ob- tained at the expense of life or by the shed- ding of blood, as in the crucifixion of Christ. blood-cell (blud'sel), n. A blood-corpusele, especially an oval nucleated one. See blood. In many Nemertina the blood-cells have a red colour (Borlasia). Gcrjenbaur, Comp. Anat. (trans.), p. 172. blood-consuming (blud'kon-su'ming), a. Life- wasting; deathlv: as, " bibod-consuming siehs," Shat., 2 Hen. VI., iii. 2. blood-corpuscle (blud'k6r"pus-l), n. One of the corpuscles of the blood; a blood-oell or blood-disk. See blood. blood-cups (blud'kups), n. pi. A name given to the diseomycetous fungus Pezi^a coccinea, in reference to the bright-red color of its cup-like forms, and also to some allied species of Pe::i:ti . blood-disk (blud'disk), n. A red, disk-shaped, non-nucleated blood-corpuscle, such as the mammalia possess. blood-drier {blud'dri"er), 11. One who pre- pares blood for use in sugar-retiniug and for other purposes. blood-drinking (blnd'dring"king), a. Drink- ing blood. .Specifically, in Shakspere — (a) Taking in or si.aked with blood: as, "this detested, dark, hlood- drinkiiiii pit," Tit. And., ii. 3. (b) Bloodthirsty: as, "my bluod -drinking hate," 1 Hen. VI., ii. 4. (c) Preying on the blood or life ; wasting : as, " blood-drinking sighs," 2 Hen. VI., iii. 2. blooded (bhid'ed), a. [< blood, n., + -ed2.] 1. Of pure lilood, or good breed; thorough- bred; derived from ancestors of good blood; having a good pedigree: said of horses and other stock.— 2. Having blood of a kind noted or specified : used in composition : as, warm- hlonilcd animals. — 3. Figuratively, character- ized by a temper or state of mind noted iu the prefix: used in composition : as, a eold-Woofte(Z murder ; a hot-blooded answer. blood-finch (bhul'finch), n. A name of the small finch-like birds of the genus LagenosUctii, as L. minima, kuown to bird-dealers as the lit- tle scnegiil. blood-fine (blud'fin), «. Same as blood-wite. blood-flower (blud'flou"er), «. 1. The popular name of some of the red-flowered species of HtemantUus, a genus of bulbous plants, natives of the Cape of Good Hope.— 2. The name iu the West Indies of Asclepias Cura.s.meic,a, a spe- cies with crimson flowers, common in tropical latitudes. blood-frozen (blud'fro"zn), a. Having the blood frozen; chilled. .S>eH«er, F. Q., I. ix. 25. blood-guiltiness (blud'gil"ti-nes), )(. [< blood- IPiiltij -\- -Hf.ss.] The guilt or crime of shed- ding blood. Ps. Ii. 14. He hath confessed both to God and man the bloodfftiilt- ziiess of all this war to lie upon his own head. Milton, Eikonoklastes. xix. 38 593 bloodshedding ^1°°^:??^^^*^®^^ ^''',!"V*^\'*''^*'^}'. "• , ^^^ '"':?'" blood^mare (blud'mar), w. A mare of blooded the guilt or i-rimo of shedding blood ; not guilty ofmurih'r. Il'oljiolc. [Rare.] blood-guilty (l)lud'gil"ti), «. Guilty of murder; responsible for the death of another. This blood-ijuiltu; life. Fair/nx, tr. of (iodfrey of Bullogne, xii. M. blood-heat (blnd'het), «. A degree of heat <'(|iial (o that of human blood, that is, aliout i)D° b\ (though commonly marked on thermom- eters as !)8°), bro(Ml; a feuiale bhjod-horse. blood-money (blud'mun"i), n. Money paid as the priec (,1 lilooii. („) (■ompcnsation or reward for bringing alwiut llje death of another, either by bringing a capital charge against him or by giving sncli testimony as will lead to conviction, (b) Coiniicnsation formerly, and .still in sonn' non-riiiislian countries, paid to the next ol kill f.ir the killing of a iclative. blood-orange (blud'or"anJ), ji. See orange. blood-pheasant (blud'fez"ant). «. a bird of the genus /«"'.'//«/.s- f wliich see). blood-horse (blud'hors), «. [< blood, 4 (f), -I- blood-plaque (lilnd'i.lak), h. Ablood-piate Itor.te.'] 1. A liorse of a breed derived "origi ually from a cross with the Araliian horse, combining in a remarkable dcgi'co lightness, strength, swiftness, and endurauce.— 2. A T)looded horse. blood-hot (blud'hot), a. As warm as blood at its natural t('mi)eraturo. bloodhound (blnd'hound), n. [< ME. blod bipod-plate (blud'plat), n. One of the'minute discoidal boilics I'ound in large numbers in the blood of mammals. They are from one fourth to one half the size of the red corpiiHcles. ar.d are many times more numerous than tin- white criiiisclcs. .See blood and blood- corj,nsclr. Also called lirnfotoUoKls of JInopm, and cor- pirsrh's or (■hincntoiif /'orlirli'^ of Ziniinerntaiin. blood-poisoning (blud'poi "zu-ing), n. See . , .. toj-f'miit. 'r"!,',',''"^;=^A'''''"i''''''f,=,,^^S- */",'';''''' blood-pudding (blud'pM"ing). h. Same as = G. bluthund = Dan. Sw. blodhimd); < blood bliiek-iinddinij + hound.-] 1. A variety of dog with long, blood-red (blu'd'red), «. [< ME. Worfm/e, < AS. smooth, andpenilulous ears, remarkable for the hlOdredd (= D. hloedrood = G. blutrotk = Icel. aouteness of its smell, and employed to recover game or prey which has escaped, tracing a wounded animal by the blood it has spilled (whence its name), or by any other eflluvium or halitus left on a trail which it follows by scent. There are several varieties of this animal, as the English, the Cuban, and the African bloodhound. Bloodhounds are often trained not only to the pursuit of game, but also of man, as of fugitive criminals ; in the United States they were formerly employed in hunting fugitive slaves. 2. Figuratively, a man who hunts for blood ; a relentless persecutor. Wide was the ruin occasioned by the indefatigable zeal , blodhrnudhr = Sw. Dan. blodriid), < blorl, blood, + redd, red.] Blood-colored; red with blood, lie wrapp(-d his colours round his breast. On a blood-red field of .Spain. Ilemarut. Blood-red hand, in her., the badge of Ulster. See badgei and bnromd. The event which was to place the bltiod-red hand ol the Newcome baronetcy on his own brougham. Thackeray, Xewcomes. Blood-red heat, the degree of heat, shown by the color, reijuired to reduce the protuberances on coarse iron by the hammer, after it b;is been brought to its shape, to prepare it for filing. Small pieces of iron are often brought to this heat preparatory to punching, with which the Woori/io!«ids of the tribunal foTlowed up blood-relation (l)lud'ro-la"shon), n. One re- the scent. Prescott, Ferd. and Isa.. i. 12. lated bv blood or descent ; a kinsman. bloodily (blud'i-li), adv. In a bloody manner ; blood-relationship (blud're-la'sbon-ship), ti. cruelly ; with a disposition to shed blood. Consanguinity ; kinship. What feast is toward in tlSreternal'cell. J}'" '■"'"""'^s "f difering gradations otblood-reMUm- That thou so many princes, at a shoot, "'"''■ ««««, /.oology (trans.), p. 157. So Wood(7y hast struck? SAafc, Hamlet, v 2. bloodroot (blud'rot), «. 1. The tormentil (Po- bloodiness (blud'i-nes), n. [< Uoodij + -ness.'] tcntilla Tormentilla) of Europe and northern -2. Disposition Asia: named from the color of its root, which is rich in a red coloring matter. It is also rich in tannin, and has been usecl as an astringent. — 2. The common name in the Unit- ed States of a papavera- ceous herb, Sanguiiiaria Canadensis, one of the earli- est spring flowers. Its fleshy roots yield a dark-red juice, are bitter and acrid, and contain a peculiar alkaloid, sanguiuaiiu. It is used in medicine a.s a stimu- lant, expectorant, and emetic. 1. The state of being bloody.- to shed blood. This bloodiness of Saul's intention. Delany, Life of David, i. S. bloodingt (blud'ing), n. A blood-pudding. blood-islands (blud'i'laudz), n.pl. In embryol., the isolated red patches in the vascular area of the embryo, iu which red blood-corpuscles are in process of develoiiment. blood-leech (blud'leeh), n. One of the Hiru- dinca which sucks blood, as the common medi- cinal leech. bloodless (blud'les), a. [< ME. blodles, < AS. blodlcds (= D. bloedeloos = 6. bluilos = Icel. blodltlaus = Sw. Dan. blodlos), < blod, blood, + blood-sacrifice (blud'sak'' drained of ri-fis), «. A sacrifice made with shedding of blood ; the sacrifice of a living being. Cannot my body, nor blood-sacri- fice. Entreat yon to your wonted fur- therance ? Shak., 1 Hen. VI.. v. 3. -leas, -less.] 1. Without blood; blood ; dead fi-om loss of blood. The bloodless carcass of my Hector. Dryden, .^neid. 2. Pale or colorless from defect of blood : pal- lid: as, bloodless lips. — 3. Free from blood- shed; unattended by blood: &s, a, bloodless \-ie- tory; " y/ith bloodless stroke," ShaJc., T. N., ii. 5. Carrying the bloodless conquests of fancy over regions laid down upon - -^-^^^ ^^^ .^^^ blood-shakent (blud'sha'l^), «. Having the . T^.., i. . .i blood set m commotion. B. Jnnson. 4. Without spirit or energy bloodshed (blud'shedj, «. pne partly to '^'"'" """'""■'■• "TfeS^DoubleManiage. hU>odsheeMinej,anA partly to the phi-ase ftfeod Bloodroot iSattgMinaria CaHatUmis). 5. Cold-hearted: as, bloodless charity or cere- mony. bloodlessness (blnd'les-nes), 11. [< bloodle.^s -{■ -H(".s'.s".] The state or condition of being without blood, or of being deficient in blood ; anemia. If a man were placed on a revolving table, with his feet toAvard the centre, the blood in his body would be urged towards his liead ; and this has actually been proposed as treatment in bloodlessness of the brain. A. Daniell, Prin. o£ Physics, p. 143. bloodlet (blud ' let), v. i. [< ME. Uodleten, < AS. blddlwtan (cf.lcel. blodhldtinn, -pp.), < blod. blood, -(- livtan, let : see lefi-.J To bleed ; let blood; phlebotomize. [Rare.] bloodletter iblud'|^et"er), n. [iiiiice» qliitinux, one of the yeast fungi.— Bloody chasm. See c/ia.«m.— Bloody flux, dysentery.— Bloody hand, (a) A hand stained with the blood of a deer, which, in the old forest laws of England, was sufficient eridence of a man's trespass against venison in the forest, {b) Same as badge of Vi'ter. See batliiei.— Bloody murrain. Same as >.ump- t'oniatic anthrax (whi^'h ml,. iitiiUr anthrax). — BloOOy shirt. Sec s/iirt.— Bloody statute, a name by which tlie English statute of 1639, the Act of the Si.\ Articles, i& son'ielimes referred to. See the Six Articles, under article. = Syn. 6. See saiifiuinan/. bloody (blud'i), i'. t; pret. and pp. bloodied, ppr. bloodying. [< bloody, a. Cf. AS. grblode- gian (= OHG. bluotngon, bhiotcgoii). < biddig, bloody.] To stain with blood. With my own wouiuls I'll hloodtj my own sword. Beau, ami FL. Plnlaster. tv. 4. bloody (blud'i), a(?i'. \v appearance. SlifiL: or vetei'iiiarv lancet, into a vein, bloodstone (blud'ston), «. [< blood + stone; = D. liUxd.fteen = G. blutjitcin = Dan. Sw. blod- uten.] 1. A variety of hematite, having a finely fibrous structure and a reniforra surface. The color varies from dark steel-gray to blood-red. It was eitensivelv cmploved in ancient times, many of the Baby- lonian and Kgvptian intaglios being in this material ; now it is nmcli less used, except for signet-rings, and as a polish for other stones and metals. 2. A variety of quartz having a greenish base, with smail'snots of red jasper7 looking like blood-womi (blud'wcrm). h. The active blood- drops of blooA. scattered through it. This kind colored or scarlet larva of the species of Ch. of bloodstone is also called heliotrope. ronomu.i, found blood-stranget, ". [A compound having no ob- cisterns. logwood, from its color.— 2. In Jamaica, a tree bloody-fluxed (blnd'i-flukst), a. Having a of the natural order 2'er«s(/'(»/«i"rtC«(', /.((p/nrm m= ,. , _.-:,^,. ,j ,. — hwnuitoxylon, with dark-red wood. — 3. In Aus- tralia, a" name of species of Euealyptus, espe- cially E. corymbom, yielding the Australian liino". — 4. A large timber-tree of Inilia, l.ager- straniia Ftos-L'egina; natural order Lytliriiatv, with soft but durable blood-rod wood, which is largely used for boat-building and ship-knees. Also I'iMedjarool-lrce. the rain-water of tanks and blimily flux; afflicted with dysentery. Tlie blondii-jluxed Woman fingered but the hem of hi» ual-nicnt. Bp. Hall. Uenulins, p. 1*0. bloody-man's-finger (blud'i-mnnz-ling'g^r). M. The cuckoo-pint, Jrnin inacniutnni : so called from its lurid purple spadix or flower-spike. See cut, under .Arum. bloody-minded {blud'i-min'ded). a. Having a cruel, I'ci'iiciims disposition; barbarous; in- clined to shed blood. ^\\e x^bhtoily-miilded. And turns the justice of the law to rigour. Brail, and FL, Laws of Candy, v. 1. vious in eaning.'as to its second clement, in E., bloodwort (blud'wtrt), n. [< ME. blodmnt, Moody-nose beetle. See beetle^. liloduirU (applied to several plants), < AS. 'bloody-red (Idud'i-red), «. Ked with or as •with "lilod-in/rt (= Sw. blodiirl). < hlod, bUiod. + i,i,„„|. i,l„od-red. icyrt, wort.] A name applied to various lilants. Housing and saddle bloodii-red, as (rt) Iho bloody dock, Jiumexsdnguincu.^, a 8i>e- Lm.,i Mamiion's steed rush'd by. cies of ih)ck w"ith the stem and veins of the Scnlt. Marmion, vi. 27. leaves of a blood-red color; (h) the dwarf elder, bloody-sceptered, bloody-sceptred (bhid'i- eelo the (supposed) 8t)-ptic qualities of the SambucHS libulus ; (c) in the United States, the ^,,p |,.,.,i), ii. Having a sccplcr oblained by int. See N. E. D.] The mousetaU, Myo.'turus Ilicriieium renosuni, the leaves of which arc i,i„oil or slaughter. [Kare.] veined with red. AiiuMtitledtyrnnt,W(iod!/-«cf;)'r'((. SA(iJ-.,Macbeth,iv.l:5 and hence (being appar. only a book-name) prob. an adaptation of some foreign name, per- haps of an unrecorded (i, 'bhitstrenge, < blut, = E. blood, + strc.nge, tightness, strictness, < string, tight, strict," strong, = E. strong: see strong and string. The name would have refer- ent "■ ' .. . ^- -■!. t phint minimus. blood-Stroke fblud'strok), «. Apoplexy from bloody (blud'i), «. [Early nu)d.^E.alsoj-/oi.r/;/^ y,ioody.,„arrior (blud'i-wor;_i.6r), ». A dark. . ij'. plinlii- hemorrhage or congestion, bloodsucker (blud'suk'er), H. [< ME. Woorf- soukere = It. bloodzniger = MHG. bluotsuger = Dan. btoilsuger = Sw. blodsugare ; < blood + snrker.'] 1. Anv animal tluit sucks blood, as a leech, a mosquito, etc. — 2. A name of a com- mon agamoid Kast Indian lizard, Citlolcs versi- color, perhaps ho called from the reddish hue of the throat, as it does not suck blood. — 3. .\ cruel or bloodthirsty man; hence, . He wan a blmidjir man, and regliriled nol the life of lier KUbJectcH lloe more Ibcli ilogg.». .S';»-/i»rr, State of Ireliilnl. 6. Attended with or committing bloodKlieil; marked by cruelty: as, a bloody battle. 'Iliiii Ireuin wan n iii4>nt relHll. and had I very Woii//v to tb. Kli)g» party. A'iy///ii, Kliiry, .March il. It',.',.!. 7. Conceiiioil with or jiortonding bloodshed; sanguinary. No iiimd'ke arln liireiil bad any might. Jior kluudu worilet ot bold i'.m li«imler« call. SiKtuer, J', g., I. vll. M. lured vai'icly of the wall-tlower, Cheiranthiis ( 'hi ni. bloom' (bloin), )i. [= Sc. / l''.. /i/o'-m'-'), is a dcllectc.l sense; I he MK. maybe in part from (he Scaiid.) t=OS. blonio = late OFrioB. bbrni, blom, NUi'ies. blommc = MD. Idoemr, 1). bloim, {., = MLG. blomr = OHG. bluomo, m., blnomn. f., MIKi. bluomr. ni.,t.. G. blunw, f., = Icel. blomi, ni.. blinii. neiit., = Ni>rw. blom = Sw. blomnio, !.. = Dan. hlomnie = Goth. hliimn, in., a flower), with fonnalive -m (orig. '-won), < bliiuuin, etc., )■;. blou-'-, lilooni, whence also bird, btail, > M V,. blrdr{= n\A'x.blot = < HIG. MUG. bluol. MUG. 111. bliieti;{i. bliilr), allower, blossom, fruit, and AS. bloshno, hloslni, > K. blossom, and iierhajis AS, hlOd, 10. blood; also from the same ult. rool, li. Jlos (lliir-). > ult. K. Ilouir, flour : see llnse words.] 1. A blossom; the flower of a pliiiil, esiiecially of an oriia- meiital ]ilaiit; an ex|ianded liud. While opening Momiin dlllUHc their »« t» aroiiiid. /'../»•, Spring. I. 100. Now Hleepn the liuinmlng biril, that. In the "ini. Wandered from 'i'"V««. ami Fi., Maid's Tragedy, iii. I. 3. To obliterate so as to render invisible or not distinguishable, as writing or letters with ink : generally with out : as, to blot out a word or a sentence. To Hot old books and alter their contents. Shak., Lucrece, 1. £M8. Hence — 4. To efface; cause to be unseen or forgotten: destroy; annihilate: followed by out: as. to blot out a crime, or the remembrance o£ anything. Will not a tiny speck ver>' close to our vision Itot out the glor> of the world, and leave only a niai-gin by which we see the blot? Gtor'je Eliot, Middleniarch, I. 458. Blotting out the fai--away blue sky, The hard and close-packed clouds spread silently. William Morrit, Earthly Paradise, III. 336. 5. To darken or obscure ; eclipse. [Rare.] He sung how earth blots the moon's gilded wane. Coicley, The moon, in all her l)rother's beams array'd. Was Hutted by the earth's approaching shade. Rowe, tr. of Lucan's I'harsalia, i. 6. To drj- by means of blotting-paper or the like. The ship-chandler clutched the paper, hastily blotted it, and thrust it into his bosom. G. A. Sttla, The Ship-Chandler. n. intrans. 1. To obliterate something writ- ten. E'en copious Dryden wanted or forgot The last and greatest art, the art to blot. Pope, Iniit. of Horace, II. i. 280. 2. To become blotted or stained : as, this paper blot.f easilv. blot^ (blot), H. [First at the end of the 16th century ; origin unknown. Plausibly referred to Dan. blot = Sw. blolt, fcare, exposed ; cf. Dan. blotte = Hw. blotta, lay bare, expose one's self; Sw. blott.itdlln = D. blootstellen, e.\pose (the Scand. forms are prob. of LG. origin, < D. bluot, bare, naked, o.vposed) ; but tlicre is no historical evidence for the connection.] In bael.flfimnion: («) A single exposed piece ■whicli is liable to he forfeited or taken up. (/() The exposure of a piece in this way To hit the blot, to take a single exposed piece in tile game of backgaiiuaoii : often used figuratively, Mr. Ellis Ai'N the blot when he says that " absolute cer- tainty and a mechanical mode of procedure, such tlnit all men Hlinuld be capable of employing it, are the two great features of the Baconian system." The .\ation, April 24, 18S4, p, 369. blotch (blofh). H. [Not found in MIC, or in ollnr languages; appar. a var. of blot^, affected in sense and form by botcli^, a pustule, and perhaps by dial, blotch, q. v.] 1. A pustule upon the skin. Blotche* and tumours that break out in the body. Spectatur, No, 10. 2. A spot of any kind, especially a large iiTegu- lar spot or blot; lience, anything likened to a mere spot or blot, as a poor i>ainting; a daub. ftreen leaven, fretjuently marked with tlark httttcheit. Treunury o/ Itotaiiy. 3, .\ disease of dogs. blotch fblocli), r. I. [< blotch, n.] To mark with blotches; blot, sjiot, or blur, blotchy (liloch'i I, ". [< lilotch + -i/i.] Having blotr-hos; disflgun-d with blotches: as, "his liii.', bloated, hloliliii face," ll'iirrcu. blotef, n. and v. Obsolete spi'lliin; of bloiit^. blotter (blot'er), n. 1. A ]iii'cc of blotting- I .; . r or other (Icvico for absorbing an excess •r other lluid, used eHpecinllv in writing. I rum., a wnsle-book in whii'li «r" record- 1,1 Msiicl ions in lln' order of lhc>ir occur- .'V 'I'liH current rci-ord of niTi'sls and ill a jiolice ofllce ; called in 'Ireut !• 1 I hfiri/i-nhrrl, blot f. •■',,,,» Milot-enk'), n. and ii. f< blot + ^ ". Ill /jni'wfinj/, executed with heavy • ^ ■lll-S, li ■•ting executed in this styli-. blott< "t-i'Hk'li), »'/>'. Ill II lilotleHinio nui'i I'lot-like IoucIich: as, lo iniiiit l.h.ir, blottlnj; hook nOot'ing-bttk), w. 1. A book fonii' ..M of hiotting-giaper. — ii. In <•"<"., .1 Hi.i. hliilirr, l!. blottiriKly iiig-lii, adv. Uy blotting. 596 blotting-pad (blot'ing-pad), n. A pad consist- ing of several layers of blotting-paper, which can be successively removed as they become soiled or saturated with ink. blotting-paper (blot ' iug-pa ' per'), H. A bibu- lous, unsized paper, used to absorb an excess of ink from freshly written paper -without blur- ring. blotty (blot'i), a. [< 6/ofi + -i/i.] Full of blots. blouse (blouz), )i. [Also less prop, blowttc : < F. blouse, of uncertain origin, by some identified with F. dial, blauile, biaude, a smock-frock, < OF. bliaut, biiaud, pi. bliaus, bliau:, an upper gar- ment: see bleu II lit. But the connection is pho- netically improbable.] 1. A light loose upper garment, made of linen or cotton, worn by men as a protection from dust or iu place of a coat. A blue linen blouse -is the common dress of French workingmen. Lelewel was a regular democrat. He wore a blouse when he was in Paris, and looked like a workman. JI. S. EdwariLt, Polish t*apti\ity, I, '270. 2. A loosely fitting dress-body worn by women and cliildren. Moused (blouzd), a. [< blouse + -cd~.'] 'Wear- ing a blouse. There was a Housed and bearded Frenchman or two. Kingsley, Alton Locke, xxxiii. blout^t, «• and V. Same as bloat~. blout-t, ". [Appar. < D. bloot, bare, naked, ^vith perluips some confusion as to form with Icel, biduti; soft, wet. Cf. blof-^, blatil, and bloitt^.'] Bare; naked. Uoiiyldt:. {Jamicsoii.) [Scotch.] blout'' (blout\ n. [Appar. imitative, after />/»H'1, blast, etc.] The sudden lu-eaking of a storm ; a sudden downpour of rain, hail, etc., accom- panied by wind. Jaiiiiesoii. [Scotch.] blO'W^ (bio), r. ; pret. bleu; pp. blowu (also dial, and colloq. pret. and pp. blowed), ppr. hlowiiii/. [= Sc. blow, < ME. blowen, bhiwin (pret. bli ii; blcwc, bleu, blwe, blu, pp. blown, bloucii, blouii, bluii-eii), < AS. bluican (strong verb, pret, blrdw, pp. bliiireii), blow, = OHtl. bhlliau (strongverb, pj). bldliau, bh'in), blow, also biden, bldjau, MHG. bbrwiu, blcvjen, G. bldhcii (weak verb), blow, puff up, swell, = L. fldre, 'blow. Fnun the same root, with various formatives, come E. bl(i:c-, blast, bladder, perhaps blister, and, from the L„ flatus, afflatus, flatulent, inflate, etc.] I. intrans. 1. To produce a cuiTent of air, as with the moutli, a bellows, etc. — 2. To constitute or form a current of air, as the wind. A keen north wind that. blowiiKj dry. Wrinkled tlle face of deluge. Miltim, P. L., xl. SI'-'. 3+. To make a blowing sound ; whistle. — 4. To pant; puff; breathe hard or quickly. Here's Mistress Page at the door, sweating and hlowinn. .Shak., .M. \V. of W., iii. 3. 5. To give out sound by being blown, as a horn or trumpet. There let the pealing organ blow. Miltiin, 11 i'cnseroso, 1. Kil. 6. To spout as a whale. A porpoise comes to the surface to blow. lluxlcji, Anat. Vert., p, 348. 7. To explode, as gunpowder or dynamite ; be torn to pieces by an exjilosiou: with uji : as, the magazine 6/cif «;». — 8. To boast; brag. [Uol- loq.] Yini Mow l)i'liind my Imck, but ilftri- tuit sny anytlilim In ii>y face. lift It Iff t. lUct. tpf AiiiiTiniiiisins, ]>. 4s. 9. In found ill tf J to tlirow jimssos of fluitl inrtiil from the mold, as a castinj;, whrn, iiisutlu'iont vout having? been jn'ovidod, tlic triisi-s and Rtr-am arc unable to piiHS olT quit'tly. Blowing off, III iH'jhi., Mu- ]U'«ici'HS of rji'ctiriK wiittr nr hi-iliiii< nt fr'nii 11 IiuiliT hy iiR-aiiH of ii ciirD'nl *A hIi-iiih puf-sliiji tImiiiKli tliebiowiirr piix-. Blowing through, ill ('j.'/i/i., thu u«;t of reiiuivliiK tlif air tinjn trir i>llrMlnH, viilve«, I'tc-,, of a Ktcunii'rittino \*y a j"( of ht4iiiii incvloim to M-t- tiiiK tiRM-iitfliic in moli'iii. I'.iow-()lt"ll^;ll valvcH an- III UaU''i Om- ivIikI. a Hlomi. i !•', II. tniiiM. 1. To tliniw or drive a cnrmit o*' air upon; fuu: um, to lilotv the llro. blow I with bloicing the f\re shall warm myself. Shak., T. of theS.,iv 1. 2. To drive or impel by means of a eun'ent of air: as, the temi^est blew the ship ashore. North-east winds blow Sabtean odours from the spicy shore. Milton, V. h., iv. ICl. Along the grass sweet aii-s are hb>wn. D. G. Itossefti, A New Year's Burden. 3. To force air into or through, iu order — (a) To clear of obstructing matter, as the nose. {}}) To cause to sound, as a wind-instrument. Hath she no husband That will take pains to bloio a horn In-fore her? Shak., K. John, i. 1, The bells she jinglod and the whistle bh'iv. Po/M^, K. of the L.. V. 94. 4. To form l\v inflation ; inflate : swell by in- jecting air into : as, to blow bul>bles ; to blow glass. — 5. To empty (an egg) of its contents by blowing air or water into the shell. — 6. To put out of breath by fatigue : as, to blow a horse by hard riding. 7)/oH'i"«(/lumseIf in his exertions to get to close quarters. T. Hu'jheK. 7. To inflate, as with pride ; puff up. [Poetic when up is omitted.] Look, liow imagination ^^oicshim. Shak., T. N., ii. 4. 8. To spread by report, as if "on the wings of tlie wind." She's afraid it will be bloivn abroad, And hurt lu-r nuirriage. B. Jonson, Alchemist, ii. 1. Through the court his courtesy was blown. Dryden, 9. To drive away, scatter, or shatter by fire- arms or explosives : now always with modifying words (h/j, awoify to pieces^ etc.) : as, to blow the walls u}) or toj>iccesvr\th cannon or gunpowder; but formerly sometimes used absolutely. And t shall go hard, Hut I will delve one yard below their mines, And bloiv them at the moon. Shak., Hamlet, iii. 4. 10. To deposit eggs in ; cause to putrefy and swarm with maggots; make fly-blown: said of flies. Rather on Nihis' mnd Lay me stark naked, and let the water-flios liliiw me into abhorring ! Shak.. A. nnd C, v. -1. To blow a coal. See ton?.— To blow one's own trum- pet, to sound one's own praises. — To blow OUt. (ft) To I .\tiiigiiish by a current of air, as a candle. (/<) To destroy by lircuniis : as. to blow out one's brains ; to blmv an cne- ni\ ssliip-M(/of the water.— To blow up. (*0 T*' till with air ; swell : as. to blow ap a bladder or a bnlible. In snnnne, he is a bhubU-r blown rp with wind, which the lejist flaw crushes to nothing. Jip. Katie, ilicro-cosmographie, A Selfe-conceitcil Man. (b) To inllate ; i)utV up : as, to blow up one with ttattery. Jilown Mj> with high conceits iugendering pride. Milfon, V. L., iv. 809. (f) To fan or kindle : as, to blow V]) a contention. His presence soon blows up theunknidly fight. ((/) To burst in pieces by explosion : as, to blow t/j* a ship by setting Ih'e to the magazine, (c) FIgiiratively, t upon an nccon:- pli.r, iSbmg.] blow^ (1>16), ». [< blow'i, r.] 1. A blowing; a bhist; hence, a gale of wind: as, tlicre cairu' a bhtw from the norllicast. — 2. The breatliing or HjKiuling of a, whalr. — 3. In mttoL: (a) Tlu' tinicdm'iiigwliii'li a bliiKt iscontinui'd. (/*) That (inrlirin of lime occupied by a certain singe of a inctallni'gicul iiroccss in wliiidi flie blast isuHod. Tluis, thr i>prnilion of ciinvrrlhik' last iron iul " l»Hsruu>r blow "or tin- blow proper, (be second btage itelriK driiond- mit<-d tlir "boll." iiMh)\v. blow- (l»lo), r.\ jirel. blew. ]>p. bhtwn, iipr. blowinij. [< MI'i. lilttwot (j)ret. "hbirr^ bfrou, pp. blown, bbtwtn, blowi)^ < AS. blownu (prot. bhow, pp. ffcblowm), blossom, flower, HouriHh, — OS. hlojan — OFries. bloitt = 1). hfocijcu = OIK J, Ulunjan, MMt;. bliirjtn, bliivu, it, bh'ihrn, blow, bloom, = L.Jhnrc (a Hccondary lormi. blow bloom, flourish ; cf. flos {flor-), a flowpr. From tho same root, with various fonnatives, come liloom^ (and prob. hloom"), blossom, hlowtli, blood, and, from the L., flower, flour, flourish, effloresce, etc.] I. intrans. 1. To blossom or put forth flowers, as a plant ; open out, as a flower : as, a iie\y -blown rose. How hlowa the citron grove. Milton, V. L., v. 22. To me the meanest flower that blows can give Tiloughts that do often lie too deep for tears. WoriUworth, Ode to Immortality. 2. Figxirati vely, to flourish ; bloom ; become jicrfected. II, trans. To make to blow or blossom ; cause to produce, as flowers or blossoms. [Poetic] The odorous hanks, tliat hloiv Flowers of more mingled hew. Milton, Conms, 1. 993. For these Favonius here shall hlow New flowers. B. Juiimn, Masque at Highgate. blow- (bio), n. [< blow^, d.] 1. Blossoms in general; a mass or bed of blossoms: as, the blow is good this season. lie Ijelieved he could show nie such a hlow of tulips as was not to be matched in the whole country. Addison, Tatler, No. 218. 2. The state or condition of blossoming or flowering ; hence, the highest state or perfec- tion of anything ; bloom : as, a tree in full blo^v. Her beauty hardly yet in its full blow. Richardson, Sir Charles Grandison, I. ii. blow^ (hlo), H. [Early mod. E. also blowe, bloe, < late ME. (Sc.) hliiw ; origin uncertain. Plau- sibly explained as from an unrecorded verb, ME. *bleweii, < AS. *blcdiran (strong verb, pret. 'bledw, pp. *bIowen) = MD. blouwen, hlacuwen, strike, beat, D. bloitu-eit, beat, esp. beat or break flax or hemp, =MLG. bliiwen, LG. blUuen = OHG. bliiiwan, bliwan, MHG. hlinwen, bliwcn, G. bliiuen, beat, drub (in G. and LG. modified under association with blnii, blue, as in 'beat black and blue'), = Goth, blidf/wan, strike, beat ; not related to L. fligere, strike, beat ( > ult. E. afflict, inflict, ete.), flagelhim, a flail (> ult. E. flail, JliiiicUate, etc.). The absence of the verb from ME. and AS. records is remarkable (the ordinary AS. word for 'strike' was sledn, > E. slay), but the cognate forms favor its exis- tence.] 1. A stroke with the hand or fist or a weapon ; a thump ; a bang ; a thwack ; a knock ; hence, an act of hostility: as, to give one a blow ; to strike a blow. He struck so plainly, I could too well feel his blows; and withal so doubtfully that I could scarce understand them. Shak., C. of E., ii. 1. 2. A sudden shock or calamity; mischief or damage suddenly inflicted: as, the conflagra- tion was a severe blow to the prosperity of the town. It was a dreadful hlow to many in the days of the Re- formation to find that they had been misled. Pop. Sci. Mo., XXVI. 243. At a blow, by one single action ; at one effort ; suddenly. Every year they gain a victory, and a town ; but if they are once defeated they lose a province at a blow. Drydcn. Opposed ' '!■ solid blow, in metal-workinfj, a blow which stretches "I- tliins the metal; miopposed or hollow blow, a blow wliich tends to thicken and hend it. — To catcli one a blow. See catch.— To come to blows, to eiigiii^^e in combat, whether the combatants be individuals, armies, fleets, or nations. In 1766 Georgia and South Caroling actually came to bltiws over the navigation of the Savannah river. J. Fiske, Amer. Pol. Ideas, p. 95. blow-ball (blo'bal), n. The dovmy head of the dandelion, salsify, etc., formed by the pappus after the blossom has fallen. Her treading would not bend a blade of grass, Or shake the downy blow-ball from his stalk! B. Jonson, Sad Shepherd, i. 1. blow-cock (blo'kok), n. A cock in a steam- boiler by means of which the water may be partly or entirely blown out when desired. blowen (blo'en), «. [Also blowing ; equiv. to blowess, a form of blowze, q. v.] A showy, flaimt- ing woman; a courtezan; a prostitute. For- merly also blowess and blowinq. [Low slang.] blower! (blo'er), n. [< ME.'blower, blawere,< AS. hlawere, < bldwan, blow: see Wowl.] 1. One who blows. Speciflcally — (o) One who is em- ployed in a blowing-house for smelting tin. Cornwall, (h) In a glass-factory, the workman who blows the melted ghiss iTito shape. 2. A screen or cover of metal fitted to an open fireplace^ in such a way that when it is placed in position access of air to the chimney is closed except from the bottom, or through the fire itself: used to promote combustion, espe- cially when the fire is first kindled, by concen- trating the draft upon the substance to be Rotary Blower. ,-/, F, cams ; C, l)ox. 597 ignited. — 3. In coal-mining, an escape, under pressure and with high velocity, of gas or fire- damp from the coal. Such escapes are sometimes sudden and of short duration; but they occasionally con- tinue for weeks and sometimes for years. 4. A man employed in a mine in blasting. — 5. A muchiiio for forcing air into a furnace, min(% cistern, liold of a ship, public building, etc., to assist in drying, evaporating, and the like; a blowing-machine. See blowing-engine, blowing- inachine. — 6. A marine animal, as a whale, which spouts up water. — 7. One who brags; a boaster. [Slang.] —Blower and spread- er, a machine uniting tlie ai'ti'iii <(f beaters and l>lowers in furming cot- ton into a lap.— Hydraulic blow- er. See A.i«'ifi"(ic.— Oscillating blower, a Idower having ornf oi- more lilades hinged or pivoted at one edge, and vibrating tlir''ni;;li an arc of a circle. — Rotary blower, a blower similar in coiistiuelion to a rotary pump. It has vanes the mo- tions of winch arc governed by cam-faces, or which arc shaped in various ways to interlock, inclosing between themselves and the casing volumes of air, which they car- ry fiirward, blower- (bl6'6r), n. [< 6/021)2, v., + -erl.] A phiiit that blows. N. E. I). blowesst (blo'es), «. [A form of blowse, per- haps in simulation of blow^, with fem. suffix.] Same as blowen. blow-fly (blo'fli), n. The common name of Musca {CalUphora) vomitoria, Sarcophaga car- naria, and other species of dipterous insects, which deposit their eggs (flyblow) on flesh, and thus taint it. Also called flesK-fly. See cut waiXev flesh-flti. blow-gun (blo'gun), H. A pipe or tube through whicli missiles are blown by the breath. Those used hy certain Indians of South America are of wood, from 7 to 10 feet long, with a bore not larger than the little finger ; through them are blown poisoned arrows made of split cane or other light material, from a foot to 15 inches in length, and wound at the butt with some fibrous material so as to fit the bore of the blow-gun. A similar blow-gun is in use among the Dyaks of Borneo. Also called blow-tube and blowpipe. blow-hole (blo'hol), re. 1. The nostril of a cetacean, generally situated on the highest part of the head, in the whalebone whales the blow-holes form two longitudinal slits, placed side by side. In por- poises, grampuses, etc., they are reduced to a single cres- cent-shai)ed opening. 2. A hole in the ice to which whales and seals come to breathe. — 3. Same as air-hole, 2. — 4. In steel-manuf., a defect in the iron or steel, caused by the escape of air or gas while solidi- fication was taking place. The following experiments were made in order to pre- pare solid steel without blow-holes by the crucible process, which would give a good resistance and a proper elonga- tion. Ure, Diet., IV. 835. blowing! (blo'ing), n. [Verbal n. of blow^, v.] A defect in china caused by the development of gas, by the reaction upon each other of the constituents of the glaze, or by a too strong firing. blowing! (hlo'ing), ^. a. [Ppr. of 6?o«'!, ('.] 1. Causing a cuiTent of wind ; breathing stronglj'. — 2. In the following phrase. Liable to be blown about.— Blowing lands, lands whose surface- soil is so light as to be liable, when dry, to be blown away l)y tile winii. blowing"t (blo'ing), n. Same as blowen. On a lark with black-eyed Sal (his blowing). Byron, Don Juan, xi. 19. blowing-charge (blo'ing-eharj), n. la gtmneri/, a small charge of powder in a shell, sufficient to blow out the fuse-plug but not to burst the shell. It is used in firing for practice, or for testing time-fuses when it is desired to recover the shells and use them again. If it is desired to fill the cavity of the shell, coal- dust is added to the charge to increase its volume. blowing-cylinder (bl6'ing-sil"in-der), n. The air-cylinder of a blowing-engine or other form of blast-machine. blowing-engine (bl6'ing-en"jin), H. 1. A mo- tor used for driving a blower or blowing-ma- chine. — 2. A combined motor and blower. blowing-fan (bl6'ing-fan), H. A revohTug wheel with vanes, used to produce a blast. blowing-furnace (blo'ing-fer'nas), n. A fur- nace in whicli partially formed glassware may be placed to be softened when it becomes cooled and stift' in working ; sometimes, the secondary furnace following the melting-furnace. blowing-house (bl6'ing-hous), ». A house in wliich the process of smelting tin ore is car- ried on. blowing-iron, n. Same as blowpipe, 1. blowing-machine (bl6'ing-ma-shen"), »• Any apparatus for creating a blast of air, as for blowpipe ventilating, urging fires in boilers or furnaces in glass-making, cold storage, removing dust, etc. Seo blower, 5. -piston blowing-machine, a form of lilowing-niachine in whieli thi- air is expelled from :i I'yliii.ler hy a reciprocating piston, /•;. //. Kniiiht. blpwing-pipe (I>16'ing-pip), n. A glass-blower's pipe ; a poiitce. blowing-pot (blo'iiig-pot), n. In the manufac- tiiri^ of pottery, an apparatus for distributing sli[i ovor llio Wiiri^ before l)iirniiig. blowing-snake (blo'ing-snak), ». A non-ven- oiiiijiis Hiutke of file family rw?«/j)7f/rr and genus Iletrrodon, notable for the noise it makes by the depression of its anterior parts and the ex- pulsion of air. The best-known species is H. ^)to* small aper- ture at the other, within 2 inches or so of which it is bent nearly at a right angle. The blowpipe of the n»in- eralogist is proWded w ith a small chamber near the jet, in which the moisture from the mouth collects. The current of air is often formed l)y a pair of bellows in- stead of the human breath, the iustniment being fixed in a proper frame for the puipose. The most powerful blowpipe is the oxyhydrogen or compound blowpipe, an instrument in which oxygen ami hydrogen (in the propor- tions necess,ary for their combination), propelled by hydro- static or other pressure, and coming from separate reser- voirs, are made to form a united cun-ent in a capillary orifice at the moment when they are kindled. The heat produced is such as to consume the diamond and to fuse or vaporize many substaEiees refractory at lower tempera- tures. The blowpipe is used by goldsmitlts and je« elers in soldering, by glass-blowers in softening and shaping glass, and extensively by chemists and mineralogists in test- ing the nature and composition of substances. Also called by workmen a btinnii'i-in'U. 2. Same as itoH-;/H».—Airohydrogen blowpipe, a modification of the oxyhydrogen blowpipe. blowpipe 598 n 1 Relating in any wav to a blowpipe, or blubt (blub), v. [Var. of blob; ef. blitbbei:'} toblowpiping: as, bloirpipe analysis. I. tiaiis. To swell; puff out. blowpipe (blo'pip), I". J. : pret. and pp. blow- My face was blown ami blubd with liiopsy wan. piljed. ppr. blotcpiping . [< blowpipe, «.] To use -«'>■ /"'■ -"«!'«■. P- 112- the blowpipe; conduct chemical experiments H. intrans. To swell: protnule. or perform mechanical operations by means of blubber (blub'er), r. [Also hlohber: < ME. bliib- the blowpipe. nii, bloberen, weep, earlier bubble, boil, as wa- blow-pointt (blo'point), m. a game supposed ter in agitation. Cf. G. dial, bliibbcni, east up tu have consisted in blowing small pins or ar- bubbles, as water, LG. Itcnit hliibbcni, bab- ble, chatter. Appar. an imitative word, hav- ing, like many such, a frce liim a grand blow-uv, in true blubber-lip (blub'er-lip), n. [< blubber + lip.] nautical style. It. n. Dana, Jr., Before the >rast, p. 22. ^^ swollen lip; a thick lip, such as that of a 2. One of the rooms in a sugar-refinery, usu- negro. Also written blobber-lip. ally on the top floor, where the raw sugar is gj^ iiM„.i;ps and lieetle-brows conunend. first melted. — Blow-up pan, in gugar-rejining, the /^ri/(/f/,, tr. of Juvenal's Satires, iii. pan ill wliich the raw suL'ar, after being sifted, is placed •i,i„vv._ 1i„r>n.q ( W,i)>',-.,- i;i,t> // TAfP hlnher with water to be dissolved. At the bottoTu of the pan is blubber-lipped (b u h cr-lipt), a. L*lf- blaoet- a perforated steam-pipe through which steam blows uj) lijipid : < lihililiir + lip -t- -"(-.J Havnng DluD- through the solution; hence the name of tlie pan and of ber-lips. Also written biohber-lippcd: as, "a the ro.,1,1 ill wliieh the operation is carried on._ l,l„bher-ll plied shell," A", drew. blow-valve (bio valy), «. The sniftmg-valve i,iui,i,er-spade (blub'er-spad), «. [< blubber of a c.in.lensing-eiiKine. (whale's blubber) -f ,•<;«((/<■.] A keen-edged blow-weU Odo wel), H In some parts of Eng- gpaaousedtoremovcthelayerof blubber which land, a popular name for an artesian well. (.nvelojis a whale's body. At Mcrton m Surrey, at Brighton, at .Southampton, alWji^v (blub'ir-i), ,). [< blubber + along the east coast of Lincolnshire, and m the low dis- ,.,,''^;..\ ,,,„,,,,„„. f,,, „i „ /.otni.i.nn trictVtwecn the challc wolds near I/iuth and the Wash, , luseinliUng blubber, fat, as a cetaiean. Artesian iM.rings have long been known, and go by the blucher (bio cher), H. A Stroll -tfl.] name of bluw-ieelU among the people of the district. Encijc. lirit., II. 640. [< 6/o«)l + -!/i.] Windy; blowy (blo'i), a. liluwing; breezy. blowze (blouz), H. [Also spelled blowse, blouse blou~e, E. i\ia\. httiwse; ct. blowess. Origin un- certain.] If. A beggar's trull ; a beggar wench; ^jj^^^gg^^ (bluj'cni), II. [Not found befon leather half- boot or iiigh shoe, named after l-'icUl-marshal von Bliieher, commander of the I'nissian army in the later campaigns against Napoleon. lie was, altogether, as roystering and swaggering a young gentleman as ever stuod four feet six, or somelbiug les.s, in liis bluchers. Dickens, Oliver Twist. a wench. Wed without my advice, my love, my knowledge, Ay, anil a beggar, too, a trull, a bhnrse ! Chnjiinnn, All FofjlB, Iv. 1. Venus herself, the <|ilecli of Cytliero is but a hlinne. Shirley, Love Tricks, tii. r.. 2. A ruddy, fat-faced wench ; a blowzy wo- man: appUod in Shakspero to an infant. Sweet hUtirse, yon are a iieiillteollH blossoni sure, Shak., Tit. And., Iv, 2, blowzed(blouzd),n. [t : n»,hlow:ii\\\\\r. B. L. r ;il)brevialioii of hrrtrh-liiatling rifli ..iiliiifi rilled: iiwd in tlie tcidi- Illl'lll •,< t'llllH, In > / /. .;..« of rani lr»tn, ulrMigthelied by rii'. . ijr| , . il, ranging frtmi "o I" .xw> pouildei.. Jinriir. ttrU., II. Wl>. ITIill (I'.ailey); origin unknown, A plausible conjecture conncH'ts it with 1). bludsoi. hhilnfii, bruise, beat (]ia™llcl with liulsrn wilh same meaning: see botch-). The 10. wonl, if fimn this som-ce, may havo bicii introduced as a cant term in tiie Klizabclhan period, along with many other cant terms from the 1). wliich never, or not until much later, emerged in literary use.] A heavy stick, parliculnrly one with one end ImuhMt or tliiekiT nrid heavii^r than tho other, used as an olTensivc weapon. Arms were costly, and the gri'iiter part of the fyrd came e>|iilli|ied with blwliiiims and lieilge-iitaki'S, which could do little to meet the spear and battle-axe of the Invader. ./. II- Oreen, Comi. of Klig-. p- 127. blue (blii), fi. and v. [Early mod. E. reg. blew, blrwe, rareU- blue; < MIC. blew, blewe, occasion- allv bluiie, lilne, blue, blu, bleu, possibly < AS. •/jfeio (in deriv. hUvven, bluish) for 'bliiw (whence tlie reg. MK. bio, liloo, mod. E.dlal. blow, noHh. MK. bin, bloa, mix}, north. ]•'.. and .Sc. blue. Idea, alter the Scaiid. : see '''"') (cf. K. niew,< AS. wow, n gnll); bill i.iiiri' priili. from, ami in any case merged with, <>1''. bleu, blef, iiiiifl. V. hlru = I'r. bhiu, fem. blara = OSti. hlavn, Sp. I'g. htoo = II. bill ro (t}hn. or dial.) (ef. mod. It. /)/«,< I'', or I"..).< MI,, bldeu.i, bloriu.t, < OlKl. bido (blow-), Mrrtl. Ida (bldw-), G, bhiu — .\ll). bliieuw, l>. binouw = (>l''lii'H. blow = ,\II,G. bid, bldw, blauwc, l.G. '''f various mixtures known to calico-printers and -dyers, made up of yellow prilssiate o( potash ami iirotochloVid or bicblorid of tin and water.— Blue ribbon. Sec riMnin.- Blue rock, (n) The name in parts of Ireland of an arenaceous shale, {b) In .\ustra- lia. tlie vokaiiic ihasaltie) material in places overlying the Tertiary auriferous gravels. («') 'I'lic bluish-colored matrix in which the Soutli African liiaiiioials arc often found em- iH-dded. It is a kind of brc.eia.- Blue sand, a colialt smalt used liy potters for jiaintiiiL; I'liic figures lai pottery. — Blue shark. See shark. Blue verdlter. same as Bn-meii blue (see below).— Blue vitriol. Si'c iiitriul.— To burn blue, to luirn with a liluisli ilaiuc like that of brimsfoiie.— True blue Ithat is, genniue, la.stiug blue: iihic tiring taken as a type of constancy, and used in this and otlier piirases often with an added allusion to some other sense of W»cl, constant ; unwavering; stanch; ster- ling: uullinching; npriglil and downright: spccilkally applied to the Scotch I'lesbyfciians or Whig party in the scventlue) adojlted by the t'ovenauters in contradistinction to the royal reii. II. n. 1. The color of the clear sky or of natural ultramarine, or a shade or a tint re- semliling it; azure. See I., 1.— 2. A dye or pig- ment of this liue. The substances used as blue pig- ments are of very different natures, and derived from va- rious sources ; they are all compound bodies, some being natural and others artificial. See piirases below. 3. Bluing. — 4. Tho sky; the atmosphere. [Po- etic] I came and sat Below the chestnut*, wlien their buds Were glistening in the brec/.y blue. Teiiiiysiiii, Miller's Daughter, 5. The sea; tho tleep sea. [Poetic] — 6. A m(n silk an. I wool, but iiiiMill.il for cotton, bi-c aiise 1( will not .•.iniblii.- wllli acid mor.lanfs. It inn- hIhIs essenlhlllv '•! the Koillum salt of liioli.».lll|.ll.illic add of rosalillln.' blue. an. I In ii|>|.ll.<.l In a sllKbtly alkiillno bjilli (hi-n. !■ lb.- iiaiiie). Aim. .ull.-il .fast blue ali.l (^ro'nl. sen blue. Aniline blue, a generb' niinic f.ir spirit-blue, soluble blni'. ali.l alkali bill.'. See these terms. AStbra- blue cene blue. Same as alizarin hhw. - Antwerp blue, a Tnissjjtti blue made somewhat li;;:liti r in rolnr l»y tlic ail- ilitinii i.f iiluinina. It is more Ki-eeiiisli than I'nissiaii liliie. Also lalled llaarlnii hliir, tnim-nil Wi/c — Armenian blue, a pi^iinent useil by the aneieiiLs. ju-obably a native ultrainaiiMe.— Azure blue, a name niven to various pin- im-nts, sueli as eobalt blue, ultramarine, ami earbouate of eopper. -Basic blue, a more eareluliy prepare, 1 s]iirit- blue ol the llr^t kiuil. Hi.'eiijiiril-I,l,i,: AI»o ealled ../..i/- W'" Berlin blue. Same as -/^/-(/.vs^n/ /,///e, but usu:illv a little li-liter in eob.r. Also called ,^v,r/ A/». . — Blackley blue. S;inie as siiiiihlc blue (n).— Bremen blue, a byillat- ed eop|)er o.Kid formeil by iireei])italiie.; nilr;ite of eoppcr with lime. It is mostly used for fresi,, jedntin^. and re- tains its blue color under artilieial li^ht. Also called blue vcn/'tn-. -Cerulean blue, a piiimeut composed of the oxids of tin anil eobalt. It retains its blue color by artili- eial liijlil. — Cbenilc blue, a term usirl by dyers for a very aeid solution of iiuli^'o in suli)liurie acid wliieh resend)les ,Sa\ony blue. — China blue, a eoaldar color similar to soluble blue, used in dyeint — CMnese blue, a pigmeid, sbnilar to Prussian t)lue, but \vlieu dry and in a lump form lia\ Mi^^ a peculiar redtlish bronze east. Its tints are purer than those of Prussian blue. — Cobalt blue, a pure blue tendire_" t.iward e>anddne and of ln;;li luminosity. Also eidled lli'ii'inrji hliir, Lritftn''r's hi ih\ and Paris blue. — Coupler's blue, a eo;d-tar color used in dyeing. It is a spii it iiidulini-, and is the hydrochlorid of soiue color-base, surli as t] iplienyl violardline. It yields a, dark-blue color not mdike indiuo, and eaii be dyed on wool, silk, aiul cot- ton. Also ealleil HMliphnnil, EUu-rfrhl blur. Itimlud.r Mm: — Cyanlne blue, ^iame as Leiirh'x (Viie. -DistUled blue, a purilie.lsnlut ion (d sulphate of iinlijjo, — DutQOnt'sblue, a (arefull>' iirejiared smalt used by deinrators of eldnn. — Egyptian blue. .S.ameas Jiexn, /,/;.,(/,/»,.— Elberfeld blue, ^anie as Ctntpicr's bbie. — Electric blue, a trade name for a lijiht, j,'reeiiisli blue. — Escbel blue, ."^ame as smalt. — Fast blue. Same as allmli IjIih: — Fluorescent resorcinal blue, a coal-tar color used in dyeing, prc- Iiared by dissnhnej; azo-resorxifin in potash, adding bro- mnie, ;ind preeipitatiug with hydrochloric acid the hex- aiiroiii-diazu-resmutinate, and converting this into the so- diinn salt. It dyes wool and silk a fast blue with a red Huoreseence, especially in artificial light. Also called re- noixin blue. — French blue. -Same as arlifjcial vllraiim- rine (which see, under ultra mariif). - Gentiana blue. .Same ussjnrit-Mui'. — GoiA blue, a color similar to puiple of 1'a.ssius. See;i»)V*'. — Guernsey blue, .same usalkaU I'll'. , -Guiuiet blue. Same as artlfivial nltraiaarijje (whieli se,-. under i'((i«i/if(rinf).— Haarlem blue. Same as .1;/'/;, r/' Whc— Humboldt blue. Same .as .ylrlt-bltK. — Hungary; blue. Same as cobalt W»e.— Imperial blue. Same as .«//iiiY-Wi(c.— Indian blue, same as imlirjo.— Intense blue, a pigment made by refining indigo. — In the blue, weariiig the blue coat, as a deer. l-'rontiersmeii aiuI hunters . . . say the deer is in the red or the blue, as he may be in the summer or the winter coat. J. />. Catoiif Antelope and Deer of America, p. 149. LeitCh'S blue, a compound of cobalt blue aiul Prussian blue. Also called cmnine W»e.— Leithner'3 blue. Same as ''"halt hli"\ -i,yon3 blue, one of the comiuercial iMiTiies of spirit blue. -Mineral blue. Same as Aniuvrp Wie. — Monthier's blue, a special kind of Prussian blue, in the making of whieli ammonia is used. — Mountain blue. See aziirife.— Napoleon blue, a blue color dyed on silk by means of basic ferric suljibate and yellow prus- siati of potash, formin^^ a Prussian blue. Also called l{i««.— Night blue, (a) Same as Victoria blue, but of a purer shade. {Ij) Soluble blue, (c) Any blue that is free from violet, and retains a true blue color in artificial light.— Paris blue, (a) Same as cobalt blue. (/>) .\ somewhat light shade of Prussian blue. — Parma blue, a spirit-blue of the first kind, with a de- cided violet tone.- Paste blue. (") Sulphate of indigo. {!>) Prussian blue in a pasty state.— Peacock blue, a deej), greenish blue. See ;icacoci-W"e.— Permanent blue. Same as artilieial ultrauuiriae (which see, under xiltra- mil '■'"'■). — Prussian blue, a pigment made by precipi- tating ferric snliduite with yellow prussiate of potash, forming a ferroeyainde of iron. It is a cyan-blue like that of the spectrum of wave-length .420 micron; itschroma is .strong, but its liMuinosity is low. Sometimes called roiial ^/fo.- Raymond's blue. Same as Napoleon blue. — Re- bouUeau's blue. Sarne as Schiveinfurth ;<(Me.— Resorcin blue. Same as ilwreseent resorcinal blue. — Roubaix blue. Same as Ciiuj>ie>-'.s blue. — 'Roya.l blue. Same as smalt. In dyeiiiL:, I'riissian blue is sometimes so named. — Sanders or saunders blue, a corrupt name for the Preneh ,v,i.;r, .< Wr-», ,s(ultramarine ashes).— Saxony blue, the sulpbiiidigiitie a-id of commerce, prepared by diss represent a university (tt.\fin-d or Camluidge) or school (HaiTOW or Eton) in athletic contests : from the 599 distinctive colors (dark blue for ftxford and Marrow, and light blue for Candu-idgc and Eton) adopted by stmlents at those institutions. | Kng.] — Ultramarine blue, .sec ultcu'i"fr""\ Vat-blue. Same as imlii/oblue.— "Vic- toria, blue, a, cal-tai- color used in dyeing. It is a ilark- blue itowder soluble in water, and can be dyed on word, silk, or cotton.— Violet-blue, a blue tending tiiward violet, the color of the speelrnm between wave-lengths .460 to .415 micron, or of such light ridxed with white — Wine-blue, a-nocyan, used as a coloring matter for red "lues. blue (blii), V. ; pret. and pp. hhted, ppr. bluing. [< htuc, o.] I. trans. To make blue ; dyo a l)lue color; color with bluing; make blue by heatinfc, as inotals, etc. Il.t inirans. To blush. blueback (blo'bak), n. 1. A local English name (current in Yorkshire) of the coal-fish, in allusion to the bluisli color of the back. — 2. The blue-backed salmon or nerka, Oncorhynchus Me»'7«(, known in Idaho an i\\ti reil-fish. — 3. In Maryland and Virginia, the glut-herring ; a heiTing-like fish, Cliipca n'stUmlis, without vo- merine or palatine teeth, with the lower ,iaw projecting but little, and the peritoneum black- ish. It is much like the alewlfe, but of less value. — 4. A local name in Maine of the blue- backed trout, Saloelmus oguassa. bluebell (blo'bel), «. The popular name of several different plants: (a) In Scotland, of CampanuUi rotundifolia, a plant bearing a loose panicle of blue beil-shaped tl(>%vcrs. See hare- heJl. {!)) In England, of >Scillit vutans, the wild hyacinth, from the shape of its drooping flow- ers, (c) Of the grape-hyacinth, Muscari hotrij- oides. (rf) Occasionally, of other plants vpith blue bell-shaped flowers. blueberry (blo'ber"i), n. ; pi. blueberries (-iz). [< blue + herrij'^. Ci. blaeberry.'] In America: («) The fruit of several species of Vaccinium, ordinarily distinguished from the various lands of hucWebeiTy by its blue color and smaller seeds. The swamp or tall blueberry is the Vac- cinium cori/mbosuiu ; thelowbluebeiTy, F. vacil- lans ; and the dwarf bluebeiTy, V. Pennsyl- vanicum. See bilberry. (6) Another name of the cohosh, Caulophyllum thalictroidcs. bluebill (blo'bil), ». A scaup duck; the black- head (which see). blue-billy (blo'bil"i), n. [< blue + billy, per- haps the proper name Billy used familiarly, as in other instances : see billy'^, billyh.] In metal., the residuum from pyrites, roasted for the mau- ufaetiu'e of sulphtu'ic acid, or for the extrac- tion in the moist way of the copper which it contains. This residuum, consisting mainly of peroxid of iron, is largely used as fettling in the puddling-fm- naces in parts of England. bluebird (blO'berd), n. [In 17th century, blew- bird.'] 1. An American oscine passerine bird, of the genus Sialia, of which blue is the chief color. There are several species. The common or Wil- son's bluebird, 5iaiift sialis, inhabits eastern North -Amer- ica. It is about 6^ inches long, blue above and dull-red- dish and white below. In most parts of the United States it is a harbinger of spring, coming with a melodious song. It nests in holes, and lays plain pale-bluish eggs. The western or Jlexican bluebird, S. mezicana, is very similar, but has a reddish patch on the back, and the throat blue. The arctic or Rocky Mountain bluebird, S. arctica, is a larger species, of a paler blue than the others, fading into white below, without any red. 2. Some other bird of a blue color: as, the fairy bliiehird of Java, Irerie turcosa. blue-black (blo'blak), a. and n. I. a. Of a bluish-black color. II. n. 1. A name of ivory-black, from its bluish hue ; a color resembling ivory-black. — 2. A well-burnt and levigated charcoal pre- pared fi'om vine-twigs. Also called rine-black. bluebla'Wt (blo'bla), «. [Also written blue- blow, early mod. E. blewblaw, < blew, blue, + *blaw, appar. a varied form of blue or blae (ME. bla, etc.), later modified to blow.] An old name of the bluebottle, Centaurca Cyanus. blue-blazer (blo'bla"zer), n. A sweetened and flavored drink made of Scotch ■whisky and water mixed, after being set on fire, by pour- ing back and forth between two mugs. blue-blind (blo'blind), a. Unable to distin- guish the color blue from other colors. From the rarity and, in many cases, the entire absence of reference to blue in ancient literature, Geiger . . . has maintained that, even as recently as the time of Ho- mer, our ancestors were Wttc-Miiirf. Sir J. Lubbock, Pop. Sci. Mo., XXI. 200. blueblo'Wt, n. See blueblaw. bluebonnet (blo'bou"et), n. 1. A name for the blue titmouse, Parus ccerulezis. Also called bluecap. Macgillirrai/.— Z. In bot., same as bluebottle, 1.— 3. A name given to the soldiery of Scotland when it was a separate kingdom. bluefisb from the color of their bonnets ; also, any Scotch- man: generally as two words. A\ho bluecap. England shall many a day Tell of the blrtody fray When the tilue lionneis came over the Border. Scott, Kallad, Monastery, xxv. bluebottle (blo'bot*!), «. [In def. 1 with ref. to the blue funnel-shaped florets arranged in a bottle-shaped involucre or whorl.] 1. In bot., Centaurea Cyanua, a composite plant, a weed in Europe, cultivated for ornament in Ameiica. Also called bluebonnet and bluecap. — 2. In zool., a dipterous insect with a blue abdomen, of the family Musr.ida: and genus Mu.ica, or Calliphora. Also popularly called /jc'f/-r'n(cr and blueflenh-fly. Under the term bluebottle at least two species are in- cluded [in England], namely, Mtisca vomitoria and M. erythrf)cephala. They both have the luider surface of the head red. Stand. Nat, Uist., VI. 95. 3. A policeman, a beadle, or other officer wear- ing a blue dress. [Slang.] bluebreast (blo'brcst), «. Same as bluelhroat.' bluebuck (bla'buk), ». [Tr. of D. blauwbok.'] Sitine as blauwbok. bluebusb (blo'bush), «. A Mexican shrub, Ce- aiKitliu.s azureus, witli abundant blue flowers. bluebuttons (blo'bufonz), n. Same as hluc- i-dji, :i ((/). bluecap (blo'kap), n. 1. A fish said to be of the salmon kind, with blue spots on its head. Imp. Diet. — 2. Same as bluebonnet, 1. — 3. In bot. : (a) Some blue-flowered species of Scabi~ osa, as S. succisa and .S'. arvensls. (h) The blue- bottle, Centaurea Cyanus. — 4. Same as blue- bonnet, 3. A thousand blue-caps more. Shak,, 1 Hen. IV., 11. 4. 5. In coal-mininf/, a blue or brownish halo around the flame of the safety-lamp, indicat- ing the presence of a dangerous quantity of fire-damp. bluecoat (blo'kot), n. A person who -wears a blue coat, especially as a uniform or livery. Specifically — («) A serving-man, esijecially in the house of an English country gentleman. The blue coat and badge were formerly the common livery of all the male ser- vants and attendants in a large establishment. (6) \ sol- dier in the army of the United States.— Bluecoat boy, a pupil of Christ's Hospital, London, a fotmdation dating from the time of Edward VI., the benetieiaries of which, who are young boys, still wear the dress common to boys at that time, or a slight modification of it, consisting of a long blue coat girded with a leather belt, knee-breeches, yellow stockings, and low shoes. Theii- head-dress is wliat is called a mujfin-cap (which see), but generally they wear no caps, even in the coldest weather. blue-cod (blo'kod), n. A chiroid fish, Ophio- don clongatus, of the Pacific coast of the United States, better known as cidtus-cod. blue-creeper (blo'kre'per), «. A graceful twin- ing plant of Tasmania, Comesperma rolubile, natural order Polygalacem, bearing an abun- dance of bright-blue flowers. blue-curls (blo'kerlz), n. A low labiate plant of the United States, Trichostema dichotomum, with blue flowers and very long coiled fila- ments. blue-devils (blo'dev'lz), «. pi. [See blue, a., 3, 4.] 1. Low spirits; depression of mind. — 2. [With allusion to the apparitions of such delirium.] Delirium tremens. blue-disease (blo'di-zez'"'), n. Same as cyanosis. blue-eyed (blo'id), a. Having blue eyes : as, "the blue-eyed Norseman," Longfellow, Tales of a Wayside Inn Blue-eyed grass, in hot., the name in the Uniteliug the forget-me-not. bluefin (blo'fin), n. A local name in the United States of the lake-herring or whitefish of Lake Michigan, Corcgonus nigripinnis. See Cisco. bluefisb (blo'fish), n. 1. The nsiial name of a fish of the family Pomatoniida; the Pomatomus saltatrix, also called tailor, skipjack, blue-snap- per, and green-fish, it is of compressed subfusifomi shape, gree*nish or iduish above and silvcrj' below. It ■(i£0=^^i.. .^ Bluetisll {Pomatomus snltalrix). (From Report of U. S. Fish Commission, 1884.) sometimes attains a length of about 3 feet, though it is usually much smaller. It is common in many seas, but is best kno^vn along the Atlantic coast of the United States. Its teeth are small but trenchant, and the fish is exceed- ingly ravenous and destructive to other fishes. It affords excellent sport, and its flesh is esteemed for the table. bhiefisli 600 bluet 2. An occasional (Sew England) name of the blue-leg (blo'leg), n. [A sportive adaptation blue-pill (hlo'pil'), n. ^^„ _,_! ^j_ r, oihlii€-stocK-ing,ii.'] A blue-stocking; a Uterarv mass. person. ■ blue-pipe (blo'pfp), 1 When Madame de Stael resided at Coppet, it was her J\0!l. common cunner, Ctenolabrus adspersiis. See dinner. — 3. A Califomian scisenoid fish, Ci/no- scion parripinne, related to the weakfish of the eastern United States. — 4. A pimelepteroid fish of the Pacific coast of the United States, Girella nigricans, of a bluish-brown color, with tricuspid incisore in an outer row, and a baud °^/^f"M- ^^fl '^}^'";f-^'\ ^*'^* ^f*^^"" blueling(blo'ling),». [.'in on the dorsaL blne-glede (blo'gled), n. An English name of the ring-tailed harrier, Circus cyaneiis. Also called blue-kite and bhic-liawk. A pill made from blue- . The common lilac. custom to collect aroun 1 her in the evening a cucle of bluC-pod (blo'pod), n. The name in Ca fornia, literati, the W» the robes of the order of the Garter, -' as some suppose, to the color of the arms of Franc blue-gown (bio goun), n. One of a former order blue-mass (blo'mas), n. A drug made by rub- of paupers in Scotland, also called the king's biug up metallic mercury with confection of beadsmen, to whom the king annually distrib- roses until all the globules disappear Of this nted certain alms on condition of their praying blue-pills are made, for his welfare. Their number was equal to the num- blue-metal (blo'met 'al), H. See tide Wieta?, un- ber oi years the tiini; had lived. The alms consisted of a dev ntctai ' blue gown or cloak, a pm-se containing as many shillings Scots (pennies sterling) as the years of the king's age, and a badge bearing the W'^rds "Pass and repass," which pro- tected them from all laws against mendicity. Edie Ochil- tree, in .Sir W. Scott's novel "The .\ntiquary," is a type of the class. ITie practice of appointing beadsmen was dis- continued in 18;i,'i. blue-grass (ble'gras), n. [< blue + grass. Cf. Icel. bid-gras (Geranium 2)ratense).^ In hot., the name of several species of Poa. The blue- grass of England is /*. compreiuia ; of Kentucky', P. pra- tewnji. highly valued in the Inited .States for "pasturage and hay ; and of Texas, P. arachni.fera. The red topped bliir-i.'r:vis of Sfontana and westward is P. Unui/olia. — Blue-grass region. See rjrms. blue-gtun (blo'gum), «. 1. In ;)n(ii>rr-nial:\nii, luivlng : said of a cIuhh uf laid papers. (bW'liiz), n. pi. A HiipiiosililiouH v'T« liiwH for the rfgulalion of re- viTHoiial conduct in the colonicH of blue-pie (blil' mid New Ilavi'ii ; liencc, any rigid .\siiitic jays o ri'litriniiH ri'giilntiiins, n, , ., ■ t 111.- i-.l»t.-nc.-..f III.- bb,. I , , I '!i'- ii.|'.|.l|.>n by the flr«l niilb'.iiih . ..l ny of llm Hcriptureq an Ihclr .■...I..- .,1 :ind tli.'lratrlct(p|illcatlunol ilonulu light, prepared by floating white paper on a solution of potassium ferrocyanide. it is used for copying majis and plans, printing iiliotograpliic nega- tives, etc. After exposure to light during a jiroper inter- val beneath the snlijcct to be reiiroduced, the print is tlnished by immersion in several changes of clean water, which dissidves from the paper that part of the fcrro- prnssiate which has not been acted upon by light, an.l brings out a line blue color in place of the original dull gray or greenish color in those portions of the surfuce which have been alfcctcd. Called in the trade bhiepru- rrxs jtajtfr. blue-perch (blii'piTch), H. 1. A local name of tlic coiiinion New England cunner, Ctcnithihrns (idspirnus. See cut under chh/k-c. — 2. A Cali- fomian einbiotocoid fish, Ditrcma latcrah, a kind of surf-fish. [< blue + peter, orig. rijieater see /icltr, re- pealer.'] .\aut.,n blue flag having a white siiiiaro in the center, hoisted at tho fore royalmast- hcad of nuT- chaiif vchkcIh as a signal tlint tln^ ship is really to sail, to recall boats, etc. A largo branil-iicw rod enBiaii pulling In rich color at the lialllarilM at the peak, niid l/tue Peter lazily Diitteriiig abovo the fore-rnyal-ynril. ir. C. Ilu*Hftt, A Htrnlige Voyage, Iv. li), 11. One of the gpocies of lliegoniiH I'rneinsn. blue-pigedn (lili'i'pij'on), h. A narao for a '.iiiiiliiig-li'iid. blue-plke (blii'pik), n. A local name in the I'liitecl Slati'H of the wall-eyed pike-perch, 67i- zimlediiin (or Luciojierca) vitrcum. llluc-|>cler. natural order Onagracem, noxious weeds, with showy purple flowers. blue-poker (blo'p6"ker), «". The pochard, Fu^ liiiuhi (or Aijlhiia) ferina. See pochard. [Lo- cal in Great Britain.] blue-pot (blo'pot), H. A black-lead crucible made of a mixfm-e of coarse plumbago and clay, blue-pox (blo'poks), n. Maligiiant pustule, blue-print (blo'print), n. An impression pro- duced liy blue-printing, blue-printing (blo'prin ting), )). Amethodof jihoto-printiug by tho agency of paper sensi- tized vnih ferroprussiate of potash. See blut- paper. blue-racer (blo'ra"ser), «. A local name in the western United States of a variety of the com- mon black-snake, Bascunion constrictor flavi- ren Iris. blue-rock (blo'rok), n. A popular name of the commonest variety of domestic pigeon, Colum- ba lifia, of a bluish color, with two black bands on the wings. blue-ruin (blo'ro'in), ?;. A cant name for gin, rum, etc., especially when bad. bhiesides (Idb'sidz), n. A half-grown harp. seal, Plioeii grccnlandica. blue-snapper (bl6'snap"er), H. A local name in Jlassachusetts of the bluefish, romatomui siiltdlri.r. blue-spar (I ilii'spar), )(. Azure-spar; laznlite. bluestart (blo'stiirt), n. [< blue + start", tail: = G. lilauster::. Cf. redstart = G. nitlistcr:.} A name of tho blue-tailed warbler, lantliia cy- an urn. blue-stem (blo'stem), n. The name of some coarse but useful grasses in the United States, e\\w&y Andropogon fureatus east of the Rocky Mountains, and Agropyrum glaucum further westward. blue-stocking (blo'stok'lng), n. and ». I. a. Wearing blue stockings; specifically, wearing blue or gray worsted stockings, as opposed to those of black silk worn in court or ceremonial dress; hence, not in full dress; in plain dress. (n) Applied to the Little railiainent of Hi,-.:!. That Blcii'-slnrkiiirj railiainent, I'.nn-liiwie Parliament, a companic of fellowes called togcatlur by rroinwcll. Sir./, liramston, Autobiog. (cd. 1S4.'".>. "p. 811. (.V. K. D.) (I)) Applied to assenibli.s held in l.onilon ab..ut IT-^Oat the houses of ,\Iis. Moiilagiic and otbcr bi.lics, in which literary conversation ami other iiilcllcctnal cnj.iymcnts were substituted lor curds and gossip, and which were chara.tcrizcd by a studied ]ilaiiiness of dress on the part of s.iiiicof the guests. Among these was .Mr. lienjaniin stilliuglleet, who always wore bine stockings, and in ref- erence to whom, especially, the coterie was eallcil in de- rision the " lilne-stocking Society " or the " lilue-stockliig Clnli," and the members, especially the ladies, " bhle- stockingcrs," "blue-stocking ladies," and later simply "bliie-.stockiiigs " or "blues." II. n. 1. A member of the "Blue-stocking Club," especially a woman (see above) ; by ex- tension, any woman with a taste for learning or literature; a literary woman: originally used in derision or contempt, and iiiiplvinga lieglect on the imrt of such wonien of ()u'ir donicstio duties or a departure from llnir " jiroper sjihero"; now hardly used exceiit historically or humorously. — 2. A name of the .■\nierican ii'vo- set, liecurriroslra americana. Sco aroset. FLo- ciil, V. S.j blue-stockingism (blii'stok*ing-izm), n. [< bhie-sldel.iiiii -t- -ism.] The chiinicler. niaiiiier, or habits of a liliie-sloiking ; female learning or pcd;niti-y. blue-stone"(bli'i'st(">n), «. 1. Sulpiuiti' of cop- jier, or liliie vitriol. Also called blue co/);)! ra.s-. — 2. A iiiiiiio given lo a more or less nrgilla- ci'oiiH snndslone of bluish color, exiensively i|uarried at various jioiiits along the lliidsoii river, and used for building purposes iiiid I'or llagging. Mo,«i ,,f lb,, qnairles .if ibis ick me in llie I,owi-r Silurian (lln.lsoii river gronpl, but Ilic Iniporlalit ones al .Maiden are in the Deviuilan (lower part of lllo I'orim;.- group), |ln this sense comiu.iulv as one word,) bluet (lilii'ol), n. [(]) < ME. bhir'tl, hlourl, < F. (<'!■'.) /,///, 7/,.^ „ lii, 111 of woolen clotli, jirop. fein. dim. n( blrn, bine. {:;) Also ///< h'<7, bhu'it, < V. bluet, " bicw-blaw, blevv-bo(( le, i.oni-)lo\ver, hnrt-Hickle" (Colgi-aye), iniisc. dim. of hlru, blue: see blue and -el.] If. A kind of woolen elolh of a bluish color. — 2. In lull., a, namo given 111 Hi'veriil iilants with blue tlovvers: (rt) lo 111!' bliieliottle, Ciutiiurra Cjiaiins : (b) In (lie Uiiiti'.l States, to lliin.itiinia (I'oriiierly Oldrn- liindia) earulca; (c) tu a species of bilberry.— bluet 3. In ornitli., a humming-bird of the subgenus Basilinnii, as the Mexican li. Iciicotia, or the Cali- forniari 11. xantusi, one of tlie q\ieen-liummers. bluetail (blo'tal), «. An American lizard of the family Scincidd', Emuvccs quiiiquc-liiii'iitns OT fascidtidi, with a blue tail, iuliabitiug the soutlierii and middle United States. It is the most northern species of the genus. bluetangle (blo'tang"gl), «. The blue huckle- berry of the I'nited States, Gtiyhissacia Ji'oii- dosii. Also called iliiiifjlebcrr;/. bluethroat (blii'throt), h. A small sylviine bird of the genus Cyanecidu, inhabiting north- ern Europe and Asia, and occasionally found Bluelhroat ( Cyanecula suec also in Alaska ; a kind of redstart or red- tailed warbler, having a spot of rich blue on the throat. There are two species or varieties, 6'. siificica and C. wolfi. Also called hluebrenst and hhir-tJiniiiIrd redstart. blueweed (lihi'wed), n. The viper's bugloss, Ecliium vid G. vcrbtuffcn = Dan. forblriffe, baf- fle, eonfoimd, stupefy. In popular apprehen- sion prob. often associated witit bhif^, a., as if 'assume a bluff or bold front.'] I'.' trans, if. To blindfold or hoodwiidv. Jidilcij. — 2. In tlu! game of poker, to deceive or impose upon (an opponent) by betting heavily on a worthless hand, or by acting in such a way as to cause the other players to believe that one's hand is stronger than it really is, in order to make them throw up their cards or stay out of the betting. Hence — 3. To daunt or deter from the accomplishment of some design by boast- ful language or demeanor; repulse or frighten off by assuming a bold front, or by a make- believe show of resources, strength, etc. : fre- quently followed by off: as, to bluff off a dun. [Chiefly U. S.] II. intrann. 1. In the game of poker, to bet hea\'ily and with an air of confident assurance on a poor hand, in order to deceive an oppo- nent and cause him to throw np his cards. Hence — 2. To assume a bold, boastful front, so as to hoodwink an opponent, as to one's real resotu-ces, strength, etc. bluff2 (bluf), ». [E. dial, also Uiiftrr, a blinker : see the verb.] 1. A blinker for a horse. — 2. A game at cards ; poker. [U. S.] — 3. The act of deceiving or iniluencing, as in the game of poker, by a show of confident assiu'ance and boastful betting or language ; hence, language or demeanor intended to blind, frighten, or daunt an opponent in anything. bluff-bowed (bluf 'bond), a. Naut., broad, full, and square in the bows. bluffer (bluf'er), )(. One who bluffs. bluff-headed (bluf'hed"ed), a. Naut., having an upright stem, or one with but little rake forward. bluffly (bluf 'li), ffJiJ. In a bluff manner ; blunt- ly: in an unconventional or oftTiand way. bluffness (bluf'nes), «. The quality of being bluft'; bluutness; frankness; abruptness. Ko such bluffness rtf meaning is implied in the Greek. Busliuell, Sermons on Living Subjects. bluffy (bluf'i), «.. [<&;«/;l, »(., + -.!/!.] 1. Hav- ing the character of abluff ; precipitous or steep. We could see tlie syenites we liad just left again crop- ping out much less bluffy, and terminating the table-land to the eastward by a continuous line, trending generally northwest and southeast. Kane, See. Grinn. £.\p., II. 343. 2. Inclining to bluffness in appearance or man- ner. bluft (bluft), r. t. [E. dial.: see bhitp.'] To blindfold. [Prov. Eug.] blufter (bluffer), ji. [< Wif/Y + -erl.] A blink- er. [Prov. Eng.] bluid (liliid), )(. A Scotch form of blood. bluing (blo'ing), H. [Verbal n. of 6/hp, !'.] 1. The act of making blue; specifically, the pro- cess of giving a blue color to iron and other metals by heating. — 2. A blue tint given to iron by boiling in a bath of hyposulphite of soda and acetate of lead. — 3. The indigo, soluble Prussian blue, or other material, used in the laundry to give a bluish tint to linen. Also spelled bhieing. bluish (lilo'ish), a. [< blue + -isli'^.'] Blue in a snuill degree ; somewhat blue. bluishly (blo'ish-li), adr. In a bluish manner. bluishness (blo'ish-nes), «. The quality of be- ing bluish ; a small degree of blue color. bluism (blo'izm), )(. [< btue, a., 6, h., 9, + -ism.'] Blue-stockingism. A wife so well known in the gay and learjied world, without one bit of . . . Whi'sih about herself. T. Hook, Gilbert Gurney, II. iv. blumanget, "• See Jdaiw-mnntjc. blunder (Vilun'der), r. [< ME. hJondrcn, Idioi- dcroi. a frcq. form of uncertain origin, perhaps of double origin: (1) prop, bloiidro), freq. of hloiideii, bhinden, mix (see liliind'^, v.); (2) prop. bliindren, freq. of bUmdcii, which occurs once in blunderbuss the doubtful sense of 'stagger, stumble,' < Icel, lilinida, doze, = Sw. blunda = Dan. Iilunde, doze, sluml)er; cf. Icel. blundhr = Sw. Dan. lAund, a doze, nap. ili.liliint.'] I. iiitraiis. 1. To move or act blindly, stupidly, or without direction or steady guidance; flounder; stumble: frequent- ly with on or ulumj. Bayard the blinde, That btuTuIreth forth. CtiauctiT, Canon's Yeoman's Talc, 1. 403. It is one thing to forget matter of fact, and another to blunder upou the reason of it. Sir Ii. L' Estrange. Here he delights the weekly news to con, And nnngle comments as he blmulrrx on. Crabbe, 'i'he Newspaper. 2. To make a gross mistake, especially tlirough mental confusion ; en- widely or stupidly. Was there a man disnniy'd? Not tlio' the soldier knew Some one had blunder'd. Tennyson, Charge of the Light Brigade. II. trans. If. To mix (things) confusedly; confuse. He blunders and conl'ouTids all these together. .'itillimjjlcet. 2t. To confound; confuse; distract; cause to make blunders : as, " Xo blunder an adversary," Ditliin, On the ResuiTection, ]t.iy.i. — 3t. To in- jure or destroy by blundering; mismanage: as, "to darken or blunder the cause," JJitton, On the ResuiTection, p. 211. — 4. "To do or make faultily or en-oneously; make mistakes in through igiuirance or stupidity; bimgle. [Rare.] Ilnscriptions] usually of very barbarous work and Wijn- dered. B. V. Head, Historia N'umornm, p. (J87. Some fine pilgi-im-flasks of blue ami green have blun- dered copies of hieroglyphs and representations of Egyp- tian deities incised in the moist clay. Enajc. Brit., XIX. 60(5. The banker's clerk who was directed to sum my cash- account, blundered it three times. .Seott, .Vntiqnary, vi. 5. To utter thoughtles.sly or in a blundering manner; blurt out: generally with out: as, to hhnidrr out an excuse. blunder (bhm'der), H. [< ME. blunder, blonder, error, misfortune, < blunderen, blondrcn, blun- der, v.] A mistake made through precipitance or mental confusion ; a gross or stupid mistake. It is worse than a crime ; it is a blunder. Memoirs of Fouehe (trans.). The "Magnalia" has gieat merits; it has, also, fatal defects. In its mighty chaos of fables and blunders and misrepresentations are of course lodged many single facts of the utmost value. M. C. Tyler, Hist. Amer. Lit., II. 83. = Sylt Error, Mistake, Blunder, Bidl. An *rrr»r is a wan- dering from truth, primarily in impression, judgment, or calculation, and, by extension of the idea, in conduct; it may be a state. A mistake is a false judgment or choice ; it does not, as error sometimes dues. imi)ly nuu-ai obliquity, the defect being placed wholly i" the wisdom of the aetoV, and in its treatment of this defect the word is altogether gentle. Blunder is a strong word for a mistake which is stupid, a gross error in action or si)eech. A bull is a blun- der in langujige. involving generally a very obvious and comical contradiction; but thew-ord is sometimes applied to any particidarly inapt or ludicrously inappropriate re- mark. Speculative errors, which have no influence on the life anil conversation, cannot be near so dangerous as those errors which lead men out of the way of their duty. J. Blair, .Sermon, in Tyler's .\mer. Lit., II. 262. In general, pride is at the bottom of all great uiintakct. Bufikin, True and BeautifiiL It was the advice of Schomberg to an historian, that he should avoid being pal'ticular in the drawing up of an anny . . . ; for that he had observed notorious Uunderg and absurdities conunitted by writers not conversant in the art of war. Addison, Lord Orford pronounced this to be the best bull he had ever heard : "I hate that w-oman," said a gentleman, look- ing at one who had been his nurse, "I hate that woman, for she changed me at nurse." J/wj," Edyeicorth, Essay on Irish Bulls. blunderbuss (blim'der-bus), II. [In 17th een- tviry also libniiltibus and lihindi rbusli : appar. a modification, prob. with humorous allusion to its blundering or random action, of D. donder- bus (= G. donnerbiichse), a blunderbuss, < don- der (= G. donner = E. thunder) + bus, a box, urn. barrel of a gmi, same as buis, a tube, pipe, = G. biichse, a box, pot, barrel of a gun, pipe, etc., = E. lni.r-. Cf. the equiv. G. hluuderbiii-hse. in imitation of the E., but prob. with a thought of plunder, baggage, lumber (E. plunder), in al- lusion to its heaviness. A charter of James I. (1617) mentions "plantier-bu^se, alias blanter- busse," as equiv. to harquebitse, but the first ele- ment here is different, ult. < L. jdantare, plant (fix). Cf. Se. bluntjierd, an old gun, any old rusty weapon.] 1. A short gun or firearm with a large bore and funnel-shaped muzzle, capable of holding a number of balls or slugs, and intended to be used at a limited range blunderbuss Blunderbuss — Airoory, Tower of London. without exact aim. It has been long obsolete in civilized countries. — 2. A stupid, blunder- int: pei'son. blunderer (blun'der-er), «. [< ME. " blunderer, or blunt warkere [worker]" (Prompt. Parv.). < hluiidercn, bloiidren, blunder, v.] One who blunders, (a) One who flounders about blindly or liunglinyly in his work: as, *'meer Blunderers in that Atoniick Physiology," Cudworth. (A'. E. D.) (6) One who. through carelessness or want of capacity, makes LT">.s raistakfS. blunderhead (blun'der-hed), h. [< blunder + head. Cf. dunderhead.'] A sttipid fellow ; one who blunders. This thick-skulled fc?K«(tfrA/'n(f. Sir R, L'Estrawie. blunderingly (blun'der-ing-li), adv. In a blun- dering manner ; by mistake. The tjTO who had so blunderinqly botched the business. T. Book, Gilbert Gurney, I. iii. Reckless pervetsions of meaning, whether intentionally or blunderingly made. jV. A. Rei'., CXXIII. 205. blunge (blunj), v. t. ; pret. and pp. blunged, ppr. bUnujinij. [Appar. a popular formation, after plnuffi; with ref. to the plunging action of the instiTiment used.] To mix (clay) mth a bltm- ger. blunger (blun'jer), H. [< blunge + -er^. Cf. jilioii/er.'] An instrument used for mixing clay in potteries. It is shaped like a shovel, but has a larger blade, and a cross-handle by which it is wielded. The name is also sometimes given to dilferent varieties of till- I»U-'-tilill. blunging (bhm'jing), n. [f^''erbal n. of blunge, c] The jjrocess of mixing ela)- in potteries. The proper amount of the clay and the necessary quantity of water are placed in a trough, and mi.xed with a blun% ger. until reduced to a homogeneous mass. In large pot- teries this work is sometimes done by the machine called a pug-mill. blunk't, '". [Origin uncertain; appar. a corrup- tion of hleiik or blink.'] I. intrans. To blench; blink; turn aside. H. tran.. slumber. CW I'lioider, and the senHO of bhinl in th<' (juotatiou li"tu the Prompt. Parv. under blHudcrer.] I. ■ 1. Obtuse, thick, or dull, ns an angle, edge, (■'■int; having an obtuse, thick, or dull odgo • i"int, as a foil, sword, jiencil, etc.; not 'MirtheniUH knife u-iu dull autl blunt, <' tied un thy Mtrim- hard heart. SiMk., Itlibiird HI., Iv. \. I'inl act of wroiiK Honh-tlnicH givt-H n filinrp I ' 'Ingger. (>. It'. /Iiilincn, KinemiHi, xlll. 2. • lirslanding; slow of dJHcernmuut. .:iii iu tiltinut and blind M eghe ilhhthv (of hrnrt'ii rycHlgbt.) Ormulum, 1. Ilill.'.r III- '..oWi/nf. .Wnt, .Much Ado, III. ;, 3. ' ' .• from vharp ungularitivH, pro- j''c'i mon. -'E:n (302 From the back the shore of Sicily curves with delicately indented bays toward Messina : then come the straits, and the bluiit mass of the Calabrian mountains terminat- ing Italy at Spartivento. J. A. Symonds, Italy and Greece, p. 204. 4. Rou^h in manner or speech : rude ; luipol- ished; hence, abrupt in address or manner; plain-spoken ; tmceremonious : applied to per- sons. I am no orator, as Brutus is : But, as you know me all, a plain blunt man. Shak., J. C, iii. 2. Thou'rt honest, blunt, and rude enough, o' conscience. Ford, Lover's Melancholy, iv. 2. 5. Plain; plain-spoken; unceremonious or mi- conventional ; direct; free from circumlocu- tion: as, 6/h«< truths; a i/HH< bearing. In blunt terms, can you play the sorcerer? Co/w-irf.jf. To his 6/Hn( manner and to his want of consideration for the feelings of others he owed a much higher reputa- tion for sincerity than he at all deserved. Maetiulail, Hist. Eng., vi. 6. Hard to penetrate. [Rare.] I find my heart hardened and blunt to new impressions. Pope. 7t. Paint. Such a burre mygt make myn herte blunt. Alliterative. Poems (ed. Morris), i. 170. 4. Brusk, bluff, uncivil, rude, imconrteous. It. A blunt sword for fencing ; a foil. — 2. A neetlle of a grade shorter and less sharply pointed than a sharp. See needle. — 3. [Slang, and perhaps of different origin.] Money; ready money. "Well, how goes it?" said one. "I have been the rounds. The blunt's going like the ward-pump." Disraeli, Coningsby, ix. blunt (blunt), r. [< blunt, o.] I. trans. 1. To make blunt, as an edge or point; dull the edge or point of, as a knife or bodkin, by making it thicker. A less deadly sword, of which he carefully Umited the point and edge. Macaulay, Addison. Kimwledge neither blunts the ponit of the lance, nor weakens the arm that wields a knightly sword. Tieknor, Span. Lit., I. 334. 2. To weaken or deaden, as appetite, desire, or power of the mind ; impair the force, keen- ness, or susceptibility of. Blunt not his love. Shak., 2 Hen. IV., iv. 4. To blunt or break her passion. Tennyson, Lancelot aiul F.laine. II. intrans. To become blunt : as, the blade lilunt.i easily. blunthead (bluut'hed), ii. An East Indian ser- pent, .inihlyeejilialns boa, of the family Colu- lirida- and subfamily Ltptognatltincr, of Java, Hortiei), etc. blunting (blun'ting), «. [Verbal n. of blunt, v.] 1. The act of dulling. — 2. Something that dulls or blunts. [Rare.] Not impediments or bluntinys, but rather as whetstones, to set an edge on our desires. ,/t'.r. Taylor (t), Artif. Handsomeness, p. 73. bluntish (blun'tish), a. [< blunt + -i«/il.] Sotiicwliat blunt. bluntishneSS (blun'tisli-nes), n. [< bluntish + -ncss.] A slight degree of bluntness. Tempered with an honest btuntishness. Wood, Athenic O.von. (ed. ISlf)), II. 682. bluntly (blunt'li),fu?c. It. stupidly.— 2. With- out sharpness or tenuily ; oliluscly: as, bhinlh/ serrate. — 3. In a blunt manner; abruptly; without delicacy, or the usual forms of civil- ity; in an abrtipt, olTliand, or curt manner; without circumlocution: as, to tell a man some- thing bluntly. Fathers are Won by degrees, not bluntly as our maslerH Or wronged frieiuls are. Dfkkrr and Ford, Witch of F.dmonton, I. 1. bluntness (blunt 'nes), «. [< blunt + -ness.] Tlie slalo or (juality of being blunt. («) Wuni of xharpnesH ; dullncMs; obtnseness. (A) riniuni-sH, dircct- ncKS, or abru|itncssof nddresn; want of (-ereii)nny In niun- nern; rudi*ncss of nuiinier or addrcHM: as, "horicMt t*lunl- itens," I}rjiden; " /*/»;i//i''j(/( of speech," lloylr. To ki'cii up Frlcu'lHhlp, there muHt be little Addressett and Applications, wherviui Bluntness Hpolls It i|uiekly, .Sriden, 'J'nble'l'alk, p. 23, blunt-'wltted rbbmt'wit'ed), a. [< hinnt + nil + -f hliar. iiirly moil. E. blrrr (see bliar> ), Inil 11 rnny lie nn indo)ii'ndent formation. C{. blol^,bli>trli.] 1. Ira ns. I. 'fooh- blush scure or sully (a thing) with something which detracts from its fairness or beauty. The usually mirrored surface of the river wjus blurred by an infinity of raindrops. Uawtlmrne, Old .Manse, I. 2. To sidly; stain; blemish: as, to blur one's reputation. Never yet did base dishonour blur our name, But with our sword we wip'd awnv tJie blot. Stiak.', 2 Uell. VI., iv. 1. 3. To obscure without quite effacing; render indistinct ; confuse and bedim, as the outlines of a figure. One low light betwixt them burn'd, Blui-r'd by the creepuig mist. Tennyson, Guinevere. 4. To dim the perception or susceptibility of; make dull or insensible to itnpression : as, blur- red eyesight; to blur the judgment. Her eyes are blurred with the lightning's glare. A". Drake. To blur out, to etface. We saw forked fijishes once and again . . . lighting up the valleys for a moment, and leaving the darkness blacker ... as the storm blurred out the landscape forty miles away. J. A. Symonds, Italy and Greece, p. 228. To blur over, to obscure by a blur ; put out of sight. II. intrans. To make blurs in writing, blur (bier), n. [< blur, r.] 1. A smudge or stnear, such as that made by brushing writing or painting before it is dry; a blot which par- tially defaces or obscures. — 2. Figiu-atively, a blot, stain, or in,jury affecting character, rep- utation, and the like. Her raillyng sette a greate blurre on myne honcstie and good name. Udall, tr. of Erasmus, Luke xviiL These blurs are too apparent in his Life. Milton, Kcformation in Eng., i. 3. A blurred condition; a dim, confused ap- pearance; indistinctness. The eye learns to discriminate colors, and shades of color, where at first there w.as only a vague blurot feeling. O. II. Lewe.i, Probs. of Life and Mind, II. ii. S 10. blurry (bl^r'i), n. [< blur, n.,+ -yl-.] Full of lilurs : confused and indistinct. blurt (blert), r. [= Sc. blirt (see blirl) ; appar. imitative, with the initial sound as in blow^, blast, blash, bluster, etc., and the final sound as in S2>nrt, sjiirt, squirt, etc.'] I. tranx. 1. To utter suddenly or inadvertently; divulge im- advisedly : comtuonly with uul. Otliers . . . cannot hold, but blurt out those words which afterwards they are forced to cat. Hakeu-ill. And yet the truth nniy lose its grace. If blurted to a person's face. lAuyd, The Nightingale. .\t last to blurt out the broad, staring question of, " -Madam, will you marry me?" Goldsmitli, She Stoops to Conciuer, il. 2t. To treat contemptuously. And, I confess, I never was so blurted. Nor never so abns'il. Ftelelwr, Wildgoose Chase, 11. 2. To blurt att, to speak contcrnptm>usly of; ridicule. None would look on her. But cast their gazes on Mai-inn's face; ^Vhilst ours was blurted at. Shak., I'ericles, iv. 4. II. intrans. 1. To puff or emit the breath ex- plosively as in sleep, or contemptuously as in saying "pooh"; puff in scorn or with "a con- temi)tuous expression of the lips. — 2. To buret out weeping. blurt ( blert j, n. [< blurt, v.] A sudden puff or cniissiofi of the breath, especially in contempt, as when saying "pooh." blush (blu.sh), r. [< ME. blushen, blusehen, hli/srhin, glow, rarely blush, usiuilly look, glnnc(>, prob. < AS. 'bly.iran, blisean (glossed rnlilare), glow, = Ml,(i. blosrbin, LO. blii.sken, blush; cf. AS. 'bli/sian, in vomp. dhlisian for 'dbhi.. o. 3 (that is, at the buyer's option within ;j days). boa (bo'ii), «. [NL., < L. boa, also bora, ap- plied to a large gerjicnt; perhaps < bos (bor-), an ox, in allusion to its large size : see Bos and hovine.l 1. [cup.] In hcr/iet., a genus of very largo non-venomous serpents, of the family Boida; notable for their power of constriction. It was formerly nearly coextensive with the modern fam- ily, and included all the boas, anacondas, etc., but in now restricted to certain South American species congeneric Boa iS&a cunitrictor). with Boa coTUitrictor. The genus includes some of the largest known serpents (sometimes more than 20 feet long), capable of enveloping and crushing mammals as large as a deer. 2. In ordinary language, some large serpent, as a boa-constrictor, anaconda, or python; any memberof the family Boida: or Pythonidec. — 3. A long and slender cylindrical ^vrap of fur, worn by women round tlio neck. boa-constrictor (bo'ii-kon-strik'tor), n. A name popularly applied to any largo serpent of the family Boida: or I'ythonidce: same as boa, 2. boalee (bo'a-le), n. [< boyari, the Bengalese native name.] .\ fish of the family Silurida:, Wallago attu, which has been also named Silu- rtis boalis, inhabiting the fresh waters of India and Burma. It has a long body, deeply cleft mouth, forked caudal, very long anal, and small dorsaL It attains a length of about 6 feet, and is edible. In India the jawbone of the boalee fish (Silnnis boalis) is employed by the natives aliout Docca. Tlie teeth, being small, recurved, and closely set, act as a fine comb for carding cotton. Simmonds, Com. Products of the Sea, p. 235. Boanerges (bo-a-ntr'jez), H. pi. [LL., < Gr. Bo- ai'Epjff, from an Aramaic form equiv. to Heb. bne hargem, sons of thunder (< bne, pi. of ben, son, + ha, the, + ra'ain, thimder), or to the synonymous Heb. bneregesh.] 1. Sonsof thim- der: a name given by C'hrist to two of his dis- ciples, James and John, sons of Zebedee- And he surnamcd them Boanerges, which is. The sons of thunder. Mark iii. 17. Hence — 2. .'' the wild boar is represented with large tusks and open mouth. n. «. Male : as, a hoar squirrel, boar-'t, boar^t. Obsolete spelling of ftorei, board (bord), n. [Under this fonu and the cog- nate forms in the other languages are merged two different words : (1) ME. ftoerf, Ixiord, horde, < AS. honl, a board, plank, table, shield. = OS. hard = OFiies. hord = D. hard = MLG. hurt, LG. h,ord = Icel. bordh = OHG. MHG. bort. G. bord, bort = Sw. and Dan. bord = Goth, baurd (m fotu-baurd, 'footboard,' footstool), ueut., a board, plank, table (in AS. also shield); (2) ME. bord, boord, borde, < AS. hord {= OS. hord = D. board = MLG. bort, LG. hoard = OHG. MHG. bort, G. bord = Icel. bordh = Sw. Dan. bord), maso. (and, by confusion with the pre- ceding, neut.), border, brira, rim, side, esp. side of a ship. From the Teut. comes F. bord = OSp. barda, Sp. bordo = Pg. bordo = It. bordo, side, edge, esp. in the nautical use, whence in E. some uses of board, ii. and r., after the F. Hence border, etc. Connection of the two original words is uncertain. Anotlier form of AS. bord, a plank, appeal's transposed in AS. bred, a board, flat surface, E. dial, hrcdc, a board, = OD. hrcd, D. herd, a floor, = OHG. MHG. bret, G. hn tt, a board, plank, = Sw. hrdde = Dan. brivdt, board. Not connected with broad, as is usually supposed. Cf. Ir. (iael. Com. bord = W. bord and btrrdd, a board, table.] 1. A piece of timber sawed tliin, and of considerable length and breadth compared with the thickness. Tlie name is usimlly Kiveii to pieces of tinil>er (in this and similar forms called luiiibir in the United States) more than 4^ inches wide and less than 2 inelies thiclc. Tliicker pieces of the same form are called plank*, and narrower ones battens. Wlien i>oard8 are thiimer on one edge than on tlie other, they are called fe/tt/i^r-edf/ed boantg; and to riven pieces of this kind, not more than 3 feet long, used for roofing, tlie name board is exclusively applied in ttie soutlierii United States. But ships are but boards, sailors but men. Slink.. M. of V.,i. 3. 2. A table, especially as being used to place food on. Fruit of all kinds . . . She gathers, tribute large, and on the txtard Heaps with unnpariiig hand. Milton, V. L., v. ;i4;l. Hence — 3. (a) That which is served on a board or table ; entertainment; food; diet. .H'^iitetlnies white lilies diii their leaves afford, With wholes^jme poppy-dowers, to mend his liomely tntard. Jtnjfli'n, tr. of \'irgil's (Jcorgics, iv. Tliey , . . suffer from cold and hunger in their tireless houses and at their meagre IntanU. Hoiotlli, Venetian LKc, xxl. (6) Provision for a person's daily meals, or food and lodging, <»pof'i!ilIy as funiislii'd liy iiti-firncnt or for a price: aiiiiliid also to the 1' • provision for horses anil other animals. t I ^^ithoiit lodging is often dlstlngiiishnd either as if.t>i'^)■ ' uMiiruir a-- I.I Utoiis are slower. Ill' II ■ ' --^l- II" ' r- 'llffii»<'d. 'Ihi'y»lll ' i'>»1' 'Igi! OS an ndtiilnlMii ' A. Ilamtlloo, « I gl. . 6. .\ pun.' f W'l'iil UHcd for Home miecinc I '\Toii\iiU.-board ; a buko- '"inrrf ; 604 a knife-ion r(f. — 7. A tablet; especially, a tab- let upon which public notices are written, or to which they are affixed: as, a notice-(jo(7r(f ; a bulletin-fconcrf. — 8. A table, tablet, or frame on which games are played: as, a chess- or backgammon-ftoorf/ .• abagatelle-iodn/. — 9. />/. The stage of a theater: as, to go upon the boards, to leave the board.-: (that is, to enter upon or leave the theatrical profession). Our place on the boards may be taken by better .and younger mimes. Tliackeray. There is not — never was — any evidence that Lodge, wlio was a very meagre dramatist, ever trod the boards. X. andQ., Ijth ser., XI. 107. 10. A kind of thick stiff paper; a sheet form- ed by layers of paper pasted together ; paste- board: usually employed iu compounds: as, eardtionrd, raiWboard, Bristol-iortcrf. Hence — 11. In bookbinding, one of the two stiff covers on the sides of a book. By a («f.it in boards is nsuall,\ to be understood a book tliat lias tlie boards covered only with paper, in distinction from one which is covered witli cloth or leather. The boards wei*e at first made of womi. but are now made of liard-pressed itiugh paper-stock and shredded rope. Often abbreviated to lids. The boards used iu bookbinding are fin-med of the pulp obtained from refuse brown paper, old rope, straw, or otlier vegetiible material more or less fibrous. Ure, Dict.,I. 4-.>l. 12. pi. In printing, thin sheets of very hard paper-stock placed between printed shoots in a press to remove tlie indentation of impres- sion : distinctively called prct.s-board.s. — 13. Xaut.: (o) The deck and interior of a ship or boat: used in the phrase on board, aboard, (b) The" side of a ship. Now tfoard to board tlie rival vessels row. Dryden. (c) The line over which a ship runs between tack and tack. — 14. In mining, as geuorally used in England: (a) Nearly eciuivalout to breast, as used among Pciiusylvaiiia minors. See breast, (ft) An equivalent of chat, in York- shire, when the coal is worked iiarallel to the cleat, it is said to be worked board or bord, tlie more usual term else- where being ,?Vice on : wtlun worked at right iingles to the cleat, the term used is t'nd "«.— Academy board, ."^te ae«(/eini/.— Binders' board. See (iim/'i— Board and pillar, in aml-ntinino, a method of winning' oal. See jiil- Till- runt biva.^i. umler ;'i//(i.-.— Board Of control, direc- tors, equalization, health, ordnance, trade, etc. See the nouns.— Board on board, board and board (imi/f.), side by side. — By the board, "Ver tlie sliips side.— From bed and board, see ("•./'. -London board, a variety of sized rai'ilioiir'i. — On board, "n or in a ship or coiiveyaiiee. — Police board. .') pi. On a man-of-war, the officers and men detailed to attack an enemy by boarding. They are armed with cut- lases and pistols. Heading for the steamer, he formed his boarders oil the bow. J. li. Soley, Blockade and Cruisei-s, p. 168. boarding (bor'ding), n. [Verbal n. of hoard, c] 1. Wooden boards collectively. The supply of material, wood, and boarding for build- ing, repairing, or constructing puiilie and sacred bnild* ings. Seebobni, Eiig \\\. Communities, p. '289, 2. Boards put together, as in a fence or a floor. — 3. The operation of rubbing leather with a pommel or graiuiug-board to make it granular aud supple, after it has been shaved, daubed, and dried. — 4. Tlie act of entering a ship, es- pecially by assault. — 5. The practice of obtain- ing one's food, or both food and lodging, in the homo of another, for a stipulated charge. — Luffer boarding, in earp., a style of boarding in which "lie Iioiinl projects aii'l partly covers another, and iu its turn is partly c"\vi'c'l iiy still another, as in clapboardilig. boarding-clerk (borMing-klerk), n. The em- ployee of a custom-house agent or shipping firm whose duty is to conimunicato with ships oil their arrival in port. [Kiig.] boarding-house (bor'diug-lmus), ». A house of eutertaiiimi'iit, iiioro homc-liko than a hotel or restaurant, whore persons are furnished witU board for a fixed price. boarding-joist (bor'ding-.joist), h. One of the .joists in naked flooring to which the boards are fasteiuMl. boarding-machine (bor'ding-ma-shen"), n. A inaeliiiio for nibbing the surface of leather to raise llio i^raiii. boarding-nettings (bor'ding-net'ingz), n. pi. Nettings of siimlTro]io or wire fixed tiround tlie bulwarks of a ship to prevent her from being lioarili'd. Soo nrtling. boarding-officer (bor'ding-of'i-sor), «. Anoffl- eof of till' ciistoiii-house wlio boanls ships on their arrival iu port iu order to oxaiiiiiie their papers and to ]irovont smuggling. boarding-pike (bor'diug-iiik), n. A short piko iiso'l ill naval warl'nrl^ iu boarding or in repel- ling lioiirili'i's. Soo hdlf-pike. boarding-school (inir'tliug-skiil), n. A school wliii-li |iroviilis lioard for its pujiils; a school 111, wliieli llio pupils are fed and loilgeil. board-rack (bonrrak), n. In jirinling, a rack for sliding slielvi>H (called It llir-txnirds) on wliieli 111 lay away com]ios('d type. board-rule (liord'riil), «. A iiguri'd scale for finding Hie number of square feet in a board, without calculation. board-school (liord'skiil), «. In Great Hiitain, a M'liool under the nianageiiieiil of a selionl- biiard eoiinisliiig (oxeejit ill lioiiiloii) of from ft to l."> niotiiliors. I'leeleil liy till' nili'-piiyors of a scliool district ; a jiiililic eloinoiilary selioiil. board-wages (lioiil'wn gcz), ". sing, and /'/. A lixid {inviiH'iit iiinile to doineslic scrviiiits in lieu of board, cspocially when it is iiocessary for them to live out during the toniporary ab- Hcnco from honio of tlioir oinjiloyors. Not eiioiigli is left liiiri t" supply lloard-waijfH, ov a footniiiirs livery. Iirydnn. boar-fish boar-fish (bor'fi.sh), n. A name applied to vari- ous ilissiinilar lishes whicli have a projecting snout, (fi) In En^'liuul, tlic Capim apet\ a fisli of tlie fiitnily Caproidce, Jt has the imwer of extending and eontracting its moutli at will. Wlien oxteniied tlie mouth taJtes tile form of a hog's snout, whence the name. It ia Boar.fisli {.Capros afifr). <; inches loiifj. and inhabits the Mediterranean and At- hmtie iiurtlnvaid to tin- I'.ritish coasts, {h) In New Zea- hiiid, llir i'littux ttu^tiolis, a speeies of the iixmWy Zenidce. It is rilati-d to the joliii doiv, hut has a rou;_'li skin and is .l.slitiite of lariie plates and the bhaek lateral .sii.its. (c) hi .southern .-VustralialMelhoiU'ne, etc.), the I'fUit'U-fyoi'si.^ yrnrrin'Slri.-^, a species t.if the family I'l'iilarcrotH/it'. It i.s esteemed as a food-fish, boarish (bor'ish), a. [< hoar + -isli^.'] Of or pertaining to a boar ; resembling a boar ; swin- ish ; sensual ; cruel. In his anointed llesh stick boari.sh fangs. S/ialc, Lear, iii. 7. boar-spear (bor'sper), n. [< ME. boresper, < .\S. hni-sj^cre, < bar, boar, -I- sperc, spear.] A s|pi'ur usc'il in bunting boars, boar-stag (bor'stag), n. A gelded boar, boar's-tusk (borz'tusk), n. A common name given to shells of the genus DottaHum. J. B. •SiJitrrbi/, Jr. boart (bort), H. Same as bort. boasti (bost), v. [< ME. bastcn, hnosteii, < host, iHinst: origin unknown. The W. bastio, bos- tiuii = Corn, bostj/c = Gael, bosd, boast, are from the E.] I. iiitraiis. If. To threaten; ut- ter a threat. — 2. To brag; vaunt; speak vaiu- gloriously or e.xaggeratedly, as of one's own worth, property, deeds, etc. LinK\tc not luyche, it is hut waast; Bi boostynge, men mowe foolis knowe. ISabees Book (E. E. T. .S.), p. »2. By grace are ye saved through faith ; . . . not of works, lest any man should boast. Eph. ii. s, 9. 3. To glory or e.xult on account (of); speak with laudable pride. I bofisl of you to them of Macedonia. 2 Cor. ix. 2. 4. To be possessed, as of something remarka- ble or admirable : often used jocosely. It [the cathedial] does not appear so rich as the small- est church, lint bun^/g of a little organ, which sent forth singularly inharmonious cries. Darwin, Voyage of Beagle, I. 4. = S3T1, To bluster (about), vapor, crow (about a tiling, or tiver a jierson), swell, talk big, put on airs, II. tfrijis. 1. To brag of; speak of with pride, vanity, or exultation : as, to boast what arms can do. But let him boast His knowledge of good lost, and evil got. Milton, P. L, xi. 86. He boasts llis life as purer than thine own. Tennyson, Baliii and Balaii. 2. To glor^ or exult in possessing; have as a source of pride : often in a jocose sense : as, the village boasts a public pump. God be thanked, the meanest of His creatures Jloojits two soul-sides, one to face the world with, tine to show a woman when he loves her. Browning, One Word More. 3. To magnify or exalt ; makeover-confident; vaunt : with a reflexive pronoun. They that trust in their wealth, and boast themselves in the multitude of their riches. Ps. xlix. 6. Boa.-it not thyself of to-morrow. Prov. xxvii, 1. Many there be that boa.it themseli/'. hUtrlr, .Miero-cosnioLiiaphie, A I'letender to Learning. = Syn. Vaunt, brag. See boasting'^. 605 boast" (host), V. t. [Origin unknown ; perhaps a, corruption of bosli^, q. v.] 1. In ma.tdiirti, to dress off the surface of a stone with a broad chisel and mallet. — 2. In sculp., to reduce or- naments or other work to their general contour or fonii, preparatory to working out the details. boast- (bost), u. [Appar. in allusion to the ball's rubbing or scraping the wall ; < boast'i, «'.] In tennis, a stroke by wliich the ball is driven against the wall of a court at an acute angle. The rubbing against the wall makes the bnll spin. boastancet, >'■ [< boasts + -ance.'] Boasting. ClKiiicrr, boaster' (bos'ter), n. [< ME. hosier, hostour, < tiosti II, boast.] One who boasts, glories, or vaunts vrith exaggeration, or ostentatiously; a bragger. boaster^ (bos'ter), «. [< 600.9*2 + .,.,.1.] a broad chisel used in rough-hewing and dressing off the surface of a stone ; a boasting-chisel. boastful (bost'ftil), a. [< ME. hostfnl, < host, lionst, + -fnl.'\ Given to boasting; vaunting; bragging. Boastful and rough, your first son is a squire. Pope, Moral Essays, 1. 151. Let boastful eloquence declaim Of honor, liberty, and fame. Whittier, Prisoner for Debt boastfully (bost'ful-i), adv. In a boastful manner. boastfulness ( bost 'f til -nes), n. [< boast/til + -HISS.] The state or quality of being boastful. boastingl (bos'ting), n. [< ME. hosting; verbal n. of bimstX, «.] A glorying or vaunting; boast- ful or ostentatious words ; bragging language. When Iwasfing ends, then dignity begins. , Young. = S3T1. P.rag, bravado, bluster, swagger, swaggering, vain- glory, roddiijontade, jiarade, vaporing, rant, boasting- (bos'ting), v. [Verbal u. of hoasf^, V.'] 1. In masonnj, the process of dressing the surface of a stone with a broad chisel and mallet. — 2. In sculp. and carvlini, the act of cutting a stone roughly with a boasting- chisel, so as to give it the general „ ,. . - , contotu' of a statue or an orna- mcnt. Also called scabhltng. boastingly (bos'ting-li), adv. In an ostenta- tious manner; with boasting. boastive (bos'tiv), a. [< hoast^ + -ive.J Pre- sumptuous; boastful. Slicnstone. [Bare.] boastless (bost'les), a. [< boast^^ + -less.] Witliout boasting or ostentation. [Rare.] Diffusing kind beneficence around, Boastless, as now descends the silent dew". Thomson, Summer, 1. 1644. boat (hot), n. [< ME. boot, bote, hot, < AS. hat — leel. heit (rare), a boat; appar. not found as an orig. word elsewhere, being in the later lan- guages appar. borrowed from ME. or AS. ; namely (from ME.), MD. and D. hoot = MLG. hot, LG. boot (> G. hoot), and (from AS.) Icel. hdtr = Sw. hdt = Dan. haad, also W. had = Ir. had = Gael, hata, and ML. hatus, hattiis. It. batto = OF. bat; with dim. It. hattcllo = Sp. batcl = Pr. batelh = OF. hatel, F. bateau : see bateau.~\ 1. A small vessel or water-craft ; espe- cially, a small open vessel moved by oars. The forms, dimensions, and uses of boats are very various. The boats in use in the United States naval service are steam- launches, launches, steam-cutters, cutters, barges, gigs, whale-boats, and dinghies. 2. Any vessel for navigation : usually described by another word or by a prefix denoting its use or mode of propulsion : as, a paeket-hoat, pas- suge-hoat, ste&rahoat, etc. 'The term is frequent- ly applied colloquially to vessels even of the largest size. — 3. Any open dish or vessel re- sembling a boat: as, a gravy-ftof/i; a butter- hoat. The crude red [in the decomposition of aniline! has left a violet deposit in the bottom of the boats in which it was cooled. Pop. Sci. Mo., XXV. 207, 4. In the Eom. Cath. Ch., the vessel contain- ing the incense to be placed in the thiu'ible when needed — All in the same boat, all engaged in the same eiiterpri.-e : all in the same condition, espe- cially unfortunate condition; all to have the s;iiuc fate or fortune.— Boat-compass. See compass.— High boat. See high. — Paper boat, a light boat, used especially for racing and s])oitiiig purposes, made of sheets of nianila paper, or of )iaper made from superior unble.ached linen stock. The first sheet is fastened to a model which cor- responds to the interior of the boat, and coated with ad- hesive varnish ; another sheet is then put over the first; and so on until a suflicient thickness is obtained, boat (hot), i'. [< 6o«<, H.] I. froHs. 1. To trans- port in a boat: as, to boat goods across a lake. — 2. To pro\-ide with boats. [Rare.] boat's-gripes Our little Arno is not boated like the Thames, IVatjiole, Letters, i. 3u. To boat the oars, to take them out of the rowlockb and i.l.irc them lore and aft cm the thwarts, II. ill trans. To go in a boat; row. I boated over, ran Jly craft aground, Tennyson, Edwin Morris. beatable (bo'ta-bl), a. [< boat + -alAc.'] Navi- galile )jy boats or small river-craft. boatage (bo'tiij), n. [< hoot + -age.'] 1. Car- riage by boat, or the charge for eaiTying by boat. — 2t. Boats collectively. — 3. The aggre- gate carrying capacity of the boats belonging to a ship. It is generally assumed that BuRlcient boatage is invari- ably provideil, Kdinlmrgh Rev., C'XV, 166. boatbill (bot'bil), );. A South American bird, Cochlearia (or Caucronta) cochlcaria, related to the true herons: so named from the shape and Boatbill iCtjncroma cccktfaria). size of the bill, which is very broad and much vaulted. The boatliill is about the size of and somewhat resembles a night-heron (apart from the bill), but is the type of a distinct sniifaniilv, Caner'niiinte (which see). Also called b'.nl-iiiU.il h,'roil and .-■artirnii. boat-builder (bot'bil'der), «. One who makes boats; a boatwright. boat-fly (bot'fli), )(. An aquatic heteropterous hemipterous insect of the family Notonectidliiyiiig loosely :i! 'Ill' ind of a cord, lino, flexible chain, wire, rod. .,r the like. S|R-clllcally-(a) A Illtlo pendant or "I (.,ihc ni HO attached ; an enr-nrop. In Jewels dreiw-d. and at ench ear a fmh. hrft'trn, Ir. . li,,ok, and lixd t I I' oniierly, a grub ut larva f>f a iHrutlu uiicd ' .'-, turned up before the plotiith ^: I ^ r. I bull with cork niih up and down, or back and forth, as a pitli-ball or other object, or a person. A birthday jewel Imiibin'j at their ear. Dryden, 2. To make a jerky bow or obeisance. lie rolled in upon two little turned legs, and having Imbtied gravely to the bar. who bclttteil griivdy to him, \nil his little legs under his tabic. J)ickeits, i'ickwick, xx\i\. 3. To dance. [Scotch.] — 4. To angle or fish with a bob, as for eels, or by giving the hook a jerking motion in the water. I'll bob for no mr»re eeln. Shirlen, llydc Park, v. U. These are the baits they Imb with. Iliaii. and I'l., ('a|)taln. III. 1. bob^ (bob), V. t.; pret. and ])p. bolibnt, iiiir. holi- bini/. [< JIK. bobhen, sfriko. Origin oiisciire, pcrliapK ill jmrt imitative; cf. hoh'-\ r. ("f. Sc. boh, a murk or butt.] 1. To strike; beat. With the bit of Ills blailo lio bobhil hint no . . . lie elefe him to the i-ider, Deslruetion o/ Trail (E. K. T. S.), L 731«. I'll not be btib'd In th' liofte. Ftetetier, .MoiiB, I'hnmaa, 11, *.;. 2. To jog; shako; nudge, Mr. Ilarley Imbbfd nio nt every lino to take nollre of the beauties. ,Sn\fl, Jonnial to Stella, Ix-lter il. bob'-f (bob), n. [< bolfi. r.] A sliako or jog; H blow: lis, "pinches, nips, and bobs," Asriiani, Tho HclioleiiiiiHliT. lie that a fr.cl cl,,lh very wlwly lilt Doth very foolliihly, although he niiiarl, Not to sctin seiiHcR-M of the tmli. .•itink., Aa you I.Ike 11, II 7. bobbin bob^t (bob), V. f. ; pret. and pp. bobbed, ppr. bob- bing. [< ME. bobben, < OF. hober, mock, de- ceive, cheat.] 1. To mock; deride; insult. .So by siche feynyd myTaclis men by gjienhenisiU ami dispisen God, as the tormentours that bol>fnden Crist. J(el. Antiq., ii. 47. 2. To deceive ; delude ; cheat. Play her pranks and bob the foole. Turberetlle, A Pretie Epigram. You're bobb'd; 'twas Imt a deed in trust. Middleton (and others), Tlie Widow, v. 1. 3. To gain by fraud or cheating. Gold, and jewels, that I bobb'd from him. .Shak., Othello, v. 1. bobS (bob), «. [< bobS, r. Cf. OF. bobc, mocking, deception.] A taunt; a jeer or flout ; a trick. Let her leave her bitbs ; I have had too many of them ; and Iier quillets. Fletcher, Tamer Tamed. I am beholding to you For all your merry tricks you luit upon me, Your bobs, and base accounts. Fletcher, Wildgoose Chase, iii. 1. To give the bob tot, to make a fool of ; impose upon. It can be no other Ibusiness] But to give me the bob. Massinticr, Maid of Honour, iv. 5. bob* (bob), n. [< ME. bobbr, an insect men- tioned in connection with spiders and lice; = Sw. bobba, a certain insect, buprcstis. Perhaps the same word as fco/;l, a bimch, of which a dial. sense is 'ball'; cf. attcrcop, a spider, lit. 'poi- son-head' or ' poison-bvmch' ; cf. also pill-beetle. Cf. Icel. hohbi, a snail-shell; lomast i bobha, get into a puzzle.] A louse; any small insect. nalliwcll. [Prov. Eiig.] bobac, bobak (bob'ak), H. {Pol. bobal-.} The Polish marmot, Arctomys bobac. Bobadil (bob'a-dil), H. [The name of a boast- ful character in Ben Jonsou's "Every Man in liis Humoiu'.''] A blustering braggait. Bobadilian (bob-a-diriau), a. Pertaining to or rosombliug a Eiobadil, or a blustering fellow vvlio makes i)retenses to prowess. Bobadilism ( bob'a-dil-izm), II. [< Bobadil + -ism.'] Phistoring conduct or braggadocio. bobak, ". See bobac. bobancet, «. [ME., also bobaunee, < OF. bobance (F. bomlmncc) = Pr. boban.ia, ostentation, dis- play, = It. bomban:a, exultation. Cf. ML. bom- biciis, proud, ostentatious, < L. bonibiis, » buz- zing sound: see bomb".'] Boasting. I'liaiicer, bobberl (bob'er), n. [< I obi -f .^,1.] i. Qno who or that which bolis. — 2. One who fishes with a bol). — 3. One of the artificial flies of an angler's cast. bobber- 1, »• [< Mi'^ -I- -<■) i .] 1. One who scoffs. Bitter taunters, dry bobbers, nyppingc gj'hers, and skorneful mockers of others. Tonchitone of Comphxiom (157.''). 2. A deceiver. bobbery (bob'er-i), ». ; pi. bobberies (-iz). [Pop- ularly regarded as a native E. term. < bobl, v., hob'i, v., -I- -try, but really of Anglo-Indian ori- gin, being an accom. of Hind, bap re. () fatherl a common exclamation of surjiriso : bdi), father; re, a vocative particle exiucssing surprise.] A squabble; a row; a disturbance: as, to kick up a bobbery. [Colloq. and vulgar.] I heard something yesterday of his kicking up a ImhbfiJI III the kitchen. llarliam, Ingoldsby Legends, I. s£ bobbin (bob'in), v. [Formerly bobin : =D. botiijH = It. dial, hohina, < F. boliinc, a bobbin; of un- known origin, pciiiiips Celtic; cf. (!aol. bnlmn, a tassel, t'riiio(>, baling, n diislor, tiisscl. This would bring /)o/i/;/( iiiio cunnectioii with E. dial. bobbin, a small fagot (unless this is a var. of babliin = linrin'^), and bobbin, » litlle knob hang- ing by a string altached f o n, Ind'li. See boli^,] 1. A reel or sjiool for holding thread. Speelll- cally (.1) One of the wcighls used lo steady the threadi In pillow-lace nmking, (>aiii bohhiu Imvnig a sleniler lieek around whiiii a pattof the thread is w a coiirHc yarn. bobbin bobbin (bob'iu), v. t. [< bobbin, ».] To wind (111 liobbius or sijools, as thread. bobbinet (bob-iu-ef or bob'in-et), n. A com- mon contracted form of bobbin-net. bobbing (bob'ing), n. [E. dial, also babbing ; verliiil n. of ftoftl, v., II., 4. J The act or opera- tidu of fishing with a bob. bobbin-net (bob-in-uef), «• A machine-made cotton netting, consisting of parallel threads whicli form the warji, iipon which two systems of oblique threads are laid in such a way that each of the oblique threads makes a turn around oiu'h of the warp-tlireads, producing a nearly hexagonal mesh. See tutle. Often contracted to bobbinet. In 180S, Mr. John Heathcoat obtained a patent for a bobbin-iu't machine, being the first successful attempt to produce by machinery an imitation of pillow lace. A. Bartow, Weaving, p. 360. bobbin- winder (bob'in-win"d'er), n. A ma- cliiue for winding thread or yarn upon a bob- bin, spool, or shuttle, having a device for dis- tributing the thread in such a manner as to form in vrinding any desired shape. bobbin-work (bob'in-werk), n. Work woven with bobbins. bobbish (bob'ish), a. [Cf. ftoP, r.] Hearty; ill good spirits and condition. [CoUoq.] bobble (bob'l), V. i. ; pret. and pp. bohblcd, ppr. bohhlin;/. [Freq. of bob^, v. Cf. bnbble'^.l To bob up and down ; move with continual bob- bing. [Colloq., Eng.] bobble (bob'l), K. [< bobble, «.] The move- ment of agitated water. [CoUoq., Eng.] bobby (bob'i), «.; pi. bobbies (-iz). [A slang term, fi'om Bobbi/, dim. of Bob, familiar foi-m of Iiiihcrt, in allusion to Sir Robert Peel. Also called jjcffcr, from his surname.] Apoliceman: a nickname first given to the members of the police force established under Sir Robert Peel's act (passed in 1829) for improving the police in and near London. bob-cherry (bob'eher'i), 11. [< Joftl -f- cherry.'] A child's play consisting in catching with the teeth a elieiTy or other fruit hung fi'om the ceil- ing, lintel of a door, or other high place, as it swings to and fro. bob-fishing (bob ' fish " ing), n. Same as clod- Jisllillff. bobizationf (bo-bi-za'shon), n. [< bo + bi, syl- laliies used in singing, + -z-atioii.] In vinsic, in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, a general term for the various methods of naming the tones of the scale (for convenience of refer- ence and accuracy of singing) by syllables. See sohni-dfion, bebisation, bocedization, dameniza- tion. Iitliicrdication. bob-lincoln (bob-ling'kon), n. [Also boblincon, bob-o-liiicnln, as if it were Sob o' Lincoln, and hence still further expanded to liobert of Lin- coln, in allusion to the proper names Robert ^see liiihjji/) and Lincoln ; a fanciful imitation of the bird's note. Now usually bobolittk, q. v.] The boboUuk. The luxurious little boblincon revels among the clover blossoms of the meadows. Irving, Knickerbocker, p. 147. Over the mountain-side or mead, Robert of Lincoln is telling his name. Bryant, Kobert of Lincoln. bobolink (bob'o-Ungk'), •)!. [Also boblinJc, and earlier boblincoln, boblincon (see above) ; an imitation of the bird's note.] An American oscine passerine bird, of the family Icteridee and subfamily Afjelteina;, the Dolichonyx oryzi- corus, named from its hearty voluble song in 607 male wears the black livery only in the breeiling sea- son, and is only then in song, lie molts in midsummer or in August, acciuiring a plumage like that of the female. Both sexes arc then known as recd-birtlx in the .Middle States, as rice-birds in tin' Southern States, and as bultcr- birdK ill Jamaica, In the spiing the male ac(iuire8 his black and Imlf suit witli.jiit ok. itiiig any feathers : whence the correct popular iKjtioii, liased, however, on erroneous premises, that the reed-hirds tuin into bolKdinks in the spring. The bird is ahumlaut in most of the United States, and is a regular migrant, breeding on the ground in meadows in the .Northern States and Canada. In the fall, when fat and Hocking in the marshes to feed upon wild oats (/.(Zttiiln), it is much esteemed for the table. Also called Imb-Uiiroln. fucietioiisly Bohni of Liimoln (si^c bulhliiu-iilii), skoiik-hhirkhiril, fnim its coloring, which re- scmljlea that of the i^laink, and meaduiriiik. The crack-brained bobolink courts his crazy mate. Poised on a Ijiilnish tiiisy with his weight. O. W. llolmen. Spring. bob-sled (bob'sled), n. A sled consisting of a body resting on two short sleds called bobs, placed one behind the other. Bob-sleds are used for the transportation of timber, etc., and, when of lighter build for coasting, are also called double-runners or simply bobs. |.\merican.) bob-sleigh (bob'sla), n. A sleigh constructed upon tlie same principle as a bob-sled. [U. S.] bobstay (bob'sta), «. [< fcoftl -f stayl.] Nout., one of two or three ropos or chains extending fi'om the outer end of the bowsprit to the cut- Bobolink {Doiichottyx oryzivorus). spring. The male is about "J inches long, black, with a bulf nape, and much white or pale ash on the back and wings ; the tail-feathers are very acute. The female is smaller, yellowish, darker above, and streaked. The IT, Bowsprit; b, Bobstay. water. Their function is to hold the bowsprit down in its place, and counteract the upward strain exerted by the headstays Bobstay holes, holes in the fore part of the knee of the head in a ship, formerly serving to secm-e the bobstay. irc/i/,'. — Bob- stay piece, a timber fastened to the main piece of the heatl in a ship, to which the bobstay is secured. — Bob- stay plates, iron plates by which the lower ends of the bobstays are secured to the stem. bobstickt (bob'stik), n. [< bob^ + stick; the application is not clear.] A shilling; a bob. [Slang.] bobtail (bob'tal), ». [< fcofci, n., or 6o&i, v., I., 2, + toJZl.] 1. A shortfall, or a tail cut short. — 2t. A contemptible fellow ; a em-. N.E.D. — 3. Collectively, tlie rabble : used in contempt, most frequently in the phrase rog-taij and bub- tail. — 4. A kind of short arrow-head. Planchc. bobtailed(bob'tald),o. [ibobtail-^-cd'^.'] Hav- ing the tail cut short: as, "a bobtailed cur," iS'i> R. V Estrange — Bobtailed car, a small street-car de- signe. .Japonica and B. cordata from China, but rather for their ornamental habit than for their flowers. bocet, n. Same as bogue^. boceaizationt (bo-se-di-za'shon), H. [< bo + ce -t- (/( (see def.) -t- -z-ation.] In music, the application of the syllables bo. cc. di, ga, lo, ma, ni to the tones of the scale: a system in- troduced about 1550 by the Belgianmusician Waelrant. bochet, «. A Middle English form of botcli^. bochka (boch'ka), n. [Euss.] A Russian li- quid measui'e, containing 40 vedros, or about 130 gallons. bock (bok), V. i. [Sc, = boke~, q. v. ; < ME. bocken, boken, belch, vomit, also croak; var. of hoik, ME. bolkcn, belch : see bolk.] 1. To retch ; vomit. — 2. To gush inteiToittingly, as liquid from a bottle. Burns. bock-beer (bok'ber), n. [Also, as G., bockbier, G. also simply bock, popidarly associated with bock, a goat, == E. buck^, but in fact shortened from Eimbockhier, now Einbecker bier, from Eimbock, Eimbeck, now Einbeck. a town in Prus- sia formerly famous for its beer.] A double- strong variety of (Tcrraan beer, darker in color than tlie ordinary kinds, less bitter in taste, and considerably more intoxicating. It is brewed in December and January, and is drunk in May. bockelet Taockeletf, ". See bockerel. bockerelt (bok'e-rel), «. [Also written hoc- ciinl. with fern, forms bockeiet and boccant, a\. bahje, a small bowl or vessel, dim. of bal-: see frorf-^.] A bowl or vessel made from a goui-d. [Xew York.] bockingl (bok'ing). n. A coarse woolen diug- get or baize, named fi'om Bocking, in Essex, England, Avhere it was first made. 608 bodily !•.] It. A command; an bodhisattva (bo-di-sat'vil), n. bid. and cf. bode'^. order. — 2t. An announcement; a message The oHle eke, that of ileth the bod: C/miio briiijjreth. Parliament of Fowls, 1. 343. bocking- (bok'ing), h. [< T>. hoklhifj (= MHG. ^ode^t (bodl, >i. [< ME. hode, bade, a stop, delay, biirl.ini: a. backing), a smoked herring, appar, < l,ok ( = E. biickl), a goat, + -iiig.} A red her- riiii.'. ' iidib. bocklandt, ». See bocland. bockmant, "■ See bocman. bock-pot (bok'pot), H. Same as bucks. boclandt, ". [That is, bOrlond, the early ME. iiii.l AS. form of bonkhuid.'] Same as bookhiiid. boclet, ". -Vn obsolete form of biiekic-. bocmant, "• [That is, bociiiiiii. the early ME. iiiid AS. form (recorded only in legal (ML.) doc-umcuts) of bookman.'\ A holder of book- land (which see). bOCO-WOOd (bo'ko-wud), ». The wood of a le- guminous tree. Bocua I'roracensis, of Giuana. It is verv hard and dark-colored, and is much [Skt. (>Sin. _halesi' bodliistit, bodisat, Jap. bnndtnii, Chin. }i«().S((/()i < budlii, intelligence, wisdom (< ■/ bndli, know: see Suddha), + .siitlni, heing, es- sence, < sant (= L. ens), being, ppr. of •/ m, be ; see fcel.] In Buddhism of tht> northern school, or the later development called the Mahayana, one of a numerous class of beings who, having an-ived at supreme -ivisdom {bodlii), have to pasa through human existence only once more be- fore attaining to Buddhahood. or complete en- lightenment, and entrance into Nirvana. Among sim;halr^,> lin.l.lhists called bodliisal ami Ovilimt, among llj,' rliiii.>r ^'M-i\(!A, aiiil among the Japanese iwdfA'rt. [< bode", »., 0.] To bid tor; make an offer bodhi-tree (bo'di-tre), n. Same as Iw-trcc. bodice (bod'is), H. [Sometimes spelled /mfW/oe, f onncily bodies, being orig. pi. of liodif. Cf. cor- set.'\ It. A sort of inner stays or corset, laced in front, worn by women, and sometimes by men : also called a pair of bodies, or a bodies.— 2. An outer laced garment, covering the waist and bust, worn by women in some European styles of costume", often as an ornament. — 3. More generally, the close-fitting waist or body of a gown. **'"'- bodiced(bod'ist),o. \^t, bodent, />/'. [ME. forms of the pp. of liedeu, bid, command: see bid.^ Bidden; com- bodeful (bod'fvd), o. [< liode^, u., + -/»/.] nous; threatening; foreboding. Uttering the dismal bode/ul sounds of death. J. lia itli*: Poor AA'eber almost swooned at the sound of these cracked voices, with their bode/ul raven-note. Carlyle, French Rev., I. iii. S. Lady Jfacbeth hears not so much the voice of the bode- ful bird as of her own premeditated nnu-der, and we are thus made her shuddering accomplices before the fact. Lowell, Among my Books, 1st scr., p. ISO. u-i-dfor'furniture, audforearN-ingandtm'uiUi;. „ - j-/ --n „ ra,, <' Tvri „,,/,/;,/,.„. bodach (bo'dach), H. [Gael., a ch.u-lish old bodega (bo-de ga)^ ;«. [Sp., < Uh.npotlua, . man, a rustic, = It. bodach. a rustic, clown,] 1. An old man. Scott.— 2. A local British name of the small ringed seal, I'hoca feetida. bodark (bo'dark), H. [Corruption of F. bois (tare, lit. bow-wood: see bois, bush'^, and urc'^, fliT/il.] A local name for the Osage orange, or bow-wood. Also spelled bowdark. See Madura. boddice, ". See bodice. boddle^, «. See liodlc. boddie^H. FE.dial.; origin obscure.] A small boden (bo den), o^. iron instrument used by woodmen for xjeeling oaks and other trees. JIalliuell. [North. Eng.] boddum (bod'um), «. [E. dial, and Sc.] A diaSctal form of liottonA. bode' (bod), ". [In mod. E. archaic, early ME. luuli , < AS. boda (= OFries. boda = OS. bodo = 1). Ij'idc = OIIG. Iiotei, MHG. G. io/(= Icel. bodbi = Sw. Dan. bud), a messenger, < bcodaii (pp. bodcu), aunoxmcp: see bid, and cf. beadle, also a noun of agent from the same verb.] A mes- senger; a herald; one who announces or con- vr'vs a message. bode' (bod), r. ; pret. and pp. boded, ppr. bod- iuorllnisieal distress. Cw* IKirat relales to the body In Its outward bearings : as, for. iniral jinidslnnent ; eorimreal, lo lis substance, being op- jioseil to Kidrltnnl or iutmateriat: i\n, eoriioreal existence. We s|Kak of Shakspcire's mind, but .Imison starts up al- ways in tuuli'lii jMoiiortioiis. Wliiii/'le, Uss. and Jiev., 11. 26, lir. Ileildoc . . . believes Ibiit wherever a race attain* Its nmslnniiii of ;./iv«iVii( devclopiiicnt It rises highest III energy and moral vigour. Ihiruiu, Descent of .Man, J. 111. The poor beetle, that we tread npini. In rorimral snirernlico llnds a pang as great As when a giant dies. t^huk., M. for M., III. 1. When llhe sonll Is freed from all em-i>orrnl allinnee, Ih. II II inily I'vlsls. .\eiioido.a (Iniiis). I'yrns Ihe Klder. bodily (bod'i-li), udr. [MM, luulily, -Ii, -lirh ; < /»/(/)/ + -/)/-.] 1. Oor))orenlly: in connection witii a body or mutter; in llic llesli ; in ]icrHon. It Is his hiHimn imtnie. In which the clodlicad dwell! bodilii. '*""*• 2. In resiioct to the entire body or iuiish; en- tiii'lv; I'omplotoly: as, to curry a thing away bodily. Bode's law. Sen law bode-wash (bod'wosh), 11. [Comiption of F. hiiis dr raehe, lit. cow's wood, or idiomatically " bulTaio-chii)."] The dried dung of the Amer- ican bison or buffalo, used for fuel. Bartlclt. preacii,-i!t. To.iccrei-; commanu; oiu.— o. •b'odgeio'j'oK ''•■'■•' [Another forni of fto/c7(2. r,] To 'fo announce beforehand; prognosticate; pre- ,„,| i,.\ i^it^-h; patch. [Obsolete or dialectal.] diet; presage. [Archaic] a1i the actions of his life are like so many things W,.,,; Prophet of plagues, lor ever biuliug 111. j„ „ Ithout any naturall cadence or eonnesion at all. Pope, Jhad, I. l:t2. /;^, y.;,;,.;,.^ .Microcosmogrnphie, An AKcelcd Man. 4. To portend; augur; be an omen or indica- ^jodge't (boj), n. [Another form of botclfi.'] A tioiiof; betoken: with a non-personal subject. i„,,,.|i; :i patch. In the gross and scope of my opinion. Taking revenge on Thomas Xnsh, Oabrlell Harvey taxes Tills to mischief ! fangled llgure, called foolrlsine. ' .S/i«t., -Much Ado, Ii. .T /.'. /M«, Mod. Kiig, p. 1 10. [Appar. a vur. of budye^."] used only in the piissngu cited With this, we eharg'd again : but out. alas I Wo bod:id again, Xhak., :) Hen. VI., I. 4. bodger't Omj'Ov), u. [< bodgo + -i digi of Haintshii). Hfc luulliisall- , it'll I'rt. Also Hpi'lled bodisalnhii). llie leailersof tin' Ureal Vi hide Ithal Is. the Mallnyaila developiniiitof Hii.ldlilsnil mge.l their follomrs l.i seek to nllaln. not I'b to Arhalslilp, wlilih wi.nl.l liivolvi^ only llieir own salvation. Iiul to //.»/i«(i(»/n;i. bv tin- al- lalnmeni of which tliev would I iferring Ibi' blessings of Ihe llhnnlina llaw ,,f llndilhni upon eiiunlleas iniiltl- tildes III llio long ages iif Ihe fulnre. ICnc\ic. Ilril., XIV. 220. bodin bodin (boMiu), a. Same as boden. boding (Ijo'dinR), «. [< ME. bodijnge, hodunge, omeu, preaching, < AS. bodung, preaching, ver- bal n. of bodiun, announce, bode; see hndcX, ?;.] 1 . An omen ; a prognostic ; a foreboding pre- monition ; presentiment. Oiuiiious bodiiif/s, and fearful expectations. Bp. Ward, Sermon, Jan. 30, 1674. The minds of men were filled with dismal bodiiign of some inevitable evil. Prescott, Ferd. and Isa., i. 3. 2. Prediction ; prophecy of evil. Coleridge. boding (bo'ding), }). a. [Ppr. of bode\ v.] Foreboding; ominous. So Joseph, yet a youth, expounded well The hodiiig dream, and did th' event foretell. Drydcn, To J. Northleigh. Nor knew what signify'd the boding sign. But found the powers displeas'd, and fear'd the wrath divine. Dryden, Pal. and Arc., iii. Vou niifiht have heard ... a cricket sing, \\\ owlet flap his boding wing. Scott, Mal'mion, v. 20. bodingly (bo'ding-li), adv. Ominously; por- tentously. All is so bodingly still. Lowell, Summer Storm, bodisat, ». Same as hodhisattva. bodisatsMp, »■ See bodkisatship. bodkini (bod'kin), n. [Early mod. E. also bod- kiiic, botkin, hoidken (cf. Sc. boik'iii), < ME. bodekyii, earlier boi/deki/ii, buidckyn ; origin un- linown. The Celtic forms, W. bidoi/i/ii, bidiigdn (with accent on second syllable), dim. of hidog = Gael, biodtuj = Ir. bidcog, a dagger (ef. W. pid = Gael, bind, a point), are not near enough to be regarded as the source of the E. word.] If. A small dagger; a stiletto. Who would bear the whips and scorns of time, . . . When he himself might his quietus make With a bare bodkin.^ Shak., Hamlet, iii. 1. Out with youi" bodkin, Your pocket-dagger, your stiletto ; out witli it. Beau, and FL, Custom of the Country, ii. 3. 2. A small pointed instrument of steel, bone, or ivory, used for piercing holes in cloth, etc. With knyf or boijdekin. Chancer, Reeve's Tale, 1. 40. 3. A similar but blunt instrument, with an eye, for drawing thread, tape, or ribbon through a loop, hem, etc. — 4. A long pin-shaped instru- ment used by women to fasten up the hair. The bodkin, comb, and essence. Pope, R. of the L., iv. 98. 5. A thick needle or straight awl of steel, used by bookbinders to make holes in boards and to trace lines for cutting. — 6. A printers' tool for picking letters out of a column or page in correcting — To be, sit, ride, or travel bodkin, to sit as a tliird person between two otliers on the seat of a carriage suited for two only. He's too big to travel bodkin between you and nie., Thackeray, Vanity Fair. bodkin"t, «. A corruption of baudehin. bodkin-'WOrk (bod'kin-werk), n. A rich trim- ming formerly used for garments : probably a corruption of baudehin. bodle (bod'l), n. [Sc, also written boddle; said to be derived from the name of a mint-master named Both- well. Ct.atch- isoii and bawbee.'i A Scotch cop- per coin first issued under Charles II., and worth at that time 2d. Scotch, or one sixth of an English penny; hence, a very small coin. The name turner was also applied to it. I care not a brass boddle for the feud. .Scott, .\bbot, II. xiii. Bodleian (bod-le'an or bod'le-an), a. Of or pertaining to Sir 'Thomas Botlley, who began in 1,597 the restoration of the public library of O.xford University, hence since called the Bod- leian Library; also, belonging to that library: as, liiidlcian manuscripts. bodragt, bodraget, n. [Also written lordrag (and bordragiiig), simulating E, border; appar. a cornijition of some Ir. word; cf. Ir. buaidh- readli, tlistm-banoe, buadre, tumult.] An in- cursion; a raid. No wayling there nor ^^Tetchednesse is heard, . . . No niglitly bodraffn, nor no hue and cries. Spcmcr, Colin Clout, 1. 315. [In some editions printed bordrags.'] bod-'worm (bod'werm), «. Same as boll-worm. body (bod'i), ».; pi. bodies (-iz). [< ME. body, bodi, < AS. bodig, body, = OHG. botah, botach, Obverse. Reverse. Bodle of Charles II.. British Museum. (Size of the original.) 609 MHGr. hotech, hotich, body; perhaps akin to OHG. botahha, MHGr. hotcche, ixitcch, G. hottirhj a large vesnel, tub, vat ; but this may come from another source, that of hooV^. The Gael. bodhaujy body, is from E.] 1. The physical structure of an animal; the material organized substance of au animal, whether living or dead, in distinction from the soul, spirit, or vital principle. For of the soule the bodie fonnc (loth t:ikc, For soule is forme, and doth th"' hi/'/>h,Hnif'r. Elementary body. See elf iiu' II f. — fifth body, tiie ether nrnitli eleliielit, the SUb- stance of the heavenly liodies, acrording to tlie Aristo- telians. -Fixed bodies, geniculate bodies, hetero- geneous body, main body, ete. .See the adjectives.— Mathematical body, a h.Hiy in sens.- lo. - Mystical body of the church, lie- a-^Te^ate nf ),.-ii..v.ts as eon- stitutin^^ tie- iiride ..i (1111,1. Qkenian body, olivary body. See the adjectives. - Regular body, a polyhedron in wliich the relations of any one face, edge, or summit are the same as those of any other. Pythagoras enumerated the five regular bodies (the sphere is not included among them) : the tctraltedron, the cube, the octaliedron, i\\f: dode- cahedron, and the iconahedron. These are often called the Jioo bodies simply; also the cnxmical bodies, because Timseus of Locri held tliat the tetrahedron is tlie shape of fire, the octaliedron of air, the icosahedron of water, the cube of earth, and the dodecahedron of God ; also the Platonic bodies, because mentioned by Plato in his dialogue "Timaius. Four other regular bodies which envelop the center more than once were discovered by Kepler and by Poinsot. These are named by Cayley the great icosahedron, the great dodecahedron, the great stel- lated dodeenh^-dron, and the small stellated dodecahedron. F<»r illustrations of all these bodies, see .«oi(rf.— Irregu- lar bodies, such as are not bounded by equal and like surfaces. — The bodies seven, in alchemy, the metala cori'espouding to the planets. The bodies seven, eek, lo hem beer anon : Sol gold is, and Luna silver we threpe [call], Mars yren, Slercurie quiksilver we clepe, Saturnus leed. and Jupiter is tin, And Venus coper. Chaucer, Prol. to Canon's Yeoman's Tale, 1. 272. body (bod'i), t\ t; pret. and pp. bodied, ppr. bodying. [< body, «.] 1. To provide with a body; embody. — 2. To form into a body or company. A new exotick way of bodying, that is. formally cove- nanting and verbally engaging with them and to them beyond the baptismal! bond and vow. Bj). Gaxiden, Tears of the Church, p. 37. 3. To represent in bodily form ; exhibit in tangible fonn or outward reality : vrith forth. As imagination bodies forth The forms of things unkoown, the poet's pen Turns them to shapes, and gives to airy nothing A local habitation and a name. Shak., M. N. D., v. 1. Bodied forth the tourney high, Held for the hand of Emily '. Seott, Rokeby, vi. 26. body-bagt (bod'i-bag), n. A bag to sleep in. body-bolster (bod'i-bol'^ster), «. A cross-beam of wood, iron, or the two in combination, on the under side of a railroad-ear, which supports it and transmits its weight to the truck. The upper end of the king-bolt, « hich forms t!ie pivot for the truck, is fastened to a body-bolster. body-ca'Vity (bod'i-kav'i-ti), «. In zool.y the general or common ca\'ity of the body, as dis- tinguished from special cavities, or those of particular organs : the coelom or coeloma. in vertebrates the body-cavity is formed l)y the splitting of tlie mesoblast into its somatopleural and splanchnopleu- Tal layers, and consists of the cavities of the thorax, ab- domen (divided or nr>t by a diaphragm), and pelvis. body-cloth (bod'i-kloth), «. A cloth for the body ; specifically, a large rug or cloth for cov- ering a horse. See body-clothes, 2. Before the window were several horses in body-clotJis. Buliccr, Pelham, Ixi. body-clothes(bod'i-ld6THz), H.^j/. 1. Garments for the body, intended to be worn by day, as distinguished from bedclothes. [This use of the word appears to be confined in recent times to Scotland.] — 2. Coverings for a horse or other animal: properly, body-cloths. See body-cloth. I am informed that several asses are kept in body-clothes and sweated every morning upon the heath. Addiso7i, body-coat (bod'i-kot), n. 1. A close-fitting coat. — 2. In coach -pal)} tine/, a coat of paint made opaque by the admixture of white lead, laid on before the ti'ansparent coats. body-color (bod'i-kul or), «. ■ In painting, a pigment possessing body or a high degree of consistence, ^iubstance, and covering power. In water-color painthia, works are sflid to be executed in body-colors wheu. in contradistinction to the more com- mon mode of proceediii--: by transparent tints and washes, the pigments are mixed with white and thus rendered opaque. body-guard body-guard (bod'i-gard), n. One who protects or defends the person; a Ufe-guard; coUec- tivelv, the guard charged with the protection of some person, as a prince or an officer; hence, retinue; attendance; following. It mi-ht possibly be convenient that, when the Parlia- ment afien.bled, the King should rci.air to Westminster irtth a bo-l'Muard. Macaulay, Hist. Eng., ix. body-hoop ("bod'i-hop), «. A band securing the arris pieces of a built mast. body-horse (bod'i-hors), n. A shaft-horse. [Prov. Eug.] body-loop (bod'i-lop), n. A strap or iron arm oounecting a wagon-body with the gearing. body-louse (bod'i-lous), n. A kind of louse, the I'ediculus corporis or P. vestimeiiti, which is parasitic on man. It is generally found on the bo choking tone," and has been compai-ed by Nuttall to the- syllables " pomp-ftu-giir." Also bog-jumper, and in Scot- land btt'f-blittey. boij-bluiter. bog-butter (bog'buffer), n. A fatty sperma- ceti-like mineral resin, composed of carbon, o.xygen, and hydrogen, found in masses in peat- bogs. A large copper basin consisting of small pieces riveted together ami several wooden kegs containing bog-butter were recentlv found at a depth of 7 feet in a peat-moss, Kyltalsin, Sliye. Xature, XXX. 181. bog-earth (bog'erth), «. An earth or soil com- posed of light silicious sand and a considerable portion of vegetable fiber in a half-decomposed state. It is employed by gai'deners for pro- moting the growth "of flowers. boger (bd'g^r), )i. [Origin obscure.] A nam& in Cornwall, England, for the half-gi'0\\Ti sea- broani, r. ii'l'rj. Hce biif. idrt. an iiii moss. All tho infections that the sun sucks up From boQK, fens, flats, on Prosper fall, and make biin By inch-meal a disease ! Sliak., Teni|ic»t, n. i. 2. A little elevated piece of earth in a marsh or swamp, filled with roots and grass. 11 eh- .ilrr. [Local, U. S.] — Bog-asphodel. SeenasKivo, to be bogged. Hid him to he gone As fur as be can lly, or follow day, llatber Ihiiii lu-re so luiggrd in vices stay. /(. Joiimii, I'ndcrwoods, xixll. TwoB time ; bis Invention bail been Immrd else. //. Jumon, Every .Man out of hln Humour, 111. S. Of Jllddletonn liomi! tbrie liUMilivd men were taken, and one hundred were 'lO'/fi'-''. ,.„,„, Whileloek. Memoirs (IflHS), p. .-.si). II. iiilran.i. To sink or stick in a bog; hcine, til lliiiii. dor among obstiiclcH; V)0 Btopi"'"'- Boehm flute. «<■<• flul*:^, 1. bog'-' (bog), n. [Karlv mod. K. bng'gc, appnr. a var. lA-me'ri-ll), II. fNL., after O. R. ,,11 lie eiiuiv. biii/l, ME. bngge, coniieoting Uie Boehmcria (bu-inv; ••-..;, Hiihmrr, a flonnun botaiiisl of (hi •v; cf. (J. lidUnir, a lintii-iiiiiiii, /io/i- I A geiiiiH of ilicot^Ocdoiioiis iirilir Crlie/irro. nlliod to Ilie B,„h, imii men . plni notli iiiiut its Htinging liairH. A numlwr liittiT witli tho fiquiv. hiignlei, bogle, bngy, bog- iinrdl-. HoetlLcHi'wiirilH. ) AHpi'i'ler; ii biigbriir. ' To take bogl, t" Imgnle; sby ; shrink, bog'' (bug), a. and ". |i:. dial., fonmrly also bugge, curlier In deriv. form boygiKli', <{. v goblin, or bogy, especially one supposed to liaunt a particular spot. The belief in elves and boi/arts which once was universal. ' ./. Fii'l.i; Ideaof (lod, p. 00. 2t. Any object, real or imaginary, at which a. Iiorse sliies. X. E. D.—Z. Figuratively, a bug- bear; a thing of fear. •e an UN boggard'-'t, ». [As bogi + -ard.) A privy. «\,ichtl„ boggifyt, c. (. l<.bog'i + -i-/!i.] To make boggy, itly at 11m- boggingt (bog'ing), n. [Early mod. E.. iier- lia|is a var. of 'btigqing for hadgiiig, verbal n. (if liadi/e-; cf. bodgcr-.] i'eddling; hawking. .V. /•;. /*. boggishi (bog'ish), a. [< bog^ + -i's7il.] Boggy. boggish'-t, "• [ME., written b'., scale iilT.] 1. To lake alarm; start with fright; shy, as ahorse. When n slniu-r Is llrsl Icmiited to tho eommlsalon at ». inoi-e gross ami notoHous sin, bis consclince Is apt to Ix.'mie and stall at It, he dolli It with great illlllcully iimk ,,,.„',,. I Tillolmii, Works, 1. X. We start and boqnir at every unusual aiipearanco. r;raniii«<> Cf. stop, lis if nfruid t as if impelled by uii 2. To lii'sitat op, llh iifori'i proceed, or seen dilliculties ; waverv boggle shrink. — 3. To play fast and loose ; dissemble; quibble; equivocate. Wlien summoned to his last end it was no time for him to lior)gle witll tlle world. Howell. 4. To bungle; he awkward; make clumsy at- tempts. ■boggle'^ (bog'l), w. 1. The act of shying or tak- iuj; alarm. — 2}. Objection; scruple; demur. Tliu Dutcli do malie a tiu'tlier bor/lc with us about two or tliree thiugs. fi'l'il", Biary, 1(507. 3. A bungle; a botch. [CoUoq.] — Boggle-de- botch, boggledy-botcli, a complete Iwteli or l)ungle. boggle^ (bog'l), ?!. [Origin uncertain; perhaps same as boff(/liA, hor/lc, a scarecrow.] A pitcher or jug wi'ought in the figiu'e of a man, not un- like a toby or toby-pitcher. bog-glede (bog'gled), n. A Scotch name of the nioor-buzzard, Cirvas mruginosus, boggier (bog'ler), n. [< bogijlv^ + -erl.] 1. A doubter; a timorous man. — 2\. AjUt; one false in love. You have been a boggier ever. Skak., A. and C, iii. 11. 3. One who bungles or is oliunsy in doing things. bogglisht (bog'lish), a. [< boffijk^ + -ish.'j Doubtful; wavering. Nutliing is more sly, touchy, and boggUsh . . , than that opinion ... of the many or common people. Jcr. Taylor (?), Artif. Handsomeness, p. 172. boggy (bog'i), a. [< 6o(/l, re., + -i/l.] Contain- ing bogs ; full of bogs ; Uke or having the char- acter of a bog. Quench'd in a boggy Syrtis, neither sea Nor good dry land. Milton, P. L., ii. 939. boggybo (bog'i-bo), n. [North. E. dial.] A dialectal form of hugaboo. Boghead coal. See coal. boghouse (bog'hous), n. [< 6o(/l -t- house.'] A privy. Johnson. bogiei, «. See bogy. bogie'-^, bogeys (bo'gi), n. [Of uncertain origin. Sometimes explained from bogie'^, bogy, a fiend, the bogie coal-wagon when first introduced being so called, it is said, because, from its suddenly tm-niug when people least expected it, they used to exclaim that the new wagon was 'Old Bogy' himself. But this is mere in- vention. See bogle.] 1. A name first given at Newcastle-upon-Tjaie, in England, to a coal- wago-n or truck so constructed as to turn easUy in moving about the quays; a trolly. — 2. An English term for a four-wheeled truck support- ing the front part of a locomotive engine, or placed one under each end of a railway-car- riage, and tm-ning beneath it by means of a central pin or pivot, to facilitate the passing of sudden curves. — 3. In a saw-miU, a small carriage running on a transverse track on a log-carriage, used to change the position of the log in relation to the saw. bogie-engine (b6'gi-en"jin), «. A locomotive used in moving cars and making up trains at a railroad station. The driving-wheels and cyl- inders are on a truck which turns fi-eely on a center-pin. bog-jumper (bog'jum"per), n. Same as bog- bumper. bog-land (bog'land), n. and a. I. n. Boggy or marshy land : as, to reclaim a piece of bog-land. II. a. Living in or pertaining to a marshy country. [Rare.] Each brings his love a bogland captive home. Vryden, Prol. to Prophetess, 1. 31. bogle (bo'gl), n. [Also dial, boggle, So. bogle, bogill, bugil, a specter, hobgoblin ; prob. of Cel- tic origin; cf. W. bwgwl, bi/gwl, a threat, men- ace, bi/gel, a bugbear, scarecrow, hobgoblin, bwg, a specter, > E. hug^ : see biig^ and hitgbear. Cf. io(/2, boggardX, and G. bogge, boggel-mann, a bogy, bogle.] A phantom; a specter; a hob- goblin ; a bogy ; a bugbear. boglet (bog'let), ■«. [< bog'i- + .let.] A little bog; a boggy place or spot of smaU extent. And of this tufty, flaggy ground, pocked with bogs and boglets. Ii. D. Blackmore, Lorna Doone, p. 432. bog-manganese (bog'mang"ga-nez), n. Same as wad. bog-moss (bog'mos), Ji. Peat-moss. See Sphag- num. bog-oak (bog 'ok), n. Trunks and large branches of Oi^k found embedded in bogs and ? 'reserved by the antiseptic properties of peat. _ t is of a shining lilacli or ebony color, or of a deep green- ish-gray, mottled and shading intu lil;tci<, derived from its impregnation with iron, and i^ freiiuently converted into ornamental pieces of furnitm-e and smaller ornaments, as brooches, ear-rings, etc. Also called bog-wood: 611 Bogoda (bo-go'dii), n. [NL.] A genus of East Indiiiii fisho.s, considered by some as typical of a family Bogodo'utei or liogodidm. Bogodidae (bo-god'i-de), «. pi. [NL., < Bogoda + -id(v.] A family of percoideous fishes: sy- ^lonJ^nous with Ambassidw. Bogomile (bog'o-mil), re. [Cf. Russ. bogii, God; milnsit, grace.] ' One of a medieval Catharist sect, having its principal seat in Bulgaria, anti- clerical in its i>olity, dualistic in its doctrine, and in general similar to the Docetro and the Maniohajans. Tlie views and pr.acticcs of tlie liogo- milcs were very fanatical. They were little iinown, and by sonic are supposed to have become extinct soon after tlie execution of tlicir leader, Basil of Philippopolis, at (■onstiiiitiii..ple, in lUS. Bogomilian (bog-o-mil'i-ftn), a. Pertaining to the Bo";omiles or their doctrines. bog-orcnis (bog'or"kis), n'. A low orchid of boggy places. See Maluxis. bog-ore (bog'or), n. Same as bog-iron ore. Bogota bark. See bark!^. bog-rush (bog'rush), re. 1. The name of va- rious cyperaceous plants. See rush. — 2. Some small midetermined species of warbler. [Lo- cal, Great Bxitain.] bog-spavin (bog'spav"in), re. la farriery, an encysted tumor on the inside of the hough of a horse, containing a gelatinous matter. bog-sucker (bog'suk"er), re. A name of the woodcock of North America, Philohela. minor. bog-trotter (bog'trof'er), re. One who trots over bogs, or lives among bogs; especially, a contemptuous appellation given to the Irish peasantry, probably from the skill shown by many of them in crossing the .extensive bogs of the country by leaping from tussock to tus- sock, where a stranger would find no footing, and from the frequent use they make of this skill to escape from the soldiery, the police, etc. bog-trotting (bog'trofing), a. Trotting among bogs, or, more usually, living among bogs : as, a bog-trotting Irishman. Beware of bog-trotting quacks. Goldsmith, Citizen of the World, Ixviii. With his inherited Irish poverty . . . not to rise in this world, he nor his posterity, till their wading webtied bog- trotting feet get talaria to their heels. Tkoreau, Walden, p. 225. bogue^t (hog), V. i. [Prob. < Sp. bogar, row (cf . bogar d sotavento, row to leeward), = Pg. Pr. vogar = It. vogare = F. voguer, row, sail, > vogue, E. vogue, q. v.] Naiit., to droji off fi-om the wind; edge away to leeward vrith the wind, as some vessels of inferior sailing qualities do. — To bogue in, to ''sail in"; talje a hand; engage in a work. [Local, New England,] [A farmer says :] *' I don't git much done 'thout I hogue right in along 'th my men," Quoted hy Lowell, Biglow Papers, 2d ser,. Int. bogue^ (bog), n. [< OF. bogue, formerly also bocqiie, = Pr. biiga = Sp. Pg. boga = It. boca, boglie (Florio), now boga, < ML. boca, for L. box (hoc-), < Gr. /Jijf, contr. of /Joaf, a certain sea- fish, so named from the sound it makes.] An acanthopterygian fish. Box vulgaris, of the fami- ly Sparida-, found in the Mediterranean, on the west coast of Africa, and in rare cases on the coasts of Britain. The body is oblong and compressed, the liead and mouth are small, tlie teetli notched, the eyes large, and the genei'al coloring is brilliant. Also called boce and boga. bogue^ (bog), re. [OF., = F. bouche : see em- bogue.] A mouth ; an embouchure. Used specifi- cally in tlie name the Bogue, tlie principal mouth of the < 'aiitoii river in China (also called Boca Tigris, the Tigers Jl.iiitli). boguest (bo'gest), re. [E. dial., appar. bargjtest varied toward bogy'^ : see these words.] A spec- ter; a ghost. [Prov. Eng. (Yorkshire).] bogusl (bo'gus), re. and a. [A slang word, of which many conjeetm-al explanations have been offered, e. g., that it is a corruption of bagasse, sugar-cane refuse, etc. Dr. Samuel Willard of Chicago, in a letter to the editor of the New Eng. Diet., "quotes from the 'Paines\alle (Ohio) Telegraph' of July 6 and Nov. 2, 1827, the word bogus as a substantive applied to an apparatus for coining false money. Mr. Eber D. Howe, who was then editor of that paper, describes in his 'Autobiography' (1878) the discovery of such apiece of mechanism in the hands of a gang of coiners at Paines^■ille in May, 1827 ; it was a mysterious-looldng object, and some one in the crowd styled it a 'bogus,' a designation adopted in the succeeding mmibers of the pa- per. Dr. Willard considers this to have been short for tantrabogus, a word familiar to him from his cliildhood, and which in his father's time was commonly applied in Vermont to any Bohemian ill-looking object; he points out that tantara- bobs is given in Halliwell as a Devonshire word for the devil. Bogus seems thus to be related to bogy, etc." (N. E. D.) The E. dial, word may have been transported to New England and undergone there the alteration to which such terms are subject.] I.f re. An apparatus for coining coimterfeit money. II. a. Covmterftit; spurious; sham: origi- nally applied in the United States to counter- feit money, but now to anything based on sham or false pretense: as, a bogus claim; a bogus government. But our bogvs theologians, who systematically convert the flue gold of tlie gospel into glittering tinsel, and sell it for lucre, occupy the liighcst seats in oiir synagogues, //. ,/ameK, Suits, and .Shad., p. 177. bogus^ (bo'gus), n. [Origin uncertain ; perhaps a use of bogus^. Some refer it to bagasse, su- gar-cane refuse.] A liquor made of rum and molasses. Bartlett. [U. S.] bog-violet (bog'vi"6-let), re. The butterwort. [I'rov. Eng. (Yorkshire).] bog-wood (bog' wild),- re. Same as bog-oak. bogwort (bog'w6rt), re. [< bog"^ -^ loorf^.] Same as erunberry. bogy, bogeyl (bo'gi), re.; pi. bogies, bogeys (-giz). [Also written bogie; a comparatively recent word, appar. a var. (perhaps arising from nursery speech) of bogle, or from the same source: see bogle.] 1. The devil: often as a quasi-proper name, and usually with an epithet (in this use with a capital) : as. Old Bogy. I am bogey, and frighten everybody away. Thackeray, Newcomes. 2. A hobgoblin ; a bugbear. The humlile Nortliumbrian ^0£/w who "flitted "with the farmer when he removed liis ftu-niture. Uncyc. Brit., II, 204. Tliere is no reasoning . . . with men to whom party considerations are of the first moment, and who feel liouiid to discover bogies in every measure adopteri Iiy tlic party in power. Sir G. Wolselcy, N. A. Rev., CXXVIII. 135. 3. {cap.] See Colonel Bogie. bogyism, bogeyism (bo'gi-izm), n. [< bogy, bogiy^, + -«■«(.] 1. Tliat which pertains to or is characteristic of a bogy. — 2. Belief in or dread of sprites or goblins. Thackeray. bo-hacky (bo-hak'i), re. [E. dial.] A donkey. Hallinrll. [Prov. Eng. (Yorkshii-e).] bohea (bo-he'), re. [< Chinese Tl'oo-ye or Voo- ye, the name of two ranges of hiUs in the prov- ince of Puhkien, China, wliere the tea-shrub is largely gi'own, and whence tea was first im- ported into England in 1666. In the dialects of Fuhkien b is used for w and v.] 1. A gen- eral name for tea. To part her time 'twixt reading and bohea. To muse, and spill her solitary tea. Pope, Ep. to Miss Blount, ii. 15. For if my pure libations exceed three, I feel my heart become so sympathetic, That I must have recourse to lilack Boheei. Byron. By way of entertainment in the evening, to make a party witii the sergeant's wife to drink bohea tea, and play at all-fours on adrum-head, Sheridan, St, Patrick's Day, i, 2. 2. An inferior kind of black tea, grown on the Woo-ye hills of China, or tea of a similar qual- ity grown in other districts of the same country. See tea. Bohemian (bo-he'mi-an), re. and a. [=F. Bo- hemien, a Bohemian, and in a secondary signi- fication a gipsy, < Boheme, ML. Bohemia, the country of the Bohemi, Boihemi, or Boiemi, Latinized form repr. by G. Biihmen, Bohemia, < L. Boii, a people of ancient Gaul, of whom a portion settled in what is now Bohemia, -t- *-hem, OHG. heim = E. home.] I. n. 1. A na- tive or an inhabitant of Bohemia, a cro'wnland and kingdom of the Austrian empire. — 2. A follower of John Huss ; a Hussite. — 3. [F. bo- hemien, because the first of that wandering race that entered France were believed to be Bo- hemians or Hussites, driven from their native countsy.] A gipsy. '"How! of no country?" repeated the Scot. "No," answered tlie Bohemian, "of none, I am a Zingaro, a Bohemian, an Egyptian, or whatever the Europeans, in their different languages, may choose to call our people, but I have no country.'* Scott, Q. Durward, xvi. 4. A person, especially an artist or a literary man, who leads a free and often somewhat dissi. pated life, having little regard to what society he frequents, and despising conventionalities generally. [Sometimes without a capital.] By Bohemian I do not mean to be uncomplimentary. I mean merely a class of persons who prefer adventure and speculation to settled industry, and who do not work well in the liarness of ordinary life. Froude, Sketches, p, 217. 5. The ancient tongue of Bohemia, a member of the Slavic branch of the Aryan family. Bohemian H. a. 1. Of or pertaining to Bohemia or its langiiase. — 2. Of or pertaining to, or charae- teriitic" of, the so-ealled Bohemians ; uncon- ventional : free from social restraints : as, a £(ilun,i(!ii life. — 3. In ornith., eiTatic; wander- in": inegularlv migratory: of unsettled habits. — Boliemianbole. .See 6o/f2'— Bohemian Brethreu, the iKtpiUiir uame of a religious denomination wliich de- veloped irom the foUoners of Peter Chekziek}' in the (if- teeuth centuT}'. It reaehed its greatest influence in the si.'steenth century, and was suppressed by Ferdinand II. in tile seventeenth centur>' in Bohemia and Jloravia, but lingered in Poland and Hungary. It was revived in the eighteenth century as the Moravian Church. The mem- bers of the denomination called themselves the Uuity of Brethren (rHiMs /"rnfrKm).— Bohemian glass. See «7^a*<.— Bohemian pheasant. See phi'amnt.— Bohe- mian waxwlng, Bobemian chatterer, a bird, the Aiiiiifli.' ::a,-n'!ii<. ,., called from the c.vlent and irregu- larity of its wanderings. .See icaxirino, Bohemianisni (bo-he'mi-an-izm), «. [< Bolie- iiiiiiii, II.. 4. + -ism.] The life or habits of a Bohemian, in the figurative sense. See Bohe- inidn. »., 4. bobor (bo'hor), «. A variety of reedbuck of western Atri- ca. the Cervi- capra hohor, a kind of ante- lope. boiar, " . See hoi/ fir. bold (bo'id), II. A snake of the family Bokhs : a boa or ana- conda. Boidae dej, [XL Bohor {Cervicapra bohor). (bo'i- II. pi. < Boa + -iV?een adopted with varj'ing limit?, and latterly generally restricted to American spe- cies : (1) Colubrine snakes with the belly covered with narrow, elongate shields or scales, nearly resembling those of the back, and with spur-like rudimentary legs on each ^ide of the vent. It included the liitidce as well as I'tith'titiUte, Chfirini'lo', and TorlncidfK of recent ophi- oloki-^ts. (2) Fhn-yst^jmatous serpents with rudiments of jMwteriftr extremities. It includeil the li'iiihr, J'l/thuniiliT, and CharinvUe. <;i) Eurystomatous serpents with rudi- mentary posterior appendages, coronoid bone in lower jaw. no supraorlutal, but postorbital, bones in cnmiuni, and with teeth developed in the premaxillary. In this limited sen-se there are still many species peculiar to the warmer regions of .\merica, and among them are some of gigantic size, such as the boa-consirict<>r and anacomla, Kiin'-ctfit murinun. They soraetiraes attack animals of a large size anil kill them by constriction round the body. .Si-f ruts uniler fcort and pitllum. boil' (boil), H. [Early mod. E. also hoilc, hoi/lc, a (•oirif])t form of hiW^, due to a supposed con- nection with hoil'^: see hilc^."] An inflamed and painful suppm-ating tumor; a furuncle. boil- (boil), V. [Early mod. E. also Imyl, hui/h; < -MK. hoihii, hoyliii,' < OF. boillii; F. hnuiUir = I'r. hiilliir, hiiitlir, boil, =Sp. /(»///;•, boil, also as Pg. hiidr, move, stir, be active (see hudi/e^), = It. Imllirr, boil, < L. hiillirr, also liullnre, bub- ble, boil, < hiillii, a biil)blp, any small round object (see hulUi), > E. Imlfi, hi'll->. I.iilhl, hul- Ifliii, etc. Cf. ibiilliliiin.] I, iiitraiiii. 1. To btibble up or be in a state of ebullition, esjje- cially through the action of heat, tlio bubbles of ga.ieous vaiior which have been formed in the lower portion rising to the surface and es- caping: said of a liquid, and sometimes of the containing vessel: as, the water /;oi7.s; the pot hoil.s. The Hanic action is induced by diminished pres. mir- as when water boils nnressure. .See ("On' and fhuttiliiin, '■ bo in an agitated state like that of boil- ii-'li any other cause Uiun heat ordimin- -iiro; exliibit a swirling or swelling I ocetho: as, the waves huil. ^ lie nmketh the deep Ut bull. Job xll. 31. ^ ' ' icritnted by vehement or angry feel- ' or e.xcited: aH, my blood hoila at my breajit with flamo antl bumliifc wrath. Siirrr,!, .Kneld, II. >< llnstlnK" hhi\ ciiinmlttod iMHne t' thought of Ihono rrlmes miob' ll>' ' i:i Ills veln>. }tucfiiiifiii, Warren MaNtlnuti. 4. To nndercrn or \ns subjected to the action of v^r^'i- lifpiid when at the |ioint of •' lo incnt is now '/'/i/i»(/. To boU nw';. ■ In bolllng.-To boll over, lo run over the toil ,,t „ veaMl, »• lli|Uor when thrown Into vlu. 612 lent agitation by heat or other cause of effervescence ; hence, figuratively, to be unable, on account of excite- ment, indignation, or the like, tii refrain from speaking: to break out into the language of strong feeling, especial- ly of indignation. — To boil up, to rise or be increased in v'olnme by ebullition ; as, paste is ready for use as soon as it has once boii^^d vp ; let it hoit up two jf three times. Jl. trans. 1. To put into a state of ebullition; cause to be agitated or to bubble by the ap- plication of heat. Hence — 2. To collect, form, or separate by the aijplieatiou of heat, as sugar, salt, etc. — 3. To subject to the action of heat in a liquid raised to its point of ebullition, so as to produce some specific effect; cook or seethe in a boiling liquid: as. to hoi} meat, potatoes, etc. ; to boil silk, thread, etc To boil clear, in sixip-manuf., to remove the excess of water from soft soap by boiling* it. \ concentrated lye is employed to shorten the time of evaporation. — To boil down, to reduce in bulk by boiling: hence, to reduce to smaller compass by removal of what can best be spared ; con- dense by elimination. After a while he [Bowles] developed a talent for con- densing into brief and readable form the long and heavy articles in which the great political papers of the day dis- charged their thunder. On these he began to practice that great art of hoiUnrr down which his paper afterward caiTied to such perfection. G. S. Merriain, S. Bowles, I. 23. To boil dry, in itu(iar-mami.f., to reduce the thin juice to'thick juice by boiling it until it reaches the point of crvstallization. boil"- (boil), «. [< 60(72, v.] 1. The state or act of boiling; boiling-point: as. to bring water to aboil. [Colloq.] — 2. That which is boiled ; a boiUng preparation. X. E. D. [Bare.] —At the boil, boiling; at the boiling-point : as. the solution should lie kept at the boil for at least half an hour. boilary, «. See boilery. boiled (boUd), p. a. I. Raised to the boiling- point. — 2. Paepared by being subjected to the heat of boiling water: sometimes substan- tively (from its use as a heading on bills of fare) for meat di'essed or cooked by boiling: as, "a great piece of cold boiled,^' Dickens, Christmas Carol. boiler (boi'ler), )(. 1. A person who boils. — 2. A vessel in which anything is boiled, specifl. caUy — (a) A large pan or vessel of iron, copper, or brass, used in distilleries, potash-works, etc., for boiling laive ijuantities of liquor at once, (b) A large vessel of metal in which soiled clothes are boiled to cleanse them ; a wash-boiler. 3. A strong metallic structure in which steam is generated for driving engines or for other purposes. See steam-boiler. — 4. Something, as a vegetable, that is siutable for boiling. [Rare.] boiler-alarm (boi'ltr-a-Uirm"), II- A device for showing when the water in a steam-boilei- is too low for safety. boiler-clamp (boi'ler-klamp), II. Aclaiupused for lioliling the plates and jiarls of boilers to- getlier, so that tlioy can bo drilled or riveted. boiler-feeder (boi'lcr-fe"di'r). n . An apparatus lor su]i]:ihing water to a steam-boiler. boiler-float (boi'ler-flot), n. A float connected with tlie water-feeding mechanism of a steam- boiler. It opens a supply-valve when the water falls to a certain point, and closes the valve wiien the water has attained tile proper height. boiler-iron (boi'lcr-i''em), n. Iron rolled into the form of a flat plate, from i to i iiicli in thickness, used lor making boilers, tanks, ves- sels, etc. Also boilcr-jilatt: boiler-meter (boi'ler-me'ti'r), ». A meter for measuring the quantity of water tiscd in a steani-lioilcr. boiler-plate (boi'K-r-plat), n. Same as boiler- boiler-protector (boi'ler-pro-tek'tor), «. A non-conilucting covering or jacket for a steam- lioiler, designed to prevent radiation of heat. boiler-shell (boi'ler-shel), II. The main or iHilsidii portion of a steam-boiler. A steel Iniiler-iih'H may lliercfore be made of plates at least one-third less in tbickness than a similar shell of wrought iron. /(. Wilmii, .Steam Hollers, p. 4:i. boiler-shop (boi'lcr-shop), «. A workshop uliiic boilers arc made. boilery (boi'ler-i). u.; pi. boilrhrs (-iz). f< /).)/71 + -iri/.'] 1. A idace or an appaialus for boiling. — 2. A salt-house or place for eva|«o- ratiiig brine. — 3. In lair, water arising from a salt-well belonging to one who is not I lie owner of the soil. .Also hoitarif. boiling fboi'ling),/!. '/. 1. At the leinperatuie al which any specified liquiil iiasHcH into u gast^ons state; bubbling u]i iimler tlii' action of heat: as, boiliiiii water; bialiiin springM.— 2. Pigiiratively— '(«) FirTcely agilated; rag- ing: us, the boiliiifi seas. (/)) Heated; inllanieil; biiiNling with passion: as, //f/iVi/ii/ indignation. BoUinS Bprlng, a soring or fonntaln wblrli i;Im'm ouI outer at Uie liolllngpuliil or at a high Iviupurntiire. The boist most remarkable boiling springs are the geysers, which throw up columns of water and steam ; hut there are many others in various parts of the world, often associ- ated with geysere, characterized only by ebullition aud emission of steam. Some of the latter, as in California and Xew Zealand, are strongly impregnated with minerai matters and variously colored, while others are char^^ with liquid mud. See fjeyser. boilingly (boi'ling-li), adv. In a boiling man- ner. The lakes of bitumen Rise Itoiliii'th/ higher. lit/rott, Manfreil, i. 1. boiling-point (boi'ling-point), «. Thetempera- ttu'e at which a liquid is converted into vapor with ebullition ; more strictly, the tempera- tm-e at wluch the tension of the vajior is equal to the pressure of the atmosphere. This point \aries forditferent liquids, and for the same liquid at dif- ferent pressm-es, being higher when the pressure is in- creased, and lower when it is diminished. I'lider the normal atmospheric pressure (see atmo-iphere) water boils at ■212° F. (100 C, 80° R.), and it is found that the boiling, point varies .SS of a degl-ee F. for a variation in the ba- rometer of half an inch. Hence water w ill boil at a lower temperature at the top of a mountain than at the bottotn, owing to diniinution in the jlres-sure; a fact which leads to a metliml of measuring the height of a inountain by observing the temperature at which water boils at the bottom of the mountain and at the top. .At the top of Mont Blanc water boils at IK> F. T'lnler a pressure of about ^kn ^^ ^" atmosphere water would lioil at 40' F., while under a pressure of 10 atmospheres the lioiling-point would Ue raised to 3.^6' F. A liquid may be heated much above its true boiling-point without boiling; but the superheated vapor immediately expands until its temper- ature is reduced to the boiling-point. Hence, in deter- minatiuiis of tlie b.>iIing-iioin(. the tllcrninnietcr is never immersed in the liquid, tint in tlie vapor just above it. — Kopp's law of boiling-points, the proposition that in certain homologous series of cbetiiical substances each ad- dition nf t'H-^ is accompanied by a rise in the boiling- point of about 10 ..i C. boin (lioin), H. Another form of boi/ii. boine (boin), «. [E. dial. Cf. lioiii, boyii.'] A swt^Uiug. [Prov. Eng. (Esse.x).] This luan Vasilowicli wicli performing of the same cere- monie eauseth his forehead to he fnl of boine.^ aud swell- ings, and sometimes to be black and blew. Ilakhtyt's Voiiaijes, I. 224. boiobi, II- See bojobi. bois (i?- pron. bwo). v. [F., wood, timber, a wood, forest, < OF. bois, bus = Pr. base = Sp. Pg. bosqiic = It. bosco, < JIlj. bnsriis, biisehiis, a bush, wood, forest: see biisb^, boseaijr, etc.] Wood: a French word occurring in several phrases occasionally foimd in English ; it also occurs as the terminal element in hautboy. — Bois d'arc (F. pron. bwo diirk). ( V. : /lo/.v, wood ; dr, of ; on-, how.] .See hodark, boir-iaiod , and Madura. boisbrflle (F. pron. bwo-brii-hi'), ii. [(Canadian !•".. < V. bois. wood, -I- bri'tle, ]ip. Of briiler, burn, scorch.] Literally, burnt-wood: a name for- merly given to a Canadian half-breed. boiS-ch§ne (F. i)ron. bwo-shan'). ii. [F., oak- wood : liiiis, wood (see /nx'.v) ; vhi'iir, oak, < OF. , chisiir (vliisiiiii, adj.), (iiKsiie (cf. ML. rasiiii.i), oak, < LL. ijiicrciiiiis, prop. adj.. of the oak (cf. It. qiiireia, the oak, < L. qiiirrta, fern, adj.), < L. qiicrciis, oak.] Oak-wood: the name of a timber olitained from San Domingo, used in sliip-biiilding. MiElrath. bois-dnrci (F. jn-on. bwo-dtir-s6'), ». [F.: bois, wood (see liois) ; diirri, linrdened, pp. of iliireir, < L. iliircscnv, harden, < (/hjh.s-, hard.] In cow., an artificial hard wood maile of a jiaste of blood and the sawdust of mahogany, ebony, and oth(>r iiiie-graincd woods, luoldcd into va- rious forms. When hardened it takes a high polish. boisseau (F. pron. bwo-s6'), II.; pi. boisstaiix (-soz'). [F.: see bitsliri^.] An ohf French drv measure, coiTcspoiiding in niinie to the Englisn luisliel, but niiich smaller in I'lipncity. The Paris boisseau i.s Mo« icckont «.s' passage. — 6t. Fierce; savage; truc- ulent ; full of violence : as, boisterous war. Boistrous Clifford, thou hast slain The flower of Europe for his chivalry. Shak., 3 Hen. VI., ii. 1. 7. Turbulent ; rough and noisy ; clamorous : applied to persons or their actions: as, a bois- terous man; boisterous vaeniment; a, boisterous game. They love a captain to obey. Boisterous as March, yet fresh as May. Scott, Marmion, iii. 4. In the vigour of his physique, and an almost boisterous capacity for enjoyment, lie was an Englisli counterpart of the .Scotcli Christopher North. Edinburgh Ri'V. boisterously (bois'ter-us-li), adv. [< ME. boys- tniiiKlij : < Itiiistcrous + -ly^. Cf. Itoisloushj.'] In a boisterous manner; roughly; with noisy energy or activity. Wlien you come ne.\t to woo, pray you, come not boister- ouaUt, And f m'nish'd like a bear-ward. Fletcher, Wildgoose Chase, iv. 2. Halloo'd it as boisterously as the rest. Sterne, Tristram Shandy, iii. 20. boisterousness (bois'ter-us-nes), 11. [< bois- tcriiiis + -H(s.s.] The state or quality of being boisterous ; rough, noisy behavior ; tm'bulence. Behaved with the boisteroustiess of men elated by recent authority. Johnson, Life of Prior. boistoust, a. [Early mod. E., also written boijs- tOKs, Ixii.stcoits, Imi/steous, boistious, iioystuoits, etc., Sc. luinxlroiis, Iiusteons, etc. ; < ME. bois- tous, hoystdiis, liuystous, etc. ; cf. mod. E. dial. (Cornwall) boiistoiis, hoosiis, boustis, bustious, fat, eorptilent, boist, corpulence (perhaps a back-formation, from the adj.); origin un- known. The ME. agrees in form with AJP. hoistous, OF. boisteiis, mod. F. Iioiteiiu; lame, but no connection of sense is apparent. The W. bwystus, wild, ferocious, is perhaps fi-om E.] 1. Rude; rough; churlish; rustic; coarse: applied to persons. [The earliest recorded sense.] I am a boystous man, right thus say I. Chaucer, Manciple's Tale, 1. 107. 2. Rough ; iierce ; savage. Myghte no blonlces [horses] theme here, thos hiistous churlles, Bot coverde camellez of toures, enclosvde in maylez. Morte Arthure (E. E. T. S.), 1. 615. 3. Rough and massive ; bulky ; clumsy. [StiU in dial, use.] — 4. Coarse in textui-e; rough; stout; thick. — ^5. Loud; violent; boisterous. boistouslyt, a
  • . [< ME. boistously, etc. ; < bois- totts + -ly^.] Roughly; violently; boister- ously. boistousnesst, »• [< ME. boistousnesse, etc.; < boit>■ liaving smooth scales, tlie marginal scales ol the innuth pitted, and regular shields on the snout. Alsn ijillcd iiriinnii.lmya, bokark (bo'kiirk), m. [Amer. Ind.] A basket of birch-bark, used by Lake Superior Indians to hold maple-sugar. bokel (bok), V. ; pret. and pp. bolrd, ppr. boi- ii-:l- [E. dial., also bud-; in part a var. of p(il:c: see6«c/,-4and7ioJ-el.] I. trans. To thrust; push; poke. [Eng.] Il.t iiitrans. To thrust; push; butt. Holland. boke2, V. A dialectal form of bock. bolk. 613 boke'^ (bok), )/. In rnininf/, a small nin in pipes, foiuid connecting the ore running through the vein. Ii. Hunt. boke^t, "■ An obsolete spelling of book. bokelt, ". A Middle English form of buckle^. bokelert, n. A Middle English form of buckler. bolar (bo'liir), rt. [< IkiU-'^ + -ar.'i Pertaining to or (if the nature of bole : as, Ijolar earths. bolaryt (Ijo'la-ri), a. [< bole- + -ary'] Pertain- ing to liole or clay, or partaking of its nature and qualities. Consisting of a bolary and clammy sid^stancc. Sir T. Browne, Vnlg. Err., ii. 3. bolasH, »'• A Middle English foi-ra of bidhtcc. bolas- (lio'lii'S), n. sine/, or j/l. [Sp., ]>1. of btila, a ball, < L. bii/lii, a bubble, any round object: see bull", bill-i.'\ A weapon of war and the chase, consisting of two or three balls of stone or metal attached to the ends of strong lines, which are knotted together, used by tlie 6au- chos and Indians of western and southern South America, it is used liy throwing it in such a way tlial the line winds arnun
  • E. hole^, q. v.] 1. A soft round mass of anything medicinal, larger than an ordinary pill, to be swallowed at once. — 2. Figuratively, anything disagree- able, as an impalatable doctrine or argument, that has to be accepted or tolerated. There is no help for it. the faithful proselytizer, if she cannot convince by argument, bursts into teiu-s, and the re- cusant finds himself, at the end of the contest, taking down the boUt.1, sjiying, " Well, well, Bodgers be it" Thackeray. bolyet, "• See booly. bom (bom), H. [Also boma, boinma, aboma; orig. a native name in Congo, subsequently ap- plied to a Brazilian serpent.] Same as aboma. bomah-nut (bo'ma-nut), «. [< bomah (native name) + nut.'] The seed of a euphorbiaeeous shrub, I'ycnocoma macrophylla, of southern Africa, iised for tanning. Bomarea (bo-ma're-a), «. [NL., < Valmont de Bomiire,a. French n'atm-alist of the 18th cen- tury.] A genus of amaryllidaceous plants, na- tives of South America and Mexico. The roots are luberiferous, the leafy stems freiiueiitly twining, and tile flowers, wllich are often sliowy. in simple orcomptuind umbels. There are over .'lO species. See i^oIkUIo. bomb^t, ''• '• [< ME. bomben, humhen, variant forms of bommen, liummcn, > bum^, later hoonA : see bitm^, booiu^, and cf. bomb-, v.] A variant of 6oo»|l. What overcharged piece of melancholie Is this, breakes in betweene my wishes thus. With bonibinff sighs? B. Jonson, The Fortimate Isles. bombU, "• [Var. of ?)«»«!, the earlier form of liodiiii. Cf. bomlA, r.] A great noise; a loud hollow sound ; the stroke of a bell. A pillar of iron, . . . which if yon had struck would make a little Hat noise in the room, but a great teui/i in the chamber benciith. Bacon. bomb- (bom or bima), «. [Early mod. E. also home, also liomlir, liomhii, and (simulating fcoowt = hiimlA) hoonili ; = G. liiiuibe, < F. homhe = Sp. It. hiimbit, a bomb, < L. Immlius, < Gr. jiAfiftu;, a deep holhiw sound ; prob. imitative, like/iojMfcl, fcooHjl, /)H)«l, bumble, liuniji", etc. The histori- cal prou. is bum.] 1. An explosive projec- tile, consisting of a hollow ball or splierical shell, generally of cast-iron, tilled with a burst- ing charge, fired I'rom a inortiir, and usually exploileil by means of a fuse or tube tilled with a slow-bm'uing com]iiiiind, which is ignited by the I'xploding powder when the mortar V IS discharged. Homhs may be tlirown in .such adircition as tti fall into a fort, a city, "" or an enemv's camp, where they burst with .hlJiiT- 1, Kreat violence, and often with terrible clfect. shell; fi. fuse- ::„ , i, 1 I., , .1 , . 1 he length and composition of the fuse must be calculated in such a way that the bomb shall burst the monu-iit it arrives at the des- tined ]ilace. Itombs are now commonly termed nbellg, though shell in the sense of a projectile has a wider mean- ing. See shett. Also called bombshell. Hence — 2. Any missile constrncted upon sim- ilar prineijili's: as, a dyiiiiiiiili' Imnih. — 3. In geot., a blmk of scoria ejected from the crater of a volcano. This de|>oslt answers to the heaps of dust, sand, stonei, and liiimbs which are shot out of modern volcanoes ; it iB a tnii' ash. Oeikie. 4t. A small war-vessel carrying mortars for tliriiwing bombs; a bomb-ketch, bomb'-t (bum or bum), r. t. [< bomb^, ».] To iittaeU with liiimliH; bombard. \ illeroy. who ne'er afrabl Is To bnixelles marclies on secure. To hiiiiib the monks and scare lbi> ladies. Prior, On taking Naniur. bombacet, »• [Earlv mod. E. also bomlmsn, tiiimhiige; < OF. /lom'incc, < ML. /low^i/.r (iicc. hinnhaerm), cotton : see Ilfimliii.r. The foi'iii hum- ban' HuliHrqurntly gave way to biinilui.tl, (j. v.] 1. 'I'lie (hiwn of iho cotton-plant , raw cotton. hole : f . cavity for powder. bombace — 2. Cotton-wool, or wadding. — 3. Padding; stuffing. Fuller. Bombaceae (bom-M'se-e), n.]il. [NL., < Bom- hiix + -Kci-W.'} An arboreous tribe or suborder of Mdlnici'ir, by some considered a distinct or- der, distiniiuisiied chiefly by the five- to eight- clol't stamineal column. There are alicnit 20 small penera, principally tropical, including the baobab (Adan- mnia), the cotton-tree (^h'riudendrun and Bombax), the (iiiri:in (f>nrio), etc. bombaceous (bom-ba'shius), fi. In hot., relat- ini,' or pertaining to plants of the natural order liiiiiilMieew. bombard (bom'- or bum'bard), «. [Early mod. E. also bnmlmrd, < ME. biimhtirde, homhardo (in sense 4), < OF. htimlHirdc, a cannon, a mu- sical instrimient, F. htimbiirdc (= ,S]). Pg. It. homharda, a cannon, It. hoiidiardo, a musical instrument), < JIL. li E. bombard, a cannon: see bom- bard, ■«. The relation to bomb" is thus only indirect.] I. intrans. To fire off bombards or cannon. II. trans. 1. To cannonade; attack with bombs ; tire shot and shell at or into ; batter ■with shot and shell. Next she [France] intends to bombard Naples. Burke, Present State of Affairs. 2. To attack with missiles of any kind ; figura- tively, assail vigorously: as, to bombard one with questions. bombardellet (bom-bar-del'), K. [Dim. of F. bom Im rdc. ] A portable bombard, or hand-bom- bard ; the primitive portable fu'earra of Europe, consisting simply of a hollow cylinder with a touch-hole for firing with a match, and attach- ed to a long staff for handling. The first portable firearm of which we have any repre- sentation . . . was called the bombard or bombardelle. Am. Cyc, XII. 96. The Man on Foot, clad in light armor, held the bom- bardelte up. P021. Set. Mo., X.WIII. 490. bombardier (bom- or bum-bar-der'), n. [For- merly also bumbardier, bombardeer ; < F. bom- bardier (= Sp. bombardcro = Pg. bombardeiro = It. bombardiero), < bombarde, bombard.] 1. Properly, a soldier in charge of a bombard or , cannon; specifically, in the British array, a non-commissioned "officer of the Royal Artil- lery, ranking next below a corporal, whose duty it is to load shells, grenades, etc., and to fix the fuses, and who is particularly appointed to the service of mortars and howitzers. — 2. A bombardier-beetle. — 3. A name of a Euro- pean frog. Bombiiiatnr iqncus. bombardier-beetle (bom-bar-der'be "tl), «. The common name of many coleopterous insects, family Carabidw and genera BracMnus BudAp- Bombarfiicr-bcctic i/ira. chinussfy^ir.iritis). (Verti- cal line .shows natural size.) 017 iinns, found under stones. , ,..^^ „., apt t(j cxiiil violenlly from the anus apungciit, at-riciTliilii aicoi]i|.:ijij,il by a slight sound. bombard-mant (bom'- biiril-iiiaii), //. One who delivcnsi )i(|iior in bom- bards to ciistoiuers. They made- room for a bmn- hard-man that brought bongo for a countrey lady. />'. .Jonmii, Mastiues, Love (Restored. bombardment (bom- or bum- l>:ii'd'iiiciit), 11. [< bomhiinl + -inciit; = F. boiidmrdiiiiciit.'] A con- tinuous attaclv with shot and sliell upon a town, fort, or otlier position ; the act of throwing shot and shell into an enemy's town in order to destroy the buildings. Cciiiia is not yet secure frmn a bombardmad, though it IS not so cxposeil ,13 formerly. Addison, Travels in Italy. bombardot, «. Same as bomhardmi. bombardon, bombardone (bom-biir'don, bom- bar-do'ne), n. [< It. bombardoiif,"ang. of bombardo: see bom- bard, «.] 1. A largd- sized musical instm- rnent of the trumpet kind, in tone not un- like the ophicleide. its compass generally is from F on the fourth ledger-line below the bass start to the lower D of the treble staff. It is not capable of rapid execution. 2. The lowest of the sax -horns. — 3. For- merly, a bass reed-stop of the organ. bombard-phraset (bom'biird-fraz), n. A boasting, loud-sound- mg, bombastic phrase. Their bombard-pliriiu; their foot and half-foot words. B. Junnoit, tr. of Horace's Ait of Poetry. bombaset, «■ See bombace. bombasin, bombasine, ». See bombasine. bombast (bom'- or bum'bast, formerly bum- bast'), n. and a. [Early mod. E. also bumbast; a var., with excrescent -t, of bomba.sc, bombace : see bombace.'] I. «. If. Cotton; the cotton-plant. Clothes made of cotton or bombstt. Hakluyt'x Voyarjes, I. 93. Bombast, the cotton plant growing in Asia. E. Phillips, World of Words. 2t. Cotton or other stuff of soft, loose texture, used to stuff garments ; padding. Thy body's bolstered out with bombast and with bags. Gascoif/tie, Challenge to Jieautie. Hence — 3. Figuratively, high-sounding words ; inflated or extravagant language ; fustian ; speech too big and high-sounding for the oc- casion, bombinate When Irritated, they are bombastt (bom'- or bum'bast), r. t. [< bom- "" ' -•■■■" l/aNt, tl.] 1. To pad out; stuff, as a doublet witli cotton; hence, to infliitc; swell out -with high-sounding or bombastic language. r.et them pretend what zeal they will, counterfeit re- ligion, blear the worlil's eyes, iMmlmxt thetnselvcs. Burton, Anat. of Mel., p. 195. Then strives he to l/omljast his feeble lines With far-fetch d phrase. Bji. Hall, .Satires, i. 4. 2. To beat ; baste. I will 80 codgell and honduuti: thee that thou »ha!t not h(- able to stiine tliysrlf. I'alaa: of Ptnmr,- i\->VJ). bombastic, bombastical (bom- or bum-bas'tik, -ti-kal), a. [< bomljant, »., -H -ic, -ical.] Char- acterized by bombast; high-sounding; inflat- ed; e.xtravagant. A theatrical, bombastic, and windy phraseology. Burke, A Ilegiclde Peace, He indulges without measure in vague, Imnbasti^ dec- lamation. Mamulay, .Sadler's Law of Population. = Syn. SwelliiiL', tuinid, stilted, pomiious, lofty, grandilo- i|Uf all. Si'ifl. 'I'ale of a Tub, Int. Bombax (bom'buks), V. [MIj., cotton, a corruj)- tiiiii of L. bombijx: see Boml/ijx.] 1. A genus of silk-cotton trees, natural order ilalvaccte, chief- ly natives of tropical America. The sceils are cov- ered with a silky tlber, but this is too short for textile uses. The wood is soft and light. The fibrous bark ot some species is used for making ropes. 2+. [/. c] Same as bondiazine. Bombay duck. See Immmalo. Bombay shell. See .•,•/«;«. bombazeen (bom- or bum-ba-zen'), n. Same as btiuiii'den. And he, whose /«s(tart's so sublimely bad, It is not poetry, hut prose run mad. Pope, Prol. to Satu-es, 1. 187. In his fifth sonnet he [Petrarch] may, I think, be said to have sounded the lowest chasm of the Batlios. Macaulay, Petrarch. The critics of that day, the most flattering etinally with the severest, concurred in objecting to them obscurity, a general turyidness of diction, and a profusion of new- coined double epithets. Coleridge, Biog. Lit., i. All rant about the rights of man, all whining and whim- pering about the chislnug interests of body anil soul, are treated with haughty scorn, or made the butt of contemp- tuous ridicule. Whipple, Ess. and Rev., I. 26. Il.t "■ High-sotmding; inflated; big with- out meaning. A tall metaphor in bombast way. Cowley, Ode, Of Wit. bombinate •natus, pp. of "bombinare, erroneous form of LL. lonibitare: see bombilate.} To buzz; make a Ijuzzmg sound; bombilate. [Bare.] A^ easy and as profitable a problem to solve the Kabe- laisian riddle of the bombinatinij chiniEera with its poten- tial ur h}-pothctical faculty of deriving sustenance from a tourse of diet on second intentions. Siriiibttrne, Shakespeare, p. 199. bombination (bom-bi-na'shon), w. [< 6o»i6i- ),./,'.. Ut. bombilation.'i Buzz ; humming noise. Bombinator (bom'bi-na-tor), H. [NL. (Mer- ^ rem, 18:20), < ML. "bombinare, buzz: see bomhi- Bombycillidse (bom-bi-sil'i-de), n.pL [NL., < 618 B&min/x commonly referred to this family are Saturtiia, Attacitg, Odoiuatis, Lagiocampa^ and Etisiucampa. See cut under Bombl/x. bombyciform (bom-bis'i-form), a. [< L. boni- hi/x (hombi/c-), a silkworm, + forma, form.] Having the characters of a bomlyeid moth. Bombycilla (bom-bi-sil'a), H. [NL., < L. bom- byx (bombyc-), sUk, + -eiUa, taken from Mota- cilla, in the assumed sense of 'tail.'] A genus of birds, the silktails or waxwings : same as Am- pdif: in the most restricted sense. See Ampelis. bonail nate.'\ A genus of European frogs, made typi- cal of a family Bombinatoridw, now refeiTed to the family Di'scoglossidie. B. ignetts is the typi- cal species, cilled bombardier. Bombinatoridas (bom'bi-na-tor'i-de), n.jyl [XL., < Il'iiidiinator + -irf«>.] A family of anu- rous batraehians, having a tongue, maxillary teeth, and toes not dilated, typified by the genus BombijcUla + -ida.'\ A family of birds, repre- sented by the genus Bombi/ciUa : same as Am- ptlid(r in the most restricted sense. [Disused.] Bombycina (bom-bi-si'na), n. pi. [NL., < Bom- bi/x {Bombyc-) + -ina.'] A tribe or superfamiiy of moths containing the bombycids, as distin- guished from the sphinxes on the one hand and the Microlepidoptera in general on the other. Bombinator. It is a heterogeneous group, the species of bombycine (bom'bi-sin), «. [< L. bombycinus, which btlnti!; to the families i)ua)j(o««irfi^'V''a'l'i'Ja!. „ X, 1 1. Silken; silk.— 2. Of cotton, or of paper bomb-ketcb (bom'kech), n. A small, strongly ^^^^ ^^ ^'^^^^^^ \ E D built, ketch-rigged vessel, carrying one mortar ],omijycinous (bom-bis'i-nus), a. [< L. bomb,/- or more, for service in a bombardment. Also ^.-^^J. ^^^ i^„;;,„„„^.] i. giiien ; i,ade of silk. caUed bomb-vessel. —2. Silkv; feeling like silk.— 3. Of the color .swartwout and Ogden were then confined on one j ^^ silkworm-moth; of a pale-yellow color, of the boiito-Ketcftfg m the harbor. t-> r. • i i* .' G. IT. Cable, Creoles of Louisiana, p. 153. ii. J)iini:iii. bomb-lance (bom'lans), «. A lance or harpoon Bombycistoma, Bombycistomus (bom-bi-sis'- haviug a hollow head charged with gunpowder, to-ma, -mus), «. [NL., < br. ,%i,ii?, silk, + which is automatically fired when thrust into a "TOfia, mouth.] Synonyms of Batrachostomxis whale (which see). bomboio (bom'bo-lo), n. [< It. bombola, a bombycoid (bom'bi-koid), a. Of or relating to pitcher, bottle. < io»i6a: see 6o?h62.] a sphe- the AW^C'**;-, , _ ,,. roidal vessel of flint-glass, used in subliming bombylll,«. Plural of 6om %?»<«. crude camphor. It is usually about lU inches Bombyllldae (bom-bi-li i-de), n.pl. [NL., < in diameter. Also bumbelo, bumbolo. Bomhylius + -irf,c.] A family of braehycerotis bombous (bom'- or bum'bus), a. [< L. ftomftKS, dipterous insects, of the section Tctrachatw n., taken as adj.: see 6o»ifc2.] jf. Booming; humming. — 2. [< bomb^ + -ous.^ Convexly round, like a segment of a bomb; spherical. In some j)arts [of the integument of the Selachu], .is for example on the head, they [the dermal denticles] often liave a bomboxig surface, and are set irregularly. Gegenljaur, Coinp. Anat (trans.), p. 423. bomb-proof (bom'prof), a. and n. I, a. Strong or lanystomata ; the humbleflies. They hiw long proboscis, the third antcrinul joint not annulate, three prolonged basal cells, and usually four postcri'ir cells. The family is large, containing upwani of l.-li'O species, found in all parts of the world. They usually have hairy bodies, are very swift in flight, and are smui'tinus called jtower-jiirs, from their feeding upon pollen anti honey extracted by means of the long proboscis. The typi- cal genus is Bombj/tius; other genera are Anthrax, Luma- tin, and Nemestriim. enough to resist the impact and e.vplosiye force bombylioust (bom-t>il'i-iis)i ". [< Gr. pojijir of bombs or shells striking on the outside H. n. In fort., a structure of such design and strength as to resist the penetration and /(HI-, a bumblebee (see bomhylius), + -oi/s.] Buz- zing; humming like a bee. Vexatious, . . . not by stinging, ._. . butonly by their bumbiilious noise. ' stnigi Derli 'tarn, Physico-Theol., iv. 14. Bomb-proof. the shattering force of shells. Such structures are made in a variety of ways, but are usually, at least in part, beneath the level of the ground. They may be entirely of metal, so shaped that shot and shell will glance from the nurfacc without piercing them, or they may be of vaulted masonry, or even of timber covered and faced with nnis- sive embankments of earth, the latter forming the most etfectlve shield against modem projectiles. Komb-pi fs are provided in pernninent and often in temporary forti- llcallons to place the magazine and stores in safety during a lH>mliardmetit. and aUo to alford shelter to the garrison or to non-combatants. Wc entered a lofty homb-]>roof which wa8 the bedroom of the commanding olhcer. ir. //. HuMHfll, I.ondon Times, June 11, 1801. bombshell (l)om'Hhel), n. Same as bomb^, 1. bombus (bora'buH), )i. [L., < fir. .'Vififio;, a Imz/.inu noise: wi- liamb'-^.] 1. In jiathol.: (a) A humming or buzzing noise in the oars, (b) A rumbling noise in tlie intestines; l)orl)oryg- muH. — 2. \rap.] A genus of bees, family .i/>i- tl ME. bone, mod. E. boon'^, q. v.] (rood: a French word occurring in several phrases familiar in English, but not Anglicized, as bonmot, bon ton, lion firont, etc. bona (bo'iiil), H. ]>l. [L., property, goods, pi. of bonum, a good thing, neut. of bonus, good. Cf. E. (foods, a translation of bono.'] Literally, goods; in <•/!'(/ law, all sorts of property, mova- ble and immovable. bon accord (bon a-kord')- [F. : see bon^ and accord, ».] 1. Agreement; good will. — 2. ^Vn exprrssion or token of good will — The city of bon accord, .\bcrdcen, Scotland, Bon accurU being the motto of the town's arms. bonace-tree (bon'Ss-tre), «. [< bonace (uncer- tain) + ()■(('.] A small tree of .lamaica, Dujih- iiiipsis liiiifolia, iiiitiu-al order Thyniclracca; the iniun- bark of which is very fibrous and is used for cordage, etc. Also called biirn-no.'ic tree. bona fide (bo'nji, fi de). [L., abl. of bona fides, good I'liitli: see bona ./»/<.<.] In or with good faitli ; williout fraud or deception ; with sincer- ily; genuinely: frequently used as aconipoimd atljective in the sense of honest; genuine; not niake-lielieve. An act done binta fitlc, In Iniv, is one dene without fraud, or without knowleilge or notice of any de- ceit or iiiipropricly, in coniradistlucthui to an act done deceitfully, with bad failli, flaudulcnlly, or with know- leilge of prc\'ioiis laiis rendering tlu- act to be set up In- valid.— Bona-flde possessor, In law, n person who not fudy possesses a siibjiet upon a title which he honestly be- lieves to be good, but is ignornnt of any ntlinipt to contest his tille by some other person claiming a better right.— Bona-tldo purchaser, in Ian; one who has bought prop- i-rty without iiotii'o of an mlvcrsc claim, ainl has paid « fiili price for it belorc having such notice, or who has been unaware of any clrcuinstanc<-s making it prudent to In. (jitire w hclhcr an adverse claim existed. bona fides (bo'nji fi'doz). [I^.: bona, fem. of /i(i»«.v (> lilt. K. /)()()»•'), good; _/i(/c.s', > ult. E, I'dilli.'l tiinnl faith; lair dealing. See bom 'jhtr. bonaget, bonnaget (bon'aj), ?i. [8c. , appar, n var. (simulating bondage) of boonagc, q. v.] Sorvi<'('s rciuli'ii'd by a tenant to liis landlord lis purl imymi'iil "f rent. bonaght, ". firmly mod. K., also written lio- noijli, bonougli, reiir. Ir.biiinm, a billeted soldier, liii'anadli, a Boldior,] A ponnanent solilicr. ,v. a;, n. bonaghtt, ». [Early mod. E., iilso honiiiiijht, bdiiinoilil, etc., rcjir. Ir. hiiaiiarht, (|iiiirlcriiig of soldiiTH.j A lax or tribute formerly levied by Irish cIucfH for tho maintenanco of soldieiH. A'. /■;. I). bonailt, bonatlliet, ". |Sc.] Same ns MomHj/. bonail On the brave vessel's piiiiwale T driiiik his honail And farewell to Mackenzie, Hif^h (iiiof of Kintail. Scott, Farewell to Mackenzie. bonairt (bo-nar'), a. [< ME. bonair, honaire, boiicre; short for (Iclioiuiii; q. v.] Complaisant; courteous; kind; yielding. Ikii}air anil buxom to tlie Ilishop of Rome. lip. Jiuvlt, Duf. of Apol. for Chureh of Eng,, p. b:iS. bonairtet, "• [ME., also honairete, honor te ; short for debonairte, q. v.] Complaisance ; courtesy. ('hiiiicer. bonallyt (bo-nal'i), n. [Sc, also written bonail- lic, hDiiiiiiillir, lionnaiUe, bonail, bonnail; < P. bon, pood, + aUcr, go : see booiiS and «//ei/l.] Good- speed ; farewell : as, to tlrink one's boiially, bonang (bo-nang'), ». A Javanese musical in- strument, consisting of gongs mounted on a frame. bona notabilia (bo'na no-ta-biri-a). [Law L. : L. ftoHa, goods; noinbiIia,neut. itl. ot nota- biUs, to be noted : see bona and notable.'] In law, assets situated in a jurisdiction other than that in which the owner died. Formerly in Eng- lanil, when the gooils, ainountinu to at least £,'i, were in another diocese than that in \\hi( li tluir owner died, his will had to be proved l>efore tlie archliisliop of the province. bonanza (bo-nan'zii), n. [< Sp. bonanza (= Pg. bonanza), fair weather at sea, prosperity, success {ir en bonanza, sail with fair wind and weather, go on prosperously) (ef. It. bonaccia = Pr. bonassa, > F. bonace, a calm at sea), < L. bonus (> Sp. biieno = Pg. bom = It. buono = F. bon), good; cf. OSp. inalina, stonny weather at sea, < L. malus, bad.] 1. A term in common use in the Pacific States, signifying a rich mass of ore: opposed to borrasca. Hence — 2. A mine of wealth ; a profitable thing; good luck: as. to strike a bonanza. [Colloq., U. 8.] — The Bonanza mines, specifically, those silver-mines on the Conistock lode in Nevada which yielded enormously for a few years. Bonapartean (bo'na-par-te-an), a. [< Bona- parte, It. Buonaparte, family name of Napo- leon.] Pertaining to Bonaparte or the Bona- partes: as, " Bonajiartean dynasty," Craig. Bonapartism (bo'na-par-tizm), n. [< P. Bona- jiartisme, < Bonaparte + -isme, -ism.] 1. The policy or political system of Napoleon Bona- parte and his dynasty. — 2. Devotion to the Bonaparte family; adierence to the cause or the dynastic claims of the Bonapartes. Bonapartist (bo'na-par-tist), n. and a. K P. Bonapartiste, < Bonaparte + -iste, -ist.] 1. n. 1. An adherent of the Bonapartes, or of the policy of Napoleon Bonaparte and his dynasty. — 2. One who favors the claims of the Bona- parte family to the imperial throne of Prance. II. a. Adhering to or favoring the dynasty, policy, or claims of the Bonapartes. bona peritura (bo'nii per-i-tti'ra). [Law L. : L. bona, goods; peritura, neut. pi. ot periturus, f ut. part, of perire, perish : see bona and per- ish.'] In law, perishable goods. bona-robat (bo'uii-ro'ba), n. [It. buonarobba, "a good wholesome plum-cheeked wench" (Florio), lit. a fine gown, < buona, fem. of buono, good, fiine, -1- robba, roba, gown : see bonanza, boon3, and robe.] A showy wanton ; a wench of the town ; a courtezan. A bouncing bmia-roba. B. Jonson, New Inn. Some prefer the Fi'ench, For their conceited dressings ; some the plump Italian hona-robas. Fletcher, Spanish Curate, 1. 1. Bonasa, Bonasia (ho-na'sa, -si-a), ». [NL. Cf. bonasus.] A genus of gallinaceous birds, of the family Tetraonidw, containing especially B. bctulina, the hazel-gi-ouse of Eiu'ope, and B. itnihelUi, the ruffed grouse, pheasant, or par- tridge of North America. They have a ruffle of RuiTed Grouse (Btmasa utnbglla feathers on each side of the neck, a broad fan-shaped tail, partly feathered shanks, and a small crest. They are woodland bu-ds, noted for their habit of drumming, whence probably their name, the noise being likened U the bellowing of a bull. 619 bonasus, bonassus (bo-na'sus, -nas'us), n. [L. hontisus, < (jr. jitivaao(; or fiuvrwnnr, the wild ox.] 1. The wild bison of Europe; the au- rochs (which see).— 2. [caji.] [NL.] A ge- neric name of the bisons, and thus a synonym of Bison (which see). bonbatzen (bon-liat'sen), n. Same as batz. bonbon (bon'bon; P. pron. bon'bdn), n. [P., a reduplication of bon, good: see bon*, boon'^. Cf. equiv. E. fpwdie.>i.] A sugar-plum; in the plural, sugar-confectionery. bonbonnifere (boii-bou-iar"'), ». [P.] A box for lioldiug bonbons or confections. bonce (bons), )(. [Origin obscure.] 1. A large marble for pla.yiug with.— 2. A game played witli such marbles. X. K. U. [Eng.] bonchieft, n. [< ME. bonchef, bonechief, boon- chief, < bone, good (see bodn^), + chef, chief, head, end, issiu). prob. after analogy of mischief, q. v.] Good fortune; prosperity. bon-chretien {V. pron. lion-kra'tiaii), H. [P., good Christian: see boon'-^ and Christian.'] A highly esteemed kind of pear. bondl (bond), n. [< ME. bond, a variant of hand, as hond of hand, eta.: see ftnnrfl.] 1. Anything that binds, fastens, confines, or holds together, as a cord, chain, rope, band, or ban- dage ; a ligament. I tore them [hairs] from their bonds. Sliafc, K. John, iii. 4. Specifically — 2. pi. Fetters; chains for re- straint ; hence, imprisonment ; captivity. This man doeth nothing worthy of death, or of bonds. Acts xxvi. 31. 3. A binding or uniting power or influence; cause of union; link of connection; a uniting tie : as, the botids of affection. Farewell, thou worthy man ! There were two bonds That tied our loves, a brother and a king. Beau, and Ft., Maid's Tragedy, v. 2. There is a strong bond of affection between us and our parents. Sir T. Bronme, Eeligio Jledici, ii. H. I have struggled through much discouragement . . . for a people with whom I have no tie but the common bond of mankind. Burke, To Sir H. Langrishe. 4. Something that constrains the mind or 'will ; obligation; duty. I love your majesty According to my bond, nor more nor less. Stiak., Lear, i. 1. Sir Aylmer, reddening from the storm within. Then broke all bonds of courtesy. Tennyson, Aylmer's Field. 5. An agreement or engagement; a covenant between two or more persons. I will bring you iuto the bond of the covenant. Ezek. XX. 37. A bond offensive and defensive. Sir J. Melml (1610), Mem., p. 12. 6. [< D. bond, league.] A league or confed- eration: used of the Duteh-speakbig popula- tions of southern Africa. — 7. In law, an in- strument under seal by which the maker binds himself, and usually also his heirs, executors, and administrators (or, if a corporation, their successors), to do or not to do a specified act. If it is merely a promise to pay a certain sum on or before a future day appointed, it is called a Nuud'^ bond. But the usual form is for the obligor to tiiiul himself, his exec- utors, etc., in a specified sum or penalty, with a condition added, on performance of which it is declared the obUga- tion shall be void. When such a condition is added, the bond is called a penal boiul or obWiation. The person to whom tlie bond is granted is called the oldioee. 8. The state of being in a bonded warehotise or store in charge of custom-house or excise offi- cers: said of goods or merehantlise : as, tea and ■wine still in 6oHf?. — 9t. A surety; a bondsman; bail. Pgij/s, Diary. — 10. Acertificate of owner- ship of a specified portion of a capital debt due by a government, a cit.y, a railroad, or other corporation to individual holders, and usually bearing a fixed rate of interest. The bonds of the United .States are of two classes : (1) conjm/i bonds, both principal and interest of wliich ai-e payable to bearer, and which pass by delivery, usually without indorsement; (2) registered bonds, whicll are payai)K- only to tlie parties whose names are inscribed upon them, and can be trans- ferred only by indorsed assignment. 11. In chcm., a imit of combining or satu- rating power equivalent to that of one hydro- gen atom. The valence of an element or group is in- dicated by the number of its bonds. Thus, the carbon atom is said to have four bonds, that is. it may combine directly with four hydrogen atoms or their equivalents. Bonds are usually represented graphically by short d:ishes. For instance, the valence of a carbon atom may be repre- sented thus : C=. One or more pairs of boitds belonging to one and the same atom of an element can unite, and, having saturated each other, become as it were latent. Franklami, Chemistry. 12. In building: (a) The connection of one stone or brick with another made by lapping II Ml I I — bond one over the other as the work is carried up, so that a homogeneous and coherent mass may be formed, which could not bo the ease If every vertical .joint were over that below it. See chain-bond, cross-bond, heart-bond, and phrases below, (b) ])l. The whole of the timbers dis- posed in the walls of a house, as bond-timbers, wall-plates, lintels, and templets. — 13. The distance between the nail ot one slate in a roof and the lower edge of the slalo above it Active bonds. See ueti're.- Arbitration bond, ."^ee arbitra- tion.'- AveTa.SQ bond, in marine insurance, an under* taking in the furni of a bond, given to the captain of a shij, liy consignees of cargo subject to general average, gnar.'uitccing iiayni'-nt of tbeii' contribution when ascer- tained, provided delivery of their goods be made at once. See arrniiie-. Blank bond, a bond formerly used in whirli till- sp;icc for the creditor's name was left blank.— Block-and-cross bond, a method of building in which tin; outer lace of the wall is built in cross-bond and the inner face in block-bond. — Bond for land, bond for a deed, a bond given by the selli-r of land to one agreeing to buy it, binding hiui to convey on receiving the agreed price.— Bond of caution, in .Scots taw, an oliligatioii by one person as surety for another either that he shall pay a certain sum or perform a certain act. — Bond Of cor- roboration, an additional obligation granted l,y the debtor in a bond, tiy whieli he coi-robfjrates the oiiginal oliligation.— Bond of Indemnity, a bond conditioned to iniliounty tlic obligee against some loss or liability. — Bond of presentation, in .Scots law, a bond to present a delilor .so that he may be subjected to the diligence of his creditor.— Bond of relief, in .Scots law, a bond by the principal debtor granted in favor of a cautioner, by which the debtor binds himself to relieve the cautioner from the consequences of his obligation. — Collateral trust- bonds, bonds issued by a corporation and secured, not, as is usual, by a mortgage on its own property, but by pledging or depositing in trust, on behalf of the bondhold- ers to be secured, mortgage-bonds of other C(unpaliies lield by it as security. The interest paid o)] these collateral trust-bonds is usually less than that iLrcivrd on the bonds pledged, the surplus being used to foim a sinking-fund for the redemption of the former. — Consolidated bonds, the name commonly given to railroad bonds seemed by mortgage on the entire line formed by several consoli- dated roads, in contradistinction to divisif/nal bunds, which are obli^'atii'os of the consolidated company se- cured by nini t;.;;e„''' on some particular division of the rail- road.— Convertible bonds, evidences of debt issued by a stock company whicll contain a provision that they may be converted at the holder's will into an equivalent amount of stock. — Di- agonal bond, in bricklaying, the simplest form of raking bond, in which the courses are all parallel to each other. — Di- visional bonds. See under con- solidateil bunds, above. — English bond, that dispo- sition of bricks in a wall in which the courses are alternately com- posed entirely of headers, or bricks laid with their heads or ends toward the face of the wall, and of stretchers, or bricks with their length parallel to the face of the wall. — Fletnish bond, that dis- position of bricks in a wall in which each course is composed of headers and stretchers alter- nately. 'WTiat is in Eng- land called Flem- ish, bond is un- known in Flan- dere, and is prac- tised in the Brit- ish Isles alone. E/ieyc. Brit., TV. [Ml. Forthcoming bond, a bond given by some one guaran- teeing that something shall be produced or fortlicoming at a particular tinie, or when called for.— Garden-bond. .Same as Woc*-()ond.— General mortgage-bonds, the name commonly given to a corporate mortgage, which, though nominally coverin--' all property of the company, is of inferior secmitv because subject to" prior mortgages of various kinds.— Good bond, an expression used by car- penters to denote the linn fastening of two or more pieces together, by tenoning, mortising, or dovetailing. — Herit- able bond, in Scots law. a bond for a sum of money, to which is joined for the creditor s further security a con- veyance of land or of herita^f to be held by the creditor in security of the debt. — Hernng-bone bond, in brick- laying, a kind of raking bond in which the courses lie al- ternately at right angles to each other, so that every two courses, taken together, present an appearance similar to the backbone of a fish. — Income-bonds, bonds of a cor- poration secured by a pledge of or lien upon the net in- come, after payment of interest upon senior mortgages. Cumulative income-bonds are those so expressed that, if the net surplus income oi any year is not sufficient to pay full interest on the income-bond, the deficit is carried for- ward as a lien upon such income in following years, until paid in full— Lloyd's bond, a form of legal instrument devised by an English b.arrister named Lloyd, to enable railway and other corporate companies in England to in- crease their indebtedness without infringing tiie statutes .1 I.I 1,1 i.r- I I I I I I g^ 3 II I I M 1 1 -4i I I I I I XT] ±E English Bond. , face of wall ; s, end of wall ; 3, Urst- course bed ; 4, second-course bed. TL — — !■« 77j^ '-stones bonded with clay. y, A. Rev., CXXXIX. 5'2tJ. Town-bonding acts or laws, laws enacted by several of the Tuited .'^lates, authorizing towns, counties, and other municipal corporations to issue their corporate bonds for the purpose of aiding the construction of railroads. n. in trans. To hold together from being bonded, as bricks in a wall. The imperfectly shaped and variously sized stone as dressed rubble can neither bed nor bond trulv. Jinajc. Brit., IV. 448. bond- (bond), n. and a. [< XIE. bonde, peasant, senant, bondman. ME. bonde occurs in its proper sense of 'man of inferior rank,' also as adj., unfree, bond (> ML. bondiis, AF. bond, bonde), < AS. bonda, bunda, a householder, head of a famUy, husband (see hu.iband), < Icel. bondi, contr. of boandi, buandi, a husband- man, householder (= OSw. boandi, bondi, Sw. Dan. bondi, a farmer, husbandman, peasant), prop. ppr. (= AS. bucnde) of liita = AS. huan, dwell, trans, occupy, till. From the same root come boor, Boer, boirer^, boirerU, boun, bouiidi, 61V72, and ult. /icl. The same element bond oc- curs unfelt in husband, earliev h usbond : see/iK.s- hand. The word hond, prop, a noun, acquired an adjective use from its frequent oceiuToneo as the antithesis otfree. The notion of servi- tude is not original, but is due partly to the inferior nature of the tenure held by the hond (def. 2), and partly to a confusion with the un- related hond^ and bound, pp. of hind.} I.t «. 1. A peasant; a churl. — 2. A vassal; a serf; one held in bondage to a superior. n. a. It. Subject to the tenure called bond- age. — 2. In a state of servitude or slavery; not free. Whether wc be Jews or Gentiles, whether we be bond or free. 1 Cor. xii. 13. RIche & pore, free & bondf, that wol axe grace. Uymnti to the Virffin, p. 03. Lered men & lay, fre -<'Mi:Lled with hond^ and hounil^.'] 1. In olil Jinij. law, vilh'inuge ; tenure of land by ])er- foriiiiiig the ineanest services for a suiierior. .Syclie t/tnutfif/r Mlialle I t<» theyiii beyde, To dyke and delf, beri' and draw, And to do a\le unhoni-Nt di-yde. Ttnrnrtry ilj/Kteriet, p. fiT. 2. In Srnt. ngri., the »tat« of, or Bon-ices due by. .1 li.,iilHt;er. Heo hontlager. "t pnymentii ronidnl^'d in Bervlcen cnllcii ' vvirfrxuct«!didtltr*rlfi wed-tlrni- in plough- *■ ■ • fb'- propriet^ir'pi hind, or tn numiner In '•>■ <'.(il« (tr other fuel, and In linrvcHl in ''»'■ i.p /li/riV. .Siirr*-/;, Klnrardln'-idilrr. (Ii ■ Urn.-t It will Ix' "-en Hint for ili II . II. >l only, fu now. I.il"' ■ " ( .!■ i- 1 • '. I < . JH-twi-en proprleltir imd (iiiin- 1 3f. I" !ii,; tie of duty; binding power or inllm i> lie niiixi K *f}\\r, }ty DO mean* to Iw eniiUvpd ami tfi Iw brouKht unilrr ihc bandage of ulmrrlnK oatlu. .Vuu/A. 620 4. Slavery or involimtary servitude ; serfdom. A sadly toiling slave. Dragging the slowly lengthening chain of bondaffc to the grave. HVii^iVr, Cassandra Southwicli. 5. Capti'S'ity; imprisonment; restraint of a person's liberty by compulsion. A day, an hour, of virtuous liberty Is worth a whole eternity in Ixtmiafje. Addison, Cato, ii. 1. 6. Figuratively, subjection to some power or influence: as, he is in bondage to his appetites. — Syn. 4. Slaven/, etc. (see*vri'i7»siied, as distinguished from Hoating debt.— Bonded warehouse, orbondjd store, a build- ing or warehoii>f in u hirli iiijiiorteil iroods sutiject to duty, or goods char,^cat>li' \\ith intriiial-revt-nue taxes, arestort-d until the importer or bonder withdraws them for exporta- tion without payment of duty or tax, or makes payment of the duties or taxes aud takes delivery of his goods. bonder! (bon'der), H. [//.-.] I'crsnii-^ liolil in boiiilago. <_'hancer. bondholder (lionil'luil dir), h. one who holds or owns a lioiid or bonds issued by a govern- ment, a corporation, or an individual. The South had bonds and bondholders as well as the North, and their bondholders have memories as well as ours. N. A. Ret\, C.X.KVI. 4!IS. bondland (bond'land), n. [< hontV^ + land.] l,:iiiil liold ))v bondage tenure. See hondai/e, II.. 1. ■ bondless (bond'les), a. [< bond^ + -less.] Willioiit Vionds or fetters; unfettered, bondlyt, adr. [< bond- + -hi-.} As a serf or j-liivo; servilely, bondmiaid (lionil'miid), «. [< bond^ + maid.] A li 111:1 Ir sliivc, or a female bound to service wit limit wages. Thy biindmen and thy bondmaids. Lev. xxv. 44. bondman (bond'innn), )!.; pi. bondmen (-men.) j.Mi;. liiiiiilemaii ='l)nTi. hondiniiind ; < hond'^ + man.] 1. In «/(/ /iH(/. /«ic, u villein, or tenant in villeinage. Hoinetlines a fanner when «ccd-tlmo wiw over muitcreil hi* liimdinrn for a harvirst of pillage ere the time came lor harvesting hlHlleliU. ./. U.tlrren, i'oiii|. of Kiig.,]). fill. 2, A man sbive, or n man boiinil to sen'ice willioiil wnges. Also inijiroperly written Imtiil.t- miin. Bondman bllndl. same an Wiiii/m/iir» /n/^, 1. bond-paper (bond'pa-pi'T), «. [< bomO + pit- I" r. I A HiroMg paper, of a Hpecial qiinlity, used inr IioimIh, liank iMileH, etc. bond-servant (biimr.'.er'viinl). H. AhIuvi'; one who is Hiibjircteil to tlie authority of another, and who muat (c^vo hiH Horvico without liire. Microscopical Structure of Bone. ^, crosS'Sectlon sliowingtwo Hiivcniijn caiiuls, a, a, and numerous corpuscles, ti. t-. />'. lim^itiKliiiiil section sliowine a, it, a, Haverslnn cnn.i)s, .init ti, many corpuscles. consisting of branching cells lying in an in- tercellular substance made hard witli eartliy salts (consisting of eiilcitim iihospliiile witti small amoiuits of caleiuiii cafboiiate mid iiiag- nesitim phosphate, etc.), and foi'iiiing the sub- stance of tlie skeleton or hard framework of tlie body of most vertebrate animals, w hen the earthy siiltn are removed, the remaining intercellular snliHtaiicc is of eartilagiiious eonsistelicy, and is called ossein or bone-cartilage, Tlirough the substaneo of bone arc 8eutt<'red niltiuto cavities the laclliue, which seuil out multitiUillnouB laiiilllcatlons, the caiinlicull. The caiuilicnli of dlllcreiit liiciinie unite together, and IIium estiililish a cominunl. eiitlon between the illKerent lacnnie. If the earthy imilter be extracted by iliinte adds, a nucleus may be found In each liicuna; and, . . . not unfi'ei|Urntly, the Intermeiltate substance ajipi-ai-H minutely llbiilluted. . . . In a diy bone, the lacnnie are nsnally tilled with air. When a thin section of sm-h a lione is , . . covered witjl water anil a thin glasK, and |iliierd under the niieroscope, the air in Ihc lacunai feflacls the light which pasuct through thcni In such a ninnncr lis lo prevent its reach. lug the eye, aud they ajipciir black. . . . All bones, ox- eept the smallest, are liiiverHed by small canals, coii- veiled by side lirancheH Inio a network, and containing vcHselH Htipjiorted by more or less connective tissue aim fatty matter. These are called Haversian canals. Illijrtrii aiifl Vimnians, I'hyslid., I .IM). 2. Olio of tlie jiiirls wliii'li iniiki> ini the skole- loii or framework of vertebrate nnniinls: as, a houi of the leg or head. Iloni's of ciillle and other animals are I'xIenslvel.v used in the arts in forming liiilfo- handles. bulloiiH, eoiiibs, etc.. In making si/e, gelatin, lanipblai'h, and animal charcoal, and for various otlior purposes. They are also extensively employed an a ma- bone nure for dry soils, with the very hest effect, being ground to dust, t)ruise- per Silurian ; although only a few inches in thickness, it is continuous over an area of at least a thousand square miles ; it is full of fi'agments of fish-bones, crustaceans, and shells. The other bone-bed is on the Rha?tic, at the top of the Trias ; this contains the bones and teeth of fishes, with coprolites, etc.; it is found both in England and in Germany. bone-binder (bon'Mn^der), «. A name for os- teoeoUa (which see). bone-black (bon'blak), n. The black carbo- naceous suljstauce into which bones are con- verted by calcination in closed vessels. This kind of charcoal is employed to deprive various solutions, particularly syrups, of their coloring matters, and to fui - nish a black pigment. Artificial bone-black consists of woody matters impregnated with calcium phosphate dis- solved in hydrochloric acid, thus resemiiUng the real bone- black in coniposilion. Also calleil oniinal black, animal charcoal. — Bone-black furnace, a furnace used in re- moving from l)one-black, by burning, impurities collected in it during its use in filtration, decolorization, etc. bone-breaker (b6n'bra"ker), w. 1. A name of the giant fulmar petrel, Ossifraga gigantea. — 2. A book-name of the osprey, fish-hawk, or ossifrage, Pandion haliaetus. bone-breccia (b6n'breeh"i-a), n. In geol., a con- glomerate of fragments of bones and limestone cemented into a rock by calcareous matter. Sucli deposits are of frequent occurrence in caverns which in prehistor'c times were resorted to by man and wild beasts. bone-brown (bon'broun), n. A brown pigment produced by roasting bones or ivory till they become brown throughout. bone-cartilage (b6n'kiir''ti-laj), n. hi physiol, same as o.ssein. bone-cave (bon'kav), n. A cave in which are foimd bones of animals of living or extinct species, or species li\-ing only in far distant lo- calities or a different climate within historic times, sometimes with the bones of man or other traces of his contemporaneous existence. The brick-earths also contain the remains of a species of lion (Felis spelsea), no longer living, but which is like- wise found in some of the hone-caves of this country. Huxley, Physiography, p. 2S3. boned (bond), p. a. [< JoHfl -I- -e(?l.] 1. Hav- ing bones (of the kind indicated in composi- tion) : as, Xii^h-boned ; sivon%-boncd. — 2. In cookery, freed from bones : as, a boned fowl. bone-dog (bou'dog), «. A local English name of the common dogfish, Squalus acaiithias. See cut under dogfish. bone-dust (boii'dust), n. Bones ground to dust for use as manm'e. See bonc^, n., 2. bone-earth (bon'erth), n. The earthy or min- eral residue of bones which have been calcined or bm-ned with free access of air so as to destroy the animal matter and carbon. It is a white, po- rous, and friable substance, composed chiefly of calcium phosphate, and is used by assayers as the material for cupels and in making china, and for other purposes. Also called bone-ash. , bone-eater (b6n'e''ter), n. A sailors' corrup- tion of honito. bonefiret (bon'fir), n. See bonfire. bone-fish (bou'fish), «. 1. A name of the lady- fish, macabe, or French mullet, Albula vulpes. See cut under lady fish. — 2. A fish of the fami- bone-spirit ly Teuthididw and gcims Teuthis or Acanthuriis; a surgeon- or doctor-fish. — 3. A name of the common dogfish, Stjualns acanthias, in southern Now England. See cut under dogfish. bone-flower (b6n'flou"tr), «. In the north of Kiigland, tlie daisy, Bellis perennis. bone-glass (bon'glas), n. A glass made by aililiiig to wliito glass from 10 to 20 per cent, of white bone-earth, or a corresponding quantity of mineral phosphates. It is of a milk-white color, semi-opaque, and is used for lamp-shades, etc. bone-glue (bon'glo), n. An inferior kind of glue obtained from bones. bone-lace (lion'las), n. Lace, usually of linen thread, made on a cushion with bobbins, and taking its sole or chief decorative character from the pattern woven into it, as distinguished from point-lace; so named from the fact that the bobbins were originally made of bone. boneless (bon'les), «. [< ME. banks, < AS. bdnletis, < ban, bono, -f- -leas, -less.] Without bon(!s; wanting bones; as, "his boneless fpuna," tihak., Macbeth, i. 7. bonelet (bon'let), n. [< ftonel + dim. -let.'] A small bone; an ossicle; as, bonelcti of the ear. Bonellia (bo-nel'i-ii), n. [NL., named after Francesco Andrea ISonelli, an Italian naturalist (died in 1830).] 1. A genus of chsetojihorous gephyreans, related to ICchiurus, and having, like it, a pair of tubular ciliated organs opening communication between the rectum and the perivisceral cavity. It is provided with a single long tentacular appendage upon the head. — 2. A genus of dipterous insects. Desroidy, 1830. — 3. A genus of gastropodous moUusks. Des- hayes, 1838. Bonelllldse (bo-ne-li'i-de), n. pi. [XL., < Bonel- lia -1- -!>/«'.] A family of gephyreans, typified by the genus Bonellia (which see). bone-manure (bon'ma-niir"), ». Manure con- sisting of bones ground to dust, broken in small pieces, or dissolved in sulphuric acid. See 6oH>. One whose occu- pation is to set broken and dislocated bones; one who has a knack at setting bones; gen- erally applied to one who is not a regularly qualified surgeon. bone-setting (bon'seflng), «. [Verbal n. of boneset, t-.] The art or practice of setting bones. bone-shark (bon'shark). ». A common name along the New England coast of Cetorhinus majrinius, the basking-shark. See cut under basl^ing-shar^^. bone-shawt, «. Sciatica or hip-gout. A'.E.D. bone-spavin (bou'spav'ln), «. In farriery, a disease of the bones at the hock-joint. bone-spirit (bon'spir it), n. Crude ammonia- cal litiuor containing various substances, ob- tained in the process of manufacturing charcoal from bones. bone-turqnoise bone-torquoise (bon'ter-koiz'), n. A fossil bone or tooth colored briglit-blue, probably by phosphate of iron : early used as an imitation of tnie turquoise. Sometimes called odoii tolitt: bone-waste (bon'wast), n. The dust or refuse of boues after the gelatin has been extracted from them. bone-yard (bon'yard), n. 1. A knacker's yard. — 2. A grareyard. [Slang.] — 3. In the game of dominoes, the pieces reserved to draw from. bonfire (bon'fir), n. [Esirly mod. E. hooiijiir, houdfire, lounfire, later hurnfirc. but reg. bon- fire or bonefire, Sc. banefire; < late HE. boiiefijrc, Sc. banefi/re (the earliest known instance is "banefyre, ignis ossium," in the " Catholicon Anglicimi," a. d. 14S3); < boneT- (Sc. banc, ME. bone, bon, bane, etc.) +fire. The vowel is short- ened before two consonants, as in collier, etc. The W. banO'aiil, also spelled ?)<(« (^«(7^ a boutire, as if < ban, lofty, -f- ffatjl. flame, blaze, appears to have been foi-med in imitation of the E. ■word.] It. A fire of bones. — 2t. A ftmeral pile ; a pyre. — 3 . A fire for the burning of here- tics, proscribed books, etc. Hence — 4. Any great blazing fire made in the open air for amusement, or for the burning of brushwood, weeds, rubbish, etc. Specifically — 5. A fire kindled, usually in some open and conspicu- ouis place, such as a hill-top or public square, as an expression of public joy or exultation, or as a beacon. RiDg ye the bels, to make it weare away, And bonejierg make all day. Spenser, Epithalamion, 1. 275. The Citizens and Subjects of Bohemia, . . . ioyfuH that there was an Ue>Te apparant to the Kin^dome, made Bone- jires and shewes throughout all the Cittie. Greene, Pandosto. Tliere was however order given for bonfires and bells ; hut Grxl knows it was rather a delivenince than a tri- umph. Evelyn, Diar>', June 6, l(iC(l. bongar (bon'giir), w. [Native name.] A large vfiKiinous East Indian serpent : also called rtirk-siiiih-f. See Bungarus. BonganiS, «. See Bungams. bongracet (bon'gras), n. [Early mod. E. also bone-, bond-, boun-, bun-, boongrace, < F. bonne- grace, " the uppermost flap of the down-hang- ing tail of a French liood, whence beliko our Boongrace" (Cotgrave); < bonne, fem. of bon, good, -I- grace (now grdce), grace: see Ihiih,'^ and grace.'i A shade formerly worn by wouh n on the front of a bonnet to protect the cuiu- plexion from the sun ; also, a large boniict or broad-brimmed hat sers-ing the same pviriiose. (My face] waa spoiled for want of a ho}vrrace when I was young. Beau, and FL, Tlie Captain, ii. 1. Ye wad laugh well to see my round face at the far end of a.strac bun'irace, that looks as mnckle and round as the middle aUle in Lihberton Kirk. Ki-oll, Heart of Midlothian. bongret, adr. and )>re]i., orig. jilir. [Early mod. E. bdiin grcc, < ME. bongrc, < OF. (rfc) bon grc, (of) good will: see bon*, boonS, a,nil gree^, and cf. maugrc.l I. adi: With good will : now used only as French bon grf, in tlio phrase bon gri vial grc, willingly or unwillingly ; willy-nilly. U. ]>roii-o-me ), «. [P., < bonhomme, a himpli', easy man, < bon, good (see boon^), + honinii , < Ij. homo, man. Cf. goodman.'] Frank and Himiilo good-heartedness ; a good-natured manner. Tht; other redeeming (|ua11t(cfl of the Mcccan are his courage, his bonhomie, his manly suavity of mannora, . . . and his general knowledge, /(. /■'. Burton. r:i.Medinah, p. 401. Boniface (bon'i-fa»), n. [From the namo of the lan.lluril in Fanpihar's "Beaux' Stratagem." It i- till) F. form of ML. UonifuciuH, a frequent liio|,••'■. aniiil, + J'acerc, clo.] A landlord or inn- i ■ • |i'T. bonification (bon'i-fl-ka'Hhon), n. [< ML. as ji iiniiitirnHo{n-),Khoniticari!: sua bonifi/,'] If. Aim her :it ion; bettennent. *•'' ' '', in liiH diNcoiirM-, proposes, niiioiig his bonC- \ •■T11IC, the supprcMition nf our two free iKirts .1 l.lfrienl. Jeffrgftn, CorrespotHli!iice, H, 462. !i. Till' iniying of a boniiH. A'. K. I>. bonlform lion'i-fonn), n. [(. L. '«»»«*, good, Having tni' natiiri! of good- 622 < facerc, make. Ct. benefit.'] To convert into good; make good; ameliorate: as, ''to bonifie evils," Ciidworth, Intellectual System. [Bare.] boniness (bo'ni-nes), «. [< bony + -ncss.J The state or quality of being bony. A painful reminder of the excet'dinf; bonfness of Orem- nitz's knuckles. Tlie CetUuni,XX\1ll. S9. boning, boming (bo'ning, bor'ning), n. H^erbal u. of bone-, born-, and thus prob. orig. bo iirji- ing : see bone-.'] The act or art of determin- ing a level or plane surface or a straight level line by the guidance of the eye. Joiners and ma- sons "try up'"^tht.-ir work l>y boning with two straight- edges, a process uhidi ileternunes whether tlie surface is iineven or is a true plane. Surveyors and architects per- form tlie operation by means of "poles, called honin;j- or borninfr-rods, set up at certain distances. These are ad- justed to the reiiuired line by looking along their vertical surfaces. Gariienei's also employ a simiKir simple device in lajing out grouiuis, to guide them iu making the sur- face level or of regular slope. boning-rod (bo'ning-rod), n. The rod used in boning. See boning. bonitarian (bon-i-ta'ri-an), a. [< L. bonita.s:, goodness, boimty (see bounty), + -arian.'i Equi- table : used to characterize a class or form of rights recognized by Roman law, in contra- distinction to quiritarian, which con-esponds to legal in modem law Bonitarian ownership or title, the title or owiiersliiii recognizcti in Ittniiaii law by tlie jiretoi-s in a pel-son not having alisolute legal (or quiri- tiu-ian) title, because claiming by an informal transfer, or claiming, under some circumstances, by a formal transfer made by one not the true owner. It corresponded some- what to tlie eiinitable ownership recognized by courts of eijiiitv, as distinguished from legal title at common law. bonitary (bon'i-ta-ri), a. Same as bonitarian. bonito (bti-ue'to), ». [Formerly also boncto, bonita, honetd. bonuto, etc.; = F. bonite, former- ly bonito = G. bonit, honitti.'^cli, < Sp. (Pg.) bo- vito, said to be < Ar. bainitli, buinis, a bonito, but perhaps < Sp. (Pg.) bonito, pretty good, good, pretty, dim. of hucno (= Pg. bom), good: see boon'^.'] A name applied primarily to pela- gic fishes of the family Seombrida; of a robust fusiform shape, and secondarily to others sup- posed to resemble them or be related to them. {a) .\ scombritl, Euthifniui-^ jirjtnuff^, having a bluish liiick and 4 longitudinal l>rownis!i l,:iinis on tlic liclly. It is an inhabitant of the wanner piii ts .if tlic Atlantic and Indian oceans. (6) Ascombri(l,.S((/(/(( //it(/((frn(/ia(, distinguished (!■ bonify p|.r. I H liut is good or to tlio chief good. M'l tnith may llkewlw li'lh be mild l^i In Vwlworth, liit<-lli-«'tiial MyBl4iii (i), V. ^: prct. hikI iip. bonified, •I- [< F. boniftcr, < Mi.. honifiearr. makr good or bott«r, ' L. ftnniu, good, + -Jlcarc, Bonito [Sarda tttfiiiterranea). (From Report of U. S. Fish Commission.) by the oblique stripes on the bluish back and the silvery belly. It is tlie lntnitn of tin- American tlshernien ami mar- kets, and the ic/fc/ htmita of books, (c) A seonihrid. Santa ctulenxiit, closely related t^i the S. ineditcrranca , but occurring in the Pacific ocean. It is everywhere known as bonito along the i'alifornian coast, but also miscalled Si*anixb viaekerel. ulcipiack, and tuna, (if) A sconibrid, A xixix thazuril, with a blue back and silvery belly. The second dorsal lln is widely separated from the first, and the body is more slender than in Santa cltrlennijt. It is the plain bonito of the Knglish. but called alimg the New England coast frioatr vmckeret. (e) A earangid, Sen'ola /aneiata ; the madregal. IHorinnda.] (/) A fish of the "family Etaentitiif, Klueatc canaita, so called about Chesa- pcakeliay; the cobiu. [ U. S. (Chesapeake Bay). ] See cut lllnlcr rnhia. bonityt, n. [< E. 6o«i" fos, goodness: Bco bounty, an older form from the same source.] Good- ness, llaeiet. Bonjean's ergotine. See rrgnlinc. bon jour (I', pill", boil zliiir). [F.: ?)0H, good; jiiiir, liny: sic /;o/rl and journtd.] Good day ; good nioniiiig. bon mot d'. jiron. b6u mo) J pi. bon.i mots (b6n mo, or, as E.. iiioz). [F. : b(oi, good ; viot, word : SCO /«)»■* and mot.] Awitlicisin; a clover or witty saying; a witty repai'tee. Some of lis havi' written down several of liersayings, or what the I'reiich call («;oi imifji, wherein she elcellid In,. yoiiil belief. .Shi/(, llialh of Stella. Voil need not hurry when the object In only to prevent mv saving a bon-mot, fur tliere Is not the least wit In my iiiilini . Jane Autten, Manslluld I'nrk, Ix. bonnage, «. Soo hotuigc bonnaUet, ». Hnine as bonalhj. bonne n>i>n). ». [F., fem. of bon, good: bco '"'»'. I A rliild'H nurMomuid, oBpccially a French iiiirso. bonne boucbe Oion Inlsh); ])I. bonnm hoHchen (lion liiiHli). [!•'.: Hen bonne and liouchr.] ,\ choice mouthful of food; a dainty morHol : hiiiil oHpecially of Honictliiiig very cKcelh-iil roKorvcil to the end of a roplist. Iln Kreneli ime. n« iin Icll'nii Title phraM!, bunnr b,,, ,,/,.• HJi^nni, m ioi ii,/ii-eiililc Iji,.!,' in the liiouUl.] bonnet bonnet (bon'et), «. [Early mod. E. also bonet, < ME. Imnct, bonctte, bonat. < OF. bonet, Itonnct, bounct, mod. F. bonnet (= Pr. honeta = Sp. bo- netc ; cf. D. bonnet = MHG. lionit = Gael. bo~ naid;'M'L.bonetus,bonctum,a,\soboneta.bonneta), bonnet, cap (hence the naut. sense, JIE. bonet, < OF. bonctte, F. bonnette, bounct) ; prop, the name of a stuff (ML. bonetu.lny or buy: socalleil licriiuM' mi. li ;i person ligtn'iitivo- ly bonnets or blinds Ihc i',\cs of the victims. When a stranger appears, tho bonnet generally wins. London Times, 14, A local name in Florida, of tho yellow water-lily, Nitjihar adrcna Bonnet i, pr6tre, or priest's bomiet, in. fori., an outwork having at the head three salient and two reentrant angles. Also called mraU loifloil. Braid bonnet, a thick, closely woven .Scotch call of wotil, usually of a dark- blue color, and surmounted by a bobor stumpy tnssol of a illllcrciit color. It is round In shape, tile njiper part being imicli wider than thelinnd, or part wliicli MIji Ibc head. CoilI-scuttlO bonnet. .Seo n..i(».-i/(»c. — Kilmarnock bonnet, a cn]i..r siiollarnmko t.itllebrai.l In I. lillMeSH wi.l.. iil lli.' I..|>. nlnl flirnislied Willi a pcnkof the same iiiiiteilal : s.i callc.i l.ccniisc iiiiido exti'iiHivcly at Kilinarnocli, Ayr»liln'.- To have a be» In ones bonnot. See beri.- To have a green bon- netl, to have failed In trad..- To vall (or valO) Ul» bonnett, to doir the bonnet In ri'spiil. (I b.iiiny l-'we tree, Ncedes t^i thy houghs will bow this knee and vaite raj bonnet. A'anh, Strange Newcs (1MI2), slg. U 2. bonnet (bon'et), f. [< bonnet, n.] I. /roM.i. To i.iiii' tlie bonnet or lint over tho eyes of, witli tlio vii'W of mobbing or hiiHtling, ll'oni'l bill) by kiio.liiiig Iil4 hat over his eyes, and ho to at the mercy of his opponent. O. If. Ilolmen, Klslu Vunuor, xxUL bonnet Il.t intrans. To pull off the bonnet; make obpisance. Shnk., Cor., ii. 2. bonnet-block (bou'et-blok), n. Awooclenshape on which :i bounct is put to bo pressed. bonneted (bon'et-ed), a. Wearing a bonnet, or furnished with ii bonnet, in any of the senses of tluit word. bonneter (bon'et-er), «. [< honnct, n., 13, + -o'l.] Ono who induces another to gamble; a bonnet. [Slang.] bonnet-fleuk, ». Same as bonnet-fluke. bonnet-fluke (bon'et-flok), n. A Scotch name of the brill, lilwmbus Icpvis. See brill. bonnet-grass (bon'et-gi'as), n. White bent- friass, .U/rnstis alba. bonnet-laird (bon'et-lard), n. One who farms his own property; a yeoman; a freeholder. [Scotch.] A lang word or bit o' learning that our farmers ami bontiet.lairds canna' sae weel follow. Scott. bonnet-limpet (bon'et-lim"pet), n. Amollusk of the family Culi/jitra'idw. The Hungarian bonnet-limpet is rUtopsin Imngarica. bonnet-macaque (bon'et-ma-kak"), w. A monkey {Macacus sinicus), a native of Bengal 623 bonnibelt (bon'i-bel), n. [< bonny'i- + bel^, belle; or < F. hoiinv ct belle, good and beaiitifiil. Cf. belUlxnw.'] A handsome girl; a fair maid; a bonny la.ss. Sjmiser. _Wfll, look to him, dame ; bcshrew me, were I 'Moiigst these liimnibells, you should need a good eye. II. Jontftm, The Penates. bonnilasset, «. [Fov bonny lass.'] A beautiful girl ; a sweetheart. As the banilausc passed Ity, . . . .She I'ovdc at mee with glauncing eye. Spenser, .Shep. Cal., August. bonnily (bon'i-li), adv. In a bonny manner; beautifully; finely; pleasantly. liis wee bit ingle, blinkin' himnily. Burns, Cottar's Sat. Kight. bonniness (bon'i-nes), n. [< bonny'^ + -ne.s.s.] 1 . The quality of being bonny ; beauty. — 2t. Gaiety; blithencss. bonnyl (l)on'i), a. [Also written bonnie, for- merly also bony, bonie, < ME. bonie, appar. eX' tended, as if dim., from the reg. ME. bon, bone. booby-hut neut., a good tiling: see bona and ?)ooh3.j Something of the nature of an honorarium or voluntary additional compensation for a ser- vice or advantage; a sum given or paid over and above what is required to be paid or is regularly payable. («) a preniium given for a hiaii, or for a c-harti-i' or other privib'Kc panted to a company. (';) An extra ilividcri.l or allowaiu-e to the shareholders of a joint-stock i;on]pitny, lioldcrs of insurance policies, etc., out of accumulated prollts. The banks which now hold the deposits pay nothing to the public ; they give no ImnuK, they pay no annuity. Webster, .Speech, .Senate, May 7, 1834. (c) A sum paid to the agent of a company or the captaia of a vessel, over and above his stated pay, In proportlott to tlie success of his lalxirs, and as a stimulus to extra ex- ertion; a boon, (li) Euphemistically, a bribe. bonus (bo'nus), V. t. [ibonux, ?(.] To give or ill id a bonus to; promote by the payment of bonuses. bon Vivant (F. pron. b6u ve-von')- [P. : ion, good; rirant. ppr. of vivre, < L. vivere, live: Be» bon*' and vUal,vive.'} A generous liver; ajovial companion. good, < OP. bon,'iem. bonne,"gooA: sec bon*', bonxie (bouk'si), n. [E. dial.; perhaps con- hoonS,] 1. Beautiful; fair or pleasant to look nected with dial, bonx, beat up batter for pud- upon; pretty; fine. He wolde, after fyght, Bonie landes to heom dyght. Kinff Alisaiiuder, in Weber 6 Metr. Horn., 1. 3902. Till bonny .Susan sped across the plain. Gay, Shepherd's Week, Friday, 1. It'O. 2. Gay; merry; frolicsome; cheerful; blithe. Then sigh not so, But let them go, And be you blithe and bonny. Shuk., Much Ado, ii. 3. [Bonny and its derivatives are now chiefly Scotch. The Scotch often use bonny ii'onioally, in the same w.iy as the ftaL"of things' ^■''"^■' "'' " '"""^ """"^ '" P"^ ■ " "'"""•' bony-fisb (bo'ni-fish); n. A local (Connecticut) -i^.'ii „„ *i, * • i-1, , . ,»■,.,,,, name of the menliaden, Bremnrtia tyranmis. Ye 11 see the toun intill a tomi/ steer [stir, hubbub]. i,„r,™~-— n,„«',„ ™n «, r^ 7 ^ j . i A. Ross, Heienore, p. 90.1 DOnzary (bon za-n), n. [< bouza (see bonze) + ■k«„™„9i 11. n\ „ pAi -t* 7 -ry, aftev monastery.'] A Budtihist monasterv. bonny^t bon i), n. [Also written bonncy. ^^^^e (bonz), n. [Also bonza; = F. bonze = bunny. Origm unknown.] In mininrj, a mass v^., p„ jj. ^^^ -— - '- - of ore adjacent to a vein, but not distinctly ' "' Bonnet-macaque {.Macacus st'nicus). and Ceylon, and well known in confinement, which its hardy constitution enables it to en- dm-e in any climate. It receives Its name from the peculiar arrangement of the hairs on the crown of its head, which seem to form a kind of cap or bonnet. Its general color is a somewhat bright olive-gray, and the skin of the face is of a leathery flesh-color. Also called munfia. bonnet-monkey (bon'et-mimg"ki), n. Same as hojiiiet-niiiv(i>jiie. bonnet-piece (bon'et-pes), n. [From the rep- resentation of a bonnet on the king's head.] A Scotch gold coin first issued in 1539 by James Obverse. Reverse. Bonnet-piece of James V., British Museum. (Size of the original.) V. of Scotland, weighing about 88A grains, and worth at the time of issue 40s. Scotch. Also called braid-bonnet. There is a high price upon thy head, tmd Julian Avenel loves the glance of gold bonnet-pieces. Scott, Monastery, II. v. bonnet-rouge (F. pron. bon-a-rozh'), n. [F., lit. red cap: see bonnet and rouge.] 1. The cap of liberty of the French revolutionists of 1793. See liberty-cap. Hence — 2. A wearer of such a cap; a sans-eulotte. — 3. A red re- publican; an anarchist or communist. Bonnet's capsule. See capsule. bonnet-shark (bon'et-shark), n. A kind of hammer-headeii shark, Sphyrna tihtiro ; a shov- elhead. It is smaller than S. zyijama, but may attain a length of 6 feet. It is a vridely dis- tributed s)iccies. bonnet-shell (Ijon'et-shel), n. The shell of the bonnet-limpet. bonneb-'Worm (bon'et-werm), n. A worm or insect-larva occurring in Floriila in the bonnet or yellow water-lily (Xuphar advena), and used as bait for the black-bass. bonney, n. See bonny^. dings ; origin unknown.] A name for the skua, Slercorarius catarrhactes. Montaau. [LocaU British.] bony (bo'ni), a. [< tonel + -yl.] 1. Consists ing of bono or bones ; full of bones ; jiertaining to or of the nature of bone. — 2. Having large or prominent bones ; stout ; strong. Bm'ning for l)lood, bony, and gaunt, and grim, Assembling wolves in raging troops descend. Ttiomxon, Winter, 1. 394. 3. Reduced to bones; thin; attenuated. — 4. Hard and tough like bone, as the fruit and seeds of some plants. connected with it; "a great collection of ore, without any vein coming into or going from it," Pryce. [Cornwall. Rare.] See carbona, boninyclabber (bon'i-klab-er), n. [Also former- ly written bouiiy clabber, bonniclapper, bony- clabo, etc.; < Ir. bain^, milk (cf. baine, compar. of ban, white), 4- claba, thick mud.] 1. Milk that is turned or has become thick in the pro- cess of som-ing. — 2. A drink made of beer and buttermilk or soured cream. To drink such balderdash or bonny-clabber. B. Jonson, Kew Inn, i. 1. The feasts, the manly stomachs. The healths in usquebaugh and bonny-clatther. Pord, Perkln Warbeck, iii. 2. bonny-dame (bon'i-dam), «. The garden- orache, Atriplex hortensis. bonsilate (bon'si-lat), n. [Irreg. < ione^ + sil{ic)atc .] A eoniposition of finely groimd bones and sodium silicate, used as a substitute for ivory and hard wood in the manufaetiu'e of clock-cases, canes, dominoes, etc. Maldeman. bon soir (F. pron. bou swor). [F.: bon, good; soir, evening : see bon^ and soiree.] Good even- ing ; good night. bonspiel (bon'spel), n. [Sc, also written bon- speeJ, bonspel ; origin unknown ; referred by some to an assumed Dan. *bondespil, a rustic game, < bondc (AS. bonda, ME. bonde, a farmer, rustic: see bond^) + spil = G. spiiel, a game; by others to an assumed D. *bondspel, < bond, verbond, covenant, alliance, + spel, a game.] A match between two opposite parties, as two parishes, at archery, golf, curUug, etc.: now generally restricted to the last-mentioned game. Curling is the Scotchman's bompiil, but the toboggan belongs exclusively to Canada. Montreal Daily Star, Carnival Number, 1SS4. bontebok (bon'te-bok), ». [D., < bont (= G. bunt), spotted, 4-' bok = E. 6«cJ-l.] Alcelaphus ptigargns, a large bubaline antelope of South Airica, closely allied to the blesbok, and ha\'ing a similar blaze on the face. -Also written bunt- bok. bonte-QUagga (bon'tS-kwag'^'a), n. [< D. bont, spotted (see above), -t- guagga.] The dauw Sp. Pg. It. bonzo (NL. bonzus, bonziu.i), < Jap. bonzo, the Jap. way of pronouncing the Chinese fan sung, an ordinary (member) of the assem- bly, i. e., the monastery, or monks collectively: fan, ordinary, common; sung, repr. Skt. san- gha (samgJia), an assembly, < sam, together, 4- •/ ban, strike.] A Budtihist monk, especially of China and Japan. A priest in England is not the same mortified creatur© with a boyize in China. Guldsinith, Citizen of the World, xxvli. bonzian (bon'zi-an), a. [< bonze -\- -ian.] Of or pertaining to the bonzes or Buddhist monks of China and Japan; monkish: as, bonziun vaas.- ims; 6o)i^ia»j mysteries. bOO^ (bo), interj. Same as 6o2. boo" (bo), H. Same as bu. booby (bo'bi), H. and a. [Formerly also 6oo6te, boobee (the E. word as applied to the bird is- the source of F. boubie, the bird called booby); prob. < Sp. bobo, a fool, dunce, dolt, buffoon, also a bird so called from its apparent stupid- ity; = Pg. bobo, a buffoon, = OF. baube, a stam- merer, < L. balbus, stammering, lisping, inar- ticulate, akin to Gr. /Jdp Jn/wr, orig. inarticulate : see balbuties and barbarous.] I. n. ; pi. boobies (-biz). 1. A stupid fellow; a dull or foolish person ; a lubber. AVhen blows ensue that break the arm of toil. And rtistic battle ends the boobies' broiL Crabbe. .\n awkward booby, reared up and spoiled at his mother'a apron-string. Goldsmith, She Stoops to Conquer, i. 2. 2. The pupil at the foot of a class : the dunce of the class or of the school. — 3. In progressive euchre, the player who has failed most conspic- uously in the game. — 4. The name of various species of brown and white gannets, birds of the family Sulida-, genus iSula. The common booby of the United .States fs Sula leucoyastra, a well-known species of the South .\tlantic coast. Others are the red- footed booby, .Sula piscator, and the blue-faced booby, S. cyanops, found on luany coasts and islands of the warmer parts of the world. 5. In New England, a hack on runners; a sleigh kept for hire. II. a. Of or pertainingto a booby or boobies; foolish ; stupiti. He burued his fingers, and to cool them he applied them in his booby fashion to his mouth. Lamb, Roast Pig. (which see). bon-ton (F. pron. boh'toh'), n. [F., lit. good booby-hatch (bo'bi-hach), «. Xaut., a wooden tone: see boi/i, boon'^, ton-, and tnne.] 1. The framework with sashes and a sliding cover, style of persons in high life ; good breeiiing. — used in merchant vessels to cover the after- 2." Polite or fashionable society. hatch. bonus (bo'nus), n. [Appar. a trade word, < L. booby-hut (bo'bi-hut), h. A kind of hooded bonus, masc, good, erroneously put for bonum, sleigh. [Local, U. S.] booby-hutch booby-hutch (lao'bi-liuch), n. A clumsy, iU- contrived covered carriage used in the eastern part of England. boobyish vbb'bi-ish), a. [< boohy + -isftl.] Ke- semWing a booby; silly; stupid. boobjrism (bo'bi-izm), H. [< booby + -ism.l The character or actions of a booby; stupid- ity: foolishness. The doukevs wlio are prevailed upon to pay tor permis- sion to exhibit Iheir lamentable ignorance and boobtiifin on the stage oi a private theatre. JJictens, Sketches by Boz. hood (biid). A Scotch eoutraction of behooved. Also written buid. Boodha, Boodhism, Boodhist, etc. See Bi(d- dlid. Buddhism. Buddhist, etc. boodlel (bo'dl). II. [Also in 17th century (see dff. 1. first extract) buddJe ; in the U. S. also by apparent corruption caboodle; origin obscure. The -noril ajTrees in pron. with D. bnedel, es- tate, possession, inheritance, household goods, stuff, lumber, from which, with other slang terms, it may have been taken in the Elizabeth- an period in the general sense of 'the whole property,' 'the whole lot.'] 1. Crowd; pack; lot : in a contemptuous sense, especially in the phrase the ichole kit and boodle. iten cnriously and carefully chosen out (from all the Buildle and masse of great ones) lor their approoued wise- dome. F. ilarkham, Bk. of Honour, IV. ii. (.V. E. D.) He would like to have the whole hoodie of them (1 re- monstrated against this word, but the professor said it was a diabolish good word . . . ) with their wives and chil- dren shipwTecked on a remote isl.ind. 0. W. HolmnK, The Autocrat, p. 139. 2. Money fraudulently obtained in public ser- vice : especially, money given to or received by officials in bribery, or gained by collusive con- tracts, appointments, etc. ; by extension, gain from public cheating of any kind : often used attributively. [Kecent, V. S.] Some years ago, Dr. McDonald, then superintendent of Blackwell's Island .\sylum, attempted to introduce the (Turkish) hath there, but ignorance, politics and l/imlle harl more inBuencc with the New York aldermen than science ur the claims of humanit}', and the attempt was ultimately abandoned. .d(i«ii. and Xeurol., VIII. 239. 3. ' ounterfeit money. boodle- (bo'dl), n. [Appar. a slang variation of iin,i,li,.y A blockhead; a noodle. boodle^ (bii'dl), «. An old English name for til.- c-om-marigold. Chrysanthemum segctum. .Al-i' «Titten buddle. boodler (bod'ler), n. [< boodle^ + -eA.'] One who accepts or acqtiires boodle ; one who sells his vote or influence for a bribe, or acquires money fraudulently from the public. [U. S.] boody (bo'di), V. i.; pret. and pp. boodied, ppr. hiinilijinii. [Cf. F. bonder, sulk, pout : see (*oh- doir.J To look angry or gruff. [CoUoq.] Come, don't buody with me; don't be angry. TnUo)>f, Barchester Towers, .xxvil. boof (btif), H. Peach-brandy: a word in use atiifing the Pennsylvania Germans, boohool (ho'hii' ),'interj. A word imitating the sciind of noisy weeping, boohool (bii'lio'), r. i. [< boohoo, interj.'i To iiy nr(iiHnully in (leriv. iorm hcce, beech), of, AH. bdeila;/, unrly 624 mod.E. bokstaf {mod. E. as if 'bookstaffoi *6«ct- staf) (= OS. bokstaf = MD. boeckstaf, D. ftoei- std'af =2 OHG. bito'hstab, MHG. buochstap, G. buch.itabe = Icel. bdkstafr=Sw. bokstaf =DaJi. bogstav), a letter of the alphabet, Ut. appar. 'beech-staff' (< AS. boc, beech, -I- staf. staff), an interpretation resting on the fact, taken in connection with the similarity of form between AS. (etc.) boc, book, and hoc, beech, that in- scriptions were made on tablets of wood or bark, presumably often of beech (Venantius Fortunatus, aboiit A. D. 600, refers to the wi-it- ing of runes on tablets of ash ; cf . L. liber, book, liber, bark, Gr. i3iji?.iov, book, ;ii,i>M(, book, papy- rus : see liber, Bible, paper) ; but AS. Iiocstaf, if lit. ' beech-staff,' would hardly come to be ap- plied to a single character inscribed thereon ; it is rather ' book-staff,' i. e., a character employed in writing, < boc, a writing, + staf, a letter (cf. nlu-staf, a runic character, staf'-craft, gi-am- inar). The connection with beech^ remains im- certain: see beech, b»ck~.'\ It. A -nriting; a written instrument or document, especially one granting land ; a deed. The use of hooks or wn-itten charters was introduced in Anglo-Saxon times by the ec- clesiastics, as attording more permanent and satisfactory evidence of a gi'ant or conveyance of land tiian the sym- bolical or actual delivery of possession befoi'e witnesses, which was the method then in vogue. By that time will our book, I think, he drawn, Shak., 1 Hen. IV,, iii. 1. Come, let 's seal the book first, For my daughter's jointure. Fletcher {and another), Elder Brother, iii. 3. Mr. Kemble divides a book, as distinguished from a will, contract, or sj-nodal decree, into six parts, — I. The Invo- cation; II. The Proem; III. The Grant; IV. Tlie Sanc- tion ; V. The Date ; VI. The Teste. Jhe fli-st, second and fourth of these divisions are purely religious, and require no detailed examination. Five and sL\ are merely formal, useful only in fiuestions of chronology and genuineness, or as proof of the presence of a Witan. Tlie third divi- sion is the grant, wliicli contains all the important legal matter of the charter, //. Cabot Lodge. Lastly, there was bocland, or bookland, the laud held in several property under the express terms of a written iu> strument, or book as it was then called, F, Pollock. Land Laws, p. 22. 2. A treatise, -mitten or printed on any mate- rial, and put together in any convenient form, as in the long parchment roUs of the Jews, in the bundles of bamboo tablets in use among the Chinese before the invention of paper, or in leaves of paper bound together, as is usual in modern times ; a literary composition, espe- cially one of considerable length, whether writ- ten or printed. A good book is the precious life-blood of a master-spirit embalmed and treasured up on purpose to a life beyond life. Milton, Areopagitica. 3. Specifically, the Bible. Who can give an oath? where is a liook.1 Shak., t. L. L., iv. 3. 4. A collection of written or printed sheets fastened or bound togetlier, especially one larger than a pamphlet; a volume: as, this book is one of a set or senfes. — 5. .\ particular subdivision of a literary composition; one of the larger divisions used in classifying topics, periods, etc. — 6. Fi)j;m'atively, anything that serves for the recording of facts or events: as, the book of Nature. I have been Tlie book of his gooil acts, whence men have rend Uls fame unparallel'd. Shak., for., v. 2. 7. A number of sheets of blank wTiting-paper bound together and used for making entries: as, a note- or iiHiiiniMiMliiin-/«"i/,"; specilicnlly, such a book us. ■! l^ir v'-ording commercial or other transactiiiji.-,; a.s, a ih\y-book, a vnsh-hnok, a minute-/wo/.-, etc. — 8. The? words of an opera ; a libretto (which see).— 9. In lielliiiij, an ar-- rangement of bets recorded in a book ; a list of bets made against a sjiecilic result in a contest of any kind: as, to make a liniik ; a thousand- dolhir" '»w/,-. See /"/(i/. -»'«/, (T, :i.— 10. In iihi.il, six tricks taken by cither side.— 11. A |>ile or jiackago of tobacco-leaves, arranged with all the stems in the same direction. — 12. A Tiaekago of gold-leaf, consisting of twenty-five leaves laid between sheets of folded )iaiMT stitched at Die back. The leaves are usually lis Indies Hqiinre. (71'ten aliliri'vlated to bk. Back of a book, nvr bneki. Bamboo books, s,.' b.iwbon. Bell, book, and candle. Xe,- belli. Black book, oni^ ..( ..venil iKiokn i«lly '.f a polllieni cliano ler, no called ellhir from the nature of their lonlenln or frointl dorof Ihilr binding. Spei-inelllly -«i) A book ol the r,xch, pcniulaltci, and book jurisdiction, with the revenues of the crown in money, grain, anti cattle. (6) .\ book compiled by order of the visitors of monasteries under Henry VIII., containuig a detailed account of the alleged abuses in religious houses, to blacken them .and to hasten their dissolution. This book disappeared not long after the accomplishment of its purpose, (c) A book kept at some universities as a regis- ter of faults and misdemeanors ; hence, to be in one's black b'-'ok.-'. to be in disfavor with one. (d) An ancient book of admiralty law, .always held to be of very higli authority, coiiipikd in the fourteenth century, (e) .\ book treating of necroniaiuy, or tile black art.— Blue book, (a) .K name popularly applied to the reports and other papers printed by orderof the British Parliament or issued by the privy council orotber departments of government, because their covei-s are usually blue. The corresponding books of offi- cial reports are yellow and blue in France, gi-een in Italy, and red and white in various other countries. At home he gave himself up to the perusal of blot- boots. Thackeray. (h) In the United States, a hook containing the names and salaries of all the persons in tlie eiiiployineiit of the govern- nient. (f) The book coiitaiiiiim the regulations for the government of the I'liited Statt s ii:iv.\'. [Often written with a hyphen.] —Book of adjournal, concord, disci- pline, etc. See the nouns. — BOOk of Books, the isible. — Book of Homilies. See hoinily.— Book, of ties, an old name fur a weaver's meinorandum-botik of patterns. Formerly . . . the weaver was expected to tie-up or ar- range his loom to produce satins, twills, spots, and small figures, . . . and If he was a careful man he would have a number of the most prevailing patterns drawn in his Bi'ok I'/ Tie.i. .1. Ikiilow, Weaving, p. 314. Books of Council and Session. See council.— iy book, by tbe book, by line ami rule; accurately: as, to speak /'.'/ the book. There are so many circumstances to piece up one good action, tliat it is a lesson to be good, and we are forced to be virtuous bi/ the book. Sir T, Broxcne, Religio ^ledici, i. .'iS. Canonical books. Seecanonfcoi.— Ctoist's Book, the Gospels. .\ Latin copy of the Gospels, or, as the Anglo-Saxons well called it, a Christ's Book. Mock, Church of om' Fathers, ii. 357. Fleet books, see rtic^a.— in one's books, in kind re- imniliraiicc ; in favor ; in mind with reference to future favors, gifts, or bequests, I must have him wise as well as proper. He conies not in inif books else. Middleton (and others), The Widow, i. 1. I was so much in his books that at his decease he left me his lamp. .li(i/i'.«im. Orderly book. See ordcrii/.-SjanboUcal books, see siioiholieiil. — The Book Annexed. See annex, e.—TUB devil's books or picture-books, playing-cards. They sip the scandal potion pretty; Or lee-lang nights wi' erabhit leuks Pore owTe the devil's pictur'd benks. Burnn, The Twa Dogs, 1. 22*. To balance books. See ?m/nii,v. — To bring to book, to bring to aciouiit. — To close the books, to cease making entries for a time, as is done liy eori>orations and busines!! eoiieeriis when about to declare a di^■idelld. etc. — To hear a bookt, in the old universities, to nltcmi a course of lectures in which the book was read and ex- poumled. — To speak like a book, to speak accurately, or as if from a book ; speak w itli full and precise infomift- tion; hence the similar pbrase lo knnir like a book (that is, know thoronghlyi. — To suit one's book, to a.c.ird with one's arriiligeiiicnts nr wishes.— To take a leaf OUt of one's book, to billow onescxnmple.- Without book. (a) liy niiinory; without reading; without notes: as, a scrniiin ilelivcrcd witbont book. His writing is more then his reading; for hee reades ouely what hee gi-ts irillmtit bonke. Bii. Enrle, Micro-cosniographie, A Voniig Rnwe Preacher. {b) Without authority : as, something asserted tiitliout Ismk. book (buk), r. [< ME. hokeii, < book, n.; cf. AS. Iii'iciaii, give by charter (= OFries. hokia = Icel. Iiokii), < liiir, book, charter: see book, «.] 1. traii.-i. It. To convey by book or charter. It was an infringenieiit of the law to book family or hereditary lands. H. Cabot Lodge. 2. To enter, write, or register in a book; re- cord. lA't it bo booked with the rest of this day's deeds. Shak., 2 Hen, IV., Iv, 3. I always from my youth have endeuvoured to get the rarest secrets, and liook llieni, B. Jonsoii, Voljione, II. I. 3. To enter in a list; enroll; enlist for service. I'liis inde.-dc (KndoMis) liiilli b.iie billierto. and yet l>, a coiiiinon order iiiiiongest tliciu, to have all the people booked by the Ionics and genlellnieii, but yet it is tho woorst order that ever was ilevlseil. S/ienser, State of Ireland. 4. To engage or secure beforehand by regis- try or payment, as a seat in a stage-coacli or a box at lh"e opera,— 5. To deliver, and pay for the transmission of, as a parcel or nierchan- dise : as, the luggage was bonkid llirough to Ijoiidoii. — -6. To reserve accoiiniiodiition for; receive, and iinderliiUe to forward: as, at that olllco jiassengers (or jmrcels) wi-re bimkril to all purls of the world. | In senses 4, ii, and (!, conlinocl to the llrilisli islamls.] — 7. To make intii a biidk, as gold-loaf, tobacco-leaves, eto. — Booked at last, eamilil an. I disposed of. II. inlrinis. 1. To register one's name for the puriiose of Hecnriiig something in iidviinco! )iiit one's naiiKMlowii for scmielliing: as, to /)«0K book for the play; I hooked through to London. [Great Britain.] — 2. In Scotland, to register in the Session record as a preliminary to the proclamation of the banns of marriage. book-account (buk'a-kount"), «. 1. An ac- count or rot,'i.ster of debt or credit in a book. — 2. Specilically, in bookkeeping by double en- try, an account showing the transactions of a merchant in regard to some particular com- modity or branch of trade placed under a head- ing such as "stock," "cotton," etc., and not referred to a person with whom they may have been effected. bookbinder (biik'bin'der), n. [< ME. book- byncler; <. book + binder.'] 1. One whose occu- pation is the binding of books. — 2. A binder tor preserving loose printed sheets, etc. See binder, S — Bookbinders' cloth. See clMi. bookbindery (biik'biu'der-i), )(.; pi. hookbind- cries (-iz). A pliico whore books are bound. bookbinding (liuk'bin"ding), n. The opera- tion of binding books ; the process of securing the sheets of a book within a permanent casing of bookbinders' board and leather or cloth, or other suitable materials, covering the sides and back, and jointed at theh" junction. bookcase^ (biik'kas), n. A case with shelves for holding books. book-case^t (biik'kas), n. In law, a case stated or mentioned m legal works ; a recorded ease ; a precedent. book-clamp (buk'klamp), n. 1. A book- binder's vise for holding books in the process of binding. — 2. A device for carrying books, con- sisting generally of two narrow pieces of wood or ii-on, connected by cords attached to a han- dle. The books are placed between the pieces, and wlien the handle is turned the cords are tighteneO and the books seciircd. book-debt (buk'det), n. A debt standing af;ainst a person in an account-book. bookery (Mk'er-i), n. ; pi. bookeries (-iz). [< book + -ery.] 1. A collection of books. The Abbi5 Jlorellet . . . has a bookery in such elegant order that people beg to go and see it. Mine. D'Arblay, Diary, VI. 346. 2. Study of or passion for books. Let them tiuit mean tiy Imukish business To earn their liiead, or liii]K-n to profess Their hard ^ot skill, let them alone, forme, Busy their l)railis witll deeper bookery. Bp. Hall, Satires, II. ii. 28. [Rare in both uses.] book-fair (biik'far), n. A fair or market for books. The most noted book-fairs are those of Leipsic in Saxony, which occur at Easter and .Michaelmas, and at which many other objects of commerce are disposed of be- sides books. book-fold (biik'fold), n. A piece of muslin containing 24 yards. book-formed (biik'formd), a. Having the miud trained or formed by the study of books ; imbued with learning. [Rare.] With every table-wit and book-.fortned sage. J. Baillie. bookfult (biik'fid), a. [< book + -ful, 1.] Full of book-knowledge ; stiiJEfed with ideas gleaned from books. The bookful blockhead, ignorantly read, Witll loads of learned lumber in his head. Pope, Essay on Criticism, 1. 612. bookful (bidi'fid), n. [< book + -ful, 2.] As much as a book contains. Cotoper. book-holder (biik'hol'der), n. If. The prompt- er at a theater. They are out of their parts, sure : it may be 'tis the book-holder's fault ; I'll go see. Fletcher and Rowley, Maid in the Mill, ii. 2. 2. A reading-desk or other device for support- ing a book while open. book-hunter (buk'hun"ter), '». An eager col- lector of books; especially, one who seeks old and rare books and editions ; a bibliophile. booking-clerk (biik'ing-klerk), «. The clerk or official who has charge of a register or book of entry; specifically, in Great Britaiu, a ticket- clerk at a railway-station, theater, etc. booking-machine (biik'ing-ma-shen"), n. An ajtjiaratus for making tobacco-leaves into pack- ages called books. booking-office (buk'ing-ofis), n. In Great Britain, an office where applications, etc., are received and entered in a book ; specifically, the office in connection with a railway, theater, etc., where tickets are sold, or applications for them registered. bookish (biik'ish), a. [< book + -i«7il.] 1. Of or pertaining to books ; literarv: as, " fioofc- ish skin," Bp. Hall, Satires, II. ii. 19.— 2. Given to reading; fond of study; hence, more ae- 40 625 quainted with books than with men ; familiar with book.s, but not with practical life: as, "a bookish man," Addison, Spectator, No. 482. — 3. Learned ; stilted ; pedantic : applied either to individuals or to diction: as, a bookish ex- pression. bookishly (biik'ish-li), adv. In a bookish man- ner or way ; studiously ; jjedantically. She [Christina of Sweden] was bookighly given. Lord Thurlow, .State i'apers, ii. 104. bookishness (buk'ish-nes), n. The state or quality of being bookish. The language of high life has always tended to simpli- city and the vernacular ideal, recoiling from every mode of buukiiluiess. Be Quincey, Style, i. bookkeeper (buk'ke'''p6r), n. One who keeps accoiints ; one whoso occupation is to make a formal balanced record of pecvmiary transac- tions in account-books. bookkeeping (bilk 'ke'''' ping), n. The art of recording pecuniary transactions in a regular and systematic manner; the art of keeping ac- counts in such a maimer as to give a pennanent record of business transactions from which the true state or history of one's pecuniary affairs or mercantile dealings may at any time be as- certained. Properly kept books show what a merchant has, what he owes, and what is owing to him, as well as what sums he has received and paid, tlie losses he has in- curred, etc. Books are kept according to one of two chief methods, viz., by single or by double entry. The former is more simple and less perfect than the latter, and is now in use cWetly in retail business. In bookkeej/iuff by sitiyle entry, three books, a day-book, a cash-book, and a ledger, are commonly used, but the essential book is the ledger, containing^ accounts under the names of the persons witli whom a trader deals, goods or money received from any one of them being eiitered on one side of the account, called the credit side, and goods sold or money paid to that person being entered on the opposite or debit side of the account. In bookkeepiny by double entry, the ledger accounts are of two kinds, personal accounts such as those just described, and book-accounts, in which the commod- ities dealt in are made the subjects of separate accomits, and have a debit and a credit side, as in personal accounts. Thus, if a trader purchase 100 bales of cotton from A. B., the account in the ledger headed A. B. is credited with 100 bales of cotton, so much, while the account headed Cotton is debited with the same quantity and amount ; should the trader sell 10 bales to C. D., the account headed C. D. is debited with 10 bales at so much, and the account headed Cotton is credited with 10 bales ; and so on. These book- accounts are based on the principle that all money and ar- ticles received become debtors to him from whom or to that for which they are received, and, on the other hand, all those who receive money or goods from us become debtors to cash or to the goods. In this way every transaction is entered in the ledger on the creditor side of one account and on the debtor side of another. The books used in double entry vary in number and arrangement according to the n.ature of the business and the manner of recording the facts. Transactions as they take place from day to day are generally recorded in such books as the stock- book, cash-book, bill-book, invoice-book, and sales-book, or they may all be recorded in order in a waste-book or day- book. Upon these books or additional documents are based the journal and ledger. The former contains a periodical abstract of all the transactions recorded in the subordin.ate books or in documents not entered in these, classified into debits and credits, while the latter contains an abstract of ail the entries made in the former, classified under the heads of their respective accounts. book-knO'Wledge (buk'nol'ej), n. Knowledge gained by reading books, in distinction fi-om that obtained through observation and expe- rience. bookland (buk'land), n. [Also bockland, often cited in the old legal form bocland, < AS. hoe- land, < hoc, charter, book, -i- land, land.] In old Eng. law, charter land, held by deed under certain rents and free services ; free socage land. This species of tenure has given rise to the modern freeholds. The title to boc-laiuiwas based upon the possession of a boc, or written grant. D. W. Ross, German Land-holding, Note's, p. 170. This process of turning public property into private went on largely in later times. The alienation was now commonly made by a document in writing, under the sig- natures of the King and his Witan ; land so granted was therefore said to be booked to the grantee, and was known as bookland. E. A. Freeman, Norm. Conq., I. 04. book-learned (buk'ler"ned), a. [< book + learned; cf. ME. bok-ilered, book-taught: see ZertJ'l.] Versed in books; acquainted with books and literature; hence, better acquainted with books than -with men and the common concerns of life ; bookish. Whate'er these book-learned blockheads say, Solon's the veriest fool in all the play. Dryden. book-learning (buk'ler"ning), «. Learning acquired by reading; acquaintance •with books and literature : generally opposed to knowledge gained from experience of men and things. Neither does it so much require hook-learninft ^nA schol- arship as good natural sense, to distinguish true and false. T. Burnet, Theory of the Earth. book-post bookless (buk'los), a. [< book + -less.] With- out books or book-knowledge ; unlearned. The bookless, sauntering youth. Somermlle, llie Chace, L booklet (buk'let), n. [< book + dim. -let.] A little book. Little paper-covered booklets. The Century, XXV. 244. book-lore (buk'lor), ?i. Book-leaming; know- ledge gained from books. book-louse ( buk'lous), m. A minute neuropter- ous insect of the family Tsocidte, distinguished by having the tarsi composed of only two or three joints, and the posterior wings smaller than the anterior. Atropus pulsatorius is destitute of wings, .and is veiy destructive to old books, especially in damp places, arirl Ut collections of dried plants, etc. book-madness (buk'mad"ne8), n. A rage for possessing books ; bibliomania. book-maker (buk'ma'''ker), n. If. A printer and binder of books. — 2. One who -writes and publishes books ; especially, a mere compiler. An outsider whose knowledge of Dai Nippon is derived froni our old text-books and cyclopicdias, or from non- resident book-wukers, may be so far dazed as Uj iniaginc the Japanese demigods in statecraft, even aa the Ameri- can newspapers nuike them all princes. W. E. GriJ/is, in N. A. Rev., CXX. 283. 3. One who makes a book (see book, «., 9) on a race or other doubtful event; a professional betting man. See extract. In betting there are two parties — one called " layers," as the book-makers are termed, and the others "backers," In which class may be included owners of horses as well aa the public. The backer takes the odds which tlle Ijonk- tiiaicr lays against a horse, the former speculating upon the success of the animal, the latter upon its defeat ; and tak- ing the case of Crenjorne for the iJerby of lb"2, just before the race, the book-maker would have laid 3 to 1, or perhaps £1000 to £300 against him, by which transaction, if the horse won, as ho did, the backer would win £1000 for risking £300, and the book-maker lose the £10ix) which he risked to win the smaller sum. At first sight this may ap- pear an act of very <|Uestionable policy on the part of the book-maker; but really it is not so; because, so far from running a greater risk than the backer, he runs less, inas- much as it is ids plan to lay the same amount (£10i. [Apjiar. in ref. to the sound made by the animal; < boom'^ + -erl.] 1. In Australia, a name of the male of a species of kangaroo. — 2. A name of the showt'l or motmtain beaver, Uaplodon riiftis or Aptodoiitia teporiiin. See cut under Uaplodon — Mountain boomer, the common red sciuirrel. [Local, V . s,| Meantime came up the (worn of cannon, slowly recedmg v,nompr2 (bo'merl « \<, boom'^ + -eA.^ One tlie same direction. X A'. «o™Kr,Tlic Color Guard, vi. ""r""^^, ' , . „„„ Ll, continued sound, (a) ,\. buzzing, humming, or dron ing, as of a bee or beetle. (6) Tlie cry of the bittern, (r) A roaring, rumbling, or reverberation, as of distant guns. Book-wonn Beetles. a, Sitadrrpa panicia' b, enlanfcd .intenna of same ; *■, Ptinui brunneua. ( vertical lines show natur.il sizes. ) Ing chiefly in the leather binding, but also riddling the leaven with small hole*, 'i'he larvic of both speiies are cloudy nliiillar. being cylinilrical and curved like those of snout-beetleH. but furnl»hed with well-developed legs, ami boOm- (bcira), I', t. with rather long, sparsi- pubescence. In the imago state, however, the species are renillly dislingulBhcd, /'. brun- jviu tielng much more slender in every respect than A, jtftnirrum. 2. A person closely addicted to Htudy ; one do- voted to the reading of or to rcHonrch in books: as, "these poring Imok-uormn," Taller, No. 278. [In this Henso more commonly as one word.] 'Dioiiuh I be 1IO hook-wfirm, nor one that deals by art, t^i give you rhelorlc. II. Jotuon, l.'ynthia s IteveU, v. :;. IfnU'iul of Man Thinking, wo have the liuiikimrm. Kinrrimn, Mlac., p. 77. book'Wrlght fbiik'rit), n. A writer of hooks; I'.n ni'lior: ii term expressive of slinht dispar- ,t. (d) A roaring, implying also a rushing with violence, as of waves. There is one in the chamber, as in the grave, for whom the tooni of the wave has no sound, and the march of the deep no tide. Bxdwcr. boom^ (bom), n. [A naut. word of D. origin, < D. boom = LG. boom, a tree, beam, bar, polo, = Sw. Dan. bom, a bar, rail, perch, boom, = Norw. bomm, biimni, bumb (according to Aasen from LG. or D.), a bar, boom, = G. baum,a tree, beam, bar, boom, = E. beam, q. v.] 1. A long pole or spar used to e.xtend the foot of certain sails of a ship: as, the maiu-boom, jil>- boom, studdiugsail-6«0(«.— 2. A strong barrier, as of beams, or an iron chain or cable fastened to spars, extended across a river or the mouth of a harbor, to prevent an enemy's ships from passing. — 3. A chain of floating logs fastened together at the ends and stretched across a river, etc., to stop Hoatiug timber. [U. S.] — 4. A pole set up as a mark to direct seamen how to keep the channel in shallow water.— 5. ;;;. A space in a vessel's waist used for stowing boats and spare spars — Bentlnck boom. Sce'..ii (mc*. — Fore-boom, an old name tor tlii' jibbc i; the boom of a forcand :in foresail, - GueBB-Wan> bOOm. .See f/ii.«»-"'nr/.. — Ringtail boom. Si'c riirilnil. [= I), boomen, ]insl Boomeran,Ts. II, at thin moment, any young man of real iiriil Irlenila enough ami t^xi many aiiiong hln i iirighU. /fin;;*/-';;, Two Viiirs Ago, xl. bool' •"!;, n. [8c. form of fc'iipp.] 1. A bowl iix' '.wliiig. — 2. A marble UHcd by boys in : :',. pi. The game of bowls. boot ''oul. Bool Hee canon. bOOl' liDoli). Booh Ml), n. nndn. I. o. Kcluling to tli' h iandeorgo Boole (IHl.VfH), thii cutbrir 'I ;,Ht«lD 'd' algebraic notation (or with a le, < boom, a polo, boom : see botim", n. Vi. Irani, r.] 1. To shove with a boiiiii or spar. — 2. To drive or guide (logs) down a stream with a boom or pole.— 3. To jien or coiilino (logs) with a boom. — To boom off, to shove (a vessel or boat) away with spars. boom'' (bfini), )'. f A recent Americnii use, ori- giimtiiig ill the West, and first iniido fiiiiiiliar in 1K7H; a particular iipiilieation of boom^, r. i., (rf)(with ref. also to bnom^, «., ('/)), from ilie thought of sudden and rapid moHoii with ii roaring ami iiiereasiiig sdiiiid. In later use some iisHiime als.i iiii allnsirtii to boom", »., !!. When a boom of logs lireiikH, the logs rush with violence down the Htreaiii, and are llien saiii to 1)0 "booming"; but this iipiieiirs to be the ordinary pjir. iidj. hoomini/, roaring, riisli- ing with \'ioleiicn, iind lo liiive no coiineetion with fcoom'-', n. or I'.l I. intnniii. To go on willi a rush; bocoino suddenly iiedve; be "lively," OH buHincHs; be prosperoiis or llourisliing. | the earliest limljiiice of the word In tlilnMluo apjieam lo be in the following pauage; "The Itcpublleans of every other Rtntn are of the same way of tlitnking. The fact 1«, Ihr (Irani movement (for a Ihlnl tenn of llic presldeiicy) Is hmminir," ■I. n. McCuUagh,lnHl, l,oul«(llol.el>eniocrat, .Inly 18,1878. who booms ; one who starts and keeps up an agitation in favor of any project or person; one who assists in the organization or further- ance of a boom. [U. S.] The Federal Government holils them Ithe reservations in the Indian Territory] as a trustee for the Indians; and it will be a hundred fold better to let some acres remain uncultivated and unoccupied rather than that all shall be given over to the rapacity of white boomers. The Xatioit, .Tan. 7, ISSO. boomerang (bo'me-rang), h. [Recently also lioomeniiij, bomerang, bomaraiuj ; from a native name in New South Wales ; wo-miir-rdiig and biimarin are cited as abo- riginal names of clubs.] 1. A mis- sile weapon of war anil the chase, used by the aborigines of Australia, consisting of a rather Hat jiieco of liard wood bent or curved in its own plane, and from 1() inches to U feet long. Genenilly. but not always, it is Hatter on one siiic than on the other. In some cases the curve from end to end Is lu'arly an arc of a circle, in otlicrs it is ralher an obtuse angle than a curve, and in a few examples there is a slight reverse curve towaril each end. In the liaiuls of a .skilful thrower the 1 nicrang can be projected to gt-ciit distances, anil can bo made lo ricochet almost at will : it eini be thrtiwn In a curved path, soniewliat iis a bowl ciin be "screwed" or "Iwisted," anil It can be made lo return to the thrower, and strike the ground behind him. It is capable of in- llicting serious wounds. Hence — 2. Figiiriitively, any plan, measure, or project the eoiiseiinonces of which recoil 11)1011 tlie projector, and are therefore the oppo- site of those intended or expected, booming' (Ini'ming^ JI. f\erlml n. of bnom^, c] Tlie net of niiiking a deeji, hollow, contin- ued souinl, or the sound itself, (o) .\ bu/zing or drolling, as of a bee or beetle. {/)) The crying of a bltUTn. The iiiarshbltterirB wclril lioominn, tlii' drumming of the cnpcri allzlo. /'. Uohimoii, I'lider the Sun, p. filJ. (c) A roaring or reverberallng, as of distant guns, (rf) A roaring. Implying also a rushing with violence, as of wnvo«. booming' (bd'niing), p. (I. [I'lir. of /«<"(«', >•.] .Making a deeji, hollow, continued sound (in any of the senses of the verb). ,\11 idiilit the lui<,iinii:i minute gnu Mad jieulcil along Ibedccp, //cm(in.«,Th(! Wreck. still darker grows Ibc s]iiviolliig .loud From which the li«oiium,t Iboiidirs sound. llryanl, Legend of the DulawarcB. 'booming 627 booming^ (lio'miDg), ;). a. [Ppr. of boomS, r.] boongary (bong'ga-ri), ». The native name of a . .. ii__-i.-. „i ; I i. „_ „ ti-o(\-knniiaroo, Doiilrolaffus lumhottzi, of nortb- cni (^uconsliiiKi, Australia. boonk (biiiigk), n. [Imitative, like htcmp^ and humble, n., q. v.] The little bittern of Europe, Ardetta ininuta. Montagu, boon-loaft (bon'lof), n. A loaf allowed to a tenant when working on a boon-day. boon-work (boii'w6rk), Jj. 1. Unpaid work or service! formerly rendered by a tenant to his lord; boon. — 2. Work or service given gratu- itously to a fanner by his neighbors on some special occasion. Active ; lively ; advancing ; buoyant : as, a booming market. [U.S.] boom-iron (bom'- i"ern), ". Nuut., a metal ring on a yard, thi-ough which a studding- sail-boom is run in and out. boom-jigger (bom'jig'er), n. Naut., the small purchase on ynril-arin. Also nsed in rigging out a studdingsail-boom, and, boopic (bo-op'ik), a. [< Or. poawic, ox-eyed: "" ■' see fto'V;;K.] Having eyes like those of an ox. boops (bo'ops), n. [NL., < Gr. jiuuTTKj, ox-eyed, < /5oDf, ox (see lios), + uiji, eye.] An old book- name of the Box boops, a sparoid fish of the Mediterranean and the adjoining ocean. It is peculiar in the development of only one row of notched trenchant teeth in the jaws. by shifting the tackle, in rigging it in, called iii-aiiil-oiit jii/gcr. boomkin (bom'kin), «. Same as bumkin. boom-mainsail (liom'mau'sal), ». A fore-and- aft mainsail, the foot of which, is extended by a boom. boomslang (bom'slang), n. [D. (in S. Af- rica), < boom, tree, + slang (= OHG. slango, boor (bor), n. [Early mod. E. also boore, hour MHCi. slange, G. schlange), a snake, < *slinge>i, only in freq. slingcreii, turn, toss, sling, = OHG. slingan, MHG. slingen, G. schlingen, wind, twist, sling, = E. sling, q. v.] An African tree-snake, Bucephalus capensis. boomster (bom'ster), n. [< boom? + -ster.'] One engaged in booming the market or a polit- ical candidate for office ; one who works up a boom. [Rare, U. S.] lloreover, he [the Secretary of the Interior] dismissed him "when under fire" — that is, while the Board's en- quiry was stil! in progress — an act wliich every boomnter must regard with loathing. The Nation, Feb. 12, ISSO. boom-tackle (bom'tak"l), n. A tackle consist- ing of a double and a single block and fall, used in guying out the main-boom of a fore- and-aft rigged vessel. boonl (bon), n. [< ME. boon, bone, also boi/n, boi/iie, < Icel. bon, a prayer, petition, with a parallel umlauted form been for *hoen = Sw. Dan. bon = AS. ben, ME. hen, bene, a prayer: see ben'2. In the sense of 'favor, privilege,' there is confusion with fcoo«3.] If. A prayer; a petition. Our Icing unto God made his boon. Minot. The wofuU husbandman doth lowd complaine To see his whole yeares labor lost so soone, For which to God he made so many an idle boone. Spemer, F. Q., III. vii. 34. 2. That which is asked; a favor; a thing de- sired; a benefaction. Vouchsafe me, for my meed, but one fair look ; A smaller boon than this I cannot beg. Shak., T. G. of v., V. 4. All our trade with the West Indies was a boon, granted to us by the indulgence of England. D. Webster, Speech, Jan. 24, 1832. Hence — 3. A good; a benefit enjoyed; a bless- ing ; a great privilege ; a thing to be thankful for. The bo(m of religious freedom. Sydney Smith, Peter Plymley's Letters, ii. Is this the duty of rulers? Are men in such stations to give all that may be asked . . . without regarding wheth- er it be a boon or a bane? Brouf/hani, Lord North (also improp. bore, hoar), possibly, in the form hour (mod. K. prop. *bouwr, bou'er) (cf. E. dial. bor, neighbor, as a form of address), < ME. *hour, < AS. gebur, a dweller, husbandman, farmer, countryman (a word surviving without distinctive meaning in the compound neighbovr, neighbor, < AS. nedli-gcbur) ; but in t)ie ordi- nary form and pronunciation, boor, < LG. bur, buur, MLG. bUr, gebur, a husbandman, farmer, = D. buur, MD. ghebare, ghebucr, neighbor, D. boer, MD. geboer (a later form, prob. borrowed from LG.), a husbandman, fanner, rustic, knave at cards, = OHG. gibur, giburo, MHG. gebur, ge- bure,G. baucr, a husbandman, peasant, rustic, = AS. gebur, as above ; lit. one who occupies the same dwelling (house, village, farm) with another, one who dwells with or near another (a sense more definitely expressed by the AS. nedh-gebur, 'nigh-dweller,' neiglibor: see neigh- bor), < ge-, together, a generalizing or coordi- nating prefix (see ge-), + bur, > E. bower, a dwelling: see howcr'^. The forms, as those of others from the same root (AS. huan, dwell, etc.), are somewhat confused in the several languages. See bower^, bower^, bowerO, etc., and neighbor.l 1. A countryman; a peasant ; a rustic; a clown; particularly, a Dutch or German peasant. Knave meant once no more than lad ; . . . villain than peasant ; a boor was only a farmer ; a varlet was but a serving-man ; . . . a churl but a strong fellow. Abp. Treiich, Stuiiy of Words, p. 56. There were others, the boors, who seem to have had no land of their own, but worked on the lord's private land like the laborers of to-day. J. B. Green, Conq. of Eng., p. 316. Hence — 2. One who Is rude in manners, or il- literate ; a clown ; a clownish person. The profoundest philosoplier differs in degree only, not in kind, from the most uncultivated boor. Charming, Perfect Life, p. 172. The habits and cunning of a boar. Thackeray. Tramped down by that Northern boor, Peter the Great. D. G. Mitchell, Wet Days. 3. [cap.'] Same as Boer. boord^t, «. and v. An obsolete form of board. A variant form of bourd^. . . ., . , , ' i i i ,_• boord'-t, «• A variant for 4. An unpaid service due by a tenant to his ^joorish (bor'ish), a. [< boor -I- -isftl ; = D. lord. [Now only prov. Eng.] boonl (bon), ('. t [< 6ooh1, «.,4.] To do gra- tuitous service to another, as a tenant to a land- lord. Bay; Grose. [Prov. Eng.] boon^ (bon), H. [Also E. dial, bun (see bun"^), < ME. bone, later also bunne ; ef . Gael, and Ir. 6k- nach, coarse tow, the refuse of flax, < Gael, and It. bun, stump, stock, root: see 6h«3.] The refuse stalk of hemp or flax after the fiber has been removed by retting and breaking. boon^ (bon), a. [< ME. boon, hone, < Norm. F. boon, OF. bon, F. hon, < L. bonus, good: see io««s, fcoHHe, 6o«H)/l, etc.] It. Good: &s,boon cheer. — 2t. Favorable; fortunate; prosperous: as, a boon voyage. — 3 . Kind ; bounteous ; yield- ing abundance: as, "nature boon," Milton, P. L., iv. 242. To a boon southern comitry he is fled. M. Arnold, Thyrsis. boersch = G. bduerisch, clo-wnish, nistic] 1 Resembling a boor ; elovraish ; nistie ; awk- ward in manners ; illiterate. No lusty neatherd thither drove his kine, No boorish hogherd fed his rooting swine. W. Brou'tK, Brit. Past., ii. 1. 2. Pertaining to or fit for a boor. A gi-oss and boorish opinion. Miltmi, On Divorce, i. 9. = Syn Boorish, Churlish, Clownish, Loutish. He who is boorish is so low-bred in habits and ways as to be posi- tively offensive. He who is churlish offends by his lan- guage and manners, they being such as would naturally be found in one who is coarse and selfish, and therefore gener- ally insolent or crusty and rough ; the opposite of ki nd and courteous : as, it is churlish to refuse to answer a civil ques- tion The opposite of boorish is rejined or jmbte ; the op- posite of clownish is elegant. Clownish is a somewhat weaker word llian boorish, implying less that is disgustmg in manner and speech ; it often notes mere lack of refine- ment The difference between clownish and loutish is that he who is clownish is generally stupid and some- times ludicrous, while he who is loutish is perhaps slov- 4. Gay; merry; joUy; jo'vial; convivial: as, a enly and worthy of blame, icon companion; "jocund and boon," Milton, In some countries the large cities absorb the wealtlj^and P. L., ix. 793. Fled all the boon companions of the Earl. Tennrfson, Geraint. boonaget, ». [.Also bonage; < boon'^, 4, -t- -age.] Boon-work. boon-dayt (bon'da), «. A day on which boon- work was performed by a tenant for his lord, as in harvesting his crops. fashion of the nation, . . . and tlie country is inhabited almost entirely by boorish peasantry. Irmng, Sketch-Book, p. 80. My master is of churlish disposition. And little recks to And the way to heaven By doing deeds of hospitality. ,_ Shak., As you Like it, u. 4. "Tis clownish to insist on doing all with one's own hands, as if every man should build his own clumsy house, forge his hammer, and hake his dough. Emerson, Success. boot He [Lord Chesterfield] labored for years to mould his dull, iM'avy, loutish Hon, .stanliope, into a graceful man of fashion. H'. .Mathews, Getting on in tlie World, p. 42. boorishly (bbr'ish-U), adv. In a boorish man- ner. Limbs . . . neither weak nor boorintdy robust. Fenton, tr. of Martial's Epigrams, x. 47. boorlshness (bor'ish-nes), n. [< boorish + -ne.'is. ] The state of being boorish ; clownish- ness ; rusticity; coarseness of manners. boornouse (biir-nSs'), n. Same as burnoose. boost, n- An obsolete form of boss^. Chaucf;r. boosel (biiz), «. [= Sc. boose, bui.sc, bnsc; < ME. boi>se, hose, < AS. 'bos (represented only by the ONorth. bosig, > boosy^, q. v.) = Icel. bass = Sw. bds = Dan. baas, a cow-stall ; cf. G. banse, = Goth, ban.sts, a barn.] A stall or inclosnre for cattle. Also boosij, bouse. [Prov. Eng.] boose-, ''. and n. See booze. booser, n. See boozer. boost! (bost), D. t. [Etym. unknown.] To lift or raise by pushing from behind, as a person climbing a tree; pu.sh up: often used figura- tively : as, to boost a person over a fence, or in- to power. [North. U. S.] boosti (bost), n. An upward shove or push; tlie act of boosting; the result of boostingj a lift, either literally or figuratively: as, to give one a boost. [North. U. S.] boosf'^t, n. A Middle English form of boastX. boost^t, n. [Early mod. E., < ME. bost; a variant of boist^, q. v.] Same as boist^. boost'* (bost), u. and r. Same as buist. boosyi (bti'zi), n. [Early mod. E. also boosey, bousic, < ME. (not found), < AS. (ONorth.) bo- sig, bosih, < *bds, a stall: see hooae^.'] Same as boose^. boosy-, a. See boozy. boot! (hot), «. [< ME. hoote, bote, hot, < AS. hot, ailvantage, amendment, reparation (esp. in the phrase to bote (lit. 'for reparation,' E. to lioot), frequent in the AS. laws), = OS. bota = OFries. bote = D. boete = LG. 6ote = OHG. buoza, MHG. buoze, G. biisse = Icel. hot = Sw. hot = Dan. bod = Goth, bota, boot, advantage, profit, re- pair, reparation, etc. ; < Teut. 'baton (pret. 'hot), be good, be useful, profit, avail, whence idt. E. hef^, better'^, batten^, battle^, etc., and (as aderiv. of boot), beef^, mend, repair: see these words.] If. Profit; gain; advantage. If then the reward bee to bee measured by thy merites, what boote canst thou seeke for, but eteniall paine. Lyty, Euphues, Anat. of Wit, p. 181. O ! spare thy happy daies, and them apply To better boot. Spenser, F. Q., III. )ti. 19. 2. Something which is thrown in by one of the parties to a bargain as an additional considera- tion, or to make the exchange equal. I'll give you boot, 111 give you tliree for one. Shak., T. and C, iv. 5. 3t. Help or deliverance; assistance; relief; remedy: as, boot for every bale. She is . . . the rote of bountee . ^ , and soules bote. Chaucer, Prioress's Tale, -L 14, Anon he yaf the syke man his bote. Cliaucer, Gen. Prol. to C. T., L 424. Next her son, our soul's best 6oof. Wordwrorth. 4t. Resource; alternative. There was none other boote for him, but to anu him. Lord Bemers, tr. of F'roissart, I. 674. It is no boot, it is useless or of no avaiL \\'hereupon we thought it no boot to sit longer, since we could escape unobserved. R. Krwx, Arber's Eng. Gamer, I. 418. To boot [AS. to bote], to the advantage ; into the bargain ; in addition ; over and above ; besides : as, I will give my house for yours witli $500 to boot. Helen to change would give an eye to boot. Shak., T. and C, L 2. We are a people of prayer and good works to boot. Hawthorn*, Old Manse, L To maJce boot of, to make profit of; gain by. Give him no breath, but now Make boot o/ his distraction. Shak., A. and C, iv. 1. booti (bot), V. t. [< ME. boten, profit, < bote, boot, profit. The earlier verb was AS. betan, > ME. beten, mod. E. hert : see 6ee(2.] i. To profit; advantage; avail: now only used im- personally: as, it boots us little. What bootes it al to have, and nothing use? Sp,-nser, F. Q., IL vi. 17. For what I have, I need not to repeat; And what I want, it boots not to complain. Shak., Rich. II., iii. 4. To present into the bargain ; enrich ; ben- 2t. efit. I will boot thee with what gift beside Thy modestj- can beg. Shak., A. and C, ii. 5k boot boots (bot), n. [< ME. hoote, bote, < OF. hotCj a boot, F. botfe = Pr. Sp. Pg. feo^rt (ML. boffl, ftortfl) (ef. Gael, bot, botuinn, prob. from E.). a boot; origin uncertain. Prob. not connected, as supposed, with OF. boitte, mod. F. botte = It. botte (ML. 6Hf/a, bota), a butt, cask, leathern vessel: see buit^.'\ 1. A covering (usually of leather) for the foot and lower part of the leg, reaching as far up as the middle of the calf, and sometimes to the knee. In most styles the leg part keeps its place by its stiffness alone, although in certain fash- ions it has been laced around the calf. Boots seem to have appeared in Europe about the middle of the tifteenth century. They were not much worn at flrst, because persons of the wealthier classes, when abroad, were generally clad in armor. At the time of the gradual dis- appearance of armor very high boots of thick leather came into favor as covering for the legs, and by the sixteenth century they were already in common use. (See jack-hoot.) Late in the eighteenth century boots became a usual part of elegant costume, and were made lighter and more close-fitting. In Eng- land boots ceased to be common in elegant costume as early as 1S55, and about fifteen years later they began to disappe;u' in the United States; but they are still worn for special purjioses and occupations, as by horse- men, seamen, etc. Hence — 2. In modem Torture with the Boot. Bool j4: a, front; d, side-seam; c. back; d, strap: €. instep: y, vamp, or front: jr. quar- ter, or counter; A, rand ; i. heel, of which th*- front is the breast and the boitom the face; J, lifts of the heel; *, shank: /, welt; m. sole; n, toe : c, ball of sole. B { sec- tion) : a, upper ; ^, insole ; c, outsole ; rf. welt ; r, stitching of the sole to the welt ; /, stitch- ing^ of the upper to the welt ; USage, alSO, aUV SUOe 01' ferSrb^'fef'ie'lglSS:" outer foot-c-ovei^g which reaches above the ankle, whether for men or women: more properly called half-boot or ankle-boot. — 3. An instru- ment of torture made o£ iron, or a combination of iron and wood, fas- tened on the leg, be- tween which and the boot wedges were in- troduced and driven in by repeated blows of a mallet, with such vio- lence as to crush both muscles and bones . The boots and thuinlj-acrew were the Bpechil Scotch instru- ments for "putting to the question." A much milder variety consisted of a boot or buslcin, made wet and drawn upon the legs and then dried l)y heat, so as to contract and squeeze tlie legs. The .Scottish Privy Council had power to put state pris- oners to tlie (juestion. But the sight was so dreadful that, OB soon as the haot^ appeared, even the most servile and hard-hearted courtiers hastened o»it of the chamber. « Macaulay. 4. A protective covering for a horse's foot. — 5t. In the seventeenth century, a drinking- vessel: from the use of leathern jacks to drink from. To charge whole booU full to their frlenrl's welfare. /(;-. II iM, .Satires, VI. i. 82. 6. In ornilh., a continuous or entire tarsal en- velop, formed by fusion of the tarsal scutolla. It occurs chiefly in birds of the thrush niid war- bler groups, fiee cut under buotid. — 7t. The fixed step on each side of a coach. — 8t. An un- covered space on or by the steps on each side of a coach, allotteoso that the lYlnee might fllNtlnguisti lier. Iluuvll, Utt<.r», I. ill. 1£). IIU coach being como, he caujieth hltii t^f be laid softly, and no, ho In one twtt and the Iwi, clilrurgi.-onH In the other, they drive away to the very next country-bouHe. ./. JtrjfnttUlM. 0. A receptacle for baggage in a couch, either umlir the seat of the eoadnnan or umlertlmt of the t'lmrd, or, as in American Htagc-<'oaclii'H, beliiiii] the bodv of the coach, crivered by a fla]> of liiiilirr. — 16. A leather npron atliiclied to th( ' ! <,r an open cnrrlaK'' >>>>rpoHi-it between Bootes and tile Jtenr. booth fbiith), «. hiiifli, cnrlv iniid !•;. />(iulhc,'hiilhe; < ME. bo I he, < ODan. 'bodh, Dan. bod = Hw. bod, booth, stall, = Ici'l.')r/(Wi, dwelling, = M!l'l./ii(i;i/i', hut. lent, (l./iH'/'',bi)olli, Hinll (cf. Hoheni. boiidii = I'lil. biida = Sorbian Inula = KiiHH. budka.i-le., friiin G.;OBel. biilh = \t. both, boith = W. Imth, Booted T-iraus ( Robin 1. a, iicrolan-luin, or front of tlic t.ir- sus: *, pliiiil.i, or sides nnd back of the t^nuii. r=sc. , Norlh. ^\M«fhtii The ConfttellnUon Uol>left. bootlessness perhaps from E.); with formative -th (-d), < Icel. boa, bua = AS. buaii, etc., dwell, whence also AS. biir, E. boiceA, etc. : see bowcr'^, boor, etc.] 1. A temporary structure or dwelling made of boards, boughs of trees, or other slight materials, or of canvas, as a tent. The ruder tribes . , . follow the herd, living through the summer in booths on the higher pasture-grouiuis, and only returning to the valleys to find shelter from the winter- storms. C. Elton, Origins of Eng. Hist., p. 241. Specifically — 2. A stall for the sale of goods or refreshments at a fair or market, for show- men's and jugglers' exhibitions, etc Polling- booth, a temporary structure of boards, used at electiona, in (ireat llritain for receiving votes, and in the United States as a stand from which to distriluite ballots. boothage (bo'thaj), ». [< booth -f- -age.'] Cus- tomary dues paid for leave to erect booths in fairs and markets. boothalet (biJt'hal), v. t. [< boot^, for booty, + /in/(-^.] To plunder; pillage. Bean, and Fl. boothalert (bot'ha'ler), n. A robber; a free- booter. My own father laid these London boothalers, the catch- polls, in ambush to set upon me. Middlcton and Dekker, Roaring Girl, v. 1. bootbolder (bot'hoFder), n. A jack or other device for holding a boot while it is being made or cleaned. boot-hook (bot'huli), n. 1. A sort of holdfast ■n-ith which long boots are pulled on the legs. — 2. A button-hook for buttoning shoes. boot-hose (bot'hoz), n. pi. 1. Stocking-hose or spatterdashes, worn instead of boots. Let the waistcoat I have last wrought Be made up for my father : I will have A cap and boot-hose suitable to it. Fletcher (and another). Love's Cure, i. 2. 2. E.xtra stockings or leggings formerly worn with boots, and covering the upper part of the leg and a part of the thigh, but not the ankles and feet. bootied (bii'tid), a. [< booty -t- -ed^.] Laden with booty ; carrying off booty. Charged The bootied spoilers, conquer'd and released The wretched prey. J. Bailtie. bootikin (bO'ti-kin), n. [< boot^ + dim. -i-kin. Cf. manikin.] 1. A little boot. — 2. A soft boot or glove made of oiled skin, formerly worn by persons affected with gout. Tiiat for the Iiand wiis a kiiui of mitten with a partition tor the timinb, but luuu" for tlie fingers. I desire no more of my bootikins than to curtail my Ata |of tliegoutl. //. iValiiole. 3. Same as boot", v., 3. bootingif (bo'ting), n. [< ME. boting, increase, gain, Zbote (see boof^); partly confuseil with booty, boof^.] 1. Advantage; service; avail. Haninijtnn. — 2. Payment in addition or into the bargain. booting- (bii'ting), H. [< boot", r.. 2, -1- -imj^.'] Tort ine by means of the boot. Se(> boot-, n.,3. bOOting-'t (bo'ting), JI. [Appar. < boof'i -(- -iiig; biit in sense 1 prob. an adaptation of biitin, booty: see booty, bntin.] 1. Booty; jilnuder. — 2. The taking of booty. I'll tell vou of a brave hooting Tliat befell Roldn Hood. OU nciUad. booting-cornt (bii'ting-kom), n. [Formerly siiclled ItDtintj-corn ; < bootinij^ + eorn'^.] Kont- corii ; compensation paid in corn. Blonnt. bootjack (biit'jak), JI. 1. An im])lonuint of wood or iron used to hold a boot while the foot is tlrawn out of it. — 2. An actor of ut Hit y parts. [Thcat. .slang.] boot-lace (luit'liis), ji. The string or cord for fastening a boot or half-boot; a shoe-string. boot-last (biit'last), JI. See boot-tree. boot-leg (biit'leg), JI. The part of a boot above the upper; leather ctit out for the leg of a boot. bootless (bot'les), a. [< ME. holies, < AS. hot- litis (^OKries. boteld.s = Icel. Imtalaiiss), < bot, boot, -I- leds, -less.] 'Without boot or advan- tage; tiiiavailing; unprofitable; UBolcss; with- out profit or success. It Is lunitelras to Ihliike to restrayne them by any pcnal- tyes or feare of |iiiiii»hincllt. Sjienser, State of Ireland. Till the foiled King, from pathless glen. Shall ImutUss turn hint linine again. .SW.(I, I,, of the L., il. aft He certainly had ample leisure to re]ient the hiwte with which he hiui got nut of his warm bed In N'ienna to tok* Ills fmotteHH journey to BniHuels. Mnlleu, Dutch Republic, III. Ml bootlessly (bOt'les-li), adv. Without use, profit, or success, bootlessness (biit'leH-nos), w. [< Imolless + "I.S.I. j The state of being unavailing or use- ll'HH. bootmaker bootmaker (bot'ma"ker), ». One who makes boots. boot-pattern (bofpaf'^m), n. A templet con- sisting of plates which can be adjusted to dif- ferent sizes, used in marking out patterns of boots for the cutter. boot-powder (b6t'pou"der), II. Massive tale or soapstone reduced to powder, used to dust the inside of a new or tightly fitting shoe, to facilitate drawing it on. boot-rack (bot'rak), n. A frame or stand to hold boots, especially with their tops turned downward. bootsl (bots), w. [PI. of 6oo<2.] 1. The por- ter or servant in a hotel who blacks the boots of guests and in some eases attends to the bag- gage. Formerly called a boot-catcher. He began life as a boots, he will probably end as a peer. Uood. To pain but your smiles, were I Sardanapalus, I"d descend from my throne, and be boots at an alehouse. Barham, Ingoldsby Legends, II. 39. 2. In tales of Norse mythology, the youngest son of a family, always represented as espe- cially clever and successful. — 3. A name ap- plied to the youngest officer in a British regi- ment, or to the youngest member of a club, etc. [JjUg. slang.] boots'-^, bouts (bijts), n. The marsh-marigold, Valtha jiatiiatris. boot-stocking (bot'stok"ing), n. A large stock- ing of stout and thick material, made to wear over the ordinary shoes and other leg-covering in cold weather or at times of gi-eat exposure. His boot-stockiiigs coming high above the knees. Soutfiey, The Doctor, Ivii. boot-stretcher (bot'strech"er), n. An appa- ratus for stretching the uppers of boots and shoes. boot-top (bot'top), 11. 1. The upper part of the leg of a boot. — 2. (a) In boots of the sev- enteenth and eighteenth eentm-ies, the large flaring upper part of the boot-leg, capable of being tui'ned over. Hence — (6) A lace ruffle worn around the leg, and covering the inside of the leather boot-top. — 3. In some modern boots, a reverse of light-colored leather, as if a part of the lining, turned over the top of the boot-leg. See top-boot. llOOt-topping (bot'top"ing), n. Naut. : (a) The operation of painting that part of a ship's copper which is above the water-line. (/>) The pro- cess of removing grass, slime, etc., from the side of a ship, and daubing it over with a mix- ture of tallow, sulphur, and resin. boot-tree (bot'tre), n. An instrument consist- ing of two wooden blocks, constituting a front and a rear portion, which together form the shape of the leg and foot, and are inserted into a boot and then forced apart by a wedge for the purpose of stretching it. booty (bo'ti), n. ; pi. booties (-tiz). [Early mod. E. also bootie, boty, botie, < late ME. botye, buty, prob. < MD. buet, T>. buit, booty, = MLG. bute, buite, LG. bate, booty, also exchange, barter, = MHG. biute, G. beute, booty (prob. < LG.), = leel. byti, exchange, barter, = Sw. byte = Dan. byfte, exchange, barter, share, booty ; connected with MLG. bitten, exchange, distribute, make booty, LG. biiteii, exchange, barter, = Icel. bytd, give out, distribute, exchange, = Sw. byta, exchange, = Dan. bytte, exchange, barter (also, from the noun, D. buiten = G. beiiten, make booty); appar. a Teut. word, but not found in early use. Cf. F. butin — Sp. botin = It. bot- tiito (ML. botiimm, biitinum, with adj. term.), from the LG. The E. form booty, instead of the expected boot (which does occur later, ap- par. as short for booty), or rather *boHfe, "bout, or *boU, from the D. or LG., seems to be due to association with the orig. unrelated boof^, profit, etc., and in part perhaps to the influence of the F. butin, which was also for a time used in E.] 1. Spoil taken from an enemy in war ; plunder ; pillage. ^\Tien he reckons that he has gotten a booty, he has only eaught a Tartar. Sir ij. L' Estrange. 2. That which is seized by violence and rob- bery. So triumph thieves upon their conquer'd booty. Sliak., 3 Hen. VI., i. 4. 3. A prize; gain: without reference to its being taken by force. 1 have spread the nets o' the law, to catch rich booties, And they come fluttering in. Fletcfier, Spanish Curate, iii. 4. Flowers growing in large numbers afford a rich booty to the bees, and are conspicuous from a distance. Darwin, Cross and Sell Fertilisation, p. 434. 029 Borassus Toplay booty, to join with confederates in order to vie- horapip fbo-ras'ikl n r< hnrnr (hnt-f,/- ^ 4- ./. i tim.ze an<,ther player, and thus share in the plunder; "pf^f;,, ;„}„!; /l '' l •■ i ^ ^T"''^' ^ T'f'] hence, to play dishonestly ; give an opponent the advan- i t-I tammg to or produced from borax. Also tage at first in order to induce him to play for higher stakes, which he will lose. One thing alone remained to be lost— what he called his honour — which was already on the scent toplay booty. Disraeli, Young Duke. = Syu. 1. Plunder, etc. See pillar/e, n. booze, boose- (boz), v. i. ; pret. and pp. boozed, boosed, ppr. boociiif/, bousinij. [A var., prob. orig_. dial., of bouse, retaining the ME. pronun- ciation (ME. ou, pron. ci, now on) : see bouse, which is historically the normal form.] To drink deeply, especially with a boon companion and to partial intoxication ; guzzle liquor ; tip- ple. Also boiuie, bouse, bowse. He was a wild :iTid roviiig lad, For ever in the ulchoiist- hnozinfi. liarham, Ingoldsby Legends, I. 162. booze, boose^ (boz), «. [< booze, v. Cf. house, ".] 1. Liquor; drink. — 2. A drinking-bout; a spree. boozed (bozd), a. Fuddled; intoxicated, boozer (bo'zer), n. [< booze + -erK ■ Cf. botiser.'l A tippler. Also booser. boozy, boosy2 (bo'zi), a. [Also botisy, bowsy ; ^ ,. „ < booze, v., + -y. Cf. bousy.'] Showing the boracous (bo'ra-kus), a. [< borax (borac-) + boric — Boraclc add, boric acid, u.jBO;,, a compoumi of boron with oxygen and hydrogen, having the properties of a weak acid. It is a white, nearly tasteless, crystalline solid, slightly soluble in cold water, and, when the solution is boiled, volatile with the water-vapor. It is obtained in the free state from the water of tlie Tuscan lagoons and in the volcanic formations of the Lipari islands. In the United States it is made from the borax of liorax lake iir California, by deconjposing it with hydrochloric acid. tike l.i.rax, it is aricllliiiTit antiseptic. boraciferous (bo-ra-sif'e-rus), a. [< ML. borax (borac-), borax, + L. ferre = E. fecarl.] Con- taining or yielding borax. The boraciferous basin of the Sultan Chair, near the Simaov River. Sci. Amer. .'iupp., XXII. 9093. boracite (bo'ra-sit), n. [< borax (borac-) + -»?(-.] A mineral consisting of borate and chlorid of magnesium, it crystallizes in the isomet- ric system with tetraliedral hemihedrism, and is remark- able for its pyro-electrical properties. It usually exhibits to a marked degree anomalous double refraction, on which account some authors doubt its isometric character. boracium (bo-ras'i-um), «. [NL., < borax (borac-), borax.] The name originally given by Sir Humphry Davy to boron, which was supposed to be a mettil. effects of a booze; somewhat intoxicated merry or fooUsh with liquor. [CoUoq.] bo-peep (bo-pep'), n. [Early mod. E. also boh- peepe, lioo-peep, bo-pipe, etc. ; < bo + peep. Cf. Sc. hokcik; keekbo.J An alternate withdravring or concealing of the face or person and sudden peeping out again in a playful manner or in -ous.'\ Consisting of or derived from borax. borage (bur'aj), «. [Until recently also writ- ten barrage, burrage, btirridge, early mod. E. burrage, bourrage, bourage, Ijorage, < ME. bo- rage, burage, < AF. burage, OF. bourrace, bour- raclie, mod. F. bourrache = Pr. barrage = Sp. boraja (cf. D. boraadje, G. boreUch, borretsch. some unexpected place, often resorted to as an Dan. borasurt) = Pg. borragem = It. borraggine, amusement for very small children, and gen- borrace, bor- erally accompanied by drawling out the word "bo" when concealed, while "peep" is abrupt- ly enunciated on reappearing: as, to play ba- peep. In the United States more generally known as peek-a-boo. I for sorrow sung, That such a king should play bo-peep. And go the fools among. Shak., Lear, i. 4 (song). bopyrid (bop'i-rid), n. A crustacean of the family Bapyrida:. Bopyfidae (bo-pir'i-de), «. pi. [NL., < Bopyrus + -idee.'] A family of edriophthalmous crus- taceans, of the order Isopoda, the species of which are parasitic on the gills of other crus- taceans. They undergo metamorphosis, and tlie sexes are distinct. The female is discoidal and asymmetrical, without eyes, wliile the much smaller male is elongated, segmented distinctly, and furnished with eyes. There are several genera besides Bopyrus, the typical genus, as lone, Liriope, Gyge, Phrvxus. Bop3nrus (bo-pi'rus), n. [NL.] A genus of isopods, typical of the family Bapyridce. B. squillarum, a parasite of other crustaceans, is an example. bora (bo'rii), n. [It., etc., prob. dial. (Venetian, Milanese, etc.) form of borea, north wind, Boreas, confused with lUyrian and Dalmatian biira, Turk, bora, Serv. Bulg. bura, OBulg. Russ. hurya, Pol. burza, a storm, tempest, Lith. bUris, a shower. Cf. borasco.~\ The name given on the coasts of the Adriatic sea to a violent dry wind blowing from a northeasterly du'ection. borable (bor'a-bl), a. [< ftorel, v., + -able.'] Capable of being bored. [Rare.] borachiot (bo-rach'io), n. [Also written borra- eliio, borraclio, borraccia, baraccio, etc., from Sp. or It. : Sp. borracha (= It. barraccia, later also borraccia), a leathern wine-bottle, borraclio, a drunkard, drunken, prob. < borra, borro, a lamb, < borra (= Pr. It. borra, F. bourre), short hair or wool, < ML. burra, rough hair, LL. a shaggy garment: see biirrel.'] 1. A large lea- thern bottle or bag, used in Spain and through Flowering branch of Borage [Sora^ ejffiei. natis). (From Le Maout and Dccatsne's '* Trait6 general de Botaoique."; rana, < ML. borrago, bora- ga, NL. bora- go (bar agin-), MGr. novpd- Kiov, borage, proij. < ML. borra, burra, rough hair, short wool, in ref. to the roughness of the foliage ; cf. boracliio, burrel, etc. The histori- cal pron., in- dicated by the spelling bur- rage, rimes with courage: the present spelling borage is in imitation of the ML. and NL. borago.] A European plant, Barago officinalis, the principal representative of the genus, occasionally cultivated for its blue flowers. It is sometimes used as a salad, occa- sionally in medicine in .acute fevers, etc., and also in mak- ing claret-cup, cool-tajikard, etc. If you have no bottle-ale, command some claret wine and bourrage. itarston, \Vliat You WiU, iv. 1. Boraginacea (bo-raj-i-na'se-e), n. pi. [NL., < Borago (Boragiii-) + -acea^'.] A large order of gamopetalous dicotyledonous plants, herbs or shrubs, natives mostly of northern temperate regions, distinguished by regular flowers and by a fruit consisting of four distinct nutlets or of a drupe containing foiu- nutlets. The leaves are often rough and hairy. Some tropical species, as of Cordia, are timber-trees, others yield dyes, but the order generally is of little economical value. It includes the heliotrope (Heliotrnjiluni). forget-me-not (Myosotis), alka- net (.incliusa), comfrey (.s'.v"'i''i.'/t»»0, buglo'ss {Lycopsis), gTom\\eH(Litliospermum), boiage (which see), etc. Often outtheLevant for holdmgVine or other^li- ,^ra^i^Sur'(bo^-i-^'sSf:;. Of quor; a wme-skin (now the current name m ^.crtlinm^ to the Borainrnma-. '' il.nglisn). Itismadeof the skmof abeast,most com- v,n--^„.n„o Clio rn Hin'p iisl ,i r<'Arr hnr^„„ monly that of a goat or hog, from which the carcass has DOragineOUS ( OO-ra-jm e-us) a. [< -)LL,. borago been removed piecemeal, leaving the hide whole, except {boragiii-), borage, -i- -fOK.s.] Pertaining to or at the neck and the places where the limbs were. These having the characteristics of the Boraginece, a openings are strongly sewed up, that at the neck being tribe of Boraqinacea: ; boraginaceous. furnished with a leather tube. WTien used for carrying •Dnr-^ an n^n t^' ^p^\ ., rXTj An ..,.-.„ t.^ -i water, the borachio is hung with the mouth downward, so -oprago (bo-ra go), n. [NL., ML. : see borage.] that the tube can be untied whenever necessary, and any A genus ot plants, natural order Boraginacew. desired quantity be witlidrawn. See cut under bottle. See borage. .Also spelled Borrago. Two hundred loaves and two bottles (that is, two skins boramez, n. See barometz. or borachios) of wine. Delany, Life of David, borast, ». An obsolete fonn of horax. Cliaucer. borasco (bo-ras'ko), n. [Also borasea, burrasca (and horasque, borrasque, < F. bourrasquc) : = Sp. Pg. borrasca, < It. biirasca, now burrasca. Dead wine, that stinks of the borracftio, sup From a foul jack, or greasy maplecup? Dryden, tr. of Persius's Satires, 216. mere wine- Hence — 2. A di'imkard, as if bottle. How you stink of wine I Do you think my niece will ^ n - "' \ rxrr /> ^ ever endure such a borachio? You're an absolute bora- iSOrasSUS (DO-ras US), n. - [JNL., < Gr. ^opaaordWe>- Hve of A^ica and extensively cultivated in the < UF. hordtler, borMier, < bordel : see bordcl.} vl^r Indies See vaUnura. The keeper of a brothel. Goirer. borate (bd'rat), «. [< bor(ax) + ^tel.] A salt bordello (bor^iel-o), «. [It.] Same as bordel. formed by a combination of boracic acid with anv base. bor'attO (bo-rat'6), w. [Also borato. boratia (cf. D. borat. a'kiud of wool or woolen thread) ; < It. biiratto, a thin fabric : see *«»'-.] A stuff woven of sUi and wool, used in the time of Elizabeth : perhaps identical with bombazine. Fairholt. borax (bo'raks), h. [In this form < ML. borax ; early mod. E. boras, borrax, borace, borracc, < ME." boras. < OF. boras, ftorrn.s, bourras, mod. F. borajc = Sp. borraj, earlier borrax, = Pg. bo- rax = It. borrace = G. Daai. Sw. borax, < ML. borax (borac-), borac, boraciiiii, baiirach, < At. boraq, bi'iraq, baiiraq. borax, prop, natron, < Pers. bi'irah, borax; by some refeiTed to Ar. baraqa. shine, glisten.] Sodiimi tetraborate orpjToborate, Xa.2B407 + lOHoO. a salt formed bv the union of boracic acid and soda, it is a "white crjstallilie solid, slightly soluble in cold water, * • It occurs in nature in Jl. Joiison : Milton. border (bor'der), II. and a. [Eai-ly mod. E. also borditre, Se. bordour ; < ME. border, bor- diire, bordeure, earliest form bordiire, < OF. bordure, earlier bordeiire, mod. F. bordiire = Pr. Sp. Pg. bordadiira = It. bordatiira, < ML. bor- dutura, border, edging, < "bordaic (pp. borda- tiis) (>It. bordare = Sp. Pg. Pr. bordar = F. border), edge, border, < 6orrfH«(>It. Sp. bordo = Pg. borda = F. bord), edge, side, < Teut. (AS. etc. ) bord, edge, side, mixed with bord, a board : see board, where the two orig. forms are dis- tinguished. In termination, border is parallel phonetically with armor, the earlier accented suffix -lire ha-^-ing weakened under loss of ac- cent to -er, -o)-.] I. H. 1. A side, edge, brink, or margin ; a limit or boundary. Take heed to yourselves, tl'.at ye go not up into the mount, or touch the border of it. Ex. xix. 12. bord-lode with a border: as, to border a garment or a garden. lUvulets bordered with the softest grass. r. Warioti, Hist. Eng. Poetry. 2. To form a border or boundary to. — 3. To lie on the border of; be contiguous to; ad- join ; lie next. Sheba and Kaamah border the Persian Gulf. Raleif/K 4t. To confine or keep within bounds ; limit. That nature, which contemns it^s origin, Cannot be border'd certain in itself. Shak., Lear, iv. 2. II. ill trans. To have a contiguous boundary or dividing line; abut exteriorly: with on or nj)on : as, the United States border on the two great oceans. virtue and Honour had their temples bordering on each other and are sometimes both on the same coin. Addison, Dialogues on Medals, iL To border on or upon, figuratively, to approach closely in cbarartcr ; verge on ; resemble closely : as, his conduct borders upon vulgiirity. Wit which borders upon profaneness . . . deserves to be branded ,is folly. Tillotnon, Works (ed. 1728), I. 33. having a sweetish alkaline taste. It occurs in nature in 2. The line which separates one country, state, .^ a^^^a tu\,.'A!,r.A\ „ „ X< hny,ter + P^n^ solution in the water of lakes m Tibet, Tat.ary,ehma, and ^- _..„„„ .^„^ „,,nthpr: n. frontiBr lino nv bordered bor dfrd), p «.[<_ fiOlrff^ + -Prf-'.J soh - - , California, anil is obtained from these waters by evapora- tion and crvstallization. The I'uited States is now almost wholly supplied with borax from California, Borax is also prepared artiBcially from soda and boracic acid. It is much used as a flux in assa>ing operations, and for clean- ing tlie surfaces of difScultly fusilile metals prerious to sofdering, since when melted it dissolves the metallic oxids w hich fonn on their surfaces when heated. It is also used in glass and enamel manut-icture ; as an antiseptic, par- ticularly in fo, have a rumbling in the bowels; ef. mpKopvy/idc and KopKopvyi, of same sense; imitative words.] The rumbling noise caused by wind within the intestines. Borchardt's functions, modulus. See the ii'iiins. bord't, »■ An obsolete or dialectal form of ho,ir OF. borde = I'r. ('at. borda = S|.. It. borda), a cottage, hut, perhaps < Tent. (AS. etc.) bord, a board: see board.] In Nor- man times, in England, a villr'in ^yho held a I'lit lit his lord's |ileiisnri-, iisiially wild a small lioMing of land in the open liild, for which he nmlered menial service; a cottar, bordet, ". A Miildlo Englisli form of board. Bordeaux (l)6r-<16'), "• 1- A general term for li .viMCH, both red and white, produced in. ■ li about Bordeaux, Fniiici-, including liartTncnls, among wliirh (lironde is 1 ; H|ii'ciflcallv, any of thc> nd wines ■ Ml, i-iiinmonly known in Englisli as ;. .\ general name of azo-dyes from II irivatives of iiaphlliyl amino. They iir'- .f ■ , iiioiiH red color. bord/' 'l.|). 11. [< ME. '»»•(/(■;,< OF. fcor- lUI i.urdrl = Hp. htirdrl = If. bnrdtllii, < M / ,;, II brothel, orig. a little lint, dim. y Ol". Iiorile: see hnrdar. lior- del 1 1 pliu'fd by lirolhrr^, q. v.] A broi' dy-hoiiiH!; a house devoted to district orterritorywhichliesajongthe ^^or^erO^or^'^^e^;^;;- ^ W^'i^hl^ :}::T'l^'t'^,f2:T^i^^Z O-,*,- + -.;■!.] l. OuewhodweUsonabor- or province from another; a frontier line or march. In bringing his border into contact with that of the Danelaw, Eadward announced that the time of rest was over, and that a time of action had begun. J. R. Green, Conq. of Eng,, p. ISS. 3. The edge or . tier; specifically, in the plural, the marches or border districts": hence, in English and Scot- tish history, "the borders,'' the districts ad- joining the" line separating the two coimtries. These outlaws, as I may call them, who robbed upon the borders, Bp. Patrick, Com. on Genesis, xlvi. :ii. 4. Territory; domain. The Lord thy God shall enlarge thy border. Dent. xii. 20. 5. Figuratively, a limit, botmdary. or verge; brink : as, he "is on the border of threescore ; driven by disaster to the border of despair; "in the borders of deatli," J?«i-)-«H', Works, III. xvii.— 6. A strip, band, or edging surrounding Having a border: specifically, in math., applied to a determinant formed from another by adding one or more rows and columns. Thus, a bordered symmetrical determinant is a determinant formed by add- a row and column to a s.\numetrio!il determinant. any general area or jilane surface, or placed Tjordering-wax (bor'd der, or at the extreme part or confines of a country, region, or tract of land; one who dwellsnear to a place. — 2. One who approach- es near to another in any relation. [Rare.] The poet is the nearest borderer upon the orator. /;. ./onson, Diseoveriea. 3. One who makes borders or bordering. bordering (bor'der-ing), w. [Verbal n. of bor- der, r.] 1. The act of making a border, or of siuTounding with a border. — 2. Material for a border; a border of any kind; particularly, an ornamental band of paper placed around the up)icr part of the walls of a room. along its margin, and differing from it by soiue well-defined character, as in material, color, design, or pm'pose. (n) A narrow bed or strip of ground in a garden inclosing a portion of it, and gen- erally divided from it by a path or walk. ('<) Ornamental work surrounding a printed jiage, a handbill, a drawing, etc., the black band around mourning statimury, or the like, (c) A piece of ornamental triinniiiig aliout (be edge of a garment, a cap, etc. In the scventeeiilli .iiitury, and perhaps earlier, borders of garments were made detach- able, similar to the apparels of the alb, and could be trans- ferred from one garment to another; they were then rich- ly embroidered, and are especially mentioned in wills and inventories. And beneath the cap's border gray mingles with brown. Whilticr, The Quaker Alunmi. if dilfeient -waks). Wax (d) In her., the outer edge of the flehl when nniforTU, and XL A Doitler Paly. tincture from the center. Its width should be one fifth the width of tb.- field. French heralds consider the bnr der as one of the ortlinaries ; in Englisli lieraldry it is sometimes a mark of dit ference. Tlie border always covei-s tbr enil of any ordinary, as the chevron, fcs-^, etc. When a coat of arms is impiilfd with another, if either of thcni has a iKjrder, it is not can-ied along the pale, but surrounds the outside of the field only. The border when charged with an ordinary shows only so mucli of the ordinary as comes naturally upiir'd<''r-lit7,), ». pi. The row of gaslif.'lits behind the borilers in a theater. border-plane (bor'der-plan), )i. A joiner's (•clgiiig-plane. border-tower (b6r'd6r-tou'*r), n. A small fortified post, consistingnsuallv of ahigh square tower with a Hat roof and bnltlcments. and one or iiioio nuichicolated proteclions for the gate, drawbriilge, and the like, and suvronnded by a strong wall inclosing a court. Such dwellings, tor- nu'i-ly occupied by pi'tty landowners in exiioscd posiliona, arc freiinent along the border between Scotland anil Kng- land : hence the niinie. border-warrant (bor'dcr-wor'ant), h. In Scots linr. a wanaiit issucil by the'jiulge ordimiry, on the borders bctweiMi Scotland and lOngland, on the ii]i]ilicalion of a creditor, for ari(>Nling the clTcels of a debtor residing on the Knglish liini until lio side of tlie border, anil detaining finds caiilion (lint lie kIiiiII sist liimself in judg- — 9.' y>'/!"The portions of scenery 'in a theater ment in any action which may be brought for which hang from above and rep"resent foliage, "- -'■'■* ""' pro- 1 Mai..... . . Ill IvwdnpM. own bouM a lU*, a tortUl, ud > nehool Houth. clouds, beiiiiiM, etc. Alveolar border, sie iw..... f«r.— Mltered border, in a Inarlll, the edging alionl tin- llllib utone. =8yn. Iloinol), Conlincji. etc. .See boinultirii. n. a. Of or pertaining to the border of a countrv. Hpi .III. ally (.i) In I'.nglan.l an.l S.-otliin.l, ..t or pertahiing I.. "111.' bonlers"..! th.ise .■..unlrl.-« : as. tb.' lior.f.-r barons ; border \Me\e». ('.) In the I'nit.'.l Slal.s of or p.TlalliInK b. til.' lr..llll.'r line betwe.'ll tb ttl.'.l and iiii^.ttl.'.l part* ..f Ibe .■..uiitry : a», a liorder .|Uarr.l. Border rulllan, In f. S. ;..»'.. ..ne ..f the pro.lav.ry party In .MiM..iirl, who In ISM M habllnally .n.sne.l the iM.r.br Into Kansas f..r tb.' purp..«e of v.illng Illegally an.l .if bitlnililatlng fr Slate .■ol.inl«l«. border (bOr'dtr), v. [Kariy mod. E. also bor- diire. He. bordour; < MIC. Imrdiiren, bourdnnn, border; from tlie noun. Ct. broider, broiider.'] I, tranii. 1. To mnke a bor.liT about ; n.lorn the debt williin six miuiths. bord-halfpennyt, »• Same as biirgh-hal/nenntl. bord-Iandt, ». I A Ml',, law term. aiMuir. < boril, a lable, boani (but prob. with rcf. \() bordoge^, c|. v.). + Iniiil.'] In ,/./"/'(/ Inn: a term of iiu- eerlnin nieaiiing, ih'lineil, from the appaient elvinology, as the demain land which a lord kept in h'is hands for the maintenance of liiij bimr.l or lable, lint mole probably land held bv a tenant ill bordage. bo'rd-lodet, ". I A M IC. law term, appar. < bnrt^ a table, board (but prob. with ref. to bordiige^, (|. v.), + lode, a li'iidiiig, conveyance.] ]]ifriidill Ian; some service due by a tenant to his lord, involving the can-ying of wood, etc., to the lord's lioiiMe. bordman bordmant, "• [ME. "Iiordninn (only in MTj. biirdiiiaiiiiii.s), < hi}nl, a table, board (but prob. with ref. to bdrdiKjr, q. v.), + man.'] In laiv, a tfinant of bortl-lauil ; a bordar. bordont, ". A form of bourdon. bordraget, n. See bodrag. bord-service (bord'ser'vis), n. [< bord-, as in liDrddiji , hordmaii, etc., + serrice.'] In feudal liiir, tlio tcnuro of bord-lands; bordage. bordure (bor'dur), n. [Early mod. E., < ME. iKiriliirc, < OFV(and F.) bordure: see border.'] An obsolete or archaic form of border, retained in heraldry. The netherest hem or bordure of these clothes. Chaucer, Boethius, i. prose 1. Instead of railes and balusters, there is a bordure of ca|iit:il letters. Evelyn, Diary, Aug. 31, 1654. Bordure compon^. See compone. bore^ ( bor), r. ; pret. and pp. bored, ppr. boring. [Early mod. E. also sometimes boar ; < ME. bo- rcii, bnricn, < AS. borian = D. boren = OHG. boron, MHG. born, G. bohren = Icel. bom = Sw. borru = Dan. bore, bore, = L. fordre, bore, per- forate (see foramen, perforate), = Gr. (^aphv, (papovv, plow: a secondary verb, from, or from the same root as, the formally more primitive noun, AS. bor (= D. boor = MLG. bur = G. bohr — leels borr = Sw. borr = Dan. bor), an auger, gimlet; ef. Gr. "es well. — 2. To sink a bore-hole, as in searching for water, coal, etc. — 3. To be suited for piercing with an auger or other boring-tool : as, wood that bores well or ill. — 4. To push forward or through toward a certain point : as, ^'boringtoihevie%t," Dnjden. The elder streets [of Florence] go boring away into the heart of the city in narrow dusky vistas of a fascinating picturesijueness. H. James, Jr., Trans. Sketches, p. 271. 5. In the manege, to thrust the head forward as far as possible: said of a horse. =syn. 1. Per- forate, etc. See penetrate. borel (bor), n. [In sense 1, < ME. bore, < AS. bor (= D. boor, fern., = MLG. bor, m., = OHG. bora, f., G. bohr = Icel. borr = Sw. borr, m., = Dan. bor, neut.), an auger, a gimlet; in sense 3, < ME. bore = Icel. bora, a hole ; in other senses directly from the verb: see ftfcrfi, )>.] If. Any instrument for making holes by boring or turn- ing, as an auger or gimlet. A hole fit fur the file or square bore. Jos. Moxon. 2. A hollow hand-tool used in nail-making to hold a nail while its head is being formed. — 3. A hole made by boring, or as if by boring: as, "an auger's bore," Shak., Cor., iv. 6. Specifi- cally— («> .\ deep vertical perforation made in the earth in search of water, or to ascertain the nature of the un- derlying strata, as in searching for coal or other minerals ; a bore-hole, (ft) The cylindrical cavity or perforation of a tube, rifle, cannon, etc. Hence — 4. The caliber or internal diameter of a hole or perforation, whether made by bor- ing or not, especially of the cavity of a gun or tube. Beside th' Artillery Of fourscore pieces of a mighty Boare. Drayton, Noah's Floud (ed. 1630), p. 103. The bores of wind instruments. Bacon, 5t. A wound or thrust Blue bore, an opening in the clouds sliowing tlie blue sky. [Scotch.] — To 'Wick a 631 bore, in the game of curling, to drive a stone dexterously througli an oi)ening between two guards. bore'-^ (bor), ». [Early mod. E. also boar, boer; :ipi)ar.< ME. hare, a wave, billow (once, in doubt- ful use) (ef. V. httrri;, a bore) ; prob. < Icel. tidra = Norw. baara, a billow caused by wind ; cf . Sw. dial, ti&r, a hill, mound; prob. connceted with Icel. t>i'ra = E. bcari^.'] An abrupt tidal wave which breaks in an estuary, the water I hen rush- ing up the channel with great violence and noise. The tidal wave being a wave of translation, the 8hr>aling and narrowing of channels where the tide rises very raiii E. bu- reau, q. v.): see burrel, and cf. birrus.] 1. A coarse woolen stuff, or garments made of it; hence, clothing in general. I wol renne out my borel for to shewe. Chaucer, Prol. to Wife of Bath's Tale, 1. 356. 2. A kind of light stuff the warp of which was silk and the woof wool; a kind of serge. borel-t, borrel-t, «• [ilE., also buret, supposed to be a particular use of boref^. «., q. v. Some- times used archaically in mod. E.] 1. Belong- ing to the laity, as opposed to the clergy. And more we se of Christes secre thinges Than borel folk, although that they ben kinges. We live in povert and in abstinence. And borel folk in richesse and dispense. Chaucer, Summoner's Tale, L 164. 2. Rude; unlearned. But, sires, because I am a burel man . . . Haveth me excused of my rude speche. Chaucer, Prol. to Franklin's Tale, I. 44. I am but rude and borrel. Spenser, Shep. Cat. July. Thou wert ever of a tender conscience, son Wilkin though thou hast but a rough and Iwrrel bearing. .Scott, Betrothed, \ii, borely t, a . An obsolete form of burly. borent. Obsolete form of born, borne, pp. of biar^. Chaucer. borer (bor'er), n. [< borel, j;.^ + -frl; = G. bohrer.] 1. One who bores or pierces. — 2. A tool or instrument used for boring: an auger; specifically, in Great Britain, a diill, an imple- ment used in boring holes in rock. — 3. A name common to many minute coleopterous insects of the group Xytophaga. whose larvffi eat theii way into old wood, forming at the bottom of the holes a little cocoon, whence they emerge as small beetles. — 4. Some other insect which bores, either in the larval or adult state. — 5. A local English name of the glutinous hag, J/i/x- ine glutinosa. See cut under hag. — 6. A bi- valve mollusk which bores into wood or stone. Clover-nxit Borer [Hyiesinus trtfolii), a, a, a, burrows made by the insect ; b. lar^-a, lateral view ; c, pupa, ventral view; d, beetle, donal view. All en* larged. borer especially one of the family Pholadidfp. — 7. In entom., the terebra or ovipositor when it is used for borins. as in many beetles, flies, etc — Annu- lar borer." See annu/ar.— Clover-root borer, a small £Col>~tid beetle, HyUsintts trijolii (Muller), imported from EuroDe into .\merica and very injurious to clover. The larv'ais cyUadrical. of slightly curved form, whitish, with a yellowish head. The perfect beetle is a little over 2 mil- limeters in length, eloagateoval in form, and of a brownish- black color, the ely- tra being reddish and somewhat shining. — Grape-root borer, the larva of ^i^jeria polijiti/orjitiji, a moth of the family ^iHyeri- idtf, which lays its eggs in July or Au- gust at the base of the grape-Wue, close to the ground. Tliey are white tleshy grubs which eat the l)ark and sap-wood of the grape-root, and trans- form to the pupa state within a po4l-Iike co- coon of gummy silk, to which bits of wood and bark are attached. boresont, n. An obsolete variant of bauson. bore-tree, ». Sec h'n(r-tntj. bore-worm (bor'- werm), n. A name for the ship-worm. Te- redo navalis : so called on account of its boring into submerged tim- ber, as the bottoms of vessels, piles, and the like. borhame (bor'am), ». [E. dial. ; oi'igin ob- scurt-.] A local English naino, in Northum- berland, of the lemon or sand-sole. boric ( bo'rik), a. [< bor(ax) + -ic. ] Same as boracic. bolide (bo'rid or -rid), n. [< bor(on) + -irfc] A primary compound of boron with a metallic element. boring (bor'ing), n. [Verbal n. of bore'^, r.] 1. Tlio act of piercing or perforating; specifi- cally, in mining and similar operations, the act of making a hole in rock or earth by means of a borer or drill. Tliis is often executed on a large ■cale by the aid of machinery. Wells and shafts several feel in diameter are now bored witliout lilasting, as has been done in I'arls in sinking artesian wells, in the great nortin-rn coal-helds of France and Kelgiuiii, and elsewhere. 2. The hole made by boring. Holes of small depth bored witli the drill for lilasting are called l/ure-hulfx. Deep holes bored for any purpose are called hnrinijn, aiil. The chips, fragments, or dust produced in boring. Also called boring-dust Three- handed boring, in mining, Iwring in which a hand-drill is operated by three men, one of whom holds the lirill and turns it as the work proceeds, while the others alter- nately strike upon or beat it with a heavy hammer or sledge. When one man holds the drill and another beats It, the boring Is tmt-handrd ; when the same person hohls the ilriU with one band, and beats it with the other, it Is iu,.il.-l,,t,i,l..l. IF.rig.l boring-anchor (bor'ing-ang'kor), 71. Same as siTiir-pili:. boring-bar (bor'ing-biir), n. A bar to which the i-utterH in a drilling- or boring-machine are Bi'ciircil. Koo ruthr-har. boring-bit (bor'ing-bit), n. 1. A tool or instru- mi-nt of variou.M uhapes ami sizes, used for making holes in wood and other solid sub- «tui H. Heo W/1. — 2. A tool much like a prirriiiig-wire, but more highly teuiiicred and witli nil end Hoiiiewhat like an auger, used for el'Miiiiig out the vent of a gun when it is cloMod by -.line metallic obstruction; a vent-gimlet. boring-block (bor'ing-blok), n. In mich., a olrtiin; I ylinilrieal piece fitted on tlio boring- bar i.f 11 lioring-machino, and having tho cut- tern lix.-.| 1,1 it. bor' ''-r Boring-machine. a. b, cone-pulleys; c, hori- zontal face-plate ; d, bonny- shaft ; g, hand-wheel ; h, au- tomatic feed arrangement ; t, handle which acts upon a f)inion and rack to raise or the belt-shifter. face-plate ; 632 boring-head (bor'ing-hed), n. 1. The cutter- head of a diamond drill. — 2. A short cylinder cam"ingeutting-tools, fitted upon a boring-bar. boring-machine (bor'ing-ma-shen'), H. Any apparatus employing bor- ing-tools, such as the bit, auger, or drill. Such ma- chines are used for boring boih metal and wood. In the fii-st case the boring-tool is a revolving cutter-head, and the machine is essentially a drill. In these machines the work may be stationary while the cutter-head advances as the cut is made, or the work may be advanced or fed to the rela- tively stationary cutter-head. In all there are appliances for securing a variable speed and for adjusting one tool to many kinds of work. They are used to bore out heavy cast- ings, guns, cylinders, wheel- hubs, etc. The wood-boring machines are essentially ma- chine-augers. The auger or bit may be fixed, or may have a slight journal movement as the work proceeds. The block- boring machine is an apparatus consisting of two augers driven by hand and a vise for holding the bolt of wood from which a block is to be made. The carpenters' boiing-inachine is an anger supported on a movable frame in such a way that holes can be bored with it at any an- gle. It is operated by two handles and bevel gearing, the operator sitting ast ride the machine while at work. boring-mill (bor 'ing-mil), «. Same as boring-machine. boring-rod (bor' ing-rod), n. A iointed carpenters' Boriin;-m.n;hiiic. rod to which the tools used in earth-boring and rock-drilling are attached. boring-sponge (bor'ing-spunj), «. A salt-water sponge of the genus Cliona, which bores into shells and lime.stone. boring-table (b6r'ing-ta"bl), n. The platform suiiixirtiug the work in a boring-machine. borism, «. i^ee horcism. boritht, ". [< LL. biiritli, < Heb. bOrifh (Jer. ii. 22), tr. in the English version 'soap.'] A plant iirodueing an alkali used in cleansing. Borja (bor'jjl ; Sp. pron. bor'hii), n. A sweet white wine grown near Saragossa in Spain. borley (bor'li), n. [E. dial.] A boat used by trawlers about tho estuary of the Thames. X JC. U. borling (bor'ling), n. [E. dial.] A local Eng- lisli name of tho river-lamprey. bornl (bom), p. a. [< ME. horn, bnrcn (often sliortoned bore), < AS. boron, pp. of beran, bear, carry, bring forth. Tho distinction be- tween born^ anil bornc^ is recent: see 6rrt)l.] 1. Possessing from birth the quality or char- acter stated: as, a born poet ; a born fool. Dunstun resumed .*;ifrcd"s task, not, indeed, in the wide and generous spirit of the king, but with the activity of a born administrator. J. Ji. fiirrti, Coiki. of Eng., jt. yi,"). 2. Innate; inherited; jirodiiceil with a jieraon at birth: as, horn wit: born dignity: in both senses opjjosed to acijnircd after birth or from experience, (Jften abbreviated to 6. Bom In or with, Inherited by birth; received or Im- Jdaiiled at birtll. \N'it and wisdom are burn with a man. SclUen, Tablo-Talk, p. 08. Bom Of, spning from. Nf)nc '»/ woman futni shall harm Macbeth. S/mk., Macbeth o(u li t«in« bo bored. ■ CO is expoHeil at the hole to h i» hione^. bomei (bom). [See 6orai.] Past participle of bcar^. borne-t (bom), n. Same as bourn". borne (bor-ua'), a. [F., pp. of borner, bound, limit, < borne, boundary, limit: see bourn-.] Bounded; limited; narrow-minded; of re- stricted intelligence. He [Sir Robert Peel] began life as the underling of Lord Sidmouth — the shallowest, narrowest, most born^, and most benighted of the old Tory crew. IT. R. Greg, Misc. Essays, 2d ser., p. 234. Bornean (bor'nf-an), a. and n. [< Borneo + -((H.] I. n. Pertaining to Borneo, the largest island of the Malay archipelago. II. n. A native or an inhabitant of Borneo. bornedt, p. a. An obsolete form of burned. ( '/«( ucrr. borneene (b6r'ne-en), n. [< borne(ol) + -ene.] A liquid hydrocarbon (CjQHjg) secreted by DnjolKilanops camphora, and holding in solu- tion a soliil substance, borueol (CxoHj^gO), or caiuplior of Borneo. See Urijobalanops. Borneo camphor. See camphor. borneol (,bor'ne-ol), K. [<. Borneo + -oh") Same as Borneo camphor (which see, imder camphor), bornine (bor'ninl, «. [Appar. as burn-ite + -ini-.'\ Ti'Ihu'ie bismuth : same as tetradi/mitc. borning, borning-rod. See boning, bonin'g-rod. bornite (bur'nit), n. [After Dr. Ignatius von Born, an Austrian mineralogist (1742-91), + -ite-,} A valuable copper ore, consisting of about CO parts of copper, 14 of iron, and 26 of sulphur, found mostly massive, also in iso- metric crystals. It has a peculiar bronze-color on the fresh fracture (hence calleii by Cornish miners horse- Jiesh ore), Imt soon tai-nishes ; and from tlie bright ctdors it then luisumes it is often named purple or variegateii copper and eniltencite. bornous, bornouse, ». Same as bumoose. borocalcite (l>o-ro-kal'sit), «. [< boron + cal- citi .1 A liydrous calcium borate, supposed to occur witli otlier borates in Pern. boroglyceride (b6-ro-gli,><'e-rid or -rid), w. [< boron -I- gli/cer(in) + -»/Fri('S. biirieh, bureh = MI). Iinreh, Inirch, I). Iiurg, liurgt = Mljti. borch = OH(i. Iiurug^ liurnr. burc, MIK!. bnrc, (!. burg = led. lung =. Sw. Dan. Imr OV. bnrc, burg, V. bnurg = Pr. bore = S)>. Pg. burgo = It. Imrgo); prob. < AS. beorgan (pji. bio'gcn) = (Jolli. Iiair- gan = (i. birgen, etc., protect : see buri/^, bur- row^,burg^,tiurgh, bonrg^ (all nil . identical with liorough), liurgrss, bourgiois, clc. The word ap- pciirs ill various forms in iiiaiiv iiiiiiich of towns: r('li'i'/i((iv))((//i, Edin//Hn//i or iMiiii/ioi'", Ciiiiter- liurg, }\nniliurg, Iturgos, etc.] 1. Eornierly, a forlilicd town, or a iovvii possessing niniiicipal organization; also, a town or city in general. — 2. In Knglaiid: («) A corporate town jios- seHsiiig a regularly organized niiiiiii'ipal gov- ermneiil ami special piivilep's coiil'erred by royal charter: iisually called a municipai Imr- ough. (b) A town having tho right to send ono borough or more representatives to Parliament : usually called a parliamcnUinj biirDuijh. inik-r the gcncml litws icmilatiny municipal uNWniiiii-iit, witli sumu exi-ei)- tioMs, tlic- Imrgesses i>f fucli Ihitmiil^Ii elect a certain iiiiiii- hi'-Y nf ciHiiicilors every three yeajs, ami these elect the niayta- aiiruially ami half the aldermen (who serve six years) tneiiiiially. Mayor, aUlermeh, ami councilors form the rnuiieil. The ei 'rresprtndiny term in Scotland is bunjii. 3. In Connecticut, Minnesota, New Jersey, and Pennsylvania, an incorporated municipality less populous than a city and differently gov- erned: in general, coiTesponding to town in other States. In Minnesota and Pennsylvania its boundaries are identical with those of one of the primary divisions of the county; in Connecticut and New Jersey they include only the space occupied by houses adjoining or nearly adjoining. Also, one of tlie five administrative subdivisions of the enlarged city of New York. 4t. A shelter or place of security. The flat, levell, and plaine fields not able to afford us , . . any borough to shelter us. Holland, tr. of Aminianus, p. 114. 5t. At Richmond in Yorkshire, England, and perhaps other northern old corporate towns, a property held by burgage, and formerly quali- fying for a vote for members of Parliament. N. E. D — Close t)orough, a pocket borough. Lansmere is neither a rotten borough, to be bought, nor a clotse borough, under one man's nomination. Bulwer. Pocket borough, in England, before the passage of the Reform Bill of 18;j2 and the subsequent legislation deal- ing with the elective franchise, a borough the parliamen- tary representation of which was practically in the hands of some individual or family. — Rotten borough, a name given before the passing of the Kefonn liili of lb32 to cer- tain boroughs in England which had fallen into decay and had a mere handful of voters, but which still retained the privilege of sending members to Parliament. At the head of the list of these stood Old Sarum, the abandoned site of an old town, which returned two representatives though without a single inhabitant, the proprietors nominating whom they pleased. — To buy a borough, to purchase the power of controlling the election of a member of Par- liament for a borough. Under recent itritish legislation this is no longer possible. borough'-t, «■ -An obsolete form of hurrovfl. borough^fj 11. An obsolete form of borrow'^. borough-court (bur'o-kort), n. The court of record for an English borough, generally pre- sided over by the recorder. borough-English (bur'6-ing'glish), n. [Irreg. translation of AF. tenure en burgh engloijs, tenure in an English borough.] In law, a cus- tomary descent of some estates in England to the youngest son instead of the eldest, or, if the owner leaves no son, to the youngest brother. It is a remarkable circumstance that an institution closely resembling Borough English is found in the Laws of Wales, givhig the rule of descent for all cultivating villeins. Maine, Early Hist, of Institutions, p. •223. borough-head, n. See borrow-head. borough-holder (bm-'o-hol'der), »!. 1. In Eng- land, a headborough ; a borsholder. [Rare or obsolete.] — 2. In some parts of northern Eng- land, a person who holds property by burgage tenure. The Borough-holders [Gateshead] are qualified by ten- ure of burgage tenements, which are particular freehold houses, about 150 in number. They have an estate in fee. Munkip. Corp. Reports (1835), p. 1526. borough-master (bur'o-mas"ter), 11. [< bor- nuglA + master. Cf. burf/hmaster, burgomaster.^ The mayor, governor, or bailiff of an English borough. boroughmonger (bur'6-mung"ger), n. For- merly, one who bought or sold the parliamen- tary representation of an English borough. These were called rotten boroughs, and those who owned and supported them borough-mongers. A. Fonblanque, Jr., How we are Governed, v. boroughmongering (bur'6-mung"ger-ing), re. Trallickiug in the parliamentary representa- tion of a borough, a practice at one time com- mon in England. We owe the English peerage to three sources : the spo- liation of the church ; the open and flagrant sale of its honours by the elder Stuarts ; and the bonmnhuiomjering of our own times. Disraeli, Comngsby, iv. 4. borough-reeve (bur'6-rev), n. [< borougli^ + rffiv'i, after ME. burhreve, < AS. burli-gerefa.'] 1. Before the Norman conquest, the governor of an English town or city. They . . . also freely chose their own borough-reeve, or poi-t-reeve, as their head of the civic community was termed. Sir E. Creasy, Eng. Const., p. 50. 2. The chief municipal officer in certain unin- corporated English towns before the passage, in 183.5, of the Mtmieipal Corporations Act. borough-sessions (bur'6-sesh"onz), 11. pi. The sessions held quarterly, or oftener, in an Eng- lish borough before the recorder, on a day ap- pointed by him. 633 boroughshipl (bur'o-ship), re. [< borough^ + -slnj).\ A township; the tact of constituting a iMirough or township. A'. E. D. boroughship'-i (bur'o-ship), re. [< borough^ + -.s7uy;.J Tlio condition of being security for the good behavior of neighbors; frank-pledge. JV. E. I). borough-town (bur'o-toun), re. [< ME. hur^- tiia-u, Ixirawton, a town which is a borough, < AS. burlilun, an inclosure sui'rouuding a castle, < burli, a castle, borough, + tun, inclosure, town. Hence the place-name Burton.'] A town which is a borough. borowe't, borowe^t, etc. Obsolete forms of borrow^, Ixirnuglil, etc. borrachiot, borrachot, ». Same as horachio. Borraginacese, etc. See Boragiunrca; etc. borrasca (bo-ras'kil), n. [< Sj). b(irr(i.' prob. leel. borga = Sw. borga = Dan. borgc) = OHG. borgen, MHG. G. borgen), borrow, lit. give a pledge, < borh, borg, a pledge, se- curity: see ionwfl, re. ] I. trans. 1. To take or obtain (a thing) on pledge given for its return, or without pledge, but on the understanding that the thing obtained is to be returned, or an equivalent of the same kind is to be substituted for it ; hence, to obtain the temporary use of : with <)/ ov from (formerly at): as, to borrow a book from a friend ; to borrow money of a stranger. We have borrowed money for the king's tribute, and that upon our lands and vineyards. Neh. v. 4. 2. To take or receive gratuitously from another or from a foreign soui'ce and apply to one's o%iti use ; adopt ; appropriate ; by euphemism, to steal or plagiarize : as, to borrow aid ; English has many borrowed words ; to borrow an author's style, ideas, or language. These verbal signs they sometimes borrovj from others, and sometimes make themselves. Locke. It is not hard for any man who hath a Bible in his hands to borrow good words and holy sayings in abun- dance. Milton, Eikonoklastes, xxv. That is the way we are strong by borrowing the might of the elements. Emerson, Civilization. 3. To assume or usurp, as something counter- feit, feigned, or not real ; assume out of some pretense. Those borrow'd tears that Sinon sheds. Shak., Lucrece, 1. 1549. Each part, depriv'd of supple government. Shall, stift' and stark and cold, appear like death : And in this borrowed likeness of shrunk death Thou Shalt continue two-and-forty hours. Shak., K. and J., iv. 1. 4t. To be surety for ; hence, to redeem ; ransom. I pray you, let me borrow my arms again. Shak., L L. L., v. 2. II. intrans. 1. To practise borrowing: take or receive loans ; appropriate to one's self what belongs to another or others : as, I neither bor- row nor lend ; he borrows freely from other au- thors. — 2. In golf, when putting across sloping ground, to play the ball a little up the slope to counteract its effect. boscage borrO'W^ (bor'6), r. i. [Origin uncertain ; prob. orig. 'take shelter'; cf. burrow-, shelter.] Xaut., to approach either land or the wind closely. Smyth. borrO'W''t, «. An obsolete form of borough'^. borro'wer (bor'o-6r), n. 1. One who borrows: ojjposed to lender. Neither a borrower nor a lender be : For loan oft lofleth both itself and friend ; And borrowing dulls the edge of husbandry. Shak.. Hamlet, I. 3. 2. One who takes what belongs to another, and uses it as his own ; specifically, in literattire, a plagiarist. Some say I am a great borrower. Pope. borro'w-headt, ". [Also written horough-hcad ; orig. (AS.) 'frithhorhhedfod, written frithborji- hrrcd in the (Latin) laws of Edward the Con- fessor; < j'rithborli,a, tithing (< frith, peace, + borh, pledge, security: see borrow'^, n.), + hed- fod, head.] The head of a tithing; a headbor- ough or borsholder. borro'wing (iKu'o-ing), «. [Verbal n. of bor- row^, ('.] 1. The act of taking or obtaining anything on loan or at second-hand. — 2. 'The act of taking and using as one's own. Such kind of borrowing as this, if it be not better'd by the Borrower, among good Autliors is accounted Pla- giaric. Milton, Eikonoklastes, zxUL 3. The thing borrowed. Y'et are not these thefts but borrowings ; not impiouB falsities, but elegant flowers of speech. Jer. Taylor (';).'Artif. Handsomeness, p. 166. borrowing-days (bor'o-ing-daz), n. pi. The last three days of March, old style: said to have been borrowed from April, and supposed to be especially stormy. ^Scotch.] borrow-pit (bor'6-pit), n. In civil engin., an ex- cavation made by the removal of material for use in filling. borsella (bor-sel'a), re. [It. "borsella, fem., cor- responding to borsello, masc, a bag, purse, pock- et, dim. of borsa, a purse : see bur.se and jiurse.'] In glass-mal-iiig, an instrument for extending or contracting glass. borsholder (bors'hol-dtr), n. [Early mod. E. bosholder, borsiilder, burseholder, < AF. bori- salder, borghisaldre, repr. ME. borghes alder: borghes, gen. of borgh, a tithing, frank-pledge; alder, chief: see borrow^, «., 4, and elder''-, ».] Originally, in England, the head or chief of a tithing or frank-pledge ; a headborough ; after- ward, a petty constable. [Now only local.] bort (bort), re. [Formerly also boart, bourt; cf. F. bort, bord, bastard. Origin unknown.] 1. A collective name for diamonds of inferior quality, especially such as have a radiating crystalliza- tion, so that they will not take a polish. These are crushed to form diamond-powder or diamond-dust, which is used for cutting and polishing diamonds and other preci'jus stones. 2. An amorphous variety of diamond, brown, gray, or black in color, and known also as black diamond or carbonado, found massive in Brazil in association ■with pure diamonds. This is exten. sively used as the cutting nuiterial in diamond drills and stone-saws, for which ordinary diamonds are unsuited from their crumbling and cleaving. boruret (bo'ro-ret), n. [< bor(on) + -uret.'] The older form for boridc. borwet, »■ A Middle English form of borrow'^. Bos (bos), «. [L., ace. bovcm, = Gr. Jotf, an ox, = E. coic, q. V. See borine, beef, bucolic, etc.] A genus of hollow-homed ruminants, having simple horns in both sexes, typical of the family Bovidee and subfamily Botinw, con- taining the oxen, or cattle, its limits vary ; it is now commonly restricted to the B. taurwt, the domestic ox, bull, or cow, and closely related species. Formerly it was about equivalent to the subfamily Bocince, as that term is now used. See ctit under ox. bosa, n. See bo:a. bosardt, ». A Middle English form of buzzard. Boscades (bos'ka-dez), n. pi. [NL., < Gr. liocm^ (pi. .ioaKaiiQ), a small kind of duck, lit. feed- ing. < 36aKciv, feed.] In Merrem"s classification (1813), a group of anserine bii-ds nearlj- coex- tensive with the modem family Anatida. boscage, boskage (bos'kaj), n. [< ilE. boskage, buscage, < OF. boscage, mod. F. bocage = Pr. boscatge = Sp. boscaje = It. boscaggio, < ML. *boscaticum (found only in sense of ' a tax on firewood brought to town'), < boscus, buschus, a thicket, wood. < OHG. busc, a thicket, = E. bush'': see bnsh^, bosk, bosket, bouquet.] 1. A mass of growing trees or shrubs ; ■woods, groves, or thickets ; sylvan scenery. The rest of the ground is made into several] inclosures (all hedge-worke or rowes of trees) of whole fields, mea- dowes, boscages, some of them containing divers ackers. Evelyn, Diary, April 1, 164*. boscage 634 2. In old laic, probably, food or sustenance for potamia, who dwelt upon the mountains, never cattle which is yielded by bushes and trees. occupied a house, lived entirely on herbs, and bosch, ". See hoshi. devoted their whole time to the worship of boschbok, boshbok (bosh'bok ; D. pron. bosk'- God in prayers and hymns. Sometimes called bok', ),. [p. hoschbof:,utch colonists to the African bush-hog, bush- pig, river-pig, or guinea-pig, as the species of -, ■ ,i, , ■ ■, \ aquatic swine of the genus Potamocha-rus are •BOSluac(bos m-ak), a.and «. i< Bosnia + -ac.'] variously called, p. a/ricanm, or P. pictu>i. is a mid- dle-sized swine with large, strong, protrusii'e canine teeth and p-^nciled ears. Boselaphns (bos-el'a-fns), n. [NL., irreg. < L. bos (Gr. iofr), ox (or rather Nli. Bos as a ge- neric name), + Gr. i/-a(poc, stag.] A genus of large bubaline antelopes, including the nylghau {B. traifocumelus), etc. boshH (bosh), n . [Prob. < F. Gauche (ef . debosh and debauch), a sketch, < OF. *esboche = Sp. __. _. esbo^o = Pg. esbo^= It. sboz:o (also, with dif- bosom (biiz'tmi or bo'zum), n. and a. [Earlv ferent prefix, a66or.ro), a sketch ; with verb, F. mod. E. also bosomc, hoosome ; < SIE. bosom ibaucher, < OF. esbaiicher, esbocher = Pg. csbo- bosum, bosem, < AS. basiiiii, hosm (=0S. bosom = far=lt. sbo::;are (also abbo:::are, sketch), < pre- OFries. bosm = D. boc:ciii = MLG. busem, boscm, fix S-, es-, L. ex-, out, + boz:a, a rough di-aft, a bossoi, L6. bussem = OHG. buosiim, buosam' blotch, swelling, =F.6osse, >E.6os«l,q.v. Cf. MHG. buosem, biioseii, G. biiscn), bosom; per- OD. boetse, bootse, a sketch, D. boetseren, mold, haps orig., like fathom, the space between the emboss, of same ult. origin.] A rough sketch; two arms; with formative -sm, < boh, bog, arm: Same as Bosnian. All this petty persecution has made Austrian rule odious among the Bosniacs. Fortnightly Rev., N. S., XXXIX 146. Bosnian (bos'ni-an), a. and n. [< Bosnia + -an.'] I. a. Of or pertaining to Bosnia, a nominal province of Tiu'key, lying west of Sen-ia, the administration of which was transferred to Aus- tria-Hungary by the Berlin Congress of 1878. II. n. A native or an inhabitant of Bosnia. an outline ; a figure. The bosh of an argument, gisni. . the shadow of a syllo- The Student, II. 2S7. To cut a boall, to make a display ; cut a figure. boshUibosh), c. i. [<6os/il, n.] To cut a figure; make a show. Taller. bosh- (bosh), «. [< Turk, bosh, empty, vain, useless, futile, void of meaning: a word adopt- ed into E. use from Morier's novel "Ayesha" (1834), in which it frequently occurs in its Turk, sense: as, "this firman is bosli — nothing."] Utter nonsense ; absurd or foolish talk or opin- ions; stuff; trash. [CoUoq.] This is what Turks and Englishmen call bosh. W. If. liussell. I always like to read old Darwin's loves of the Plants, boih as it is in a scientific point of view. Kin^juleii, Two Years ,\go, x. b08h2 (bosh), r. t. [< bosh^. «.] To mjike bosh or nonsense of; treat as bosh; spoil; humbug. [.Slang.] boshs (bosh), II. [See boshes.'} 1. See boshes. — 2. A trough in which bloomery tools (or, in copper-smelting, hot ingots) are cooled. Bay- nionrl. Milling Glossary, bosh', bosch (bosh), n. [Shortfor Bosch butter, . i. I-., imitation butter made at ',< llcrtoycnbosch or ilen Bosch (F. Bois-le-I)uc), lit. 'the duke's wood,' a city of the Netherlands: D. bosch = E. bu.fh^.'] A kind of imitation butter; butter- inc: a trade-name in England. boshah (bosh'ii), 11. [Turk.] A silk handker- cliiit" made in I'urkey. boshes (bosh'ez), n. pi. [Of. G. hoschung, a slope, < biischcn, slope, < 6. dial. (Swiss) biisch, turf, sod.] The lower part of a blast-furnace, exteniling from the widest part to the top of the hearth, in the ■ddir forms of blastfurnace there was a markeil dlvlHlon Irjto Bpeclfic zoncl. In many of the more ■pproved mrHlem forms there are no surh ,i<»Mltc limits, nut a (tradnal curvature from top to l».itoni. In such ca«n It Ih dllHcull to Bay where the hoshea henin or end. Bosjesman (bosh'ez-man), n. [S. African D.] .^:iiiif' UH bitshnian, 2. bosk (bosk), M. [< MK. hoske, also hiiskc, unas- Hibihitedform8of6H.s/il,q,v. CS. boscage, bosky.'] Atliickct; a small closo natural wood, espe- figi'iratively, ciully of bushes. [Old and poetical.] ' ' ' iilowing boikt lit wllilcmcM. Trnniitan, Princess, I. The wondrous elm tlnit seinioJ To injr younu fancy like an airy '».»*, I'olud by a alniflc st<.'m u|»,n tli. inrlh. J. II. IIM,n,.\. Kathrlna, 1. boskage, n. Seo honcage. bosket, bosquet (bos'liet), n. [< V. bos/iuel (= "I'- ' /■"''•= It. bosrhelto), <\un. of (IK. bos, a " '"lis, hfisk, fcux/il, mill cf. bonijuet "' \ A grove;athicki'torKm«Il pliin- *"' MnliTi, park, etc., fornird i.f tnis, "''^1'' I plftiitH. AIho writliTi /." /.'. boaklni;,. . 'kl-iuM), n. [< Imsky + -»,.,] Till' i|ri;ility of beln(( boHky, or covered with thiCKl'tH. Boflkoi " " n. pi. fOr. i^oannl, pi. of :i„. "«'^; " ' ,('«'»"i', foeil, graze] An aocieii! Miiiikn m PaloHtliie and Mcho- see boughi.] I. n. 1. The breast; the subcla- vian and mammary regions of the thorax of a human being; the upper part of the chest. And she tmu'd — her bosom shaken with a sudden storm of sighs. Tennyson, Locksley Hall. 2. That part of one's clothing which covers the breast; especially, that portion of a shirt which covers the bosom, generally made of finer ma- terial than the rest. And he put his hand into his bosom again ; and plucked it out of his bosom, and, behold, it was turned again as Ills other flesh. Ex. iv. 7. 3. The inclosure formed by the breast and the arms; hence, embrace; compass; inclosure: as, to lie in one's bosom. They which live within the bosojn of that church. Hooker. And it came to pass, that the beggar died, and was car- ried by the angels into Abraham's bosom. Luke xvi. 22. 4. The breast as the supposed abode of tender affections, desires, and passions. Their soul was poured out into their mothers' bosom. Lam. il. 12. Anger rcsteth in the bosom of fools. Eccl. vii. !). Hence tile weighing of motives nuist always be confined to the bosom of tliu individual. Jevons, Polit. Econ., p. 10. 5t. Inclination ; desire. You shall have your l>oso7n on this wretch. Shak., M. forM., iv. 3. 6. Something regarded as resembling or repre- senting in some respect the human bosom as a sustaining surface, an inclosed place, (ho inte- rior, the inmost recess, etc. : as, the bosom of tho earth or of the deep. Upon the bosom of the ground. Shak., K. .lohn, iv. 1. .Slips into tho bosom of the lake. Tennyson, rrlnceas, vii. 7. A recess or shelving depression around the eye of a millstone. -in Abraham's bosom, in lb.- abode of the lib-SHud: in allusion tu tin- p;u;tbl,' ,,f l»iv,-s and l.jiziiru.s, Luke xvi. lll-:il.— In the bosom Of one's family, in the privacy of one's home, and in the enjoy. iiiiTii C.I tiitiiily alfection and contldence.— To talte to one's bosom, to nmny. II. ". [The noun used attributively.] Of or ]iertaiiiiiig to tho bosom, either literally or In particular — (n) Worn or cariiiil on or in the lioMoni : as, a bosom broocll. (/*) Cherislird in the bosom ; as, a bosom sin ; a bosom secret, (r) Inllmale ; fumlllar; conlldential : as, n bosom friend. I know yon are his 6uiioni-counKf11or, FIrlrhcr and Hoiiley, .Maid In the Mill, II. 2. Tho liosomf admonition of a Friend is a Presbytery and a Consistory to tlli'ni. Milton, lief. In I'.ng., I. bosom (biiz'iim or bii'zum), i>. t. [< bosom, ».] 1. To inclose, liarbor, or clicriHli in flic boxoin ; embrace; keep with euro ; cherish iiitiinalcly. ItoHom up my rounsel, You'll find It wholesome. Shnk., Hen. VIII., 1. 1. I'llll from the lion's ling his liosom'tt whelp. ./. ItaiUie, 2. To conceal ; hide from view ; embosom. To happy convonU, botom'd deep In vines, J*opt, lliinelnd, Iv. .101. bosom-board (luiz'um-bord), n. A lioanl upon » hicli Uin bosom of u shirt or other garment is ironed. boss bosomer (buz'um-er or bo'zum-^r), n. One who or that which embosoms. [Kare.] lilue I Tis the life of heaven —the domain Of Cynthia . . . the bosomer of clouds. Keats, .Sonnet. bosom-spring (biiz'um-spring), n. A spring rising in the bosom or heart; heart-spring; heart-joy. [Rare.] From thee that ttosom.. spring of rapture flows Which only Virtue, tranqiul Virtue, knows. Itoyers, Pleasures of Memory, iL bosom-staff (buz'tmi-staf), n. An instnunent for testing the symmetry of the bosom or cen- tral conea^-ity of a millstone. bosomy (biiz'um-i or bo'ziim-i), a. [< bosom + -//!.] Full of sheltered recesses or hollows. -V. E. D. bosonl (bo'sn), 11. A coiTuption of boatswain, representing its common pronunciation. The merry boson from his side His whistle takes. Dryden, Albion and Albanius, ii. 3. boson"t, «•• [."ippar. < OF. *fcofOH, dim. of boce, a boss: see boss^.] A bolt for the crossbow, having a round knob at the end, -with a small point projecting from it. bosporian (bos-po'ri-an), a. [< bosporus + -i- E. pore). < Trepai; pass over, cross, = E. fare, go : see fare, pore".] A strait or channel between two seas, or between a sea and a lake. More particu- larly applied as a proper name to the striiit l>el«eun the sea iif .Marmora and the Black Sea, formerly tin- Tliraiian Bosporus, an. I to the .strait of Vcnikale, or Cimmerian lius- poriis, «1iil1i connects the seaof Anov with the Black Sea. bosquet, ». See bosket. boss' (bos), H. [< ME. bns, bose, boce, a boss, < OF. boce, the boss of a buckler, a botch or boil, F. bos.se, boss, hump, swelling, = Pr. bo.'i.w = It. bo:-a, a blotch, swelling (also OF. (Norm.) boche, > ME. bocche, E. botel^, q. v.); prob. < OIIG. boco, a bumUo (of flax), 6o;, a blow, < bo:an, MHG. ?>o--<.'h. G. bo.isen, strike, beat, = E. 6ra/l : see ftcofl. Cf. emboss.] 1. A protuber- ant part; a round, swelling process or excres- cence on tho body or upon some organ of an animal or plant. Hence — 2t. ((() A hump or hunch on the back; a humpback. (6) A bulky animal, (c) A fat woman. Be she neuer so stniigbt, tbinko her croked. And wrest .all parts of liir b..,ly to the worst, bo she neuer so worthy. If sbee be «ell sette then call liir a /,'(i»w. If slender a Haslll twygge. Lyiy, Eupbnes, Anat. of Wit, p. 116. Disdainful Tnrkess and unreverend boss ! Marlowe, Tamburlaine, I., iil. 3. 3. A stud or knob. .Specifically, a knob or protuberant cjrnainent of silver, ivory, or other material, used on bri- dles, harness, the centers of ancient shields, etc., or af- n.vcd to any object. Bosses are placed at regular inter, vals on the sides of some book-covers, for the pinposc of preserving tho gilding or tho leather of the cover from abrasion. He runneth . . . upon the thick 6o»«e« of his bucklers. .lob XV. 26. 111! the high altar is placed the Stntno of the 11. Virgin and our .Saviour In white marhle, which bus a bossr in the girdle consisting of a very faire and rich sapphire, with divers other stones of price. Evelyn, Diary, Oct. 4, 1041, A number of iironilnent crags and bosses of rock projoct beyond tlio general surface of the grminil. fjeikie. Ice Age, p. 17. 4. In sculp., a jirojectiug mass to be after- ward cut or car\'ed. — 6. In arch., an oriiameut Aicltllectiirnl Douctt.— I-"re»cli, iilh century, .-f, fmin BnnrtiKiry of tlic ronc|{l,-ilc , lu,ri;li f>f Semiir.cn. Auxols. /I, feclory ef the AbUey <,f St. M.irttn lies Cltiimpfl, I'lirls. " Diet, lie I'Arcliltccturc."! fmm tl (l-inni Vlollc|.|e.f)ii, jilaced at, the intersection of the ribs or groins in vaiilli'il iir flnl, rnol's, Hoiiii'MincM riclily soulp- I 1)088 tured with armorial bearings or other devices; also, auy projecting ball or knot of foliage, etc., wherever placed. — 6. In mcch.: (n) The en- larged part of a shaft on wliieh a wheel is to bo keyed, or any enlarged part of the diame- ter, as the end of a separate piece in a line of shafts connected by couplings. Hollow sliafts through which others pass are sometimes also called bosses, but improperly. (6) A swage or die used for shaping metals. — 7. In ordnance: («) A east-iron plate fastened to the back of a traveling-forge hearth, (h) Auy protuberance or lug upon a piece of ordnance. — 8. A soft leather cushion or pad used for bossing (which sec), and also for cleaning gilded sui-faces and the like in porcelain- and glass-manufacture. — 9t. A water-conduit in the form of a tun-bellied figure; a head or reservoir of water. B.Jruison. loss' (bos), V. t. [< ME. *l>osscii, hoccn ; from tlie noun,] 1. To ornament with bosses ; be- stud. Turkey cushions bosu'd with pearl. Shak., T. of the S., ii. 1. His glorious rapier and hangers all host with pillars of gold, Middleton, rather Hubbard's Tales. 2. Same as emboss^. Boss'd with lengths Of classic frieze. Tt'nmjmn, Princess, ii. 3. In cerani., to bring (a surface of boiled oil) to perfect unifonnity. See bossiiiff, 1. boss-t (bos), «. [< ME. base, boce, a cask; cf. OF. busse, a cask, D. bns, a box, bns, a pack- age : see box^."] A cask, especially a small cask ; a leather bottle for wine — Oldbosst. [A tenu of cuiiti-nipt, prob. a particular use of bo»s~, a cask, butt ; but rf. Iifl. Ifn^.si, Sw. btt^s, a fellow.] A toper. bosS'5 (hos), n. [E. dial. ; ef. MD. basse, busse, D. bus, a box, bids, a tube, pipe, channel, = Dan. bossc = Sw. bossa, a box : see box^, and cf . fco.s6''-.] A wooden vessel used by plasterers for holding mortar, hung by a hook on a ladder or a wall. boss* (bos), n. [E. dial., perhaps a var. of eqiuv. bass"^, q. v. ; but cf . D. bos, a bundle, as of straw.] A hassock; a bass. boss^ (bos), a. [Also written 60s, bois ; origin oljscure.] Hollow; empty: as, "his thick boss head," liamsaij, Poems, I. 285. [Scotch.] boss" (bos), ». and a. [A word derived from the Dutch settlers in New York ; < D. baas, master, foreman (used literally and figuratively like boss in American use : een timmermans-baas, a boss carpenter, rfe vrouw is de baas, the wife is the boss ; hij is hem de baas in het cingen, he is the boss in singing, etc.), MD. baes, master of the house, also a friend, fem. baesinne, mis- tress of the house, also a friend, = Flem. baes = LG. 6of/s, master, foreman (> Dan. has, mas- ter), = OHG. basa = MHG. base, t, aunt, G. base, f., cousin (dial, also aunt, niece), appar. ult. identical with G. icase = LG. loase, f., cousin, aunt. The word, in the masc, seems to have meant ' kinsman, cousin,' and to have been used especially as ref . to the master of the household, the chief 'kinsman,' in fact or by courtesy, of the inmates. ] I. w. 1. A master. Specifically— (a) One who employs or superintends workmen ; a head man, foreman, or manager ; as, the bosses have decided to cut down wages. [U. S.] The actions "of the superintendent, or boss, very often tended to widen the breach between employer and em- ployee. N. A. Rev., CXLII. 603. The line looked at its prostrate champion, and then at the new boss standing there, cool and brave, and not afraid of a regiment of sledge-hammers. T. M'iiithrop, Love and Skates. (b) In U, S. politics, an influential politician who uses the machinery of a party for private ends, or for the advantage of a rini;: or clique ; a professional politician having para- mount local influence. 2. The chief ; the master ; the champion ; the best or leading person or thing. [Colloq., U.S.] II, a. Chief; master; hence, first-rate : as, a fco.s'.s mason ; a boss player. [Colloq., XJ. S.] boss6(bos), 1'. «. [<6oss&, «.] To be master of or over ; manage ; direct ; control : as, to boss the house. [Slang, U. S.] — Tol)OSSlt,toactthemaster. — To boss one around or about, to order one about ; control one's actions or movements. [Colloq., U. S.] bosS'^ (bos), «. [Origin uncertain; perhaps orig. a learnedly humorous use of L. bos, cow ; ef. Icel. bas, has, an exclamation usetl in driv- ing cows into their stalls (bass, a stall, boose : see_ fcoosel).] In the United States: («) A fa- miliar name for a cow, or any of the bovine genus: chiefly used in calling or in soothing. (')) On the Western plains, a name for the bison or so-called buffalo. bossage (bos'a.j), n. [< F. bossage, < hosse, boss, knob: see boss'^ and -age.'] In building: (a) A stone which projects beyond the face "of 035 botanic the adjacent work, and is laid rough, to bo af- bostrychite (bos'tri-kit), n. [< 6r. BocTpvyoc, a terward carved into some ornamental or sig- curl or luck of liair, -t- -ilc'^.1 A gem present- mhcanl form, (i) Rustic work, consisting of iiig tlic appearance of a lock of hair stones wliicli advance beyond the face of the bostrychoid, bostryohoidal (bos'tri-koid,bos- building, with indentures or cliaiinols left in the tri-koi'dal), a. [< Gr. 'jioaTfmxoeidK contr. f)o- nrpvxMr/r, curly,< /Wur^w^of, curl, + ndor, form.] Having the form or character of a bostryx. Bostrychus (iKis'tri-kus), n. [NL., < Gr. 1)6- "TI"'X"':, a curl or lock of hair, also a certain in- joinings: uscsd chicily upon projecting corners. Tile cavities nvr. sonietinirn round and sonn-tinicH beveled or in ,1 ili,iinonil form, sometimes inclosed with a cavetto and soiiiiliiiics with a listel. Also called rusHc rjuoiiis. bosse (bo.s), n. [F. bosse, a boss, hump, etc. : see boss^. Cf. boss", a small cask.] A largo glass bottlo (illed with powder and having strands of quickmatch attached to the neck, used for incendiary purposes. bosselated (bos'e-la-ted), a. [< F. boaseler, emboss, < hossc, boss: see boss'^.'] Covered with inequalities or protuberances. bosset (bos'et), «. [< boss^ + dim. -c;.] 1. A small boss or knob, especially one of a series : as, "a sword-belt studded with bosscts," Jour. Archwol. Ass., XXX. 93.-2. The rudimentary antler of the male red deer. bossiness (bos'i-nes), n. The quality of being bossy or in relief: applied especially to sculp- ture and ornament: as, "a pleasant bossiness," Buskin, Aratra Pentelici, i. ^ 21. bossing (bos'ing), «. [Verbal n. of boss^, i'.] 1. In ccrani., the process by which a surface of w^U',;"", T '"T level «.,^d unifnrm n-,,:. =.. ,, bOStWVSt, «. An oUs sect (according to some, the male of the glow- worm) ; also written jidTpvxor; cf. fioTftvr, a clus- ter of grapes.] A genus of beetles, typical of the family Jiostnjehida: and subfamily ISoslry- cJiince, species of which are highly destructive to wood. One of the most Injurious species is B. lyiMcjraphi- cus, the typographer beetle, wliicli infests coniferous trees, devouring, in both the larval and the jjerfict state, the soft wood beneath the bark, thus caiiniiig the death of the trees. Other species are /;. vliahoiiraphus, IS. Ktnmijra- pints, etc. The trees thus affected are pines, spruces, larches, flrs, etc., as well as fruit-trees of the orchard, as the apple. Also spelled Ilostrichus. .See Jluslriichidce. hosiryx. (bos'triks), n. [ND., < Gr. as if ',36- or/iographers and biography. Boswellism (boz'wel-izm), n. [< Boswell -*- -ism.] The style or manner of Boswell as a biographer ; uncritical admiration of one's hero, with faithfid but indiscriminate narration of details. We think that there is no more certain indication of a weak and ill-regulated intellect than that propensity which, for want of a better name, vfe will venture to christen Boswellism. Macaulay, Miltoo. bossy3 (bos'i), «. [Dim. of boss"^.] A familiar name for a cow or calf. See boss"^ (a). bostal (bos'tal), n. [E. dial.] A winding way up a very steep hiU. Halliwell. [Prov. Eng. (Suffolk).] bostanji (bos-tan'ji), n. pi. [Turk, bostdnjt, < bostdn, < Pers. bustdn, a garden.] A class of men in Turkey, originally the sultan's garden- ers, but now also employed in various ways about his person, as in mounting guard at the , . , . seraglio, rowing his barge, etc., and also in bpt , botti (bot), h . or (. ; pret. and pp. Bosicctli-cd, ppr. Boswellizing. [< Boswell' -ice.] To write in the style of Boswell, the biographer of Dr. Johnson; report or repro- duce with minuteness of detail or without the exercise of the critical faculty. One cannot help wishing that Ilonstetten had Boswei- lized some of these endless conversalifuis, for the talk of Gray was, on the testimony of all whc, heard it, admirable for fulness of knowledge, point, and originality of thought. Lowdt, in New PrincetouRev., I. 165. [Generally used in pi. bote, bolt's, = Sc. bats, batts ; ef. Gael, botus, a belly- woi-m, boiteag, a maggot.] A name given to the larva or maggot of several species of gad- fly when found in the intestines of horses, un- der the hides of oxen, in the nostrils of sheep, etc. The hots which infest horses are the lanse of the GasteropfiiluK etjiii, or gadfly, which deposits its eggs on the tips of the hairs, generally of the fore legs and mane, whence they are taken into the mouth and swallowed. They remain in great numbers in the stomach for several months, and are e.vpelled in the excrement and become pupre, which in five weeks become perfect in,':ects, wooUy, and not quite half an inch long. See cut under bot-fiy. bot^t (AS. pron. bot), «. "The Anglo-Saxon form (hot) of boot^, a fine, etc. : only in historical use. A theft committed on any one of these three days (the Gang days] was, by Alfred's laws, sconced in a two-fold bot or fine, as if it had been a Sunday or one of the higher Church holydays. Rack, Church of our Fathers, III. ii, 107. . . „ „ „ -, ,- bot^t. An obsolete preterit of ftite. tr,,ckus + -Ida:.] Afamilyof xylophagouscr.Mi- y^^^u ^nd coiij. A Middle English form topentamerous Coleoptera, typified by the ge- ^,f /„;^i nus Bostnjchii.-i, containing small cyliudrical 1,^45 (bot), h. [From the initials of "Board of beetles, the \avvm of which are limbless : by jrade."] The English Board of Trade unit of many associated with the family rttnidw. electrical supply. Bostnicbidm . . . live in companies, and belong to the ^q^ j ^^ abbreviation of botany, botanical, most ilreaded destroyci-s of forests of conifers. The w.ay .,,,,1 ),„(„,,,■„* o A contraption of ftni//75/2 in wlii, h they eat into the bark is very peculiar, being •"'" "P'""'?'- f.- f Contraction OtOOugnt''. characteristic of the individual species and indicative of bOtaniC (bo-tan ik), a. and n. [= J^ . ootamque, their mode of life. The t\yo sexes meet in the .supcrflcial < ML. botanicus, <. Gr. ,?07aw\<)f, < jioravt], an attending the olfieers of the royal household. They number now about 600, but were former- ly much more numerous. boston (bos'ton), n. [So called from the city of Boston, Massachusetts, where it was invent- ed by French officers at the time of the revo- lutionary war.] 1. A game of cards. The hands are dealt and played as in whist, each of the four playel-s having the riglit to bid or otfer to take unassisted a certain number of tricks, to lose every trick but one, or every trick, etc. The highest bidder plays against the rest, and if successful g.ains, if defeated loses, according to the size of liis bid. There are varieties of the game known as boston de Fontalnebteait and Russian boston. 2. The first five tricks taken by a player in the game of boston. Boston Port Bill. See bill\ Bostrichidae, Bostrichus. See Bostrychidw, Bostnirhns. Bostrychidae (bos-trik'i-de), >(. pZ. [NIj., < Bos- passages, which the female, after copulation, continues and lengthens in order to lay her eggs in pits which she hollows out for that pm-pose. The larvie, when hatched, eat out lateral passages, which, as the larv.-p increase in size and get farther from the main passage, become larger, and give rise to the characteristic markings on the inside of the bark, Claus, Zoology (trans,), p. 688, herb, plant: see botany.] I. mod. F. bosse, E. boss^: see boss'^. Cf. OD. butse, a boil, swelling, < butsen, D. botsen, strike, beat, akin to OHG. b6:an = E. beat^-. Cf. botch-.'] A swelling on the skin; a large ulcer- ous affection ; a boil. Yet who more foul, disrobed of attire? Pearl'd with the botch as children burnt with Are. Middleton, ilicro-Cynicon, i. 3. Botches and blains must all his flesh emboss. Jlfi7(OTi, P. L., xii. 180. botchlf (boch), V Youuj t. To mark with botches. on the leaves, which were then laid out exposed to the wind ; as many of the letters as remained in their places were taken up and joined together to form some word, which wa< supposed to be an answer to the question. Botanophaga (bot-a-nof'a-ga), ". pi- P^-, < Gr. .ioravT], an herb, + ipayctv, eat.] A name of the herbivorous marsupial mammals, as distin- g:uished collectively from the Zodplidf/a, or car- nivorous and insectivorous marsupials. The kangaroo is an example. botany (bot'a-ni), H. [Early mod. E. also bot- anit, formed'frora botanic, as if < Gr. fioravia, a rare var. of AoTavi;, an herb, grass, fodder, < BdoKcw, feed, mid. .UancaOai, feed one's self ; cf. L. vesci. eat. ] The science of plants. It treats of the forms ot plants, their structure, the nature of the tissues of which they are composed, the vital phencimena connected with them, the arrangement of them into larger and smaller groups according to their alllnities, aiul the claiwillcation ot tliese groups so as to exhiliit their mutual relations and their position in the vegetable kingdom a-s Hylas, botch'd with stains. Garth, Dispensary, ii. 160. [Also E. dial, or coUoq. bndije^, q. V. ; < ME. bocchcn, repair, of uncertain origin, perhaps < MD. botsen. butsen, bnetsen, repair, p.atch, same word as bittsen, D. botsen, strike, beat, knock together, akin to OHG. bozan, beat, = E. ftefl(l. Cf. 6o/(7(landftossl.] I. trans. 1 wi-itings: see ftoofl.] If. Help; aid; relief; salvatfou ; remedy in illness: boot (which see). Specifically — 2. inoldlaic: (a) Compensation, as for an injury ; amends ; satisfaction ; a pay- ment in expiation of an offense: as, man-hote, a compensation for a man slain. (6) A privi- lege or allowance of necessaries for repair or support : estovers : as, house-bote, enough wood to repair a house or for fuel; plow-dofc, cart- bote, wood for making or repairing instruments of husbandry ; hay-6«jte or hedge-bote, wood for hedges or fences, etc. bote'-'t. Middle English preterit of bite. bote-'t, prep, and eonj. A Middle English form of biif^. botelt, "■ An obsolete form of bottle-. botelert, ". An obsolete form of butler. botelesst, "• A Middle English fonn of bootless. boterol, boteroU (bot'c-rol), ». [< F. boute- rolU', '■ the chape of a sheath or scabbard" (Cot- grave), < bouter, place, adapt: see fti/f/l.] In Iter., the chape or crampet of a scabbard used as a bearing. Also bauteroll. botewt, "• [Early mod. E. also hoatewe, botowe, < late 'me. boteic, biiteicc, butwc, botwe, < bote, boot, + - of ivhich infest different parts of living animals. See to(l. The horse-bot, OttSterophilus ejui (Kabriciiis), further investigates tile nature of botch- (i>Och), «. l the description and munenelature of planU. Also called ;>A.'/''"/™/'/iV. (<') S^mlematiclmtaml, that branch which relates to the principles upon which plants are to be chunided or arranged with reference to their degrees ot relationship. The system of cliLssillcatlou now universally adopted Is that proposeil by Antoine IJiu- rent de .lusaieii, ami improved and enlarged by De On- dolle. Drown, ami others. It Is generally calleil the nat- ural system, heiauie it Is Inteniled to express, as far as jKrsilhle, the various degrees of relationship among plants ajt thfse exist in nature, and t'> group next to each other the various «|H!cle», genera, and orders which are most ollke In all rcsiwcts. Several artllldal systems liave been or ill-linished part; a flaw; a blemish. To leave no rubs nor botches in the work. Stialc. Macbeth, ili. 1. 2. A patch, or a part of a garment patclied or mended in a clumsy manner. — 3. Tliat which is botched; ill-finished or bungled work generally. Fancy the most assiduous potter, but without his wheel ; reduced to make dishes, or rather amorphous botches, by mere kneading and baking. Carlyle. A poorly paid teacher, whoso work Is a botch, and therefore an injury to the glowing minil. .lour, of Kdueation, XI.\. -11. 4. A bungling, unskilful workman or operator of iiiiv kind; a hotelier. botchedly (boch'ed-li or bocht'li), «(«i'. [< botelted, pp. ot botch'^, r., + -lifi.'] In a botched or clumsy manner; with botches or patches. Thus patch they heaven, more liolch'illti then ohi cl.ilhes. , , .^ , . , I .. im . /M //. .If«n-, I'sychalhanasia, III. 111. "17. tlial of Tournetorl, based on the inodllica- ' ■■ orolla; hut the b,st known Is that ot l.in- botchsr' (boch'i'r), H. [< ME. "fcow/KTC (spelleil ■'-"' ■'•■■' " Parv.); < 6»'r/<2 -f .(il.] |it'i|,<.4'-d, at ti-.i.i ot the. tip i' foutidi-d on the stamens anil pistils. This system, WHS designed by Llnnieus to be only leinporiiry, 'I of gri-at value to the seiimce of botany, but it has t. . ^ .- oliri ly out of use, or is llHcd only :ls a partial 11, 1. . f,. lie- Mg.table kingdrim. (e)firotrraiihirftl botaif}/, ' vliti'b relat4.-s t't the natural distribution of glolH' and to the |jii|Uliy Into the causes tluenred or maintain Ibi^ di tribiiilon. (/) ; /' or fouil bnlanii, that btum b which em- I Iv ot the forms and strinlures o( the plants '■ ill state in the various strata of which the sed. Ef/ my Bay gum, kino, oak, resin, tea, etc • ' I" h'HUIH. botargo, botarga (bo-tiir'go, -gii), ". [< Kp. hotiini'i f= It. Iioliirno, hotanin, bulliiriia, bulla- III, hottiirica = V. bnulnrriur), ' grn, i Ar. /. nrt.. • prom serve! of the roe.i ol I Vijitie niiliirnklum, < ox-, imlif. 1, dim. of Ta/x.rT. » ''end bmly ibalmlng, n mummy, mint pre- 11,' or piekling.] A reliHli inndo crlain OHhi), both, ME. ba, bo: cf. L. two; llie jmir or the c(>u)ilc. ill rcferenci' to two )u'rsoiis or tilings K))eei!illy iiieiitioned, and dnnitiiig Hint, neither of tlieiii is to be excluded, .•itiier iibsoliitely or (as with citlier) as an alteriiiilive, from the statement. Youre bollier love [the lovo of you both). Cliaueer, Trollus, Iv. 108. Anil Abraham took sheep and oxen, and gave them unto Ablmelech ; and both of them made a covenant. Oen. xxl. 27. He will not bear the loss of his rank, because he can bear Ibe loss of his estate ; but he will bear both, beeauso he Is piepared lor In.th. Iloliiuibroke. It,:tb had been presidents h.lh had lived to great agej liolh were i^arly patriots, and both were dlsllngnlshed ami everlio ed by their Immediate ageniy In the act ot 111- ilepcudenee. D. W'elister, Adams and .Icltersoll. (The genitive liolU't (ME. bolhet, Imtlu'rs, earlier l«'llier. Imlhrc) In now diRUsed ; In the earlier lurlml it was Jolnca usually Willi the genitive nliinil of tlie personal nronoun. Subsequently the simple both, equivalent to o/ both, was used. both One hath wounded me, That's by me wounded ; bf>th our remedies Within tliy lielp iiiul holy pliysic lies. Shak., R. and J., ii. 3.) BotU two, bottl the two, ploonastically for both. Both the two cities reached a hit;h pitcli of prosperity. Grotf, Hist. Greece, ii. 18. both (both), a(iv. or conj. [< ME. hothe, botlwn, blithe, etc.; from the adj.] Including the two (terms or notions mentioned) : an adverb pre- ceding two coordinate terms (words or phrases) joined by and, and standing thus in an apparent conjunctional correlation, both . . . and, equiv- alent to not only . . . but also. Both is thus used sometimes before three or more coordi- nate terras. I tliuusiit good now to present vnto your Grace not any bettLT iiit't of mine owne, . . . but surely an excellent gift of :iTi otlier mans deuise and making, which both hath done, dutli, and shal do much good to many other good folke, and to your Noble Grace also. John Fouler, Pref. to Sir T. Jlore's Cumfort against [Tribulation (1673). [He] was indeed his country's both minion, mirror, nnd wonder. Ford, Line of Life. A great multitude both of the Jews a7ui also of tlie Greeks ))elieved. Acts xiv. 1. Which I suppose they doe resigne with much willing- ness, both Livery, Badge, and Cognizance. MiUun, Eikonoklastes, xxi. But these discourses were both written and delivered in the freshness of his complete manhood. O. W. Holmes, Emerson, v. bother (boTH'er), V. [First in the early part of the 18th century, also written bodder, Se. baiithci; bather; origin unknown; possiblyacor- ruption of pother. The earliest instances seem to be from Swift and other Irishmen, which would seem to favor the supposed Ir. deriva- tion, < Ir. bunidhrim, I vex, disturb (ef. buaidhirt, trouble, affliction) ; but the Ir. words as pro- nounced have no resemblance to bother, except as to the initial 6.] I. trans. If. To bewilder; confuse. With the din of which tube my head you so bother. T. Sheridan, To Swift. 2. To give trouble to ; annoy; pester; worry. Dunsey bothered me for the money, and I let him have it. George Eliot, Silas JIarner, ix. He bothered his audience with no accidental effects. Stedman, Poets of America, p. 280. (Used in the imperative as an expression of impatience, or as a mild sort of execration. Bother the woman for plaguing me ! Farrar.] = Syn. Pester, Worry, etc. See tease, v. t. II. intrans. To trouble one's self; make many words or much ado : as, don't bother about that. bother (boTH'er), n. [< bother, v.] If. Blar- ney; humbug; palaver. N.E.D. — 2. Trouble; vexation ; plague : as, what a bother it is ! The bother with Mr. Emerson is, that, though he writes in prose, he is essentially a poet. Lowell, Study Windows, p. 37(3. At night, they [the ponies] were a bother; if picketed out, they fed badly and got thin, and if they were not picketed, they sometimes strayed away. The Centiini, XXX. 223. botheration (boTH-e-ra'shou), n. [< bother + -atioii.'] The act of bothering, or the state of being bothered ; annoyance ; trouble ; vexation ; perplexity. A man must have a good stomach that can swallow this botheration [autograph albums] as a compliment. Scott, Diary, Nov. 20, 1S25. Their sraallness, their folly, their rascality, and their simple power of botheration. Caroline Fox, Journal, p. 250. botherer (boTH'er-er), n. One who bothers, vexes, or annoys : as," such botherers of judges," Warren. botherment (boTH'6r-ment), n. [< bother + -ment.'] The act of botliering or the state of being bothered ; trouble ; annoyance ; bothera- tion. [Rare.] I'm sure 't would he a botherment to a living soul to lose so much money. J. F. Cooper. bothersome (boTH'er-sum), a. [< bother + -some.} Troublesome; annoying; inconvenient. By his bothersome questioning of all traditional assump- tions. The American, VIL 235. Tliey [casements] open sidewise, in two wings, and are screwed together by that bothersome little iron handle over which we have fumbled so often in European inns. //. James, Jr., Portraits of Places, p. 353. both-handedness (b6th'han''''ded-nes), n. The power of using either hand with equal ease; ambidexterity. The teiulency toward what might be called both-handed- ness in the use of the brush. The Student, III. 284. both-handst (both'handz), «. A person indis- pensable to another ; a factotum. He is his master's both-hands, I assure you. B. Jonso7i, Bartholomew Fair, i. 1. bothie, n. See bothv. 637 bothock (both'qk), n. A name of the fiflh other- wise culled the bib. [Prov. Eng.] bothomt, m. An obsolete form of bottom. Chan err. bothrenchyma (both-reng'ki-ma), n. [NL., < Gr. jioOpoi:, a pit, -*- iyx"/'", an infusion (> NL. mdn/ma, a tissue), < iyxietv, pour in, < h, = E. ittl, -(- x""', akin to AS. f/edtiin, pour.] In hot., tissue comiiosed of pitted duets. bothria, n. i'lural of Ijothrium. Bothriocephalidse (both"ri-o-se-fal'i-de), n.pl. [NL., < ISothriocei/halus + -idte.] A family of cestoid or ticiiiato worms, order Cestoidca, in- cluding the broad tapeworms, which have only two bothria or suckers on the head (whence they are also called Dibothriidw). It includes the genera Bothriocrphalus and Dibothrium. Bothriocephalus (both'ri-o-sef'a-lus), n. [NL., < Gr. jiodpiov, a small trench (see bothriiim), + Keipah'/, head.] A genus of the Ccstoidea, or ces- toid worms, of which the broad tapeworm, B. latus, is the type. It belongs to the group of the Pseudiqihytlidea (which see). Also Botryo- eejihahis. bothrium (both'ri-um), ».; pi. bothria (-ii). [NL., < Gr. jhOpiov, a small trench, dim. "of iJiiOpoc, a pit, trench.] One of the facets or fos- settes upon the head of a tapeworm. The common tape-worm . . . wants the oi)posite both- ria, or fossetti's. Ji. R. Wrirjht, Animal Life, p. .'582. Bothrodendron (both-ro-den'dron), n. [NL., < Gr. fiidpor, a pit, + divSpov, a tree.] In bot., an extinct genus of plants of the coal era, re- lated to Lepidodendron. Bothrophera (both-rof'e-rii), n. pi. [NL., prop. 'Bothrophnra, < Gr. iiuOpog, a trench, a pit, -I- -ipopoc, < oth ie. The Century. XXVII. 919. 2. -A. house for the accommodation of a nimi- ber of workpeople in the employment of the same person or company. More especially, a kiiul of barrack in connection with a large farm, where the unmarried outdoor servants and laborers are lodged. — Bothy system, the practice, common in Aljerdeenshire and other ninthern counties of Scotland, of lodging the unTuarricd outdoor servants and laborers employed on the larger farms in barrack-like buildings apart from their em- ployer's residence. botone (bot'on-a), a. Same as bottony. bo-tree (bo'tre), n. [< Singhalese bo (also boga- ha: gaha, tree), a shortened form of Pali bodhi, the bo-tree, short for bodhi-taru, bo-tree (< bodhi (< Skt. bodhi), wisdom, enlightenment, + tarit, tree), answering to Skt. bodhi-rriksha {crilsha, tree). See Bnddha.'] The Ficus religiosa, or pipul-tree, under which Sakyamuni,the founder of Buddhism, is said to have become "enlight- ened" (Buddha), after forty days' fixed contem- plation, during which time he was subjected to all manner of temptation, and to have evolved the fom- noble truths by which mankind may be delivered from the miseries attending up- on birth, life, and death. The particular bo-tree under which tliis happened is said to have been produced at the moment of his birth. Botrychium (bo-trLk'i-um), n. [NL., < Gr. (joTpvxog, equiv. to j3dirrpvxog, a curl or look, a Moonwort i Botrychium Lu- Haria). a. entire plant : *, branch of tlie fertile frond, showing sporaneia. bottine cluster: see Bostrychus.'] A genus of crypto- gamoiis plants, natural order Ophioglossatxce, allied to the ferns, 'i'liey bear clustered, vein- IcHs sporangia in contracted Iianir'lc(l spikes above the variously divided frond. Tliere are several widely distriljuted species, known by tlie popular name of vioonirnrt, from the cres- cent shape of the divisions of the frond in some com- mon kinds. The name ffrape-fem is also given to theni, and one species, Ii. Vir'iinianiim, is called rat- tlrxiioke-tfrn. botryllid (bo-tril'id), n, A tunicate of the famil\' Botryllidii'. Botry'llidae (bo-tril'i- de), ». /)/. [NL., < Bo- tryllii.1 + -idit:.'\ A fam- ily of compound ascid- ians or tunicaries, of the order Ascidioidea. They have a definite number of ascidiozooids grouped at>out a common cloaca of the ascidiarium, the viscera of each single body, which is not divided into thorax and abdo- men, lying by the side of the respiratory cavity, and no Iribes around the inhalent orifice. There are several gen- er.i besides Botryllus. Also Botryllncea and Bolnilloidet. Botryllus (bo-tril'us), n. [NL., dim. of Gr. jiorpvr, a cluster or bunch of grapes, a curl oi lock.] A genus of compound ascidians, tyijicaJ of the family Botryllidw. B. stellatm and B. riolaerns nr*^ examj>le8, Botryocephalus (bot'''ri-o-sef'a-lus), n. Same as Bothriiiei j)littlus. Olcen, 1815'. botryogen (bot'ri-o-jen), «. [< Gr. pirpvc, a cluster of grapes, + -yevr/r, producing, etc.: see -gen.'\ A red or ocher-yellow mineral from Falun in Sweden, consisting of the hydrous sulpliatcs of iron, magnesium, and calcium. botryoid, botryoidal (bot'ri-oid, bot-ri-oi'dal), M. [< Gr. jio-pvoei- Sk, like a cluster of grapes, < jid- rpix, a cluster of grapes, + eliW,, form.] Ha\Tngthe form of a bunch of grapes ; like grapes, as a min- eral presenting an aggregation of small globes, in bot., applied to forms of inflorescence which are appa- rently botryose, but in reality cyniose. botryoidally (bot-ri-oi'dal-i), adv. In a bot- ryoidal manner; so as to resemble a bunch of grapes: as, vessels botryoidally disposed. botryolite (bot'ri-6-lit), ?i. [< Gr. ,Mrpvf, a cluster of grapes, 4- ?.i6or, a stone.] A variety of datolite or borosilicate of calcium, occurring in mammillary or botryoidal concretions, in a bed of magnetic iron in gneiss, near Arendal in Norway, and elsewhere, its colors are jiearl-gray, grayisli- or redilish-white, and pale rose-red. It is said to differ fi-om datolite in containing more water. botryose (bot'ri-os), a. [< Gr. iUrpvc, a cluster of gi'apes, + -osf.] In bot. : (a) Of the type of the raceme, corymb, umbel, etc. : applied to indeterminate forms of inflorescence. (6) Clus- tered, like a bunch of gi-apes. Botrytis (bo-tri'tis), «. [NL., < Gr. (iorpv^, a cluster of grapes.] A large genus of muce- dinous fimgi, usually growing upon dead wood and leaves, characterized by the somewhat dendroid mode of branching of the fertile hy- phffi, which bear simple spores more or less grouped near the tips. One species, B. Basgiana. grows upon living silkw onus, and causes the disease known as muscardine. A large nunilicr *>{ species growing upon living plants were formerly included in this genus, but are now referred to Perono^jtora. bots (bots), )!. pi. See bot^. botti, «. See boll. bott'- (bot), n. [< F. botte, a bimdle, a truss (OF. dim. botel : see bottle^).'] The name given by lace-makers to the round cushion, held on the knee, on which the lace is woven. bottargo, «. Same as botargo. Bottger ■ware. See ware-. bottelt, ". Same as boltel. botterollt, «. Same as boterol. botthammer (bot'ham^er). n. ME. bottc, a form of fco^l) + hammer.'] A wooden mallet with a fluted face, used in breaking flax. bottine (bo-ten'), n. [F., dim. of bottt, a boot: see boot-.~\ 1. A half -boot ; a woman's fine shoe. — 2. An appliance resembling a boot, Botryoidal structure : Chalcedony. [< lott (prob. < bottine 638 vrith straps, sprines, buckles, etc., to correct bottle-bump fbot 1-bump), v. [A corruption or prevent distortion of the lower Umbs and of butter-bump, bitter-bump.-i A name given m feet of children some districts to the bittern, Botaurus stelldris. bottine (bot'ing), n. [Perhaps for batting, < bottle-carrier (bot'l-kar i-er), ii. A device for 6afl, llE. occasionally botte, a club, stick.] caiTying a number of imeorked bottles, used The'operation of restopping the tap-hole of a in wine-cellars. It consists of a frame with a liumllc. *„™o5o -nHth a r^h^cf of clav On the end of a in whicli each bottle is held by a spnng-pad at tlic bottom furnace with a plug °i.<=^»y °^, ^"^, ^^" "^^^ and by a boss or projection whidi e.xters tlie mouth, wooden rod. after a portion of the charge has ,,ottie.case (bot'1-kas), n. The wicker- or bas- been removed. i ,, j, ^,7 / ao j,„*7 ket-work covering of a demijohn or carboy. — bottlelf, n. [ME., also botle, buttle, <, Ab. ootl gottle-case loom, a machine for weaving bottle-cases. (= OS. bodl = OFries. bodcl = Icel. bol (also l^ottle-chart (bot'l-ehart), «. A marine chart deriv. bwU), a dwelling, abode, farm, also lair, den, = Dan. bol, a fai-m, bol, biille, in local names) ; cf. bold, a dwelling (> byldan, E. build, q. v.), and 6«r(>E. boweA), a dwelling; < biian (•/ *bu), dwell: see boireA, bond-, etc.] A dwelling; a habitation: a word extant (as -Jo^ tie, -battle) only in some local English names, as Harbottle, Xewbottle, ilorbattle. bottom 2. In med., an eruption of small, red, suppu- rating tubercles on the nose, such as is pro- duced by intemperate drinking. Dunylison. — 3. A name at St. Andrews, Scotland, of the sea- stickleback, Spinachia vultjarin. — 4. A name for the putiin, Fratercuhi arcticii, from, its large red-and-blue beak. See holtU-iidsed. — 5. A name of the sea-elephant or elophaut-seal, Macrorhinus leouinus, and others of the same genus.— Bottlenose oil. [Prob. a corruption of Botte- Icaus (name of a niaimfacturer) oil.] An inferior grade of olive-oil used in making t'astile soap. exhibiting the set of ocean surface-currents bottle-nosed (bot'l-nozd), a. Having a bottle- compiled from papers bearing date, latitude, and longitude, foimd in bottles which have been thrown from ships and washed upon the beach or picked up by other ships. The time be- tween the throwing of such bottles and their recovery on shore has varied from a few days to sixteen years, and the distance from a few miles to live thousand miles. l^U^-O^l),! , [E^ly mod. E. also 5o«.^ bottle-clip (bot'l^lip), "• ,.AJ^ ^^ closi^ the mouth of a bottle ; a substitute for a cork. bottle-coaster (bot'l-k6s"ter), ». A kind of deep tray with divisions for bottles, in which Oriental Goat-skin Bottles, or Wini botle ; < ME. botel, bottelle = D. battel = LG. hut- tel, buddel, < OF. botel, m., also boutelle, boutille, F. bouteille = Pr. Pg. botelha = Sp. botella = It. bottiglia, < ML. buticula, f., dim. of butis, but- tis, butta (> OF. boute, F. botte), a butt: Bee 6«H3.] 1. A hoUow mouthed ves- sel of glass, wood, leather, or other ma- terial, for holding and carrying li- quids. Oriental nations use skins or leather for this purpose, and of the nature of the-se wineskins are the bottles inenti.(H. In our meaiiderliign, a ntnall tree, from 'tf wblcli were hanging a nniiitit'r(,f Imttle- ' Thilr sliniHj l« like an ibinril'l i gg, very "irinll end, rather bulging int nt tb. ntber .*■ opening Is at the nide. 'lb- l^ird In Home- ■iirrow, with n considerable t*iileli '»f the ycl- I y. A*. Snrtoriiu, In thvH^iudan, p. IMi. ,t rii(it'l-l)(>t), n. A leathern case to • while it in being corkr d. liot '1-liruHh), n. 1. A brush shak., M. N. D., iv. 1. bottlehead (bot'1-hed ), «. 1. A more correct 1 bottl l.oM bottle for ' AV/w I jturi- mnn III' CnM, H pnltaUyiir tliciiigh not common name for the wliule culli tlie liiillhiKixr (wliicli see). — 2. A name of tlie bliLck-bellied plover, Siiunlitrola hehetica. bottle-holder (bot'l-liol'der), n. 1. A glass- miiker's tool for holding the body of ii bottle wliile forming the neck. —2. A rack for lioldiiig bottles. — 3. One who waifs ujioii another in a prize-liglit, administering rel'i-eKlimeiit, etc.; hence, a backer; a second; a supporter, en- courager, or adviser in a conllii't or trial of any kind. An old tiniiscr makes a good holtte-hotdrr. Smollett, Ailv. of Kerd., (Nnint Katllom, Lord Palmerston considered himself the bottlelmldrr of r.ppri »-iiil RlalcH. Lontl'in Time: bottle-imp (bot'l-imp), n. See CartcMan tieril, under t'nrti siiin. bottle-jack (bot'1-jak), n. 1. A roiiHling-jack Hlmiieil like abottli'.— 2. A kiiiil of lifting-jac'k. bottle-mold (bol'l-mold), n. An iron mold williin whii'li a liotth^ in blown. Itles.— 2. The (leld-horsotail, bottlenose (bot'l-noz), n. 1. A name of sev- ^'.— 3. Tim iiian's-tnil, //i>- .nil specicH of cetaceanH having boltle-Hluiped 4. In AuNlralin, tlie CnVinti. ,|„„,,g, („) of the »pei l.snt //w;)rr(>-iifi.ii. like //, Mt. [E. iliul. also bol- liiii : = Sc. lutddem, lioddum, etc.. < ME. liotlom, liiilliime, bolotue, boti/iii, holme, earlii'r hotliom, botlnim, hottiiiiii, < AS. holm = OS. biuloiii = OFries. 'Iiodem, Imdeii, North Fries, bom, NFries. boem, hetim = 1). hodem = L(i. hodden = t)HG. hoditm, MHO. bodem. 0. botleu = Icel. boln = OSw. biiUi, Sw. biillen = ODun. IxuUi, Dan. build, bottom; prob. = L. fiiudu. ult. K. bowel), + forma, form.] Sh.'iped like a small sausage ; allantoid. botulinic (Imt-u-lin'ik), a. [< L. botnhis, a sau- sage, -I- -((((1 H- -ic] Pertaining to or derived from sausages : as, botulinic acid, 'fliomas. boucan (bo'kan), n. and v. See bucan. bouche (bosh), n. [F., < OF. bouehe, bouce, bochc, bnchc, etc., mouth, < L. bucca, cheek: gee hucca, and cf. bocca.'] If. In the ancient French monarchy, the service of the king's table, under the direction of the master of the king's house- hold. A large nundjer of oflicers of different ranks, and having accurately defined duties, formed this establish- ment. 2. A certain allowance of provisions made by a king to those who obeyed his summons to the field, according to the feudal sy.stem of military service. Hence — Sf. Any supply of pro visions ; food. Fonnerly corruptly bouge. A bombard-man that brought tnnii]e for a country lady or two that fainted, he said, with fasting. B. Jonson, Masque of Love Restored. 4. In medieval armor, a notch or indentation in the upper right-hand edge of the shield, allow- ing a weapon to be passed through it. In the justing shield, this wjis st)metime8 of the form of a diagonal slit terminating in a round hole of the size of the lance-shaft. 5. In ordnance, a short cylinder of copper placed in a counterboro in the face of the Ijreech-block, and througli which the vent of a piece of breech-loading ordnance is drilled ; a bushing. When this copper cylinder extends through the walls of the piece, it is called a vent-piece or vent-bush- infj. See bushing. 6. The mouth of a firearm of any kind; the bore. bouche, bouch (bosh), v. t.-, pret. and hoHched, pjir. bouching. [< bouche, H.] form or drill a new mouth or vent in, as in a gim which has been spiked. bouchie (bo-sha'), n. [F., < bouche, mouth.] A jiatty or small pie; a bonbon; any dainty supposed to be a mouthful. bouchert, ». [Early mod. E. also boicchyer, late ME. bowger, appar. < bouge, a bag, wallet: see bouge'^. But perhaps a var. of bowser, q. v.] A treasurer; a bursar. Stonyhurst. boucherize (bo'sher-iz), r. t. ; pret. and pp. boucheri::cd, ppr. boucheriziny. [< Anguste Bou- cherie (1801-1871), a French chemist, inventor of the process, + -i:c.'] To impregnate (tim- ber) with sulphate of copper as a preservative. bouchette (bo-shef), n. [Appar. F., dim. of bouche, a mouth.] In medieval armor, the large buckle iised for fastening the lower part of the breastplate to the upper one. Fairholt. bouching (bii'shing), «. Same as bushing. bouching-bit (bo'shing-bit), n. [< bouching, verl)al n. of bouche, v., + fcffl.] An instru- ment used for boring a hole in the vent-field of a gun to receive the copper plug, or bouche, through which the vent is afterward drilled. Farrmc. Mil. Encyc. boud^, bowd (boud). n. [< ME. hitde, budde, boude, origin imcertain ; cf. A.S. hudda, 'scearn- budda (occurs once improp. ■written scearnbu- doa), ME. scharnbodde, a dung-beetle.] An in- sect that breeds in grain; a weevil. [Prov. Eng.] boud^ (bod). [Also written hood, bude, boot, etc.. contr. of behooved, pret. of behoove.'] A Scotch contraction of behooved. Tliey both did cr>- to Dim above To save their souls, for they bond die. Border .Minstrelsy, iii. 140. (Jamieson,} boudoir (bo'dwor), ». [P.. < bonder, pout, sulk, + -oir, denoting place.] A small room to which a lady may retire to be alone, or in which she may receive her intimate friends. They sang to him in cozy boudoirs. Thackeray, Vanity Fair. ¥o 640 bonffant bouffant (F. pron. bo-fon'), ? verv bouffant at the back, bouffeif, „. [Late JIE., < OF. bouffee, a pufi (cf. bouffe, a swollen or sweUing cheek), < boiif- fer. sweU the cheeks : see bitff'^, ;>!(/.] A puff, as of flame. Caxton. bouffe- (bof ), n. [< F. bouffe, < It. buffa, jest : see hicrimn.'] Opera bouffe ; comic opera. Seeopera. bouffons (bo'fonz), n. [F. bouffon, a buffoon.] Same as matassins. Bougainvillea (bo-gan-vil'e-a), n. [^^J.. named boule [Also written bowpot, boufcl (bouk or bok), n. [Early mod. E. also biitikc, Sc. Iiuik; < ME. /)o»i-, h-y, p. 408. 2. The bilge or swelling part of a cask ; hence, the cask itself. [Prov. Eng.]— 3. A cowrie. Jevons. bouge-t (biij), r. [Also bowge; a form of bulge, bilu''' : ult. related to boiige^.] I. inlravs. To be bilged; spring a leak or have a hole knocked in the bottom ; founder. Which anchor cast, we soone the same forsooke, And cut it oil, for fear least thereupon Our shippes should bow D. bogt, G. biicht, Sw. Dan. bugt, a bend, turn, bay, bight; cf. leel. bugdha, a bend, a coil), <" biigan (pp. bogeii), E. bow, bend: seeftoifi.] 1. Abend; flexure; curve; a hollow angle. • Mai feru, a malander iuthe bought of a horse's knee. Cotgrave. 2. A bend or curve in a coast-line. See bight B^oXnrism"rb8-.loi'irzm)T —3. A bend, flexure, turn, loop, coil, or knot, ""4^**"^^°. V. . J " as in a rope or chain, or in a serpent ; a fold in cloth. See bout^. In knots and many hoxightes upwound. Spenser, F. CJ., I. 1. 15. The dragon-(ioti.7A(s and elvish emblemings Began to move,' seethe, twine, and curl. Tcnnyiion, Gareth and Lynette. boughtif, ;.. t. [Early mod. E. also boivghi, limit: < bought'^, «.] To bend; fold; wind, bought- (bat). Preterit and past participle of tiiiil. ^ ,.. J u ju A . bought'*, boucht (bucht), «. Same as bught. ;nr;;^.^/e^^^e"r^°re"rf'pirci^'''"^"^^^ A fonn of (-.»<,/,. ^, weak Hall, Hen. VIII., an. 4. past participle ot bni/, used adjcetively, and To bowae and pierce any enemy ship which they i. [F., a wax candle, a bougie, = Pr. biigia = It. bugia= Sp. biijiti = Pg. bugia, a wax candle, < lUigiii, V. lioiigie, Ar. Bijiijoh, a town in Algeria, whcnco these caudles were im|iorted into Europe] 1. A wax candle or waxlight. Sometimes the lioiiiiirn are pirlumed with essences, so that in burning they inay give oil an agreeable odour. Wtirkxhnii Jlreripln, Istscr., p. X<\t. 2. A slender cylinder, smooth and flexible, used to dilate or open the rectum, urethra, or esojihagus, in cases of stricture or other dis- uoiv'i ^ 'Tr 'ni/xvt' uiui iifi.r''' tuo xtji<-- cnses nl thnse parts*. = Skt'. fc«/,«,'the am, foreann; root un- bouillabaisse (bo-lya-bas'), n. rF.,< Pr. 6.w7fc- n, but not connected with l,ow^ (AS, biiqan, alinisse, equiv. to !• , t,omllon abaissi' : bom Ion, - - ■ - .-. . broth, soup (see ?wHi//<)n); "'""■'>■•'•■'■. PI>- "' ."'""■•■; sir, reduce : see itbti.\r.'\ In cookery, a kind of flsh-ehowder popular in some parts of France, especially at Marseilles. This lUntiUnbaijinf a noble dish Is, A sort of soup, or liriitli, or stow, Or hotchpotch of all sorta of tlnhes, That (Irccnwiih never conlil outdo ; Orecn herbs, red I)eliper8, mnsscls, saltern, Sob's. ron. bii-yo'), n. |F., pro]), pp. of bouil'lir, boil: sec boift.] Meat boiled with vegetnbUw, esiieciaily in making bouillon ; boiled or stewed meat of any kiii, e'ic. (Bee bullion"), < bouillir, tioil : Kfi> boil-.] 1. A kind of I'lear Hoiij), coMMlHling of the Htraiiicd litpiid fniiii a slow and imilong- ed boiling of iiieiil (iiHUiilly beef) in the piece and HOinetiineH wlmle vegeliil)leH. — 2. In J'or- rierij, an excrcBcenco of Uosh in a woiuid; proud floBh. The regular E. form is budget, q. v. See houge^.'] If. Abud- get or pouch. Spen- ser, F. Q., III. X. 29. „ . — 2. In her., the figure of a vessel for carryiug water. It is meant to represent a yoke with two leatheni pouches attached to it, formerly used for the conveyance of water to an ariiiv. Also called water-bouget. boughl (bou), n. [Early mod. E. also bow, boice, etc.; < ME. bough, bogh, bog, boge, boue, etc., < AS. bog, boh, the arm, shoulder of an animal, also a branch of a tree (the latter sense pecu- liar to E. and AS.), = MD. boerh, D. borg, bow of a ship, = MLG. boch, bitch, shoulder, bow of a ship; OHG. buog, upper part of the arm or leg, shoulder, hip, snoulder of an animal, MHG. biioc, G. bug, shoulder, withers (of horses), = Icel. bogr = Norw. bog = Sw. l>ogz= Dan. bov, shoulder of an animal, bow of a ship (> E. boir^), — Gr. ~nx'":, dial. ^rn;^''!'. the fore arrn, known. etc.). bend, with some derivatives of which, however, the word has been in part confused, A doublet of bow^, q. v.] 1. An arm or branch of u tree. Say thoti, whereon I rar^'ed hcrnnme, If ever maid or ajhiuho A» fair u my Olivia came To rcit beneath thy Imnght. Trnnyion, Talking Oak. 2t. The gallows. Siiiii. v> lio have not deserved Judgement of death, though (.Iherwi.i- |«rliap« oltcnding, have Uine for their goods Hake caught up, and can>cd atralgbt to Un- Imugh. SjfnMrr, Mtale of Ireland. boughl (bou), r. t. [< bought, n.] To cover over or shade with VioughH. [I'oelii;.] A momy track, all over Ixnighril For half a mile or more. Ciilrridgr, Tlireo Oraves bOUgh^t, ". An obsolete Hpelliiig of liotr'<. bough ''t, ". An obsolete Hpellirii.' "f buff'. tiaaghh, i/.'/r/. An obsoloto Mpi'lling of bo~. bough h'lUHC'bou'hoTiH), n. AbliinlcoiiHtriict. .1 of Im. .. ;,,r the concealment of a oiHirtiimuii from the game. 6a7/l, q, v.] i. Abend; curvature. — 2. The curved or semicircular handle of a pot, kettle, etc.; especially, in the x>lm'al, a movable han- dle in two pai'ts, jointed in the middle, for a pot with ears; a bail.— 3. A loop or annulal part serving as a handle for something. Specifl- cally — (rt) One of tile hoops or rounded openings for the thumb or finger in the handles of scissoi-s. {b) The loop which forms the handle of a key. (c) The ring on the case of a watch to which the chain or guard is attached. houlangerite (bo-lan'jer-it), n. [< Boulanger, the tliscoverer, + -ite~.'\ In mineral., a sulphid of antimony and lead, occuiTing in plumose, gi'anular, and compact masses, ot a bluish lead* gray color and metallic luster. Soulangism (bo-lon'jizm), ti. The political policy and methods represented in France by General Georges Firnest Jean Marie Boulanger (1837-91) from about 1880 to 18S9. Its chief features were militarism and revenge upon Germany. Boulangist (bo-lon'jist), n. A political fol- lower of tTeneral Boulanger. boulder (bol'der), «. [Also vrritten bowlder, bokirr, dial, bowikr, boother; short for the ear- lier bouUler-stouc, dial, bowther-, boother-stone, Sc. bowldtrstaiie ; < ME. biildcrstoii, a boulder; cf. Sw. dial, biillcrsicii, a largo pebble or stone in a strea-m, one that causes a rip]diug in the water (opjiosed to kloppcrsteii, small pebble), < bullra (= Dan. biildrc), make a loud noise, -1- sten = E. stone.'] A loose rock, or one which has been torn from its native bed and trans- ported to some distance. As ordinarily used, the word indicates a piece of rock which is hirger than a pebble or cobble, whose edges have become weather-worn and more or less rounded, and which lies upon the surface. boulder (bol'di-r), r. t. [< boulder, «.] To wear smooth, as an emery-wheel, by abrading with small Hint pebbles. Also spelled bowlder.— Bouldered down, said of metal pollsbingwheels or lap> wlicn enu ly and oil are spread over them, then pressed into the nu'lal and worn down with boulclering-stones. boulder-clay (bol'der-kla), n. stiff, unlami- nated, tenacious clay, especially that of the glacial or drift epoch or iee age. Also called drift, till. boiilder-head (bol'dt'^r-hed), «. A row of piles driven before a sea-dike to resist the action of the waves. bouldering-stone(b6rdtH'-ing-st6n), w. Smooth translucent Hint pelibles, found in gi-avel-pits and used to smooth llie faces of emery-wheels and glazera by abniding any large grains of eiiierv or oilier powder on their surfaces, bould'er-paving (bol'der-i)a"ving), n. A pave- ment of ccibble-stones. boulder-stone (bcirdc'r-ston), ?i. Same as bouU dir. of wliich it is (lie older form. bouldery (bol'der-i), ((. [< /iohWc)' -t- -J/1.] Ee- seiiibliug a boulder; full of boulders. The superjacent beds consist of coarse bouldery shingle in a sandy clay matrix. Geikie, Ice Age, p. 102, boule' (biil), n. The proper French spelling of hnlil. boule- (ba'le), n. [Gr. /3ot»>^, will, counsel, ad- vice, plan, a council, senate, < fhl'T^iirOai, dial. lioAcnOiii , = L. relle = AS, irilloii, K will : see will, r.] 1. In dr. nntig., a legislative' coun- cil, originally arisloc'nilic, coiisiHiing of the heads of the citizen I'aiiiilies, sitting under (ho presidency of the king. Later, In lonlnn »tale«, where a deniocrutlc pidlly hud iirevalled, the boule. par- ticularly at Athens, became a second (ir higher |iopular assembly, corresponding to Ihe senate In modern govern- menls. At AtheliB the 1 le conslstc'd of ,MKl citizens over .'to years of age, chosen anuuallv bv lot. Mi from each Irlho. It liad charges of the odbiul religious riles liiiporliint in the ancient world, and IN chief legislative duties wire to exami cr prepare bills (or presentiitloii to Ihe popidar jisKcmblv (the real governing hodyl, which could modify or reject the cinicluslous n'acbcd by the scnule. and to advise liie assembly regarding allairs of sl:ile. The Athe- nian boule iiad also some c\e. olive- fiinetleens, especially In connection witli tlie nninagcinent ot the nuvy and the cavalry. Compare grnitia. boule 2. The legislative assembly of modern Greece. A Greek dipluiiiat (inee told me that in the llutty, or Asserahly, of his eountry no part of the governiuciit ex- penses was watched so closely as those of the tliploniatic service. A^ew Princeton Rev., I. 225. boule-'t. An olisolote form of bnwi. Boulenge's chronograph. See chronograph. boule-saw, ». iSoe bnhl-saw. boulet, boulette (bo-la', bii-let'), n. [F., a bullet, a fetUx'k, > E. bullet, q. v.] In the maneffc, a horse whose fetlock or pastern joint bends forward and out of its natural position. bouleuterion (bo-lu-te'ri-on), n. ; pi. boulcutc- ria (-ii). [Ur. iiov'AevTi/pioi', < l3ov?iereiv, advise, take counsel, < lioiAij, counsel: see 6oMte2.] In ancient and modern Greece, a senate-house or assembly-chamber. boulevard (bo'le-vard; F.pron.bol'viir),*!. [F.; older forms boulevert, bouleverc, < D. or MLG. bi/hcfrk. U. bollwcrk; bulwark: see bulwark..'] Originally, a bulwark or rampart of a fortilica- tiou or fortitied town ; hence, a public walk or street occupying the site of demolished fortifi- cations. Tlie name is now sometimes extended to any street or wallt encircling a town, and also to a street which is of especial width, is given a park-like appearance by re- serving spaces at the sides or center for shade-trees, flow- ers, seats, and tlie like, and is not used for heavy teaming. boulevardier (bo'le-var-der; F. pron. bol-viir- dya'), H. [F., < 6o«/ei'ard, boulevard.] One who frequents a boulevard, especially in Paris. bouleversement (bs-le-vers'ment), n. [P., < bouleverser, overthrow, overturn, < boulc, a ball (> E. bowl"), + verser, turn, overturn, < L. ver- sare, turn : see verse, etc.] A turning upside down ; the act of overturning ; the state of be- ing overtm-ned ; overthrow ; overturn; subver- sion; hence, generally, convulsion or confusion. boule-work (bol'werk), n. Same as buhl. boulimia, boulimy (bo-lim'i-a, bo'li-mi), n. Same as buliniiti. boulinikon (bo-lin'i-kon), n. [A trade-name, < Gr. ,iovc, o.\, + 'Aivov, tiax, linen.] A kind of oilcloth made from a pulp composed of buffalo or other raw hide, cotton or Unen rags, and coarse hair. Eneyc. Brit. boulon (bo'lon), n. [Native name.] A harp with fibrous strings, used by the negi'oes of Senegarabia and Guinea. boultelH, 11. Same as boUel. boultel-'t, ". [Early mod. E. also boutell; < ME. bullelle, bultell, < OF. *bulctel (earlier buretel), mod. F. bluteau, a meal-sieve, < buleter, mod. P. bliitrr, sift, bolt : see bolt".] 1. A kind of cloth made for sifting ; hence, a sieve. — 2. The bran or refuse of meal after dressing. boultert, n. See bolter^. iDOultint, «. Same as boltel. boultiug, II. See bolting^. l)0Ullt (boim), a. [The earlier and proper form of bound*, q. V. ; < ME. boun, boune, ready, pre- pared, < Icel. buinn (> ODan. bune), ready, pre- pared, pp. of hita, till, get ready: see bond", boor, bower^, etc.] Ready; prepared; on the point of going or intending to go. She was boun to go the way forthright. Chaucer, Franklins Tale, 1. 769. Well chanced it that Adolf the night when he wed Had confessed and had sain'd him ere bonne to liis bed. .^cott, Harold the Dauntless, iv. 14. bount (boun), r. [< ME. bounen, boionen, < boun, prepared: see Sown, rt.] I. trans. To prepare; make ready. The kyng boskes lettres anon, to bownen his hemes [men]. Joneph of Arimathie (ed. Skeat), 1. 414. I wold boun me to batell. Destruction of Troy, I. 827. II. intrans. To make ready to go ; go : as, to busk and boun, a common expression in old ballads. So mourned he, till Lord Dacre's band Were bowning back to Cumberland. Scott, L. of L. M., V. 30. IJOunce (bouns),.r. ; pret. and pp. bounced, ppr. bonncing. [Early mod. E. also bounse, < ME. bounnen,bun.ieH,hent, strike suddenly; cf. LG. bun.'l.] 1. One who or that which bounces. — 2. Something big or large of its kind. 'The stone must be a bouncer. De Quincey. 3. A large, strong, -vigorous person : as, she is a bouncer. — 4. A strong muscular fellow kept in a hotel, restaurant, or other public resort, to bounce or expel disorderly persons. [Slang, U. S.] — 5. A liar; a boaster; a bully. — 6. A barefaced lie. [Colloq.] But you are not deceiving me ? You know the first time you came into my shop what a bouncer you told me. Cotman the Youmjer, John Bull, ii. ;i. bouncing (boun'sing), p. a. [Ppr. of bounce, v.] 1. Vigorous; strong; stout: as, "the bouncing Amazon," Shak., M. N. D., ii. 2; "a bouncing lass," Bulwer, Pelham, xlix. — 2. Exaggerated; excessive ; big. [Colloq.] We have had a merry and a lusty ordinary. And wine, and good meat, and a bouncing reckoning. Fletcher, Wildgoose Chase, i. 2. 3. Lying; bragging; boastful. I never saw such a liouncimj, swaggering puppy since I was burn. Goldsmith, She Stoops to Conquer, iii. bouncing-bet (boim ' sing-bet '), «. [That is, bouncing Bet; Bet, Betsy, familiar forms of Eli- zabeth.] A name of the common soapwort, Sa- ponaria officinalis. See Saponaria. bouncingiy (boun'sing-U), adv. Boastingly. liarrou, Pope's Supremacy. boundl (bound), n. [Early mod. E. also bownde, bowne; < ME. boundc, boune, bunne, < OF. bunne, bonne, bone, bune, also bunde, bonde (AF. boundc), earlier bodnc, < ML. bodina, bodena (also, after OF., bunna, bonna), earlier butina. bound a bound, limit. Cf. botirn^, a variant of the same word.] 1. That which limits or circum- scribes; an external or limiting line; hence, that which keeps in or restrains; limit; eon- fine : as, the love of money knows no bounds. Illimitable ocean, without bound. Without dimension I Milton, P. L., ii. 892. The dismal night — a night In which the bounds of heaven and earth were lost. Tennyson, Coming of Artlmr. But the power of the West-Saxon ruler stretched beyond tlie liounds of Wessex, where, eastward of the Andrcds- weald, the so-called " Kastern Kingdom" grr/uped itself round the centre of Kent. ./. /(. Green, Conij. of fCng., p. 05. 2. pi. The teri'itory included within boundary- lines ; domain. These rascals who come hither to annoy a noble lady on my bounds. .Scott, Peveril, I. vii. 3. A limited portion or piece of land, enjoyed by the owner of it in respect of tin only, and by virtue of an aiudent jirescription or liberty foroncouragementtothetinuers. J'ryce. [Corn- wall.] Butts and bounds. See te((2.—xo beat the llOundBt,totian- out the boundariesof a parish by touch- ing certain points with a rod. - Syn. 1. Border, Confine, etc. .See boundary. boundl (bound), V. t. [< ME. botmden, < bounde, n.] It. To confine within fixed limits; restrain by limitation. O God ! I could be bounded In a nut-shell, and count myself a king of inflnite space, were it not tiiat I have bad dreams. Shak., Handet, iL 2. It is not Italy, nor France, nor Europe, That must bound me, if my fates call me fortll. B. Joiison, Volpone, ii. 1. 2. To serve as a limit to ; constitute the extent of ; restrain in amount, degree, etc. : as, to bound our wishes by our means. Quatf inmiortality and joy, secure Of surfeit, where full measure only bounds Excess. Milton, P. L., v. 639. 3. To form or constitute the boundary of; serve as a bound or limit to : as, the Pacific ocean bounds the United States on the -west. The lasting dominion of Rome was bounded by the Rhine and the Danube. E. A. Freeman, Amer. Lects., p. 1U7. 4. To name the boundaries of: as, to bound the State of New York. = Syn. To circumscribe, re- strict, hem in, border. bound^ (bound), r. [First in early mod. E. ; < F. bondir, leap, bound, orig. make a loud re- sounding noise; perhaps < LL. bombitare, hum, buzz, freq. verb < L. bombus, a humming or buzzing, > bomb'^, q. v.] I. intrans. 1. To leap; jump; spring; move by leaps. Before his lord the ready spaniel bounds. Pope, Windsor Forest, 1. 99. 2. To rebound, as an elastic ball. = syn. Leap, Spring, etc. See skip, v. i. II. trans. 1. To cause to leap. [Rare.] If I might buffet for my love, or l>ound my horse for her favours, I could lay on like a butcher, and sit like a jack-an-apes, never off. Shak., Hen. V., v. 2. 2. To cause to rebound : as, to bound a ball. bound^ (bound), H. [< bound", r.] 1. A leap onward or upward; a jump; a rebound. The horses started with a sudden bound. Addison. These inward disgusts are but the first hounds of this ball of contention. Decay of Christ. Piety. 2. In ordnance, the path of a shot between two gi'azes: generally applied to the horizon- tal distance passed over by the shot between the points of impact. bound'^ (bound), j>. a. [Pp. of bind; as an adj., in the sense of obligatory, usually iu the fuller form, boundcn, < ME. bounden, < AS. bunden, pp. of bindan, bind: see bind.] 1. Made fast by a band, tie, or bond ; specifically, in fetters or chains ; in the condition of a pris- oner. Now Annas had sent him bouJid unto Caiaphas. John xviii. 24. Hence — 2. Made fast by other than physical bonds. We are bound together for good or for evil in our great political interests. D. Webster, Speech, Pittsburgh, July, 1S33. 3. Confined ; restrained ; restricted ; held firmly. Besides all this, he was bouiui to certain tributes all more or less degrading. Brougham. Hence — 4. Obliged by moral, legal, or com- pellable ties ; under obligation or compulsion. \N'lien the case had been heard, it was evident to all meu that the bishop had done only what he was bound to do. Macaulay, Hist. £ng., vL 5. Certain; sure. [Colloq.] Tliose of his follow iug considered him as smart as chain- lightning and bouiul to rise. Hou^eHs, Modem Instance, xu. bound 6. Determined: resolved: as, he is bound to do it. [Colloq., Tj. S.] —7. In entom., attached by the posterior extremity to a perpendicuiar object, and supported in an upright position against it, by a silken thread passing across the thorax, as the chrysalides of certain l^pi- doptera. — 8. Constipated in the bowejs; cos- tive. — 9+. Pregnant: said of a woman. — 10. Provided with binding or a cover : said of books, etc. : as. boiwd volumes can be obtained in ex- change for separate parts ; bound in leather. — Bound electricity, see induction.— BoiinA extra, in lull hinJinL.' (as opposed to half- or quarter-binding), tull- tooled. and forwarded and finished with extra care (gener- allv bv hand) and in the best materials : applied to bound books".— Bound up in. (a) Embodied in ; inseparably connected with. The whole State . . . being bound up in the sovereign. Brouijkam. Qnarrel not rashly with adversities not yet understood, and overlook not the mercies often bound up !h them. Sir T. Browm, Christ. Mor., i. 29. (6) Having all the affections centered in ; entirely devoted to. She is the only child of a decrepit father whose life is bound up in hers. Steele, Spectator, No. 449. bound* (bound), a. [With excrescent -d after n, as in soundo, rounds, etc., or by confusion with bound'i, < HE. boun, bouue, ready, pre- pared: see 6o«H, a.] Prepared; ready; heuee, going or intending to go; desfuied: with to oi for: as, I am ftoHHrf /or London; the ship is boitndfor the Mediterranean. A chieftain to the Highlands boujui. Campbell, Lord tHlin's Daughter. Willing we sought your shores, and hither bound, The port so long desired at length we found. Dnjden, .-Eneid, vii. 294. boimd^t (bound), V. i. [Var. of boun, v., as bound*, a., of boun, a.] To lead; go. [Rare.] The way that does to heaven bound. Spemer, F. Q., I. .\-. 67. boundary (boun'da-ri), «. ; pi. boundaries (-riz). [< 6i<»/((/l + -iiri/ ;' ct. ML. bunnariunt, bonna- rium. a field with certain limits.] That wliich serves to indicate the boimds or limits of any- thing ; hence, a limiting or bounding line : a bound : as, the horizon is the boundary of vision ; the northern boundary of the United States. .Sleep hath its own world, A boundary between the things misnamed Death and'existcnce. Jlijrun, The Dream, i. The Tamar was fixed as a boundary for the West Welsh bouquet-bolder God, the bounti/ul author of our being. Locke. Our king spares nothing to give them the share of tliat felicity of which he is so bounti.ftd to his kingdom. Dry den. 2. Characterized by or manifesting bounty; abundant; liberal; ample: as, a bountiful sup- ply. Nurse went up stairs with a most bountiftd cut of home- baked bread and butter. Brooke, Foul of Quality, I. 167. The late bounti/id grant from His Majesty's ministers. Burke. Nabob of Arcot. h'li allu I. II I. fttilli' A Hli bounded i or liidits; ominpcd ; 642 The meaner cares of life were all he knew ; Bounded his pleasures, and his wislies few. Crabhe, Tlie Library. .\n eye well-practised in nature, a spirit bounded and poor. Tennyson, Maud, iv. 7. boundedness (boun'ded-nes), n. The quality of being bounded, limited, or circumscribed; limited extent or range. Both ai-e singularly bounded, our working-class repro- ducing, in a way unusualin other countries, the bounded- »t\-;< of the middle, it. Arnold, The Nadir of Liberalism. bounden (botm'den or -dn), ;). (7. [Older form bountifully (boun'ti-fid-i), a((i'. In a bountiful of iOKHrfS. pp. of /)/«(?.] 1. Obliged; botmd, or manner; liberally; largely. They are less bounti.ftdly provided than the rich with the materials of happiness for the present life. Bp. Porteous, Lectures. 11. xvii. bountifulness (boun'ti-fid-nes), «. The qual- ity of being bountiful ; liberality in the bestow- ment of gifts and favors. bountiheadt, bountiboodt (boun'ti-hed, -hiid), n. [One of Spenser's words; < boiinti/ + -liead^ -hood.} Bounteousness ; goodness; virtue. On iirme foundation of true bountyhed. Spetiser, F. Q., II. xii. 1. bountith, ». See bounteth. boun -tree (bou'tre), «. [An imexplained var. of bdur-tm .'\ Same as bonr-trce. [Scotch.] bounty (boim'ti), n. ; pi. bounties (-tiz). [< ME. hountci; liounti;<, AF. bountcc, OF. bontc, bonteit, bontct, buntet, mod. F. bonti- = Pr. bontat = Sp. bonddd = Pg. bondadc = It. bonta, < L. ipiii- ta{t-)s, goodness, < bonus, good: see ftooJiS.] If. (joodness; virtue. Ne blott the bounty of all womankind 'Mongst thousands good, one wanton dame to find. Spenser, F. Q., III. i. 49. 2. Liberality in bestowing gifts and favors; generosity; munificence. Let us adore Him for the streams of bounty, which flow unceasingly, from the fountains of His life, to all His countless" creatures. Channimi, Perfect Life, p. 84. 3. A favor bestowed with a benevolent dispo- sition ; that which is given bounteously ; a free gift: as, "thy morning 6()MH/jc»'," Vowpcr. We concluded our visit with a bounty, which was very acceptable. Addi-^on, Sir Kogcr and the Witches, 4. A premitim or reward ; specifically, a pre- mium olTered by a government to induce men to etilist into the public service, or to encourage some branch of industry, as liusbandry, manu- factures, or commerce — Bounty emigrant, one whose passage to the country where he' intt-iuls to remain is partly or wholly paid Iiy the govcnunrnt of Hiat eo\m- try.— Bounty Land Act, a United states statute of is.no (9"stat., .'I'io), granting lands to those engaged in the niili- tiiry service, or to their widows or minor tbildren. in amounts proportioned to time of service.- Queen Anne'S boimty, a fund institutid by (Juein .Vnnc from the first fruits and tithes of the lavger bciicllcis t.f llic Kni;lish rliunb 111 iiiignienl the smaller clerical livings. =Syn. 2. Litireitlihi, (^riiri-iisilif, etc. Sec benejieence. bounty-jumper (boun'ti-.imn"pt'>r), n. One who enlists as a soldier for the sake of a bomity offered, and then deserts, as dtiring the Ameri- can civil war of 1801-65. Bringing into tlie service many bnunty-jumpcrs, as they were called, w ho enlisted merely for money, and soon de- serted to enlist again. Iliyginmn, Young Folks' Hist. U. S., p. 306. Bouphonia (bo-fo'ni-ij), «. pi. [Gr. fiove defined by certain marks or bouwlaries, as heaps of tUnwA, ilikes, hedges, streams, etc., separating it from the adjoining parishes. But the two words are often inter- changeable. A Itorder is a belt or band of territory lying along a bouwl or tMpuiutary. A eon/me is the region at or near the edge, and generally a narrower margin than a border. A /ronlier is a tiorder viewed as a front or place of cntmnce : as, he was met at the frontier. The w<)ril Is inw'd most In connection with military operations : as, their /rontiers were well protected by fortresses. I at least, who. In my fiwn West. Saxon home, find my own Ili'lds and my own parish bounded by a Imundary drawn in the year .^77, am not disposed to ilisbelicve the record of the events wlilch lerl t4) the fixing of that bimn- dary. E. A. Freeman, Anier. Lects., p. 106. Uc pau'd tho flanilng Iffjunds of space and time. spend his blood For my sake ; I will hminlrniisty reiinltv lilni. lieou. and Ft., Honest Mans Knitnne, II. 2. bounteousness (lioim'te-us-nes), n. The ([ual- ily of being bminteouK;' liberality in bestowing gi'l'ls or fiivoi-M; innnitieenee; kiiulneMS. bounteth, bountith (I'oiin'teth, -lith), v. [So., < liile mi;. lo,nnlith. < <)!•'. buntet, liontet, earlier form of tninte, > .MK. Iniunle, K. bounty, (\. v.] Bounty; h| Ilieally, the bounty given in addi- tion to Hlipiihited wiigeH, bountevouBt, "• A Middle English form of 6o«H- tiiint. Chiiueer. I.oiiu'dod), II. a. Having ImiindH bountiful (liouii'ti-fi'il), ri. [< bounli/ + -ful.] limited; circumscribed; conflned; 1. |,ibenil in beHtowing gifts, fuvors, or bouu- nurrow. ties; munificent; genorouH. bouquetier bouijuetier (bo-ke-ter' ; F. pron. bo-ke-tya' ), n. [F., a tlower-vase, bouquet-holder, < bouquet : see bouquet.] A bouquet-holder, especially one designed to be carried in the hand. bouquetin (F. pron. b6-ke-tari'), n. [F., earlier b(iii(- Sp. Borbon, It. Borhoiie.] 1. A member of the last royal family of France, or of any of its branches. Tlic faiiiil> took its name from its ancient seigniory of Bourbon (now Bourbon I'Archambault. in the department of AUier), and succeeded to the throne by collateral inlicri- tance in 1589, in the person of Henry IV. The Bourbon dynasty was deposed in 1792, and restored in 1S14. The revolution of 1830 brought to the throne Louis i'hilippc (who was deposed in 1848), of the younger or Orleans branch, which succeeded to all the claims of the family on the extinction of the elder branch in 1883. A line of Bour- bon sovereigns has reigned in .Spain (with two interrup- tions) since 1700, and a branch of this line held the throne of Naples or the Two Sicilies from 1735 to 1861. 2. One who, as was said of the Bourbons, "for- gets nothing and learns nothing"; hence, in U. .S'. politics, an extreme conservative ; espe- cially, one who is behind the time and is op- posed to all progress: originally applied to certain members of the Democratic party. — 3. [(. c] A kind of whisky made of wheat or In- dian corn : originally limited to the corn- whisky made in Bourbon county, Kentucky. Bourbonian (bor-bo'ni-an), a. Of or pertain- ing to the family or dynasties of the Bourbons. Bourbonism (bOr'bon-izm), 11. [< Bourbon + -imii ; = F. Bourbonisme.'] 1. The opinions of those who adhere to the house of Bourbon; legitimism. — 2. In P; 5. po/^ifjcs, obstinate con- servatism ; opposition to progress. Bourbonist (bor'bon-ist), n. [< Bourbon + -ixf ; = P. Bourboniste.'] One who supports the claims of the members of the house of Boui-- bon to the thrones they held ; specifically, a supporter of the claims of the members of "this family to the throne of France. Bourbon palm. See palm. bourdif (bord), H. [Early mod. E. also boward, boiirde, < ME. boorde, boiirde, borde, burde = MI), boerde, D. 6oe?-<= OFries. bord = ljG. boert, a jest, < OF. bourde, horde, mockery, banter, jest, P. bourde, bouncer, humljug, = Pr. borda, a jest, a cheat, a lie ; cf. Bret, bourd, a jest (prob. < F.), Gael, buirte, a gibe, tatmt, burt, buirt, mockery, = Ir. buirt, a gibe, taunt. Origin and relations uncertain.] 1. A jest; a joke; fun. Whether our malster speake earnest or borde. Udall, Koister Doister, i. 4. Gramercy, Borrill, for thy company, For all thy jests, and all thy merry bourds. Drayton, Shepherd's Garland, p. 53. 2. Mockery; sco ffin g. bourdH (bord), V. [< ME. bourden, < OF. bour- der, sport; from the noun: see bourd^, «.] I. intrans. To jest ; joke ; say things in jest. My wit is gl-eet, though that I bourde .ind pleye. Chaucer, Pardoner's Tale, 1. 316. II. trans. To make game of. Shew But any least aversion in your look To him that bourds you next, and your throat opens. B. Jonmn, Catiline, i. 1. bourd-t, n. An obsolete variant of board. bourdert (bor'der), n. [Early mod. E. also boarder, boarder, bourdour ; < ME. bourdour, burdoure, bordere, etc., < AF. bourdour, OF. 643 bordeor, a jester, < bourdcr, border, jest: see bourdl.] A jester; a joker; a buffoon. bourdon' (bor'don), n. [< ME. Ij(iitr" — 3. In lier., a pilgrim's staff used as a bearing. bourdon- (biir'don), n. [< ME. bourdon, bur- doun, l)i)rdiruu, < (JP. bourdon, mod. P. bour- don, drone of a bagpipe, bass in music, = Sp. bordon = Pg. borddo = It. bordone, < ML. tiur- do{n-}, a drone. The E. word is now burden, the refrain of a song : see burden^.] In music: (a) The drone of a bagpipe, or a monotonous and repetitious ground-melody. See liurdeu'-^. (6) An organ-stop, usually of IG-feet lone, the pipes of which are generally made of wood, and produce hollow, smooth tones, deficient in har- monics and easily blended with other tones. bourdon- (bor'don), «;. j. [i bourdon'^, n."] In music, to drone, as an instrument during a pause in singing. bourdonasset, «■ [< OF. Ijourdonasse, < bour- don, a staff: see bourdonX.] A lance having a var. of (JP. Iiodne, Ijontic, a limit, bound, boun- dary, > E. l)ouHd^, q. v.] A liouiid ; limit ; desti- nation; goal: as, "beyond the- bourn of sunset," Tennyson, Princess, (Jonclusion. The undlscovcrefl country, from whose 6o«m No traveller returns. tiliuli., Hamlet, Hi. 1. There at last it lay. the tiftttrti of my long and weary lulgiimage, realizing tlie plans anil hopes of many and ni.iny u year. II. !•'. Burton, El-Medinah, p. 389. bourn-', bourne-* (boni), v. t. See bonc^. bournless (liorn'- or bom'les),«. [< hourn^ + -less.] Having no bourn or limit. [Rare.] bournonite (bor'no-nit), ». [^Vfter Count de Bournon, a Prencli mineralogist (1751-182.5).] A sulphid of antimony, lead, and copper, of a steel-gray color and brilliant metallic luster, found in the Ilarz mountains, Cornwall, and Mexico. Wheet'ore is a variety which owes its name to the form of the twin crystals, rescndjiing a cog-wheeL Also called endellionilc. bourdonn6 (bdr-do-na'), a. [OF., < bourdon, a bourock " See Iwurach^ staff.] In Aer., terminating m knobs or balls: ^ourran' » See Iniran as, a bourdonne cross, which is the same as a bourr^e (bO:ra'),'«. [P.': see 6oree.] 1. A lively er().<.s- ponimce. Soe pom mce. bourgl (biirg), n. [P., < ML. burgus, < OHG. MHG. bure, G. burg = E. borougli^, q. v. Cf. burf/i, burgh.] A town ; a borough : chiefly -with reference to French towns. [Rare.] Ye think the rustic cackle of yr)ur tmurg The umrmur of the world ! Tenmjmn, Geraint. Bourg" (borg), n. A name given to the red wine of a large district in Prance in the department of Gironde, on the north bank of the Dordogne. bourgade (bor-gad'), n. [P., < houry, a town, market-town: seeftowcr/l.] A straggling vil- bourrelet (biir-la'). dance, originating either in Auvergne or in Bis- cay. — 2. A musical composition in which the strict rhythm and cheerful character of such a dance are embodied, it is usually written in duple rhythm, the phrases being two measures long, beginning with the last half of the up-beat. It was nmch used as one member of the old-fashioned tntite, and is still popular as a form of composition. It illied tii the ijavot. n. [P. : see burlet.] 1. The stuffed roll (see burlet) which formed a part of fe- male head-dress in the fourteenth cen- tury. — 2. In milit. costume, a -ivreath or turban of stuff, worn upon the helmet. — 3. In her. See'tortil. a small French or Swiss market-town. The canton consists only of villages and little towns or bouniade.^. J. Adams, Works, IV, 32. bourgeois^ (bijr-zhwo'), n. and a. [P., mod. form of OF. burgeis, a citizen, > E. burgess, q. v.] I. u. 1. In Prance, a citizen; a burgher; a man of middle rank. — 2. A small French coin of the fourteenth century. The bourgeoU simple was worth about a cent and a half, the bourgeois fart twice as much. II. a. 1. Belongingto or consisting of trades- __ ^_^ ^ ,^ _ people or citizens of middle rank: a,fi, bourgeois bourse (bors) n. [F.' surroundings ; the bourgeois class of France, a purse bursary' Hence — 2. Wanting in dignity or refinement; - ' * common; mean. We have no word in English that will exactly define this want of propriety in diction. Vulgar is too strong, and connnonplace too weak. Perhaps bourgeois comes as near as any. Lowell. Among my Books, 1st ser., p. 26. bourgeois", burgeois (ber-jois'), «. [Supposed to be so called from a type-founder named Bourgeois: see tmurgeois^. The P. name for this tjTje is gaiUarde : see gailliardc, galliard.] A size of printing-type measuring about 100 i,-,,_ +.,„„ /V,"„'» .-\ " ro -i n j t lines to thi foot, next larger than brevier and ^T"wMt „. ?^L P ' ff spelled 6«r- =^all„v fb.„, ln„o--nvimer ^' "'> *'".tl"^?' ^I'd boun-trec, and formerly burt- Bourrelet in head-dress of Queen Isabeau of B.i%-aria: about 1305. ( From VioUet-le-Duc'i " Diet, (fit MobiUcr fran^ais.") an exchange, < OP. borse, < ML. bursa, a purse, bag, etc.: see burse, purse.] 1. A stock exchange ; specifically, the stock exchange of Paris, and hence used of continental European exchanges in general. i'ratemities and companies I approve of, as merchants' bourses, colleges of druggists, physicians, musicians, etc. Burton, Anat. of Mel., To the Reader, p. 65. 2t. The bag of a v.-\g. See bagl, 3 smaller than long-primer. This line is printed in bourgeois. bourgeoisie (bor-zhwo-ze'), n. [P., < botir- geois, a citizen : see bourgeois^.] Properly, the French middle classes, but often applied to the middle classes of any countiy, especially those depending on trade. tree, < ME. burtre, < bur- (uncertain, but not, as supposed by some, < 6orcl, as if from the use of elder-t\vigs,\vith tlie pith removed, as tubes; ef. Sc. bourtree-, bountrij-guu, an air-gun of el- der) -I- tree.] A Scotch name of the elder-tree, Sambucus nigra — Bourtree-gun, a pop-gun or bean- shooter made of the wood of the bour-tree after the pith lias ticcn removed. There is no bourgeoisie to speak of ; immediately after bousa (bo'sa), «. Same as boza. the aristocracy come the poor people who are v-ery poor boUSe^ (boiiz, also boz, but in the latter pron. indeed H. James, Jr., Irans. Sketches, p. 263. . ..^n -, . , . . , , t^ , ' ^ usually written booze), r. ; pret. and pp. boused, ppr. bou.9ing. [Also written bowse, 6oK.rc, and bourgeon, «• and r. See burgeon bourgignot, bourginot, ". Variants of burga- net. Bourguignon (P. pron. bor-ge-nyon'), «• [F., < Bour(ioiiii( , Burgund.y.] A native or an inhab- itant of Buigimdy; aBurgundian. Bourignian (bo-riu'yan), a. Pertaining to the Bourignonists or to tlieir doctrines. Bourignonist (bii-rin'yon-ist), n. One of a sect foimdcd by Antoinette Bourignon (161(5-80), a religious enthusiast who assumed the Au- gustinian habit, and traveled in France, Hol- land, England, and Scotland ■ also, repr. the now most common though dial. pron., boose, l>oo:e; early mod. E. bouse, botrse, < ME. bousen (rare), appar. < MD. bOsen, later huisen, buysen = G. bau-icn, drink, guzzle; cf. MD. buise, a large ih-inking-vessel, appar. iden- tical with D. buis, a tube, pipe, conduit, chan- nel. Cf. bus, a box, barrel, and see boss^, box-.] Same as booze, which is now the usual form. As though bold Robin Hood Would, with his Maid Marian, Sup and buic.^e from horn and can. Keai.^, Lines on the Mermaid Tavern. , She mainlined that Christianity docs not consist in faith anil practice, but in bOUSe^ (bouz, also boz, but in the latter pron. inw.ard feeling .and supernatural inipulse. USuaUv written feoojC, q. V.), N. Same as 600.-C. bournl, bournel (bom), ». [Early mod. E. also ^o fro'twe .' nor no tobacco? boorne, borne, < ME. bourne, borne, var. of earher iiatsimier, New Wav to Pay Old Debts, L 1. bouse bouse-, bowse^ (bous), v. t; pret. and pp. io«o.ei' r mi,:,) :,t I "i" mrlmony of bU IH^niry llbrK, |.i. . i.i. i ., - III. I, III. rjitlin-, of Klli'b llullio - li rr, I :- iiinn fu.nu avi-iii'l bi< i / /' ; -i./i, Cnbini. of Aulb . p . bouterollot, n. Hame as bolerol. II Itiit II,. Urkv >!' new f horr, r from ' 644 bout-hammert, "• [For ahnut-hnmmcr, equiv. to (ibout-sledgc, q. v.] A blacksmiths' ham- mer ; an about-sledge. I am for ^'ulcan now, for Mars no more; If my wife scold, my boitt-hatniner ."hall roar. Beau, and Fl. ('.'), Faithful Friends, iv. 5. boutisalet, «. [An isolated instance ; prop. booti/sdlc.'} A sale of booty; a cheap sale, as a sale of booty commonly is. The great boutisale of colleges and chantries. Sir J. Hayward, Edwai-d VI., p. SS. bouton Cbo'ton), n. [F.] Button — Biskra bou- ton. Same as Aleppo button or tUcer (whicb see, under iilc^rX boutonniere (bo-ton-iar'), «. [F.] A button- hole bouquet. bouts, ". See boots'-. bouts-rim^S (bo're-ma'), ". p'. [F.: bouts, pi. of bout, end (see butt-); rimes, masc. pi. of rime, pp, of rimer, rime, < rime, n., rime: see r/Hic'.] Riming words given out as tlie line-endings of a stanza, the other parts of the lines having to be supplied by the ingenuity of the person to whom the words are given. Bou'vardia (bo-viir'di-ii), «. [NL., named in honor of Dr. Boiivard, director of the Jardin des Plantes, Paris.] A genus of plants, nat- ural order Buhiacece, natives of Mexico and Central America. They are herbs or low shrubs with showy corymbs of red, yellow, or white flowers. Several species are found in greenhouses. bou'weryt, ». Same as bower;/". Irving. bouza (bii'za), n. Same as bo::a. bouze, II. and V. See boose. bouzy'^, ti. See boo:y. Bouzy- (bo'zi), H. A name given to certain sparkling wines from the small town and dis- trict of the same name in the department of Marne in France. The name is also given, in- appropriately, to many other sparkling \vines. bovate (bo'vat), n. i< ML. hovata, < L. bo,^ (bor-), ox: see 7(os.] An allotment of land in early English \'illage communities, the holder of which was bound to furnish one ox to the plow-team ; an oxgang. The full husband-land, or virgate, was composed of two bin-ate.^, or oxgangs, the bovate or oxgang being thus the eighth of the hide or carucate. Seebohm, Eng. Vil. Com., p. 61. Manifestly the bovate or oxgang represented the tillage, not of an ox-team, but of one ox of tbo team, tliat is, it was the share of the tilled land appropriated to tbeo^^■ne^ of one of the eight associated oxen contributed to the cooperative eight-ox plough. A', and Q., 7th ser., II. 481. Boveae (bo've-e), n. pi. [NL., < Bos (Bar-) + -(■(!'.] A division of /?oi'iV/»',practie'vlly equiva- lent to the genus Bos in a largo souse, or to the modern subfamily Boriiitv. Bovey coal. See coal. Bcvichthyidae (bo-vik-thi'i-de), n. pi. [NIj.. < Jlorii-litlii/s + -w/fc] A family of acanthopte- rygian fishes, tyjiified by the genus Boriclitbi/s, having the lower pectoral rays unbranched :in(l simply articulated, the ventral fins jugular and separated by a wiile area, t he anal fin moderate, and no scales. Only two or three species are known; they inluibit antarctic seas. Bovichthys (bo-vik'this), «. [NL., < L. bos (hor-) (= (ir. jiiiir), ox, + Gr. ix^i'C, fish.] The typical genus of the family Borichthiiiriw. bO'Viculture (liii'vi-kul-tur), n. [< ]j. liiis (hoy-), ox, + fiiUnro, culture.] Tlie breeding and rear- ing of cattle ; stock-raising. [Rare.] bovid (bo'vid), a. and «. I, a. Pertaining to the lloriiliv: bovine. II. n. One of the Bovidw. Bovidae (b(>'vi-de), n. pi. [NIj., < Tins (Bor-), ox, + -idir.] A family of hollow-horned ru- minants, tlw i)X tribe, containing (lio liovines. The family wits formerly nearly coextcriHivc wiMi the gc nus //oh in a large mcmsc, fncludlng ciitth' as iliBtliigniHlicd from goats, sheep, and aritclnpeH. In this ai ci-pliitioii tin- family corrcMponds to the moilrrn sulifamily Jlutio'i-. It hus been fonmi Impossible, honever. to draw any sbnrp illvlding line between cattle and other hollow horneil rumiiiiuitK, among Home of which, as the aritelopcH, coii- ncctlng link nr. 'fhercfore. notwilliKtanillng the fa- ndllar dllfereneo between all ox and a sheep, for exam- jile, or a goat and an antelope, the family Itoridti- now contains all of these which havi' hollow, Jiei-Blslent horns, common to bolli sexes, generally two. nomellmes four, and certain common eniiiliil I'liaraclers by which they collectively illirer from llie saiga on II ne hand and (rimi the pronghorn on the other Ihenc two so called nnlelo|ie» being made reiipeetlvely the types of the faml- IliM .SVoV/iV/ir and Antiloranridii: Thi' Ituvidir as IhilH ilefincd are eonventlonally divided Into live subfamilies: /(nrini. During the middle ages the nation's of Europe used longbows of 5 or 6 feet in length, the shorter ones being used by horsemen, and the longer l)y the foot-archers. The bows now commonly used in archery are of two kinds, the single-piece bow, or self-bow, and the back or union bow. The single-piece bow is made of one rod of hickory, lance- wood, or yew, the last, if perfectly free from knots, being considered the most suitable wood. The union bow is made of two or sometimes three pieces glued together. See cuts under arbalister, bowman, and crossbow. 3. The name of several implements shaped like a bent bow. (a) In tuu-fic, an implement originally curved, but now almost straiglit. by means of wliich the tone is produced from instruments of the violin kind. It is made of a slender statf of elastic wi lod , to the two slightly projecting ends of which a quantity of hurse-luiirs (about 80 or 100) are fastened. These, being rubbed with resin and drawn over the strings of the instrimient, cause it to sound, (b) An implement consisting of a piece of wood curved, and having a string extended from one extremity to the other, used (1) by smiths in turning a drill, (2) by turners in turning wood, and (3) by hatters in preparing fur and wool for their use. 4. Any bent or curved thing. Specifically— (a) A rainbow. And it shall come to pass, when I bring a cloud over the earth, that the bow shall be seen in the cloud. Gen. ix. 14. (b) The part of a yoke which embraces the animal's neck ; hence, the yoke itself. As the ox hath his bow, sir, the horse his curb, and the falcon her bells, so man hath his desires. Shak., As you Like it, iii. 3. ((') In ttaddtcry, one of two pieces of wood, united so as to foi-ui an arch fitting the horse's tiack, which serve to give the sadtlle its proper form. ( and fcu(.— Backof abow. See fao/,!.— Bows and bills, tlic cry raised in old times by the English to give an alarm in their camp G. bag in this sense), = AS. bog, bob, arm, branch: see boiighX.'] If. Same as bought. Compare ■with boirpot for boughpot. — 2. Naut., the forward part or head of a ship, beginning where the sitles trend inward, and tcnninating where they close or unite in the stem or ]u-ow. A naiTow 'bow is called a lean bow ; a broad one, a bold or bluffhow. — 3. The foremost oar used in rowing a boat, or the person who pulls that oar; the bow-oar — Doubling of the bow {naut.), thick planking at the bow of a vessel to protect it from injury by the anchor-bill.— On the bOW (nniit.), on that part of the horizon which is within 45' of the line ahead. bO'W'l (bou), H. A Scotch form of boU^. 1 trust you remember you are owing to the laird foiu* stones of barley-meal, aud a bow of oats. Scott, Abbot, II. 82. bO'W^ (bb), ». [Also written bu; < Icel. bil, a farm, stock, cattle (= Dan. Sw. bo, dwelling, = AS. bu = OS. bu, dwelling, = D. bouw, tillage, building, = OHG. bu, dwelling, tillage, build- ing, MHG. bu, bou, G. bau, tillage, bxiilding), < hi'M = AS. buan, dwell : see by~, bower''', boor, etc., from the same root.] A herd of cattle; the stock of cattle on a farm : as, a bow of kye (that is, cows). [(Jbsolete, except in Scotland and the north of England.] bO'W''t, bO'Wet, "• [Prob. a reduced form of i«?/3.] The pro\nsions of a benefice granted by the pope. X E. D. [Scotch.] bcwablet (bou'a-bl), a. [< 6o«'l -f- -able.'] Ca- pable of being bowed or bent; flexible. bcw-arm (bo'iirm), «. 1. The arm that moves the bow in plajong an instrument of the violin family; a violinist's right arm. See bow-haiul. — 2. In archery, the arm employed in holding the bow, ordinarily the left arm. bo'W-backed (bo'bakt), a. Ha-ving a back bent like a bow. Tennyson. bffwel bo'W-bearer (b6'bar"er), n. In old Eng. law, an iinikn-iifficer of a forest, whoso duty was to give informal ion of trespasses. bcw-bellt (l)o'liel), II. One born within the sound of the Ijclls of the church of Bow, which is near the center of the City of London; a cockney. Beau, and ft. bO'W-bent (bo 'bent), a. Bent like a bow; crooked. A sibyl old, bow-bent with crooked age. Milton, Vac. Ex., L 69. bow-billed (bo'bild), a. Having the bill bowed or arcuate, as some birds. bow-boy (bo'boi), )(. A boy who uses a bow; specifically, Cupid. Shale. bow-brace (bo'bras), «. A covering of bone, metal, or leathei' for protecting the left arm of a bowman from tli(^ iiercussion of the bow-string. bow-case (bo'kas), n. A long bag of wood, leat her, or cloth, in which a bow is kept when not in use. bow-chaser (bou'eha''''s6r), n. A gun pointed ovci' the Viow of a shij) of war, tor firing at a cliased ves.'icl. bow-cla'Vier (b6'kla"vi-er), «. A musical in- struineiit Iiaving a koylipard and strings like a harpsichord or jiiano, in which the tones were produced by tlie friction of little bows or resined wheels pressed against tlie strings. Such an instrument is saiii to have lieeii attemiited about 1600 at Nuremberg, and many were e'. Also called hoir-liarjisicliord. bow-compass, bow-compasses (bo'kum'pas, -ez), II. See coiiipiiss. bowti, II. See boud^. bowdark, «. See bodarlc. Bowdlerism (bod'ler-izm), n. [< Bowdler (Thomas Bowdler, who published in 1818 an ex- purgated edition of Shakspere) + -km.'] The practice of omitting from an author's edited writings words or passages considered offensive or indelicate. Bowdlerization (b6d"ler-i-za'shon), n. [< Bowdlcrix + -ation.] Expurgation of offensive or indelicate passages or words from an edited book or writing. Bowdlerize (bod'K-r-iz), r. t. ; pret. and pp. Biiwilkri^id, ppr. Bowdleri::iHg. [< Bowdler (see Bowdlerism) + -ii^e.] To expurgate in editing by expimging words or passages considered offensive or indelicate. Hence, when the incessant human sacrifices in Israel during the age of the kings are all put down to the in- tluenee of foreign idolatries, we may fairly inquire whether editorial Bowdlerimng has not prevailed over historical truth. Huxte'iJ, in Nineteenth Century, XIX. 489. bow-drill 'bo'dril), «. A drill worked by means of a bow and string. The string is turned about the spindle of the drill, which is moved by a reciprocat- ing motion of the how. Bow-dye (bo'di), n. A kind of scarlet color, superior to madder, but inferior to the true scarlet grain for fLxedness and dm'ation : fh'st used in Bow, London. „„„.„... bowedlbod), ;*. a. [< bow" + -«/2.] 1. Bent like a bow; embowed. In heraldry also termeA fleeted or reflected. — 2. Having a convex or bulging form : as, a bowed shield. bowed-embowed (bod'em-bod'), a. See em- bowed. bowel (bou'el), n. [< ME. boicel, howele, bouel, buel, boel, < OF. boel, buil, m., also boele, buele, f., F. boyau (whence prob. E. bayou, q. v.) = Pr. budvl = It. budello, < ML. botcllu.^', an intestine, < L. botcllus, a sausage, dim. of botulus, a sau- sage, orig. an intestine.] 1. One of the intes- tines of an animal; a division of the alimen- tary canal below the stomach ; a gut, especially of man : chiefly used in the plural to denote the intestines collectively. — 2t. One of the \-iscera ; any internal organ of the body, as the stomach, liver, brain, etc. — 3. pi. The interior part of anything. Rush'd into the bowels of the battle. Shak.. 1 Hen, VI., i. 1. It was great pity, so it was. That villainous saltpetre should be digg'd Out of the bvu-tis of the harmless earthT Shak., I Ben. IV., i. 3. 4. jyl. The inner parts as the seat of pity or kindness; hence, tenderness; compassion. He that relieves another upon the hare suggestion and boivels of pity, doth not this so much for his sake as for his own. Sir T. Browne, Religio Medici, iL 2. bowel ■What the plague, have you no boiceU for your own kin- dred? Sheridan, School for Scandal, uL 3. 5t. pJ- Offspring; children. Thine own boxceU, which do call thee sire, The mere effusion ol thy proper loins. Shak., SI. for M., ill. 1. To move the bowels, to produce evacuation of the iKjwels b.v administering a suitable aperient or cathartic. bowelt (bou'el), V. t.-, pret. and pp. boweled or boiceUcd, ppr. bowelhig or howelting. [< ME. howelen ; cf. OF. boelcr; from the noun.] To take out the bowels of ; eviscerate ; penetrate the bowels of; disembowel. Drawn and hanged in his armour, taken dorni alive and bairelled. Slotr, Edward II., an. 1326. bowellesst (bou'el-les), a. [< bowel + -less.'] Without tenderness or pity; unfeeling. lliserable men commiserate not themselves ; boicelless unto others, and merciless unto their own liowels. Sir T. Browne, Oirist. Mor., i. 7. bowel-pryert (bou'el-pri'er), n. One who prac- tise* divination by examining the intestines of animals. Holhiiid. bowel-pryingt (bou'el-pri'ing), «. Divination bv examining the bowels of animals. Holland. bowenite (bo 'en-it), ». [After George T. B'ltrtii, who described it in 1S22.] A variety of serpentine from Smithfield, Rhode Island, of Ught-green color and line granular texture. It is remarkable for its hardness and its re- semblance to jade. bowerl (bou'er), n. [Early mod. E. also hour, boiin; etc. ; < ME. boiir, '< AS. bur, a dwell- ing, house, room, chamber (=0S. i«r= MLG. bur, a house, cage, LG. buiir, a cage, = OHG. bur, a chamber, MHG. biir, G. baucr, a cage, = Icel. bur, a chamber, larder, store-room, = Sw. bur = Dan. bur. formerly huur). < bmin = Icel. bm, etc., dwell. Cf. booth, bottle^, build, etc., from the same root. Hence ult. boor, fcoicerS, and ntigh-bour, neigh-bor.'] 1. A dwell- ing or habitation; particularly, a cottage; an impretentious residence ; a rustic abode. [Now only poetical.] (.'(furtesy oft-times in simple bowers Is found as jnx'at as iu the stately towers. Sir J. Itarinffton, tr. of Ariosto, xiv. 62. 2t. An inner room; any room in a house ex- cept the hall or public room; hence, a bed- chamber. In liast came rustling forth from inner bojore. Sjienner, V. Q., I. viii. f). 8. Especially, a lady's private chamber; a bou- doir. [Poetical.] Tile feast was over in Branksoine tower, And the Ladye had gone to her secret bower. Scolt, L. of L. M., i. 1. 4. A shelter made with boughs or twining plants; an arbor; a shady recess. I only lieKKcii a little woudltinc boicer Where I might sit and weep. ir. MoHon, English Garden, 3. bower^t (bou'fer), r. [< bowcr^, «.] I. trans. To inclose in a bower, or as in a bower; cm- bower; inclose. O nature I wliat lindst thou to do in hell. When thou didst bt/urr the spirit of a llend In mortal paradise of such sweet llesli V .Shak., K. and J., iii. 2. n. intrans. To take shelter; lodge. .Spredding pavilions for the Idrds t^i Itouve. Spennf.r, ¥. Q., VI. x. 6. bower^ (bou'er), n. [< 6oicl + -erl.] One who or that wliich bows or bends; specifically, a muscle that liends the joints. IliH rawlHine arnifs, whose mighty iirawned bowrn U'cr<- wont to rive Hteete plates, Spnuirr, V. il., I. viii. 41. bower-' (bou't-r), ». [< bou-^ + -rrl.] An an- chorcarried at the bow of a sliip. 'rhc two Imwer- aiirhors were lonnerly of iiiii-i|inil sl/c, and were called the li^Mt and ntnall liower respectively ; but when (as gen- erally now) of e4|UAl size, they are known as the starboard and jttift lH»werB. The whaler . . . made a rlunisy phTcof work In get- ting lirr aiK-lior, U'lng obligi-d (i'HHant (in this Honse prop. Iioir), also n biiildiT, = (1. biiurr,n peannnl, kIhii a biiilflcr: »«"' I'onr, ami cf. liower*'.] A iHiiManl ; a fnniicr. bower" 'lionV^r), n. (E. HticllinK of G. hinier, a IwiiHimt, a farmer ; in a fjomian pack of cunlH, the kiiiivi- or jack; = I), bocr, a funner, tlw knnvo jn canlH, > E. boor, q. v.] In luehn , one of the two liiKheHt cardll, or, if the jokir ia naed, the sncoud or third higbcst. 'Hic bowen, 646 are the knave of trumps, the higher of the two, called the ri'jht bcicer, and the knave of the suit having the same color as the trump, called the teft bower. But the hands that were played By that heathen Chinee, And the points that he made, %Vere quite frightful to sott — Till at last he put down a riijht bower, Aniich tile same Nye had dealt unto me. Bret Ilarte, Heathen Chinee. bower'' (bo'er), H. [< bow-, «. and r., + -ci-l. Cf. bowyer.] If. A bow-maker; a bowyer. — 2. One who plays mth a bow on a 'violin or other stringed instrument. bower^ (bo'er or bou'er), n. [Also written hooer ; < bow", a head of cattle, farm-stock, -I- -erl.] A person who rents or leases the dairy stock on a farm, together with pasture and fod- der for them, and makes what he can from their produce, the cultivation of the fann still remaining with the fanner or proprietor. [S. \V. comities of Scotland.] bower-anchor (bou'er-ang"kor), II. An anchor carried at a ship's bows. See bower^. bower-bird (bou'er-berd), n. The name of the Australian oscine passerine birds of the gen- era Ptilonorliyiichus, Clilanii/dod^ra, etc., consti- bow-knot bow-fast (bou'fast), II. \aut., a rope or chain by which a ship is secured at the bow. bow-file (bo'fil), H. A file having a bowed or cm-vededge; a riffler. bowfijl (bou'fln), II. A name of the mudfish, Amia caha. Also called lirindle, grindle, law- yer, dogfish, etc. See cut under Aitiiidw. bowgetr'- See bouge^. bow-grace (bou'gras), «. Xaut., a frame, or comjiositiou of jimk, laid out at the sides, stem, or bows of a ship to seciu-e it from injury by ice. bow-band (bo'hand), II. 1. In arehery, the hand that holds the bow, commonly the left hand. — 2. In music, the hand that draws the bow ; a violinist's right hand On the bow-hand. (rt) On tile wrong side ; wrongly ; inacnirately. He shootes wyde on the bowe hand, and very farre from the niarke. Spender, State of Ireland. {b) Wrong in one's calculations. rber. Well, you must have this wench, then ? itic. I hope so ; I am much o' the bow-hand else. Beau, ami Fl., Coxcomb, i. 3. bow-harpsichord (bd'hiirp^si-kdrd), n. Same as hiin-i:l(iriir. bow-head (bo'hed), n. A species of right whale ; the polar right whale or Greenland whale, Bahena mysticetus. See also cut under whale. bow-headed (bo'hed-ed), a. Having a bowed ov liout head, as a right whale. bowie (bou'i), II. [Perhaps from OF. Iiuie, prob. same as buire, a water-pitcher, vessel for wine, < buire, F. hoire, < L. bibere, drink.] A large wooden milk-bowl. [Scotch.] bowie-knife (bo'c-uif; in the Southwest pro- noimced bo'c-nif), ii. [After its inventor, (Colonel James Bowie, died 1836.] A heavy sheath-knife first tised in the early part of the present century in Kentucky and other parts of the United States which were then on the bor- ders of civilization. Theblaile is from 9 to 10 inches long, and has only oue edge ; the back is straight for three tuting with some authors a subfamily I'tiloiio- rhyiwhinw, of the family Oriolida\ They .ire re- markable for building what are called bowers, runs, or play- houses, which they adorn with gay feathers, rags, bones, shells, and other white, bright, or conspicuous objects. There are several species of botli the genera named ; the best-known are the satin bower-bird, P. hotogericeint, and the spotted bower-bird, C. otaculata. The bowers are not the nests of the birds, but places of resort where they amuse themselves. bower-eaves (bou'("'r-evz), n. pi. The eaves of a bower or bedchamber. A bow-shot from her bower-eaves. Tennyson, Lady of Sliulott, iii. bowered (bou'erd), a. [< bower^ + -cd-.] Fur- nished with bowers, recesses, or alcoves. 2'eii- in/siiii. bdwerly (bou'er-li), «. [See 6«)Vi/l.] Large; stout : buriv. [Prov. Eng.] bower-maid (bou'er-mad), «. [< liowcr^ + maid. en. yiE. bourmaidcii.] Ayoungwomuti in attendance on a lady ; a lady's-iuaid ; a wait- iiig-woriian. [Now only poetical.] bower-thane (bou'i i-tlifiii). «. [Mod. form of ilE. Inirlhdn, < AS. bur-thegn, < bur, bower, + thiijn, thane.] A chamberlain under the Saxon kings. The chamberlain, or bower-lhanr, wiui also the royjil treasurer. Thorpe, tr. of Lappenberg's lllsl. ICng., v. bower-woman (bou'er-wum'an), n. Same as iiiiiii r-n/nitt. Srnfl. bowery' (bou'er-i), a. [< 6oHT)l + -1/1. ] Of the nature of a bower; containing bowers; leafy; shady. bowery- ( bou'/'f-i), «.; p\.lioweries{-i7.). [Also \viill IIm public by his tnlental dreaming. Irvtnii, Knlckerliocker. p. l;i;;, boweSS, bOWet' (bou'es, -et), H. [See Imwir^. | III folciiirii, a young liawk when it begius lo I'iive the nest. bowet' (bini'ot), II. See bowmg. bowet- (bo'ot), n. Hume us buat. Ii Bowic-knile and Sheath. quui'toi-s of its Inigtli, iiiul tluMi riivves towiird the edge in n slifjlitly cimeave swrcp. wliilo tla- edno Iliiislies toward the jicun't in a convex cmvc. 'I'lic pnini is very siimll, niui the toiifjue is of tlic full InraiUh of the y:np or barrel, which is foniicil of two ronmioil pieces of wood or luine. The best knives were inailc by frlislK'r >— ' imlirntes a stroke bejiinuiHK with the mit, that is, down ; wliiU- sy or •% iniUcates a stroko beirinrdni.' with tin- poltit, that is, uj). bowing- {b(i'int^), H. [< hoit'^^ ?(., + -hit/^.] A h'usr (if tlie dairy sloek on a farm. See howfr^. |Se„tel,.] bowingly (bou'iiiK-li), adr. In a bending man- ner. Ilnliut. bow-instrument (bo'ln'strii-ment), (1. A shinned iiistniinent iiliiyed by nieaiiK of allow, aH the double-bass, tlie sninll liass or violon- cello, I lie tenor, tlii> violin in-oper, <>tc. bow-iron (bo'i'em), «. A idiisji or liolder used to s ire llie Ixiws of a enrrinj;e-lop. bowk' ( boiild, ". Same IIS /<»//.'. [Seoteh.] bowk- (lioiiU), r. /. Same as /'. [Seotefi.] bow-kail (iMui'kiil), n. (('f. borveolc] Cab- bii^e. Hums. ISeoteh.] bowking (bou'kinK), n. Same nH liiicl'ing^. bow-knot (lio'not), ». A sliji-kiKit made by iliiiuiiif,' a portion of n eord, rililioii, etc., in the form of a bow throngh an iiivelulion, which is bow-kndt then tightened round the bow. The knot is simple if there is only one bow, double if there are two ; it ean be easily untied by drawing the bow back. 'bowl^ (bol), H. [Prop., as in early mod. E., hull, and still so spelled in some senses (see boll^ and i"//-) ; < ME. bolk; < AS. holla, a bowl, = OFries. holla (in comp.) = OHG. holla. MIKI. bolle, a roimd vessel, G. hoik, a bulb, onion, = Icel. holli = Sw. b&l = Dan. bolle, a bowl ; ef. ¥. bol, a bowl, G. bowie, a bowl, < E. howl\. Some- what confused with howl'^ and other forms from L. bulla (see /)«//-, biW^, boil'^, etc.); prob. ult. akin tc holc'^, hall^, etc.] 1. A low-standing concave vessel used for various domestic and other piu'poses, chiefly for holding liquids or li(iuid food. A bowl is properly somewhat luMiiispheri- cal, hiiL'rr than a cup and deeper and less llarinji than a liasin (.ilthouijh in Great Britain bowls for table use are coiiHiionly ■ allfd hanins), and without a cover ; but bowls fui- siinie spLMitlc uses, as sugar-bowls, are widely varied in shape utuI jirovided with covers. And thou shalt make the dishes thereof, and spoons thereof, . . . and bou'ls thereof, to cover (margin, pour ■out] withal. Ex. xxv. 29. More specifically — 2. A large drinking-eup ; a goblet : in this sense now chiefly figurative, as an emblem of festivity or dissipation. Come, forward, gentlemen, to church, my boys! When we have done, I'll give you cheer in buivls. Beau, and Ft., Scornful Lady, iv. 2. There St. John mingles with ray friendly bowl The feast of reason and the flow of soul. Pope, Imit. of Horace, 1. 127. But let no footstep beat the floor, Nor bowl of wassail mantle warm. Tennyson, In Memoriam, cv. 3. Anything having the general shape or use of a bowl, as a natural depression in the ground, the pound or central portion of a fishing-weu', the hollow or containing part of a vessel or utensil having a stem or a handle, etc. : as, the bowl of a chalice, a spoon, or a tobacco-pipe. lowl^ (bol; E. dial, boul (the reg. historical pron.) ; Sc. bol), n. [< ME. bowlc, boiile, < OF. boulc, F. houle = Pr. bola = Sp. Pg. bold = It. bolla, bulla, a ball, < L. bulla, a bubble, a stud, any round object, > E. bull^, bill3, etc. Some- what confused with bowl''-, bole'-, and 6nHl.] If. A ball; any sphere or globe. [So used till late in the seventeenth century.] — 2. A large solid ball of hard wood used in playing («) the game of bowls on a level plat of greensward called a bowling-green, or (b) the game of skittles or ninepins on a long, floored surface of wood «alled a bowling-alley. {See bowls.) In the for- mer game the bowls are made with a bias, that is, oblate -on one side and prolate on the other, and are of a size which admits of their being grasped more or less flmily between the thumb and the lingers. In the latter game the balls are sometimes much larger, ami furnished With holes to facilitate grasping them, and are but slightly biased, if at all. Like an uninstructed bowler, he thinks to attain the jack by delivering his bowl straightforward upon it. Seott. 3. A turn at a game of bowls : as, it is his bowl next. — 4 (pron. bol). A marble used by boys in play; in the plural, the game itself. [Scotch.] — 5. In a knitting-machine, the roller or anti- friction wheel on which the carriage traverses. — 6. One of the buoys or floats used by hen'ing- fishers about Yarmouth, England, to support the drift-net and keep its edge uppermost. These bowls are colored to mark the divisions of the fleet of nets — Burnt bowl, etc. See bimit. 1)0W12 (bol), )'. [< bowl", «.] I. intmns. 1. To play with bowls or at bowling: as, " chal- lenge her to bowl," Sliak., L. L. L., iv. 1. — 2. To roll a Vjowl, as in the game of bowls. — 3. To deliver the ball to be played by the bats- man at cricket. — 4. To move horizontally, with a rapid and easy motion, like a ball : as, the carriage bowled along. We bowled along the great North road. Mrs. Gore. II. trans. 1. To roll or trundle, as a bowl. Break all the spokes and fellies from her wlieel. And bowl the round nave down the liil! of heaven. ^/(«i-., Hamlet, ii. 2. 2. To pelt with or as with bowls. I had rather be set quick i' th' earth. And bowl'd to death with turnips. Shak., U. W. of W., iii. 4. To bowl out, in cricket, to put out of play by knocking OF. hoeline, holinr, F. trivanco for catching lobsters and crawfish, bouline, G. bolcinc); < Icel. bOij, Sw. bot/, etc.. mtide of two round wicker baskets, pointed at shoulder, bow of a ship (see bow3), + Una = E. the end, one of which is thrust into the other, toifS; the first element is then the same as E. bow3, and the strict E. pron. would be bou'liii and having at the mouth a little rim bent in- ward to ojiposo the return of the fish. Ct. bowsprit.] 1. Naut, a rope leading forward bow-oar (bou'or), n. 1. The foremost oar used and fastened to the leech of a square sail, it is in pulling a boat.— 2. The person who puUs used to steady the w.atiiei l.-crli of the sail ami keep it the bow-oar.— 3. In a whale-boat, the oar next forward, an,l thus to ,nakc the slop sail nearer the wind. fo the forward one. C. M. ficammon. ,vi?^ f n ? ^- "'t* "^^ sf ''ed well enough with the bOW-pen (bo'pen), n. A (h-afting-compass, car wmd free, but that give hun a taut dojciiiie, and he would vvii,.'^ -, ■,^n^-. t nr,.,„„.\\\ i <.=», vo. beat us, it we had all the canvas of the Royal ficorge. '-V'> '^ If" V**' I"."'") ^ Royal George R. II. Dana, Jr., Before the Mast, p. 73. 2. In skip-builduiff, a curve representing a ver- tical section of the bow-end of a ship Bow- , Une on a bight, a )iowline-knot made on the bight of a rope.— On a bowline, said of a ship when sailing close to the wind. The Ayacucho went oft on a bowline, which brought her to windward of us. Ii. 11. Dana, Jr., Before the Mast. To Clieck the bowline, to slacken it when the wind be. comes uKire favorable.-- To sharp the main bowline or hale the bowlme, to puii it harder. bowline-bridle (bo'lin-bri dl), «. The span on the leech of a sail to which the bowline is at- tached. bowline-cringle (b6'lin-kring'''gl), «. The loops worked in the leech of a sail to which the bow- line or bowline-bridle is attached. at the extremity of one leg. The two legs of the com- pass form a bow or spring which tends to open it, but is retained in any desired po- sition by means r,f a set-screw. bow-piece (bou'pes), «. A piece of ordnance car- ried in the bow of a ship. bow-pin (bo'pin), II. 1. A cotter or key for keep- ing the bows of an ox- yoke in place. — 2. A small pin or piece of wood with a head or knot, used by hatters in vibrating the string of the bow used in bowing fur or wool. bowline-knot (IxVlin-not), «. A certain knot bowpot, n. See boughpot. much used by sailors. See tow^l. bow-saw (bo'sa), «. A sweep-saw ; a tuming- Bow-pcns. bowlingl (bo'ling), «. [< bowl''- + -(«;/!.] In See frame-saw. di/eing, the washing of fabrics by passing them bowse'^ (bouz), i'. i. Same as boose. over rollers in a vessel of water. bowse", i: t. See housc''^. The pieces, after the last dip, are washed over rollers by bOWSOrt, »'• [Early mod. E. bowsier, appar. a the process known as ( G. bugspriet, bowsprit. The var. E. forms show that the word was not a native compoimd, but is rather of Scand. or LG. ori- gin ; < Sw. bog, etc., = E. bow'^ (of a ship), + spriit, etc., = E. sprit: see hoir'^ and sprit, and cf. bowline.] A large spar which projects for- ward from the stem of a ship or other vessel. Beyond it extend the jib-boom and the Uying-jib Ijoom. llie bowsprit is secured downward by the bobstays and the . Boivsprit: i, ftanimoninrj (which see), and at the sides by the boic/rprit- shrouds. which are secured to the bows of the ship. From the outer end of the bowsprit a spar called the martinaale or duli-hin-strikev project* downward to support the mar- tingale-stays, and two smaller spars, called whiskers, pro- ject sidewise to support the jib-guys. On the foretopniast- 648 hueJis — Svr. htix (-bom) = Dan. hux (-horn) = F. hiiis = Pr. bois = Sp. hnx = Pg. biixo = It. bosso, busso, < L. biixut; = Gr. Triioc, box-tree, boxwood: hence box-, q. v. Cf. box-tree.'] A small evergi-eeu tree or shrub, fluxiis xciiipcr- rireiis, a dwarfed variety of wMeli is used for ornamental hedges, and in gai-dening as an edging for flower-beds. See Buxus and box- wood African box, a n.ime given to Mitrsine Africana. —Marmalade box. &.imu as iicnipap. T.Tdutk'-'Viiliieree TeTp'ecraliv in a^holv weU^ box- (boks), «. [< ME. fto.r, < AS. fcox abox, Is for tt; ~J? miZss) "See extmet. ehest = OHG. bubsa, IfflG. buhsc, G. buCsc, a bowsprit stav thf! jib-stay, and the flinngjib stay (which extend downward from the foretopmast-head and the foretop- eallantmast-head to the ends of the iH.wspnt, jiD-boom, and flyini-jib boom) are set the foretopmast-staysail the lib and the Ihing jib. Corruptly written (mltsprtt.—SeO. Of the bowsprit, --^ee w,n.~ Bowspnt-cap the cip on the outer end of the bowsprit, tliroUL;li "Irnh tlie jib-booni tr.iv.T^es. .See ca/i.— Riumlng bowsprit, a bowsprit that < an be run out and in like a jih-boom.— Standing bowsprit, a permanently fixed bowsprit. bowssenif, <.. t. Same as boo^e. bowssen'-t, r. t. [< Com. beii::i. immerse, drown.] box-coil In a box, in a tight box, in a perplexing or embarrass- ing situati.ni ■. in a dimenlty.- In the (or a) wrong box, in an awl^wurd situation ; niistjtlien. "Sir," <|Uoth I, "if you will hear how St. Augustine ex- pounded that place, you shall perceive that you are in a- m-ont) box." Ridley, Works, p. 103 (1554X I perceive that vou and I are ih a wrunri hnx. J. Cdatl, Diotrephes, p. 31. He'd soon find himself in the n'rowr hnx with Sarah Jane- D , I Hurrant. C, A. Sala, The late Jlr. D . Omnibus-box. See omni7)H.«.— Salting-box (mint.), a. small liox containing mealed powder which is sprinkled upon tile fuses of shells that they may take fire from the- Idast of the powder in the eliamber. The water feU into a close walled plot ; upon this wall was the frantick person set, and from thence tumbled headlong into the poud ; where a strong fellow tossed him up and down, until the patient, by foregoing Ins strength, had somewhat forgot his fury ; but if there appeared small aineudnient. he was bowsxeiuil again and again, wlule there remained in him any hope of life for recover}-. It. Cnrew, Survey of Cornwall. bowstaff (bo'staf), «.; pi. boirstaves <-stavz). In arelicni, a selected and prepared piece of tim- ber for a" bow; the bow in a rough state. Yew is the timber generally preferred, and prior to the use of piiniowdcr bowstaves were an important article of coni- bowstring (bo'string), H. [< boK'i + string; ef. AS. hoqen (for bogan, gen. of boga) streiig.] 1. The string of a bow, by wliich it is dra^m and the an'OW discharged. Bowstrings are made of many materials, a very common one being rawhide, which does not stretch easily. Bows from western Africa have the strings of twisted or plaited cane; those of the Hindus are frequently of silk, not twisted, but of parallel threads tiound together at intervals. 2. A similar string used for strangling offend- ers in the Ottoman empire ; hence, by meton- ymy, execution by strangling. There was no difference whatever between the polity of inere was no uiuereiice wiiaievei oetwccii iiic i<,,itij ,jj . „i „. „ ;„;^I.;rt,,n«,, /.^,. our country and that of Turkey, and ... if the king did or kept: as, a pool-box ; a missiouary-doj: box, barrel of a gun, a gun, = MD. buise, bi(yse, box- (boks), i: t. [< box'^, «.] 1. To place in a tb-iiiking-yessel (> prob. E. bousc\ q. v.), D. ' ' ' '" " ■" " ' ' bin's, a pipe, tube, channel, bus. a bo.x, pot, bar- rel of a gtm (cf. E. bluitdcrbiiiss), bol; box of a coach, = ML(j. biis.9c, a box, pipe, = Icel. bi/.fs E. pyx), < buxus = Gr. Tifof, box-tree, boxwood: see fcojl. The forms in Rom. and Teut. are numerous and involved : see 6o('sfl, boosl'^, bush-, bushel, boss-, etc.] 1. A case or receptacle for articles or materials of any kintl. when used absolutely, bux usually sigiullcs a rectangular case of wood with a lid or a removable cover, and with a clear inner space for storing or packing ; but for specific uses boxes are made of any adaptable ma- terial, and of any size or shape, or may consist of coni- partments in a larger receptacle, with or without covers, or with permanent covers and top or side openings. Among such specific kinds are cash-boxes, bandboxes, pill-boxes, ballot-boxes, dice-boxes, the boxes in a print- ers' case, etc. For boxes known by other names, see cheat and trunk. 2. A money-chest, especially one in which money for some particular purpose is collected not . . . send mutes with boie-strinf/.^ to Sancroft and Hali- fax, this was only because His Majesty was too gracious to use the whole power which he derived from heaven. ilaeaulaii, Hist. Eng., ix. bowstring (bo'string), r. t. [< bowstrhig, )i.] 1. To turiiish with a bowstring.— 2. To stran- gle witli a bowstring. bowstring-bridge (bo'string-bfij). «. Abridge in which tlie horizontal thrust of the arch is So manie moe, so everie one wiis useil. That to give largely to the hoxe refused. .S';/c)iJ,ci-, Jlother Hub. Tale, 1, li'21. 3. The quantity that a box contains. — 4. A receptacle under the driver's seat on a carriage ; hence, the seat itself. Where would vou like to sit? In or out? Back to the horses or the froiit? Get you the box. if you like. Disraeli, The Young Duke. 5. A package or case of presents, especially Christmas presents. Such a box as our prentices beg before Christmas. Cotf/rave. a box; inclose as in a box ; couline ; hoard. Saving never ceased Till he had hox'd up twelve score pounds at least. Crahbc, The Borough. 2. To furnish with a box, as a wheel. — 3. To- make a hole or cut (in a tree) for the sap to col- lect: as, to 6oj a maple. — 4. J\'oH^, to cause (a^ vessel) to turn short roimd on lier heel by bra- cing tlie head-yards aback: sometimes followed, by ojf .- as, to'box off a vessel. See haul. — 5. To form into a box or the sliape of a liox : as, to box the scenes on a stage. To box the com- pass, to name the points of the compass in their order ; Irik-c, lignratively, to make a complete turn or round. box-* (boks), li. [< ME. box, a blow, buffet- (tlie verb is not fomid in JIE.); supposed to be of Scand. origin : Dan. bash; a slap, blow, bdslr, strike, slap, thwack, but this is repre- sented in E. by 6oft-/(l, q. v., while Sw. btisa, beat, wliip, flog, biiK, a beating, is represented by ?)«.l. /„y.ra = Norw, pie in a public place. («) A compartment in tin common room of a tavern or other house of rcfreshnient. (/)) A seated compartment in a theater or other place of amusement: as, "the boxes and the pit," Driiden. (r) In courts of justice, the seats set apart for jurymen and the stand for witnesses. The whide machinery of the state, all the apparatus ot the system, and its varied workings, cud in siiii|)ly bring- ing twelve good men into a box. liruuijham, I'rescnt State of the Law, Keb. 7, 18-28. (d) A separate compartment or a roomy stall for a horse in a stable or railroad-ear. 7. A place of shelter for one or two men en- gaged in the perfbrmance of certain duties: as, a sentry-/»;.(-,- a signalman's box. — 8. A snug house; a small country-house for tempo- rary use during the continuance of some sport, as of hunting: as, a shoot ing-iox. Let me keep a brace ot hunlers— a cozy Imx — a bit of land to it, and a girl after my own heart, and 111 cry iinlts with you. lUtlteer, relhatn, l\\\il. 9. In mach.: (a) A cvlindrieal hollow iron in a wheel, in which tlio lixle runs. (U) In a immp; (1) The cap i-overing the to]i of llie jiuiiip. {'-') A pump-bucket. (:i) A hollow idiinger with a lifting-valve. (4) .\ casing about a vnlye. (<-) The piiUey-i-ase in a di-aw-looni on which rest the roller's that conduct the tail-cords. bdksa = Sw. baxa = Dan. lia.re = G. baxen, boxen, all < E. bo.V'K'] I. /ra«.s'. To beat; thrash; strike with the fist or hand ; especially, to strike- on the ear or side of the head: as, "they box her about the ears," Xorth, tr. of riutarch, p. 115, By heaven ! a little thing would make me (m.i- you. Chiijiuiitii. Gentleman I'sher, iii. 1. II. iiilraiis. To liglit with the fists, whether bare or incased in boxing-gloves; combat with or as with tho hands or fists. A Ic. I.I,,,,. A y r I. 2. f)n. n.. pmiu bowyor bOWZe, howzy. See /foo.v, hon:ii. bOKl ((„„, . ;,, [< ME. box, < AS. hnT=l}. bus ('toom, -tri (■) = OHG. MHO. buh.i (-bourn), O. The receptacle for a shuttle at the end of tl) lathe of a loom, (r) The socket for the si-i-ew in a Hcrew-vise. (./') The o)ieniiig into winch the end of a rib-saw is weilged. — 10. In rar/i., a trough for cutting miters. .See niiUr-hox. — 11. Saul., the space between the back-bourd and the sterii-liosl of a boat, where the ciixswiiin sitH.— 12. In I'oundiiiii, the llask orfranie which holds the saiid,— 13'. The keeper into which the boll of a lock enters in Im-kiiig. Also called t\u- slai>li of the lock.— 14. In u i.rinfeiH' case, the compartment for a single cliiii-ai-ter: as, the n-/"/.i- is emiitv; the connna-/").r.— 15. A battery for w-il(f-f<>wl shooting; a sink-box. - Antifriction box. H' e n.i(i<^riW..o.. Aauatlc box. Heen.o/.iO. Hot box, a )oinnal box b,.rc(i with his fore feet. .V, drew. box-and-tap (boks'and-tap'), H. An apparatns^ lor cutting the wooden screw-s used for carpen- ters' bonc-hes, et(-. box-barrow (Imks'bar 6), n. A large four- sided wheeninri-ow for carrying bulky loads. box-beam (boks'bem), ». A hollow beiini hav- ing sides of )ihile-iron unili'd by angle-irons box-bed (boks'bed), u. A boxi-d-in bed, or n. bed iJKit folds up in the form of a box. boxberry (l)oks'ber*i), n.; pi. boxberries (-iz), The wintei-green or checkei-berry of North Ainei-i(-a, (laultheria }>rorunibens. '(,/') box-car (boks'kiir), n. An inclosed and cov- i-ri'd freight-car. box-coat (lioks'kot), ?i. 1. A heavy overcoat wc.i-n by coachmen.— 2. Early in the present centiiry, an overcoat w-ilhacapi^, aiiproximatoly of tlie'form of till' coachman's great-c-oiit : in- t elided original (-ojielies. I Bhall l.clieve It . . , when I hIiilII see the triivrller for Home rich Iradcii- man i»art with Ids ailinlred box-eoitt, to sjiread It over the defelieeli-HS hIiouI- dersof thi'iioorwo. man, etc. Lttwh, Modem (Gallantry. box-coil (boks'- koil), H. A steam-heating apparatus consist- ing ot a Bories of straight tubes connected by nni.cnM Willi Tehirn l>cnds. box-coil return bends, arranged in the form of a paral- lelopipedon. box-crab (boks'krab), n. The popular name of a crab of the genus Calappa : so called from its resemblance when at rest to a box. See cut under Calapiia. box-day (boks'da), «. In the Scottish law- courts, a day apj)ointed by the judges during the vacations on which pleadings or any papers ordered by the court have to be lodged. Also boxiiKj-ddi/. box-drain (boks'dran), n. An undergi'ound drain regularly Imilt with upright sides and a Hat stone or brick cover, so that the section has tlie appearance of a square box. boxent (bok'sn), «. [< ME. boxen, replacing AS. bixcit for "bi/xcii for *boxen, < box (see 6oxi) + -<■».] 1. Made of boxwood : as, " ftoxew haut- boy," Gay, Prol. to Shep. Week. — 2. Resem- bling box. Her faded ehecks are chalig:'d to boxen hue. Dnjden. boxerl (bok'ser), II. [< box^ + -ej-l.] One whose occupation is to pack or put up things in boxes. boxer- (liok'ser), u. [< box^ + -eel.] One who liglits with his fists ; a pugilist. Boxer shrapnel. See shrapnel. box-fish (boks'fish), n. A name of sunch'y plee- tognath iishes of the suborder Gymnodontes and family TetrodonUda: [Rare.] box-frame (boks'fram), n. The inclosed sjjaee inside a window-casing in which the balance- weights are hung. box-girder (boks'ger"der), n. In mech., a kind of girder resembling a box, made of boiler- plates fastened together by angle-irons riveted to the top and bottom plates. Such girders are much used for spans of froui ao to (jO feet, on account of their elasticity and power of resisting impact. boxhaul (boks'hal), v. t. Naut., to veer (a ship) round on her heel when it is impracticable to tack. This is effected i)y putting the helm adee, bracing the head-yards Hat aback, squaring the after-yards, taking in the drivers, and hauling the head-sheets to windward. "When the vessel Ijegins to gather sternway the helm is shifted and the sails trimmed. Smyth. box-hook (boks'hiik), «. 1. A hand-tool resem- bling a cotton-hook, used in handling hea-\'y freight. — 2. A cant-hook used in pressing down the covers of boxes so that they can be nailed or screwed. — 3. Gripping-irons used in hoisting heavy boxes or bales. boxiana (bok-si-an'a or -a'na), n. pi. [A feigned Latin form, < bo.r^ + -i-ana : see «««l, -ana.'] The annals of prize-fighting; the literature of, or gossiji or anecdotes concerning, pugilism. boxingl (bok'sing), n. [< bo.c2 + -/h;/!-] 1. Naut., a square piece of dry hard wood used in connecting the frame-timbers of a ship. — 2. One of the cases on each side of a window into which the inside shutters are folded. — 3. pi. The sides of a window-frame where the weights hang. — 4. pi. Among millers, coarse flour sepa- rated in the process of bolting. — 5. The pro- cess of fitting a piece of wood to receive a tenon. — 6. The giving of a box or present, as at Christmas. See boxing-daij. boxing2 (bok'sing), n. [Verbal n. of box^, r.] The act or practice of fighting with the fists, with or without boxing-gloves ; spamng. boxing-day (bok'sing-da), n. 1. In England, the first week-day after Christmas, when Christ- mas boxes or presents are given to one's em- ployees, to postmen, etc. — 2. In the Scottish law-courts, same as box-day. boxing-glove (bok'sing-gluv), n. A padded glove used in span-ing. boxing-machine (bok'sing-ma-shen"), n. A machine used for boring out the boxes of the hubs of car-wheels. boxing-match (bok'sing-mach), n. A contest at boxing; a jjugilistic encounter; aprize-fight. boxing-night (liok' sing-nit), n. In England, the first week-night after Cliristnjas; the night of boxing-day. boxing-off (bok'sing-of), n. Naut., the act of forcing the ship's head off the wind by bracing the head-yards aback. box-iron (boks'i"ern), h. A smoothing-iron containing an inclosed space for live coals to keep it hot. box-keeper (boks'ke"per), n. An attendant at the boxes of a theater. box-key (boks'ke), n. A socket-key for turn- ing large nuts. box-lobby (boks'lob"i), n. In a theater, the lobby leading to the boxes. box-lock (boks'lok), K. A door-lock designed to be fastened to the surface of the door. 649 box-metal (bok8'met"al), n. A brass, bronze, or antifriction alloy used for the journal-boxes of axles or shafting. box-money (l)oks'mun"i), «. At hazard, money paid to the person who furnishes the box and dice. box-office (boks'of'is), n. The office in a thea- ter in whicii li<'kcts are sold. box-packing (boks'pak"iug), ». Cotton-waste or similar material, saturated with a lubricant, for packing the journal-box of an axle or shaft. box-plait (iioks'plat), ■«. A double fold or plait, as on a sliirl-bosom or in the skirt of a woman's dress. box-plaiting (boks-pla"ting), n. 1. A method of folding cloth alternately in opposite direc- tions, so as to form a kind of double jjlait or fold on each side.— 2. The i^laits formed in this manner. box-seat (boks'set), m. A seat in a theater- box, or on the box of a coach. box^set (boks'set), n. In a theater, a scene which is boxed in with walls and ceiling. box-setter (boks'sef'er), 11. An api)aratus for fitting axle-boxes to the hubs of wheels. box-slater (boks'sla"ter), n. An isopod crusta- cean of the family Idoteidcv. H. A. Nichohnn. box-slip (boks'slip), n. A slip of boxwood in- laid in the beechwood of which molding, tongu- ing, and grooving planes are made, to form an edge or wearing part. box-snuffers (boks'snuf'erz), n. pi. Snuffers having a receptacle for the burnt wick cut off. box-stall (boks'stal), u. A roomy inclosed stall in which horses or cattle can be kept without tying. box-strap (boks'strap), n. In mach. and build- ing, a flat bar with right-angled bends, used to confine a rectangular bar or projection. box-thorn (boks'thorn), II. A name given to plants of the geims Lycium, more particularly L. barbarum. box-tortoise (boks't6r"tis), «. A tortoise with a hinged plastron which can be so closely ap- plied to the edge of the carapace, when the head, tail, and limbs have been drawn in, that the animal is practically boxed up in the shell; a tortoise of the family Cistiuliiiiilic. Generally called box-turtle in the United States. box-trap (boks'trap), n. 1. A contrivance for- merly used in firing military mines, consisting of a rectangular box placed vertically in com- munication with the mine. The upper end was closed, and a few inches below the top was a sliding shelf upon which was jjlaced a piece of ignited pu!d(. Tlie mine was fired by withdrawing the shelf by means of a long cord, and allowing the lighted punk to fall upon the powder-train below. 2. -A. trap in the form of a box, used for cap- turing small animals. box-turtle (boks'ter"tl), «. The common name in the United States of the box-tortoise. box-valve (boks'valv), n. A box-shaped por- tion of a pipe, in which a valve is placed. boxwood (boks'wud), «. [< ftoxl -t- jcoorfl.] 1. 'The fine hard-grained timber of the box, much used by wood-engravers and in the man- ufacture of musical and mathematical instru- ments, tool-handles, etc. The largest supjilics come from the Levant. The wood is very free from gritty matter, and on that account its sawdust is much used fur cleaning jewelry and for other purposes- .See Buxus. 2. The name given to several trees wliieh have hard, compact wood, taking a fine polish: in the United States to Coriiiis florida, and in the West Indies to Schwfferia frutescens, Vilcx mubrosa, and Tccoma pcntaphylla. Some spe- cies of Eucalyptus auA of Tristania are so called in Australia. boyl (boi), n. [< ME. boy, boye, boi ; of obscure origin, prob. LG. : cf. E. Fries, boi, boy, a young man; not easily connected with MLG. LG. bore, a boy, a knave, = MD. boef, a boy, D. boef, a knave, = OHG. *buobo (only as a proper name, Bitobo), MHG. biiobe, G. bubc, dial, bub, bua, a boy, a knave, = Icel. bofi = Sw. bof, a knave. Cf . Icel. Bui. Dan. Boye, a proper name.] 1. A male child, from birth to full growth, but especially from the end of infancy to the beginning of youth : also appUed to a young man, implying immaturity, want of ■s'igor or judgment, etc. Speak thou, boy ; Perhaps thy childishness will move him more Than can our reasons. Slui)<., Cor., v. 3. Men of worth and parts will not easily admit the famil- iarity of boys, who yet need the care of a tutor. Locke. 2. In familiar or playful use (usually in the plural), a grown man regarded as one of the boycott younger members of a family, as an intimate friend or associate, or as having in any respect a boyish relation or character. Then, i» sea, hoys. Hhak., Tempest, it 2. We are Rouun bnyn all, and boyn of mettle. FUtcher, lionduca, ii. 4. Specifically, in the rnitt-d Stat^-s — (a) In the .South, es- pecially hi-fore the aholitiijn of slavery, a negro man. {by An unscrupulous local politician, especially in a large city; one of the mainigers or suliordiiiates of the " ma- chine " of a party in local politics and elections: as, & ticket not acccjitable Ut the oojih. 3. A young servant; a page: as, "hoys, grooms, and lackeys," Nhak., Hen. VIII., v. 2. Ucnce In compound words sometimes aijplicd to grown men with- out any idea of youth or conti-iniit : a-s, a polbmj. 4. [Supposed by some to be "a corraption of Hind. Iihaiee, a servant"; but the Hind, word, prop. I}lidi, means ' brother,' and hoy in tlii» use is merely the E. word. Cf. boy'^.'] ' In India and the treaty-ports of China and .Japan, etc., a native male servant, especially a personal servant; a butler or waiter, house-boy, office- boy, etc., as distinguished from a coolie or portei': in common use among foreigners. — Boy-bishop, a name h(»metimcs given to St. .Nicholas, the p.-itron a very ancient custom, which was abi>Iished in the reign of Henry VIII., to a boy chosen from the cathedral choiron St. Nicholas's day (Ucccniber «tli) as a nnjck bishop. Tiic boy enjoyed episcopal honors till Innocents' Day (Ueccmber iStli), and the rest of the choir were his prebends. In those bygone times all II ttleboyseither sang, or served, about the altar, at church ; and the first thijig they did ni)f)n the eve of their patron's festival was to elect from among themselves, in every parish church, cathedral, and nobleman's chapel, a bishop and his ofHcials, or, as they were then called, " a Nicholas and his clerks. " Tliis boy- binhop and his ministers afterwards sang the first vespera- of their saint; and, in the evening, arrayed in their ap- propriate vestments, walked all about the parish. Jiock, Church of our Fathers, III. ii. 215. Old boy, a familiar name for the devil. They used to have witch .Sabba' days and witch sacra- ments, and sell their souls to the old hoy. Mrs. Sloii-'e. Oldtown, p. 194. Roaring boys. See roari/w.— yellow-boys, gold coins; guineas, eagles, napoleons, etc, [slang.] boyi (boi), r. t. [< fto.'/i, H.] It. To treat as a boy, or as sometliing belonging to or befitting a boy. My credit's murder'd. Baffled, and boy'd. Beau', and Ft., Enight of Malta, ii. 3. 2. To act or represent in the manner of a boy r in allusion to the acting by boys of women's parts on the stage. [Rare.] I shall see Some squeaking Cleopatra boy my greatness. Shak., .\. andC, v- 2. boy2 (boi), 71. [Anglo-Ind., also written boyee, blioyee, boec, bhoce. repr. Hind, bhoi, < Telugu boi, prop, a man of the fisherman caste, shose usual occupation is the eaiTving of litters and. palankins, or, as in Madras, domestic service.] In India, as far north as the Xerbudda river, a. palankin-bearer. Yule and Burnell, .Ajiglo-Ind. Glossary. boyar (boi'iir), n. [< Russ. boyarinii, pi. hoyare, formerly bolyarinu = Bulg. boleriii = Serv. bol- yar = Pol. bojar (> Turk, boyar = Hung, bojdr = Lith. baJora.s- = JIGr. ,M/.aii, 3o'/ja6ai, etc.), < OBulg. bolyarinu, ajjpar. < boliy, great, illustri- ous.] A personal title given to the highest class of Russian officials i)re\-ious to the reign of Peter the Great. The title conferred a rank in the state, but brought no special duties with it. Tliere was, however, a council of boyars, and it was customary to add to pub- lic papers, '"The boyars have approved of it." Tlie title grailually died out in the reign of Peter the Great, as it was no longer newly conferred. {Schuyler, Peter the Great-) The tenn in popular usage came to signify the higher aristocracy. It still lingers in Kumania, where th& popular name for the conservatives is the Itoyar party. boyard (boi'iird), «. Same as boyar. boyau (bwo-yo'), H.; pi. boyaux '(-yoz'). [F., < OF. boeU a gut, > E. boirel : see boirel and bayou.} In fort., a ditch covered ■with a para- pet, serving as a means of communication be- tween two trenches, especially between the first and third jiarallels. Also called a :ig:aff or an approach. boy-blindt (boi'blind), a. Blind as a boy; luidiscerning : as, "so boy-blind and foolish," Fletcher {and another), Love's Pilgrimage, iii. 2. [Rare.] boycott (boi'kot), I', t. [From the name of the first prominent %-ictim of the system. Captain Boycott, a farmer at Lough Mask, Connemara, and the agent of Lord Erne, an Irish land- lord.] To combine (a) in refusing to work for, buy from, sell to. give assistance to, or have any kind of dealings with, and (6) in prevent- ing others from working for, buying from, sell- boycott ing to, assisting, or having any kind of deal- ings with (a person or company), on account of political or other differences, or of disagree- ments in business matters, as a means of in- flieting punishment, or of coercing or intimi- dating. The word was introduced in Ireland in ISSO, and soon became (like the practice) common throughout the En^lishspeakini world, and was adopted by the news- papersln nearly every European language. boycott (boi'kot), n. [< hoycoit. r.] An or- ganized attempt to coerce a person or party 650 brace thing easy or trifling, as opposed to the earnest braccse (brak'se), n. See hracce. business or hard work of a man. This is no boys-play. Fletcher, Bonduca, iL 3. boytma (boi-ti'na), n. [Cf. Sp. boyuna, fem. of boyuno, belonging to cattle, < bo,,, now buey = Pg. boi, ox, < L. 60s (bov-), ox : see Bos. Cf. boa.l 1. A large serpent of South America, black and slender, ha\'ing an intolerable smell. — 2. A harmless reptile or snake common in Cevlon. [< L. *braccaius, prop, breeches : see breech,'] STt'^'co^'mplianc^e^ with7om'e demand, by "com- boza (bo'zii) n [Also written bosa bou~a, - - ■ ' •■ ,,.-•- bousa, boozah,booxh, etc., F. bou:a,G. busa, etc., Euss. Serv. etc. buza, < Ar. biae, Pers. bu:a, bining to abstain, and compel others to abstain from ha^-ing any business or social relations with him or it; "an organized persecution of a person or company, as a means of coercion or intimidation, or of retaliation for some act, or refusal to act in a particular way. boycottee (boi-kot-e'), «. [< boycott + -efl.] One who is boycotted. [Rare.] boycotter (boi'kot-er), «. [< boycott + -er^.'] One who boycotts ; one who takes part in the organized persecution called a boycott. boycotting (boi'kot-ing), n. [Verbal n. of boy- cott, I-.] The act or practice of subjecting an Hind. hu:a, boza, Turk, boza, a thick white fer mented drink made fi-om millet.] 1. A popu- lar Egyptian drink, made by boiling millet-seed in water and fermenting the infusion, adding afterward certain astringent substances. — 2. An Inebriating mixture of darnel-meal, hemp- seed, and water. — 3. A preparation of honey and tamarinds. bozon (bo'zon), «. In her., same as bird-bolf^-. Bp. An abbreviation of hislioj'. Br. In chcm., the s^Tnbol of bromine. Braces te. — Foot of Snowy Owl. obnoxiousVers"on or cWpaiay to the"orgamzed BrabanQOn (bra-bon-soh'), n. [F.. man of Bra- perseeution caUed a boycott. See boycott, v. l^ant, a pro\'iuee ot Belgium.] Same as Bra- SoycofdVi/; originally implied the organized persecution f>a>it<> . rn /»»).„< t «1 an indiri'dual by an entire community; as transplanted BrabanQOnne (bra-bon-son ),n. lb .,<. Brabant.^ to this country (United .States] it impUes the persecution The popular patriotic song of the Belgians since ■of an individual by organized forces, and it is a phrase which at the present time is much in the mouths of those -who call themselves workingmen. Phila. Record, No. 4529, p. 2. Bovcottinri was not only used to punish e\'icting land- lords' and agents, tenants guilty of paying rent, and trades men who ventured to hold " " — i*,- *, ; , 1830, when they threw off Dutch rule. The words were composed by'a French actor named Jenneval, then at Brussels. Each verse ends with a varied refrain relating to the substitution ot the tree of liberty for the orange, in allusion to the sovereign house of Orange, then ruling the Netlierlands. whom the [Land) League had pr but the League was now strong enough to use this means as an instrument of extending its organization and filling its coffers. Shopkeepers who refused to join and subscribe received reason to believe that they would be deprived of their custom ; recalcitrant farmers found themselves with- out a market for their crops and cattle. Annual Beffister, 1880. boydekint, »■ An obsolete form of bodliit'^. boyer (boi'er), «. [Formerly also boxmjer ; = F. buyer, < Flem. boeyer = D. boeijer, a vessel used d^mSunced Us^lnaS'' Brabanter (bra-ban'ter), n. [< Braba>,t + ■ a pionouncea us anainema . z),.,.7.„.,„„„ n n„« ^r « />i„oo nf mo-nna. See Brabanqon.l One of a class of mercenary soldiers and bandits from the old duchy of Bra- bant, who figured in the Anglo-French wars of the eleventh and thirteenth centuries. Brabantine (bra-ban'tin), a. [< Brabant + -/;i("l.] Pertaining to Brabant, formerly a duchy, now partly comprised in the provinces of North Brabant and Brabant, belonging re- spectively to the Netherlands and Belgium, tolavbuoys, m.] 1. The state of being a boy; boyishness. The boyitm of the lirothers ... Is to be taken into ac- count. T. H'artOTi, Notes on Milton's Smaller Tuems. 2. Something characteristic of a boy; pueril- ity. . ■ A thousand such hoyimiu, which Chaucer rejected as be- low the dignity of the subject. Vryden, Preface to Fables. fKiirc in both uses.] Boyle's la'w. See law. boyn /„ /,, This petty brabble will undo us all. Shale, Tit. And., ii. 1. bUe + ] A clamorous contest ; a brabble. brabbler (lirab'h-r), «. [< brabble, v., + -ei-l. Cf. l>. briibliilaar, stammerer.] A clamorous, noisy, quarrelsome fellow. AVe hold our time too precious to be spent With sucli a brabbler. Shak., K. John, v. 2. brabbling (brab'ling), p. a. [Ppr. of brnb- bl<; (-.] Clamorous; wrangling; quarrelsome; noisy. He gave notice to his government that commerce would have iio security in Antwerp " in those brabbliny times." M(illrj), Dutch llepubllc, 11. 18. (lirab'ling-li), adv. In a brab- bling maiMK^r. Ncithf^r bitterly nor brabblingly. Bp. JcweU, Dcf. of Apol. (forCli. of Eng., p. 44. boyn(l.'.in), ". [Sc also spelled /;o»i /-«//(« ^^ (bra'so), " lioiryne; perhaps < OK. bmon, extended form of " . rj^ . ^,,,, ^,.,,,.^/( /,»,-■ a vessel for water or wine, > prob. Sc. ^^„,,.,„,;;y i„ „„,,,/. howw q. v.J 1. A wa»hing-twb. *,''«'' —2. A ^ „ann..ut c.iuiv flat, broad-hottoraed vchbcI, into which milk is 'ullcd binr. boy-queller (boi'kwel'<'r), ». One who quells or I'onriuerH boys ; one who iH able to cope only witli boys. [Kuro.] Where l> Ihl. Ilect/ir? I •.uii\ come, Ihou boy-qtuitter, «liow thy face. .S'/in*., 1', and V,, V. !,. boyshlpt Oioi'ship), n. [< 6»i/' + -ithip.'] Boy- h'10,1. H' fnimoitt. boy's-love < lioiz'lnv), n. A nnme of the Houth- crnw Mill, Irlrmima .tbrolaniini, from nu oint- mriit Tmi'li- with its uhIii'H iiumI by yonng >ricM to i.r.iM'it.- the growth of a benrd. boy g-play (lioiz'pla), ». C'hildiHh nnnmement ; anything frei) from risk or sevcro labor; any- ganneut ccpiiv- alent to tho ino It. braccio), arm.] A projecting bracket of iron or bronze, ha-^ang a socket and ring for hold- ing a flagstaff, torch, or the like, and sometimes a large ring. These brackets are affixed to Italian pal- aces of the time of the Renjiissance. and are often of great richness of design, especially at Sienna and Florence. braccio (brat'chid), n. [It., < L. bracchium, arm : see brace'^.'] A measure of length tised in Italy, varj-ing from half a yard at Lodi to a varti at Milan. See brass"^. bracel (bras), n. [< ME. brace, < OF. brace, brase, braise, brache, the two arms extended, an arm- ful, a fathom, pair, F. hranse = Pr. brassa = Sp. braza = Pg. brai;a. a fathom, < L. brachia, pi. of bracliiiim, braccltitim, ann, prob. < Gr. iipa- xiur, arm ; cf . Ir. and Gael, brae = W. braich '= Bret, breach, the arm. From the L. singular bracchium comes OF. bras, braz, F. bras = Sp. brazo = Pg. hrago = It. braccio, arm. Hence bracelet and embrace.'] 1. A prop or support; specifically, in ai-ch., a piece of timber placed near and across the angles in the frame of a building in order to strengthen it. When used to support a rafter it is called a strut. — 2. That which holds two or more things firmly together; a cincture or bandage. — 3. A jmir; a couple : as, a brace of ducks : used of persons only with a shade of contempt or colloquially. But you, my brace of lords, were I so miniled, I here could pluck his highness' frown upon you. Shak., 'i'empest, v. 1, Will he have a brace, Or but one partridge ? Fletcher (ami another). Love's Pilgrimage, 1. 1, The two muskets I loaded with a brace of slugs each. Dc/oe, Robinson Crusoe. 4. A thick strap by which a carriage-body is suspended from C-springs. E. H. Knight. — 5. hi printing, a vertical double-curved line, used to connect two or more lines : thus, i,_,^^,] [, or two or more staves in music. — 6. A leather band placed about the cords of a drum and sliding upon them: used to raise or low(>r the tone by increasing or lesseniiig the tension of the cords: as, "the braces of the war drum," Derham, Phys. Theol. — 7. pi. Straps passing over tho shoulders to sustain the trousers; sus- penders. — 8. A device for supporting a weak back, curved shoulders, etc. — 9. Nan I.: (a) One of t)io ropes fastemvl to the yards of a ship, one to each yard-arm, which, reaching to the deck, enable the yards to be swung about horizontally. Tliey aiso help the yards to sup- port tho strain caused l)y the wind on tlie sails. (/)) pi. Strajis of brass ov metal castings fas- tened on the stern-post, to receive the pintles by which the rudder is hung. — 10. A defense or )irot('ction for the nnn; specifically, one used iu archery. Same as bracer, '2. "It hath been a shiel 'Twixt me and death " : and polntod to this brace. Shak., rerlcles, 11. 1. lit. State of defense. I'or that it jCyprus) stanils in)t In such warlike brace, Hut allogethi!r lacks the aliilitles That Hhodcs Is dress'd ill. Shak., Othello, I. 8. 12. Tho state of being braced; tension; tight- ness. The laxnoss of tho tympaiunn when It has lost Its lirMI ,,i l,,ii»i,,M. Holder, 1 Path, VAtlciii 13t. An arm (of (lie soa). He Bihal so passe the' wature, that ys cleped the brace ot jMI Hracldum S. Ocorglil, that Is an arm Mnundeirille, \i. V2t. Selnt (icorge j of the sea. 14. A cnrvod inslnnneiit, of iron or wood for hohling and tm-niiig lioriiig-tnols, etc.; a bit- Btocl(. Thi're ari' various foniisof braces. Ihc most com- nioii liehig llie earinnlrm' brace, hit-brace, bilKlock, or haml-brare, which Is a tool for liiniliig a boHng-bit or anger. It consists of a cnHikfonMcil sliiirt, with a metal socket called the pud at one exirenilty, and on the other a swivulcd head (or cinAMin or »/ii«W), by which the liorlug- brace tool or bit, fixed in the pad, is pressed forward by the ■workman. See aiurle-brace (h), and cut under bit-stock. 15. A wooden rod vrith spiked euds, used to support scenery in a theater. — 16. pi. The leather slides on the cords of a snare-drum, by which the tension of the head is varied Brace- bit. See ( them, and in a state of compression. It .serves to assist tlu: jninci- Hand-brace. P^'s in suppnrtin;^ the I f-tiintiers. .^irift. — Ratchet-brace, a carpenteis' liracc in which, by means of gearing, a back-and furtli motion is converted into a rotary one, thus causing' the liit to turn. — Wind-brace, a diagonal brace to tie tlie ratters of a roof to;.'. -tiler and prevent racking. In the best e-xamples of medieval roofs the wind- braces are arched, .and run frtjra the principal rafters to the purlins. Encyc. Brit. ==Syn. 3. Ci'Viilr, etc. See/iair. bracel (bras), v. t. ; pret. and pp. braced, ppr. hraciiH). [< ME. bracen, brace, embrace, < OF. bracer, hracier, brasser, < brace, embrace, = Pr. brassar = It. bracciare, brace ; from the noun.] If. To clasp or grasp ; embrace ; hold firmly. ,Swet frende, I fele mortal dethe me brace, Neuer After thys comforth to purchace Off surgery-crafte ne with medicine, For stulfed I am ful of uenyme. Rom. of Parlenaii (E. E. T. S.), 1. 1446. A sturdy lance in his right hand he braced. Fairfax, tr. of Tasso, xi. 75. 2. To bind or tie closely; fit or secure by ties; bandage ; strap. The women of China, by bracing and binding them, from then" infancy, have very little feet. Locke. They braced my aunt against a board, To make her straight and tall. O. W. Holmes, My Aunt. 3. To string or bend (a bow) by putting the eye of the string in the upper nock preparatory to shooting. — 4. To make tense; strain up; in- crease the tension, tone, or vigor of; strength- en : used both literally and figuratively : as, to brace the nerves. The tympanum is not capable of tension that way, in such a manner as a drum is braced. Holder, Elements of Speech. He drank — "twas needful his poor nerves to brace. Crabbe, The Borough. Strong affection braced the feeble mind of the princess. Macaulay, Hist. Eng., ix. 6. To fix in the position of a brace ; hold firm- ly in place: used reflexively: as, to brace one's self against a post or a crowd. — 6. To furnish with, or support or prop by, braces : as, to brace a building or a falling wall. — 7. Naut., to swing or turn around (the yards of a ship) by means of the braces. We caught the southeast trades, and ran before them for nearly tlu'ee weeks, without so much as altering a sail or bracing a yard. R. H. Dana, Jr. , Before the Mast, p. 53. 8. In writiny and printing, to unite or connect by a brace, as two or more lines, staves of music, etc.- To brace aback. See aback.— To brace about, t»j brace (the yards of a ship) in a contrary direc- tion. — To brace fortht, to press forth. The prince of planetis that proudely is pight Sail brace furth his hemes that cure helde blithes. York Plays, p. 123. To brace in (naut.), to slack the lee braces and haul in the weather ones. — To brace sharp (naut.), to cause the yards to have the snnUlest possible angle with the keel. — To brace up. (a) Xaut., to lay the yards more fore-and- aft, so that the ship will sail closer to the wind, (b) To increase the tension, tone, or vigor of : often used intran- sitively with the object understood. Every nerve in his frame was braced up for a spring. Barhani, Ingoldsby Legends, I. 316. brace^t (bras), n. [Origin obsctrre.] In min- ing, the flooring around the mouth of a shaft. [Cornwall.] braced (briist), p. «. 1. In her., interlaced or linked together : said of bearings so arranged. ^ Also brazed.— 2. In entoni., attached by the caudal extremi- ty and supported in an upright or ob- lique position by a silken thread cross- ing the thorax, and fastened to the sup- porting stu-f ace: said of the chrysalis of a butterfly. Also called girt or bound Braced Inter- laced, in lier., same as braced, 1. brace-drill (bras'dril), n. A di-ill shaped like a carpenters' brace, "•'--•' used for boring metals, in one form a feed-screw and hack-center, the latter abutting against some rigid body or part, are substituted for the hand-plate or breast- plate. 651 brace-head (bnis'hod), n. In roc/i;-Jon«,(7, alarge box, key, oi' wrench, with long lovers or handles, useil ill turning a boring-tool. brace-key (bras' ke), n. In mining, a tiller eon- sistiiii^ of two irfin handles screwed together in opposih! ways, so as to cliij between them the rods used in deep borings. When tin- hanilli's are screwed on firmly they form two levers forturnhi;; Mm- rods as reiinired, the top length of rod being funiislicd with a swivel. iV. Mortfan, Manual of Mining T'lols, p. Ui'.i. bracelet (bras'lot), «. [< F. bracelet, dim. of 01<\ briwcl, brochel, an armlet or dofousc for the arm, < ML. brachile, < L. bracchiale, an armlet, < bracchiiiiii, the arm: see brace'^, re.] 1. An or- namental baud, ring, or clasped chain for the Three Chevrons Bracer!. Egyptian and Assyrian Bracelets. wrist, now worn mostly by women. Bracelets were among the earliest personal ornaments, and are seen in rich and varied forms in ancient Egyptian and Assyrian sculptures. They have been worn almost universally, from the earliest times to the present day, by both savage and civilized peoples. See armlet, armilla, and bangle-. I decked thee also with ornaments, and I put bracelets upon thy hands, and a chain on thy neck. Ezek. .xvi. 11. Both his hands were cut off, being known to have worn bracelets of gold about his wrists. Sir J. Hayward. 2. Humorously, a shackle for the wrist; a handcuff. There he shall keep close. Till I provide him files and food ; for yet His iron bracelets are not off. Fletcher (and another). Two Noble Kinsmen, il. 6. 3. A piece of armor, whether the lower part of the brassart or the wrist-pieee of the gauntlet (which see). Armed with hack and breast, head piece and bracelets. Scott, Legend of Montrose, ii. 4. In palmi.ttri/, a mark across the inside of the waist, single, double, or triple. brace-mold (briis'mold), n. In arch., a mold- ing formed by the union of two ogees, and in section resembling the brace used in printing. Sometimes a small bead is inserted between the ogees. brace-pendant (bras'pen'dant), M. Kaut., a length of rope or chain into which the brace- block is spliced. bracer (bra'ser), H. [< brace, v., + -ct-1 ; in sense 2, < ME. bracer, brasere, < OF. bras, the arm : see ftrocel, ».] 1. One who or that which braces, binds, or makes firm ; a band or bandage. — 2. In archery, a wrist-guard worn over the sleeve on the left arm as a protection against the fric- tion or the catching of the bowstring, it is com- monly of leather, but sometimes of metal, and was for- merly even of ivory, and frequently a decorative object. The glove is sometimes made to serve as a bracer. See cut under bowumn^. Upon his arm he bar a gay bracer. And by his side a swerd and a bokeler. Chaucer, Gen. Prol. to C. T., 1. 111. A bracer serueth for two causes, one to saue his arme from tile strype of the strjmge, and his doublet from wearynge, and the other is, that the stiynge glydynge sharpelye and quicklye of the bracer, may make tlie sharper shoote. Ascham, To.xopllilus. 3. That which braces or stimulates the nerves ; a tonic ; specifically, a drink taken early in the morning. [Colloq.] brace-stake (briis'stak), n. A stake competed for bv braces of dogs instead of individuals, as in field-trials. bracht, brachet (brach or brak), n. [In the pron. brach also, and properly, written bratcli (see bratch, bratchet); < ME. brache, < OF. braclie, F. braque = Pr. hrac = Sp. Pg. braco = It. bracco (ef. ML. braccus, bracco), < OHG. braccho, MHG. 6. bracke = D. braJ: = Sw. bracJ:, a dog that hunts by the scent ; origin unknown. The mod. pron. brak follows mod. F. braque, and requires the spelling *brack (or, as F., braque).'\ A bitch of the hound kind; specifi- cally, a species of scenting hound ; a pointer or setter. A sow pig by chance sucked a brack, and when she was grown would miraculously hunt all manner of deer. Burton, Anat. of MeL Brachial Appendages of Hhyncftonflla ni- gricans. II, adductor impressions; /.teeth. bracbiate Brachelytra (bra-kel'l-trii), n. pi. [NL., < Gr. liimx'e, short, + i'AvTimv, a sheath, shard: see elytron.'] In Latreille's system of classifica- tion, a division of (Joleoplera including the rovc-bc(-tlcs, or Slajihylinidu', which have the <'Iytra short, not nearly coveting the abdomen, the antenna) short, not elavate, and usually two anal appendages. Some of these insects are known as cocktails, from the way they h.ave of cocking up their tails. With the .Slnidillliniiia' the Pselcipliiilii: all- soiiietiliies associated uwU-r' /irocluh/tni. 'llii'se are trimenms, with llxed ahdonii-ii and no anal ai»iieiidagcs. Sec cut under rore-ljeetle. Also called Ilrachyelytra. brachel3rtr0U8 fbra-kel'i-trus), a. [< lirache- lylra + -ou.s.] Having short elytra; specifical- ly, pertaining to the Brachelytra. Also brachy- clytrous. brachett, ". See bratchet. brachia, «. Plural of brachium. brachial (bra'ki- or brak'i-al), a. and n. [< L. hrncliidUs, braechialis, < brachium (prop, brac- chi ion ),:irm: soehraciA, n.} I. a. 1. Belonging to the arm, fore leg, wing, pectoral fin, or other fore limb of a vertebrate ; especially, belonging to the upper part of such member, from the shoulder to the elbow. — 2. Of or pertaining to the brachia of the Jlrachiopoda or of other ani- mals, as the wings of jitoroiiods, the arms of eephalopods, the rays of crinoids, etc Bra- chial appendages, a pair of organs characteri.stic of the brachiopods, and suggesting the name of the class Brachiopoda ; they arc prolon- gations of the lateral portions of the lips or margins of the mouth, and are therefore also called labial appen- d«""■== (see (•ci>/i«/i(') is 80 aiid upward, and who con- sequently have short skulls or are brachyce- phalic. brachycephalic {brak"i-se-farik or -sef a-lik), a. [As bmchijccphal-ous + -'<■.] Short-headed: applied, iu ctluioL. to heads whose tliameter from side to side is not much less than that from front to back, their ratio being as 80 to 100, as those of the Mongolian type ; and also to races or individuals having such heads: op- posed to (hlichocephalic. There are two sections of tliis group, brnchiflin-a'l'nl'^' and luriirfjilinlic. It is sup- posed tliat a braclivci-iihalic race iiiliabited Europe before- the Celts. Also liyiKluinplinloiiy, IndcliiikipliiUu; biuchy- kep/i(floti~f. For the extremes of these varieties [of cranial form], Ectziiis proposed the names of bmclnikt-phalic or short- htadcd. and dolicho-kephalic or long-headed, which have ionic into general use. Dnwsun, Origin of World, p. 427. Brachycephalidae (braki-se-fal'i-de), «. pL [XL.. < JiradijH'cphaliis + -iVte.] A family of o.xydaotyl opisthoglossate antu'ous batrachians. Ciiiitlii r. Brachycephalina (brak-i-sef-a-li'nii,), n.pl. [XL., < l!rtu-liiiccph(ih(S + -iim-.'] A super- family group of frogs, including the familiea - -, ,, .. , , . -- riini)ii>^ciilii ami Briichiiccpholidd: + Kii>a'/Ji, head.] Those persons or races of ^rachycephalism (brak-i-sef'a-lizm), «. [< . nien who are brachistocephalie. ^ ^ hracluiaphal-ic + -ism.'] In f(/i«»?., the quality, the bombardier-beetles, of which B.oreyji tans is brachistocephalie (bra-kis'to-se-fal'ik or -sef '- state,' or eouditiou of being brachycephalic. an example. See cut under bombardier-beetle, a-lik), rt. [As hracliistaeepliali + -ic.] Inelhiiol., ^[^^ brachiiUepliidi.-'m. liniclii/ceplKdy. - - --"■ iiaving or pertaining to a head whose transverse ^jj^gjjygepbalous (brak-i-sef'a-lus), a. [< NL. diameter is to its length about tis .85 to 1. hniclii/iriiliidii.':, < Gr. /j/)aji'w'^«?iof, short-head- brachistochrone (bra-kis'to-krou), n. [Word ^.^^^ <; ',,•,,„^.,(;, short, + Kc6aM/, head.] Same as invented by John Bernoulli in 16tH; < Gr =i„-^^ of a starfish, as an Jsterncanihion : a naine given, like Bipinnaria &nd Brachiolaria, brachiopode (brak'i-6-p6d), n. and under Ihe impression that the organism was a hrachiopod. distinct animal. brachiopodoUS (brak-i-op'o-dus), rt. [As &•«- Brachinidae (bra-kin'i-de), «. pi. [Nl.., < Bra- chiopoda + -"».s-.] Belonging to the class Bra- chinus + -idte.] A familv of adephagous bee- chiniKida. Also brachiopod. ties typified by the genus Brachiiiiis: now brachiplex (brak'i-pleks), n. [< L. brachium, merged in Carabidw. Also Brachiiiida and bracekium. arm, + NL. pUms.'] The brachial Brachiiiides. plexus of nerves. See brachial plexus, under Brachininae (brak-i-ni'ne), n. pJ. [NL., C, fish.] A genus of fishes with pediculate pectorals, typical of the subfamily Braehionichtln/inw. brachionid (bia-ki'o-nid), h. A rotifer of the taiiiilv Hiiiiliionidw. Brachionidae (lirak-i-on'i-do). n. pi. [NL., < Brachiunu-s + -idw.] A family of rotifers, in- cluding the genera /iraf/iiVciw.", .■\nuraa,yotini.y, and SarrHlHx, having a broad sliiohl-shaped lori- cate body and short jointed foot: in a wider sense also calli'd Braeliiunwa. BrachionUS (bra-M'o-nus), H. [NL., < Gr. jlpa- xiuv, arm, sliouldor: see brachium.] A genus of rotifci-s, typical of the (nmUy Brachionidw or Braeliiunwa. U. urccolurin is an example. See cut iindcr Irm-li'tl. brachiopod, brachiopode (brak'i-o-pod, -pod), n. and a. I. n. i mo _„ 'i,,„~ti1- h Si Into •Ionic ■plrnlly -colled arm, frini;e.l with tentacles, Bracnmant, »'. ™ whence the name of Bmchli.iioiln, applied to the KToiip. bracny-, [INL. Or tluxUii liiMxioTo^, siiperl. of i^paxk, short, + Apf^^'Of. time: see chronic] The curve upon which a body moves in the least possible time from one given point to another. According to the nature of the forces that are supposed to act upon the body, and the constraints to which it may be subject, the brachisto- chrone takes various geometrical forms, mostly spiral or consisting of branches united by cusps, like the cycloid, which is the brachistochrone for a body moving under a. constant force and subject to no condition except that de- tliiing the brachistochrone. Until recently always spelled hrivfiiliitochrone. brachium (br.a'ki- or brak'i-um), «. ; pi. brachia {-[{). [L., prop, bracchium, the arm, > ult. L. ifvicil, »., q. v.] 1. The upper arm, from the shoulder to the elbow, coinciding in extent with the humerus; the arm proper, as distin- guished from the autcbrachium or forearm. — 2. Thehimierus. [Rare.] — 3. jVn arm-like process of the lirahi. See phrases below. — 4. An arm- like part of a body. Specifically — (n) In crinoids, one of the rays or arms given olf from the calyx, and to which the pinnuliO may be attaihed. See cut under Cn- nnidea. (b) In ceplmlopods, one id the hmg arms or ten lacles which liear, in the Ai-rtabiili/ira. the rows Sec cut under Dihrancliiata. (c) One of the tentacular processes upon the bracliifcrous cophurous hydrozuau. .See cut under DLieniili The long tentacles which terminate each braehlum |ot Cepheii] are blue. Iliislfii, Anat. Invert., p. 127, note. 5. In bot., an arm-like process or appeiulnge: applied by Beiitham to the pro,iectiiigiir(>i'csscs at tlio summit of the column in some orchids. -Brachia conjvmctlva, tw,. rounded white tracts in the brain na^.sing forward, on,-, the '<™il.;l(m-riCK»inn- li-rius, fnun the nates, an. I the other, the brarliiiiw rimjuii,-- limiiii pimteriiU!, fnun the tesUs, on the outer snic of the mesencephalon. Also callid brncliiii em-pnruiii iiuadn- iicminwiim, briuhi.i ••!' 11,.- uiilir liili'V. BTSlcUS. COn- iunctoria or copiUatlVa, (be superior pcilunelcs of Ihe cereliclbmi.- Brachia of the optic lobes, see brm-bm civijll/icdm. — Brachium pOntlS, the middle peduneleof the cerelKjllum, a median nv.M of llbrous nerve-tissue connecting the pons Varolii with the cen-bcllum hung and oncealerl by Ihe hitiral Uibe of tin brachuccphaUc. Also written brachykephalous. The "prevailing form of the negro head is dolichoccpha- lous ■ that of civilized races is incsoccpbalous and brachy. Cj.lfnlirtis. t'"l'- *'''• •""■> -XIII. 600. Brachycephalus (brak-i-sef'a-lus), «, [NL.: see lirachi/ciphalou.-i.] The tj'pical genus of the family Urachycephalida: liy recent herpetolo- Br.iziliiin Toad {Hrachycefluilus ffiiipfiiim). of suckei-s. whence Anat. Invert., p. Age of brachlopods, the Silurian period. II. II. Siiinc as brachiopodou.i. Eraciiiopoda (bnik-i-op'(Mlii), «. pi. [XL., < (tr. V'.r'"''. "'■m, + -o'C ("'"'-) = v.. foot.] A I liiHS of tnollnsk-liko animals di^(inl,Mlished by the devclo]>m<'nt of two liiljiii! (generally called lirihh'iiV) a|ipenimgi'H, di- \i'\ _'.• ■■ Iroin either Hide '■I ' I "iitli. Tin: animal I- i mantle wbbb ev f, !Iv and fi»rward. i i,;., I' :oid .e. r.'le, ,1 ,1 ;,rel iTebelhini, Same as Urahinan. achi/-, < (ir. lipnxlx, short.] An iliinent in some' words of Greek origin, incnning slmrt. brachycatalectic (bnik-i-knt-H-h-k tik), «. mui n. [< i-i. Iiraihiicalalirlicum, prop, brachi/caln- Icctum (sc. nielrum, meter), < Gr. iiirnxvuinii/i/- gists it is referred to the family f:ii:i!i.itmiudiv (in an en- larged sense) or Pliniiii-ickliv. B. ephippiuin is a small bright-vellow lirazilian toad, with a bony plate saddled on the back, subumbrcllar brachyccphaly (brnk-i-sef a-lil, H. [< brachij- 'isk of a dis- ,,,^, /,„/.„. + .,,.] Snnu' ns bracUjtciphaUxm. Brachycera \lira-kis'e-rii\ n. pi. [NL., neut. pi. uf liiacliiiririis, lit. short-horned; see lira- chiiciniiis.] A suborder of Diptrra, including those dijiterous or two-winged (lies wliicli liave short antcnmi', apparenlly not more than three- .iointed, one- or two-jointed pal]ii, and larv» developed from the egg. They are ai|ualic (.r ter- restrial, feeding (Ul vegetable or animal fooil, or iiarasltic, the perfect insect feeding on the juices of plants or ani- mals. The great majority i4 dipterous insects, Including all the ordinary Hies, belong to this suborder. The fam- ilies are variously grouped ; by some they are I'lasscu »» Du'hirlir, Trlriu-iiaUr, and llcxiirlurUv, according to the number of pieei-s composing the pniboscis. Another dl- \i>iMTi is inlo l«o tribes, Mnsriiritt and 7\injtKtoiitata. brachycerOUS (bra-kis'e-ms), a. [< NL. br^ chi/irru.-i, lit. short-horned, < Gr. /i/m V'''. short, + kijinr, liiini.] In oi^ow.. liaving sliorl iintcnnn?; siu'cificnllv! <>( or pcrlnining to the Biachjicera, brachydiagonal (brnk i-di-ng'o-nal), a. and n. (< Gr. ,V"V'r. sliorl, -I- diaiimiiil.] I. rt. Short and (iingonal: as, the lirachiidiiianiial axis, (he sliorlcr Intcnil axis in an orlhorlioniliic crystal. II. II. Tlic sliorter of lli« diagonals in a rh.oiilii.' ^^^ / tvvuun v."e. intiiiiiif, lit,.../, * , . ' 'T'* , „ ' rlliMlllilc pn^IU «Tor (HC, ///'r/,or, meter), < ilpaxic, short, + snrii- i,rachydomatic (brak ' i-dri-mat'ik), a. [< bra- ■AnxToc, verbal ad,|. of Kura/ioav, leave oil, sinp. ,,,,,„•;,„, + .„,„.•.> i IvrdiiningtoorreBomWijig cf, mTiUtiKTiKiir, deficient: see ealaleclic.] I, ^^ i„.,|,.liv,loino „. In pro.1., wnnling the last foot of Iho ast i^jachydome (brak'i-dmn), n, [< Or. fipaxk, dip.Mly:as,n/.mc/,.v<<,/-'ps'idont ; i. e., the teeth of the former have comparati\t.ly .shiirt crowns, which . . . take their place at once with t'lie neck ... on a level with or a little above the alveolar border. W. H. Flower, in Encyc. Brit., XV. 431. Brachyoura, brachyoural, brachyouran, etc. Sec Brdchijurd, etc. brachypinacoid (brak-i-jiin'a-koid), 11. [< Gr. iijiaxi'i;, short, + pinncoiil.] In I'rysfal., a plane in the orthorhombie system which is parallel to the vertical and shorter lateral (braohydiag- onal) axes. brachypleural (brak-i-plo'ral), a. [< Gr. ppaxh; short, + NL. pleura + -al.'\ Literally, having short pleura : specifically said of trUobites all of whose anterior pleura are of the same relative length in the adult: opposed to macropleural. The Swedish Paradoxides, like those of the typical lle- nevian beds, and unlike those of Bohemia, are all, so far as determined, of the Brachypleural type. Amer. Jour. Sci., 3d ser., XXXIII. 476. Brachypodes (bra-kip'o-dez), n. pi. [NL., < Gr. lipnxi'C, short, + ttoI'Q (jtocS-) = E. /oo<.] In Sundevall's classification of birds, the sixth phalanx of the cohort CicMomorphw, including 8 families of dentirostral oscine Passercs, such as the waxwings, orioles, swallow-flycatchers, caterpillar-catchers, and drongo-shrikes. Brachypodinse (brak"i-po-di'ne), n. pi. [NL., < Brdchjipus (.pod-), 4 (d), + -irerc.] A sub- family oif the family MeruUdic (Swainson), com- prising short-legged thrushes now known as Fiicnoiiotidai, and various other birds. [Not in use.] brachypodine (bra-kip'o-din), a. and, n. I. «. Short-footed, as a thrush; specifically, of or pertaining to the Brachypodime. II. «. A bird of the subfamily .Brac%po(i8wn;. brachypodous (bra-kip'o-dus), «. [As Brachy- jKid-ctt + -oils:'] 1. In hot., having a short foot or stalk. — 2. In .roo7., short-footed. See .Bra- cliyjius, Brdchypodis. brachyprism i brak'i-prizm), n. [< Gr. (SpaxvC, short, + -piaua, a prism.] In crystal., a prism of an orthorhombie crystal lying between the unit prism and the brachypinacoid. 653 In the topaz crystal the brachyprixm and the pyramid are the predominant elements, associated witli th'- jirihtii. Encyc. ISrit., Wl. :iOO. Brachypteracias(bra-kip-to-ra'8i-as), n. [NL., < hriirliyptcru.i (sec liracUyptiiroun) + {Cor)dciti.i : see Coracias.'] A retuarkablo genus of Mada- gascan picarian birds, of the family Coraciidm. The ty|jO is /J. Ic/itosonid. Lafrcsndyc, 18;i4. Brachypteraciinse (bra-kip-te-ra-si-i'ne), )(. pi. [NL., < BraclniplirdciKH + -inw.'] The groinnl- rollcrs, a peculiar jMadagascan subfamily of birds, of tlio f;iMiily Ciirdviida; represented Vjy the genera Brachypteracias, Atelornis, and GeohiiLs'tcs: Brachypterse (bra-kip'te-re), n. pi. [NL., I'ci]]. ]]1. of hnicliyiitcrus: see brachypteron.'!.'] 1. In (Juviov's system of classification, a division of I'almipcdcs, embracing diving-birds, as grebes, loons, auks, and penguins. — 2. In Sun F. brdchypterc), < Gr. (ipox'v- ■TTTepo;, short-winged, < (ipaxi'C, short, + vrrpdn, a wing, feather, = E. feather.'] In oriiitli., having short wings; brevipennate. Specifically applii'd to tliose water-birds, as the lirachiiplcri or Bracliypterfe, w hose wings when folded do not reach to the root of the tail. BrachypilS (brak'i-pus), n. [NL. (pi. brachy- podes), < (Jr. ftpaxi'C, short, + iroi'? (~o(i-) = E. foot.'] 1. In herpct., a genus of lizards. Fit~- inger, 1826. — 2. In conch., a genus of gastro- pods. — 3. In entom. : (a) A genus of beetles. iSchdnherr, 1826. (b) A genus of dipterous in- sects, of the family Dolichopodidd:. Mcir/rii, 1824. — 4. In ornith.: (o) A genus of swifts. Meyer, 181.5. See Apiis, Micropus, and Cyj/seUis. (b) A genus of thrushes and other birds, of the subfamily Brdchypodinw, liwainson, 1824. brachypyramid (brak-i-pir'a-mid), «. [< Gr. i'ipaxi f, short, + TTvpaiiii;, pyramid.] In crystdl., a pyramid in an orthorhombie crystal lying be- tween the zone of unit pyramids and the bracliy- domes. Brachyrhamphus (brak-i-ram'fus), n. [NL., < Gr. lipaxix, short, + pa/i(j)o^, bill, snout.] A genus of brachypterous braehj-urous tridactyl palmiped birds, of the family Alcidw, the mur- relets, several species of which inhabit the Pa- cific coasts of Asia and America. B. kitilitzi and B. hvpoleucm, tlie latter itihabiting Lower California, are tlie leading species. Theyare small, slciidcr-liillcd iniirrcs, related to the species of Uria, or guillemots, li. ui'irtiw- ralu^ is the marbled murrelet. Also Bnn-lnirnnij'hit.^. Brachyrhynchinae (brak"i-ring-ki'ne), ». pi. [NL. , < Brdchyrhynch us, 1, + -ince. ] A subfamily of heteropterous'insects, of the iamWy Aradidd; tyjjified by the genus Brdchyrhynch iis. They have a* very short rostrum (whence the name), tliickened mar- gins of the posterior segments of the abdomen, and the elytra confined within the limits of the abdominal disk. Also Braehtirlninchtiut. Brachyriyncbus (brak-i-ring'kus), n. [NL., < Gr. /i;ja;i-iT, short, + prj ,vof, a snout, beak. ] 1 . In.eutom., the typical genus of Brachyrhynchi- nm. Laporte, 1833.— 2. A genus of reptiles. Fitzingcr, 1843. bracbystochrone, «. EiToneous, though the original and until recently the usual, .spelUug of hrdcli istochrone. Bracbystola (bra-kis'to-la), n. [NL., < Gr. jipaxvQ, short, + cto7Ji, a robe, stole: see stofc-.] A genus of orthopterous insects, of the family Brachyurus of brachycorous dipterous insects, character- ized V)y the short )jroboscis. It is composed of sucli families as the Liptida;, Thcrevidw, JJoli- ch(i]iodid(V, anil Syrpliidri:. brachystomatous, brachystomous (brak-i- Slo'ma-Ius, bra-kis'lo-iiius), a. [As Brdchy- slomdid, Itrdchystoma, + -ous.] Haviiiga small or short mouth, beak, or proboscis; specifically, of or jjerlaining to the Brachy.itomuta. Brachytarsi (brak-i-tar'si), n. pi. [NL., < Gr. ,((«; (I'r, short, + Tapa/jr, the flat of the foot, mod. tarsus: see t^irsus.] A division of the order I'msimid: or lemuroids, represented by the leiimrs jiroper. Brachyteles (bra-kit'e-lez), n. [NL., < Gr. jipaxii:, short, + Tt'/or, end, with ref. to Atclcs, (). v.] A genus of South American spider-mon- keys, having a thumb, though a short one : sep- artited by Sjiix Sroiu Atclcs: synonymous with Krioibs (which see). brachytypoUB (bra-kit'i-pus), a. [< Gr. fipaxk, short, + riiruf, form, type.] In mineral., of a short form. Brach3rura (brak-i-u'rii), n. pi. [NL., less cor- rectly Jirdchyiiiini; neut. pi. of iror/ii/wrK.v, short- tailed: see briii-hyurous.] 1. A group of short- tailed stalk-eyed decapodo us crus- taceans, such as ordinary crabs : opposed to Mdc- CMra (which see). The short and small tail, or abdomen, is closely folded under the cephalothorax, forming the apron. The Brachyttra are sometimes artificial- ly divided iTiti) luur groups, Oxiisli'fi'/ihr, Oxyrhynrhii. t'lirlo- nietopa, and Cota. metopa ; now more frequently into about 16 fannlics, without superfami- ly grouping. 2. In mammal., a group of short- tailed bats, the lonuridw (which see). Also Brachy- oura . brachyiiral (brak-i-u'ral), a. Lubber Grasshopper {Brachyst^ht ma£na). Acrididee. B. mayna is a large clumsy locust, common on the western plains of North America, where it is known as the luliber grasshopper. Brachystoma, Bracbystomata (bra-kis tp-ma, br.ak-i-str)'ma-ta), n. pi. [NL., < Gr. Spaxk, short + aTofia, pi. aTOfiara, mouth.] A division Carapace of Siiore.cr.^b iCartinut nta- nas\, a typical brachyur.in, showinff the '"^ parts of the dorsal and ventral surfaces, same as Embdl- Upperti^rei:dorsal):/.rostrum; <».orhit: cs, cervical groove: ^'.epigastric lobe; ^-, protogastric ; a'3, mcsogastric ; ^.hy- pogastric ; .^, urogastric : c, cl, anterior and posterior cardiac lobes : A, hepatic lobe; ^t. d2, d3, epibranchial, mesobran- chial, and mctabraiichial lobes. l-ower figure (ventral): a, rostral Sep. turn; d, antcnnary sternum, or episloma; c. suture between n and A ; J, supraciltary iobe ; f, internal sulxjrbital lobe : /. anten- [As braclniitr-OUS na:^', articular cavity for ophthalmite : A, *-, , -. C"! ..i Same for the antennulc : o, orbit; sh, sub- "T -at.\ toUOrt- hepatic region ; ^/, anterior pleural region. tailed : apidied to a section of the Crustacea, as the crabs, to distinguish them from the maerurotis or long- tailed crustaceans, as the lobsters. Also spelled brachyourdl. brachyuran (brak-i-ti'ran), H. [As hrachyur-ous + -((».] One of the braehyurous crustaceans. Also brdchyounin. brachyure (brak'i-ur), ?i. [< "Sli. Brachyurus : see braehyurous.] 1. A South American mon- key of the genus Brachyurus, in the classifica- tion of Spix. — 2. An ant-thrush or breve of the genus Pitta (or Brachyurus). — 3. A crab or other braehyurous crustacean. Brachjruridae (brak-i-u'ri-de), n. pi. [NL., < Brachyurus, 2, + -idw.] Same as Pittid Dan. brak, G. brack, brackish (in eomp. brack>ca.sxer, brackyut, etc.); G. brack, refuse, trash); prob. same as MD. brack, fit to be thrown away, and ult., like brack''; from the root of break, q. v. Cf. brack- ish, bracki/.'i Brackish water; salt water. Scom'd that the brack should kiss her following keel. hrayttm, Wm. de la Poole to liueen Margaret, i. 316. brack'* (brak), h. [A var. of brake3, «.] A kind of liiirrow. llaHiwell. [Prov. Eng.] bracken (l)rak'pn), «. [< ME. brakeii, brakan, eti'., a northern form, Sc. bracken, brechan, breckan, brccken, braikin ; of Scand. origin: < H\v. briiken = Dan. bregne, fern, bracken ; cf . Icel. burkni, fern ; A.S. bruccc, fern : see ftcoAv 0.] A fem, especially the I'tcris aqttilina and other large ferns. See brake^. The bracken rusted on their crags. Tennitmn, Rilwin Morris. bracken-clock (brak'en-klok), II. A lamelli- corii liiiil.-, .InisnpHa {Pht/llopcrtha) horticiila, till' hirva of which is very destructive to grasses iiml trees. Curtis. bracket' (brak'et), M. [Early mod. E. bragqel; prob. connected with Sj). brayuetu, a kiiii of quarter or jirojccting molding, a particular use of bragiicta (=()\-\ braguttle), the opening of the fore part of a jiair of breeches, < 8p. I'k. liragax, breeches: see breech. The word is usually us- Hoeiateil with bracd.'] 1. A su|iportiiin piece or combinution of pieces of modcnite projoc- tir)n, generally springing from a vertical sur- face, (a) In arrh.tut onmnKnlal projci tlun from tho I.T •• o( a wall, Intended t« aupiKirt a ulntue, pkr, etc.; a torlHl. (/>) III 0117,.: (I) A fwiMHlcn i4ii|<|Hirt ■if triangu- lar iiiillin. |.l:i. . il umlcr a «lirlf or III. hi. (•_■) An or- inin.iil'il |.i. . . Mi|.|...rlltiK a ^ .III. i'.'.} .\ tie for *, jly u- liliKl. «. (r) Ono ■ Jji- Ilint Ik.I.I n locn- '.^■i"mm h...ln.- 1 r t.. III.- fr.iini.; i ♦5K alxi, of tlioo-' UKi.l I.. Iii.l.l the r \ ull.le ham. ( n wall or othi-r mir- '^ fn'-e nji a »ti|>|rorl for Home oh. i jcct. Ilrackctii f.ir iiifi'liltifry D,,,i, , . arc of very nmny •liirircnt ijrai r,r . '.''iiTii 'onim. accortlliuf (o the "lliin- crnturjr. tl'.liN III which tlicy arc |ilnci'il an. I the iiwR for whi. Ii llicy •errr, m wall firaek'U, hanffni'/bracktU or hangrrg, etc Sm hantfrr 664 2. A gas-pipe with a burner, and often a sup- port for a shade or globe, projecting from a wall or pillar. Such Itrackets are commonly provided with one or more joints, in order that the position of the light may be changed, and that the bracket may be folded in a small space when not in use. 3. In gun., thecheekof a mortar-carriage, made of strong planking. — 4. One of two marks [ ], formerly called crotchets, tised to inclose a note, reference, explanation, or the like, and thus sep- arate it from the context ; sometimes, also, one of a pair of braces ] | similarly used, or a sin- gle brace ■( used to couple two or more lines or names. Hence — 5. The position of being classed or bracketed with another or others. Specifically, in the University of Cambridge, from 1779 to 1834, one of a number of classes into which candidates for the degree of B. -\. were divided according to their ex- cellence at the first three days' examinations. The class- list was called the brackets, and the last day's exantination theejami;wtfio?i of the brackets. A candidate who was dissatisfied with his bracket might challenge any other candidate he pleased to a fresh ex- amination. J. W. L. Glai^her, Proc. Lond. ilath. Soc, xviii. 12. 6t. A name given to a head-dress of the four- teenth century. — 7. In mining, the platfonu over the mouth of a shaft. bracket! (brak'et), V. t. [< bracket^, h.] 1. To furnish -nith or support by a bracket or brack- ets ; in writing and printing, to place within brackets. — 2. To place on or witliiu the same bracket or brackets; join or mention together as coequal or coiTelative ; connect by or as if by a printers' brace: as, the names of Smith anil Jones are bracketed, or bracketed together, as candidates. [For a coiTesponding use of the noun, see bracket^, n., 5.] bracket'-^, «. Same as bragget^. bracket-crab (brak'et-kraij), «. A hoisting ap- paratus fastened to a wall. bracketing (brak ' et - ing), H. [< fccaoArfl -t- -ijifll.] The series of wooden ribs nailed to the ceiling, joists, and battening to support cornices, especially largo plaster cornices. — Cove bracketing. See COVt'-lil-ai'krfiii;l. bracket-trail (brak'et- tnil), ?(. Milit., a kind of built-up trail foriiii'r- ]y used, consisting of two girders or brackets connected by transoms. Those designed for siege-guns were longer and had t«i» sets of trunnion-beds. FoV transportation the trunnions were shifted to the traveling trunnion-bcilsor those near- est the trunnion -plait'. See trait. brackish (brak'isli), a. [Early mod. E. brak- inh ; < brack'^ + -j.«/il.] Possessing a salt or somewhat salt taste ; salt in a moderate de- gree: applied to water. Choakt with the labouring ocean's brackinh fome. Marston, Antonio and Melllda, I. 1. brackishness (brak'ish-nes), n. The quality of liciiig lirnckish; saltness in a slight degree. brackly ( lirak'li), a. [E. dial., as if < brack^ + -III'', but ratlicr a var. of brockle = brickie: see lirirl.lr.^ Brittle. [Prov. Eng.] Brackmant, »• Same as Jtrahman. brackyt (l)rak'i), n. l< brack'^ + -i/'i.'] Same as lirackish : as, "bracki/ fountains,'^ J>rayt(in. Braconni^rela). (From ViolIeC- le-Duc's " Diet. , post ; c, handle ; ti, shcavc'bloclc. brad Bracon (brak'on), «. [NL.] A genus of ich- ncumou-flies, gi'ving name to the family Jiraco- nida: B. impostor and B. chants (Rileyl are examples. Braconidse (bra-kon'i-de), «. pi. [NL., < Bracon -1- -irfrt'.] A family of pupivorous hymenopterous in- sects, other\\-ise known as Ichneu- mones adsciti, distinguished from the true ichneumon-tiies by liaving only one recun-ent nerve in the fore wing instead of two. The larva; most- ly infest caterpillars and the larva.' of bee- tles living in wood. The genera are nu- merous. .\lso Braconides, Braeonitt-.s. braconniere (bra-kon-iar'),)i. [F., < L. braca', breeches : see hrucce, breech.'] In the later times of com- plete armor, a defense for the thighs and hips, composed of ring- shaped plates of steel worn hori- zontally one below another, form- ing a kind of skirt, and secured to one another either by vertical straps to wliich each plate was riveted, or by being sewed to a skirt of stuff, or by rivets slid- ing in grooves. See Ahnain-riret. bract (brakt), 11. [= F. bracti'c, < L. bractea, also brattca, a thiu plate of metal, gold-leaf, veneer.] 1. In bot., a leaf in a flower-cluster or subtending a flower, usually diftVring some- what from an ordinary leaf in size, form, or texture, often much reduced, and somel imes ]>etaloid, high-, ly colored, and very conspicu- ous. — 2. In :oiH., a part of a hydrozoan li- kened to a bract of a jilaiit ; a hydrophyllium. See cuts under .ithori/biii and hijdrophyUium. — 3. A thin plato of metal used as an ornament, as, for example, ono of the gold disk-like ornaments made in Scandinavian countries in the Viking age. bracteal (brak'te-al), a. [= F. bract/al, < LL. hrmttalif. of metallic iilatos, < L. bractea: see. /)('(('•/.] Kelating to or of tho nature of a bract. bracteate (brak'te-at), a. and n. [= F. bracte- iiti; < L. bractcatus, covered with gold-leaf, < bractea: see bract.] I. MK. brurd, a point, bhnlc, or spire of grass; cf. (lorn, bros, a sting; ]ieiliiiiiH ult. conned ed with bristle, i\. v. See braird, BractR. I. Campanula : a, rt, bracts: *, *, brac- tcolcs. 2. Marigold : a, a, bracts of the Eeduncle: ^. bracts of the involucre. (From ■e Maoiit and Decaisne's " Traiti giniral de Botanique.") German Bracteate, Brit- ish Museum. [Size of tho ori|:iiiiil. ) itratfiH tharht. iCroM tliom aalurat tlxe.) brrcr'^,] A slendir Hat nail liaviug, iusteiii a brad of a head, a slight projection on one side, it is used when it is desiruljle that the ticail should not project, as in joinery, cabiuet-worlc, and pattern-makers' work. brad (brad), V. t; pret. and pp. bradded, ppr. hniddiiiil- [< brad, h.] To nail witli brads. brad-awl (brad'al), 11. An awl used to make boles fi)r brads. brad-driver (brad'dri"ver), n. A tool tised principally for fastening moldings to door- panels with brads. It consists of a holder and a plunger driven by a mallet. Also called hi-ail-.'iettcr. Bradford clay. See clay. bradoon (Ijra-don'), n. Same as bridoon. brad-setter (brad'sef'er), u. Same as brad- drirtr. bradyarthria (brad-i-ar'thri-a), n. [NL., < Gr. lifirnVn:, slow, -I- apBpov, a joint.] In pathoL, slowness of speech dependent on disease or de- fect in the nerve-centers of articulation. Also called hr(i(li/I((lia. bradycrote (brad'i-krot), a. [< Gr. ftpadvc, slow, + KiioToi;, a beating, clapping, etc.] In iiicd., pertaining to or producing infrequency of )iulse. bradylalia (brad-i-la'li-a), n. [NL., < Gr. lijKi'h'r, slow, ■+■ AdXof, talking, talkative.] Same as liiddi/ai'thria. bradypepsia (brad-i-pep'si-ji), n. [NL., < Gr. lipativzcifiia, < fipaSv(, slow, + n-fi/«f, digestion, < TTCTTTEiv, digest.] Slow digestion. bradyphasia (brad-i-fa'zi-a), n. [NL., < Gr. fipaih'i;, slow, -1- ipaaic, speaking, < (pdvai, speak.] Slowness of speech. bradyphrasia (brad-i-fra'zi-a), 11. [NL., < Gr. /i/ja(ii'f, slow, -I- i^paojf, speech: see ;(7wa«e. ] In pathol., slowness of speech due to mental de- feet or disease. bradypod, bradypode (brad'i-pod, -pod), n. A slow-moving animal; a sloth; one of the Bnubipoda. Bradypoda (bra-dip'o-da), n. pi. [NL., < Gr. ^paduTToda, neut. pi. of jipadbTTovq, slow of foot: see Bradypiis.'] A term proposed by Blumen- baoh for an order of mammals, nearly the same as the subsequently named Curierian Edentata, or the earlier Bruta of Linnseus: applied in a more restricted sense to the sloths and sloth- like edentates : synonymous with Tardigrada. See sloth. bradypode, n. See bradypod. bradypodid (bra-dip'o-did), n. An edentate maiiinial of the faiiiilj' Bradypodidce. Bradypodidae (brud-i-pod'i-de), n. pi. [NL., < Bradiipiis (-pod-) + -irf(E.] A family of Ameri- can edentates, the sloths. Tliey have 10 teeth in the upper jaw and Sin the lower, of persistent yrowtli. consist- ing of vasodentine invested with dentine and cenit nt witli- out enamel; their fore limbs are longer than tlie liindones; they have not more than three digits, bearing large claws ; the tail is rudimentary; the ears are small ; the pelage is coarse and crisp ; the stomach is simple ; there is no caecum, and the placenta is discoid and deciduate. There are two leading genera extant, Bradypiis and Cholopus. See sloth, and cut under Cholopwi. Bradypus (brad'i-pus), H. [NL., < Gr. fipadu- vov^, slow .of foot, < jipad'vQ, slow, -I- Troi'f (n-orf-) = E. foDt.'] The typical genus of the family Bradjipodida^, containing the ai, or three-toed or collared sloth, B. tridactylus or torquatiis. bradyspermatism (brad-i-sper'ma-tizm), n. [< Gr. iipadix, slow, -I- a7v[ppa{T-), seed, + -ism.'] In pathol., a too slow emission of the semen. brae (bra), «. [= E. bray*, q. v.] The side of a hill or other rising ground; an acclivity; a stretch of sloping ground ; a slojie. [Scotch.] O'er bank and brae, Like fire from flint he glanced away. Scott, L. of the L., iii. 22. brag (brag), 1'. ; pret. and pp. bragged, ppr. bragging. [< ME. braggen, bragen, < OF. bra- guer, flaunt, brave, brag, > brague, pleasure, amusement, bragard, gallant, gay (see brag- gart) ; of Celtic origin : of. W. bragio, brag, also hrac, boastful, = Ir. bragaim, I boast, = Bret. hraga, flaimt, strut, walk pompously, wear fine clothes; related to Gael, bragh, a burst, explo- sion, and thus ult. to E. break, Icel. braka, creak, etc. Cf . crack, boast, as related to crack, break with a noise. See bray^, brawl^, and hrave.] I, intrans. 1. To use boastful lan- ' guage ; speak vaingloriously of one's self or belongings ; boast ; vaunt : used absolutely, or followed by of, formerly sometimes by on: as, to brag of a good horse, or of a feat of arms. For-why he bosteth and braggeth with many bolde othes. Piers Plowman (B), xiii. 281. 666 Conceit, more rich in matter than in words, Broffs of hie substance, not n/'oniaincnt. Sliak., K. and ,1., ii. (!. It was liragr/ed by several Papists that upon such n day, or in such a time, we should fliul the hottest weather that ever was in England ; and words of plainer sense. Pepytf, Diary, III. :i. Yet, lo ! In me what authors have to brag on ! Reduced at last to hiss in my own dragon. Po2>e, Dunciad, ill. 285. 2t. To sound, as a trumpet ; blare ; bray. Wlianne the voyco of the trompe ... in joure ecrls bragfiitli. Wyclif, Josh. vi. 5 (Oxf.). II. tran.'!. 1. To boast of. [Rare.] lie braijs his service. Shale., C'ymbellne, v. .'). Bear thy good luck with you when you cross these paved atones, and liy our Lady, you may braq Scotlanil. kcott, Abbot, I. xvii. 2\. To blow (a trumpet). 'rliane the Hrctonea boldely bragrfene theire tromppez. Morte Arthurc, 1. U84. brag (brag), n. [< ME. brag; from the verb.] 1. A boast or boasting; a vaunt; also, boast- fulness. \Vhat owtward tn-ag so euer is borne by thcra, is in deed, of it selfe, and in wise mens eyes, of no great estinuition. Ascham, The Scholeraastcr, p. 34. Life invests itself witli inevitable conditions, which the unwise seek to dodge, which one and another brags that he does not know ; brags that they do not touch him ; but the brag is on his lips, the conditions are in his soul. Emerson. 2. A thing to boast of; source of pride. Beauty is Nature's i/rag. Milton, C<}mus, 1. 745. The sprout of an aik, Bonnie, and blooming, and straight was its make ; The sun took delight to shine for its sake, And it will be the bra;r o' the forest yet. florderballad. 3. A game of cards: same as poker. — 4. A bragger. bragt (brag), a. [< ME. brag ; from the noun.] Proud; boasting: as, "that ftrai/jfc prescrip- tion," Stapleton, Fortress of the Faith (15(55), fol. 68. Also used adverbially. Seest how In-ag yond BuUocke beares, So smirke, so smoothe, his pricked eares? Spenser, Shep. Cal., Feb. Bragantia (bra-gan'shi-ii), «. [NL.] A genus of undershrubs, of the natural order Aristolo- chiacece, including three or four species of the East Indies. B. tomento.ia is very bitter, and is used in medicine as a tonic and emmenagogue. bragaudt, braga'wdt, "• Same as braggct^. bragay (bra-ga'), n. [E. dial.; origin un- known.] A local English name of the gadoid fish otherwise called the bib. braggadocio (brag-a-do'shio), K. [< Braggu- ddchio, name of a boastfid character in the "Faerie Queene" (ii. 3); coined by Spenser < E. brag, with an Italian-seeming termination.] 1. A boasting fellow ; a braggart. "VMiat rattling thunderclappe breakes from his lips ? O ! 'tis native to his part. For acting a moderue brag- gadoch ... it may seeme to suite. Marston, Antonio and Mellida, Ind., p. 4. The world aboimds in terrible fanfarons, in the masque of men of honour ; but these braggadocios are easy to be detected. ,S'> -R. L' Estrange. 2. Empty boasting ; brag: as, " tiresome ftragr- gadocio," Bulwer, Last Days of Pompeii, iv. 2. He shook his fist at Lord Wicklow and quoted Cicero- nian braooadocios. Disraeli, quoted in Edinburgh Rev., CLXIII. 514. braggardt (brag'iird), a. and n. Earlier form of briuianrt. braggardiset, «• [< OF. bragardise, < bragard, bragging: see braggart.] Bragging; braggar- dism. Minsheu. braggardismt (brag'ar-dizm), n. [< braggard + -ism.] B(]:isttulness; vain ostentation: as, " what hraggardism is this?" Shale., T. G. of V., ii. 4. 2VIS0 braggartism. braggart (brag'iirt), a. and k. [Formerly brag- gard; = MB. b'ruggaerd, a fop, < OF. bragard, gay, gallant, flaunting, also braggard, bragging, braggadocio-like, < braguer, flaunt, brag : see brag, v. The E. braggard, braggart, as a noun, is practically a var. of bragger.} I. a. Boast- ful ; vatmtingly ostentatious. Shout that his braggart hosts are put to rout ! His empire has goiie down ! Ii. II. Stoddard, Ooesar. Talking of himself and his plans with large and brag- gart vagueness. Uomells, Modern Instance, \i. II. n. A boaster; a vaunting feUow. Who knows himself a braggart. Let him fear this ; for it will come to pass, That every braggart shall be found an ass. Shall., .\irs Well, iv. 3. braggartly (brag'art-U), a. [< braggart + -ly^.] Boastful. brabma Who ever saw true learning, wisdom, or wit, vouchsafe mansion in any proud, vain-glorious, and fjraggartty spirit'.' Cliaptnan, Iliad, iii., (,'omment. braggartly (brag'jirt-ri), n. ; pi. Ijraggarlries (-!■]■/.). [< liraggart -t- -ry.] Vain boasting; boastfulness. .Mrs. (lore. [Rare.] braggatt, «• Same as bragget'^. bragger (brag'tr), n. [< SIE. braggei-e; < brag + -frl.] One who brags. Kvere ware thes Bretons braggeres of oldc. J/', to the tassets, when developed into a sort of skirt. See bra- bragwortt (brag'w^rt), n. A Scotch form of Itragtjct-. Brahma^, Brabm (brii'mii, briim), n. [Hind. bralim, braliiiia, < Skt. brah'man (nom. brah'ma), neut., devotion, adoration, worship, prayer, sacred word, divine science, theosophy, the impersonal divinity; refen-ed to the -^ brili, barh, be thick, great, strong, > brihant, great, mighty, lofty, ult. akin to AS. beorg, E. barroxc, a hill, moimd: see barroiv^.] In Hindu reli- gion, the highest object of philosophic adora- tion; the impersonal and absolute divinity; the ineffable essence of the sacred. Also Brama. Brahma- (brii'mii), n. [Ilind. Brah'ma, < Skt. liraliiiKin' (nom. brahnid'), masc. one who ])rayR or worships, a pray-er, worshiper, directing priest, overseer of sacred things, also the im- personal divinity.] In later Hindu religion or theosophy, the personified Brahm; the divini- ty conceived as a god ; the creator. Unknown in tile older sacred literature, Brahma becomes by degrees an object of adoration to tlie Bralimans, and is artitlcially combined into a trimurti or trinity w ith Vishnu and .siva, being regarded as Creator, w hile A'ishnu is Presener, and Siva is Destroyer. Brahnm was never worshiped by the people, and only one temple sacred to him is known. By modern Hindus he is represented .i-s a red-colored figure, with four heads and four arms, and often accompanied by his vehicle, the swan. — Day Of Brahma. See dayl. brahma^ (bra 'ma), n. [An abbreviation of Brail mapittra.] A variety of the domestic hen. of large size, belonging to the Asiatic class. The (i';(A( brahmas are white and black in color, the black appealing on the hackle feathers as a rich stripe, hea\ier in the hen than in the cock, and also in the wing-primaries, the upper web of the secondjiries, and in the tail, the sickles of the cock Vicing glos.-iy green-black. The dark brahma cock shows a brejust of .-^olid black or black mottled with white, hackle and saddle silver-wliite, wing-bows white, wing-bars green-black, primaries and secondaries black edged with white, tail glossy green-black; while the hen is of a uniform gray color, each feather penciled with darker gray, or black. The brahmas have pea-combs and feathered legs. Brahmaic Brahmaic Cbra-ma'ik), a. [< Brahma'^ + -ic] Brahmanie. Brahman, Brahmin (bra'man, - min ), m. [For- merlvaiso Brnclunan, Brackninii, etc. (L. Brach- ti'dix't; Brachinanes, Gr. Bpax"<"'ff, pi.); ^ Hind. liriVimaii, corruptly hainan, < Skt. brdhmaiia', m. {hrdltmam', f.), < brah'man, prayer, etc.: see Brahma'^, Brahm.'] A member of the sacred or sacerdotal caste among the Hindus. From being in tlie be^rinning individuals and lamilies distin^ished for wisdMin. sanctity, and poetic power, they gradually con- solidated their influence and became a sti'ictly liereditarj' class, holding in their hands the ministry of lioly things, the custody of the scriptures and knowledge of their sacred and learned liiulect, and the perfonnance of the sacrifice. They were helit to be created from the mouth of Brahma, to be inviolable, and entitled to the worship of the other castes. Theoretically, the life of a Brahman was divided into four stages, those of student, householder, anchorite, aud ascetic. In later times tlie relations and occupations of the castes have become much confused, and Brahmaus are to be found in every grade of dignity and of ver>* va- rious modes of life. There are many subdivisions of the caste, more or less isolated, and refusing intercourse with one another. Also written BTamin. —R-alunan'S-bead, the name given in India to the seed of Elwocarprts, made into rosaries for the priests, and into bracelets, necklaces, etc. Brahmana (bra'ma-nii), n. [Skt. Brd'hmana, proj). the dictum of a priest,< brahman' , a priest, Brahman.] One of the prose portions of the Vedas, which contain injunctions for the per- formance of sacrifices, and explain their origin and the occasions on which the mantras had to be used, sometimes adding illustrations and legends, and sometimes mystical and philo- sophical speculations. Brabmanee (brU'ma-ne), n. [Also Brahminee, < Hiud. hiahniani, brahmni, corruptly bdmiii, < Skt. brdhmaiti', fem. of brahmana' , a Brahman.] A woman of the Brahman caste ; the wife of a Brahman. My mottier was a JSrahmanee, but she clave to my father well ; She was saved from the sack of JuUesar when a thousand Hindoos felL Sir A. C. Ujalt, The Hid Pindaree. Brahmaness (brii'man-es), «. [< Brahman + - as lirahmanee. Brahmanie, Brahmanical(bra-man'ik, -i-kal), «. [<. ISrahiiian + -ic,-i(:al.'] Of or pertaining to tlif Brahmaus or to their doctrines, worship, and |Mjlity. Also Brahiiiinic, Brahminical. Brahmanism (lirii'man-izm), «. [< Brahtnan + -i.f/H.] Till' religion or system of doctrines of the Bralimans; the social system of ancient India, with the Brahmaus as leadiug caste. .■\l^io Urchinininm. • Brahmanist (brU'man-jst), «. [< Brahman + -m/.] An atUierent of Brahmanism. Also Urahminist. Brahmin, Brahminic, etc. Seo Brahman, Brah- in'liiir, etc, brahminy (Idii'mi-ni), a. [Cf. Hind, brdhmani, the wife of a Brahman, also a ghost: see BraJi- mimcc and Brahma.'} Devoted to Siva by the Brahmans: as, a brahminy bull Brahminy duck, the f'ltxnrca nilita, or ruddy siieldrukc— Brahminy kite, an Ka.Ht Indian liirrl of prey, the tlalia^liir //j//'/>, rcvcr- .-nc.-d by til'- Hindus aj* sacred ti> Vishnu, Brahmoism (brii'mo-izm), n. [< Brahmo(-So- maj) + -ism.'} The tenets of the Brahmo- Soinaj. Brahmo-Somaj (brii'mo-so-maj'), n. [< Hind. Iirahma, lirahma (prayer), + namdj, societv, as- sembly, lit. a worshiping assembly. Sco lirah- «)"', Brahman.l A monotheistic religion in India, which originated with Ka.jah Kam .Mohun Koy, a Hindu n former, wlio died in \X'.i'.i, and received a new iin|iiilHe and a nivv ilii'cction imder his suceesior, Keshuli ('liundcr Srn, who }iy. Itfl fiinilainc-ntal tenet ia tin- uni- ■• ■ Mai pri-ienci! of the Divino .'spirit, who pervailcH all na- ' .'• and in^pin-H all wlioaro willliiu t.t rtcclve him. -Man i ■ iiilppi-'l ffHi with a faculty of Hlilrltual iit- ■,f. a faith faculty, i-afled >'o'/ii. Iii'^piratlon JHa liniver- >' (. and all the nrrat worlij-teai-lii-i^ Imvi- bi-i-n divinely ■ I i»ropli«-t« ; all the cTi-nt wnrl,l T.lit:t.,iiH contain livltie truth ; and In nil (hdr ui- ii i' i :inH-ntji Ihi-rr I >t>lrilinil bi'iii'llt. It In li'>l ' l>-ii uh< III. r I'lirht !' I ,'u limply tlin Krenti-nl of llit-^i> inHpircil pro- ' -("in'-thliKf more, ,'*oini' uticram rii lllllll■a^' ■ '> "1 tii4 rlianu!t4T an divine. The Itrahnio- . Iron) Ih-lNin In t< Illlon ni I ■■! • ■I blMlnlry In nil n- < < ' i imtoinn, and a ti-inp< r^iK' ' i-i braid .. [Knrlv mod. K. uIhh /11./7./ , hrri/il- i. . lie, < .Ml', hraiili-n, hrriilin, linni- ilrn. /• ,.. itc., < AS, hrr.giUm, brntan (pret. braf/il, iiniil, |,1. brugd'in, hriuloti., pp. bmyden, 656 hroden), move to and fro, vibrate, brandish, draw, weave, braid, turn, change, etc., = OS. bregilan = OFries. brida = LG. brcidcn = OHG. brettan = leel. bregdha, draw, weave, braid, etc. ; orig. ' move quickly to and fro, glance ' ; cf. Icel. braga, flicker; prob. frjm same root as bright^, q.r. Cf. abraid and upbraid. The word took in AS. and ME., and in later dial, use, a great variety of senses, all arising ult. from that of 'quick motion.' Other forms, obs. or dial,, are bread'^, breed, bredi", broiid, broird, broid, etc. : see also broider, brouder, browdcr.'\ 1. trans. If. To take, draw, pidl, or snatch quickly ; reach ; throw ; cast ; brandish. He ryt [rideth] his spere bvainiiiitf. Kill!) Alisaunder, 1. 7373. Hir kerchef of hir heed she irayde. Chaucer, Man of Law's Tale, 1. 739. 2. To weave by passing three or more strands, strips, or lines of over and ouider each other alternately ; plait ; interlace : as, to braid the hair, straw, tape, etc. Braid ytouT locks with rosy twine. Millon, t'omus, 1. 106. 3. To form by braiding; interweave the ma- terial of in strands or strips : as, to braid a straw hat or a rug. — 4. In domestic econ., to beat and blend, as soft substances, particularly to press them with a spoon through a sieve. — 5t. To upbraid; reproach. If thou talkest a little longer, I thinke thou wilt braid mee with the sauiiig of his life. J. Bremie, tr. of Quintus Curtius, viii. Few love to hear the sins they love to act ; 'Twould 'braid yourself too near for me to tell it. Shak., Pericles, i. 1. Braided rug, a rug or mat for the floor, formed by braid- ing strips uf woolen or silk fabrics, and afterward sewing them together.— To braid St. Catherine's tresses, to live a virgin. Thou art too fair to braid St. Catharine's tresses. Long/t'llow, Evangeline, ii. 1. II. intrans. It. To move quickly; start; rush. Whan she sangh tweyne come hir to socour, she braied rudelyoutejjf tlieire handes. Mertiii(E. E. T. S.), iii. 4&4. Troilus . . . disposed wod out of his wit to brnjdr. Cliaucer, Troilus, iv. 230. 2t. To start suddenly (out of sleep) ; awake. With the falle right out of slepe she brayde. Ctia ucrr. Reeve's Tale, 1. 365. 3. To nauseate ; desire to vomit. [Prov. Eng.] — 4. To be like ; resemble in appearance or character. [Prov. Eng.] braidi (briid), n. [< ME. braid, hrcid, < AS. bra'd, bred (for "brtvgd, *hregd), trick, deceit, gebregd, quick motion, trick, deceit (= Icel. bragdh, a quick motion, trick, scheme), (. breg- ilan = Icel. bregillia, move quickly, etc. : sco ?«•«((/',(•.] It. A quick motion; a start. she wakcth, walwith, inaketh many a brayde. Cliaucer, Good Women, 1. 1104, 2t. A moment. But curtois, debonair, and vertuous ; Hyt appered well by hys workes eche braide. Itom. o/J'arlenan (E. E. T. S), 1. OMn. For as I sodainely went in hand therewith, and made it in a breiile. .s'/r '/'. Murr. \\'orka (1.'>.'.7). 3t. A turn (of work); a job. — 4t. A trick; de- ception. Dian rose with all her maids, Blushing thus at love's braids. (Jrtrnr, Kadagon in Dlanam, 5. .\nv plaited band or fdlet. Speilllcally— (n) A plaited liaiid of hair, whether twined amtind the head or tiaiighig behind. ('*) A narrow textile band or tiipc, formed by plaiting or weaving together several strands of silk, cotton, wool, or other material, used as triinniing for gar- ment.s, for stay-laces, etc. (r) Straw or other similar ma- terial plaited into bands for use In making bonnets or biit^. 6. A wicker guard for iirolccling trccH nrwiy grafted, [Prov. Eng.] -in a braldt, at a braidi, In a iiioMMiil ; on tin- liislant. Jimii. o/lhr llnsr. braid't ( linld), a. [An adj. use of braid^, »., 4, deceit.] Deceitful; crafty. Hini-e Frenchmen are ho liraid. Marry that will, I live and die a nmlil. .Shak., All's Well, Iv. 2. braid- (brad), a. Broad. [Scotch.] braid-bonnet (l)ra E. braij^, q. v.), < L. bracce, breeches: seehri-»i"; I'hrcnitis; meningitin. ry iH-rvc. The ccrebcl- Dramge (branj)^ /,'. i. ; prot. and pj). braingedj [i:iiinn of muscular con- \>\n\hrainii!itioT], deglutition, etc. (See also cut soincthinK noisily and hnrriedly, especially \mi\m- ena'phnlrm.) From its complexity, the brain is usu- IliroiiL'li unL'Or. Burns. rScoteh'l ont\Tto^^;;;^ro'^£S/""^'^^^ (bra'nish), a. [< hra^n + -.V.l.] 2. In e«^owi., tho principal f^anglion of the ner- ^t^fl«trong; passionate; also, perhaps, un- vous system, situated in the head, over the ^®^^' bram-sick. [Kare.] - - - - ' ^ In his trai/iw/i apprehension, kills The unseen good old man. Shak., Ilamlct, iv, 1. esophagus, and formed by tho coalescence of several supra-osophageal ganglia. The nerves of the eyes and antcnn.'e are directly connected with it, and it gives oft' two inferior branches which surround tlie esophagus and unite beneath in the subesopliageal gan- glion. . Sometimes tliis ganglion is regarded as a part of tho l)rain, lieing distinguished as i\\Q c'rebellum, while the jtrincipal or upper ganglion is called the cerebrum. 3. The same or a corresponding portion of the nervous system in many other invertebrates. — Base - 1 Brain. y4, frontal lobe of cerebrum; B. temporal lobe of same, separated from J4 by the Syl- \'ian fissure ; CC, corpus callosum— its fore enJ : Cb, cerebeitum ; M, meduUa oblonga- ta ; Z', pituitary body ; /, olfactory "* nerve " (so called — rather olfactory lobe, or rhinen- ■cephalon): //, optic nerve, after decussa- tion with itsfeUow at the chiasm ; ///, motor- -oculi nerve; /K, pathetic nerve; /■'', trigemi- nal-trifacial nerve ; /V, abducent nerve ; K//, facial nerve; /'///, auditory nerve; IX, glossopharyngeal nerve ; .1'. pneumogastric nerve; ,V/, spinal accessory ner^'e; XII, hypoglossal nerve. The rounded masses near /// are the corpora albicantia ; yi rests upon the pons Varolii. brainless (bran'les), a, [< ME. hminlcs (=D. brcinlooH) : < brain + -less.^ Weak in the brain ; witless; stupid: as, ''the dull brainkas Ajax," Shnl'., T. undo., i. 3. brainlessness (bran'le.s-nes), tu The state o£ being bniinlessj lack of sense ; stupidity. - Where indolence or brainlessnfHg ha« brought about a 4. Understanding; intellectual power; fancy; pc-rverse satisfaction. The American, VU. '2iii. imagination: commonly in tho plural: as, a brain-maggot (bran'mag^ot),«. 8ame as &ratn- m2.Yi oi brains ; **my iraift is too dull," A'cwi^. u-arm, \. brainpan (bran'pan), «. [< XfE. hrainpanne (= OFries. hreinpanne = MLG, brff/enpannef LG. Omtjenpfwnc); < brain + pan. Of, eqmv. AS. heafodpannc, the skull, lit. 'head-pan.'] That part of the skull which incloses the brain ; the cranium. cephalon. By Hux- ley and others the epencephalon of the above nomencla- ture is called metencephalon, and the next segment (the fifth) is then named myelencepkalon. Common English equivalents of the above five segments are /oreferazn, 'tween- brain, mi'lhraia, hiiulbrain, and ajterbrain; these are terms traiishited directly from the nomenclature of the German auatoiuists, who call them respectively vordei- hini, zirisriir/iln'rii, mittelhirn, hinterhirn, and nachhirn. Haeekel eiills them protopsyche^ deutopsyche, mcsopsyche, virtaiisyche, and epipsyche. These five segments are fun- daiinntally distinct, and correspond emhryologically to as iiiiiny cerebral vesicles or brain-bladders which aiise from three primitive vesicles by subdivision. The sim- plest and a common division of the brain is into the ce- rebrum or brain proper, the cerebelhtm or little brain, the pons Varolii, and the medulla oblongata. (See cuts under cerebral and corpus.) The human brain is distinguished for the relatively enormous size and surface-complexity of theeer-liruiii or prosencephalon, which completely covers tlic irnii.iinm and olfactory lobes, and is marked by juaiiy ili(;[i fissures or sulci separating gyri or convolu- tions. Tlie cerebrum is divided into right and left halves, or cerebral hemispheres, connected by the great trans- verse commissure or corpus callosum. Each hemisphere is divided into ^hree primary lobes, frontal, parietal, and occipital, and many more detailed subdivisions of its sur- face are recognized. The interior of the brain (which is priuntively hollow) is traversed in the adult by a set or system of connected cavities known as ventricles or ctelite. The first and second of these are the right and left ven- tricles of the hemispheres, or procceli<^ ; the third is the diacaclia; tiie fourth is the epiccelia ; passages connecting these are tlie foramina of Monro and the aqueduct of Syl- vius. The brain and adjoining portions of the spinal cord give rise to 12 pairs of nerves, called cranial nerves be- cause they emerge from foramina in the base of the skull. (See cranial.) Brain-substance is of two kinds, gray gan- glionic or cellular nerve-tissue, and white commissural or fibrous nerve-tissue. The gray matter which invests tlie cerebrum and cerebellum is also called the cortical sub- stance, in distinction from the white or medullary sub- stance of the interior. A brain is in fact a collection of gray ganglia united by white commissures. Besides the cortex, there are several ganglia or collections of gray matter in the iifterior, as the corpora striata, the optic thahtini. tin- ujttie lobes or corpora qnadrigemina, the cor- pora di.-utata ( a" tlie eerebellum, and the corpora olivaria of tlif nteitullaolilongata. Connected with the l>rain are two non nervous structures, the conariura or epiphysis cerebri and the pituit:iry body or hypophysis cerebri. The brain is covered by three membranes or meninges, of which the external is the dura mater, the middle the arachnoid, and the inner the pia mater. Most mammals have a brain tike that of man. but in descendhig the mammalian scale the cerebrum becomes relatively smaller and has fewer if any convolutions, the corpus callosum becomes rudi- metitary. and the olfactory lobes enlarge. (See cuts under gijru.^ and ■■ii'lcus.) In the brain of birds the hemispheres are smooth, there is no corpus callosum or pons Varolii, and the optic lobes are of immense size. There is no brain in the lowest vertebrate, Ain2}hioxus. The average weiglit of the brain in adult males of the European type is about 1.400 grams (49.5 ounces); in women about 1,250 grams (44 ounces). The brain is in its highest activity the organ of consciousness or mind, and its general function is that of furnishing the most complex and extensive outgoing stimuhition of muscles and other active tissues as a re- sponse, more or less immediate, to the most complex and extensive incoming sensory stimulation. With functions of this high degree of complexity are associated in some I)arts much simpler functions resembling those of the spi- nal cord. The cortex of the cerebral hemispheres is the portion of the brain in which the most complex coordina- tions seem to he effected, and which is most directly in- volved in mental acts. Certain parts of the cortex are, however, peculiarly related to certain special incoming or outgoing stimulutions, and are called sensory or motor centers. (See cerebral, and cei-ebral localization, under lo- calization.) The corpus striatum is usually regarded as especially concerned with stimulations passing downward, and the optic thalamus with those passing upward ; among 42 God will be worshipped and served according to his pre- script word, and not according to the brain of man. Abp. Sandys, Sermons, fol. 128b. The poison and the dagger are still at hand to butcher a hero, when a poet wants the brains to save him. Dryden, Prcf. to Don Sebastian. To beat nr cudgel one's brains, to try earnestly to re- call or think of something, or to concentrate one's attention and thought upon it : as, he beat his brains for a simile. Cudgel thy brains no more about it ; for your dull ass will not mend his pace with beating. Shak., Hamlet, v. 1. My brain-pan had been cleft with a brown bill. Shak., 2 Hen. VI., iv. 10. I leamt more from her in a flash, Than if my brainpan were an empty hull And every Muse tumbled a science in. Tennyson, Princess, ii. To have (something) on the brain, to be extremely in - . terested in or eager about something; be over-persistent Drain-racklng (bran'rak^ing), « and zealous in promoting some scheme or movement : as. pcrplcxin" tu ham reform on the brain. fCoUoq,]- Water on the braui-sand'(bran'8and), n I)articles foimd in the Harassing ; brain, drojisy of the brain ; hydrocephalus, brain (bran), V. t. [< ME. hrainen, dash out the brains; from the noun.] 1. To dash out the brains of; kill by beating in the skull. There thou must brain him. Shuk., Tempest, iii. 2. When Uncas had brained his first antagonist, he turned like a liungry lion to seek another. Cooper, Last of the Mohicans, -\ii. 2. Figuratively, to destroy; defeat; balk; thwart. [Rare.] It was the swift celerity of his death . . . That brain'd my purpose. Shak., M. for M., v. 1. 3t. To get into the brain; conceive; under- stand. [Rare.] 'Tis still a dream; or else such stuff as madmen Tongue, and brainnot. Shak., Cymbeline, v. 4. brain-bladder (bran'blad"er), n. In einhri/o!., one of the hollow dilated In anat., the earthy eonarium or pineal gland, forming the so-called accrculm cerebri. They are minute accretions of calcium carhonat*;, calcium pliosphate, and magnesium phosphate, with some animal substance. brain-sick (bran'sik), a. Disordered in the understanding; fantastic; crotchety; crazed. QuickC wittes also be, in most part of all their doinges, ouer quicke, hastie, rashe, headie. and brainxicke. Aschmn, The .Scholemasttr, p. 33. We have already suffered from the misconstructions and Ijroils which seem to follow this poor brain-nick lady wherever she comes, Scott, Kenilworth, II. xviii. brainsickly (bran'sik-li), adv. Fantastically; madly. Vou do unbend your noble strength, to think So brninxickly of things. Skak., Macbeth, ii. 2. brain-sickness (bran'sik-nes), n. Disorder of tlicbiaiu; insanitv. Holland. Same a cerebral vesiclb , .j^^ uj. l.u^j iiuin^., ujia^^u . . _ portions of the brain of any embryonic cranial brainstone (bran'ston), n. See brain-coral vertebrate. brainstone-coral (bran'ston-kor'al), w. St In all Skulled Animals, from the Cyclostomi to Man, , '"''^ braiii-roral. ,, , , . the same parts, although in very various forms, develop bram-tnrob (bran throb), n. The throbbing from these five original &rain-6;ad£ier.?. of the i»raiu. Ha^;ckel, Evol. of Man (trans.), II. 220. brainward (branViird), adv. and a. Toward brain-box (bran'boks), H. The cranium proper ; or tending toward the brain. the cranial part of the whole skull, containing if, from any cause, there is excessive braimmrd deler- tbe brain, as distingxushed from the facial parts miuatiou of the blood, the plethora of the capillaries gives f.e fi,^ sjoTtio rii^e to increased mental excitement. oi me bdme. x,„-7„ Huxlnj and Youmans,V\na\o\., % wa. brain-case (bran kas), n. Same as bram-box. , . ,,.,.. . „ V V brain-cavity (bran'kav"i-ti), «. 1. Oneof the orain-wave (bran war), n. A so-called tele- ventricles of the brain.— 2. The interior of the ptliK- vibration supposed to be concerned cranium or skull, containing the brain. brain-coral (bran'kor'al), n. The popular namg of coral of the genus Meandrina : so called because it resembles in its superfi- cial appear- ance the con- volutions of the human brain. Tlie ge- nus is of the family Meandri- nidtje, belong- ing to the apo- rose division of stone-corals. Also called brainstone and brainstone-coral. Brain-coral {Meandrina cerebri/orm, in the transference of a thought from one mind to another by other than physical means of communication. Such expressions as hrain-wave (Knowles), mentiferous ether ei. braise-', »• See brai^e^. braise, braisee (bra-za'), a. [F.] Braized, braiser, »■ ^^ee hrai:er. brait (.briit). M. [Onginimknown.] Among jew- elei-s. a rouo;h diamond, braizei, braisel (braz). r. t.; pret. and pp. brai:e((■^— Parallel brake-hanger, a bar or link so attache'i to a lirake-beani as to maintain th& brake-liead and brake-shoe in the same relative position* when the lirakes are released, thus preventing the brake- shoes from striking against the wheel, f ciir brakes, so arranged brake-head (brak'hed), It. Apiece of wood or m some ..ne pmnt on the .^^^^ fastened to a brake-beam and bearing single lever, to which the force is applied. The fulcrum brake'i. See braked, «., 9. brake-t (brak), r. [< ME. hrakeii (= D. braken), vomit, a secondary form of breken, E. break = G. brecheii, break, vomit: see break, and cf. parbrakc] I. inirans. To vomit. Urahin or castyn, or spewe, vomo. Prompt. Parv. , p. -17. And a« an hoimde that et gras so Ban ich to brake. Piers Plowman (C), vii. 430. Sylvia locustella, or Loeustclla ticevia lirrai/. [Local, British.] brakeman (brak'man), 71.; pi. brnkemen (-men). 1 . A man whose business is to apply the brakes on a railroad-train which are operated by hand. — 2. In w(H(H(/, the man in charge of the wind- ing-engine. Sometimes spelled brcakmati, and in Great Britain often called brakesman. brakent, »• An obsolete form of braeken. brake-shaft (brak 'shaft), ii. The shaft on. which is wound the chain by which the power of a car-brake operated by hand is applied to the wheels. brake-shoe (brak'sho), n. A piece of wood or metal fitted to a brake-block, or forming one piece with it, and serving as a rubber to retard, by fric- tion with the wheel-tread or -tire, the movement of a wheel. iitai;e-6hoe. -Brake-shoe valve, in an air- m- vacuuTii-brake, a valve so arranged as to relieve the pres- sine np.iM tlic wheel when it becomes too great. brakesman (braks'man), «.; pi. brakcsme)i- (-men). See brakeman. jrake-spool (brak'spol), H. An enlargement, portions from the fiber. Now written break. ^^ j^ sleeve or otherwise, of a brake-shaft to give It lilax] nnist be watered, ilried, braked, tcw-tawed, and greater speed and less power to the brake. Car- with nuich labor driuen and reduced in the end to be as soft u,,jl,h.,.i.. Diet and tender as wooll. ^'•'"'""'. »- »"'l"'^. f ' "'■■"^""- br ake-str ap (brak'strap), ». The strap sur- 2. To retard or stop the motion of by the ap- j.„„„,ii„j, the pullev of a friction-brake. plication of a brake. , , tn brakett '^'. A Middle English form of hrai/f/cC^. - ■ - - • [< ME 6rai-c(see 6»vMt»); brake-van (briik'van), ". On Eiu-opean rail Plan. Sinele-lever Car-brake. The single lever F. pivoted at mid-lenffth, is operated by chains and rods from the brake-wheel on either platform. To the lever are attached rods G, H, proceeding to the shoes. brake-bars which carry the of the lever is upon one brake-beam, and from its shorter arm a rod extends to the brake-beam of the other pair of wheels of the same truck.- To bleed the brakes. See Ueeit. brake^ (brak), x. t. ; pret. and pp. hrakxl, ppr. braking. [= MLG. LU. D. braken (> F. hraquer) = Sw." brM-a = Dan. braye, brake; from the . . -aoim. Cf. break, r.'] If. To crack or break (the _^^^_ ,„.,„„ „„. Obsolete or archaic preterit of gtalks of flax) in order to separate the woody brake-spool (brak'spol), n not in AS., but prob. of LG. origin: ME( ;))•((/.■(', bush, bushes, Ij(t. brake, a willow-Tmsh ; orig. appar. rough or broken ground ; cf. D. braak {-land) = MLG. brake = G. braehe, land broken but not sowed, MIIG. braehe, OllG. brdeha, the breaking of land after htirvest (= MLG. brake =z Ml), hraceke, I), braak, breiikiiig, a break: see fcroci-l) ; honcein comp.,(i. braeh- ways, the van or car in a freight-train to the wheels of which the brake is applied. See brakr'-i, <). brake-wheel (briTk'hwol), n. 1. A horizontal liiiiiil-wlieel on the platform of a railroiid-cnr, or on tho roof of a box-car, useii to control the brake. — 2. A heavy wheel furnished with cams to control the action of a trip-hammer. braecke, braake, an instrument for liolding by the nose ; cf. OHG. breeha, MIKJ. G. breehe, a bnike) ; < MLG. LG. D., etc., breken =C{.brecheu = AH. Iireean, R. break, q. v. lirakr'-^ is thus practically e(|iiiv. to break, n., of which, in some recent iihch, it is only a different spelling, conformed to tho older word.] 1. A ti^ol or machine for breaking up tho woody portion of flax, to loosen it from tin- liarl or fibers.— 2. The hanille or lever by which a iniinp is worketl. — 3. A bakers' knead'iiig-iiiachine.— 4. A Hharp bit or snaffle : as, " a snaffle bit or brake," Oas- coignc, Steele Glas. — 6. An iipparalus for con- fining refractory horses whili; being shoil. — 6. A medieval engine of war anulogons to tho bal- llstu. Vet ie««e.' lo-ltc. A this '.•l.ilo Ih used honifH to InimesH. — 0. Any raedianicul ilevie for arri'Mii.Hr or rotartling the motion of a vi hii'li ineons of friction. 11 nioti ( r ourvid wooden or Irr, II agitlii" I ihewhiein In lliliaeii^' ■pcllsil i'lri'.. ■: air-brake. i lislies of the family liramida: The pomfret, K. raiji, is an example. Schneider, 1801. See cut uiiiler sea-bream. Bramah lock, press. See the nouns. Bramantesque (biii-inan-tt-sk'), a. Relating to or liiiviiig the cliaracter or style of the wtu-ks of Bramante (U44-l.'>14), a noted Italian archi- tect, whose sluilies of the antique exerted much inlltieiice iiiiim the classic revival. He prepared th.' original .lesign for the rebuilding of St. Peter's at Home, of wbiih the e.veiittlon was IntclTupted by his death. Tbe cpilliet lUiimaiilemiue was early applied to- the style of aii'liilectni'o now ciilltid Itenaissanee, from tho preeniinent position held by lliiimante in its formation. The arlist who Introduced licnaiasaneo architecture, then called llraiiiaiileHum; Into Ixitnbarily. r. ('. I'erk'iin, Italian Scttlpttire, p. 182, note. .the., [leaves] are parted ""-"'Jl 'IJf,;; -J'^^^^^.'/irf;^.^: bramantip (bra-m,ui'tip). n. Same as banmlip. Bramatherium (brii-inii-the'n-um), n. [NL., |iro|,. ' llriihuKilhtrium, '< llratnna^ + Or. %)i(ii'. wild lieiisl.] .\ goiins of gigantic arlioilactyl mmniniilH of uncerlain ])OHilioii, related to ■!<(- rallKriuni. I.IU.' Ibe laller, it bad four honis. and lt«ro- inaliiH oiiiir with (hose of .•^imlberinni in the middle and late Tertiary di'poslls ot till' Slvidlk hills In India, tat- eoner ami t'liHtleriiif, Isl.'i. bramble (bram'bl), ». [< MK. brrmhil. hrembil, lirinimil, < AS. bra-mhel. briinbrt, iii-oii. brenieC (also bn'inliir, MIC. brrndnr : see brnmblcberril), = ()|)Mti. hniiili, hriinilr = ],(i. brunnnri (-brren, pi.), bramble; dim. of the form seen in ME. tb, ' plant brake-block (bnik'bh.k), «. A wooden or iii.lnl lilock holiling the shoe or jnece whieli l.iiirH against the tn'ad or tiro of a wheel when the brake is opjilied. bramble tramc, bramble, = MD. hraeme, hrcmr, T). hraam = ML(t. brdm, hramc, hreme, hrummr, LG. hrodm, bramble, broom-plant, = OHG. brdma, hrdmo, MHG. brdme, bramble, G. dial. (Swiss) bramrii, bramble, G. bram, bramc, broom-plant (also an awl, pimeh, from the sense of ' thorn ')• Akin to hi-ooni^, q. v.] A name common to plants of the genns Kub;:s, Bsnecially and iisually in England the common blackberry, L'. fnitico'siia ; occasionally (from these plants being anuod with prickles), any rough prickly shrub, as the dogrose, Bosa canina. The hramble flour that liereth the rod hepe. Chaucer, Sir Thopas, 1. 35. bramble (bram'bl), v. i. ; prot. and pp. brani- lilcd, \i\ir. b rambling. [< bramble, jt.] To pick brambles or blackberries. All persons found hrambline prosecuted. Quoted in N. and Q., 7th ser., II. 327. brambleberry (bram'bl-ber"i), ?(. ; pi. bram- bleberries (-iz). [ME. not found, < AS. bre- mel-berie (cf. brember, ME. brember, equiv. to brembel, breincJ, bramble) (= MLG. hrdiiihcr = OHG. brdmberi, MHG. brdiiiberr, hrdiiihrr, G. hrombecre = Sw. brombdr = Dan. bnniiban; a blackberry, = MD. bnnmhrsie, 1). braiiiiibcsie, > ¥. framboise, Pr. framhoiso, Sp. frambueso, It. dial, flanboesa, ML. framboses, raspbeiTy), < bremel, bramble, + herie, berry.] 1. The beriy of a bramble; especially, a blackberry. — 2. The plant itself. See bramble. [Eng.] bramble-bond (bram'bl-bond), n. A band made of the long shoots of the bramble, for- merly used in thatching roofs. bramble-bush (bram'bl-biish), n. [< bramble + biisli : cf. D. braamboscli = MLG. brambi(scli = ODan. hremlebusk.^ The bramble, or a thicket of brambles. brambled (bram 'bid), a. [< bramble, «., -t- -ed".'] Overgrown with brambles. Forlorn she sits upon the brambled floor. T. Warton, Ode, iii. bramble-fincll (bram'bl-finoh), n. Same as brumhVniii. bramble-net (bram'bl-net), n. A hallior, or net for catching birds. bramble-rose (bram'bl-roz), n. The dogrose, Rosa canina. Brauible-nis'.^, faint and pale. Tennysoii, A Dirge. bramble-worm (bram'bl-werm), n. Same as brandlitiii, 2. brambling (bram'bUng), n. [< braynble + -«np3.] A common Em'opean conirostral oscine pas- serine bird, of the family Fringillida; Fringilla Brambling or Mountain-finch [Frittg^tla montifringitla^. montifringilla, or mountain-finch, closely re- lated to and resembling the chaffinch, 1''. ae- lebs, but larger. Also called bramble-finch. brambly (bram'bli), a. [< bramble + -.)/l.] Full of brambles: as, " fcramft?^ wildernesses," TennijKOH, The Brook. bramet (bram), ». [< OF. brame, bram, a cry of pain or longing (= Bret, bram, a noise, = Sp. It. brama, desire), < bramcr — Pr. bramar = Sp. bramar, cry out, =It. hramare, desire, long for, < OHG. breman = AS. bremman = MD. bremmcn, roar : see 6m«l.] Intense passion or emotion. Through long languor and hart-burning brame. She shortly like a pyned ghosi became. Spenser, F. Q., III. li. 62. 659 bramid (bram'id), ii. A fish of the family Sra- mi lid'. Bramidae (bram'i-de), «. pi. [NL., < lirama + -idir.] A family of acanthopterygiau fishes, represented by the genus JSramu. it belongs to tile suijcifainily Heinnliruidea, and is cliaraoterizcd by an oldoiig eoMipressed body, rounded head, hjug ilorsal anil anal fins with few anterior spines, and perfect thoracic ventral fins. The few species arc inhabitants u( rather deep Hi-as. .See cut under 7Jo?H/re^ Bramin, etc. See Brahman, etc. bramoid (bram'oid), a. and n. [< Brama + -aid.] I. a. Pertaining to or resembling the Bramidtii. II. /(. A fish of the family Jiramida: brani (Ijran), )(. [< ME. bran, also liren, brin, partly < OF. Iircn, bran, also refuse, dung, F. bran, bran, = Pr. brcn = OSp. bren = It. dial. brenno (ML. brennitim, brannum), bran, < W. *ra«, bran, husk, = Ir. bran, chaff, = Bret. brcnn, bran; and partly (like OF., etc.) directly from tlie Celtic] The outer coat of wheat, ryi", oi- other farinaceous grain; the husky portion of groimd wheat, separated from the llour by bolting. brani (bran), v. t. ; pret. and pp. branned, ppr. branning. [< brani, «.] To steep in a bath of bran and water, as cloth before or after dyeing, or skins for tanning. Branned goods are not afterwards soaped, but simply washed in the washing machine for half an hour witii cold or tepid water. Crookes, Dyeing and Calico-Printing, p. 300. bran^ (bran), «. [E. dial. ; origin unknown.] A najne of the common crow, Corvus corunc. Miicgillirray. [Local, British.] bran^ (bran), V. A dialectal form of bren, burn^. bran-bread (bran'bred'), n. [< ME. branbred.'] Bread made of bran, or of unbolted flour. branct, "• [OF. branc; cf. F. branche, branch : see branch.'} A linen vestment similar to a rochet, formerly worn by women over their other clotiiing. bra,ncard (brang'kard), re. [P., a litter, shaft, thill, < Pr. branc, F. branche, branch, arm.] A horse-litter. Lady M. jr. Montagu. branch (branch), re. and a. [Early mod. E. also brainiili : < ME. branrlu-, braunche, bronche,<. OF. branrh{;lirance. V. ?;/7//(r7/r,branch, =Pr. branca, also branc, = OSp. and OPg. branca = It. branca, branch, claw, = Wall, branca, hand, fore foot (> G. branke, dial, pranlcc, claw, prankc, brantc, prante, a paw, esp. of a bear), < ML. branca, claw; perhaps of Celtic origin: cf. Bret, branc, an arm, = W. braich, an arm, a branch, = L. brdchium, bracchium, arm, branch, claw: see brace^, n.'] I. re. 1. A division or subdivision of the stem or axis of a tree, shrub, or other plant (the ultimate or smaller ramifications being called branchlets, twigs, or shoots) ; a bough. A gre.it elm tree spread its broad branches over it. Iruinff, Sketch-Book, p. 427. 2. Something resembling a branch in its re- lation to the trunk ; an oiSshoot or part extend- ing from the main body of a thing ; a ramifica- tion ; a subdivision ; an outgrowth. Withouten hraunch of vyce in ony wyse. In trouthe alwey to don yow my servj-se. Chaucer, Troilus, iii. 133. Specifically — (a) Any member or pai-t of a body or system ; a department ; a section or subdivision : as, a branch of a society ; the various Ijranchetf of learning. In the United States of America . . . the study of ju- risprudence and of some branches of politics has made great progress. Sir G. C. Lewis, Authority in Matters of Opinion, iii. It is a very prevalent notion among the Christians of Eui-ope, that the Moos'lims are enemies to almost every branch of knowledge. £. W. Lane, Modern Egj-ptians, I. 277. (6) A line of family descent, in distinction from some other line or lines from the same stock : as, the English or the Irish branch of a family, (c) Any descendant in such a line. [Rare.] His father, a younger branch of the ancient stock planted in Somersetshire. R. Carew, Survey of Cornwall, (rf) In !7com., any portion of a real curve capable of descrip- tion by the continuous motion of a point. Every liraneli either extends to infinity or returns into itself (nnilrnnt branch) ; but some old geometers considered a branch to be ended by a cusp, (c) A piece of pipe including a length of the main pipe and a shorter piece branching from it. When the latter is at right angles to the former, the hnnchis a.T-branch : if at an acute angle, it isa F-i>r««<-A. If there are two branching pieces, it is called a double branch, (f) The metal piece on the end of the hose of a fire-engine to which the nozle is screwed, (y) One of the sides of a hoi-seslioe. (A) In /or<., the wing or long side of a horn- or crown-work : also, one of the parts of a zig- zag approach, (t) In a sword-hilt, either of two pieces which project at right angles to the barrel and to the blade of the sword, forming guards for the liand. See branchls hitt._ (J) In entom., the (lagellnm or outer portion of a geniculate antenna, (t) In inining, a small vein, leader, or string of ore, connected with or seeming to branch fn>m the main lode. See bile. (I) In a bridle, either of two bent pieces of iron which bear the bit, the cross-cliaUis, and tile curb. 3. In the southern and some of the western United States, the general name for any stream that is not a large river or a bayou. Most of the hranchcn or streaniB were dried up. Irving. 4. The dij>loraa or commission issued by the jiropcr autliority to a pilot who lias jiassed an ex- amination for competency. — 5t. A chandelier. Asli. — 6. A branched candlestick or caudle. This ffnneral] procession was headed by an acolyte with a cross between iwo clerks, each of whom carried a pecu- liar kind of light called "a whita branch," because com- posed of three tapers shooting np out of ,one root a« it were, being twisted together at the lower 'end — an em- lilem of the Trinity. liuck, Church of our lathers, ii. 487. Bastard branch. See bantard. — Branches of ogives, in arch., the ribs of groined vaults traversing from one angle to another, and forming a cross between the other arcdies which make the sides of the sciuare of which the branches are tlie diagonals. See arc wrire, under arcl. — Branch herring, .-^ec- A. r/7/i = ^pdyx'ov, windpipe: see bronchia.^ 1. Organs subservient to respiration through brancMse the medium of water. They are highly vascular, y.:.i .1 ;. .. ;ii<, permittiu^' the aeration of the blood by the water which comes in immediate con- r They are developed from different parts i.i lu- -..■ ... dirferent classes of animals. See (?t7/l, and cuts under J'olijptacophora and Tetrabra/ichiata, 2. In Arthropoda, as crustaceans, specifically, the e.xtei-naUy projecting processes of the body or its limbs, "which are supplied with venous blood (which is thus brought into contact with the air dissolved in water), and constitute a special respiratory organ. See cut under Po- dophthnhiiia. Other kinds of respirator}- organs in artlir.jp'nls are Iracheo-branchice, trachece, Bud pulmonary mc^. ^ee these words. 3. In Vermes, any appendages of the head or body so modifiedas to act as a respii-atory or- gan; the various processes which protrude or radiate from the head or other region of the body, and have, or are supposed to have, a respiratory fimction. See cut under Protula. In . . . [Amphinomidee, ^MniVirfO', and 7'ert'6eWiW(P] the branchiae are ciliated branched plumes or tufts attached to the dorsal surface of more or fewer of the somites. In [Strp\dul(e\ . . . they are exclusively attached to the an. terior segment of the body, and present the form of two large plumes, each consisting of a principal stem, witli many lateral branches. Huxley, Anat. Invert., p. 210. 4. In entom., gill-like appendages on the bodies of certain insect-larvse and -pupae which live in the water, as many dragon-flies and gnats. They are expansions of the iutegument, and it is sujiposed that they " absorb air from the water, and convey it by the minute ramifications of the tracheal vessels, willt which they are abimdantly supplied, into the main tra- chex. to be distributed over the whole body." ynrjwrt. branchial (brang'ki-al), a. [< XL. braiichialis, < L. hrancliiiv, gills: see hramhia:'] 1. Of or pertaining to the branchite or gills ; or, in ani- mals which have no gills properly so called, of or pertaining to the parts considered homol- ogous with gills, as, in a bird or mammal, parts of the third postoral \-isceral arch, or of any \isceral arch behind the hyoidean. — 2. Per- formed by means of branchia>: as, hranchial respiration; a branchial function. — Branchial aperture, the aperture or outlet for water which has sup- plied the braneliia;, lying behind them. In fUlies there are :;, one on each side ; rarely the two are conlluent in a single inferior aperture. In selacliians tliey are gen. erally in 5 pairs, rarely in C or 7. In myzonts they are usually in 7 paii-s. rarely ti or more than 7, and sometimes conlluent in an inferior pair of "pores." In invertebrates they vary. — Branchial arch, in fishes, one of the arclies of the brancliial apparatus which support the branchial Hlainents on each side. — Branchial bar, the hardened portion of the branchial appar.-itus whic h supports the gills : same as branchial ta-A. — Branchial basket. Ste («ou disapiiearing in the higher type^, but longer persistent (sometimes through life) in the lower, as in the amphibians : homologous with the brnnrhial ^/x-r/Hr/w.- Branchial coil, a spirally curved tulie formed by a diverticulum of the superior pharyngeal mucous membrane in certain tlshes, such as the elupeids i-;tn- ehial pouch and the intestinal cavity, i>r one (e.xterior) be. tweeu a poneh ami the exterior of the body. — Branchial fold, the series of branchial lllanu-tit.H around the convex niar.'in of a branchial arch. — Branchial firamework. .Ham-- as brmtrhinl ^fre/.-'o/i. — Branchial ganglion, a ganglion which Miippties tin- branehiic. as in cert.-iiii mob In.^k^. Branchial gut, a rndimeutary brarirliial cliau). b. r Branchial heart, a sjieclallfed widened vascular eah lI «i,i. Ii -M|.|.ii.» the ].raiichiie.~ Branchial lamella, nroM of liraiiciiial IllainenU approximated to one another nfid forming a lamell.a.llke Htrnetnre. In llshes there are g.rn<-rally two lamelbe to most of the arches, surmounting their coliv-'X edgi's. .Mso c.-illed hranrhiiil jdntr. — 'Zx^Xl- Chlal pharjnuc, a ]>har> iix \N ith a branehiiil aitparatus, a.s III fh' tiini.aieH. -Branchial plate. S;iiiic as //ra/tr/nVf/ ' ■ o..-.-.«Kini T^'.rf. -r ire-Uke bntnchial aper- dmlH of one aide, mucIi r.anchlal pouch, In my. :. I , .. |. . . I, ...,.,. , f (j„. i,rn,|. ■ 1^ Ml \\hi'-h and Ii - brallelilte Branchial ray one of (he ari-ll Imek- I'OUelieH, — '•' of bmn- ' .'Mber L.rge i.ls, ■ Ml ' III. ' Ihe » le||. I" lilal B't!'; 11,,. hlal fik' I to '11 taiiU nl ui 1. hlol ' ■>! JM i Miiii|ir'- T. r. ... Ill I- I, one igniMof ilie hMd.prrfumiliiir In |>art 660 a respiratory function.— Branchial tuft, in tiibicolous ch.xtopodous worms, an aggregation of contractile teii- laeular hlameuts in the cephalic region, assuming in part the olhce of branchia'. Branchiata (braug-ld-a'tii), n. i>J. [NL., neut. £1. otbraneliiatus, having gills: see \ranchHttc.'] i:ool., a name used with various significations. (a) lu some systems of classification, one of the prime divisions of the Arthropoda, by which all crustaceans, in a broad sense, are collectively distinguished from the Tracheata, or insects in the widest sense (arachnids, myriapods, and insects proper): so called from havinii a, branchial insteiid of a tracheate respiratury apparatus. In Gegenbaur's system .a third prime division, Prutrachc- ata, established for Peripatus alone, intervenes between Branchiafa and Tracheala. The Branchiata are primarily divided iuto Crustacea proper (including the two main groups of Entomostraca and Malacostraca) and Pcecilo- poda, represented by Limulus, etc. {b) A division of ver- tebrates containing those which for some time or perma- nently breathe by gills ; the amphibians and fishes, .as distinguished from reptiles, birds, and mammals : synony- mous with Ichthyopsida (which see), (c) In moUusks. sanie as Branchio^at^tcropnida. {d) A division of annelids con- taining those which breathe liy gills, or the tubicolous and erraut worms, corresponding to the groups Ccphalobran- chia and Notobranchiata. (e) A group of echinoids with gills on the buccal membrane and with .ambulacral plates only on tlie latter, including all the echinoid families ex- cept Cidan'dir. Lihliri,,. branchiate, branchiated (brang'ki-at, -a-ted), a. [< NL. braiichUitiis, ha^ang gills, < L. bmii- c/iiVf, gills: see 6ra«c7((fr.] Having permanent giUs: contrasted with j>»/»;oHn?eor^«?»iO»o /erf.- as, '•branchiated Vertebrata," Huxley, Anat. Vert., p. 70. Branchifera (brang-Mf 'e-rii), n. pi. [NL., neut. pi. of /< »•(/«(■/( i/fc; see hraitchiferoiis.'] In^odl.i (a) Same as Braiichiogastcrnpoda ; a division of liasteropoda including those which breathe by gills: opposed to ruhiioiiifcra. (ft) In De Blain- ville's system of classification, a division of univalves, of the order Cervicobranchiata, equiv- alent to the family FissurelUdce; the keyhole limpets. branchiferous (brang-kif' e-rus), a. [< NL. bniiicliit'ir, having gills, < L. braiichiw, gills, + firre = E. fteacl.] 1. Bearing gills; having branchiiB. In the Aiuniota, also, the arrangement which has been transmitted from their ftmncAiyeroiw ancestors is retained during certain stages of embryonic life, in the form of clefts in the wall of the pharynx. Geycnbaur, C'oinp. Anat. (trans.), p. .'iiS. 2. Of or pertaining to the Branchifera. branchiform (brang'ki-form), a. [< L. bran- iliitf. gills, + forma, form.] Having the form, cliaraclci', or ap]ioai'anee of gills. branchihyal (bruug-ki-lii'al), a. and w. [< L. branchia; gills, -t- NL. Iiyioidcus), hyoid, -1- -«/.] I, a. Pertaining to the gills and tongue, or to the branchial and hyoi'doaa arches. II. II. One of tho elements or ,ioints of a branchial arch. The lowermost or hypobranchial is called the Ijatial branchihyal, and the uppermost or epi- branchial is distinguished as the superior branchihi/al, /;. I). Cope. branchiness (briin'ehi-nes), n. The character (if lieiiig branchy; the state of being full of branches. branching (brau'diing), p. a. [Ppr. of branch, c] Kurnished ^i-ith branches; shooting out branches. Not thrice your branchiny limes have blown .since I beheld young Laurence dead. TennyHtin, Lady Clara Vere dc Vcre. branchiocardiac (brang"ki-6-kar'di-ak), a. [< Gr. jiimyxii', gills, + mpiMa = E. heart : see canliac.^ Pertaining to, l.ving between, or seii- arutiiig a branchial and a cardiac rcgii>n or ill- vision: ni)]ilioil lo a groove on each side of (ho middle luie nf the thoracic ])ortioii of the earn- pace of a crust acoan, scjiaiiit ing I lie cardiac divi- sion ol' tlioi'uniiiace from the brancliial division. Branchiogasteropoda ( i >rang" ki-o-gas-t < -n n i ' - n-ilii), n. jit. |Mj., < 1j. branchia; gills, -I- Js'Ii. (la.sli roiioilii.'] A division of gastro|io- dous inollusks whicli breathe the air contained ill water, llesplratlou may be clfected In three way*: first, the blood may be simply exposed to the wiitrr In the thin walls of the mantle-cavity, aa In Home of the llrtcrttjmdii ; Heciiliilly, the ri'splfatory organn may be In the form of outward procesMeH of the integument, exposed 111 tnftM on the buck and dlilcH of the animal, as in the Suitiltrauchiata, mich an Ihe Hea-nliign, i-lc. ; and thirdly, the rcHplratory organs niay lie in the form of pecllnaleii or plume-like branclila', eoiitalned In a more or less i-oiii- plete branchial (hiimber formed by an Inllectlmi of the mantle, as In the whi-IkH, cle. The /trda fall liilo Iwr. .Il"lliiil •irles, the one being hermiiiihrodlle, with the gill 't ,,i,Mhe rearof Ihe liodv.aml (lie olhiT havli 1 organs In dlntlncl liiilhliliiiiU. The llraii.l i are divided Into Hire. I. i, ; (1) Pnmilinio. I,, , II. fi-i \es illKtIllet, ulllii Udlially lln Im.hIi. IM whelkn, et4;. ; CI) Oiiinthiitiraiichiatil (wxen llMiiilI) iiiilteil In the Maine inillvldiial, uHIh ofti'n e\|ioHi-a/>hnia, and Limnetic, branchiopodan (brang-ki-op'o-dan), «. and a. Saino as bntnchiopitd. branchiopode (brang 'ki-ii -pod), n. Same as ttratichioiiiid. branchiopodous (brang-ki-op'o-dus), a. [< brdiichio/Kiil + -o«.s'.] Gill-footed'; belongingto the order Jtranehiopoda. Branchiopulmonata (brang"ki-6-]nil-mo-iia'- tii), n. pi. [NL., neut. ]il. of branchiopulmo- nitlus: see britnchiopidnionatc.'] A division of tlie class Arachnida, in an enlarged sense, adopted by some naturalists to include the ex- isting genus l.innilus, or horseshoe crabs, and the o.xtiuct Eurijpterina and Trilobila. I'liUowing rrof. Ed. Van lieneden, I Include I.inmlus, tho Eurypterlna, and Trilobites under the .■\raelinida as lirau' chio/iiihiiiiiiiitu, tiryriilmur, Comp. Anat. (trans.), ji. xix. branchiopulmonate (brang"ki-o-purnio-nal ), sl< the syrup. brandify (bran'di-fi), v. t. ; pret. and pp. bran- dificd, ppr. brandifying. [< brandy + -fy.] To brandy; mix brandy with. You drink tliree glasses of a brandy/ied liqnor called sherry at dinner. Thackeray, Early and Late Papers. branding-iron (bran'ding-i 'em), n. Same as brand-iron, 3. = Pr. bran = It. brando, a sword (> OF. bran- dir, etc., brandish: see brandish), F. brandon, a torch, brand: see hrandon^. See also brant". brent^,brinded.'] 1. A burning piece of wood, or a stick or piece of wood partly burned. Is not this a brand plucked out of the fire ? Zech. iii. 2. The deep-mouthed chimney, dimly lit by dying brands. Whittier, Oariison of Cape Ann. 2. A sword. [Now only poetical.] Then drew he forth the i>r«)i<( E.Ycalibur. Tennyson, Morte d' Arthur. 3. A mark made by bm-ning ^rith a hot iron, as upon a cask to indicate the manufacturer ijrand-iron (brand'i'^m), «. [< ME. brandircn. or the quality of the contents, etc., or upon an animal as a moans of identification ; a trade- mark; hence, a mark made in other ways than by biu-ning, as by cutting or painting. — 4. Quality or kind, as indicated by a brand : as, floiu' of a good brand. Any quantity of gunpowder so finished or blended as to give identical results at proof is termed a brand, and re- ceives a distinctive number. J-'ncyc. Brit., XI. :i'2S. 5. A mark formerly put upon criminals 'with a hot iron, generally to indicate the character brondiron, brandhirne, also brandirc, brondyre (> Se. brander, a griiliron: see brander^), etc., < AS. brandi^en (= D. brandij:cr = iIHG. brant- i:en, G. brandcisrn = ODan. brandejwrn = Sw. brandjenu a trivet), an andiron,< brand, a brand, + isen, iron: see brand and iron. Cf. brand- rith.] 1. An iron bar or stand on which to support brands or burning wood ; an andiron. A m.assy old . . . brand-irvn about a yard and a half wide, aud'the two upright ends three feet sLv inches high. W. UuwiU, Bemarkable Places (1S42), L 3a . 32. . 10. brand-iron 2. A trivet to set a pot on. — 3. An iron used in branding. Shame burning brtmd-yrons in her hand did hold. Spemer, F. Q., HI. xlL 24. 4t. [A forced sense, with ref. to brand, a sword.] A sword. He with their multitude was nought dismayd, But with stout courage turud upon them all, And with his brondiron round about liim layd. Spenser, F. Q., IV. iv The \illaine raet him in the middle fall, And with his club bet backe his bronditron bright Spenser, F. Q., VI. viii. brandish (bran'disli), v. [< ME. bratmdishen, hrttuniliseii, < OF. brandUs-. stem of certain parts of bmttdir.F. brandir (= Pr. Pg. brandir = Sp. bUiiidir =lt. brandire), brandish, < brand, etc., a sword: see 6ra«rf.] I. tratis. 1. To move or wave, as a weapon ; raise and move in va- rious directions ; shake or flourish about : as, to braiidi/ih a sword or a cane. His brandished sword did blind men with his beams. Shak., 1 Hen. VI., i. 1. 2. Figuratively, to play -with; flourish: as, "to brandish syllogisms," Loche. H.t intrans. To move with a flourish; toss. Braundutche not with thin heed, thi schuldris thou ne caste. Babeei Book (E. E. T. S.), p. 3i). He will brandish against a tree, and break his sword . . . confidently upon the knotty bark. B. Juiison, Everj' Man out of his Humour, ii. 1. brandish (bran'dish), »i. [< brandish, t?.] A shake or flourish, as of a weapon. I can wound with a brandish, and never draw bow for the matter. B. Jonson, Cynthia's Revels, v. 3. Brandishes of the fan. Tatler, No. 157. brandisher (bran'dish-er), n. One who bran- dishes: as, "brandishers of speares," CJiap- man, Iliad, ii. brandishing! (bran'dish-ing), n. [Verbal n. of hraiiditih, c. J The act of flourishing a weapon, brandishing- (bran'dish-ing), «. A corruption of briit.ti\.tnrw\\ti. Swinburne, Sblik'-Kpiiirc, p. 18:1. brandon' Chran'don), n. [< ME. branndnn,- (undtT i-liampaffne), cotrtuir, iimi niH->i>-rt\\ — British brandy, a common kind of bnituly distilled in Kii^huii) frnni limit liiinors, and given the Ilavur and color of French brandy liy :u'tiHciiil means. brandyl (bran'di), i\ t.; pret. and. pp. brandied, 1>\>T. brandjiinfi. [(.brandy^, n.} To mi.\ or fla- vor with lirandy. brandy- (bran'di), a. [< brand, n., 6, + -J/^.] Sniiitfy. drij.sc. [Prov. Eng.] brandy-bottle (bran'rankim7 into the yard with two hundred pounds' worth of trappings upon him. //. Kingdey, Kjivenshoe, xxxii. 2. To hold up the head affectedly. [Prov. Eng.] brank- (brangk), n. [E. dial., perhaps of Cel- tic origin; cf. L. brance. variant brace, quoted by Pliny as the ancient Gallic name of a white kind of corn, L. sandala, var. scatidala, LL. scan- diila.'] Buckwheat. [Eng.] brank'''t, «■ [Cf. brangle'^.} Confusion. brank^t, «• [Cf. brantik-.^ A kind of dance. brank'' (brangk), >i. See branlcs. branks (brangks), n. ]il. [< Gael, branca.f, now braiiga.-:, bningns, an instrument of punishment, a kind of pillory (cf. brang, a halter), = Ir. bran- cas, a halter; prob. from Tent. : cf. I), prang, pinch, confinement, pranger, pinch- ers, barnacle, collar, G. pran- qer, dial, pfranger, a pillory, ■< D. L(} 'prangen = MHG. pfrcngen = Goth, praggan (in comp.), press; of Slavic origin: cf. OBulg. pnn.'ihti (in comp.), stretcli.] 1. .\n instrMment formerly used in parts of England and Scot- land for correcting scolding women : a scolding-bridle, it consisted of a head- piei r iiirlosing the heiid of the olfendcr, with a lint iron whiih eiittreii the mouth and restrained the tongue, 2. A sort of bridle for horses and cows. in. stead of leather, it has on eiieh side a ideee of wood joined to a halter, to which a bit is sometimes added, but mora frequently a wooden nose resembling a muzzle. [Scotch.] 3. The mumps. brankursine (brang'kcr-sin), I). [< F. branc- iirsiiir, hniitftii-nr.iiiie = I'r. branra orsiiiii = Sp. Pg. brancii iir.iina ^ It. Iiraiicor.tina, braiica <>r- sina, < ML. branca, a claw (see briincli), + L. iirsinn.i, of a bear, < iinms, bear ; the leaves hav- ing some resemblance to bears' daws.] Bcar's- bi-cech, a plant of the genus Acanthus. branle' t, c. See hrandle branle'- (broVri), ». [F. : hoo brantle, hrairl'^,'] ,\ Uinil of dance ; the generic name of all dances in wliii'h one or two dancers lead all the others, who repeat all that the first have done, as the iinnidprrc and the cotilliim. See brantle, brawl'^. branlin (bran'lin), 11. i^mno an branitting. bran-new, ". See braml-ncw. branning (bran'ing). n. I N'erluil n. of liriuA, )'.] Till' process of sle(']iiiig cloth before or after ilyeing, or skins prei)nralory to tanning, in a bath or vat of bran-water. They iHkitiH] are now ready for the brtaniinii, wlileli is done liy mixing 4il l)i». of bnm wllli '.!l) giillons of wider, iinil keejilng them In tliU fermentable mixture fin- three Weeks, Ure, Diet., III. SO. branny (brim'i), a. [< branl + -yl.] Having till' appenraiK'e of bran; consisting of bran. bran.slet, ". See hrantb', brant' (brunt), a. [Also written brent; < ME. brant, brent, < AH. brant, brnnt = Icol. hrattr = <)Sw. branter, Sw. brant, bratt =y>nn. brat, Mtec]).] Hteep; ])reci)iilous. [Now dialectal.] brant A man mny ... sit on a hrant hill side, but if lie pive never so little forward, he cannot sttij), . . . hut he must neeils run lieadlong. Ant-ham, Tr)xoi)hilus, i. brant- (brant), n. Same as hriint-f/oosc White brant, a tiaine of tliosnuw-truose, vi/(.v('r(or Chen) hy/tfrbo- reiuH, in the United Stuti-s and Canada, wlu-re it is eoui- nion. The plnnia;,'0 of ttie .idult is snow-wliite, excepting the black priuuiries and usually a rusty ci>lor ou the head ; ttic hill and feet are pinkish, fiec cut under Chen. Branta (bran'tii), n. [NL., < brant^.'] 1. A gouus of goese: same as liernicla or Brcntlnin. — 2. A genus of ducks : a synonym of Fulii/idii. brantail (bran'tal), n. [E. dial., for "brant-tail or "brand-tail, that is, red-tail. See brand, brant- fox, brent-goose.'] A name of the redstart, Itu- ticillii )ihmnicura. Montagu. [Local, British.] brant-fox (brant'foks), w". [< brunt'^ for brand (in allusion to its yellowish-bro-mi color) -I- fox; = D. brandvos = G. brandjuchs, brant- fox, a sorrel horse; ef. Sw. brand-riif = Ban. fcnmdrrt'i', brant-fox (Sw. rdf= Dan. rm', fox). See bren t^, brent-goose.'] Vulpes alopex, a variety of Swedisli fo.x, smaller than the common fox. brant-goose (brant'gos), n. Same as brent- (JltOSC. brantlet (bran'tl), n. [Also written bransle and by contraction brawl (see braivP), < OF. bran- sle, F. branle, a dance, < bransler, now branler, shake: see 6ra«dfc;.] 1. A kind of dance. See hranle". The King takes out the Duchesse of York, and the Duke the Duchesse of Buckiughani, the Duke of Monmouth my Lady Castlemaine, and so other lords other ladies ; aiui they danced the brantle. Pepi/s, Diary, Dec. ao, 1602. 2. A song for dance-music. Bransles, ballads, virelayes, and verses vaine. Spenser, F. Q., III. x. 8. branular (bran'ii-lar), a. [A Latin-seeming form made from brain, after granular as related to grain.] Eclating to the brain ; cerebral. [Rare.] Either a trick, practised upon me, or it might be a branu- lar illusion. /. Ta;il"i; World of Mind, p. 634. braquemardt, «. Same as hraqimmtrt. braquemartt, «■ [OF., also braquemard, bra- qminar (> ML. bragamardus, braquemardus) ; cf. OF. braqtiet, a poniard, Walloon braket, a sword.] A short sword with a single edge. It is gener.illy thought to have been that type of sword in which the back is perfectly straight and the edge curves out in such a way that the broadest part of the blade is near the point. braset, v. t. An obsolete spelling of brace''-. brasen, '(. See brazen. brashl (brash), ('. t. [The several words spelled brasli are chiefly of dial, origin and of mod. appearance, and appar. in part of mod. forma- tion. The senses overlap, and make the sepa- ration of the words uncertain. Brash^ is appar. a popular formation on break; brack'^, with the terminal form of bat.li, dash, crash, words of similar sense ; e.i.brash'^,n.,a,m\brash^,a. In the sense of ' assault, attack,' it is also found in early mod. Sc. as bresche, appar. a var. of brush, 1'.; cf. MLG. braschen, breschcn, intr., crack, make a loud noise, roar, boast, brassen, make a loud noise, = Norw. braska, make a loud noise, roar, boast, = Sw. braska, rustle, bustle, Tioast, = Dan. braske, boast, brag. See brastle.] [Scotch.] 1. To break to pieces; smash: as, he brashcd in the door. — 2. To distm'b; disor- der ; break up the order or comfort of. I am terribly brashed with all these tumblings about. Carlyle, in Froude, II. 106. 3t. To assault; attack. brashl (brash), n. [< brash^, v.; cf. MLG. brasch, a crack, crash, Dan. brask, a boast, ODan. also a crash, loud noise, a boast. In sense 4, cf. dial, branch. The word in this sense cannot be taken, as supposed, from mod. F. brechc (pron. nearly brash), breccia; more- over, breccia is a different thing from brash: s&e breccia, breach.] 1. A crash. [Prov. Eng.] — 2. An assault; an attack. [Scotch.] — 3. An effort; a short turn of work. [Scotch.] — 4. A confused heap of fragments, (a) In geoL, a mass of loose, broken, tu* augtdar fragments of rocks, resulting from weathering or disintegration on tlie spot* LijeU. (b) Naitt., small fragments of crushed ice collected by winds or cuiTcnts near the shore, but so loosely com- pacted that a ship can easily force its way through. Kane. The ice first forms in thin, irregular flakes called *'sludge," and when this is compact enough to hold snow it is known as brai^h. Knajc. Brit., XIX. 32S, (c) Refuse boughs of trees; clippings of hedges; loose twigs. brash^ (brash), n. [Hardly connected, as sup- posed, with leel. brci/sk-leikr, weakness of body, < brei/skr, weak, infirm (in a moral sense), prop, brittle (see brash^), but perhaps a particular use of brash'i^, n.] 1 . A transient fit of sickness. Burns, [Scotch.] — 2. A rash or eruption. [Lo- 663 caljEng.] — 3. Acidity in the mouth occasioned by a disordered stomach. Also called water- brash — Weaning brash, a severe form of diarrhea which sometimes follows weaning. brash^' (braHh), a. [Cf. E. dial. (North.) brass- ish, liritllc; prob., with some alteration of form ( perluips by confusion with irr/.s-/(l,«., 4), < Icel. breijskr, mod. also breiskr. brittle (cf. brash-) ; perhaps ult. connected with break and brickie.] Tirittlo. [Local, U. S.] brash' (brash), a. [Perhaps of Celtic origin : cf. Gael, bras, Ir. bras, brasach, liasty, imjjetu- ous, keen, active, nimble; cf. also D. barsch, > G. barsch = Dan. Sw. barsk, harsh, impetuous. Not connected with the eqviiv. rash^.] Impetu- ous ; rash ; hasty in temper. Grose. [CoUoq., Eng. and U. S.] brash' (brash), 11. [Appar. < brash-i, a.; but perhaps a particular use of brash^, u.] A vio- lent push. [Prov. Eng.] brash' (brash), V. i. [Appar. < brash^, a,; but perhaps a particidar use of brasW^, v.] To run headlong. [Prov. Eng.] brash^ (brash),, ?(. [Appar. a particular use of brash^.] A shower. brashy' (brash'i), a. [Appar. < brash^, n., 4, -f -yl.] Small ; rubbishy. [Prov. Eng.] brashy- (brash'i), a. ["< brash- + -i/i.] Subject to frequent ailment, as horses ; delicate in con- stitution. [Prov. Eng. and Scotch.] brashyS (brash'i), a. [jUso braushie ; appar. < brash-' -f -//I.] (Stormy. [Scotch.] brasiatort, «. [ML., < brasiare, brew : see bras- serie.] A brewer. brasiatrixt, ". [ML., fern, of brasiator, q. v.] A female brewer, brasier, n. See brasier. brasil, «. See hradl. brasilin, brasiline, «. See brazilin. brasils (bras'ilz), n. pi. [Cf. brassil, and E. dial, brazil, sulphate of iron.] A kind of coal occurring in the middle of the Ten-yard coal in South Staffordshire, and preferred by some smelters for reverberatory furnaces, because it contains so much inorganic matter that a too rapid consumption is prevented. Fercy. brasinat (bra-si 'na), H. [ML., also bratsina (OF. bressiue), < brasiare, brassare, brew: see brasserie.] A brew-house. brasinariat, «. [ML.] Same as brasina. brasiumt, «• [ML., also bracium: see bras- serie.] Malt. brasmatiast, ». [Gr. (ipaa/iaTia^. equiv. to fipa- ori/r, an upward earthquake, < fipaaaeiv, shake, thi'ow up.] An earthquake, when character- ized by an upward movement. brasque (brask), n. [< F. brasque.] A paste variously made, used as a lining for crucibles and furnaces. The brasqxte of the larger-sized crucibles is formed of anthracite powder, powdered gas-carbon, and gas-tar. ir. //. Greenwood, Steel and Iron, jk 24. brasque (brask), r. f.; pret. and pp. brasqned, ppr. hrasquing. [< brasque, n.] To Une ^rith brasque. The pig is melted in a separate hearth, in fact is passed through a sort of "rumiing out" fire or refinery before it reaches the finery proper ; the bed of this latter is brasfjitM or lined with cliarcoal powder moistened and rannned in, and so forcibly compressed. Eneyc. Brit, XIII. 3J9. brassl (bras), ■}>. and a. [< ME. bras, bres, < AS. bites, brass, = Icel. bras (Haldorsen), solder (> Gael, prais = Ir. pras = W. pres, brass) ; related to Icel. brasa, harden in the fire, = Sw. brasa. flame, = Dan. brasc, fry, > F (see braize'^) ; ef. OSw. and Sw. brasa, fire, Icel brass (occiuTing once), a cook. Hence braze-, brazen, brassc}i, etc.] I. n. 1. An important alloy, consisting essentially of copper and zinc. The proportion in which tlie two metals are combined dif- fers considerably in diftereut kinds of brass. Brass in gen- eral is harder than copi)er, and couseciueutly wears better than that metal. It is malleable and ductile, so that it can be easily rolled into thin sheets, or be hammered into any desired sliape. It turns easily in the lathe, and can be drawn into tine wire ; moreover, it has an attractive golden color, and is cheaper than copper. The color of brass va- ries witli the iirojiortions of the ingredients. A full yellow variety contains aliont two parts of copper to one of zinc. This alloy was known to the ancients, and was made by them before they had any knowledge of the metal zinc as sucll. It is not among the metallic substances men- tioned l)y Homer; but it was well knowii to Strabo, who descriljes tlie mode of manufacturing it from the ziukifer- ous ore (CiUiunin), and calls the alloy orichalc (opttvoAieot). Stie orielialc, pinchbeck, 2'rince'^ metal, 7nomic;t(((iK' metal. In rhetorical comparisons, brass is a conuuon type of hardness, durability, or obduracy. fl -V'-' I ^fU'U ^-Tld =i-^ :^!Z brassage 2. A utensil, ornament, or other article made of brass: as, to clean the brasses on board a ship. — 3. In mach., a jiil- lovv, bearing, collar, box, or bush, supporting a gml- geon: so called because fn- (juenlly made of brass. - 4. In medieval arcliauil., w funeral monument ooiivi^i ing of a i)late of bl•;r^ ally of rectangular and often of large size, in- cised with an efiigy, coni- of arms, inscriptions, au : frequently accessory orn ment. Such brasses arc soni- - tiujes splendidly enameled, in some examples the designs are executed in relief, or in relief in efunbination with engraviii;^. .Slabs of stone iiilaid with tlgui'' -, etc., in brass are also call-'l braJises, and arc a usual form oi medieval monumeiit. iiuth lie plates of brass an-l>eatiug out platt-s of brass to extreme thinness. — BrasS-powder, cop- per and its various alloys ground to fine powder and used with vamish for decorative puiijoses. Many of the so- i-alli-d bronze-powders are bruss-powders. II, a. Made or composed of brass ; pertain- iug to or resembling brass ; brazen; brassy. Trumpet, blow loud, Send thy braes voice through all these lazy tents. Shak.,T. and C, i. 3. Brass instrument. See wind-Uigtrument.^ Brass rule. See rule. brass^ (bras), r. t. [< hrass^, n. Cf. &rarel.] To cover or coat over with brass. Copper is brassed l>y exposing its surface to tlie fumes of metallic zinc, or by boiling it in diluted hydrochloric acid to which an amalgam of zinc and cream of tartar has been added. Iron is bms-^ed by plunging it. after cleaning, into melted , _ . . l>r:i>p. and by electro- Swiss brache), a measure, a 'cubit' or 'fathom/ lit. arm, < L. hrachiunij arm.] If. X(tut„ same as brace. — 2. A eoutineutal European measure of length, equal to the extended arms or more ; a fathom. The old French braiise was Cvi.O Knslish inches; the SiKin- ish bra^a in Castile, to." imhes; the Catalan bra^sa, sO.ti inches; the brazado of the Canarj- Isles (a variety of the Spanish braza), 71. tl inches; the bro'^a of Portutml and Brazil, S6 inches; tlie Nurweirian frraxAf, commonly tJi-cd on North German nuuiiial charts, 74.1 inches. [Tlie wi>rd is confused with another derived from the singular &racAiui/i and signifying an arm's length.] brassage (bras'aj), «. [OF. brassage^ brassaige (ML. bractofjium, bracagiinn), brassage (cf. ML. braccator, minter), F. bra;^ag€, coinage, mint- age, < brasscr, stir up (the melted metal) : see brassage 664 brasserie ] A percentage levied to pay for the brass-visaged (bras' viz'ajd), n. I cost of coming money. See seigniorage. impudent: as,"thatbr(iss-nsage(l Brazen-faced ; monster," B. brassart, brassard (bras'art, -ard), h. [Also Irasset (Skinner) ; < F. brassart, brassat, brassal, now brassard, < bras, arm: see bracf\ n., and cf. bracer, 2.] In the armor of the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries, that part ■which covered the arm, supersed- ing the vambrace, bracelet, rere- braee, etc. brass-band (bras'band'). »• ^ band or company of musical per- formers, all or most of whom play upon metal (chiefly brass) wind- instruments ; a military band. brass-bass (bras'bas), II. A per- Brassart. coideous fish, ilorone interrtipta: 80 called from its bright brassy color, tinged with blue on the back and marked on the sides with 7 to 9 large interrupted black bands. It at JdllSOIt- brass-wind (bras'wind), «. In music, that divi- sion of an orchestra which compi'ises players braunite brett = AS. bred, a plank: see boarrl.'] In mimnq. a board, plank, or brick lining or parti- tion in a level or shaft, usually designed to form an air-passage or confine the current of air to a certain route. Also written brettice, brcttis. upon metal ^nd"iuVtriime^its :" c(5ntrastld frith brattice (brat'is), r. t ; pret. and pp. bratticed, the tcood-wind, the strings, etc. ppr. bratticing. [< brattice, )(.] To separate — "■ --- \iv a brattice. brassyi (bras'i), a. and n. [< brass'i- + -y^ .] I. a 1. Pertaining to or having any of the qualities of brass ; brazen : chiefly used in a derogatory sense : as, a brassy taste ; the coloring is brassy. Enough to press a royal merchant down, Ana pluck commiseration of his state From brassy bosoms. Shak., M. of V., iv. 1. 2. Brazen-faced ; impudent. [Colloq.] There's no gallant So !»-o«si/-inipudent Jurst undertake The words that shall lielong to 't Jliddletm (mui another), Mayor of Queenhorough, ilL 1. n. «. A wooden golf-club shod with brass on the sole. W. Park; Jr. tains the size of the common white perch, and inliabits v-ogsv^ (bras'i), ". [Also brassie, bressie. Cf. br^;Mbr;V)%^'[ci'«;^^^^^^ "'"•4- Fish-names are very.unst.ble.] A Fr '"Z'klt ''■ "-"""'■' ^ ''''^' "' bS 0=."ln :rierefot1p^.|Lt, pret- brass^eH Se'eT™..2. \nt Id past participle) of bnrst. S.enser, brassent, «• [Sc. brassin; < brass + -en^: see ^*_-."i/... ^ bract II.] A variant of brazen. 31 brastiumt. «• A variant of brasiiim braciare (brasiare, bract urn (hrasi bres), malt, L. kind ot com ; err, or a beer-^ also, any beer-garden or uc«-=a.v.v^. ^^.^^^ i„^„„„;„^ ni. 141 To-day whUc ilr. B. was sitting in a bratserie, a lady crack. [North. Eng.] approached and 'hot him ^^^^ ^^^^ ^^ I, ^1 ^^^, i^ [< jffi. fe,o„, a COarse cloak, '^^^^; ii. i.i. , F ^ ONorth. bratt, < Gael, brut, a cloak, mantle, -,, The improvement of the circulation by bratticitift, or separating the upward and downward currents by plates or tubes. H- Wilson, Steam Boilers, p. liis. brattice-cloth (brat'is-kloth). H. In coal-niin- iiiti, a heavy cloth or canvas, often covered with some water-proof material, and used tempora- rilv as a brattice. bratticing, brattishing (brat'is-ing, -ish-ing), n. [Also corruptly (in 2d sense) brandishing ; < ME. bretasynge, britcysiug, an outwork, etc., < bretascc, etc., brattice. See bartizan, which is appar. a var. of bratticing. In 3d sense directly from brattice. See brattice.'\ 1. An ornamental cresting, generally of open-work, as a medieval cresting of foliage, or the like. — 2. Anv open-work of rich and varied design, especially in metal.— 3. A fence of boards in a mine or around dangerous machinery. See Jiratticc. brattish (brat'ish), n. [E. dial. var. of brat- tice.] 1 . A shelf.— 2. A seat with a high back. See bratticing. brag; lug noise like that made by the feet of horses mo\-ing rapidly. — 2. Rajud motion; a short brassett (bras'et), n. Same as brassart. brass-fiiusher (bras'fin'ish-er), n. A workman who perfects and polishes articles made of brass. brass-founder (bras'foun'd^r), n. A maker of brass nr of articles cast in brass. brass-furnace (bras'fer'nas), n. One of two ^_ kinds of furnace for the making and founding jjjaf- (brat) of brass, (n) .\. reverberatory furnace for large <|uanti- ties of the alloy, (h) A crucible furnace for small (luau- tities In this furnace the crucible is jilaced within a cast- iron cylinder lined with fire-brick and set over a flrepit. The mouth of the cylimler is covered with a metal block called a liln. Each crucible has its own Hue connecting with the chimney. The oven for drying cores is generally placed alHive the furnace, and connected with the line to utilize the heat o( the latter. Brassica (bras'i-ka), n. [L. (> AS. brassica, MK. Iirassik, brasiU), cabbage.] A genus of cru apron, rag, = Ir. brat, a cloak, mantle, veil, bratog, a rag, = W. brat, a rag, pinafore.] It. A coarse mantle or cloak. Cliiiiiccr. — 2. A child's bib or apron. [North. Eng.] — 3. A clout; a rag. Burns. [Scotch.] — 4. The film on the surface of some liquids, as on boiled milk when cold. [Prov. Eng.] n. [First in early mod. E. ; per- . i.ca ,~.f 1,1-yjtl o ^IiiUVq bill nr ciferous plants, including more than a h.mdred''",~^^^^^ .,j,, ^ m, species, all of which are natives of Europe and '',',^*<5f i„^ uds pronunciat i^ sc^e bracli, anS northern Asia. Several species have long been in culti- vation, and are the origin of a large number of varieties ot plants used as table vegetables ami as fodder, li. ulrracia has given rise Ui all the forms of cabbage, caulillowei. broccoli, kohlrabi, kale, liru.sscls sprouts, etc., cultivated for their leaves or intlorescence, or, in the case of the kohl- rabi, for the turnip like enlargement of the stem. IS. cam- j^Mru is the parent of the turnip anil of the rutabaga, in which the nourishment is stored in the root, and ot the colza and raiH;, which are raised fr.r the oil of the seed. !i. allM anil II. iii'im are the while and lilack mustards. The charlock, //. Siiuijiinlrum, usually a troublesi>me weed, and some other species in the East, are sometinies cultivated, chiefly for their seeds. See cuts under broccoli and »irrout». brassie, "• See brassjfl. brassil (bras'il), ». I^See brn.iils, brazil.'] In itiiniiiij, a name Hniuotimcs applied to the \>yT\- tifiroiis material occurring in metalliferous veins or in connection witli coal. [Eng.] brassily (briin'i-li), udr. Imiiudontly; with i)riizen coiilideneo. brasslness nirfts'i-nes), n. Tho quality or ap- |.. iniiii'i! of lieing brasRy. brassing n.rAs'ing), ». (Verbal n. ot brass^, r.] T ' Thou need na start awa' sae hasty, Wi' bickering brattle ! Bums, To a Mouse. 3. A violent attack. brattling (brat'ling), n. [Verbal n. of brattle, !■.] The act of making a clattering noise ; tu- mult; uproar; quan'pl. Her voice that clove through all the din, . . . .Tan-'d, but not drownd, by the loud brattlinri. Byron, Sardanapalus, iii. 1. His voice sounded not unlike llie In-nitlinn of a tin trum- pet—owing to the nnniliir i>l' hunl northwesters which he had swallowed in the loinsc of his .sc.'i-faring. Irving, Knickerbocker, p. 86. bratty (brat'i), n. ; pi. bralties (-iz). [Dim. of /ira?!.] An apron. [Scotch.] branch (briich), n. [E. dial., also braiiclic, liriiirclir. C{. brasli^, n., 4.] Rakings of straw to kindle fires. [Prov. Eng. (Kent).] brauchin (bra'cliin), 11. [E. dial., appar. < branch + -in for -ingK] A collar for a horse, made of old stockings stuffed with straw. Iiriitcliil.] Seebrach. Crosc. [Prov. Eng. (Cumberland). ] bratchet (brach'et), n. [Sc. also bratchart; < ^raudt, r. See hroiid. broid. iMK. briirlict. < OF. bracket (= Pr. braqiicl : ML. brauderiet, "• An obsolete variant of broidery. braehetu.s), dim. of braclie, a liound: see bracb.] braughwam, ". [E. dial., also broughuham and A kind of hoimd ; abrach: applied contemptu- ;„,>l(.//(^<)l ; origin uncertain.] A dish composed ously to a child. of ciieeso, eggs, bread, and butter, boiled to- haps a particular use of ftro/l, a child's bib or apron, a rag, etc.: see brat"^.] A child: now used only in contempt: as, ''this brat is none of mine," Shah., W. T., ii. 3 ; " their dirty brats," Thackeray. O Israel ! O household of the Lord I O Abraham's brats ! O brood of blessed seed I Gascoirjne, De Profundis. brats (brat), n. [Cf. bret.] A local English name of the turbot. of pronuncnition: see uracil, auu cf. See brach Tho bralchrt's hay From tho dark covert drove the prey. .SVoM, Marmion, ii., Int. To be plagued with a bratchet whelp — Whence ciune ye. my fair-favoured little gossip'? .S'ci prob. Sc. braw, good, also pleasant, fine, handsome, etc., < P. brave, brave, fine, gallant, etc., introduced in the 16th centmy, < It. bravo, brave, hardy, Olt. tempes- tuous (cf. bravo, n., cutthroat, assassin, bravo), = Sp. Pg. bravo, brave, etc., = Pr. brau, fem. brava, brave, hard, wicked, etc. (ML. bravus, a bravo, cutthroat) ; perhaps = OP. *brou in rabroUer, check, chide, etc., broua::, brouhaha, a bluster, broahotix, storms, blusters, etc., irouee, blustering. Origin and relations un- certain. There appear to be at least two words confused: in the sense 'fine, good,' etc., cf. Bret, brav, brao, fine, agreeable, pretty, braga, strut, dress in fine clothes (see brag); in the sense 'bold, wild,' etc., cf. OF. braou, brau, ML. bravus, bravis, a young untamed ox, Olt. brai'o, tempestuous, Sp. brava, a heavy swell of the sea, OP. "brou (above), etc. ; W. braw, terror, fright.] I^ a. 1. Possessing or exhibit- ing coui'age or courageous endurance; in- trepid; valiant; fearless: as, a 6»-«»e warrior ; a brave act; he was brave under calamity. Two braver men Ne'er spiur'd their coursers at the trumpet's sound. Shak., 3 Hen. VI., v. 7. The brave man is not he who feels no fear, . . . But he whose noble mind its fears subdues. J. Baillie, Basil. The coward sneaks to death, the brave live on. Dr. Sewell, The Suicide, ii. 55. 2. Making a fine display in bearing, dress, or • appearance generally; having a noble mien: said of persons. I have gold, and therefore will be brave. In silks I'll rattle it of every colour. Greene, Tu Quoque^ vii. 3. Splendid; beautiful; gorgeous; gaudy: said of tniugs. With blossoms brave bedecked daintily. Spenser, F. Q., I. vii. 32. And wear my dagger with the braver graoe. Skak., M. of v., iii. 4. He had them into the very best room in the house (a very brave room it was). Bunyan, Pilgrim's Progress, p. 262. 4. Excellent; capital; fine; admirable. [For- merly in very common use m this sense as a general term 665 of commendation ; often also used ironically ; now obso- lete except perhaps in irony.J Iron is a brave commodity where wood aboundeth. Daaon. I'll devise thee brave punishments for him. Shak., Much Ado, v. 4. = Syn. 1. GaUant, Valiant, Courageouit, Brave, Ileroie, valorous, dauntless, chivalrous, doughty, resolute, man- ful. Oallnn/, splendid in dress or qualities, is most ap- propriately used with regard to courage which exhibits itself in deeds attracting attention and applause ; of tlio first four words it is that which may have in it most of compliment and least of high commendation, but it is often a strong word, expressing spleiulid bravery in ac- tion : as, he was a gallant officer. Valiant is also brave in action, especially in opposing physical force, as in battle. The word is now elevated and poetic. Courageous rienotes the possession of that spirit which enables one fearlessly and witli full presence of mind to face danger. Brave is the most i-oinprehcnsive of the words; it may deiiote the pos- session of the highest and noblect kind of courage and for- titude, of tliat spirit which enables a man to bear up against evil and danger, as well as to go forth to f.ace it. Coura. geous has nnich of this breadth of meaning, but is appli- cable rather to doing than to enduring ; brave in botli pas- sive and active. Ileroie combines the meaning of all the other words in the superlative degree. It ilulieateH a lofty superiority to fear, a noble self-forgetfulncss, an almost superhuinun power to dare, achieve, or suffer. It bears the same rt-Iation to the other words that sublime bears to great, gratui, or loj'ty. The Sardinian fleet had been withdrawn from Venice, and the gallant resistance of the Venetians was fast draw- ing to a close. E. Dicey, Victor Emmanuel, p. 108. Plague on't ; an I thought he had been valiant and so cunning in fence, I'd have seen him damned ere I'd have challenged him. Shak., T. N., iii. 4. But he rose upon their decks, and he cried : " I have fought for Queen and Faith like a valiant man and true." Tennyson, The Revenge. Only be thou strong and very couragetms, that thou mayest observe to do according to all the law which Moses my servant commanded thee. Josh. i. 7. But, what with pleasure Heaven itself surveys, A brave man struggling in the storms of fate, And greatly falling with a falling :itate. Pope, Prol. to Cato, I. 31. II. «. [Cf. bravo, «.] 1. A brave, bold, or daring person ; a man daring beyond discretion. Specifically — 2. A North American Indian or other savage warrior : as, the chief was accom- panied by two hundred braves. Two from among them [Indian warriors] advancing, Came to parley with Standish, and offer him furs as a present; . . . Braves of the tribe were these, and brothers gigantic in stature. Longfellow, Courtship of Miles Standish, vii. With three strokes to each, the scalps of the victims be- ing suddenly taken off, the brave flies back with his com- panions, to hang the trophies in his cabin. Bancroft, Hist. U. S., II. 431. 3t. A hector; a bully; a bravo. Too insolent, too much a brave. Dryden. 4t. [< brave, v."] A boast; a challenge; a de- fiance. I will not bear these braves of thine. Shak., T. of the S., iii. L 'Tis time To be avenged on you for all your braves. Marlowe, Edward II., iii. 3. brave (brav), v. t. ; pret. and pp. braved, ppr. braving. [< F. braver, brave, affront, defy, etc., < brave, brave.] 1. To encounter with com'- age and fortitude ; set at defiance ; defy ; chal- lenge; dare. * The ills of love, not those of fate, I tear ; Tliese I can brave, but those I cannot bear. Dryden. Louis the Fifteenth braved the hatred and contempt of his subjects dming many years of the most odious and imheeile misgovernment. Maeaulay, West. Kev. Defence of Mill. 2t. To wear a boasting appearance of. To brave that which they believe not. Baam, Essays. Another, Reputed vaUant, lives by the sword, and takes up Quarrels, or braves them, as the novice likes. To gild his reputation. Ford, Fancies, L 3. 3t. To make fine, showy, or splendid. [Rare.] He [the sun] should have brav'd the east an hour ago. ^ SAai-., Kich. III.,v.3. To brave out, to face out ; brazen out : generally with an indefinite it as object. However we brave it out, wc men are a little breed. Tennyson, ilaud, iv. bravely (brav'li), adv. In a brave manner. (a) Courageously; gallantly; splendidly; heroically. Who combats bravely is not therefore brave. Pope, Moral Essays, i. 11^. (b) Finely; gaudily. And decked herself bravely, to allure the eyes of all men that should see her. .Tudith x. 4. (c) Well ; prosperously : as, he is getting on bravely. The tug was towing bravely. D'. C. BusseU, Jack's Courtship, xxi. braveneSSt (brav'nes), n. The quality of be- ing brave; bravery: as, "the braveness of the exploit," Holland, tr. of Plutarch, p. 306. brawl bravery (bra'vfer-i), n.; pi. braveries (-iz). [< F. braveric, gallantry, splendor, etc., < brave, brave: see brave and -enj.'] 1. The quality of being bravo ; courage ; heroism ; undaunted spirit ; intrepidity ; gallantry ; fearlessness. Kemcmber, sir, my Hege, . . . The natural bravery of your isle. ,S'/iat,, CymlK-llne, Iii. I. Lancelot, the flower of l/ruvery. Tennyson, /.uncelot and Elaine. 2. Showiness; splendor; magnificence. The bravery of their tinkling omaments. Is. III. 18. Great bravery ot building, to the marvcllomt beautlfyini; of the realm. Camden. No more In the midnight tempest Will she mock the mounting Hea, Strong in her oaken timbers, And her white flail's bravery. HalUck, EplJtles. 3t. Show; ostentation; parade. Prefaces, . . . anri other speeches of reference to the person, are great wastes of time ; and though they s«em to proceed of modesty, they are bravery. Bacon. Nor would I you should melt away yourself In flashing bravery. B. ./onson. Every JIan In his Humour, I. 1. 4t. Bravado ; boast. I commended but their wits, madam, and their brave* ries. I never looked toward their valours. B. Joiison, Epiccenc, Iv. 2. There are those that make it a point of bravery to bid deflance to the oracles of divine revelation. .S'i'r It L' Estrange. 5t. A showy person. A man that is the bravery of his age. Beau, and Ft. He is one of the braveries, though he be none of the w jt«. B. Joiuon, Epic^cnc, i. I. = Syn. 1. Valor, daring, pluck, Imldness, mettle, audacity. For c(mipari8on, see brave. bra'vi (brii've). See remarks under bravo, interj. bra'Vingt (bra'ving), n. [Verbal n. of brave, r.] Bruvado; defiance. Witli so proud a straine of threats and l/ravingg. Chapman, Odyssey, xxl. bra'Vingly (bra'ving-li), adv. In a braving or defying manner. Sheldon. [Rare.] bravissimo (l>ra-vis'i-m6)^ interj. [It., superl. of bravo, q. v.] Superlative of bravo. That'sright — I'm steel — Bravo ! — Adamant — Bra ri'«*i- mo ! Colman, Jealous Wife, i. L bra'vltyt, ». [< brave + -ily.'] Bravery. brCVO (bra'vo), interj. [It. adj. (pi. brari, fem. brava, yl. brave), > P. brave, > E. brave, q. v.] Well done! good! sometimes used as a noun: as, "with bravo and handclapping," Carlyle, French Rev., II. v. 6. The Italian Prima Donna sweeps a courtesy of careless pity to the over-facile pit which unsexes her with the bravo ! Lowell, On a Certain Condescension in Foreigners. [Inltalian the word is an adjective, and the correct usage is to say bravo toa male singer or actor, brava to a female, and&rnrito a company; but in French and properly In English the word is a mere interjection. Careful persons familiar with the Italian usage do, however, discriminate as to gender. ] bravo (bra'vo), v.; pi. bravos or bravoes (-voz). [It. (ML. bravus), < bravo, adj.: see brave.'] A daring %'illain; a bandit ; one who sets law at defiance ; an assassin or murderer. Stab, like bravoes, all who come that way. Churchill. The Apology. Was not tills Venice, and is not Venice forever associ- ated with bravoes and unexpected dagger thrusts? Iloweits, Venetian Life, xi. bra'VUra (bra-vo'ra), w. and a. [It., braverj-, spirit, < bravo: see brave.] I. ?i. In music, a, florid air, requiring great force and spirit in the performer, and serriiig to display his or her power, flexibility of voice, and distinctness of articulation. H. a. In music, spirited: florid: brilliant: as, a bravura air: chiefly applied to vocal com- positions, but occasionally to instrumental. braw (bra), a. and n. [Se.: see brave.] I. rE. brawlcn, hraulen. quar- rel, W. brinri, a boast, brolio. boast, vaimt, bra- gal, vociferate, etc. Cf. also P. brailler (= Pr. brailar), cry out, bawl, prob. < braire, bray : see brawl hray-. The ult. source of all these forms is perhaps the same. See ferai/.] I. intrans. 1. To speak loudly and complainingly or angrily ; he clamorous or noisy; quarrel noisily and in- decently. I do the wrong, and first begin to hrawl. Shak., Rich. III., i. 3, 2. To roar, as water flowing over a pebbly or rocky bed ; make a loud babbling noise. The brook tliat brawls along this wood. Shak., As jou Like it, ii. 1. Crossing the brook at the ford, where it bratiUd over pebble and shallow. LongMlow, Miles Standish, iii. =SJ1L 1. To wrangle, squabble, dispute (noisily). n. trans. 1. To wrangle about; be noisy or sententious regarding. I care not what the sects may brawl, Tennt/son, Palace of .\rt. 2. To drive away or beat down by noise. [Eare.] Your deep wit . . . Reason'd, not brawl d her (Truthl hence. Sir K. Digby, Preface to Nature of Mans Soul. irawll (bral), n. [< ftrair/1, t'.] A noisy quar- rel : loud, angry contention ; au uproar ; row ; squabble : as, ler, Hudibras He is a de\'il in private brawl. Shak., T. X., iii. 4. A creature wholly given to brawU and wine. Tennyson, Geraint. The whole world knows that this is no accidental braid, hut a systematic war to the knife, and in defiance of all laws and liberties. Emerson, Affairs in Kansas. = SyiL Broil, Affray, etc. See qxtarrd, n. "brawl- (bral), n. [Early mod. E. also hrall ; a con-uption of earUer braiisle, also written hraii 666 3. The flesh of a muscular part of the body: as, the brawn of the arm, thigh, etc. It was ordained that murtherers should be brent on the brawn of the left hand. Ball, Hen. VII., an. 15. 4. Well-developed muscles; muscular strength. Brawn without brain is tlline. Dryden, Fables. brazen bray2 (bra), h. [< ME. hrai/, a loud cry, also lirayt, < OF. brait = Pr. bnii ; from the verb.] A harsh cry, especially tliat of an ass; hence, any similar harsh or grating sound. Several times a day we are stunned anil overwhelmed with the cracked brays of tliree discordant trumpets. B' Taiflor, Lands ot the Saracen, p. 25. Here, then, is a great stalwart man. in perfect health, o ,, -\ r/ r\T^ i i • j * v »• all brawn and rude muscle, set up before us as the ideal bray-H (bra), Jl._ [< UK hraie, a kuid ot bastion, of strength. 5. ianiVr, The English Novel, p. 54. 5. Figuratively, the arm: from its muscles or strength. [Kare.] 1 11 hide my silver beard in a gold beaver. And in my vautbrace put tliis wither'd brawn. Shak., T. andC.i. 3. I had purpose Once more to hew thy target from thy brawn. Or lose my arm for't. Shak., Cor., iv. 5. 6. Headcheese. — Mock brawn, the Hesh of a pigs head and feet cut in pieces, and boiled, pickled, and pressed into a form. brawnedt lbrand).n. [<.brnwn + -f(P.1 Brawny; strong: as, ''brawnccl hovn-s," Spcnsrr, F. Q, \iii. 41. brawner (bra'n^r), «. [)-i.] A boar killed for the table. 'stout polemick ftra'ir?," *". /J«N brawn-fallent (bran 'fa "In), a. Having the brawny or muscular parts of the body shrunk or fallen away ; wasted ; thin ; weak. Were not Milo his amies brawnefallen for want of wTastlyng? /-;//.'/, Euphues, Auat. of Wit, p. 127. brawnlness (bra'ni-nes), n. [< brawmj -f -ness.'] The quality of being brawny ; strength; hardiness. This brawniness and insensibility of mind is the best armour against the common evils and accidents of life. Locke, Education, § 113. Ml, brantle, hrangle, etc., < F. bransle, now brawny (br^'ni), a. [< ME. hniicni/, fleshy (of branle, a dance, same as bransle, branle, verbal n. of bransler, branler, shake, move, etc. : see brandle, brantle, branle.^ A kind of dance; a liTanle. Good fellowes must go Icarne to daunce. The brydeal is full near-a ; There is a brail come out of Fraunce, The fyrst ye harde this yearea. ^ood Fellowes (Ibm). (HaUiwell, Note to Marston's Plays.) Thence did Venus learn to lead The Idalian brawls. B. Jotuon, Vision of Delight. My grave lord-keeper led the brawls; The seal and maces danced before him. Gray, Long Story. brawler (bra'l&r), n. [ME. brawlere.'\ One who brawls ; a noisy fellow ; a wrangler. Tlic great statesman degenerated into an angry braider. Buckle, Civilization, I. xii. brawlie, '"'''. See brawl;/. brawling (bra'ling), «. [ME. bratilyng; verbal n. of lirnwl^, r.] The act of quaiTeling; speeili- cally, in Eng. law, the offense of quarreling or creating a disturbance in a church or church- yard, brawling (bra'ling), p. a. [Ppr. of brawT^-, r.] 1. I'ontcntious; quarrelsome; noisy. 1 know she is an irlcsonie, brawlinij scold. Shak., t. of the S., i. 2. The spirit-grieving sounds of brawliny commerce. Irpiny, Knickerbocker, p. 100. From brawling parties concords come. Lowell, To the Muse. ■2. Making the noise of rushing water: as, "brawliiu/ springs," Collins. The brawlinr} streams shall soon he dumb. O. If. Holmes, Old- Year Song. brawlingly (bra'ling-U), adv. In a brawling f.r i|iiiirri'lsome manner, brawlins (bra'linz), adv. Same as hrawhj. |.S.(,l.-h.] brawly (linl'li), adv. and a. [Also brawlie; = E. hranli/.'] Bravely; finely; heartily; very well; in good health or coniere of flesh for riii-liiig, Mll'i. brute, (i. bratiu, roant irieat ( = .\.s. hriidt, roast meat), < OJKj. bmlan, .MIIU. bnileii, a, bratcn = AH. brtviliin = (JFries. brftin = H. brailcn, roost, broil (cf. iJnn. brail, II i'Miit (if meat.) ; cf. Gr. TTplitkiv, liurii. blow inio » tliiiM..] 1. Boar's flesh ; tlie f.esh of tin- hour or "I ^v. Ill", lollarod ho as to Htjuce/.e out mucli "f til. i;,i, hi.ilcd, and pickled. I «■ ■ lijiliiii.! here like niri«tma», excepting fcrnira and mlnccpUM In places whore I dlno. Swi.n, Journal to HtclU, \xUrT .18. 2. .^ ■ '■ ni.andri. [Nowonly prov. En^.] IbiL llintblrriK', nnd lirndclii the ni lioldefR, Brok . 'trawnr >«itli bniiitlU folio Inrup. Mart' .lr(Aur<(B. K. T. 8.), I. lOK, fruit): < brawn + -^/l.] 1. Fleshy; muscirlar; ha\iug large strong muscles ; bulkj-; strong. O.ve dounge abi>ut her rootes yf that me trete The pomes sadde aud brawny wol it get*. Palladiws, iii. 106. The muscles of his brawny arms Are strong as iron bands. Longfellow, Village Blacksmith. 2. Figuratively, firm; hardened; ha\'ing great power of resistance. A braumy conscience which hath no feeling in it. J. Mede, Apost. of the Latter Times, ii. braws (braz), n. pi. See braw, n. braxy (brak'si), n. and a. [E. dial., Sc. also braxes, braxit, also bracks, braik. Cf. brack^ and braslfi.'\ I. n. 1. A disease of sheep character- ized by inflammation of the bowels and reten- tion of the urine : also called the sickness in some parts of Scotland. The name is also given to a variety of other diseases of sheep. — 2. A sheep ha\ing the braxy ; hence, the mutton of such a sheep. II. a. Aft'ected or tainted with braxy: as, braxji sheep ; braxtj mutton. Also spelled braksi/. brayl (bra), r. t. [<'ME. braijen, < OF. brayer, brcicr, brvhicr, F. brniicr = Vv. Sp. brcyar, pound, bray, prob. < MHG. brechcn = E. break, q. v.] To pound or beat thoroughly, as with a pestle or otlier instrument ; triturate, crush, mix, etc., by beating or any analogous action : as. to hrai/ drugs; to hrai/ printers' ink. See brai/er^. Recipe the cromys of nhyte bredc, & swete npjls, " sokkis of eggis, tfc bray tlmm wele. Bahees Book (E. E. T. S.), p. 6:!. Though thou shouldst lirny a (ool In a mortar, . . . yet will iKit his foolishness depart from him. I'rov. xxvil. •.!•.>. bray'- (bra), v. [< ME. bruycn, < OF. braire, < ML. braf/irc, bray, brayare, cry, scpiall, prob. of Celtic origin: see brag and /)r«»7'.] I. intrans. 1. To utteraloud and Marsli cry: willi reference now es]i(M'iallv to tli(> ass, but for- merly also to the bull, deer, and other animals, as well as to man. Whan the siiuycrB liadde cried and braird for thelro lord longe while, thel toke hym vp nnd bar hyin to thclre hi.» t,,ll, .l/,W;;i(H. K. T. .s.). III. 4ii7. Whan the Sarazln feltc hym-BcIf no dlirouleil, he lled.U- crj'lngc and brayinge aji a bole Ibull]. * ^/er(m(E. E. T. 8.),lfl.r.r>«. I.ftUKh, nnd tlley Bctum It louder than an am can hray. Dryden, II*. of .TnveniirH Sntlrefi. Hence — 2. To make a loud, harsh, disagree- able sound. Heard ye the din of battle brayt Oray, The Hard. And varying notes the wnrpliies brayed To ever varying idan. ,sVo/(, .Mnrndon, v. f. n. trans. To uttor with a loud, hnrsli Houn.l, like the ass. The kidtlo drum nnd trumpet llius liriiii out The trinmldi of bl« pledge. Shak., lliunlet, I. 4. Anim on armour clashing bray'd Ilurriblo dUeurd. UUton, 1'. L., vl. 'Ml. a dike or bank, < ML. braca, a dike or bank, same as OF. braie, < ML. hraija. part of a river confined between dikes to facilitate the catch- ing of fish.] A bank or mound of earth used in fortification ; a breastwork: a bulwark ; spe- cifically, a wall or other work in advance of and covering the gate of a fortress. Tliat they coidd scant put their heads over ihe bray or biUwark. Hall, Hen. VIII., an. 18. Order was given that bulwarks, brays, and walls should be raised in liis castles and strongholds. Lord Herbert, Hen. VIII., p. 28. I. bray* (hra), n. [= Sc. brae, bra, < ME. braye, also hr)i, bro, etc., < Gael, braiijh, the upper part ofany thingorplace {braigti diithcha, the higher parts of a district; hraii/h Locltabar, the braes of Lochaber, etc.), also hniidlt = Ir. braid, up- per part, height; cf. W. bri;/, top, summit, bre, hUl, peak, = AS. beorh. E. barrmi; a hill, mound: see barrow^.'\ A piece of sloping ground; an accli\-ity or tleclivity. .\gainst a roeke or an hye braye. Aschani, Toxophilus, Works, p. 170. Pu.sh'd up the bray, indignantly they feel The clanking lash and the retorted steeL Brookes, The Fox-Chase. brayS (bra), n. [Also written brey ; < F. braye, "a close linnen breek or tmder-slop, . . . also a clout," pi. braycs, "short and close breeches, drawers, or under-hose of linnen, &e.," . . . also "barnacles for a horse's nose" (Cotgrave), mod. F. braics, breeches, < L. braca; breeches: see braca; brail, and brccrli.'\ If. A clout for a young child. Kersey, 1708. — 2. In Iter.: (a) Barnacles or twitchers for subduing a horse : used as a bearing, (h) [Perhaps a corruption of brake'*, break.'] A bearing similar to the preceding in form, representing a tool used for breaking hemp : sometimes called a hcnip- bray, hemp-brake, or hackle, (hie or other of these healings is frci|uently usetl in allusive heraldry for fami- ]i,'s iif the naine llniy ami the like. brayd, braydet, '■. and «. See braid. brayer' (bril'cr), n. [< fcra.i/i -1- -er 7-1. 1 In print- ing, a small composition-roller used for tritu- rating and spreading the ink on a table or slab and (laubing it on a platen or disk. brayer'- (bra'er), «. [< bray'-^ + -erl.] One wild or tliat which brays like an ass. Brayera (bra-ye'ra), )i". [NL.] See Tlagcnia. brayette (l)ra-yet'), «. [F.] Sumo as bragiiette. braying (bra'iiig), ». [< MF.. hrayimjc : verbal n. of hray-. r.] 1. Tlu> liarsli crying of an ass.— 2. Vocal or instrtuuental clamor; harsh utterance. There he stands with unimpeachable passivity amid the shouldering and braying ; n spectacle to men. Carlyle, I'rench Kov., II. v. 2. braylet, «• and r. See brail. braynet, ». See brain. braze' (bniz), r. t.; pret. and jip. bra:ed, ppr. hra:iiiii. [< ME. bra.icn, < AS. hrasian, cover with brass, < brs|i('cinlly with hard siililer, such as an alloy of brass and zine. In llu' nlgii of Henry IV. II was enucted that all arrow- hi-iids Mhoiild be well hrased antl hai'di'iieil at the notlits with hleel. Jincye. Brit., II. 872. 2t. To harden ; make callous. I,el ine wring yniir heiiil ; for so I shall, . . . If diunneil cilnloMi liiilh imt brazil It so, 'rliiit It is liroor and Inilwiirk against sense. .SVin*., Hamlet, III. 4. braze'', ». Soo braize", 2. brazed (brtizd), a. In her., same as braced, 1. brazen (tira'zn), a. fF.arly moil. I'), also bra.wn, < mi;, brasen, < AS. bra'srn, of brass, < hrws, liriiss. -I- -cm'-!.] 1. Made of brass : un,a.brazrn lielniel. — 2. Pertaining to brass; proceeding from brasa. trazen Trumpeters, With brazen din blast you the city's ear. Shak., A. amiC, iv. 8. 3. Extremely strong; impenetrable: from brass often serving as a type of strength, impenetra- bility, and the like: as, " environed with a bra- sen wall," Sliak.. 3 Hen. VI., ii. 4. — 4. Impu- dent I having a front like brass. Such a brazen dog sure never my eyes lielield. Goldsmith, .Slie .Stooijs to Conquer, ii. Talbot . . . appeared daily witli ^ra?e« front before the princess wliose ruin he had plotted. Macaulay, Hist. Eng., vi. Also spelled brasen. Brazen age. ^ee mjes in mythology and history, under rt;R'.— Brazen dish, a brass dislx made in the time of Henry VIII,, and kept chained to a pillar at \\iri;s\\(irHi in Derl)ys]iire, England. It is used liy the Ifaii-niiiK-rs in the Low Peak as a standard nleasnr^^ — Brazen horn. Same as buryhmote-honi. — Brazen sea(,? Ki. xxv. 13), in ./e«rtWi a7i(i''/., a large vessel of bra.ss i)l;it_ed in Solomon's temple, called a molten sea in 1 Ki. vii. 23-25, wliere it is described. It stood on 12 brazen oxen, and was 10 cubits from brim to brim, 5 in height, and 30 in circumference. It was designed for the priests to wash themselves in be- fore they performed tlie service of the temple. brazen (bra'zn), r. t. [< brazen, o.] To be- have with insolence or effrontery in regard to : with an indefinite it as object. Men would face it and brazen it. Latimer. To brazen out, to persevere in treating with effrontery : with an indelinite it, or a noun like matter, affair, butii- ^less, etc. I'm resolved to brazen the business out. Sir J. Vanbruffh, The Relapse, iv. 4. Thornton . , . brazened it out with his usual impudence. Bulwer, Pelham, l.x.\viii. brazen-browed (bra'zn-broud), a. Shameless ; impudent. IS'oon-day vices and brazen-browed iniquities. Sir T. Broivne, Christ. Mor., 1. 3.'). brazen-face (bra'zn-fas), n. An impudent per- son ; one remarkable for effrontery. Well said, brazen-/aee ; hold it out. Shak., JI. W. of W., iv. 2. brazen-faced (bra'zn-fast), a. Impudent; bold to excess; shameless: a,s, " a. brazen-faced vav- let," Shal:, Lear, ii. 2. brazen-fisted (bra'zn-fis''''ted), a. Having hard fists, as if of brass. brazenly (bra'zn-li), adv. In a brazen man- ner; boldly; impudently. brazenness (bra'zn-nes), n. 1. Appearance like brass; brassiness. — 2. Impudence; excess of assui'ance. He had a sonorous bass voice, and an air of self-confi- dence inclining to brazenness. George Eliot, Mill ou the Floss, ii. 1. brazier^ (bra'zier), n. [Also hrasier; < ME. brasierc, brasyere, a worker in brass, < bras, brass, -t- -i-ere, -y-ere, as in collier, etc. Cf. ira*el.] An artificer who works in brass. brazier"-^ (bra'zier), 11. [Also brufiicr; < P. bra- sier, a pan of live coals, formerly braeier, "a burning coal, quickfire of coals, hot embers" «>■ Bronze Brazier made in 1675 by Pedro Cerdanyae for the GuildhaU of Barcelona. (From " L'Arl pour Tous.") (Cotgrave) (ef. braisidre, a camp-kettle), < braise, live coals: see braize^.'] An open pan for burning charcoal, used especially for heat- ing rooms in southern and eastern countries, such as Italy, China, Japan, etc. Four nice-looking Japanese girls brought us tliick cot- ton quilts to sit upon, and braziers full of burning char- coal, to warm ourselves by. Lady Brassey, Voyage of Sunbeam, II. xix. brazier^ (bra'zier), )(. [Anotherform otbraize'^, D. brascm, etc., bream: see bream^.'\ A name used on the northern coast of Ii-eland for the common sea-bream, Pagelliis centrodontus. brazil (bra-zil'), V. [Early mod. E. also brasil (with accent on the first syllable; cf. brassil, hrissel-cock), < ME. brasil,' brasi/Ie = ODan. brasilie, Dan. brasilie{-tra') = Nonv. bresel, hri- sel, < OP. brcsil, mod. P. hresil = Pi', bresil, brc- zilh = Sp. OPg. brasil (> mod. It. brasile : ML. brasilium, braxile, bresillum, brisiUum, brisia- eitm), orig. a red dyewood brought from the East. Origin uncertain ; perhaps, as Diez sug- gests, < Pr. brezilliar (= P. bresiller), break into fragments, crumble, < briza, a fragment, little 607 bit (= P. bris, a breaking open, a wreck, former- ly fragments, rubbish: see /;/■('.•,■.>(-', n., bra:z(-<), < brizar = P. hrLser, break : see bruisr and iltbris. The name would refer to the form in which the dyewood was imported. Now usually in comp. brazil-wood, with direct reference to the coun- try Brazil. The country, named Santa Cruz by its^ (second) discoverer, Pedro Alvarez Cabral (1500), afterward received the name Jlrazit, it is said, from King Emmanuel of Portugal, on account of its producing rod dyewood. Tlie name had been long before applied to a sup- posed island in the Atlantic, perhaps by asso- ciation with Pliny's Insuhe I'urpiiraritc (lit. Purple Islands), sometimes supposed to refer to Madeira and Porto Santo.] It. A heavy dve- wood of the genus (Jtesulpinia (C tiappan), im- ported from the East, now known as sajipan- wood (which see). Him nerletli not his colour for to dien Witli brasil ne with grain of Portingale. Chaucer, C. T. (ed. Tyrwhitt), 1. I.'i4«4. 2. A very heavy dyewood, from Brazil and other parts of tropical America. The true brazil- wood is from the leguminous tree Cr trees, as Pieramnia Antidesitia, natural order Simaruljaceie, the saxifragacenus Weinmannia pinnata, and the araliaceous Seiiidoplujllum. caj'itatuin. Brazilian (bra-zil'ian), a. and n. I. a. [< Brazil (Pg. Brazil, Sp. Brasil, etc. : see brazil) + -u/h.] Pertaining to Brazil, an empire and the largest comitry of South America : as, Brazilian produc- tions Brazilian balsam. See 6a(Ka»i.— Brazilian bean. .See ^^(nii.— Brazilian cocoa, gnarana.— Brazil- ian pebbles, lenses fur .spertarles ground from jfure, colorless rock-crystal olituined from Brazil.— Brazilian plait, in England, plait made of dried flag-grass which is imported from the West Indies, and perhaps from South Anierira. II. II. A native or an inluibitaut of Brazil. brazilin, braziline (braz'i-Un), h. [< brazil + -in'^, -ine" ; also wi'itten breziliiie, after P. bresiline.'] A crystaUizable coloring principle (CieHi405) obtained from brazil-wood. Also written brasiliii, brasiliiii; brezilinc. Brazil-nut (bra-zil'nut), K. The seed of the fruit of Bertliolhiia excelsa, a tre(! of the natu- ral order Myrtacea;, a native of (iuiana, Vene- zuela, and Brazil. The fruit is nearly rounrnod. E. break, 71., and dial, brcek'^, q. v.), also bre'kkc (> mod. E. dial. breck, q. v.), < AS. 'brcce, 'ijebrece, found only in the sense of ' a piece ' (in comp. brec-mmlum, piecemeal, kldf-rjAreci:, a piece of broad), = OPrif.'H. hreke, bretsf, brezi, breHze, lirenzie, m. and f., a break, breach, fracture, = MD. breke, a break, breach, fracture, = ML(i. breke, a breach, violation ; the aljove fonns being mixed with (Ii) ME. bruche, 'hrijchi:, t!»o, without as- siliilation, bryke, brike, a breach, violation, in- jury, ruin (> E. dial, hrick'^, a flaw, Sc. brick, a breai-h, a division of land), < AS. hryce, brirx: (=OiI(J. brnh, JIHO. (i. bnieh). m., a breaking, breach, fracture, violation, fragment, piece (cf. MD. breucke, D. brenk, t., a breaking, frac- ture, rupture, crime, fine, = <}. briiche, t., a crime, fine); ef. (3) E. dial, brock, AS. ijehroc, neut., = D. brok, ra., = OUG. hrocco, MHG. brocke, G. brocke, bracken, ra., = Goth, i/abruka, {., a fragment, piece, bit (see brock''')- and (4) several other closely related noun fonns (see brack^, braki-i, etc.)f' < brecan (pret. brae, pp. brocen), break. Breach is thug a deriv. of break; related, in present though not in orig. form, to break as speech is to .ijieak. Hence (from ME. or MLG.) OP. MP. breche, bresche, mod. F. brechc, a breach, gap, break, injur}', > Sp. Pg. brecha, a breach, = It. breccia, formerly also brecchia, a breacli, a gap, a rupture, = G. bresche, a breach in a wall, etc. The It. breccia, gravel, now^ technically breccia, = P. briche, breccia, is closely related, but may \te taken from the G. : see bnccia. See break, «., breek'^, breck, brick^, brack^, brake'i, related to and in part identical with breach; see also brick^.] 1. The act of breaking : now used only figuratively of the violation or neglect of a law, contract, or any other obligation, or of a custom. A custom More honour'd in the breach than tlie observance. Shak., Hamlet, I. 4. Tile deadliest sin lier mind could reach Was of monastic rule the breach. Scott, Marmion, iL 3, 2. An opening made by breaking down a por- tion of a solid body, as a wall, a dike, or a river-bank; a rupture; a break; a gap. Could make old Trent, Drunk with my sorrow, to start out in l/reacha. To drown their herds, their cattle, and their com. U. Jon*on, Sad Shepherd, L 2. Thou hast made the eaith to tremble ; thou bast broken it ; heal the breaches thereof. Pg. Ix. 2, He then led his men to the a^«ault, taking charge him- self of tliosc who were.to stonn the lireaeh. J'rescoli, Ferd. and Isa,, IL 11. 3t. A break or interruption in utterance. And all her sister N'>'mphcs with one consent Siipplide her sobbing t/reaches with sad complement Sixnxr, F. Q., III. in 35. 4. A rupture of friendly relations; difference; quarrel. - There's fallen between him an<] my lord An unkind breach. Shak., Othello, ir. 1. 5. Infraction; ^■iolation; infringement: as, a breach of the peace, of a promise, or of a con- tract. This breach upon kingly power was without precedent. Clarendon. It is no breach of charity to call these fools. Sir T. Browne, Kcliglo Medici, il. U The first st«p3 in the breach of a man's integrity are much more important than men are aware of. Strtle. Spectator, Xo. MS. 6. Injury; wound; bruise. Breach for breach, eye for eye, tooth for tooth. Lev. xxiv. 30. 7. The breaking of waves; the dashing of surf. Some hour before you took me from the breach of the sea was my sister drowned. Shak., T. N., ii. 1. We scudded witli frightful velocity before the sea. and the water made cle:ir breaches over us. Poe, Tales. I. 154. Breach of arrest, a military otfense committed by an officer in arrest who lea\c> lli^ qmartera or limits without authority from his supt-n-T ,illiccr. It is punishable by cashiering. — Breach of arrestment, in .Srof* larr. an act of contempt of legal anth. : ■ ''i by an arrestee disregarding the arrestmen- iiids, and pa>'ing the sum or delivering iln - . i to the common debtor.— Breach of close, <••■ ■■' . -m unwarrantable en- try on another s laiul. Breach of covenant, a i-iolatitm of a covenant onilaiind in a deed i ither to do or ref rain from doing a din. t act -Breach of duty, the failure to execute aiiv .>llic>. ■ iiii'l.'ynu nt, tnist. etc., in a pn.pcr manner.— Breach of promise, a vi.dation of ones "■ird or undertakini: ; iioii-lultilnient of what one had agreed to do: often usril al'soliittly for breach of promise of mar- riage.— Breach Of the peace, a violation of the public breach 668 peace as by a riot, affray, or any tumult which is contrary biead^, bredc (bred), n. f\'ar. of 6)-nMl, n.] to law and iniurioQs to the public wellare.— Breach of a nieee of embroidery: a braid. [Obsolete or trust, a violation of duty by a trustee, an e.\ecutor, other person in a fiduciarj- position.— To batter in breaClL See batter^. =Sjn. 1-i. Jtupture, etc. See frac- ture.— 2. Openins, cleft, chasm, rift, rent, fissure.— 4. Mis- understanding, alienation, disarfection, falling out. breach (brech), v. [< breach, n.] I. trans. To make a breach or opening in. The first bombardment had in no place succeeded in breaching the walls. C. D. Yonge, Xaval Hist, of Gt Bntam. Roaring torrents have breach'd poetical.] A curious frrede of needlework. Dnnlcn. She everj' day came to him in a different dress, of tlie most beautiful shells, bugles, and bredes. Steele, Spectator, No. 11. O Attic shape 1 Fair attitude ! with brede Of marble men and maidens overwrought. Keats, Ode on a Grecian I'm. The . . . wave that rims the Carii) shore With momentarj' brede of pearl and gold. Lowell, Sea-weed. Thetracli. ■'f- ^"'"W. K"8by ChapeL ^jj.gg^^_g^jjjj_^^^^gj. ^^j.^^, j^^^.y^^^, ^^.^^ ^, -^ n. intrans. To spring from the water, as a whale. When the watch at the masthead sees the whale spring from the water, he cries, "There she breaches!" Stand. Sat. Hist., V. 207. breaching-battery (bre'cMng-bat'er-i), n. See batten/. breacfiy (bre'chi), a. [< breach + -i/l.] Apt to breali fences ; unmly : applied to cattle. [Col- loq.] Seeking bread and butter, or the means of liv- ing; controlled by material wants and desires; mercenary : as, the bread-tind-butter brigade (applied to oiEce-seekers in the United States), breadth ^bredth), n. — 2. Eating much bread and butter, as young bredethe (with sufiix boys or girls ; hence, belonging to adolescence ; in the stage of growth : as, she's but a bread-and- butter miss. [Colloq.] The wishy-waslxy bread'and-butter period of life. Trollope, Barchester Towers, xli. breadl (bred), n. [Early mod. E. also bred, < bread-barge (bred'barj), «. The wooden box ME. breed, bred, < AS. bread (= OFries. brad OS. brod = D. brood = MLG. brot, LG. brood = OHG. MHG. brot, G. irot = leel. braudh = Sw. Dan. brijd), bread, prob., like broth'^, q. v., from the root of breowan, etc., brew : see ftreifl. The AS. bredd first appears in the comp. be6- bredd, bee-bread (see bee-bread); it is seldom found alone; the usual word for 'bread' was or tub in which the crew of a merchant vessel keep their daily allowance of biscuit. bread-basket (bred'bas"ket), n. 1. A basket for holding or carrying bread; specifically, a tray, generally oval in shape, used for holding bread at table. — 2. The stomach. [Slang.] I . . . made tlie soup-maigre rumble in liis bread-basket, =, uuc uouci .. v/i« iv,. „.^..-. ..„- and laid bim sprawling. i^oote, Englisliman in Pari.s. i. hidf, E. loafi, q. v.] 1. A kind of food made breadberry (bred'ber'i), n. An article of diet of the flour or meal of some sjiecies of grain, for convalescents and persons in delicate health, by kneading it (with the addition of a little madeby pouring boiling water on toasted bread salt, and sometimes sugar) into a dough, yeast j,^^j seasoning it with sugar, etc. ; pap. being commonly added to cause fermentation bread-chippert (bred'chip"6r), n. One who or "lightness," and then baking it. Tlie yeast chips or sUces bread. canses alcoholic fermentation and tl.e production of al- ^ dispraise me; and call me pantler, and bread- cohol and carbomc acid ; tiie latter, an expanding g:is, . . . ^. .' , . „ .,,»,....' ,,, .. . conoi anu caroomc aciu ; me lanei, uu e.ijjeiii.iiiiK B'". ..I,-,,,,,,, -nil I know tint what? pushes the particles of d.mgh asuii,ler, causing the bread to ch,ppe, , and i know not w liat ( break See Brosimiim. The fcrtsfai-rffcivndnuf of Jamaica is tha fruit of a similar species, Pseudohnedia spuria. bread-room (bred'rom), h. An apartment where bread is kept, especially such an apart- ment in a ship, made water-tight, and some- times lined with tin to keep out rats. bread-root (bred'rot), n. A plant of the genus j:<:oralea, the P. cscidcnta. See PsorakH. bread-sauce (bred'sSs), «. A sauce usually made of grated bread, milk, onions, pepper, etc. breadstuff (bred'stuf ), «. [< bread^ + stuff, «.] Any kind of gi-ain from which bread is made; meal; floiu": generally used in the pliu'al as a commercial tei-m to signify all the difl'erent varieties of grain and Sour collectively from which bread is made. [< late ME. bredthe, th as in length, toi^th, strength, etc.), older form brcdr, < AS. brwdu, breadth: see bread", «.] 1. The measure of the second principal diameter of a surface or solid, the first lieing length, and tlie third (in the ease of a solidi tliickiicss. Tims, it a rectangular pandlelopiped measures 3 feet by 2 feet l»y 1 foot, its breadth is 2 feet. The breadth of a surface is, in tlie com- mon use of the word, tlie distance between the margins, which are regarded as the sides, as distinguished from lenr/th, or tlie distance from end to end. Hence — 2. Figuratively, largeness; freedom from narrowness or restraint; lilierality: as, lircadtli of culture, breadth of view, etc. — 3. That quality in a work of art, whether pictorial or plastic, which is obtained by the simple, clear rendering of essential forms, and the strict subordination of details to general effect. Breadth of design, of color, of light and shade, or of sur- face treatment, gives an impression of mastery, ease, and. freedom in the use of material on the part of tlie artist, whicli conveys a sense of repose and dignity to the mind. 4. In logic, extension ; the aggregate of sub- jects of which a logical term can be predicated. — 5. Something that has breadth ; specifically, a jiiece of a fabric of tlie regular width ; a width. —Essential breadth, the aggregate of reiU things of Slialc., 2 Hen. IV., ii. 4. fise,and,w1th the alcohoCis soon expelled liy the heat of bread-COm (bred'korn), n. Corn or grain of the oven. See yeasl. In sali-risiwi bread the fermenta- ,vhich bread is made, as wheat, rye, maize, etc. tion is said to be carried on by bacteria. Bread is some- ,, ,,,,> ' r/ ^„„„wi J. ^,,2 1 AfsidB —ESS times made partly or wholly from the producU of other oreaaent (.oreo. n;, «. \\ urtaa -r ch .j iuaue which, according to its very m.:iiiiiig. a term is predicalile. than cereal plants, as beans, lentils, chestnuts, some liinds ot bread. [Kare. J Xhe term lu-in'i. for cxainpli', is fi.un itsnieaning prcilicable breadfruit (bred'frot), n. The fruit of the tree ofeverytbing. informed breadth.ihcaggngnteof real Artocarpus incisa. See below.-Breadfruit-tree. "'■",«* »' ";''''^^'' "-''■"" is predic.ible with logieid truth, (a) The Artocarpus incisa, a native of Java and the i.eigl,. ,"" the whole, in a supposed state of infoiniation. boring islands, but long in cultivation in all the tropical breadtheu (bred then), r. t. [< lireadth + -eH>-. Islandsof the Pacific, and more rccentjy introduced in the (Jf. lengthen.'} To make broader; e.\teud or than cereal plants, of bark, etc. 2. Figuratively, food or sustenance in general. Man shall not live by bread alone. Mat iv. 4. But sometimes virtue starves while vice is fed. What then 1 is the reward of virtue bread > J'ope, Essay on Man, iv. 150. Many officers of the army were arbitrarily deprived of their commissions and of their bread. ilacaula;/. Hist. Eng., vi. Aerated bread. Sec (tera(«.— Bloody bread. See bloodi/. — Biea.iee Artocarpus. Also callciW'rcrtc/ (rf.', (M .\ mbiaceons shrub of northern AiiHfruliu. tiaritenia eduh^. bearing a small edible fruit.— Hottentot broadfrult, "( South Africa, the stem of Kncrpbalarlos <;,il,r. wliiili i» stripped of its leaves, buiie.l In tllegroiiiid for sonic nionlbs, and then jiounded, whin It furnishes a (iiianllty of tarlriii- ( eoUH matter resembling sago. Also culled Ka/ir-hrrad. breadingt, ». [< breud'^ + -ingl.] A windrow or Hwath. [Prov. Eng.] Soo extract. Ilri-ndiiins ot i-oru or grass, the nwatlus or lows wlMnln the mower leaves thein. Kenndl (llallluc 111 bread-knife (bred'nit), n. A knife for cut I iiig brou.l. breadless (bred'los), a. rMK- hrrdlccs ; < hread^ + -leHH.] Without bread ; doHliliite of food, riiimli lieers and ttrratUess bsirrls alike arc 'lull. /'. Wliitrliead, State Illinci ». breadmeal fbrcd'mel), n. The mountnin-tneiil • ir 111 rgiiielil of Sweden and Finhmd. Soo hrrg- nilace or concealment, a-s game when hunted. On this little knoll, if anywhere. There is good chance that we shall hear the hounda : Here often they break covert at our feet. Tennyson, Gerahit. To break down, (a) To take down by breaking ; destroy by breaking: as, to break down a fence: figuratively, to overcome : as, to break down all opposition. 0>) To piws (the press-cake of gunpowder) between the toothed rollers of a gr.-inul.ating niaehiiK!. — To break gates. .See/7aft'l. — To break ground, (a) To upturn the surface of the ground ; dig ; plow, (/>) To dig ; open trenches ; commence excavation, as for building, siege operations, and the like ; hence, figuratively, to begin to execute any plan. How happy, could I but, in any measure, . . . make manifest to you the meanings of Heroism ; the air ; exhaust ; fatigue greatly. The six hours of deadly terror which I then endured ive broken mc up body and soul. Poc, 1 ales, I. ICl. have broke break To break upon the wheel, t« torture or put to death by stret(;hing rce, as a blow or a strain ; become fractured: as, the rock broke into a thousand pieces; the ice broke under his feet. — 2. To become discontinuous, disconnected, disordered, or disintegrated ; lose continuity or formation : as, at the last charge the line broke ; the circuit broke. The command, Cliarge, was given, and was executed with loud cheers and with a run ; when the last of the enemy broke. C. S. Grant, Persona! JIemr,ir8, I. ',ib\. 3. Specifically — (a) To change suddenly and involuntarily from a natural to a higher and shriller tone or to a whisper: said of the voice. {h) In mnsic: (1) To change from one register to another, as a musical instrument. (2) To change from one combination of pipes to an- other, especially when having more than one pipe to the note : said of compound organ-stops, like the mi.xture, the cornet, etc. — 4. To change from one gait into another: saidof a horse: as. to break into a gallop. — 5. To burst; happen or begin to be with suddenness or violence. (a) To discharge itself spontaneously, as a tumor. The same old sore breaks out from age to age. Tennyson, Walking to the Mail. ((/) To burst forth or begin with violence, as a storm. A second deluge o'er our heads may break. Dryden. The whole storm, which had long been gathering, now broke at once on the head of Olive. MacauUiy, Lord Clive. (c) To burst into speech or action : generally followed by out. (See phrases below.) I would not have your women hear me Break into commendation of you ; 'tis not seemly. Beau, and Ft., Maid's Tragedy, iv. I. (ff) To begin as if with a burst or break. And from our own the glad shout breaks. Of Freedom and P'raternity ! Whittier, Paian. 6. To become impaired, weakened, or reduced ; especially, to decline in health, strength, or personal appearance. I'm sorry Mopsa breaks so fast : I said lier face would never last. Swift, Cadenus and Vanessa. 7. To begin to be : said specifically of the day, dawn, or morning. Is not that the morning which breaks yonder? Shak., Hen. V., iv. 1. The day of wrath, against which Leibnitz had warned the monarclis of Europe, was beginning to break. Bancroft, Hist. Const., IL 365. 8. To force one's way (into, out of, or throogh something). Go, break among the press, and find a way out To let the troop pass fairly. Shak., Hen. VIIL, v. 3. 9. To fail in trade or other occupation ; become bankrupt. He that puts all upon adventures doth oftentimes break and come to poverty. Bacon, Eichea. There came divers of Antonio's creditors in my com- pany to Venice, that swear he cannot choose but break. ■^ Shak., SI. of v., iii. 1. The true original chairs were all sold, when the Hun- tingdons broke. Gray, Letters, L 217. 10. To lose friendship ; become hostile; be in opposition or antagonism : commonly with ic«77j. To break upon the score of danger or expense is to be mean and narrow-spirited. Jeremy Collier, Friendship. 11. In pool, to make a break; make the first shot or opening play. See break. »., 15. — 12. Xaiit., to hog or sag. — 13. In hort.: (a) To put forth new buds. (6) To flower before the proper time In our turnip and carrot-beds a few plants often break — that is, flower too soon. Darwin, Var. of .\nimals and Plants, p. 6. 14+. To broach a subject; come to an explana- tion: with to or Willi. The chamber bceing voyded, he brake icith him In these teannes. Lyty, Euphues and his England, p. 227. Then, aft«r, (o her father will I break. Shak., Much Ado. i. 1. To break across. Sec a.iws.— To break away, (a) To disengage one's self .abruptly ; escape, as from a captor by sudden and violent action ; hence, to leave suddenl.v. Fear me not, man, I will not break away. Shak., C. of &., iv. «. break (6) To he dissipated or disappear, as fog or clouds.— To break down. («) To come down by breaking: as, the coach 6ri>iv ,t.'>rn. (b) To fail in any undertaking through incapacity, miscalculation, emotion, embarrassment, or loss of health. Some dozen women did double duty, and then were blamed for breaking down. L. M. Alcott, Hospital Sketches, p. CS. (c) To lose one's health ; become sick, (d) To be overcome by emotion ; weep, (e) To granulate, as gunpowder.— To break forttu (a) To burst out ; be suddenly manifested ; exhibit sudden acti\ity : as, a cr>' broke/orth. His malice 'gainst the lady Will suddenly break forth. ' Shak., As you Like it, i. '2. Break forth, ye hearts that frozen winters bind In icy chains more strong than close tlie year ! Jones Very^ Poems, p. 4C. (6) To rush or issue out. (c) To give vent to one's feel- ings ; burst out; as, to break forth with fury; to '* break forth into singing, " Isa. xliv. 23.— To break from, to disengage i>rie's self from ; leave abruptly ur violently.— To break in, to leave the point, and start to chase game : said of a dog on point.— To break into, (a) To enter by force, especially burglariously: as. to break into a house. In /flic.upeniug a latched door, or pushing open an unfas- tened but closed sash, may be a breaking which will con- stitute burglary. (&) To break forth into. It is %"ery natural for men who are abridged in one ex- cess to brtak into some other. Gnldf^mith, Citizen of the World, Iviii. To break in upon, to intrude upon suddenly or vio- lently.— To break loose, to get free by force; escape from" oontinement by violence; shake olf resti'aint.- To break off. («) To pait ; become separated : as, the branch broke of. {b) To desist suddenly. Do not brt'ak off so. Shak., C. of E., i. 1. To break off from, to part from with violence. — To break out. («) To issue forth ; ai-ise or spring up : as, a fire breaks ouf ; a sedition breaks out ; n fever breaks out. (b) To api)ear in eruptions: said of certain diseases; to have pustules or an eftlorescence on the skin : said of a person, (c) To throw olf restraint and become dissolute : as, after living quietly he again broke out. (d) To give vent to the feelings impetuously by speech. As soon as my uncle Toby was seated by the fire, and had filled Ills pipe, my father broke out in this manner. Sterne, Tristram Shandy, ix. 32. To break sheer (>wik*.), to be forced the wrong way by the wind or current, so as not to lie well for keeping clear of theanch'ir: said of a ship at anchor. — To break Shot, tM leave the point, wlien the gun is discli;tr;ied, to cliasc game: said of a dog on point. — To break through. {<') To disreu'ard orovercome : as. to break ihrowih all restraint or reserve, (b) To act contrary to; violate with impu- nity : as. to break thronjh a law (in such a manner as to avoid the penalty).— TO break Up. («) To dissolve an To part in enmity from ; cease to be friends with; quarrel with: as, to break with a friend or companion. Be not afraid to break With murderers and traitors. Ji. Jonson, Catiline. He hail t*>o much consideration and authority in the country for her to wish to break with him. Prescott. (6t) To broach a subject to ; make a disclosure to. Hut perceiving tliis great alteration in his friend, he thouglit lit to break irith him thereof. Sir P. Sidney. If thou doHt love fair Hero, cherish it ; And I will break with her, and with her father. And thou hhalt have her. Shak., Much Ado, i. 1. break (brak), H. [In most RonHcs of mod. ori- triii from tho vf-rb hfraf:, tho older noun being hrt-ark with its variants: Hfo breach. In some HcnseH merely a different Hpellinfj of the n*- lated brake'^f q. v.] 1. A forcible disruption or Hoparation of parts; a gup '>>' opening nnidc by breakinK; a fraeture, rupture, or breach: as, a break in a wall, a beam, or a gannent. — 2. A breaking off; an intemiption of eontiiiu- ity; a sutlden stoppage or suspension; a gap between parts; speeilieally, injfrintiiigf the gap between two paragraphs. All modem tnuh Ib Act forth with numcroUB breaks and diulies. Swift. K'' f.Klfrrdl looked on the peace he had won nil n more '■-■■■i' in the Rtriiuifb'. and im ti break that mkbl at any mo- M" :.' ' J mi: Hiiddenly to nn rn another brtakdntim. T. llimk, Ollliort Oiinicy, I. I. The complete breakdmm uf tlu' Itcpiibllcan parley In tlie «tiito. Thf Amrrieau,\\\.\W. 2. A noisy, lively dance, sometimt h acconi- jKiined by singing, as in tlio soulhern United StutcH. [U. H.J Iinn t ilenr out whrn the i|nadr)ll<-« am ovtr, (or wo nn- KolllK to have u brrdktimrn to wind up wKli. Xrw Knijlnnit TaUn. Here )• n ticlli' Afrlrnlne, no ixlillnrnl<'d liy her «ur- rMiiiiillnKS that the In ilancliiu n breakilnwn. Htw Priimton tUt., II. M. breakman breaker (bra'k^r), n. [< ME. brekere; < break + -cri.] 1. One who or that which breaks anything, as a machine to crush ores, stones, and other hard substances. Speeitically— (a) A coal- getter or -hewer ; one who breaks down the coal so that it can be conveyed away to the place where it is raised to the surface. [Somersetshire, Eng.J (6) A structure in which coal is broken, sized, and prepared for market [ Antluacite region of Penn.] (c) One whose occupation it is to break up old ships ; a ship-breaker, (rf) Mint., a cup- shaped covering, usually made of lead, which serves to break a tube of glass or plaster of Paris at tlie proper time for igniting the chai-ge in fuses of a cei-tain constructioii. Farroir, Mil. Encyc. (c) In cotton.manii/.. a breaking- engine (which see). (.0 In liiu'n.itianuf.. a eardiug-nia- chine to the action of which the tow is first subjected, (;;) A light, strong plow for breaking new gromul. 2. A violator or transgressor: as, a breaker ot the law. — 3. A wave broken into foam against the shore, a sand-bank, or a rock near the sur- face : generally in the pliu'al. The night-winds sigh, the lurakers roar, And shrieks the wild sea-mew. Bijron, Childe Harold, i. 13, 4. [In this sense perhaps a corruption of Sp. barrica, a keg.] A small water-cask used in boats to supply the crew with water and for ballast. — 5, A trainer, as of horses or dogs. = Syn. 3, !^ec icave. breakfast (brek'fast), n. [Late ME. brekcfaste; < break + fast", ">i. Cf, F, dejeuner, a break- fast, < dejeuner, break fast: see dtjeuner.] 1. The tu'st meal in the day ; the meal by which one breaks the fast lasting from the previous day; the food eaten at the fii'st meal, — 2, A meal or food in general. The wolves will get a brrak/ast by my death. Drydcn. Act's breakfast. See act. breakfast (lirek'fast), r. [< breakfast, n.; orig. two wcirils, break fast.} I. trans. To furnish with the first meal in the day; supply with breaklast, II, ill trans. To eat the first meal in the day. First, sir, I read, and tlieii I hrrakfa.it. Prior, Ep. to V. Shepherd, Hay 14, 1089. breakfast-cap (brck'fast-eap), H. A small cap, usually made of muslin or lace and ribbons, worn at breakfast by women. The Mistress, in a pretty little breakfast -cap, is moving about the room witli a featlier-duster. C. D. Warner, Backlog Studies, p. 71. breakfasting (brek'fas-ting), ». The act of taking breakfast; a party at breakfast. ^ohreakfmtiiigs\fiW\ them, which consume a great deal of time. Chesterfield. break-in (briik'in), n. In carp., a hole made in brickwork with the ripping-ehisel, to receive a plug, the end of a beam, or the like. breaking (bnl'king), n. [Verbal n. of break, r.; = (i. Iireeliuiui.'] 1. In wiirsleil-iiianiif., the pro- cess of uniting the short slivers, as received from the comlier, into one continuous rope or sliver, by doubling and running through draw- ing-webs. — 2. [Imitation of (1. briehnni/.] In jihilol., the change of ono vowel to two before certain consonants, as, in Anglo-Saxon (where the jihenoraenon abounds), earni for "arm, arm, eortlir for "erthe, eai'tli, etc. breaking-diameter (bra'kin^-di-am'e-tfer), «. Tlie diunieter of a test s])ecinien of metal at the point of ruiiture when .subjected to tensile stress. It is iiieiisiiicd and used to dctcrniiiic the area of the cross-section at that jioint after rupture, Tlie comparison of this area with the original area of the same croHs. section gives the drgri-c of constriction or the per- ccnt;mi', tcrbidi'iilly c-alb'd the eontraetion 0/ area. breaking-engine (lua'king-en'jin), «. In rot- l, ». Amachino for splicing nml strelc'liiiig sliver.s of wool. breaking-weight ( lun 'king-w:it ), ». The weight which niiist lie hung from a rod 3. break-iron (brak 'i "em), n. In cnrpenterH' pliiiicN with doiilile iroiiH, llie top or front iron, the liiwer eilg(> (if wliieli is ill contact, with the face of the lower cut ling-iron just above its cut- ting edge. As th(> shaving is cut, the break- iron liirriK or breiiks it iiwiiy frrini the wood. break-lathe (Imili'liiTil), ». A Inthe having a gap in its lied, in order tii increase IIh swing or ca|iarity for I inning olijeets of large radius , a gini-liith'e or gnp-lied lathe. K. li. Knight. breakman, ». See hrakcman. breakneck breakneck (brak'nek), n. and a. [< break + obj. luvh.] I. n. 1. A fall that breaks the neck; a dangerous business. To do't, or no, is certain To me a breakneck. Shak., W. T., 1. 2. 2. A steep place endangering the neck. II, a. Endangering the neck or life ; ex- tremely hazardous : as, he rode at a breakneck pace. On chimney-tops, . . . over tlie roofs, ... on every lamp-iron, signpost, breakneck coign of vantage, sits patriotic Goiu-age. Carlylc, French Eev. break-off (brak'6f), n. The part of the action of a breech-loading firearm immediately be- hind the breech. break-promise (brak'prom"is), n. One who makes a practice of breaking bis promise. I will tliiiik you the most patlietical break-promise, and the must lioIloW lover. Shak., As you Liiie it, iv. 1. breakshare (brak'shar), n. [A perversion of lini.i-i/, simulating break, + share.'] A term some- times used as an equivalent to hrax\j. breakstaff (brak'staf), n. The hanille of a bhirksmith's bellows. J. S. Phillips. breakstone (brak'ston), «. [< break + obj. stiiiie, after the L. name saxifraga, < saxum, a rock, -I- fraiigcrc, to break, with special refer- ence to their use as a remedy in cases of calcu- lus.] A name given to several different plants, especially to species of the genus Saxifraga, to pimpernel (Pimpinella Saxifraga), and to the jiiirsley-piert (Alchemilla aroensis). break-up (brak'up), h. and a. I. n. A disrup- tion; a dissolution of connection; a separation of a mass into parts; a disintegration; a dis- bandment. Seldom was there a greater break-up among the specu- lators than in the autumn of that year. J. S- Mill. The general break-up of parties which took place liist decade. The American, VIII. 278. II. a. Pertaining to or in celebration of the breaking up or termination of any society, as- sociation, meeting, or the like: as, a break-up party or ceremony. break-van, n. See bralce-van. breakwater (brak'wa"ter), H. [< break + obj. water.'] Any structure or contrivance, as a mole, mound, wall, or sunken hulk, 8er^'ing to break the force of waves and protect a harbor or anj-thing exposed to the force of the waves. The hieakwater at Plymouth, Ent'land, is 5,100 feet in length, 339 feet wide .at bntt.nn, and 45 feet at top, and at the level of low water of sprioi; ti-k-s there is a set-off of 66 feet. The sea-slope from set-olf to tup is 1 in 5. The largest work of the kind in the United States is the Delaware breakwater, at the southern extremity of Delaware Bay, Mean of 26 sections of Delaware Breakwater. j4, water-line ; B, base-line. 2,.^r.S feet long at top, with an ice-breaker 1,353 feet long. —Floating breakwater, a contrivance, consisting of a series of sipiare frames of timber, connected by mooring- chaius or -caljles, attached to anchors or blocks of stone in such a manner as to form a basin, within which vessels riding at anchor may be protected from the violence of the waves. breaml (brem), n. [< ME. breem, breme, < OF. breume, F. br^me, < OHG. brahsima, brahsina, MHGr. brasem, brahmen, G. brassen = OS. bres- semo = D. brasem = OSw. braxn, Sw. braxen = Dan. brasen, a bream ; from the same source as bar.?e = bass^; ef. brasse''-.] 1. A fish of the family Cyprinidee, Abramis brama, common in the fresh waters of Europe. It has a compressed and rather deep body, a short obtuse snout, small and somewhat inferior mouth, nniserial pharyngeal teeth, the dorsal fin of about 12 rays, and tile anal fin with 26 to 31 rays commencing under the last of the dorsal's. It some- times attains a weight of 12 to 14 pounds. The flesh is in- sipid and little esteemed. Also called yellow bream. See Abramt^. 2. A cyprinoid fish related to the preceding, as for example the white bream or breamflat, or resembling it in having a deep body, as the carp-bream, Carassias gibelio, a variety of the erucian-oarp. — 3. A name given to various Sparidw, more fully called sea-breams: in Eng- land, for example, to species of Sparus, Pa- grus, Pagellus, and Can tharus, and in the United States to liiplodiis liollirooki, the pinfish, and to Lagndon rliondioides, the sailor's-choice. See out linder Lagodon.—^. A fish of the family Braniida; as Kay's bream, Brama rai/i. — 5. In some parts of the United States, a centrarchoid fish, such as the common sunfish, Eupomotis gihbosus, and various species of the related ge- nus Lepomis, as the blue bream, Lepomis palli- dtis. — Blue bream, the Lepomis paltidus. — Bream fam- 671 ily, the sea-breams, or Sparidrr. — King of the breams, I'tKi'llux iriilhrinUH. Wlllte bream, a IIhIi ot tin- family Ahrnini'lii', .\branitH(tillcfn)bjorkna,ri,uiiifHi in ijilopraii watei-s. It iH much like the bream, but lias a shorter utial fin, larger scales, and two rows of pharyngeal U'etli. bream'-^ (l)rem), v. t. [Prob., like the equiv. hroom'i, connected with frcwywl, J). Iirem, furze, from the materials commonly used.] \aiit., to clear, as a ship's bottom, of shells, seaweed, ooze, etc., by applying to it kindled furze, reeds, or other light combustibles, so as to soften the pitch and loosen the adherent mat- ters, which may then bo easily swept off. Also called broom. bream-H, «. [< ME. as if "breme = OHG. bremo, MIUJ. brem. m., G. breme, t. ; the same, without the formative -.s', as brimse: see brim.ic and bree.:ei.] Same as breeze^. breamflat (brem'fiat), «. A local English (Cam- bridgeshire) name of the white bream. brean (l)rou), t!. j. [E. dial.] To sweat; per- spire, [['rov. Eng.] , brear (brOr), u. See brcer'^. breard (brerd), v. Same as braird. breast (Ijrest), n. [Early mod. E. also brest. < ME. brest, breest, < AS. brcdst (neut., usually pi.) = OS. briost = OFries. briast = leel. brjost = Sw. brost = Dan. bri/st, neut., = (with vari- ation of vowel and gender) OFries. brust, burst, borst, NFries. liorst = MLG. borst, LG. borst = D. borst = OHG. MUG. brust, G. brust, tern., = Goth, brusis, fem. pL, orig. perhaps a dual form; origin uncertain. Not being found out- side of Teut., the origin has been sought in the Teut. verb, AS. berstan, etc., E. burst: see bur.it.] 1. One of two soft protuberant bodies adhering to the thorax in women, in which the milk is secreted for the nourishment of infants ; the mammary gland and associated structures. — 2. The outer part of the thorax, or the ex- ternal part of the body between the neck and the belly, in man and beasts. My Eustace might have sat for Hercules ; So muscular he spread, so broad a breast. Tennyson, Gardener's Daughter. 3. In entom., the lower or sternal surface of the thorax. — 4. Figuratively, the seat of the affec- tions and emotions ; the repository of con- sciousness, designs, and secrets; the affec- tions ; the heart. Pass by my outside, My breast I dare compare with any man. Shirley, Love Tricks, i. 1. Each in his breast his secret sorrow kept. Rowe. 5. The mind; the secret thoughts. The choice and removal of senators, however, was by no means left perfectly free to the censors, nor had it been in the breant of the consuls and dictators before t!ie insti- tution of the censorial ofHce. Brougham. 6t. In music, the chest; capacity for singing. An excellent song, and a sweet songster; a tine breaxt of his own. H. Jowun. In singing, the sound is originally produced by the ac- tion of the lungs; which are so essential an organ in this respect, that to have a good breant was formerly a com- mon periplu"asis to denote a good singer. Sir J. Haivkins, Hist, of Music, iii. 4(KJ. 7. Anything resembling the breast in posi- tion, either as being in front, like the hiunan breast, or below, like the breast in the lower animals. Specifically — (a) In ayri., the front part of the mold-board of a plow. Qi) In arch.: (1) The portion of a wall between a window and the floor. (2) The portion of a chimney between the flues and the apartment. E. U. Kniyht. (c) In carp. , the lower surface of a hand-rail, rafter, etc. (lO In niininq: (1) The chamber or room in which coal' is being mined. (-2) The face at which the working is going on. (3) In metal-mining, a point at which a large quantity of ore is being worked : as, a fine breast of ore. (e) The front part of a fiu'nace. CO Same as breasting, 1. In order that a wheel may he a breast wheel, it must be provided with the breast or circular trough. Rankine, Steam Engine, § 150. (ry) The swelling portion of a hub. 8. That part of certain machines against which the breast of the operator pushes, as in the breast-drill, breast-plow, etc.— 9t. A line on which persons or things are ranged abreast, or side bv side. The troops marched in close order, the foot by twenty- four in a breast, and the horse by sixteen. Sicift. 10 A bush for a small shaft or spindle — Back and breast See SnoA-i.— Pillar and breast, i^ee pil- lar —To make a clean breast of, to disclose (secrets which weigh upon one's mind or conscience); make full confession of. -, » _. m breast (brest), r. [< breast, «.] I. tratis. To oppose -with the breast; act vnth the breast upon; bear the breast against; hence, to meet in fi-ont boldly or openly; stem. Behold the threaden sails. Borne with the invisible and creeping wind. Draw the huge bottoms through the furrow d sea, Breusliny tlie lofty suige. Shak., Hen. '\ ., m. (cho.). breast-knot To breast up a hedge, to int the face of a hedue on one wide, ho as to lay bare the principal uprigllt stems of the ])l;iiits of which it ih constituted, II. inlrnns. To practise breasting, as for drci-. Sfi' Itreasting, '.i. breast-backstay (br(sl'bak'''sta), n. Naut., an extra siqijioi't to a topmast, consisting of a rope extiiidiiig from I he topmast-head on the weather siile to the ship's channels forward of the standing liackstays. See backstay. breast-band (brest'band), H. 1. Naut., a.\)a.ni of canvas or a rope fastened in some conve- nient place, and passed round the body of the man who heaves the lead in sounding, to pre- vent his fallinjj into the sea. Also called parrel-rope (which see). — 2. A liroad leather Ijand placed across the breast of a horse and used as a substitute for a collar. breast-beam (brest'bem), ». 1. A beam at the break of a quarter-deck or forecastle. — 2. The cloth-beam of a loom. — 3. The forward transverse beam of a locomotive. breast-board (brest'bord), n. A weighted sled used in rope-walks to maintain the tension of the yarns while being twisted into a strand. breast-bone (brest ' bon ), ». [< ME. ftrra/fton, < AS. Iinostbdn, < lireost, breast, -I- bun, bone.} Tlie bone of the breast; the stenmra. breast-chains (brest'chanz), n.pl. Chains used to support the neck-yoke of a carriage-hameHS, and connected with the hames: usually called breast-straps when leather is used instead of eliains. breast-clotht, ". A stomacher. breast-cloutt (brest'klout), n. A bib for a child. Il'righl. breast-deep (brest'dep), a. As deep as from the Imast to the feet; as high as the breast. Set liim breast-deep in earth, and famish him. ,S-/iot.,Tit. And.,v, 3. breast-drill (brest'ilril), «. In mech., a drill- stock ojierated by a crank and bevel gearing, anil ha\'ing a piece against which the workman bears liis breast when engaged in drilling. breasted (liies'ted), n. 1. Having a breast (of the kind indicated in composition): as, broad- breasted, deep-breasted, etc. — 2t. In music, hav- ing a chest: as, "singing men well breasted," Fiddcs, Tiife of Wolsey, App., p. 128. breast-fast (brest'fast), n. A large rope or chain used to fasten the mid.ship part of a ves- sel to a dock or to another vessel, as the bow- fast fastens her forward and the stern-fast aft. breast-gasket (brest'gas'ket), n. An old name for ;i buiil -gasket. breast-harness (brest'hiir'nes), ». A harness employing a breast-band, in distinction from one using a collar. breast-height (brest'hit), «. In /or t., the in- teriiir slope of a parapet. breast-high (brest 'lu), a. As high as the breast. Lay madam Partlet basking in the sun. Brea.'^t-hiyh in sand. Itnjden, Cock and Fox. breast-hook (brest'huk), n. One of the thick pieces of timber shaped in the form of knees and placed directly across the stem of a ship, to strengthen the fore part and unite the bows on each side. See cut under stem. Her huge hows rose up, showing the bright copper, and her stem and breast-hook^ dripping, like old Neptune's locks, with the brine. R. U. Dana, Jr., Before the Mast. p. 10. breasting (bres'ting), H. [< breast + ■ing'^.] 1. In mach., the curved channel in which a breast- wheel turns. It follows closely the cun'e of the wheel through about a quarter of its circumference, so as to pre- vent the escape of the water until it lias spent its force upon the whceL .\lso called breast. See brrasl-irheel. 2. The bed against which the 'wheel of a rag- engine works. — 3. A method of deer-hunting in which several horsemen ride abreast through the cover and shoot from the saddle. Breasting is employed where the deer make their home in very high grass, such as is to be found on some of the prairies of the South-west. G. B. GrinneU, Gun and Kod, p. 152. breasting-knife (bres'ting-nif), n. In shoe- making, a knife used in cutting a clean face on the side of the heel of a boot or shoe next to the waist. breast-knee (brest'ne). h. In ghip-building, a large knee litted in the bows of a ship against the apron and stemson, to give additional strength. breast-knot (brest'not), n. A knot of ribbon worn on the breast. What may we not hope . . . from the influence of this breast-knot I Additon, Freeholder. I breast-line breast-line (brest'lin), «. A rope used to unit! the pontoons of a floating bridge. breast-molding (brest'moFding), h. 1. The mfilini; on a window-sill. — 2. Paneling be- nfatii ;i window. breast-pain (brest'pan). n. A distemper m 672 water is admitted at any point from about the plane of the axle to 45° or more above it. The water is confined to the tlo.its by a breasting of planks or masonrv, almost touchinir the periphery of the wheel and extending from the bottom of the sluice to neai- the low- est point of the wheel. If the water is admitted to the wheel at a point veiy ueai" its summit and on the same side as the sluice, it is called a pitclt-bacK vhfd. hoi" es. indicated bv stififness and staggering ji'l-' a-^'h^ ^l'^'^^^.// ^^ "=» l«>i ^l»M-t>ac>c^nfH. of th^ fore legs, and inability to bow thi head breast-WOOd (byest wud) «. In hort., the ". *"„ i^i;,„ri shoots of fruit-trees which grow out from the Angina pectoris to the ground breast-pang (Ijrest'pang), n Set- anti'niu. [Bare.] breastpin (brest'pin), n. A pin worn on the breast for a fastening or for ornament ; a brooch: a scarf-pin. breastplate (brest'plat), n. [ME. brestj)late; < bttiist + j'hiU.'i 1. A square ornament worn front of the branches trained on espaliers or against walls. breastwork (brest'werk), n. 1. In fort., a hastily constructed work thrown up breast- high for defense. — 2. Satit., a sort of balus- trade of rails or moldings which terminates the bv the .Te^sh high priest/con.i.tiug of the same also incloses the forecastle both before and textile fabric as the ephod. and bearing twelve l-ehmd- 3 The parapet of a bmlding. precious stones engraved with the names of the breat (bret), « [Another f onn oi hretbnt. twelve tribes of llrael. set in gold. The bre.ast- «!■ v.] A local Enghsh name of the tiirbot plate was hons by chains of gold to that part of the ephod breath (breth), «. [Early mod. h. breth, < ME which was ou the shoulder, and the lower side was se^ brceth, breih, < AS. brccth, breath, odor; cf ctired to the girdle by blue laces for this purpose four rings of gold were secured to the four corners. It was also called the breaMplate o/judp- ment, because it contained the Urim and the Thummim. 2. The armor for the fi'ont of the body, when made in one piece reaching from the waist to about the collar-bone. It was not introduced until a very late period in the liis- tory of armor, and was not common until the early years of the six- teenth centur>', when armor for the limbs was being .See back and breast (under backl), coreelet. Breastplate. i«th ccnttjiy: steel oma- f&ented with nldins, and bearioe a coat of arm.* on the Dreast. (From "L'Art pour Tous." J abandoned, and cHirrtJi*. 3. A Strap that runs across a horse's breast. — 4. A plate or piece which receives the butt- end of a boring-tool, and is held against the breast when the tool is in use. Also called con- science and palette. — 5. The sternum or central piece on the lower side of the cephalothorax of a spider, between the bases of the legs. — 6. The lower shell or plastron of a tortoise. JXiririii. breast-plow (brest'plou), n. A kind of spade mth a cross-bar against which the breast is pressed to propel it, for cutting and paring ttirf . breast-pump (brest'pump), Ji. A small suction :i|'I.ar;itiis for drawing milk from the breast. breast-rail (brest'nll), «. Tlie upper rail of a balcony or of a breastwork on the quarter- deck of a ship. breast-ropet l brest'rop), m. yaut., an old term ii.r I'tiri-il-ro/ir. See breast-hand, 1. breast-Strap (l)rest'strap), n. A strap used to supiiort the iieck-voke of a carriage-harness, and eoiinectecl with the liames or collar. — Breast-strap slide, an Iron loop sliding on the breant- »trni> and taking the wear of the ring on the cud of the ,„.\i.\..ii,- breast-summer, ». See brest-summcr. breast-wall brest'w&l), h. 1. A retaining wall at the foot of a slope. — 2. A wall built lireuHt-higb. breastweed (bresfwed), n. A name given to Uii- lizard'H-tail of the United States, SnuruniK (I iiiiniy. from its use aa a remedy in mammary irillHlMliiiilioli, etc. breast-wheel (brest'hwol), n. A water-wheel with radial lloatB or buckets, upon which the breathe 14. Opinion; sentiments: as, I would fain hear his icert^?; on this matter. Jamieson. [Scotch.] — Breath of the nostrils, in the Bible, vital breath (see (ieu. ii. 7): hence, anytliing essential to the existence of a person or an institution; the inspiring cause of anytliing, or that wliich sustains it. Xo institutions spring up in such countries except those which the prince founds, and he may be truly said to be the brfuth of their noatrih. Brougham, Out of breath, breathless ; short of breath. Too much breathing put him tnd of breath. ililloii, Ep. Hobson, IL To gather breath. See gather.— To get one's secona breath, to recover the free use of the lungs after the first exlriustioii incident to rtmning, rowiiiL', etc. (CoUoq.) — tJnder the breath, in a w hisper.— With bated breatb. _ See hoft'-. quarter-deck and poopat the fore ends, and breathable (bre'Tna-bl), a. [< breathe + -able.J ■•'■'•" - (^'apable of being breathed; respirable. breathableness (bre'THa-bl-nes), «. The state of being lireathable. breathe (brelH), r. ; pret. and pp. breathed, ppr. brcailiing. [< ME. brethen, breathe, blow, exhale odor, < breth, breath: see breath.~] I. intrans. 1. To draw air into and expel it from the lungs; respire; figuratively, to live. ^^llen he breathed he was a man. Shak., L. L. L., v. 2. AAliere. in the vast world. Doth that man breathe, that can so much command His blood and his affection? B. Jotison, Every Man out of his Uiimour, i. 1. I did God's bidding and man's duty, so, breathe free. ' Browning, Ring and Book, I. 253. 2. To make a single respiration. Before you can say. Come, and Go, And breathe twice. Shak., Tempest, iv. 1. 3. To take breath ; rest from action. OHG. bradam, MHG. bradcni, G. brodeni. broden, steam, vapor, exhalation; perhaps connected with AS. ftr(?(?OH = OHG. brdtan, MHG. brdtcn, G. braten, roast, broil (sec brawn), and with Gr. -pifiuv, burn, blow. The vowel in breath, orig. long, has become short, while remaining loug in the verb breathe.] It. Vapor; steam; ex- halation. Then schalle thou caste Into the pot and cover in hast. And loke no brethe ther passe out. Liber Cttre Cocorum, p. 19. That is blode and fire and brethe of smoke. Uampote, Prick of Conscience, 1. 4727. When brenily brened those bestes, & the brethe rysed. The savour of his sacrafyse so3t to hym euen That all spedes & spyllej. AUiterative Poems (ed. Morris), ii. 609. 2. The air inhaled and exhaled in respiration. My breath to heaven like vapor goes : ilay my soul follow soon ! Tennyson, St Agnes" Eve. 3. AbUity to breathe; Ufe as dependent on respiration. Ko man has more contempt than I of breath. Dryden. 4. The state or power of breathing freely: as, to be out of breath; to be in breath. The king shall drink to Hamlet's better breath. Shak., Uamlet, v. 2. I lose my colour, I lose my breath. I'ennyson, Elciinore. 5. A single act of breathing; a respiration: as, he swears at every breath ; to draw a full breath. Between two breaths what crowded mysteries lie, — The first short gasp, the last and long-drawn sigh ! U. W. Holmes, A Rhymed Lesson. Hence — 6. The time of a single respiration; a single act ; an instant. The historian makes two blunema, p. 88. 5. To give utterance to disparaging or calum- nious remarks ; make insinuations: with upon. You nuist seem to take as unpardonable olfence, as it he had torn yom" mistress's eoU)urs, 4)r tireathed upon her picture. iS. Jonson, Every -Man out of his Humour, i. 1. 6. To exhale, as an odor; emanate. And all Arabia breathes from yonder liox. Pope, R. of the L., i. 134. 7. Figuratively, of inanimate things, to be in- stinct; be alive. The staircase in fresco by Sir James Thornhill lireathed with the loves and wai-s of gods and heroes. Dinraeli. II. trans. 1. To inhale and exhale in respi- ration: as, to breathe vitiated air. — 2. To in- ,iect by breathing; infuso : with into: as, "to 'breathe life into a stone," Shak., All's Well, ii. 1. Anil the Loi-d God formeil man of the iluat of the ground, and breatlied into his nostrils the breath of life. Gen. ii. 7. Where faith made whole with deed Breathe.^ its awakening breath Into the lifeless creed. Lowell, Comm. Ode. 3. To exhale; send out as breath; express; manifest. Can any mortal niixtin-o of earths mould Breathe such divine, enchanting ravishment? .Milton. Comus, I. 246. They (the Indians) entei-ed . . . into an agreement to twenty-nine rules, all breathing a desire to conform them- selves to ICnglish customs. Kmermn, Historical Discourse at Concord. 4. To exercise ; keep in breal h. Methlnks . . . eveiy man shoidil beat thee; I think thou wast created tor men to lireathe themselves upon tlui'. Shak., Alls Well, it. ». Ill send for one of these fencers, and ho shall breath* V)U. by mv *lircctlon. B. ,/oneon, Eveiy Man In his Hinnour, t. 4. 5. To inspire or blow into; cause to sound by bicnthing. i hiy breathe the flute or strike th<' vocal wire. Prior. 6. To utter; speak; whisper. Or let the church, our mother, breathe her curse. •SV/n*., K. Jiihn, III. 1. Thus breathetfho forth her spite. .Shak., Luerece, 1. 711 That breathe a thousand tender vows. Tenni/non, In Memorlam, ,tl. 7. To HulTcr to rest or recover breiilli. lie breath'd Ills sword, and reslcil hini till day. Sitenser, V. 4., VI. xl. 47, A moment now ho slacked his sliced, A nunnent breathed his paiilliig steed. .SeotI, h. of L. M., 1. 8. To opon and bleed (a vein). Every village barber who breathed a vein. Jincyc. Brit., XI. ii08. breathe Tobreatlie one's last, to die. He, safe returii'd, the race of ylory past. New to liis friends' embrace, had brealhd his last. Pope. breathed (bic'tht), a. \aria. It is a slender integumental pio- longatidii, h, uiing at the tip one or botli of the anal stig- mata, tbn.ugli which the insect obtains air .it the surface of the water or Bcniiltuid tilth in which it lives. The breath- ing-tube is also possessed by certain adult heteroptcre. breathing-'While (bre'THing-hwil), n. An in- termission of exertion ; a breathing-time. -S'Aa/,-. Except when for a breathing-while at eve, Some niggard fraction of aii hour, ho ran Beside the river-liank. Tennyson, Aylmer's Field. breathless (breth'les), a. [< ME. brethUs; < breath + -Jess.'] 1. Without breath; dead. Denies the rites of funeral fires to those 'Whose breathless bodies yet he calls his foes. Dryden, Pal. and Arc, 1. 84. 2. Out of breath; spent with labor or exertion. Unwounded from the dreadful close, But breathless all, Fitz-James arose. Scott, L. of the L., v. 16. 3. That takes away the breath. How I remember that breathless flight ! Longfellow, Golden Legend, iv. An obsolete spelling of breech. , )'. An obsolele spelling of I/reach. Brechites (bre-ki'tez>, u. [NL., < Or. fitjixt'". to wet : see rain, and of. curpergiUum.'\ Same as Aspergillum, 2. brack (b'rek), n. [< IfE. brekhc, var. of hreke, a break, breach, etc. : see breach, and cf. Itreak, n., brickl, and braek^, all ult. < break, q. v.] If. A break; breach; fracture. Tusser. Hwiche a faircnesse of a nekke Had that Bwete that Iwne nor breklu Nas ther noon seen. Chaucer, iJeath of Blanche, I. 940. 2t. A bruise. 7uT«ry, 1708.— 3t. A breach; a gap in a hedge.— 4. [Also calle It. braca = Sp. Pg. braga = Pr. brai/a = OF. braie, breeches, F. braic, a swad- dling-band, >E. bray!> and brail, q. v.). regard- ed as of Celtic origin ; cf. Bret, brage: ; but the Gael. Ir. brigis, breeches, is perhaps from E. The relation of tlie Teut. forms to the Celtic ia uncertain.] If. Breeches. Tllj-n olde breech. Chaucer, Pardoner's Tale, L 486. That you might still have worn the petticoat, And ne'er have stol'n the breech from Lancaster. Shak.. 3 Hen. VI., v. 5. 2. The lower part of the body behind. — 3. The hinder part of anj-thing: specifically, the mass of metal behind the bore of a cannon, or the part of a small arm back of the barrel, including the rear of the latter in breech-loaders. — 4. Xaut., the angle of a knee-timber, the inside of which is called the throat. breech (brech), r. [< breech, n.] L trans. 1. To put into or clothe with breeches. Who was anxious to know whether the blacksmith's youngest boy was breeched. ilaeaulay. Hist. Eng., xx. Have I not shaved ray people, and breeched them? Landor, Peter the Great 2. To cover to the breech or hilt. [Bare.] Tliere, the niurthereis, Steep'd in the colours of their traile. their daggers Unmannerly brccch'd with gore. Shak., Macbeth, ii. 3. [Various other readioir^ atul interprrtations, such as reccft- «f (soiled with a dark ycH.'w). (fr. /< / • /. "hcathed, etc, h^ve been proposed by Shak^perian cunmientators.] breech 3 To -whip on the breech. 'wn,i T- ' ■ . ivtH,.ns scningman conveyed me awar, w£ln • h whips, I think, in my conscience, l'^'^"";. (1612), Hog hath Lost his Pearl, Ti. 4 To fit or furnish ^th a breech : as, to breech o "gun —5. To fasten by a breeching. n in trans. To suffer whipping on the breech. \ am no Ure.Mn, schol.->r i^^he scJ>ooK ^ ^^ ^ ^ breech-band (brech'band), n. Same as ftreecft- teeech-barrowCbrech'bar'o), ». A large high truck used in moving bncks in a bnok-> ard. breech-block (breeh'blok). ». A movable piece at the I. °ech of a breech-loading gun, which is withdrawn for the insertion of the charge and closed before firing, to receive the impact of the recoil. See hreech-mechamsm, also cut b^eecl-^lTutXwklout), n. The cloth cov- eriI,-Uie breech, worn by American Indians and other mici\-ilized peoples. hrppches (brich'ez, formerly and still occasion- \Mf wf'ohcz), n.'pl. [< AIE. '''-H ^7f'^^' pi ■. u.'iuallv hreche, brech, also hrelie brel (> be. breeks. bre'ik, etc.) : see breech, itself pl.J 1. A bifurcated garment worn by men, covering the bodv from the waist to the knees, or, m some cases, oulv to mid-thigh.— 2. Less properly, trousers or pantaloons.-Breeches Bible. See BMe. —To wear lie hreeches, to usurp the authority of the hu3l>anil ; sai'l "i a wife. Children rule, old men go to school, women wear the bri"'heJ Burton, Anat. of Mel., To the Reader. = S5m. See trousers. breeches-buoy (brich'ez-boi), «. In the life- siviu" service, a name given to an apparatus, like a'^short pair of breeches, mo\-ing on a rope stretched from a wreck to the shore, for the purpose of landing per- sons from the wreck. breeching (brich'iug), 14. [Wrbaln. of irfcc/i, r.] 1. A whipping on the breech 674 specificallv, the mechanical device for opening and closing the breech of a gun in loading aud firing. See fermeture. Brccchcs-buoy. Also called breech I rii-w the prince with Aris- tdrchus' eyes, WlioMfl.Kiks wereasaireec/i- intf to a hoy. Marloux (ami Shaksperel), lEdw. III. 2. Hard, clotted wool on the buttocks of a sheep. — 3. That part of a horse's harness which passes round its breech, and which ena- bles it to back the vehi- cle to which it is har- nessed. The breeching is connected by straps to the saddle and shaft. . baud. See cut under hanie.fs.—i. In jiaral aim., a strong rope passed through a hole in the cascabel of a gim and fastened to bolts in the ship's side, to check the recoil of the giin when it IS fired.— 5. A bifurcated sraoke-pipo of a breeching-bolt (brich'ing-b61t_), «. A bolt in a slTii^rti.t t., which the breeching i« fastened. breeching-hook (brich'ing-hiik), w. A curved "ok .Ml II..- shafts of a carriage to which tlio l,n'ei-liiiii."ir lh<' harncHH is secured. breeching-loop (hnch'ing-lf.p), >>■ ^aut., a 1,„,„ .,1 T...lar f..rin.Tly .-ast on the breech ..( u'lii.s, through which the briechiiig was passed. breechleSB (l.rech'les), «. Without breeches; heuce, naked. He Iwkei l.y the halo lyre, an.l (^-rt^w hymc •emcdo. Hlorlr Arthurr (I.. I-.. 1. ».), 1. in»8. breech-loader (brAch'16'd (M I- ni a. I bi' lb api tbi- bre.'cll. The ten.. I i,..thtr u»'d ti. liMt.tii ly ril.Tfid I" n" '"" ,, , l...i..|irnn flrc«rni« ». re . but .m «"•". a» Br" iiiiilideil tlil> phi.. » n» nhn.i'bi.i ^..f Ih.,- .liiy 'i Iti war, hirue /'■'I'/ifi'/ rimnim. ,.).. IM b J :U|.I h l.:i tb. Ill at tho iiu ninKC iiire)iall|. ir. IIHIlIK - lo, f^ :ul/i.»U ill" tho II g (brr.ch'lo'diiig), ". Itecciving iTic breeeh inslenil of the muzzle : Bppi ■ 1 r.-rirms: ii-f. n brrcrh-lnadinij rifli'. breech-n.cthanism (i.r.vh'mek'a-nizm), «. Tho parts (.oiriprineil in the breech of n gnu; breech-sight (brech'sit), n. That sight of a gufi wlii'fi is placed ne.xt the breech; the hind breech-wrench (brech'reneh), «. A wrench employed in turning out the breecb-pm of a nuizzle-loading fii-earm. breed (bred), v. ; prel. and pp. bred, ppr. breed- ma r< ME. breden, < AS. 6,Yrf««, nourish, eherish, keep warm (= I>. broeden = ML&. "o- den, LG. broden = OH(l. brxtoleu MlUr. hnt- eien, G. briitcn, brood, liatch), <'"'"/■. >""';'V see brood, "., and cf. braod r. Hreed is relat- ed to broorf as /«W to ./<".ut, They Bwear It, till ..m.uuince ^r«^« a ;^;;»',!^„„i,„„ Intemperance and lust hreM Inflnnltles. TilM,o„. 4 To produce; be the native place of: ns, a pond breeds fish; a northern country breeds a race of stout men. „„„„,„,,„„„.„„,,„„ Whom certain thee rough ''""^'■;,'^;;!,^'^::Z!Zy':'^y Wliy .loth Africa fcrr-rf lo ...any venom'"'* ''f""';". l^' lan.l none? «-"•' Anal. "( ML. I' « »• The harron noil docB n..l /,r..v/ f; v,, .. '■■■"',;';;'"^-; ' « "• or ^^..rplonH. A;,„rr.oH. < ". .p.u»"ll"..- 6. To bring up; nurse nn.l I'oKl.r; take .•iir.. .,i during tlw period of griiwl h ; as, born ami bred. Y.i.ing Ariha«, A hoy ..» sw.el a. y..u..g; ...y I'nf.'r '"•'''''" '""'■ My iiohie hrooier ^'•'•''v^-';;.;",:;;;:,'';',!,-,,.,.,, v. ■,. Ah I wrol.h.-.l u"' ' hv f.il.'» nvern.; .lo.r.'i"! To hrTng th.o forlh with pain, with care U> W.^^ breeding 6 To form live. lucatiun; train: as, to breed li. S(jn to an occupation; a man bred at a univer- sity: commonly with iq). To iirfcd up the son to common sense. Drijden, tr. of Juvenal's Satires. The trade he breeds them vii in. Locke. 7. To procure by the mating of parents, and rear for use: as, to breed canaries; to breed cattle for the market — Bred out, .legenerated. The strain of man's bred out Into baboon and monkey. lihak., T. ot .\., I 1. Well bred having good manners; well instructed: as, his actions show him to be uvU bred. See uvU-bred. A gentleman uvU bred, and of good name. Shttk., 2 lien. I\ ., i. 1. I have not seen a cobbler (in Tarisl who is not better !>re(i than an Knglish gentleman. „,,,„, „ ... Si,(bi.'!/ Umith. To Mrs. Sydney Smith. =Syil. 1. To generate.— 5. To nourish, nurture.— 6. To educate, school, discipline.- 7. To raise. 11 iiitram: 1. To beget or bear offspring;, produce young; be fruitful: used figuratively of increase generally. Tliit thev may breed abundantly in the earth, and he- fruitful. Gen.vni.ir. Where they most breed and haunt Shak., Ntacbeth, i. 6. I make it [money] breed as fast. Sliak., M. of V., i. 3. The mother had never lired before. Cariieiiler. 2 To have birth; be produced; arise; growf develop: as, maggots breed readily in carrion. As foster'd members rot but by degree. Till bones, and flesh, and sinews fall away, So will this base and envious discord breed. Shak., 1 Hen. VI., in. 1. 3. To proem-e the birth of young: with /com. - as, to breed from a mare of good stock. — 4+. To- be pregnant. Jlercy being a young and breediuii woman, longed for somctl.iiig that she saw there, but was ashamed to ask nuniiun. Pilgrim's Progress, u., Shepherds. Tn hreed In and in, to breed from animals of the sam» 4:.ck th.Tt "e cioseii related,- To breed true, to pro- dui',' iillsiuing exhibiting the same cliaraclerist.es of forin, color iiiid gener.al (|iialities as the parents; said of ani- mals pi.i.U.v, etc., of pure breed. breed (bred), ». [< breed, r.] 1. A race or pro^env from tho same parents or stock ; espe- ciallv, a race of men or other animals havnng an aUiance bv nativitv and some distinctive qualities in common, which are transmitted by heredity ; hence, faiiiil v ; extract ion : as, a breed of men lu a particular country ; horses or sheep- of good breed. X bring you witnesses. Twice flfteeii thimsand hearts of England's dri-frf. Shak., K. .lohn. li. 1. The farmer race of Arabs, tho most despised by their fellow countrvmen, ami the irnist hanl-favored, nioially as well as physically, of all the tir.'-.f. ;;. 1\ riurloii. El Medinah. p. '250. Hence — 2. Sort; kind: in a general sense. This courtesy is not of the right breed. ... Shak., Hamlet, ill. 2. 3t. A number produced at once; a hatch ;^ brood: as, "above an lumdred at a breed, A (;,.,.„.._ 4f. Inereaso of any sort, especially interest on money ; usury. For when liiil tricniisl.ip take A breed of barren metal of his friend'^ . ,, , » Shak., M. of v., i. 3. 5t. Breeding. ■I hat i-i.uiiti-ey Is a very grcato Boylo of cattell, ana v,-.-,c mt fill- In-eede. Spenser, State of Ireland, breed-batet (bred'bat), ». [< breed, v., + obj. bale'\ »!.] One who breetls or incites to quar- rels; as, "no tell-tale iKU' no breed-bate," Shak.f M. W. of W., i. 4. ., . 1- u breeder (briV.l.-'r), ». 1. One whoortliatwlnctt bn-.'ds, iirocreates, or produces yoiuig: used especially of the female. You love the lireeder better tlian the nial.\ .S'/infc., 8 Hen. VI., 11, 1. 2. One who educates or rears; figuratively, that which rears. Ilulv and Hon.e have bc-n the b.-st I'reeden . ■ • »' *»» wiiitbli-»t .11.-1.. .Isehniii, The Seholeniastor. 3 On.- who or that which produces, causes, or brings iibout: as, he was a lireeder of thsson- sions. . . . ,, 1 Time Is the nurse anil breeder of .ill good Shak., I. ... oi v.. 111. u 4 One who procures the birth of young: one wlio raiHeH a particular brei'.l, as "f """™'«; t,-,-hnic.,llv, in henl- nn.l st ii.l-b<.okH, ' ,'-' "^^ne'r „r the dam at lh<^ tin..' of the birth oi the anl- i,i!il 1 or.l.'.l. — 5t. Sam.' ns tirrd-sorr breeding {bre'.ling), ". ( V.-rl.al n. ..I breed, li-l 1 Tb- i.i't of g.-n.-n.ling or proil.icing.-^^. Tb.- r.-nring of ci.tlb- ..r live slock ..f any kind, l.artieularly by mingling or crossing one straUk i, breeding of a species or variety with another, with a view to improve the breed. See crons-brecdinf/ anJ i»-and-in. — 3. Upbringing; nurtui'e; edu- cation; instruction. Hlio hail her breeding at my fatlier's charge. Shale, All's Well, il. 3. 4. Deportment or behavior in social life ; man- ners, especially good manners : as, good breed- ing (poUteness) ; a man of no breeding (that is, a very ill-bred man). As men of breeduift, sometimes men of wit, T' avoid great errors, must the less conmiit. Pope, Essay on Criticism, 1. 259. In society his good breedinff and vivacity made liim al- w.ays welcome. Mneaiday, Dramatists of the Kestoration. 5t. Descent ; extraction. Honest gentleman, I know not your breedinq. Shak., 2 Hen. Iv., v. 3. Breeding in the line, breeding from animals of the same varirt> , I'lit of different parentage. =S5T1. 1. Generation, ]n'i"liiiti'iii. — 2. Raising. — 3. Training, discipline. breeding-cage (bre'ding-kaj), «. 1. A contri- vance used by entomologists for rearing in- sects in captivity, as a box of wire netting, a jar covered with cloth, or any similar arrange- ment. — 2. A large cage, with a box, pan, or compartment for a nest, in which a pair of birds are placed for breeding iu captivity. breeding-pen (bre'ding-pen), n. 1. A pen or inclosure, or a yard with the necessary house for shelter, in which animals or poultry are confined for the purpose of producing pure- bred stock. — 2. At exhibitions of poultry, a certain number of females, commonly four, but sometimes five, shown, together with a male, in competitiou for a prize. breedllngt (bred'ling), n. [< breed + -ling^.'\ A native ; an inhabitant. Over most sad fens, all the way observing the sad life which the people of the place — which, if they be born there, they do call the Breedlitiffs of the place — do live. Pepys, Diary, Sept. 17, 1663. breek^, n. Scotch, northern English, and ob- solete form of breech. breek-t, »■ An obsolete or dialectal variant of breiik or breach. breeks (breks), n. pi. Seoteh and northern Eng- Usli form of breeches. I have linen breeks on. B. Jonson, Magnetick Lady, v. 4. breemelf, m- An old spelling of bream^. breeme^t, f- See brim^. breer"^, brere (brer), M. [= 6n"er, q. v.] A com- mon English name for the blackberry, Bubiis fnififiixu.i, and the dogrose, Bosa canina : hence Brcrcclijf, Brerecroft, and other names of places. The amorous birds now pair in every brake. And build their mossy homes in field and brere. Shelley, Adonais, viii. breer^ (brer), n. and v. [Sc] Same as braird. breese, «. See breeze^. 675 hrim\. Cf. Skt. bhramara, a large black bee, perhaps from the same root.] A gadfly; a liorse-Hy; specifically, one of certain strong- bodied dipterous insects of tie family Taba- mdw. There are many species. The larvto live in moist ground, and are subaquatic. The black breeze, 7'ata him alratiiii (Faliricius), is one of the largest North American species. Also called breeze-Jly. lint ho them all from him full lightly swept, As doth a Steare, in heat of sommei-s day. With his long taile the UryzeH brush away. Spenser, F. Q., VI. 1. 24. Runs like a heifer bitten with the l/rize. About the court. B. Jonton, New Inn, v. 1. breezeif, v. i. [< hreeze\ «.] To buzz. breeze''^ (brez), n. [Early mod. E. also brize, brii:ss; = G. hrine = Dan. bris, < F. brize, now brise, a breeze, = Sp. hrisa = Pg. briza, the northeast wind ; cf. It. brezza, a cold wind ; pos- sibly same as bise, q. v., with intrusive -r.] 1. A moderately brisk wind ; a movement of air not so strong as a gale : as, a refi'eshing breeze; a stiil breeze at sea. The heat of Summer [in Vij'ginia] is in June, .Tuly and August, but commonly a cool Briefs asswages the vche- money of the heat. .S. Clarke, Plantations of the English in America 1(1670). p. .'■,. From land a gentle breeze arose at night. Dryden. 2. A noisy quarrel; a disturbance; a ro^. [Colloq.] The marine went forward and gave the order ; and Jem. my, who expected a breeze, told his wife to behave quietly. Marryat, Snarleyyow, I. xv. Land-breeze, sea-breeze, breezes blowing respectively from the land to or over the sea, and from the sea over the land. The former is apt to blow especially by night, and the latter by day ; and in some regions this alterna- tion occurs with great regularity. =Syn. Chiat, etc. .^^ce u>ind, n. breeze''^ (brez), v. i. ; pret. and pp. breezed, ppr. breezing. [< breeze"^, «.] To blow gently. [Rare.] — To breeze up i^naut.), to blow with greater strength ; freslien. breeze* (brez), n. [= E. dial, briss'^ (q. v.), dust, rubbish, < F. bris, rubbish, fragments, break- age, etc., < briser. break: see bruise and brazil, and cf. debris. But in sense 2 perhaps < OF. brese, cinders, orig. live coals, P. braise, live coals: see feraisel.] 1. House-sweepings, as fluff, dust, ashes, etc. — 2. The material sifted out from house-ashes, extensively used in burn- ing bricks ; cinders. [Eng.] breeze-fly (lirez'fli), n. Same as breeze^. breeze-oven (brez'uv"n), n. 1. An oven for the manufaetvu'e of small coke. — 2. A furnace designed to consume breeze or coal-dust. breezy (bre'zi), o. [< breeze- + -;/l.] 1. Of the nature of a breeze ; blowy ; windy. The breezy call of incense-breathing morn. Gray, Elegj'. 2. Fanned with gentle winds or breezes : as, the breezy shore.— 3. Figuratively, brisk ; live- ly ; sprightly : as, a breezy essay. The chapter on " Value " isparticulaily fresh and breezy. The American, VIII. S7. bregma (breg'ma), «.; pi. bregmata (-ma-tii). [NL., < Gr. iSpiffia, also [ipixi^'', the front part of the head, sinciput, prob. < ppix"^, '"'et, moisten ; perhai)s akin to E. rain. q. v.] In anat., the junction of the sagittal and coronal sutures of the skull ; the anterior fontanel. It was so named because in infants it is soft, and w,as tliought to coiTe- spond with the most humid part of the ijrain. Also writ- ten breelima and brechnuts. See cut under cranimnetnj. Bregmaceros (breg-mas'e-ros), n. [NL., < Gr. lipiy/ta, the front part of the head, the sinciput, -I- K£pof, horn.] A genus of anacanthine fishes. Black Breeze ( Tabaniis atratus). a, larva : d, pupa ; c, imago. (All slightly enlarged.) breeze^ (brez), ». [Also written breese, early mod. E. brize. hrizze, brise, briese, < ME. brese, < AS. bredsa, briosa (only in glosses), a gadfly; not found in other tongues, and supposed to be an irreg. reduction of *briinsa (also cited as AS., but not well authorized: see brimse, brim^e)/) = MD. brcnise. D. brems = OHG. bri- mis.ia,'WBG. brimse, G. bremse = ODan. brimse, bremse, Dan. bremse = Sw. bronis, a horse- fly; also (without the formative -s) bream = OHG. brcmo, MHG. 6. breme, MD. bremme (see hreamS) • so named, perhaps, from its buzzing: cf. AS. bremnian, roar, OHG. brnnan. MHG. bremcn, roar, buzz, MHG. G. brummen, D. brom- men, hum, buzz, grumble, L. fremere, roar: see Bregynaceros attanticus. containing a few small pelagic species, and representing hi some systems a family Breg- macerotidw. . ^ t bregmacerotid (breg''ma-se-rot id), «. A fish of tbo family l>redied at an early period In cer- tain ancient writings known now as lirfhnn Tractn. Of these two have been translated : the .Srnchujt ,1/or, or Oreat Book of the Ijiw, com|iiled, it is said, by nine " pillars of Erin," under the superintendence of .St. Patrick ; and the Boi>k of Aicill, contairnng the wisdom of two of the most famous brehons, the " koyal C'ormac" and the " I.eanie4 Ceiuifaelah." This system of law w.'is not entirely flUJN;r- scdcil by Knglisli laws among the native Irish until about 16,^0. breithauptite (brit'houp-tit), n. [After the German mineralogist J. A. F. Breithaupt (ITJ}- 187:i).] An antimonide of nickel occurring in hexagonal crystals and also in massive fomiB, It has a copper-red color and brilliant metallic luster. breitoline fbri'to-lin), «. [Named for the in- ventor, L. Hreit.] A musical instrument of the violin family, having five metal strings and a compass somewliat lower than a viola. It is fastened upon a table, like a zither, and played with a bow. breloque (bre-lok'), «. [F. ; origin imccrtain.] A seiu, locket, charm, or other small trinket or itrticle of jewelry attached to a watch-chain. bremet, "• See brim*. bremelyt, '>'(>prob. It. branta); all due to Icel. hrandgd's (= Sw. brandgSs = Dan. brandgaax), < brandr (= Sw.-Dan. brand = E. brand : with reference prob. to the color; cf. brant-fox) -¥■ gds= Sw. gas = Dan. gaas = E. goose.} The brent or brant, a goose. Bcniicia brenta, of the family Anatida-, inhabiting most of the north- ern hemisphere. It is smaller than most geese, and . has the head, neck, and bill Idark. the neck with patches of small white stript*. the tail-everts white, and the l«'dy- colurs dark. It breeds in high latitudes, migrating south brent-goose 676 bretesse (bre-tes'), n. [OF. iretesse, F. hreteche, bretciche, the battlements of a wall, etc.: see bret- tice, brattice, the reg. E. form of the word.] In medieval fort. : (n) A tower of timber of several stories, crenelated, loopholed, and fitted with other contemporary de\'iees for offense and de- fense. It differed from the belfry in that it was fixed instead of movable, (fe) A construction of timber, of a more or less temporary character, projecting from a wall, etc., especially over a gateway or a passage, which by its aid could Brent.goose {Semiila t>renta). ill the autumn. There are several varieties. Also called brant-fliwue and braiid-frooge. brenthian (bren'thi-an), )i. and a. [< Brenthiis + -!«/(.] I. H. A beetle of the genus Brenthiis. n. o. Of or pertaining to the genus Brenthus. brenthid (bren'thid), n. A beetle of the fam- ily Brcntliidw. Bfentllidae (bren'thi-de), n. pi. [NX,., < Broi- lliiis + -;V?(P.] A family of rhynchophorous co- leopterous insects, related to the Curculio)iid(r. They are of an elongate fonn, and have long snouts and moiiilifomi antenna;. The genera are numerous. Brenthns (bren'thus), II. [NL., < Gr. jSpevBoc, an unknown water-bird ; also, with var. jSpMo^, applied to a singing bird.] 1 . A genus of snout- beetles, remarkable for the excessive length and narrowness of the body. The beak in the fe- male is long and filiform ; in the male, short, with the man- dibles at tile tip mufh more een Reparatcd into numerous genera. fJnly one species, lirenthux (KupnalOi) minutit^ (Drury), inhabits the eastern portion of the I'nited .SUttes. The larva )>ores into the hard wood of oak-trees, usually after these have tieen felled. The males arc very liilgna- cioiis. Also firrntwi. 2. A genus of geese, proposed by Suudevall in 1H7.3 to replace Brnnla. [Not in use.] brent-new (brent'nu), a. A Scotch form of bniiid-uew. f 'otillitii hrent-new frac France. Burti», Tani o' Shantcr. Brentus n)ren'tus), n. Hs,me an Brenthus, 1. brequet-chain (bre-ket'dian), n. [Said to be iiaiiu'd iiftir a celebrated French watchmaker named Briijiut, but influenceil by F. briquet, a little chain.] A short wateh-guurd or chain to which thf) watch-key is sometimes attached ; n ffjb-chiiin. brere, ". Hoe brc/r^. br^Blllet (brii^ze-lo'), n. [F., bra/.il : hco brazil.'] Sfiini' iiM brncili III). bresBomer, bresBammer (breH'om-/T, -um-f-r), n. f'orruptionK of lirint-ntimmcr. brest' (lir('st), II, It. An obsolete spelling of brmnt.— Z. In arch., a tonis. [Karo or obso- li-t...j brest-t flirest), V. and fi. An obsolcto variant of liiirH. breftt-'iiimmer, breast-stunmer ("bri'st 'Hnm'- 't), . I 'I iirrtt., 11 HuiiiMKr or beiiiii jihiced h'iri/ ii|i|>iirl an upper wall nr parti- tion ..viTii Hhop-windii» ; ii lintel. (.''►rr 1, ItrrHHonitr, brcHnummrr. bret 'linl,, \i\r. of bin, hurl ; origin Mill.' '.) A local EngiiHli name (in Cornwjiii; .,1 iiiij uml| uiol also of the turbof. Bretesses. ( From Viollet-le- Due's "Diet, de rArchitecture.") be more readily commanded by the garrison through machicolations, etc. .Such bretesses arc distihiiuished from hoantiii^r in that the latter forms a con- timii.us ^'alU-ry crowning a wall or a tower, wliile the for. iner arc jsohitcd oil three sides. bretesse tbre-te-sa'), a. [Pp. of OF. *bretesser, hretescher, provide with battlements, < bretesse, brctcsclie, etc.: see bretesse.'] In /(cr., battled on both sides, the projections coming opposite each other: said of a bend, a fesse, or the like. Also spelled brcttessd. bretessed (bre-tesf), a. In her., same as bre- tesse. bretexedt, «• [ME.j also bretaged, pp., equiv. to hritessed.] Furnished with a bretesse. bretfult, a. [ME., also brerdful, < brerd (< AS. Iirird, brcord. toji, brim: see briiird) + -Jul.] Biiiiifiil: as, "hril/'ul of pardouus," Chaucer, lion. I'rol. toC. T.', 1, 0S7. brethelt, "• -\ variant of brothel^. brethernedet, "■ An old form of brotherhood, i 'hattfi r. brethren (breTn'ren),ji. Plural of Jrof/icr. See pliriiscs under brother. bretiset, "• Same as bretesse. Breton (bret'on), a. and «. [F., a. and n, ; ult. same as Briton, q. v.] I. a. Relating to Brit- tany or Bretagne, a former province in north- western France, or to the language of its peo- ple. Here on the lirrton strand ! Breton, not Briton. Tennyson, Maud, xxiv. II. n. 1. A native of Brittany.— 2. The na- tive language of Brittany; Armorie (which sec). brett (bret), «. [Perhaps from the pi'oper iiaiiii' Britt.] A four-wheeled caiTiuge liiiving acaliisli top and seats for four besides the driver's seat. /■:. II. Kniyht. brettes86, «. See brctcssd. brettice (brct'is), n. Same as brattice. Bretwalda (bret'wol-dji), n. [AS. Brchratdn. otlicrwise llri/trn-, Brilin-ipnldii, -ireiildii, a title of uncertain inianing, occurring in I lie Anglo- Saxon Chronicle (A. I). 8'27) ; < Bret, olhcrwiwo llryt, sing, of Brctlas, Bn/ltas, Britons, or Bri/- ten, Britain (but this is disputed), -I- -wenldn (in comp.), a ruler, < inaUlon, rule: see uiild.] A title Hometiines applied to an Anglo-Saxon king whoso Hiipromacy over some or all of tlio oilier kiiigdoniH was iK'knowledged. The nature of this HiipreniBi'y is unknown. It was to these exploiln thntCeawlin owed thai dignity of llrrlmildd, which .Kile bifiiri3 liini had galnid liy the flf'xtrui-tlon of Anilciidn r. Klirni, Origins of Kng. Illsl.. p. .'11)2. breunerite (broi'n^r-il), ». [After fount Itreu- nrrnt Austria.] A tnineraf I'onHisling of tlie carbonutes of magni'Hiiim and iron, whitlHh, and after expoHiiri' lirnwiiiHli, in color. Ii .i.(iir» ii iiiillv In rliMiiibolndriil > it>liil>. anil Is liiler Hale be I ^ ' ' ri till- rhoinlMih>>driil cjirlionates vt uiatfUeaiuiu (mag- ri' -111 ) anil Iron (ildurlt«). breviary breve (brev), ?;. [< It. brerc = F. brere, f. {bref, m.). < L. /irrrw, short : see ftnc/.] 1. In ;»«»■)>• .- (o) The third variety of note used by medieval musicians, haviug one half or one third the value ordirration of a long note, or loiiijii : its fonn was t=) . (b) In modern notation, the longest note used, having double the duration of a semibreve. Its form is either \^=^\ or M • It occm-s rarely, since the semibreve or whole note is com- monly regarded as the longest note necessary, an Stella, I.ctter (>1. 3. A patent; a warrant ; a license; a commis- sion; an oflicial diploma in writing, conferring some jirivilege or tlistinction. [French usages. | II. (/. Assigned or conferred by brevet; ap- pointcil by brevet. What is called brevet rank is given to officers of all branches of the army as a rcwaril for brilliimt and length- clieil service ; and when such nominal rank has been held for a ci'rtain nunilicr of years, it is usually converted into sub. stantial rank. A. Fonbtantjue, Jr., How we arc (.Joverneii. Brevet officer. See vjiiccr. brevet (bre-vef), I', t.; pret. and pp. breretted, )i|ir. Iiriretiinij. [ibrcvct, «.] To confer brevet nniU ii)i()n. brevetcy (bro-vet'si), n. [< brevet + -cy.] Itrcvcl rank. [Rare.] brevextensor (brev-oks-tou'sor), «. [NL., conlr. of linvi.i extensor, short oxtonsor.] A short ixlfiisor tnuscle. [Rare.] —Brevextensor dlgltorum, Ibc short extensor of the toes, a muscle lying npnii (he instep, usually called extenmir brevis duiitomm. breviary (bro'vi-a-ri or brov'i-a-ri), Ji. ; pi. tireriiirie.i (-riz). |ME. hreviiir ; < 'ij, breriiirium, an nbridgnient (ML. specifically in def. '2), iieut. of lireriarins, abridged, < brevis, short: sec liriif] If. An iibridgini'iil : ii coinpend; an cpitoiiio. Ilalliind. — 2. In the llaiii. Coth, eh., a book conlaining (he daily oflices whi<'h all who are in iniijor orders are bound to read. It consiHts of prayers or olllccs to be used at Ibc canonical hours, anil Is an abridgment of tlic Hiivicrs of tbe early eliureh, wlili'h from their great lenglli were cxiianstlng. II is nniite up liirgcly of the I'snIniH, passiigi'H of tlie Old and New Tcslanii-nrs and (lie fiitbcrs, h.Miiim, aiitlleins, etc.. all In Latin, arranged for the Mirious scnsoim ana fi'iMvalsof the i-hnrch. A siiniliir book, kiioMii as a /'orfi- /oiiutii or /lorfiiHS, wai in mki' in I'.nghinil before the Uefor- nmlion. The onier for Moiniiig and i'vcnliig rniyer in Mm- llngllMh Itook of Coninion I'liiyer is mainly a Ininsla. Il'in and i-ondensatton from tin- bn-vlnry iii'i-oriliiig to tlio use of Hjiniin, lU'sidi-ii the Itoniun breviary, wlileh is In most cuiumuu use, there are lUso others of various ar- breviary ranperaent, either of certain religious orders or local, often of historical interest. 3. A name givon to similar compilations nsofl in tho Gveek and Oriental ehiirchcs Absolu- tions In the breviary. See ahsalidiun.— Breviary of Alarlc, a cumpilatiiin uf the written and unwritten laws of Ki'ine. made hy Alariir II., kin^uf the Visigutlis, A. l>. TiOti. breviatet. ''• <• [< L- hirriatHs, pp. of hreoiarc, shorten, < brfvis, short. Cf. ahhrvviate and hrecc, v.~\ To abridge. Sherwood. See abbreviate. breviatet, breviatt, ». [< L. brcriaUts, brcrin- tidti, neut., pp. of breviare, shorten: see tlio verb.] 1. A short oompend ; a brief state- ment; a summary. I will give you a breviat of all that hath heen spoken. Middleton, Family of Love, v. 3. The same little hreviates of infidelity have , . . been published and dispersed with ta-eat activity. Bp. Porteous, Charge to Diocese of London. 2. A la\vyer's brief. S. Butler. breviature (bre'vi-a-tur), n. [<.breviate + -lire.} An abbreviation. Johnson. [Bare.] brevicaudate (brey-i-ka'dat), (1. [< L. brevi.9, short, -t- Cauda, tail.] Having a short tail; braehyurous. Breviceps (brev'i-seps), n. [NL., < L. brevis, short, + caput, in comp. -ceps {-cipit-), head.] A genus of tiiillcss amphibians, typical of the family Brericijiitida: brevicipitid (brev-i-sip'i-tid), n. A toad-like ampliibian of the family Brericipitidee. Brevicipitidae (brev"i-si-pit'i-de), n.pl. [NX,., < Bniirijis (-cipit-) +-JfZ(E.] A f amily of firmister- nial salient amphibians, typified by the genus Breviceps. They have dilated sacral diapophyses. pre- coracoids. the coracoids directed moderately backward and nnieli dilated forward on the epicoracoid cartilage, and nil teeth in tlie upper jaw. The species are few and are (-(.ntlnt-d to .\frica. Also written Brevict'pidce. breviductor (brev-i-duk'tor), n. [NL., < L. bre- vis, short, -f- ditctor, leader.] The short ad- ductorial niusele of the thigh; the adductor brevis. [Hare.] brevier (bre-ver'), n. [So called from being used in printing breviaries; < G. brevier, < F. briviaire, < L. breviarium, a breviary: see brevi- ary.'] 1. A size of printing-type measuring 112 lines to the foot, next larger than minion and smaller than bourgeois. The larger type of this Dictionary, as in the present paragraph, is brevier. — 2. Figuratively, something smaller than another taken as a norm. Coues, Key to N. A. Birds. breviflexor (brev-i-flek'sor), n. [NL., < L. breris, short, + NL. flexor.] A short flexor muscle. [Kare.] See flexor — Breviflexor dlgl- toruin, the short Hexor of the toes. Also (villi-d rf. .ror &r<'risdt;/i^ori(m.— Breviflexor hallUCis, tlle.^h.irt ili.\[jr of the iireat toe. Also called liexur brevis pnlUci^- j»'di'<. — Breviflexor minitni , the short flexor of the little tiTiwr or tlie little toe. .\lso called Jiexor brevis iiiitiimi tU(. [< NL. brevipinna/us, < L. brevis, short, -I- pcnnatus, wiug E. Iireuis, q. v.] A kind of pottage. brew-house (bro'hous), n. [< ME. t/rewhous (= OUG. bruhus, G. hrauhaus)-^ < fcrcifl -t- house.] A house or establishment in which the opera- tirins of brewing are carried on. brewing (bro'ing), n. [Verbal n. of ftrcwl, r.] 1. The actor process of preparing liquors from malt and hops; the process of extracting a saccharine solution from malted grain and con- verting that solution into a fermented alcoholic beverage called ale or beer. The process usually followed by the brewer may be divided into eight distinct parts, viz., the grinding of the malt, mashing, Ixiiliug, cooling, fermenting, cleansing, racking or vatting, and fin- ing or cleaning. 2. Tlie quantity brewed at once. A brewing of new beer, set by old l>eer, maketh it work .again. Bacon, Nat. Hist. 3. A mixing together. I am not able to avouch anything for certainty, sach a brewing and sophistication of them they make. Holland, tr. of Pliny, xiv. 6. brewis (bro'is), «. [< ME. brewes, brotcen,, brouu-ys, eta., < OF. broucs, prop, pi., from sing. *brou, < ML. brodum, gi-a^-y, broth, < 0H6. brod = E.brothl,q.v. Cf.brosel.] If. Broth; pottage. \Miat an ocean of bretcig I shall swim m! Fletcher (and another ';), Prophetess, L 3. Thou for all The kitchen breicis that was ever supt Shalt not once dare to look him in the face, Tennyson. Gareth and Lynette. 2. Bread soaked in broth or the liquor in which lieef is being boiled ; also, brown bread wanned in milk. brew-lockt, «. A brewing. I ne'er hurt their chumings. Their brew-tockg, nor their batches. iliddtetvn. The Witch, i. 2. brewster^t (bro'stdr), n. [< ME. breirsfer, brcwcstere, broicstere, a female brewer, also a (male) brewer, < brcicen, brew, + -ster.] One who brews; a brewer; more especially, a wo- man who brews. He [the chemist) is not a brewster like another, but a nuui who adds new utility and value to every creature in tlie brewery. Spectator, No. 3018, p. 575. brewster- (bro'ster), «. The sweet-bay. Magno- lia glauca. [New Jersey.] brewsterite (bro'ster-it), «. [After Sir David Brewster (1781-1868).] A white, yellow, or green pellucid mineral of the zeolite family, occiu'ring in short prismatic crystals; a hy- drous silicate of aliuuinium, strontium, and barium. breydt, v. and n. See ftroirfi. Chaucer. breziline (bre-zll'in), n. [F. bresiline.] Same as bra::ilin. brian (bn'an), r. t. [E. dial., perhaps for "brine, < brine, orig. a burning. Cf. ftriwl, var. of 6Hnil.] To keep fire at the mouth of (an oven), eitlier to give light or preserve the heat. [North. Eng.] briar, briary, etc See brier, briery, etc. briarbot (bri'ar-bot), n. [< briar, brier. + (ap- par.) bot, a var. of but-.] A local Irish name of the fisli called the angler. Several brier-like protuberances arm the head. Eriarean Briarean Cbri-a'rf-aa), a. [< LL. Briareius, pertaining to the giant Briarens, < Gr. Bpiapeif, older (Homeric ) form B/jiopf uf , < jipiapdg, strong. ] Pertaining to or resembling Briareus, a giant ©t" Grecian mythology fabled to have a nun- drcd hands; hence, having or seeming to have many hands; reaching or grasping in many directions. Briareidae (bri-a-re'i-de), n.pl. [KL.,ut my jtcnion, Tnun/fou, Ueralnt, n. intriins. If. To fiteal. — 2. To practise liribory; give a bribe to n penion. \j\ attempt to bribe, though unsuccessful, has boon l>"I't';n to ba criminal, and tho defender niny be lndlct«d. ItoucifT. bribee (bri-bo'), n. [< hrihe + -ir^.] One who 1, f, ,..(.„ or agrees to receive a bribe-. (Hare.] bribeloss (brib'los), a. [< bribe + -less.] In- I iii.il.ii' of being bribou; not to bo bribed. ' . irimt brilieleM workor, it never knowa I' ' !-' rejMirt. /./., On the PrhIoim, p. f.S4 (Ord MS,). bribe p.-indir ' Kril)'|iiin'd6r), n. Onowhopro- <'nr> H lliirkr. briber , ?i. [In Hi-ngo 1, < ME. 'irifcoiir, < <>1 . ' 1 thief. In K0D80 2, diri'ctly < bribe, v., -t -c/i.] If, A thiof; a robber. 678 Who saveth a thefe whan the rope is knet, "With some false tume the bribour will him quito. Lijdgatt, 'ftag,, 1. 152, 2. One who bribes ; one who gives or offers a bribe : one who endeavors to influence or cor- rupt another by a bribe. Nor can I ever believe that he that is a briber shall be a good justice. Latimer, 2d Serm. bef. Edw. VI., 1550. briberoust (bri'b&r-us), a. [< briber + -ous.] Pertaining to bribery. bribery (bri'ber-i), H. [< ME. hriberie, bribrye, < OF. briberie, theft, robbery: see bribe and -ery.] If. Theft; robbery; extortion; rapacity. Fy on thee fundlyug. Thou Ij'fes bot bi brybre. Towneley Mysteries, p, 194. Ye make clean the utter side of the cup and of the plat- ter; but within they are full of bribery. ."• Genera Bible, Mat. xxiii. 25. 2. The act or practice of giving or taking a bribe, or of influencing or being influenced by a bribe or bribes ; especially, the act of paying or receiving, or of agreeing to pay or receive, a reward other than legal compensation for the exercise of official or delegated power irrespec- tive of the dictates of duty, or for a false judg- ment or testimony, or for the performance of that which is known to be illegal or unjust. Bribery is a princely Idud of thieving. Latimer, 3d Senu. bef. Edw. VI., 1549. Judicial britjery, the bribing of a judge, magistrate, or- any person concerned judicially in the administration of justice. It is the receiving or offering of any undue reward by or to any person whose ordinary profession or business relates to the administration of public justice in order to influence liis behavior in office, and incline him to act contrary to the known rules of honesty and integrity. Grrriileaf. bribery-oath (bri'ber-i-6th), n. In Great Brit- ain, an oath which may be administered to a voter at a parliamentary election, if the poll- ing sheriff see cause, certifj-ing that he has not received a bribe for his vote. bric-i-brac (brik'a-brak), n. [F., of uncer- tain origin ; according to Littrl, based on the phi-ase de brie et de broc, by hook or by crook: OF. de, from; brie, a cage or trap for birds (whence the phrase prendre nil brie (or brit), to take at advantage); et, and; broc, a jug, flagon, tankard, pot. According to others, a varied reduplication of *brac, < MD. brark- (joed, damaged goods, waste : see brack-. For the reduplication, cf. tho oquiv. E. term knick- knacks.] Objects having a certain interest or value from their rarity, antiquity, or the like, as old furniture, jilate, china, and curios- ities; articles of ^-irtu; ornaments which may be pretty or curious, but have no intrinsic claim to rank as serious works of art. The term is often used with a sense of dein'ociation. Two things only jarred on his eye in his hiuTied glance round the room; there was too much bric-u-brac, anil too many flowers. //. Kinrisley, Ravenshoe, xxxi. brichet (bresh), n. [OF. (ML. brica) : see bri- ciilc.] Same as bricnle, 1. brichettet (bri-shef), «. A collective name for ai'ujor for tho hips and tliighs. I'lanche. bricfcl (brik), //. []''. ilial. and Sc, < ME. brikr, brykc, imassibilated form of "bryclic, bruehe, < AS. bricc, hrijce, a breach, break, fracture, a piece, fragment: see breck and breach, of wliicli iricA-l is a dial, variant: see also brack^. Cf. brick-.] 1. A breach. Janiic.inn. [Scotch.! — 2. A rent or tUiw. Jlaltitnll. [I'rov. Kng.] — 3. A portion of land (ajiparently tho same as breck, 4). Jamiesun. [Scotch.] brick^ ('jrik), V. t. [V.. dial., v»r. of break; cf. hrick^, «.] To break by imlling back. brick'-^ (hrik), n. and «. [Karly inod. E. also lirirkr, brit/ue; < Ml'l. bryki; later brir/iic, after OF. lirirjiii , a brick, a )iliit('. leaf or wcdgo of metal, mod. F. brii/io' (cf. mod. It. hriceii, Ir. Gael, hrice, < E.), a brick; appar. tin. bricke, a lamprey; ajipar. a different word.] I. n. 1. A kind of artificial stone made (usvially) of moistened and finely kneaded clay molded into rectangular blocks (the lengtli of which is com- monly twice the breadth), and hardened by be- ing biu'ned in a kiln, or sometimes, especially in warm countries, by being di'ied in the sun. Sun-dried bricks aj-e usually now, as in remote antiiiuity, niLxcd with chopped straw to give them greater tenacity. (See adobe.) Bricks in the United States and Europe are generally red (see bric/iH-laiiX but sonu- clays produce yel- lowish bricks, as for exflnii'Ic the Miliniiikce brick nnich used as an ornamental liuildin^c ni:itcri;d in the I'nited States. The bricks made in China and Japan arc invaria- bly of a slaty-blue color, [Brick is used in the singular collectively for bricks in the mass or as a material.) Also, that no chyraneys of l>-nibor be solf red, ue thacch- ed houses w'yn the Cyte, but that tin- nwiR-ra do bom awey, and make them ehynmeys of .stone or lirt/kc by n>ytisomer day next connnynge, and tyle the thucched houses by the seld day, in jteyu of Icsvnge of a nolile, (trdiminces vf Worcester (14t;7), in F.ng. Gilds, p. 386. 2. A mass or object resembling a brick : as, a brick of tea; a silver brick. Specifically — 3. A loaf of bread. [Prov. Eng.]— 4. In her., a charge similar to a billet, but depicted so as to show the thickness, that is. in perspective. — Bath brick, a sul'stiuirc used for iiolislnna or cleaning metallic utensils, consisting of the tine silicicnis s;inil de- posited in tho river I'arrct, in Somersetshire, England, of which Hath is the capital. This material is made into bricks at Briilgewater, and is extensively used in both Englaihi anil .-\merica.— Blue brick, brick with a blue sur- face ohtained in burning. They contain iron and lime, are exceedingly hard, and highly esteemed for durahility.— Bristol brick, a mime by wiiieh liath brick is sometimes known ill Iho United Stiites.— CaTvlng-brtck. Same as ,-Hf/.-i-M-(o-iV*-,— Concave brtck, a hi-iiT< ns.-d in making ai-clies or curves ; a coniiuiss-hrick. — Dutch bricks, bricks of a dirty brimstone-color, used for pa\ing janis, stables, etc.— Feather-edged brick, a brick .if a l.lisniatii- form used for arches, vaiilts, etc.— Flanders brick, a soft brick used for cleaning knives, and for similar imrposes. Tho name is little if at all used in the United Stiitca.- FlemlBh brick, a s]«-iies of hard yellow brick used for paving.— Floating bricks, bricks made of light silicions earth called j'msil innil, capable of floating on water, and also remarkalile for their infusibillty and as noiii-onductorsof heat. They were made by the aneient,s. and the process was rediscovered in Italy in 17!)1. Powilir-niiiKuzinea have liei'ii experimentally made of tllem with success.— Gaged brick, a brick made in the sliniic of a wedge, to coiihiim to the radius of the sotllt of an arch.— Green brick, a brick not yet liurncd ; unflnished hrlck,— Hol- low brtck, a hricU iii.-idi- with perforations through it for heating or ventilating imrposes. or to prevent niolsturo from penetrating a wall. — Place-brlck, common rough brick, for walks, cellars, etc.- Pressed brtck, brick which has been iiresscd In a niachine or ilamp. and is thus more coni|iact and smoother than ordiiiiiry brick. It is used for fronts and the llm-sl work,— Salmon brick, a light, soft brick, of interior iiualUy, and of a light saflron color, due to incomplete burning.- Stone brick, a very hard kind of brick nnide at Neath, in \\ al. a. iiini-h used in the construc- tion of furnaces, from its iiower of resisting heat.- TO have a brick In one's hat, to be Intoxicated, lUolloq.) Washed brick, a hricU 'bat has been exposed to tho rain lieforc being burned, and hence of Inferior grade. II. a. Made of brick; resembling brick : as, a brick wall ; a brick-Ton color, brick- (brik), r. t. [< hrick'^, n.] 1. To lay or |iave with liricks, or to surround, close, or wall ill with bricks, A naiTow Bti'cot, closely bricked In on all sides Uko a tomb. Dickens. 2. To build in with bricks; place in brickwort. Brick me Into that wall there for a chlmney-plece, And say I whs oho o' tho Cicsars, done by a Hial-euttor. flclclier, Rule a Wife, Iv. «. 3. To give the iippearatu'e of brick to: said of a iilaHti'ml wall wlieri il is snieareil with rod iii'lier and joints are iimilo in it with an edge- tool, and tiieii filled with fine plaster to resem- ble lirickwork. brick'' (brik), «. [Tho origin is uncertain. Usu- ally referreil to brick", various stories being in- vented in explanation. According to one ao- brick count, the expression arose in the English uni- versities as a humorous translation ot Aris- totle's Terpdyuvot: di'i/p, a jicrfpct (lit. 'square' or rfotaugular) man : see trlrdi/oii and square] A good fellow, in an emphatic- scns(!: a term of admiration bestowed on one who on oecasion or habitually shows in a modest way great or unexpected eourago, kindness, or thoughtful- ness, or other admirable ijualities. [Oolloq.] "Ill inicf I tliin't stick to ilechiro Fiitlicr Dick, So tlu-y i;ill'-(l liiiu for short, was a ruKular brick ; A iiic(:i|ilior taken, I have not the paj^c aright, ri ult. F. bru, earlier bruy, 'brut, ML. brut, bruta, daughti-r-in-law), cf. comp. briitli-J'atliK, bridegroom (see bridegroom) ; root unknown.] 1. A woman newly married, or about to bo married. He, only he, can tell, who, matcli'd like me, . . . Has by Ills own experience tried, How much the wife is dearer than the Itridt. Lord Li/ftclt(m, An Irrehnilar Ode. 2. A name of the American wood or summer duck, Aix sponsa. Coues. bride' t (brid), v. [< bridel, h.] I. tram. To make a bride of ; marry. [Rare.] I knew a man Of eighty winters, this I told them, who A lass of fourteen bridtd. Fletcher (and anottier). Two Noble Kinsmen, v. Z II. in trans, (with indefinite it). To act like a bride ; assume the air of a bride. Maidens commonly now a dayes are no sooner borne, but they beginne to bride it. hyly, Euphues, Anat. of Wit, p. 83. bride^ (brid), n. [< ME. bride, a bridle, < OF. F. bride, a bridle, string, strap, button-loop, etc., = Pr. Sp. Pg. brida, a bridle: see bridle.} If. A bridle. Theo lady . . , synceth of Dydo and Enyas, How love heom ladde by strong I/ride. Kiwj AtiJtaunder, 1, 7625. 2. In needlework, lacemaking, etc., a loop, link, or tie. bride-alet (brid'al), n. An old and etymologi- cal fciini of bridal. , bride-bed (brid'bed), n. [< ME. (not found), < AS. bryd-bed = MLG. brutbedde = D. bruidsbed = MHG. brutbette, G. brautbett.'] The marriage- bod. .s7,-(/,-. [Rare.] bride-bowlt ( Inid'bol), w. Same as bride-cup. bride-brancht (brid'braneh), «. A sprig of rose- mary formerly carried at weddings as a token of remembrance. I'd ride forty miles to follow such a fellow to church ; and would make more of a sprig of rosemary at iiis burial than of a gilded bride-branch at mine own we-ndale, A. D. 1525). with inserted r as in the simple groom (q. v.) ; < ME. bridegome, bridgume, bredgome. brudgntnr, < AS. hrydguma, also brydiguma {brijdi for bryde, gen. of bryd) (= OS. brudigumo = OFries. breidgomn = D. bniide- goni. bruigom = 'ilhG. bri'idrgani,L,G. briidegnm, hrtidegnm, brogam = OHG. brutigonio, JIHG. briutcgoine, G. brdutigam = Icel. brudhgunii = Sw. lirudguin, -gumme, = ODan. brudrgonitnc, brudgomme, Dan. brudgom), lit. bride's man, < bryd, gen. bryde, etc.. bride. -1- giimo, man: see bride^ and groom. Cf. Goth, bruthfalhs, bride- groom,< br'iitlis, daughter-in-law (bride), -I- /«//(« = Gr. -6aic = Skt. jtati, husband, lord: see despot, potent, etc.] 1. A man newly married, or about to be married. He that hath the bride is the brideciroom. John iii. 29. Tliose dulcet sounds in break of day That creep into the dreaming bride). bride-knott (brid'not), n. A breast-knot; a knot of ribbons worn by a guest at a wedding ; a wedding-favor. bride-lacet (brid'las), «. Fringed strings of silk, cotton, or worsted, formerly given at a wed- ding to the friends of the bride and groom to tie up the rosemary-sprigs they carried (see bride-branch). After the ceremony they were twisted into the hats or in the hair, and worn as streamers. Nosegays and bride laceg in their hats. Heyicood, "Woman Killed with KindneSo. bridelyt (brid'li), a. [< bridel + -?yl.l Of or pertaining to a bride ; nuptial. She, hating as a heinous crime the bond of bridely bed, Did fold about her father's neck with fawning arms. Golding, bridemaid, ». See bridesmaid. brideman, ". See bridesman. bridescake (bridz'kak), n. Bride-cake. See iceddiiiii-cuJ;e. bride's-laces (bridz'la'sez), n. An English name of the dodder. bridesmaid, bridemaid (bridz'-, brid'mad), n. A young girl or an unmarried woman who at- tends on a bride at her marriage during the ceremony. bridesmaiding (bridz'ma-ding), ji. The state of being a bridesmaid. [Rare.] I I! t'iile my time ioT hrideginaiding. TroUope. bridesman, brideman (bridz'-, brid'man), h. ; pi. bridesmen, bridemen (-men). [< brides, poss. of bride^, or bride, + man. Cf. MLG. brutman = Icel. brudhmadhr = ODau. brudemand ; cf. OF. brumen, a fiancd.] A man who attends upon a bridegroom and bride at their marriage. bnde's-staket (bridz'stak), n. [Also bride- sUil.i; < bride^ •+ stake; with reference to wed- ding festirities.] A stake or post set in the ground to dance round, especially at a wedding. />. .Toiison. bridewell (brid'wel), n. [So called from a pal- ace built in 1522 near St. Bride's or Bridget's Well, in London, which in 1553 was turned into a penal workhouse, officially called JSridc- xcell Hospital.] A house of correction for the confinement of vagrants and disorderly per- sons. Tlie name is now generally given to a prison in connection with a police-station, for the temporary deten- tion of tlio^e who have been arrested by the police. bridewort (brid'wfert), n. Species of Spiran, S. I'hiKirid and .S'. salicifolia, named from the fiiithcry appearance of their panicles of white lliiwcrs. brideel (brij), n. [Early mod. E. also bredge; < .ME. briijge, hregge, bruggc (unassibilatcd brig, briigg, Sc. brig), < AS. bri/cg, bricg = OFries. hriggr, breggrt = D. britg = MEG. bruggc, LG. hriiggr = VJHG. briicca, MIIit.|>nn«llvely small spans, and for UNin.["ln<'d wltli«l-'i mm. . Irilinte pr'-Miire, !■ rnor,- iiirl for nrrhll'Ttiii ■ iiri. . • ii^'il, Ih tbi- most Vabi:iM >]. nil Anioriif It. nauliMo' I. k-truss Bridge. 680 arch known is that building over the Petrusse valley in Luxemburg (span 275J feet); the next is that of the Washington aqueduct over the Cabin John Creek (span 220 feet; rise 57.25 feet). The first arched bridge built of iron was erected over the river Severn, in England, and consists of 5 parallel ribs of cast-iron, with a span of 100 and a rise of 40 feet. The Southwark bridge over the Thames at London, the central one of tlie three arches of which has a span of 240 with a rise of 24 feet, formerly ranked as tlie largest iron arched bridge ; but this span has since been more than doubled, as notably in the bridge over the Mississippi at St. Louis, and the Washington bridge over the Harlem river in New York city. In an arched- beam bridge arched beams in compres- sion constitute the principal members and sustain the load. The beams are sometimes built of parallel layers of planks, which are made to break joint In the more important constructions the arches are often compound. They have been emi>loyed in modern bridges of considerable magnitude. An arclud- truse bridiie is a form in which the comprefision-meniber is an arched beam, as in the McCallum truss. In a hearn- tni'SS bridge the load is supported by beam-trusses or openwork beams. A bridge posed to deck-bridge or top-road bridge. — Box-glrder bridge. More commonly called tttbuiar fn-idge (which see).— Cantaliver bridge, a bridge in which" the span is formed by bracket-shaped beam-trusses, extending inward from their supports and connected at the mid- dle of the span either directly or by an intermediate truss of ordinary construction. When piers are used to support the beam-trusses, they are placed near the center of each truss, and not. as in ordinary truss-bridges, at its ends. The strains due to a load upon the span are carried out- ward toward the ends of the bridge and beyond the piers by bracket-arms similar to those forming the central span, the extremities of which maybe secured to other piers to serve the twofold purpose of resisting by their weight the Arched-beam Bridge. McCallum Arched-tmss Bridge. Ctitumon TruH llrtdge. ■vly adHptnblllty to vnri'ttu HUitntl'in!! Monamcni^ ><1 nnllqulty nro rnnk'd tlii- tr< hcdBt"ie l*rlilf[M. T7io larKi Ht itonv compression-chord and a tension-chord are essential, and the stresses are transferred from one to the other on their way to the points of support by means of struts and ten- sion-bars, which together are called web-members. See plirases below for other forms. 2. The upper liue or ridge of the nose, formed by the junction of the two nasal hones. — 3. In engraving^ a hoard resting on end-cleats, on which the engraver rests his hand in working. In etching two bridges are used: one with low feet or cleats, to serve for work on the unbitten plate ; the other with higher feet, to raise it above the bordering-wax after it has been applied. 4. A wall, generally made of fire-brick, which is built at both ends of a reverberatory furnace, to a certain height, in order to isolate the space iu which the metallurgical operation is con- ducted. The wall nearest the fireplace is called the jire- bridge ; the other, at the opposite end, ihv fluc-bridgr. 5. in gun., the two pieces of timber which con- nect the two transoms of a gun-carriage. [Kng. ] — 6. In metal. J the platform or staging bv which ore, fuel, etc., are conveyed to the mouth of a smelting-furnace. — 7. That part of a stringed musical instrument over which the strings are stretched, and by which they are raised above the soimding-board. in bow. instru- ments, such as the violin, the bridge is arched, in order to allow the buw to strike any one string alone. 8. Xaut., a raised platform extending from side to side of a steamship above tlie rail, for- ward of amidships, for the use and convenience of the officer in charge, it altorda him an unintcr- rnptcd view, and is furnislu'd with means for communi- cating, by automatic signals, with the engine-room and the wheel-house. Many large vessels Iiavo two bridgc.s. one forward of nnd one abaft the nuiinniast ; and it is now very common for the bridge t^) be made in two tiers, one above the other, with often an outlnnk-station still higberthan the up- per tier. In Hide- wheel stcamerH the bridge Cfunu'ctst lie padiVle-lmxeH. 9. A metal bar supported at one or both endsfjf awatcli- |>late, and form- ing a bearing for a imrt of the works. — 10. Tho bahmce-rynd (d' a millslone. — 11. In nu'-tmihl- portcd by a caisson or pontoon, which can swing into and away from tlie line of roadway, (c) Milit.^ a kiml of (loul-le briilgc. of which the upper member projects bcyoml the lower, and is capable of being moved forward by i)ulleys: used for carrying troops over narrow moats in attacking the outworks of a fort.— Flying bridge, a suspension-bridge, or a bridge built for triitin.iary use, as a pontoon bridge.— Hanging bridge, a sub-p('Tisii>ii-I)ridge. Tlie term is generally n\i- plied til the more primitive forms of suspension-bridge.— Hoist-bridge. Same as li/dng bridgt-. IndUCtlon- bridge. See i/trfMc^('on.— Lattice-bridge, a bridge in which tlie web between the chords or the main conipres- I-atticc-bridge (side elevation), (J, roadway; A, sleepers; r, transverse he.ims; rf, jC'. A, stringers; e, fatticc-ribs ; y, cross-beams. sion- and tension-members is formed by lattice work.— Leaf-bridge, a hinged lifting bridge.— Lifting bridge, a drawlu'idge tlie span of which moves in a vertical inane instradof horizonlidly. Also called houtt -bridge.— 'PiVOt- bridge, a swinging bridge balanced upon a pivot It ia Pivot- or Swing-bridge. often formed by two equal spans, covering a channel on each side of the "pivot-pier.— PontOOn bridge, a platform »tr roadway supported upon pontoons. Itridges of this kind ar*- largely used in military operations, the pontoons being fonneii of air-tight bags or hollow nu'tallic vessels, — Rope bridge, a hanging bridge couMstingof aplatfonn supported by ri>pca, or sinii)ly of a rope currieil across tho stream or chasm, and Hup|torting n basket or car which is drawn backward and forward. Stu-h ))ridg(>.^ are used in ml):.l feet lotig. the altitude at the center lUfi feel above mean high water, the height of the towers '27(13 fret, and the total length f),OSit feet. The roadway is sua* pnitjed from four cables of steel wire, each 15} inches in Eail River Suiponiloii-brldge, New York. bridge 681 diamefiT. -Througll bridge. Siunu as bottom-road Itr'uhir: opposi-il t" ,l,rl.-hr„l,i,' ur tnjt-nnil 6 ri(<;/f.— Top-road bridge, ;i l'iif this icind were the Conway and I'.ritannia railway bridges in Wales. The latter, over the Meiiai strait, opened in ISftO, consists of two indepen- dent rectangular tubular beams of wrougllt-iron l,.''.ll feet long, with a single span of 459 feet. The Victoria tubular bridge, about two miles Ir»ng, over the St. Lawrence at Mi>ii- trcath.-isbeenreptaeedbyonciif adilfcT'eiit type. Also caileil 60F. bridcl =\t. predcUa, abridle, also in short form, Pr. Sp. Pg. brida = OP. and F. bride, a bruUe, > E. bride", q. v.), G. breidcl, also britel. brittcl; root unknown.] 1. That portion of the gear or harness of a horse (or other animal similarly used) which is fitted to its head, and by which it is governed and restrained, con- sisting usually of a head-stall, a bit, and rein.s. with other appendages, according to its par- ticular form and uses. See cut under harness. Mony of hem fot«;-meu ther hen, That renuen by the brt/dels of ladys shene. llabees Book (E. E. T. S.), p. 320. And Mamas, when with ivy bridle.^ hound, She led tlic spotted lyiix. Ilrydcn, tr. of Persins, Satires, 1. 203. 2. An old instrument of i)unishment and re- straint for scolds: a simpler foim of the branks.— 3. Figuratively, a restraint; a curb; a check. • .K continual bridle on the tongue. Watts. This fort is the bridle of the whole citty, and was well stor'd and garri-soa'd with native Spauyards. Erehjn, Diary, Jan. 31, 164.S. 4. The piece in the interiorof a gun-lock which covers and holds in place the tmnbler and sear. being itself held by the screws on which they turn. See cut imder gun-lock. — 5. The piece brief on the end of a plow-beam to which the draft- shackle is allachi'd; the clevis. Also called mu:- zle ov ]ilow-hcnd. — 6. In mach., a link, flange, or other attachment for limiting the movement of any i)ai-t of a machine. — 7. A'aul., a chain or rope Hpaji both ends of which are made fast, the strain or power being applied to the bight. — 8. In iiiilliol., a small band attaching two pari K to each other, as two serous surfaces after indaniniation, or the sides of the urethra after urctliritis, or stretched across a pustule or vesicle, modifying its shape. — 9. In annt., a freniim (which ncc).- Branches of a bridle. Hc« 4ra/i/7i. — M00ring-bridle ("""'.;, the chain ■ abb; atlHch- cd lo pc-i-nianc-nt moorings.— TO bite on the bridlet, to Bullci- grc.-it bai'ilships, llrewfr. bridle Oiri'dl), »■.• pret. and i)p. bridled, ppr. hridliiig. [< ME. bridlen, bridelen, < AS. ge- hridliiin (= MI), bret/dclen, D.breidelen =Ol/ridlc in riding; the left hand. Scotl. bridle-path (bri'dl-path), n. A path which is wido loiough to be traveled on horseback, but not ill a caiTiage. Also bridleicay. bridle-port (bri'dl-port), «. yaut., the forward port on the gun-deck of a frigate, bridler (brid'ler), H. One who bridles; one who restrains or governs. The prelates boast themselves the only bridUrt of schism. MiUon, Church-Govermueut, L 7. bridle-rein (bri'dl-ran), h. [< ME. bridHreyne (equiv. to AS. brulel-lhwang, Ut. bridle-thon^) ; < bridle + rein.'] A rein uniting a bit with some other i)art of the harness, or leading to the hand of the rider or driver. bridle-road (bn'dl-rod), n. A bridle-path, bridle-rod (bri'dl-rod), n. One of the elements of a |iarallcl motion, as on the .steam-engine. bridle-stricture (bri'dl-strik'tur), n. hxpathol., a stricture formed by a band'crossing the ure- thral passage. bridleway (bri'dl-wa), «. A bridle-path. bridle-wise (bri'dl-wiz), a. Trained to obey the liriclle: applied to a horse which is guided Ijy pressure of the bridle against his neck in- stead of by pulling on the bit. bridoon (bri-tUin'), ». [< F. bridon, < bride, a bridle : see bridle.'\ A light snaffle or bit of a bridle used in addition to the principal bit. and ■nith a separate rein. Also spelled bradoon. brief (bref). a. and ii. [I. a. < ME. breef. bref, < OF. bref, brief, F. bref= Pr. breu = Sp. Pg. It. breve, < L. 6rcfi,«=Gr. .Jpo^if, short; ef.abbreri- atc, abridge, brcriti/, brcrct, etc., brachygraphy, etc. II. 11. < ME. ftrff/". brefe. bref, a commis- sion, writing, etc., < C>F. bref, brief. F. bnf = Pr. breii, bricu = Sp. Pg. It. hreie = OS. brrf=z D. brief = LG. bref= OHG. briaf brief, MHG. G. brief = Sw. brcf= Dan. brer, a letter, etc.. < L. breris (sc. libcflus, a little writing), or neut. brere, a short writing (see also brcre and brevet), < breri.i. neut. hrcre. short: see above.] I. a. 1. Small with respect to length; short. brief This mon that Matheu sef A peny thut wes so bre/. Sj-'^cimeiu of Lifric Pottrij (ed. WrightX P. 43. It is verj' liilfiLiilt to notice this great language suitably in the frrit/ space available. JL y. Oust, Mod. Langs. E. Ind., p. 45. 2. Abbreviated; cut or made short: as, the brief skii-ts of a ballet-dancer. [Humorous. ] — 8. Short in duration ; lasting a short time. How brie/ the life of man. Shak., As you Like it, iii. 2. A fainter bloom, a more delicate and briefer beauty. Uauflhorne^ Scarlet Letter, iL 4. Short in expression; using few words; con- cise; succinct. Duch. I will Iw mUd and gentle in my words. K. Rich. And brief, good mother, for I am in haste. Shak., Kich. III., iv. 4. The frnV style is that wliich expresseth much in little. B. Jonson, Discoveries. 5. Clever; good: as, a Jn'f/diseourse; "hegae Tis a very brief sermon," Janiiesoii. [Scotch.] — 6. Keen. [Scotch.] — 7t. Quick; ready; eager. I>»e you not perceive the noose you have brought your seUe into whilst you were so brif/e to taunt other men with weaknesse ? 3IUton, Bet. of Hurab. Remonst. 8. [Appar. a particular use of brief, short (hence quick, active, rifef); but some stippose a con- fusion T\ith rife.'i Common ; rife ; prevalent : as. I hear smallpox is very brief there. [Prov. Eug. ] — In brief, (a) In few wonls ; briefly. Open the matter in brief. Shak., T. G. of V., L 1. .<4) In short. In brief, sir, studv wrhat you most affect. SAiai.,T. of theS., i. 1. =Syn. 3. Short-lived, ephemeral, transitoiy, fleeting.— 4. ■Compact, compendious. n. «. 1. A short or concise writing; a «hort statement or accoimt; an epitome. 1 shall make it plain as far as a sum or brie.f can make a cause plain. Bacon. And she told me, In a sweet verbal brie/. Shak., All's Well, v. 3. Out o( your gentleness, please you to consider The brief ui this petition, which contains All licipe of my last fortunes. Ford. Fancies, ii. 1. Specifically — 2. In law: (a) A formal memo- raiiilum iu systematic order, but concisely ex- ]ircssed, of the points of law or of fact to be ilivcloped or expanded in argument, or to be jmrstieil in the examination of a witness; in kiiglish law, more usually an abridged relation of tlie facts of a litigated case drawn up by the attorney for the instruction of a liarrister in conducting proceedings in a court of justice. The young ffllftw had a very good air, and seemed to hr,ld bis 6nV/ in his hand rattier to help his action than that he wanted notes for his furttier infornmtion. Steele, Tatler, Xo. 186. His matter was so completely at his command tliat he scarcely hioked at his briff. Jt Choale, .\cidrisses, p. 272. (6) A writ summoning one to answer to any action ; or any precept of the sovereign in writ- ing issuing from any court and ordering some- thing to b(; done, (c) In f>cnl.s Itiir, same as briere (which see), (rf) In England, a letter patent from proper authority autliorizing a public ojUeetlon or charitable contribution of money for any public or private purpose; a li- cense to make collections for repairing churches, making up for losses by lire, etc. : sometimes called a church brief or Lini/'ii letter. Thi.'* day wiw read in our church the Brie/e for a collcc- tii>n fiir rellete of y Protestant French, so cruelly, bar- liaruUMly, and inbumanly'oppreHfl'd. Ewlyn, Diary, April 25, 1686. 3t. A writing iu general ; a letter. llear this sealed brief. With wingod haste, tu the lord murHhul. .S7.«*., 1 Hen. IV., Iv. 4. 4f. In muxic, same as brere, 1. y'\}de*t there, ynn ncc how I do enter with :iM odd rnlnuni, nnfl drive It tbrouKb llie brief; which no i< ■' iii;{rht muHtclan, 1 kn'iw, hut will alhrm' t'> be very I , B. Joiuoii, < yiii|iij,» Kcvels, Iv. I. 5. Tho name given to certain odieial docu- "manuling from the l'ii|ie, having u less 1 a bull. li:iructer than i niu the hlgheiit Authority the Pope can ftlve, ..( I.«», .Sr/./i-M, Table-Tulk, p. 80. 0. f .1 .. 4|H.lled brcif. Iirrnf, < f)K. Iirtf, brief, a I ,li>.iiinn, < ftf]j. Iirerr, in |il, liririn, a V iiiiiiia mngicftl clinraeliTH larried II r labMiiian: n pnrlicidnr nwe of 1. iiig, a.H above.] Ab|>"'11. Iliiriin. ( " ■ \. Aftriil!rutrnt,Vom]irnil*ttm,Ci/m/'eitil, 1 1 /. "brief I ' 'IS '"'"'.'^ "• ^" enrliiT furin /'/••If, .J. I 1. TonbiidKo; ahorten ; niuku a brief of; uh, to brUtf pleadings. 682 Thy power is confined, thy time is limited ; both thy latitude and extensiou are brie/ed up. Itev. T. Adams, Works, II. 135. Descriptive lists of 15,107 soldiers fcn^/fd and filed away. Sep. o/Sec. r. S. Treasury, 1SS6, p. 590. 2. To furnish with a brief ; instruct by a brief. [Rare.] I never could look a counsel in the face again if I'd neg- lected to brit^f him with such facts as these. Trollope. brieft (bref). arfi'. [< 6r(>/; a.] 1. In brief; in short; briefly. Brie/, I recover'd him ; bound up his wound. Shak., As you Like it, iv. 3. 2. In or after a short time ; soon; qtiickly. But that a joy past joy calls out on me. It were a grief so brie.f to part with thee ; F.trewell. Shak., E. and J., iii. 3. briefless (bref'les), a. [< brief, «., -1- -less.'] Having no brief: as, a briefless barrister. brieflessness (bref'lcs-nes), n. The state of being without a brief or a client. briefly (bref'li), mlr. [< JIE. brcflii, brcreh/ ; < brief + -if-.'] 1. In a brief manner; concisely; in few words. — 2. With little length; shortly: as, in entom., briefly pilose, hairy, or spinous. [Rare.] briefman (bref'man), n.; pi. briefmen (-men). One who makes a brief; a copier of a manu- sci-iiit. Quarterhj Rev. briefness (bref'nes), IK [< ME. breffnes: < brief + -ness.] The state or quality of being brief; shortness; bre-sHty; conciseness in dis- course or writing. We passe over that, bregnes of tyme consyderynge. Coventry Mysteries, p. 79. There is a briefness of the parts sometimes that makes the whole long. " B. Jonson, Discoveries. brier (bri'er), II. [E. dial.and Sc. breer; < ME. brere, < AS. brer, also brerr, a brier, bramble; cf. Icel. brorr, a brier (rare and uncertain). Cf. Ir. Gael, preas, a bush, brier (Ir. briar, a brier, also a thorn, pin, bodkin, is prob. bor- rowed from E.). The F. brni/erc, dial, briirc (earlier bruyere, briere = Cat. briK/iieni = It. dial, hnighicra (ML. briuiriniii, hruera), heatli, heather, prob. < Pr. bru = It. dial. bru(i = Swiss briicli, heatli ; of Celtic origin : < Bret. liriKj, heath, = W. brn-ff, a brake, growtli), is not re- lated. The reg. mod. E. form would be breer, which exists dialeetally ; cf. friiir, earlier/nVr, < ME./cfre.] A prickly plant or shrub in gen- eral; specifically, the swectbricr or the green- brier (which see). Also spelled briar. Tlic gentle sheplieard satte beside a springe, All in the shadowo of a busliye brere. Spenser, Shep. Cal., December. I will tear your flesh with the thorns of the wilderness and witli briers. Judges viii. 7. brier-bird (bri'6r-b6rd). n. A popular name of the American goliifmch, Clirysoiiiitris (or Jslraijaliiins) iri.^tis. See cut under (/i(/((/i«(,'/(. briered (bri'erd), a. [< brier + -(■(/■-.] Set Willi lirirrs. Cliatterton. brier-root (l>ri'er-rot), «. [< Iirier, an adapted !•;. liirm of 1''. bruyere, dial, briere. heath (see lirier), + rexit".] The root of the white liealh, Krica arborca, a shrub often growing to a large size. The roots are gathered extensively in the soiilli of France and in Corsica for tlie puriiose of being made int4.i tobacco-pipes, commonly calleil/>/-M'j-.«'(H>d;M'/»'x. 'i'lie roots, having i»eell cleareil of earth, and the decayed iiaits cut away, are shaped into blocks of various diniensioiiH with a circular saw. The blocks are tlu'li pliueil In a vut anil subjected to a gentle simmering for a Himce of twelve houi-8, during which tlley acquire the rich yellowls'ibrown hue for wliicli the liest )>ipes are lloteil, and are then in a condition for turning. brier-wood (bri'er-wi'id), «. Tlio wiiod of the briir-i t. 11S01I for making tobneeo-pi|ics. briery' (bri'er-i), n. [< brier + -i/'.J E'dl of briers; rough; tliorny. Also ftnon/. The thorny brake and briery wood. Fawkes, Death of Adonis. A nightingale sang In the briery tlilckels by tbi' In k- side. ;/. Taylor, Lands ot the Saracen, p. .'1... briory-t (bri'tr-i), n. [For 'lirierrry, < brier + -ery. Cf. fernery, pinery, etc.] A iilace wlii'io brier.t grow. Iliilcrl. brieve (lirov), «. [A He. form of brief, «., q. v.] Ill .Scots law, a writ issuing from Chimeer^v, , q. v.] 1. A bridge. [Scotch.] Now, do thy upecdy ntin(»fl(, Mep, And will the key.stnne o' the tiny. Burm, 'Inni u' Hliantcr. brigandine 2. A utensil used in breweries and in dairies to set the strainer on. [North. Eng.] — 3. A kind of iron set over a fire. Ualliuell. [North. Eng.] — 4. A ledge of rocks running out into the sea. E. D. brig" (brig), H. [Short for brirjatitiiie'^, q. v. Hence D. brik; G. brif/n, Dan. brig, Sw. brigg, P. brick, Ar. brih, a brig.] 1 . A vessel with two masts sqtiare-rigged, nearly like a ship's main- mast and foremast. — 2. The place on board a man-of-war where prisoners are confined. — Hermaphrodite brig, a brig tlial is simare-rigged tor- wai'd mid schouner-rigged aft. Also called bri{i-se/iouner. She passed out of hail, but we made her out to be an her- maphrodite briy, with Brazilian coloi-s in her main rigging, R. U. Dana, Jr., Before the Mast, p. 18. brigade (bri-gad'), ». [= D. G. Dan. Sw. bri- gade, < E. brigade, < It. brigata (ML. brigata, brigada), a troop, company, < brigarc, contend: see brigand.] 1. A party or division of troops or soldiers, whether cavab-y or infantry, regu- lars or militia, consisting of several regiments, squadrons, or battalions, under the command of a brigadier, or brigadier-general, a brigade of horse is a body of eight or ten squadrons; of infantry, four, five, or six battJiIions or regiments. 2. A body of individuals organized, generally wearing a uniform, and acting under author- itv: as, afire brigade — Household brigade. See h'.ii^fh.,/.!. brigade (bri-gad'), v. t. ; pret. and pp. brigaded, l)\>r. brigading. [< brigade, ii.] 1. To form in- to a brigade or into brigades: as, regiments of militia are brigaded with regiments of the line. In the oi-ganization of the army my regiment was bri. yaded with the Sixth, .Seventli, and Eighth Kegimeuts of Louisiana Infantry. Qen. liieh. Taylor, N. A. Rev., CXXVL SS. Hence — 2. To arrange or embody in a single collection or group ; group together, as in zool- ogy, tmdcr a single name. [Rare.] The two Classes [Birds and Kcptiles] which be (nn\leyl had previously bi'iqaded under the name of Sauropsida. A. Xeulon, Encyc. Brit., -Will. 34. brigade-major (bri-gad'ma"jor), n. An ofiicep apiioiiiled by a brigadier to assist him in the management and ordering of his brigade. brigadier (brig-a-der'), «. [= It. brigadiere, < F. brigadier, < brigade, brigade.] A general offi- cer wiio commands a brigade, whether of horae or foot, and ratiks next below a major-general. brigadier-general (brig-a-der' gen 'e-ral), n. Same as tirigadier. brigand (brig'and), H. . [Formerly also brigant (alter It.) ; < F. brigand, a brigand, OF. brigand, brigant, an armed foot-soldier (ML. brigantes, brigandi, pi., foot-soldiers), < It. brigante, a brigand, pirate, also an intriguer. < brigante, ]']>i\ of brigarc, strive after, contend for, solicit, < liriga, strife, fpiarrel, trouble : see brigne.] If. A sort of irregular foot-soldier. — 2. A robber; a freebooter; a liigliwayman; especially, one of a gang of robbers living in secret retreats in mountains or forests. Tlicse solitudes gave refuge to smugglers and briynnds. Jitteli-le, Civilization, II. 65. Francois, with his belt, sabre, and pistols, had nmcli the aspect of u Greek In-iyand. B. Taylor, Lauds of the Saracen, p, 33. = Syn. 2. l:anilil. ite. See i(iW«T. brigandage (brig'an-daj), n. [< F. brigandage, < brigand + -age.] The life and praetiees of a brigand; highway robbery by organized gangs; tiguratively, organized spoliation: as, brigandage in the legislature or on the bench. The rule ot the Turk has never become n government; it lias never disdiarged the duties of govenimeiit ; it was foreign briiiandaye live linnilred years buck, and it re- mains ftireign briyandaye still. K .i. Freeman, Amer. Lccts., p. 419. Many of the pcasautM in their distress had taken to piiacbingor(o'o/«j«/(l.7rt in Die forests, r. //. /Vrtr/'o«,F.arlyand I.MId. Ages of Fug., Ixxvi. brlgander, ". Same iiN I'rriiitn'liiieK brigandine' ()>rig'- iiii-iliii), n. and a, [Also briganline, bri- gander, brigandier (oliH.) (ME. brignn- laylr—(i„\yi'v);<'OF. , \ brigandine (ML. Iiri- 1 ganilina, brigantina), ^ ,_ ,L < brigand, a foot-sol- ~ dier. see brioand,^ nrlgnndino from Musce d'Artll* 1- . • ,. i Icric. I'tirlB. (From Vlollct.le-Duc'i . ». 1. A medieval •• nici. uu moWiioi frnmniB.") brigandine ooat of fonc-i' made of linen or leather upon whii'li ovi'i'l;i|ipiug scales of steel were sewed. The jilatis cf slii 1 were guncrally (luiltcil liutwccn two tliickiicssos of Hluir. The l)i*if;!iii(line was osijucially tlie aniinrof theintunti-ysolilier, but was sometimes combined with phite-anuor even in costly suits. Fui'liibli tlie spears and put on tlie briganduies. Jcr. xlvi. 4. 2t. A foot-soldier wearing a brigandine; a brifjand. II. (/. Madelikealji-iRandine; of the nature iif a liriK'i"*liie : as, a hrii/aiidiiw garment. brigandine'-t (brig'au-diuj, n. An old form of brigandish (brig 'an -dish), a. [< hrigand + -('.«/( 1.] J^ike a bi'igand. We fancied tliut they (peasants near Naples] had a hnti' a>ull>:h loolc. C. />. Warnf^r, Winter on the Nile, p. 20. brigantt (brig'ant), n. Same as brujand. brigantinel (brig'au-tiu or -tin), )(. ' [=D. hri- iliiiitijii = G. hriijanUiw = Sw. hriganUii, < P. Ijri- fliiiiliii, < It. hriijtiiitiiio (ML. hrif/OHtmiis), a brig- autine, orig. a roving or pirate vessel, < bri- iiniili, a pirate, lirigand: see brigand, and cf. /)(■(■(/- and briyaiidiiic^.l 1. A small two-masted vessel, square-rigged on both masts, but with a fore-and-aft mainsail and the mainmast con- siderably longer than the foremast, it differs from a hermaphrodite brig in having a s(iuai"e topsail and topgallantsail on the mainmast. This term is variously applied by mariners of different nations, but tire above is its most generally accepted definition. Like as a warlike Brifjandinf, applyde To fight, layes forth her tlu-eatfull pikes afore. Spenser, Muiopotmos. 2t. A robber.— 3t. Robbery. brigantine^ (brig'au-tin), n. Same as briqan- dhii'l. brigbotet, «. [A term in old law-books, repr. AS. hricijbot, prop, bri/cghot, a contribution for bridge-repairing, < hrycg, bridge, -I- hot, boot: see /)"0?i.] A contribution for the repair of bridges, walls, and castles. briget, «. [ME. : see brigue.'] Contention. I ImiKvr. brightl (brit), a. [< ME. hrhiht, hriht, etc., < AS. bri/ht, briht, transposed forms of the usual beorhf— OS. berht, beraht = OHG. brraht, be- reht, MHG. berht{iaG. remaining only in proper names, Albreclit, BuprecJit, etc.; freijuently so used in AS. and LG-.) = Icel. hjartr = Goth. bairhts, bright; prob., with old pp. sulBx -t, < Teut. -v/ *bcrh = Skt. ■\/ bhrdj, shine, perhaps = L. flag- in flagrarc, flatne, blaze, burn, flaiiima ('fldgnid), flame, = 6r. ^Xejen', blaze, burn. Vt. bldcl:, bleaJA.J 1. Eadiating or re- flecting light ; filled with light ; brilliant ; shin- ing; luminous; sparkling: as, a bright awa. It were all one That I should love a firitjht. particular star. And think to wed it, he is so above nie. Shak., All's Well, i. 1. Candles were blazing at all the windows. The public places were as bright as at noonday. Maeaulay, Hist. Eng., x. 2. Transmitting light ; clear ; transparent, as liquors. From the brightest wines He turn'd abhorrent. Thomson. 3. Manifest to the mind, as light is to the eye; evident; clear. He must not proceed too swiftly, that he may with more ease smd brighter evidence . . . dr.aw the learner on. Watts, Improvement of the Mind. 4. Resplendent, as with beauty ; splendid. Thy beauty appears In its graces and airs, All bright as an angel new dropt from the sky. Parnell, Song. 5. Illustrious; glorious: as, the Srif/fttes* period of a kingdom. The brightest aimals of a female reign. Cotton, Wonders of the Peake. 6. Having or marked by brilliant mental quali- ties; quick in wit; witty; clever; not dull: as, he is by no means bright; a bright remark; a bright book. If parts allure tliee, think how Bacon shined. The wisest, bn'ghtest, meanest of mankind. Pop,:, Essay on Jlan, iv. 282. 7. Sparkling in action or manner; animated or animating ; vivacious ; lively ; cheerful. Be bright and jovial among yotu' guests to-niglit. SItak., JIacbeth, iii. 2. The golden-crowned thrush, . . . with the dullest of cold upon his crown, but the brightest of songs in his heart. The Centurij, XX.YII. 276. S. Favorable; pleasing; auspicious: a.s, a, bright prospect. Give up the promise of bright days that cast A glory on your nation from afar. lirgant, Spain. 683 9. In ptiinfitig, luminous; glittering; full of light. A picture is said to bo bright wlien the lights so nnich iirc\ail as to overcome the shadows and are kept so clear and distinct as to produce an effect of brilliancy. 10. Natit., alert; vigilant. Keep a bright lookout there forwards ! Cooper. = Sya. 1. Glowing, lustrous, gleandng, radiant, effulgent. — 6. Acute, intelligent, discerning.— 8. Promising, en- coinaging. brightlf, adv. [< ME. brightc, bri^tc, brihtc, < briht, bright: Henbri(/hll, a.] Brightly. Cliaiiccr. bright' (brit), n. [< ME. briqiit, briqt, < AS. bijrhlii, birhtn (= OHG. bcrahti), f.', beorht, neut., brighttiess, < beorht, bright: see bright'^, a.] Brightness. Darkne-ss we calle the nyglit, And lith [light] also tlic bright. Ttiwneley Mi/steries, p. 1. brightn (brit),!!. t. [< ME. brighten, brihtcn (with reg. ml', siiliix -en), < AS. bi/rhtan, be bright, (jcberhtan, make bright (= OHG. gihcrehton = Goth, gabairhtjaii, make bright), < beorht, bright.] To make bright ; brighten. bright-t, )'. i. See brite. bright-cut (brit'lnit), a. Engraved or chased so as to show the brightness of the 7uaterial as left by the tool ; not polished or colored. brighten (bri'tn), v. |*< bright^ + -e«l. Cf. brighf^, c] I. intrann. To growliright or more bright; become less dark or gloomy: literally or tigm-atively. Like the sun emerging from a cloud, Her countenance brightens, and her eye expands. Wordsworth, Laodamia. The great sweep of the Coliseum, with the blue sky brightening Hirough its upper tier of arches. Ilaivthorne, Marble Faini, i. II. trans. 1. To ruitke bright or brighter in any manner; shed light on; make to shine; increase the luster of. Her celestial eyes Adorn the world and brighten up the skies. Vryden. 2. To dispel gloom from; elieer; make gay or cheerfid: as, to brighten prospects. This makes .Tack brighten up the room wherever he enters, and changes the severity of the company into . . . gaiety and good humour. Uleele, Tatler, Xo. 206. 3. To make illustrious or more distinguished; heighten the splendor of ; add luster to. The present queen would brighten her character if she would exert her authority to instil virtues into iier people. Siri/I. 4. To make acute or 'witty; shai-pen the faoid- ties of. — 5. To add brilliancy to the colors of (prints, etc.), by boiling them in a solution of soda. brightening (brit'ning), n. [Verbaln. othright- en, I'.] 1. The flash of light which passes over the sm'faee of the melted metal when lead containing silver is assayed on a cupel in a muffle. At the moment of tlie brightening, the assay, which had before been in rapid Mtoti'.ii, l.eeonies perfectly quiet. This occurs as soon as the last trace of lead haj* lieen absorbed by the cupel. 2. In dyeing, same as blooming^, 2. bright-Harnessed (brit'hiir'''nest), a. Ha\ang bright armor. Milton. brighthoodt (brit'hiid), n. [ME. brighthod; < bright^ + -hood.] Brightness. The benies of my brighthode ar byrnande so hryghte. I'or* Plays, p. 3. brightish (bri'tish), a. ['< bright^ + -m/i1.] Somewhat bright. brightly (bnt'li), adv. [< ME. brihthj, briht- lichc,< AS. brihtlice, beorhtlice, < beorht, bright.] In a bright manner; splendidly; with luster; cheerfully. A substitute shines brightly as a king, UntU a king be by. S/iofc, JI. of V., v. i. And Enoch faceil this morning of farewell Brif)htl!i and boldly. Tamysun, Enoch .\rden. brightness (brit'nes), n. [< ME. brightnes, brihtncssi; etc., < AS. beorhtnes (=OHG. beraht- vif!si),< lieorht + -nes: see bright'^ and -ncss."] 1. The state or quality of being bright; splendor; luster; glitter: as, " the 6n.7/i Portugal in Queen Elizabeth's time. 2. A member of a conventual order of virgins founded by St. Bridget of Ireland in the sixth century, whicli existed for several centuries in various parts of Europe. II. a. Pertaining to St. Brigitta or to the or- iler frmndcd by her: as, Brigittine indulgence, brignole (In-e-nyor), n. [F.. < Ilrignoles, a town in the department of Var. France, cele- brated for its prunes.] A variety of the com- mon plum furnishing the dried fruits known as. Provence prunes or French plums, brigoset (l)ri-g6s'), a. CEarly mod. E. also hri- gonx; < ML. brigomi.'i (It. hriyoso), < hriga, con- tention: see brigue.'] Contentious. Very tirigosc and severe. T. Puller, Moderation of the Church of Eng., p. 324. brigOUSt, a. See brigose. brig-schooner (brig'skii'nfer), n. Same as lier- niaphrndifr brig (which see, under brig^). briguet (breg), H. [F., a cabal, intrigue, etc., OF. //r/(/«e(> JIE. brigc) = It. briga = Pg. briga = Sp. Pr. brega (ML. briga), quarrel, conten- tion, strife, etc;. Cf. brigand.^ A cabal; an intrigue ; a faction ; contention. The politicks of the court, the bri^fues of the cardinaU, the tricks of the conclave. Clirsterjidd, briguet (breg), t-. i. [< p. brigiwr; from the noun: see brigue, 71.'] To canvass; intrigue. Our adversaries, by briguing and caballing, have caused so uidversal a defection from us. Stcijt, Tale of a Tub, i. I am too proud to brigue for admission. Bp. UunL brikeif, «. A Middle English variant of brick^ and breach. Genylon Oliver ... Brouglite tills worthy king in swich a brike. CAoucer, .Monk's Talc, L 400. brike^t, n. A Middle English fonn of bricl-2. brill (bril), n. [Also written ]>rill, E. dial. pearl; prob. < Com. brilli, mackerel, contracted from brithclli, pi. of brithel, a mackerel, lit. spotted, < brith, spotted, speckled, = W. bnjrh, brech = Ir. Gael, breac, speckled. Cf . Ir. (iael. breac, a trout, Manx brad:, a trout, a mackerel. Fish-names are unstable.] A flatlLsh, Bothus or Rhombus Iwris, of the family Pleuronectidee. Ill its general form it resembles the turliot, Imt is inferior to it in both size ami quality. It has scak-s. but very small ones, and the dorsal and an.il fins have more numer- ous rays tlian those of the turlKit. It is taken tui many of the coasts of Europe, the principal part of the snpi.ly for the London market being from the soutliem coast of England, where it is abundant. brillante (brel-liin'te), a. [It., = F. brillant: see brilliant.] In mnsic, brilliant: noting a passage to be executed in a brilliant, dashing, sliowy, or spiriterl manner. brilliance, brilliancy ( liril'yans. -yan-si), n. [< hriltiant: see -lendid ipiality or qu:il- ities; absolutely, conspicuous mental ability or an exhibition of it. [In this sense brilliancy is more commonly used.] The autlior does not attempt to polish and brighten his composition to the Ciceronian gloss and brilliancy. Mafaulay. 'When the circulation has lH*en ariiflcially exalted by fitiiuulauts, there is an e.-usy and rapid current of thoughts, shotting itself in what we descril>e as unusual briUiancy. U. Spencer, Prin. of Psychol., S lOi =Syn. Efntgencc, Luster, etc See radiance. brilliant brilliant (bril'yant), a. and n. [< F. hriUant (E. -Ui- = -ly-, repr. the former soimd of F. -//-), ppr. of hriller = Pr. Sp. iriUar = Pg. brilhar = It. hrillare, glitter, sparkle, < ML. as if *benl- lare, sparkle like a beryl or other precious stone, < h. berillus, beryll'us, a beryl, gem, eye- glass: ef. It. dial, brill, a beryl, SIL. brilhiiii, an eyeglass, > G. briHe, D. bril, spectacles: see beryf.'} I. a. 1. Sparkling with light or luster; glittering: bright: as, a brilliant gem; a bril- liant dress. A current of electricity is . . . capable of stimulating the optic nerve in such a way that brilliant colours are perceived, although the experiment is made in perfect darkness. Rood, Modern Chromatics, p. 95. 2. Figuratively, distinguished by admirable qualities; splendid; shining: as, aftriHioMtwit; a brilliant achievement. Washington was more solicitous to avoid fatal mistakes than to perform briUiant exploits. Ames. The Austrians were driven back [at Goito] with heavy loss, the issue of the battle being decided by a brilliant charge of the Cuneo brigade, commanded by the Cro^vn Prince in person. E. Dicey, Victor Emmanuel, p. 83. =SyiL 1. Lustrous, radiant, effulgent, resplendent, showy, conspicuous. — 2. Illustrious, notable. n. n. [Cf. F. brillant, a tUamond.] 1. The form in which the diamond and other precious stones are cut when intended to be used as or- naments, whenever the shape and cleavage of the imeut stone allow this to be done without too much loss of material. The brilliant is suscep- tible of many small modifications as regards the size, pro- portions, and even the number of the facets ; but in the must perfect cut there are 5S facets. The general shape of all brilliants Is that of two pyramids united at their bases, the upper one being so truncated as to give a large plane //\r\ 7 \ \ \t \/ V FIG. 3. 684 and is formed by removing one third of the thickness of the stone ; the oppiosite small end, called the culet or collet^ is formed by removing one eighteenth of the thickness of the stone. The (firdle is the widest part, and tonus the junction-line between the upper part, called the crown, and the lower part, called the pavilion. Fig. 2 shows the top (a), side (b), and back (c) view^s of a uodern brilliant cut with 58 facets. T is the table ; C, the culet ; (j!, the girdle; A, the templets or bezels (of which there are 4 in all) ; B, the upper quoins or lozenges (of which there are 4) ; S, star-facets (of which there are S in the crown) ; E, skill- or half-facets (S in the crown and the same number in the pavilion) ; D, cross- or skew-facets (8 in each part) ; P, pavilion-facets (4 in number); Q, lower or under-side quoins (of which there are 4) — m.aking 5S facets in all. Sometimes extra facets are cut around the culet, making 66 in all. In flg. 3. a and b show top and side views of the single cut, or half brilliant ; c is a top \iew of the old Eng- lish single cut. In fig. 4, a. b. and c show top, side, and back views of a brilliant with 42 facets. In flg. .^t. a, b, and c show top, side, and back \iews of the sjilit or double bril- liant, with 74 facets. In flg, ti, a, b, and c .^linu Ui\}, side, and back views of the Portuguese cut, w liitli bus two rows of rhomboidal and tlu'ee rows of triangular facets above and below the girdle. In flg. 7, a gives a side view of the double rose, sometimes called the brioh'ttc when several more rows of triangular facets are added. Fig. 8 shows «"' ' tcrminiithitr nIm'Hit in A p'llnt. Tin- '■ ' brilliant !• dcrl»otl tmrii thi' tundn '""•1... - , i.,rm (a In nu- I) l» nhown In (Im 1, b ui brrmmim, weak verb, roar (sec lirim'-'), = MllCi. brimmcn, strong verb (> lirummm, weak verb, G. brummen = I), brommtu. linm, buzz, growl, grumble); cf. OIKi. brcmini. M 1 1( i. bremrn, strong verb, roar, buzz, = L. J'rimtri, roar, rage, = Gr. iiiji/iciv, roar, > jipHinx;, iv roar- ing, esp. of waves, = Hkl. y/ bliriim, wander, whirl, tliitUT, bi' agitated, IIcik'o cdiiii). brim- sand.] The sea; ocean; water; Hood. In nilddcH the brig woa ouer the briw. LnlnuU of Ihr llolil Iliiml (ml. Morrill), 1>. I'ii. He . . . hpllh ilune Inio Ihe hrimmr. Eiiilii EiHi. /W,H« (eil. KiirnlvnII), p. 1.'.i:. brim'* (brim), H. [< MIC. brim, hrrm, bryni, hrimme, hrymmi; tnargiii, esp. of ft river, hike, or sea (= MIIG. Iirrm, border, brim, (1. dial, (liav.) hriim, liordcr, Hlripe, (1. liriimr, brnnii-, boriler, edge, > F. brrmr, K, berm, i\. v. ; of. Icel. liiirmr=zHvi. bnim = T)hii, brirmmr. luirdor. odgo, liritn); UHUiillv ex])hiiiied iih a )mrtir'ulnr UHo of MK. brim, < AS, brim, (hi^ Hca, cin nii, llii' Nua U8 surf (henco brink, brim); boo brim^.] 1. brimful A briiik, edge, or margin; more especially, tho line of junction between a body of water and its bank, or between the bank and the adjoin- ing level: as, to descend to the brim of a lake; the river is full to the brim. There is a cliff Tat Dover] : . . . Bring me but to the very brim of it. Sliak., Lear, iv. 1. By dimpled brook and fountain brim, Milton, Coiuus, 1. 119. New stars all night above the brim Of waters lighten'd into view ; They climb'd as quickly, for the rin Changed every moment as we llew. Ttnnf/son, Voyage, St. 4. 2. The upper edge of anything hollow: as, the brim of a cup. He froth'd his bumpers to the brim. Tennyson, Death of the Old Tear, 3. A projecting edge, border, or rim roimd any- thing hollow: as, the brim of a hat. And therefore woubl he put his bonnet on. Under whose bnm the gaudy sun would peep. Shak., Venus and .\donis, 1. 1088. Should the heart closer shut as the bonnet grows prim, And the face grow iu length as the hat grows in brimt Whittier, The liuaker .\lumnL Brim of the pelvis, in anat.. the upper oriflce or inlet of the pelvis, formed tiy tile upper border of the symphysis pubis, the ilicpectineal line of each ilium, and the prom- ontory of the sacrum. =S3nri. See rim. brim'-^ (brim), V. ; pret. and pp. brimmed, ppr. brimming. [< brim", «.] I. trans. To fill to the brim, upper edge, or top. One brave June morning, when the bluff north-west . . . Brimmed the great cup of heaven with sparkling cheer. Loivfll, I'nder the Willows. I drink the cup of a costly death, Brimvid with delirious draughts of warmest life. fenuijaon, Eleamire, St. S. II. iiitrnns. 1. To be full to the brim: as, a /)/■»«/«/«(; glass. — 2. To coast along near; skirt. [Kare.] ' Where I brim round flowery islands. Keatx. To brim over, to run over the brim ; overflow : often used in a flgui'ative sense. Ue was also absolutely brimming over with humour. Edinburyh Rev. brim^ (brim),!', i.; pret. and pp. brimmed, ppr. brimming. [Early mod. E. brimme, < ME, brym- men, be in heat, orig. roar (cf. nit- for a simi- lar development of sense) : see iriw'.] To be in heat, as a boar or sow. [Prov. Eng.] Now bores gladly bn/mnteth. Pallad'iua, llusbondrie (E. E. T. S.), p. 88. brim^t (brim), a. [Early mod. E. also breeme, l)rcme,i ME. brim, brym, brem, brimme, brymme, and with orig. long vowel, bryme, breme, < AS. breme, bryme, ONortli. broeme, celebrated, fa- mous.] 1. Famous; celebriit(>d; well known ; notorious. Warner. — 2. Violent; fierce; teiTi- blo ; sliarp. Tile noysc of peplo up stirte thanne at ones .\s breme as blase of straw iset on fyre. Chaucer, I'roilus, iv. 155. Thistles thikke And brcres brymme for to iirikke. Rom. of the Rose, 1. 1835. And now sith these tidings haue come hither so brim of y great Turks etderprise into these partes here, we can ahnost neither talke nor thinke of atiy other thing els. .Sir T. .More, I'uinfort against Tribnbiti«»n (1.M3), fol, 3, 1 also heard a violent storm tlcscribeii as very brim, a word which 1 had supposed to be obsolete in this sense, JV. and Q., 7lh ser., II. ''(W. 3. Strong ; powerful. The child . , , was a big barn, & breme of Ids age. William qf Palenie, 1. 18. 4. Sharp; acute. Anil of tho stonee and of the stcrres thow studycst, as I leue. How cncrc beste or brydile hath so breme wittcs, i'lcr* PloH'man (U), xll. '."J4. brim'' (brim), «. [Appar. a var. of bream^.] A fish of tho family t'enlrarehida; tlie long-eared Miiilisli, l.ejnmiia aurituK. brim" (lirim), «. [A])par. a var. of brine^, ii. V. Cf. .So, brinic = E. brinc^.] Tho foreheail, I Ninth, Eng.] brlmo (lirim), II, A Scotch form of briiie^. brimflUt (biim'fil), r. I. [< brim'-^ + JillK] To till to llio l(i|i, I'ra.ihair. brimflret, »• [ME. hrimjir, brinfire, < brin- (< bnnnen, bn mien, burn) + fire, fire. Cf, iriin- stone.] Siilpliur. Towanle .Modomo ho nag the roko And the brinjirrti stlnken smoke. tlenexie and ExoduH, 1. llf'.'t. brimful I brim'fiil'), ". r< '"■'■'"'■^ +./'""-l 1''"" to I lie liriiii or to)); (■(iiii)ilrtely full : I'lirely iiscl iillrilintively ; as, a glusK lirinijiil of wine; '; brimful of Borrow," Hhak., Tempest . v. 1 ; "her brimful brimful eyes," Dryden, Sigismonda and Guis- oarilo. My heart Bniit/ul of those wihl tiUes. TcHnamtii, Fair Women. brimfulness (brim'tid'nos), H. The state of liciiiS In-iinfid; fullness to the top. [Rare.] brimless (brim'les), (t. [< hrinfi + -less.'] Hav- iii),' no brim: as, a hriiiilcss hat. brimlyt, «<'''. [Early mod. E. also brecmli/, breme- }ij, < ME. brymli/, brcti/h/, brcmcly ; < brim^ + -//y-.] 1. Violently; fiercely; terribly. The kynge blyschit [looked] one the beryne with his brode eshne [eyes] Tliat fulle brymly for breth brynte as the gledys. Morte Arthure, 1. 116. 3. Hastily; quickly. Byiinibj before us l)e tliai lit-o^ht, Our dedes tlxat shaJle darn ns liidene. Totviu'ffii MifHtcnes, p. 105. 3. Loudly. Briddes ful bremehi on the liowes singe. Wiltiaiii of Palerngy 1. 23. Thou hast Ijlown thy blast breemlite abroad. Pcrcif Fot. MS., iii. 71. brimme't, brimme''^t. See brim^, hriirfl, etc. brimmed (brimd), x>- «■ [< brinfi + -ed'^.'] 1. Having a brim ; in composition, having a brim of the kind specified: as, a hvoAA-brimmcd hat. — 2. Filled to the brim; level with the brim. May tliy hrimwtl waves for this Tlieir full tribute never miss. Milton, Coraus, 1. 024. brimmer (brim'er), n. [< brim2, n., + -erl.] 1. A bowl full to the top. Dear brimmer ! that makes our Inisliands short-sighted. Wijcherlfii, Country Wife, v. 1. When healths go round, and kindly brimrners flow. Vn/fli'ii, tr. of Lucretius, iii. 99. 2. A broad-brimmed hat. [Rare.] Now takes liis hrimwer off. -4. Brome, Songs. brimming (brim'ing), n. [Verbal n. of brim", <•. ; the allusion is to the foaming and spar- kling of water when it brims over.] An Eng- lish name for the gleam exhibited at night by a school of herrings. brimmle (brim'l), n. A dialectal variant of bniiiihle. brimnesst (brim'nes), «. [ME. bremnes ; < brim + -H(\s\<.] Fierceness; rage. At Mid Aprille, the mone when niyrtlles begyn, 'I'lic season full softe of the salt water, And tlie bremnes abated of the brode ythes [waves]. Destruction of Truy (E. E. T. S.), 1. 1066. brim-sand (brim'sand), ii. [< brim^ + sand.] Sea-sand. [Prov. Eng.] brimse (brimz), ». [E. dial., also written brims, formerly brimse y ; not found in ME. or AS., though "an AS. form *brimsa is generally cited, and was possibly existent as the orig. form of breeze^-, AS. briosn, breosa : see breeze'^, where forms cognate with brimse are given.] A gadfly: same SuS breeze^. HalliwcU. [Prov. Eng. (Kent).] brimseyt, «. Same as brimse. Cotgrave ; Topsell. brimstone (brim'ston), «. and «. [< ME. brim- stDii, bryniston, brcmston, briimston, coiTupt forms of briiistiin, hryiiston, brenston, brunstoii, broiiston, transposed bernston, bornston, etc. (= Icel. brennisteinn ; cf. Sc. brmistane, bruntslane, etc.), < briH', bren- (AS. bernc- in berncldc, a bm-nt-offering) (< brinncn, brcniien, AS. *briii- iiiin, burn), 4- stun, stone. Cf. brimfirc] I. ». 1 . Sulphur ; specifically, sulphur in a concrete or solidified state, or reduced from that state : as, roll-&rt)«A-/o«e; fluid brimstone. Both were cast alive into a lake of fire burning with hriimtone. Rev. xix. 20. 2. The brimstone butterfly. Neioman. [Colloq. or prov. Eng.]— Vegetable brimstone, a name given to the inflannuable spores of species of Lycopodium, em- ployed in the preparation of fireworks. II. a. 1 . Of, pertaining to, or made of brim- stone: as, brimstone matches. From his brimatonc bed at break of day A-walkiug the devil has gone. Coleriilye, The Devil's Thoughts. 2. Sulphm'-yellow in color; rcsemblini; brim- stone or sulphur in color; bright-yellow. — Brimstone butterfly, a species of butterfly. (iu,,,>pienix rhiiiiiiii. marked by the angulation of the wini; tijis, by tlie yellu\v color of both sexes, and by a red sjiot in the middle of each wing. See cut in next column.— Brimstone moth, a lepidopterous insect, Rumia cratteyata, having yellow wings with light streaks, and chestnut-colored spots on the fore wings. brimstone-wort (brim'ston-wert), n. An um- belliferous plant, Peucedanum officinale, the roots of which yield a yellow sap which quick- ly becomes hard and di-y and smells not u nlik e brimstone. 68.0 \ / IT' ) \ . if nriinstoiie Butterfly [Gonafitfryx rhamnt), natural size. brimstony (brim'sto-ui), a. [< brimstone + -//'.] Full of or containing brimstone; roBfimbliifg brimstone; sulphurous: as, "brimstony, bhic, aiid fiery," Ii. Jonson. Alchemist, iv. 5. '[Rare] brin't,''- An o))soleto variant of Imrn'^. Clmiiccr. brin- (briif), «. [F., a blade, shoot ; origin uit- knowff.] One of Ihe radiating sticks of a fan. brincht (brinch), i'. i. [Also written lirincc, ear- ly mod. E. bryncli, also brindice, < It. brindisi, brinilr.si (Florio), F. brinde, formerly briwjue (('(>ti,'rfiv('), a drinking to, a toast.] To drink iff aifsvver to !i pledge; pledge one in diinldng. brinded (brin'ded), a. [Same as E. di:il. and Sc. branded, of a reddish-brown color witli streaks or patches of darker brown or black (> brnndie, a name often given to cows in Scot- land); the vowel modified, appar. after Icel. briind- in deriv. brondOttr, brinded, as a cow, for *brnntlottr {eX. brand-krossottr, brinded with a white cross on the forehead), < br(indr= E. brand. Thus brinded, as above, is nearly equiv. to branded, pp. of brand, r.: see brand.] 1. Properly, of a gray or tawny color market! with bars or streaks of a darker hue; brindled: :ip- plied more loosely to any animal having a hide variegated by streaks or spots, and by Milton to the lioness, whoso hide is of a nearly uni- form hue: as, "the brinded cat," Slialc., Mac- beth, iv. 1 ; "three brinded cows," Dryden, Cock and Fox. .She tamed the brinded lioness And spotted mountain-pard. Milton, Comus, 1. 44a. The brinded catamount, that lies High in the boughs to watch his prey. Bryant, Hutiter of the Prairies. 2. In her., spotted: said of a beast used as a bearing. brindle (brin'dl), n. [Assumed from brindled.] 1. The state of being brinded; a color or mix- ture of colors, of which gray is the base, with bands of a darker gray or black color: as, "a natm'al brindle," liichard.wn, Clarissa Harlowe. — 2. A name of the mudfish or bowfin, Amia ealra. See cut under Jmiida;. brindled (brin'tllil ), a. [A kind of dim. form of brindiit.] Brinded; variegated with streaks of ilifferent colors. And there the wild-cafs brindled hide The trofitlet of the elk adorns. Scott, L. of the I,., i. 27. brindle-moth (brin'dl-moth), H. A name given by some Jiritish collectors to moths of the ge- nus Xi/liii>hasia. brinel'(brin), n. [= Se. (irreg.) brime, < ME. briije, bn/ne, < AS. bryne (= MD. brijn), brine, salt liquor; a particular use of bryne (early ME. 6rHHf= Icel. brnni), a burning, < *brinnan, bin-ii: seeiW»i,6»c»i.] 1. Water saturated or strong- ly impregnated with salt, like the water of the ocean; salt water. Artificial bi-ine is used for the preservatiofi of the flesh of animals, fish, vegetables, etc. 2. The sea as a body of salt water; the ocean. The air was calm, and ofi the level britte Sleek Pauope with all her sistei-s play'd. Milton, Lycidas, L 9S. 3. Tears. Wiat a deal of brim: Hath washd thy sallow cheeks for Ros:ilineI Sliak., K. and ,T., ii. 3. brinel (brin), r. t. ; pret. and pp. brined, ppr. brinimi. [< brine'^^, n.] 1. To steep in bnne, as corn, in order to prevent smut. — 2. To mix salt with; make briny: as, to brine hay. If he wrung from me a tear. I brin'd it so With scorn or shame, that hiiu it iiourish'd not. Donne, Loves Diet brine^t, «. [Cf. North. E. brim, the forehead; < ME. )inine, brow. < Icel. brun,-p\. brynn, mod. brijr, brow, = Sw. Dan. bryn, brow: see brow.] Tlie eyebrow. Uriinr or brow of the eye, supercilium. Prompt. Pan'., p. 51. bring brine-' (brin), r. [E.dial.; cf. pouiv. dial, frnw/ ; a|>]iar. eorrfiptions of briny.] To bring: as, to linni it hither. [Prov. Eng. (Norfolk).] brine-pan (brin'pan), n. A pit in which salt watur Ih ivaporated to obtain the salt. brine-pit (biin'pil), n. A Halt spring or well from which wiili-r is taken to be boiled or evap- oraliil (of making salt. brine-pump ( brin'jiurnji), n. A pump employed iff soiiK' Kttfim-vesKels to clear the boiler of the biine wliich collects at the bottom of it. brine-shrimp (brin'Mlirimp), n. A small bran- clfi<)p(jdi,iiM erfistitei-an, .Irlemia nalina, found iff brackish water and in brine. .See Artcniia. Also cjflled brine-worm. brine-spring (briu'spring), n. A Bpring of Bait water. brine-valve (brin'valv), n. A blow-oflf valve foi icffirjviffg concentrated salt water from a Steafff-lioilej'. brine-worm (brin'wferm), ji. Same as brine- sit rimp. bring (bring), !■.<.: pret. and pp. brought, ppr. bringing. [< ME. bringrn, occa.sionally brengen (pret. brogJili; brolile, etc.),< AS. bringan (strong present, with jiret. 'brang, pi. 'brungon, forma assumed from the once-occurring \>\t.brungen), also brengan (weak present, willi pret. brolile, P|). brnht), = OS. brcngian, rarely Ijringian, = OFries. brcnga, bringa = D. brengen = OHO. bringan, MlUi. G. bringen (> Sw. Iiringa, Dan. bringr) = (ioth. Iiriggan fjiret. Iiriilita), bring. The forms are i)revailingly weak; the strong forms are prob. assiimeil after the analogy of verbs like sing, swing, etc. ; so in Sc. and vul- gar E. pret. brang, lining.] 1. To bear, con- vey, or take alrmg in coming; take to the place where the receiver is, or where the bearer stays or abides; fetch: as, bring it hither, or to me; to bring a book home. Briny me, I pray thee, a morsel of breaii. 1 KL xviL 11. Briny me spices, brin^ me wine. Tennyson, Vision of Sin, It. She from a carved press bronyht him linen fair, And a new-woven coat a king might wear. Williant Morritt, Earthly Parailise, I. 295. 2. To cause to come or accrue ; be the means of conveying possession of ; impart ; devolve upon: as, the transaction brought great profit; his wife brought him a large dowry. She shall brimi him [in marriage) that Wliich he not dreams of. Uliak., W. T., Iv. 4. Music that brinyn sweet sleep. TennyKon, Thoric .Song, L 3. To cause to come or pass, as to a new place, state, or condition ; impel; draw on; lead: a«, to bring one to a better mind. The fortress . . . shall lie bring ... to the ground. Ixa. XIT. 12. God had brought their connaela to naught >'ch. iv. 15. We bring to one dead level ev'iy mind. PojK, Dunciad, iv. 368. Profltahle cniploynieiits would be a diversion, if men ctmld but lie brought to delight in tliem. Locke. 4. To aid in coming or passing, as to one's home or destination; conduct; attend; accom- pany. Vet give leave, my lord. That wc may tiring you something on the way. Shak., M. lor JL. L I. 5. To convey or put forth as a product ; bear or be the bearer of; )-ield : a.s, the land brings good han-ests. Because she brought him none hut girls, she thought Her husband loved her ij^t. B. Jonson, New Inn, i. 1. 6. To convey to the mind or knowledge ; make known on coming, or coming before one ; bear or impart a declaration of. Be thou there until I Imng thee word. ilat iii. IS. What accusation brin^ ye against this man ? John xviif. 29. 7. To fetch or put forwanl before a tribunal ; make a presentation of : institute: declare in or as if in court : as, to bring an action or an indictment against one; the jury brought the prisoner in guilty. I'll bring mine action on the prondest he Tliat stops my way. Shak.. T. of the S., iiL 2. A friend of mine here was doubting whether he should bring an action against two |H'rsons on so unfortunate a day as Saturday. K. 11". iniu-. Minlcni Egn»ian^. I- iJ* 8. To cause to become ; make to be. I w.as lirought acquainted with a Burgundian Jew who had ni.arried";m apostate Kcnti>h ^^onian. >;• ' ., I>iary, Aug. 28, 16*1. To bring about, to cttict : a. .uioiisli. bring It enabled him to gain the most vain and impracticable into his designs, and to &n»K/ abottt several great events for the advantage ot the public. Attdimn, Freeholder. Tes, yes, faith, they re agreed — he's caught, he's en- tangled—my dear Carlos, we have bnuriht it about. Sheridan, The Duelma, ii. 4. To bring a chain cable to, to put it round the capstan ready for heaving up the anchor. — To bring a nest Of hornets about one's ears. See hormt. — 'yo bring a person to his bearings. See beariwi.— To bring a ship to anchor, to let go the anchor.— To bring by the lee {tuiut.), to have the wind come suddenly on the lee side, owiiia to the yawing ot the vessel, a sudden change iu the wind s direction, or the bad steering of the helmsman.— To bring down, (a) To take down ; cause to come down ; lower. (6) To humiliate ; abase. Shak. (c) To cause to fall ; hence, of game, to kill. [CoUoq.] By my valour ! there is no merit in killing him so near : do, my dear Sir Lucius, let me briny him doirn at a long shot. Sheridan, The Rivals, v. 3. To bring down the house, to elicit a burst of applause or laughter from those present, as in acting or public speaking.- To bring far ben. See 6cni. — To brlag forth, (a) To produce, as young or fruit ; hence, give rise to; be the cause of. Idleness and luxury briny forth poverty and want. Tillotson. (6) To bring to light ; disclose ; reveal. The heavens have thought well on thee, . . To brina forth this discovery. Shak., All's WeU, v. 3. To bring forward. () To adduce: as, to brimj forward arguments iu support of a scheme —To bring grist to the mill. See gritt.—To bring home to. (cO To piovc conclusively to Ix-lfing or be applicable to or l)e true of, as a charge of any kind. (6) 'To impress upon the feeling; cause to be felt : as, he brouoht it hotne to them verj- vividly ; in preaching, strive to hrin(i the truth home to the hearers. Several prisoners to whom Jetfreys was unable to brinfj home the charge of high treason were convicted of misde- meanours. Macatday, Hist. Eng. To bring in. (a) To bring from another place, or from without to within a certain precinct. Look you bring me in the names of some sbt or seven. Shak., SI. for M., ii. 1. (6) To supply ; furnish ; yield : especially used in speak- Izi^ of a revenue, rent, or income produced from a certain source. The S4de measure of all his courtesies is, what return they will make him, and what revenue they will bring him in. South. (c) To introduce ; especially, to introduce to the notice of a legislature : as, to bring in a bill. Cain was not therefore the first murderer, but Adam, who brought in death. Sir T. Broinu, Religio Medici, ii. 4. Since he could not have a scat among them himself, he would bring in one who had more merit. Tatter. (d) To place in a particular condition or station. But he protest.s he loves you ; And needs no other suitor but his likings . . . To bring you in again [namely, to your former office]. Shak., Othello, iii. 1. («t) To reduce within the limits of law and government. Perforce l>ring in all that rebellious rout. Spenser, State of Ireland. To brln^ off. (a) To bear or convey from a i)lace ; rescue : as, to tmng of men from a wreck. A brave young fellow, of a matchless spirit! He brought nie of like thunder, charg'd anil boarded, As if he had been shot to save mine honour. Beau, aiul Fl., Knight of ^lalta, ii. 1. (b) To procure to l>e ac(|uitted ; clear from condemnation ; cause to escape, (c) To dissuade ; change, as from an opin- ion or purpose ; cause to abandon. "Tis a foolish thing for me to be brought of from an Opinion In a thing neither of lu know. Seldrn, Table-Talk, p. 71». To bring on, (a) To bear or convey or canwc to be ron- VI y- d with oni' from a distance : as, to brinfi on a (|nantity id giHrtls. (Ij) To cause to begin : as, to bring on a battle. All commanders were cautioned against bringing on an engagement. (/. S. Grant, Personal ^lemolrs, I. 373. (c) To originate or cause to exist : as, to bring on a disease. (d) To Induce; lead on. With a crafty niadncHs, keeps aloof, When we woidd bring him on to sonic cnnfessiiin. .s'/ii/il , Hamlet, ill. 1. To bring one'a nose to the grindstone. See grind- «(. . ' 'To bring out. («) To ix|i..«. ; dilci t ; bring to li.K' fr-iiii roii'i-alrni-rit : as, to brut'i 'o force of imagination that I can bring to bear will avail to cast out the youth of that very imagination which endeavotirs to depict its latter days. ir. K. Clifford, Lectures, I. 230. (6) To bling into range, or the range of : as, to bring a gun (0 bear upon a target.— To bring to book. Sec iiooJ:.— To bring to gaff. See gaff.— To bring to light, to bring into view; reveal.- To brillg to mind, to reciill,aswhat has been fcrgotten or what is not present to the mind. — To bring to pass, to cause to come to pass; etfect. The thing is established by God, and God will shortly bring it to pa^s. Gen. xli. :'■-. To bring to the gangway. Seeponi/irai;.- To bring to the hammer. See hammer. — To bring under, to subdue ; repress ; restrain ; reduce to obedience. The Minstrel fell I — but the foeman's chain Could not bring his proud soul t^idcr. Moore, Minstrel Boy. To bring up. (a) To bear, convey, or lift upward, (b) In printing, to give the proper light and shade to, as a print of an engra%ing, by means of a suitable distribu- tion of pressure in the press, produced by overlays : also, to equalize the pressure upon, as any part of a form on a press, by underlaying it with cardboard or paper, (c) In lithog., to make apparent ; make visible, as a drawing or a greasy spot upon the stone, (d) To rear ; ntu-ture ; care for dm-ing adolescence : used with reference to the needs of both the body and the mind. God by this tribulation calleth him, and biddeth him come home out of the countrey of sinne, that he was bred and brought I'p so long in. Sir T. More, Cumfort against Tribulation (1673), fol. 41. I consider it the best part of an education to have been bom and brought up in the country. Alcott, Tablets, p. 48. The noble wish To save all earnings to the uttermost. And give his child a better briuging-up Than his had been. Tenmtson, Enoch Arden. (e) To introduce to notice or consideration : as, to bring up a subject in conversation, (f) To cause to advance near : as, to bring up forces, or the reserves. The troops from Corinth were brought up in time to re- pel the threatened movement without a battle. U. S. Grant, Personal Memoirs, I. 41.S. (g) Naut., to stop (a ship's headway) by letting go an anchor or by running her ashore. (A) To piUl up (a horse^ ; cause to stop : often with Khort : as, he broufjht up his horse nhort (that is, caused it to stop suddenly) ; hence, flgnratively, to stop suddenly in any career or course of action ; bring before a magistrate ; pull up. You were well aware that you were committing felony, and have probably felt tolerably sure at times that you would some day be brought up .short. Tnil[nj>*\ To bring up the rear, to move onwai-d in tin- rear; form the rear portion.— To bring up with a round turn (naut.). to stop (the running of a rojie) by taking a round turn on a belayiug-piu or cavil ; hence, tlgurative- ly, to stop the doing of anything suddenly but elfeetuully. = Syn. Bring up. Hear, etc. Seerainc. bringer (bring'tr), n. One who brings, in any si-uso of the verb. brinish (bri'nish), a. [< brine^ + -ish^.'] Like briue; Ijriny; salt or saltish: as, "her hriiiijili tinrs,'' ,S/(o/,-., 3 Hen. VI., iii. 1. brinishness (bri'nisli-nes), n. The quality of beiug brinish or saltish. brinjal (brin'jal), n. [Also improp. britigatl = I'g. bvri)iyi'l(i, < Tamil brinjaul, tlie egg- plant.] The East Indiuii name of the fruit of the egg-plant, tSolaiiiiDi Mcbmiirna. brinjarree (brin-jar'i), n. [Anglo-Tml., also wrilliii hriujurcc, < Ilind. birinjuri, a eanip-fi)l- lowiiig dealer iu riee, < birinj, Pers. hiriiij. rice ; mixed with Anglo-Iiid. bciipirii, biinjar;/, bitiijii- ree, < lliiid. baiiji'iri, bunjani (as in the ilef.), < Skt. raiiij, mei'eliant: see baiiidiA, hniij/niiK'] In India, a dealer in grain, salt, etc., who car- ries his gofids about from market to market, especially in the Deceaii. brink (bringk), ». [< MK. briiilc. brrnl; edge, of L(i. or Seaiid. origin: ML<1. L(i. hrink. brink, margin, edge, edge of u liill, a liill, = (i. dial. brink, a sward, a grassy hill, = Dan. brink. edge, verge, = Sw. brink, descent or slope of u hill, = Tcel. brckka for 'hrriikti, a sloi)e; iimb. eonnei-ted witli leel. brinjiii, a ^fi-assy slope, orig. the breast, = Sw. briiii/ti, breast, = Dan. brint/r, chest. ('{. W. bri/nrgn, a hillock, < bri/n, a hill; of. //row, the breast, breast of a hiil.] Tlio edge, margin, or liorder of a sti'op |ilai-e, as of a iireci|iice or the bank of a river; ver^e ; hence, close proximity : as, "thi- jireei- pice's hrink," JJnjdcn ; (o bo on tlio brink of ruin. Wo iiiidenit/. [NL., < Bri- .■iiuiiii + -iild.} A grotip of A.ilrroida, or star- lislii-s, 1 yiiitied 1iy tile genus llrisingii. BrisingidSB (bri-sin',ji-de), ». pi. [NL., < llri- yini/ii + -idtc.} A remarkable famil,v of star- lishes, of the order .l.v^co/i/cf/, having; the body shaped as in the opiiiiirians or sand stars, with lung rounded rays disli net from I he disk, and the amliiilacral grooves nol continued to llie iiioiith, /(. ((iriintilii is a beautil'nl Norwegian species. brisk (brisk), ti. [Appar. < W. fcri/.v;/ = Gael. Iiriiisi), also bring = Ir. 'brisg, (|uick, iiinible, lively; ef. W. bry.i, haste, brysin, hasten, Gael. Ir. brioHg, a sliirt, bounce, Ir. bris, lively, brisk. Deep-sca St.lffi5h iFrtsiHjca contHata). Gael. Ir. bras, lively, hasty, <>tc. Cf. brtish^. Not connected with J'ri.sk and fresh : but some refer to !•'. bruM/iie.} 1. t^uick or rapid in ac- tion or motion; exliibiling (|uickuo88; lively; swift; nimble: as, a brisk breeze. Wc split the Jiiurni-y, and perlnrm In two days' tlnu- wlial's often done Jty brinker travelli-rs In one. i'ou-prr, tr, of lliirurc's Satires, I. 6. Hence — 2, Hi)rightly ; animated; vivacious; gay: as, "a brisk, gamesome lass," Sir U. brisk L'JCstrange. — 3. Full of lively or exciting ac- tion or events ; exciting; interesting. You have had a brisk time of it at Ilowicic, and all the organs of conibativeness have been called into action. Sydney Smith, To the Countess Grey. 4. Burning freely; bright: as, a hriik fire. — 5. Kllci'vcscdng vigorously: said of liquors: a.s, hrixic ciJor. — 6. Performed or kept up witii briskness ; rapid ; quick : as, a brisk fire of in- fantry. Brisk toil alternating with ready ease. Wordsworth. 7t. Vivid; luminous. He hunts about the proudest World to buy The choice of purest ami of l>ri;;litest Cloth Brink in the Tyrian and Sidonian dye, As due to his fair Darlinj;. J. lleaumniit, Psyche, i. 83. Had it [my instrument] magnified thirty or twenty-five times, it had made the object appear more brisk and plea- sant. Newton. = Syn. 1. Alert, nimble, quick, rapid, sprightly, prompt, spry, smart, bustling, wide-awake, e:iger. See active anil bit^f/. brisk (brisk), V. [< brisk, a.] I.t trans. To make lively; enliven; animate; refresh: some- times with up. Killingbeck. II. intrans. To become brisk, lively, or ac- tive : with np. brisken (bris'kn), v. [< brisk + -crel.] I. in- traiis. To be or become brisk, active, or lively. [Rare.] I heartily wish that business may brisken a little. Quoted in W. Mathews's Gtiiiin<^ on in the World, p. 209. II. trans. To make brisk or lively. brisket (bris'ket), n. [< ME. bruskettc, < OP. *bruskct, bruschet, l&tevbrichct, mod. F. brechet, prob. < Bret, bruchecl, dial, briisk, the breast, chest, claw of a bird.] The breast of an ani- mal, or that part of the breast that lies next to the ribs; in a horse, the part extencUng fi'om the neck at the shoulder down to the fore legs. briskly (brisk'li), adv. In a brisk manner; quickly; actively; vigorously; with life and spirit. Ay, woo her briskly — win her, and give me a proof of your address, my little Solomon. Sheridan, The Duenna, 11. 1. briskness (brisk'nes), M. 1. Quickness; vigor or rapidity in action: as, the briskness of the breeze. — 2. Liveliness; gaiety; vivacity. His6mfr?tess, his jollity, and his good-humour. Drydcn. S. The sparkling quality of an effervescing li- quor: applied also to water, as in the extract. The briskness of spring water, and the preference given to it as a beverage, is partly occasioned by the carbonic acid which it contains. W. A. Miller, Elem. of Chem., § 348. brismak (bris'mak), n. [Origin unknown.] A torsk. [Shetland islands.] briss^t, V. t. [ME. brissen, var. of brisen, brysen, brusen, bruise : see bruise.'] To bruise ; break. The Jewes brisseden h,vs bonys. Legends of the Holy Rood, p. 204. briss" (bris), n. [E. dial., appar. < F. bri.s, breakage, wreck, formerly also fragments, < briser, break (see 6msl, bruise, and cf. de- bris) ; but perhaps affected by breeze^, ashes, cinders : see breeze^.] Dust ; rubbish. Salli- well. [Prov. Eng.] Brissid8e (bris'i-de), n. pi. [NL., < Brissus + -!'/((■.] Same as Spatangidw. Brissiuse (bri-si'ne), n. pi. [NL., < Brissus + -i«fc.] A subfamily of Spatangidce, typified by the genus Brissus. brissle (bris'l), v. t. Same as birsle. [Scotch and North. Eng.] Brissotin (bris'o-tin), ». See Girondist. Brissus (bris'us), n. [NL.] A genus of echi- uoitls, typical of the family Brissid(e {Spatangi- dw) and subfamily Brissina;. bristle (bris'l), n. [< ME. hristel, brestel, brus- tel, berstle (= D. borstel = MLG. borstcl), dim. of brttst (> Sc. birse, birs: see hrnst", hirse), a bristle, < AS. byrst, neut., = MLO. horste, f., = OHG. burst, m., borst, neut., biirsta, f., MHG. horst, m. and neut., borste, f., G. Ixjrstp, a bristle, MHG. G. biirste, a brush, = leel. burst, f., = Sw. borst, m., = Dan. borste, a bristle ; by some derived, with formative -t, from the root of OHG. barren, parren (for *barseii), be stiff, stand out stiffly; by others connected with E. ftwrl, 6«rrl.] 1. One of the stiff, coarse, glossy hairs of certain animals, especially those of the hog kind which are not hairless, large and thickly set along the back, and smaller and more scattered on the sides. The bristles of the domestic hog and of some other aiumals are extensively used for making brushes, shoemakers' wax-ends, etc. She hadde so grete bristelis on her bakke that it trayled on the grounde a fadome large. Merlin (E. E. T. S.), iii. 421. 687 British ^r.J^ f™""''' fiPPen'Jage on some plants; a kind of pasteboard, sometirafig glazed on the Stm, sharp liair. — 3. In dipterous insects of the surface, used l)y artists, division Braclii/ccra, the arista or terminal part Bristol brick. See brick^. of the antenna. — 4. In ornilh., a bristlv d ther; a feather witli a stout stiff stem and little or no wpr. brixtling. [< ME. bristlen, brusllen (= G. biir- stdn), bristle; from tlie noun.] I. trans. 1. To erect the bristles of ; erect in anger or do- fiance, as a hog erects its bristles. Now, for the bare-pick'd hone of majesty Doth dogged war bristle his angry crest, Aiul snarlcth in the gentle eyes of peace. Skak., k. John, iv. 3. Boy, bnstle thy courage up. Shak., IJen. V., li. 3. 2. To make bristly. — 3. To fix a bristle on: as, to bristle a shoemaker's thread. II. intrans. 1. To rise up or stand on end like bristles. Nought dreadful saw ho ; yet the hair 'Gan Imstle on his head with fear. William Morris, Earthly Paradise, iii. 42. 2. To stand erect and close together like bris- tles. A forest of masts would have bristled In the desolate port of Ncwry. Macaulay. 3. To be covered, as with bristles: as, the ranks bristled with spears. See to bristle with, below. — To bristle against, to come in collision with, contradict, or oppose somewhat rudely. [Rare.] The wife may not bristle against her husband. J. Udall, On Ephesians, v. The annotation here, as in many places, bristles a'lninst the text. Sir W. Hamilton. To bristle up, to show anger, resentment, or defiance Bristol diamond. Same as Bristol stone (which see, uiiiii-r stonr). Bristol milk, paper, porcelain, pottery, red, stone. I^ci- tfji- nouns. brisure (briz'ur), n. [F., < briser, Ijreak: see bruise.] 1. In permanent fortification, a break in the general direction of tlie parapet of the curtain, when constructed wilh onllons and retired Hanks. Also spelled bri:urc. — 2. In liir., same as cadency, 2. brfti, britti (brit), v. [E. dial., also (in IL) brite ; < ME. brytlen, < AS. Imjtiian, brittian, divide, distribute, dispense, = Icel. bri/tja, chop up; a secondary verb, supplying in ME. and later, with the deriv. hritlen, q. v., the place of the primitive, ME. 'brctcn, 'hreoten, < AS. bredlan (jd-ot. bredt, pp. 'brottn), break, bruise, demohsh, destroy, = OS. 'hriolan, bre- toii = OHG. "brio.vin, tr., break, MHG. briexn, intr., l)urHt forth, = Icel. hrjota = Sw. bryta = Dan. bryde, break, fracture, refract, = Goth. 'briutan (not found, but assumed from the other forms, and from the appar. thence derived Spanish ML. 6r»(«rc, demolish, destroy). Hence hritten, brittle, q. v.] I. trans. If. To break in pieces; divide. His hede thei ofsmyten, to London wa« li Iwm, The dede body theli] l/ritlfn (pret. pi.] on (our quartern corn. Lant/to/l, Cliron. (clied to a different fish: see bret.] 1. A yoimg hen-ing of the common kind, occurring in large shoals, and formerly classed as a sepa- The hill of La Haye Salnte bristling with ten thousand bayonets. Tliackeray. As spectroscopy becomes the daily work of iron-found- ers, and miners, and the like, it will be found to be bris- tling with beautiful scientific truths in every part of the spectrum, which may be used in these practical applica- tions of the science of optics. J. N. Lockyer, Spect. Anal., p. 1!». rate species, Clupea minima. — 2. .\ general name for animals upon which whales feed, as Clio bnrealis. etc. ; whale-brit. Brit. An abbreviation of Briti. rr, ""/■ [Also spcUcd bright; origin unknown.] bristle-pointed (bns l-pom"ted), a. Termi- Tq be or become over-ripe, as wheat, barlev, or natiug gradually in a very fine harr, as the • leaves of many mosses. Lindley. bristletail (bi-is'l tal), n. A common name of the thysanurous insects of the suborder Cinura : so called from the long filiform ab- liops. [Prov. Eng.] brither (briTH'er), H. A Scotch form of brother. Briticism (brit'i-sizm), n. [ < Briti. nodilliiK HplkeH. brize't, n. An oiiHolete form of brii:(^. brize-t, ». An obsolete form of bn t-e''. brize ■•, ". See briiMfl. briz6 l.ri-zii'), a. Same as bris6. brizure I'ri/.'ur), n. Same as />ri«Mrr, I. bro. Afi l.l.ri'viation of bmthrr ; pi. hri>.H.: ns, S ■ tc Co. bro.i ■, ), M. [AIho, in sense of an oriia- II.' .-Iloil brooch (sec brooch^); early 111' ; .MK. brochc, a j)in, peg, Hpil, "!■■ i I r, < OF. broche, F. Iirorhr, a S|'i' . =: Pr. brocn = Hp. I'g. brum, nil 1 .111, oil'., = It. bnirrn, n Hidit ■ti<'k iniii, ii.iiii'uliiie fnmiB, OF. and F. ilinl. 688 broc, a spit, = It. brocco, a sharp stake, a sprout, etc.). < ML. broca, brocca, a spit, a sharp stake, any sharp-pointed thing; cf. L. brochus, broc- eh lis, broeus. projecting (of the teeth of animals : see brochale); prob. of Celtic origin: cf. W. procio, stab, prick (> E. prog); Gael, brog, a shoemakers' awl, < brog, spur, stimulate, goad (> E. brogT-).] If. A spit. Thre baletulle birdez his brochez they tume. Morte Artlture, 1. 1029. And some failed not to take the child and bind it to a broacli, and lav it to the fire to ro.ist. Sir T. 3lore, Works, p. 2,S9. He turned a broactt, that had worn a crown. Uncoil, Hist Hen. VII. 2t. A spear. That fruit was of a mayden bom On a theoues tre is al totorn A brocfie thorwout his brest tbor]n. Le'jends of ttie Holy Rood (ed. Morris), p. 133. 3. An awl; a bodkin. [Pi'ov. Eng.] — 4. A spike; a skewer; a sharp stick; specflieally, a rod of sallow, hazel, or other tough and pliant wood, sharpened at each end and bent in the middle, used by thatchers to pierce and fix their work. [Prov. Eng.] Broche for a thacstare [thaxter, thatcher], firmaculum. Prompt. Parv,, p. ii2. 5t. A spur. — 6t. A fish-liook. Prompt. Pan: — 7t. A spike or standard for a candle. A broche with a fote, ij new torches. Enyliih Gildt (E. E. T. S.), p. 327. 8t. A taper; a torch. Hewe fujT of a flynt four hundred ^v>•nter; Bote thou haue taehe to take hit with tunder and brochef, .■U thy labour is lost. Piers Plomnan (C), xi. 211. 9. A spindle ; a spool. [Scotch.] Broche of threde, vericulum. Prompt. Pan:, p. :>2. 10. Inarc?i.,formerly,aspireof anykind; now, specifically, as used in some parts of England and by some ^viiters on arch- itecture, a spiro which rises di- rectly from the walls of its tow- er, without par- apets and gut- ters.— 11. A narrow - point- ed chisel used by masons for hewing stones. — 12. Any ta- pered boring- bit or drill. Broaches used for borins wood arc flutedliketheshell- bit, but tapered to- ward the point ; but those used in boring metal are solid, and usually three-, four-, or six- sided. Their com. mon forms are shown in the annexed llgnres: Broaches are also known as tmdencrs and reamers. 13. A straight steel tool with file-teeth for pressing through irregular holes in metal tlint cannot be dressed l)y revolv- ing tools. — 14. That part of the stem of a key which )irojects beyond the bit or web, and enters a socket in the interior of the lock. — 15. That jiiii in a lock wliicli en- ters tlio liiirri'l «c for mclal. ^ , . , . , 1 ,. • , Start, like llu' cml iif a .-^pil, on the head of a young .stag.— 20. A jiin or cIhhji to fasten a garment; specillcally, an ornaiiicii- tiil pin, clasp, or buckle, unci especially a breasl- pin, of gold, silver, or other metal, atlached to the dress or depeniling from the neck: in this hcnse now iisiiullv spellcil lirnorh (which see). broach (hroch), r."f. I < .M lO. hnichrn, liore, spur, spit, tap (in this sense cf. the phrase srilen an hroc.hr, set abroach, after F. mcttre rn broche: .sie abroach), < OK. Iirorhir, siiiir, S])it, etc, F. tirnchrr, stitch, figure, iuiImihs (= I'r. hnirar = I'g- brocar, bore, = It. Iiroccarc, urge, incite, A B Broaches. -^. southwest tower. Cathcdrnl of Bayciix, Nomiantly ; S. Church of St. NichoUis. W.il- cot, t£n);lan(l. DrnnchcK for Ikirin|;. l-'t|f. a la nn cx-impic of hroachci or rcnir broad etc.), < broche, etc., spit: see broach, n. Cf. brocade, brochure, etc.] If. To spit; pierce as with a spit. The Erie that knew & wyst moche of the chasse bracked the bore tlirughe the brest. Rom. 0/ Partenay (E. E. T. S.), p. 235, note. I'll broach the tadpole on my rapier's point. Shak., Tit. And., iv. 2. 2t. To spur. Broche^ the baye stede, and to the buske rydes. Morte Arthure (E. E. T. .S.), 1. 918. 3. In masonry, to rough-hew. [North. Eng. and Scotch.] — 4. To open for the first time for the purpose of taking out something; more especially, to tap or pierce, as a cask in order to draw the liquor: as, to broach a hogshead. Descending into the cellars, they broached every cask they found there. Motley, Dutch Republic, I. fiGl. Hence, figm-atively — 5. To open, as the mouth for utterance. Desiring Virtue might be her first growth, And Hallelujah broach her holy mouth. J. Beaumont, Psyche, i. 68. 6. To let out; shed. This blow should broacti thy dearest blood. Shak., 1 Hen. VI., ill. 4. 7. To state or give expression to for the first time; utter; give out; especially, begin con- versation or discussion about; introduce by way of topic: as, to broach a theory or an opinion. This error . . . was first broached by Josephus. Raleigh, Hist. World, 1. 3. Here was our Paolo brought To broach a weighty business. Browniny, Ring and Book, I. 107. St. To give a start to ; set going. Tliat for her love such quarrels may be broach'd. Shak., Tit. And.,ii. 1. Droved and broached. See rfroiv-'*.— To broach to {lujut., used iiitr;iitsilively). to come suddenly to tlie wind, as a ship. \>y aeiiilent or iiy the fault of the helntsnuin (a dangerous pn.sition in a gale). broacher (bro'eh6r), n. [< broach + -o'l.] It. A spit. On five sharp lyroachers rank'd the roast they turn'd. DriHlen, Iliad, i. 633. 2. One who broaches, opens, or utters ; a first publisher. The first broacher of a heretical opinion. Sir S. L'Estrange. Deadly haters of truth, broachcrs of lies. Milton, Hist. Eng., ili. broachlng-press (bro'ching-pres), n. A ina- chini'-tool employing a broach, used in slotting mid (inishiiig iron. broach-post (broch'post), n. In carp., a king- post. broach-turner (broch'tfer'nfer), ji. A menial whose occupation is to turn a broach or spit ; a turnspit. Dish-washer and broach-turner, loon I — to me Thou sinellest all of kitchen as before. Tennyson, tiareth and L>niette. broad (brad), a. and H. [= So. braid; < ME. hniiid, broil, < AS. brad = OS. 6m/ = OFrios. /iile-treo A broader IIiibIi of losente bloom. Bryant, I'laiiting of the Applo-Troe. 3. Figuratively, not limited or narrow; liber- al; comprehensive; enlarged: ns, a man of hriind views. In a broad, statcflinanllkc, and masterly way. Kwrett. Narrow Hpirils ailinli'e bnsi'Iy and worship meanly; broad spirits worship the rigid. Thackeray, Specifically — 4. Inclined to the Hroiiil Church, or to tho views held liytlie Hroad-Cliurch party of the Church of England. See ICiii.iroiiol. — 5. I, urge in measure oi' degree; not small or slight; ample; <'oiiHUiiinuite. 3lf hym-»clf he bore biyiide bit In a hrod wonder. Alliterative ]'oents(in\. Morris), It. fiM. broad He grins, and looks broad nonsense with a stare. Pupe, Dunciad, li. 194. 6. Widely diffused; open; full: as, in broad sunshine ; broad daylight. ITul oft, whan it is brode day. ^ Goiver, Conf. Amant., it. 107. I count little of the many things I see pass at broad noon- day, in large and open streets. Sterne, Sentimental Journey, p. 103. It v/as broad day, and the people, recovered from their panic, were enabled to see and estimate the force of the enemy. Irving, Granada, p. 32. 7. Unconfined; free; unrestrained. («) Used absolutely. As broad and general as the casing air. Skak., Macbeth, iii. 4. (6) Unrestrained by a sense of propriety or fitness ; unpol- ished; loutish. Tell him his pranks have been too broad to bear with. Shak,, Hamlet, iii. 4. ■(c) Unrestrained by considerations of decency ; intleli- cate; indecent. As chaste and modest as he is esteemed, it cannot be denied but in some places he is broad and fulsome. DrydeUy tr. of Juvenal's Satires, Ded. (d) Unrestrained by fear or caution ; bold ; unreserved. For from broad words, and "cause he fail'd His presence at the tyrant's feast, I hear, Macduff lives in disgrace. Shak., Macbeth, iii. 6. 8. Characterized by a full, strong utterance; coarsely vigorous; not weak or slender in sound: as, 6/'0rtrf Scotch; broad Jyovxc.] s, broad vowel, such as a or d or 6. — 9t. Plain; evi- dent. Proves thee far and wide a Irroad goose. Shak., R. and J., ii. 4, 10. In \hQ fine arts, characterized by breadth: as, a picture remarkable for the broad treatment of its subject. See breadth, 3 As broad as (it Is) long, equal upon the whole ; the same either way. It is as broad as long whether they rise to others or bring others down to them. Sir H. L'Estrange. Broad Church, the popular designation of a party in the ('hurch of England. See Epivcopalinn. — Broad fo- lic, broad quarto, etc., names given to di-awing-pa- perfuUU-d tht' broadest way. — Broad gage, ^ee gage^. — Broad glass, window-glass of a cheap quality formed by blowing a long cylinder, cutting it apart, and al- lowing the pieces to soften and flatten out in a kiln. See glass. Also called British sheet-gla^s, cidin- der-glass, G''nnan plafi'- glass, a.nd.-^pn'at/ iriinioic- glass.— Broad lace, a woolen fabric made in bands about 4 inches wide, and used as an ornamental border to the upholstery of a car- riage. Caf'^ilder's Diet. ~ Broad pennant (naut.), a swallow-tailed flag carried at the mast- head of a man-of-war as the distinctive mark of a commodore. = Syn. 1. Extended, spread. — 1 and 2. ^Vide, Broad. See wide. — 7. (c) Vulgar, ob- scene. II, n. 1. A shallow, fenny lake formed by the expansion of a river over adjacent flat land covered more or less with a reedy growth; a flooded fen, or lake in a fen: ;as, the Norfolk broads, [Prov. Eng.] A broad is the spread of a river into a sheet of wa- ter, wiuch is cer- tainly neither lake uor lagoon. Southey, Letters 1(1812), II. 307. Then across the mill - pool, and throiigh the deep crooks, out into the broads, and past the withered beds of weeds which told of coming wintei". H, Kingsley, [Ravenshoe, viii. 2. In tnech., a tool used for turning down the insides and bottoms of cyl- inders in the lathe. — 3. An English coin first issued in 1619 by James I., and worth at ^the time 20s. 44 689 uroaa -r ar- A Broad Pennant of a Commodore. United States Navy. Broadof Tames I.. British Museum. [Size of the original.) The coin was also issued subsequently. Also called laurel and broad-piece. broad (brad), adv. [< MB. broode, brode, < AS. hr "'• Uamiltoii. The scholastic brocard [Nihil est in intellectu iiuod non fuerit in sensu] ... is the fundamental article in the creed of that school of philosophers who are called "the sensualists." Ferricr, Inst, of Metaphysics, p. 261. Same as brocard. A Middle English form of broach and brooch'^. Chaucer. br0ch6 (bro-sha'), a. [P., pp. of brodier, stitch, sew : see broach.'] 1. Sewed or stitched: said of a book which is not bovmd or covered, except with a paper wrapper. See brochure. — 2. Ornamented in weaWng with threads wliich form a pattern on the surface ; brocaded : said of a stuff, specifically of silk: as, a irodic ribbon. brochet (bro-sha'), "h. [P., a pike, luce, for- merly also a faucet, dim. of brochc, a spit, broach: see broach.] A fish of the family Cichlida; Crenicichla saxatilig, having an elon- gated form and pointed head, thus slightly re- sembling a pike, it is highly colored and has an ocell.ated spot at the root of the tail. It is an inhabitant of the fresh waters of South America and Trinidad. (Lo- cal in Trinidad.) brochette (bro-shef), ». [P., dim. of brochc, a spit : see broach.] A skewer to stick meat on, used in cookery. brocardic (bro-kar'dik), n I make useof allthe6roca?-rfi»-, orrulesof interpretei-s. ., that is, not only what is established regularly, in law, but 'brocllUre (bro-shiir'), Jl. [P., < brocher, stitch : whatisconcludedwiseandreasonable by the best niter. l,roach 1 1. A pamphlet; an unbound prefers. Jer. Taylor, ft-ef to Duct. Dub. ^ee^^ , 0^ ^^^^^ .^^ sheets are held together by brocatt,.".. An okUorm of ft/ ocarfe. ^^^ semAg only. See fcrocfcf.— 2. Specifically, a small pamphlet, or one on a matter of transi- torv interest. brockl (brok), «. [< ME. brol; < AS. broc = Dan. brok, a badger; i>rob. of Celtic origin: W. broch = Corn, broch = Bret, broch = Gael. Ir. Manx broc; Ir. also brcch and brochd, a bad- ger; prob. so called from its white-streaked face, < W. brcch = Gael. Ir. brcac, speckled (see brill); cf.Gael. brocach, brucach, speckled in the face; cf. also Dan. broijct, Sw. brokiij, party- colored: see fcrocirf. Cf. bauson.] A badger. Or with pretence of chasint; thence the brock, Send in a cur to worry the whole Hock 1 B. Jonsoji, Sad Shepherd, i. 2. [Sometimes used as a term of reproach. Starry, hauR thee, brock! Shak., T. N., ii. 6.) brock" (brok), n. [Shetland bruck, < ME. 'brok broamt, «. [Origin obscure; perhaps a mis- v 'ccoli7broT'6-H^^^^^ of broccolo, a (not found) < AS. o^broc, neut. a piece, a print.] Apparently, a spirit or goblm ™^4bb4e°-sp;out, liim' ^ ^'^^^^\^fJ:'''lk^ffZkeG^^^^ The approach of the suns radiant beams expelleth gob. ^ ' (j^otl see broach.] One of the many (=^^HG. brocco, MHG. b>ocle,h. bwckeu m.. Urn. bugbeam, hobthruslies, broams. screech-owl mates, ,.„^^f|' ""^ ^L nnininnii cabbaee (Brasfica ole- = Dan. brokkc = Goth. ' Quineey, Style, 1. H. 1. A gigantic person. .Hally !" Bcreamcil the ISrobdinfinagian, " what hodroonu Broccoli {Frassica oleracfa, v.ir.). It tractod into a depressed fleshy edible head is closely similar to the cauliflower. broch (broch), n. Same as brough". brochan (l)roch'an), «. [Gael. Ir. brochan, por- ridge, gruel.] Oatmeal boiled in water; thick porridge. [Scotland and Ireland.] brochant (bro'sliant), 0. [P., ppr. of brocher, h, etc. : see linicailc] In /»/'., lying "ver 6)-icA-l, fcmcA-l, etc. ; cf. also brocklc] A piece; a fragment. [Prov. Eiig. and Scotch.] brock- (b*k), r. t. [Also brok, = OHG. bro- rlion. brockon, MHG. G. brocken = Dan. brokkc, break, crumble; from the noun.] To break, crumble, or cut into bits or shreds. [Scotch.] brock-'t, '■• '. [ME. brokkcn, perhaps a secon- dary form of brckcn (pp. broken), break. Cf. brn'ck'^.] To cry out; murmur; complain: a word of somewhat uncertain meaning, found only in the two passages nuoted. What helptll hyt the ci-okke That livs lis] to feltlie lllltlil ydo, Ave laiiiiinstl tlie crokkere to hrokke, "Why niadest tliou me soV" iri7(i■ 1^ "• "•^"'' 1'.'' '/ brockf' (brok), » 1. A silken fabric variegaU'd with gold and fcr»dw/iw, |)rojecling (of teeth), liaviiigl.ro,)e< 1- ■ ingteeth(of uninuils): K6efcnr having raised flowers, foliage, and oIli.T ornamontH: alHO applied to other stuffM wn.ii<_'bt ,ind enriched in like manner. A . 1 , .iill .,f faded Imicade. Irving. 2. .\ ; n lof bronze-powderuscdfordocorating. brocaded br«Vka'ded), a. 1. Woven or worked into n l.rM.-;iri(,. /;.. .vi«f^ in brocade.— 3. Dcconit^'d with (I" ■ , in relief: as, a broratlcil silk. I I '.. I'reiich hriirh^,] brocade rtn«;ll n.ri.-kftd'»liel), ii. A name given to Itiiiii.i (iiiifiriijihicuif one of tho eoiio-»hell», I'lie cnrU'r uniol anil cryde as ho wore wod, lljiyt brok, liayt sent. Chaiicrr, Friar's Tale, 1. 246. [Appar. a var. of bruck, q. v.] The name of an insect. Halliwcll. [Prov. ciasKifieatioirof mammals, a tribe or Hubord.T brOCk" (brok), n. [IVrliai.s another use of ^coc/,!, II badger.] 1. A iiig.— 2. Swill for feed- North of lieliind. ■ of his Diiiliidnnliii, eorresponding to the I'arhii- tlirmiita, herbivorous Citiiciii, ami Uoilcnlin of Ciivier: so called from usunlly liuviiig iiersix- tently growing tiilli, as (he lUHks of the cli'- jihant or the incisors of a rodent, or project ing tiishoH, as lhoK(' of the swine anil liippopoliiIiinH. Illvtii dlvldid biK lln-rt„llil Into frnbn.rulrn. 11.,,1,-Hh.i Cl'„>ri^llii (Kwliii). anil Siirniia iSirrniil). three ol wbl. b lull .Ac-.i.lhig I'h.rri^li'i) lire now reiognlwd onliiK ••! MrnniiKiliii : lint till- iinTiH- l« ii"l In "«e. brochate (brd'kiil), n. |< NL. brochaluM. hav- ing projecting leolh. < L. brochuK, bmrrhiis. broccwi, projecting (of tooth), having projccl- cpigs. IJ ck' (brok brocfc""(briA(), n. Sliorl- for brocket. brock'^ (brok), n. (Possibly short ened from l'rorroli.\ A cabbage. (I'l'ov. lOng. 1 brock" (brok), n. A variant of lo-oiigli'i. brockage (brok'aj), «. [A|>)mr. < brock- + -age.^ In inimix.,H\\ imiierfeet colli. Ml lioiiertect coins, curiously teniuHl brocknnm. nro |,i,l,,.,| ,„il, ■ Urc, "let., 111. .II"- brocket (brok'ot), «. [< Dan. brogct, older form 'lirokri, imrly-i'olored : se<' brock^.] \ n- brocket negated; having a mixture of blaok or other color and -wliite : applied chiefly to catth'. [Scotcli.] Also bracked, lirokcd, and broakit. brocket (brok'et), )(. [< ME. broket, substituted forF. briieart, now broquart, a brocket, so named from having but one tine to his Iiorn, < OF. broc, F. broche, dial, broc, a syiit, broach, etc., a tine of a stag's horn; cf. OF. broquet, dim. of hroc, as above. Cf. E. pricket, < prick, a point, etc., and G. spiesser, a brocket, < spiess = E. spit^.] 1. A red deer two years okl ; a pricket. The term has been used (in the plural) by some natural- ists tu desijjnate a group of the deer family. 2. Any deer of South America of the genus Cariacus. The red brocket is C. rufus of Brazil ; the wood-tjrocket, C. nemorivagus. brock-faced (brok'f ast), a. Having a white lon- gitudinal mark down the face, Mke a badger. brockisht (brok'ish), a. [< brcick^ + -fs/il.] Like a brock or badger ; beastly ; brutal : as, 'U>rt)ckish boors," Bp. Bale, English Votaries, i. brockle (brok'l), a. and n. [E. dial., also bruekle, var. of brickie, < ME. brekel, broke!, briikel : see brickie, and cf. broclfi, ».] I. a. 1 . Same as brickie. — 2. Apt to break through a field: said of cattle. [Prov. Eng.] Il.t »■ Broken pieces ; fragments; rubbish. brockram (brok'ram), ». Calcareous breccia derived from the waste of the carboniferous limestones, occurring in the north of England, in sandstones of Permian age, and especially well developed in the valley of the Edeu. [North. Eng.] brod (brod), «. [Sc, < Icel. broddr, a spike; cf. Gael. It. brod, a goad, prickle, sting : see brad, andcf.prorf.] 1. A sharp-pointed instrument. — 2. A prick with such an instrument; hence, an incitement ; instigation. brod (brod), I', t. or (. ; pret. and pp. broddcd, ppr. broddiiig. [< ferarf, «.] To prick ; spur ; pierce ; prod : often used figuratively. [Scotch.] broddle (brod'l), v. t. ; pret. and pp. broddled, ppr. broddling. [E. dial., freq. of brod, t'.] To prick ; pierce ; make holes in. brodekin, brodequin (brod 'kin), n. [< F. brodcijiiin, earlier "brosequiii, broiisequin = It. bor::iiccliiiio = Sp. borcegui, formerly borzegui, bos-cgiii, bolzequin = Pg. borzeguin, < MD. bro- sekeit, brosken, broosken, buskin: see biiskin.'] A buskin or half-boot. [Obsolete or rare.] Instead of shoes and stockings, a pair of buskins or brodekins. Echard, Hist. Eng. brodellf, brodel^t. See brothen, brothel'^. brodert, broderert. See broider, broiderer. Brodie's disease, joint. See the noims. broellat (bro-erii), ». [Mh.; OF. broueUe.J A coarse kind' of cloth, used for the ordinary dresses of countrymen and the monastic clergy in the middle ages. Fairholt. brogl (brog), n. [Sc, < Gael, brog, a shoemakers' awl: see broach.^ 1. A pointed instrument, as a shoemakers' awl; a joiners' awl. — 2. A small stick used in catching eels. [North. Eng.] — 3. A jab with a sharp instrument. [Scotch.] brogl (brog), !'. t. ; pret. and pp. brogged, ppr. bragging. [< brogl, n. ; cf. Gael, brog, spur, stimulate, goad, and see prog.] 1. To prick with an awl or other shai'p-pointed insti-ument ; push or thrust, as an instrument: as, to brog leather. [Scotch.] Broggiitg an elshiu through bend leather, Scott^ Heart of Midlothian, v. 2. To catch (eels) by means of small sticks called brogs. [North. Eng.] brog''^ (brog), n. [Sc. also brogue, perhaps a particular use of brog^, 2 ; but cf . Icel. brugg, a scheming, machination, lit. a brewing, < brugga, brew, concoct: see ftrcipl.] A trick. brog-^ (brog), «. [Perhaps an altered form of i";/l; but cf. ML. brogilus, etc., a thicket, G. briilil, a marshy place overgrown with bushes, under broil^.'i A swampy or bushy place. Hall i well. [North. Eng.] brog'*t, >'. A variant of brogue'^. brogan (bro'gan or bro-gan'), n. [Cf. Gael. brOgan, pi. of brog : see brogue^.'\ 1. A form of half -boot in which the part covering the instep is undivided, and broad side-flaps meet above the instep-piece, and are tied by strings. — 2. A boat >ised on Chesapeake Bay. [Local, U. S.] broggerite (breg'er-it), ■«. [After the Norwe- gian mineralogist W. C. Brdgger.l A mineral allied to uraninite, and consisting largely of uranium oxid. brogglet (brog'l), V. i. [Freq. of brog"^, v., q. v.] 1. To pierce ; prick. [Scotch.] — 2. To fish for eels by troubling the water. Wright. Ancient Irish Brogues. broggourt. A Middle English variant of broker. brogue' (brog), n. [8c. brng, brogue, < Gael. Ir. brog, a shoe, Gael, also a hoof. The Viroguo was made of rough hide ; it was regarded as char;ic.(.crislic of the wilder Irish, and ho the name came to designate their maimer of speaking English.] 1. Formerly, in Ireland, a shoo made of rawhide, with the hair outward, reaching as far as the ankle and tied by thongs. — 2. A similar foot-covering worn by the Scotch Highlanders, but commonly made of deer-hide, either freshly stripped oif or half dried, and having holes to allow water to escape. To shun the clash of foeman's flteel No Highland brogue has turned the heel. Scott, Nora's Vow. .Some [of the new captains and lieutenants] had been so used to wear brogues that they stumbled and shuftled about strangely in their military jack-boots. Macaulay, Hist. Kng., vi. 3. A smooth piece of wood worn on the foot in the operation of washing tin, when the ore is in fine particles. — 4. A dialectal manner of pronunciation : especially used of the mode of pronoimcing English peculiar to the Irish. In the House of Coramons, the Scotch accent and the Irish bnigue may be often heard. Quarterhj Hcv. brogue- (brog), n. A variant of brog^. Burns. brogues (brogz), n. pi. Same as breeches. [Prov. Eng.] broidt (broid), V. [< ME. broyden, browden, etc., variants (due to the pp. broden, broaden) of breiden, braiden, braid : see braid^, and cf. broider.'i Same as braid^. Hire yolwe heer was browdad [var. broyded, breided] in a trease. Chaucer, Knight's Tale, 1, 19L broider (broi'der), v. t. [Early mod. E. also brouder, browder, brauder, broder; < ME. broic- dren, brauderen, confused ■with (as if freq. tonus of) broyden, broioden (early mod. E. broid, broud, var. forms of braid'^ : see braicU, broud, browd), but prop. var. forms of borduren, bordcren, E. border, v. (after broidery, broudcry, q. v.) ; nit. < F. brtider, usually border (= Sp. Pg. bor- dar = It. bordare, < ML. *bordare), adorn with needlework, prop, work on the edge, < bord, border, edge, welt, or hem of a garment, etc. : aee border 'And board. Ci. embroider.'] To adoni with figures of needlework, or by sewing on ornaments; embroider: as, "a broidered coat," Ex. xxviii. 4. [Obsolete or poetical.] A red sleeve Broider'd with pearls. Tennyson, Lancelot and Elaine. Buff coats all frounced and broidered o'er. Scott, L. of L. SI., iv. 15. broiderer (broi'der-er), «. [< ME. broiderere, brouderere, browderere; < broider + -fcl.] One who embroiders; an embroiderer. [Rare.] broideress (broi'dSr-es), n. [< broider + -ess.] A woman who embroiders; an embroideress. Hood. [Rare.] broidery (broi'der-l), «. ; pi. broideries (-iz). [< ME. broiderye, broideric, broudery, broicdrye, < OF. brodcrie, broidery, < broder, broider, bor- der: see 6ro«?(?r. Ct. embroidery.] Embroidery; ornamental needlework -wrought upon cloth. [Obsolete or poetical.] The frail bluebell peereth over Rare broid'nj of the purple clover. Tennyson, A Dirge. broignet, »• [OF., also broinge, brugne, brunie. ML. brouia, brunia, of Teut. origin, < AS. byrm: etc., a cuirass* see byrnie.] In the early mid- dle ages, a defensive garment made by sew- ing rings or plates of metal upon leather or woven stuff. For this was substituted the hauberk of mail by tluise persons who could afford the expense ; but the broi^ne, wllich could be manufactured at home or by any person who could sew strongly, was in use among the peasantry, and even among foot-soldiers, at least as late as the fourteenth century. - -.rr^ broill (broil), r. [= Sc. brotlyie, brulyic, < ME. broilen, < OF. hruiller, broil, grill, roast, < bruir in same senses (F. brouir, blight), < MHG. briiejeu, briien, scald, singe, burn, G. bnihen, scald (= MLG. brogen, broien, brugen, scald, cook = MD. broeijcH, scald, D. broeijen, hatch, brood, breed, soak, grow hot), < MHG. irnejc, 6. briihe = MD. broeije, broth, < Teut. V *i»'o, warm, heat. Cf. brce^, brewis, and see drooi/i.] I trans. To cook by the direct action of heat over or in front of a clear fire, generally upon a gi-idii'on, as meat or fish. brokage He cowde route and sethc and broUle and (rio. Cliaucer, (Jen. J'rol. U> C. T., 1. 383. II. intrans. 1. To be subjected to the action of heal, as meat over a fire. Hence — 2. Figu- ratively, to be greatly heated; be heated to the point of great discomfort. Ood save you, sir ! Where have you been broiltnijf ,S'/ia*., Hen. VIII., Iv.l. 3. To fret; stew; be very impatient. He In-aikd with Impatience to put his design in exe- cution. Stcnu:, Iristram Shandy, 11. 6. broil''' (broil), «. [In the earliest use known, Lord Bemers's translation of FroisHurt, vol. ii. c. 140 (152,0), the word is spelled breull, appar. < OF. 'breul, 'breuit, 'broil, a tmnult, broil (= It. broglio, Olt. also brolto, hroggio (I'lorio), confusion, tumult, rising, revolt), a verbal noun, agreeing with the newly formed mod. F. brouille ( > early mod. E. broilly, Sc. brulyic), disagree- ment, misunderstanding, falling out (cf. OF. brouilliz, brouiltis, quarrel, contention, discord, confusion), < OF. brouiller. rnod. F. brouiller (= Pr. brolhnr = OSp. hrollar = Pg. brolhar= It. brogliarc, Olt. also brollare), confuse, jumble, trouble, mar, spoil, otc.,prob. orig. entangle an in a thicket (cf. E. Broyl, tlie name of a wood in Susse-x), < breul, brcuil, broil (= Pr. bruelh, m. ; also OF. bruclle = Pr. bruiUia = Pg. brulhu, f.), a thicket, grove, wood, forest (agree- ing with the assumed forms cited above in the sense of 'tumult, confusion'), = It. bruolo, a kitchen-garden, brolo, an orchard, Olt. broilo, brollo, a garden, < ML. broilug, brolium, bro- gilus, also broct, a wood, forest, park, deer- gark^ also a field, meadow, orchard, jirob. < H(jr. 'broil, MHG. briiel, G. briihl, a marshy place overgrown with bushes : a word of un- known origin. Cf. E. dial. (North.) brog, a swampy or bushy place.] An angry tumult; a noisy quarrel ; contention ; discord. But Cassanes retyring into Persia t^> itacifle new broUts, the Sultan recouered ttie same. J'urchajt, Pilgrimage, p. 281. Your intestine broiU Weakening the sceptre of old Night. Milton, P. L., U. loot. And deadly feud, or thirst of spoil, Break out in some unseendy broil. Scott, Marmion, L 20. = Syn. Affray, Altercation, eitjc. See guarreli, n. broil^t, r. i. [< broil^, n. Cf. etnbroil-.] To raise a broil; quarrel; brawl. broil-' (bril), H. [Also -written bnjle; origin un- certain.] In mining, a collection of loose frag- ments, usually discolored by oxidation, resting on the surface, and indicating the presence of a mineral vein beneath. See outcrop and gos- san. [Cornwall, Eng.] broiler! (broi'li-r), h. [< broift + -^rl.] 1. One who or that which broils ; any device for broiling meats or fish. — 2. A chjcken fit fop broiling. — 3. A liot day. See broiling. broiler-t (broi'ler), n. [< broil", v., + -y brokacie. Ma9^nger, Duke of Milan, ilL 2. Msirriage brokage. See marria'je. brokei (.brok). Preterit and (with hrol-en) past participle of breal: brokeM, ». [A var. of bracH, q. v.] A breach. Broke for brote, eye for eye, and tooth for tooth. Becon, Works, ii. iH. (Danes.) broke2 (brok), r. i.; pret. and pp. broled. ppr brok from J , not found in this sense, bee broker and brokage.'i 1. To ti-ansact business for another in trade ; act as agent in bn^-ing and selling and other commercial business; carry on the business of a broker. — 2t. To act as a go- between or procurer in love matters; pimp. And brukes with .ill that can in such a suit Corrupt the tender honour of a maid. Shak., .\ns Well, iii. 5. We do want a certain necessary woman to broke between them, Cupiil said. Fanshauv. 3t. To transact business by means of an agent. But the gains of bargains are of a more doubtful nature ; when men shall wait upon others' necessity, broke by ser- vants and instruments to draw them on, . . . .-md the like practices. Bacon, Riches. broke^t, «. An obsolete form of brook^. broke^t, f. t. A Middle English form of brook^. broked, «■ See brocket. [Scotch.] broken (bro'ku), p. a. [Pp. of break; < ME. i!»ro- keii, often shortened to broke, < AS. broceii, < bre- can, break: see break.'] 1. Not integral or en- tire ; fractional : opposed to round, as applied to numbers. This new-created income of two millions win probably furnish SCte.ooo (I avoid broken numbers). Burke. 2. Rough ; intersected with hills and valleys or ravines : applied to the sm-face of a country or district.— 3. Bankrupt. — 4. Imperfect: un- grammatical; wanting in fluency or correct- ness of pronunciation : as, broken French. Break thy mind to me in broken English. Shak., Hen. V., v. 2, 6'J2 ness of heart, the state of having the spirits crushed by grief or despair ; abject mental misery. Helpless, hopeless brokenne^s o.f heart. Bi/ron, Corsair, iii. 22. Xor was this submission the effect of content, but of mere stupefaction and broken»e^.< o.f heart. The iron had entered iiito his soul. Macaitlay, Hist. Eng., xvii, broken-winded (bro'kn-win'ded), a. Having short breath or disordered respiration, as a horse. See broken icintl, under wind". broker (ML. re- brueoiir (AF. with prefix, AF. bromlite with six bromine atoms. It crystallizes in yel- low needles. bromate (bro'mat), n. [< brom(ine) + -«ff 1.] A salt formed Viy the combination of bromic acid with a basi'. bromatography (bro-ma-tog'ra-fi), «. [< Gr. iJfiiJua(T-), food, + -)pu(j>ia, < ■jpd(petv, write, de- scribe.] A description of foods. Also bro- mofiraplni and bromatoloiiij. broinatoiogy (bro-ma-toro-ji), «. [< Gr. lipS>- iia{r-). food, + -/oj la, < '/.iysir, speak: see -ology.1 Same as bromatograjili!/. abrocour, ML. abroeator, with a corresponding brome (broni), h. [< Gr. i^pufioc, a stench: see verb, AP. «fcroAfC, ML. "oftrocaiT (alsoin dcriv. ' ^ ^ ^' '"'" " abrocameniiim : see abbrochment), act as a bro- ker); prob. of LG. origin: MLG. briiker, a bro- ker, ^ East Fries, broker, a broker (scliijis-broker, a ship-broker) ; prob. orig. ' one who uses, oc- cupies, manages'; cf. MD. broke, brni/ck, breuk, D. gebruik, use, custom (MLG. brukinijc. use, usufruct), = OHG. bruh, G. branch, custom, ge- branch, custom, use, emploj-ment, etc., = Dan. brng = Sw. bruk, use, employment, custom, trade, business; fi'om the verb, MD. brnijckcn, ghebrnycken, D.gchrnikcn, use, possess, = MLG. brnken, use, need, reii. use, have to do with, = OHG. briMien, MHG. hrnchen, G. brnnchen, use, need, = AS. brucan, ME. bruken, broukcn, bro- ken, use, possess, enjoy, digest, mod. E. brook, endm-e: see brook-. The F. brocanttr, deal in second-hand goods, is prob. of the same origin.] 1. A middleman or agent who. for a commis- sion or rate per cent, on the value of the trans- action, negotiates for others the purchase or sale of stocks, bonds, commotlities, or property of any kind, or who attends to the doing of some- thing for another. Brokers are of several kinds, ac- cording to the particular branch of business to which their attention is confined, as stock-brokers, exchancje-brokers, bill-brokers, cotton-brokers, ship-brokers, etc. See these words. Tom Folio is a broker in learning, employed to get to- gether good editions, and stock the libraries of great men. Adiiison, Tom Folio. One who lends money on pledges, or lets out bromine.'] Same as bromine. brome-grass (l>r6m'gras), «. [< brome, E. for XL. Vj'niwK.s-, + grass.] A common name for grasses of the genus Broniu.'i, of which there are about 40 species widely distributed, chiefly through the northern temperate zone. They are nearly allied to the fescue-grasses (/■Vrfiica), but are mostly coai-sc, and of comparatively little value. Chess or cheat (B. sccalimts) and Schrader's brome-grass (B. unioloides) have been cultivated as annual forage-grasses. Also, cor- ruptly, braorti-flra.^s. Bronielia(br6-me'li-a), «. [NL., named for Olaf Jlronnl. a Swedish botanist (UWO-lTOo).] A genus of American tropical plants, of the luit- ural order Bromeliacen, including four or five species having rigid, spiny-margined leaves closely packed upon a short stem. The wild i)ine- appU' ( /,'. I'iti'iiifit t isLiften used as a hedge-plant, and yicUis w iiat i^ kiii'wn a--^ piiiguin fiber. The istle-grjiss of Mexico (/>'. stilr<-stris) iiroduces an excellent fiber. Bromeliacese (bro-me-li-a'se-e), n. pi. [NL., < liromcUa + -ace(C.] A natural order of endo- genous plants, with inferior ovary, allied to the Amarijllidaceec, but with only three of the divisions of the perianth resemT)ling petals, and the rigid leaves ofteu sciu-fy and sjiiny. The species are all natives of tropical or subtropical re- gions of .-\nuTiea, and many "f them are epiphytes. The order includes tlie i»incai>ple {Atuinas) and sonic valuable fiber-plants of the genera Bromelia and Karatas. The other UKU-e important genera are Tillandsia (to which the Spanisli moss of the southern Vidted States belongs). Pit' cainiia, ^Eehmea, and BHlber..iUh.i — Broken meat, victuals, fragments of food. — Broken music, music played on har]>s, guitars, and other iiistnmients oii which the chords are usually played us arpeggios. Fair prince, here is good broken muxic. Shak., T. and C, iii. 1. Broken voyage, in whaie-fiskinti, an unproiltabic voy. atfi". or a losing voyage. C .V. .SV'iukiioh, .Vlarine Mam- mals ((ilossary). p. ":» c biinn.l -Broken Wind. Sec mill/-', broken-backed (lin'i'kn-bnkt), a. [ME. broke- bakkiil.] 1. Hnviiig the back broken, in any sense of the noun back: as, a broken-backed book. Vellow. thilliibed, ilevaslateil by (lies and time, stained with «|>olH iif oil and vnriilsli. brokcn-lmckeil, dog's-eared . a sorry lazar-honse copy, which no bookstall-keeper goods hi/droli .] The price of these hir'd clothes 1 do not know, geutlemen ! Vrnmioa (lo-ri'mi nsl n ■ iil br Those jewels are the broker's, how you stand bound for DromiaS lo nu as), «. , Pl- '" 'em! fVcrJ/ie--, Wildgoose Chase, iv. 1. a-de/.). [Gr. ,Vo//(nf, a large cup.] luarehaol Same as liydrobromate. ■oiniades (bro-mi'- 3t. A pimp or procurer ; a pander. May lie, you locik'd I slionbl jietition to you, As you went to your horse ; flatter your servants. To play the brokers for my furtherance. Fletcher (and another). Queen of Corinth, i. 2. Heuce. broker, lacknyl ignomv and shame rursue thy life. .SViiiJ-., T. and C, v, 11. [Some editions read brokir-tackei/.] Broker's note, a bought or s.ihl mite ; a voucher deliv- er.-d )iy a broker to his itrinei]i:il eoiitaiiiing particulars of a sale or Jiurcliase,— CUStOm-hOUSe broker. See rii,.-- (oiii-ZuiiMc— Street broker, "i curbstone broker, a stock-broker "li" is n.it a nieiiiber , KMiiy«, p, 1(H, broken-hearted (Viro'kn-hilr'ted), «. Having 'I < ciiitH depressed or cruslied by grief or 'li " iitmotohlndiipthetrrolirnAmrri'if. Isa. Ixl, I. brokenly I liro'kn-li), «''r. 1. In a liroken, in- terropi-l iiiiinner; without regularity. — 2, In It. • < , ifoot language. I' <..iini|ly with your Knnch heart. I ,. ,47 you coiifcM It brnkenht with your O. A. Sata, Ifiitch Pictures, broking (bro'king), /). fppr. of brokel^, v.] ijik-ii-i, broken nesH -ntM.] I I • iiri'. 'kn-nes), iile of being Shak., Ili^ii. \ n. r< broken bro r< bi Ki-ri. + Broken - 1. Kiigiigeil US a broker. — 2. rerlaiuing to the business of a broker or a pawnbroker. Kcdecni from broking pawn the blcmish'd crown. .SViaJ-., Hlch. II., II. 1. 3. Pandering; ))iiiiping. Is t yon, Sir I'lindarus, the Imkinii knight of Troy? .MiMlilon, llliirt, MiwIcrConstalile, II, 1. brokkef. See brock^, brork'-f, etc. broma ( hro'mil), H. [< (ir. /V'y"'i ^ood, < flijipi'.'- auriv, "Jil aor. i /"f/iui', eat ; cf . jioptt, food, L. rorare, devour, from the same root.] 1. Aliment. — 2. A )>rei)arulion from cocoa-seeds or -beans, used in deeoelion as a beverage. bromal (liro'innl). H. |< brom(inr) +al(eobol).] .\ loMiiioiinil (('IbviCDlOolilnined by (lie iieliori of broniiiK^ on alcohM)de- rogen ii cu]) or drinking-vessel of the type of the scy- phus, but of larger size. bromic (bro'niik), «. \ and iodine. It is a dark-re. Idish luiui.l, opiiiiuo cxcejit in thin layers, sparingly soliil.l.- in water, bin iiig K specillc gravity .if ll-llt at :fi K It is volatile, and eniita at oriilimry teniiieralures re.l.iish vapors which luive a ptiwerfnl siilfocatiiig odor, iin.l iir.- intensely irriliiliiig to the mucous membrane. When droppe.l .m the skin, bro- mine prodiu'cs corrosive sores- It is not fonii.l native, tint oecui-s combine. 1 with bases In very minute i|naii(itle8 In sea-water an. I the iislies .if murine plants, ami in larger amount in .-ertahi nilneriil springs. Some ores of silver also contain hroniine ill eonibinatioii. With li,vdrogen br..iiilne forms liy.lrobr.nnic uel.l (Illir), nu.l with liromlno or hy.lrolir.iniic neid most metals toriii coniponn.ls called broiiildi-s, wlileli are extensively used in me.liciiic. llro- mine It-si'lf Is also used iiie.liclually in very dilute solu. ti..lis. .VlK...all.'.l brome, brominism (bro'min-izm), n. [< bromine + -i-vHi.l Slime as bronii.ini. bromise, >: l. See bromide. bromism (hro'inizm), H. [< brom(ine) + -ism.'] A diseiised loindition ]iroduced by excessive use of bromides. It Is eliaiii.'l.-ri/.-d by somnoleiico. weakness. if mill. I an. I iiielinil-y- c.»nfiis.-.l m| -Ii, feelileana stagg.-ring gait, iliil.iih-e.l seliHcs, .iinilliishe.l r.'lle-\ ex.'ltft- bllllv- suppression ..f sexual liis(ln.-l, .■ni|ilioii ..n 111.' sUIn, li, III, II, ■.si.dli.'li. '1111, catarrh, el.-, Also.iill.'.l/oioiiiiimii. bromite (liro'iuil ), h. Hamo us bronii/rile. bromize (Iiro'miz), f. t.\ (irel. mid )iii. bromined, |i|ir. hriiiiii:ing. |< hroin(inr) + -i-i.] In jdio- liiil.. Ill |iiepiire or treat willi a bromide. Also Hpelled lironii.se. bromlite (hroiu'lit), ». f< llnniilri/ (j'.roniley Hill iiiCiiiiilierlnii.I. I'liiglaiid) -t- -ilr-.\ A cur- bromlite bonate of barium and calcium in orthorhombic crystals, iiitermodiate betweoii witlierite and strontiaiiito. Also called alstnnitc. bromochloralum (br6"m6-kl6'ra-lura), )i. A solution of the chlorid and bromide of alumin- ium, frequently used as a disinfectant. bromoform (bro'mo-form), )i. [< broi>i(inc) + -form, as in chloroform, q. v.] A colorless lim- pid liquid of agreeable odor, formed by the action of bromine and potassium Iiydrate on wood-spirit or ordinary alcoliol. It is analo- gous to chloroform, but contains bromine in ))l:icc of chlorine. > bromogelatin (br6"m6-iera-tki), a. Formed from or prepared with certain bromides to- gether witli silver nitrate and gelatin, as the sensitive emulsions used for preparing dry plates in photographic work. See cmulmon and iier. bromography (bro-mog'ra-fi), «. [< Gr. fl/)ufia, food, -t- -) paf ia, < ypdipeiv, wi'ite.] Same as iro- matdi/riiiilii). bromo-iodized (br6"m6-i'9-dizd), a. Impreg- nateil with bromides and iodides, as the collo- dion plate used in the wet process of photog- raphy. bromuret (bro'mu-ret), «. [< hrom{ine) + -nrct.] Same as bromide. bromureted (bro'mu-ret-ed), a. [< hromtiret + -ed'-^.] Impregnated or combined with bromine. Bromus (bro'mus), n. [NL. (L. hromos in Pliny), < Ur. /ip6/io(, also jjop/iog, a kind of oats, from same root as fiopd, food, and jipufia, food : see broma.'] A genus of grasses; the brome- grass (which see). bromjrrite (bro'mi-rit), n. [< hrom(ide) + {art/)y- ritc] Native silver bromide, of a yellowish- green color, occurring at Huelgoat in Brittany, in Mexico, and in Chili, accompanying other ores of silver. Sometimes called bromite and bromie silver. bronchi, ». Plural of bronchus. broncllia (brong'ki-a), n.pl. [LL., < Gr. ftpdy- Xia, the bronchial tubes, in sing, jipdyx'ov, equiv. to jipdyxoc, the windpipe ; cf . (ipdyxia, the gills : see branchice.'] The bronchial tubes. See bron- chial. bronchial (brong'ki-al), a. [< bronchia + -oi.] Belonging to the bronchi or the bronchia. — Bronchial arteries, br.iiiches of the tlmrucic aorta ac- I'miipanyiii!,' tlir iii'nnchial tubes.— Bronchial glands. Set- ///'f/if/.- Bronchial hemorrliage. Sunie as bro7i- r!i'>iir/iH>rr!iii[/i, bind, tie.] A membrane which imites the bronchi of birds to some extent. The membrane . . . which was termed by Garrod the bronchidesmutf is complete in the storks. Beddard, Proc. Zool. .Soc, June, 1886, p. 321. bronchiectasic (brong"ki-ek-tas'ik), a. [< bron- chivctasis + -ic ; prop. *bronchiectatic.'\ Like or pertaining to bronchiectasis. bronchiectasis (brong-ki-ek'ta-sis), m. [NL., < Gr. jifio) xtc, bronchial tubes, + cnraai^, exten- sion, < cKTeiveiv = L. exten-d-ere, extend.] In pa thol. , dilatation of the bronchial tubes as pro- duced in phthisis and chronic bronchitis. bronchiole (brong'ki-61), n. [< broncliiolus.'] A small Virouchial tube. bronchiolus (brong-ld'o-lus), n. ; pi. bronchioli (-li). [NL., dim. of bronchus, q. v.] A bron- chiole. bronchiostenosis (brong-ki-os-te-no'sis), n. [NL., < Gr. )ip6yxia, the bronchial tubes, + arivuffi^j contraction, < orevovi', contract, nari'ow, < BTcvdc, narrow.] lapathol., contraction of a bronchus or a bronchial tube. bronchitic (brong-kit'ik), a. [< bronchitis + -ic.'] Pertaining to or of the natui-e of bronchitis. bronchitis (brong-ki'tis), n. [NL., < bronchus, wiiKlpipe (see bronchia), -h -itit,:'] In pathol., an inflniiimation of the bronchial membrane. It is a complaint of very frequent oecmTence, and may be acute or chronic Capillary bronchitis, inflammatii)n involving the niiuute broncliial tubes. broncho, «. See bronco. bronchocele (brong'ko-sel or -se'le), n. [< Gr. jipri) xnnr/'Ar/, a tumor in the throat, < fipdyxoc, the windpipe, -I- K//Ar/, a tumor.] Same asfjoiier. bronchohemorrhagia (brong " ko - hem -6 -ra'- ji-a), n. [NL., < Gr. 0p6yxoc, windpipe, + a'lfiop- 693 payla, hem orrliage. ] A term proposed by Andral for the exudation of blood from tlie lining rucni- braiKi of t li(> bi-oncliial tubes, commonly called bronchial hcmorrliaf/c. bronchophonic (brong-ko-fon'ik), a. Per- taining lo or (jf tlic nature of bronchophony. bronchophony (broiig-kot'o-ni),ji. i<(}t. fipiiy- X'li;, the vvinilpipo, -I- i^wi'c),' voice.] In pathol., an abnormal sound of the voice heard in aus- cultalion of the chest. It is loud, near, and tlirilling, but not so distinctly articulated as in iieclin'iloquy. bronchopneumonia (brong"k6-nu-m6'ni-ii), «. [NL., < Gr. fyii'jyxt":, the windpipe, + NL. jiinu- monia, q. v.] hi pathol., intlammation of the hmg-substauce, associated with and usually secondary to inflammation of the mucous mem- brane of the smaller Ijronehial tubes. Also called catarrhal and lobular pneumonia. bronchopneumonitis (brong-ko-nii-mo-ni'tis). It. [As hniiichoi'iicumonia + -His.] Same as bronrhojmruiiatnia. bronchorrhagia (bron^-ko-ra'ji-a), n. [NL., < Gr. lipoyxoi:, the windpipej + -payia, < pr/yvlivai, break, burst.] In pathol., hemorrhage from the bronchial tubes. bronchorrhoea (brong-ko-re'ii), «. [NL., < Gr. ppoyxoi:, tlie windpipe, 4- poia, a flowing, flux, < }>dv, flow.] In pathol., copious exudation from the bronchial tubes. bronchostenosis (biong-ko-ste-no'sis), «. [NL., < Gr. lipiiyxnr, t he windpipe, + arivuciq, constric- tion: see liroiicliioatciiosis.'] In pathol., con- striction of a bronchus. bronchotome ( brong' ko-tom), n. [< Gr. Iip6y- Xo^, the windpipe, + To/i(5f, cutting, verbal adj. of Tsfiveiv, Ta/ieiv, cut.] In surrj., an instru- ment for making the incision into the larjaix or trachea in the operation of bronchotomy. There are many forms. bronchotomy (brong-kot'o-mi), «. [< Gr. ftpdy- I'of, the windpipe, + To/ita, late form of Toftf/, a cutting, < Tepveiv, rapelv, cut; of. anatomi/.i In surg.,the act of making an incision into the windpipe or larynx, usually for the purpose of affording a passage for ah" into and out of tlie lungs when any disease or accident hinders respiration by the ^lsual channels, or to extract foreign bodies which have lodged in thetrachea. The operation is called tracfieotoniT/' when tlie opening is made into the tracliea, and laryngotomy when made into the laryiix. bronchotracheal (brong-ko-tra'kf-al), a. [< bronchus + trachea + -al.] Situated partly in the bronchi and partly in the trachea: specifi- cally applied to the sj-rinx of oligomyodian or haploophonous birds, which is usually of this character. Also trncheobronchial. bronchus (brong'kus), n. ; pi. bronchi (-ki). [NL., < Gr. jlpoyxoc, the windpipe: see bron- chia.] Either of the two main branches of the trachea: also sometimes used to denote any small bronchial tube. See tracliea, lung, and eut under thorax. bronco (brong'ko), n. [Commonly, but incor- rectly, spelled broncho; appar. a particular ap- plication of Sp. bronco, rough, rude, stm-dy, crusty, crabbed, morose, = Pg. bronco, rough, rude, coarse, awkward.] On the northwestern plains of the United States, an unbroken or imperfectly broken horse, usually a mustang or Indian pony. In an It. bronzino, bronzed), bronze; perhaps, as some suppose, altered through Rom. intiuence from anoiig. "brunilinm, neut. of brunitius, prop. adj., brown, but found only as a noun (also- brunicu.i), applied to a horse, < brunus (> It. bruno, F. bran, etc.), brown, < OHG. brun = AS. brun, E. brown : see brown, and cf. burnish.] L n. 1. An aUoy of which coijper forms the jire- domiuating portion, and into the composition of which tin almost always enters : but the name is also given to aUoys containing no tin. Tlie proportion of copper in vaVious bronzes is usually lietween so and 90 per cent. ; in some it falls as low as 70. The proportion of tin in the bronzes of different .agea and those used for various purjwwes is almost a« vart.ible as tliat of copper. Bronze used for l>ells has the largest amount of tin ; in some it reaches i'i i>er cent- llie bronze formerly used for cannon contained about 10 i>er cent, of tin and often a small amount of zinc. Statuary bronze is, and has been from the beginning of its use for the pur- pose, of very varialile coniposilioiL In some statuarx called bronze there is less than 1 per cent, of tin. while zinc is present in sufHcient quantity almost to justify calling the material brass. The zinc in various pieces of statuary cast witliin the past two or three hundred years, and erected in some of the principal cities of Europe. varies in (juantity from less than 1 per cent, to 25. Lead is present in many tironzes, )>ut usually in small amount, rarely lieiiig as much as ;i per cent. Bronze is an alloy of ilnporUince to Iwitli the arts anil commerce, and is also of great historical interest, since it has iwen liiiown from remote ages over a large part of the world. It is pre- ferred to simple unalloyed copper, on account twlh of ft« color and of its greater dui-ability. .Among prehistoric races the use of bronze preceded that r-f irnn ; and nmorig their remains are found swords. ;i\ "iny instruments of this material, sone ' i-te and ornanieiilcd, as well as doii>' od utensils of many kinds. The ami. nt ■ -us, etc., made statuar>' of it in enormous qii; Iso coins, recording tablets, and a great vnr : of common use. It is now not onV- ? »r whicli purpose it has been to a -..i :.-d by steel), bells, and statuary, but ^i -us macliines, especially bearings, and i-r - m. The beauty and durability of bronze st^.' in no small degree iin the color and r..mp. .\i- dized film or incnistation m1 ' im n it is exposed to the weatlier. li i (which see). In recent limes nuiir ! 'ive iKren matle with a view to inij.; • in various ways, in particular ni- tities of other suli.^tance.-^, - st important result of these exj- ns. ..- /.>if.«- phor-brvHze, an alloy patented 1 in metal- lurgists alMiut 1870, and now t. ■ 1 where toughness and resistance I" wt-^ir :ir. r.-iuired. The amount of phosphorus in pliosplK-r-hronze is less than 1 per cent., and tlie elfect it pnHluces is probably due to its reducing action on the oxids of the other metals dur- ing the process of manufacture. Pluisphor-bronze is of liner grain and color, and is believed to l>e much more durable, tlian ordinary bronze ; and it is thought by many that it will cvcntiiallv Ik^^ pn.v. ,1 to l>e the best material for artillery. F..vtcn^ivc t-vperinients have also been liKide with niangaucse, bad, .ami otlier metals. Alvwiniiim broji^ is an allov of copiier and aluminium now in use, esiieciallv where tensile strength is required. So-called steel brotUe is bronze hardened by mechanical compression- It has not come into general use, but was intended by its inventor to be used lor cannon. See atuminimn. 2. Aworkof art, as a statuette, bust, or model, composed of bronze, whether cast or wrought. — 3. A broAvu pigment or coloring substance bronze 694 resemblinff bronze : bronze-powder.— 4. Bold- bronzing-macllilie (bron'zing-ma-shen'), n. A ness ; impudence ; brass. Imbron-n d with native bronze, lo ! Henley stands, Tuninjr his voice, and balancing his hands. Pope. Dunciad, iii. 1911. Amber bronze. See amber-. — Bavarian bronze, ^^'f £araria/i.— Cbemical bronze, nitromuriate uf plati- num, an efficient but expensive bronzing liquid. — Mal- leable bronze, an alloy of copper and tin which contains in addition i to i per cent, of mercury.— Manganese bronze, an alloy formed by the addition of from 1 to 2 ^jjongy (bron'zi), «. [< '"<" per cent, of maiifanese to the proportions of copper and „„„,,,,:_„ i,^r,Ti7.fi : ns. ft hrnn~, machine for decorating wall-papers, fabrics, labels, etc., with bronze-powder. bronzist (bron'zist), H. [< bronze + -ist.'] One who casts bronzes, or works iu bronze. bronzite (bron'zit), h. [< bronze + -)7cl.] A ferriferous variety of the mineral enstatite, hav- ing sometimes a submetallie bronze-like luster due to microscopic inclusions. ' 'vnzc + -y^.'i Ee- brook n. trans. 1. To sit over, cover, and cherish.; as, a hen broods her chicks; hence, to nourish. The thrifty earth that brinjjcth out And broodeth up her breed. Warner, Albion's Eug., iL 11, 2. To cherish with care. See how he hromis the boy. Fletcher, Bonduca, iv. i. She broods and blesses nie, she calms and gathers me. E. S. Phelps, Beyond the Gates, p. 195. 3. To ponder over; plan or matm-e with care: as, "to brood war," Bacon, War with Spain. You'll sit .and brood your sorrows on a throne. Dryden. ,. , -nmi^a h^nn,o »"i.»npri.. scmbUug bronzB I as, a 6roH.-i/ appcarance. zinc used m making brass.— wnite Dronze, a generic & ....,., ^ , name given to the lighter bronzes which approach the The Cicindela maritima, which is found only on sandy color of tin. sea-shores, is of a pale broiizy yellow, so as to be ahnost brOOd'-'t, "• An obsWete form of broad. n. a. 1. Made of or resembling bronze : as, invisible. ^. ij. ira/(acf, Nat. Select., p. 57. 'brood-capsule (brod'kap'siU), n. A cyst or a bronze statue. — 2. Characterized by the use brOO^ (bro), «. Same as ftrecl. capsule in which ta?nia-heads are developed, as of bronze: as, the bronze age Bronze age. •'>ee broo- (bro), n. See brow, 11. an echinococcus (which see). arehcFolo'iical aoes. under (i«-.— Bronze coloring, sui- Iji-qocIiI (broch or broch), 11. [Same as ftrooc/f, brood-ca'Tity (brod'kav'i-ti), n. A brood- face effects resembling those of bronzes produced eitlicr l,rooch being the commoner speUing of the ,„iuch, iu general, directly by apphcation of color t^o the surface, o.i,,dirc.tl> ^^^d in this sensl] An ornamental clalp cpu- brood-cell (briid'sel), n. by ciiaiiges due to the action of acids, salts, and ccdoring matter. See iiroiliin?.— Bponze green. See green,— Bronze turkey, a large variety of domestic turkey with daik-lirown plumage having a brilliant metallic luster. bronze fbronz), v. t.; pret. and pp. bronzed, ppr. bronzing. [= F. bronzer = Sp. broncear, OSp. bronzar = Pg. iroHrfar, bronze; cf. It. ab- bronzare, tan, scorch, sunburn, imbro-ivn; from the noun.] 1. To make brown or of the color of bronze, as by exposure to the sun. Seam'd with an ancient swordcut on the cheek. And bruised and bronzed. Tennyson, Lancelot and Elaine. His face was bronzed as though by burning climes. WiUiam Morris, Earthly Paradise, I. 414. To give the color or appearance of bronze as by applying copper-dust or -leaf to sisting of a pin and a projecting or covering 2. to, Brooch of the Merovin(jian period, found at St, Denis and now- i Musiie de Cluny. Fans, (From " Diet, du Mobilier fran^ais,'" ) shield, used for fastening the dress, or merely for display, when the garment is large and heavy, as a cloak or the ecclesiastical cope, the brooch has gener- ally been found insutticient, and has been replaced by the agratfe or some other f. ■! ni ■ d clasp. Ornamental brooches .are now worn mostly I'y "omen, but were formerly worn by both sexes, sometimes on the hat or cap. Also spelled broach. He has a wide beard and flowing yellow hair ; a green cloak wrapped around him ; a bright silver iiroocA iu liis cloak over his breast. Quoted by \V. K. Sullivan, Introd, to O'Curry's Anc. [Irish, p, ccccxlvi. With broches and aiglets of gold upon their caps, R. Robinson, tr. of Sir T, Store's Utopia, ii, t>. Honour 's a good brooch to wear in a man's hat at all times. -B- Jonson. brooch^ (broch or broch), f. t. [< brooch^, «.] To adorn with or as with a brooch or brooches. [Kare.] Not the imperious show Of the tuU-forttm'd Cicsar ever shall lie brooch'd with me. Shak., A, and C, iv. 13, all till- so-cailed bronzes which have a golden brOOCh- (broch), n. [Origin uncertain.] A Color, monotint, or picture in one color, as a sepia bronze-liquid (bronz'Uk'wid), n. A kind of sketch. varnish mixed with bronze-powder to make broodl (brod), n. [< ME. brood, brod, < AS. bronzo-jiaint. brOd (== D. brocd = MLG. brot = OHG. MHG. bronze-liquor (bronz'lik'or), n. A solution of briiot, G. brut), brood: with formative -d, from antimony chlorid anil copper sulphate, used for the same root (*6ro^warm, heat) as G. briilit. the surface, etc. — 3. To harden or make like bronze; hence, figuratively, to make hard or unfeeling. The lawyer who broitzet his bosom instead of his fore- head, Scott. bronze-backer (brouz'bak'er), «. A name given to the black-bass. flrunze -backer is one of its pet names among the anglers. Gomie, American Fishes, bronzed (bronzd), p. a. Colored by bronzing; of a bronze color; tanned — Bronzed glass, orna- mental glass of dark-green paste, which has been e.vposed to corrosive vapors, so that the surface is iridescent when seen by reflected light.— Bronzed-skln disease. Same a-s .idtlison's disease (which .«eu, under (//.sc((,ff), bronze-gold (bronz'gold), H. A name given to bronzing gun-barrols, etc. bronze-paint (bronz'pant), n. A pigment con- sisting of bronzc-jiowder with varnish as a ve- hicle. Commonly called (7oW-/)ni)i(. bronze-powder (bronz'pou df-r), n. A pig- iiiiiit made by reducing leaves of Dutch metal, or .some similar alloy, to powder. The color h varied an may be desired from pate-yellrjw to deep-red, by iwing ditlerent jiroportions of the component metals, cop- |irr ati. a. [Ppr. of fcrootfl, c] 1. fitting, as a bird on her eggs: as, a brood- ing hen. Still did the nightingale Unto his broadinq mate tell all his tale. iri'«i"o»i .Vorn'.--, Earthly Paradise, I, 309. 2. Warming: as, "the brooding heat," Tenny- son, Mariana iu the South. — 3. Pondering; thinking deeply ; disposed to ponder or tliink deeply : as, a brooding disposition. 1 could cite many instances where the brooding humor , . . of oiu" new people long since cropped out in rhyme, Stednian, Poets of America, p. 59. 4. Settled ; rooted ; fixed in the heart : a fig- urative use derived from the steadfastness 'witn which a bird sits on her eggs. A brooding and unavowed hostility. Milnian, Latin Christianity, II. ix. brood-mare (brod'mar), «. A mare kept for bi'ociliiig. brood-pouch (brod 'pouch), «. A pouch, or some similar ca\'ity of the body of an animal, in which eggs or young aro received and de- tained for a time ; a brood-cavity. He Ithe male stickleback] only bears the brnnd-povch and alone builds the nest. Claus, Zodlogy (trans,), p, 104. In the Entoprocta there is a peculiar brood-pouch. a. n. Latikester, Encyc. Brit,, XI.\. 433. brood-space (briid'spiis), n. A brood-cavity. .\u *xK in the hrood-spaee formed oetween the body and the niaiille, Gegenbaur, Coinp, Anat, (trans,), p, 'JflS. broody (In-ii'di), a. [< MK. "lirody, < AS. bro- dig (= t;. briitig), broody, < brod, brood.] 1. Of a brooding disposition ; inclined to brood or sit, as a hen. legetnicier states that a cross between two non-sltting \ aricties |of the common fowl) almost Invariably proilucea a looTigrel that becomes broody, and sits with remurkablo steadiness, .S'l'r ./. Lubbock, Origin of lUvillsation, p. 364. 2. Breeding or adapted for breeding: as, a Itroadif bitch. The lion roars and gluts his tawny brood. Wordstrorth. 2. A hatch; the young birds hatched in one nest, or those placed together in the care of one hen, or in an artificial brooder: as, a linnnl of chickens or of ducks. — 3. That which is bred; species generated; that which is produced; hence, figuratively, sort or kind. Have you forgotten Libya's burning wastes, . . . Its tainted air, and all its broods of poison? Addison, Uato, 4. In mtmtni;, any heterogeneous mixture Willi 1)rook' (bn'ik), «. [Early mod. E. also /icooA'e, '••1 fail tin or copper ore, as muudic or bhick-jiiek. A' Jliint. — 5. A north of Scotland name for sal- mon-frv. -Ante' brood. See anii. To Bit on brood), to lie in the net of brooding, like a bird sitting on eggs; Ilguratlvely, to ponder. There's somelhiiig In his soul. O'er which his nielaiicholy sits on brood. ShaJt., Hamlet, 111, 1, . ■ .: . . . . * ... . -Syn. 2, Covei/ etc. See rfocA.-, "" ''•'^L';*;",/, I'N'^^eonl! xxl;": brOOd> (brOd), r [< M K broden brood « ,.r<.l, liriioil), eiiuiv. to the earlier linden, breeil : see breed, r.'] I. iiilnnis. 1. Ti> sit iiersislenlly on eggs, covering and wanning I lieiii with llie limly and wings, for the purposo of hatcliing them: said of birds. Jlrodyn, la liyrdys, foveo, fetlllco. Prompt. Pant., p, r.,'l. Thou froin the llrst Wast nresent, and with nilglily wings oiit«preail Uove-IIko sat'sl brooding on the vast al.yKn, Milton, V. I.., I, 'Jl, 2. To rest fixedly like a brooding bird. Raven darkness broollrit o'er llie ilee|i, ,S'ir ir, Jonen. 3. To iiieditnle long and anxiously; remain u long time in aiixii'ty orHoliciloiiHtlioiiglit ; liiive till, mind dwelling' jierHiHteiitly on a Hubject: with on or orcr. Half mail With olllc, mill Willi limiting on IiIk wniiign, M. Arnold, Kmpcducleff, 1. The process of giving a bronze-liko Hur- to metals, j. luster, wood, nnd other siib- Tbl» ii. .•..iiinioiily elteetcl by till- iiniilliallon ,11.-. I rhritiirat hrt'iue, a Kiillltlon of tliei'lllnrlll . of platliiiini '. It limy «U" be done by the '.r by diluting with n lin-iiz.' powder I, I. ,- 1,.'. 11 rubbed with llnw'id oil vanish. !• . oli.r or irideMCont a]i|)eanince 'Z. an '■! ■•)'.ii.,.-. Il> •■•■• hrunx»*Uqiiifr, hriikv ; < M K. Iirool;, brok, < AH. Iiroe, a stream, = I ). brinh- = MLG. brol:, l.G. brook, a niarsh, iionl, = ()11G. hruiili, MlKt. bruoch, (i. Iirucli. a marsh, bog ; )ierha])H orig. a gushing stream (cf. .spring), being possibly connected remotely with AS. hreean, etc., lii-eak, burst fortb: see brcak.'\ A iiatuotl stream of water, too small to bo called a river. Springs make little rivulets ; those united make brmks; and Ibose coining together make rivers, which empty llMMi^elves Into the sea, IjtcJlt. Brook-trout. See (nmf.— To fly at the brookt. Seo rfi/i. brook' (briik), )'. (. [Apiiar. < brook^, «.] To ili'HW tiigidlier and tlireaten rain: said of the I'liiiiils: witli H/(. [Old and iirov. I'Ing.] brook- (bruli), r. t. [< Ml'"., hrookoi, lirokni, later fonns of bronkrn, brukrii, use, ]iosHesB, enjoy; of food, iligost (whence the mod. sense of 'Httiiiiaeli, endure'); < AS. briican {\\vci\ . brrde, 111. brneiiii, \>\\. Iirorrn), use, have the use of, ell- .joy, esji. I'lxid, = OS. briikan = OI''ries. Itritka '=' i\\). Iiniiiek. i/ihniikrn = Mliti. Iiriikrn, iise,'= I >l l< i, hrnhhiiii. MUG. brii- eliin, G. hriiKclirn, use, need, = Gotli. hriikjan, use, = L. /■(■«( (for •/'i-hi/i'/), enjoy ( >J'nigis, fruit-H, fruc.Um. i'ruit: nfo'j'riiil), iierhapH = Skt. ■\/ lilnij (for 'hiiritjl), enjoy, osp, I'ood. See broker, brook also fruit, fructifi/, etc.] If. To use; enjoy; have" the full employment of. 80 niut 1 bitiukt wel myu cyen twaye. Chaucer, Nuns Priest's Tale, 1. 479. 2t. To earn ; deserve. Which name she brooked as well for her proportion niiil grace lis for the many happy voyages she made in lier Majesty's service. Sir R. Hawkins, Voyage to the South .Sea, p. 11. 3. To bear; endure; support; put up with: i^roomstaff (brom'stM), n. always m a negative sense. j^.^,,./. 695 and in the United States to species of the simi- lar allied genera riielipwa and Jjihyllon, See Oriihiiiirlinccw. broom-root (brSm'rot), n. A root exported frdin Mexico and used in the manufacture of bruslies. it is supposed to be the root of a grass, also kiiuwii in tritiie as Mexican or French whixk. broom-sedge (brom'sej), fjniss Your son, sir, insulted me in a manner which my honour l^rnnnistiVt ChrHTn'Bt^lf^ n Sheridan, The Rivals, v. :i. oroomsUCK ^Drom StlK^, n. could not brook. To leisurely delights and sauntering thoughts That brook no ceiling narrower than the blue. Lowell, Under the Willows. brook-fish (bnik'fish), H. A fish of the family Viiprinodontidce and genus Fundulus : same as klVifish and mummychog. [Local, U. S.] brookite (bruk'it), n. [After Henry James Brooke, an English crystallographer (1771- 1857).] One of the three forms in which titani- um dioxiJ OCCIU'S in nature. It is found in ortho- rhombic crystals of a l)ro\vn or yellow color to black, and adamantine to metallic luster. Jurinite is auotlier name for tile same mineral. Arkatmlc is an iron-black variety from Magnet Cove, Arkansas. brooklet (briik'let), 11. [< j/'oofcl + dim. -let.'\ A small brook. Longfellow. brooklime (bruk'lim), n. [< ME. hroMemp, hrok- leiiibc, broklympc, < brok, brook, + lemp, etc.; of obscure origin.] A plant, Veronica Becca- biinga, with blue flowers in loose lateral spikes. The American brooklime is V. Americana. brook-mint (briik'mint), H. [< AS. brociiu'iite, < broc, brook, + minie, mint.] The water-mint, broozet, ''. Same as broivsei-. Mentha sylvestris. Brora beds. See 6edl. ,,.,.. brook-moss (briik'mos), n. A name given to brose' (broz), h. [Sc, < Gael.?()-oH(fl.s(«i sUent), species of the genus Dichehjma, slender aquatic broso. Of. brnose, broth.'] A Scotch dish, made Same as broom- Same as broom- Tho stick or han- Uo of a l)roora. broom-tree (briim'tre), n. A shrubby compo- site, liueeharifs scopdria, of the mountains of Jamaica, broom-like from its slender, densely crowded, almost leafless branchlets. broom-'vise (brbm'vis), H. A clamping arrange- ment for flattening and holding broom-corn so that it can be sewed into brooms. broomweed (brdm'wed), n. A species of Cor- ehonis; ( '. xiliquosiis, of tropical America, used for making brooms. Tlie ma-t broomweed of the tropics is a common weed, Scoparia dulcis, of the natural order Srrnphnlfiriarea'. broomy (brii'nd), rt. [< //room 1 + -1/1.] Pertain- ing to or consisting of broom; bearing broom: as, a " broomij peak," J. Baillie. broose (bros), »;.. [Sc, also spelled brwfe, bruise : see def.] A race at country weddings.— To ride the brooset, to run a race on horseback at a wed- ding from tile diurcli to the place where the wedding- feiust was to lie held. He who first reached tlie house Wiw said to /rin tiie. f/roose, that is, the brone, the prize of spice, bnitli allotted to the victor. Janiieson. See frro«el. mosses, -svith elongated leaves in three ranks, and with the fruit on short lateral branches. brook-trout (briik'trout"), n. See trout. brookweed (bruk'wed), ». A plant, the water- pimpernel, Saniohw Talerandi. See Samolus. brooky (bruk'i), a. [< brook^ + -//l.] Abound- ing with brooks: as, "Hebron's brooky sides," J. Dyer, The Fleece, ii. broomi (brom), n. [< Iffi. broom, brom, broom (the plant, L. genista) (also applied to the tama- brose-t, ^' risk, L. myrica), a brush, < AS. brom = Ml), bruise. broem (cf. MLG. brdm, LG. braam), broom brosely (broz'li), n by pouring boiling water, boiling milk, the liquid in which meat has been boiled, or the like, on oatmeal, barley-meal, or other meal, and imme- diately mixing the ingredients by stirring. The dish is denominated from tlie nature of th. li.joid : as, kail- f>rose, waler-broite, beef-brone, etc. — AthOle broBC, honey and whisky mixed together in equal parts, used in many parts of .Scotland as a cure for hoarseness and sore throat arising from a cold. In the Highlands oatmeal is some- times substituted for the honey. So called from Athole, a district of Perthshire, Scotland. An obsolete Middle English form of (L. genista): see bramble.] 1. The popular name of several plants, mostly leguminous shrubs, characterized by long, slender branches and numerous yellow flowers. The common or Scotch broom is the Cytisus (Genista) scoparitix, abun- dant tlirougliout Europe, and famous as the planta (jenista (French plante genet) which was the badge of the Plan- tagenets. It is a valuable remedy in dropsy, being one of ttie most efficient of hydragogues, and its seeds are used as a substitute fcr coffee. Spanish broom {Spartium jtineeum) is a closely allied species, as is also the dyer's broom (Genista tinctoria), which was formerly much used as a yellow dye and as the basis of the once celebrated Kendal green. See cuts under Cytisus and Genista. 2. A besom, or brush with a long handle, for sweeping floors, etc. : so called from being originally made of the broom-plant. Brooms are now made in Europe of tliis and various other materials ; and in the United States their manufacture from broom- corn is an important business. A broom at the masthead of a vessel indicates that she is for sale, a sign derived [So called from the town of Brosely in Shropshire, where there was a large manufactory of pipes.] A tobacco-pipe. [Local, Eng.] Brosimum (bro'si-mum), n. [NL., < Gr. ppu- ai/joi; eatable, < ppuBu;, food, equiv. to /3pu,«a, food: see broma.] A genus of Vrticaccce, sub- order Artocarpew, one species of which, B. Ga- lactotiendron, is the cow-tree of South America. B. AUcastrum, the breadnut-tree, common in the woods of Jamaica, produces nuts wliich when roasted are used as bread, and taste like hazel-nuts. The wood resembles mahogany, and is sometimes used by cabinet-makers. The leaves and young branches form a most useful fatten- ing fodder for cattle. The snake- or leopard-wood, used as veneers and for walking-canes, is yielded by a species, B. Aiibletii, from British Guiana. Brosmiidse (bros-mi'i-d6), n. pi. [NL., < Bros- mius + -ida.] A family of anacanthine fishes, tjqjified by the genus Brosmius: same as the subfamily Brosmiinn: Also Brosmidw. probaljly from the old habit of displaying boughs at shops -R.-a^^Jn-™ (bros-mi-i'ne). n. 1)1. [NL., < Bros- and taverns. -Butcher's broom, a prickly liliaceous UrpsmimSe (oros mi 1 ue^ /. y^i. L ' shrub,iii«ciisa<-«icofi«; socalledfromitsusebybutchers nuns + -ma'.] A sulitamilj ot gaaoia nsnes, weeping tlieir blocks. Also called k7iee.- typified by the genus Bros-mius, and distiii- broom, a name sonit-times given in the g^gligji liy the development of only one long , the wild ■-•■«:;;,,^"l''';;'Y'''^""«'^g_ dorsal and anal fin and the separation there- ^^'LLi-^^r.^^"-^ To sweep, j^om of the caudal. M,o Brosnunw. Brosmius (bros'mi-us), n. [NL., < Icel. brosma = Norw. brosme, the vernacular name of the Brosmius brosme.] A genus of fishes belong- in'' to the cod family, Gadidw. One species, found on the northern coast of .Scotland, is commonly called the torsk or tusk. See torsk in Europe in sweepiii] Ao;;,v.— Yellow " United States to broomi (brom) or clear away, as with a broom. Tlie poor old workpeople broouiimj away the fallen leaves. Thackeray, Newcomes, Iviii. broom^ (brom), V. t. Same as bream^. broom-brush (brom'brush), H. A whisk-broom or clothes-brush made from broom-eora. [U.S.] _ _ broom-bush (brom'biish), «. A weedy annual ijrostent, PP- -A- Middle English form of burst, composite, Parthenium Sisteropkorus, of tropi- p.^^^, participle of burst. cal America. brosy (bro'zi). a. [< brose^ + -yl.] Like brose broom-corn (brom'kom), n. A variety of Sor- semiiluid. [Scotch.] ghum rulgare, a tall reed-like grass, rising to ijfotany (brot'a-ni), h. a height of 8 or 10 feet, a native of India. Tlie equiv. AS. priitcne) of l>r:iinlnd panicles are made into broora»and brushes, for ,,;,,.„(,,,, ,,,,1 1 Southernwood, wliicli pvrpose the plant is largely cultivated in the United '"" ' J States. Tlie seed is used as feed for cattle. broom-grass (brom ' gi'as), «. 1. Same as brome-grttss. — 2. In the United States, some species of Audropogon, as A. scoparius and A. macronrns. Also called broom-sedge. [A short form (like JIL. abrotanum : see brotch (broeh), r. t. [Perhaps a var of the equiv. brath, which is appar. < Icel.bregdha, braid, knot, twine, = AS. bregdan, E. bratd^, q. v.] To plait straw ropes round (a stack of corn). Jamicson. [Scotch.] broom-head (brom 'bed), «. An adjustable brotelt, "■ ^ '^^'^'^f.l^S^T?'' ^?„Tf^i!:'l?fc:,7 clasp for iHilding bunches of broom-corn to a brotelnesst, »• A Middle Enghsh form of bnt- broom-handle. tleitcss. It. brodo, broitu = Sp. Pg. hrodio = Pr. fcro = 01''. 'l/rou, pi. broues, > ME. broives, > E. brewis, q. v.), broth; cf. Ir. broth = Gael. brot, broth, Gael, hrnlhas, Ijrose fsee lirosc'i); Ijrob. (with formative -th) from the rootC^rw) of breu-A, q. v.] Liquor in which flesh is boiled and macerated, usually with certain vegetable!- to give it a better relish. In .Scotland the name In seldom used except when pot-barley formit one of the In* gredients. (Jood Imith, with good keeping, do much now and then; (;oo beon holilen a «yro. /■icr« I'lijunnan (A), xL 01. A brothel, which Michcas hight. Gower, Conf. Amant, IIL 173. brothel- (broth'el), n. [An early mod. E. eor- rujition of ME. bordrl, a house of ill-fame, by confusion with ME. brothel, a WTetch : see brothelX.] A liouse of lewdness ; a house ap- propriated to the purposes of prostitution; a bawdy-house ; a stew. Epicurism and Itut Make it more like a tavern or a l/rothel, Than a grac'd palace. Shak., Lear, L 4. brotheFt (broth'el), t. i. [< brotheft, n. Cf. bor- del,n.] To haunt brothels. Sylvester, ti. ot Vu Bartas. brothelert, brothellert (broth' el -fer), n. [< brothel- -I- -irl. Cf. bordeler.] One who fre- quents brothels. (Inmcsters, jockics, brolhellers impure. Cowper, Task, 11. brothel-houset (broth'el-hous), n. A brothel. brothellert, «• See brothcler. brothelryt (broth'el-ri), n. [< brotheP + -ry.] 1. A brothel.— 2. Lewdness; obscenity. Brothelry able to violate the car of a pagan. B. Jonjion, Ded. of Volpone. brother (bruTH'er), n. ; pi. brothers or brethren (-erz, breTll'ren). [= Sc. brither, < ME. brother, < AS. brothor, brother = OS. brothnr = OFries. brother, broder = D. breeder = MLG. brodor, LG. broder, broor = OHG. bruodar. iIHG. bruoder, G. bruder = Icel. brOdhir = Sw. Dan. broder, bror = Goth, brothnr, a word common to all the Indo-Eur. languages: = Gael. Ir. brathair = W. braird, pi. brodyr, = Com. brcdar = Manx fc»(i«)- = Bret. breur, 6rfr = 0Bulg. bratru, bratu = Pol. and Sen', brat = Bohem. bralr= Russ. liratil (Hung, bardt, < Slav.) = Lith. brolig = Lett, brdlis = OPruss. bratis = L. frater (> It. frate,fra, with dim. fratello = Wall, frate (> Alb. frat) = Pg. frade = OF. frere (> ME. /rere, E. friar, q. v.), mod. F. frire = Pr. fraire, > prob. OSp. /roirc,/reire, bp. fraile, freile, con- tracted fray, frey = OVg.freirc, Fg. frei, used, like It. frate, fra, as an appellation of a monk, the Sp. word for 'brother' in the natural sense being hcrmano = Pg. innSo. < L. germanus, ger- mane, german ; cf. also E./r«/ Turk, birdder) = Pahla\-i birdd = Kurdish bera, brother; ulterior origin unknown: the term, is appar. the suffix -tar (E. -thcr) of agent. The pi. brethren is from ME. brethcrcn, brethren, formed, with weak pi. ending -en, from brether, brethrc, brithere, also pi., an umlauted form of AS. brothru, also brothor. the usual pi. of ftrdfAor; cf. AS. dat. sing, brether.] 1. A male person, in liis relation to another person or other per- sons of either sex bom of the same parents; a male relative in the first degree of descent or mutual kinship : used also of the lower ani- mals: the converse of sister. See brother-in- law and half-brother. My brother and thy uncle, call'd Antonio. Shak., Tempest, 1. 2. 2. A male person in his relation to any other person or persons of the same blood or ances- try ; a member of a common family or race in his relation to all other members ; in the plural. brother an members of a particular race, or of the hu- man race in general, as regards each other. Jacob told Rachel that he was her fathers brother [that is, his uncle Labans). Gen. .vxix. 12. Let us send abroad unto our brethren everywhere, that are left iu all the land of Israel. 1 Chron. xUi. 2. Of whom such massacre Make thev, but of their brethren; men of men? Milton, P. L., xi. 650. 3. One of trvo or more men closely united with- out regard to pei'sonal kinship, as by a common interest ; an associate ; one of the same rank, profession, occupation, or belief, especially in law, religion, or organized charity. We few, we happy few, we band of brothers; For he today that sheds his blood with me Sh.Tl] be my brother. Shah., Hen. V., iv. 3. 4. Specifically, as a translation of /riar, a mem- ber of a mendicant order. Going to find a barefoot brother out, One of our order. Shak., R. and J., v. 2. 5. In the plural form brethren, the designation of several Christian organizations, derived from the fact that the title was used by the primitive Christians in speaking of themselves; specifi- cally, a sect of German Baptists, more popularly known as Diinkent. — 6. A member of a reli- gious congregation whose members do not re- ceive the priesthood, but devote themselves to teaching or good works: also, a lay member of a community having priests. — 7. Figura- tively, one who resembles another in manners or disposition. He also that is slotMul iu his work is brother to him that is a great waster. Piov. xviii. 1). Often abbreviated bro., plural bros. [The plural form brethren is not now used iu tile sense of male children uf the same pai-ents. but only in the wider meaniiiss of the word irof ftcr. ) — Amyclaean brothers. See Autiielitan.— AmstoUc Brethren, •■^ii- uj«'.-!t„ii,; n., 1 te Aii:,ii,u,.—Bo- bemlan Brethren >■■■ 7;../.- //,.<(/!.— Brethren and Clerks of the Common Lite, ;t iii..n;t.-tif fratLi-niij, clerical and lay, ori^ialinj: in tlie Netlierlands aliuut 1378, devoted to education and labor, and not bound by perpetual vows. Thomas a Kempis belonged to it. It spread widely, lint iK'came extinct in the seventeenth ccn- Uiry. There was a female branch of the order. — Breth- ren Of ChelClC, followers of Peter Chelczicky, a Bohe- mian reformer of the fifteenth century. They wore or- ganized into a separate connnnnity in 14.'.7, and soon became known as liohemian Jirethren. — Brethren Of the Christian Schools, a Kotnan catholic order, con- sisting chii'llv of lav ni.Mi, devoted to tile education of the piH.r, founded in France iu lliTvi, and now numerous in varioiu parts of the world. — Brethren Of the Com- munity, one i>f the two parties into \\liich the l-'ran- ciscans were diviiied in the begintiing ol' the fonrtcrnth century.— Brethren of the Free Spirit, a suit which arose in the tliirteentli century, pantheistic in doctrine, perfectionists iu principle, and entliusia-sts iu pl'actice. — Brethren of the Holy Spirit, "r Brethren of the Redemption of Captives, an order of ni.mUs in the twelfth century who devoted thcnisclvi-s tti llic redcuip- tion of captives from the Mohanunedaus. — Brothers of Charity, see c/ianVi/.- christian Brothers, set r'Arwtiani.— Elder Brethren, the masters i>f Trinity House. Umtlon, the coi-poration charged with the regula- tion and management of the lightliouses and buoys on the shores ami rivers of England, with the licensing of pilots, and with a general supervision over the lightlionse iwards of .Scotland and Ireland, called respectively the Commissioners of Northern Lights and the lialla.-t I'.'.ai-d ol Dublin - Exclusive Brethren. .See /•luniinitl, l!,,tl,- ren, IrIow. - Full brothers, .sec .full.— Plymouth Brethren, Pljrmouthltes, a sect of christians which tint attracted notice at i'lyntouth, I'-ngland, in 18:10, hut luui since externled over fJre.at l.ritain, the I'uited Stales, and arnoln; tie' I*r..t<--tants of France, .Switzerland, Italy, etc. Tlie\ 11 lis hrethreu who believe in Christ and the II his vicar, but Ibcy have no for- mal creed d organization, or ol'ticial ndnistry, whicli they e.jnd- mil ;u the causes of sectarian divisions. Al*) called /Mrfi.vi'.<, alter .Mr. Darby, origiindly a liarrlst^-r, subseipleutly a clergyman of tlie (.'hnrch of Knglaud, ami thereafter an evangi-list not connected with any church, to who,e efforts their (frigin and the (lllfu-i r their jiriuelples arc to be lu^erlbed. In a nil' the i>arli>ites are a branch of the I'ly- ni I entitled /■,'j-c/i/^iie //rct/ireyi, on account of ' , of their views and the eM-Insiveness of the iiiiiiuiiiiiu.— United Brethren, ••<■ Unity of Brethren ti'niiuA Fratrum). the ottiejui i. [< brother + ycrnuini ; cf . Hp. hirmano, a, brother, 696 tinder hrnther.] A brother on both the father's aud the mother's side: a full brother. brotherheadt (bruTH'er-hed), ». [< ME. bro- thtrhtil. var. of brotlteyho(l.~\ See hmtlierhood. brotherhood (bruTH'er-hiid), »!. [< ME. brother- hod (usually hrotherhed, E. bro'hcrhead) ; < brutJier + -hood.'] 1. The fact or contlition of being a brother. My brother kill'd no man, Itis fault was thought, And yet his punishment was bitter death. yriio sued to me for him ? . . . AMto spoke of brotherhood? Shak., Rich, m., ii. 1. 2. The quality of being brotherly. And friendship shall combine, and brotherhood. Shak., Hen. V., ii. 1. 3. An association of men for any purpose ; a fraternity. The chtirch was a brotherhood ; no other relatiifli so aptly distinguished the spirit of imiou aud self-sacrifice which it was designed should belong to it. G. P. FMer, Begin, of Christiimity, p. 649, 4. A class of individuals of the same kind, profession, or occupation. The brotherhood of Cliristendom. Burke, A Regicide Peace, ii. The gloom Spread by a brotlierhood of lofty elms. Words-worth, Excursion, i. brother-in-law (bruTH'er-in-U"), ■»■ [< ME. brother in laire, hrodi/r yn hiwc, etc., after OF. frere en lay [loi], ML. frater in Ie^ llroliita, ImviiiK viiriiiim limits ill ilirfrrcllt systems. .Maib' by mila fandlyof 0;,/ii diniihii. with Jugular venlrals reduced lo om' or two ni% 1, and the nnu» In the anlerlor half of llio longlh. Brotulina (lirot-ii-li'nlt). n. pi. [NIj.. < liro- liilii + -inn.] Ill (JIliiilKT's Hyslem of cliissi- licaliiiii. Die llrHl gniu|i of O/ihidiida; hiiviiiK ventral liiis developed and attached to Iho hu- meral aruh. brouse BrotuUnae (brot-u-li'iu"), ». />/. [XL., < lirotuUt -I- -(«(!. J A subfamily of brotuloid fishes, typi- fied liy the geuus lirotida, to which different limits liave been assigned. brotuline (brot'ti-liu), «. and a. I, n. A fish of the s\ihtii\m\y BrotuUntc. II. fl. Pertaining to or ha\'ing the characters of the Brotidiuw or BrotuUda-. brotuloid (brot'u-loid), n. and a. I. n. Same as hrotidid. II. (7. Pertaining to or having the characters of the Brotidida: brotulophidid (brot-u-lof'i-did), n. A fish of the family Brotidnjihididie. Brotulophididae (brot"u-lo-fid'i-de), n. pi. [XL., < Brotiilopliis {-}>hid-) + -ida:] A family of Uphidioidea, represented by the genus Bro- tulojihis, and including ophidioids with subbra- chial (or thoracic) ventrals reduced to simple filaments, and the anus in the anterior half of the length. Brotulophis (bro-tii'lo-fis'). ". [NL., < Brotula + Gr. bipK, a serpent.] The typical genus of the family Brotulophidida; having the aspect of Brotula, but still more elongate and snake- like, whence the name. brotUS (bro'tus), H. [Cf. E. dial, brolts, frag- ments, leavings, droppings, tilt. < AS. breotan (pp. broteii), break: see brit^, brott.] Some- thing added gratuitously; an additional num- ber or quantity thrown in: same as hiijniappe: used by negroes and others about Charleston, South Carolina. brouchant, a. Same as brochant. broudt, browdt, '•. t, [ME. broudcn, browden, etc., also broidcn, etc., variants of bruiden, etc., braid : see braid^, and cf. broid, broider.] 1. To braid. Hire yolwe lieer was bro%t)ded [var. broyded, breided\ in & trcs.se, Eyhvnde liire bak, a yerde long I gesse. CAaiMer, Kjiight's Tale, L 191. 2. To embroider. Whit was hire smok, and broifdid al hyfore Aud eek behind on hire coler abontc Uf cole-blak silk. Cliaueer, Miller's Tale, 1. 52. broudert, bro'wdert, v. t. Variants of broider. Where'er you si>y This broiedered belt with characters, tis I. 11. Junxon, Sad Shepherd, ii. 1. brouderyt, «. A variant of broidery. broudingt, browdingt, ". Embroidery. Ilai'ness . . . wrought so weel of goldsuiithrye, of hnnrdino, and of steel. C/iu»iYr,'KuighfsTale, I. 1640. brouette (brii-ef), n. [F., a wheelbarrow, also, in contempt, a carriage, formerly also a sedan chair; lUt. < LL. birota : see barouehe.] A small two-wheeled carriage. brought (broch), ». [Also bruijh, a var. of linrtilt, liiirch, for boroutjh : see borough^.] 1. A borough. — 2. A fortified jdace. Compare broujilfl. [Scotch iu both senses.] brOUgh'- (broch), n. [Also brni/h. brofjh, broch, and liuvfi, burrow; sujiposed to be ii jiartienlar use (it hroiiiih^, burg, for boroui/h^, a fortilied ]ilace; but in the sense of ' circh',' 'halo,' ef. /'»»•- roiv-, n.,4.] 1. An ancient circular building or round tower such as exist in Scotland aud the ad.jacent islands. The Burg of Mousa is a circuliu- bnildiiig 41 feet high : its walls, Mliicli are double, with a vacant space between thciu, diminish from 14 feet in width at the base to 8 feet at the sununit. and inclose a central area; the door is 7 feet high. These structures arc older than the Scaudinavian invasions, and probably date almost from the bronze age. 2. An encampment of a circular form; a ring fort. Also culled I'vrhVs \l'ivt'ti\ hou.sv or I'irht'.i ra.'E. hrine^, q. v.) (of. G. i)-a««e, below), eyebrow; closely related to ME. brew, brcow, brey, bre, bra, bro, etc., eyebrow, < AS. brUeio, bredw, also breij, eyelid (used differently from bru), = OPries. bre in dg-bre, eyelid, = OS. brdha, brdwa = MD. brauwc, brouwe, eyelid (D. icciikhraauw, eye- brow), = OHG. brdwa, MHG. bra, brdwe, G. brum, also braiiiie, eyebrow, = leel. bra, eyelid, = Gael, bra, eyebrow, = Bret, abrant, eyebrow, = OBulg. bruri, obriiri = Serv. hrv, obrva = Bohein. brwi, obrwi = Pol. brew = Russ. brori = Litli. bruris, eyebrow, = Gr. bipprc, eyebrow, = Pers. abn'i = Zend brrat = Skt. bJirii, eye- brow; ef. Ir. Gael, abhra, eyelid. Perhaps re- lated to brae, bray^, q- v., and ult. to E. bridge'^.'] 1. The prominent ridge over the eye, forming an arch above the orbit. — 2. The arch of hair over the eye; the eyebrow. Your iuky brows, your black silk hair. Shak., As you Like it, iii. 5. 3. The forehead. Beads of sweat have stood upon thy brow. SImk., I'Hen. IV., ii. 3. 4. The general exjiression of the countenance. He told theui with a maisterly Brow, that by this act he had oblig'd them above what they had deserv'd. Milton, Eikonoklastes, v. To whom thus Satan, with contemptuous brow. Milton, P. L., iv. 885. 5. In eiitom., that part of an insect's head which lies between the clyjieus and the vertex, gen- erally just above the antennse. — 6. The edge of a steep place ; the upper portion of a slope : as, "the brow of the hill," Lidie iv. 29.-7. In England, a fringe of coppice adjoining the hedge of a field. — 8. In coal-mining, an under- ground roadway leading to a working-place, driven either to the rise or to the diij. Gres- 2ey. [Leicestershire, Eng.] — 9. Xoji^, an old name for an inclined plane of planks from the A Ship's Brow, shore or the ground to a ship, to facilitate entry and e.^it. In this sense also spelled brough. — 10. In a saw-mill, an incline up which logs are drawn to be sawed. — 11. [Also written broo: taken as a particular use of brow, "an ill brow" being then orig. a frowning or unfavorable look; "nae brow," no (se. favorable) look or view.] View; opinion: in the phrases an ill brow, an unfavorable opinion; nae brow, no good opinion. [Scotch.] But thir ridings and wappenshawiugs. my leddy, I hae nae broo of them ava. Scott, Old Mortality, vii. Bent brow, (a) .\n arched eyebrow, (b) .\ wTinkled or knit iirow. — To knit the brows, to frown. brow (brou), r. t. [< brow, n.] To form a brow or elevated border to. [Rare.] Tending my flocks hard by i" the hilly crofts, That brow this bottom-glade. Milton, Comus, 1. 532. 697 brow-ague (brou'a"gii), n. Frontal neuralgia. Browallia (bro-wal'i-ii), n. [Prom .J. liromall (1707-.'35), bishop of Abo in Finland.] A genus of South American herbaceous plants, natural order /^ernjiliiilariacea; some species of which are cultivntcd for ornament. brow-antler (brou' ant "Itr), )(. 1. The lirst spike tliat grows on a deer's head. — 2. The first branch or tine of an antler, overhanging the forehead. Se(> antler. Also called brow-snag. brow-band (iirou'band),«. 1. A band or fillet worn round tjio brow. — 2. In saddlery, a band of abriilUi, headstall, or halter, which passes in front of the horse's forehead, and has loojjs at its ends tlu'ougli which pass tho cheek-straps. browbeat (brou'bet), r. t. ; pret. browbeat, pp. browhetitin, ppr. browbeating. [< brow + biat.^ To dejjress or boar down with haughty, slcrn looks, or with arrogant speech and dogmatic assertions ; in general, to bear down by imjiu- dence. He lJeffre.vs] soon found that it was not quite so easy to browbeat the proud and powerful barons of England in their own hall, as to intimidate harristers whoso bread de. pended on his favor, or prisoners whose necks were at his mercy. Macaulay, Ifist. Eng., vi. Mr. Necker . . . was browbeaten and intimidated. Jefferson, Correspondence, II. 485. = Syu. To overbear, insult, bully, hector. browbeater (l)rou'lje"ter), n. One who brow- beats; a bully. Warren. brow-bound (brou'bound), a. Crowned; hav- ing the head encircled, as with a diadem. [Poetical.] Brow-bound with the oak. Sluik., Cor., ii. 2. A queen, with sw.-irtliy clieeks and bold black eyes, Brnir-btiuml witli luiiniim auld. Tennyson, Fair Women. brOWdt, »'. '. Sec broillt. browden (brou'dn), p. a. [< ME. browden, broaden, etc., pp. of braiden, breiden, etc., move, draw, snatch, pull, etc. : see braid^.'} 1. Anx- ious ; foolishly fond. — 2. Vain; conceited. [Prov. Eng.] browdert, *'. t. See brouder. browdinet, «. See brouding. browest, Drowist, ». See brewis. browless (brou'les), a. [< brow -^ -less."] With- out shame. [Rare.] So browless w-as this heretick. L. Addison, Life of M.ahomet, p. 84. brown (brouu), '/. and n. [< ME. brown, broun, bnin, < AS. brun = OFries. bruii = D. bruin (> E. bruin, q. V.) = MLG. briin = OHG., MHG. briin (> ML. bninus, >P. Pr. brun = Sp. Pg. It. bruno, brown, > F. lirunir, etc., burnish, > E. burnish, q. v.), 6. braun = Icel. briinn = Sw. brun = Dan. brun = Lith. brunas, brown, = Gr. *(jipvvoQ, brown, in ippvfoc, (ppin^/, a toad (cf. L. rubeta, a toad, < ruber, red, reddish) ; with for- mative -n, < v' *bru = Skt. *bhrn, redujil. in Skt. babliru, reddish-brown, as subst. a beaver (see bearer'^); cf. L./«>t«s, dusky, black.] I. a. Of a dark or dusky color, inclining to red- ness or yellowness. Broun he was, and lene, and rough of heer, more than a-nother man. Merlin (E. E. T. S.), iii. 40;,. Cheeks hronni as the oak -leaves. Lonufcllow. Brown atrophy, bread, liolland, etc. See the nouns. —Brown hematite, brown iron ore. Same as Umo- jiftc— Brown madder. See madder.— 'Brown, mix- ture acouuh-niixtiiv,- cnntaining camphorated tincture of opium, wine of auliin.iny, spirit of nitrous ether, and other less important inf;redieiits; the niistura slycyrrhiza; coni- po.'iit.a of the iilKiniiacoptcia.— Brown ocher. See oclier. —Brown pink, an artists' pignient niadu from Avignon berries (ii'ftii/iiHws iii/ectorivji), or, better, fromiiuercifron- bark, as tliis latter is not so fugitive. It is sometiuies called stil de .»■«/«.— BrOWn-red game, a variety of the game-fowl in which the hackle- aud saddle-feathers of tlie cock are bright-red, shadhlg ofl to lemon-yellow, flnely striped with black, the back and wing-bows rich-red, the primaries, secondaries, and wing-coverts or bars and tail black, the breast and lower parts of the body black, the feathers having brown shafts and a slight lacing of the same color. The hen is plain black, with hackle-fcathers edfed with yellow.— Brown study, a state of mental ab- straction or meditation ; a reverie. |Often with a hj-phcn. ] Faith, (his brown sliidii suits not with your black, Yom- habit and your tiioughts are of two colours. B. Jonson, Case is Altered, iii. 3. My companion approached and startled him from his fit of brown-study. Iniwi. To do (a person) bro'Wn, to deceive him ; t.ike him in. [CoUoq.] — To do up brown, to do thoroughly. [Colloq.] II. n. 1. Ad.'U'kcolorinelinedtoredoryellow. It maybe' obtained by mixing red, black, aud yellow.— 2. A halfpenny. [English slang.]— Alizarin brown, alizarin red changed to a brown by niix- iii'T ferrooyanide of potash with the color, whicli is dn-i.ni- poled in "steaming and yields Prussian blue.— Aniline brown, a in-own piL'ment obtained by heating a mixture >.'f aniline violet or aniline blue with hydroeliloratc of aniline to 240", imd keeping it at this temperature till the mixture becomes brown iu color. This brown is soluble in water, Brownian alcohol, and acids, and can lie used in dyeing.— Antwerp brown, a i-olor used by artlHts, maiie by mixing asplialtum with a drying-oil; ititniiien, — ArchU brOwn, a cual-tar color used in ilyeing. Bismarck brown. Same as phe- nylcne brown.— Caledonia brown, a pigment used by artists in oil-painting. It i,4 a native earth of England, and is of an orange rUHset-bi'own color. - - Canelle-brown. .Same as plimyUnc fcroie/i.— Cappagh brown, a j.iginent used iiy artists in oil-iiainting, made from a specien ot bog-earth lontaining manganese, fi,uiid near Cappugh in Ireland,— Caflsel brOwn, a pigment very siniilar to Van- dyke l)ro»n (which see. below; —Cheatnut-brown, ill coal-tar colors, a kind of maroon (which s<-<->. it can lie dyed on silk, cott^m, and wool.— (Hnnamon-brown. Same as jttwnytene bronm. — 'P3LBt brown, a coal-tar color used in dyeing, belonging to the ox>-azij group.— Orenat© brown, Iiotassitim isopurpni'iite, prepared by the action of iiotassluni cyanide on picric acid. It fonns brownUh- red crystalline scales, whlili are green by relleeted light. It is si,liible in hot water and alcohol, giving a very deei> violet-red color. When dry It explodes very readily, and is therefore kept in tli&tform of a past*,, Ut w hicli glycerin is added in onler to keep ft moist.— Havana brown, a coal-tar color similar to phenyl brown, used to firodnee on wool brown colors fast to the light.— Ivory-brown, a pigment the same aa bone-brown, except that ivory Is substituted for bone.— Leather-brown, same as pl:'7tyl iiroM'H.— Madder-brown, a brown dye driiiid (roiii ca- techu and worked with madder colors. Manchester brown. Same ;ls phrni/teiu: brown. — Manganese brown* a cidor produced in dyeing by pasHing the cotton, inifireg- nated with manganous ehlorid, through a mixture of »o- dinin hypochlorite aud caustic soda. — Mars brown, an artists' pigment, prepared by calcining a mixture of sul- phate of iron, alum, and jiotash. Its color varies through brown, yellow, and red, according to tlie heat employed in calcining. It may be termed an artificial ocher,— Fnenyl brown, a coal-tar Cfilor used in dyeing. It« coiniioifitlon is complex and nnkii'>wn. It is prepared by treating phe- nol with a mixture of sulphuric and nitric acid, and U mostly used in dyeing leather. Also called leMtfier-brerum. — Phenylene brown, a coal-tar color used in dyeing. It is the liydri.rhlorid of triamidoazobenzene. and is used on wiiol, r.,tton,and leather. Also called Bixiiinrck brmcn, caiwlle-ijrinrn, cinnanton-broirn, Manchester brown. — Prussian brown, a pigment used by artists, [irepared by calcining an aluminous I'nissiaii blue, forming a coiu- pouiid of scsquioxid of iron and alumina. It is orangc- lirown, and reseniblcs iiurnt sienna, but is not tut rich fn tone. -Purple brown, a iiigment composed of oxid of iron, it is soinetiniis ealli-d ),mroo/l oxid. — ReSOrdn. brown, a coal-tar color u.sed ill dyeing, obtained by com- bining a roun ' jorj). n. 1. A large earthen pitcher. — 2. A coarse kind of bread. [H-ov. Eng.] Brownian (brou'Hi-an). n. Pertaining or relat- ing to any person bearing the name of Brown: Brownian Brunonian — Brownian movement, a rapid oscUla- tor>' luution often observed in very minute pai-ticles sus- pended iu water or other liquid, as when carmine or gam- boj:e is rubbed up in water, and first de5eril>ed by Kobert Brown (1757-1S31), a Scotch botanist and agriculturist. It is a purely physical phenomenon, not %itat, and is prob- ably explained by the fact that the particles are in very delicate equilibriiun, and hence extremely sensitive to the slightest change of temperature. -\lso and originally called Bfttnonian motion or ntorement. brownie (brou'ni), n. [Sc, dim. of broicn : so called from their supposed color.] In Scot- land, a spirit supposed to haunt houses, partic- ularly farm-houses. The bro»-nie was believed to be very useful to the family, particularly if treated well by them, and to the sen'ants, for whom while they slept he was wont to do many pieces of drudgery. In appearance the brownie was said to be meager, shaggy, and wild. It would be easy to trace the belief in broicnies ... to the iBT, or hearth spirit of the ancients. Encyc. Brit., II. 204. browning (t)rou'ning), H. [Verbal n. of fcroicH, r.] 1. The act of making brown. Specifically, the pr-icess of darkening the polished surfaces of gun- barrels and other metallic objects. Chlorid or butter of antimony, called brotiziufi-^alt . is used in the process. 2. A preparation of sugar, port wine, spices, etc., for coloring and flavoring meat and made dishes. Brownism (brou'nizm), H. [< Brown + -ism.'] 1. The ecclesiastical system and doctrine of the Brownists ; Independency or Congregation- alism. However. I must, without fear of offending, express my fear, that the leven of that rigid tiling they call Brown. ism has prevailed sometimes a little of the furthest iu the administrations of this pious people. C. ilather, Mag. Chris., 1. 3. 2. The Brunonian theory. See Brunonian. Brownist (brou'uist), n. [< Brown + -ist.] A follower of Robert Brown or Browne (about 1550-1633), a Puritan, who lirst organized the body of dissenters from the Church of England afterward called Independents. See Conijrega- tionalist. 1 bad as lief be a Brownist as a politician. Shak., T. N., iil. 2. If I hate any, 'tis those schismaticlcs that puzzle the sweet peace of our Church : so that I could be content to see an Anabaptist go to hell on a Broimij^l'fi back. HowfU, Familiar Letters, I. vi. 32. The word Puritan seems to be qu.ashcd, and all that Iterc- t'tforc were counted such are now Brownist.^. Milton. Brownistic, Brownistical (brou-nis'tik, -ti- kal), rt. Of or pcrtaiuiug to Ihe Brownists or to their doctrines and practices; characterized by Brownism. .\lK>ut the time of Governour Bradford's death, religion itself liaii like to have died in that colony, through alib- ertiiie and Brownistick spirit then prevailing aiimjig tlie people, and a strong disimsition to di- nitciiaiuc the BosiH-l-niiTiistry, by setting up the "gift-i "f priv;dr bi-cth- rrn ' in r.i,po,sili.»n thcM-to. r. Mntlur, Mag. Chris., ii. 2. brown-leemer, brown-leemine (broun'le 'mcr, -iiiiiii;^, H. A ripe brown nut. Also called iroK'«- .tliullir. [I'rov. Eng.] brownness (l)roun'nes), n. The quality of be- iiii.' Iipiwii. brcwn-shuUer (broun'shul'fer), n. [That is, 'hrinrn-shillcr.'] Same as hroirn-hcmer. brown-spar (broun'sjiiir), «. A name given to a !'■ iTiiginoii.s variety of dolomite. brownstone (broun'ston), h. Anamogivento viirion.i kinds of dark-bro«^l sandstone. In the I'liited states it Ih the sjiiidHtone from the quarries iu the 'I'riiuutii- or .N't!w Ked Sandstone, and c.Hiieciallysuch a stone from fjuarrics in the Connecticut river valley, much used at .'I l)iiiMi[ig-Ht/)ne. bro'wn-stout (broun'stouf), n. A superior kind of purler. See stout. brownwort (broun'wtrt), n. [ME. not foiin: hriiunf (the brown) in (Jcrinan. browny (tirou'ni). It. and n. (< liroirn + -i/l. < f. hroicnif.] I.f a. Somewhat brown : as, " liis hroirny locks," .Shak., Lover's ('oiiinlaint, 1. 85. H. n. ; pi. hrownirM (-niz). 'J'lio (op-knot. (I.ii'-al Kng. (■('ornwall).] brow-post (broil 'post), II. In nrWi.,H cross-beam. browse' (brouz), ». [Appar. for "lirou.sl, < OK. Itritiiil, a sprout, shool, l)iid, 1'. Iirniif, browse, l^r .v,! wood (ff. Sp. Iirn:ii, nibbisli uf loaves, ', brnlf, genu of a vine, bud of trees, 'ibbish), pro)). < MHO. hro::, (!. diiil. I Iil ii:,i!i, hriiHKl, IV bud (cf. Hri't. hrini.i, u biiil. -!ir,.,i. //rni/x/, alliick IiumIi, /M.i(rt, browse ; pro),. In, II, III.. K.); (.f. OS. hrunliaii. spnuil, nnrl Be<- '// '/ / . I 'I'Ik. lender sIiooIh or twi(fH of hImiiIis find li' ■ ~. -mil iiHcuttlo may oat; «reen food lit for cattle, ilcor, etc. Also Mpollod brotczc. 698 The whiles their gotes upon the brottzes fedd. Spenser, F. Q., III. x. 45. Up luther drive thy goats, and play by me : This hill has browse for them, and shade for thee. JJryden, tr. of Orid's MetJimorph., t 943. The deer leave the mountains and come to the plains below to feed on the browse of the birch. - Sportsman's Gazetteer, p. G;>. browsel (brouz), i: ; pret. and pp. browsed, ppr. hroic^-ing. [Also 6)'oii'-f, early mod. E. al.so brouse, brou:e, brooze, appar. for 'broust, < OF. brouster, F. brouter (cf. E. dial, brut, browse) = Pr. bro.star, nibble off the buds, sprouts, and bark of plants, browse, < OF. broust, a sprout, shoot, bud: see 6ro«'«fl,H.] I. trans. 1. Tofeed on ; pasture on ; graze : said of cattle, deer, etc. Elysian lawns Browsed by none but Dian's fawns. Keats, Ode. The fields between .\re dewy-fresh, browsed by deep-udder'd kine. Tennyson, Gardener's Daughter. 2. To nibble and consume; eatoff: said of cattle. The barks of trees thou browsedst. Shak., A. and C, i. 4. n. in trans. 1. To graze; specifically, to feed on the tender shoots, branches, or bark of shrubs and trees : said of herbivorous animals. Such like sort of fruit, which those animals brooz'd upon. Oldijs, Life of Raleigh. The full lips, the rough tongue, the corrugated cai-tila- ginous palate, the broad cutting teeth of tlie ox, the tieer, the horse, and the sheep, qualify this tribe for browsin'j upon their pasture. Pateii, Kat. Theol., ii. 2. Tofeed: said of human beings. [Rare.] There is cold meat i' the cave ; we'll brou'se on that. Shak., Cymbeline, iii. G. browse'^ (brouz), n. [Origin obscure.] In metal., imperfectly smelted ore. browser (brou'zer), J). One who browses. Also spelled brow-er. browse-wood (brouz'-wud), n. Bushes or twigs on which animals feed. [Rare.] brow-sickt (brou'sik), fl. Sick with the brow- ague; Rejected; hanging the head. But yet a gracious infiuence from you May alter nature in our brow-sick crew. Sucklin;/, Prol. to a Masque. browsing (brou'zing), n. [Verbal n. of browse^, I'.] A place where animals may browse : as, " hroirsinij/iiovthe deer," Howell, Letters, I. ii. 8. Also liriiw,:i)i(i. brow-snag (lirou'snag), »i. Same asbrow-antler. browspO't (brou'spot), n. A glandular body liitween the eyes of a fi'og or toad ; tlie inter- ocular body, probably gi"ving rise to the fiction of the jewel in the head of these animals. browst (broust), )(. [Connecteil with brow, a form of i)'( H'l, q. v.] That wliicli is brewed ; as niueli liquor as is brewed at one time. [Scotch.] browstert, ". An obsolete form of brtwsttr^. brow-transom (brou'tran"8om), n. An uiqier Iransom. browze, ». and v. See browse'^. browzer, browzing. See browser, broiosing. broy(it, ' . '. An obsolete form of braitV-. bruang (.brii'mi;.'), n. The native name of the Malayan sun-l)ear, Ilelarctos malayanus. it has fine and glossy black fur, with a white jiatch on the lu'cast. bruise 6n(fi'), recesM-H of the nextitof wild been, to rob them of llit-lr liotiev. It in eiutlly donieittlcated, very hariiili-HM, and fond of .hlldren, brubru (bril'lirii), n, fProb. a native name.] ,\ lioiik-nanie of an African shrike, the l.anius or \ihniH brubru. bruchid (brij'kid), n. A beotlo of (he family llrurhiiltr. BrUchidSB (br»'ki- ult. K. dial, bruck, a fleld-crickot : boo European Grain-Bnichus(fi.rro«fln>(j). ( Small figureshonsnatural size.) a, egg oi Bruthjis fist, magnified. the head being produced into a short beak, and the hind femora usually dilated and in most species toothed. In the larval state they live in the seeds of plants, especially of the family Leininnnosce, as the bean and pea. The lioles often observed in peas are made by the perfect bruchus to ert'ect its escape. 2. II. c] A member of this genus. [The word bnieiius is used in the Douay version of the Bible, by literal transcription from the Latin, in several places wliere the King .Tames version has locust, caterpillar, or cankcrnvrw : the ilrst two are also found in Challoner's revision in some places where tile Vulgate has bruchus.] brucina (bro-si'nii), j(. [NL.] Same as ftrMciHC. brucine, brucin (brii'sin), n. [< Brueea (a ge- nus of slirubs named after J. Bruce (ITSO-sii), the African traveler) -f -/)«•'-, -(«'-.] A vege- table alkaloid (C2H2eN204), discovered iu what was thouglit to be the bailv of the Brueea anti- ili/.n-nlrrira, but which was that of ')'»(7(H.<.] A field-criciiet. [Prov. Eng.] bruckle (bruk'l), a. A dialectal (Scotch) form of brickie. Lasses and glasses are bruckle wiu-e. Scotch proivrb. bruet, '•. An obsolete spelling of brew^. bruetf, n. See brewet. bruflflbruf), . braun = )']. brown, i[. v.] A name given to the belli'. [.\s a quasi-proper name, it is often written with a capital letter.] bruise (brdz), r. ; )iret. and ]ip. brui.ieil, jipr. Iiriii.siug. [The s|ielling bruise is due to l)P. bruiser (see below); early mod. E. bruse, bru::e, < MF. broosen, brosen, bru.ien, also brousen, bri>!/.''en, more fre(|iiently liri/.-un, bri.ien, bre.ien, also liri.isen. /<;•(.«(/(, Iireuk. bniise; |iartly < AS. Iirysan, break, bruise (to which all the ME. forms excejit bron.scn, liroscn, brou,sen, broy- sen could bo referred; but the reg. mod. rop- resontadve of AS. hrf/.ian would lie bri:e or "breeze: see /iW.'W'') ; purtly< OV. bru.ier, brn.tcr, hrui.ser, liruisier, hrisitr, liri.iir, 1'', /)n,sTr, break (to which nil the M lO. forms eoiilil lie ri'lerred). Cf. bri.i.i", l)ri.ie'-\ l)ree.:i''\ liriuil. Il is not certain that the AS. form is related to (he I'', form; the urigiii of botli is unknown. Cf. (Incl. Ir. bri.i, \)rt>;\k.] I. Irons. 1. To in.jiil'e by a lilnvv or by pressure without hieenitioii; contuse, as a pliant siibstiiiice; dent or beat in without bienkliig, as anylhiiig hard: as, to bruise (he blind; u bruisei\'. frequent and more marked in young persons tliaii in adults, and in anemic than in normal states. bruit (brot), c. l< bruit, ».] I. trans. To an- noimce with noise ; report ; noise abroad. By this great clatter one of the greatest note Seems bruited. Shak., Macbeth, v. 7. Thou art no less than fame hath bruited. Shak., 1 Hen. VI., ii. 3. It is marvell to think what his friends meant, to let come abroad such shallow reasonings with the name of a man so much bruited for learning. Stilton, Chiu-ch-Governmeut, i. 5. But a dark ruinoiu" will be bruited up. From tribe to tribe, until it reach his ear. M. .irnold. .Sohrab and Rustum. II. in trans. To give forth sound ; sound. Bronze clarions awake and faintly bruit. Feats. Endymion, i. G99 bruleif, V. t. [ME., < OF. hruler, hntsler, F. brutcr, burn: sec l)rustle'K'] To burn. In cucry part put to wns the fire, Ther paynynifs were bruted and lirend entire. hum. ,,/ I'arteuay (E. E. T. 8.), 1. 2289. Als the mosto parte of thys said abbay By hyin stroied, bruled and scorched tho : Tlicr not lefte nc bricle o soule man that day. lioni: of Parte imy (E. E, T, .S.), 1. XWi. brule^t, V. An obsolete form of broil^. Catholi- ciin Anglicmu. brfllee (brii'la), n. [F., prop. fem. pp. of brA- ler, burn.] In Canada, a piece of woodland from wliich the timber has been burned; a burned district. brulyement (l)riirye-meut), n. Same as broil- nwnt. [Scotch.] brulyie (briiKyi), n. [So., also written brulcie (here, as in as-ioilzie, etc., z represents the old r-shaped y; -hj-, like -Hi- in billiarrls, represent- ing the former F. sound of -II-), < F. brouilli; a quarrel, etc.: see broil^.'] Same as broil-. Burns. brulzie (briil'yi), n. See brulyie. Brumaire (bro-mar'), n. [F. (after L. "bruma- rius), < brume, fog, < L. brumn, winter: see lirunie.'] Tho second month in the calendar adopted by the first French republic, beginning October 22d and ending November liOtli (17i)3). brumal (bro'mal), a. [= F. brumal, < L. bru- malis, < bruma, winter: see brume.'] Belonging to winter; wintry; hibernal. Sir T. Herbert; Sir T. Browne. And in the sky as yet no sunny ray, But bruuial vapors gray. Longfellow. brume (brom), «. [F., fog, mist, haze, < L. bruma, the shortest day in the year, the win- ter solstice, hence winter; prob. for "brevima, equiv. to brevissima, superl. fem. of brevis, short: see 6ne/".] Mist; fog; vapors. [Rare.] And suddenly through the drifting brume The blare of the horns began to ring. Longfellow. brummagem (brum'a-jem), a. [Formerly also spelled hnmiidgham, etc., eoiTujitions of Bir- mingluuu in England, where many plated arti- cles and cheap trinkets are made.] Showy but worthless; fictitious; sham. [Slang or colloq.] brumous (bro'mus), a. [< brume + -ok*-.] Per- taining or relatuig to winter; hence, foggy; misty; dull and sunless: as, a JcH«(o«.vith brune, AS. brync, a burning (also brine: see brine^ (= Icel. britni, a burning, > bruna, advance with the speed of fire, said ot a standard in the heat of battle, of a ship under full sail, etc.), < *brinn/in : see 6«nil.] 1. A sudden shock or impetus; a bnisli cftllision, onset, or attack ; a strenuous effort. [Now rare.] Thci sporcjcd thelre horse over tho briggc at a brunt. Merlin, 11. 282. I must resolve to stand to the hazard of all brunts now. f'//rd, Lfjve's .Sacrifice, v. 2. It is Instantly and Irrcixivcrably scattered by our flrst brunt with some real affair of common life. Is. Taylor. 2. The heat or utmost violence of an onset; tho strength or violence of any contention. The quiver of your arguments which U ever thin, and weakly stor'd, after the llrst liruni, l« quite enjpty. Milton, (;hlirch-Governntcnt, 1. 6. Wc find the Christian chivalry always ready to bear the brunt of battle against the Mrwjrs. Presmtt, Ferd. and Isa., L 6. bruntH, "• «• [ME. brunten;< hrunt, n.] To make a sudden start. I'rompt. I'arv. brunt- (brunt), pp. and p. a. A dialectal form of burnt. brunyt, n. See byrnie. brush (brush), II. [Early mod. E. also brxuhe. hriisrlie ; < ME. brusshe, lirusrhe, < OF. broche, broce, broissc, brosHC, a bush, a bushy place, brushwood, thicket, = Pr. hromia = Sp. oro:a, Ijrushwood, thicket, rubbish of leaves and bark, = ML. bruscia, a thicket (cf. ML. bruscale, OF. brousaiUc, > ME. hrugchaUc, a thicket), appar. confu.sed with bruncun (> It. Sp. Pg. lirusco, F. brum, > G. briisch, butcher's broom, kuee-holly; cf. It. hrusca, "ling or heath to make brushes or broomes with" (Florio), now a horse-brush), also runcus, var. of L. ruscum, ruxtum, butcher's broom; hence, as a particu- lar sense of the same word (from the use of small bushy plants, as heath, for the purjiose), a brush, ilE. brusshc, brusche, < OF. brouesse, brois-ie, brossc, F. brosse = Sp. broza, bruza, a brush; cf. ML. bruxtia, a kinclof comb (resting partly perhaps on MHG. biirstc, a Vjrush, < boriit = AS. byrst, bristle: see bristle); perhaps < MHG. broz, a bud, shoot: see browse^. The fomis and senses are involved ; for the senBca, cf. broorn^.] 1. The small trees and shrubs of a wood ; a thicket of small trees ; scrub. Out of the thickest brush. .Spenser, V. Q., III. I. 15. The country is almost wholly marshy, and covered with brujth or low palms, with ponds here and then*. Science, V. 21«. 2. Branches of trees lopped off; brushwood: a sense common in the Lnited States. — 3. A tract of country covered by thickets; hence, a thinly settled countiy; the backwoods. [South- western U. S.] — 4. An instrument of various forms, according to its intended use, consist- ing of a quantity of some flexible material attached to a handle or stock. Brushes are used for applying paint and similar substances, cleaning, polishing, rubbjng, smoothing, etc. Their commonest nntterials arc liristlcs and certain kinds fi hair. For some purposes these are secured in a bunch to a ferrule at the end of a handle, or iHXmd or fahtencil to the handle itself ; for others they are inserted in doubled tufts into holes bored in a stock, with or without a handle, the pro- jecting doubled ends being secured by wires or otherwise, and in ordinary forms cttvered by a back-piece glued on. Among the mat^Tials tuied for making brushes are bristles, liaind the badger, bear, and goal, hair from the tails of the red and Idack sable, camels' hair (set called, but commonly Russian squirrel), fltch- (skunk-) and horsehair, broom- corn, ratan, split cane, rushes, cocoanut-flber. the roots and fillers of many tropical plants « "■.■ -i ■.■-'** fea- thers, etc. The word is often » ■ - the specific purposes for which itisii-' :hes-. dust-, hat^, hair-, nail-, paint-, ;.:... -..- _, and whitewash-brush. .See jtrncil. 5. Anything resembling a brush, as the tails of some animals, as the fox, or the panicles of broom-corn used in the manufacture of brooms. — 6. An agriculttiral instrument made of .small trees, as the birch, and used instead of a harrow for covering grain, grass-seed, etc.. after they have been sown. — 7. In dvnamo-electric ma- cliines (which see, under electric), one of the bundles of copper wires or plates which are in contact with the commutator of the armature on opposite sides, and sen-e to take off the posi- tive and negative currents of electricity gener- ated. — 8. In elect., the luminous phenomenon, consisting of diverging rays of pale-blue light, observed when the discharge of an electric machine takes place into the air from a small ball or rounded jioint. — 9. [From the verb.] A passage; especially, a quick ride through the brush or across country ; a chase. Let us enjoy a brush across the cc»nnty. Fiflding. 10. A skirmish: a slight encounter: a shock; a collision : as. to have a ftn/.«/i with the enemy. I..et grow thy sinews till their knots lie strong. And tempt not yet the brushes of the war. Shak., T. and C. v. 3. trusli He might, methinks, have std one brufh with them, and have )ielded when there had been no remedy. Buuyan, Pilgrims Progress, p. ISS. 11. An application of a brush, as in sweeping or dusting; a 'brushing ; a removal as if with a brush: as, give my hat a brush. [Colloq.] Leaves . . . have with one winters brttgh Fell Irom their houghs. Shak,. T. of A., iv. 3. 12. A painter; one who uses a brush: as, a brother ftrusft.—Haldinger's brushes, "piical figures, early described by the .\u5trian miMrr;ilLP.:ist W. von Hai- dinger (1795-1871), appearing like coluriJ bnl.^hes, some- times resembling the ordinary interference-figures (see interference) of a biaxial crystal, observed with ordinary transmitted light in sections of certain minerals, especially those which effect a marked absorption of color, as an- dalusite, iolite, etc. The term also includes the peculiar phenomenon of four small colored tufts observed by some persons with the naked eye, by others when a Nicol prism is used, upon looking at a bright light, as a white cloud. The latter phenomenon is supposed to be due to the polar- izing action of the eye itself.— Hydraulic brush. See Aydi-aw/ic-.— Revolving brush, a cylindrical brush sup- ported in a frame and made to revolve rapidly on an a.\is by gearing or other mechanism. Such brushes :u-e used for street-sweeping, and also by barbers. — Rotary bru^ Same as rerolciiv^bru^h.^Syd, 10. Jiencoiinter^ ijkinniih, etc. See encounter. brash (brush), r. [< ME. bnischen, < OP. hros- ser, V. i., beat the brush or thicket for game, SCOUT the country, also simply cross, pass, F. brosser (= Sp. bro:u); brush), < brosse, brush, thicket: see brush, «.] I. trans. 1. To sweej) or rub with a brush: as, to brush a hat. The robes to kepe well & also to bruscke them clenly. Babeet Book (ed. I'urnivall), p. 180. Let their heads be sleekly combed, their blue coats brunhed. Shak., T. of the S., iv. 1. Dark wir>' hair brushed on one side. Rubt'er, Pelham, xl. 2. To remove by brushing or by lightly pass- ing over : as, to brush off dust. Though from off the boughs each morn We bnmh mellifluous dews. Milton, P. L., v. 429. I think the verj- best thing is to brush all the old Dons off the stage. Disraeli, Coningsby, v. 2. 3. To sweep or touch as with a brush ; strike lightly b}' passing over the surface ; pass lightly over: as, to brush the arm in passing. Bnuh'd with the lltss of rustling wings. J/i7(on, P. L., i. 768. A thousand nights have bnish'd their balmy wings Over these eyes. Dryden. 4. Figuratively, to rufQe ; excite. Poor Silas's loss ser^'ed to brush the Blow current of Raveloe conversation. George Eliot, Silas Marner, x. 5. To furnish with brushes or branches of dead trees to climb on: as, to brush peas To brush up, to furbish: polish; renovate; hence, to improve in any way ; make brighter or clearer, as the memory or jiast knowledge. Vou have commissioned mc to paint your shop, and I have ilone my best to bnuh you up like your neighbours. Pope. n. intrans. 1. To move quickly or in haste ; rush : as, to brush past a person. Then Pollux . . . brusshit Into batell. Destruction of Truij, 1. 1210. Snatching bis hat, he brushed off like the wind. Ooldsmitlt. Brush' d Thro' the dim meadow toward his treasure-tri>ve. Tenni/son, Aylmer's Field. 2. To move or skim over with a slight contact, as a brush. Dryden. The stJimens are seated at the mouth of the corolla, and In falling off do not brush over the lowty-geated stigmas. Darrein, Different Foniis fif Flowers, p. 42. bmsh-bird nimsh'bi-rd), n. Same as scruh- l„r-l. brasb-burn (brnsli'bi-m), h. The iii,jury rosult- iii;; from violent f ri<'t ion, us sliilint; ilowu a rope or 11 filopr- of grass or ifc. The cITccts aro often siiniliir to lliOHC of scalding water. bmsher (brnsh'tr), «. 1. One who brushes. — 2. in liiilhir-miinuf., one who iierforms the niei'hanieal work ot dyeing skins, r. T. Daria, l-'Mllier, p. 72H. bru.shet». n. [MK. hrmchct, < ()!■'. hroHsctlfS, li'iiili, dim. of liroHse, etc., bnisli, In-alh; sec bruahaniX-ct'^.] 1. A thicket. —2. Urushwood. And In that like hrnssrhft hy. Five thouNniid of odire nnil moro. .I/.S-. Ashwoir, .'13, fol. 10. (llalHovtl.) bmshfiU li.iish'fiil), )i. [< ftriMA + -/"«;.] As '>' lie lifted with a brush : as, a brnsh- brnah I 'hat), «. A hnt whieli in llie proei 14 eonliniinlly liruBlietl with n "iin'l I iiiii pnrpOHi' of bringing a iiH]> bmBhincH.s iiniHli'l-neH), ». [< brunhij + -HCM.J Thu (|uality of being brushy. 700 brushing (brush'ing), ^. a. Brisk; rapid: as, a hrn^hinf) gallop. brushing-machine (brush 'ing-ma-shen'), n. 1. An apparatus for remo%-ing tlie dust from hats, or for laying the nap. — 2. A machine having a cjiindrical brush, used to lay the nap on cloth after shearing. — 3. An apparatus for removing the dust and fuzz from wheat. It consists of a series of brushes and a blast of air for blovring away the dust and refuse. brushite (brush'it), n. [After Prof. Brush of Yale College.] A hydrated phosphate of cal- cium found in the guano of Aves Islands and Sombrero in the West Indies, in slender mono- olinio crystals of a pale-yellow color. brush-jack (brush'jak), n. A hand-tool for holding bunches of brushwood while binding them into mats or fascines for use in embank- ments, etc. brushlet (brush'let), )i. [< brush + dim. -let.'\ In entom., a scopula or small brush-like organ on the leg of a drone-bee, tised for cleansing the body. West wood. brushDiail(brush'man), h. ; Y>l.hrushmen {-laen). One who plies the brush ; a painter. How difficult in artists to allow To other britshnien even a grain of merit ! Wolcot, Odes, viii. bnishment (brush'ment), )i. [< hru.'fh + -mciit. Cf. liiishnieiit.^ Brusfi or small wood. brush-monkey (brush'mung"ki), «. A name of the species of small American marmosets of the genus ilidas. brush-ore (brush'or), n. An iron ore found in the forest of Dean, England. Also called black- brush. Ure. brush-plcw (brush'plou), ti. A strong plow used for Vireaking up rough land covered with brush and small trees. brush-puller (brush'piU"er), n. A machine for pulling up brushwood by the roots. E. H. Eniii)it. brush-tailed (brush'tald), a. Ha%ing a bushy tail : speeificSUy applied to certain porcupines of the genus Athcrura. brush-tongued (brush'tungd), a. Ha\ing a brushy tongue : specifically applied to parrots of the group Trichofflossiiia'. brush-turkey (biush'ter'ki), n. The popular name of a large gregarious rasorial bird of Australia, the Talcf/alUis lathami, of the family Jil((/ color, pp. of bruscarc, brusure, scorch, bnrn.] In hrr., tawny. bruskness, brusqueriess (liri'isk'nes), m. [< lnii.ll;, hrusi/ni, + -niss.\ 'I'lie character of be- ing bruhk ; a rude, abrupt, or blunt innnnor. lie wan nlmoKt (lerre In bin brusnurnrss. Hcofiie l:liot. Mill on the Floss. brusque, brusqueness. See hrusk^, Imishnras. brusquorie (lirns'ke-i'e), II. [V.-i brusque: sec liruMlc and -ci-//.] Same as bruskness. Dorottu'a . . . spoki- Willi ctild hrusiiurrie, ... In iirnniilnK conlrnut with the HollrUoiis nniiablllty of her ad iiilrer. (Jriinn' Ktiol, Middleiimreh, I. '.!.'•. Brussels carpet, lace, sprouts. Hc<' the nouns, brust' (hnisli, r. A iliuliclnl variant of /iHr»t; n". " like to hrusi," Hums, bruaf'^t, ". [ME.: see birac, brittle.] A bristlo. orutalism No .Tupiter. no .\polin, Ko is worth the brust of a swin. Spec. Eaity Kwj. .Vctr. nom. (ed. Ellis), II. 332. Koland lough [laughedj and said, No is worth the brust of a swine. Bom. of Roland. brust-t, "• [ME., for *brusted, bristled, en- raged, < fcii(S<, a bristle : seebristle.] Bristled; enraged. Cometh the maister budel [beadle] brust ase a bore. Pvlil. Sowis (ed. Wright), p. 151. brusten (brus'tn). A dialectal variant of burst, past participle of burst. brustleif (brus'l), r. [< ME. brustlien, a par- allel form to brasllicu, < AS. hrastliaii, also ba'r.<:t!iint, crackle : see brastle. As an imitative word, cf. rustle.'] I. iutraus. To crackle; make- a small crackling noise; also, to rustle, as a silk garment. He routeth with a slepy noise, And hru.itlftb as a monke^ froise. When it is throwe into the panne. Gourr, Conf. Amant., ii. 93. See, where the sea comes ! how it foams and bru.- ME. brule, roast, fry), mod. F. bniler = Pr. bruslar, burn, = It. brus- tolare, burn, now grill, fry, toast, appar. (< L. as if *per-ustuhire ; cf. Pr. usehir {or *ustlar^ OSp. usiar = It. ustolare = Wall, usturii, < L. ustuliire, burn) dim. or freq. of Pr. bru~ar, brui^ar (for *bru.-!sar) = It. brii.tcidre, brueiare, tdi-bruseiarc (ML. bruseare, bruxare, brustare, burn, < L. as if *pcruslare, freq. of L. jierurerc, pp. j)erustus, burn through, < jier, through, -t- urere, burn. The forms touch some of different origin, as those of broift, q. v., and in K. the word may be indeed a particular use oi brustle'^, crackle: see [I'rov. Eng.] crackle: "see bruslk^.] To jiarch. Malliucll. brut, r. i. [E. dial., also brit, appar. < F. brou- lir, OF. broustcr, browse; see brow.ic'^.] To browse. Bruta (bro'tji), «. pi. [NL., neut. pi. of L. bndus, irrational, brute: see brute.] If. In tile Ijiiniean system of classification, the sec- ond order of .Munimdlia, containing the gen- era KUjduis, 'J'rielKchus, Uradi/pus, Mijrmeco- phtiiju, .Munis, and Dasijpus. — 2. In mod. ;iml., disencumbered of the genera Ktijihiis and Tri- eheehns, and same as Eilriitittii. il'lure is a grow- ing leiideney to use the term in this sense instead of Kdeittota, wliich latter is literally incorrect, few of the so-called eileiitatcs being toolhlcHS. ] brutal (brii'tal), a. [= F. brutal, < ML. bruta- lis, savage, stupid, < L. brutus. aiqdied to dumb animals: see brute.] 1. Pei'taining to or re- sembling a brute; brutish: as, brutal luiture; "brutal kind," Milton, P. L., ix. Stir). In Irish di.stricts, men ileterioratcd in size and slmpo, the nose slink, the gnins were exposed, with iliminisliea liraiii uiid brutal form. Fittecvtm, Kng. Traits, p. '.'99. How widely doth the brutal cuuvixnc of .\jftx dllt'erfroin the aintable bravery of Diometles I FiiUliii'j, .loseph Andrews. Hence — 2. Savage; cruel; iiilimiiun ; unfeel- ing: !is, /ichM/ passions; brutal ixhumwvs. tirultit iilike In deed and word. With cullous heart and haixl of strife. How like a llend miiv nuin be made ! ir/((7(//r, Mogg Megone, IIL 3. Kudo; har.sh; coarse; crude. [Rare.] The huinnli eye and tnlnil fogelber iiitegnite, so Ut speak, till' IniitreKslons of nmny seiuuiite and selectod moinentji Inio nrii' general view, while llie camera call only give a brutal ropy of an nnscli'iled stale of things, with all Its atinosiiherlc and other iiiipeirectlons. .Scirm-c, IV. 'Jlia ==8yn. 2. Brutish, Beaslly, etc. (see bnilr); unfeeling, ruinieHs, rude, rough, gross. nierelleHH, barbarous. brutalisation, brutalise. See brutatication, hrntiili \i . brutalism (lirii'lal-i/.m), u. [< brutal + -ism.'] The piaetico or'oxorciso of brutality; inhu- inniiity. Till' Indiisli'ial systein of l-^nrope reiiulled for Itsiiiimln- iNtrallon an iiinoiint of snilerliig, d(-|ii'a\lly, ami lirutal- ism, which formed one of the great scandals of the age. Everett, Uratloiis, II. 08. brutality- brutality (bro-tal'i-ti), «.; jil. Irutalities (-tiz). [= V. bnitaUte, < ML. hrut(ilita{t-)s, < brutalis: see 1)1)11(11.1 1. The (nuility of being brutal; inhuiuiinity; savageuess; gi'oss cruelty; in- sensibility to pity or shame. It is to be noteil that the unredeemed brutality implied by the stories of tlie earlier gods is in the stories of the later considerably mitigated. //. Spoiccr, I'rin, of Soeiol., § 107. 2. A savage, shameless, or inhuman act. Tlic mere In-vtalitUs exercised in war by enraged con. querors :ire i»-ibaps to be laid out of view in estimating the practical clfects of despotism. Brour/haDi. = S5T1. 1. r.arliarity, ferocity, truculence. brutalization (bro"tal-i-za'shon), n. [< hru- taUze: see -atio>i.'] Tlie act of brutalizing, or the state of being brutalized. Also spelled hrittdlindtion. .Scruples of conscience respecting the rectitude of their cause uiiuld paralyze officers and soldiers. So that a cer- tain brufulization has to be maintauied during our pass- ing phase of civilization. //. Sjioicet; Study of .Sociol., p. 190. brutalize (bro'tal-iz), V. ; pret. and pp. ir)ital- ized, ppr. bnit(i'lhi))a. [= i'. Iirutnliscr, < bru- tal: see brutal.'] I. trans. JYo make bnital, coarse, gi-oss, or inhuman ; lower to the level of a brute. Strange ! that a creature rational, and cast In human mould, should brutalize by choice His nature. Cowpcr, Task, i. Degraded and brutalized by a long course of oppressive misgovernment. Whately. II. intratis. To become brutal, inhuman, or coarse and beastly. [Rare.] He . . . b)-utalized with them in their habits and man- ners. Addison, Freeholder. Also spelled bnitalise. brutally (bro'tal-i), adv. In a brutal manner; cruelly ; Inhumanly ; in a coarse, gross, or un- feeling manner. Brutallij repulsed by the attending lictors. 6olds))iiih, Alcander and Septiraius. brute (brot), a. and n. [= F. brut, fern, brute, = Sp. Pg. It. hruto, < L. brut)is, heavy, unwieldy, stupid, insensible, unreasonable ; particularly applied in later L. to the lower animals.] I. a. 1. Senseless; unconscious. Not walking statues of clay, not the sons of brutt; earth. Bentley. 2. Wanting reason ; animal ; not human : as, a brute beast. A creature . . . not prone And b)-ute as other creatures, but endued With sanctity of reason. MiltO)i, P. L., vii. 507. I was amazed to see such actions and behaviour in lyrute beasts. Su^ft, Gullivers Travels, iv. 1. 3. Characteristic of animals; of brutal charac- ter or quality. Brute violence and proud tyrannic power. Miltmi, P. R., i. 219. The oppressed invoked the power of Christianity to re- sist the tyranny of brute force. Bancroft, Hist. U. .S., II. 454. 4. Blunt or dull of sentiment ; without sensi- bility ; rough ; uncivilized ; insensible. The brute philosopher who ne'er has proved The joy of ioviug or of lieing loved. Pope. 5. Not associated with intelligence or intellec- tual effort ; unintelligent ; irrational. A more legitimate kind of valour that, showing itself against the untamed forests and diirk brute Powei"S of na- ture, to conquer nature for us. Carlyle. 6. Harsh; crude. [Rare.] The brute fact is expressed in the phrase *'One man's meat is another man's poison." 0. W. Holmes, A Jlortal Antipathy, vii. = Syn. Brule, Brutish, Brutal, ISensthj, Bestial. Brute is the most general of these words, and remains nearest to the distinguishing difference between man and beast, irration- ality: as, brute force. Brutish is especially uncultured, stupid, groveling; as, brutes and still more 6ru(w/i men. Brutal implies cruelty or lack of feeling : as, brutal lan- guage or conduct. Beastly expresses that which is alto- gether unworthy of a man, especially that which is filthy anil disgusting in conduct or manner of life. Bestial is ;i]'plit'd chierty to that which is carnal, sensual, lascivious : as, hcslial vices or appetites. The feats of Hercules . . . were triumphs of brute force. Sunuier, Fame and Glory. The bruti.'lant belonging to the natural order Di^scoreaceie. It lias large black roots, the acrid juice of which has been used in plasters. B^ophyta (bri-of'i-ta). n. pi. [< XL. bryo- jmytum, < Gr. lipiov, iinoss, + ifivrit; a plant.] A diWsion of the higher crj-ptogams, including tlie Ilcpaticce and mosses. bryophyte (bri'o-fit), n. A member of the Jiri/iijiliyta. bryoretin (bri-o-ret'in), H. [Irreg. < bryonin.] A substance produced from the glucoside bry- onin by treating it with an acid. Bryozoa (bri-o-z6'a), n. pi. [NL., < Gr. fipiin, moss (see Bryum), + Cuor, pi. Ca, an animal.] A name formerly given to the Polycoa, from their resemblance to mosses. Ehrenberg, 1831. See I'nly:oa. bryozoan (bri-o-z6'an), a. and n. L a- In :ooL, relating to the Iiryo:oa. H. H. One of tlie Bryosoa. bryozoid (bri-o-z6'id), a. and n. Same as bryo- S'uin. bryozoon (bri-o-z6'on), H. Same as bryo:oan. bryozoum (bri-o-zd'um), m. [NL., sing, of Bri/ii:oa.] One of the Bryo:oa. Dana. Bryum (bri'umV n. [XL. (L. bryon), < Gr. i^pioi; a kind of mossy seaweed, tree-moss, lichen, the clustering male blossom of the hazel, a blossom or flower, < i3pieiv, teem or swell, be full, grow luxuriantly.] A large and important genus of mosses, characterized by fruit borne at the ends of the branches, and a pendent, pyriform capsule which has a double row of transversely barred teeth. bryzet, «• -^ obsolete foi-m of breeze^. B. Sc. ' An abbreviation of Baccalaiireus Scien- tue. or Bachelor of Science. bu (bo), n. [Jap.] A rectangular silver coin of Japan, equal to one fourth of a rio or tael. It is not now in circulation, but the name is still some- times given to the fourth part of a yen or dollar. .Also spelled boo, and formerly called (erroneously when more than one were spoken of) iehiboo and itzehoo, bu., bosh. Abbreviations of bushel or bushels. buansnah, buansu (bo-an-so'a, bo-an-so'), "■ The native name of the Cyoil priiiKevus, the wild dog of Nepal and northern India, sup- Buansuah ( Cyon priinaz'us). posed by some to be the original type of the dOff tribe. It is of a reddish color, pale underneath, witn a bushy, pendulous tail, and in size intermediate between the wolf and the jackal, but with very strong limbs. It is capable of being tamed. See Ctton. Bnarrlieinon (bo-Sr-re'mon), h. [NL., < Gr. .., < liuhdlirhthijH + -iiifc] A subfamily of f,V/^(»(omirf<'• .synonymous with /cfio//i»j«!( which bubalicbthyine (bfi-bal-ik'thi-in), a. and «. I. ((. I'lrtuining to or having the characters of the IliilKiliihlhyiiKi'. II. ". One of the ISiilialichthyina: ; a buffalo- Buballchthys (bu-bal-ik'ihis), «. [NL., < lUi- lidluH + lir, i,tW'r, a fish.] The typical gonns of catoHtonioid fishes of Hn- siililamily Jiuhii- liihtliiiiiKr : the biiffalo-lisheH. bubaline (bu'ba-lin), a. [< I>. biitniUnun, \»'t- t:iniing to the 6h&«/im, biiflulo. I 1. I'erliiin- KiH to the biibulus or buffalo. — 2. Keserabling II liiifTiilo; bovine: as, the bubnliin group of : Mjiei'iru-ally ntiplied to Alrclaphuii ■ liiiliiiline anteloiie. b ii'bii-liH), II. [Mj., nlnr) biihnlr; < ' ', an African specieB of Hnlilone; 'J n'ferri'd to finvr, ox.] A large nu- ba., ..iii'lope of Africa, /l/w/w/i/iKx /(«fc«^.i. Bnbalornln (bfi-bn-lAr'niH), «. [Nli., < llubn- /«< t . II biril.] A genuH of Afri'im wen I the fiirriily lliirriiln ; tlic tiul falo , \:\i\, llic ) >ir. iinnivd from llii Ir hiibil of (ulluwiijK cattle In ordnr Ui fcwJ on Iho parultc* 702 which infest their liides. B. erythrorhjnwhits is common in Damaraland, where it is known to the natives as the t-^alil^iu^tioa. Sir Andrew Smith. Bubalus (bii'ba-lus), H. [L.: see 6«;?'o/c).] 1. A genus or subgenus of bovines, containing the buffaloes projier, as the Indian buffalo and the African buffalo: sometimes restricted to the latter. Hamilton Smith, 1S27. See cuts under buffalo. — 2. [I. c] A member of this genus. bubber (bub'er), n. [< biib\ 2, + -crl.] A drinker. Though I am no mark in respect of a huge butt, yet I can tell you great bubbers have shot at me. Middletvn, Spanish Gypsy, ii. 1. bubble^ (bub'l), »(. [First in earlv mod. E. ; = MLG. bubbele, LG. biibbel = IID. bobbel = Dan. boblc = Sw. biibbla, formerly bubla, a bub- ble. The E. and Scand. forms are prob. of LG. origin, but all, like the equiv. early mod. E. burble (see burble), L. bulla (see bulla, bull-, boiV^, etc.), Skt. budhuda, Hind, budbudd, bul- buld. Hindi Iniliild, Pali bubbulam, a bubble (and. more remotely, like Bohem. boubcl, bub- Una, Pol. babel, > Little Russ. bombel, a bubble — words ha\-ing the same ult. base as bomb-, bombiis, q. v.), are prob. ult. imitative of the sound of the gurgling of w'ater in which bub- bles are forming. Cf. blubber, blobbcr, blob. The senses of ' a trifle, delusion, trick,' etc., proceed natm'ally from the lit. sense, and have no orig. connection with the accidentally simi- lar It. bubbola, biibula, a trick, fib, sham, deceit, pi. biibbole, idle stories, formerly "biibole, bub- biile, toies, iests, vanities, niiles, trifles, 1)ul)- bles" (Florio), < bubbolare, cheat, trick, rob, formerly ''buholarc, to bubble" [i. e., cheat, gull, dupe] (Florio), < bubbola, bubuUi, formerly bubola, pupola, puppula, a hoopoe (see hooji'-i, hoopoe, iipiqia), the figm'e of speech being the same as the verbs (/nil and dupe, q. v.] 1. A small vesicle of water or other iluid inflated ■nith air or other gas, and floating on the siu-- face of the fluid. Such vesicles can sometimes, as in the case of the soap-bubble, be separated from the sur- face of the liquid, or be formed independently of it, by blowing from a pipe or other instrument. Oh, Fortune, That thou hast none to f.iol and blow like bubbUs But kings and tb.ir i tents ! Flelrlier {1111(1 atmllu'r'!), Prophetess, iii. 3. Ay, thus we are ; and all our painted glory A bubble that a boy blows into the air. And there it breaks. Beau, and Ft., Knight of Malta, iv. '2. 2. A small globule of air or other gas in or ris- ing through a liquid. — 3. The vesicle of air in the glass spirit-tube of a mechanics' level. — 4. One of the small hollow beads of glass for- merly used for testing the strength of spirits by the rate at which they rise after being ]ilungi'd in them. See bead, 7. — 5. Anj'thiug that wants firmness, substance, orpermanenee; thatwhich is more specious than real; a vain project; a false show ; a delusion ; a trifle. A soldier, . . . Seeking the bubble rejiutation Even in tlie cannon's mouth. S/in/t., As you Like it, ii. 7. War, ho sung, is toil ami trouble ; Honour, but an empty bubble. Vnjden, Alexander's Feuf*t, 6. An inflated speculation; a delusive coni- inercial project, especially one which is jml forward as insuring extraordinary jirolits; Iicnec, a financial imposition or fraiul ; a cheating trick: as, the South Sea bubble. See below. This nniy not at first sight appear ft largo sum to those who remember the bubbles of 18*25 and of IS^ft. ilaeaula;/, lli«t. Eng., xxiv. 7t. .'\ iiersou deceived by an empty project; ii dupe. He has been my bxMle thcso twenty ycnra. .iia(, John Hull. ills i>lty and compassion make him sometimes a bublite to nil lii»' fellows. Steele, Tatler, No. T,. Bubble Act, an English slalnte of 17'2n, Intended lo re strict Illusory schemes of eoiiiornte or luiM.ichile i>ri;uiil/:i tloii : adopied lo prevent llic n petlllon of meh fnnid'. us the .South .Sea bubbb'.— Bubble and squeak, (n) A ii connisting of fried bi'cf and cabliage : pmbnbly so called from the nounils nuide during frying. Rank and title I tmlibte nml miiieak ! No! not half so good as Imbltle nml H.fneak : KngliHil beef and good cab- bagi'. lint foreign rank and title; foreign cabbagi' nml beef ! foreign bubtile nml foreign mfnenk ' lluhier. My Novel, vlll. H. (Ii) In Vow r;nglnnd. hn«li or mim ed nnat South Boa bubble, a nnnnclnl srti »hlih orlglnatiil In Knglainl ;dM,nt lill and rollali»0. It^ failure caused great dis- tress lliroughout England. bubble^ (bub'l), v.; pret. aud pp. bubbled, ppr. bubbliiiij. [= MLG. LG. bubbein = ilD. D. buli- belcn = Dan. boble, bubble ; from the noun.] I, intraus. 1. To rise in bubbles, as liquors when boiling or agitated; send up bubbles. — 2. To nm with a gm-gling noise ; gtu'gle : as, "bub- bling foimtains," Pope, Autumn, 1. 43. On yon swoll'n brook that bulit/tes fast By meadows breathing of the past. Tennij.'ion, In ilemorlam, xcix. 3. Toutterabubblingorgtu'glingery. [Rare.] At mine ear Bubbled the nightingale. Tennyson, Princess, iv. II. trans. 1. To cause to bubble. Id bubble up the water through a reed. Keatg. 2. To cheat; deceive or impose on; hood\vink; bamboozle. , BubbU'd out of their goods and money I Sterne, Tristram Shandy, j. 11. When slavery could not bully. It bubbled its \ictim. W. Phillip.^, Speeches, p. .'ITT. bubble- (bub'l), r. i. [Also bibble; ef. bubble^ aud blubber.] To shed tears in a sniveling, blubbering, ehUdish way. Jamieson. [Scotch and North. Eng.] bubble*' 0'ul''i), »• Snot. Jamieson. [Scotch.] bubble-bowt, "• [-^ piece of fashionable slang, mentioned by Pope, along with eosin, tompion, eolmar, toupee, in the quot. below, as "in use in this present year 1727'': supposetl to stand for *biibble-beau, < bubble, v., + obj. beau; but perhaps of no particular meaning.] A tweezer- case. Lac'd in her cosins [stays] new appear'd the briile, .\ bubble-bow aud tompion (watch) at her side, And with an air divine her eolmar (fan] ply'd. Then, oh ! she cries, what slaves I round me see ! Here a bright Redcoat, there a smart toupee. Poiie, Treatise'on the Bathos. bubbler (bub'ler), n. If. One who cheats. Pope. — 2. A fish of the family Seia-nidu-. .Iplodinotiis (jrunniens, the fresh-water (h'umtish, found in the waters of the Ohio river: so called from the peculiar noise it makes. Also called bid)- blinet. ll i.inlaiii» tlie gnat owl or eagle-owl of F.uropo. 11. inaxiniuK, the great horned lovl of North Anu'l'lca. /?. viriiininnun, and Hllmlry other ■^licrbs. Sec cut on next IMlge. bubonic (bii-lion'ik), a. [< ML. biibo(ii-), a tu- mor (see biibii^), + -/(■.] In piithol., pertaining to or ot I he iiat itro of a iiiilio. Buboninas Virginia Horned Owl {Bubo vir^'nianifs), fiuboninae (bu-bo-ni'iie), «. pi. [NX.., < Buho- (ISi(hiiii-) + -inw.'i A subfamily of owls, family Sliii/idd; adopted by some wi'iters for the gen- era Bubo, Scops, and some other horned or "cat" owls. bubonine (bu'bo-nin), a. Of or pertaining to tlio liulxiiiince. bubonocele (bii-bo'no-sel or -se-lf), n. [< Gr. liovjiuvoKlfAi], < jiovpi)v', the groin (see huho^), + KlfAii, tumor.] In patliol., inguinal hernia or ruptm-e : often resMcted to an oblique inguinal hernia which has not passed the external ring, but occupies the inguinal canal. bubuklet, «■ A pimple : a word of uncertain form and origin, found only in the f ollowiDg passage, where it is put into the mouth of a Welshman. His face is aU bubukles, and welks, and linobs, and flames of fire. Shak., Hen. V., iii. 0. BubulcUS (bii-bul'kus), n. [NX/., < L. bubulcns, a plowman, herdsman (cf. biibulus, pertaining to oxen or cattle), < bos (hov-), an ox: see Bos.l A genus of herons, containing the buff-backed heron, B. ibis, formerly called Ardea bubulciis and Ardea russata, chiefly an African species, related to the squacco heron. bubulin (bu'bu-lin), n. [< L. bubulus, pertain- ing to cattle (< bos (bov-), an ox: see Bos), + -*«".] A peculiar substance existing in the dimg of beasts, which is copiously precipitated by metallic salts, tincture of galls, and alum, and therefore active in the application of cow- dxmg to calico-printing. bucan, buccan (buk'an), >». [< F. boucan, "a woodden-gridiron, whereon the Cannibals broj'le pieces of men, and other flesh" (Cot- grave), a place for smoking meat; said to be a native Carib word; hence bucaneer, etc. See bucancer.'] 1. A kind of gridiron for smoking meat. — 2. A place where meat is smoked. — 3. In the West Indies, a place where coffee or co- coa is dried. Til. Loudon News. Also bocan, boucan. bucan, buccan (buk'an), v. t. [Also ■written bou- can; < F. boucaner, i. boucan, E. bucan, «., q. v.] To cut into long pieces, salt, and smoke on a bucan, as beef: a mode of preserving meat formerly practised by the Caribs and afterward by Europeans in the West Indies. Also boucan. Dressed in the sraolce, which in their language they call loucaned. Baklmjt. bucaneer, buccaneer (buk-a-ner'), «. [< F. bou- aiiiier, a cm'er of wild meat, a pirate, < bou- caiicr, smoke meat, < boucan, a place for smok- ing meat: see bucan, n.'] 1. Originally, one of the French settlers in Hispaniola or Hayti and Tortugas, whose occupation was to hunt wild cattle and hogs, and oui-e their flesh. It is now liii^h time to spealc of the French nation who inhabit a great part of this island [Hispaniola]. . . . The Hunters are again divided into several sorts. For some of tliesi- are only given to hunt wild Bulls and Cows, others oiilj hunt wild Bores. The first of these two sorts of Hunters are called Biwaniers. . . . \Mien the Bucaniers go iutii the woods to hunt for wild bulls and cows, they coraniotdy remain there the space of a whole twelvemonth or two years without returning home. Bucaniers of America (Loudon, 16S4), p. .50. 2. A pirate; a fi-eebooter; especially, one of the piratical adventiu-ers, chiefly French and British, who combined to make depredations on tlie Spaniards in America in the second half of the seventeenth centm-y : so called because the first of the class were Frenchmen driven from their business of bucaning by the Spanish authorities of Hispaniola. He I Warren Hastings] was far too enlightened a man to look on a great empire merel.y as a btwcanier would look ou a galleon. ilacaulay, WaiTen Hastings. Also spelled bucanier, buccauier. 703 bucaneer. buccaneer (buk-a-ner'), v. i. [< buc- aiiii'r, II. \ 'J'o act tlio part of a pirate or froo- booter. Quarterlij Rev. The irreverent huccanep.rinfj bee Hath stoi-nieil and ridcd the nunnery of the lily. Loiviill, A! FrcHco. bucaneerish, buccaneerish (imk-a-uer'ish), «. [< bucaneer + -is/jl.] Kosombling'a bucaneer. Hy nKionlight we arc creeping under the frowning clilfs of Aboofeyda, and voyage all night in a huciMneiiTiuh tmU- i"". C. I). Wanwr, Winter on the Nile, p. 411. bucaro (bo'kii-ro), n. [Sp. bucnro, a vessel made of an odoriferous earth of the same name, > Pg. bucaro, a sort of earth.] An eartlicn- ware water-jar used in Spain ami Portugal. Those made in Estremadui'a, of light-reddisli clay, are especially esteemed. bucca (buk'ji,), n. ; pi. bucue (-se). [L. ; hence boc&i, bourfic, buckle^, buckler, etc.] In anat., the hollow part of the check which projects when the cheeks are inflated; also, the cntiri' cheek, and heneo the mouth as a whole, with reference to its cavity and all the surrounding parts. buccal (bult'al), a. [< bucca + -al; = F. buccal.'] 1. Pertaining to the bucca or cheek. — 2. Per- taining t(} I lie sides of the mouth, or to the mouth or moiilh-iiijils as a whole; oral; maxillary. — Buccal artery, a braneli of the internal maxillary artery. —Buccal cavity, tlie cavity of the inc. uth.— Buccal fun- nel, ill Jioiijrni. See majf^ttx.— Buccal ganglia, in M"l- Imca, gan;;lia which give off nerves to tlie inuutli and ali- mentary canal. They are connected with tlie ccreliral ganglia hya pair of nerves along tlie esophagits. — Buccal glands. See i't''ra, impressed lines originating in tin- Imnal iis>iires or corners of the mouth, running backuanl, and otten coalescing hehiiul. Also called fi\dar ^-utiirfs. — Buccal vein, a vein of the cheek emptying into the facial vein. buccan, buccaneer, buccaneerish. See bucan, b uca nccr, buca neerish. buccate (buk'at), a. [< NL. huccatus, < L. buc- ca, the cheek distended.] In entom., having distended gente, or cheeks, as certain Diptera. buccellationt (buk-se-la'shon), n. [< L. bucccl- la, a small mouthful, small bread divided among the poor (cf. buceellatum, a soldier's bisetiit), dim. of bucca, the cheek, mouth: see bucca.] The act of breaking into small pieces. Harris. bucchero (bok-ka'ro), n. [It.] In archwol., a kind of ancient Tuscan pottery of a uniform black color, and neither glazed nor painted. Vases in this ware are of t\vo classes : those scantily orna- mented with designs in low relief, impressed upon the clay by the rotation of an engraved cylinder; and tho.se of later date, profusely ornamented yvith reliefs from inde- pendent stamps, and with figures molded separately anil applied to the surface. This ware is peculiar to Tuscany, and is fotiiKl particularly in the tombs of Vulci, Chiusi, and the neighboring region. Often called buccliero nero (black buccliero). buccin (buk'sin), n. Same as buccina. buccina (buk'si-nii), n.; pi. buccin(s{-Tie). [L., prop, biieina, a (crooked) trumpet (>prob. Gr. jivKavti (in deriv. sometimes ilovn-), a trumpet), prob. for *bovicina, < bos {bov-), an ox, cow, -f canere, sing, play; orig. a cow's liom.] An ancient musical instrument of the trtmipet kind, originally a horn of an ox or cow, blo^^^l by a shepherd to assemble his flocks. See biis-vjiie. buccinal (buk'si-nal), a. [< buccina + -al.] 1. Shaped like a trumpet.— 2. Sounding like a horn or trumpet. buccinator (buk'si-na-tor), )!.; pi. buccinatorcs (buk"si-na-to'rez). [L., prop, bucinator, < buci- nare, p-p.'bncinatiis, blow a trumpet, < bucina. trumpet: see buccina.] 1. In ((Hn^, the trum- petei's muscle ; a thin flat muscle forming the wall of the cheek, assisting in mastication, and also in blowing wind-instrvmients (whence its jjame). — 2. The specific name of the trumpeter swan of North America, Ciignus buccinator.— Buccinator nerve, the buccal nerve of the inferior ma.\- buccinatory (buk'sin-a-to-ri), a. [< buccinator + -«.] Of or pertaining to the buccinator muscle. The (raccma(ori/ muscles along Ids cheeks. Sterne, Tristriim t>handy, ui. I.. buccinid (buk'si-nid), n. A gastropod of the family iiwciimte; a whelk. Buccihidae (buk-sin'i-de), n. pi. [NL., < /.mc- cinum + -)*'■•] A family of rhachiglossate prosobranehiate gastrojiodous mollusks. typi- fied by the genus Buccinum, to which very dif- Bucellas ferent limits have been assigned. By tho older authoi'H i-epn;MentJUIve8 of variouH other modem faniilfes were HHHOciated with Jiuccinum. iiy nuMlern autliors it fs reBtricteil to a Miiialler definite group, defiiieil eliielly by the Hrniature of the mouth. 'Jlie animal ha» a lingual ribbon ariiieil with erect ciwpiilate median t/. [NL.] Same as liui-riiioiftcs. Buccinoides (buk-si-no-ed'), n. pi. [F.] Tho name of (,'uvier's third family of pectinibran- chiate gastroj)ods, sometimes Latinized as Buc- cinoidu. Tho grouji includes, but is more exten- sive tliiin, the modern family Buccinida:. buccinopsid (buk-si-nop'«id), 71. A gastropod id' till- tiunily Buccinojmda:. Buccinopsidae (buk-si-nop'si-<]e), n. pi. [NL., < HiicriiKiiisi.H + -idiv.] A family of rhachi- glossate gastropods, typified by the genus Buc- ciimjisis. 'Ihe animal has an elongated lingual riblmn, with thin unarmed median teeth and uniciisi>id ver»atltu lateral teilh. The shell is like that of a whelk. Buccinopsis (buk-si-nop'sis), n. [NL., < Bucci- num + (jr. 6i/i(r, ax>pearance.] A genus of gastro- pods with shells like those of the genus Bucci- num, typical of the family Buccinopsidm. Buccinum (buk'si-num), n. [L., prop. bUcinum, a sliell-tish used in dyeing purple, < bucina, a tnimpet.] The typical genus of mollusks of the family Buccinidw. By the old authors numerous and very heterogeneous 8i>c- cies were combined in it, but by modern systematists it is restricted to the whelks, of which //. undatum is a tyi>i- eal example. Bucc0(buk'6),n. [NL., < L. bucco, a liabbler. blockhead, fool, lit. one who has distended cheeks, < bucca, cheek.] In ornith., a generic name variously used. («) By Bri88on(17tib) applied to a genus of birds contain- ing an American species of the modern family Bucconi- dee and two species of Capita, nidee. {b) By I.inna'Us (17W) used fora genus of birds, containing one American species of Bucconidee. erroneously attributed to Africa, (c) Ap- plied to a genus of birds, containing a heterogeneous lot of species composing the two families liurrtmidev and Capitonidee. (rf) Transferreil by Temminck (IJ'-JO) to the Crt/'i/ouM/fl;, or scansorial barliets. («■) Kestored by<;ray (lb4(i) to the .fVmcrican barbacous, and us^'d by nearly all subsequent ornithologists as the typical geiiJTs of the family BueconidfV, or putf-bird-s. About 1.', species are known, all from .South and Central America, having a stout, turgid bill, broad at tho iLise and somewhat hcwliei'. at the entl, with basal nostrils, rictal viiirissw, short round- ed wings, moderate rounded tail of 12 rectrices, and zygo- dactyl feet, with the thinl tied with black and white, or otherw ise variegated. buccolabial (buk-o-lii'bi-al), a. Pertaining to the cheek and lip.— Buccolabial nerve, the buioal branch of the inferior maxillary nerve : S'-nietime^ restrict- ed to its tenniual bnincli. — Superior buccolablal nerve, the buccal branch of the facial nerve. Bucconidse (bu-kon'i-ile), II. /(/. [NL.. < Buc- cu(H-) + -ida;.] The puff-birds; the fissirostral zygodactyl barbets; the barbacotis; a family of picarian birds related to the jacamars, or Galbulidw. They have a large, heavy head and bill, prominent rict,al vihrissw, short roiuided wings and tail, the toes yokcil in jiairs, tarsi scutcllat* and reticulate, no aftershaf'ts, nude oil-gland. 10 jirimaries. 12 rectrices, oper- culatc nostrils, and eyelashes. The family is small and compact, and confined to America, where it is represented by about 43 species of the 7 genera Biiecti. Malaroj.tila, ilicTomonacha, yvniiula, Ilapali'i'tila. Monacha (or Mo- 7Ui«a), and Chdidupiera. Tile name was formerly indefi- nitely applied to diirerent groups of birds represented by the genera Capita. M.-jahrma, ftc, as well as Bucco. buccula (buk'fi-Ui), n.; pi. buccula: (-le). [L., dim. of 6HC<;a, the cheek or puffed-out mouth. Cf. buckU-.] In anat., the fleshy part under the chin. Bucellas (bii-seras), n. A Portuguese wine for- merly much exported to England. It is made near Lisbon. Sucefihatus polymor- phus, magnified. a. b, suckers; c, clear cavity; (/,(^,cau> dal appetidages. ■bucentaur bncentani (bu-sen'tar), n. [= P. hucentmire = It. biicentorio, buceiitoro, < Gr. fioic, ox, + nh-ravpc^, centaur.] 1. A mythical monster, half man and half bull : a centaur with the body of a bull in place of that of a horse. — 2. [cap.] The state barge of Venice, in which the doge and senate annually on Ascension day per- formed the ceremonial marriage of the state with the Adriatic, symbolic of the commercial power of the republic. The spouseless Adriatic monrus her lord, An annual marriaire now no more renewed ; Tlie BufT^ntaur lies rotting unrestored, Neglected garment of her widowhood. Byron, Childe Harold, iv. 93. Bucephala (bii-sef'a-la), n. [Nli., fem. of hu- cphalus, < Gr. i3oviica/.oc, ox-headed: see Bti- ctj'halus.'i A genus of ducks, of the subfamily fulifiuUna:, based by Baird in 1858 upon the buffle-headed duck of North America {Anas albeola of Linnsens, FuUffiila albeola of authors in general, now Bucephala albeola), including also the garrets, called by him Bucephala ame- ricana and B. islandica. See buffle'^. Bucephalus (bii-sef 'a-lus), 11. [Nli., < Gr. /3oiv Kioa/o^, ox-headed, < /fci?, ox, + KCfa/J/, head. Cf. L. Bucephalas, Bucepha- la, also Bucephalits, < Gr. Bov- Kcoa/.ac;, the name of the cele- brated war-horse of Alexan- der the Great.] 1. The cer- «arian larval stage of certain flukes, or Trematoda, named under the supposition that it ■was a distinct animal. Biut- phaliu polymorpfut^, a parasite of the freah-water mussel, whose spo- rocysta sometimes nil all the inter- spaces of the \iscera of the mus- sel, is supposed to develop into the trematode genus Gastr^rontomum, a parasite of fresh-water flshes. 2. In herpet., a genus of Afri- can snakes, of the family Den- drophida:, as the Bucephalus capensis. — 3. [/. c] A snake of this iri'nus: as, "the Cape bucephalus," Sclater. Buceridae (bu-ser'i-de), n. pi. [NL., short for Jliii-i nitiitw,'} Same as Biicerotidw. Buceroides (bu-se-roi'dez), )i. pi, [NL., < Bu- cenis + -iiidcs. ] In Blj'th's classification of birds (1*49), a di^^sion of Syndactijli, including the hornbills and hoopoes, or Buccrotiilw and Upu- pida:, respectively also called Appendirostres and Arculirostres : distinguished from Ilalcy- nidf'.i (wliich see). Bucerontidse (bu-se-ron'ti-de), n.pl. Improper fiinn of Jluccrotida;. Buceros (bu'se-ros), n. [NL., < Gr. poiiKcpug, .iifV.Jjiaoc, horned like an ox, < jiov^, ox (see Bos), + Kifiac, horn.] The typical genus of the family Buccrotidw. It was formerly coextensive with tliv f:i[nlly, hut is now variously restricteil. Bucerotidae (bu-se-rot'i-de), n. pi. [NL., < Bu- n ri>s (-rill-) -i- -idlantH at the f'apc of ftoofl " III; nil aroirintic taste and iiciietnit- I'l i\lenniv<'ly iiHcd in incdii-ine for ■ '' rs of the stomnuh and urinary I'.'irnKmn, bii' k [< MK. huh; burkr:, hiMc, a mill' ■',■ ■ I : ,hi,, aHoriK.,n he-f(oat; < AH. hiicra, a 111' ;-..,) ( \s. f,,ii^ > f;. ii„al, is n Hlie-gnat; ef. ''"' ' 'oat; cf. AH. hirfrr = It.rajirr. a ' /I'lf, a lionr); fciif (rare), ii iiiiilo ili^'i.- ., 11 ho-go»t, = FricH. /«;*;= I). /«;/.: a OHO. boch, MHO. Joe, 0. boek = lool. hukkr, 704 also boklT and bofcki, = Sw. bod' = Dan. bul; he- goat, ram, buck (deer). Cf. Skt. buLka (Hind. bok, boka), Zend bu.:a, a goat. Hence (from Tent.) F. bouc, OF. boc (whence ult. E. butcher, q. V.) = Pr. boc = Cat. boc = Sp. dial, boque, OSp. buco = It. becco (ML. buceus) = W. birch = Gael, boc = Ir. boc, poc = Corn, bijk = Bret. fci(c7i, ftoMc/i, a he-goat.] 1. A he-goat. As ofaticchen [kid] . . . kumethastinkinde got[goat], other [orj a bucke. Ancren Biicle, p. 100. Wlier [whether] I sal ete bules flesche Or drinke the blode of buckes nesche? Ps. xlix. (1.) 13 (Mid. Eng. version). 2. The male of the deer, the antelope, the rab- bit, or the hare : often used specifically of the male of the fallow-deer; a roebuck. — 3. Agay or fashionable man ; a fop; a blood; a dandy. He had brilliant underwaistcoats, any one of which would have set up a moderate buck. Thackerat/. A whole class of young bucks of the lower order — '*Ar- rys" is the British term — get themselves up in the closest allowable imitation of bull-flghters. Lathrop, Spanish Vistas, p. 26. 4. A male Indian. [U.S.] — 5. A male negro. [U. S.]— 6t. The mark of a cuckold. Bucks I would I could wash myself of the buck ! Shak., JI. W. of W., iii. 3. Great buck, a roebuck in its sixth year or older. — To blow the buck's homt, to lose one's trouble ; go whistle. She loveth so this heende Nicholas That Absolon may blowe the bukkes horn. Chaucer, Miller's Tale, 1. 201. buckl (buk), r. i. [< buekl-, n. Cf. MHG. bockeii, butt like a goat, also as G. bockcii, smell like a goat, also buck. Cf. buck" and buck*.'] 1. To copulate, as bucks and does. — 2. To butt: a sense referred also to buclc* (which see). buck^ (buk), r. [Prob. of dial, origin, not be- ing recorded in literature until recently ; prob. , like the related buckle^, of LG. origin: cf. MD. bucken, bocken, bend, D. bukkcn, bow, stoop, submit, j-ield, = MLG. bucken, LG. bukkcn = MHG. bucken, bucken, G. biicken, bend (cf. MHG. bocken, sink down, tr. lay down), = Sw. biicka = Norw. bukka = Dan. bukke, bow; a secondary verb from D. biiigen, G. biegen, etc., = AS. bugan, E. ftoH'l, bend. Buck^ is thus for- mally a secondary foiTa of 6oh1, dial, ftw/3, bend (cf. buxom = buckiomc, of the same origin), hav- ing as its freq. form buckle'^. In the 2d and 3d senses the verb might be referred to buck^, a goat, as caper^- to L. caper, a goat. Cf. G. bocken, naut., heave up and down, pitch; of a horse, bend down tho neck and iling out be- hind, usually refeiTcd to bock, a goat.] I. intrans. 1. To bend ; buckle. [U.S.] To buck, meaning to bend, is a common word in the South. The American, \l. 2:i7. 2. To spring lightly. UalliwcU. [Prov. Eng.] — 3. To make a violent effort to throw off a rider or pack, by moans of rapid plunging .jumps performed by springing into tlie air, arch- ing the back, and coming down wilh tho fore legs perfectly stiff, tho head being commonly lield aslowas pos- ^^^ siblo : said of a ^ ^^• liorse or a mule. _ w3^ ^^^ —4. To "kick"; make obstinate re- sistance or oVijec- tion: as, to buck at improvements. [Colloq., U. 8.] II. trans. 1. To punish by tying the wrists toge- ther, pa.SHing i lie anns over the bent knees, and put- ting a stick across tho arms and in tho angle formed by the knees. [IT. S.] — 2. To throw, or attempt t o t liro w (a rider), by bucking: as, the bronco bucked him olT. [0. H.] buck'-' (buk), n. [< huck^, v."] A violent effort of a horse or mulo to rid itself of its rider or liiirdcii; the ai't of liiicking. buck-' (buk), r. t. [= Ml', bonk, < MK. hnukcn, wash or stoep in lye (not in AH.), = MI), biii- kcn =ML(1. hukcn, iM. biikcn = MUG. hiichm, heuchvn, d. banchrn = Hw. bijka = Dan. biige ; ft. Bret, buqii = OI''. burr — Hii. 'bugar = II. bucarr (Klorio), wash in lye (> V. hw'r, Hp. hii- iliidii, It. ImcaUi (oIih.), bucniii, washing in lyi'), < ML. 'bucare, jirob. Imrrownd from Tent. ('{. (iaol. Ir. Iinoc, diiiiguHod in blenching, the liquor Uucking Droiico. bucked in which cloth is washed, bleached linen cloth, linen in an early stage of bleaching (cf. Ir. bu- acar, E. easel.] A frame. Specillcally— (a) A frame composed of two X. shaped ends joined at the middle by a bar, on which to saw wood for fuel. Also called sawbuck and sawhortte, [V. S.) ((<) A frame or table on which leather is laid while being glazed. buck'' (buk), «. [Sc.. < JIE. buk (in comp.), "bok, < AS. boc, beech, commonly in deriv. bcce, E. beech : see bccch^ and book.] The beech: a dia- lectal word used in literary English only in the compounds buck-mast anil buckwheat; also in diiilcctal buck-log. buck-'* (buk), H. [An abbr. of buckjMt, q. v.] An earllu'inviire pot made of clay foimd in some jiarts of British Guiana. Also ciilled bnck)tot. buck^ (bulc), r. i. [Appar. imitative; but cf. bock, lioke", belch.] To make a noise in swal- lowing; gulp. [Shetland.] buck" (bilk), n. [< buck^, r.] A hollow sound which a stone makes when thrown into the water from a height. [Shetland.] buck''' (Irak), H. [Cf. Corn, bticliar, sour milk.] 1. A kind of minute fungus (as supposed) in- festing ill-kejit dairies. [Cornwall.] — 2. The spittle-fly. [(^oi-nwall.] buck-agtie (Imk'a'gu), w. Same as buck-fever. buck-and-ball (buk'and-bal'), n. A cartridge for smoiitli-liore lirearms containing a spherical bullet nnd three buck-shot: now little used. buckajnro (bii-ka'ro), n. Same as bucket^. [Western U. S.] buck-basket (buk'bAs'ket), n. A basket in which clothes are carried to tho wash. Thi'yconveyeil me intoa fcwrAr-Mjifci'/; . . . rammed mo in with foul shirts and smocks, socks, foul stockings, gria-sy napkins. Shak., M. W. of W., 111. 6. buck-bean (buk'ben), «. Same as bog-bean. buckboard (buk ' bord), n. [< buck (nppnr. as in liui-k-wiiiion, q. v.) -i- board; but commonly uinlerstooil as < buck-, bend, bounce, + board.] A four- wheeled car- riage in which a long elastic boiiid or friimo isUKi'diui.laco iiucDowa. of body, H]iring8, and gear. It has ono or mor» Beats. The board is fastencil directly to the rear axlo «t one end and to tho bolster of Ihi' fore axlii at tho othor end, or In iiHi'il III cuniiectioii wilh a side-bar gear. Alio calli-d Inick-waiinn. bucked (bnkt or buk'ed), a. [E. dial., also liuckiird ; expliiiiii'd by (Jrose as "soured by keeping too long in tin' milk bucket, or by a foul bucket" ; bul iipinir. < liuckM^ + -«<.] Sour; turned sour, as milk; rancid. [Prov. Eng,] bucker buckerl (buk'.^r), n. [< buck'^ + -fj-1.] 1. A horse that bucks. — 2. A bent piece of wood, especially that ou which a slaughtered animal is suspended. [Prov. Eug.] — 3. A horse's hind leR. [Prov. Eng.] bucker- (buk'er), «. [= MLG. holcn; a knocker ; <. liiK'ki + -o'l.] hitiiiiiiiii/ : (ii) One who bucks or braises ore. (6) A tiat broad-headed ham- mer used in bucking ore. bucker-* (buk'er), H. [Abbr. of biickayro, an aecom., simulating bucker^, of Sp. vaqiwro, a cowherd: see (■(/(/HtTrt.] A cowboy. T. Roosc- rclL [Western U. S.] l)Ucket (buk'et), n. [Early mod. E. also loclcct, < ME. bdkct, IxActtc, boktit, of uncertain origin, perhaps Celtic, < Ii'. buicead = Gael, hucaid, a bucket , = Corn, huket, a tub (Dief enbach), which forms, if not from E., are connected with Ir. buicead, a knob, boss, Gael, bucaid, a pustule, < Ir. bncaim, I swell, = Gael, hoc, swell ; less prob. connected with AS. hue (or buc), a pitcher, jug (L. ku/ena, lujdria). Cf. E. boak, dial, a pail.] 1. A vessel for drawing up water, as from a well; a pail or open vessel of wood, leather, metal, or other material, for carrying water or other liquid. — 2. A vane, float, or box on a water-wheel against which the water impinges, or into which it falls, in tm'ning the wheel. — 3. The scoop of a di-edging-machine, a grain- elevator, etc. — 4. The float of a paddle-wheel. — 5. The piston of a lifting-pump. — 6. Asmuch as a bucket holds; half a bushel — Air-pump bucket. .See air-iJiiwijj.—Dumping-liucket, a s(iM;iro liux with a drop-bottom, used in mining. — To kick the bucket, to die. [Slang.] "Fine him a pot, "roared one, *'for talking sAiowtktckinr; the bucket ; he's a nice young man to keep a cove's spirits up, and talk about ' a short life and a merry one." " Kinffslfy, Alton Locke, ii. Ventilated bucket, a bucket in a water-wheel having provision lor the escape of the air carried into it by tlie water, ■bucket (buk'et), !'. [< 6«efo^ «.] 1. intrans. \. To ilip up water with a bucket ; use a bucket. Like Danaides' Sieve-like Tub is filling ever. But never full for all their bticketitif/. Sylvester, Memorials of Mortalitie, St. 23. 2. [In allusion to the rapid motion of a bucket in a well.] To move fast. [Slang.] He sprang into the saddle smiling, because the visit was over, and bucketed back at a hand-gallop. Dickens. II. trans. To ponr water upon with a bucket. Wo be to him whose head is bucketed with waters of a. scaldini; bath. Bp. Ilaeket, Life of Abp. Williams, ii. VM. bucket-engine (birk'et-en"jin), n. An appli- cation of the principle of the water-wheel, con- sisting of a series of buckets attached to an endless chain which runs over a pair of sprock- et-wheels, from either one or both of which power may be obtained : designed to utilize a stream of water which tas a considerable fall, but is limited in quantity. E. H. Knight. bucketful (huk'et-fiil'), n. [< bucket + -Jul.l As much as a bucket will hold. bucket-lift (buk'et-lift), n. In mack., a set of iron pipes attached to a lifting-piunp, as of a mine. bucket-pitch (buk'et-pich), 11. In an overshot water-wheel, a circular line passing through the elbows of the buckets. bucket-rod (buk'et-rod), n. In macJi,, one of the wooden rods to which the piston of a lift- ing-pump is attached. bucket-shop (buk'et-shop), n. .An establish- ment conducted nominally for the transaction of a stock-exchange business, oi' a business of similar character, but really for the regis- tration of bets or wagers, usually for small amounts, on the rise or fall of the prices of stocks, grain, oil, etc., there being no transfer or deliverv of the stocks or commodities nomi- nally dealt in. [U. S.] " Puts " and "calls " and bucket-shop operations are gam- bling transactions, and should be treated accordingly. The Nation, XXXVI. 354. bucket-valve (buk'et-valv), n. In a steam-en- gine, tlie valve on the top of the air-pump bucket. E. U. Knipht. bucket-wheel (buk'et- 'rwel), n. A machine for raising water, consisting of a wheel over which passes a rope or chain carry- ing a series of buckets which dip into the well and discharge at the surface. In otlier forms the buckets are fixed to the periphery of the wheel. buckeye "(buk'i), n. [< buck^, a deer, + eijc; in allusion to the 45 705 appearance of the naked seed.] 1. An Ameri- can name for the dilferent species of horse- chestnut, JEsculus, native to the United States. Flowering Branch of Fetid nuclra), and the California buckeye (..-E. Californica). "The wood is white, soft, and spongy, and fui-nishes splints for baskets, etc. The hxickeyes were putting forth their twisted horns of blossom. R. L. Steecason, .Silverado Squatters, p. 54. 2. An inhabitant of Ohio, which is often called the Buckeye State, from the great number of horse-chestnuts in it. — 3. A flat-bottomed centerboard schooner of small size (3 to 15 Bucket-wheel Pump. Baltimore Buckeye. tons), decked over, and with a cabin aft, used in oyster-fishing in Chesapeake Bay. Also called bugeye. The buckeyes . . . are an exaggeration of the dugout canoe. . . . The primitive builder bored two holes, one on each side of the stem, through which to pay out his cables. These were simply two round boles, bored with a large auger, and, when the boat was coming head on, resembled to the fancy of the negroes the eyes of a buck. C. P. Kunhardt, Small Yachts, p. 234. Spanish buckeye, Unynadia speeiosa, a tree of Texas and Mexico, nearly related to ..iisculm. buck-eyed (buk'id), a. Ha'ving a bad or speckled eye : said of a horse. buck-fever (buk'fe"ver), n. Nervous agitation of a hunter upon the approach of deer or other large game. Also called buck-ague. buckfinch (buk'fihch), n. [Cf. Dan. bogfinke.'] A name for the chaffinch, Fringilla ccclcbs. buckheading (buk' hed"ing), n. Cutting off live hedge-thorns, fence-height. Grose. [North. Eng.] buckhorn (buk'horn), n. [= ODan. Dan. biikke- horn, a buck's horn, also fenugi-eek.] 1. The substance of the horns of bucks or deer, used in making knife-handles, etc. — 2. A name for the club-moss, Lycopodium clavatum — Buckhorn brake. See braked. buckhorn-sight (buk 'horn -sit), n. A rifle- sight which has a branching projection on each side of the sight-notch. buck-hound (buk'hound), n. A kind of hound, resembling a small staghound, used for hunting bucks. buckie, bucky (buk'i), n. [Sc, of uncertain origin. In sense 1, cf. L. buccinum, prop. bficinmn, a shell-fish used in dyeing pirrple (see Buccinum); also OF. bouquet, "a great pra-wn" (Cotgrave).] 1. The Scotch name for marine univalve shells in general, as whelks, etc.: buckle especially applied to the red whelk, Chryso- domns ontiquus, also called the roaring buckie, from the sounil heard when it is held to the ear. — 2. A perverse, refractory person; a mis- chievous madcap Deevll's or dell's buckie. (a) A particular species of that kind of shells called buckles. (/,) S:nm- :ls l/iirkie. 2. lioyfj. bucking' (buk'ing), )(. [Verbal n. of huck^, ».] Till' act of copulating, as bucks and does. bucking- (buk'ing), II. [Verbal n. of hucj;^, r. ] A vice peculiar to the horses of Mexico, Texas, and the western American plains, of Spanish descent, and to mules. See buck'-, t\ bucking'- (buk'ing), p. a. [Ppr. of liuck^, «.] (iivc)i to bucking; addicted to the practice of bucking: as, a bucking horse. bucking'' (buk'ing), n. [Verbal n. of buck^, v. Also written howking.'] The act or process of steeping or soaking in lye or caustic soda, as in bleaching cotton thread, etc. The boiling (also called ^' bowkiny" or " buckiny") with caustic soda solution takes place in large iron boilers or "kiers." J. J. Uummel, The Dyeing of Textile Fabrics, p. 73. bucking^ (buk'ing), n. [Verbal n. of buck*', v.'\ TIk^ act of breaking or pulverizing ore. Buckingham lace. See lace. bucking-iron (buk'iug-i"ern), «. In mining, a, tool for bucking or pulverizing ore. bucking-kier (buk'ing-ker), )(. A large circu- lar boiler or kier used in bleaching. bucking-plate (buk'ing-plat), «. In mining, an iron jilate on which the ores are placed iu the process of bucking. bucking-stool (buk'ing-stol), n. A washing- block. buckish (buk'ish), a. [< buck^, 3, + -ishX.'] Pertaining to a buck or gaj' young fellow; foppish. buckishness (buk'ish-nes), H. Foppishness; the ciuality or condition of a buck. buckism (buk'izm), )(. [< buclcX, 3, -t- -ism.'\ The quality of being a buck ; foppery. I was once a delightful auctioneer — my present trade is buckism. Morton, Secrets worth Knowing, iii. 2. buck-jumper (buk'jum"per), n. A bucking horse or mule. [U. S.] "When they found that he sat iibuck-yumper asit the an- imal symbolized the arch-fiend himself, they took him to their hearts. Arch. Forbes, Souvenirs of some Continents, p. Q&. bucklel (buk'i), V. ; pret. and pp. buckled, ppr. buckling. [Prob., like the simple foi-m buck^, of LG. origin; cf. MD. buchclcn, buechelen, boechclen (for *buckelen, etc. — Kilian), strive, tug under a load, =G. dial. (Bav.) refl. aufbiick- eln, raise the back, as a cat (lit. buckle one's self up) ; freq. of the verb repr. by buck-. Cf. MD. adj. bocclicl, curved, Ijent. A different word from buckle-, v., though confused "svith it in some senses.] 1. intrans. 1. To bend; bow. Whose fever-weaken 'd joints. Like strengtlUess hinges, buckle under life. Shak., 2 Hen. IV., L 1. Antonio . . . saw the hoards buckle under the feet of the walker. C Mather, JIag. Chris., vi. 7. The top-mast studding-sail boom, after buckling up and springing out .again like a piece of whalebone, broke off at the boom-iron. R. H. Damt, Jr., Before the Mast, p. 76. 2. To curl; become wrinkled; shrivel up. Melted aud buckled with the heat of the fire like parch- ment. Pepys, Diary, Sept. 5, 1666. 3. To yield assent ; agi'ee : ■(vith to : as, I can't buckle to that. [CoUoq.] — 4. To bend to some- thing; apply one's self with \-igor; engage in 'with zeal: ^-ith to: as, "go, buckle to the law," Dryden. — 5. To enter upon some labor or con- test; struggle; contend: with uitli. Tlie bishop was as able and ready to buckle ^vith the lord protector, as he was unth him. Latimer, 2d Serm. bef. Edw. 'VTt., 1549. "Why met you not the Tartar, and defied him? Drew your dead-doing sword, and buckled jcith him? Fletcher, Loyal Subject, iv. 5. To buckle in, to close in ; embrace or seize the body, as in a scuffle. [U, S.] II. trans. To bend; curl; shrivel as by the application of heat. Like a bow Intckled and bent together By some more strong in mischiefs than myself. Ford and Dekker, Witch of Edmonton, ii. 1. The force generated in these plates [accumulator], tend- ing to buckle them, is something enormous, and no ordinary separator would be able to resist this. Science, IV. 3S9. buckle^ (buk'i), «. [< hncktc'^, v. ; usually re- ferred to buckle^, n. Cf. Dan. btikket, a cm'l.] 1. A bend, bulge, or kink, as in a saw-blade. — 2. A contorted exj5ression of the face. Church- ill. — 3t. Any curl of hair, especially a long buckle curl carefully arranged, and turned toward the head, worn bv women in the eighteenth cen- tury. — 4t. The condition of being curled, as of hair. He lets his wig lie in buckU for a whole half year. Addigon, Spectator, No. 129. buckle^ (buk'I),n. [olel,bocJe, et<;.. < OF. bode, bitcle, F. boucle. the boss of a shield, arin", a buckle, = Pr. bocla. bloca = OSp. bloca = MLG. bokele = MD. boeckel, bockel = MHG. biiclel, boss of a shield, G. buckeJ, a boss, knob, hump. < ML. bticula, buccula, a beaver, a shield, the boss of a shield, a buckle. L. buccula, a bea- ver, a little cheek or mouth, dim. of bucca, cheek : see bucca.'} 1. A clasp consisting of a rectangular or curved rim. with one or more movable tongues secured to the chape at one side or in the middle, and long enough to rest upon the opposite side : used for fastening to- gether two straps or belts or the ends of the same strap, or for some similar purpose. It is sewed or otherwise fastened to one band or end, and the other is passed through it, being kept ii-om slipping by the tongue or tongues. Buckles for use in dress have often Iwen made highly ornamental, especially for shoes. See ghoe-biu'kle. 2. In her., same as arniinti-bucllc. — 3. An iron loop for fastening the blade to the frame of a wood-saw — To turn the buckle of the belt behind, to prepare to join in close tight. buckle- (biik'l), r. ; pret. and pp. buckled, ppr. buckling. [< ME. buclen. bokelen, boclen, buckle, stud, < OF. 'bochr, boucler, F. bonder, buckle ; from the noun.] I. trans. 1. To fasten with a buckle or buckles. — 2. To prepare for action of any kind (a metaphor taken from buckling on aiinor previous to engaging in battle); hence, to set vigorously to work at anything : with a reflexive pronoun. The Sarazio . . . him buckled to the field. Spemar, Y. Q., I. vi. 41. Hereupon Cartwright buckled himself to the employ- ment. Fuller. 3t. To join in battle. The foot . . . were buckled with them in front. Sir J. Hayward. 4. To confine or limit. [Rare.] How brief the life of man, . . . That the stretching of a span Bucklejt in his sum of age. Shak., As you Like it, iii. 2. 5. To join together; imite in marriage. [Scotch.] Dr. R., who buckles beggars for a tester and a dram of Geneva. Scott. II.t intrans. To marry. Cood Billy .Stellio, we must shortly buckle. Mother Bombie. (Halliwelt.) buckle-beggar (buk'l-beg"ar), n. [Sc, also buckle-the-bcggars ; < buckle", v., .'), + obj. beg- gar.'] A person who performs the ceremony of marriage in a clandestine and iiTegular man- ner. Scott. buckledMbuk'ld), /). a. [< ftHcWtl + -<;rf2.] Not smnoth and flat; bent, wavy, or wrinkled; having the appearance of having been crum- pled.— Buckled plates, iron plates used its a foun- dation for- tlo'inn;; in tire-proof liuildings, in place of brick arcties. Their edges have a Hat rini called a Illlet, and the middle is sligtitly convex. They are generally of a square or an oblong fonn, and rest upon iron gir* der^ witli the convex side upward. buckled- (buk'ld), p. a. [< Inicklei + -ed2.] 1. Fastened with a buckle. — 2. In her., hav- ing a biiiklo, as a belt, garter, or the Uke. buckle-horns (buk'l-homz), «. /ill„r rraafall." ) I.Ialc Buclc-moth t//ffniUiu.t mnui\ iind I^^:lfS. natural «lic. is said, on account of its flying late in the fall, when the deer run. The lurvie feed oti the oak mid Mllb.w, and the eggs ore laid In naked rings around tluir twi««. buckpot(bHk'pof), H. [Sen /iHC*'".] Acookiiig- Iiiil trindi^ in UritishGtiinna from a peculiar local ■ ■lav. It In pojiulurlv »iii)|.oi.cd to be n.TcBsiiry (or tin- I.i.q.. r luaking of the iIIhIi callicl pep|icr-|iot (which Kee). buckra (buk'rii), ». and a. [In the Houihern riiilcd Stali'H' also /)(»r/.'r((. HHianis]i Curate, iv. 7. How he is metiunorphos ,1 ! Nothing of lawyer left, not a bit of buclaum. No soUciting face now. Beau, and Fl., Little French Lawyer, iii. 'i 4. Theramson orbear's-garlic, JWkw ursinum. — 5. In the old herbals, the cuckoo-pint. Arum maculatum. II. a. Made of or resembling buckram of either kind; hence, stiff; precise: formal. Two rogues in buckram suits. Sliak., 1 Hen. IV., ii. 4. Buckram scribe. Fletcher, Spanish Curate. A black buckram cassock was gathered at his middle with a belt, at which hung, instead of knife or weapon, a goodly leathern pen-and-ink case. .Scott, Kenilworth, I. ix. (Used as a general term of contempt. .\h, thou sav, thou serge, nay, thou buckmm lord ! Shak., 2 Hen. VI., iv. 7.) buckram (buk'ram), V. t. [< buckram, n.] To strengthen with buckram, or in the manner of buckram; make stiff. Coirper, Task. vi. (i'l'i. Nattiral gooil taste, and still more his buckramed habit of clerical decorum, . . . carried him safely through the . . . crisis. llau'thorm'. Scarlet Letter, xx. buck-sa'W (buk'sft). n. A saw set in iin tipi-ight frame or bow, and used with both li;inds in cutting wooil on a support called a buck. [V. S. and Cniiiula.] buck's-beard (buks'berd), n. A herbaceous perennial plant, Tragopogon pratensis, more usually ciillod goat's-bcard, from its long, cotirse. tMwiiy pappus. buckshish. biicksheesh (buk'shesh), n. Same lis lidksliisli, buck's-horn (buks'hftrn), H. A name given to several jilants on account of their forked leaves, as the I'Uinlitgo Cnronojiu.f (also called hnck's-horu pUinldiu). the Scncbiera Corouo- I'us, and the South AivKtM Lobelia corouopi- f'llid. buck-shot (buk'shot), ». A large size of shot, so naiiied from its use in killing deer. Buok- Bhot war, in r. S. hi.-it., u contest in the I'ennsyhania lionsc of Kcpresentativcs, accomiianicd by mobs and iitlicr violent demtnistrations, in l>cccnilier, ls.'iK, Ite- twecii two rival (irganizations, the one coniitoscd of Whigs, the other of Itcniocrats, eadi oi which cliiinied to be tile true House. The mune is deri\cil from th& reported threat of 11 Whig member that (he niol> stioi^d feci iiall ami htU'U-shot before the «lay w-aa> i,Vi4. buckskin (buk'wkin), II. and fli. [< biirk^ + skin ; = Icel. hukkaskinn = Dan. bukkcskind.] I. n. 1. Theskii.orabiick.— 2. Akiiidol'soft loatlierof a yellowish or grttyish color. iuihIg origiiinlly by trcaliiig deerskins iii a iiei'ulinr way, but nowusiitilly prepnred from sheepskins. In its preparation a grcti't deal of niiuiipuliition Ih icqillrcd, the hoftne.sH which is its chiei rliiiractcrl.slic being pro- duced by the use of ellber oil or bruins in dresHing It. It was formerly used for clothing, as by American Inilliins, fMinttersmi'ti, and soldiers, but Is now used principally lor tlilcli gloves. 3. /(/. Ui'eeches made of buckskin. A very Htiiiit, pnlly man in buekMkins and Hessian \woU. Thaekevait. 4. A person clothed in buckskin: a term np- jilied to (lie American troops dtiriiig the Hevo- iiiliiiiiiiry War. — 6. A horse of the color of biK'kskiii. fWestern XI. H. ) II. ". 1. Of or ]ierliiining (o buckskin. — 2. Of (lie color of buckskin: used of a horse. FWestern U. 8.] bucksome bucksomet, "• An obsolete spelling of huxnm. buck-stall (buk'still), n. A toil or net to take del T. I/'. Brotvn. Bucktail (bnk'tal), n. A name originally given to tlio members of the Tammany Society in New York city, but about 1817-26 extended in its application to members of that faction of the Democratio-Bepublican party in the State which opposed De Witt Clinton. Bi'ttcr success in constitutional reform was attained in New \'ork, in spite of an incessant turmoil l>etween the Clintoiiiaiis and tlie auti-Clintonians — BucktaiU, or Tam- many men, as they were called — all of whom professed the republican creed of the nation. Schouler, Hist. U. S., III. 227. buckthorn (buk'thorn), «. [< biick^ + thorn. Aceordiiig to some, a mistaken rendering of the G. buxdorn, a translation of the Gr. nv^d- mvSa, ' boxthorn,' of Dioscorides. ] 1 . The pop- ular name of species of Ehamnus (which see). The counnon buckthorn is E. cafharticitji ; the dyer's- buckthorn, R. iii^frctoriuj^ ; the alder-buckthorn, R, Fran- gula, or in the United States K. C'ai'oliniana ; and the Siberian buckthurn, or redwood, R. entthioxylnn, 2. A local English name of the haddock : chiefly applied to dried haddock. Da;/ Jamaica buck- thorn, the t'lierukee T03e{Rosa IcevUiata), used for hed^^es. — Sea-buckthorn, of the ctpasts of Kuroite, the Ilippo- ■phai' rhmiuit'ith's, natural onier Khva',in'H-<:a'. — Southern buckthorn, of the snutlu-iM rnited states, a sTuall sapo- taeeous tree, Buiiielia ii/cioi ids. — Texas buckthoru, a small thorny shrub of a genus allied to Rhamnus. buck-tootll (buk'toth), «. [(.buck (imcertain: perhaps buck'^ ; cf. ME. fiat-totlied, goat^toothed) -f t»{ith.~i Any tooth that juts out beyond the rest. His jaw was underhung, and when he laughed two white buck-teeth protruded themselves, and glistened sav- agely in spite of the grin. Thackeray, Vanity Fair. bucku, «. See biichu. buck-wagon (buk'wag"on), ?i. [In South Afri- can D. bokwagen (in def. 1), appar. < bok, = E. buck^, a goat, + wagen = E. wagon, Cf. buck- board.'] 1. A transport-wagon with strong pro- jecting framework extending over the wheels in order to carry heavy loads, used in South Africa. — 2. Same as buckboard. buckwash (buk'wosh), r. t. To wash in lye or buck ; cleanse by bucking. buckwashing (buk'wo.sh"ing), n. [Verbal n. of buckwash, ■v.'] The act of washing linen, etc. Ford, How now? whither bear you this? Serv. To the laundress, forsooth. Mrs. F. Wliy, what have you to do whither they bear it? You were best meddle with buck-^cashinq. Shak., M. W. of W.,iii. 3. buckweedt (buLk'wed), n. A kind of herb. £. Phillips, 1706. buckwheat (buk'hwet), «. [A So. and North. E. form (= D. boekweit = MLG. bokwete = G. biich- tceizcn ^Dan. boghvede), ibuck'^ jheeeb, + wheat. Cf. buck-mast. It receives its name from the re- semblance of its triangular fruit to beechnuts. The NXi. name Fagopijrum is a translation of the E. name.] 1. The common name of Fago- pyrum esculentum, natural order Folygoiiacew, and of its seeds. It is a native of cen- tral Asia, an annual of easy culture, growing on the poorest soils; and though the grain is less nutritious than that of most cereals, it is used to a con- siderable extent for food for both men and animals. The chief use of its flour in the United States is in the generally popular form of buckwheat pancakes. East In- dian buckwheat (F. Tatancum) is of in- ferior quality and is less cultivated. 2. In the West In- dies, Anredera scandens, natural order Chenopndiu- cca, an annual _,..,_ ^ , , , elimbinir plant of aucKwhcat [Faffopyrum fscuifrttum). . jT a, dower ;*, ovary ; importance. — same, showing embryo. BUCkwheat COal. in tile antlirarite rl■^ion of Pennsylvania, the smallest size of c»ial sent to market. Itis sufficiently small to pass through a half-inch mesh. — False buckwheat, some climbing species of Pohtrfo?ium, as P. diniirti'niiii or P. scandi'HS, with the large triangu- lar seeds of Fn^foiii/ruin. — 'Willi buckwheat, of Cali- fornia, a species of En'tppunnn, E. fa^'-ifulatum, nearly related to Poliiiioinnn and with similar seeds. buckwheat-tree (buk'hwet'tre), n. The Clif- tonia nitida or ('. ligustrina, natural order Cyril- lacea:, a small evergreen, with showy fragrant 707 white flowers and wing-angled fruit, a native of Georgia and the Gulf States. Also called titi and ironwood. bucnemia (buk-no'mi-ii), «. [NL., < Gr. /3oif, ox, -I- Kv///i>/, the leg.] A disease of the leg distinguislied by tense, diffuse, inflammatory swelling. bucolic (bu-kol'ik), a. and n. [< L. bncolicus, < Gr. ihvKu'Ainui;, rustic, pastoral, < (hvKd'Aor, a cowherd, herdsman, < /ioif, an o.x (see Bos), + -Kd'Aoc, perhaps for -iroAor, as in a'nrd'Aor, a goat- herd, < TTi'Aeiv, move, TrileaBm, bo; otherwise connected with KtAr/c, a race-horse, L. ccler, swift, H'kt. ■\/ kal, drive.] I, a. 1. Pastoral; relating to country affairs, or to a shepherd's life antl occupation : as, bucolic song. " Uylas," the celebrated thirteenth idyl of Theocritus, ... is not a bucolic poem, but classified as narrative or senii-epie in character, yet exhibits many touches of the bucolic sweetness. Stcdman, Vict. Poets, p. 211. 2. Agricultural: used humorously or in dis- paragement — Bucolic cesura, bucolic diereBla. See ccsnriL. = Syn. Pastoral, Riisfir, etc. See rural. II. II. ii L. bucolicum, pi. bucolica, ueut. of bncolicus: seel.] 1. A pastoral poem, repre- senting rural affairs, or the life, maimers, and occupation of shepherds: as, the bucolics of Theocritus and Virgil. The first modern Latin bucolics are those of Petrarch. T, Warton, Hist. Eng. Poetry, § 28. 2. A writer of pastorals. [Rare.] Spenser is erroneously ranked as our earliest English bucolic;. T, Warton, Hist. Eng. Poetry, § 40. 3. A countryman; a farmer: used humorously or in depreciation. bucolical (bii-kol'i-kal), a. Same as bucolic. BucorvUS (bu-kor'vu's), n. [NL., rodueed abnormally and witlnjut order from any jtart of the stem or roots, or from leaves. — Blind bud. See Wiru/l.— Bud-vartatlon, in the outgn)Wth of a bud, the deviation in any ri-spt-et frojn the ordinary growth of the plant, producing what is commonly known as a sport. .Many remarkable varieties in cultivated plants arise in this way, and are perpetu- ate. budl (bud), r. ; pret. and pp. budded, ppr. bud- ding. [< ME. buddcn = D. batten ; from the noun.] I. trans. 1. To ingraft a bud of or on, as of one plant on the .stem of another: as, to bud a garden rose on a brier, or a brier with a garden rose. See budding, n., 'i. — 2. To put forth by or as if by the natural jirocess of budding. From yoiu' swelling downs, . . . where prickly furze Buds lavish gold. Keats, Endymion, i. II. intrans. 1. Toput forth or produce buds; be in bud. — 2. To be in the condition of a bud ; sprout ; begin to grow or to issue from a stock in the manner of a bud, as a horn. — 3. Figu- ratively, to be in an early stage of development. — 4. To eat buds: said of birds. [U. S.] Last night I saw a number of grouse budding upon a neighboring apple tree. Forest andStream, XXVIII. 131. Budding fungi, fungi which grow and reproduce by Inuiding; eliietly, the yeast-fungi. bud^ (bud), n. [A reduction of brother; cf. fc«fc*.] A familiar term for brother. [South- ern U. S.] bud^t (hud), n. [Appar. a var. of bode, an offer, ult. < AS. beodan, pp. boden, offer: see bode^, bode^, bid."] A gift, especially one meant as a bribe. Acts James I. (Jamieson.) [Scotch.] bud^t, v. t- [Sc, also budd; < bud^, «.] To endeavor to gain by gifts ; bribe. bud* (bud). Same as bood, preterit and past participle of behoove. [Scotch.] bud-cell (bud'sel), n. In hot., a lateral cell produced upon the proembryo of some of the higher cryptogams, as in the Ckaracea; from which the perfect plant is developed. Some- times called the bud-rudiment. budded (bud'ed), p. a. In her., same as bottony. Buddha (hO'da), «. [Skt., lit. 'the Enlight- ened,' pp. {tor *budhta) of ■;/ budh for *bhudh, be awake, come to consciousness, notice, un- derstand, etc., = Gr. \^ "ttx'H for *,"=>".> "^ , . V "" ". j„„„ licitv t..l.e attained l.v perfect oliedience is the suppres. die, over -nhich water Hows. sionofeverypassiunanddesiie. and eventually .Nirvana, or fuddle- (bud'l), ». [< blllldle^, !'.] In mining, a, • • ' '"'- -' • "•"- eoutrivauce for dressing; ore, or separating the unconscious existence, if indeed Nirvana lie not annihila tiMi. I:i it- I !_':nal spirit airuostic, if nt»t atheistic, it luis ], . i in time, and now has its rites and tem- ,. : \ in dilferent nationalities and localities, i i.adhism spreail over Ceylon, .lava, Cochin- Clu:;.i. i_;.;.:iia. Tibet, Mongolia, Tatarj-, t^hina, and Japan, but WX5 stamped out in India by the rise of Hinduism. Also spelled Bvodhi^iiu Btlddhist (bo'dist), H. and a. [< Buddha + -ist; = F. £ottdhistc.'\ I. n. One who pro- ftsses Buddhism; a follower of the religious system founded bv Buddha. 'n. a. Of or pertaining to Buddha or Bud- dhism Buddhist architecture, the oldest and most DUddle* (bud 1), characteristic native style of Indian ecclesiastical archi- _[Prov. Eng.J tecture, the earliest si)ecimens dating from 250 B. C, and prevailing wherever ISuddhisni has been established. Budilhist architectni-al nninnmeiits may be classed in five groups : ((I) .-itambhas or l.ats, pillars bearing inscriptions on their shafts, with emblems or animals on their capi- tals. (6) Stup:»s or tojies, large towers, some built in the form of a hemisphere, others partly cylindrical and fin- ished at the top with either a Hat circle or a pointed dome-like terminal. The topes were erected in honor of some sacred event or place, and are sometimes employed to contain relicsof Buddha or of a saint. In the latter cjise the tiipe is called a dmoha. (c) Rails, formed of elaborately sculptured pillars, biiilt around topes, temjiles, and other sacred objects. (niihi.'f llic stock. Adhesion takes 1-1, . JM-tweeii the candilumhiyerN or new. -r .ivtli tKHue of the two, aKnuring the life M.A growth of the bud. .Many kinds of fruit iire propugaterl In this way, iu well .1. rn,.-., ntol other plants. budding (l)u.l'iiig), />. n. fPpr. of ''"'". r.] 1. Producing linds: lis, a l"iil,l,iiiitrr<-. — 2. Hciiig in tin- criii- • li'ioii of n liiid; llguralivoly, biing 1' 'v stage r(f growth; luiiig lanco of a ]HTioil of life, te. : uH, a biidiling orator, '7 Nlrghi. f(dr. and fresh, and ,S7i/i*., 'I', of the!)., Iv. S. i)U'i life fl"id'ing-nif), H. A ^■nrdeners in the op- ' ' 'lUg. The hanille, ||>U. 1. I Ivf.ry. Inper« to nii fdiie, which enn- I . nepiiralinu the hark from the wood ■■> •■ illliK the bud. huddle • . hoodlt:^. buddlc . I-. f. ; pnt. and pp. huddled, |i|ir. bud-thug. [Cf. LG. hulteln (> G. hultcln), outward, much used in the Elizabethan era and Budorcas (bu-dor'kas), n. [NL., < Gr. /3ot)f, since as an inexpensive fur for the edging of ox, -1- (Sop/cof, a gazel.] A notable genus of garments, in Enghand some official costumes that have large Asiatic antelopes, containing the yakin, remained unch.anged arc still decorated with budge. Budorcas ta.rieolor, of the Himalayas: some- \y\wn, let him but in judgements sight uncase, times taken as type of a subfamily Jludorcina;, He's naught but budge, old gards, browne fox-fnr face. <,„ ^^(.^1 are its peculiarities. See ifahin. Marston, Scourge of Villan.e, Sat. vn. Bu^Qj-cin^ (bu-d6i--si'ne), n. pi. [NL., < Bw- 3. Same as budgc-barrel. dnrcaa + -ina.'] A groui> of llimalavan ante- II. a. l< budgc'^, 2.'\ 1. Trimmed or adorn- loj.ps, typified by the genus A'Hi/om/.';, having ed with budge (see I., '-): as, '^budge gowns," smooth round horns contiguous at their bases, Milton, Art. of Peace with Irish.— 2. Scholas- ,, f.,;] m-^, (i,,,f, ^f a goat, and 4 teats, tic; pedantic; austere; surly; stiff; formal : ^jy^gj-gjug (in-,.j(ji.'siii)^ «. Of or pertaining to as, "budge doctors," Milton, Comus, 1. 707. o,,. liiiitnreiiiir. The solemn fop, signillcant and /m<((;e; Bud'Weis porcelaiu. ^eo porcelain. A fool with judges, aniongst fools a judg«. BudvteS {l)U-di'tez), ". [NL., < Gr. (iovSienK, Co,c;,.T, Conversation, l.m „,^*, ,tail.] A genus of small os.'ine passel ^^'^^^^s^fhued'wiJhZni^^'wS:';;;!:! z^"':^ "-o ''i''-> ->i'i ^^orhi, of the tam. ,- mpanied the h)rd mayorof London at his iuauguratlou, budge^t (huj), H. [Origin uncertain.] One who slips into a house or shop to steal cloaks, eti'. ; !i siceak-tliier. Kersey, llOS. [Slang.] ily Molaedlidw : the yellow wagtails, of which there are many species, as B. Jlava. See Mo- tiieiliida; iragtail. buer, «. A gnat. Hnlliwell. [North. Eng.] Whan they for sonles seye the psalm of Davit, Lo, bu/' they soyo, cor nienni eructavit. Chuiieer, Sunuuouers Tale, 1. 226, buflf' (l)uf), »i. and a. [I'larly mod. E. buffe, short " " n. It. A buffalo." lor hufilei, q. V,] I. budge-barrel (buj'bar'el), n. A small barrel buft, boef-'t, inlerj. An exclamation represent with only one head, a piece of leather which ing the sound made by eructatiou iu conSB' is drawn together upon strings being nailed (juoncc of ovcieating, U]ion the other end. It is used in action I'or carrying jjowder or cartridges with a gun or mortar. Also called budge. budgonesst (bu,i'ne8), 11. [< budget, a., 2, + -uiss.\ Sterimess; severity. A great Bellomt for fmdgenejut. Stanlhurgt, (pioted iti Warton's Hist. Eng. I'oetry, 808. budger (bu.i'er), n. One who moves or stirs triiiu liis |iiace. 1.1 the llrst liudqer die the other's slave. Shak., Cor., I. 8. budgero, budgercw (buj'ro), «. [Anglo-Ind., also bajrii, re|ir. Hind, hajrii, a kind of pleasuro- lioat.] A lunibeiiug ki'cUess barge, foiinerly much used l>y iMiropeaiis travcliiigon the Gaii- getic rivers. ' Yule and Ilurnelt. Mho budgero- boa I, buggerou-boal. They (the ladles of Cnlcuttnl . . . went upon the river In bii,lr,rrow» and illverted tliemselvrs wllh llshlng or f..wling, J. T. H'lieel.r. Short lll«l. India, p. JiK). budget (biij'ot), «. [Early mod. E. also bow- i/il; < F. Imugeltc (= II. hohielUi), duii. of OF. houqe, a Img: see budge". IIi'Ih'c, in Hcnsc 4, I), and F. budget.] 1.' A siniill bag or suck; a pouch Hit(iry for iiiiMc'cllaiirous arl,icleH: now chiefly figurative: us, to oiiiii a budget of iK'WS. II tinkeni may have leave lo llvo, And hear I he "»"w- Hkln tiudget. Sliak., W. T., Iv. 8 (song). /;ii//ii/r> lit.), a linllle, a bulje. Ftnrio. I!iijl!e [I'M, the Iniffe, bnllle, bnglc, or wild ox. Catgrnee. There are also wible bcastes bred iu those W(u)ds, as lluJI'eti, Bcares, and blacko Wolues. Ilnkbnit'e Voiiages, I. 248. They Iinuc also the qualities of a nuffe: for if they seo a man elolhed in red, they run vpon him inunedlalely to kill him. ihiklutit'x Vngngeti, I. llfl. 2, A kind of thick leathei-, originally and (irop- erly inndeof llie skiu ollhe bulTnIo, bill now also ' of the skins of oilier aniiiialw, as elks, oxen, etc. It Is dressed so as lo be us lleylble as possible, and without a glazed lU- altlllelally colored surface. It Is used for nmUIng bells, lionehes, gloves, etc., and In the later nilildle ages lame Into use to lake the pboe In a lueiuinri' of light armor: as, " a suit of (>"/," .Slink., C. of !■;., Iv. 2. Also called Inif lent tier. ills doublet was of sturdy liuf. And Ihongh not sword yet cudgel luoof. .S. ilutler, lluillliras, 1. I. SOS, 3, A biifT-coat (whicli see). Ill make a shift lo drain It lav I part Willi I (sand liu/l I'rard, Sir Meholas at Marstim Moor, 4, The color of bulT-leiither ; a yellow color (leflcieiil ill luminosity and in cliroiiiii. — 6. J>1. Till' lliinl regiiueiil (if i\w lino in llio liritish buff anny : so called from the color of the facings of thcdr uniform. The 7Sth regiment is calleii tlie Iloss- sliire litiffii for the same reason. 6. In 7H«?., the buffy coat. Seebuffy. — 7. A buiT-Hlifk; a huff- wheel. — 8. The "hare skin: ;is, III strip to tliii //»//'. L*jollftl-]- In buff, nuked. Iron buff, ^i inl.ir in.'illiuid In dyeing witli lerrie oxinn and yafhj-msoche a ftu/pM-pon ^ j ^^p^j .j^-jfj, various polishiug-powders. tl^Jefte temple that the blode^braste^outeo|m^o^^^ buffing-machine (buf ' inVma-shIn "), «. A buffer-block the draw-bar, to keep the cars from coming together if the draw-bar gives way. — 2. The flat head of a buffer-bar. See cut under buffer^. \l«o called btilfing-ilocl: bnffer-liead (buf'er-hed), n. Same as 6»/er- blorl:, -2. . ^. , buffer-spring(buf'er-spriiig),H. Aspnng which gives elastieitv to a buffer, so as to lessen the buffing (bufmg) shock of collision. Also called ftH#«<7-si>WH(;. See cut under buffers — Auxiliary buffer-spring, in railroad-cars, a spring seemed behind a draw -spring. Ui resist more strongly the pressure on the draw-bar in buff- ing. buffetl (l)uf'et), n. [< ME. buffet, boffet, bofet (= leel. huifeit), < OF. bufet, bii/et (= It. biif- feto.formei-lv bufetto, bofetto; cf. Sp.Pg. bofe- bufoniform buffon, »■ Same as buffont. buffontt, ». [< F. bouffant (et " bouffancs [sic], puffs in a garment" — Cotgi-ave), ppr. of bmijf- fir, puff out: see buff", buffct^.l A projecting or puffed-out covering of gauze or linen for the breast, much worn by women about the middle of the eighteenth century. buffoon (bu-fon'), H. and a. [< F. bouffon, < It. hulf'one (= Sp. bufon = Pg. bufao), a jester, < hufa (= Sp. bufa), a jest, mocking, connect- ed with bufarc (= Pr. Sp. Pg. hufar = F. bouf- fer), puff.'blow: see buff", buffet'^.'] I. jj. One who makes a practice of amusing others by tricks, odd gestures and postirres, jokes, and other vulgar pleasantries ; a droll ; a merry- andrew ; a clowu ; a jester. The scurril talk of bufoous, pleasants, and jesters. Holland, tr. of I'hltareh, p. 487. Bufoons that have a talent of mimicking the speech and behaviour of other persons. Totter, No. 268. = Syil. See zatnt. 11. a. i chine used for buffing or polishing, For God's sake, sir, be merry, or else bear . ^ ^ ^ ._ The buffig of your fortune »ith more scorn ! DUffing-Sprmg (but mg-sprmg), n. 'Beau, and Ft, Honest Mans Fortune, iv. 1. hufcr-spriiig. We get . . . many a bufet of .the rough water of e.\-peri- 'buffinff-wlieel (buf 'ing-hwel), n. Same as buf- - " , ceoiir.1 *I,M l,flr<, ritrht tn live. , P \ tj / n-iieel. buff-jerkin (buf 'jer'kin), H. 1. A garment for- merly worn under the corselet, and made of buft'- ence, before we secure the bare right to live. Lomll, Fireside Travels, p. 13S. 2f. A blast of wind. Thav blwe a bufet in blande that banned peple. AUiterathe Poems (ed. Morris), ii. 885. buffetl (buf 'et). r. ; pret. and pp. buffeted, ppr. hulfetiug. [< ME. buffeten, bofeten = Icel. huf- feita (cf. Sp. bofetear, abofetear, Pg. bofetenr = it. buffctaie. bofettegiare — Florio), buffet ; from the noun.] I. 'trans. 1 . To strike with the hand or fist ; box ; beat. Then did they spit in his face, and buffeted him ; and others smote him with the palms of theil' hands. 2. To beat in contention; if with blows: as, to buffet Tile t'lrreiit roar'd ; and With histv sinews ; tlirowing it aside And steniining it with hearts of controversy. Shak., J. C, i. 2, n. intrana. To exercise at boxing ; box; con- tend with blows of the fists; hence, to force one's way by buffeting. If I might buffet for my love, ... I could lay on like a tiutcher. ' .SViafc., Hen. V., v. 2. I caught her; then Oaring one arm, and behring in my left llie weight of all the hopes of half the world, Strove to buffet to land in vain. Tennyson, Princess, iv. buffet^ fbnf'ot, or, as F., bii-fa'), «• [Sometimes crrnnfously written hcaufet (simulating F. beau, tine — a notion present, in another form, in the orig. use), < ME. buffttt. buffit, boffet, bofet (in def. 4, and comp. Iiuffet-^tool,^ q. v.) = D. G, Dan. Sw. 1>uffct = Ru.ss. bufefu, a sideboard, = Sp. Pg. biifcte, a desk, ^\Titing-table, Pg. also a sideboard, < F. Intffet, a sideboard, a cup- board, in older F. esp. of an elegant or costly kind, "a court cnpboord, or high-standing cup- boord, also a cupboord of plate, also as much plate as will furnish a cupboord" (Cotgrave), al.so a desk or writing-table, < It. buffetlo. for- merly also Imff'ilto. IX cupboard, sideboard, liuf- fet (SUj. bufituni, a. buffet, cf. buffctu.% a coun- cil ; cf. bureau in similar senses), appar. so called from its elegance, being = OF. bufoi, huffoin, sumptuoiisness, show, pomp, fine equi- page, < bufer. liuffer (= It. buffarc, etc.), puff, hi ' •--.-•--• Characteristic of a buffoon ; buffoonish. Neither buffoon nor contemptible. Lamb, Old .\ctoi-s. Buffoon stories. Maeaulay, Hist. Eng., xiv. Same as ^j^ifOQH (Ijii.fon'), i'. l< buffoon, n.'i I. iutrans. To act the part of a buffoon. Drijden. [Bare.] II. trans. To make ridftsulous. [Rare.] Keligion . . despised, buffooned, exposed , is ridiculous. Olanville, Sermons, i.x. :i43. Went to see the Duke of Buckingham's ridiculous farce and rhapsody, called "The Recital," Imffooniufi all plays, yit prophanc enough. Evelyn, Diary, Dec. 14, 1071. leather, whence its name. It took the place of the acton and gambeson. — 2. A waistcoat made of buff -leather; hence, a waistcoat made buffoonersr (bu-fon'er-i) of cloth of a buff color, it seems to have been con- sidered the peculiar mark of constables and other officers of the law. Fighting! what's fighting? it may be in fashion Among provant swords, and biiff-jerki/i men. Fletcher {and another). Elder Brother, v. 1. ji. ; pi. buffooneries (-iz). [(.'buffoon + -fn/, after F. bouffouneric.'] The art and practices of a buffoon; low jests; ridiculous pranks; vulgar tricks and postures. No merit w.is secure, no person free From its licentious buffoonery. Oldham, Horace's Art of Toctry. with pale buff as in the case of buff'-laced Po- ijuffo^^-get (bu-fou'iz), v. t hsh fowls, or of birds of which the color IS pale rjtj^^"^ Vinslieu 1617 buff, each feather being laced witli dark buft'. .i ■ • - bufflel (buf'l), «. [< F. buffc, a buffalo.] 1. A buffalo. — 2. A duck, BueephuUi albcola, abim- dant in North America, it has a short blue bill and a head the apparent size nf wliich is greatly increased by buffoonly (bu-fon'li), «, Buffoonish. [Rare.] [< buffoon + -i~e.] [< buffoon + -?;/!.] sh tricks and buffoonly discourse. ./. Goodman, Winter Eve. Conference, 1. Buflle iBitce/>ha/a altieota). the fullness of its feathers. The nnile Is clilelly black above and white below, the head bihig irldesccnt-lilaik with a huge white occiiiltnl space. Also called (/HJ/(e-/i.rt(/, buffle-dnek, bxijlte-headeil duek, Kjiirit-duek, dipper, and bul- terhali. Also spelled buffet. ow. see huff-, and cf. Iiuffrll.l 1. A cupboard, bufEle'-^ (buf'l), r. [Frcq. of Imff", stammer: see ilebiiard, or i-loH(-t, designcil to hold china, /y»(/"-.] I. intrans. 1. To spi'ak thickly or in- •v-tiil. plate, ami other like articles. — 2. The niiiculatcly. [I'rov. Eng.] — 2\. To bo puz- . set apart for refreshments in public j-lod ; be at a loss. .Vici'/'H. • -.—3. That part of the .■al.iiiet-work of jj_ irons. To handle clumsily. 1 organ which incloses the ^>\\ich. — 4. Same buff-leather (l"if'le*TTicr), h. Same as /<«/!, 2. .Iniilfl-.Htool. IVriglil,\'Tc>v.Uu\. [Prov. Eng.] buffle-duck {l'iit'l-(l\ik), w. Same as /<«(;/<■', -. buffeter (buf 'et-^'r), «. One who buffets or buffle-head (Imfl-hed), n. It. One who has a sink's witb the hand or fist; a l)oxer. buffeting (biif'et-ing), H. [Verlml n. of buffet^, <.\ A lieiiting; nblow; a btiffot. 'I ' ! "IthnKHMl these Imffrlimi' lo the Inut till «lck- hlni. HIrrne, Trlntmiii Sliiinily, vl. 18. 1, I (buf'et-HtOl), «. [< Mi;, buffttt ■•loir, also simply hnjjlt, liol'et (see lurge (ir n( lipid head, like a buffalo's. Wliiit makes you stare so, bultlfliead I Plautut (truM.), ir,;>i 2. Same as bufflel, 2. buffle-headedt (buf'l-hed'ed), a. Tlaving a large liciid, like n buffalo's; dull; stujiid; fool- isli. (ioi/l,,)!. Notes on Don Quixoli', III, I), "'lie cc liuffef'i + *(««;/.] A stool with buffle-hom (biif'l-liorn), h. The common iniTni Ihree legs, formerly ii«ed in <'on II' 1 till' biilTct or Hiileboard, and orten -• I . tiilile or Hideboard among jioor |,e.,|. ' - ,,. buffiet, • US buff-*. Florio. bofflni .,.,.. n'i-de), »(. ;-/. [NE.,< /lufo(n-) + -tilif. I A fiiinily of arcil'erous salient aniphihi- iiiis, lyjiilied by the genus llufo, \,'i1lioiil iiiiix- illiiry'tcelh ai'id willi ililateil nacnil vertebno and "a broad Hat tongue, free behind ; I lie loads, 'Ihc body aiul llinliH are tbicli, heavy, and cliiiiisy, and the skill Is (varlvor nigosc. The .ipcclcs are lens a(|imtlc than (rouH. not arboreal like tree-toiuls, and lunch less uglle. MniMl loll B)KM-li» are known. Si'c eiil under aiinaload. bufoniform (Im-I'on'i form), (/. [< Ii. I)uj'o(n-), a tiiiid, + forma, shape.] Having the form of a toad; resembling a load ; biifoiioid ; specili- cally, of or pertaining to the lUifmiformia: conlraHled willi ninil'onii. Bufoniformia Bufoniformia (bu-fou-i-f6r'mi-ii), n. pi. [NL., < Ij. liiifo(n-), a toad (NL. litifo), + formii, form, + -«(.] A g^'oup or suborder of salient amphibians, containing those having an areif- erous sternum and no teeth. It includes the llufoiiulw, Ehinophrynida; and Dendrophrynis- cidii: bufonite (bu'fon-it), w. [< L. hufo{n-), a toad, + -ilc-.'] Toadstone ; a fossil consisting of the petrified teeth of Spluerodus, Pycnodus, and other Mesozoio ganoid fishes. It was formerly iiiiuli (.stemmed fur its iTiuminary virtues, and was worn ill iiri;is; it u as t]iuni;lit tu ..ri'^iiiate ill the heads of toads. bufonoid (bu'fon-oid), E. puck). Cf. Jo bugler, F. beugler, bellow), < L. 6m- culus. dim. of bos. an ox, =E. coifl.] If. A sort of wild ox ; a buft'alo. These are the beastes which ye shall eat of : oxen, sheep. and gootes, hert, roo, and bugle (in the authorized version, wild ox], wylde goote, etc. Bible, 1551, Deut. xiv. 4, 5. 2. A young bull. Grose. [Prov. Eng.] bugle^ (bii'gl), n. [< ME. bugle, bugul, etc., a bugle-hom, as if short for bugle-horn, q. v. ; cf. F. bugle, a bugle-hom.] 1. A hunting- horn. Also called bugle-horn. — 2. A military musical wind-instrument of brass, once or more curved, sometimes furnished with keys or valves, so as to be capable of producing all the notes of the scale. bugle^ (bii'gl), I', i. ; pret. and pp. bugled, ppr. bugling. [< bugle^, «.] To sound a bugle. bugle* (bii'gl), «. and a. [Prob. < ML. bugolua, a female ornament, prob. < G. biigel, a bent or curved strip of metal, ring, stirrup, = Icel. 6^- gill, a stirrup: see bniP-, boul.] I. n. A shining elongated glass bead, usually black, used in dec- orating female apparel : as, " bugle-hracelet," .S7mA-.,W. T., iv. 3 (song). II, a. Having the color of a glass bugle ; jet- black: as, "bugle eyeballs," Shak. bugle* (bii'gl), n. [< F. bugle = Sp. Pg. bugula = It. bugola (Mahn), irreg. < LL. bugillo, a plant, also called ajuga reptaus ; origin unknown. The late ME. ftwjri/te is glossed buglo.isa : see bugtoss.] The popular English name for a common low la- biate plant of Europe, Ajuga rc/itans. The yellow bugle is -1. ChaiiaFjiitps, and the mountain bugle A. pg- raittidalit!. bugle-call (bii'gl-kal), «. A short melody sounded upon a bugle as a signal or order, bugle-cap (bu'gl-ka]i), n. Same as cornet, 4 (6). bugle-horn (bii'gl-hoi'n), «. [< ME. buglehorn ; < bugle'" + horn. Cf. bugle-.] 1. Same as 6m- gle^, 1. — 2t. A drin king-vessel made of horn. Janus . . . dryuketh of his buqle-horn the wyn. Chaucer, Franklin's Tale, 1. 517. bugler (bii'gler), h. 1. One who plays a bugle ; specifically, a soldier assigned to convey the commands of the officers by signals sounded on a bugle. Buglers are also employed upon United States vessels of war. — 2. A fish of the family Centri.icida- and genus Centriscus; a snipe-fish. [Tasmanian.] bugle-rod (bu'gl-rod), n. The pastoral staff of a bishop. HalUwcll ; Wright. bugle'weed (bii'gl-wed), «. The common name of the North American plant Ijycopiis Virgini- bngleweed 712 tulb bugloss land fcir :i tonii of years (in England usually popular name of the plant ,• The small wild buiiloss is Anperuyo prorumbens ; the Tiper's-bugloss. i'cAiiim cidgare ; the small hugloss. ij/- copsii arKiisis; and the sea-bugloss, Mertemia martUma. They are all bor.iginaceous plants, with rough leaves. Also called ox-toiv)ue. There poppies, nodding, raock the hope of toil : There the blue bugloa paints the sterile soil. Crabbe, Village, i. 6. Spanish bugloss. Same as alkanet , 2. buglow (bufr'16), n. Same as baggala. bugong (bu'g "• [Also written boost, var. of boi.olition of the- _ , feniial system in 1S71. See /t/'/c. building (bil'ding), M. [Eariy mod. E. also ^,^itket, «. A Middle English form of buekl. bttdinij, < ME. bildiiigc, bi/ldi/tige, i"/''.'/".'/f, BuJtkio (biik'ke 6). ». Same as iiMj'/io. rarely buyldyngc; verbal u. of build, r.] 1. bukkum-'WOOd (buk'um-wiid), u. [< bukkiim. (moiling of lioule or Boulle, the name of aFrench artist (Andr^ Charies Boule, 1642-1732), who brought tills kind of work to liigli perfection.] A style of inlaid decoration in Oabinet-work pnicti.Hcd bv Boule, a celebrated designer un- der LouiM XtV. ; also, the articles so decorated. I "d rb'hiy iidald with ii kind of nirHalc, eoni- I !iv of torlnln>' wblili U used else- buhl sa'w (hliVMi), n. ApecuHarkind of frame- • II ' II r.l in cutting out I. .1 . .rk. Also Hpelled b bohr htir ihi'iVwiTV), n. I' I. . ». Hume IMI MntalUc buhr. bubr-dri .Hor eri. '■ buhr-ii buhrHt'.. bulk' (iji\. See cut under Masmobraiickii. bulb (bulb), V. i. [< bulb, n.'] To project or be protuberant. Evelyn. bulbaceous (bul-ba'shius), a. [< L. hulhacenSj < /j/J/j/f.s", a bulb: see &«//>.] Bulboiis. Johnson. bulbar (bul'bar), a, [< L. bulbus, bulb, + -ar-.] 1. Bulbous. — 2. In patlwl.^ pertaining to the medulla oblongata.— chronic bulbar paralysis, a disease characterized by progressive paralysis and atrophy of the nniscles of the lips, tongue, palate, pharynx, and larynx. Also called j)riif7ressive bulbo-nucUar parabisiK, profiressire afmphic bulbar paralysis, and fflosso-labio-la- nin'finl parah/sia. bulbed (bulbd), a. [< bulb + -ef?2.] Having a bulb ; round-headed. bulbel (bul'bel), i>. [< NL. "bulbellHS, *bidbil- /!(s, dim. of L. b^dbiis, bulb.] Same as bulblet. bulberry (bul'ber"!), ». ; pi. hulberries (-iz). Same as hilhcrry. bulbi, /'. Plural of bulbus. bulbiferous (bul-bif'e-rus), a. [< L. bulbus, bulb, + ferrc = E. 6cfl/-l.] Producing bulbs: as, bulbiferous stems. bulbiforin (bul'bi-form), a. [< L. bulbus, bulb, + forma, form.] Bulb-shaped. bulbil (bul'bil), n. [< NL. *bulMUus, dim. of L. bulbus: see bulb, bulbus.'i Same as bulblet. bulbine (liurbin), n. [L., < Gr. jioAfilvT], a white kind of bulbous plant, < ftoViioi;, a certain bul- bous root: see bulb.'] An herb having leaves like the leek aftd a piu-ple flower ; dog's-leek. bulblet (bulb'let), H. [< bulb + dim. -leW] A little bulb; speeifioally, in bot., a small aerial bulb or bud with fleshy scales, growing in the axils of leaves, as iu the tiger-lily, or taking the place of flower-buds, as iu the common onion. Also bulbel, bulbil. bulbodiuint (bul-bo'di-um), H. [NTj., < Gr. ^oX/3(j(S«, eontr. foi-m of jioljiostdiiQ, bidb-like, < po'AfioQ, a bulb, -I- rfrSof, form.] A word for- merly used by botanists for what is now called a corm. bulbose (bul'bos), a. [< L. bulbosus : see bul- bous.] Producing bulbs; resembling a bulb; bulbous. [Rare.] bulbotuber (bul'b6-tu"ber), );. [< L. bulbus, bulb, -I- lubir, tuber.] A corm. [Rare.] bulbous (bul'bus), a. [= F. bulbeui, < L. bul- bosus, < bulbus, huih.] 1. Producing or grow- 713 ing from bulbs: as, bulbous plants. — 2. Pes- taining to or resembling a bulb ; swelling out ; bulb-sliaped. Above the fringe of brushwood on the hill-tops rise the many golden domes and bulbous spires of cathedral and convents. A. J. C. Hare, Iliissia, ix. A burly, Uulbims man, who, in sheer ostentation of his venerable' ]>rogenit()rs, was the (Irst to introduce into the sitlleuiLiit the ancient Dutch fashion of ten pair of breeches. Irvimj, Knickerbocker, ]). 108. Bulbous tore, a tore made with the ends finished with bulb-sbapt/il ornaments. bulbul' (bid'btil), n. [= Ar. Turk. Hind. Ind- liiil,< Pers. bulbul, a nightingale; prob. imita- tive; cf. /)»//(«-/)»//(■«.] 1. The Persian name of the night iiignlc, or a species of nightingale, rendered familiar in English poetry by Moore, Byron, and others. The same name is also given in southei]] and s(juthwestern Asia to sundry other birds. Specifically — 2. In ornith., a bird of the fam- ily I'licuduoliflfe. bulbul- ( bid'bul), n. [E. Ind.] A name given to tlic yak. bulbule (bul'bul), )(. [< LL. hulbulus. dim. of L. bulbus, bulb.] A little bulb; a bulblet. bulbus (bul'bus), n.; pi. bulbi (-bi). [L. : see bulb.] A bulb: used chiefly in anatomy in such phrases as bulbus oculi, the eyeball; bulbus aor- ta; the aortic bulb.- Bulbus arteriosus. .Same as bulli ni the aorta (which see, iiiiil. r ''""<). — Bulbus glan- dulosus, or ventrlculus glandulosus, the wbu.dniar or true stomach of birds; the provcntriculus. — Bulbus veuas Jugularis, the enlargement of the internal jngu- lai- vein at its runimencement in the jugular foramen. bulby (biil'bi), «. [< bulb + -y'^.] Somewhat like a bull) ; liulbous. bulcardt (bul'kiird), n. A Cornish name of the blenny. bulchlf, r. An obsolete variant of belch. bulch^t, «. [Appar. shortened from 6m/c7(j«.] A bull-calf : sometimes used familiarly in refer- ence to a person, either in kindness" or in con- tempt. So that my bulch .Show but his swarth cheek to me, let eartli cleave And break from hell, I care not ! Ford and Dekker, Witch of Edmonton, v. 1 bulchint (bid ' chin), J) a bull, -I- dim. -chin = -kin.] A young male calf: often applied in contempt to persons. Drayton. For ten mark men sold a litille hulchyn. Langto/t, Chronicle (ed. Hearne), p. 174. A new-weande hulchin. Marston, Dutch Courtezan, ii. 1. bulk bmlg, a bag, etc. (> E. bellows, belly), and prob. to Icel. baiigi, etc., E. baij'^ : see belly, belUms. baf/^, boui/ii, budye^, and bilj/e.] 1. A rounded protuberance; a swelling; a swell; a hump. His nese was cutted as a cat, Jiis i)rowes war like litel buskes, Aiul his tethe like bare tnskes, A fu) trcte hill;/,' opon his bak. y inline and liainii (ed. Ititson, 1802), 1. 260. We advanced half a mile, and encamped temporarily in a hilbgirt teijrc of the flnmara bed. li. F. JJurton, El-lledinah, p. ;i62. 2. The swirl made by a salmon rising to the surface. Sportsman's Gazetteer To get the bulge on one, to get the advantage of a person ; fore- .stall and ^'it tlie bettor of one. (.Slang.) bulge (bulj), r. i. ; pret. and pp. bulqed, ppr. bulffing. [< bulf/c, n. Cf. buy'^, v., and belly, v., nit. connected with bulge.] 1. To swell out; bo protuberant. He spoke : the brawny spearman let his cheek BuUje with the unswallow'd piece, and turning stared. TennyHon, Geraint. And the bulr/inff nets swept shoreward, With their silver-sided haul. Whittier, The .Sycamores. 2. To bilge, as a ship. The grievous shipwrack of my travels dear In bulged bark, all perished iu disgrace. Daniel (Aiber's Eng. Garner, I. 686). Bulged cask. See caeki. bulger (bul'jcr), H. That which bulges ; in golf , a club vvitli a convex face, bulgeways (bidj'waz), n. pi. Same as bilge- Wd/fS. bulgy (bul'ji), a. [< bulge + -//l.] Bending outward; bulging: as, "bulgy legs," Dickens. [Rare.] bulimia (bu-lim'i-a), n. [= P. Jjoulimie, < NL. bulimia (LL. bulima, L. bulimus), < Gr. fiov7.i/ila, also jiob'Aiiim:, great hunger, < lioir, o.\, in comp. implj-ing 'gi-eat,' -f- hfioQ, hunger.] Morbidly voracious appetite ; a disease m which tlie pa- tient has a constant and insatiable craving for food. Also written bulimy, boulimia, boulimy. bulimic (bti-lim'ik), a. [< bulimia + -ic] Of or yiertaining to bulimia. [< ME- bulchin, < but, Bulimida (bu-lim'i-dii), n. pi. [NL., < Bulimus + -i'la.] A group or tribe of teiTestrial gas- tropods, including the genera Bulimus, .icha- tina. Pupa, and Clausilia. Beck, 1837. [Not in use.] bulimiform (bii-lim'i-form), a. [< NL. Buli- )iius + \j. forma, form.] Ha\ang that form of shell characteristic of the genus Bulimus. bulimoid (bu'li-moid), a. HaWng the appear- ance of or like gastropods of the genus Bulimus. bulimous (bii'ii-mus), a. [< bulimia + -ous.] Characterized by ))ulimia. bulimulid (bil-lim'u-lid), n. A gastropod of tlie family Buliiiiulidce. Bulimulidae (bii-li-mii'li-de), n. pi. [NX., < Bulimuhis + -ida'.] A family of geophilous I)ulmonate gastropods, tj-pified by the genus Bulimulus, having the mantle included in the more or less elongated and turreted shell, the ,iaw thin, provided with distant transverse ribs, and the lateral teeth peculiar in the elongation and curvation of the inner cusp. Bulimulus (bii-lim'u-lus), n. [NL., as Bidi- mus + dim. -ulus.] The typical genus of the family Bulimulidce. There are nine North the Slavs of Micsia in tlie seventh centm-y.'gave the' name American species, chiefly of southwestern re- Bulgaria to the country, and soon became p.artly Slavic in gions. Bulimus (bu'li-mus), n. [NL. (Scopoli, 1786), an error (as if < Gr. jSoi/.f/ioc, great hunger) buldt, buldet, ''• Middle English forms of build. Chaucer. bulder (bul'der), V. i. Same as btdler. buldering (bid'der-ing),rt. Hot; sultry. [Prov. Eng. (Exmoor).] bule^t, "• A Middle English form of biW^, boiU. bule'-^ (bol), n. Same as boul. bule^t, n. A Middle English form of &«?/!. Bulgar (bul'gar), n. [= F. Bulgare = G. Bul- gar = Turk. Bulgar = Hung. Bolgar, etc., ML. Bulyarus, < OBulg. Blugarinu, Bulg. Blligarin = Serv. Buyurin = Russ. Bolgariiiii, BulgarS, Bulgar; JIL. Bulgaria, Russ. Bulyariya, etc., Bulgaria. The name is usually associated, without sufficient evidence, with the river Volya (Russ. Volya, etc.).] 1. A member of an an- cient Finnish race, living on the Volga, the Don, the Danube, etc. A tribe of the Bulgars conquered blood and wholly in language. 2. t)ne of the Slavic inhabitants of Bulgaria; a Bulgarian. Bulgarian (bul-ga'ri-an), a. and w. [< Bulyar, Bulgaria, + -ian, -an.'] I. a. 1. Of or pertain- ing to the Bulgars. -Also Bulgarie. — 2. Per- taining to Bulgaria, a principality under the nominal suzerainty of Turkey, hing south of the Danube and west of the Black Sea. II. «. 1. A member of the race inhabitinL; and giving name to Bulgaria ; a Slavic Bulgar. — 2. The language of the Bulgarians, or Slavic Bulgars. it is divided into two dialects. Old BulgitriaM (also c.-dlcd Church Slavic or .Slavonian) and New I5u1;_m rian. The former is the richest and best of the .Slavj tongues, but is extinct as a spoken language. See Slan< . Bulgarie (bid-gar'ik), a. and n. [< Bulgar + -ic] I. a. Of or pertaining to the ancient Bul- gars and their modern representatives, the Slordviniaus and Cheremissians of the Volga. II. )'. The speech of the ancient Bulgars and the modern Bulgarie Finns. See I. bulge (bulj), u. [< ME. bulge, a swelling, hump, prob. the stimo as bulge, a bag, foimd oftener for Bui in us (Adanson, 1757), prop, (as emend- ed by Oken, 1815) Bul- linus, < L. bulla, a bub- ble, boss, stud (see bul- la), + dim. -inus.] A genus of land-snails to which very tlifferent lim- its have been assigned. (al With the old authors it was a rejxisitory lor all land-snails having an ovate form, a longi- tudinal ovate aperture, .and' a iion-tnmc.ate columella. It consequently included numer- ous heterogeneous species now distributed among dif- ferent families, (b) By recent authors it is restricted to HelicidtP. of considerable size, represented by B. obUm'ius. (See cut.) Such species are mostly confineti to South America. B. ovatus has some- times a shell about *» inches long. Bulimus eblenglis. in the OP. form bouge, > E. bougc"^ and budge'", bulimy (bu'li-mi), «. Same as hulimia. all due to L. bulga, a leathern bag ; a word prob. bulk^ (bulk), n. [< ME. bolke, a heap, < Icel. of Celtic origin : Gael. Ir. bolg, a bag, akin to AS. bulki, the cargo or freight of a ship (cf . mod. bid- bulk iast. be bulky), orig. a heap, in modem Icel. hunki, a heap (see bunf: and 6wnc7il), = OSw. boll: a heap, Sw. dial, bull:, a knob, bunch, = ODan. Dan. bull; a bump, knob; prob. ult. from the root of belly, belloics, bag\ etc., and thus remotely connefted with bulge, q. v. Cf. bunk. bunc'lA. In ref. to the body, first in earlv mod. E. bulke, the breast, thorax, = ilD. bulc'ke. 'thorax'; either the same word as bulk. a heap, etc., with which it is associated, or the same (with I inserted by confusion with bulk, a heap) as ME. bouk, bu'k, buc, the belly, body : see bouk'^, and cf. buck^. The sense of ' breast or chest' runs easUy into that of 'the whole body,' and this into the sense of 'the whole dimensions, the gross.'] If. A heap. Iliiike or hepe, cumulus, acervus. Prompt, Parv., p. 43. 2. Magnitude of material siibstance: whole dimensions in length, breadth, and thickness ; size of a material thing : as, an ox or a ship of great bulk. A sturdy mountaineer of six feet two aud corresponding liulk. ' Bauthorne, Old Manse, II. 3. The gross ; the greater part ; the main mass or body : as, the bulk of a debt ; the bulk of a nation. It is certain that, though the English love liberty, the iulk of the English people desire a king. W. Godwin, Hist. Commonwealth, iv. 2. She will enjoy eight hundred a year independent wliile J live; and . . ". the bulk of my fortune at my death. Sheridan, School for Scandal, iv. 3. The ease and completeness with which the invaders had won the bulk of Britain only brought out in stronger re- lief the completeness of their repulse from the south. J. R. Green, Conq. of Eng., p. lOS. 4t. The bottom or hold of a ship. Alu^o, . . . the btttkf, belly or bottom of a ship, Ftorio. 6. The entire space in a ship's hold for the stowage of goods ; hence, that which is stowed ; the mass of the cargo: as, to break bulk for unloading. — 6t. The breast; the chest; the thorax. Y' bulke, thora.\. Leving, Manip. Vocab. (1570), col. 187. Taraee[\t.\, the brest or iuf*e of a man. Ftorio (1598). 7. The body of a living creature. He rais'd a si^h so piteous and profoimd, Iliat it iliil seem to shatter all his bulk, And end Ills being. Shak., Hamlet, ii. 1. Vast bulks which little souls but ill supply. Driiden, Amms Mirabilis, 1. 280. Bones of some vast bulk that lived and roar'd IJefore man was. Tenn;tmn, Princess, iii. Elasticity of buUc See c/a.!(iVi(!/.— Laden in bulk, having the cargo hK>se in the hold, or not inclosed in boxes, bales, bags, <»r casks. — TO break bulk. See break. = Syn. 2. Greatness, largeness, extent, bigness; Mwjni- fit'l. , I'ltlujne, etc. See fize. bulkl (bulk), r. [< bum, )i.] I. iutrans. To in- crease in bulk ; grow large ; swell. He [Clialmers] would dilate on one doctrine till it btUked into a bible. Sorth British Jlev. But the more he is alone with nature, the greater man and his doings bulk in the consideration of his fellow-nieii. The Centura, X.KVII. 111.). n. trans. To put or hold in bulk or asa mass; fix the bulk of in place: as, to bulk' a cargo. [Rare.] Hotting on stjuie wild shore with ribs of wreck, Or like an old-worhl mammoth bulk'd In Ice, .Not to \n: molten out. Tenni/Mon, J'rincess, v. bulk-t, f. 1. [ME. ; var. of fco/A-, q. v.] To belch. Hulk not as a Bt-eiie were yn thi throt«, As a karle that comys oute of a cote. llal/een Ilook (E. E. T. 8.), p. 18. bulk'* fbulk), «. [< Icel. bdlkr, a beam, rafter, :ilso u wall, partition, = E. bniki, a beam, ridge, -, UH related, through bunk, to tmlk^.'] If. To strike; beat. On h'T liroHt«s gon thcl bulk. And uchono to her In t E. bullock^, q. v.) = SiD. bullc, bolU; D. bul = MLG. LG. bulle (> G. bull,) = Icel. boli, a bull (cf. haula, a cow: see bawl^), = Norw. liol = (JDan. bul, a bull, Dan. biill, a cas- trated bull (cf. OBulg. roli'i = Sen'. ro= Bohotii. wul (wol-) = Pol. Wdl (barred /), an ox, = K'liss. volii, a bull, =r Litli. biilhis = Lett. lu)lli.\)- prob. from the root of bclP, bellow, q. v.] 1. The male of the domestic b()\ino, of which the U-- malo is a eow ; in general, the male of any bo- vine, as of the dillerent species of the genus Iio.s. — 2. An old male whale, sea-lion, sea- bear, or fur-seal. — 3. t'O/).] Tuurus, one of tlic twelve signs of the zoiliac. — 4. In .sliick-e.r- chant/c slang, one who eiuh'uvors to elTect a rise in tlie jirice of stock: the opposite of a hear. See bear-, ii. 2i/ Sloek. Zounils, where are all the Jew8lhlsftft«rnoon7 Are you a Bidl or a Bear 'I'o day, Abraham? M .Slock. A Dull, Faith,- but I have a gnoil Putt for next week, ,lfr«. Ccntlivrc, llolil stroke, Iv, 5. ThebiiU's-eyoof a (argot. — 6. I'l. Tlieslems of 111 ilge-lhorils. — 7. /''. The tranHverse bars of wooil into which llio lii'ads of liarrows are sot. liroHc; Untliwcll. [I'rov. Eng.] — 8t. .\ five-Mliilling piece, llrewer. — 9t. A small Ui't:. — 10. Till' weak gi'og made by jjouring water into a H|iirit-cask marly empty. |Slnn>;.] — BuU-bay. s.e imyi.- To take the biillhy the horns, to grapple wUh or face boldly nomi' danger or dlllbnlly. (In conilHiMltion, bull often Implii-ii 'nudt*' or 'of birgc «lze.' nn in hull-troul, pi-rlmpH lodrush. etc,] bulll (lull), I'. I. [< '"'"', ». ; = '''el. '">'", btllt, ]iiisli.J 1. To toHH rir throw up (lieilges), jin cattle ilo. [Prov. Kng.] — 2. In the sinek er- rbange, to endeavor lo raise, as the |iriee of HJiariH, artificially and iimluly. Hoe Ihe noun, — ^ " lur water In To bull a barrel, to Into a cask, when it la schismatic bull nearly empty, to prevent it from leaking.— To bull the market, to operate for a rise in prices, as is done Ijy lirokei-s who are long in any particular stock. bulll (bid), a. [< buin, «., 4.] In the slock exchange, in the interest of or favorable to the bulls ; buoyant ; rising : as, a 6m// movement ; a bull market. buH2 (bill), H. [< ME. bulle, < OF. bulle, F. bulle = It. bolhi. bulla = D. hul, bulle = G. Dan. bulle — Sw. bulla = Icel. bola (in hann-bola, a bidl of excommimieation\ < ML. bulla, a papal edict, any edict or WTiting, a seal, L, bulla, a boss, knob, stud, bubble : see bulla, bill^, billcll, bullet, bulletin, boil~, bowl-, eto.'i 1. Same as 6«//a, 2. — 2. The most atithoritative ofiicial document issued by the pope or in his name : usually an open letter containing some decree, order, or decision relating to matters of grace or justice. It derives its name fri.ini the leiideu seal (Latin bidla) appended to it by a thread or Itand, which is red or yellow when the bull refers to matters of grace, and ttncolorod and of hemp when it refers to matters of justice. On one side of the seal is the name of the pope, and on the other are the lieads of St. Peter and St. Paul, BuUs'are written in Latin, either in the ordinary cursive hand or in roimd Gothic characters, and have a red seal on the parchment itself, in which the name of the pope encircles the heads of the apostles. They begin with the name of the pope, folloucti by the term epi.^ropus (bishop) and the words serrus .•iervonnn Dei (servant of the servants of God) and a salutation, and close with the place and date of execu- tion and the subscription of the chancellor or other func- tionary of the papal chancery. The distinctive name of a bull is taken from the first word or words of the general in- troduction which follows the salutation : ;is. tlie bull I'ni- oenitus, which begins with the words / ^ni:ieiiitus Dei, etc., issued in 171:^ by I'lement XI., condemning the Janseuist prnpnsitions set forth in Quesnel's "Moral Kefiectious." .\ In-ie/, though of e(jual authority with a bull, differs from it in several important points, chiefiy of form. It Is shorter, relates to subjects of inferior imi)ortance, is writ. ten in Latin in ordinary Rom.an letters aiui on the smooth side of the parchment, uses the word paita instead of epis. copus in the introductory fonnula, is sealed with red wax instead of lead, and with tne pope's private seal, the fish* erman's ring, and is never signed by the pope himself, but by a secretary of the papal chancery. Both briefs ami bulls belong to a cl.ass (►f papal documents generi. cally called apostolic letters; these are ener/elieat when addressed to the bishops of the Human Catlndic w,irld, and from their contents are called eoiistitutious, decretals (ancient), synodal tetters (also ancient), reseripts, motus prt^/'vii, etc. Consislorial bidls are issued after consulta, tioii with the consistory of cardinals, and are signed by all the cardinals consulted. The church jjublished her hulls of crusade ; offering lib- eral iudulgeuccs to those who served, PrescotI, Ferd, and Isa,, Int, The pope has issued a Imll deposing Queen Elizabeth. Macaulay, Disabilities of the .lews. 3. An official letter; an edict; especially, an im- perial edict under the Konian or the old German empire. — Golden bull, a name given to several cele* bratcd historical docunu-Tits. from tludr golden seal. The most notable nf tlicse is an edict or imperial couslitution made in l;l.',(> by the cinjicror Charles IV,, regulating the mode of proce(iore in the election aud connuition of the emperor. — Leaden bulls, the designation of ofiicial iloc- unu'ots (from their leaden seals) bent by the emperors of (■,instantiTio]de to patriarchs and princes, by the grandees of the empire, of France, Sicily, etc, and by patriarchs and bishops, bull'^f (bill), n. [= F. hullc, formerly bule = Sp. obs, bulla = Pg. bolhn = It, bolla, bulla, < L, bulla, a bubble: see /)«//'-.] A btibble. Life is as a bull rising on the water. Xoirell. (navies.\ bull' (bill), n. [Not fotuid earlier than the 17th I'onlury, except as ME. but (about A. D. llf'JO) in the doubtful passage first quoted. Origin un- certain. Sevei'al anecdotes involving Irish speakers have been told (aiipo)>e, as in liisslylingliimsclf 's(>rvant of servants,' and the absolutely dicta- lorial nature of his edicts. This exjilajuition, which rests partly on Ihe passage (|Uoted fi'ora Milton (cf. liulli.^h-, also m Jljlton), below, is hardly teinible on historical grounds. The Icel. bull, nonsense, liiilln, talk nonsense, chat, is mod., ami, if not from Ihe E. word, is to bo associated with bulla, boil, and nil. with L. but' la, a bubble : see /<«//•'.] A grosN inconsistenoy in language; a luilicrous bliimler involving B contradiction in lerms: coTiimoiily regarded as es]iecially characli) A leaden seal attached to important documents issued by the pope. See bull", 2. Bulla of Pope Alexander IV. 3. Any ornament of rounded form, especially if suspended, such as those which are attached by small chains to the Hungarian crown. — 4. In pathol., a bleb or portion of epidermis raised by the extravasation of a transparent watery fluid, as in erysipelas, etc. — 5. In anat., an in- flated portion of the bony external meatus of the ear, forming a more or less well-marked prominence on each side at the base of the skull of many animals, usually constituted by a bulbous tympanic bone. Also called buUa ossea. See extract. In some Marsupials, where the tympanic does not pass beyond the annular condition, there is an apparently simi- lar bulla, but this is formed by an extension of the bases of the alx temporjiles (Dasyurus, Petaurista, Perameles). Gegenbaur, Comp. Anat. (trans.), p. ititi. 6. [cap.] A genus of tectibranchiate (or pleu- robranchiate) gastropods, to which very differ- ent limits have been assigned, (a) By the old concholo- gists not only were most of the tectibran- chiates included, but also various other gas- tropods having shells like or supposed to be like them were referred to the genus, (b) By recent writers it is re- stricted to the bubble- shells, so called from their ventricous oval shells, so convoluted that the last whorl envelops all the others: typical of the family Bullidte. Also called Glan- dula. bullace (biil'as),)?. [Early mod. E. also buUis, biUloes; < Mfi. bidas, bolas, also bolastcr, bohjs- tre (cf. buhiti tre, bidas-tre, where tre is regard- ed as E. Iree). < Gael, bulaistear = Ir. bidistair, a buUaee, sloe, connected with Ir. bidos, a prune, = Bret, bolos, polos, bullace, > prob. OF. balocc, beloce, belloche (F. dial, bclocc), bul- lace, beUocier, buUace-tree. Cf. E. dial. (Corn- wall) huUum, the fruit of the bullace-tree.] 1. A species of plum, Prunus insititia, a native of Asia Minor and southern Europe, but now natm-alized and cultivated further north, it differs from the common plum, P. domesliea, chiefly in its spiny branches. The fruit is used like damsons. 2. The popular name of Melicoeca bijiiga, a common West Indian tree, producing a green egg-sliaped fruit with a pleasant vinous and aromatic flavor. — 3. In the United States, the muscadine grape, Vitis vidpina. Bulladae (bul'a-de), «. pi. Same as Bullidw. bullae, n. Plural of bulla. buUah (buril), ». [E. Ind.] A weight equal to 4i pounds, used in some parts of the East In- dies for grain. 1 2 Bubble-shells. 1, Bulla ampulla ; z, Bulla {Atys) nauciutn. 715 bullantic (bu-lan'tik), a. [< ML. bullan(t-)s, ppr. of bullarr, attach the seal, < bulhi, seal: see 6mW2.] Pertaining to or used in apostolic bulls: as, bidhiufir letters, certain ornamental capitals used in these bulls. buUarium (bu-la'ri-um), n. Same as bullary'^. bullary"^ (bul'a-ri), 11. [< ML. bullariuin, a col- lection of papal bulls, < bidla: see bull'^.l A collection of papal bulls. bullary2 (bul'a-ri), n. [A pedantic (law) fonn of bodary or boilery, as if < ML. *bHllariuni, < L. bidlare for biUlire, boil: see bod'^.'i A house in which salt is prepared by boiling. buUate (bul'at), a. [< L. bultatiis, pp. and ad.i. : see the verb.] 1 . Inbot., having elevations like blisters, a bullate leaf is one whose surface between the veins is thrown into projections, which are convex on the upper surface and concave beneath, as in the cabbage. In the bullate thallus of a lichen the concavities are on the upper surface. 2. In j)a(/io/., blistered. — 3. In «)!«*., inflated; vaulted ; ventricous ; fornicated and with thin walls: as, a huUatc tympanic bone (that is, one forming a bulla ossea). — 4. In zoiil., having the surface covered with irregular and slight eleva- tions, giving a blistered appearance. bullatet, V- i- [< L. bullatus, pp. of bullare, bub- ble, < bulla, a bubble: see boil'^, bulla.^ To bubble or boil. buUated (bul'a-ted), ff. Bullate; rendered bul- late. bullation (bu-la'shon), ». In «H«t, inflation; fornication ; cameration. bull-baiting (biil'ba"ting), «. The practice of baiting or attacking bulls with dogs, a sport formerly very poptdar in England, but made illegal in 1835. Among those who at a late period patronised or defended bull-baitint/ were Windham and Parr ; and even Canning and Peel opposed the measure for its abolition by law. Leckif, Eng. in 18th Cent., iv. bullbat (bul'bat), II. A local or popular name in the United States of the night-hawk or long- winged goatsucker, Chordeiles popetue or C. vir- giiiianus. So called from its flying most in the evening or in cloudy weather, and from the noise which it makes as it moves through the air. It belongs to the family Ca- primulgid(e, like the whippoorwill, but is of a different genus. Also called pisk and piramidia. buUbeart, «. [< 6'«M^ + bear^. Cf. bugbear.'] A bugbear. Harvey. (Halliwell. ) bullbee (bul'be), n. Same as bullfly. bull-beef (bul'bef), n. The flesh of a bull; hence, coarse beef. [In the latter sense collo- quial.] buUbeggar (bul'beg"ar), n. [In form, < bidl'^ + bcift/ar; but prob. a corruption of a word of different origin; cf. bully, v., bullbear, a bug- bear, D. bullcbak, a bugbear: see bugbear.] Something that excites needless fear; a hob- goblin; an object of teri-or. They are all as niiid as I ; they all have trades now. And roar about the streets like bvXl-begfjars. Fletcher, Loyal Subject, iv. 2. Tliis was certainly an ass in a lion's skin ; a harmless bull-benqar, who delights to frighten innocent people. Taller, So. 'iU. bull-boat (bul'bot), n. A rude boat made by the North American Indians, usually a shallow crate covered with the raw hide of the bull elk. bullbrier (biil'bri"er), n. A name given to spe- cies of Smdax, S. Pseudo-China and .S. tamiioi- des, of the southern United States, which have tuberous roots, and stems armed with stout prickles. bull-calf (biil'kaf), n. [< bidU + calf; = D. bul- l-alf= Icel. bola-kdlfr.) 1. A male calf.— 2. A stupid fellow. Shale. bullcomber (bul'ko"mer), «. A name of the common English beetle, Scarabams typhauis, or Typihaus vulgaris, and other species of the fam- ily Scaraba'ido'. bull-dance (biil'dans), n. Xaut., a dance per- formed by men only. bulldog (biil'dog), ». [< buin + dog; hence F. bouledoque, Russ. buUdogH, Hind, gulddnk-luttd (kuttd, dog). Cf. equiv. D. bulhoiid(lioiid = 'E. hound), L6. bullenbiter = G. bulleiibeisser = Dan. bulbider, lit. 'bull-biter.'] 1. A variety of dog of comparatively small size, but very strong and muscular, with a large head, broad muzzle, short hair, tapering smooth tail, and remarkable com-age and ferocity. Dogs of this kind were formerly much used in bull- baiting, whence the name. — 2t. A bailiff. I sent for a couple of bull-dofis, and arrested him. Fnvquhar, Love and a Bottle, iii. 2. 3. The assistant or servant who attends the proctor of an English imiversity when on duty. bullet-bag Sentiments which vanish for ever at the sight of the proc- tor with his tmtl-dof/M, as they call them, or four muscular fellows which [sic] always follow him, like so many bailiffs. WeKtuiUuter Reo., XXXV. 2;i2. 4. [Cf. barker'^, 4.] A pistol; in recent use, a .small revolver with a short barrel carrying a large ball. [Cant.] " I have always a brace of bulldogs about me." ... So saying, he exhibited a very handsome, highly finished, and richly mounted pair of pistols. ,ScoU, St. Ronan's Well, II. 191. 5. Naut. : (a) The great gun in the officers' ward- room cabin, (b) A general tenn for main-deck guns. — 6. In metal., tap-cinder from the pud- dling-furnace, after the 'protoxid of iron has been converted into sesquioxid Ijy roasting. It may be used as an ore of iron for making what is known aa cinder-iron. It is also extensively used as a lining for the sides of the puddling-funiaee. [Eng.] 7. A name given by the Canadian half-breeds to the gadfly.- BuUdog bat. See fca(2.-BuUdog forceps, forceps with jiointcd teeth for grasping an ar- tery, etc. bulldoze (biil'doz), V. t.; pret. and pp. bull- dozed, ppr. bulldozing. [Also written bidldose ; explained as orig. to give one a fto.se of the bull- whack or bull-whip ; but the second element, if of this origin, would hardly become -fto^e.] 1. To punish summarily with a bull-whip ; cow- hide. — 2. To coerce or intimi\M\ of bullescere, begin to bubble, < bullire, bub- ble: see boil^.] In bat., a. bullate condition. See bullate, 1. bullet (bul'et), H. [< F. boulet, a cannon-ball, dim. of OF. boule, a ball, > E. bowft, of which buMet is thus practically a diminutive: see ioM'?2.] It. A small ball. When one doth die another is elected by the Great Slas- ter and his Knights, who give their voices by tniUets, as do the Venetians. Sandys, Travels, p. 180. Specifically — 2. A small metallic projectile intended to be discharged from a firearm : com- monly limited to leaden projectiles for small arms. Bullets were formerly always spheri- cal in form, but many clianges have been made in them in both shape and structure. The biU- let used for rifles of recent construction is elongiited and conical, or rather ogival, at the apex, somewhat like half an egg drawn out, with a hollow at the base, into which a plug of wood or clay is inserted, and with small cuts (cannelures) in the metal outside, which are filled with beeswjix to lubricate the barrel while the bullet is passing through it. When the gun is fired the plug is driven forward to the head of the cavity, forcing the biise of the bullet outw .ard till the lead com- pletely fills the grooves in the rifled barrel. The plug is often omitted, the base of the bullet being forced into the groove^by the expansive force of the powder. 3. In lier., a roundel sable (that is, a black circle), supposed to represent a cannon-ball. — Bullet-compasses. See . ..iii/wss.— Dumdum bullet, a half-ctivcrcd bulUt w ith an expansible soft core: named from theDumdumanHuuuition-worksatCalcutta.— Every bullet has its billet. See ii//.(i.— Naked bullet {mint.), an elongated projectile wilh one or more ji ooves or cannelures encircling it, as distinguished from the patched bulUt formerly used. bullet-bag (biil'et-bag), ». A leathern pouch for holdiua; bullets, formerly carried attached to a bandoleer or baldric. When the baldric was not worn, the bullet-bag was attached to the girdle, Ijeside the powder-flask. nie ; i. Hnfield ; c, Springfield ; rf, Prussian needle-gun. bnllet-headed bullet-headed (biil'et-hed'ed), a. 1. Eound- headcJ. — 2. 8tupid; doltish. bullet-hook (bul'et-huk), h. A tool for ex- trac-tiiig bullets. bulletin (bid'e-tin), n. [F., < It. biiUeftino, bol- Ifttino, dim. of bulletta, bolletfa, dim. of bulla, bollii. a biill, edict : see bulP and the ult. identi- cal biir^.'j i. An authenticated official report concerning some public event, such as military operations, the health of a sovereign or other distinguished personage, etc., issued for the in- formation of the public. '■ False .IS a bulletin " became a proverb in Napoleon's time. Carlyle. 2. Any notice or public announcement, espe- cially of news recently received. — 3. A name ■given to various periodical publications record- ing the proceedings of learned societies. bulletin (biU'e-tiii), v. t. [< buUelin, h.] To make known by a brdletin publicly posted. It wuuld excite no interest to bulletin the last siege of Jenisalem in a village where the event was unknown, if the date was appended. C. D. Warner, Backlog Studies, p. 142. bulletin-board (bul'e-tin-bord), n. A board publicly exposed, on which to placard recent news, notices, etc. bullet-ladle (btU'et-la'dl), ». A hemispheri- cal laiUc for melting lead to run bullets. bullet-machine (bul'et-ma-shen''), 11. A ma- chine for forming btUletS. The metal, in the foi-m of a coil, is cut into t^liort len^'tlis as it unwinds, and these blanks ai-e then pressed into shape between dies. bullet-mold (bul'et-mold), n. A mold for east- ing liull'.-ts. bullet-probe (bul'et-prob), n. A probe used in cxiilMvin^' for bullets in wounds. bullet-proof (bul'et-prof), a. Capable of re- sisting the irajiact of a bullet. bulletrie 0>urc-tri), »!. See buUy-trce. bullet-screw ( fcul'et-skro), n. A screw at the end of a ramrod, which can bo forced into a, bullet in order to draw it from a gim-barrel. bullet-shell (bul'et-shel), n. An explosive bul- let fur small arms. bullet-tree, ». See buWi-trcc. bullet-wood (bid'et-wud), ». A very strong, closc-gi-ained, dark-brown wood of India, from a species of Mimiisoj/n. See bulhj-trcc. bull-facet (bid'fiis), «. A threatening face or apjaarance. t-'iinie hither to fright maids with thy bxtU-faces! To threaten gentlewomen ! Fletcher, Wildgoosc Chase, Iv. 2. bull-faced (bul'fast), a. Having a large coarse face: as, "bull-faced Jonas," Uri/dcit, Abs. and .A.-liit., i. .581. bull-feast fburfest), n. Same as buU-fight. bull-fight (bul'fit), n. A combat between men and a bull or biUls: a popular amusement among the Spaniards and Portuguese. A hoi-se- man, called a lin-eadur or picattor, attacks a bull in a chrKed arena, irritating him, but avoiding his attack. After the tmll lias been tormented a lung time the hiU'se. man leaves him, and persons on foi>t, callcil chulon and banitrn'llervit, attack him and plnnge ilarts into liim. Finally the s|Hirt is ended with the death of the bull by the (*w',r'l i,f a mntiulitr. bull-fighter (bul'fi't Borista) and the generic name Lijcnperdon are of similar signi- fication.] A puiffball. See Lycoperdon . bullfly (bid'fli), n. An insect, the gadfly, so named from its tormenting cattle. See gadfly. Also called biillbcc. bullfrog (bul'frog), n. The Sana catesbiana, a North American species of frog, from 8 to 12 inches long, including the legs, of a dusky brown BuUfro^ ^Rana ratest'iana). or olive color marked with darker. These frogs Uve chietiy in stagnant water, and utter a loud croaking sound resembling the bellowing of a ItuU, whence the name. bull-fronted (burfruii"ted), a. Having a front or forehead like a bull. A sturdy man he looked to fell an ox, lluU-frontrd, ruddy. Hood. bull-fronts (biil'frunts), n. pi. [E. dial., also called hull-faces.'] Tufts of coarse grass, Aira cwftpitoxa. lirockelt. bullhead (biil'lied), n. [< ME. bulhede, name of a fish (L. eapito). < bul, bulll, + liede, head.] 1. Tlio popular name of certain iisbes. (,i) in Kngland : (1) L'rantdfa t/ohio, a hsh aliout 4 inches long, witii hea. 2. A tadpole. [Prov. Eng.] — 3. A small wator-insect of a black color. — 4. Tlio golden plover, Cliaradriusfuhus. — 5. A stujiiii fellow; a lubber, .hihnson. bull-head (burhod), a. Same ns bull-In (idrd. Bull-head ax. .Ve oo-i.— Bull-head whiting, a sili, .Seiillinni ratulus. III! iliiglisli.] A local n ,j.',t,..h {l^jrrrhml,! v>,/rarii). bullid (liiil'id), «. A gastropod of the family Ihdiida: BuUidse (Imri-de), ". ;''. [NT>., < J'"lli-), prop, "bil- lo{n-) : all prob. < OF.), a east lump or ingot of metal, a place where metal is cast or coined, a mint, also base or short-weight coin taken to bo remclted, hence esp. base coin or the alloy, copper and silver, or copper alone, of wliicli they were made; lit. a block, stick, or log (cf. billon, a twig or shoot of a full year's growth — Cotgrave), aug. (or dim.) of bille, a log, stick: see billet", billot. The form "billon or "billion is not found in ME. (liillon, as used in E., is from mod. F. billon: see billon); tlio altered form "bullion is reflected in the AF. bullione, ML. AL. Iiulliona, bullio{n-). The same change of vowel occurs reverselv in ML. AL. billa (ME. bille. E. bilP) for bulla (ME. bulle, E. bull-), a writing, a brief, etc.; but the alteration iu question was prob. due to association with ( )F. bouilhin, ML. buUio(n-), a boiling, OF. bouillir, boulir, L. bullire. boil, bubble, with ref. to (ho molten metal. iicQ bnllion-.'] 1. (iold or silver in the mass ; gold or silver smelted and not per- fectly refined, or refined but in bars, ingots, or any uncoined form, as plate. Ami that they may be in our suytle laiulis and lordshippj-s for too bye and gader, lade and freitll and cary away or doo to bee caryed away and coniieied into the sayiic kyng- dom of Kngland ... all suelle wares, goodis ami mar- chaundises . . . exccp botioa, hariies, bowcs. arowcs, ar- tlllary. ami other thingis which is forbodcn, habili-mclitlft of wcrrc. and none but such barneys and wcpelis as they shall bringo wyth them. .•li«o(cC« Clironicte, l,''i02 (cd. ISll), p. 220. Their trade being, by the same Alchemy that the Pope- uses, t*> extract heaps of gold ami silver out of the ilrosslft Bullion of the I'eoples sinncs. Milton, Reformation in Eng., 11. \ paper currency is employed, when there is no bullion- in the vaults. Emerson, Misc., p. 32. 2. T^ncuiTont coin; coin received only at its- metallic value. And (hose [words] which F.ltl's strict tloom did disallow, And damn for bullion, go for i-urrelit now. Sylcester, tr. of Dii Hartas, Ilabylou. Foreign coin hath no value here for its stamp, and our coin is bullion in foreign dominions. Locke, I-'nrtller Considerations, etc. 3t. Figuratively, gold, as a sordid thing; mero- weiiltli; nianimon. l''arcwi-ll. my huUion gods, whose sov'rclgn looks So often catclrd nie with Ihcir golden hooks ; flo, seek another slave ; yi- all must go; I cannot serve my Hod and huftion too. (Juinie.1, Kniblcms. II. 13. 4t. A mint or asBay-onico. Blount. Base bul- lion, ]ilg-leiid containi'ng silver, and usually also gold, which are scjiai-atcd from the baser metal by rclllilllg, M '.ti'iKlli-ran nilnlng region.) bullion- (bi'il'von), II. [Earlv mod. E. hulli/on (Skcllun) (not t'ound in ME.); < OF. bouillon'^, a bubble, a stud, a large-heuded nail, a pulf in a> giirinent (mod. l'\ bouillon, a bublilc, a pulT ia a giiniient,a bull's-eye in glass-iiinking), jirop. a variant ullio(v-), prop, 'bullo(n-), n bubble, aug. of L. bulla, n. liiibblo, tl stud, a boss, > < IF. bonle, a liubble, 11, ball, iiiiid. F. boule (> ]'',. bowl", a, round bull); biiuilltin^ being tliiiH a dilTeront word from, tlioiij;li eoiil'iiHcd with, houillon", boilliiii, IkkIIoh, bolion, a boiling, a moasuro of salt, broth, soup, bullion 717 A perversion of huUi/i. To hiiU'n-k iiiid domineer over me. Foote. bullock's-eye (bid'oks-i), n. [Cf. bull's-eye.'] 1. A small thick glass or skylight in a cover- ing or roof. Also called liiM's-e.ye.— 2. The houseleek, Stmj>':nii;iiiii tectoriim. bullock's-heart (bul'oks-hart), «. The East Indian name for the custard-apple, Anona re- liculala. bullock-shell (bul'ok-shel), n. A kind of small thick peai'l-oyster, of the genus Mclvagrina, in- o A 4' • « ii • 1 i • i 1 1 1 ■„ habiting troiiical America. 2. A tringo of thick twisted cords, such as will bulloot (bu-lof), u. [Jlind. haUut, halut = Pors. Alsu laiici huUion-frinffe. f" <""".-i tJie name given to a kind of acorn used 3. Inijltiss-makiii/j, that part of the spheroidal .'"iJ"^^'"" ^^^ ^ medicine. mass of glass which has been attached to the ?"}}*'®® (bul'os), a. Same as bullous. pontil, after being blown and while luidcrgoing bullous (bi|l'us), a. [< L. bulla, a bubble, boss, or of the IjuUate ; mod. F. Ixymllon (see buuilhm) = It. bnglione, buUock^f (biirok;, v. Ijroth (Florio), < ML. hullio(n-), a measure of salt (see bullions), lit. a bubbling, a boiling, < L. bullirc (> OF. boiilir, boiillir, bouillii; mod. F. boiiillir = It. hollire), bubble, boil, < bullu, a "bubble: see bulla, bum, bull'-i, buifi. Cf. bul- lion'^.'] It. A boss; a stud; a showy metallic oruamont either of gold or in imitation of gold, as a button, stud, hook, clasp, buckle, and the like. The clasps and buUjjom were worth a thousaml ponml. Skellon, Giirlanil of Lanrul. bully the process of flattening into a sheet. When the tul)e is detached, it is called the buU's-ci/v (which see), knob (see bulla), + -ou.'i.] Kxhibitinjj nature of bullie, bleljs, or blisters; bulbous. See bulla, 4. bullionSt, n. [< OF. bouillon, < ML. buUio(n-), a I'ullpout (bul'i)out), n. A siluroid fish, espc measure of salt, lit. a boiling: see bulliofi.J A measure of capacity (of salt). Davies, Sujip. Eng. Gloss. bullion-bar (bid'you-bar), 11. [< bullion^, 3, + cially Amiurus nebulosus, of the eastern and middle United States: more widely known as catjixh. Also called homed jiout and bullhead. See cut under pout. /«(ri.J The bar upon whiekthe spheroidal mass l»ull-pump (bul pump), ». A single or direct- acting pumping-engiiie in which the piston- rod is attached directly to the pumping-rod, the weight of the rods being the motive force on the down-stroke. bull-ring (bill'ring), n. An arena or amphi- theater for bull-fights. Every town in Spain of any size lias a lar^e htdl-rinq. The Century, XXVII. 8. bull-roarer (bul'r6r"er), «. A long, thin, nar- row piece of wood, attached at one end to a string, by means of which it is whirled rapidly Jlelteil , Jtii of glass is pressed from time to time during the process of blowing. bullioner (bul'yon-er), n. [< bullion''- + -crl.] A dealer in bullion. down Iiy the bullioners. Viut'jhan, Coin and Coinage, p. 50 (Ord MS.). bullion-fringe (bul'you-frinj), n. Same as bul- liiiir^, -1. bullionism (biiryon-izm), 11. [< bullion" + -ism.] The systenii or doctrine of those who advocate an exclusively metallic cm-reney, or a metallic currency combined with a convert- ible paper currency. Boston, the very Gibraltar of huilimiism. W. Phillips, June 19, 1S75. buUionist (bid'yon-ist), n. [< bullion'^ + -ist.] An advocate of or a believer in bullionism. Your party ivpndiates him becanse he is joined to hid- liiiiiixtx ;uiil stockniongers. ir. Phillips, June 19, 1875. bullion-point (bul'yon-point), )(. [< bullion^, 3, -\- pniuL] The thick portion at the center of a disk of crown-glass. JE. H. Kniglit. bullirag, v. t. See bullyrag. bullishl (bul'ish), a. [< buin, 4, + -ish^.] In the stuck exchange, somewhat buoyant ; advanc- ing or tending to advance in price, in eouse- panes of glass cut from it. Bull's-eyes were fonncrly usci in leud-sash windows. As the manufacture of crown class has nincli declined, imitations of bnll's- eyes are made for picturesfjue effects in window-glazing. See bullion-, 3. 9. A planocon- vex leas in a mi- croscope, which serves as an il- luminator to con- centrate rays of light upon an opaque micro- scopic ob.ject. — 10. A small and thick old-fash- ioned watch. — 11. In archery a.n(\gunnery: (a) The central or innermost divi- sion of a target, usually round and of a different color from the rest. See target. One or two beings, who have shot into the very centre and bull's-eye of the fashion. Thackeray.^ (b) A shot tliat hits the bull's-eye; the best shot that can be made. — 12.' A coarse sweet- meat ; a colored or striped ball of candy. The black-bearded sca-kiny.s roinid were promi.sing them rock and lulls-eyes, if they would only .sit still like " gude maids." Kinggley, Two Years Ago, xv. Even the bull's eyes and gingerbread for the chililren are not unpermitted, if they arc honestly made and warranted not to be poisonous. Fruuile, .Sketches, p. -iis. 13. A local English name of the dunlin, Tringa alpina — Bimtline bull's-eye, a large thimble used in foot -rope of a sail. Surii.' as lizard. Bull's-eye of a Microscope. til in the air, causing by its revolution a deep buU's-feathert (bidz'feTH"6r), n. A horn To sidleuroar: a favorite toy with childi'en called tundun. Also The hull-roarer is a toy familiar to most children. . . . The ancient Greeks employed at some of their sacred rites a precisely similar toy, described by historians as " a little piece of wood, to which a string was fastened, and in the mysteries it is whirled round to make a roaring noise." . . . The bull-roarer is to Ijc found in almost every country in the world, and among the most primitive peoples. . . . And as an instrument employed in religious rites or mys- teries, it is found in New Me,\ico, in Australia, in New Zea- land, and in Africa to this day. All the Year Pound, ,Tuno, 1885. bull-rope (Iml'rop), n. Naut., a rope rove througli a bull's-eye on the foi-ward shroud of the lower rigging, to secure the upper yard-arm bestow the bull's feather, to make a cuckold. Tin-ce crooked horns, smartly top-knotted with ribands; which being the ladies' wear, seem to intimate that they may very probably .idorn, as well as bcftow, the bull's feather. Jtichardson, Clarissa Harlowc, V. 295. bull's-foot (biilz'fiit), n. Same as colt's-foot. buU's-moutb (biilz'mouth), «. The trade-name for a species of helmet-shell, Cassis rata, from which some kinds of cameos are cut. bull-snake (bursnak), «. A popular name in the United States for a serjjent of the genus Pityophis, orpine-snake, which sometimes grows to the length of 6 feet, and makes a loud hiss- ing noise when disturbed, but is of mild dis- position and not poisonous. ■«/(l.] Par- or blunder. quenee of the efforts of the bulls market. bullish'- (bid'ish), o. [< bull* -I- taking of the nature of a bull [Rare.] A toothless satire is as improper as j stone, and as bullish. Milton, On Def . of Hunib. Kemonst. bullist (bid'ist), n. [< buU'i -t- -ist.} A writer of papal bulls. Harmar. [Rare.] bullitiont (bu-lish'on), n. [< L. as if *bidli- tio(n-), < bullire, pp. bullitus, boil: see boil'i.] The act or state of boiling; ebullition. Bacon. bulljub (bvd'jub), n. A iish, the miller's-thumb. [Derbyshire, Eng.] bullkriob(bul'nob), ». SameasiHWJ«6. [Derby- shire, Eng.] bull-neck (bid'nek), n of a bull. bull-necked (bid'nekt), a. that of a bidl. bull-net (blU'net), n. A large hoop-shaped fish-net. bullnose (bvd'noz), n. An overgrown hard clam or quahaug, Mcrcenaria, too coarse for use. [Chesapeake Bay.] bullnut ( bul'nut), n. A species of hickory, Ca- rya tomcntosa, of the southern United States. buUockl (biil'ok), n. [< ME. bullol; < AS. bul- luca (rare), a bullock, dim. of an assumed *bulla, which is not found: see iifWl. Cf. Ir. bolog, a heifer, a bullock.] 1. Literally, a young or small bull, but generally used of an ox or castrated bull ; a full-grown steer. of a topgallant- or royal-yard when sent down buirs-nose(biiIz'n6z), «. In car/)., an obtuse an Take thy father's young bidlock, even the second hid- loclc of seven years old. Judges vi. 25. 0. [In derisive allusion to bull^.] or brief. from aloft. bull-rusht, n. An old spelling of btdrush. bulls (bidz), n. pi. [Perhaps a use of bulll.] A name in Cornwall, England, for the fish Ser- raniis cabrilla. tootlied sleek- bulls-aud-CO'WS (bulz'and-kouz'), n. pi. An English name of the plant wake-robin or cuckoo-pint. Arum, maculatum, with reference to the purple and the pale spadices. Also called lords-and-ladics, for the same reason. See cuts under Araccw and Arum. buU-seggl (bul'seg), n. [< bulll- + segg, seg^.] A castrated bull. [Scotch and North. Eng.] bull-segg2 (biil'seg), n. [Said to be a corrup- tion of poul-scdgc.] The reed-mace, Typha latifrlia. A thick neck like that bull's-eye (bulz'i), M. 1. A««<.: (n) An oval . wooden block without a sheave, but with a bullweed (bid'wed) groove around it for the band «'>/'"• and a hole in the center thi-ough bull-whack (bid'hwak), u. A heavy whip used which a small stay or rope may in the southwestern United States. See ex- be rove, (b) A perforated ball on the jaw-rope of a gaff. — 2. A small obscure cloud, ruddy in the middle, supposed to portend a hurricane or storm. — 3. The hiuTicane or stom itself.— 4. In buU-'Whack (bul'hwak),~j;, arch., any circular opening for iniU-wliack light or air; a bidlock's-eye.— 5. In astron., bull--whacker(bia'hwak'er), h -Aldebaran, a star of the first magnitude in the cattle with a bull-whack eye of Taurus, or the Bull. See cut under Tau- x.f S ] rus.—6. A round piece of thick glass, convex bull-Wheel fbid'hwel), «. 1. In rope-drillinq on one side, inserted into a deck, port, scuttle- the wheel used for raising the toolsT— 2 In a hatch, or skylight-eover of a vessel for the saw-mill, a large wheel used in di-awing the logs from the water to the can-iage. Having a neck like BuU's-eye. defini- tion 1 (a). gle f oi-med by the junction of twoplane surfaces. bull-spink (biU'spingk), n. The chaflBneh. [North. Eng.] bull-stag (bul'stag), n. A castrated bull. bull-stang (bul'stang), n. A dragonfly. [Prov. Eng.] bull-terrier (biirter''i-er), n. A cross-breed between the bulldog and the terrier, exhibit- ing the courage and fierceness' of the one with the activity of the other. bull-trout (biil'trout), n. A name loosely ap- plied to certain varieties of different species of the genus tSalmo, as of H. salar, S. trutta, S. cnmbricus. bull-voiced (btd'voist), «. Having a loud coarse voice: as, "bull-voiced St. Huruge," Car- lyle, French Rev., n. iv. 2. H. Knapweed, Centaurea tract. Also called bull-whip. In Texas and western Louisiana the bidl-uhaci is a ter- rible whip with a long and very heavy lash and a short handle. It is used by drovers to intimidate refractory ani- mals. The use of this weapon was the original application of bull-doze. May. of Amer. Hist, XIII. 98. t. To lash with a One who drives [Southwestern purpose of admitting light. — 7. the A small lan- A papal bull tern with a conve.x lens placed m one side to bull-'whip (bul'hwip), h. Same as hull-whack. concentrate the light. bull-wort (bul'wert\ «. 1. T I send you here a bulloek which I did find amongst my bulls, tliat yon may see how closely in time past the foreign prelates did practise about their prey. Latimer, II. 378. Bullocks' hides, the name given in commerce to the raw hides of cattle. He takes a lighteti bull's-eye from the constable on duty there. Dickens, Bleak House, xsii. The bishop's-weed, Ammi majus.—2. The plant Scrophularia aqua- fica. 8. That part of a sheet of crown-glass which buUyi (bul'i). n. anda. [A word separated, first has been attached to the pontil. It is thicker than ^^ ^ noun and then as an adj., from such com- the rest of the sheet, and is not included in the lights or pounds as bully-rook (also bully-rock, etc.) etc. buUy corresponding to LG. buUerjaan (John), buller- Idk, buller-b)ook; a noisy, blustering fellow, bitl- ler-tcage, a noisv wagon, bitUer-irater, roaring, rushing water, "etc.. D. biille-bak, a bugbear. bttlder-bast = Sw. buUer-bas = Dan. bulder-basse, a rude fellow, etc.; the first element being the verb seen in LG. bulleni = D. biilderen = Sw. iullra = Dan. buldre, etc., roar, make a noise: see buUer, boulder.'] I. «.; pi. bullies {-iz). 1. A blustering, quarrelsome, overbearing fellow ; a swaggerer; a swashbuckler ; one who hectors, browbeats, or domineers. They are such Wits as thou art ; who make the Xaine of a Wit as scandalous as that of Bullii: and signify a loud- Iau<»hing, talking, incorrigible coxcomb, as Bully— a roar- ing hardned Coward. Wycherley, Plain Dealer, v. The blusterins bullu in our neighbouring streets. Prior, Epilogue to Jlrs. Mauley's Lucius. Daily conllicts «ith prostitutes and thieves called out and exercised his powers so effectually that he [Jeffreys] became the most consummate butl;i ever known in las profession. ilaeaulaii. Hist. Eng., iv. 2t. A companion ; a high-spirited, dashing fel- low : a f amiUar term of address. I love the lovely biillii. Shak., Hen. V., iv. 1. St. A degraded fellow -who protects fallen -wo- men and lives on their gains. The lady was onlv a woman of the town anil the fellow her built/ and a sharper. Goldsmith, \ icar. 4. A Cornish name of the shanny. Also bully- cod.— 5. In Tasmania, a species of blenny, Sleiinius tasmanicus. IL a. 1. Blustering; hectoring; ruffianly. Those bullji Greeks, who, as the moderns do. Instead of paring chairmen, run them thro'. Suri/t, City .Shower. 2. Brisk; dashing; jovial; high-spirited. Captain, ailicu; adieu, sweet bullu Capt.iin. Beau, ami Fl., Captuin, iv. 2. 3. Fine; capital; good: as, a 6i(»i/ horse, pic- ture, etc. [Slang.]— Bully for you, well done', bnivo! I Vulgar, U. S.J ■bnllyl (biil'i), r. ; pret. and pp. bullied, ppr. bul- lying. [<6m%i, H.] I. 'o. 26. 2. To make fearful ; overawe ; daunt ; terror- ize. [Rare.] Proverbs are excellent things, but we should not let even prrverbs bully us. Loicell, Oration, Harvard, Nov. 8, 1886. =Brn. 1. To browbeat, hector, domineer over. n. intrans. To be loudly arrogant and over- bearing; be noisy and quarrelsome. .So Britain's monarch once uncovcr'il sat, While liradshaw bullied in a broad-brimm'd hat. Branigton. = 83ni. To bluster, swagger, vapor. bully- (biil'i), n.; pi. bullies (-iz). [Origin ob- BC'ire.] In viiniiir/, a kind of hammer used in striking the drill or borer. In its simplest form it has a square section at the eye and an octag- onal face. [Eng.] bully-cod (bul'i-kod), n. A Cornish name of the sliaiiMV. Also bully. bully-head (biil'i-hed), n. A hammer used by iMiiicrs. Also called cut's-hcail hammer ov slfdije. bullying (liul'i-lng), />. a. [Ppr. of bulbj^, r.] liiMiltiiig witli threats; imperious; overbear- ing': biiistcriiig: as, a fcH////iH,7 manner, bullyrag, bullirag (bul'i-rlig)', v. t. [Also writ- ten ball'irii'i, <•!<•. ; ap]>!ir. free variations of bulhi-rook, bully-rock, used as a verb. ] To bully ; badger; aV>uso or scold: as, "he bully-ragijcd m"-, Jycrrr. [Provincial and low.] bully-rook (buri-n'ik), n. [Also written bully- riiik (see bullyriui), equiv. to 1M. bullcr-brook, huller-bfik, a bully: see bully^. The second ili'toent is obscure.] A hi-cloring, boisterous fellow; a cowardly braggart; a Imlly. Also written bully-rock. [lete or rare.] Sink In the nplrit of naek till »e be (liliilile, and nro- plita), my buUii roi'k. Shirley, WItly l-uir One, 1(1. 4. Ibr Imllurork of the iBtabllnhnient lun lnn|. Irrimj, .SkelehliiMik, p. IM. bully-tree, bullet-tree (bfii'i-, bi'il'ci-tre), «. [\Ui, hultelrir, hijllitrie ; said to bo n (■(irniption nf liiihilii. tlif) native name.] A iiarrn' given t - ' 4a|)fitace(iuH trees of the WihI IiiilicH A Aiiiiriea, which fumiHli linril iinil I ' i,.r, and in some specirM i ililile fr . Uv ircn of (lulnna U Ibe .Wn.n. , ,,'■• I.. ■ .>lili:h vli'ld« the Imlaln gum, .i ul..ii I I' hn. 'riie bully IrecB ii( .Iiiiiii.i .i iilc «] ■ . I,. milmmt'Mii nuA L.multiliorti.ih'muU tl.. I ir.f.lll',1 til III.- MIUM-lKTTy or Mllpodillll, I ' ' h allli'd to II. i.imI 1<. n , lb.' Willi)' biilh Ini- o( t. '.71*1 ; the bill' k or rcil. limw" . .ill.;/.,. ■■OKI. TllobMUid bully- tiM U UuinfUn rrUiM. AIM writlvn bulUtrit, boUttrie. 718 The green-heart of Surinam, the bulUtrie, the American naks, and wood as hard as mamberklak. are not spared by the teredo. Pop. Sei. Mo., XIII. 656. bulrush (bul'rush), n. [Formerly sometimes written bull-rush ; < ME. bulrysche. bolroysche, < bole, bole, stem of a tree (cf. bulwark) (less prob. < bul, bol, mod. E. buW^, implying 'large '). -H rysehe, etc., mod. E. n«/(l.] The popular name for large rush-like plants growing in marshes. It is very indefinitely used. Thus, while Johnson says the bulrush is without knots, Dryden (" 3Ie- leager and Atalanta") calls it "the knotty bulrush." Sonie authors apply the name to Typha tali/olia and T. awiu.itiMia (cats-tail or reed-mace) ; but it is more gener- ally restricted to Seirpus lanislris, a tall rush-like plant from which the bottoms of chairs, mats, etc., are manu- facttired. (See Scirpus.) In the United States the name is commonly given to species of Juncus. The bulrush of Ei-'vpt (Ex. ii. 3) is the papjTUS, Ciiperus Papiiru. bulrushy (bul'rush-i), a. [< bulrush + -^1,] Aboimdiing in bulrushes; pertaining to or re- sembling bulrushes. bulse (buls), n. [< Pg. balsa = Sp. balsa = It. borsa = F. bourse, < ML. bursa, a piu-se: see burse, bourse, purse.] In the East Indies, a bag or purse to cany or measure valuables : hence, a certain quantity of diamonds or other valuables. Presents of shawls and silks, . . . bulses of diamonds and bags of guineas. ilacaulay. Hist. Eng., xriii. bultl (bult), n. [E. dial., perhaps a var. of bolf^, q. v.] A local English (Yorkshire) name of the common flounder. bult-t, !'• t- An obsolete (Middle English) form of boit'i. bultelt, "• Same as baultel^. bultert, «• -An obsolete form of bolter^. bultow (bul'to), «. [Said to be < huin. imply- ing 'large,' + tote, haul.] A mode of tishing for cod, bv stringing a number of hooks on one line, practised on the Newfoundland banks. bulty (bul'ti), ». Same as bolti. bul-wark (bul'wark), [Early mod. E. also ijuml (bum bumble Aristotle and Demosthenes are in themselves bubearkt of power; many hosts lie in those two names. De Quincey, Style, ill. 4t. pi. Pads or defenses to protect the limbs against the chafing of armor. (Oij/i?. =syn. 1. See lortiliratiotl. bul'wark (bul'wiirk), 1'. t. [= MD. bolwercken, I), holu-erken = MLG. bohvcrken ; from the noun.] To fortify with a bulwark or rampart; secui'e by a f ortilieation ; protect. Some proud city, buhmrk'd round and annd With rising towers. Gloeer. Leonidas, viii. Buliweria (biil-we'ri-a), n. [NL.. from the proper name Bulwcr.] A genus of petrels, of the family rrocellariida; based upon B. co- lumbiua, a small whole-colored fuliginous spe- cies about 10 inches long, the wings 8, the tail ■ii and euneate, with graduated rectrices, in- habiting the Canary islands, etc. The genus is intermediate between (Estrelata and the small petrels known ,is Mother Carey's chickens. buml (bum, earlier bom), i».; pret. and pp. hummed, ppr. bummiug. [< ME. bummeu, bom- mcu, bumbcn, bomben (see bomb^, a var. form"), hum, buzz, guzzle (= D. bommen = G. bummeu, himi, buzz; ef. Icel. bumha, a drum); an imita- tive word, the earlier representative of bmim'^ : see lioom^, bumble, bumpl.] I. iutraus. 1. To make a hollow noise ; boom ; hum ; buzz. .Uars- )Q,i_ — 2. To rush with a mm'mm'ing souud. — 3t. To guzzle ; drink. Ones at noon is i-nonj that no werk ne vseth. He abydetll wel the bet |better) that 6oihiii<'(/( not to oft«. Piers Plowman (A), vii. 139. And who-8o buuuned [var. bominede] tlierof [of the beste ale) boustc it tber-after .\ galciun for a grote. Piers Plowman (B), v. 223. 4. To sjionge on others for a li-ring; lead an idle or dissolute life. [CoUoq.] II. Iraus. 1. To dun. [Prov. Eng.] — 2. To spin (a top).— 3. [Ct bump-.] To strike : beat. huUcarke, bullwarck, bulwerk; Pol. bohrark = Russ. bolrerku = OF. bollc- wercque, houlrereh, boulercrc, boulevert, boidc- rerd, boulever, boulevart, F. houlcrard, > Sp. Pg. baluarte = It. baluarte, baluardo. hcluardo, bcllo- ardo,hetlouardo,nm\bahtardo^Ulj.l)olevardus, holvelus = E. houlcrard, q. v.) = Sw. bolrerk, OSw. bolwdrk = Dan. hulrwrk, ODan. hulrcrk, bulwerck, hullwerck, bolrerck, huluirke: < MD. bol, the bole or trunk of a tree, = MLG. hole, holle, bale = MHG. bole, G. hohh; a thick plank. = OSw. hoi, bul, Sw. li^l = ODaii. Dan. hul, the trunk of a tree, = Icel. /")/)', huh; > E. bole, the trunk of a tree, stem, log, -t- Ml), D., etc, werk = E. work. The word is thus lit. 'bole- work,' a construction of logs; ef. the eipiiv. MI), block-werck, lit. 'block-work.' Tlie MHG. [<6«)h1, !'.] 1. An imitative word expressive of a droning or humming sound, as that made by the bee ; a hum. [Rare.] I lia' known Twenty such breaches pieced up, and made w hole. Without a bum of noise. B. Jonson, Magnetick I.ady. 2t. A drink.— 3. [Cf. bum^, v., 4, and hummle, «., 2.] A drunken loafer; one who leads an idle, dissolute life ; a bummer. [CoUoq.]— 4. A drunken spree ; a debauch. [Colloq. and vul- gar, U. S.] Hence — 5. A convivial meeting. [Local, U. S.] bum- (btnn), n. [Contr. of bottom.] The but- tocks; the part of the body on which one sits. Shak. bum* (bum), H. [Short for bumbailiff.] A bura- liailifT ; the follower or assistant of a bailiff. Il'iov. Eng.] bumastus (bu-mas'tus), u. [L., < 6r. jioi'/iaaTo^, also ,toi,//a(T«of, a kind of vine bearing large grapes.] A kind of ^'^ne. is explained as also an engine for throwing mis- humbf ''. and ii. An obsolete form of hoom'^. siles, a catapult, as if related to MlKi. bolrr. ii catapult. G. hiillcr, a small cannon, < Ollti. hoU'iu, MHi.i. hnkn, holn, roll, throw, sling, = Ml), hollcu, roll, throw, 1). holirn, haul, hale, from the same nit. source as hole: see /lo/t'l.] 1. Originally, a ban-icr formed of logs, beams, boards, hurdles, or other materials, for the ob- struction of a passage or defense of a place; now, specifically, in fort., a rampart; a mound of earth carried around a iilacc, capable of re- sisting cannon-shot, and formed with bastions, curtains, etc. ; a fortification. My sayde I.orde of Winchester, . . . to tliocnt«nttodlii. turbe my sayd l/ude of (ilonceter goyng to the Kyng, pur- IKisyng his detli, in cause he had gone that weyc wile men of iinnys and iiichiers at the end of London lirlilge next Siithwivke. and in forbarring of the kyligin bygli- wnye, Icte drawe the chayne of the stulpls Ibeii', and sit vp pipes and hurdyllis In luaner and fouinienf (.ii/.(rrA-i.«, and sctle men In cliambirs, seleres and wynilowes wllb bowys and aniwys, to y entent of tynall dlnlnlclloli of my sayd Lorde of (lloucetereB pel-son. ylni<)W'» rhronlrte. ir,(l2(ed. Isll), p. ^^>*,. It U the ntrongi'st towne of whIIch, towres, bulwerhr, wutclivii, and wardea that emr I sawe In all iny ly'''- Syr It. lluiil.fiirile, rylgrynmge, p. I" Its onco grim bulunrki tnrneil to lovem' walks. Lowell, Catliednil 2. Naul., a close barrier running around n hU'\\ or consisting of boarding of the Hliini'hioiiH and limlMr-lieadH.— 3. I hnt which protects or secuiTH iigaiiist extemiil iiii- noyaiiee or injury of any kind; a wreeii or nhelter; iiieaiiH ol'jiroteelioii and safely. Tlie royal navy <.( Kllglninl Imth evr I ll ll« grnnleiit ibfillio and ..niioni 111 . . . lb.' Ilimllllg /'ll'iw"'* of our l,l„„,l lUaekitoiu, Com., I. 4I», bumbailiff (buiii-ba'lif), «. [Prop, a dial, or colloci. tcnii, ei|uiv. to bailiff, with a contemp- tiKuis prelix of uncertain origin, i>riil). hum^, r., dun, liailitTs being best known ami most dis- liked ill their office of arresting for debt and making executions; or jierhaps hum'^, u.. as a term of contempt (cf. hum'-i). Some assume the pr(>lix to be hum~. in humorous allusion to a iiioileof "nttaching" the person of a tleeingof- t'eiider. liluckst one's suggestion that the term isacorruiition ot houu(l-htiilill'\Hnot supiiorted.] An under-bailiir; a subordinate civil officer, ap- ])ointed to serve writs and to make arrests and executions, [Vulgar.] I have a mortal antipalliy to catchnolls, bumliailifs. and llllle gnat men. Irviuti, Knlckeibockcr, p. 168. bumbardf (bum'biird), n. and v. An obsolete jiirin of homhard. bumbarrel (biim'biir'el), v. A name of tho liiiig-liiili'd titmouse, Acretlula rosea. bumbastt (bum'biist), 11. An obsolete form of houihast. bumbazed (bum-bazd'), ;>;). [Cf. bamboozle.] .\u\:\/.vi\; eoiifiised; stiipelii'd. |Sc(>ti'li.l bumbeo(liiiiii'lie), ». [< /'H»(1 + icr,] A Imm- l.lrlMO. [Scotch.] " Same as homboln upiirt of iT, above the level of the deck, niid buillbelo (biiiii'be-16), M, , ,, j risiVling of boarding nailed on the oiilside bumble (binn'bl), v. ,.; pret. and pp. bumbled, I, )•• I. ; v' 1= E. di ppr. humhliuii- |= E. dial, and Sc. hummle, bumm(. See hummle. bummer (bum'er), n. [< 6t«?nl, r. i., 4, -I- -^rl. Cf. ;)»«(l, «., 3, and hummle, n., 2.] 1. An idle, worthless fellow, especially one who sponges on others for a living ; a dissolute fellow ; a loaf- er; a tramp; in United States political slang .,, a low politician; a heeler; a "boy." — 2. During the civil war in the United States, a camp-fol- bumperl (bum'per), n. [< hump^ + lower or a phmdering straggler. One who or that which bumps. — 2. 'a swelling' is derived from that of 'a blow.' Cf. Dan. bump, a thump, (JDan. btimji, a thick- set fellow, bumpet, thick, fat.] 1. A shock from a collision, such as from the jolting of a vehicle. Those thumps and bumps whicli flesh is heir to. Ilootc, fjilhert Gurney, I. v. 2. In Englwh, boat-racing, the striking of one boat by the prow of another following her. See bump"^, r. t., 2. I can still condescend to give our Iwat a shout when it makes a Immp. Cambridge Sketchet. 3. A swelling or protuberance, especially one caused by a blow. A bump as big as a young cockrel's stone. Shati., R. and .T., i. 3. I had rather she should make bumps on my head, as big as my two Angers, than I would otfend her. B. Jotison, Poetaster, ii. 1 Specifically — 4. The popular designation of the natural protuberances on the surface of the skull or cranium, which jjhrenologists asso- ciate with distinct qualities, affections, propen- sities, etc., of the mind: used ironically for the word organ employed by phrenologists": as, the bump of veneration, acquisitiveness, etc. — 5. The corner of the stock of a gun at the top of the heel-plate. bump3 (bump), n. [E. dial.] 1. A material used for coarse sheets. [Prov. Eng. (Derby- shire and Yorkshire).] — 2. In London, a sort of matting used for covering floors. X. and Q., "th ser.. III. 307. erl.] 1. A log of The alarming in-uption at the front of individuals of a wood placed over a ship's side to keep off ice, class designated . . . as Summers. or anything similarly used; a fender. N. A. Rev., CXXIII. 459. bumper- (bum'per) ;;. [Perhaps a corruption bummeryt, ". -An obsolete form of bottomry. bummle (bum'l), v. «. ; pret. and pp. bummled, ppr. butnmlinq. [A dial, form of bumble.'] 1. To bumble.— 2. To blunder. [North. Eng.] bummle (bum'l), n. [Sc. also (in def. 1) hutn- incl, hdinbell = E. bumble: see humble, n. Cf. 6«»/l, «., 3.] 1. A bumblebee. — 2. An idle fellow; a drone. bumpif (bunip), J,', i. [First in early mod. E., appar. a var. of huml-, bunib, bomb'^ ; cf. the fi'eq. humble. Cf. W. bwmp, a hollow sound, a boom ; hence aderyn y bwmp, the bittern (ade- ryn, a bird), also called hurmp y gors (cors, a Of imitative origin: see boom^. of bumbard, bombard, a drinking-vessel (see bombard, «.), associated with E. dial, bumpsy, tipsy, hum, ME. bummen, guzzle, drink: see ftKml.] 1. A cup or gla.ss filled to the brim, especially when drunk as a toast. I'ill a dozen btimperg to a dozen beauties, and she that floats atop is the maid that has bewitched you. Sheridan, School for .Scandal, iii. 3. He froth'd his tnimpers to the brim. Tennyson, Death of the Old Year. 2. A crowded house at a theatrical benefit, or the like — Bumper game, a game in which the scoring is all on one side. bumper^ (bum'per), v. t. [< bumper'^, n.] To til! to the brim. Burns. bog, fen). Of imitative origin: see ?)«)»!, ftomfcl, bomb'^, bumble, etc.] To make a i,„„„„_{„„ ,t, .,/„a>;,n .. •• . «».-.* „ i _ loud, heavy or hollow noise, as the bittern; bumpenze (bum per-iz), f. i.; pret. and pp. hnn^ n,iden_ ' ' hutnperKcd, vpv. humpeming \_< bumper^ + !>«.] To drink bumpers. [Rare.] [< bump^, v.] A booming. boom. Dryden bump^t (bnmp), n. hollow noise. Tile bitter with his humpe. Skelton, Phyllyp Sparowe, 1. 4:{2. bump2 (bump), V. [First in early mod. E. ; prob. developed from huinp'^, which, as orig. imita- tive, is closely related to 6«;h1, boom, also strike. Cf. ODan. humpe, strike with the clenched fist, Dan. humpe, thump. Cf. also W.pwmpio, thump, bang (pwmp, a round mass, a lump), = Ir. heu- maiin, I strike, gash, cut, = Gael, benm, strike ; Ir. Gael, beum, a stroke, blow, = Com. hum, bom., a blow. Cf. bnmp^, «., and bounce.] I. trans. 1. To cause to come in violent contact ; bring into concussion; knock; strike; thump: as, to bump one's head against a wall. Bump'd the ice into three several stars. Tennyson, The Epic. Pleased to see him, we kept bumjterizing till after roll- calling. Gibhf/n^ Memoirs, p. 68. bumper-timber (bum'per-tim'ber), Ii. In some locomotives, a timber to which the cow- catcher or pilot is fastened, designed to receive the shock or blow of a collision. bumplng-post (bum'ping-post). h. A timber fender or buffer, placed at the end of a railroad- track to prevent the cars from leaving the rails. bumpkin^ Same as bumkin. The tack of the foresail is ma4le fast either to the stern or a small bumpkin eight inches long. Sportjfman's Gazetteer, p. 6;i0. bumpkin^ (bump'kin), n. [Prob. a particular use of bumpkin^ = bumkin, a short boom. Cf. block'^ and blockhead, a stupid fellow.] An awk- ward, clumsy rustic ; a clown or country lout. bumpkin ^Tiat a bumptin he is for a captain in the army I old Osborne tliought. Thackeray, Vanity Fair. brimpkinly (b\imp'ldn-li), a. [< bumjylin^ + -;«i.] Of or pfrtalning to a bumpkin or clown ; ciomiish. He is a simple, blundering, and yet conceited fellow, who . . . gives au air of &«7/Ji^l^n/y romance to all he tells. RtcharJ:^on, Clarissa Harlowe. bmnpsy (biimp'si), a. [E. dial. ; cf. huiiA, di-ink.] Tipsv. [Prov. Eug.] bumptious (bnmp'shus), a. [A slang -word, prob. < hump-, strike against, + -tioiis.2 Offen- sively self-assertive ; liable to give or take of- fense; disposed to quarrel; domineering; for- ward; pusbiug. Thackeray, bumptiousness (bump'shus-nes), n. [< bwnp- tiotis + -ness.^ The quality of being bump- tious. Tom, not\rithstandin;_. with him at once. T. Uuyhes, Tom Brown's School-Days, The peculiar bitmptiousness of his [Hazlitt's] incapacity makes it particularly otfensive. Latcell, Study Windows, p. 352. bumpy (bum'pi), a. [< hump" + -i/l.] Having or marked by bumps ; baling a surface marked bv bumps or prottiberances. blimrollt, "• A sort of bustle. [Vulgar.] 1 disbased myself, from my hood and my farthingal, to these buinroich aud your whalebone bodice. Jl. Jonson, Poetaster, ii. 1. bum-wood (bum'wud), H. Same as hum-wood. buni, bunn (bun), «. [< ME. 6««iif, bonne, a cake, a small loaf. Origin obscure ; ef. Ir. hun- nofi, a var. of honnach, an oaten cake, = Gael. bo'nnach, > E. bannock, q. v. Skeat refers to OF. dial, huf/ne, a kind of fritter (a particular use of OF. buijnc, bifini; a swelling caused by a blow: 720 H. tranx. To make a bimch or bunches of; bring together into a btmch or aggregate ; con- centrate: as, to bunch ballots for distiibution; to bunch profits ; to bunch the hits in a game of base-ball. Cloistered among cool and (>H/ic/i*'dim.bu(incl,bignet,vaoil.V. heir/net, bunchiness (bun'chi-nes), n. [< bunchy + a fritter.] A slightly sweetened and flavored -ncss.] The state of being bunchy, or of grow- roU or biscuit; a sweet kind of bread baked in jug \n bunches. small cakes, generally round — Bath htm, a smt bunch-whale (bimeh'hwiil), n. A whale of the of light sweet roll, generally containing currants, etc. named from iiath, England. bun"- (bun). H. [Appar. identical witli E. dial. boon-, < ME. bone, also bunne, of uncertain origin, perhaps < Gael, bun, a stump, stock, root, a short, squat person or animal, = Ir. bun, stock, root, bottom, = Manx bun, a thick end, butt-end, = W. bwn, a spear-head. The 2d and 3d senses may be of diff. origin.] 1. A drv stalk; the dry stalk of liemp stripped of its rind. — 2. The tail of a hare. — 3. A rabbit. Also called bunny. [Prov. Eng.] bun'* (bun), H. [Origin obscure.] A flat -bot- tomed boat square at both ends bunco gi'uus ilciidjitera ; a humpback whale, bunchy (buu'chi), «. [(.hunch + -y'^.'] 1. Hav- ing or being like a bunch or hvmch; having knobs or protuberances: as, "an unshapeu bunchy spear," I'liaer, iEneid, ix. Chiefs particularly alfcct gieat length of cord, which does iK»t improve the wearer's appearance, as it makes the kilt too bunchy. Pop. .*i. Mo., X.\.\. l!UG. 2. Growing or existing in bimches; having (U- formed of bimehes: as, "his bunchy tail," .Y. Grew, Museum. Specifically — 3. In niininy, said of a lode when the ore is irregularly dis- tributed through it in small masses or ' ' pocket s." bunco (buns), inters [Perhaps a corruption of bSncombe. ' bunkum' (bung'k L. bonus, good.] -Extra profit; bonus: used as °Znh^itmMy of North (^Tiro an exclamation bv bovs. The cry "Jiunce."' ,. _ ' „.,„.^ •,,„i„„, n u\„,^t when something is found by another gives the Z,^"^^ !;}'S;^.d,^r' ing is loiina by rifht to lialf of what is discovered bunch' (bunch), n. [Early mod. E. also some- timi-s bounch ; < MPJ. buiichc, a hump, prob. < Icel. bunki = OSw. and Sw. dial, bunkc = Norw. buitke = Dan. bunkc, a heap, pile : see bu)ik, of which bunch may be considered an assibilatcd form. I'erliaps ult. connected witli the verb bunch, strike: see hunch-."] 1. A protuber- ance; a hunch; a knob or lump. [Now rare.] Oobba [It.], a bttiich, a knob or crooke backe, a croope. Fliiriu (159s). their treasures upon the bunches Isa. XXX. (). [Canadian.] '""'"eu.mu, l,-r,„itio„ of IjUnCO, ». Sec hnnko. tmi), n. [< Hun )lina: see extract Emxity talk ; pointless <]ieechmaking; balderdasli When a crittur talks for talk's sake, ji.st to have a speech in tile paper to Bend to home, and not for any other airthly pappus but electioneering, our folks call it bunkum. Ualiburttni, To talk for Bimcombe, to speak for effect on persons at u distance, without regard to the audience present. The origin of the phrase, " tnlHnij /or Biiiic.onibc," is thus related in Wheeler's "History of North Carolina" : " Several years ago, in Congress, the nienilier for this dis- trict arose to address the House, jvilhout any extraordj. nary powers, in manner or matter, to interest the audi- ence. .Many members left the hall. Very naively he told those who remained that they might go too: he should sipcak for some time, but he was only 'talkimj ,for Jinn- ■ ■■■ IlarlMI. They will carry of camelfl. mil. AAA. „, - , 2. A cluster, collection or tuft of things of the ^u^id (bund), «. [Anglo-Ind., also written band same kind connected in growth or joined to- gether mechanically: as, a bunch of grapes; a bunch of feathers on a hat. On his anne a bounch of keycs he bore. Spciuivr, V. (<., I. vlii. 30. 3. Morn generally, a cluster or aggregate of any kiml: uHcd specifically of ducks, in the HiiiHo of a small (lock. 'Hiey are a bunch of the most bolAt^-roiis rascals Dlstjrder ever ma Dan. hnndt = Sv!. hunt, a bundle), < bin- dan (pp. bunden) = G. binden, etc., bind: see hind, and cf. bond'^.] 1. A number of things bound together; anj-thing bound or rolled into a convenient form for conveyance or handling; a package ; a roll : as, a bundle of lace ; a bun- dle of hay. Every schoolboy can have recotirsc to the fable of the rods, w'hicli, wheii united in a bundle, no strength could bend. GoUimnith, Es.says, ix. The optic nerve is a great bundle of telegraph wires, each carrying its own message undisturbeci by the rest. II'. A'. Clifford, Lectures, I. 284. Hence — 2. A group or a number of things hav- ing some common characteristic which leads to their being held and transferred in the same ownership. — 3. In hot., a fascicular aggrega- tion of one or more elementary tissues travers- ing other tissues. The bundle may be eillicr vascular (compiiscd of vessels only) or fibrovascular (cmitainiiig both fibrous and va-scular tissues), and is usually snr- rounded liy a layer of parenchyma, or soft cellular tissue, called the bundle-i/heath. "Concentric" bumlles occur in many vascular crypto- gams. Eneye. lirit., XII. 18. 4. In paper-making, two reams of printing-pa- per or brown paper: established by a statute of George I. — 5. In spinning, twenty hanks or 0,000 yards of linen yarn. |B»ii,»i-isalso used asa unit of 'weight for straw. *aini of tale for barrcl-boops, but without any fixed value. A bundle of bast ropes is ten, by a statute of Charles 1I.| — Closed bundle, in hot., a tibrovascular bundle which is wholly ttirnicd of woody and bast tissue, without a caiiiliimn l:i>-t-r. and is there, fore incapable of further growth.- Collateral bundle, in hot., a flbi-ovascular bumUe eonsisting of a strand ol woody tissue and another of basts side liy side. --Con- centric bundle, in bal., a fllu-ovascular bundle in which lilt- liast tissue surrounds the woody tissue, as is common in \';is.-iilai- cryptogams, or the revei-se. bundle (bun'dl), r. ; pret. and pp. bundled, ppr. bundling. [< bundle, «.] I. trans. 1. To tie or Ijind in a bundle or roll: often followed by up : as, to bundle up clothes. Their trains bundled up into a heap behind, and rustling at every motion. Golditniith, Vicar, iv. 2. To place or dispose of in a hurried, uncere- monious manner. They unnu-n-ifillly bundled me and my gallant second into niir (luii hackney-coach. T. Honk, (iilbert Curucy, II, iil. To btmdle Ofif, to send (a person) in the same bed without un- dressing: applieil to tlio custom of iiieu and women, esjiocially sweethearts, thus sleeping. Slopping occasuuially In the villages to cat loimpkln pies, dance at country frolics, ami fcimi//'- with lb.- Vankoo lasHcH. Irviwi, Knickerbocker, p. 'JDS. ht to be bundled out for not knowing how to liiekciui. (proii. bund), repr. Hind, band, a dam, dike causeway, i-mtiiuikmeiil, a pnrlicular use of banil, a band, bond, tie, imprisonmeul ; in nil uses also spelled hiindh, < Skt. ■/ haudh = E. hind, tie.] In India and the East generally, an embankment f(.rminK a promenade and car- riageway along a river-front or seaside; an es)ihiiiade. bunder' (bun'der), h. [E. Ind.] A siirf-lxmt bundle-plllar (bmi'dl-pil iir), H. Same as «««• bunch To«i'.. ;.. or round. £unchtn>j uul Into A Unte ri ind Icnob nt one end. Wointiatrd, KiHMlIn 111 use at l-iombayand alongllie Malabar coast. Also called hundrr-boat. bunder- (bnn'der), «. [Also written hhundcr: < Hind, banilar, also hiinar, a inonltey, ape, baboon.] The common rhesus or other East Indinii inonkev. bunder' (bun'di'r), n. IE. Ind.] A term um-iI ill I lie Dust for a caiiani. bunder-boat (bnn'der-lxJt), n. Same as hiiM- deriil coun- cil of the Gorman empire, oxeroising legislative ti nd enhinin (wliich see, under column). bundle-sheath (liun'dl-sheth), ». See bundle, n.. :i. bung' (bung), «. [< ME. bnuge, of uncertain ori^'iii; the \V. hn-ng, an oriliee, a bung (cf. (hincl. buiue = Ir. huinne, a tap, spigot, spout), luiib. from E. Cf. OI). bonne. Ml), hiinde (> F. hoiide), a bung; Ml). bomm(K D- ')"«/', dim. honimil, a bung; Ml), homme-, 1). honi", inlrum; Ml), huughe, Imnghe = MLG. //"".(/'', ><■ inuinntA J'asciatiis, the rock-serpent, the head is Hat and sln.rt, tlie muzzle roimd, and the upper jaws are furnished with grooved fangs. The color is generally of a light hue, relieved by bands or rings of jetty black. Also bung-drawer (bung'dra'er), n. A wooden mal- let of a peculiar form for removing the bung from a cask. [Local, Eng.] bungerlyt, «. [A var. of hunglely, < bungle + -/;/!.] Bimgling; clumsy. iifteiitimes the more shallow in knowledge the more hini^frifii m wickedness. Rev. T. Adamit, Works, II. 43. bungersome (bung'ger-simi), a. [A dial. var. of i'wf.] Clumsy. Grose. [Pro v. Eng.] bung-hole (bung'hol), «. A hole or orifice in a cask through which it is filled,closed by a bung. bungle (bung'gl), V. i. ; pret. and pp. bungled, ppr. bungling. [Prob. equiv. to *bongle for bungle^, freq. of bang^, beat ; cf. G. dial, bungeln, strike, beat, freq. of bungen, strike ; Sw. dial. bangla, work ineffectually, freq. of banka, var. bimka, bunha, strike, OSw. Imnga, beat: see baug^, huncli^, bung^, and cf. botch^, bungle, which also goes back to an original sense 'beat.'] I. iiitran.'i. To work or act in a clumsy, awkward, or bliuidering manner. Can you fail or bungle in your trade? Oldham, .Satires on the Jesuits. I could rather see the stage filled with agreeable objects, though they might sometimes bmutle a little. Gotdsinin,. The Bee, No. 1. II. trans. To make or mend clumsily; botch; manage awkwardly or blunderingly; perform inefdeiently. Botch and bungle up damnation With patches. Shak., Hen. v., ii. 2. 46 721 I had seen something of the world, and had contracted about the average bad habits of young men who Iiave the sole care of themselves, and rather bungle the matter. C. D. Warner, Backlog Studies, p. 81. bungle (bung'gl), n. [< bungle, i'.] A clumsy performance; a piece of awkward work ; a botcli. Hay. bungler (bung'gltr), n. One who bungles; a clumsy, awkward workman ; one who performs witliout skill. If t't boa diinceoraftMn^^t^r in any profession be ahame- f III, liuw much more ignominious and infamous to ascliolur to bi: such. Harrow. bunglesome (bung'gl-sum), a. [< bungle + -.', made of sheet-iron in the form of the frustum of a cone ; siiar-htiiniK, made of a spar, which is anchored by one end ; bell-biwi/i, surmounted by a bell » hich is made to sound by the action of the waves ; et sejl, Sw. bul-pd ett segel, the bunt (lit. beUy) i,i(jiseriminately' to a great number of eniberi- of a'saU : see fcouil) ; or with Dan. bugt=i Sw, bui/t a bend, > E. bout, a bend, turn, etc. : see ftoKfl, bought^, and bight.'] The middle part of a square sail; also, the middle, baggy part of a net, etc. In furling, the strongest and most experienced stand in the slings (or middle of the yard) to make up the bunt. R. n. Dana, Jr., Before the Mast, p. 26 bunt^ (bunt), V. i. [< bunt^, ».] To swell out; bellv, as a saU. bunt^ (bunt), r. t. [< ME. *bunien, honten, sift, perhaps a var. of bulten, sift, bolt: see 6o((2.] To sift. [Prov. Eng.] btint* (bunt), n. [Perhaps a dial, form of burn t, as used in comp. bunt-ear for burnt-ear, etc.] 1. A smut which infests and destroys the ker- nels of wheat; an ustUagineous fungus, Til- zine and fringilline birds of all countries, and also to some birds not of the iamily FringiUid(F. Examples are the lark-biuiting, of the genus Plectmphants; the snow-bunting, P. nimlis; the small American spar- rows of the genus Spisflln : the American black-throated bunting, Spiza amerUana ; the cow-bunting, Mntnthnix pecoria; the rice-bunting, Dolichoniix ori/ji'i'onM.— Bay- wlnged bunting. See (/nv-"'!ii. 'i).hont = 'S\iHi. a. bunt), Bpot- te<%. r-1 Til. nnrii' 1»«T ' trill . f.. rjii 111. ;.. r. ily 1. 'pidur noin- 7;M /v., 1^ r- J ^-- In wining, timbers or scantling jiut across a shaft to divide it into coniimrtnionts. The in- terior faces of tile buntons and sets cany tlic guides whicli conduct the cages, and on them are also nailed the hoards forming the sheathing of the brattice, in case an air-tight .•..niiiartnient is retiuircd. Also called lii/ntH and diridcrs. ' ' " Same as bunt-jiqqir. + -.I/1.] Infected Willi smut : applied to wheat and other grain. buntylet, «. See hunting'K bunya (bun'yji), «. [Anglo-Ind., also hunnija, hitmja, and tni'mjon, < Hind, banija. Beiig. biinijd, bdnii/d : see biDiiiin^, bani/on^.'] In India, espe- cially in Bengal, a grain-dealer. The grain-dealer's shop teinpt.i them to loiter, but the experience of previous attempts makes theft hopeless ; for the bunniia. with all his years, is very nimble on Ills legs, iiiid an astonishing good shot with a iiipkln. J'. Jtiihinmn, Uiuler tile Hun, p. 12ri, bunya-bunya (bun'yi!-bun"yii), n. Tlio native .XiiHlrnlian name oi'tho Ariiueariti liidifilli, a vi-ry large tree, the wood of which is strong, G. boje) = Dan. '"(/' = Sw. hoj = Tr. bote, < OF. boi/e (mod. F., Willi lidded siillix, boure) = Sp. boi/ii = I'g. bidil, a l.uoy : u jiiirticulur use of Ml), boejie, I), boei = MI.G. Iniie = MUG. /)»{/>, boie, lirie = Dun. boje ^ Sw. boja = K. obH. /»»/(-, < 0\'. 'houe, buie = Pr. hoiti = Olt. bojii, a fr-ttcr, a clog, < U- '""". in pi. '•oiii; IV e.tdlar for the neck, orig. of leiitlier, < ' '■!■. ,W»Hif, iViiiir, of o.\-liidc, < /("If = I'. /"«, ox, K. roir' : nee mic). A buoy is a (loaliug objecl !■ llored'atii(ixedpciiiil.l 1. A lloal llxed iil ' ' rhiiii pliii'e lo show llie posilion of olijeclH ■' .11 ulli the water, aHHlimilM, rock», ele.,toniiirk iiMl il chanuol, and llie like, liuuyn are of various 1. WhistUng-buoy. 2. a. Can-buoys. 3, Spar-buoy, 4- tJn States Life-buoy, whiatlinir-buttijit, fitted with an apparatus by which air com- pressed by the movement of the waves is made to escape through a whistle, and thus indicate the situation of the buoy, etc. In the waters of the I'nited States the folluwing s,vstem of placing buoys as aids to navigation is prcscrilicd by law : "Red buoys mark the stairboard or right-hand side of the channel coming from seaward, and black the port or left-hand side ; mid-channel dangers and obstructions are marked with buoys having black and red transverse stripes, and mid-channel buoys mai'klng the fairway have longitudinal black and white stripes; buoys marking sunk- en wrecks are painted green. The starboard and port buoys are numbered from the seaward end of the chaniu-1. the black bearing the odd and the red the even nunihcrs. 2. A buoyant object designed to be thrown from a vessel to assist a person who has fallen into the water to keep himself afloat ; a life- buoy. The life-buoy now in common use in the I'nitcd .States navy consists of two hollow eojiper vessels, con- nected by a framewiu-k and having between them an up- right pole, weighted at the bottom and surmounted hy a briuis box containing a port-flre. This machine is hung over the stern of the vessel, and can be dropped by means of a trig^;cr. .\t night the burning of the pnrt-lirc serves to point out its position. See also cut under breeches- tnimi.— To bleed a buoy. See bleed.— To stream a buoy, to let it drop from the vessel into the water before the anchor is dropped. buoy (boi or biii), r. [< bung, ».] I. tran.'i. 1. To support by a buoy or as by u buoy ; keep afloat in a fluid; bt>ar"up or keep from sinking in a tluid, as in water or air: generally with up. There was heat enough in the air to tmoii it (water in the state of vapor] up. Woodward, tint Hist. JIany a flowing range Of vapour biiot/d the crescent bark. Tennyson, Day-Uream. The Departure. 2. Figuratively, to supjiort or sustain in any sense; especially, to sustain mentally; keep from falling into despondency or discourage- ment: generally with uji. Your good name's jterlsh'd ; Not all the wcirlil can bnoii your reputation. t'Mcheroml Itoielnj, -Maid ill the Mill, 111. 3. The recollection of tlie iiiiplanse with which he had been greeted still buoyed op his spirits, Macntdaii, Hist, Eng., x. It Is the poem that keeps the language alive, and not the language tllat buoiis up the jioeni. Lowell, Among iny Hooks, 2d ser, p, I'iii. 3. To fix buoys in as a direction to mariners: as, to buoy or to buog off n channel. The channels |of the Uio dc la I'lalal are badly biioiied, and there arc shoals and wrecks on all sides. l.atlif tiras.se>/, \'oyage of Sunbeam, I, v. To buoy a cable, see enble. II, intran.1. To lloat ; rise by reason of light- ness. [Rare.] llisllig merit will />hoi/ up at last, I'o/ie, Essay on ('lillcism. 1, 461. buoyage (boi'- or bOi'iij), n. {< buotj + -age.] 1. .\ scries of buoys or float iiig beacons, for the guidiince of vessels intii or out of port, etc. — 2. Till' ]iriividing of buoys. buoyance (lioi'- or biii'iins). n. Siune us buoy- iinj-jl. (inarlerbj Iter. I Uiire. ) buoyancy (hoi'- or boi nn-sl), ». [< buiujant : SIT -(/Hie, -««(•//.] 1. 'I'lie qimlity of being buovant, thul is, of lliiiiting in or on the surface of water or other fluids; lehilive lightness. It seemed mliaeuloiis that she (the ship] regained hor halunco, or preserveil her bvoifaneii. Iirlwi, Sketch.liook. p, 22, 2. The power of supporting ii body so that it floiils: said of a fluid; slu'cilieally, the upward pressure exerted upon a boily by the fluid in which it is iiiimerHed. This prcsHurc Is ciimil to the Wi'llllllol thcllllld whi.h lllc li..ilv.ll»plllc,.s. If the weight ol (he boilv Is Just ei|inil |.i llils n]iwaril pressure, It will float, IIS a' balloon in the air lU a ship In the water; If greater, It will sink. buoyancy On arriving at the Dead Sea I forthwith proceeded to bathe in it, in order to prove the celebrated tmoyancy of the water. R. Cufzon, Monast. in tlie Levant, p. 179. 3. Figuratively, light-heartodnoas ; cheerful- ness; liopefulness ; elasticity of spirit. The Spaniards are remarlvai)le for an inertness, a want of buuyaiuy, and an absence of hope, which . . . isolate them from the rest of the civilized world. Buckle, Civilization, II. i. buoyant (boi'- or boi'ant), a. [< hiioi/, v., + -««M.J 1. Having the quality of rising (ir float- ing in a fluid; floating; relatively light; that will not sink. — 2. Bearing up, as a fluid; sus- taining another body by reason of greater spe- cific gravity. The water under me was buoyant. Dryden, Ded. of Eleonora. 3. Figuratively, cheerful ; hopeful ; not easily depressed. His was not the buoyant temper, the flow of animal spirits, which carries a man over every obstacle. Prescott. His [Landor's] nature was so buoyant that, like the Faun, he forgot both pain and pleasure. Stedman, Vict. Poets, p. 55. 4. Causing buoyancy of mind ; cheering ; in- vigorating. The grass is cool, the sea-side air Buoyant and fresh. M. Arnold, Empedocles on Etna. buoyantly (boi'- or boi'ant-li), adv. In a buoy- ant manner. buoyantness(boi'- orboi'ant-nes), n. Thestate or quality of being buoyant ; buoyancy. buoy-rope (boi'rop), n. The rope which fas- tens a buoy to an anchor. Buphaga (bu'fa-ga), n. [NL., < Gr. fiov^ayoc, ox-eating, /nTir, a beetle whose sting caused a swelling in cattle, or whicli, being eaten by cattle in the grass, caused them to swell up and di(),< jiovc, ox, -f- ^fiifinr, blowup, swell.] The typical genus of beetles of the family Buprc.itid(c. B. rufipies is a North American species. Buproridae (bu-pro'ri- de), H. pi. [NL., < liu- prorns + -idw.'] A family of minute free- swimming eutomostra- cous crustaceans, of the order Copepoda. Buprorus (bfi-pro'rus), n. [NL., < Or. /ioiirpt,)- pof, with the forehead or face of an ox, < fiov(, ox, + vfiupa, fore part (of a ship), prow.] The typical ' genus of the family Bujiroridw. burl, burri (l>t'r), n. [< ME. hwre, a bur (of a plant) ; not found in AS. ; = Dan. horre, bur- dockj bierre, burdock, bur, = Sw. borre, a sea- urehm, in conip. kardborre, bur, burdock; cf. OF. bourre = Pr. Sp. Pg. It. borra^ coarse hair, wool, etc., < ML. burra, coarse hair, wool, etc. ; perhaps saiue as LL. burra, a shaggy garment (cf. pi. burne, jests, trifles, nonsense), prob. < OL. burriis, red, reddish: see borel^, hurrel. bureau, birrus, birreita, etc., burl^■, burlesque, etc But the relations of the forms and senses are uncertain, and some of the modem senses are prob. of different origin.] 1. Thorough, prickly ease or covering of the seeds of eertrain plants, as of the chestnut and burdock. Hence — 2. The plant burdock : as, "rude burs and thistles," Milton, Comus, 1. 352. — 3. In general, a pro- tuberance upon, or a raised portion of, an ob- ject, usually more or less rough or irregular in form, specifically— (a) The lobe or lap of the ear. ip) The circular boss round the root of an antler, (c) For- merly, that part of a saddle-bow which protected the thighs and knees. It was often of steel, or plated with steel, and engraved or decorated with gilding, {d) In engraviny, slight ridges of metal raised upon a coi)]»er sui-face by the burin, the rocker, or the dry-point. It is sometimes wholly or iiartly removed by the scraper, but is often left to produce a peculiar effect of its own in the print. In mezzotint cnjiraviiiv:, fur cvample, the whole effect comes from the bur raised by the rocker, which is untouched in the deep shades and more or less burnished away to form the lights, (e) In fowndiny, the roughness left on portions of a casting, which is i-ubbed oJf on a stone. (J) The rough neck left on a bullet in casting. 4. The name of various tools and appliances, (a) A triangular chisel used to clear the corners of mor- tises. (/') A small circular saw. (c) A fluted reaming- tool. id.) Same as bur-drill, (e) A washer placed at the head of a rivet. (/) (1) A movable ring adjusted to the statf of a lance, and covered with minute projections to afford a grip to the gauntlet. It was grasped when the lance was laid in rest. See laiwe. (2) A ring or plate at- tached to the handle of a battle-a-X or mace to attcrd a good grip for either hand, fot) Anything put under a wheel to stfip its progress. 5. A partially vitrified brick; a clinker. Also called bur-bricl:.—6. The blank driven out of a piece of sheet-metal by a punch. — 7. Waste raw silk. — 8. A name for the club-moss, Li/eo- podium elaratum. [Scotch.] — 9. The sweet- bread. — 10. [Perhaps an error for btirl'^.'] Same as burU, 2. — 11. Same as burstone. — 12. The rounded knob forming the base of a deer's horn. — 13t. The external meatus of the ear; the opening leailing to the tympanum — Bur In the throat, anything that ajjpears to stick in the throat or produces a choking sensation : huskiness. — Metallic bur, a metallic grinding-plate used in place of the real bur- stone for such coarse work as grinding corn for stock. bur'-^, burr- (ber), n. [< ME. borre, a hoarseness or roughness in the throat ; usually supposed to be connected with 6m)-1, biirr^, but perhaps of imitative origin; cf. ftirrS.] 1. The guttural pronunciation of the rough r common in some of the nortluTu counties of England, especially Northumberland ; rhotacism. An aunt of my own, just come from the North, with the true Newcastle bur in her throat. Foote, The Minor, Int. 2. A whirring noise. See birr", n. bur2, burr'- (ber), v. i.\ pret. and pp. burred, ppr. burriiig. [< bur^, «.] 1. To speak with a guttiu-al or rough pronunciation of the letter r. — 2. To talk or whisper hoarsely; murmur. These hideous streets, these graves, where men alive, Packed close with earth-worms, burr unconsciously About the plague that slew them. Mrs. Browning, Aurora Leigh, iv. burbot 3. To make a whirring noise. See hirr'^, v. bur^, burr^ (bftr), n. [E. dial, burr, early mod. E. burre, short for ME. burrowe, burwhc, a cir- cle, also a mound, etc. : nee burrow'2.'] 1. Same as burrow'^, 3. — 2. A halo round the moon. Compare burrow-, 4, brouylfi, 4. [Prov. Eng. in b'oth senses.] buract, «• [A form of borax, < Ar. huraq : see 'lora.r, «.] In anc. chem., a general name for all kinds of salts. buran (bO'ran), ri. [Also, in F. spelling, bour- ran, repr. Kuss. biiranu, Cf. bora.] A snow- slurin ; especially, a long-continued snow- stonn, accompanied by high winds. buratite (bii'ni-tit), «. A variety of aurichal- citc (which see). burattino (bii-rat-te'no), n. ; pi. buratiini (-ne). [It., appar. dim. of huratto, bombazine: see bolt'^.'] A particular kind of puppet. See ex- tract. The /)'f/r«^?i7ti deserve the greater credit because they are agitated by the legs from below the scene, antl not managed by cords from above, as at the Marionette The- atre. Uowelltt, VenetiaTi Life, v. bur-bark (b^r'biirk), n. The fibrous bark of Triumfetta scmitriloba, a tiliaceous shrub of the tropics, yielding a very good fiber much resembling jute. burblet, »•• i- [Early mod. E., < ME. hurbUn. bnrbulen, burhilen, brobilen, also (in def. 2) contr. htirkn; cf. F. dial. (Pieard) borbouller, murmur, = Sp. borboUar, burbujear = Pg. bor- bolhar, burbulhnrz=lt. borbotjliare, bubble, gush; in another form OF. borliottr, dial. (Pieard) hor- hoter, = Sp. burbotnr, bubble, gush; cf. Pieard harboter — Sp. barbotar = Cat. barhotejar = It. dial, barbotta, mutter, mumble ; Gr. fiofipopvl^ew, nimble (see borborij/jmus) ; all ult. imitative, burble In E. being practically a var. of bubble, q. V. Cf. jrwrfl.] 1. To bubble; gush. Burblon [var. burbelyn], as ale or other lykore, bullo. Prompt. Parv., p. 56. I burbyll, or sprinc up, as water dothe out of a spring ; this water burbylleth vp pretyly. Palsgrave, foL 179. So the bre [bree: here, foaming water] and the brethe [wind] burbelit to gedur, That hit spirit vp spitiously fyue speire lenght With waiter and wawes, that the wynd dryues All fore as a fyre the firmament oner. Destniction of Troy (E. E. T. S.), L 3697. 2. To welter. Hom was leuer on the lond leng at hor aunter, And be brittuet in batell, then tmrbuU in the flod. Destruction of Troy (E. E. T. S.), L 5760. Many a halde [bold] manne laye there swj-kede Brobillande [burbling] in his blode. MS. Lincoln (A), i. 17, foL 115. (HaUiwell.) burble, «. [Early mod. E. or dial., < ME. bur- ble, burbidle, burbijU, a bubble; cf. Sp. burbuja = Pg. horbulha, a bubble; from the verb.] If. A bubble. Burble in the water, bubette. PaUgrate. 2. A small pimi)le. [Prov. Eng.] burblyt, a. [Early mod. E. burbely, < ME. iur- bhi : < burble + -i/.] Bubbling, burboltlf (ber'bolt), n. A corruption of bird- bolt^, ilarston. Should on sudden shoote His grosse knob'd burbolt. Marston, What You "Will, Ind. burbolt- (ber'bolt), n. [Like birdbolt-, a cor- ruption of burbot.'] A local English name of the burbot. .\5 much braine as a burbolt. UdaU, Roister Doister, iii. 2. burbot (ber'bot), n. [A corruption (perhaps through influence of turbot) of F. barbate, a bm'bot, < barbe, < L. barba, beard. Cf. barbel.] A fish of the family Gadido!, Lota maculosa. It has an elongated form, depressed head and shoulders, one barbel on the chin ami two on the nose, a short low anterior dorsal commencing beliind the pectorals, and a Buibot, Of Ftcslt-.«dtei Cod \L»ta macutosa). (From Report of U. S. Fish Commission.) long posterior one. It is an inhabitant of the fresh waters of northern Europe, Asia, and -America. In favored north- ern localities it occasionally attains a weight of 50 to GO pounds, but rarely e.xceeds a few pounds in England or the United States. 1 1 is generally regarded as inferior for f ockI, and in most pojnilous communities is rejected, jjut in the fur countries it is extensively used. It is best in cold wea- ther. In Englaiiii it is also called cony-jifk and eel-}Kiut ; in the United States it is better kno^Vn as the eel-pout. cusk, ling, /resh-waler cod, and lawyer : in the fur coun- burbot tries it is qnite generally known as the losh or loche and burbot-eel (ber'bot-el), n. A Yorkshire name of the eel-pout, Zoarces viiiparus. bur-brick ibt-r'brik). n. Same as bur\ 5. burdt, burdet, "• Vanants of hird-. Burdach's columns. See cy/HWH. • burdalane, burdalone (bur da-lan, -ion), h. [Appar. < biird. offspring, + alane, alone.] ilie last child surriving in a family. [Scotch.] 4nd Ncnton Gordon, birtlalone, .And Dalsratie both stout .ind keen, .And gallant Veitch upon tlie field, A liraver face was never seen. Miriflrelxi/ of Scottish Boniti. burdalisaundert, «• Same as hordaUsaunder. burdalone, «. ^^ee Imrdahine. burdasht, berdasht, "• [Ongm obscure.] 1. A iriuiji'ii sash worn by gentlemen Ji the seven- teenth ceuturv. 5tee/e.— 2. Alaoe cravat. burdelaist, ». " [F. Bordelais, the district around Boraeaux.] .\ sort of grape. Johnson. burden! burtheni (ber'du, -thu), «. [< ME. burden, birden, oftener -nrith //(, burthen, birthen, burthen. < AS. bijrthen (= OS. burthhinia = OHG. burdin, burthin, MHG. biirden, a burden, load; the same, with diff. suffix, as ifD. bnrde = OHG. burdt, JfflG. burde, bilrde, G. hiirde = leel. 6^)- dhr. mod. bijrdhi = Sw. bordn = Dan. byrde = Goth. fifli(r//ifi. abiu-den; cf. Gr. pop™?, ^op-iov, a burden), < heron (pp. boren), etc., bear: see iearl.] 1. That which is borne or carried; a load. Let them break your backs nitli burthens. SImk., i Hen. VI., iv. 8. The oak, upon the windy hill, It« dark green burthen upward heaves. Whittier, Hogg Megone, ii. Hence — 2. That which is borne with labor or difficulty; that which is grievous, weaiisome, or oppressive ; also, an incumbrance of any kind. Many a Man lives a burden to the Earth. Milton, Areopagitica, p. 6. Deaf, giddy, helpless, left alone, . . . To all uiy friends a tmrdfn gidwn. Smfl, Tlie Dean's Complaint (translated). The burthen of an lionoiu- Unto which she was not bom. Tfunijson, Ix)rd of Burleigh. 3. In England, a quantity of certain eommodi- 724 Hence — 2. Figtu-atively. to load ; oppress with anything which is borne with difficulty or trou- ble; surcharge: as, to burden a nation with taxes ; to burden the memory with details. If your fiiend has displeased you, you shaU not sit down to consider it, for he has already lost all memory of the passage, . . . and ere you can rise up again, will burden you »ith blessings. Emerson, Character. 3. To lay or impose upon one, as a load, biu-- den, or charge. [Rare.] It is absurd to burden this act on Cromwell and his party. Coleridm. burden-t, burthen-t (ber'dn, -thu), n, [< ME. burden, birthen, also burthern, act of child-bear ■bureaucratic posita', having the utmierous awns of the invo- lucral bracts hooked at the tip. It is a native of tlie old w<)rld, but widely naturalized in America, and cultivated as a vegetable in Japan. It is in popular re- pute .as a diaphoretic and diuretic, and as a remedy for rheumatism, catarrh, cutaiicnus diseases, etc.— Lesser burdock, a sumcwliat similar, troublesome weed, Xan- ihiumsiniiiinriiim. ^Prairie burdock, one of the rosin- weeds, Silphitim lerehittthiiuicettui, found on the western prairies of the United States. burdock-grass (ber'dok-gras), n. The Tragus racemosus, a low Em-opeau grass of which the glimic or seed-husk is covered with short stout hooks. burdont, «• See burdo. burdount, "• A Middle English form of burden^. ing, altered, by confusion with burdenl-, from fcur-dresser (ber'dres'er),")). A tool for rub- *burther, < AS. byrthor, beorthor, child-beariug ^j^„. ^^. tii.essing the ftuTOWS of a burstone or (cf. <7f %)■(?, birth), < ftcraii, bear: see 6ic«/l and milTstoue; a millstone-di-esser. Also written burden^.'] The act of bearing children ; a birth. i,„i,i--dresser. If thou best the man That hadst a wife once call'd Emilia, That bore thee at a burthen two fail- sons. Shak., C. of E., V, 1. burden^ (ber'dn), n. [Also, erroneously, bur- then ; < ME. burdoun, the bass in music, the refrain of a song, < OF. "hurdon, bourdon, F. bourdon = Sp. bordon = Pg. bordao = It. bordonr (Florio), a humming, buzzing, a drone or nou- working bee, a bimil)lcbee, also bass in music, refraiu, < ML. burdo{n-), a drone, a long organ- pipe; origin uncertain. See bourdon-.'] 1. The bass in music— 2. In music: (o) The refraiu or recurring chorus at the end of the stanzas of a ballad or song; a refrain. And far the echoing aisles prolong The a«-ful burden of the song. Scott, L. of L. M., vi. 31. (6) The drone of a bagpipe, (e) The song to which a dance is danced when there are no in- stnunents. Foot it featly here and there ; And, sweet sprites, the burthen bear. Shak., Tempest, i. 2. 3. That which is often repeated; a subject on which one dwells; the main topic: as, this sub- ject was the burden of all his talk — To bear a burden, to support the upper voice or voices by singing an under part as an accompaniment. Chapjiell. This sompnour bar to him a stif hurdouu. ^ _ CTawccr, Gen. Prol. toC. T.,1. 67:!. Hes: as, a burden'of gad-steel (that is, liO or biirden^t (ber'dn), n. [< ME. burdon, bordon, 180 pounds).— 4. The capacity of a ship; the /,„„,y/„,i, < OF. bordon, bourdon, a staff: see quantity or number of tons of freight a vessel i„„,-,/r);(l.] A club. /Spenser. will carry: as, a ship of 600 tons burden.— 5. ijurdener (ber'dn-6r),». One who burdens ; an III minintj, the tops or heads of stroam-Tvork, ,,],]„.,. ssor. overl>ing the stream of tin, and neediug to be burdenoust, burthenoust (ber'dn-. b^r'THn- first cleansed.— 6. The charge of a blast-fm-- ,„^) „. [< 6»,v/,.„i, /,»)«» h1, -(- -o«.s-.] 1. Bur- nace. To avoid the central accumulation of fuel and the lat- eral prerM.nderauce of burden (ore and tlu.\)thus promoted, an inverted annular funnel is suspended undenieath the lower orillce of the cup. Eikijc. Brit., XIII. :»». Burden of proof, in law, the obligation resting upon one of the parties to an action to cstabliHh an alleged fact by iirixjf, under penalty of having jiidgmcnt given against liim, according U> the iireaumption recognized by the law of evidence in case he adduces no proof. The burden of proof is said to be shifted when the jiarty upon whom it lay has produced snillcient evidence to turn the iiresunip. tion in his favor. Two circumstances are essential to the exisUncc of a burden of i)ron adopting nu .ii>-vv. r to each . however blank our Igiiorani t- of tl,. f,i. N. nnisl *• foil inerely formal pre«umptloti ; aj ' llnTc II, a burden of pr*Mif m\ ; ihc liyixdhi'iils which they piopo I r. c term is alwi nwd (n raKe« « uitlonsof a certain kind isltj^ilf ■• may sav that tliire Is a bunl '■*- *■■ ■ ' r-latii our not 111 II ] lyjH'S ; thai I i,<. ' ioMK Is a fai ' II, tl i, ... .^ ..:. .1.. iimbrolice, *]■ densome; gi-ievous; heavy to be borne; oppres- sive: as, "the very burthenous earth," Drayton, Polyolbion, viii. 112. And with his burde nous blowes him sore did overlade. Spenser, F. I}., V. xli. ll>. Nor let that be light to thee, which to me is so liurden- o,„. Sir P. Sidneij. Hisraainteuauceis burdcnous&nA chargeable vnto inee. ttakluyl's Voyayes, I. 244. 2. Cumbersome; useless. To sit idle on the household hearth, A burdenous drone. Milton, S. A., 1. 667. burdensome, burthensome (bir'dn-, b(''r'Tnn- siniil. ((. [< Ininii iiK liinllti lA, + -siimr.] 1. Wcigliiiig like a heavy hiirilen; grievous 1o bo borne; causing uneasiness or fatigue; oppres- sive; heavy; wearisome: as, " fcHi/Zinwomt ex- actions," Hallam. The ilebt immense of cndleBS gratitude. So luirdeusomr. Milton, V. L.,lv. 53. If the Peoples demanding were so burdtisome to him, what was his deninll ami ilelny of Justice to them? Milton, Kikiuiokbuites, vl. The Inferior and burthmsomr olliees of socict.y. Ilurke, Abridg. of Eng. Hist., 1. 2. 2t. Able to carry burdens or cargoes. Korsale, Krelght or charter, A strong, (mr//ieiutoiii« Ilrig of 1(10 tons. Muamehusellii Mercury, April 21l, lilHl. 1. Onerous, Iroulilcsome, fiiljguing, hard to bear. bur-drill (ber'dril), n. A small dental drill nith a liur-shaped head. Also called bur. bur-driver (ber'dri'ver), «. A projection on the spindle of a millstone, which acts tipon the bail, and drives the stone. Also written huhr- ilrirer. bureau (bu'ro), «. ; pi. bureaus or bureaux (-roz). [F. bureau, pi. bureaux, an office, a desk or writing-table, a court, a chest of drawers, orig. a kind of coarse Ijrownish or russet stuff with which writing-tables were covered, < OP. buret, a coarse woolen stuff: see burrel, boret^.] 1. A desk or \ATiting-table with drawers for papers; an escritoire. Su-ift.—2. A chest of drawers for liolding clothes and other articles. Bureaus at the present day are connnonly made with an adjnstivlilc mirror standing upon them. This is a compar- atively modein practice, due to a combination of the func- tions of the chest of drawers and the toilet-table. 3. An office or place where business is trans- acted. — 4. A department of government for the transaction of public business. In England the term is conriiKd to inferior and subordinate departments, and in the liiitcd States to certain Milnlivisii.iiM.f .some of theexceutivcdcpartments.— Bureau Of Education. See edueiiiion.- Bureau of Engraving and Printing, an of- fice of the •I'miMirv llciiarliiiriit of tlir I iiitnl Stales gov- ernment, wliosc head, calleil thcilirector of tlic Unreau of Engraving and Printiim, is cliarucil witli the eiifiravingaud printing of all bonds. Treasury notes, national-banknotes, certificates, internal revenue .stamps, etc., of the rniled States.— Bureau of Military Justice, from Jmu- 20, 1864, to July .1, 1S84, a bureau of flic War Ilepartmenl of the United Sttites governmiut.— Bureau Of Ordnance. See Sam Department, muier departiiienl.— 'BuieBi\X Of Statistics, an ollice of the Department of Coinnierce and Labor of the United Stales government, under a Chief of the Bureau of .Statistics, cliaiged with the col- lection and publication of tlie statistics of United States foreign commerce, embracing tallies .showing the imports and exports, respectively, by countries and customs dis. tricts ; of the transit tradi- inward and outward by coun- tries and by customs districts ; of imported commodities warehoused, withdrawn from, and remaining in ware- house; of the imports of merchandise entered tor con- sumiitiou, showing (luantity, value, rates of duty, and amounts of duty collected on each article or class of arti- t the inward and outward movement of tminnge in Syn. III! all. burdt ften*, o" nl (bfer'dii, -THn), v. t. f < bnr- ».] 1. Til load; lay a henvy load on; ciicum)H>r witli wilght. I OMUi not that other men be coned, uid yo Imrdened. 2 Cur. Tin. 18. V I'l'os.ible Vrdensomely, burthensomely (bcT'dn-, IWt'- ii, I, j,.,i ■i'liii-siitii-li), odr III a liiinlniHiiiiK' iniinni'r. ■Ilial us fcweuiplov Ills as |..isslblc y be (,l.r(/i. ji- K.iiii.^/and vcxatioUBly iiitirfi n d "ilb. ■'. ••<. Mill. burdensomeneBS, burthensomeness (ber'dn-, lior'Tiin-Hiini-ncH), n. Tho .iimlity of being bur- ■ loiisome; lioaviiieHs; oiiprcHHiveiiesH. burdof, burdont, »• 1 < ''•'• bnrdo(n-), also bur- d,is, a iiiiilr ] A mule bred of n horse mid 11 mIio nss; n liiiiiiv burdock (iiir'dok), » [< '""•' + '''"•'••I ' l"' eoiiiiiioii niiiin'of the .Irrlinm /.(I/i/irt, a eonrse ele .. - . our foreign trade and the countries whence entered and for which cleared, distinguishing tlie nationalities of the foreign vessels; etc. It is also charged with the duties of collecting and publishing inlonnatioii in regard to the In- ternal comineiceot Ibeeountry, and of collating and pub- lishing the information supplied by United States consuls. — Freedmen's Bureau, in t\ s, hist., the name popu- larly given to the Bureau of Refugees, Freedinen, and Abandoned Lands, an ollice of the War Department of the United States created in ISttri to care for the interests of the emancipated negroes of the South, espeiially with re- spect to education, assignment of lands, ami protection of civil rights. It ceased to exist In 1872.— Signal-ser- vice BureaiL See «,7im(. n.— Weather Bureau. See weattter. bureaucracy (bu-ro'kra-si), ». [< F. bureau- cralie, < bureau + -eriitie, E. -cracy, govern- ment, as in ari.ilorraey, denioiracy, etc.] 1. (iovcrniiicnt by bureaus; specilically, excessive multijiliiiition' of, nml concentration of power in, aiiininisll'iilivi' bui'eaus. The prillci^lle of Im- reaueraey tends to olllcial iiit erf cremc in many of the prop- erly private allairsot life, and to the inelhcicnt and oil. strnctive performance of dntv llirongh mimite sulidlvislon of fniictions, inllexlhle formality, and pride of place. Hepublicanism and liureaiieraey ale iueonipatible ex- istences, ir. /;. <;re;i, Misc. Essays, 2d ser., p. fifi. 2. The body of oIlicialH administering such bu- rcnus, considcri'd colh'ctivcly. loimt llouer foiiiid a machinery of taxation In full work- ing oilier ollleeis aeqimlnleil with the resiiurces of the ciiiilitry, books and sclieiluleseoustrneted on the principles of strli'test aceiiriicy, a whole Imrraucraey, In fact, reaily to Ills use. ./. A. SumomlK, Italy and Greece, p. 1(12. bureaucrat (bii'ro-k'rat), ». [< F. burraueralc, < tiareoa + -rra'le, E. -erat as in oristoeriit, thmoernl, olc] An mlviieiite or suiiporler of biiroiiiieniey ; also, a iiiiMiiliir of a bureaucracy Also I'ullod bnriiinrrolisl. bureaucratic (Ini-ro-kral'lk), a. [< F. hureati- erotiiiar: xfebureoueral nw\ -((!.] Relating lo broad-loafed biennial weed, natural order Vom- or of the niituie "I' biniaiicracy, burette (bu-ref), n. igon, < buire, F. bureaucratic There is a great material prosperity open to Hungary if the peoi)le will be content to be ruiietly governed, and if Austria will be wise enough" to relax a little in the bureau- cratic notions that now inrtuenee her. AiiMttd, Hungary, p. 251. bureaucratical (bu-ro-krat'i-kal), a. [< bureau- cm tic + -III.'] Same as bureaucratic. bureaucratically (bii-ro-laat'i-kal-i), adv. In a bureauiTutie, manner; as a biu'eaucrat. bureaucratist (bu-ro'kra-tist), n. [< bureait- cnif + -/«?.] Same as bureaucrat. burelt, "• See biirrel. bureo (bo-ra'6), n. [Sp., < F. bureau, a bureau: see bureau.'] A Spanisli court of justice for the trial of persons connected with the royal household. burett, "• [Cf. burette.] A drinking-vessel. IliilliiriU. [F., dim. of OF. buire, a, boire, drink, < L. bibere, drink. Cf. bib'^, hever^,] 1 . A vessel for contain- ing liquids, usually pear- shaped or flask-shaped, with or without a handle ; specifically, in English, an altar-cruet having this form. Bnrettes are made of rich materials, such as rock- crystal, pi-ei-i(jns metals, etc., or of porcelahi (jr faience, often highly decor.ated. 2. In clicm., a tube, usu- ally graduated to frac- tious of a centimeter, used for acctirately mea- suring out small quanti- ties of a solution. bur-fish (ber'fish), n. A tish of the family Dioclon- tidw ; a porcupine-fish. burgl(berg), H. [ANorth. E. and Se. and old law form of borough'^, ME. burg, etc., AS. burli. Cf. biinjh.] A fortified town; a borough (which see). burg2 (berg), n. Same as brought. burga (ber'ga), n. Same as hicrka. burgage (ber^gaj), n. [< ME burgage (OF. bur- giigc), < burg (ML. burgun) + -age.] In law : (a) In England, a tenure in socage, whereby burgesses, citizens, or townsmen hold their lands or tenements of the king or other lord for a certain yearly rent. The most ancient, perhaps, of the franchises was that dependini^ on burgage tenure; this was exactly analogous ill oii^iin to the freeholder's qualification in the counties; the repressive principle extended, the right of a Burette of gasper witti golil mounting : time of Louis XV. but burgage vote had become in many places attached to par- ticiUar houses or sites of houses, probably those which were originally liable for a quota of the flrma burgi. StubbSy Const. Hist., § 745. (6) In Scotland, that tenure by which the prop- erty in royal burghs is held under the crown, proprietors being liable to the (nominal) ser- vice of watching and warding ; or, as it is com- monly termed, "service of burgh, used and wont." (ft) The property so held. bur-gage (ber'gaj),re. A plate having perfora- tions wliich serve as standards for the diame- ters of drills, etc. burgage-tenant (ber'gaj-ten"ant), n. One who holds lauds or tenements on the tenure known as burgage. Successive sovereigns had granted the right, or imposed the burden, of returning members to Parliament on the corp'iriitiuns, freeholders, or burgage-tenants of numerous small towns. Quoted in T. W. Higginson's Eng. Statesmen, p. 116. burgage-tenement (ber'gaj-ten"e-ment), n. A tenement held by burgage. " Koiniigh English," under which the youngest and not the eldest succeeds to the burgage-teneiiwnts of his father, has from time im- memorial been re- cognized as a -widely diffused usage. Maine, Early Hist, [of Institutions, [p. 222. burgall, n. birgalJ. burgamot,". bergawot. burgander, n. See bi rgiitider. burganet, bur- gonet (ber'ga- net, -go-net), n. [Also ' written, improp., burge- ^let; ^ bp. borgO- Spanish Burganet. i6th century. See See 725 Rota = Pg. borguinhota = It. horghinetta (Plo- rio), < OP. bnurguigunir, bnurfiuigniitlf, prop, a Burgundian lioljnci (d'. F. lUiiirijiiigiiiiii, a Hur- guiidian), < iinurgnifvc, liurguudy.j A helmet worn in tlie sixteenth century, in two forms: one without a vizor, formed like the morion, and frequently furnished with cheek-pieces and a movable nose-guard ; the other with a vizor, and similar to the armet. His maylcd habcrjcon she did imdight, And from his head his heavy burganet did light. Spenner, F. Q., III. v. HI. » Sturdy helms, Topt high with plumes, like Mars his burgonet Greene, Orlando Furioso. burge (berj), n. A dialectal variant of bridge^: [hocal, Eng.] burgee (ber'je), n. [Origin obscure.] 1. Xaid., a swtillow-tailed flag or pendant: in tlio merchant service it generally has the shiji's name u])on it.— 2. A kind of "small coal used for burning in engine-furnaces. burgeint, u. and v. See burgeon. burgen, ". and r. See burgeon. burgenett, ". See burganet. burgensic (bC'r-jen'sik), a. [< ML. burgerisis, a citizen, a biu'gess (see burgess), + -ic] Of or pertaining to a bui'gh or town. I strongly believe that the continual intercourse between the towns of the several trading coimtries of the Middle Ages, kept up especially by the Hanse Towns, may not have been without inrtuenee in producing a general simi- larity of development of hunien.^ic life in them all. Englisli Gilds (E. E. T. S.), Int., p. liv. burgeois, n. See bourgeois^. burgeon (ber'jgn), 11. [Also written bourgeon, after mod. P., early mod. E. also burgein, bur- gen; < ME. burgeii, burgijon, burjoun, burjion, burgun, < OP. borjon, burjon, P. bourgeon, a bud ; refeiTcd by some to OHG. burjan, raise, lift up.] 1 . A bud ; a sprout. In the moneth of May, when medoes bene grene, And all tlorisshet with floures the flldes aboute ; Bnrions of bowes brethit full swete, Florisshet full faire. Destruction of Troy (E. E. T. S.), 1. 2736. And the hyttyng awey of the root of the vyne must be don in March, and som men wil say it must be don or [before] the knottis begynne to burgeon y' for the streit drauing the burgeons be not huet (hurt]. Arnold's Chronicle, 1502 (ed. 1811), p. 167. 2. A boss used for the cover of a book, to pre- vent injury to the binding. Often written bur- gen. burgeon (ber'jon), v. i. [Also written bourgeon, after mod. P., early mod. E. also burgein, bur- gen, < ME. burjon, burgenen, burgynen, burjonen, borgounen, < OP. borjoner, bourjonner, P. bour- geonner, bud; fi'om the noun: see burgeon, n.] To bud ; sprout ; put forth new buds ; shoot forth, as a branch. Whenne graffes [grafts] gynneth swelle in burgymfnge. Palladius, Husbondrie (E. E. T. S.), p. 74. Now bourgeons every maze of quick About the flowering squares, and thick By ashen roots the violets blow. Tennyson, In Memoriam, cxv. burgess (ber'jes), n. [< ME. burgeis, < OP. bur- geis, P. bourgeois = Pr. borges = Sp. burges = Pg. burgue: = It. borghese, < ML. burgensis, a citizen, < biirgus, a borough, a town : see 6or- ough^, burg^.] 1. In England, an inhabitant of a borough or walled town, or one who pos- sesses a tenement therein; a citizen or free- man of a borough. Not a petty burgess of some town. No, not a villager, hath yet appear'd In your assistance. Ford, Perkin Warbeck, iii. 4. 2. A representative of a borough in the British Parliament. The m.ajority of the burgesses had been returned by constituent bodies reniodeiled in a manner which was generally regarded as illegal. Macaulay, Hist, Eng., x. Hence — 3. (a) The title given before the revo- lution to the representatives in the popular branch of the legislature of Virginia, which was styled the House of Burgesses, but is now called the House of Delegates. (6) The title of members of the lower house in the colonial legislatm'e of Maryland. — 4. A magistrate of a corporate town, in Connecticut boroughs the board of burgesses i-oi-responds to the to^vnship board or board of trustees in some other States, or to the common coimcil of a city. The chief executive otHcer of a Pennsylvanian bor- ough is calleii the chief burgess. 5. A member of the corporation of a Scotch burgh ; now, any iidiabitant of a burgh of full age, rated for poo»-rates, and not in arrears, and who for a i]eriod of three years has occu- pied any house, shop, or other building rn it, not being an alien and not having received either burgbmote parochial or burgh relief for twelve months pre- ceding the last Wliitsmiday — Burgess list, the list of municipal '-leetors animally drawn u\> by the liverseers of the iioor in England.— BuTgess roU, the ljurge8.s list as revi.scil by till- revising barrister and recorded. [Eng.] burgess-ship (b6r'jes-shin), n. [< burgess + -ship.] 'J'ho state or condition of being a bur- gess. South. Anpulous place the boundaiiesof whicli have been ascertained untier 13 and 14 Vict., xxxiii., and the affairs of which are managed by commissioners elected by the inhabitants. — Royal burgh, in Scotland, a corporate body erected by a charter from the crown. The corporation consists of the magistrates and burgesses of the territory erected into the burgh. The magistrates are generally a provost and bailies, dean of gild, trea- surer, and common council. burghal (ber'gal), «. [< hurgh + -ah] Of or pcrtaiTiing to a burgh : as, burghal government. burghbotet, ". [An old law form of AS. burg- hi'it. < hurg, burh, borough, 4- bot, compensa- tion, boot: see 6oofl.] In old Eng. law, a con- tribution toward the building or repairing of castles or walls for the defense of a city or town. Also burhbot. burgh-brechet, ». [An old law form of ME. burch-hriche, AS. burg-brice, -bryce, -brece, < burg, borough, -I- bryce, brice, breach: see breach.] In Anglo-Saxon lau; the offense of violating the pledge given by every inhabi- tant of a tithing to keep the peace. burgher (ber'ger), n. [Not in ME. or AS., but formed after D. burger = MLG. borgere ^ OHG. burgdri, MHG. burgwre, burger, G. biir- gcr = Dan. borger = Sw. borgare (> leel. bor- gari), a citizen; < burgh -I- -€rl.] 1. An in- habitant of a biu'gh or borough, who enjoys the privileges of the borough of which he is a free- man; hence, any citizen of a borough or town. At Cologne, in the eleventh century, the terras burghers and merchants are alteniatelv used as synonymous, Englifh Gilds (E. E. T. S.), Int., p. cv. 2. leap.] One of a body of Presbyterians in Scotland, constituting. one of the divisions of the early Secession Church. This church became divided in 1747 into the Associate Sjniod, or Burghers, and the General .\ssociate Synod, or Antibtu-ghers, on the law- fulness of accepting the oath then required to be taken by the bm-gesses in Edinbm^h, Glasgow, and Perth, See Antib^^rgher. burghermaster (■ber'ger-mas''ter), n. [=G. brir- gcnneistcr.] Same as burgomaster, 1. burghership (1>cr'ger-ship), n. [< burgher + -shiji.] The state or pri\'ilege of being a burgher. , burgh-halfpennyt, »• Formerly, a duty pay- able to the superior of a town for liberty to set up a stall in market. -\lso bord-halfpenny. burghmaster (berg'master), n. [< burgh -t- master : after burgomaster.] Same a.s burgomas- ter, 1. burghmotet, "• [An old law form of AS. burh- gemdt, a borough-meeting, < burh, burg, borough. burghmote + gemot, a meeting: see mooi, mofeS.] In AngJo-Snxnn laic, the meeting or court of a burph or borough. Also burgmote. burghmote-homt, «• In Eng. antiq., a horn blown ou cotiTt-day, in a public place, to bring the members of the burghmote, or later the corporation, together. It was used until the sevf uteenth eenturr. Also called brazen-horn. burgholdert (berg'hol'der), «. [See borough- hoUM r and borsholder.'i A tithing-man ; a bors- holder. burglar (berg'lar), n. [Earlymod.E. bourglair, < AF. 'bourglai're (cf. ML. biirglator, burgulator (for burgi latro), shortened to burgntor), a burg- lar, < AF. bourg, OF. borg. borough (see bar- ough^). + Inire, OF. laire, hire, lere = Pr. laire, a robber, < L. uom. latro (cf . OF. laron, F. larron = Pr. lairo, a robber, < L. ace. latronem), a rob- ber: see larceng.1 A felonious housebreaker; especially, one who commits robbery by break- ing into a house in the night. See burglary. The definition of burglar, as given by Sir Edward Coke, is "he that by iii}:ht breaketh or entereth into a mansion- house with intent to commit a felony." Blackstone, Com., TV. xvi. bnrglar-alarm (berg'lar-a-larm'), M. Any alarm so arranged as to soiind upon the open- ing of a door, window, etc., with which it is connected.— Burglar-alarm lock, a lock liaving an attachment which when set will snuud an alarm if the bolt is improperly moved.— Electrical burglar-alarm, an alarm consisting of apparatus inchuliiiir itpen electrical circuits which are closed by a moveiiiciit "f a door, win- dow, etc., and cause a bell in an annunciator in the build- ing or at a distant station to ring. bnrglaxert (berg'lar-er), «. [< burglar + -er, erroneously added.] A burglar. .Sir William Brain was sent to the Tower, only for pro- curing the I'oiw's bull against certain btirgiarere that robbed his own house. Slate Trials, 1006. borglarian (b6rg-la'ri-an), «. [< burglary + - "iiiixlare = Ol)an. horgmi slir = Pol. '"' I'.ohem. purminlr = Kuh». bnrgo- "II • liiirgmiKlrati = Vinn. pormrHtari), < '"' fiiihi, + niriiitrr = Vj,mngttr. Cf. Mil'. ,7/r, ft, biirgrrmeinler (> Dim. '"" ■/ hiirger, = K, burgher, + tnrinirr — I I. A boroii(;li.mnilter; the elii.f nun- i n miiiiiciriiil town in thi' Nillnr- landtt, lifriiiaiiy, and other Teutonic count rivH. 726 nearly corresponding to mayor in England and the United States, in the monarchical states burgo- masters were often named by the central government for long periods, as were the mairt-b- in France. The German governments usually retain the right to confirm or reject the elected burgomaster. Also burghenna^Ur, burghmajf- tcr, bitrginaiter. 2. The great ice-gull or glaucous gull, Larus glaucus, of the arctic regions, one of the largest and most powerful species of the family Larida^. It is about 30 inches long, pure white, with a pale silvery-blue mantle and yellow bill with an orange Burgomaster-guU [Lartts gtnucus). spot. It owes the name to its tyrannical and rapacious disposition, and the way it domineers over the smaller and weaker gulls and other birds. burgonet, burgonette, ". See burganct. burgoo (ber'go), n. [Appar. a var. of burgood."] 1 . A seamen's term for a dish made of boiled oatmeal seasoned with salt, butter, and sugar; gruel. Don't stand staring there like a cabin-boy brought up before the skipper for swallowing the bu rqoo as he mL\cd it . G. A. Sala, Ship-Chandler. 2. A kind of soup made 'vrith many different kinds of meat and vegetables, highly peppered and served very hot : popular in Kentucky and other places, espeeiallj- at barbecues, picnics, and otheroutdoor feasts. — 3. A barbecue, pic- nic, or woodland feast at which the soup burgoo is sen-ed. [Kentucky.] burgood (ber'giid), H. [E. dial., also bur'gnut and III! n/ood ; origin uncertain. Cf. burgoo.] Yeast. 'Uatliwdi, [Prov. Eng.] burgoyne^ (ber-goin'), II. [Appar. luimedfrom tlir inventor.] An iutrcnching-tool which com- bines a spade, an ax, and a mantlet. [Eng.] burgoyne-t (ber-goin'), V. t.; pret. and pp. hio- giiyncd, ppr. burgiiyiiiiig. [A word of the Ameri- can revolutionary period, in allusion to the cap- ture nf liurgiiyne'.s army at Saratoga in 1777.] To surround and captin-p in a body. bur-grass (ber'gras), u. 1. A common name of a species of Venchrus, the bm-s of which are very spiny and tenacious. — 2. Panicum gUitinonum, a tropical grass in wliicli the glumes or husks which in- wrap the seed are very vis- cous and adhesive. burgrave, burggrave (ber'- grav), II. [< V .liHrgrnn=^\>. burgrare = l'p. burgrarc, linr- grai'id = It. burgrario, < ML. burggrariiis, < OHG. burg- qruro, MH(i. burcgrdre, G. )>urggraj' (y Dan. borggnve = Sw. burgi/refie = Pol. bur- grabia = ISoliein. pnrkrahe), < OIKi. burg, burr, a town, = 10. borough', + grdrjo, gram, }A\m. g'rdie, (!,'(/;■«/, a count, earl, governor: see graj'.] Foniierl'y, the title, in Homo Euro- Iican coiinlricB, of the hereditary governor of a town or castle. The fomur (burghers) utood. In all trade mailers, m- tlrely under the orders of the lorils of the town, wliotln r those were bishops, hunrravrg, or citizens. KwiliJih (Jilitt (E. E. T. 8.), Int., p. cxv. Tlli'V lliiii rci|iiisliil that tin' I'rinco of Orange, who belli the olllce of hurijrar,- ol Antwerp, and wh Inthl i-nce was unboiindeil, 'might be sent to thrni. I'miciill. burgravess, burggravess fber'gra-ves), n. [< liiiniiiin + -IKS. I The wile of a burgrave. burgraviate (ber-grii'vi-ftt ), n. [< ML. Imrggm- I iiiIh.h, < biiriigrariii.i.H bnrgi'iive: sec Iniriiran. | 'I'lie otliee, irigiiity,or.iiiriHdiclionof abiirgruvc. hurguignottet, "• I"l''l t^nmi) hh burgnnrl. Burgundian (ber-gun'di-an), «. nndu, [< ML. Jturgandia ( > F. Duurgiigne\ Uiirgundy, < L. lnibi4lai,iri . burin Burgundiones. LL. also Burgundii (> AS. Bur- gendas). pi., a tribe of Goths.] I. a. Of or pertaining to the Bm'gundians, or to the king- dom, duchy, or province of Burgimdy. — order of the Burgimdlan Cross, an onler founded" by the em- peror Charles V., which did not survi\e. II. H. 1. One of the Bm'gimdii or Bui'guu- dioues, a Germanic tribe who settled in GaiU and founded the kingdom of Burgundy in the fifth eentm-y. , The /)t(r7(iii<^i'(7«.* settled in the southeast jiart of fiaul, the part nearest to Italy. E. A. Freeman, Old Eng. Hist., p. 2-1. , 2. A native or an inhabitant of Burgundy, suc- cessively a kingdom and a duchy of western Europe, varying greatly in extent, part of which finally became the province of Bm-gimdy in eastern France. Burgundy (ber'gun-di), n. A large class of ■n-iues, both red and white, produced in Bur- gundy in France, and sharing -nith the Bor- deaux wiues the reputation of including the finest wiues made. The nielb 'W-tasted Burrntndii. Thomson, Autumn, l; 705. Burgundy pitch. See pitch. burgwardt O'frg'ward), n. [An old law form, < burg, a fortified place, a castle, + ward, a keeping.] The custody or keeping of a castle. burbt, "• Early Middle English and Anglo- Saxon form of borouglA. The hurh of the Anglo-Saxon period was simply a more strictly organised form of the township. It was probably in a more defensible position ; had a ditch or mound instead of the quickset hedge or "tun "from which the toM iisbip took its name ; and as the " tun " lu-iginally was the fenced homestead of the cultivator, the burh was the fortilied house and court-yard of the mighty man — the king, the magistrate, or the noble. Stubbs, Const. Hist., § 44. burhbott, ". See burghbotc. burhgemott, «. See burghmote. burial ^ber'i-al), n. [In the second sense ftHrinl is now regarded as formed directly from bury^ -t- -al (cf. betrothal, renewal, etc.), but it is duo to burial in first sense, < ME. buricl, biricl, bc- 1-icl, a tomb, grave, a coiruption of bnricls, re- garded as a plural form, but really singidar, buricl.f. hiricls, bcriels, bcrgel.i, a tomb, grave, < A,S. liyrijcls, a tomb, grave, < bi/rqan, bm-y (see biiry^). + suflix -els (cf. riddle'^. ( AS. nfdcls).'] If. A grave or place of sepulture ; a tomb. Pullide it (the body] in his newe biriel, . . . and he walowid to a grcte stone at the ilore of the birieL Wiiclif, Mat. xxvii. 60. For prophetes hem tolde, That that blessed body of bun'fts sholde aryse. Jiiers I'inwman (C), xxii. 14& Vailing her high-top lower than her ribs To kiss her burial. ,I^■ I 3rt5 of a building.— To bum in, in olass-mal!- in{j and hot'fLr;/, to fix and render durable (the coloring aird ornamentation) by means of f.Teat and long-continued heat in an oven ur kiln.— To bum metals together, to Join tium by melting their adjULcnt edu'cs. or iieatinu' the adja ■■-Mt edges and^running some molten metal of the s.'ini'.: kind into the intermediate space. £. H. Kniriht. — To bum one's fingers, to receive damage or loss from meddling with or eng.iging in anything. — TO bum Out, to destroy or obliterate by burning. Must you with hot irons hum out both mine eyes? Shak., £. John, iv. 1. To bum the candle at both ends. See candle.— lo bum up, to consume completely by fire, or reduce to ashes: as, to trim up a paper. II. intrans. 1. To be on fire; flame: as, the fuel burns. A still and sacred fire That bum'd as on an altar. Tennyson, Enoch Arden. 2. To become charred, singed, or scorched ; be injured by undue expostire to fire or a heated i-ujface, etc. : as, milk or oatmeal bums if cooked without stirring. " Your meat doth htini," quoth I. Shak., C. of E., ii. 1. 3. To become inflamed or tanned, or to become disintegrated by the effect of heat and reflected sunlight, as the skin from imusual or prolonged exposure to the sun or to the glare from a sheet of water. — 4. To glow like fire ; shine; gleam. I'he barge she sat in, like a bumish'd throne, * Burnt on the water. Shak., A. and C, ii. 2. The road, wherever it came into sight, burned with bril- liant costumes, like an illuminated page of Froissart. Lowell. Fireside Travels, p. 243. 5. To be inflamed with passion or desire : be affected with strong emotion: as, to burn with anger or love. Did not our heart hum within us while he talked with us by the way? Luke xxiv. 32. True charity is afflicted, and btims at the offence of every little one. Milton, On Def. of Humb. Remonst. 6t. To act or behave with destnictive violence ; be in a state of violent action ; rage. "Shall thy wrath burn like flre? Ps. \xxxix. 46. The groan still deepens and the combat burti^. Pope. 7. To be affected with a sensation of heat or burning pain, or acridity ; feel excess of heat : as, the face burns; the patient burns with a fever. — 8. To resemble tire in the effect or the sensation produced. [Rare.] The parching air Burnt frore, and cold perfonns the effect of flre. .Villon, P. L., ii. 596. 9. In certain games, to be very near a con- cealed object which is sought, tbat is, so near that one would be burned if it were fire ; hence, to be nearly right in a guess. [Colloq.] However, the explorers must have burned strongly (as children say at hide-and-seek) when they attained a jtoint ■o near to the fountains. /> Qnittc' >/, Herodotus. To bum blue. Sec blur, a.— To bum down, to be burned to the ground ; Ix; consnmerl by llrr from top to bottom, aa a building.— To bum out, t.j burn till the fuel is ex haunted and the flre ceases.— To bum up, to be burned completely or reduced to ashe.s ; as. the paper burned up. buml (btrn), n. [< burni, r.] 1. A hurt or in- jury caused by the action of fire, especially on a living body : a burnt place in any substa'nco. — 2. The operation of burning or baking, as in brickniaking: as, they had a good burn. — 3. A di.Mi-ase in vegetables. See brand, 6. — 4. A clearing in the wood.s made by burning the trees. fU. 8.]=85m. l. /Hum, .ScuW. fii/r;M are pro- duced by heated Sfdldii or by tlames, neatdn by heated lluids or varMini. .Hee teorch, r. t. bum'' (bi'-m), n. [Also written bourn, bourne, wliii-h with a diff. pron. is the ii.iuul form in the hoiith of England (see bnurn^, bourne^); < ME. biiurnv, commonly burne, < AH. huriia, masc, ;,; ■. hiirnt; fcm., ii brook, streani (= OS. brun- orricK. burnn = OI). borm, I), harn, brrni horn (> (J. born) = OHfl. brunno, .MllfJ. ' ;. brunncn, brunnt, brunn = Icil. brunnr I linn = I>an. briinil, a HprinK, li'iiiitnin, "• 'Jolh. brunna, u Hpring), prol). ' 'loin- lirunnen), etc., l»uni: Hen bun, ^. Cf. origin of Willi 5nd tnrnnl. Not iih n, (larelh and l.>io if. Bunsen Burner. nin: fh. rt,i, A br. It occurs i bum, Bin'- vnriouK place-nameH, bh Uaunock- «lc. 728 btim^t, I', t. [ME., < OF. burnir, burnish: see hurni.ih. In form and sense the word over- laps burn^ (cf. 6«r«i, r. (.,4).] To burnish: brighten ; make gay or cheerful. Al his speche and cher also he bo. neth. Chaucer, TroUus, i. 327. The temple of Marz arm>'potente Wrought al of burned steel. Chaucer, Knight's Tale, 1. 1125. burn* (bem), n. [Appar. contr. of burthen'^- or burden'^.'] A burden for one person. Datj. [Local, Eng. (Cornwall).] burnable (ber'na-bl), n. [< ftio-Hl, c, + -able.'] Capable of being burned. burn-beatingt, "■ A particular way of manm-- ing laud, by cutting off the peitt or tm'f, laying it in heaps, and burning it to ashes. Compare bdifS, n. and v., and denshire. E. rhiUips, 170G. burner (ber'ner), n. 1. A person who burns or sets fire to anj'thing. The Milesian Oracle w.ts sacred to Apollo Didymieus amongst the Branchid.v, who betrayed the treasures of their God to Xer-\es the burner of their Temple. Purchag, Pilgrimage, p. 332. 2. The part of a lamp from which the flame is- sues ; the part that holds the wick ; also, the jet- piece from which a gas-flame issues. Burners in- clude all forms of ajiparatus for burning gas. oils, or vapors, singly or in combination : as, a hydrocarbon burner, carbu- reting gas-6«rHer, lime-light burner, regenerative burnrr, etc. Hei^ lamp-burner and illnniiiinting litiuid, consistingof a mix- liii'c of about i! volunies of alcohol iiiid 1 of camphcm' or pnrilieil tiirpcntinc-oil. biirncd in liinipssiicciiilly ciinstructod l'()rthe})Ui'posi', but su|ior.si'd(Ml by ]>('troleum al'tcr a few years' ii..*i'. burning-glass (ber'ning-glas), H. A double (•iinvi>.\ lens of glass used to ignite conibuKtiblc substances, melt metals, etc., by focusing npim Ihcni the dii-cet rays of the sun. burning-house (bil'r'ning-hons), II. The Inr- iiui-i- ill which tin ores are calcined to siiblimi' Ihr siil|iliiir from the |ivriles; a kiln. burning-mirror (lu'^r'ning-mir'or), n. A con- eiivo mirror, nsiiiilly of iiictal, used us a burn- ing-glass, 'riic power of a biiniiiig-intrror is conHlder- ablv grcider than that of a burnlng-glaHs of eiiual extent and eiplnl curvature. burnish (lu'T'iiish), r. [< ME. burnischen, bur- ni.s.iru, < OF. Iiurniss-, stent of certain parts of liurnir, bruiiir, !■'. Iirunir (> (1. Iiriiiiinii) (= Pr. luirnir, bruiiir = Sji. liriiSlir, liroltir = Pg. brunir, liornir = It. brunirr), jiolish, miiko brown, < liruH, brown, also poet, bright, shining: see broun. A1ki> formerly in more orig. form burn: see burn'K] I. Inin.s. 1. To cause to glow or become r<'N|ilondent. Nm)T«, the com- mon rush, ./!<««(.« «i/««rro»H« ; see '>«»■!, 6«n'l.] A name sometimes given in Great Britain to the alga Liiminaria digitata. burrockt (bur'ok), n. [Origin imcertain.] A small weir or dam pnt in a river to direct the stream to gaps wliero fish-traps are placed. burrough't, ". An obsolete spelling of i'>r»!/<^;il. burrough-'t, «. An obsolete spelling of burrow'^. burrough'"'t (bm-'6), ». Same as borrow'^, 1. burrowH, ". An obsolete spelling of borough^ \\v,?r\*r\.rtr'l /l.,,«'A\ „» TTi^ .-1 . .. 1 ..1..^ ..l,,U«. 1,.... fire. They appear dull externally, but show a fine red color when held up to the light. They are much esteemed, bringing a high price, especially when ornamented by fine engraving. burnwood (bftm'wiid), «. The Itlins Metnplum, a poisonous species of sumac, found in south- ern Flotilla and the West Indies. Also called buinwiiml. bur-parsley (b6r'pars"li), n. The common name of Vaucalis daucoides, an umbelliferous plant with bristly btu'-like carjiels. It is fre c __^_ ^^ _^ __^ „ , '^• quently found in" corn-fields with charkysoils burrow^ (bur'o), n. [E. dial, also abbr. bur; in England. also formerly bimj (see burifi) ; < 51E. borow, bur-pump, burr-pump (ber'pump), n. Naut, ^">''"-'' a ^o'e as a place of shelter, a mound, var. a kind of pump in which a cup-shaped cone of (" Ppar. by confusion with borotcc. bonce, buruh, leather nailed on the end of a pump-rod serves "^ ^^- '""■''' ^- borough^, a fortified place, bor- instead of a box, its sides collapsing as the rod '"'gli) "f '"^'■«'. '""'•"'', etc., < AS. beorli, E. ! collapsing! descends, and expanding with the weight of the water as it ascends ; a bilge-pump. burr', burr^, etc. See bur''; bur^, etc. Burr Act. See oct. burraget (ber'aj), n. An older spelling of hiiraiic. burramundi (biu'-a-mim'di), n. Same as bar- riiiniiiiitii. burras-pipe (bur'as-pip), n. [< burras (< P. bournis, < ML. ^borraUus, borasius, coarse linen or canvas (cf. borraUum, a coarse gannent), < borra, burra, coarse hair, wool, etc. : see burrel) + pipe.'] A tube for holding Ixmar caustic or other corrosive substance. burrawang-nut(bur'a--waug-nut), 1). [< burra- icang, native name, 4- nut.'] The Macrozamia spiralis, a cycadaceous plant of New South Wales. It yields a kind of arrowroot. bur-reed (ber'red), n. The common name of species of Sparganium, so called from their naiTow, reed-like leaves and bur-like heads of fruit. The fioating bur-reed is S. angiwtifo- lium. See Spargaiiiiuii. burrel (bur'el), «. [Also written bnrreU, early mod. E. also biirel, barrel, borel, < ME. borel (see boreJ^-), < OF. burel (= Pi', burel = Sp. buriel), reddish; as a noun, burel, later bureau, a kind of coarse cloth (mod. F. bureau, a table, etc., > E. bureau, q. v.) (= Pr. burel = Sp. buriel = Pg. burel = It. burello = ML. burelhw, burrellns, bu- rellmn, biirallus), dim. of bure (ML. bura), a kind of coarse cloth of a reddish or russet color, < ML. burra, coarse hair used for stutfing, etc barrow', a mound: see burron'- = borough'-, and barrow'-, bcrri/'-'.] 1. A barrow; a mound. Sir T. Browne. See barrow'^. [Now only prov. Eng.] — 2. In mining, the heaxj of refuse rock at the mouth of a shaft, or entrance of an adit- level or tunnel. — 3. A hole in the ground ex- cavated by an animal, as a rabbit or a mar- mot, as a refuge and habitation. It [the lemmingl lives In burrows made by Its long and crooked claws. T. R. Jone^, Mammalia, p. 201. 4. [Perhaps in ref. to the usually circular shape of mounds; cf. the equiv. Sc. brouglfl, otherwise referred to hurroii'- = borougIA = brouglA, q. v. In mod. E. dial. abbr. burr.] A circle. Compare bur^, burr^, 2. Bunche [var. bnrrowe], sercle, orbiculiia. Prompt. Parv., p. 56. burrow^ (bur'6), iJ. l -«?.] Of or per- taiuing to a bursa or bursse. bnrsalis (ber-sa'Us), H.; pi. hursales (-lez). pTL < ML. lursa : see bursa.] A muscle of 739 Burwell's operation miphora is the source of mj-rrh, balm of Gilead, and other bursteimeSSt, burstneSSt (bers'tn-, berst'nes), ctsins. DUIerent kinds of pun elonii are obtained from speties i>f Canarium. Bursera, and Protium. burseraceous (ber-se-ra'sMus), a. Belonging to tlie natural order' Burseracea:. the eveball of birds and many other l^aurop- |,ursiculate (ber-sik'u-lat), a. [< NL. bursicu sida, serving to operate the nictitating mem- ■ - --^ . brane or third evelid, nsuaUv in eonneedou with another muscle called the pyramidalis. In bmls this muscle is also called the quadrate or qii'ifh'ti'us. bursalogy (ber-sal'6-jl), n. . [< ML. (NL.) bursa + Gi: -/.oyia, < /.eyecv, speak: see -ology.] In ^ _ ^ ati'it. and :oiH., the study of, or what is known ijurgitis (ber-si'tis), «. [>rL., < bursa + regarding, the bursas. In jxrWio/., inflammation of a bvirsa. bursar (b^r'sar), n. [< ML. bursarius (> F. Bui-giem porcelain, pottery. See porcelain, boursier,, a treasurer, < bursa, a burse : see pi,tti,;/. burse] ' 1. A student in a college who receives ^yj-gt (berst), v. ; pret. and pp. burst, ppr. burst- an allowance from a fund for his subsistence, ,-,,j^_ [-j;. dial, also brusi, brcst, brast; < ME. called a fciic^e or bursary. Theword was formerly in be'rsten, bresten, bristcn (pret. burst, berst, brast, latus, < *bursicula, dim. of ML. bursa, a purse, pouch: see burse, ^turse.] 1. Bursiform. — 2. In bot., resembUng a small pouch, or having a small pouch-like cavity, bursiform (ber'si-form), rt. [< ML. bursa, ptirse, + L. forma, shape: see purse and form, u.] Pouch-Uke; saccate; saccular; vesicular. ■ ' ' "" ' ' ' ifis.] general use, and is still used in Scotch colleges ; but in Cambridge such scholars are now called sizars, in Oxford 2. The purser, treasurer, or bailiff of a college or other communitv. Bursaria (ber-sa'ri-ii), H. [NL., < ML. bursa, a pouch.] A genus of cibate infusorians, typi- cal of the faimly Sursariidcc, to which very dif- ferent limits have been given, (a) By the old writers numerous dissimilar forms were combined in it. (6) By recent writers it is restricted to the Jl. truMa- tflla and closely allied species inhabiting fresh water. Bursariidae (ber-sa-ri'i-de), n. pi. [>*L., < Bur- saria + -I'Ar.] a' family of cUiate heterotri- chous animalcules, typified by the genus Bursa- ria. The oral cilia form a simjile straight or oblique adoral fringe. The animalcules are free-swimmiiig, persistent in shape, and more or less oval, but often ll.ittened. Most of thf = [>^-cies . »:cur in the intestines of myriapods and worms. bursarship (ber'sSr-ship), H. [< bursar + -ship.] 1. The office of a bursar. — 2. A bursary. bursary (ber'sa-ri), «. ; pi. bursaries (-riz). [< ML. 6M/innV(, "office of a bursar: see bursar.] 1. The treasury of a college or monastery. — 2. In the universities and colleges of Scot- land, a grant of money for a short period of years, obtained by a student, usually by com- petitive examination, to enable him to prose- cute his studies. bnrsch (biirsh), H. ; pi. burschen (biir'shen). [<;i., < MHG. burse, a society, esp. of students, prop, a (common) purse (> G. biirse, a purse), < ML. bursa, a pui-se: see burse &n(l purse.] In Germany, a boy or lad; specifically, a student at a university, especially a coi-ps-studcnt. burse (bers), «. [< F. bourse, a purse, bm-sary, exchange, stock e.xchange (see bourse), < ML. bursa, a purse, a bag, a skin, < Gr. (ivpaa, a hide, skin : see purse, which i.s a doublet of burse.] 1. A bag ; a pouch ; a purse. Speciiically — (n) A bag used to cover a crown. (6) Eeeies., a receptacle for the corporal and challcecover. It is square and Hat, maiie of cardl>r»ard covered with rich silk or clotli of gold, end»roiilereil and studded witll jewels, open on one side only, and placed <»ver the chalice-veil when the sacred vessels arc carried to the altar hy the celebrant. 2t. Anything resembling a purse; a vesicle; a pod. HolUiiKl. — 3t. Aboui-se; aue-xehaiige: as, '• merchants' burses," Burton, Anat. of Mel., To the Header. ('unm then, my soul, api)roacli this royal hume. And SCO what wares our great exchange retains. (^uarUs, Emblems, il. 7. 4. A bursarv. See bursaru, 2. [Scotch. I—The burse, the Royal Kxchango In Ixnuon, built by Sir Thnirnis (ircsham In 1.'>(»1, or the New F.xehange, called liiil'iinii IIiitm\ and afterward Kxfl'-r 'Cliiinnr. built In lori by the Karl of SallHbni7 iin the site of the present Kx. eler Hall In the Hlmnd. There were shops over the ex- <:lianK>' where female llnery was B the liurte for patterns. Mutdielon and Utkker, Koarlng Olrl, vL Mho has been at Britain'i burtc a buying pins and nee- '" iH'iirs in ni;itiy niinii-s nf places, as in CantcW*(/*v/(AS, i;en. ami tiat. Caiit- wara-''//r/,'/. iionl. -6urA), Silrews^Hri/, AWcnnan^f/ry, iliiri/ St. Eilimuuls, etc. To tliis very day the chief house of a manor, or the lord's sea", is called bury in some parts of England. Mierje. bury'-' (ber'i), n. [Another form of iurroio'^, orig. barrow^. Cf. equiv. berry".^ If. A bui-- row. It is his natui'e to dig himself buries^ as the coney doth. N. Grew. 2. A camp or heap of turnips or the like, stored up. bury^* (ber'i), v. t. ; pret. and pp. buried, ppr. burning. [Early mod. E. also berij (the form to which tlie mod. pron. belongs), < ME. berijen, bcricii, hirycn, birieii, buri/cii, hurien, byricn, < AS. biirfiaii, var. byrigan, birgaii, birigan, weak verb, bmy, inter (a dead body) (= Icel. byrgja, close, shut, hide, veil), appar. orig. save or keep by covering or hiding, < beorgan (pret. bearh, pi. burgnn, pp. borgeii), also ge-bcorgan, save, pro- tect, shelter, defend, keep, preserve, early ME. bergeii = OS. gi-bergan = D. bergcn = MLG. ber- geit, burgen, LG. bargen = OHG!. bcrgan, MHG. G. bergcn = Icel. bjarga = Sw. berga = Dan. bjcrgc = Goth, bairgan, ga-bairgan, keep, save: not known outside of Tent. Hence ult. bor- row'^, and (prob.) borough^ = burrow^ = bury^, etc.] 1. To deposit and inclose in a grave or tomb, as a dead body ; consign to any iinal rest- ing-plaqe after or as after death ; entomb. I hadde leiier she hadde be biried all quyk than this hadde hir be-fallen. Merlin (E. E. T. S.), iii. 46S. Lord, suffer me first to go and bury my father. Mat. viii. 21. I'll bury thee in a triumphant grave. Shak., R. and J., v. 3. 2. To cover or conceal from sight; sink or lodge in or imder anything: as, to bury trea- sures in the earth or under rubbish ; he buried the dagger in his enemy's heart. Busby. In the deep bosom of the ocean buried. Shak., Rich. III., i. 1. All their confidence Under the weight of mountains buried deep. Milton, P. L., vi. 662. Hence — 3. To cover up; keep secret; hide; conceal. I have (as when the sim doth light a storm) Buried this sigh in wrinkle of a smile. Shak., T. and C, i. 1. He was glad when he could fall on his knees at last and bury his face in the pillow of the sufferer. Bret Hartc, Shore and .Sedge, p. 49. 4. To withdraw or conceal in retirement : as, to bury one's self in a monastery or in solitude. I will bury myself in myself, and the Devil may pipe to his own. Tennyson, Maud, i. 19. 5. To hide in oblivion; put away finally from one's thoughts : as, to bury an injury. Give me a bowl of wine : — In this I bury all imkindness, Cassius. Shak., J. C, iv. 3. To bury the hatchet, to lay aside the instruments of war, forget injuries, and make peace : a phrase borrowed fruni the practice of the American Indians of burying a tuniahawk when a peace is concluded. bury* (ber'i), «. [A corruption of F. beurre, a kind of pear, lit. 'buttered,' pp. of beurrcr, but- ter. < beurre = E. butter. Also burrel, q. v.] A delicate pear of sev- eral varieties. bury" (ber'i), n. Soft shale or clay ; flucan. [Ireland.] buryelt, ". Seebnrial. burying (ber'i-ing), II. [< ME. buryinge. beryiiiii, etc. ; verbal u. of bury'^, c] Bu- rial ; sepultiue. John -xii. 7. burjang-beetle (ber'- i-ing-be 'tl). ii. The common name of bee- tles of the family ?(.?- car = It. buacare, search for, = F. husquer (Cotgrave), seek, shift, filch), prob. < OSp. bosco, bush, thicket (Sp. bosque), and thus lit. go through a tliicket, beat the bush,. as in Imnting: see /)H.s'/(1.] A miner who takes work as tribute, or who re- ceives as his pay a certain proportion of the ore obtained; atributer. [Western U. S.] busbl (bush), n. [< ME. bussh, buscli, bnsch, as- sibilated form of Imsi;, bosk (also in use), a bush, a thicket, = D. bosch, a wood, a forest, = MLG. buscli, busk, LG. busk, < OHG. biisc, MHG. G. busch. a thicket, copse, bush, = Icel. buskr, buski (Haldorsen) = Sw. buskc = Dan. busk, a bush, a shrub. Hence (fi'om OHG.) ML. i«.s- cus, boscus, > OF. bos, F. bois (see bois) = Pr. bosc = OSp. bosco, Sp. Pg. bosque = It. bosco, a wood, thicket, bush. See busk^, busk^, bus- con, boscage, liosket, bouquet, ambush, ambuscade, etc.] If. A thicket ; a clvmap of shrubs or trees. Ther as by aventure this Palamoun "Was in a busche, that no man niighte him see. For sore afered of his deth was he. Chaucer, Knight's Tale, 1. 659. 2. A shrub with branches; a thick shrub; tech- nically, a low and much-branched shrub. The Mouni of .Synay is clept the Desert of Syne, that is for to seyne, Bussche brennynge. Mandeville, Travels, p. 5S. 3. A stretch of forest or of shrubby vegeta- tion; a district covered with brushwood, or shrubs, trees, etc. ; a wide uncultivated tract of country covered with scrub: as, the bush was here very dense; to take to the bush (to become a 6Hs/)-ranger): so used especially in the British colonies of Australasia. Our first mile Lay through the most e.xquisite tract of bush it has ever been my good fortune to behold in any land; groups of tall red or black pine . . . mingled with flue trees of various sorts, matted by hucm-iant creepers. The Century, .\XVII. 923. 4. A branch of a tree lised or hung out as a tavern sign. See ale-stake and ale-garland. Ggod wine needs no bush. Old 2>raeerb. Wicker bottles dangling over even the chiefe entrance into the palace, serving for a \intner's bush. Evelyn, Diary, Oct. 22, 16-14. Outward figures which hang as signs or bushes of their inward forms. Sir T. Browne, Religio lledici, ii. 2. Hence — 5t. The tavern itself . Twenty to one you find him at the hush. Beau, and Fl. 6. The tail or brush of a fox — To beat about the bush. See heati.—to go by beggar's bush. See beii'inr.= S3m. Shrub, Herb, etc. See ee:ietabte, n. busbl (bush), r. [< bitsIA, «.] I. introns. To grow thick or bushy; serve or show as a bush. The bushiny alders formed a shady scene. Pojie, Odyssey. II, trans. 1. To set bushes about; support with Ijushes or branched sticks: as, to bush peas. — 2. To use a bush-haiTow on : as, to bush a piece of wood.— 3. To cover (seeds) by us- ing a bush-harrow: as, to bush in seeds, bush'- (Wish), n. [< D. bus = 6. bii.9che = E. 6ox'-2, a box ; all used also in the sense of bush-.] 1. A lining of harder material let into an ori- fice to guard against wearing by friction; the perforated box or tube of metal fitted into cer- tain parts of machinery, as the pivot-holes of a clock, the center of a cart-wheel, etc., to re- bushel eeive the wear of pivots, journals, and the like. Also called bushing. — 2. A tailors' thimble. Also called bu.shel. [U. S.J bush'- (lush'shrik), «; ASoiithAmeriean passerine bird, of the family Foi-niieoriida- and subfamily ThamnoplnUme ; an ant-thmsh, espe- cially of the genus T/irtWiHtyj/H/w*. The bush-shrikes \i\e among thick trees, bushes, and imdervood, where tliey perpetually prowl about after insects and young and sickly birds, and are great des^oyers of eggs. Numerous species are found in the hotter latitudes of .\meriea. bush-tailed (bush'tald), a. Having the fea- thers of the tail arranged in the shape of a tuft, brush, or bush: applied to the liatiUv. as os- triches, eassowariee, etc., as distinguished from ordinary fan-tailed birds. See cut under cas- sotcari/. bush-tit (bush'tit), n. An American oseine pas- serine bird, of the ge- nus Psaltri- partis and family Pari- (1i. The Lachesis mulii.t, a large venomous serpent of tropical South America, of the family Crotalida: Also •all" il suriiiucu. Bush-tit yPsattripariis metanetis). hwak er), [< bush^ -t- ifhack, beat, -I- -o-l.] 1. One accus- tomed to sojom-n in the woods, or beat about among bushes. They were gallant bush'U-hacker.'! and hunters of rac- coons by moonlight. Irvin;i, Knickerliocker, p. 3^3. 2. In the civil war in the I'nited States, a member of the irregular troops on the Con- federate side engaged iu guerrilla warfare; a guerrilla : a term applied by the Federal forces, — 3. A short hea-vy scj^he for cutting bushes. He [a sturdy countrymanl is a graduate of the i)lough, and the stub-hoe, and the bushwhacker. Eiuenon, Klotiuence. [See hii.^litrhdchr.'] 1. The action of pushing one's way through bushes or thickets; the luiuliug of a boat along a stream bordered by bushes by pulling at the branches. [U. S.] — 2. Tlie practice of attacking from behind bushes, iis a gueiTilla; irregular warfare carried on by bush- whackers. [U.S.]— 3. The cutting of bushes with a bushwhacker. bushy (biish'i), o. [< 6Hs7il + -;/!. Cf. ftH.sV,'.v, hoslc!/.} 1. Full of bushes; overgrown with shrubs. The kids with pleasure browse the himhii plain. Drijdrn. 2. Having many close twigs ami branches; low and shrubby. .Spenser; Bacon. — 3. He- sembling a busli; thick and spreading like a bush : as, a bushi/ lieard. A short sqnare-built old fellow, with thick )cKan inddcnly at men'n bncka to cry out, , . . '■ KhiK RIchanl. " .Sir T. .More, Works, p. W. KnvininlnK him with a Inuhmrnt of xoldlirs. aolilimi, tr. of .Iniitln, (ol. 6. 2. A thicket; a cluHter of buBhes. Wi«,d». hrlan, Imthmentt, and waters. Italrigh. Hist. World. b""'' — 'nl (bush ' met 'nl), n. Hnni branH; a •■ompoHJtion of coppor and tin, jmalM, beiiringit of Bhafls. etc. iu;iil ( busli'kwul), n. A bini of the fam- .,„,,,/„. „,|,| Hiiperfamily Tiirnicomoriihiv 1 lu'ini|io'l. i i-li'rnn'.ii'r), », One wliorntigcH '.•* ill the biiMh or woodn; ii biisli- ii''iilly, in AiiHtralla, a criiiiiiinl, ipi-il convii't, who takes to the bUbti ilv / or // bnsh i thn. . whii' seni'i •h or HuuslneS3 for, to settle; make an end of; kill, destroy, or riiiu. |Cu.-n.). < leel. /'"".•-•/,, gel one's self reiidv, a ri'tl. form, < bua, prepare (intr. live, dwell, = AS. bfiaii : see fcr', bou-eri, bmiift, biinnd'*, etc), + sik = Gotli, sik = (). sich = L. se. etc, one's self. For the form, ef, bask}.] I. Irons. 1. To get ready; prepare; e(|uip; ilrcsK: as, to busK a (Ish-hook. [Old English and Scotch.] Bluik'l lillii boldly to the drcmlful light. Fair/ujl, tr. of Tasso, vll. 87. 2l. To iiMo: employ. 'ousK Haf thy thy helmo of thy hcde, & haf here thy pay ; Bit^fc no more debate then I tlie bede thcnne, Wlien thou wypped of my hede at a wap one. Sir Oawai/ne aiid the Green Knight (E. E. T. S.), 1, 2248. Il.t intrans. To get ready and go; Imsten; hurry. " Now, come buslc" be off ! Robinson, Mid. Yorkshire Gloss. {N. E. D.) Byschopes and bachelers, and l)anerottcs nobille, That bowes to liis baiiore, tm.^kr whene liyni lyliys. M.Htc Arthiiiv (E. E. T. .S.), 1. 00. Many . . . husked westward fur tci rolilie eft. linh. of Brunne, Lai>gtoft'.s Clilon. (ed. llearnc), p. 39. busk'-'ti «• -Aji obsolete form of bush^. As the beast passed by, he start oxit of a Intske. Udall, Roister Doister, i. 4. busk^ (btisk), r. i. [Prob. < Sp. Pg. buscar, seek, search, liunt up and down: see buscnn.'] If. To seek; hunt up and down; east about; beat about. My Lord Rocliester was frighted, and was inclined to fall off from tliis, and to bxi.sk for some other way to raise the supply. lioi/er North, Life of Lord Guilford, II. 198. Go bit^k about, and run thyself into the next gi-eat man's lo!)by. Wycherley, Plain Dealer, iii. 1. 2. Naut., to beat to windward along a coast ; cruise off and on. busk'' (busk), ■«. [< P. bnsc, busque, busk, orig. tlie wliole bodice; used as equiv. to buste (a busk, the (juilted belly of a doublet, prop, a bust), of which it is prob. a conniption: see bust".] 1 . A stiffened body-garment, as a doub- let, corset, or bodice. Her long slit sleeves, stiffe bxiske, puffe, verdingall. Is all that mal£es her thus angelicall. Marston, .Scom-ge of ViUanle, Sat. vii. 2. A flexible strip of wood, steel, whalebone, or other stiffening material, placed in the front of stays to keep them in form. buskS (busk), K. [Amer. Ind. (f).] An Indian feast of first fruits. Would it not be well if we were to celebrate such a busk, or "feast of first fruits," as Bartram describes to have been the custom of the Mucclasse Indians ? Thoreau, Walden, p. 74. busked (Viiiskt), «. l< busJci + -ed^.'\ Wearing a l>usk; stiffened with a busk. busket (bus'ket), «. [A var. of bosket, q. v. Cf. hnshct.] If. A small bush. — 2. Same as hostct. — 3t. A sprig; a bouquet. Yougthes folke now flocken in every where, To gather M&y -buskets and smelling brere. Spenser, Shep. Cal., May. buskin (bus'kin), n. [Early mod. E. also biis- kiii P. broiisequin, bro- Oeqitiii; cf. broclekin), a buskin, dim. of broos, a buskin, ap- par. orig. a purse ; cf . MD. horsekin, a little pm-se, dim. of borse, a purse: see burse, 2)urse.'\ 1. A half- boot or high shoe . . „ , . strapped or laced to Ancient Buskins. ii i , . , , c .1, . . .. M jv- ■ tbe ankle and the FromthestatuettecalledNarcissus. , ^ „ ., , in the Naples Museum. lOWBr part ot the leg. The hunted red-deer's undressed hide Their hairy buskins well supplied. Seott, Marmion, v. 5. 2. A similar boot worn by the ancients; the cothurnus, particularly as worn by actors in tragedy. See cothurnus. How I eould reare the Muse on stately stage, And teache her tread aloft in buskin fine. Spenser, .Sliep. Cal., Octol>er. Hence — 3. Tragedy or the tragic drama, as op- posed to comedy. He w;is a critic upon operas, too. And kiiew all niceties of the sock and buskin. Byron, Beppo, st. 31. 4. A low laced shoe worn by women. — 5. jil. EccJ., stockings forming a part of the canoni- cals of a bishop, usually made of satin or em- broidered silk. buskined (bus'kind), a. [< buskin + -e(/2.] l. Wearing buskins. The bouncing Amazon, Your buskin d mistress. Shak., M. N. D., ii. 2. 2. Pertaining to tragedy; tragic. In buskin'd measures move I'ale Grief, and pleasing Pain.' G-ray, The Bard. busklet, <■• «. [Perhaps a var. of bustle^, q. v.] To bustle about; move quickly. It is like the smoldering tyer of Moimt Chymera, which boyling long tyme with great iusklim in the bowels of the earth, dooth at length burst out with violent rage. Oratiotls of Arsanes, 1555. {Halliwell.) 733 busk-point t, «• The aglet used for the lace of a Imsli. 'I'he rio.ir was strewed with busk-iminls, silk garters, and shoe-.stiiiigs, scattered hoi-o and there for haste to make away fium me. Miildletun, Tlie Black Book. buskyt (bus'ki), a. [< i«.<,-/t'-i + -yl. Cf. buski/ and boskj/.} Bushy; bosky: as, "yon buskii hill," ,S'W.-., IHen.IV., v.l. bussl (bus), V. [Of uncertain origin; cf. G. dial. (Bav.) busson (= 8w. dial, pussa), kiss, > G. bus (used by Luther) = Sw. puss, a kiss. Cf. Sp. Pg. bu~, a kiss of reverence, = Pr. bus, a kiss; ef. Sp. ftwr, Wall, btize, lip. These forms are prob. uncouueoted with ME. basse, a kiss, late ME. basse, kiss: see bass^. Cf. Turk, bus, Pers. busii, Hind, bosa, a kiss.] I. trans. To smack; kiss; salute with the lips. And bi(ss tliee as thy wife. Slmk., K. .lohn, iii. 4. Kissing and bussing differ both in this. We iW6'* our wantons, but our wives we kiss. Uerrick. II. intrans. To kiss. Oome, huM and friends, my laml); wliish, lullaby. What ails my babe, what ails my Imbe to cry ? Quarles, Emblems, ii. 8. bussi (bus), M. [< 6«ssi, «.] A smack; a kiss; a salute with the lips. Thou dost give me flattering busses. Shak., 2 Hen. IV., ii. 4. buss^t (bus), n. [< ME. busse (cf. D. buis = MLG. buse, butso = OHG. bUzo, MHG. buse, G. biise = Icel. bussa, buza), < OF. basso, buse = Sp. buzo = Pr. bus, a kind of boat, < ML. bu.'isa, buscia, a kind of boat, also a box; one of the numerous forms of buxida, prop. ace. of buxis, also (L.) huxus, a box: see boisf^, box^, bu.sh-, boss'i, bushell, etc.] A small vessel of from 50 to 70 tons burden, carrying two masts, and two sheds or cabins, one at each end, used in hen-ing-fishing. The buss wa-s common in the middle ages among the \ enetians and other maritime commuui- ties. It was of considerable beam, like a galleon. It was a sea most proper for whale-fishing; little Imsses might cast out nets for smelts and herrings. Bp. Uacket, Life of Abp. Williams, p. 82. His Majesty's resolution to give £200 to every man that will set out a busse. I'epys, Diary, I. 353. buss^, 11. See bus. buss* (bus), K. A Scotch form of bush'^. busS'' (bus), V. t. [E. dial. var. of busk^.] dress : get ready. bussock (bus'ok), n. [E. dial., perhaps < *buss for busk'2 or 6i«/«l + -ock.] 1. A tuft of coarse grass. — 2. A sheaf of grain. — 3. A thick, fat person. [Prov. Eng.] bussocky (bus'ok-i), a. [< bussock + -?/l.] Having bussoeks, tufts of coarse grass, or the like. [Prov. Eng.] Tliere's nothing bussocky about it [a cricket-ground], no rushes, nor notliing of that. Quoted in N. and Q., eth ser., XI. '28". bussu-palm (bus'so-pam), «. A palm, the ^fa- nicaria saccifera, foimd in the swamps of the Amazon, whose stem is only fi-om 10 to 20 feet high, but whose leaves are often 30 feet long and 4 or 5 feet broad. These are used by the Indians for thatch, for whicli they are admirably adapted. Tlie fibrous spathes are used as bags, or when cut longitudi- nally .and stretched out answer the purpose of a coarse lint strong cloth. See Manicaria. bussynet, ». [Early mod. E., < OP. bussine, bui.'.ini', busine, a trumpet.] A trumpet. bust,' (bust), V. A dialectal or vulgar form of burst. busti (bust), H. 1. A dialectal or ■vulgar form of burst. — 2. Specifically, a spree: as, to go on a bust. [CoUoq.] bust'-^ (bust), n. [Formerly also busto (< It.): = G. bu.ste, < F. buste, < It. busto = Sp. Pg. busto, < ML. bustuni, the trimk of the body, of uncertain origin; perhaps from ML. busta, a box, one of the forms of buxida : see boist^, bu.is'^, 6oj'2, etc. Cf.E. chest and trunk, used in a similar manner.] 1. The chest, thorax, or breast; the trunk of the human body above the waist. It pressed upon a hard but glowiug bust Wliich beat as if there was a warm heart under. Byron, Don Juan, (xvi. 122, bustle 2. In sculp., the figure of a person in relief, showing only the head, shoulders, and breast. 'I'lie teiMi may lie a|i|ilied to tile liearl and ncuk only, or to till- liead and ncrk with tlie sliouldcrs ami breast, or to tllo licad with tlie wlnde diest, or to the head, neck, Ijreast, and shimlriers, with tlie arms truncated above the clljow. bust'* (bust), V. t. [E. dial. var. of buist.'] To ])ut a tar-mark upon (sheep). bust'* (bust), «. [< bust'i, v.} A tar-mark on sheep. bustard (bus'tjlrd), «. [Formerly bistard; < OF. (and F. dial.) bistarde, OF. also ouslarde, houstardc, liosliirrlc, nioil. F. oul/irde = Pr. fius- tarda = It. uttarda = Sp. aru tarda = I'g. ahe- tarda and betarda, bustard, < L. arts turda (Pliny), lit. a slow bird: see Arcs and tardy. The first element appears also in ostrith : see r>strich.'\ 1. A largo grallatorial bird of the family Otidida; or of the genus Otis in a wide sense. There are about *30 species, mostly of Africa, several of India, one of Australia, and three jiropurly European. Tile beBt.known is the great bustard, Otis tarilo, of Europe and Africa, noted as- the largest Euro- pean bird, the male often weighing .'io pouiidK, and having a length of about 4 feet and a stretch of wings of U or 7 feet, 'llie little bustard Is Otis tetraz of southern Europe. To .a Uustard iC'/ij c< Bust of Homer, Museo N Naples. The houbara, O. houttara, is a north African and Arabian species, occuiTingalso in southern Europe, and the alliett Indian species, O. niaCf]Ueeni, has sometimes been taken in Europe. O. aurita and O. bewialensis are also Asiatic. The Australian species is O. austratis. The rest are .\fri- cali. Only the fli-st-iianieil twi» belong to the restricted genus Otis; the remaiiuler are sometimes allocateil to a genus Etipodotis, sometimes split into six to niue dilfereut genera. See also cut under Euj/odotis. 2. A name in Canada of the common wild goose, Bernicla canadensis. A. Xeicton Thick- kneed bustard, a name of the tllick-kuee, Oidicnemut rii'i,lt(tti.^. a kind of plover. busted' (bus 'ted), p. a. [< bust'^ + -ed2.] Broken ; bankrupt ; ruined : as, a busted bank ; a busted miner. [Slang, U. S.] busted- (bus'ted), fl. [< bust- + -c- lis .valicifolia. -with very heavy and liard wood, dark-brown in color, and susceptible of a high polish. bustle' (bus'l), r. i. ; pret. and pp. bustled, ppr. hii.'//.*i<7. busy: see busy, «.] To employ with constant attention; keep engaged; make or keep busy: as, to busy one's self with books. Be it thy course, to busy giddy minds "With foreign quarrels. Shak., 2 Hen. rv^, iv. 4. All other Nations, from whom they could expect aide, were bltsied to the utmost in their own necessary concern- ments. Milton, Eikonoklastes, xit ; pi. btisybodies (-iz). A meddling person ; mpertinently concerns himself with the aflEairs of others. A busybody who had been properly punished for running into danger without any call of duty. 3iacautai/, Hist. Eng., xvi. the folds of the skirt to hang gracefully, and t„„.^v-j.^™ Cblz'i-bod'i preventing the skirt from interfering with the ^^J'^ff^T'he habit of bu feet in walking. Whether she was pretty, whether she wore much bustle. One who bustles; an ac- i-izm), )i. [< busybody bussing one's self about other people's affairs. [Rare.] The most common effect of this mock evangelical spirit, especially with young women, is self-inflation and busy- bodyism. Coleridge, Table-Talk. busyness (biz'i-nes), 71. [< busy + -ness. Cf. bu.iincss, the same word with altered pron. and meaning.] The state of being busy or actively employed. See busiiwss, 1. [Now rare.] Grant. . . isentirely ignorant of the arts by which pop- ularity is preserved and a show of bujtyness kept up by them. The Xativn, Sept. 16, 1869, p. 224. busytyt, «• [Early mod. E., < busy + -ty.'] BusiiTiess. The table dTi6te was going on, and a gracious, bustling, but^ (but), adv., prep., and conj. [Early mod bustler (bns'ler), «. five, stirring person. Forgive him. then, thou bustler in concerns Of little worth. Cotcper, Task, vi. 952. bustling (bus'ling), i>. a. [Ppr. of 6MS?/el, c] Moving actively with noise or agitation ; briskly active or stirring: as, "a busy, 6KA«i«(7 time," Crabbe, The Newspaper. Sir Henry Vane was a busy and bustling man. Clarendxm. talkative landlady welcomed me. H. James, Jr., Little Tour, p. 24S. bustot (hus'to), « . [It. , also Sp. and Pg., a bust : see bust.^ A bust ; a statue. [Rare.] The busto moulders, and the deep cut marble, Unsteady to the steel, gives up its charge. Blair, The Grave. bustuoust, bustust, bustwyst. See hoistous. busy (biz'i). a. [< ilE. bisy, bysy, bcsy, busi, busy, etc., < AS. bysig, busy, occupied (> bysgu, occupation, labor, toil, affliction), = D. be;ig = LG. besig, busy, active. Further affinities doubtful. The spelling with « is due to the frequent use of that letter in ME. with its F. sound, the same as the sound of AS. y, for which it was often substituted. The proper E. representative of AS. y is i, as in the phoneti- cally parallel diczy, < AS. dyaig.'] 1. Actively or attentively engaged ; closely occupied physi- cally or mentally; intent iipon that which one is doing; not at leisure: opposed to idle. My mistress sends you word That she is busy, and she cannot come. SAa*.,T. of theS., V. 2. I write of melancholy, by being busy to avoid melan- choly. Burton, Auat of Jlel., To the Keadcr, p. 18. As a iHiy he fClive] hail been too idle, as a man he soon became loo tn^jfy, for literary pursuits. ilacaulay. Lord Clivc. 2. Active in that which does not concern one; meddling with or prj-ing into the affairs of others; officious; importunate. 'Iliey Ik; careful! and diligent in tlieir own nmttcre, not curious and buscy in otlicr mens allairfs. Ateham, Tlie .Scholcniastcr, p. 35. On meddling monkey, or on busy ane. Sliak., M. N. D., 11. 2. 3. In constant or energetic action; rapidly moving or moved; diligently used: as, busy bands or thoughts. With busy liBumicrs cIosIiik rivets ui). iVint., Hen. v., Iv. (cho.). The music-itlrring motion of Its wtll and busy feet. Shelley, rroiuethcua Unboimd, I. 4. Pertaining or duo to energetic action; mani- fcatiog conHtunt or rapid movement. 1 heard a busie ItUfttlinK- Sitenitrr, sln-p. Cftl., March. 'J'ower'd cities please ii^ then. Anil tlio fci«(/ hum of ni. ii. .l/iVf.,;i, L'Allogro, 1. 118. I.''qturing conntant attention, us a tank. I.' qti r^t a busy work to lirlng bin pnrialilonera to a iMlimrr, Sifrmon of llic I'lougli. o.-matlcs were my tniisj/ liook. ./. Ilemtmont, I'nyche, 11. 45. 6. Fill'-d with active duties or employment. Tr. II. . . ( ,/,iu„ilay. .SAo*., KIch, III .. V, ::. 7t. ('"<■ < ■'■ ii.sioiiH. fVi»/«Tr. -Bjni.1 anil 2. -<<•• tire, I:- r i ' - . I ; illll|(onl, aMiduiMlli, Imnl V. busy (I" biuying. :.; pril. :'iiil ]>p. huMml, L< MK. btttUin, bislen, begicn, < ppr. AS. E. also bot. bote ; < JIE. but. bot, hitte. botCj buteii boteii, with a short vowel; parallel with the equiv. early mod. E. lout (esp. as a prep., with- out; cf. about, the same word with a prefix: see bout-, and boufi = about), < ME. bout, boute, bouten, earlier bate, buten, retaining the orig. long vowel, < AS. butan, butoii, poet, be-utait, ONorth. buta (= OS. biuian, butan = OFries. huten, biita, bota = JILti. biiteii, but, LG. biiten = D. buiten = OHG. 6(hc«h)i ^'ithout, outside, < be, by, with, -t- itiaii, out, orig. from without, < fit, out: see be-" and out, and cf. the correla- tive 6(h2, = So. bcii, within (< be-- + i«l), and about, above, which also contain the element 6e--.] I. adv. If. Outside; without; out. flit was swuthe mouclicl scomc |a very great shame] That scholde a queue beou King in thisse londe, Heora sunen beon buten [var. !row(e]. Layamon, I. l.W. 2. In or to the outer room of a cottage liiiviug a but and a ben: as, he was but a few minutes ago; he gacd but just now. [Scotch.] — 3. Only; merely; just. See lU. li. prep. "it. Outside of ; vrithout.— 2t. To the outside of. — 3. To the outer apartment of : as, gae but the house. [Scotch.]— 4. With- out; notha\Tng; ajmrt from. Sumiue [sc. weren) al bule fet [without feetl. Old Eng. Homilies (ed. Morris), Ist 8er., p. 43. Of fassoun fair, fcrit feir [without eiiual]. Dunbar. Touch not a cat but a glove. Scotch proeerb. 5. Except; besides; more than, (in this use gen- erally preceded by a clause cnnlaiuing or implying a nega- tion, and not easily separable fnon tlie conjiniclioniil u»e. under which most of the exiiiiiplis (nil. The conjuiictiiin, on the oIluT hand in some elliptical constructions luisHUU'a a preiiiisitional phase, and in other constructions an ad- verliiiil ph.ise. Sec lielow.) III. eonj. 1. Except; unless: after a clause coiitaiiiiiig or inqilyiiig a iiogaticin, ami iulro- duoiiig the fcillowiiig clause, in which (tlic verb being usually omitted because iniplieii in the ])receding clause) but before the noun (Kiilijci-t or object of the omitted verb) comes to bo re- garded as a preposition governing the noun. >'ls [ne is, is not] buten nn god [noni.]. Legend of St. Katherinf, p. 307. Tiler nis bot a godd [noin.]. Ugeml o/ St. Kalherinr, p. 282. Nl» non other lute he jnoin.]. OU Eng. llomUict (cd. Morris), 2d sir., p. 100. Nefcdo (had not] he bnten anno 8Unc (bcc.). Layatnon, 1, f>. Away went (illpln — who tntt he? Cowper.inUn (illjiln. Ilic rlause Introiliued by but (the npparenl objicl of (In- i|Uiuilpr; 1ml b"pe." or " anything else than hope," wrlt^*, And beot hem with a baleyt* f>ut .i-i/tbel wolde lernen. J'icrfi rhuuntiniA), xt. 182. Hut if I have my wllle. For dcnio love of tliei-. hniini, I Mpille. Chuucrr. Mlllir-HTale, 1. 91. rx'se the fratornoto of the glide for euere more, but i/ ho bane grace. JStiifliiih Qild» (E. E. T. H.), P- 06. T)ut And also be we very sure, that as he [God] beginneth to worke with vs, so {but if our selfe tlit froiti him) he wil not faile to tarie with vs. Sir T. More, Cumfort against Tribulation (1573), fol. 17. The phrase but that, oft«n abbreviated to but, thus takes an extended meaning, (a) If not ; unless. Bote ich be holly at thyn heate, let honge me ellys ! Piers Plowman (C), iv. 149. (b) Except that, othermse than that, that . . , not. (1) After negative clauses. Sildome but some good commeth ere the end. Spenser, Mother Hub. Tale, 1. 172. I see not then btit we should enjoy the same license. B. Jortsun. And know there shall be nothing in my power You may deserve, but you shall have your wishes. Beau. a7id Fl., Philaster, v. 4. Nor fate Shall alter it, since now the die is cast. But that this hour to Pompey is his last. Fletcher {and another). False One, i. 1. ;^elieve not htit I joy to see thee safe. Rowc. I was not so young when my father died hut that I per- fectly remember him. Byron. The negative clause is often represented by the single word iwt. Not but they thought me worth a ransom. S. Butler, Hudibras. An expletive what sometimes, but incorrectly, follows. Not but lohat I hold it our duty never to foster into a passion what we nmst rather submit to as an awful neces- sity. Buhvcr. (2) After interrogative clauses implying a negative an- swer. But is it suffered amongest them? It is wonderfull but that the governoui's doe redresse such shamefull abuses. Spenser, State of Ireland. Who knows but we may make an agreeable and perma- nent acquaintance with this interesting family? T. Hook. (3) After imperative or exclamatory clauses. Heaven defend but still I should stand so. Shak., 1 Hen. IV., iv. 3. (c) Excepting or excluding the fact that; save that; were it not that ; unless. And, but infirmity OVliieh waits upon worn times) hath something seiz'd His wish"d ability, he had himself The lands and waters 'twixt yom* throne and his Measur'd to look upon you. Shak., W. T., v. 1. Here we live in an old crumbling mansion that looks for all the world like an inn, but that we never see com- pany. Goldsmith. Last year, my love, it was my hap Behind a grenadier to be, And, but he wore a hairy cap, No taller man methinks than me. Thackeray, Chronicle of the Drum. 2. However; yet; still; nevertheless; notwith- standing: introducing a statement in restric- tion or moditioation of the preceding statement. When pride cometh, then cometh shame : but with the lowly is wisdom. Prov. xi. 2. Now abideth faith, hope, charity, these three ; but the greatest of these is charity. 1 Cor. xiii. 13. The Moorish inhabitants looked jealously at this small but proud array of Spanish chivalry. Irving, Granada, p. 11. 3. On the contrary; on the other hand: the regular adversative eonjimction, introducing a clause in contrast with the preceding. Coke's opposition to the Court, we fear, was the effect not of good principles, but of a bad temper. Macaulay, Lord Bacon. The statement with which the clause with but is thus con- trasted may be unexpressed, being implied in the context or supplied by the circumstances. Of much less value is my company Than yom- good words. But who comes here? Shah., Rich. H., ii. 3. Have you got nothing for me? — Yes, but I have. Sheridan. Sometimes, instead of the statement with which the clause with but is contrasted, an exclamation of surprise, admi- ration, or other strong feeling precedes, the clause with but then expressing the ground of the feeling. 0. hut this most delicious world, how sweet lit_i' [ik-asures relish ! Quarles, Emblems, ii. 13. Good htavens, btit she is handsome ! Adam Smith. 4. Than: after comparatives. [This construction, once in good use, and still common, is now regarded as incorrect.] It can be no otherwise b^it so. B. Jonson, C>iithia's Kevels, v. 2. O fairest flower, no sooner blown hut blasted. Milton, Ode on D. F. I. I no sooner saw my face in it but I was startled by my shortness in it. Addison. This point was no sooner gained, but new dissensions began. Stvift, Nobles and Commons, iii. Of. When. [This use arises out of the comparative con- struction, '*not far, but . . . ," being equivalent to "not much further than . . ." See 4.] Now I beheld in my dream, that they had not journeyed far, but the river and the way for a time jjarted. Bunyan, Pilgrim's Progress, p. 172. [By further ellipsis and idiomatic deflection but has in modem English developed a great variety of special and 735 Buthus isolated usea derived from the prnccding.] = Syn. Umv- crrr. Still, N evert heletis, etc. See however. buti (but), ti. [He, < but^f adv.jprep.y and couj., outside, without. Cf. the correlative hcni-, n.} The outer room of a house consisting of only two rooms ; the kitchen : the other room being the hri/. To live but and ben with. Sul- br-^ but-t.buttit(>>'it)^ ilouiider(gI<)HH('dalso t ur ho, tnrhot, andpcctfn) = D. hot, a Jloundor, plaice, = MLG. but, hG. tinguiflhed from gamt^ oj olher animal or vege- tabh' food ; l)utchers' meat. butcheroust (hu<-h'6r-u8), «. [< butciwr + -oivi.'j Murderous ; cruel. That those thy hutcherotut handa Should olfer violence t** thy Hesh and blood. Chaj/inan (?>, Alphonsus, v. 2, [< MK. hu(Jmtt(u boffr, a butcher-rowt (biich'6r-r6), n. A row of shara- '' ' blew; a uiuat-rnarket. How largo a Bhambles nnd InUcher-row would such hutty buitc G. hutt, butie)j a flounder, = S\v. make! WhUlock, Manners of f:ng. People p 97 6w««, a turbot. Hence in comp /m/ii^w^, q. v.] butcher's-broom (biich 'C-rz-brom), «. See [North. Eng.] A flomider or plaice Ue tok The buUe, the schuUo, the thoniebak. Uavelok, 1. VfJO. Eolte, that is a flounder of the (resshe water. liabeeH Book (E. E. T. S.), ]). 'jal. DUt^, ('. Soo ?«(«!. but*, n. and v. See hutt"^. but^ (but), V. Short for abut. See lutfi. but" (but), n. Soo hut0. butch (buch), V. t. [Assumed from lutcher, like peddle from peddler.'] To butcher; cut, as flesh. [Karo.] Take thy hiiKc nllal ami white liver hence. Or in a twiiikliui; of tlii.s trne-ljluc steel I shall be htifrhiiiut 40 spe- cies, of nearly .ill parts of the world. They are large, lieavy hawks, witli no tooth on the bill, wings and tail of moderate size, and rather short feet with partly naked, partly fea- thered tarsi. Tile conmion' buz- zard of Europe, B. rulffaris, and the red-tailed buzzard of .\nierica, B. borealis, are typical xaniples. Head of Rcd-tailed Buz- zard iSufeo bvrialis). Butcher-bird {Laftiits litdavicianus). ly eats, and sticking what is left upon thorns, as a butcher hangs meat upon hooks. The common butcher-bird of Eiu-ope . is L. exciibitor ; two conimon American species are the great northern shrike, L. borcalL^, and a smaller southern spe- cies, the white-runiped shrike or loggerhead, L. ludavici- anu^. See mm-lcillrr and shrike. butcher-crow (buch'er-kro), n. A bird of the family Ciirrida: gcuus Barita, inhabiting New Holland, as B. (h.iiii-al. dial., appar. < but* or butt-, a boimd, limit, + gap.] A fence of turf. Buthus (bii'- thus), H. [NL.] A genus of scorpions, of the family Au- Buthus i-artilirtus. natural size. Bathos droclonidcr. B. carolinus (Beauvois) is common in the southern United States. Its sting is poisonous, but seldom fatal. , „ , ^ , butler (but'ler). II. [Early mod. E. also boteler, < ilE. ioteJer, boiler, buteler. etc., < AF. buttiille); OF bitteiVer, bouteillier, bouUUier (ML. buticii- larius), < AF. biituiUe, OF. hoiiteilk. < ML. bu- licula. a bottle: see 6of«<-2.] l. A man-servant 736 Full butt, with the head directed at an object so as to strike it most effectively. Fj'ulle butt in the fruut the froraonde (forehead) he luttez, liiat the biu-iij scht blade to the hrajiie ryiinez. ilorte Arthure (.E. E. T. S.\\. 1112. The corporal ran/«H butt at the lieutenant. Marn/at, Snarleyyow, l.yi. butt'2 (but), «. [Also written hut, early mod. ..,,. . . E. (iH^f, < ME. Ah?, &!(«<-, a goal (Mi<'(n), a mark household whose principal duty is to take ^^ ghoot at, but, butt, hutte. a butt of land (ML. charge of the liquors, plate, etc.; the head male servant of a household. And he restored the chief butler unto his butlership a"ain • and he gave the cup into Pharaohs hand. ^ Gen. XL 21. 2. The title of an official of high rank nomi- nally connected with the importation and sup- ply "of wine for the royal table, but having difterent duties in different countries and at various times. butlerage (but'ler-aj), n. [< butler + -«-yf.J 1. In old Ell, I. laic, a duty of two shillings on every tun of wine imported into England by foreign- ers or merchant strangers : so called because originally paid to the king's butler for the king. These ordinary finances are casual or uncertain, as lie tlie escheats, the customs, bulhraii:; and impost. Bacon. 2t. The office of butler; butlership.— 3. The butlers department in a household. butleress (but'ler-es), n. [< butkr + -ess.] A f finale butler. Chajmiaii. butlership (but'ler-ship), w. [< butler + -sfti>.] Th.' offi.i" of a butler. Gen. .xl. 21. butlery (but'ler-i), n. [bee buttery.} Same as buttery^, •!. [Rare.] There was a hutUni connected with the college, at wliich cider, beer, sugar, pipes, and tobacco were sold to the stu- denU. Gffw, Primer of Politeness (ed. 1SS3), p. H«. butment Hjut'ment), n. An abbreviated form .if .lliKlllirii/. butment-cheek (but'ment-chek), «. The part of the material about a mortise against which the shoulder of a tenon bears. Butorides (bu-tor'i-dez), ». [NL.] A genus of small herons, of the family -l/-rfc(*r, of which green is the principal color; the little green herons. B. cirescem, the common shitepoke or llynp- tlie-creek of the United States, is one species, and tliere af -rvi ral others. but-shaftt, «• See butt-shaft. butt' (but), c. [Also sometimes (like all the other words spelled butt) written but, early mod. E. butte, < ME. bittteti. push, throw, < AF. biitci; OF. butcr, boter, push, butt, strike, mod. P. bouter, put, biiter. intr. hit the mark, aim, tr. prop, buttress, =Pr. butar, Ixiutar. butiir = Sp. Pg. Ixniir = It. bnttare, lance, liullarr, push, thnist, throw, fling; perhaps < MHG. b E. butte, q. v.); all orig. < OF. hiiter, hoter, AF. buter, push, butt, strike, mod. F. bouter, put, biiter, hit the mark, aim, prop, > E. 6««l, of which butf^ is thus indirectly a derivative: see 6«Ht. The forms and senses mi.\ with some of appar. diff. origin: cf. Xorw. hutt, a stump, block. leel. hiitr, a log, Ltx. hutt, a stumpy v,.^.., ,,„-., „ pAlso written? child; G. butt = I), hot = Dan. hut, short and ^,^"'', // '.V 1 ) Jffi feX W^J thick.' stubby F. hot in pie,l bot,e\nh-t.iot, == !;''/:i;^'.(:.;.il!),!^;Zi':'i'/.w Sp. boto, blunt, round at the end) : rcteiTed, doubtfully, ult. to the root of E. betitl, q. v. prob. in "part confused ^vith LG. butt, etc., a tub, etc., = E. hutt^.] 1. The end or extremity of a thing. Particularly — (k) Tlie thicker, larger, or lilnnt end of a piece of tinilier, a musket, a tishing-rud, a whip-handle, etc. Also called butt-emi. (b) The thick or fleshy part of a plant, etc. (c) The buttocks ; the posteri- ors. IVulsar.l (lO A buttock of beef. [Prov. Ens.] 2. In siiip-huihliiH/, the end of a plank or piece of timber which exactly meets anotlier endwise in a ship's side or bottom; also, the junctiu-e of two such pieces. — 3. Inmnrh., ■ ^_^ thni-i thr 1. aniij.. fencing. T. -I.. Fast-joint Butt. buttal Fast-Joint butt, a hinge in which the pintle that holdi together the two leaves is removable, and the leaves are solnterlooked that thev cannot be separated without first removing the pintle-— Hookand butt. See /id-*.- LooBe- jointbutt.a hinge in wliiib the jointeil portion is halved, each half forming a part of one of the leaves. The pin iB immovalilv llxeil to one leaf, and enters a hole in the other leaf, thus' enaliling the leaves to be sep-^u-atcd easily.— Rising butt, a liiuLie in which the leaf attached to the doornses slightly as the door is opened. This action it effected liy making the siuface upon which this leaf niovea inclined instead of Itorizontal. The object is to give the door a tendency to close autoniatieally.— Scuttled bUtt. Same as scuttle-butt.— To give the butt to, in iiiigling with a light flv-rod, to turn the Initt of llu- rod towanl tho booked lisli, thus bending the rod upon itself ami liiepiiie a steailv tension on the line.— To Start or spring a butt Ouiul.\ to loosen the end of a plank liy ibe ueakiuss or lalioring of the ship. _ " " t), v. [< biitt^, II.) I. trans. If. To bounds or limits for. That the dean, etc., do cause all and singular houses, dwellings of the church, to be bounded and butted. Abp. Parker, in Strype (fol. ed.), p. 304. 2. To cut off the ends of, as boards, in order to make stiuare ends or to remove faulty portions. E. H. Kiiii/lit. II. iiitnhi.''. To abut. See butt\ v., U., 2, 3. Also spelled hut. [Also written but, early mod. E. fii7, earlier ()«(?«, a leathern bottle, a wine-skin (in late ME. hitte, aleathern fire-bucket), < AS. hi/tt. /ji/f, a leathern bottle, = MD. hutte, D. but, a wooden bucket, = MLG. butte, LG. hutte, hutt = MHG. hiitte, Q. hutte, hiitte, a tub, coop, = Icel. hytta, a small tub, a bucket, pail, = Norw. hytta, a tub, bucket, pail, a brewing-vat (cf. hull, a keg, a butter- tub), = Sw. hytta, a pail, = Dan. biitte. a tub, coop; mixed with (2) ME. *butte (not found in this sense), < OF. houte, mod. F. hotfe = Pr. Sp. hota = It. botle, a butt, cask; cf. (3) AS. ()i/rffii = MLG. hoilciie, bodeii, bode, hoihU; biidde, also hodeiiie (bv confusion with bodeiiic = E. bottom) = OIIG. liutinua, MHG. hutiii. hudiu, biiieii, bit- ten, hiitteii, G. hiitte (mixed with the above) = ODau. hodde, a butt, tun, tub, vat; cf. It. hot- tiiia, a little butt; (4) AS. buleruc, buterie, bit- true, etirly ME. huttruc = OS. buterie = OHG. butirih, pitterili, MHG. hiiterieh, butrich, a lear tliern bottle, a flask. G. disil. biitterieh, biitlrich, a small tub or barrel, a keg (JIL. hulterieii.'i, a tankard); ami (5) see bottle-, from tlii' same ult. source: < ML. hutti.^, bulla, also bulls, hula, a bvitt, a cask, M(ir. liv-rii;, jiovTn; a butt (NGr. jiiirTa, a tub, a churn, jioiTal, a tub, a barrel), appar. shortened from tlie older form U'l'om i which directly the third set of forms men- • tioned), ML. butiiia, a flask, < (ir. irmri/. later • (Tareutine) liv-irii, a flask covered Avith osier • (cf. NGr. .h'Tim, a pan for salting meat). .-Vs i in other vessel-names, the precise application i varies in tlie different languages. In the sense ' the square end of a connecting- rod or other link, to which the bush-bearing is attached. — 4. In carp., a door-hinge consisting of two plates of metal, or leaves, which interlock so as to form a movable jointjbeing heldtogether 1>V a pill or pintle. They are screwed to the butting parts of the door and casing, instead of to their adjoining sides as are the older strap-hinges. See/«-s(->ii«( bull and luosi'-juiut bull, below. Also culled bult-lliiujc. 5. In a(iri.: {a) A ridge in a plo\v<'d lield, espe- cially when not uf full length. Hence — (/') A gore or gare. (c) pi. A small detached or dis- joined parcel of land left over in surveying.— '6. In the leather trade, a hide of sole-leather with the belly and shoulders cut olV; a rouiideil crop. The heaviest hides . . . have received tho name of ''»'(« or bucks. Cir, Diet., III. bU. 7t. A hassock.— 8. The standing portion of , , a half-coupling at the eiui of a hose; theme- of a particular measure of wine, the word is tallic ring at the end of the hose of a fire-en- modern; cf. jiijie in similar senses.] If. A gine, or the like, to wiiioh the nozle is screwed. — 9. In tartjet-.'^hoidiiui : (a) lu archery, a mark to shoot at." (/;) In ritle-i)ractice, a wooden tar- get composed of several tliickuesses of boards, with small spaces between them, so that tho depth to which bullets penetrate can be ascer- 2. A large cask, especially one to contain wine. " V) In gunnery, a .solid embankment of — 3. A tneasure of wine ew> tha dulk on Kolwrt'i c< earth or sand into which projectili's are fired in testing guns, or in ninking liallislic experi- ments. ((/) pi. The range or jilace where arch- erv, rifle, or gunnery practice is carried on, in distinction from the field. See tartict. Hence — 10. A peraon or thing that serves as a nuirk for shafts of wit or ridicule, or as an object of sarcastic or contemiituous remarks, I played a seiiteiiee or two at my Imll, which t thought very smart, when niv ill genlns . . . suggested to liini Bucli a reiily as got all Ibe laughter on his side. Umliicll. That false prinlenie wbiib dotes on health and wealth Is the bull and meninient o( heroism. Kmermn, Essays, l«t ser. , p. i'S.1. 11. A goal; abound; inlimit. Merc Is my jiiurneys end, here Is ntv Iniit, And very sea. mark of my utmost sail. .s7in*-., (Ilhello. v. 2. 12. In ronl-miiiiuii, the Hurface of the coiil which is at riglil angles to tin- fuci'. |Kng.j — 13. A shoi'inakers' knife. (North. Eng. ] Also spelled but. Bead and butt. Sie (nn./, a- Butt and Dutt, wiih the liiilt I imI» i.il" llii r. but not overlapnhm, a" two phtiikn. - Butta and bounds, the aliultals anil bi.iinilarle.otlanil. Butt's length, the ordinary dlslaine from 1 he ^.lacc of shoollng to the butt or mark: as, not two built lrn;iiliM (rom the town. I li. > I rode so cloin iHin after a-niitller that whan Ib.l ill iiijiil llial niygbl have enstc n glove vpon llielre - OiM s, that nbolile not have falle to Kronnde. er lliel luidile nl. a butlc UngllK. Merlin (E. E. T. ».), III. lUW.. States (that is, old wine) gallons; a pipe, u Is no hmgir a legal measdre In Ureal liiitjiin, anif the eimi- nion statement that an iniiu'rial butt is I'ill imperial gal- lons is Incon-ect; the butt Is 111) imperial gallons. The measure was originally used iliielly tor Spanish wine, ami the word wils used to translate .Spanish bula, whieb eipialcU IJil liiiiteil States gallons, anil to dislinguisb that from till- S|«inish yiiM. which contained only lU I'niteil States gallon..,. It-s present value was legalized by a statute of Anne. II is now eoufoundcd with the ;ilV'i'. The pipe of Madeira Is reputed loeonlain lie gallons; of Canary, 120; of I'oit, IMS; of Marsala. \\i. The fe.fii and ;'i;m. tbl-ough- oiit Spain, vary but little from the values above given. In I'orlugiu-se countl-ies t wo niea»nreK arc eoniuion. one of 141 gallon»(()porlo. I.islion for oil), anil another of 110 gallons {l.lslion, .Madeira, I'orlo llleo, Hiiliia). There is besides « I'ortuguise pipe of i;cj gallons (Lisbon for oil, llidila). In llalv the name /«p((i' is appliiil lo a cask lioliling 200 I'niteil Stales gallons or more ; but it was in many places conf iiliil with llie;.i'/OT, wlilib held only Hill lo 170 gal- lons. The I'reneh word Intlte was never used as the nallio of a wine iiieaHUrc ; neither was the Herman bullr nvbulU. In Denmai'k there was a b- palocerous Lejjidojitera, corresponding to the possible from buttermilk, and usually mixed with salt, which preserves the butter and develops its flavor. 2. In. old che III. , a -term applied to certain an- hydrous metallic ehlorids of buttery consis- tence and fusibility. — Butter-aud-taUow tree, a guttiferous tree of Sierra Leone, PentadmiHa butyracm. so called from its abundant yellow, greasy sap, which the natives mix with their food.— Butter of antimony, a name given to antimony trichlorid, made by distilling a mixture of corrosive sublimate and anfiiii'in.\-, and former ly used in medicine as a caustic ■butter of tin, butter of zinc, sublimateil cliloi those metals. — Butter Of WaX, the oleaiiilii.u.s iiart of wax. obtained liy distillation, having a biitteivrnnsi^t'ine. —Macaja butter. See Cocos. -Midshipmen's butter. See ai'ot«i/i).— Nutmeg-butter. See Huri/o'.^.— Paraffln- butter, a crude paiathii ■\\liiLli is nsrcl fi.r making can- dles.— Rock-butter, a peculiariiiineial eoiiii»iseil of alum combined witli iron, of tlie consistence and aiqiearaiice of soft butter, occurring as a pasty exudation from altimitiit- erous rocks at Hurlet Alum Works, Paisley, Sci.liand. and in several places on the continent of Europe.— Run but- ter, clariBed butter ; butter melted and jiotted for culi- nary use. The name of gliee (which see) is given to a kind of run butter made in India. — Vegetable butters, a name given to certain concrete fixed \ei:it:iiilf ujU whnOi are solid at common temperatures: .so chilled Hum tlieir reseinblance to butter produced from the milk of animals. The following are the most important of them. Cacao- butter, or oil of theobroma, is obtained from the seeds of the cacao {Ttteobrnma Cacao) of tropical America; it is " a yellowisli-wliite solid, having a faint agreeable odor, a bland chocolate-like taste, and a neutral reaction " (U. S. Dispensatory, p. 1049). Canara butter is obtained from the fruits of Vaterla Indica; it is a resin rather than an oil, and is used as a varnish. Fulwa butter is from the seeds of the East Indian Bassia Miti/raeea : Kokinn butter, from the seeds of Garcinia Itulica; Mtilnruii hulter. from Bassia latlfoUa. Sliea butter, also called ■lohnu or i'ln/i- buk butter, is from the kernels of the shea-tree, Butyro- spermum Parkii, of western Africa ; it resembles palm-oil, but is of a deeper-red color. See Bassia, cacao, sliea. butterl- (but'er), V. [< butter\ ».] I. trans. 1. To smear with butter. 'Tw.as her brother tliat, in piu'e kindness to his horse, buttcr'd his hay. Sliak., Lear, ii. 4. 2. To flatter gi-ossly : as, he buttered, him to his heart's content. [CoUoq.]— Buttered ale, a beer brewed without hops or other bitter ingredient, and flavored witli sugar, butter, and spice.— To know on ■Which side one's bread is buttered, to know where ones advantage lies ; be able to take care of cue's self. (Colloq.) I know what's what, I know on wtiicti side M>t bread is buttcr'd. Ford, Lady's Trial, ii. 1. II, intrnna. In gamblinej slang, to stake the previous winnings, with addition, at every throw or every game. 47 A name of the sweet coltsfoot, Pctasites vulgaris. Also called butter-dock. butter-color (but'er-kuP'or), n. 1. The color ot butter; golden yellow. — 2. Asub- stance containing a large amount of color- ing matter which is mixed with butter, oleomargarin, butterin, or suine, to give it a rich yellow color; a preparation of madder or of amotto thus used. Eiitterof bismuth, buttercup (but'er-kup), n. A name given '' ' ' ' '' ■ ' ' tomostof the common speciesof ii««i(HCi«- ?«.S' with bright-yellow cup-shaped flowers and di-vided leaves, such as E. aeris and R. bulbosus. Also called butter-Jtoicer and crowfoot. butter-daisy (but'er-da"zi), n. The white ox- eye. [Prov. Eng.] blitter-dock (but'er-dok), )(. A name given to the bitter dock, liumex obtusifoliits, and the sweet coltsfoot, Petasites vulgaris, because their large leaves are nsed for wrapping butter. butter-fingered (but'er-fing"gerd), a. Having slippery or weak fingers; clumsy iu the use of the hands. [Slang.] butter-fingers (but'er-fing'''gerz), n. One who lets drop anything he ought to hold; a butter- fingered person; specifically, in base-ball and cricket, one who "muffs" a ball. [Slang.] ■Vyiien, on the executioner lifting the head of the seventh traitor, as the preceding six had been lifteil to the public gaze, he happeneil to let it fall, cries of "Ah, clumsy!" "Halloo, butter-jinncrs ! " were heard from various ipiar- ters of the assembly. Hook, Gilbert Ciurney, II. i. butter-fish (but'er-fish), n. 1. A name given to various fishes and other marine animals hav- ing a smooth and unctuous surface like butter. (a) 1htifii\i Stroituaeun (,oY l'oTO]mtut<)triacantiius. It has Butter-fish i^Stramateus triacanthus). an oval form, rounded in front, with pores on the back in v,, +*»-«„..,«.,.» , i>„*' •• rtr ,,^..\ J a single row above the lateral line, and the dorsal and anal bUtterfly-nOSe ( but cr-til-noz), n fins not elevated. It is abundant along the eastern Ameri- Coatweed Butterfly {Pafhia etycerium), male, oalDnll size. old Linnean genus Vayilio, called distinctively the butterjlics. See Viunia, Jiho/ialorera, Lepi- doptera, and Pupilio. — 2. Figuratively, a per- son whose attention is given up to a variety of trifles of any kind; one incapable of steady application ; a showily dressed, vain, and giddy person. — 3. A kind of flat made-up neck-tie. — 4t. An herb otherwise called ragwort. Kersey, 1708 — Butterfly head-dress. .Sec Acnd-rfr*'**.— Cop- per butterflies, the English n:mieof the small ccjpper- colored species of the family l-yrtmidir. .and » .•■pccially of the genus ii/co-nn.— Goatweed butterfly, the i^.p- ular name of Paptiia (iluceriuiu, a rare and interei-tinK butterfly, the larva of "which feeds on the goatwecds of the genus Croton. The insect is i-pecially interesting from the dissimilarity of the sexes, or sexual dimrirphism, and from the curious habit of the lan-a. which lives in a cup made of the folded leaf. The larva is clear-green in color, with pale-white gramilatiiuis and interspersed dark indentations. The chrysalis is light-green, banded with diU'k-gi-ay. The male butiertlyis deep coppery-reil. mark- ed with dark purplish-bri)wii. while the female is much lighter-cnl.ued, though also marked with dark-l>rf»wii. — Sea-butterfly, a mollusk of the .subclass Pleropoda: so calletl from its extended lateral foot-lobes, which sinin- late wings. butterfly-cock (but'^r-fli-kok), n. Same as butterflii-riilre. butterfly-fish (but'i'r-fli-fish), m. 1. An EngUsh name of the eyed blenny, Jilcnnitis ocellaris. — 2. A fish of the family yonieida; Gasterocliiifnia melampus, with large black ventral fins, inhab- iting the sea about Australia and Xew Zealand. It attains a length of more than 3 feet, liut is rare. butterfly-gurnard (but'fr-fli-ger'niird), ». A flsli of the family Triglida: the Lepidotrigln Va- nessa of the Tasmanian and .Australian seas. A spotted nose, as of some dogs. Butterfly-valve. ■butterfly-orchis butterfly-orchis (but'er-fli-6r'kis), n. A Brit- ish orelud, Uabenaria bifolia, growing in woods and open heaths. The great outterfly-orchis is H. chlorantha. butterfly-plant (but'er-fli-plant), n. 1 . A West lu'liauorehideous plant, Oucidium PapiUo. See Oiicidiiiiii. — 2. Aspeciesof theEastlndianP/ia- butterfly-ray (but'er-fli-ra), n. A selachian of tlie family Trygonklw, Pteroplatea maclura. It is a kind of sting-ray with very broad pec- torals. butterfly-shaped (but'er-fli-shapt), a. In hoi., sliapeJ like a butterfly; papUionaeeous. butterfly-shell (but'er-fii-shel), n. A shell of the genus I'olHta. • butterfly-valve (but'er-tli-valv), ». A kind of :iouMi' clack-valve used in pumps, it consists es- sentially of two semicircular clappers, clacks, or wiiit^ hin;xcd to a cross-rib cast ill the pumi>-t>iicket, and is named from its reseiublance to the wings of a butterlly when open, as represented in section in the annexed cut- It is em- ployed in the liit-lnickets of large wa- ter-pinnps. and for the air-pump buck- ets of condeusin:; steam-engines. -\lso c.ill--d liiilt.Tifii-i-iu-k. See I'tttck-vatve. butterfly-weed (but ' er - fli- wed). II. 1. A name of the North American plant A.scle- pia.'i tiiherosa ; the pleurisy-root, it h.is a consid- erable reputati<)n as an article of the materia medica. It is au expectorant, a mild cathartic, and a diaphoretic, and is employed in incipient pulmonary alfections, rheuuia- tiain, and dysentery. 2. The buttcrrty-pea, Clitoria Mariana. butterin, butterine (but'er-in), «. [< butter^ + -ill-, -iiie-.] -Au artificial butter made by churning oleomargarin, a product of animal fat, with milk and water, or by churning milk with some sweet butter aud the yolks of eggs, the whole of the contents of the chimi by the latter method being converted into butterin. bntterist, ". See buttress, 3. butter-knife (but'er-nif), n. A blunt and gonirally ornamented knife used for cutting liutti-r at table. buttennan (but '6r- man), H.; pi. buttcrmcn I -iiKii). A man who sells butter. buttermilk (but'er-milk), V. [= D. botermclk = MUlj. hiitermilch, G. huttcrmilch.'] The liquid that remains after the butter is separated from milk. It has a pleasant acidulous taste. Also called churn-milk. I . . . received a small jug of thick buttermilk, not re- markably clean, but very refreshing. B. Taylor, Lands of the Saracen, p. M. butter-inold(but'er-ni61d),;i. Arnold in which pal.-; of butter are shaped and stamped. buttermunk (biit'6r-mungk), «. [A variant of hi(Htrhiimii.^ A local New Euglaud name of till- iiii.'lit-heron, Syitiiirdca yrisca luceia. butternut (but'er-nut), «. 1. The fruit of Juglann cincrca, an AJnerican tree, so called from the oil it contains; also, the tree itself, 'i'lie tree iK-ars ti reHenildanre in its general ap)iearance to th'.- black walnut (./. ni'ira), but the fruit is long. ]>oiiitcd. aii'l vi..*.:nii«. the nut furrowecl and sharply jagged, and the W(^»d 'toft but close-grained and light-colore^l, turning yel- low after exjHHure. The wo.id takes a line iKilish, anil is largely used in Interior tliiisb and in cabinet-work. The innt-r bark furnislie.f a brown dye, and is used aa a mild cathartie. Also called wfnl.- irtittinl. 2. The nut of Cunjocar nuciferum, a lofty tim- ber-tree of Guiana, natural order Ternstrwma- octc. The null) have a pleaxant taste, and are exported to some extent. They are also known oh muari- or tnixpar. roiP'ttutM. 3. A name applied during the civil war iu the United States to Confederate soldiers, in allu- Hioii to the coarso brown liomcHpun cloth, dyed with butternut, often worn by llicm. butter-pat (but'er-jiat), II. A small piece of liittcr formed into a generally ornamental '■liniie for the table, butter-pot (butV-r-pot), n. In the seventeenth i'-y, 11 cyliiiiirii-nl vesHel of course pottery I with piilvi-rized lead oredusted iijion the ■ loforn it was fired. Mnrriiiil. bnttcr-prlnt (butWT-|«riiit), ».' A mold for ' InittiT into blocks, prints, or pats. Iiiillir-sliiuif). '> 'ch (biit'tr-skoch), n. A kind of affy. b'l' ; Cbut'fir-shBK), n. A nlice of bread ■'■■ I Local, Kng. (Ciiinborland).] butter Htamp (bul'6r-l)taini)), h. Hamo iw Iml- Irr;,,,.'. butter-tongs lhut'l;T-t6iiii/.), n. pi. A kiml of iiiiiu'H Willi ilui blodoa f'lr Hlicing und lifting butter. 738 butter-tooth (but'er-toth). H. [< butter'^ + loolli : perhaps with some vague allusion to milk-tooth.'] A broad front tooth. I'd had an eye Popt out ere this time, or my two ' utter-tieth Thrust down my throat. Middleton. Mas^n;fer. and Rou^ley, Old Law, Hi. 2. butter-tree (but'er-tre), ». A species of Bas- .s(V(, foimd in Africa, which yields a substance like butter; the shea-tree. See shea. The name is also given to various other trees from the seeds of which solid oils are obtained. See butter^. butter-trier (but'er-ti-i*er), H. A long hoUow hand-tool used in sampling butter. butter-tub (bnt'ii-tub), h. A tub used for con- taining butter in quantity. butterweed (but'er-wed), n. A common name of the horseweed, Erigcron Canadense, and of the .Senecio Inbatus. butter-weightt (but'er-wat), n. More than full weight; a larger or more liberal aUowanee than is usual or is stipulated for: in allusion to a custom, now obsolete, of allowing and exact- ing 17 or 18 oimces, or even more, to the pound of butter. In Scotland either tron weight or a still heavier poimd was used for butter. They teach you how to split a hair, Give and Jove an equal share ; Yet why should we be lac'd so strait ? I'll give my M butter-weiifht. Swi/t, Rhapsody on Poetry. butterwife (but'er-wif), «., A butterwoman. .IdllHSOIt. butterwoman (but'er-wum''an), )!. ; pi. buttcr- womiii (-wimen). A wo- man who sells butter. I see grave learned men rail and scold like buttcr-wonwn. Burton, Anat. of Slel., p. 613. butter-worker (but ' er- wer"ker), ii. An apparatus or tool for freeing butter from buttermilk. butterwort (but'er-wert), «. [< butter^ -h Hor(l.] A name common to the spe- cies of I'iiiguicula. The but- terwnrts gi-ow on wet ground, are apparently stemless, and have siiowy spurred flowers. The name is due to the greasy- looking viscid surface of the leaves, which are covered with soft, pellucid glandular hairs, secreting a glutinous Ii(|Uor that catches snuiU insects. The edges of the leaf roll over on the insect ami retain it, and the insects thus caught are supposed to serve as food for the plant. In the north of Sweden the leaves are employed to curdle milk. butteryl (but'er-i), (7. l< butter^ -i- -y^.] 1. Having the qualities (especially the consis- tence) or a])peiiraneo of butter. sinking her voice into a deeper key, she drove the fol- lowing lines, slowly and surely, thnuigh and through his poor, unresisting, buttcrif lieart. C Jieadi; -\rt. 2. Apt to let fall anytldng one ought to liold, as a ball in tlie game of cricket ; biitter-fliigereeddler, etc.] Toact asbuth i. [Pr'ov. feug.] butt-leather (but'lcTH'^r), n. The thick«>t leather, used chiefly for the soles of boots and slides. buttock (but'ok), «. [< JIE. buttok, boflok : appar. < butt", n., 1 (c), -1- dim. -ock.] 1. Either of the two prottiberauces whicli form tlie rump in men aud animals; in the plural, the riiiup; the gluteal region of tlie body, more jirotu- berant iu man than in any other animal; the bottom. Like a barber's chair, that flta all buttocks. Sliak., All's Well, ii. i 2. The upper aftermost portion of the con- tinuation of the contour of a ship's bottom. Theiirlr. Naval Arch. — 3. In eoal-mining. the portion of a face of coal ready to bo next taken down. [Eng.] — 4. A piece of armor for the rumi) of a horse. See croupiere — Buttock mallt, a liiiiicrous term for the tine formerly paid, in a case of ftiniiciif ion. t<»au ecclcsia-^tical court. Svol4. [Scotch. 1 buttocker (but'ok-er), n. [< buttock, 3, -t- -o-l.] In miuiug, one who works at the buttock, or breaks out the coal ready for tlie tillers. [Eng,] buttock-line (but'ok-liii), n. In .vhip-bnilding, the projection upon tlie sheer plan of the in- tersection of II piano parallel to it with the after-body of the vessel. * The lines obtained by the intersections of the planeft ])aral]el to the sheer plane are known as bow lines when hi the ff-pcal'l, etc., imd were formerly eonimoii in viTy rhh materials, esjieclaliy during the eigh- teen lit ceiilnry, when the I'oiitsof gcnticnicn at the French court bad I mt tons of gold iiiul precious stones, pearl, cimin. el, and tile V.\n\ Later bntt^tim of diamonds or of panto iiuilating diamonds were worn, matching the buckles of the same period, 2. III. (used^H a singular). A page : so called ti'oiii the Inittons, commonly gilt, which adorn his jacket. laeh ; bill w ; bill we hope Ih'uu ftai soma uimii. iiur present girl Is a very alow i day to sport a buttnnti. 3. A kind) of gold, crystal, coral, riiby^ or other precious stone, worn by Chineso ofTlcials, lioth civil mill mililiiry, on the loiis of their huts as II liiidge of riiiik ; hence, th(> rank itself: as, a blue button, ih.n. ,,,,. nine ranks, the first or lilghciil being dlaUiiKuliheil by a tninsparunl red (or ruby) button • button; the second, liy opaque red (conil); the third, by transparent blue (sapphire) ; the fourth, liy opaque blue (lapis lazuli); the llftli, by transparent w'hiti' (eiystal); the sixtll. by opaipie white; the seventh, liy plain t^'nld ; tlie eighth, by worlied jjold ; and the ninth or lo»csl, liy ]ilain gold with the charai^ter for "old ajie " engraved on it in two places. A scholar who has passed the siu-tsai (or bachelor) examination is entitled to wear the last. 4. A knob or protuberance rpsonil.ilirif^abuHon. Specifically —(«) The knoll of metal uliirh li i minatis the breechot most pieces of ordnance, ami uliicli adonis aeon- venieut hearing for the application of hand spik.s, bi-cucli- ings.etc.; a cascahel. [Eng.] (/;) A knob or j^iianl secured to the end of a foil, to prevent the iioiut from pencti-atin;; the skin orwounding. (c) The small knob or ball liypu.sli- ing or pressing which the circuit of an electric bell is com- pleted. 5. A bud of a plant. [Now only prov. Eng.] The canker galls the infants of the spring, Too oft before their buttons be disclos'd. Sliak., Hamlet, i. 3. 6. A flat or elongated piece of wood or metal, turning on a nail or screw, used to fasten doors, windows, etc. — 7. A small round mass of met- al lying at the bottom of a eniciblo or cupel after fusion. — 8. In an organ, a small round piece of leather which, when screwed on the tapped wire of a tracker, prevents it from jump- ing out of place. Staiiier and Barrett. — 9. A ring of leather through which the reins of a bridle pass, and which runs along the length of the reins. — 10. la zool.: (a.) The terminal segment of the erepitaeulum or rattle of a rat- tlesnake. See erepitaeulum. In the structure of the end of the tail of harndess snakes, we see a trace of the first button of the rattle in a horny cap that covers the terminal vertebrce. iJ. D. Cope. Origin of the Fittest, p. 197. (b) In entom., a knob-like protuberance on the posterior extremity of the larvas of certain but- terflies, also called the anal button or cremaster. Sometimes there is a second one, called the preanal button. — 11. p?. A name given to young mushrooms, such as are used for pick- ling. — 12. pi. Sheep's dung: sometimes used for dimg in general. [Prov. (west.) Eng.] — 13. A small cake. [Prov. Eng.] — 14. A per- son who acts as a decoy. Speciflcally— (n) An auc- tioneer's accomplice who employs various devices to de- lude bidders so as to raise the price of articles sold, etc. (h) A thimble-rigger's accomplice. [Eng. slang.J — Barton's button, a polished button upon which a series of many flue lines, parallel and near together, have been impressed, so as to show brilliant colors when exposed to light strik- ing it in nearly parallel rays, by an effect of diffraction.— Biskra button. Same as Aleppo ulcer (which see, under wicer).— Corrigan'a button [named after Sir John Dom- inic Corrigan of Dublin (1802-80)), a button of steel used in surgery, when heated to 100° C, as a means of counter- irritation. Also called Coj'ri.^rt^t's caiifen/. — Elastic but- ton, a rounded knob at the end of a sliding spring-bolt placed in the edge of a door, and fitting into a depression in the opposite jamb, fhtended to kee^p the door closed without beiu^ locked, yet so that it can be easilv opened. — Quaker buttons, the seed.? of the ,Vi!.r mmil;:. l'. S. Dispen-sntoni. p. :i74.— To hold by the button, to btitton- hole ; detain in conversation ; bore. Not to hold you by the button too peremptorily. J/r.s. Gore. button (but'n), V. [< ME. botonen, < baton, a button.] I. trans. 1. To attach a button or buttons to. His bonet buttened with gold. Gascoigne, "Woodmanship. Yotu" rapier shall be button'd with my head, Before it touch my master. Beau, and Fl., Honest Man's Fortune, i. 3. 2. To fasten with a button or buttons; secure, or join the parts or edges of, with buttons : often .followed by up : as, to button up a waistcoat. One whose hard heart is huttond up with steel. Shak., C. of E., iv. 2. He was a tall, fat, long-bodied man, buttoned up to the throat in a tight green coat. Dickens. II. intrans. To be capable of being buttoned. Diderot writes to his fair one that his clothes will hardly button. Carlyle, Diderot. buttonball, button'WOOd (but'n-bal, -wud), n. The plane-tree of the United States, Platanus oecidentalis : so called from its small, round, pendulous, synearpous fruit. Also incorrectly called si/eumorc. button-blank (but'n-blangk), «. A disk of metal, bono, etc., to be formed into a button. button-bush (but'n-biish), n. A name given to the Ceplialanthus oecidentalis, a North Amer- ican shrub, on account of its globular flower- heads. See Ceplialanthus. button-ear (but'n-er), n. An ear that falls over in front, concealing the inside, as in some dogs. buttoned (but'nd), p. a. 1. Decorated with buttons or small bosses, as a glass vase. — 2. In her., ornamented with small points, usually of a different tincttire ; studded. 739 buttoner (but'n-6r), «. l. One who or that wliich buttons: a button-hook. — 2. A decoy. [Eng. slang.] button-fastener (but'n-fas"n6r), ». A clasp for lastciiing buttons. button-flower (l)ut'n-flou"6r),ji. Aname given to species of (iomjihia, shrubs and trees of trop- ical America, nalunil order Orluiaeea: Some are occasionally eullivatcd in hothouses. buttonhole (but'u-hol),«. l. Tlioboloorloop ill which a button is caught. — 2. A name given to the hart's-tongue fern, iScolopcnclrium iml- gare, because its fructification in the young state resembles a buttonhole in formand appearance. buttonhole (Init'n-hol), r. t. ; pret. and jip. Iiul- tonhohd, ppr. buftonholinij. [< buttonhole, «.] 1. To seize by the buttonhole or button and detain in conversation; interview. He won't stand on the corn with the news. butyrate 3t. [Also written buttrice, butteria.'] In far- riery, an instrument of steel set in wood, for paring tlie iioof of a liorse. Minsheu; Kersey. — Flying buttress, in uwdieral an-h., a support in the fortii of a hCKnient of an arch Hpriiiging from a solirl ULifls of masonry, as the top of a Hide.ajsle biittresh, and abutting against another jiart of the slrnelure, as the wall of a clearstory, in which c-.'um; it aet*i as a eoiint<;riioisc iigainst the vaulting of the central pile: so named from its passing through the air.— Hanging buttress, in urcli., a feature in the fonn of a buttress, not standing solid on a foundation, but supported on a corbeL It \a applied in debased styles ehieliy a« a decomtirin, buttress (but'res), V. t. f< ME. boterasen: see buttress, «.] To support by a buttress; hence, to prop or prop up, literally or figuratively. To set it upright again, and to prop and hutlreim it up for duration. Burke, Ilefonn of Kcpreneiitatlon. A white wall, buttre^ged well, made glrille wide To towers and roofs where yet his kin did bide. WllUnm Morru, Earthly I'aradlse, HI. .'569. buttress-tower (but'reB-tou'fer), n. In early fort., a tower projecting from the face of the rampart-wall, but not rising above it. It was afterward developed into the bastion. butt-shaftt (but sliaft), n. A blunt or unbarb- ed arrow used for shooting at a target. Also spelled but-shaft. The blind bow-boy'a bult-shaft. Shak., E. and J., U. 4. Met. I fear thou hast not arrows for tlie purjiose. Cup. yes here be of all sorts — llights, rovers, and butt- sha/ts. B. ./onson, Oynthia's KeveU, v. 8. irner and buttonhole everybody T. Winthrop, Cecil Dreeme, vi. 2. To make buttonholes in. button-hook (but'n-hiUt), n. A small metal hook used for buttoning shoes, gloves, etc. button-loom (but'n-liim), n. A loom for weav- ing coverings for buttons. button-mold (but'n-mold), n. A disk of bone, wood, or metal, to be covered -with fabric to form a button. E. 11. Knight.— SossO. button- mold, a name sometimes given to a section of encrinite between two joints. button-nosed (but'n-nozd), a. Same as star- nosed: applied to the condylure. See cut un- butt-strap (but'strap), v. t. To weld together der Condiilura. (t^^o pieces of metal) so as to form a butting- button-piece (but'n-pes), ». A button-blank. Jo"i*- button-quail (but'n-kwal), n. A bird of the I'wo pieces which are welded or »u««-»(ro»p«d together. family Turnieidte. ; a hemipod. Thearle, Naval Architecture, { 268. button-solder (but'n-sol"der), «. A white sol- butt- weld (but 'weld), n. In mech., a -weld der composed of tin, brass, and copper, used as formed by joining the flattened ends of two a substitute for silver solder in making buttons, pieces of iron at white heat ; a jump-weld. button-tool (but'n-tol),«. An instrument used buttwoman (but''wura"an), h. ; pi. bnttwomen chiefly for cutting out the disks or buttons of (-wim"en). [< 6h»2^ 7,"'a hassock, + woman.'} leather which serve as nuts for the screwed ^ woman who cleans a church, and in service- wires in the mechanism connected with the time assists as a pew-opener. [Eng.] keys of the organ and pianoforte. It is a mod- butty (but'i), n.; pi. butties (-izj*. [E. dial., ifieation of the ordinary center-bit button-tree (but'n-tre), n. Same as button- wood, 1. button-weed (but'n-wed), H. 1. Aname given to several rulaiaoeous plants belonging to the genera S/icniiavoci; Diodia, and Borreria. — 2. The knapvvooil, Ciiitaurea nigra. button'WOOd (but'u-wiid), n. 1. A common name in the West Indies of a low combreta- ceous tree, Conocarpus erecta, ■with very heavy, hard, and compact wood. The white buttonwood butty-COlller (but'i-kol "yfer) H is a small tree of the same order, ia^t"icMiana rrt<:eHioA-«, ... ... , •'. .* growing on the shores of lagoons jind liaving a similar wood. Also called button-tree. 2. See buttonball. buttony (but'n-i), a. [< button + -^1.] Deco- rated \^'ith a profusion of buttons. That buttonif boy sprang up and down from the box with Emmy's and Jos's visiting card short for 'butty-fellow, early mod. E. boty-felowe, a partner (Palsgrave) (cf. butty-eollier, butty- gang), < boty, now booty, plunder, property shared, -I- feloice, fellow.] 1 . A comrade, chum, or partner. [Prov. Eng. and U.S.] — 2. Spe- cifically, in English eoal-mining, one who takes a contract, or is a partner in a contract, for working out a certain area of coal. Tiie hmiy collier, or first man, as he is called in some coal-mining districts, employs his own holers, fillers, and boys, and lias general eimrge of the work in his own particular "stall." , . In EngltJib eoal-mining, the head man of a butty-gang. See butty. butty-gang (but'i-gang), M. A gang of men who take a contract for a part of a work, as in the construction of railroads, etc., the proceeds being equally divided between them, with some- thing e.xtra to the head man. buttourt, «. Thackeray, Vanity Fail-, ix. butua (bii'til-a), n. See abutua. A Middle Ejiglish form j^f?;!«en(l. bu'twards (bufwardz), arfv. [< but^, adv., + buttress (but'res), n. [Early mod. E. also hut- teras, butteraee, butrasse,bottras ; < late ME. but- trace, butteraee, but- , I ra.'ise, botcracc, < OF. bouteret-s, prop, pi. of boitterct, bu- teret, a buttress, prop, adj., thrust- ing, bearing a thrust (said of an arch or a pillar) (cf. boutrice, "an ashler or binding- stone (in build- ing)," boutant, "'a buttress or shore- •ost"— Cotgrave),< 'Uter, boter, push, X hi-ust, put, mod. F. boutcr, put, buter, prop, support, the source of E. butt^, push, etc. : see butt^.} 1. A struc- ^^'-\ }jf^ irards.] Toward the outward apartment. [Scotch.] butyl (bu'til), «. [- mobile liquid, having an odor somewhat like that of the jiineapple. It is soluble in al- cohol, and is used, on account of its odor, in the manufac- ture of perfumerj- and also of artificial mm and other spir- its. It is prepared by distilling a mixture of alcohol and butyric acid, uilb the addition of a little ether. Known in trade :is ■^.'. ii.-- of }nneaj'pl. or a«ana*-oi/.— Glycerin butsrrate or butyhn, '"3Hr,(C4U-;02)3, a glycerid or fat which occurs in butter. pose of giving it stability.— 2. Fig- uratively, any prop or support. The ground - pillar and buttress of the good old cause of noncon- formity. South. butyric butyric Cbu-tir'ik), a. [< L. bitti/rum. butter, + -ic] Pertaining to or derived from butter Bu- tyric acid, C:iH7C'»->.OH, a colorless mobile liquid haWiig a stnuiL'. raULiti -siueli and acrid taste. Normal butjTic acid Ls miaciiile with water antl forms crj'stalline salts with the bxse5. It is prepared from butter, or by fermenting sugar with putrid cheese. It also occurs in cod-liver oil and otht-r l;»ts. in the juice of meat, and in the perspiration, and is wiiiel.v distributed in the vegetable kingdom. — Bu- tyric etber, the generic name of a class of compounds formed from butyric acid by the substitution of one atom of a basic organic railii-al. such as ethyl, for an atom of hydrogen.— Butyric fermentation, a kind of fermen- tation or putrefaction characterized by the production of butyric acid. It is caused by a microbe belonging to the genus BacilUij?. i^e fermentation, butyxil (bu'ti-ril), n. [< L. butyrum, butter, -1- -i7.] The radical (C3H7CO) of butjric acid and its derivatives. butyrin, butyrine (bu'ti-rin), »i. [< L. 6m?;/- nim, butter, + -in'^, -iiic~.'\ A triglycerid, C3H5 (C^lIyOjXs, whieli is a constant constituent of butter, together with olein, stearin, and other glvcerids. It is a neutral yellowish liquid fat, having a sharp, bitter taste. butyrous (bu'ti-rus), a. [< L. biityrtm, butter, -1- -«((.v.] Same as biityraceous. btrxeoUS (buk'se-us), a. [< L. buxeiis, pertain- ing to the bo.\-tree, < biixiis, the box-tree : see i'«j».s'.] Pertaining to the box-tree or resem- bling it. buxin, buxine (buk'sin), v. [< XL. buxhm, < L. hiixK.-!, the box-tree : see -/«-, -JHe^.] An al- kaloid obtained from the box-tree, it has gener- ally the appearance of a translucent deep-brown mass; its t;iste is liitter : it excites sneezing ; it is insoluble in wal.T, but is dissolved in small quantity by alcohol and by ether. buxina (buk-si'nii), n. [NL.] Same as bitxine. buxine, «. See buxin. buxom (buk'sum), a. [Early mod. E. also bitcl- somt, bucksom, < ME. buxom, biixum, boxom, bouxom, bogsam, bughsom (also, by absorjition of the palatal, bousom, bowsom, mod. E. as if "boasome), earlier buhsum, obedient, submis- sive, < AS. 'buhsum (not found) (= D. buig- zaam, flexible, submissive, = G. biegsam, flex- ible), < bugan, bow, + -sum, -some : see bow^, buck-, and -S(>mc.'\ If. Yielding to pressure: flexible; unresisting. Twise was he scene in soaring Eagles shape, And with wide wioges to beat the bitxome ajTe. Spemer, ¥. Q,, III. xi. .34. Wing silently the huzom air. Milton, P. L., ii. 842. The crew with merry shouts their anchors weigh, Then ply their oars, and brush the buxom sea. Dnuien, Cym. and Ipll., I. 613. 2t. Obedient; obsequious; submissive. To Iw ever buxom and obedient. • Foxe. "For-thi," seid .Sanmel to .Saul, *'god hym.self hoteth The, be boxome at his biddyiige his willc to fulfllle." I'ierx Plowman (I)), iii. 203. He dirt tread down and disgrace all the Knglish, and set up and countenance the Irish; thinking thereby to make Ihem more tractable and buxom to the government. Sifcnxer, State of Ireland. 3. Having health and comeliness together irith a livclydi.spositiou J healthy and cheei-ful; brisk; jolly; lively and vigorous. A ilaughter fair, So buxom, blithe, and debonair. Milton, L' Allegro, I. 24. The buxom god IBacchus], Driiden, tr. of Virgil's Gcorglcs. A parcel of buxom Iwnny dames. Tatter, No. 273. Huch buxom chief shall lead his host From India's tires \t> Zcmblu's frost. Scott, .Marmion, 111. 4. [In this sense the word Is now always ajtplled to girls or women, and implies abundant healtti as shown in j>luni|>- ijfM, fri'sh color, and strength.! 4. Showing vigor or robiistiiess; sturdy; frcHh; brisk: Haid of thing«: as, "buxom val- our," Shuk., lion, v., iii. (i. Ituxom lienlth of rmy hni*. tiraii, Ode on a I'rospect of Kton (ViJIege. 5t. Ainoroii.s ; wanton. Jlniley. buzoiDt. '. I. [MK. biixomcii; i buxom, 11.1 To bi- iilxdiont ; yield. 1 '• loixom Ut holl <-)iur<1ic, and to al the land also. >', A''/m, Out/. (Karly Kng. i'oeins, ed. Kunitvall), I. 446, buxomly (buk'giim-li), n//c f< ME. buxomly, l,ur„„.i,, (.f(.. ; < buxom + -ly'^.) If. f>b, xll. I!i;.. '■^- ' ■unnor; brinkly; vigoroiihly. bnxoni iim-ni'H),H. [itAV^.buxinu'uiH, buxuii nrtfOXi.; < hiucom + -««»*.] If. Ob. .ii..i,..,_; uubmiasivuuoHS. A branch of Box ( Buxus semfervirens). Ali'l (I., - 740 Bote I Rule thus thi Reame Rend out my Ribbes ! 3if hit beo so thjit Boxumuesae beo at niyn .assent. Pif r.« Plowman (.\), iv. 150. 2. The qtiality of being bxixom; briskness; liveliness ; healthy vigor or plum-iness. Buxus (buk'sus), H. [L., the bo.\-trec, > E. /"ul, q. v.] A genus of plants whose species aii'ord the valuable hard wood called boxwood; the box. It is the most northern arborescent plant of the natural order Eupftorbiacete. B. semper- virens, the common box, is a na- tive of Europe and Asia, and is found from the Atlantic to China and Japan, soinetiines attaining a height of 20 or 30 feet, though the trunk is seldom more tlian S or 10 inches in diameter, "rhe finest (luality of boxwood is from the Levant and regions about the Black .Sea, and is largely employ- ed in wood-engTa\ing, for mathe- matical and musical instruments, and for turning. There are nu- merous varieties in cultivation for ornamental purposes, includ- ing the common dwarf bushy form used for garden-edgings. buy (bi), v. ; pret. and pp. bought, ppr. buying. [Early mod. E. also buye, by, hie, bye, < ME. buyen, byen, bien, beyen, biggen, bugg'en, etc., < AS. bycgan (pret. hohtc, \->\i.'b'oht) = OS. buggcon = Goth, bugjan (pret. btiuhta), hxiy; not found in the other Teut. tongues; connections doubt- ful. Hence in comp. oftyl, and by perversion abide-, q. v.] I. trans. 1. To acquire the pos- session of, or the right or title to, by paying a consideration or an equivalent, usually in money ; obtain by paying a price to the seller ; purchase : opposed to" sell. Uis [Emerson's] plan for the extirpation of slavery was to buy the slaves from the planters. O. W. Holmes, Emerson, viii. Hence — 2. To get, acquire, or procure for any kind of equivalent: as, to buy favor with flattery. EuiU men take great payn to buy Hell — and all for worldly pleasure — Dearer then good men buy heauen, for God is their trea- sure. Jthodes, Boke of Nurture (E. E. T. .S.), p. S9. I have bought Golden opinions from all sorts of people. Shak., Macbeth, i. 7. 3. To bribe; corrupt or pervert by giving a consideration; gain over by money, etc. There is one thing which the most eoiTupt senates arc unwilling to sell ; and that is the power which makes them worth butiiny. Macaulay, Sir William Temple. 4. To lie sufficient to ))nrchase or procurr; serve as an equivalent in procuring: as, gold cannot 6!(y health. — 5t. Toaby; siiffer. What"? schal 1 buy it on my lleisch so deere? Vliuueer, Pri.l. to Wife of Itath's Tale, I. 107. Bought note, bought and sold notes, .see mXc— To buy a borough, see borouyltK—lo buy againt, to re- deem. See a(/ainbuy. God save yow, that boufjhte agayn mnnkynde. Chaucer. Pardoner's Talc, 1. .SOI. To buy at a bargain. sreMn- Fielding. 15. Besides; over and above ; beyond. [North. Eng. and Scotch.] This ship was of so great stature, and took so much timber, that, cvecpt Falkland, she wasted all the woods in Fife, which w.-is oak-wood, by all timber that was gotten out of Xorroway. Pitscottic, Chron. of .Scotland, an. 1511. By book, by the book. See book.— By north, soutb, east, west Vdut.}, next in the direction stated: phrases used in doignatiiiu the points of the compass : as, north- ea.st by ii<,rlh (lietween N. E. and N. X. E.). Sec compass. — By one's self or Itself, (a) Apart; separated from others ; alone. When I am in a serious humour, I very often walk by myself in Westminster Abbey. Addison, Thoughts in Westminster Abbey. As a child will long for his companions, but among them plays by himjiclf. Emerson, Clubs. (fl) Without aid ; by individual action exclusively ; as, I did it all liy myxrl/. ICoUoq.]— ^ the board. See board.- By the by. See byi, «.— By the head (naui.). the state of a ves^iel so loaded as to draw more forward than aft: opposite to hy the stern. — By the lee, said of a ship when the wind takes the sails on the wrong side. Shoote him through and through with a jest ; makellim lye by the lee, thou Basilisco of witte. Marston, What You Will, ii. 1. By the stem (naut.), with greater draft aft than for- ward.— By the way. («) On the road ; in the course of a jouniey : as, they fell out by the way. (b) Incidentally ; in the course of one's remarks : hence used as an inter- jectional phrase introducing an incidental remark : as, by the way, have you receiveil that letter yet? [Colloq.) Their actions are worthy not thus to be spoken of by the U'ay. Milton, Apology for Smectymnuus. By the wind (naut.y, as near to the proper course as the wind will permit ; close-hauled. — By way Of. (a) .-Vs an example or instance of. (b) On the point of ; just about to; as, when I saw him he was by way 0/ going to Brigh- ton. [Collinj., Eng.I (c) Through : as, we came ify tcay 0/ Boston.— To set store by. ^ee store. n. adv. [The adverbial use is not found in AS., and is rare in ME.] 1. Near; in the same place with; at hand: often (before the verb always) qualified by a more definite ad- verb: as, near by; close by; hard by. You did kneel to me, ^Vhilst I stood stubborn and regardless by. Beau, and Fl., King and No King, iii. 1. He now- retired TJnto a neighb'ring castle bu. S. Butler, Hudibras, I. iii. 301. 2. Aside; off. Let them lay by their helmets and their spears. Shak., Rich. II., i. 3. Be no more Christians, put religion by, 'Twill make ye cowards. Fletcher, The Pilgrim, ii. 2. 3. Of motion: Across in front or alongside and beyond : as, the carriage went by. By your leave, uiy masters there, pray you let's come by. B. Jonson, Cynthia's Revels, v. 2. Pray you, walk by, and say nothing. Fletcher, Rule a Wife, ii. 4. 4. Of time : In the past ; over. The moon among the clouds rode high, And all the city hum was by. Scott, Harmion, v. 20. [For by in composition, see 6y-3.] By and by. (u)) .\ repetition of by, near, close by : used especially in reference to a regular series, one after an- other. by Two yonge knightes Uggj-ng by and by. Chaucer, Knigbt's Tale, 1. 153. These were his wordis by and by. Som. of the Rose, t 4581. In the temple, by and by with us, These couples shall eternally be knit. Shak., M. N. D., iv. 1. {6t) At once ; straightway ; immediately ; then. After that you haue dj-ned and supte, laboure not by and by after, but make a pause, s>-ttynge or standynge vpryght the space of an howre or more with some pastyme. Babees Book (E. E. T. S.), p. 247. ^Vhen . . . persecution ariseth because of the word, by and by [Gr. fiiOv^, immediately! he is otfended. Mat. xiii. 21. They do, and by-and-by repent them of that which they have done. Burton, Anat. of Mel., p. 237. y, prep, and ado.; in older use only in the phrases 6^ Ihe by and in, on, or upon the by (see def .) ; due to by^, adv., in comp. by-3. In sporting use commonly spelled bye.'\ 1. A tliing not directly aimed at; something not the immediate object of regard: as, by the by (that is, by the way, in passing). — 2. The condition of being odd, as opposed to even ; the state of ha\'ing no competitor in a contest ■where several are engaged in pairs. Thus, in field trials of 'nod of Dort condcmneth ufmn the bye even the discipline of the Church of Engtan ^ ^^- ^'5 = i''^'- ^y''< '""■> °'" ba;r (gen. biijar, byjar) = Norw. bii = Sw. Dan. by, a town, village, in Iccl. and Norw. also a farm, landed cHtate ; akin to AS. bn = OS. bit = Icol. bit = Sw. \hin. bo, a dwtdling, habita- tion, > Sc. bow (see bow^>), < AS. buan = Icol. /(««, dwell: Bee bower^, boor, bij/-, 6cl, and cf. by-law.] A town ; habitation; dwelling: now extant oiilv in ]ilac.e-nameH, especially in the north of FiUgland, as in lurbij (Anglo-Saxon Urora by, literally 'dwelling of deer'), H'liitby, etc. Tlic t K. cock), a shell, a boat. Tho al- lusion is to the slinpc] A kind of hiil worn during the four- loenth, fiftrM'nIh, and sixlei'nth centuries, jiroli- ably by noble and wealthy persons only. liwu» of the form lalhd by hrrald»V(i/> o/ nininlniiinee tlliit Ih. with the brlTii lnrn<'il up either brfore or liclilrid, ami wllh a long point or beak, or two snch imlnlB. oppoKlli, Moilern represintatliui" generally give II wllh llir point or[M>lnts behind ; but the more eoinnion form In the mid die ngia seems to have hail the point In front, lui In ll» llbmtratlon, by-common (bi-kom'on), n. [< by^, prcji., 1>c- yoiid, -I- riimmitn. t'S. liy-ordi»iiry.\ More than loniinoii; iiin'oninion. [Scolcli.] by-concernment (bi'kon-Heni'meni), «. .\ Hiiliiirdinalc or subHidiiiry affair, llri/diii. bycornet, "• An rilwnli'tc' fonn of liirkirn. S<-t lakm. (rniokf^. ud-rp., and I'l/rarnef. And double bited nn-n for Ihecs thorncH. PttUadiut, llusl>uiidrlo(li. K. T. H). p. <.' nycncWetoftheisthcentufy. (From Vtnllri- le-Oitc't " Diet, flu MobOlcr frnn^aU." bylander by-corner (bi'kor'n^r), »i. A private or out-of- the-way corner. Massinger ; Fuller. by-course (bi'kors), n. An irregular or im- proper com'se of action. If thou forsake not these unprofitable hy-courses. B. Jonson, Poetaster, i. 1. byddet, r. and «. An obsolete spelling of bid. bydet, ''• An obsolete form of bide. by-dependencyt (bi'de-peu'''den-si), n. Some- thing depending on something else ; an acces- sory circimistance. Sliak., Cymbeline, v. 5. by-design (bi'de-zin'), )i. An incidental or subordinate design or purpose. They'll serve for other by-desi{rns. S. Butler, Hudibras. by-doing (bi'dii-ing), )i. Subordinate or collat- eral action; private doing. by-drinkingt (bi'dring''king), «. A drinking between meals. You owe money here besides. Sir John, for your diet , and by-drinl-inys. Shttk., 1 Hen. IV., iii. 3. by-d'weller (bi'dweKer), n. One who dwells near ; a neighbor. bye^t, prep, and adv. See byK byel, n. See by^. bye-t, n. See by^. byC'^t, ". See by3. bye^t, ''■ An obsolete spelling of buy. bye-ball (bi'bal), n. In cricket, same as 6.^1, 3. by-election (bi'e-lek'shon), «. In Great Brit- ain, an election teld to fiU a vacancy in Parlia- ment. by-end (bi'end), «. 1. Aprivateend; asecret piu'pose or design. To have other by-ends in good actions soiu^ laudable performances. Sir T. Browme, Christ. Mor., i. 10. All persons that worship for fear, profit, or some other by-end, fall withiM the inteudment of this fable. Sir li. L'Estrange. 2. An incidental or stibsidiary aim or object. Pamphleteer or journalist reading f<»r an argument for a party, vr reading to write, or, at all events, for some by- end imposed on them, must read meanly and fragmcu- turily. Einersvn, Universities. byert, "• An obsolete form of byre. by-fello'W (bi'teP'o), n. Ill English universities, a niimc given to one who has been elected to a by-fellowship; a fellow out of the regular course. In some colleges a by-fellow, even when over age. can be elected to a regular fellowship when a vacancy ociurs. by-fellowship (bi'fel'''o-ship), «. In English universities, a secondary or nominal fellowship. There are some l!ye-Fellou'.^hips, however, in tho small colleges whose value is merely nominal — some £5 or £6 a year. C. -I. Bristcd, English I'niversity, p. 131, note. byggl, bygg2, etc. See iiffl, big'i, etc. bygirdlet, "• [ME., also bigirdlc, bygyrdyllc, biiiuritli , bigurdcl, < AS. bigyrdrl, liiiiirdil, big- gyrdil (= lillG. bigiirlcl), < bi, bi, by, -I- gyrdel, girdle: see ?re8entative of a j)ast age, i>f obsolete modes of tliinking. Maeaulay, Sir W. Temple. It is tho test of exeelleuco in any department of art, that it can never be hyyone. Lowell, Among my Books, Ist ser., p. 178. II. H. Wliat is gone by and past: as, that is a bygone; let bygones \w bygones; "let old bi/goiies he," Tennyson, Princi^ss, iv. by-hour (bi'our), n. A leisure hour. by-interest (bi'in''t(''r-cst), «. Self-interest; |iriviile iidviuilage. Altcrbury. by-intimation (bi'in-ti-nui slion), ». An inti- iiinlion, wlietlier by H))ei'('h, look, gesture, or iiilicr means, so conveyoil lis to bo unobserved by those for whom it is not intended; an aside. Tlicrt^ were no by-intiinnlioiut to make the audlenco funrv their own diKccrnnfent ho iriiich greater than thatot Ih.' .Moor. J.iinib, Old Acton. byke, n. See bike. bykert, ''. and «. An obsolete form of bicker^. bylaildf,)!. [^iby^ + land.] A peninsula. Also Hlielli'd biland. If I llnil various devices resorted lo by writers at the bcginrdng of that same century to cxpreSH a tract of land iilmoHt Kiirroniulcd by si*ii, so that they empl'iy "hilnnd," "dcnii'lnli'.' "deml'liilalid," I ain able, without lllllrll hesi- tation, to iilllrin that "pcniiiHiila" was nr>t yet aeknow. ■edged to bi- I'.ngllHh. .tl'/i. Treneh, Keficlencles in Eiig. Diets., p. 4tt bylander, «. Soo bilandcr. by-lane 743 '• [^ hy-puss, II.} To fur- by-lane (bi'liin), «. A private lane, or one by-pasS (hi'pas), r. tDnuiiis a bj^vay. Burton. nisli with a by-pass. by-law ( l>i'la), n. [Pormcrly explained and now i ,n,-xt hy-iiasHed the outlet valve with a one Inch pipe gcMor:Uly accepted as made up of /«/l (bn-'-i) Sci. Amer. Supp., XXII. uoai). and /((»'!, as if 'a subordinate or secondary by-passage (bi'pas"aj), >i. A private or retired law,' but in fact the elements are bi/'-, a town, pussa^ci- ; a byway.' -f /««'!, after Dan. hylor, municipal law (ef. by-passer (bi'pas"6r), w. A passer-by. Latham. Dan. hi/Of, an amendment to a law, developed by-past (In'past), a. Past; l'oiu^ by: as, "liij- from hyloi', but now regarded as sunply < bi- (= ^,„.w perils," Sliak., Lover's Complaint, 1. 158. G. hci- = E.b!i-S) + lon=E. lawi^), = hw. bi/lafi, by-path (bi'path), ii. A byway; a private the commonalty of a village, the older form path ; an indii'ect course or means. being Se. and North. E. biirlaw, also written _ ,. ,.,.,. ,., ,7^ ... . •' ', ■ > . / /Jy-/Ja£fta and indirect crook d ways. barlau; birhiw, m comp. even birleij, barleij, -"^ SAat., 2 Hon. IV., iv. 4. < late ME. bure law, '^anraria, plebiscitum" , ^i r-u-> - \ ■ mi i ' i ' ' • i (Cath. Anglicum) (ML. bireleqia/birlegia, hi- by-peept (bi pep), i>. ». To look or glance aside. lagw, bilagincs, bellagines, pi.: hence prob. 6(7- lagc^, q. v.), prop, town-law (see bi/iiaw), < Icel. hmjirr-liig, town-law (cf. bd-jtii-loi/iiKidhr, a town- , , /u;',,!. justice, 'byi-law-man'), < bjjjai; bwjar, gen. of °^'P,^X nn 1 byr, bicr, or bter (= Norw. bii = Sw. Dan. by = °" '^^"^F' '^^^ AS. by : see by^), a town, -f- toy = Norw. log = Sw. lag = Dan. lov, law: see by'", n., and toit'l.] If. A local law; a law made by a municipality or by a rm-al community for the regulation of affairs within its authority ; an ordinance. In the shires wiiere the Danes acquired a firm footllold, tlie township was often called a "by"; and it had the power of enacting its own "bit-laivs" ov town-laws, as New England townships have to-day. J. Fiske, Amer. Pol. Ideas, p. 46. Hence — 2. A standing rule of a legislative body, a corporation, or a society, made for the by-plot (bi'plot), n. regulation of its internal organization and con- plaj' or novel. duct, and distinguished from a provision of its constitution in being more particular and more readily altered. by-lead (bi'led), ii. Same as by-wash. by-legislatlon (bi'lej-is-la"shon), n. Legisla- tion on subordinate or secondary matters; by- laws, or the making of by-laws. The Friendly Societies Act . . . gives power of by-leai,^- lation, on specified matters, such as terms of admission, administriition, enforcement of rules, Ac, all which has only to be certified by a Crown registrar. Contempnrnrji Rev., XLIX. 231. bylevet, v. Same as beleave. Chancer. by-matter (bi'mafer), «. Something beside the principal matter ; something incidental. by-place (bi'plas), n. A retbed place, spot, or situation. la),». 1 . In a play, action carried , __'_ commonly in dumb show, while the main action proceeds ; action not intended to be observed by some of the persons present. "Will you allow me to ask you, sir," he said, address- ing IVIr. I'iekwick, who was considerably inystilleii by this very unpolite by-play, "whether that person belongs to your party?" Dickem, Pickwick, 1. iii. 2. A diversion ; something apart from the main purpose. Is lie using the alternative as a bii-play in argument, without any consideration of its merit or possibility? lilDihneU, Forgiveness and Law, p. H2. A subsidiary plot in a The minor characters and bye-plot, too, giving the story of a religious scepticism. The Spectator, No. 3035, p. 1158. by-product (bi'prod"ukt), n. A secondary or additional product ; something produced, as in the com'se of a jirocess or manufacture, in ad- dition to the principal product or material: as, wood-tar is obtained as a by-product in the de- structive distillation of wood for the manufac- ture of wood-vinegar or wood-spirit. It is constantly the case that the bye-productn of a com- plex industry are found to be the sole source of business profits. Encyc. Brit., IX. 75G. by-purpose (bi' per "pus), n. An indirect or oncealed pui'pose or design applications of the Seand. form of E. bower^, orig. a dwelling, AS. bur, a dwelling, = Icel. bilr, a pantry, = Sw. bur, a cage, Sw. dial, bur, a house, cottage, pantry, granary, = Dan. bur, a cage: seebower'^, and cf. 6ow5.] A cow-house. Adjoining the house [of a Mennonite] are the stable and byre, which woiUd not disgrace a model farm in Germany or England. D. M. Wallace, Russia, p. 3Ti. Field and gamer, barn and byre, Are blazing through the night. Whittier, At Port Royal. A side report or I knew one that, when he wrote a letter, would put Bvramt «. -Ajl obsolete spelling of Bairaill. ^S',.::™ a j;^,,"?,"!"''""' "'" '"' ^T^h^nLi t^e P^?- «• i^'?- ^^^^ °f '^^ maiiy_di.fferent by-motive (bi'm6"tiv), n. 1. A private, hid- den, or selfish motive. The certainty of rousing an unanimous impulse, if not always of counterworking sinister by-viotives among their audience. Grote, Hist. Greece, I. 320. 2. A secondary motive. by-name (bi'nam), n. [< ME. byname (= OHG. bliHiiiio. IIHG. biiiame, G. beiname, a cognomen, surname); < fei/1 + name.'] If. A secondary name ; an epithet. .SufHsaunce, power, noblesse, reverence and gladnesse bv-retiort (bi're-port") n. ben only dyverse bynames, but hir substance hath no di- ^.. j '^ ' "i. vei-site. Chaucer, Boethius, iii., prose 9. statement. 2. A nickname. A personal tiy-name given him on account of his stature. Bp. Lowth, Life of Wykeham. 3. A pseudonym; a nom-de-plume. [Obsolete and Scotch.] by-namet (bi'nam), v. t. [< by-name, ».] To give a nickname to. ■Sir Henry Percy, . . . 6i/-7i«7jierf Hotspurre, who had the leading of the English. Uultand, tr. of Camden, p. 803. bynet, «. [< Gr. j^i'vv, malt.] Malt. bvrl r See birl^ bynni (bin'i), n. [Prob. native.] A fish of ^y^i^^U i„terj. A contraction of by our lady, \h(' family Cypriiiuhp, Barhus byiiiu, velated to "y'-^r''rf\^,^ -,7- -- - '- the barbel of Europe. It is a highly esteemed ^^''^ "" "^ ^"*' fish of the Nile. by-ordinary, by-ordinar (bi'6r"di-na-ri, -nar), a. [< 6(/l, prep., beyond, + ordinary, ordinar, ordinary. Cf. by-common.] More than ordi- nary. [Scotch.] byoii, «. [E. dial. ; origin obscure.] A quinsy. [North. Eng.] But when the cause it selfe must be decreed, Himselfe in person, in his proper Court, To grave and solemue hearing doth proceed, Of every proofe and every by-report. Sir J. Davies, Nosce Teipsum (1599). by-respectt (bi're-spekt"), ». A consideration or thought aside from the main one; hence, a private end or purpose. Augustus . . . had some by-respects In the enacting of this law. DryUen. by'r lady. I'irgin Mary. Compare marry^. Usually written byous (bi'us), a. [Also written, improp., bias; appar. < fti/l, prep., beyond, over and above, -I- -oits.] Extraordinary; remarkable: as, by- OM.S weather. [Scotch.] byous (bi'us), adv. [< byous, a.] Extraordi- narily; uncommonly; very: as, 5i/oms hungry. [Scotch.] byously (bi'us-li), adr. [< byous, a., + -ly^.] Same as byous. by-pass (bi'pas), n. .An extra gas-pipe passing around a valve' or gas-chamber, used to pre- vent a complete stoppage of the flow of gas when the valve or chamlier is closed, it is used with i)ilotlights. The pilot-light supplied by the by-pass pipe lights the main burners when the supply is turned on. Biirlady, no misery surmounts a woman's. Middleton, Women Beware Women, i. 2. byrlakin, interj. A contraction of by our lady- kin; a diminutive of byrlady. j}f is. W.-Carn. Minried \ To whom? , , ^ , Kna To a French hood, byrlakin-s; as I understand. Middleton, Anything for a Quiet Life, iv. 2. byrlaw (bir'la), n. [.Also written burlaw, bir- law, birelaw, in comp. even birley. barley, etc. : see by-law.] 1. A certain system of popular jurisprudence foi-merly prevailing in northern England and Scotland. It is described by Sir John Skene writing in iri'.>7, when the system was in force, .is follows- "Laws of Burlaw ar maid and determined be consent of neichtbors, elected and chosen be common con- sent in the courts called the Byrlaii' cimrtn. in the quhilk cognition is taken of cnmplaintes betuixt ncichtbor and neichtbor. The qubilk men so chosen as judges and arbi- trators to the effect foresaid, are commonly called Byr- lawmen." , . , . , x, i -i 2. A district within which the system prevails. [North. Eng.] bysse The existence in any district or parish of the birelaw is an incontestal)le proof of banish occupation. The par- ishes of Shetlleld, Eeclestield. Bradlleld, and liotherham were and are divirleil iilt<7 hirctaws, but it is to be remarked that these divisions are not to be found on the Derbyijhire siile of the Sheaf. N. and Q., "til ser., II. :i82. 3. A parisli meeting. [Prov. Eng. (Yorkshire).] byrlaw-COUrt (bir'la-kort), H. [Also written birley-, barley-court; < byrlaw + court.] The court in which the byrlaw was administered. [Scxitch.] See liyrlaw. byrlaw-man (bir'la-man), n. [Also written birlaw-, birley-, barley-man; < byrlaw + man; ef. Icel. baijar-lof/iiiadhr, a town-justice.] 1. A judge or arbitrator in the liyrlaw-court. [Scotch.] — 2. An arbiter; an oversman; an umpire ; a thirdsman. [The modem use of the word.] byrnet, "• See byrnie. byrniet, "■ [ME., also brunie, brcny, brini, etc., earlier hurne. < AS. byrne, a f orselet, a coat of mail, = OHG. brunriii, hrurija, MHO. G. briirnie = Icel. bryuja = Sw. bryiija = Dan. brynje = Goth, brunjo; hence ML. brunia, bronia, Pr. bronha, OF. brunie, broigne, etc. : see broigne. Of uncertain origin ; ef . OBulg. bronja, corselet ; Olr. bruinii, breast.] Same as broigne. byrniedt, /'• a. [ME. brunyed, brenyed, etc.; < byrnie. + -«/-.] Armed with a corselet or coat of mail. I salle to batelle the brynge, of brenyede knyght€S Thyrtty thosaundc be talc, thrj'ftye in amies. Morte Arlhure (E. E. T. S.), 1. 316. by-road (bi'rod), n. 1. A side-road; a cross- road; a road different from the usual or main highway. — 2. A private or secret way; a pri- vate means to an end: as, "slippery by-roadg," Swift. Byrbnic (bi-ron'ik), a. Possessing the charac- teristics of BjTon, the poet, or of his poetry: as, a Byronic poem. La Coupe et les Levres O^y Alfred de MuBset), a Byronic poem in dramatic form. 2i. A. Itec, CXXVIl. 293. Byronism (bi'ron-izm), «. The characteristics of Byron'.s thought, temper, poetic style, etc. by-room (bi'rom), n. An adjoining room or apartment ; a side room. stand in some by-room. Shak., 1 Hen. IV., ii, 4. byrrhid (bir'id), «. A beetle of the family Ilyrrliid(e. Bjrrrhidae (bir'i-de), «. jil. [NL., < Byrrhus + -ida-.] A family of elavieom Voleoptcra, typi- fied by the genus Byrrhus. Byrrhus (bir'us), )i. [NL.] The typical genus of the family Byrrhidie, called pill-beetles from their rounded bodies, and from the way in which they pack their legs out of sight when they are alarmed, simulating death and presenting the appearance of a pill. B. pilula is a typical ex- ample. See cut unAer pill-beetle. byrsopid (ber'so-pid), n. A beetle of the fam- ily Byrsnpida: Byrsopidae (ber-sop'i-de), m. pt. [NL., < Byr- siips -f- -idiE.] A family of rhynchophorous Co- leojitera, or beetles, with the elytra provided with a strong fold on the inner face, pygidium of male divided, tarsi setose, gular margin ele- vated, and prostemum elevated. Bjn^sops (ber'sops), «. [< Gr. jiipaa, a skin, hide (see purse), + uii (re-5-) in 1S09 for the genera Pt-dum, Lima, Pinna. Myiiiu^, Modiota, Crenatitta, Perna, Mal- leus, ami AciciUa, now distributed among different fami- lies ; but it was later renounced and its genera referred by hira to tlie families ifytilacea, MalUacea, and Pectenid(',<. It was restricted by Goldfuss (1S"20) to Matleits, Vulsella, and Pr^rna, and is now sjTionymous with Malleacea. byssiferous (bi-slf'e-nis), a. [< NL. bi/ssifer, < L. b0sus (see bijssus) + ferre = E. bear^.] Proilucing or bearing a byssus. byssin, byssine (bis'in), a. [< L. bi/ssinus, < (jr. ^raciiw, < liiaaoc, byssus.] Made of bys- sus ; having a sUky or" flax-fike appearance. Coles. 1717. byssogenous (bi-soj'e-nus), a. [< bi/ssus + -gc- »«>«>.] Secreting or producing the byssus: as, the bynsogeiioiis gland. Lamellibrandis generally exhibit more or less well- marked ti*aces of this bi/ssotjenous apparatus. T. Gilt, Smithsonian Report, 18S5, p. 777. byssoid (bis'oid), a. [< Gr. fSiaao^, byssus, + fiiSof, form.] Having the appearance of byssi; in bnt., byssaeeous. byssolite" (bis'o-llt), v. [< Gr. fiiaaog, byssus, + '/tilor, stone.] An olive-green variety of ac- tiuolite, in long, fine, capillary crystals, from St. Gotthard, TjtoI, and from Dauphin6. Also called aiiiiantiis. byssus (bis'us), «.; pi. 6i/.<.« (-i). [L., < Gr. ^1 cTCTof (see def. 1). Of Oriental origin; cf. Heb. but::.'] 1. .iVmong the ancients, originally, a fine yellowish flax, especially Indian and Egyptian, and the liuen made from it. such as the Egyptian mummy-cloth; afterward, also, cotton and silk (the latter, before its origin was kiio^vn, being taken for a kind of cotton). — 2. One of the byssi, a name formerly given by bota- nists to a heterogeneous collec- tion of filamentous cryptogamio plants. — 3. In conch. , a long, del- icate, lustrous, and silky bunch of filaments, secreted by the foot, and serving as a moans of attachment to other objects. It is developed in various dissimilar bivalve mollusks, especially by species of the families .MalilUla', Pinnidtv, Avicididte, himixhn, Arcidee, Tridacnidti'. etc, Tliat i>f tile Pinna is eapableof being woven. .Sec Pinna, and .'Uho cuts under Drfisufnidtn and Tridaenidd'. bystander (bi'stan'dtr), n. 1. One who stands near; a spectator; a chance looker-on; hence, one who has no concern %vith the business being transacted. — 2. One of the highest order of penitents in the discipline of the early church. See connislciiles. by-street (bi'stret), ». A separate, private, or obsiun; street; a lane or byway. To avoid reproach, lie seeks by-strteU, and savea the expensive coach. Go;/, Trivia, ii. 280. Tlicy roam together now, and wind among Its by-KtretU^ knocking at the dusty inns. I). U. ito/tifrtii, .Sonnets, xliii. by-stroke (lii'strok), w. An incidental or sly hiiok"'; II side-blow; anise, by-talk (bi'tak), n. 1. Gossip; scandal. — 2. A Hubjcct of gossiping conversation; a b}^vo^d. 'Ib'iii Htiddenly tjecnrn'st tlie hy-falkc of neigliliours. Drkker, Seven Deadly Sins, Iml., p. 8. by-term (bi't6rm), n. An irregular term or time; a tenn, as of a school, in which some- thing is done out of it« regular couise. Thus, in (,'ambriilge UiiiverHity, England, to go out in n hy-lirm is to take a 6. A. degree at a time otlur than .lannary. Bvthites (bi-thi'tez), n. [NL., < Or. [hfiirii, a ih-'\f*i-ii animal, < iii'Qi. /''"'. as adr. See bdime. bytouret, "• A Middle English form of bittern^. bytownite (Vji'toun-it), ». [< Bytown (see def.) + -ite-.] A kind of feldspar fi-om Brtown (now Ottawa). Canada, intermediate between anorthite and labradorite. ByttneriaceSB (bit ne-ri-a'se-e), 71. pi. [Nil., ' Byttiieria, a genus named from the German botanist O. S. A. Biittiwr (lT24rSS). + -acea-.J A natural order of plants, properly included in the order StercitUacece (which see). The typi- cal genus, Byttiieria, consists of about 20 spe- cies of tropical or subtropical herbs or climbing shi'ubs. by-turning (bi'ter'ning), H. A byway; a road leading off the main road. The many bi/-turnin(fS that may divert you from your ■way. ' Sir P. Sidneij, Defence of Poesy. by-view (bi'vu), «. Private view; self-inter- ested purpose. No by-views of liis own shall mislead him. Attcrburii, Sermons, II. iii. by- walk (bi'wak), n. A secluded or private walk. Drydeii. by-walker (bi'wa''ker), H. One who walks by or aside ; one who is not straightforward ; a deceitful person. I have ript the matter now to the pill, and have told you of plain walkers, and of by-tcalkers. Latimer, 2d Sermon bef. Edw. VI., 1549. by-wash (bi'wosh), n. A channel cut to con- vey the sm-plus water from a reservoir or an aqueduct, and prevent overflow. Also called hy-hiid. bywater (bi'wa-ter), a. Among diamond-deal- ers, showing a tinge of yellow ; off color : ap- plied to diamonds. byway (bi'wa), «. A by-road ; a secluded, pri- vate, or obsem'e way ; an out-of-the-way path or com'se : as, highways and byways. Next he showed them the two by-wat/s, tliat were at the foot of the hill, where Formality and Hypocrisy lost them- selves. Banyan, Pilgrims Progress, p. 204. A vast and tangled maze, the byicays of wliich our plan does not allow us to enter. Wheivell, Hist. Scientific Ideas, ii. by-westt (bi-wesf), prep. [< ME. bi wcstc, < AS. be ivesitiii, an adverbial phrase, at or in tlie west: be, prep., by; westdii, adv., west, from the west. Cf. benorth, besouth, etc.] Wostwiinl from; to the west of. [Obsolete or provincial.] Whereupon grew that by-word useii by tlie Irisli, tliat they dwelt bii-webt the law whidi liwcU beyond tlie river of the Harrow, Sir,/. Ilarifs, Stiite of Ireland, by-wipet (bi'wip), n. A secret stroke or sar- casm. Wherefore should you begin with the Devil's name des- canting upon the number of your oppoueutsV wherefore that conceit of Legion with a by-wii>v f Milton, On Def.'of llumb. Remonst., I'ret. byword (bi'w(>rd), n. [< ME. byirordc, < AS. uiicord (= OS. biwiirli = OllG. biivort, also bi- wiirti, MHG. biicort), a proverb, < bi-, by, + icocrf, word, a.by.ipcll.'] 1. A word or phrase used ])roverbially ; especially, a saving used in mockery or dis])aragement; a satirical or con- temptuous jiroverb. A wise man that had it for a by-word. Bacon. I agree with him fully in the last, and If I were forced to allow the first, I should still think, with our oM coarse byword, that the same power whit-.h furnished all their restorateurs sent also their present cooks, Itnrkr, A Regicide Peace. [See also extract under by-irest.l Hence — 2. An object of general reproach or condemnation ; a common subject of doriKion or Diiprobrium. I will make it (this house] U> he a proverb ond n byivunl amung all peoples, i Oliruii. vil. '.iO. And bashful Henry, whi>Rc cowanlleo llalli raadu ub bywords to our enenilet. Shak., a Hun. VI,, I, 1. Byzantinism Has he all that the wi>ild loves and admires and covets? . . , he must cast behind him their admiration, . . . and become a byword and a hissing. Emerson, Compensation. = Syil. 1. Ariom. Maxim, etc, i^ce aphorism. byzant (biz'ant or bi-zant'), ii. Same as be- -««?, 1. In Auglo-Sa-Xon times gold byzants from Byzantium were used in England. Jcvons, Money and ilech, of Exchange, p. 97. Byzantian (bi-zan'sMan), a. [< By:antt-uni, + -an.] Same as By:dntiiic. Byzantine (biz'an-tin or bi-zan'tin), a. and n. [< LL. By:antiniis (also By.:aiitiacus, L. By:an- lius,Gr.Bv^ai'-iaK6g, Bi^avriog), < By:(iiitiiiiii.i Gr. BisT-), its reputed founder.] I. a. Pertain- ing to Byzantium, or Constantinople, an an- cient city of Thrace, situated on the Bosporus, which became the capital of the Byzantine or Eastern empii'e, or to the emp^'e itself. By- zantium was founded by a Greek colony in the seventh century B. c, but was of no great importance until A. D. 330, wiien the emperor Constantiiie the (!reat made it his capital, and chani^ed its name to Constantinople, af- ter himself.— Byzantine architecture, a style of archi- tecture developed from the classical under the Byzantine empire during the fourth and fifth centuries A, h., and, imder various modifications, uscil till the final conquest of Byzantine Architecture.— Church of St, Theodore, Athens. that empire by the Turks in A, n, 1453. It spread so widely that its iiillueiice even in Italy did not wholly decline lie- fore the fifteenth century, and it may be considered as surviving still in Russian architecture, and in a less marked ilegrce in other eastern lauds. An almost universal fea- ture of the style, in buildings of any pretension, is the in- crustation of brick or rough stonework with more precious materials ; large spaces are left void of bold architectural features, to be rcinlei-fil in- teresting iiicrily by surface ornanieiit of pnlislu-il mar- bles iiresenting natural beauty of hue, or of sculp- ture in very low relief, and confined in the main to vegetable or geometrical designs of clearly cut out- line. The style depends much on color for its ef- fect, and mosaics wrought on grounds of gold or of positive color are profusely introduced. The leading forms which characterize the Byzantine style are th6 round arch, the circle, the cross, and the dome sup- ported upon pcndeutives. The i'a]iitals of the pillars are of endless variety, and full of inveiitioii. While some are iilainly foiindcil oil the tJreek Corinthian, nianj' resemble those of early ronnd-ftrched western iirchi- tecture : and so varied is their ilecoration that frciinently no two sides of the same capital are alike. 'I'lie ancient basilica of St, Sophia, in Coustalitinoitlc, and the i-bun-h of ,st, Mark, in Venice, are classical examples of Byzan- tine archlleclure, Byzantine historians, a series of historians aiKl chroniclrrs of the iillaiis ol the Byzantino empire, scattered Ihioiigh the \iliole period of its exis- tence. They are our only source of kiio\ilcilge of H>zan- tliie liistory. Their works have been several times piintcd 1 plete in the original (Ireek, the latest edition being by Niebiibranii others, in 4S volumes. II. II. 1. A native or an inhabitant of By- zaiiliinn. Seel. — 2. [/.''.] Same as ftr.~())/^ 1. Byzantinism (biz'an- or lii-znn 'tin-iznO, ». |< liy:iintinr + -ism.'] The spirit, priiieiph'S, nnd iiM'lliods of llie Byzantines, especiiiliv with rel'iTciK'e traliiie and art ; tlie nmnifesta- tion of Byziiutiuo chariicteristics. Ityianlinism . , . regulated all forms of art by strictly euuventlunal niles, C. C. Perkins, Italian .Sculiiluic, Int, p, I, Hyjiiinlinc Cnpit.ll. Church of S.in \'iliile, R.i%-rnna. 1. The third letter and sec- ca''', ka (ka), ond consouant in tlio Kug- lish, as in general in the other alphabets derived from the I'lieuieiaii. Tlic value ot the sign, Iimvevci-, ia l'lieiiici:in as in Grceli, was that uf a hard // (in (jo, ffive); and so also oii^'inally in Latiii, be- side the sign /r, whieh had the proper But the Latins gave up for a time the written , ,, t. [Appar. a ]iiirticular use, with only phrasal moaniiif,', of en" or <'«1: see def.] A word of no definite individual mean- ing, occurring in the proverbial phrase ca mc. ca thee (now also clmo me, claw thee), help (or seiTO) mo and I'll help you. Ca VK, ca thee : conceale this from my wife, And I'll keep all thy knauery from thine vncle. T. Ueywood, If you Know not me, ii. L Babylonian measure of capacity, „ -, -^ _ .- ...„ , ;h the Hebrew bath or ephah. adiled a tag to the same character for the jr-sound, thus Ca. In <7(e»i., the symbol for cateM(»i. , ■ tnnnng C into G. The comparative table of forms, like ca. In dates, a contraction of Latin rirrn nhmit- ''"I'l"-''"-'" '" compose the word thai given for the other letters (con.pare A and B), is as ''t. "' f-inn' nhn^t i\nn ' ' Tl'^se n.inisters were therefo The measuring of the temple, a cabal found out hut ln'<-ly. /;. ./o,„„„. 3. Conjoint intrigue ; secret artifices of a few- persons united in some design: as, "curs'd cahula of women," Vryden. Centuries glide away in the same unvaried round ot caliiiU at court. Browjliam. 4. A number of persons united in some close design, usually to promote their private -views in church or state by intrigue ; a junto. The name of ' the Calxd " was given to an unpopular ministr} of Charles II., consisting of Cliilord, Ashley, iinckijigliaiu, Arlington, and I,andered, ppr. cabbing. [< c«ftl, «.] To pass over in a cab: as, to cab the distance: often used with an iu' definite it: as, I'll cab it to Whitehall. [Col loq., Eng.] Any sticky substance. [Prov, leger-liue above the bass or below the treble staff, above.) low out.] A Hebrew measure of capacity, for both chy and liquid matter, it was equal to 2.021 liters, or 4* United States pints. Other statements appear to be dne to contusion of different measures by Greek metrologists ; but a ffreat cab, of f the ordinary size, is mentioned in the Talmud. They besieged it [Samaria] until an a-ss's head was sold therefore enipliatically called the Cabal; and ... it has never since their time Ikcii used except as a term of reproach. Macaulay, iiist. Eng., 11. = Syn. 4. Cumhimilion, Party, Faction, Cabal. Camarilla, ,/nntu. Cinnbiualiim is the most general of these words, but it expresses least of permanence in organi/jition ; it often denotes the union for .special ends of indiviiluals or parties otherwise aniagonistie : as, the I^eniocrats and Greenbaekers entered into a cowbina'iou U) secure the election. A party is strictly a more close and pennanent union of inilivirluals, organized to )iromote certain prin- ciples or c mon interests whiidi they consider of fun- damental importance: as, the l.ow church jMirty, the Ilepiibliean party; but the term is nmre Ii>osely used where organization is wanting: as, the Free-trade parly. C'liiibiiialiuii and parly may express tliat « hich is entirely ivpiitable ; tlie other words are chielly unfavorable in their si'.:niIication. A .faction is commonly a section of a party ; it is generally a comparatively small ninnber iif individ- uals, wlio.sc principles and objects are often oi a captious, frivolous, or srlli^h nature, but advocated sr, persistently as to be annoying, and with so little regard to the general interest as sometimes to be dangerous. Cabal and junto express a union less comprehensive than parly or even /action ; the intrigues of a cabal or junto are usually con- ducted mainly for the personal aggramlizcnient of its mem- bers. Junto has almost entirely given jdace to cabal in modern use. A cainarilla is a m'ore or less united Itody of secret counselors of a ruler, acting generally in opjfosition to his official advisers, and constituting u "power behind the throne." After numerous abortive attempts and unsuccessful comlMiiatiou.t iti which Newcastle bore the chief part, it became evident . . . that the union ... of Newcastle . . . and I'itt wjis absolutely necessarj'. Lecky, Eng. in 18th Cent., viii. If I could not go to heaven but with a party, I would not go there at all. Therefore I protest to you I am not of the party of federalist.s. Jefferson, Correspondenoe, II. 4.'J9. By a faction, I understand a number of citizens, whe- ther amounting to a majority or minority of the whole, who are united aiul actuated by some conmion impidse of p.assiou, or of interest, adverse to the rights of other citizens, or to the permanent aud aggregate interests of the conmmuity. Madison, Federalist, \o. 10. In a simple monarchyi the ministers of state can never know their friends from their enemies ; secret cobalt undermine their influence and blast their reiiutation. J. Adams. Works, IV. 289. cabaU (ka-bal'). v. >.; pret. and pp. caballed. p\n: caballinif. [< cnfirt/l, «.] To form a cabal : intrigue conjointly; unite in secret artifices to effect some design. Base rivals, who true wit and merit hate. Caballing still against it with the greaL Dryden, Art of Poetry, iv. 972. It [pride] may prevent the nobles from raballin/t with the jjcople. J. AdauiK, Works, IV'. 395. cabal'-t, "■ [Also written eaball ; = F. cheral = Pr. caralh = Cat. eaball = Sp. cahallo = Pg. It. caraUii, a horse, < L. caballtis (> Gr. ha.id'/.'/.i/^), an inferior horse, a pack-horse, nag; later, in general sense (superseding L. ctjun.<<}, a Iiorse. Hence idt. (from L.) capell, cheral, ehiral, cara- lirr, eheralier, earatri/. chiralr;/. etc.] A horse. cabala, kabala (kab'a-la), n. ' [yih. cabbala (It. Pg. caliala = Sp. cabala = F. cabale = G. Dan. [Sc. E. cain: so a', fa'. cal, ca'l (ka), .f'>u, '00, etc., for E. all, .fall, full A Scotch contraction of ciitl^. ca-, ca'2, caa (ka), v. t. [Proli. < Gael, calc = Ir. calcfim, drive with a hammer, calk: see 'Vf/i-l.] To drive ; impel; push; Knock: as, to ea' a man ower (over). [Scotch.] But ca' them out to park ov hill. And let them wander at their « ill. „ Barns, Death of Mailie. Ca cannie. See canny. (See for fourscore pieces of silver, and the fourth part of a cab gw. kabbala), a transcription of Heb. qabbdlah. of doves dung for live pieces of silver. 2 Ki. VL 25. .„„„„„♦;„„ *.'' „„i,.,i„ „,. „,.^»,„^„.,„ ,i„X.„„„ .„ cab^ (kab), n. See capeV^. ■001, etc.j g^^g^ (kab'ii), n. Sam'e as cabas, 2 and 3. cabackf, ». [Russ. kabakii.'i A taveru; pot- house; dram-shop. [Kussian.] cabaged (ka-bajd'), a. Same as caboshcd. eaball (ka-bal'), «• [= D. kabaal = G. cabale = Dan. kalnil^=z Sw. kabal, a cabal (defs. 3 and 4), < F. cabale = Sp. cabala = Pg. It. cabala, an intrigue, a cabal, the cabala: see cabala.'i If. The cabala (which see). — 2t. A secret. [Rare.] 745 reception, the cabala or mysterious doctrine re- ceived traditionally, < qdbal, receive, take, in the Piel conjugation cjihhel, receive (a doctrine). Hence Crtfio/i.] 1. The theosophy or mystic philosophy of the Hebrew religion, which grew up mainly after the beginning of the tenth ceu- tui-y, aud flourished for many generations. The cabala employed itself first in a mystic explanation of Deity aud cosnu'L'ony, and in the creation of hidden mean- ings for the sacred ilebrew writings, thus drawing into its province all the Hebrew law and philosophy. Later cab- alists pretended to tlud wonderiul meanings even in the cabcila utters and forms of the sacred texts, and made for them- selves elaborate rules of interpretation. 2. Anv secret science ; esoteric as distin- guished from exoteric doctrine ; occultism : mysticism. If 1 wholly mistake not the cabala of this sect. Bentley, Phileleuthenis Lipsiensis, I 9. Eager he read whatever tells Of magic, cabala, and spells. ^ott, L. of the L, iii. 6. Also spelled cabbala, kabbala. • cabalassoa, ». See kabalassou. cabaletta i kab-a-let'ii), n. [It. (> F. cabaJette) ; ef. atralletto (= Sp. caballeta, a grasshopper), a little horse, < caiallo, a horse: see cabal", c

    ring, as in dancing or mirth, or in the frolic of a kid or lamb, or a child ; hence, a sportive or capricious action ; a prank. We that are true lovers run into strange capers. Shak., As you Like it, ii. 4. To cut capers. See cut. caper" (ka'per), n. [Of the product, usually in pi. capers; ME. caperis, capqmres, capperis, aiter L. ; < F. capre, cappre, now cdpre = It. cappero (= Sp. Pg. with At. article alcaparra) = D. l~ap- pcr = 6. kaper — Dan. kapers = Sw. l-apris, < L. capparis, < Gr. KaTrirapic, the caper-plant, a ca- per, < Ar. kabbdr, qabbdr = Pers. kabar, capers.] A plant, Capparis spinosa, the buds of which (called mu pectinata, Caper-bush [Capparis sfiinosa). Mediterranean. The buds are collected and preserved in vinegar. In some parts of Italy the unripe fruit is em- ployed in the same way. Also called caper-bush or caper- plant, and formerly caper-tree. capibara ha\nngawedge-8haped shell gaping at the broad end: the largest of British bivalves. [Local at I'iymoutli in England.] capernoity (kap-i'-r-noi'ti), a. [Also capper- noity, -noitie, -nutic, -nailed; formation uncer- tain.] Crabbed; irritable; peerish. Jamieson. [Scotch.] capernoity (kap-er-noi'ti), n. [Cf. capernoity, a.\ Tlie noddle. Jamieson. [Scotch.] caperont, "• [< It. cappcronc, aug. of eapparo, caper.] A kind of caper. See extract. Capperon'i, [It.], a kind of great capers for Ballets, called capertms. Florio. caper-plant (ka'per-plant), n. Same as caper^. capers (ka'perz), «. pt. The buds of the caper- jilaiit. Seci caper'''. caper-sauce (ka'ptr-sas), n. A sauce seasoned Willi or containing capers: usually a white saiK'f. caper-spurge (ka'pSr-spferj), n. A plant, Eu- plairbia Lathyris, also called iciM caper. See eaper- anil spurge. caper-tea (ka'p6r-te), n. A peculiar kind of black tea, with a knotty eurlfed leaf, so named from its fancied resemblance to the caper. caper-tree (ka'per-tre), H. The Capparis no- bilis, a small tree of Australia, with a pulpy fniit of the size of a large orange. Capetian(ka-pe'shian), «. [After F. Capetien, < Capcl.'] Pertaining or relating to the pos- terity of Hugh Capet, foimder of the dynasty which succeeded the Prankish Carolingians on the tlirone of France (a. i>. 9H7) : as, the Cape- tian family or dynasty; f'ljietiaii documents. Tbu sucLLcdi'lig niyal houses (that of Valois, la2S, and that of liourh, in. ir.^ii) ln-ing of the same blof>d.r'apet was popu- larly cun^ideri-d tluir family !ianie ; hence Louis XVI, was aiiai'„'iH-d before the National Convention under the name of I.MUis Capet. capeuna (kap-e-6'na), n. [Braz.] A fish of the family Ilcemnlohidm, Hwmulon trivittatum or ' the Caviidce. but distinguished from tlu ni by certain cranial and dental characters. The animal is 3 capibara or4fet^t Io:i-. h:i'' a niasaive body, aheavy flat head, broad obtuse ii.iLz-i' ^luail eyes and ears, short stout legs with hoof-Uti'. ^ I^ -^ r. ^ mere stump of a tail, eoarse pelage, and browiiisii ..■■■ioniUou, and weighs about 100 pounds. It ■bouuiU in tropical rivers, and is especially common in Capibaia, or Waterovy {Hydrecherrus cafiibara), Brazil and amonjr the islands of the La Plata, living gen- erally in small companies in the heavy vegetation of the banks, and on ahirm taking to the water, in which it swims and dives with ease. It is mild and inoffensive in disposition, and is easily tamed. The tlesh is edible. Also called icatf'r.hoff and water-pig. Also written capyhara^ capVtar, capivnra. In shaded nooks beneath the boughs, the capyhara«, rabbits as large as sheep, went paddling sleepily round and romid. Kimjifkii, Westward Ho, p. 3."»ti. capidgi (kap'i-ji), n. [< Turk, qapiji, lit. a por- ter, doorkeeper, < qapi^ door, gate.] An execu- tioner in Turkey and Persia. In Turkey and Persia, when the enemies of a great man have sufficient influence to procitre a warrant for his death, a capidfji or executioner is despatched with it to the vic- tim, wlio quietly submits to his fate. T. H. H;riu; IntrtMl. to Study of Holy Script., in. 140. capillaceons (kap-1-la'shius), a. [< L. cajnlla- ceiix. hair-like, of hair, < capiUus, hair: see ctijiitliinj.] Hair-like in dimensions or appear- auee : capillary. capillaire (kai>-i-lar'), n. [F., the maidenhair fern (=E.illaris (so. hcrha, herb), maidenhair: see ctipilUiri/.'] 1. The maidenhair fei-n, Jrf«/H- tuni Capilliii-rcneris. — 2. A kind of syrup pre- pared with inaidenhaii' fern ; also, by extension, any simple syruj), as of sugar or honey, flavored with oraiitce-flowors or orange-flower water. capillament (ka-pil'a-ment), II. [< L. capilla- mi-iiliiiii, the liair, hairy fibers of plants, < ca- piUiis, hair: see capillunj.'] A filament or fine fiber; specifioally, in hot., the filament form- ing the stalk of the stamen; a small tine thread like a hair. ' The sidid cainllamentt of the nerveg. Bp. BerkeUy, Siris, § 224. capillarimeter (kap'i-la-rira'e-ter), n. [< L. riiiiillnn.s (.see capillari/) + mctium, measure.] A device for testing oils by the size of the drops which fall from a point of standard size liiidiT (ixi-d conditions of temperature, etc. capillarilie88(kap'i-lii-ri-nesorka-pira-ri-ncs), II. The state of being capillary; capillarity. [Kare.] capillarity (kap-i-lar'i-tl), n. [< L. capilldrin (see rnpilhtrii) + -iVy.] The state or condition of being capillary; capillary attraction. I was already perfectly fandliar with the notion of a nkin iiff>n the surface of l[t|hldH, and I had been taught by irieariH of it to work out itroblerns in eapillaritii. It'. K. Clif'iril, Lectures, I. 117. capillary {kap'i-la-ri or ka-pil'a-ri), a. and n. K L. aipitlaris, piTtnitiing to the hair (LL. hrrha rapillariH, maidenliair fern), < (■upillu.s, the linir, prop, of the heud (for 'caj>itlu.i1), < m/)"' (inpit-), head: see rapiit.] I. a. 1. I'er- t iiiun,; to or resembling hair: as, a cupiUunj I'ltiiin ; riipillitri/ (Ibers or Ihreads. — 2. Hpecifi- 'Milly, in hoi., reMcmbliiig hair in the manner of grow Mi: applied in this Heiise by Kay, Bot'r- huav.-, ari'l other early botanists to ferns. ' ' 'I'lM.'ii-roiiH plantii are Hinli as have no '' 'lit grow to the Krollli'l. iln liaint oil ' :i I'l sir their needii In llltk- liiflii or I ■ lull knide of their Icnvia. IJiiinry. '•'' iri(^' II single liair ; siiecilleally, in '" : (iiH a liiiie) HO Hmall a bore tlinl ''■ I be poured into it, and will not <■" it. — 4. I'erlainiiig lo a ra|iillaiy '"■ ' ; iiH, (Yi;>i7/nn/ circulation. T'l' Ml which a withrred lillp revlvi-- on •x"'"" !• r. uliowii IK III. part which rnpill.,,ilile lieiL'lit aiiove the surface of the water in the vessel, the lieiglit being inversely as the diainetAir of the bore ; that is, the smaller the bore the greater the height. Difl'erent liquids rise in capillary tubes to dillerent heights. The rise is explained by the action of cohesion as a force acting at insensible distances (hence called capiltan/ at- traction), which produces a tension of the superficiid lUiii of the liquid (see ifurfare'ten^ion) tliat exerts a pull up- ward where the surface is concave, as when the tube is moistened by the liipiid (as glass or metal by water, alco- hol, etc.), but a pressure downward where the surface is convex ; coiise'/(■ T. Ilrowne. See I., 2. capillationt (kap-i-lii'shon), II. [< 1.1. rapilla- lio()i-), prop, being hairy, < cajiilhiliif, hairy, < ailiilliix, hair: see aipillarii.'\ 1. A blood-ves- sel like a hair; a capillary. Hir T. Jiruinir. — 2. Hairiness; a making a ihing hairy. Bailci/, 1727. Capillaturet (ka-pil'a-tur), n. [< L. capillnturn, the hair, esp. false hair, < ctijiillatus, hairy: see raiiilhition.'] A bush of hair; frizzling of the hair. [Kare.] capilli (ka-pil'i), II. pi. [L. (NL.), pi. of ciijiil- lii.i, hair: see caiiillari/.J In cntoiii., hairs on tile uiPiicr jiart or front and vertex of an in- soot's head. capillifolious (ka-pil-i-fo'li-us), «. [< h. c.apil- liis, liair, -I- ./b/iu»i, loaf : see folio.} Having liair-likc loaves. capilliform (ka-piri-fOrm), a. [< L. c«/i(7/«.<. hair. -I- foriiiii, form. J In the shape or form of a liair or liairs: as, a capitlifonn fiber. capillitium (kap-l lish'ium), II. [L., the hair coUectivilv, < rojiilhi.i, hair: nee cii]iilltirii.'\ In hoi.: (a) 'riie vaiiiuisly coiistitiMed iiiiricad' filamentous slriieliire which togellier willi tlie spores fills the spore-i'ase of many of the low- er fungi, especiallv Ihe MijxoiniirrUn. (h) The (hready or Imir-liKe filaments developed willi- in I ho spore-capsnleH or sporangia of certain .Miji'i Inzon. capillose (kai/i-los), a. [i \j. riiiiillosiis, < rii- /iilhis, hair: see oipillarij/] Hairy; abounding with hair, capirote (kap'i-rot), n. A name of tho coin- iii'iii blackcaj) warbler of Europe, Sylvia alri- fiifiilla. caplstra, w. Plural of rnpistnini. capistrate (ka-pis'lnil). II. |< \,. rnpi»lratH:i, |.|.. of iiipiHlrarr, tie with a lialler, bind, fas- ten, < capislnini, a halter: see ciipiHlriim.] In ornitli., cowled or hooded; iiiaskeil ; having the capital H front of the head covered, as if by a mask, with marked color. capistmm (ka-pis'trum), «.; -pi. capistra {-tr'^'i. [L., a halter, a muzzle, a band, < capere, hoiii: see capahlc.^ 1. A bandage worn by ancient flute-players to prevent the undue distention of the cheeks in blowing their instruments. — 2. In siirii., a bandage for the head. — 3. In oniitli.: ((() Projjerly, the face of a bird; the part of the head about the bill, especially when dis- tinguished in any way, as by a mask of coloi-. .SiuHtcvall. (/;) Amask of color enveloping more or less of tho head like a hood, as in the hooiied gull, Larus capistrutti!:. capita, II. Latin phu'al of caput. capitaine (kap'i-tiin), n. [F. capitaiiie, a cap- tain.] A labroid fish, Lticliiioliriiius maximtis ov fiilcatiis, better known as hoy fish. See cut under hiti/fish. capital' (kap'i-tal), n. and ». [< ME. capital, < (_)F. and F. capital (AS. capitnl, in comp. capi- hil-massc, first mass) = Pr. Sp. Pg. capital = It. capitalc, < L. capitalis, relating to the head, and hence to life, dangerous, capital, also chief, iireeminent, < caput (capit-), head: see caput.] '„ a. It. Kelating to the head; situated on the head. Needs must the serpent now his capital bruise Expect with mortal pain. MUton, P. L., xii. 383. 2. Used at the head or beginning, as of a sen- tence, line, or word. See capital letters, below. — 3. Aflfectiug the head or life; incurring or invohTiig the forfeiture of life; punishable with death: as, treason and murder are capital offenses or crimes; hence, fatal; most serious: as, a capital mistake. By the lawes of all kingdomes it is a capitatt crime to devise or imrpose the death of the king. Spcntter, State of Ireland. The law which made forgery capital in England was passed without the smallest reference to the state of so- ciety in India. Macautati. Warren Hastings. 4. First in importance; chief ; principal. This had been I'crhaps thy capital seat, from whence had spread All generations. Milton, P. L., xi. 343. Whatever is capital and essential in Christianity. 7.V. Taiilor. The capital peculiarity of the eloquence of all times of revolntiini ... is that the actions it persuades to are ttiu highest and most heroic which men can do. li. Clwatc, Addresses, p. 173. A ministry which has been once defeated on a capitpt question rarely recovers its moral force. I.eekii, r.ng. in IStll Cent., 1. 5. Very good; excellent; fir.st -class: as, a capital singer or player; a capilal dinner; a capital fellow. \\'lu-n the reading was over, nobody said capital, or oveti gooil, or even tolerable. T. Hook, Gilbert tlurncy, 1. 11. In a dirty little inn, ill-kept by friendly, simple people, I had a capital breakfast. C. D. Warner, Ronndabont .Tourney, p. f,2. Capital cross. See cro«*i.— Capital letters (cupiial A, li. (', etc.), in irriti/oi and printi/nr, Icttcis of a larger face tbiiii, and dirt'cring moi-e or less in form from, the letters coiislHuting the bulk of the text (sninll or lowi-r-case let- ters), and corrcsiionding in the imiiii (especially in print- ing) to the majuscules of ancient inscriptions and manu- scripts, which were wliollv written in such letters: so called liecanse used in hcailings, and at the beginning or liumulat.ou of the products ot (pm-tlv< AS. capitul), also assibilated cLpi- capitata"/-. Plural of .vyiva^L past labor capable of bemgusedm the support t,l, chapitk; chapitn, < OF. mpitk, chapitU:, capitate (kap'i-1 at) a \ttit/o = It. capilolo = D. ktippild = G. cajMH = ihm. kapitcl = Sw. capiicl, < L. eapitidum, a chapter, lit. a little head, dim. of i-djiiit (mpit-), head : see cii/int, and cf. cliiijihr, rlKtpitn; doub- lets of mpitdlK] A chapter or section of a book. capitalisation, capitalise. See capitalization, ciijiitdli-c. capitalism (kap'i-tal-izm), n. [< capital^ + -ism.] 1. The state of having capital or prop- erty ; possession of capital. The sense of capitalium sobered and dignlned Paul de ^''"'■"C. Thackeray, Neweonies, xlvi Ill-ail,^ < ftipat {caml-), head : see I-shaped, - (ipitatuii, having a , , ,, ioe caput.'] 1. In hut., head-shaped, or collected in a head, as a dense terminal cluster of sessile or nearly ses- sile flowers ; having a rounded head : as, a capi- tate stigma.— 2. Inornith., having an enlarged extremity: as, the capitate feather of a pea- cock's tail. — 3. In entmn., suddenly enlarged at the end so as to form a ball or oval mass: applied to the antennse of insects when this form is produced by several expanded terminal .joints, as in most of the Ciircidioiiiila: capitation (kap-i-tii'shon), n. [= F. capitation, poll-tax, < LL. caj)itniio(H-), the poll-tax, < L. caput (.capit-), head: see caput.] 1. Numera- 2. The concentration or massing of capital in tion by the head; a numbering of persons, as the hands of a few ; also, the power or influence the inhabitants of a city, of large or combined capital. Industry is carried on by the fnnccntr.ition of large sums of capital ; it is there (in Engbuid I (hilt .o/jiVa/wM has developed most largely, and has thus prepared the causes of its own destruction. Orpen, tr. of Lavelaye's Socialism, p. 209. The working-men find the journals out of sympathy with their aims and aspirations, and have learnt to regard them as hopelessly subservient to what they call capital- """■ N. A. Rev., CXr.m. 312. capitalist (kap'i-tal-ist), n. [< capital'^ + -ist; = F. capilalistc] "One who has capital ; espe- cially, a man of large property which is or may be employed in business. tages which capital confers. "Baptize all nations" must signify all that it can sIk- nify, all that are reckoned in the capitatunui and accouiitB of a nation. Jer. Taylor, Works (ed. 18.-)5), 1. 127. 2. A tax or imposition upon each head or per- son ; a poll-tax. .Sir T. Browne. Also called a capitation-tax. No capitatian or other direct tax shall be laid unless in proportion to the census or enumeration herein before di- rected to be taken. Cmut. of If. S. Capitation grant, a giant of so much per head ; specifi- cally, in (ireat iJritain, a grant annually paid by govern- nieiit to schools on account of each pupil who passes a certain test examination, and tl. [NL., < Capitella + -id(r.] A family of marine poly- chfBtous amielids, typified Ijy the genus Ca- pitella, lacking parapodia, and having the vascular system reduced or wanting. Other genera of this family are Xotomastus and Don si/branchus. The capitelliform (kap-i-tel'i-f6rm), a. [< L. capi- tilliim (si'p capitellum) -i- forma, form.] Same as cajiitiiliform. capitellum (kap-i-tel'um), n. ; pi. capitella (-a). [L., a small head, dim. of capiut (capit-), head: see caput, capitai^, and cadef^.] 1. In anat.: (a) The rounded convex production is that industry is controlled by capitalists employing free wage-labour ; that is, while the capitalist owns and controls the means of production, the free la- bourer has lost all ownership in land and capital and has nothing to depend on but his wage. Eiicijc. Brit., XXII. 212. "■ [< apital let- ters at the beginning of words in writing or printing. Also spelled capitalisation. capitalization2(kap"i-tal-i-za'shon), «._[< capitalize" + -ation; z^V. capitalisation.] act of capitalizing, (a) The application of wealth as capital, especially in large amounts, to the purposes of trade, manufactures, etc. Medieval Capital. — Abbey of V^zelay, 13th century. ( From Viollet- te-Duc's " Diet, de r Architecture." ) Economics, then, is not solely the science of Exchange or Value : it is also the science of Capitalisation. Jevoius, Pol. Econ., p. 241. (b) The act of computing or realizing the present value of a periodical payment, (c) Conversion into capital : as, the creditors consented to the cajntalization of half tlieir claims. Also spelled capitalisation. capitalize^ (kap'i-tal-iz), V. t. ; pret. and pp. capitali-cil, ppr. capifalisinr). [< capital''- -h -ize.] To begin with a capital letter: as, to cajtitalize the first word of a sentence. Also spelled capitxdise, and abbreviated to cap. capitalize^ (kap'i-tal-iz), v. t. ; pret. and pp. cap- italized, ppr. capitalizing. [< capital^ + -ize; = F. capitalixrr.] To convert into capital or into an e(|uivMlcnt capital sum. (a) To convert (wealth or other pioperty) into capital which may be used for purposes of trade, manufactures, etc. (&) To compute or realize the present value of in money: applied to the conversion of a periodical payment for a definite or an in- deflnit* length of time into a single payment or capital sum: &^, to capitalize &'pQus,ion; to capitalize venta. As to the project of capitalizing incomes, that Is an- other atfaii'. London Times, Jan. 22, 1866. (c) To convert (floating debt) into stock or shares. Also spelled citpilalis<'. ■ ■' ' 1. By the loss of and as a member of transition between it and the entab- lature, or other portion of the structure above the pillar. In classical architecture the different orders have their respective appropriate capitals ; but in the Egyptian, In- dian, Moorish, Byzantine, and medieval styles the capitals are endlessly diversified. - -j. n /• i. 1 •\ 2. In fort., the line which bisects the saUent capitally (kap i-tal-i), adv angle of a ravelin.— 3. The head of a still, a O'^'^'^ ^^"■^'■^ ''^' 1^^' chimney, etc.— Angular capital, a term applied to the modern Ionic capital, which has four similar sides and all its volutes placed at an angle of 13.')° with the plane of the frieze. See anffte-capital.— Ajds Of the Ionic capi- tal. See (ixisl. capital^* (kap'i-tal), V. t.; pret. and pp. cajn- tdted or capitalled, ppr. capitaling or capitalling. [< capital^, n.] To furnish or crown with a capital, as a pillar or column. [Rare.] The white column capitalled with gilding. Charlotte Bronte, Villette, xx. He was punished capitally. Bp. Patrick, Paraphrases and Com., Gen. xliii. 15. 2. In a capital manner gree ; excellently ; finely Away here in the ^vlld Balkan mountains, there is old Mr. So'nifliodypoff's son, . . . who talks English ca^ifaWw. J. Baker, Turkey, p. 221. capitalness (kap'i-tal-nes), n. The state or quality of being capital; preeminence. [Bare.] articular eminence upon the distal extremity of the humerus (capitellum humeri), which is re- ceived in the cup-shaped head of the radius. (6) The head of a rib («j;>t. tellum costw), as distin- guished from the tuber- culum or shoulder. Also called capitulum. — 2. In zoijl., the tentacular por- tion of the body or the hydranth of a " hydi'oid polyp; that part of the hydranth which bears tentacles and appears to be analogous to a head. The aboral pole grows out into a stalk-like part, which carries the head, and is distinguished as the capitelluin or hydranth. IJC'j^rnbaur, Comp. Anat. (trans.), p. 92. Capitibranchia, Capitibranchiata (kap i-ti- brang'ki-ii, -brang-B-a'ta), «. pd. [>fL. : see capitibranchiate.] Same as Cephalobranchia. Lower end of Left Human Hu- merus (front view;. 17, internal enicondyle ; *, external epiconayle ; c, troch. lea ; 1^, capitelliun. •; in a preeminent de- capitibranchiate (kap i-ti-brang'ki-at), a. [< ,•: as, she sang capitalhi. ^'^■ <'")'i''''r<"i''lii''tus, also capitohranchiatus, < , ,■ „ - ,. L. «yj«<(iv;yj(;-), head, +6raMc/u(r, gUls.] Same kan mmlntani, there ,« oW s.S CephalobrancUate. In the tubicolous capUo-branchiate forms. Claus, Zoology (trans.), p. 377. In some capito-branchiate Chaetopods cartilage forms a skeletal support for the gill-plumes. Encyc. Brit., XVI C78. Capito Capito (kap'i-to), «. [L., a fish Trith a large head. prop, adj., large-headed. < caput {capit-}. head: see ciiput.'\ A genus of barbets, typical of the subfamily Capitoiiin' rcgulaiiy constituted Ko- man colony. The Roman capitol of Touluusc, wiiich has Ijcen more than once renewed, has been the chief seat of authority in that city from medieval thnes t*» the present day. The cakc-l)akcr8, being returned to Lenn?. went presently, before they did either eat or drink, to the Capitol, and there before tlieir king, cidled I'icro- chole, . . . made their complaint, showing their panniers broken, their coats torn, etc. Rahclain (tr. by t'rquhart), Gargantua, xxvi. 2. In the United States, the edifice occupied by Congress at Washington: also, in the separate States, the state-house, or house in which the legislature liolds its sessions. Capitolian (kap-i-to'li-an), a. Same as Capi- tidtiii. Capitoline (kan'i-to-Un), a. [< L. CapitoUnu.d the new. ■ I Inittrlrnldy confilned ullli I >l Mf'jalamidaet ant\ cutii uii. 1 ■■l.ui. K:il, I -to-ni'n«), n. /)/. fNIj., < ■ -i»«'. 1 A subfamily of Mninln- ■I 'vv tlie genus Capito ; tlie lliiik- in xeiiiiMr/riHl Imrlxl.M, coiiliiiiil • iilli Aimrii'a, and represrnt- ' ejosof till' ^'inoro Capito 'iml cut under Capita. ui-nin), i. [= F. capitu- lairc = It. capitoiare, a. and n., < ML. capitu- laris, pertaining to a chapter (ef. LL. capitulare, neut., a poll-tax), < L. capitulum, a chapter (sec- tion of a book, or a council), lit. a little head : see capitulum, chapter, aaiX capital-^.] I. a. 1. Belonging to a chapter, in any sense of that word. Also capitulary. The next step would have been to impose monastic vows upon all the capitular clergy. E. A. Freeman, Hist. Norm. Conq., IL 301. 2. In hot., growing in a capitulum or head. See capitate. — 3. Iu -oo7. and anat., pertain- ing to a capitulum — Capitular mass. Seeiiiassi. — Capitular process, in «/i«r,asnmll process or prom- inence <.>n a vertebra, with which the capitulum of a rib articulat-fs ; tlie articular facet for the llead of a rib. See cuts under atla^ and cervical. H. «. 1. An act passed in a chapter, as of knights or canons. — 2. pi. The body of la%vs or statutes of a chapter or of an ecclesiastical COimeil. Tliis name is also given to the laws, civil and ecclesiastical, made by Charlemagne .and other princes in general councils and assemblies of the people. They are so called because divided into chapters or sections. That great legislator knew too well the importance attached by all mankind to local customs, to allow his imperial capitularn to interfere, unnecessarily, with file IMsiaii laws. Motley, Dutch Republic, I. 22. Capitol of the IJnited States, Washington, D. C. diajitcr itself, and all lt> Aith'fe, Parergoii. CaiHtoiuuae Caj. ■ ,-, ■ mi't- ■■■•> h<'f. to I • ..I I, r.i,- capito II. hiiviiif or '■«/<. '.. 3. A member of a chapter Statutes which shall bind tin members, or capitulant. In the preceding senses also cnjiitulary. 4. [Sp., a writing iu chiiplers, lieiidH. or «rtiele»; henci'. t" ilraw up articluH of agreement; urrauge capitulum terms of agreement ; treat ; also, to enter into an agreement ; confederate. Do not bid me Dismiss my soldiers, or capitulate Again with Rome's mechanics. Shak., Cor., v. 3. Percy, Xorthuniberlaiui. The archbishop's Grace of York, Douglas, Mortimer, Capitulate against us. Shak., 1 lien. IV., iiL 2. He who took so hainously to be offer'd nineteen Propo- sitions from the Parlamciit, capitulates heer with God almost in as many Articles. Miltun, Eikoiioklastes, xxv. 2. To surrender to an enemy on stiptdated con- ditions. I'sed especially regarding an army or a garri- son, when the terms of surrender are specified and agreed to by the parties. Mondragon was determined not to yield at discretion, although very willing to capitulate. .Motley, Dutch Republic, II. 528. lam ashamed to think how easily wfcapilitlaleU^ badges and names, to large societies and dead institutions. Eioersiiii, Self-reliance. capitulate, capitulated (ka-pit'u-lat, -la-ted), ((. [< Xlj. capitulatus, < L. cajtituluiu : see c Gr. capitulation = Dan. lajiitulalian) = Sp. capitnlacion = Pg. ca- pitulai^iio = It. capitola:iimc, < ML. *capitula- tio{n-) (cf. capit ula1io{n-), an index of chapters), < f(7j>('/K/(»'f. capitulate : see capitulate.] 1. An article or articles of agreement; formal agree- ment. [Rare.] With special capitulation that neither the Scots nor the French shall rcfortify. Jip. Burnet, Recitrds, No. 50, i. 2. SpecifieaUj' — 2. The act of capitidating or sur- rendei'iug to an enemy upon stipulated terms or conditions; also, the treaty or instrument con- taining the conditions of such a sun-ender. .My idea was. that all jicrsons taken in war were to be deemed prisoners of w;u'. That those who snrrender on capitulation (or convention) are prisoners of war also. JeJlersoH, Correspondence, I, 104. 3. (a) In the Holy Roman Emjiire, the con- tract or pledge entered into by the elected em- peror, before receiving coronation, with the electors, in which the latter generally secured some concession as the price of their votes, (h) pi. (1) The name given by Europeans to those treaties and 'con- cessions of the (>arly stdtans of Turkey which secure to foreigners residing there rights of exterritoriality, in continuation _ of similar privileges granted to foreign ..,; residents by the Byzantine empire. These jirivileges are in general called Copitula. f ions : not ni the sense iioiv usual of a snrit'iuler of light, for they were a free grant, but in the old sense of an agreement unilcr heads and articles — "Capitula." The word was not unusual in such a sense in old French treaties and conventions, for we read of a '* Capitulation and Contract of Mar- riage" between Doni I'edro of Portugal and tho Princess Marie of Savoy. E. Sctiuyter, Amer. Diplomacy, pp. 59, 00. (2) Conventions formerly entered into by the Swiss cantons to regulate the eniiiloynuMit of Swiss troops by the jiopcs, the Ni'tlicrlamis, anil the kings of .S)i»in, Naples, and France. capitulator (ka-pit'fi-Iii-toiO, h. [< ML. as if "(■(ipilKlator, <. caj)itularc: see capitulate.] One who cnpil whites. capitulatory (ka-]iit'i)-hl-t(Vri), a. [< capitu- late + -ory.] 1. Briilly stated; drawn up in heads or chn]iters. — 2. Kelating to or of tho nature of a capitulation or surrender on con- ditioiiH. capitula (knii'i-tfd), n. [< L. caiiitulum, achap- U'v: f«-i_< eupiliiUnu andchaplcr.] If. Achaptor. I he contents of thin capitule |ave| by y»>. 2. Ill hot,, Hiime as capitulum, I!. capituliform (Uu-pit'ii-li-i'oriu), a. [< L. f«/>/- liihiiii, II lillli^ head, -I- /(')'«/((, shape. J Resera- liliiig a small head or capitulum. Also capitcl- tifiirm. capitulum (ka-iiit'u-liiui1, H. ; )il. capitula (-lit). I 1.., M sniiill head, a ciipitnl orlieiidora coliiinn, a chiiptrr. ilim. of cujiut (eapil-), lieiid: see caput, und cf. cajatctluni, eapifular : see also eiipilal*, cliapiter, cliajitrr.] 1. In aual., the 111 ml of a bone; es|iecially, the head of a rilt, MS (listingiiisliod from ils shoulder or tulier- ciiliitii. Also called enpili Hum. Sec cut iili- lior endoskrlrtou. — 2. Iti Cirrijietlia, .sjiecili- cally, tho valves of llu' shell colleclivoly, in- capitulum closing more or less of tlii> ))0(ly of the animal, as distinguished from the iioduneular part of the creature. When a ijeUuiiclc exists, as in Lepas, it is the liiniler part of the body wliieh is inclosed in the capi- tulniu. 3. In but., a close head of sessile flowers, as in the Compo-fitie; also, as used by some early botanists, the receptacle of various fimgi; in mosses, a close, dense cluster of leaves. Also called capitule. — 4. In eiitom. : (a) The enlarged terminal portion of the halter or poiserof a dip- terous insect. (6) The enlarged terminal por- tion of the sucking mouth of a ily, formed by two suctorial flaps called hibcUa. (c) The knob at the end of a capitate antenna. — 5. One of the stalked spheroidal sporangia of certain myeetozoans. capivara, n. Same as mjiibani. capivi (ka-pe'vi), n. Same as copaiba. caple', caple". See cnjM-l^, capcT^. caplinl (kap'liu), n. [< caj)l -I- dim. -Un.'] The cap or baud of leather on a flail thi-ough which the thongs pass that connect the swingel to the staff. Also capling. caplin^ (kap'lin), u. [Also capelin, caplan, capclan, and, by corruption, kiblimj, IcibbliiKj : < F. capiat!, capelaii ; origin unknown.] A fish, formerly refeiTed to the Salmonidw under the name Salmo arcticus, now known as Mallotus viUostts, and assigned to the smelt family, Ar- (icntinida;. it is 6 or 8 inches long, and resembles :i smelt in appearance, but is more closely related to the Caplio {MaliotHS viUi}sits), eulachon or candle-fish, from which it differs chiefly in the broader maiiy-rayed pectoral fins and the peculiar scales of tlie mjile. In that sex there is a raised band along the sides of the body above the lateral Ime, con- sisting of elongated imbricated scales with free project- ing points, giving a villous appearance like the pile of vel- vet. The caplin occurs in immense shoals in all the north- ern seas, and is an important food-fish to the natives, though its chief use is as bait for cod. capling (kap'liug), 11. Same as caplivX. cap-merchantt, »■ See cape-merchant. cap-moneyt (kap'mun"i), n. In fox-lmnting, the money formerly collected for the hunts- man on the death of the fo.x. capnomancy (kap'no-man-si), n. [= F. capno- iiiaittie (Cotgrave) ='Sp. Pg. capnomancia, < Gr. /inTTi'iif, smoke (akin to Lith. kvupas, vapor, = L. vapor, etc.: see vapor), + /lavrcia, divination.] Divination by the ascent or motion of smoke. capnomor, kapnomor (kap'no-mor), n. [< Gr. KaiTvoc, smoke, + jioipa, a part (or stem *fiop-), < ficifteaBai, divide, apportion, allot.] A trans- parent, colorless, oil-like fluid (C20H22O2) ob- tained fi'om the smoke of organic bodfes or from the tar of wood. capo (ka'po), n. [E. dial., var. of capeV-.'] A working-horse. Grose. [Prov.Eng. (Cheshire).] capoc (kap'ok), H. [Punjabi hapCih, Hind. Ao- ]>as, cotton'.] A fine short-stapled cotton of the East ludQes, used chiefly to stuff cushions, line palanquins, etc. capocchiat (ka-pok'iil), n. [It., fern, of eapoe- ckio, dull, heavy, silly, lit. big-headed, aug. of cn^^o, the head: seecajie^.] The feminiue form of capocchio, a fool: used coaxingly in the fol- lowing passage. Alas, poor wretch ! a poor capocckia. Shak., T. and C, iv. 2. capocht, «• and r. t. See capouch. capon (ka'pon), n. [< ME. capon, capun (also assibilated cliapoun, after F. chapon), < AS. ca- pun = MD. kappoen, D. kapoen, kapuin = LG. Sw. Dan. kapun — MHG. kajiiin, G. kapaun = F. chapoii = Pr. Sp. capon = Pg. capao = It. cappone, < L. capo(n-) (also capns, > OHG. cliappo, MHG. kappe) (ML. also caponus), < Gr. Ka-rruv, a capon, prob. < ■\^ *KaTr, repr. by Kowreiv, out.] 1. A castrated cock; a cock- chicken castrated for the purpose of improv- ing the flesh for table. oh, a capon, A bird of grace, an 't be thy will ! I honour it. Fletcher, Spanish Curate, v. 2. 2t. [So called, it is said, because letters were ■often conveyed inside of fowls. Cf . P. poulet, a fowl, also a love-letter, a billet-doux.] A letter. O, thy letter, thy letter ; he's a good friend of mine : Stand aside, good bearer. Boyet, you can carve ; Break up this capon. Shah., L. L. L., iv. 1. Norfolk capon, a red herring. [Local, Eng.] 807 capon (ka'pon), V. t. [= G. kapaunen = F. rlKipdinier = Pr. caponar =z It. capponare ; from tlie iiouu.] To make a capon of; canonize. caponett (ka'pou-et), n. [< capon + dim. -e«2.] A young c.aijon'. caponiere, caponniere (kap-o-ner'), n. [< F. caponiiirri: = It. vdpiioniera, a covered lodg- ment, < Sp. caponcra {= Pg. capoeira), a. covered lodgment, a cage or cooij in which to fatten fowls, < Sp. capon = Pg. capSo, a capon : see capon.] In fort. : (a) A covered lodgment sunk 4 or 5 foot into a ditch for its defense, encom- passed witli a parapet about 2 feet high, serv- ing to su|(poit several planks laden with earth. (b) A ]jassag(f from one part of a work to an- other, protected on the right and left by a wall or parapet, ami sometimes coverei.] In the game of piquet, to win all the tricks from. That last game I had with my sweet cousin I capotted her. Lamb, Mrs. Battle on \Vhist. capotasto(It.pron. ka'po tas'to). [It.: eapo,< L. caput, head (see cape^); tasio, key, touch, < tastare, touch, feel: see taste.'] A contrivance attached to stringed instruments with frets, like the guitar, for the purpose of raising the pitch of all the strings at once. Also capo di tastii. capote (ka-pof), n. [F. capote, f. (formerly also eai}ot, capjMt, m.) (= Sp. Pg. capote = It. eappotto, > Turk, qaput, qapiul), ilim. of cape, a hood or cape: see cape'^.] 1. A large coarse cloak, properly with a hood. Specifically— (a) In some military uniforms, the regulation outer garment, con- sisting of a very long and full cloth coat. (6) An outer gar- ment for women, made of camlet or cloth, covering the person completely and reaching nearly to the grouiiil. (c) An outer garment forming a usual part of the costinne, and worn by l)oth women and men, among many tril)es of the Levant. It is made either of rough cloth or of skins retaining their hair. She [an Albanian woman] went and put on a new capote. a sort of white frock coat, without sleeves, embroidered in bright colours down the seams, which showed her fig- ure to advantage. R. Curzon, Monast. ill the Levant, p. 211. , 2. The hood or top of a wagon, as of a buggy, or any similar protection for a vehicle. capoucll (ka-posh'), n. [Also capoeh, capuche = G. kapu;c = Dan. kabuds; < F. eapuchc, also capuce, < It. cappuccio, < ML. caputium, capi- tinm, capucciitm, cappucium, etc., a cowl or hood: see caputium.'] A monk's hood or cowl ; especially, a hood of peculiar pointed form worn by the Capuchin monks. capoucit (ka-posh'), v. t. [Also capoeh, ca- jiiivlie ; < capouch, n.] 1. To cover with a hood. Between the cicada and that we call a grasshopper the differences are very many, for first, they are differently cucullatf'd or capouched upon the head and back. Sir T. Broimie, Vulg. Err., v. 3. 2. To blind or hoodvrink. cappadine (kap'a-din), n. [Cf. capiton.] A sort of silk flock taken from the upper part of the silkworm's cocoon after the true silk has been wound off, used for shag in making rugs. Cappadocian (kap-a-do'shian). a. and 11. [< Cuppadocia + -an.] I. a. Pertaining to Cap- padocia, an ancient province and kingdom of Asia Minor, now part of Asiatic Turkey. II. n. A native or an inhabitant of Cappa- docia. Caprellidse Cappagh brown. See brown. cap-paper (kap'pa'per), n. 1. A coarse paper, so calhfd from being used to make caps to hold commodities. — 2. A kind of writing-paper in largo sheets. See cap^, «., .'i. capparid (kap'a-rid), n. [< (,'aji]iaris (-rid-), q. v.J In liol., a jjlant of the natural order Cap- paridacea;. Capparidacese (kap'Vri-da'se-e), n. pi. [NL., < (Jiip/iaris {-rid-) -i- -acca:.] A natural order of plants, sometimes shrubs or trees, nearly re- lated to the (MiciJ'era:, from which they differ in having six or more stamens which are not tetradynamous, the pod without a partition and often stalked, and kidney-shaped seeds with a coiled embryo. They are natives chiefly of tropical and subtropical regions, anci possess more or lesa acrid qualities. The piin. ipal genera aic Capparia and Clconw. Some species of iJiinftndrupHix and Polanifda, gen- era of this order, are cultivated for ornament. See cuts under cajjer- and Clet/ine. capparidaceous (kap"a-ri-da'shiu8), a. Per- taining to the (UipparillaceiE. capparideous (kap-a-rid'e-us), a. Same as rapparidaceous. Capparis (kap'a^ris), n. [L., the caper-bush, the caper: see caper'-.] A genus of shi-ubby plants, of tropical and warm regions, of which the most familiar species is the caper, C. spinosa. See caper^. The products of some species are used ae irritants or as antispasmodics, and some tropical Araeri- can species are said to be poisonous. The lierries of C. Sodnda, which is abundant in tropical Africa, are used for food, cap-peak (kap'pek), n. The peak or stiff pro- jecting front piece of some kinds of caps, cappeline, n. See capdine. capperl (kap'er), «. [< (•«/;! -f- -cj-l.] 1. One whose business is the making or selling of caps. [Rare.] — 2. A tool for fitting percussion-caps to shells. Capper^t (kap'er), n. A Scotch form of cup- per, a cupbearer. See cap^ and cupper. capper^ (kap ' 6r), V. t. [Cf. Dan. kapre = G. kapern, seize ; from the noun caperS (Dan. kaper, etc.) or freq. of the verb cap3, seize: see caps and coper'^.] To seize; lay hold of violently; specifically, to seize (a vessel) as a prize. [Scotch.] capper* (kap'er), n. [Appar. < capS + -er-l, lit, 'seizor'; but in def. 1 perhaps associated with attcrcap = attercop, a spider, and in def. 2 per- haps a particidar use, in allusion to "the spider and the fly .['] 1 . A spider. — 2. A stool-pigeon in a gambling-house, or a person employed at auctions to raise bids deceptively. [Slang.] capperclawt, v. t. See caperclaw. cappernoity, a. See capemoitii. cap-piece (kap'pes), «. In carp., a piece of timber covering the heads of a series of uprights or other vertical structure. capping-plane (kap'ing-plan), H. In joinery, a plane used for working the upper surface of staircase-rails. cap-pot (kap'pot), 11. In glass-making, a cru- cible having a lid or cap. cap-pudding (kap'pud"ing), ». A pudding rounded at the top, which top consists of cur- rants, raisins, or the like, and resembles a cap. Imp. Diet. Capra (ka'prii), n. [L., a she-goat : see caper^.] A genus of hoUow-horned ruminants, of the family Bovidie, typical of the subfamDy Capri- nce, and typified by the common goat, Capra hircus. There are several other species, among them the ibexes. Capra ibex, C. jn/rwnica, etc. See goat, and cuts under cegagrus and ibex. caprantilopine (kap-ran-til'o-pin), a. [< L. capra, a she-goat, + NL. antilopinus: see ca- pcr^ and antilopine.] Partaking of the chai'- aeters of both a goat and an antelope ; nemo- rhssdine. caprate (kap'riit), n. [< capr(ic) + -ate^.] A salt of capric acid. capreallt, caprelt, ». Old forms of capriole. Caprella (ka-prel'S.), n. [NL., dim. from L. capra, a she-goat: see rtjperl.] The typical genus of the family CaprelUda;. c. linearis is a sluggish inhabitant of rocky tide-pools of the Atlantic coast of Europe, preying ou various animals, as hydroids and polyzoans. See mantis-shrimp and specter-shrimp. Caprellidae (ka-prel'i-de), H. pi. [NL., < Ca- prella -)- -ida.] A family of edriophthahnous Iremodipodous crustaceans, tj-pined by the ge- nus Caprella, characterized by the attenuate form, the rudimentary abdomen, and the eersi- cally placed anterior legs. Some of the forms are called mantis-shrimps, from their superficial resemblance to the insect known as inantin, and specter-shrimps, from their strange aspect. Caprellidse The CapreUidfp are long and slender forms with well- developed anttriinx and antennulw. They live in salt water, walking ;u-.:'Und on submarine plants in a very deliberate ni..hner. and progress by a doubliug up of the body in about the same way that the measuring-worm does. The most common species on the Atlantic coast received its name (Caprella geometrica) from this habit. Stand. Sat. HUt., II. 73. caprelline (ka-prel'in), n. Pertaining to or having the characters of the Caprellidie. capreSt, capreolet, "• [= Mi'- capreoh, ea- preolk, capriok, a tendril, < L. capreohts: see capreohis.'] 1. A buck or he-goat. — 2. A ten- dril : a eapreolus. capreolary (kap'rf-o-la-ri), a. [< NL. capreo- larius. < L. eapreolus, a tendril : see eapreolus.'] Same as capreolate. 2. capreolate (kap'rf-o-Iat), a. [< L. eapreolus, a teuiU-il (see eapreolus), + -flffl.] 1. In 60?., provided with tendrils. — 2. In aiiat.. resem- bling tendrils : applied to the spermatic vessels, or vasa capreolaria, from their twisted appear- ance. capreoli, "■ Pltiral of eapreolus. capreoline (ka-pre'o-lin), a. [< Capreolus, 3, -I- -i/iel.] Pertaining to the subgenus Capreolus; speeiticallv, relating or akin to the roebuck. capreolus "(ka-pre'o-lus), II. \ pi, capreoli (-li). [L. eapreolus, ML.'also eapriolus, a wild goat, roebuck, chamois, a tendril of a plant, dim. of 'eapreus, fem. caprea, a wild goat: see caper^ and capriole.'] If. A buck or he-goat. E. Phillips, 1706.— 2. The tendril of a plant.— 3. [cap.] [XL.] A subgenus of deer, includ- ing the roebuck, Capreolus capraa. Hamilton Smith. 1827. caprett, «- [ME. (translating L. caprea in Vul- gate), = OF. 'clurret, m., ehevretc, chevrette, a kid (as dim. of ehevre, a goat), a wild goat, F. chevrette, f., a doe, roe (see chevrette), = It. ea- pretto, m., capretta, f., < ML. capretus, lu., "ea- preta, t., equiv. to capreolus, eapreola, a wild goat: see eapreolus, caper^.] Aroebuck; a roe. As eapret and hert thou shalt ete. Wijcli/, Dent xii. 16. A moost swift renner, as oon of the capreltis [var. ca- prttU] that dwelleu in wodis. Wyctif, 2 Ki. (2 Sam.] ii. 18. capric (kap'rik). a. [< L. caper, a goat: see eaper^.] Of or pertaining to a goat. Also caprinic. — Capric acid, c.oHoo'J^. a peculiar acid first discovered by Chevreul in tne butter of cows' niilit. It occurs also in goats' milk, in cocoaiiut-oil, and in several kinds of fusel-oil. It is crj'stalline, somewhat soluble in hot water, and has a faint goat-like smell wlien cold, which l>eeomes more offensive on heating. Also called rjttir ncid. capriccio (ka-prich'io), n. [< It. capriceio: see eiijirice.] If. A caprice; a whim. Also caprichio. Will this capricio bold in thee, art sure? Shak., Alls Well, ii. 3. Sometimes (In nuitc opposed capricciojt) he climbs The hardest rocks and highest, every way Running their ridges. Chapman, Homeric Hymns. 2. A raiLsical composition in a free, irregular, and often whimsical style : first applied to de- viations from strict forms, like the fugue, espo- oially when in quick tempo, but now e.xteniiod to any fancifully irregular piece. Also caprice. capriccioso (ka - pre - chio ' so), adv. [It., < ca- /iriccio, caprice : see capriccio, caprice, and ca- priciou.t.] In music, iu a free, fantastic style. caprice (ka-pres'), «. [Early mod. E. also ca- ftriche, capritrh, and caprichio, ca/iriccio, after t. ; < F. caprice, < It. capriccio = Sp. Pg. ca- pricho, a caprice, whim; of disiiutcd origin; usually, but without suflficient evidence, de- rived from It. caprio, a goat (as if orig. 'ii goat- leu|>'). Of. caiirr^ and enpriot',] 1. A sudden Htart of the mmd ; a sudden elmnge of opinion or humor, without »pi>arent or adequate mo- tive; u wliim, freak, or jmrticular lancy. I found the night an full of beauty as the day, when capric-, b-d me fr«im the brilliancy of .St. Mark'K. /luia-ll; VeiKtInn Mfc, H. 2. Til'- lirl.it of acting according to varying imjiMl ■ '.rii'iouHnoHH. K. . In the fendiiinc mind lAomcthlng of >■ ll.iriil (-xulierance »»f that I'luinn- Inic * - iiiirni-terlzca our -, hiiiii.r, whim ■ >■.!. I,.! J. Fi. kb iiiM. Cftprichei, capritcht, ". [Sec caprice.'] A eu- priM. Hhall a man fear eaprichfa / Chapman, lli'iitleman Uaber, v. 1. hold, for |.tty, Sir, ] ftir, f.,., .T. at n KUfTerr-r. Abii. r| „, ,,,,1 \,„yt 1,^1, I, „ witch, Bot -onjur d hit' a WOTW rnprilrh. .9. BulUr, llu.lllinu, III. I. aio. 808 caprichiof, ». See capriccio, 1. capricious (ka-prish'us), a. [Formerly also <■riccioso, capricious ; from the noun : see caj>riee.'] Characterized by caprice ; apt to change opinions suddenly, or to deviate from one's purpose ; unsteady ; changeable ; fickle ; subject to change or iiTegularitj- : as, a man of a capricious temper. Nor unnoted pass The sycamore, capricious in attire, Now green, now tawny, and ere autumn yet Have chang'd the woods, in scarlet honours bright. Cou-per, The Task, i. 318. The king, . . . under the influence of caprieioiu pas- sions, suddenly dissolved . . . parliament. Bancroft, Hist. IT. S., I. 379. A bud taken from any one of the branches, and grafted on another tree, produces either one of the pure kinds or a capricious tree producing the three kinds. Danrin, Var. of .\nimals and Plants, p. 357. =Syil. Freiikish, unsteady, fanciful, whimsical, fitful, crotchety, uncertain. capriciously (ka-prish'us-li), adv. In a capri- cious manner; whimsically ; irregularly. The miskilled laborer has ceased to be at the mercy uf a master ; but the force that the master once applied to him capriciouslif is now applied to him instead by his whole social environment, aiul that not capriciousli/, but with the regularity of a natural law. " W. H. Mailock, Social Equality, p. 191. capriciousness (ka-prish'us-nes), n. 1. The quality of being capricious; whimsicalness ; unsteadiness of purpose or opinion: as, "great capriciousness of taste," rcnnaiit, Bi'it. Zool., Class 4; '' the capriciousness of a sickly heart," Irvine/, Sketeh-Book, p. 9-1. — 2. Unsteadiness; liableness to sudden changes; irregularity: as, the capriciousness of fortune. Capricorn (kap'ri-korn), n. [= F. Capricorne = It. Cajiricorno (= Sp. Pg. Vaprieornio, after ML. Capricornium); < L. ('aprie ML. capricornium. the winter solstice), Ut. 'goat-horned' (and hence in ML. eaprieornus, a steinbok, ibex), < caper (cajir-). goat, + cornu = E. horn. Cf. Gr. acydnepu^, goat-horned, the constellation Capri- corn.] 1. An ancient zodiacal constellation between Sagittarius and Aquarius ; also, one of the twelve signs of the zodiac, the winter sol- stice: represented on ancient monuments by the figure of a goat, or a figure having the fore The Constellation of Capricorn, accordinf; to ancient descriptions and figures. I)art like a goat and the hind part like a fish. Its symbol is W- — 2t. [I.e.] An ibex; a steinbok. !Ic shcw'd two heads and home..* of tlu- true capriconu'. wliirli aiiinial. he told \in, was freiiucntly kill'n among tile inoiiiituincs. J'h'eli/n, Diary (Ul-l(l). P- 1*^"- Capricorn beetles, lieetles of the family Ccrambi/cido' (wiii, Ii HI . ). Tropic of Capricorn. Sec'/ro;.i'c. capricornifyt (liM]i-i'i-k6r'ni-n), r. t. [< capri- eiirii (with allusion to horn, v.) + -i-j!/.] To liorii; cuckold. [Low.] caprid (kuji'rid), a. Of or pertaining to (lie ('(ipridivur Copriniv; relatingto agoat; hircino. Capridx' (ka)i'ri-de), n. pi. [Nl>., < Capra + -ilia.] Th(^ Vapriu. caprijienteil, jipr. caprifiealinii. [< L. capriji- ctttUM, Jill. n( riiprijicarr: nfi' eaprijy.] To ripen by lujirilieation ; caprily. caprification (kap' rl-fi-kil'slion), n. [i Ij. ropiilir(itio(»-), < cuprijieare : see rrt/fr(/;/. J A (iroeesH iiileniled to acceli'rate the ripening of tlie fig, and to improve tin' fruit. it cnn>i»t« 111 flUHoendlng IirnncheH of the wibl tig (lee rttpriliit) In the lultlvaled tncH, ami ■ub/iclinu (be fruit to the nt- tiirkH of the gitll ItiHeetx which are tliun Introduced. Tlie iiraetlre Is tine of great ftntb|iilly, but, th.iugli still fnl- lowi.l In many loinlllles. In ..f very doublfill ullllly. I'niirllleatlou Is also effeeti'd by |plniillng an orcaslruml wild llg among the otheni. In nonie portlonn of Franco the NHuio object It attained by touching a ilrop ut oil to caprimulgine the orifice of the fruit, by "liiih its ripening is hastened nearly a week. caprificus (kap-ri-fi'kus), n. [L., the wild fig- tree, lit. 'goat-fig.' < caper (capr-), a goat, + Hcus. fig: see eaper'^ anAfig.] The caprifig. caprifig (kap'ri-fig), H. [< L. caprificus, a wild fig, the second element tieing aeeom. to E. fig: see caprificus.] The uncultivated male form of the conunon fig, Ficus Carica, whidi is practically dia'cious, tliougli stamiuate and Distillate flowers are found upon the same tree, he fruit of the caprifig is hard and useless, but is the home of a small gnat-like gall-insect, Ftlantophafia ttron- gontni, wltich in escaping from the orifice covers itself with pollen and thus becomes a iiienns for elfecting the fertilization of Ilu- eilible fig. See cuprilicdlii'n. caprifolet, caprifolyt (kap'ri-foi, -fo-ii), m. [z= D. kanipcrfoetie = Dan. kaprifolium = F. chivre- feuille = It. caprifotjlio,<. ML. eaprifolium, wood- bine, honeysuckle: see eaprifolium.] Wood- bine; honeysuckle. Tlierc was a pleasaunt Arber, not by art liiu of tile trees owne iuclinatiou niacV^, . . . Witli "antou j-vie twine entrayld athwart, .\nd EL'lantiue and Capri,fole cniong. Spenser, F. Q., III. vi. 44. Caprifoliaceae (kap-ri-fo-li-a'se-e), 11. ]il. [NL., < eaprifolium + -acctc.] A natm'al order of monopetalous dicotyledons, allied to the Jitibi- acew. It includes a number of erect or twinin'.r shrubs and herbaceous plants, comprising the hoiu-ysiu-kle. elder, viburnum, and snowberry. The cliaract*Tistics of the order are opposite leaves "without stipules, an inferior ovary, 4 or 5 stamens upon tlie tube of the regular or irregular corolla, and the ft-uit usually a berry or drupe. Many species are cultivated for ornament, but the order is otherwise of little value. caprifoliaceous (kap-ri-fo-li-a'shius), a. Per- taining to the Cnprifoliacew. eaprifolium (kap-ri-fo'li-um), n. [ML., wood- bine, honeysuckle, lit. 'goat -leaf,' < L. caper (capr-), a goat, + folium, leaf: see caper'^ and /luV. Sometimes erroneously explained as for "eapparifolium, < L. capparis, ca]ier. -I- folium, leaf, with rcf. to the likeness of its leaf to that of the caper: see caper".] 1. Woodbine or honeysuckle. — 2. [cap.] A section of the nat- lual order Cajirifoliacea; including the trum- pet honeysuckle, the yellow honeysuckle, and the -Vmerican woodbine, caprifolyt, "• See eaprifolc. capriform (kap'ri-form), a. [f|iliii hinges, the hind loe being short and iisuiilly eleval.d, llic trout toes Mchbcil at the base, and the middle claw iiHimlly pee- tluate. Tlii'it- pliiiiiage is soft and hi\, and llii- wings and tall are vari.-ible in ilevelopineiil. 'I'liere are about 14 genera and niiwiird of HM) »]iecieH, of tile ti-niperati' ami tropical poftioiiH of both licniispheres. Tliey are divided into 1 Hubfamilies, I'odnnjina', SIralornithinfr, Xt/ctiltii- nil-, and Ciiiiritituliiinif. Caprimulgins (kap "ri-inul-.ji'ne), H. pi. [NL., < (iijiriniutiiu.i + -ilia.] The typical subfamily of CiiprimulijiiUv, including the true goatsuck- ers and niglit-jars. Tin kc birds are .,1 noelurnal or crepiiM'iilar habits, insectivoroiiH, and in temperate coun- tries migratory ; the young are downy a( biiih. contrary to the rub- among .illneeti. The I'fij'riiniihtinir are very geni-rally diKtributed in both benilsphens. fiijmmiil- >nin, the leading genus. Is conflued lo the oI,l world. 1.4'iidliig American genera are .\ifi-tidronnin, .liilnmtowus, and rlt„r,l,ite„. See enta under .XntroHtonont and 7(iflf- caprimulgine (kap-ri-murjin), a. and w. I. a. Of i>r peiinining to the Caprimulgidw or the geiiiiK I'lijoiniulgus. II. ". One ol' the Cnprimidgiiliv : n bird of the goutKiicker family. Caprimulgus CaprimulgUS (kap-ri-mul'gus), n. [L., a milk- er of goats; also a bird so called, tho goat- sucker (sec qotitsuekcr) ; < caper, fem. cajini, a goat, + mulgere = E. milk.} The typical and most extensive genus of goatsuckers, of tlui subfamily CajiriniiiUiiiui; forinprly coiitoriiii- nous with the family Capriiiiiilijidn\ but now commonly restricted to species strictly con- generic with tho European goatsucker, night- jar, night-chuiT, or fern-owl, Capriiiiulijiis euro- JXPH-S. In this iicceptation of the f^eims, nnnc of the species are American, tlie American wliippoorwills, etc., being now usnalty included in tlie genus Antrostonnu*: There are upward uf 30 species of Caprimulffus proper. caprin, caprine^ (kap'rin), «. [< capr(ic) + -iifi, -(He-.] A substance found in butter, which, with butyi'in and caprone, gives the but- ter its peculiar taste and odor. It is a com- poimd of eapric acid and glycerin, or a caprate of glycerin. Caprina (ka-pri'nii), n. [NL., fem. of L. ca- prinus, relating to a goat ; in allusion to the shell, which resembles a goat's horn.] A ge- nus of fossil bivalve moUusks of the Creta- ceous period, by some regarded as a member of the Biidistw, or family HippurUidm, and by other.s as the type of a family Caprinidw. Caprinse (ka-pri'ne), )(. 2'^- [NL., < Capra + -i)ia:~\ The goat tribe considered as a subfam- ily of Bovidie, characterized by having horns which are subangular in section, curved back- ward, with an anterior rectilinear ridge con- tinuous around the convex curve. caprine^ (kap'rin), a. [< L. caprimts, < caper {capr-), a goat: see cajjerl.] Like a goat; hir- cine ; pertaining to the Caprime. Their physiognomy is canine, vulpine, caprine. Bp. Gauden, Life of Bp. Brownrigg, p. 236. caprine-, »». See caprin. Caprlnella (kap-ri-nel'a), n. [NL., dim. of Cn- priiia, q. v.] The typical genus of the family CaprmeUidw. Caprinellidse (kapri-nel'i-de), 71. pi. [NL., < Cuprinellii + -iTe Which with the lusty tunes accordeth faire. Sir J. Davies, Dancing, st. 68. His teeth doe caper whilst he eates his meat, His heeles doe caper whilst he takes his seate ; His very soule, his intellectual, Is nothing but a mincing capreall. Maraton, Scourge of Villauie, .\i. Permitting no caprioles of fancy, but with scope enough for the outbreak of savage instincts. Hawthorne, Blithedale Romance, ix. 2. In the manege, an upward spring or leap made by a horse without advancing, the hind legs being jerked out when at the height of the leap_. — 3t. A kind of head-dress worn by women. capriole (kap'ri-61), V. i. ; pret. and pp. capri- oled, ppr. caprioling. [Early mod. E. also capreall, and by abbr. caper (see capcr'^) ; < F. cabrioler = Sp. Pg. cabriolar, < It. capriolare, caper, leap; from the noun: see capriole, »(.] To execute a capriole ; leap ; skip. 809 Far over the billowy sea of heads may be seen Rascality capriolimj on horses from the royal stud. Cariiflf, Krcnch Rev., I. vii. 10. capriped (kap'ri-ped), a. [< L. eaprijies (-ped-), < ca/Kr {r(ipr-), a goat, -t- jkh (.ped-) = E.foot.] Having fed likp those of a goat. capritcht, "■ See capriche. caprizant (kap'ri-zant), a. [< F. caprisant = I'g. ra]iri~anle = It. caprizzante, < ML. capri- can(l-).jl, < Gr. \i/ri, matter.] 'fhe radical ((-'gHjiO) of eaproic acid and its derivatives. capryl (kap'ril), n. [< capr(ic) + ■yl.'] An or- ganic radical C'sIIiy) not existing in the free state, but toutnl in a number of compounds. Caprylic (ka-pril'ik), a. [< rapryl + -ic] Re- lated Id or containing the radical capryl, Cg Hl7- Caprylic aci(l,<'7lli.-,cii.iiu, avolatile fattyacid found coiiiriiiicd a;, an elber in cows' butter, and in much l:ni;cr quantity in < oroanut-oil. At ordinary tcrapera- tures it is a liiplid, Huluble in boiling water, capsal (kap'.sal), n. [A corruption of capstan.'] A capstan; specifically, among American lum- bermen, a rough capstan built on a raft. Capsaria (kap-sa'ri-;i), n. jil. [NL., < Capsus + -aria.] A division of lieteropterous insects containing V)roadIy ovate forms. See Capsidw. cap-screw (kap'skrii), n. A screw-bolt with a cubical head, used in securing the ends of steam-cylinders. cap-scuttle (kap'skuf'l), n. Naut., a covering for a hatch made so as to fit over the outside of tho coaming, to keep out water. Capsella (kap-sel'a), 11. [L., a small box or coffer, dim. of capsa, a box: see case".] A small genus of craciferous jilants ; shejjherd's- purse (which sec). cap-sheaf (kap'shef), n. 1. The top sheaf of a stack of grain; thecrowncr. Hence — 2. Fig- uratively, the summit; the extreme degree of anything: as, this letter is the cap-sheaf of his impudence. Success in foreign commerce will be the cap-sheaf, the crowning glory, of Philadelphia, Buchanan, in Curtis, II. 29. cap-shore (kap'shor), n. Xaut., a small spar supporting the forward edge of the cap of a lower mast. capsicin, capsicine (kap'si- sin), n. [< Capsicum + -in~, -iiw^.] An active principle (C9H14O2) obtained from the fruit of several species of the genus Capsicum, ap- pearing in colorless crys- tals and extremely acrid. It is soluble in alcohol, and fonns ci-ystallizable salts with acetic, ni- trir, and sulphuric tlcids. Capsicum (kap'si-kum), n. [NL. (so called from the shape of the fruit), < L. capsa, a box : see case^.] 1. A genus of herbace- ous or shrubby South American plants, natural order fiolanacew, with a wheel-shaped corolla, pro- jecting and converging stamens, and a many- seeded beny. Many of the species are very exten- sively cidtivated for their fruit, which contains an ex- ceedingly pungent principle, capsicin. The fruit or pod is fleshy ami very variable in shape and color, some- times inflated and as large as an orange. It is used for pickles, sauces, etc,, and also in medicine as a valuable local and general stimulant, Cayenne or red pepper consists of the ground pods of various species, especially of C. /astiffiatum, the African or Guinea pepper, or spur-pepper, and of the common red pepper of the garden, C. annuitm. The pods of both of these species ai-e also known as chillies, and before they are ground as jmd peppers. C. baccatum is the berry- bearing capsicum, or bird-pepper, and C. fruticosum is the goat-pep- per. The bonnet-pepper, C, tetra- fjonum, has a large and very fleshy fruit, antl is much cultivated in the West Indies. The cherry-pep- per, C, cerasifonne, with small roimd fruit, is soiuetimes culti- vated fur ornament. The hell-pepper is a large-podded variety of C, annuum, of which there are many varieties, 2. [I. c] A plant of this genus or its fruit. capsid (kap'sid), «. One of the Capsidw. Capsidae (kap'si-de), n. jil. [NL., < Capsus + -idte.] A family of heteropterous hemipterous insects, of the series Geocores or land-bugs, typified by the genus Capsus, and founded by Westwood in 1840. It is of large extent, containing many small prettily colored species of convex form. The antenna; are loiiir, "often with the second joint thickened at the tip, and very slender ternnnal joints ; the labrum is long ; ocelli arc wanting ; the legs are long and slender, with 3-iointed tarsi sometimes provided with pulvilli. The females have a long slender ovipositor received in a slit under the alidomen. They are active bugs, and sub- sist on the juices of plants and trees ; some are particu- larly fond of lipe fruit. Several groups, corresponding more or less nearly with Capgidae, are called Capsaria, Capsida, Capsina, and Capsini. Cap-shore Red Pepper { Capsicum c cap-sill cap-sill (kap'sU), H. The upper horizontal beam in the timber-framing of a bridge, viaduct, etc. Capsina (kap-si'na), n. j)!. [XL., < Capsus + -iii'.'. J A group of heteropterous insects. See C'iji■'■ ; pret. and pp. capsi::i'd, ppr. capshing. [Origin unknown; the Dan. hipsejse is from E.] I. intraiis. To turn over or upset : as, take care that the boat does not capsUe. The boat swept sheer over the dam with all on board, filling and capsizing iustantl}'. J. T. Troirbridge, Coapon Bonds, p. 299. U. trans. 1. To upset; overturn (a boat or vessel). What if carrjing sail capsize the boat? Bi/ron, Don Juan, ix. IS. 2. To move (a hogshead or other vessel) for- ward bv turning it alternately on the heads. UnViwdl. [Prov. Eng.] capsize (kap-siz'), «. [< capsize, i'.] An up- sit : an overturn. cap-square (kap'skwar), n. In gun., one of the strong plates of iron or brass which are fitted over the trunnions of a gun and secure it on the carriage. See cut under yun-carriaye. capstan (kap'stan), n. [Formerly also capstane, (•iip.<.tiinil (simulating stand), capstern (simulat- ing ■■itcrn), once capstriiig (simulating utriny). eapisteti, caston (dial, aipsul, q. v.); = MD. kapestant, D. k-aapstander (simulating kaaj)- stander, a lighthouse, < l;aup, JID. I;(ipe, = E. cape-, + stander, axletree, MD. stanclcr, stan- daerd, a column, pillar, mill-post, standard, D. standaard, a banner, = E. standard) =z G. habe- stan, < F. cabeslan ^ Pr. cabcstan, < Sp. cabi- stranlc, usually cabresttmte (= Pg. cabrestantc) (simulating eubra, a goat, an engine for throw- ing stones, + cstante, a shelf, naut. a prop of a cross-beam, as adj. fixed, lit. standing, < L. stan(t-)s, yjpr. of stare, stand), a capstan, prob. < cabestrar, < L. capistrare, tie with a lialtcr, < capislrum (> Sp. cabestro = Pg. cabn.-ilo = It. capestro = Pr. cabestre = OF. chevcstre, F. che- vetre), a halter, muzzle, band, < capere, hold : see capislrum and vapabU.'\ An apparatus work- ing ou the principle of the wheel and axle, used for raising weights or applying power, it collsisU of at^iilTigllt barrel, uillier slna\vl8 to catch a ratchet-l'ing or pawl-rini, which is secured Ut the floor or platform. A capstan differs from a windlass in having a verti- cal iriHtcail of a horizontal axis. The capstan em- ployed to draw coal from lifts is usually called a tfin, and when worked by horses a ichim-fjin. On tjoard ship it is used for weitfhinK the anchor, w»n>bn; ship, etc. Chinese capstan, a ditrcrcntbil flevice for hciistfuK or liaulitik'. It Is till- same as the ditfrTeiitial windlass (which si-.-, under u-Mulliitn), exc ept that Its axis Is vertical.— Power-Cap- Btan, a capstan in wlilcli, by the application of cog-wheels, trii It jHiwcr ma>' be uatncd at the expense M speed. — Steam-capstan, a 'ajistan turned by a steam-engine. — To come up with the capstan, to turn It tin- i-ontrary w.iv, «.. as to «ini-k'-fi the r'ipe about it. - To hcave at *li>t capstan, to cause it to turn by luisbing with the > t the bars. To man the capst2Ln,t<> jitace ii it in readiness to hriivr. To pawl the ■: '■' Ilx til'-- pawls HO as to pri-v,-ut Ilo' rapstan ■ibni; To rig the capstan, to prepare it for ti 1. 11,:- (,y iiyjtiu' the liars in tlu' bobs or otherwise. - TO HUrKe the capstan, to slacki-n tie- rope uonnd round capstan-bar (kap'Htnn-bilr), n. Ono of the o.,,,.rii||y of wood, by whicli a I'upHtun To swifter the capstan-bars, b, fasten a iomI tb" outer ends of all the eapstJiti-bars ^ round, so that they cannot be accidentally Capst.-in. , captun-hcicl : d, barrel ; c, pawl-rim and pawls; ti, ca[>st.-in.Dar. 810 2. In ro67., a fossil echinite (sea-urchin) of the genus Conulus: so named from its resemblance to a cap. capstrlngt, «. See capstan. capsula i,kap'su-la), n.; pi. capsuUe (-le). [L.] Same as capsule. capsulaescic (kap-su-les'ik), a. i< L. capsula (see capsule) + a'sc-ulus, horse-chestnut (see esculin), + -(■('.] Derived from capsules of the horse-chestnut — Capsulsescic acid, aii acid found in the capsules of horse-chestnuts. capsular (kap'su-lar), a. [< L. capsula (see capsule) + -arS.'] Hollow, like a chest or cap- sule ; pertaining to or having the structure of a capsule — Capsular artery, tlic middle suprarenal artery.— Capsular ligament, the ligament which sur- rounds every nuivabie articulation, and contains the sy- novia like a bag. ciee diarthrusig. — Capsular vein, the suprarenal vein. capsulary tkap'su-la-ri). a. Same as caj}sular. capsulate, capsulated (kap'su-lat, -la-ted), a. [< cdpside + -((^'1.] Inclosed in a capsule, or us iu a chest or box. Also capsuled. capsule (kap'sul), n. [= D. G. Dan. Sw. kapsel, < F. capsule = Sp. Pg. It. capsula, < L. capsula, a small box or chest (cf . cujisclln ), dim. of cajisa, abox: see cffw'-.] 1. A small casing, envelop, covering, etc., naturtil or artificisil, usually thin or membranous ; a cover or container of some small object or quantity of matter. Specifi- cally — 2. In hot., a dehiscent pod or seed-ves- sel, "either membranous or woody, composed of c. C.l C.-I|. C.lp II l, ,■ 'irel, ". See capnian, ■apHtandt, «• Hoo capstan. >■ I iiipsian, ■iin), n. 1. In nrr/i.,flie upper- iiT Htone 'if a Htriictiire, ii.i of a ' '•*". *' ' TT-i'tones, rir llaus. are ill stoneK to pmU-i't .iii well u U> bind Capsules, after dehiscence. a, asphodel I i, argeinone ; c, violet. two or more carpels, which at maturity becomes dry and opens by regular valves coiTCspouding in number to the carpels, or twice as uimierous. The term is sometimes applied to any dry dehiscent fruit, and even to the spore-cases of various cryptogamic jjlants. 3. In cliem.: (a) A small saucer made of clay for roasting samples of ores, or for melting tlicm. (b) A small shallow vessel made of Berlin ware, platinum, etc., for evaporations, solutions, and the like. — 4. In anat. and mul., a membrane or ligament inclosing some jiart or organ as in a bag or sac ; a saccular envelo]) or invest- iiient : as, the cajisule of the crystalliiio lens of the eye ; the ca)isulc of ti joint, as the hip. — 5. In anat., some part or organ likened to a cap- sule: as, the adrenal crt/AvKte. — 6. In I'rotiKoa, the included perforated test of a railiolariau. — 7. Ill entiim., a homy case inclosing the eggs of an insect, as those of the cockroach. Also called (Hitlicca. — 8. A cap of thin metal, such as tin-foil, put over the mouth ol' a corked bottle to preserve the cork from drying. Wine of good <|natity when bottled was formerly sealcil with wax uiion the cork, but the use of the capsule is now almost univer- sal, the grower's or dealer's iiainc or device being cum- inonly stamped upon it. 9. A small gelatinous case or envelop iu whieh nauseous ini'dicinos are inclnscd to be kwilI- lowed. — 10. The shell of a inctidliccartriilgeor of a fulminating tube. Adrenal capsule, an ad- remil (which sec).- Atrablllary capsule, Ine suprarenal capsule, or adreiud.- Bonnet's capsule, the posterior part of the tunica vaginalis of the eye, liehlnd the point of pcrfoiation of the tendons of Ihc muscles of the eyiballs. - Bowman's capsule, the ra|isulio( a .Malpiublan body of the kidney. - Capsule of Ollsson, the slnalh of eon. ncclivr tissue' envelojiiiig the linmches of the iiorlal vein, hepalii artiTV, and lli'liatic duel as they ramify In the liver. - Capsule of the kidney, Hie sr th llbrous membrane closilv invisling the kidney, ami fornilngits outer coal. Capsule of the lens, the transnarcnl, einstic, brittle, and Sinn tun bss mcuibnine inrlosing the lens of the eye.— Central capsule, ihi- capsule of a radiolarlan. Exter- nal capsule, the layer of white ner\iins substliuci' be- twe.u iTir clauslrum and the pulanien of the brain. In- ternal capsule, the layer of nirve fibers paasing npwaid In the brain frciiu tin' crura lenbrl to thi' cortex. bcl"i-. n the cnndate nucleus and the ojitlc tbalamtis on tb side and the lenticular mnhiis on tl tlnr. Marsupial capsule, In t'"liiZ'ia(itr Unti'zim). an Imlivldual of a colony serving only for the reception of ova. Nldamental cap- sule. In cinirti., a crutii In which the club|-yos of certain mollnsks are contained. Till' mdavirnliU rnnniUn |of the wllclk, Duecinum] are aggregated In rouinllsn masses which, when tlinrwn iisbore and ilrifterl by the wind, n-srnible corallines. Kncli cap- sule contains live or six young. a. t'. Woodward, Mollusca, 2d od,, p. 2l9i captain Suprarenal t^psule, a small flattened body, somewhat glandular in aiijiearaiae, but with no duet, which in many aniniats surmounts the kidney. Also called sujirarenal h'i,/)t and 'I'liiuat. See cut under kidtit^ij. — Urtlcatlng capsule, a iieiiiatocyst. cnida, or thread-cell. capsuled (kap'suld;, a. Same as capsulnti\ capsuliferOUS (kap-stl-lif'e-rus), a. [< L. cap- sidtt (.see capsule) + ferre = E. ftcarl.] In bot. and ,-(i(V/.. bearing capsules. capsuligerous (kap-sii-lij'e-rus), 0. [< L. cap- ,<«/(/ (see capsule) + gererc, bear.] Same as riipsuUfcrous. capsulitis (kap-su-li'tis), n. [NL., < L. capsula (see capsule) + -itis.'\ Inflammation of the cap- sule of the lens of the eye. capsulogenous (kap-su-loj'o-nus), a. [< L. capsula (see capsule) + -genus, producing: see -genaus.'] Producing a capsnlo: specifically ap- plied to certain glands of earthworms, opening ou the surface by papilla? and siipposeti to assist in the secretion of the capsule or cocoon of those animals. capsulotomy (kap-su-lot'o-mi), n. [< L. cap- sula (see capsule) + iMGr. rofiia, a cutting: see ancttdmi/.] In sury., incision of the capsule of the lens of the eye. Capsus (kap'sus), n. [NL. : said to be < Gr. /vflTrni-, gulp down ; cf. wii/''fi a K^'lping down.] A genus of insects, typical of the family Vap- sida; founded by Fabrieitis in 1 S03. As now re- stricted, it contains bugs usually of medium size and broadly ovate form, with moderate or narrow neck, per- fect wings and hemelytra, and second antennal joint long- est and chivate. C. trij'asciatuji is an example. captt (kapt), p. a. [Pp. of cap^, v.'] Overcome in argument. capt. An iibbreviation of captain. captain (kap'tau), n. and a. [< ME. captain, capitdin, -ein, -eijn, = D. kapiteiu = Dan. Kaptejn, kaptlajn = Sw. kupten, < OF. capitain, capilaine f\-eruacular form clieietaiiie, >E. chieftain, q. v.), F. capilaine = Pr. capitani = Sp. capitan = Pg. capilao = lt. capilano, < }ilh. capita)ieus, -anins, -anus, a captain (also, anil prop., an adj., princi- pal, chief), < L. caput(ciiiiit-). head : seecajiital^, etc. Cf. headman and lietmau.'} I. n. 1. One who is at the head of or has authority over ofliiMs; it'cliicf; a leader; a commander, espe- citilly ill military affairs. In the Bible the term is a]iplied to a king or prince, to a general or eommamler of an army, to the governor of a province, etc. Captain of the host of the Lord. Jos. v. 14. .\noint him to be captain over my people. 1 Sam. ix. 10. Great Mars, the captain of us all. Sliak., T. and C, iv. 5. Great in council and great in wai'. Foremost captain of his time. Tennynon, Duke of Wellington. >lore speciflcally— (ff) In the army, the ofllcer who com- mands a company, whether of infantry, cavalry, or artil- lery, (t) In the navy, an ofllcer next iu rank above a com- mander, and ranking in the I'nited states service with n colonel, and in the liritish with a lieutenant-colonel, and after three years' service \\ ith a I'oloncl, in the army. Olfi- <'ersof this grade in the british service were formerly desig- natcd past'Captainn. (c) The eommamler or master of a nu'rcliaiit vessel, (if) In some of the public schools of Kng- land, a title given to the senior scholar, (c) In ftane-ftaU, rinfin;/, etc., the head or leader of the nine, the ei-cw, or the boiiy of players on one side. (.(') In niliiiii;/, the head man orsuperintemlent of the mining operations; the per- son who directs and is responsible for the miners' work. .\s a title, often alibreviated capt. 2. A name commonly given, in the form long- finneilcuptain, to the fish (itlicrwiseknownasthe iaiitliorn gurimrd. Captain en pledl, a laplaiii kept in pay, that is, not refoniled. Sec ni/'lai/i rcjuninil. below. /■-'. t'iiiifif'n, i7ot>. — Captain of the poll, in tin- I'niversity of Cambridge, Kiigland. the Ilisl in rinik among (hose who graduate \^ ilhout honors, kmM\ n as the jiollni or ]n>lt. There arc also many men every year contending bir the Ciiplaiiicfi of till' I'l/t, some for the honor, such as it is, others because it will help them to get Poll iiupils after- wards. 0. .1. llriKtetl, Unglish Iniveisily, p. 310. Captain reformed), a captain who u)ion the reducing of torces tost, his eouipauy, but ^^as continued as captain, eil her JUS second to another or willioul. a post. See rf/or. moi/ii. /;. y/oV/i/w, iToc. Captains of tops, captains of the forocastle, captains of the afterguard, and captains of the hold, nilinus of petty oIlTieis iu the I lilted states navy, whose duties are to siiiieiiulcnU Ibc men In their dll'lereiit de|iartnients. Fleet captain. in Ibc rnlied States mivy, an iiltlcci' temporarily aiipotiitetf by till* Navy Department to act aschlcf of staff tothe com- miinilcr-ln-cbir-f of a fleet or sipnidron. Also called _/frt.ff- ra/iliiin, II. t "• [The orig. (ML.) use, liut in K. later iliuii Die niiiiii use. ] 1. ( If child' rank, excel- lence, r>r value ; idiii'f; principal. I, Ike stones of worth fliey thinly jilaceil are, i*v niplain Jewids Iu the eiireauet. .S'ArtA-., Sonnets, III. 2. Of commanding cliaraeter; fitted to lead. Why then women arc more valiant That stay at home, if bearliiu carry It, And the lus more captain than Ihe lion. .S'/m*., T. of A., III. 6. captain captain (kap'tan), 11. t., [< captain, >i.] To act as leader to; be captain over; command. It was natural that men who captained or accompanied the exodus from existing forms and associations into the doubtful wildernesH that led to the promised land should And more to their purpose in the Old Testament than in the New. Lowdly Among my Books, 1st ser., p. 238. captaincy (kap'tan-si), «. [< captain + -cy.'] Tlie rank, post, or commission of a captain, captaincy-general (kap"tan-si-jen'e-ral), H. [< caiitaiiici/ + (jcncral. Cf. Sp. capitaiiia f/e- neral.l Tho office or jm'isdietiou of a captain- general; speeiiically, one of the military divi- sions of Spain. Also captain-gencralcy. captainess (kap'tan-es), n. [< captain + -ess. Vt. chief tailless.^ A female commander. [Rare.] Out ! traitor Absence ! Barest thou counsel me From my dear Captainetis to run away? Sir P. Sidney, in Arber's Eng. Garner, I. 547. captain-general (kap"tan-jen'e-ral), n. [^(cap- lain + i/cHcral. Cf. Sp. capitdk general.'] The commander-in-chief of an ai-my or of the miU- tia ; specifically, the commander of a military division in Spain. The magnanimous and most illustrious . . . captain- general of the Grecian army, Agamenmon. Shak., T. and C, iii. 3. [The governor of Rhode Island is by title captain-general and commander-in-chief of the military and naval forces of the State.] captain-generalcy (kap"tgm-jen'e-ral-si), n. [< captiiiii-iicnerdi + -cy.] Same as captaincy- general. captain-lieutenantt (kap"tan-lu-ten'ant), n. Formerly, in Great Britain, an officer wlib, with the rank of captain and pay of a lieutenant, commanded a company or troop. The first or colonel's company of a regiment of infantry was commanded by a eaptaiu-lieutenant. captainlyt (kap'tan-li), a. [< captain + -?(/l.] Pertaining to or befitting a captain. captain-pasha, capitan-pacha (kap"tan-, kap"- i-tan-pash'a), n. [< captain or capitan (repr. Turk, qaptun or qajmddn (kaptan, kapuddn) -pasha) + pasha : see captain and jiasha.] Formerly, the colloquial title of the Turkish minister of marine, and of the chief admiral of the Turkish ileet. Also written capudan-pasha . captainryt (kap'tan-ri), n. [< F. capitaineiie, < ML. capitaneria, captainship, < capitanns : see captain.] The power or command over a certain district ; chieftainship. Spenser. captainship (kap'tan-ship), n. [< captain + -ship.] 1. The office of captain, or of chief commander. Therefore, so please thee to return with us, And of our Athens (thine and ours) to take The captainship. Shak., T. of A., v. 2. 2t. The command of a elan or government of a certain district; chieftainship. To diminish the Irish lords he did abolish their . . . usurped captainships. Sir J. Davies, State of Ireland. 3. Skill as a captain or leader: as, he displayed good captainsliip. captal (kap'tal), n. [Pr., < L. capitalis. chief: 811 was performed, and such other particulars as are necessary to render it legal and valid, writ- ten upon or attached to tho document to which it relates.— 5. The heading or title of a legal in- strumeutorof achaiiter, article, section, orpage: as, the caption of Cfenesis i. ; an editorial under the caption "A now Force in Polities." [U. S.] — Letters of caption, in A'cul* luw, a writ (now obso- lete) i.s.siiid ut the instajice of a creditor, commanding an ollicer to take Mill ijMprison a ilubtor or obligant till he pays tile debt or ijerforni.s the obligation. See horning. — Process caption, in Smis tan; a. siinnnary warrant of incarceration for the purpose of forcing back a process, that is, the documents or any docutiieiit belonging to a lawsuit, which may have been unduly and contumaciously ret.-iiru-d by the party whose receipt stands therefor in tliL- lom t books. captious (kap'shu.s), a. [< F. captieux = Pr. capcios = ,Sp. Pg. cupdoso = It. capsioso, < L. captimus, deceptive, fallacious, sophistical, < caplio{n-), deception, fallacy, sophism: seecop- tion. In def. 3 associated with capacious or capable, in the orig. sense 'taking': seo capa- cantiVatet (kan'ti vHt) a cH,„s.] 1. Apt to notice and make much of un- captivatet (tap ti-\at), a. captive Ue deserves to be a slave that is content to have the liberty of his will bo captivattd. Eikon Bcmlike. God uses not to captivate [a man] under a i>erpetuall childhood of prescription, but trusts him with the gift of reason to Ijc his own chooser. Milton, Areopagitica, p. 17. 3. To overpower and hold by excellence or lieauty; charm or lure by any means; engage the regard, esteem, or affections of; fascinate. Anon he rears upright, curvets and leaps. As who shotdd say " Lo, thus my strength is tried ; And this I do to captimfc tile eye." Shak., Venus and Adonis, 1. 281. Wisdom so captivates him with her appearance that he gives himself up to her. Addison, Guardian. I was captivated with the beauty and retirement of the place. Steele, Spectator, No. 514. It is not merely what he [Chaucer) has to say, but even more the agreeable way he has of saying it, that captivatet our attention and gives him an assin-cd place in litera- ture. Lowell, .Study Windows, p. 260. se"e capitalKf A medieval title of dignity and CajPtlOUSly (kap shus-h) military authority in the south of France ■ »= *'""''' «"t"-al, or faulthn import.'int faults or defects; disposed to find faidt or raise objections ; prone to cavil ; diffi- cult to please ; faultfinding; touchy: as, a, cajj- tious man. A vtdgar man is captious and jealous. Chesterfield. A eaplioiis skeptic in love, a slave to fretfulness and whim — who has no ditflciilties but of his own creating— is a suljject more fit for ridicule than compassion. Sheridan, The Kivals, iv. 3. 2. Proceeding from a faultfinding or caviling disposition ; fitted to harass or perplex ; censo- rious; carping; hence, insidious ; crafty: as, a captious cxuestion. Vniiliuus or fallacious ways of talking. Locke. \\itli these modifications and with all branches of the Government in political harmony, and in the absence of partisan incentive to captious obstruction, the law as it was left by the amendment of 1869 was much less destructive of executive discretion. Appleton's A nn. Cyc. , 1886, p. 244. 3t. Capable of receiving; capacious. Yet, in this captious and intenible sieve, I still pour in the waters of my love. Sliak., All's Well, i. 3. 4. Insnaring ; captivating. [Eare and humor- ous.] Away with despair, no longer forbear To fly from the captious coquette. Byron, Hours of Idleness. = Syn. 1. Captious, Carping, Caviling, faidtfinding, hy- percritical, crabbed, testy, pettish, splenetic, all express unaniiable temper and behavior, with wrongheadedness. Captious expresses a disposition to catch at little or in- offensive things, and magnify them into great defects, af- fronts, etc. Carping is a strong word noting faultfinding that is both unreasonable and unceasing ; it applies more to criticism on conduct, while caviling applies to objec- tions to arguments, opinions, and the like : as, it is easier to cavil than to disprove. See petulant. He freiptently found fault, was captions, and seemed ready for an outbreaking. Franklin, Autobiog., p. 92. Avoid the censures of the carping world. Shak., Kich. III., iii. 6. I ^vi'ite not to content each cavilling brain. But eyes of noblest spirits. Ford, Ded. of Honour Triumphant. adv. 1. In a cap- faultfinding manner. = Syn. 3. To enslave, enchant, lead captive, enamour, be- witch. [< L. captiiatus, jip. : see the verb.] Taken caiJtive ; made pris- oner; fascinated; iu.snared. the Captal de Bueh fought on the English side in Gascony, etc., imder Edward III. Captantes (kap-tan'tez), n. pi. [NL., pi. of L. captan{t-)s, ppr. of captarc, take, catch: see captation.] Same as Baptores. A. E. Brehm. captation (kap-tii'shon), »(. [< L. captatio{n-), a reaching after something, < capture, pp. cap- tains, reach after, desire eagerly, allure, freq. of capere, pp. captus, take, seize: see capable.] If. The act or practice of gaining favor or ap- plause by flattery or adtlress. Eikon Basilikc. — 2. A name given by Descourtis to the open- ing stage of the hypnotic or mesmeric trance. Sometimes called fascination. caption (kap'shgn), n. [< L. captio(n-), a tak- ing, seizing, fi'aud, deceit, fallacy, < capere, pp. ca2)tiTe. Spenser, F. ij., III. vIL 45. captivate (kap'ti-vat), v. t. ; pret. and pp. cap- tivated, ppr. captivating. [< L. captivatus, pp. of captiTure, take captive, < captinis, captive : see captive, a. and v.] If. To seize by force, as an enemy in war, or anything belonging to an enemy; captm'e; take captive. The Fi'ench king captivated to The English monarcke. M'arner, Albion's England, v. 28. It does not institute a magnificent auction of finance, where captivated provinces come to general ransom, by bidding against each other. Burke, Conciliation with .\merica. 2t. To bring into bondage ; subdue ; place in subjection. Let us Christian men grant nothing contrary to the Scripture, but ever captivate om- reason unto that. Fryth, Works, p. 18- What though I be entbrall'd? . . . Tush ! women have been captivate ere now, .Shak., 1 Hen. VI., v. 3. captivating (kap'ti-va-ting), p. a. [Ppr. of captivate, v.] Having power to engage the re- gard, esteem, or afEections ; winning ; fasci- nating; bewitching. Her understanding excellent, her mind improved, and her manners captivating. Jane Austen, Pride and Prejudice, p. 160. captivation (kap-ti-va'shon), n. [< L. capti- vatio{n-), < captivare, take captive: see capti- vate, v.] The act of captivating; the state or condition of being captivated. The captivation of our understanding. Bp. Hall, Kemains, p. 21. captive (kap'tiv), a. and n. [In earlier E. caitiff, now with different sense (see caitiff); = F. captif, fem. captice, OF. clietif, etc. (see caitiff^, = Pr. captiu, caitiu = OCa.t. caitiu= OSp. captiro, Sp. cautivo = Pg. cativo, captivo = It. cattivo, < L. captivus, a captive, prop, adj., taken prisoner, < captus, pp. of capere, take, seize, capture, etc.: see capable.] 1. a. 1. Made prisoner, as in war; kept in bondage or con- finement. When many times the captive Grecians fall. Even in the fan and wind of your fair sword. You bid tliem rise and live. .Shak., T. and C, v. 3. The captive bird that sings within thy bow'r. • Pope, Summer, I. 46. 2. Bound or held by other than physical means, as by the ties of love or other passion ; capti- vated. My woman's heart Grossly grew captive to his honey words. Shak., Rich. III., iv. 1. 3. Holding in confinement: as, captive chains. —Captive balloon. .See ()«;tooKi.— To take captive, to capture ; make a prisoner of. II. n. 1. One who is taken prisoner, espe- cially a prisoner taken in war by an enemy; one taken and kept in confinement. Like captives bound to a triumphant car. .Shak., 1 Hen. VL, i. 1. 2. Figuratively, one who is charmed or sub- dued by beaut}' or excellence, by the lower passions of his ovra natm-e. or by the wiles of others ; one whose afEections are seized, or who is held by strong ties of love or any other pas- sion. Yet hath he been my captive and my slave. .\nd begg'd for that which thou unask'd shalt have. Shak., Veinis and --Vdonis, 1. 101. = Syn. 1. Prisoner, Captive. The word prisoner enipha&izes the idea of restraint of liberty, but is not rhetorical or espe- cially associated with feeling: the //mojic r of war and the prisoner for crime may be shut up in a prison, kept liy guards within deflneil limits, or given a restricted lilierty on parole. The word captive suggests being completely in the power of another, whether confined or not ; it has come to be a rhetorical word, suggesting helplessness and re- sulting unhappiness. Captured soldiers under guard are strictly pri.'ioners, but are often and properly called cap- tives. "When we speak of a captive bird, we suggest its longing for liberty. The rights and interests of a prison- er are likely to be respected, btit the captive may be abused or even sometimes sold into slaverj'. See captivity. Come, Sleep : (> sleep ! the certain knot of peace, The baiting-place of wit, the balm of woe. The poor man s wealth, the prisoner's release, Th" indifferent judge between the high and low. Sir P. Sidney, Astrophel and Stella, st. 39. Go, see the captive bartered as a slave ! Crashed till his Iiigh, heroic spirit bleeds. Bogers, Pleasures of Memory, iL captive (kap'tiv), V. t. ; pret. and pp. captiied, ppr. captirnuj. [= F. captiver = ft. captirar = captive Sp. cautirar — Pg. catiiar, captivar = It. catti- rare. < L. taptimre (see cajiUcate, r.), < captinix. eaprire: see captive, a. and «.] It. To make captive ; bilng into subjection. Captic'd eternally in j-ron mewes. Spfiiser, F. Q.,n. V. 27. 2. To captivate ; insnare. [Rare.] Love now captit^d his heart, which erst was free. Ford, Honour Triumphant, i. Beauty, which captives all things, sets me free. Dryd'^n, Epistles, iii. 3ii. She who captived .\nthony, The Serpent of old Nile. R. H. Stoddard, Shakespeare. captivity (kap-tiv'i-ti), H. [< F. captivite = Pi-. captivitat= Sp. caittiridad = Pg. cativeiro = It. catlivM, < L. captirita(t-)s. < captivus, captive: see captive.'] 1. The state of being a prisoner, or of coming into the power of an enemy by force or the fortune of war. And but for Owen Glendower had been king. Who kept liim in captivity till he died. Shak., 2 Hen. VI., ii. 2. 2. Subjection; the state of being under con- trol; bondage; servitude. Bringing into captivity ever}' thought to the obedience of Christ. 2 Cor. X. 6. Thou hast led captivity captive. Ps. Ixviii. 18. 3t. Captives collectively ; a body of captives. When God bringeth back the captivity of his people, Jacob shall rejoice, and Israel shall be glad. Ps. liiL 6. =SyiL Impritonment, Captivity, Confinement, Incarcera- tion, Immurement. There is the same distinction between imprisonment and captivity as between primner and cap- tive. (See captive.) Confinement is the most general word for being kept within bounds against ones will, as by force or sickness; we speak of solitary coitfiuement, and, figur- atively, of too great confittement (tbi.ii;.'h voluntary) to ones books. Incarceration is the ln-iiii; put into a jail or prison ; the word is rhetorical, sugiiestiim i^rnoiuiny, with narrow range and great safeguards ag.iinst escape. Im- murement, literally shutting within walls, is now freely figurative ; in either sense it suggests depth of separation or seclusion from friends, home, or the world, and small likelihood of getting or coming out. (See servitude aiid ler/.) Even like a man new haled from the rack. So fare my limbs with long imprisonment. Shak., 1 Hen. Yl., ii. 5. But made hereby obnoxious more To all the miseries of life, Life in captivity Amitng inhuman foes. Milton, S. A., 1. 108. Though my person is in confinement, my mind can ex- {>atiat« on ample and useful subjects with all the freedom maginable. S. Johnson, Life of Savage. Enforced detention, incarceration within four walls, was another method of coercion which grew and gained favour under the feudal system. Kncyc. Brit., XIX. 747. The chains of earth's immurmnent Fell from lanthe's Spirit. Shelley, (}ueen Mab, i. captor (kap'tor), w. [< L. captor, < caperc, pp. cuplu.1. take, capture: .see cajnihlr, and cf. nip- turc.l One who captures or takes (a person or thing) by force, stratagem, or surprise ; one who takes a prisoner or a prize. captorial (kap-to'ri-ai), o. [< L. captor, one will. laki-s ( si-f ffiplor), + -(o/.] lu:ool., adapted {"f tiik'uin, seizing, or holding; raptorial. capturable (kap'tur-a-bl), (I. [< capture + -olilt.] ('ai>alile of being captured; liable to capture. CarUjle. capture (kap'tur), n. [< P. capture = Pr. Sp. Pg. captiirii =lt. cattitrii, < L. eiiptiira, a taking, catching (of animals), < riipcrc. pp. ra/itii.s, take : SCO capable, captive.] 1. The act of taking or seizing; seizure; arrest: as, the capture of an enemy, of a sliip, or of booty, by force, sur- prise, or stratagem; the capture of a criminal. The caiilurf of Alclwyd by bin (F,«dl)CrhtB| allies, the VicU, In 7r>*[, Heerned to leave the reHt of Strath-Clyde at hi« mercy. J. It. (Irren, *'oni|. of Ejlg., p. 2(W. 2. Tlif' thing taken; a prize, capture (kap'tur), v. t.; jiret. and j>\i. ca/itured, |ipr. nipluring. [< capture, «.] 1. To take or M<'iz<' liy force, surprise, or stratagem, as an emrny or liis property; take eajitivc; make a f.ri;' .1 i.ri-if>ncr of : as, to ca/Wiirt a vessel or a '■iiplurc prisoneni. f animal matter frrtm captured iniicct« ' ipi iiFM i(.,vv hroHi-ra ran flourish In extr4'niel> p'>.ir penly •*'"- Darwin, inM-t:tiv. riuiiU, )». 17. 2. Tri win Viy ingi-nuity or skill against resist- " petition: as, to capture u prize for ... Mp. Oapu. 'n).«. andn. [< Capua + -an.] I- "■ 'ir rihiting to Capua, on an- cient ; ,,,||, in Italy. Toil. it'ion of ^Vi;,ri<]n cITomlnaey lil4 i"rt*»' I ii.iited till' want of iiuccrM wlih li Kuiiment,- 1 ^|,g carlbftiflnlan commander In •i'» 11*11' Unryc. Ifrit., V. 711. H. "• - ' ■ or an Inhiitiitttnt of Copua. 812 capucciof (ka-puch'io). n. [It., prop, cappuccio : see copouch, )!.'] A capuchin or hood. Speuaer. capucet, capuchet, ". Same as capouch. Capuchin! (kap'u-chin or kap-o-shen'), n. [= P. aqiuciii = Sp. cupuchiiio = Pg. capuchinho, m., a monk, and F. capucine = Sp. capucliina = Pg. capuchiulia, {., a nun. of the order of St. Francis, < It. cupj)uecino, a Franciscan monk, so called from the cowl he wore, dim. of c F. cajiiichc, capuce, > E. capuche, ca- piiiicli : see eajioiicli.'\ 1. A member of a men- dicant order of Franciscan monks, founded in Italy in 1528 by Matteo di Bassi, and named from the long pointed capouch or cowl which is the distinguishing mark of their dress. According to the statutes of the order, drawn up in lo29, the monks were to Uve by begging ; they were not to use gold or silver or silk in the decoration of their altars, and the chalices were to be of pewter. The Capuchins are most numerous in Austria. In the United States they have convents in * the dioceses of Green Bay, Milwaukee, Leavenworth, and New Vork. See Franciscan. 2. [f. c] A variety of pigeon with a range of inverted feathers on the back of the head, like the cap or cowl of a monk. — 3. [?. c] A South American monkey, Cebus co^iwetHMS, having black on the head, like the hood or cowl of a Capuchin; hence, any sapajou or monkey of the genus Cchus. Also written capucine. See cut under Cebiiia: — 4. [/. r.] One of the bald- headed fruit-crows of South America, Gymno- ccj>hahi.s ca?iH«. — Capuchin cross. See cross. capucllill^t (kap' u-chin or kap-u-shen '), «. [Prijp. *capuclton = Dan. citpuclton, < F. capxi- vlioii, < copuche, a hood: see capouch. and cf. Capuchin'^.'] 1. A large loose hood worn by women in tte eighteenth century. — 2. A hooded cloak of the same period. >Iy aunt pulled otf my uncle's shoes, and carefully wrapped his poor feet in her capuchin. Smollett, Humphrey Clinker. capucinadet, »■ [F., < capucin. Capuchin, + -adc, -adel.] A Capuchin's tirade ; a weak ser- mon or discoui'se. It was a vague discourse, the rhetoric of an old profes- sor, a mere Capucinade. Smollett, tr. of Gil Bias, vii. 4. capucine! (kap'u-sin), II. [< F. capucin (NL. cdinicinus), lit. a Capuchin monk: see Capu- (■/(/((l.] Same as capuchin'^, 3. capucine- (kap'u-sin), «. [< F. capucine, nas- turtium, also the color of its Hower, < It. cap- puccino, nasturtium (so called from the form of the corolla), < cappuccio, a hood: see capouch.'] A rich reddish-orange color; the color of tlio (lower of the nasturtium Capucine madder, a madder lake cf the above color. capudan-pasha (kap"u-dan-pa8h'fi), n. Same as coptnin-piisha. capult, ". See caprn. capulet (kap'u-let; F. pron. ka-pii-la'), n. 1. A liood worn by tlie peasant women of the Frctich slope of the Pyrenees. It is made of tine white or rod cloth, sometimes bordered with black velvet. — 2. Same as cnpcUet. capulid (Unp'u-lid), n. A gastropod of the fam- ily ('(iimlidir. Capulidse (ka-pu'li-de), «. pi. [NL., < Capulu.'i + -('/('.] The subfamily Capulinte elevated to tlie riiiik of a family. I'. P. Carpenter, lK(il. Capulinae (kaj)-u-U'"ne), n. pi. [NL., < Copulu.i + -/«(('.] A subfamily of gastropods, tJ^)ified by tlio genus t'lipiihi.s: The unlnnd i-l.isely re»cml.lc« the slipiier-linijiet, but the muscle is not fixed to any shelly Htipport in the form of a cup or deck. 'I'lu' shell Is Irreu- uiarly cimical, and more or less twisted at the iipex. Capulus (kaji'ii-lus), n. [NL., < L. ciipulii.i, a li:nii||i', ;ils() a srpuli'lier, tofiib, < ca/irre, hold, C(»fit;iin: see iiipitbh.] A ^cnus of peefiui- brancliiato gastro|)ods witli a i>ynniiidal shell, belonging to the subfamily ''«/)«//»itol~,e\<.\, caploiti, chief, chic/lain, ehif, ehierc^, achiirr, etc.] 1. In «««^,ille head ; the lieaii or upper extremity of some purl of llie body. — 2t. An abbreviation of lli(> pljrase caput Hcnatus (liter- ally, head of the Hcnate). a eoiiueil or ruling body in the University of Cambridge, Kngljinil. V'oilr caputs, and heads of coUegeH. Liimb, Clirliil'B Honpltal. 3. In }(om. law, the standing before the law, or the personal statuH, of a citizen. A deiirlvnilon • it liberty or civli- rlgliln, era modlllcnilon o( lamlly re- Inttr.n by adoption, etc., whm ti-rmeil rnjtitis diminulio, w hlrh wan characlerlred an maj-imu, media, or minima, ae- lordlng a> It atfei t^d the IbnI. m. on.l. or third of the eli' mciitn alHtvc named. Caput coll, the lieriil rif tli Ion ; ilii^ cn3cnm. Caput comu, caput comu pofterlortB, tlic expanded extremity of tbe poHtrrlor born nt ifray imb- car stance in the spinal cord.— Caput galllnaginis, the snipe's head; the crista urctbrU* (which sec. under inrlhra). — (3aput medusse, the netwoi-k of dilated veins radiating from the UTiiliilicus, seen when the portal circulation is obstvurtcd in the liver, as in cirrhosis, and this collateral circulatii'ii is developed in compensation. — Caput tnor- tuum, literally, a dea F. char), = Pr. car = Sp. Pg. It. carro = D. kar = MLG. karc = OHO. carra, charra, charro, MH6. G. karre (also t)HG. garra, garro, MUG. garrc) = Icel. krrni =Dan. knrre = Sw. ktirra = Bohem. kdra = Pol. kara = Lith. karas, < JIL. carru.t, m., carra, f., a wheeled vehicle, L, curruf:, a, two-wheeled vehicle for transport- ing burdens; of Celtic origin: Bret. A-nic, a char- iot, = W. car, a raft, frame, drag, = OGael. car, a ear, cart, or raft, = Ir. carr, a cart, drag, wagon; ))erhaps akin to L. currus, a chariot, currerc, run, Skt. ■/ '■'""', move. Hence ult. carack (carick, ctirrick), career, cargo^, carica- ture, earache, carriage, carry, carruca, cart, charge, charet, chariot, di.ichargc, etc.] 1. A wheeled vehicle or eouveyaiice, especiiilly one hiiviiig only two wheels, (a) The two wluebil ]r.\s- sctigcr-conveyancc much used in Ireland aiul specifically called njnutifinri-i-nr. (h) The low-set two-wheeled vehi- cle of burden used in many parts of Great Britain, espe- cially for bttgsbeads ami the like, (r) In Birndiigham and other t<)wn8of F.uglaud, a four-wheeleiirtoi--rnr nutl imlitrv-rar. [U.S. and Canada. I Irish Jauntlng-Car. i^n; jnunlinii-car.— Pneumatic car, a car driven mi rails or tramways by c i-n-tm d air ciiliilticd In rcscrvolrH fllleil by incaiiH of air |.iini|m. Revolving car, a cyllmlil.al r ptacle i>r car which revolves as It iiavclH. The Northern Car, • name lor the constellation nf the Gnnf I'.cai. coiiiinunly known In F.ngland as Charlm's M'nin. and In the I'nlteu StiifcM ;iH tbe Great Dipper. Si iit under f'r«ii. car- (kiir), n. [ML. kvrj< Icel. kjarr, pi. kjfirr, copse, bruHhwood (ef. kjiirrmj)rr, a mnrsh ove^ grown with brushwood: myrr = E. mire), = Norw. kjerr, kjarr, a marsh, esp. a marsh over- grown with brushwood, = Sw. kiirr, a marsli, fen, morass, moor, = Dan. kar, formerly kjar, a marsh, bog, thicket, pool. Cf. carsc^.'] 1. A wood or grove, generally of alders, on a moi.st soil. — 2. Any hollow place or mar.sh. [Prov. Eng. in both seuses.] car-^t (kar), a, [Sc, also written Ji-ar, her, cair, cam; carrij, < ME. car, kerre, < Gael, cacrr, left, left-handed, awk%vard.] Left, as opposed to rU/Ut. In a knot, bi a olyffc, at the karre side, Ther as the rogh i-ucher vn-rydely watg fallen, Tliay terrten tu the fyndyng, & fiekej hem after. Sir Gamiync and the Green Knight (E. E. T. .S.), 1. 1431. car* (kar), r. t. ; pret. and pp. carred, ppr. ear- ring. [E. dial., abbr. of carry.'S To carry. [Prov. Eng. (Kent).] cars (kar), n. [< ME. "car, *carre, < AS. (ONorth.) carr, a rock, appar. < Gael, carr, a rocky shelf or pro.i'eeting part of a rock. Cf. ««■»•«.] A rock. [Prov. Eng.] car. An abbreviation of carat. car-. See cacr-. Oarabaya bark. See 6aj*2. Carabici (ka-rab'i-si), n. pi. [NL., pi. of *Ca- rahicits, dim. of Corabus, q. v.] In Latreille's system of classification, a group of eai-nivorous or adephagous pentamerous Culcoptera, embra- cing the caraboid beetles. carabid (kar'a-bid), «. A beetle of the family Ciiraliiilw ; a caraboid ; aground-beetle. Carabidae (ka-rab'i-de), n. pi. [NL., < Carahus + -Ida:] A family of Coleop)tera or beetles whose metasteruum has an anteeoxal piece separated by a woU-marked suture, reaching from one side to the other, and extending in a triangular process between the hind coxaj, with the antennsB 11-jointed, and the hind coxk movable and small. Tlie antenna arise at the side of the head between the base of the mandibles and the eyes. The species are usually large and adorned with bril- liant metallic colors, and are either wingless or have win"-s not adapted for flying. There are more than 6,000 known species, all of which are commonly called qround-heetles varying from a very minute size up to 2 or 3 inches in length. The bombardier-beetle, Brachimis crepitans be- longs to this family. Other names of the caraboid group of insects are Carabi. Carabici, Carabida, Carabini, Cara- bmd.T, Carabiles, Carabidea, Carabides, Carabina. See clits under bombardier-beetle and ground-beetle. carabideous (kar-a-bid'e-us), a. [< Carabklre + -eous.'i Of or pertaining to or having the characters of the Carabklw. carabidoid (ka-rab'i-doid), a. Same as cara- biiiil, 2. Carabinae (kar-a-bi'ne), n. j^l. [NL., < Cara- bii.f + -incB.'i The tyjiical subfamily of Cara- hidce, containing large handsome species whose mesosternal epimeron reaches the coxa, and whose middle coxal cavities are not entirely closed by the sterna. carabinet, n. See carbine. carabineer, ». See carbineer. caraboid (kar'a-boid), a. and ;;. [< Gr. KapafioEi- •'iiK. like a carabus, < Kapafioc, a carabus, -I- eiMof, form.] I. a. 1. Of or pertaining to the genus Carabus.; resembling a carabus.— 2. Of or per- taining to the second larval stage of insects which undergo hypermetamorphosis, as the blister-beetles, Mcloidw. The caraboid stage succeeds the triunguliue and precedes the sear- abasoid stage. Also carabidoid. II. H. A member of the genus Carabtts, or of the family Carabidw; a carabus. Carabus (kar'a-bus), n. [NL., < Gr. Kdpaj3o(, a horned beetle, also the sea-crawfish or spiny lobster (also a kind of light ship). See cara- vel.;\ 1. The typical genus of Carabince, now restricted to species of medium or large size and handsome coloration, having the third an- tennal joint cylindrical, the labrnm not fur- cate, the mandibles with no external setigerous punctiu'e, the posterior eoxaj contiguous, and the anterior coxal cavities open behind. There are many species, especially in Europe, where the genus reaches its highest development. C. s,rralii.i is the com- monest American species, i; to ] of an inch long black with bluish edges of the protliorax and elytra, the latter being punctate, 2. [i.e.] Amemberof this genus, or of the fam- ily Carabidw.— Si. [I. c] A caravel. caracf, n. See carack. caracal (kar'a-kal), n. [< F. caracal, said to be < Turk, qara qidaq: qara, black; qxdaq, ear.] A carnivorous digitigi-ade quadruped of the Fe- lida; or eat family, and genus Lj/nx, L. cara^ cal, inhabiting portions of northern Afi-ica and southwestern Asia, it is about the size of a fox is of a uniform deep-brown or wine-red color above, ex- 813 cept a spot under each eye, and has tufts of long black hair which terminate the ears, wlieuce its name. It pos- sesses great strength ami ferocity, and is sometimes used Caracal {Lynx caracal). in tlie chase of the smaller quadrupeds and of the larger kinds of birds. It has lieen supposed to bo the lynx of the ancients, and is sometimes called Pcrniaii liiiix Also called anak-fl-ard. caracara (kar-a-kar'ii), n. [So called in imita- tion of their hoarse cry.] The popular name of the hawks of the subfamily Polyborinte and genera Poli/horus, Phalcabtcnm, Seitex, Milvaqo, Ihiirtir, and Daptriits, all of which are confined t(i Aineriea. 'I'ho name is specially applicable to tlie siircu?, ut I iiliihiinis, of which there are several, as /* '■{"■ri'-'iij. P. ini.hilmni, and I', lutusus, of the southern 1 intcd states and wanner parts of America. These arc large vulture-like liawks, of terrestrial, ambulatory, not salt.atory, habits, preying chiefly upon carrion. The head Caracara {Polybortts cherivay). and neck are extensively denuded ; the legs and wings are cmpaiatively long; the beak is toothless, with the cere eiiiliiig verWcally, the nostrils high up, linear, and oblique, with concealed tubercle. Though vulturine in general as- pect and economy, tlie caracaras approach the typical fal- cons in some anatomical characters, as in the peculiar structure of the shoulder-joint, the extensively ossified nasal bones with central nasal tubercle, and the anterior keel of the palate. The common caracara is much varied with wliite and black barring of the plumage, and is about 22 inclits long. Also calkil ciircara and carranrha. Caraccesque, Carraccesque (kar-a-ehesk'), «. In art, resembling or characteristic of the Ca- raeei or Carraeci, Italian painters of the latter part of the sixteenth and the earlier part of the seventeenth centiu'y, founders of the eclec- tic or Bolognese school of painting. carack, carrack (kar'ak), n. [Also written cnrac, cariek, carrick, carrock, < ME. earache, carrik; = D. kraalc = G. karacke, kracke, < OF. carraque, F. caraque = Sp. Pg. carraca = It. caracca, < ML. carraca, caraca (also caracata (i. e., carricata) navis, 'laden ship'), prop, car- I'iy/^ n dliiT-i r^f 1-11-1 -iirl <-i»-i / n .fi.. »^ l^.n.J ^ Caramania gum It. caragoln, also carafpiulo, caraqnola, a snaU, winding stair, cararnlln, a caracole, = OP. cw- qnerote, F. dial. coqueriuUc, a snail. Origin un- certain ; erroneously derived by the Spanish Academy from \j. cochlea, coelea, a snail, snail- shell : see cochlea.'} 1. In the maneqe, a semi- round or half-turn which a horseman makes, either to the right or to the left.— 2. In arch., a sjiiral staircase. caracole (kar'a-kol), V. i. ; pret. and pp. eara- colid, jipr. caracoling. [< caracole, n. ; = F. caracoler = Sp. caracolear = Pg. caracolar = It. caracollare.'] 1. To move or advance in a series of caracoles ; prance. Prince .lohn caracoled within the lists at the head of hi« jovial party. Scott, Ivanhoe, I. 92. Gay youths, in rich brilliant dreeses, caracole up to the canlages on flery steeds. J. K. Cooke, Virginia Comedians, II. xxL 2. To wheel, as cavalry, caracoli, «. See caracoly. caracolite (kar'a-ko-lit), H. [< Caracoles (see del.) + -ilc'^.l A rare mineral from Caracoles, Chill, consisting of oxychlorid of lead and sul- phate of sodium. It occurs in colorless ortho- rhombic crystals, which are hexagonal in aspect through twinning. caracolla (kar-a-kol'a,), n. [NL. ; also writ- ten, less prop., caroco'lla; < Sp. caracal, a snail : seo caracole. '\ 1. A snail of the family .fft/Zci- d(E, with the whorls of the shell flattened to- ward and keeled at the edges.— 2t. [cap.^ A genus of .such land-snails. ' caracoly, caracoli (kar'a-kol-i), «. [Origin unknown.] An alloy of gold, sihx'r, and cop- per, of which an, inferior Idnd of jewelry is made by the Caritis. Caracora (kar-a-ko'rii), H. [Formerly al.so caracal; a Malay word.] A proa of Borneo and other islands of the East Indies, caractif, «• [Also charact, < ME. caract, carect, < OF. caract, charact, m., caracte, carecte, ka- recte, carafe, f.- (= Pr. carecta, f.), character, sign, mark, shortened from caracter, ME. car- acter : see character.'] 1. A distinctive mark, especially as indicating character or value. They are men that set the caract and value upon things as they love them. B. Jonson, Discoveries. 2. Character; kind; sort. No, beauty, no- you are of too good caract To be left so, without a guard. B. Jonson, Every Man in his Humour, liL 2. 3. Estimate. You do mistake Sly caract of your friendship all this while. Or at what rate I reckon your assistance. B. Jonson, Magnetlck Lady, i, 1. 4. A formula of enchantment. \». V-., v«'< . n>in/it./ im,/^o, i»,.icu ouj^ J, picp. fjltl- rica, a ship of burden, < carricare, load a car, < L. carrus, a car : see car^, caricature, cargo^, and charge.] A large round-built vessel of con- siderable depth, fitted for fighting as well as for burden, such as were used by the Portuguese and Spaniards in trading with America and the East Indies. The Genuois coraen in sundry wises Into this land with diuers raarchandises In great Caracks, arrayed withouteii lacke With cloth of gold. Hakluiit's Voi/ages, I. 193. On corsair's galley, carack tall. And plundered Christian caraval. Whittier, Derne. caracoli (kar'a-kol), n. Same as caracole, 2. caracol-t (kar'a-kol), n. An obsolete form of ciiracora. caracole (kar'a-kol), n. [Also written caracal (esp. in sense 2), < F. caracole, a caracole, a gambol, a spiral staircase, foi-merly caracal, a snail, < Sp. caracal = Cat. caragol = Pg. cara- cal, a suail, a winding staircase, a caracole, = He shulde make his sacrifice And rede his carect in tlie wise, • As she him taught. Gower, Conf. Amant., II. 247. Whan that a man ^\ ith his carecte him wolde enchaunte. Gower, Conf. Amant, I. 57. caract^t, n. An obsolete form of carat. A mark, being an ounce troy, is divided into twenty- four equal parts, called caracts. Cocker. Diamonds, two whereof Do double the twelfth caract. Cartmight. caractert, «. An earlier form of character. Caradoc sandstone. See sandstone. carafe, caraSe (ka-raf), n. [= D. karaf= G. karaffe = Dan. karaffe, karafel, < F. carafe, < It. caraffa = Sp. Pg. garrafa, a vessel for cooling liquids, prob. < Ar. ghirdf, a vessel, < gharafa, draw, as water.] Aglass water-bottle or decanter. Caragana (kar-a-ga'nii), H. [NL., < caragan, the name of the original species among the Mogul Tatars.] A genus of leguminous trees or shrubs, all Asiatic and chiefly Siberian, with feathery pale-green foliage and yeUow flowers appearing in early spring. The species are all ornamental, and several are in cultivation. carageen, «. See carrageen. caragenin, n. See carrageenin. caragheen, «. See carrageen. caraingt, ». An obsolete form of carrion. caraipi (kar-a-e'iie), n. [S. Amer.] The pot- tci y-tree of Pani, iloqnilea utilis, the powdered bark of which is mixed with elay for making vessels for domestic use. Pottery "thus made is capable of witlistanding a high degree of heat. Caraite, >i. See Karaite. carajara, carajura (kar-a-ja'ra, -jo'ra). «. [A native S. .Vmer. name.] ' A red coloring mat- ter obtained from Bignonia chichi. See chico. Caramania gum. Same as Bassoragum (which see, under gum'^). caxamba caramba (ka-ram'ba), II. Same as caramiola. carambola tka-ram'bo-lii), n. [E. Intl.] The aeid fruit of the Arerrhoa Carambola of tropi- cal Ai.'\ The transformation of su^ur into caramel. caramelize (kar'a-mel-iz), V. t. ; pret. and pp. cuniMilicvd, ^pr. caratnelizing. [< caramel + -ire] To transform or convert into caramel : as. caramrli:r(l sugar. caramote (kiir'a-mot), «. [F. ; cf. Sp. cara- miu/n = Pg. cnrdmujo, a kind of sea-snail, = It. caramiu/io, a dwarf, a shrimp.] A rather large speciesof shrimp, Peiueus caramote, common in the Mediterranean, where it is caught in great numbers and salted for exportation. carangid (ka-ran'jid), H. A fish of the family Cnrttiitfifltr, Carangidae (ka-ran'ji-de), >i. pi. [NL., < C«- roKj- (-rami-) + -i(Ue.~\ A family of acanthopte- rygian fishes, represented by the genus Caranx, to which various limits have been assigned. (a> In (Junthcr's svstem, a family of Acanltiopteniijh cotto- Ki,iniiri(urmi-f. wi'tli the skeleton hrm, no bony stay tor the preo|icrculinii, teeth conical or triangular if present, the ipinous iMirtion of the dorsal present (sometimes rudi- raijih a native* (juiana name.] 1. A genus of tropical trees, natural order Meliacca: .\ South .American species, C. GuianeihtL^, is a fine large tree, the bark of which is in repute as a febrifuge, oil urnile frimi its seeds (called carnp-oil or crab-oil) is used for lamps. The wood, called carapa-wood or crab-wood, is light and takes a good polish ; it is used for making furniture, and also for the spars of ships. The oil of the African species, C". Touhucimna, called coondi, kundah, or tallicoona oil, is used l)y the negroes for making soap and anointing their bodies, its taste being so bitter that it serves as a defense against bites of vermin. The oil of the South American carapa is used ft>r the same purpose. 2. [/. c] A tree belonging to this genus, carapace (kar'a-pas), II. [Also carapax; < F. carapace, < Cat. cara- gourd: see cahihnsh.'] 1. The shell of a turtle or tortoise; specifical- ly, the upper shell, the 2. Cross-section of Car.ipace and Plastron of Tortoise, r, centrum of a vertebra; «j, its expanded neu- ral spine : r, expanded rib, fonn- - ' , . , r\ r T\ ing one mass with ;i lateral scute caravan (kar a-van Or Kar-a-van ),n. \z= u. ?"1n"ercilvi™ia;"i?trir'''e«'o: ^aiaraaii = g: l-aran-ane =" Dan. kararaiie plasrron ; hp, hyostemai scute, or epiplastron. ^', pygal plate : w, series of m.lr. meutar)). the body compressed, oblong or elevated, with caraDacial (kar-a-lia'shal), a. 10 abdumliml and U caudal vcrtebrie. Ill this sense it , ,, S Af „,. „nrf.i nitu'trv n cnv hin Ureii use.l by most European ichthyologists since 1882. -'"'-J ♦-'1 "1 pertdinmg to a cai, It includes llslies which have been distributed by others In the families Caranffulm, Pomattnidila', J*n4^ttuifK, /an- eliiltF, Capnidie, Kipiululte, etc. ('<) In dill's system re. strii-ted to .Scoiiiltroiiiea with 10 abdominal and from H to 1« caiirlal vertebric, a short or atrophied llrst dorsal .__._._. /i,„_/„ ,,„ifv,'i „ Siimo ns rnrnnace - second dot^al and anal long, opposite, and nearly CarapaX (kar a-paks , H. ^"'""^ „»i^. ^ '^'^j;- spines detached and fonning a carap-Oll (kar'ap-oil), n. Oil obtained trom i.Carapaceof Tortoise{fw>'J). dorsal surface, outside. The heavy lines indicate the divi- sions of the epidermal plates or scutes fonning the tortoise-shell ; the light lines show the sutures of the bony plates underlying and supporting the shell. i-8. expanded neural spines of ver- tebra; ; rl-rS. expanded costal plates of ribfi ; nu, nuchal plate ; ginal plates. under shell being called the plastrou. See also cut under Chclonia. — 2. In Maiiiiiinlia, the shell of an armailillo.— 3. In Cirriprilin, the multi- valvular shell, test, or case.— 4. In lii^'licr Crus- tacea, the shield covering the cciilialcilliorax, sometimes separable into a eephalostegite and an omostegite. See cut under Apiis. — 5. One of the many hard cases, tests, or shells whii;h are likened to a carapace, as those of certain infusorians; a lorica. [< carapace + apace. nie lateral portions of the carajmcial ridge, becoming deeper, are converted into braiichiostegites, and the cav- ities which they overarch arc the branchial chambers. lluxleii, (■rayllsh, p. 21". caravan jewelers is seldom over IS carats fine, except in wedding- rings, the standard fineness of which is 22 carats. Oold of is carats flue is almost invariably used in mounting diamonds, while 14-carat gold is said to be ordinarily used in the tniteil States f.>r gold chains, etc. 4. A unit of weight for precious stones, divided by iewelers into 4 gi'ains, called diamond-flraiiis, biit equal to about ."^t troy grains. 15U English carats being taken as equal to an ounce troy. In 1S77 the weight of the carat was fixed by a syndicate of I/indon, Paris, and Amsterdam jewelers at 205 milli. grams, or 1,'>1.76 caiats to the troy ounce, fnder the translated form xepaTtor, or cfrathtm, siliqua was adopted l>y Coustantine into the system of weights of the empire as yjj of an ounce, equal to 1811 milligrams. In Italy it re* mained as a part of tlie system of weights, in general with the same relation to the ounce and w ith nearly the same value. The .\rabic ijiral was the 24th part of the i/iiV/i/rdf, and was subdivided sometimes into 4, sometimes into S grains, its value for gems being very nearly 3 grains troy. The Oastilian carat, y\„ of a Castilian ounce, or 3.104 troy grains, was, like the rest of the Castilian sys. tem. ailopted from the Ai-abs. From Spain this has passed to tile rest of Europe and to America, with only small niodiflcations, less than unlegalized units commonly un- dergo, under the name of the Amsteniam or tiiamoyui carat, which is usually divided into ti4ths. Peaiis arc sold by the diamond-grain and not by the carat, while small baroque pe.arls. coral, rough garnets, and the inferior kinds of stimes are sold by the ounce troy. The siibdi- visionsof the carat are always expressed in fourths, eighths, sixteenths, etc. (^)ften al)breviated car. or K. bassa = Sp. carapacho carat (kar'at), i'. *. [Early mod. E. also earned; It. dial, carara-a, a < carat, caraet. ».] To try or refine (gold). Cnrattare. to touch or trie gold, to refine or make per- fect, to i-aract. Florio. carate (ka-rii'te), n. [S. Amer.] A cutaneous disease occurring in South America, which pro- duces scarlet, brown, or blue blotches, espe- cially on the face, hands, jind feet, caraiina (ka-ra'nii), n. [Also written carana, caniiiiKi (NIj. ciii'diia); native name.] A soft^ greenisli-livowu, balsamic oloo-resin prodiiceil by a burseraceous tree, probably I'rotiiim Ca- rana, found on the head waters of the Amazon and Orinoco. It is exported in little masses, ridled uj) in leaves tif Hags. It has an agreeable aromatic smell, and a bitterish slightly pungent taste. It was formerly used in jilasters. alike, generally two anal spines (Inlet, and non. protractile jaws. These limits have been adopted by most recent American ichthyologists. It em briices nuineroiissfK-'cies of tropical flshes, the best-known of which are tlie cavallies, poiiipanos, ami pilot-tlbh. Caraniiitlie Is the (amily name for the fishes generally kfir,wn as cavally or crevalle, jack, jioni]iano, scail, etc. Slanil. Srels. The pre. i.H are protractile, the pectoral llns long and fab iie of the Citranjiiaa:. ■ a nin'H), ». Hnmo as carauna. Same oH cnranto. i'.'lc nin I rnntiilo, irr Icnjwft b-valb.*,' .Vtirttim, Tlic Kawiiv, II. 1. Oaranx ranaui, ■ ladim.l ranglila. "), n. [Nl-., nppar. < Hp, ' nMh ■ ■ " < M|). ra- 11 kind of (liitflHh in the Went i.i'-nl genii- i.f Itio funiily Cii- l.rtiMot, ('. I.if, ),',», unil C tntuM Bro carat, karat (kar'at), n. [Early mod. E. also caracl (simulating earaci, character, a cliiirac- ter, mark, stamp) ; = D. kaiaat = C,. hiral (MUG. lariit, qarat) = Dan. Sw. karat, < F. carat = I'r. carat = It. carato = Sp. I'g. quiUite, OPg. cm- rate = Turk. Pers. (I'lriit, < Ar. 'liriit, i/irrdt, a carat, the twenly-fourtli of an ounce, foiirbiir- leyconm, also a lioil, husk (= LL. cerates). < Gr. miitiTior, the fruit of the locust-tree, also, like \j. siliIe, or llie twenty-fourth part of an ounce troy.— 2t. A unit of mass formerly used in variouH countries for weighing gold. It wiis generally the 24tli part of a mark of gold, ami was subdivided Into 12Krnlii«. H »'i» eonimoiily iqiial to about ItHi.,', troy grains. Ilonco — 3. A tweiily-foiirtli part: Hpeciflcnlly used in exiiressing the lininesH of gold when used as iewelrv. 'Iliu', pun gold being considered a« ■.1 . i,nil« line. If two, sl>, or ten twenty fonrlln of alloy (• Miiinionly copper or silver) l» IiriPienI, llle gohl I" sabi |o 1h 22, IS, or 11 I arats Hue, and wi on. The gold umvI by Sw. hiraran, < F. cararaiie, < Sp. cararaua = Pg. carnvnna = It. earocana (ML. cararanna, etrraccnna,carr(inna.carvanus= 'MGi: Kapjidviov, NGr. mpiiiivi) = Turk. Ldrwdn {Iqp'iriraii) = Ar. kairawdn = Hind. I.drwdn. < Pers. kdriidn, Icdra- wdn , a ca ra va n . Prob . orig. I'ers. , but by some considered orig. Ar. ; cf. Pers. Idr, business, work, Ar. kair, trade, profession, kira, kirwa, hire, hiring. In sense :i shortened to ran: see cohS.] 1. A comjiany of travelers, jiilgrims, or merchants, in many jiarts of Asia and Africa, who associate together that tliey may travel with greater securily, es]ieciiilly through des- erts or regions infested by robbers. Nearly all eonuneroc in these countries was formerly carried on by caravans, using camels chiefly for tnuispiutation ; and they are still numerous, though largely superseded by other methods. Men who ^lass In troop or caravan. Milton, r. R., i. 323. Great cararanit. formerly composed of Pagans, now of Mahometans, passed from west to east, in the same man. neras in ancient times, to buy and ilisperse India gmids through Africa, /,Vi(e.'. ,Sonree of ilie Nile, II. lil, 2. Figuratively, any large niitnber of persons traveling together." especially when moving slowly or with iiiiich baggage"; poetically, any large number of persons, or even animals, con- sidereil as traveling together to a coninion des- tination. Tbelr aery caravan, Idgh over seas 1-lying. Milton, V. L., vil. 428. When thy summons comes to join The iiiiiuiiierable cartn'an, which moves To that mysterious realm ... of death. llniaiit, Tliaiiatopslfl. 3. A largo covered carriage used for convoying passengers, or a coiiipany of )>eople traveling together, or a traveling exliiliitioii or sliow; lience, any largo covered wagon or cart for travel or triiiisport : ot'leii abliicviuted to wan. Alike, gay widow, virgin, wife, IngeiiioUK to diversify dull life, III eoaelles. chaises, rnnli'.i/i». and hoys, riv to the coasl for dally, iilgliHy Joys. t'ow/i'i; Retirement, He had never »oon such a fat boy In or out of a travel- Uim caravan. Ilickcnn, Pickwick, II. xxvl. 4f. A iniiiilier of vessels or barks in company, or an expedition with siidi vessels. Their galleys si 111 spreiid over the I-ovanl ami ciirac bark vlelorloiis from their raramm, as their crulsiii against till Moslems wen' called. PrrRroll- 5t, A liiiod with hoops or springs of wliiililmno and nil adjiislablc veil for llio fiici I''airli(ill. caravan-boiler caravan-boiler (kav'a-van-boi'ler), n. An old fonn of stoam-boiler, resembling a wagon. caravaneer (kar"a-van-er'), n. [< P. carava- nicr {= Sp. caravancro = Pg. cjiraraneiro), < ca- ravanc, caravan.] One who leads the camels, etc., of a caravan. caravansary (kar-a-van'sa-ri), »!.; pi. caravan- saries (-riz). [= f\ caravanserai, -serail = It. cararaiiserai = Sp. cararanserrallo = Pg. cara- vanfara = Turk, kcrwdnsaray = Hind, kdrwdn- sard, < Pt^rs. kdrivdnsardi, < kdrwdti, caravan, -I- sardi, a palace, a public edifice, an inn: see seraeilio.'] lu the East, a place api)oiuted for receiving and lodging caravans ; a kind of inn Caraval, 15th century. Interior of Caravansary at Aleppo. where the caravans rest at night, being a large square building, with a spacious court in the midtlle. Uere travelers find shelter and accomnioda- tions, but are obliged, if they have not brought their own supplies, to procure provisions and all necessaries for both men and beasts at the neighboring bazaar. Also written caravanserai, caravaiisera. It is a mere caravansary, fit for a man of genius to lodge in, but nr)t to live in. ' O. W. Holmes, Autocrat, i. caravel, carvel (kar'a-vel, kar'vel), n. [= D. karvcel = G. krafeel, cravel = F. caravelle = It. earavella (> Turk, qaravela), < Sp. caravela. also carabela (= Pg. caravela), a car- avel, dim. of ca- raha = Pg. cara- vi), also carebo, crei'o, a small vessel, < ML. carabus, a kind of boat, < Gr. mpajioq, a kind of light ship (NGr. KaiMiii); prob. a particu- lar use of Kapa- pog, a beetle, a sea-crawfish : see Carabus.l Naut., the name of several kinds of vessels. One variety, used in Portugal, is a vessel of from 100 to 150 tons burden ; another is a fishing-vessel of from 10 to 15 tons ; and a tliird is a large Turkisli ship of war. The name was also given to a small ship used by tlie .Spaniards and Portuguesein the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries for long voyages. It was narrow at the poop and wide at the bow, and carried a double tower at its stern and a single one at its bows. It had four masts and a bowsprit, and the principal sails were lateen sails. Two of the vessels with which Columbus crossed the Atlantic and discovered America were of this description. Tlie king of Portingal minded to arme certaine Camels to discouer this Spicerie. Hakluyt's Voyages, I. 217. The armament consisted of two caravels, or light vessels without decks, and a third of larger burden. Prescott, Ferd. and Isa., i. 16. The seas of our discovering over-roll Him and his gold ; the frailer caravel, With what was mine, came happily to the shore. Tennyson, Columbus. carawala (kar-ar-wa'la), «. A venomous ser- pent of southern India and Ceylon, Hijpnalc vepa, a viviparous species of the viperine series. caraway (kar'a-wa), n. [Also written carra- watj, early mod. E. also caraway, < Sp. aleara- huetja, caraway, < Ar. al, the, + kanoiyd. kara- wiyd, caraway-seeds, carawaj'-plant, prob. < Gr. Kapov, caraway, > L. careum, NL. carum (> It. raro — Florio), cumin, caraway. Another form is E. dial, and So. carvy, carvey, < P. carvi = It. carm = D. karioei = MLG. kanoe, G. karve, karhe, karwei = Dan. karve, < Sp.' carri, short for alcaravea = Pg. alcaravia, variants of the forms before mentioned, or directly from the Ai-. with- out the article.] 1. A biennial iilaut, Carimi. Carui, of the natural order rnilnlUfvra; with a tapering root like a parsnip, which when yoimg is used as food, but has a very strong flavor. 815 It is a native of Europe and Asia, and is fretpiontly culti- vated for its fruit, or so-called seeds, which have an aro- matic smell and a warm [tungcnt taste. TJiey are used as a carminative in medi'iuf, :uiti for llavorilig cakes, etc., and a volatile oil is oljtaim/d from tliein t)y distillation. 2. The Niijella sativa or black caraway, a ra- minculaecous plant of southci'n Europe, tlio seeds of which are aromatic and used for the same purposes as common caraway. — 3. Col- lectively, the seeds of the caraway. Waundurclle, or pepyns, with carawry in confltc. Babees Hook (E. E. T. S.), p. 100. 4t. A kind of sweet cake or comfit containing caraway-s.eeds. Tlicu dieese with fruite On the table set, Witli Bisketes or Carowayes, As you may get. Babees Boole (E. E. T. S.), p. 343. A disli of caraways. Shak., 2 Hen. IV., v. 3. 5. A kind of apple. Mason. caraynef, v. An old form of carrion. carbamate (kar'ba-mat), n. [< earbam{ic) + -f(/r'.] A salt of carbamic acid. carbamic (kiir-bam'ik), a. [< carb(onic) + am- (idr) + -('(■.] Relating to a substituted carbonic acid (■(jiif iiiiiing the amide radical NII2. Car- bamic acid, I'liMlJiH, an acid ]ir)t known ir^the free stiitr. hut li.iTiiing Kiilts and ethers, as methyl carlianiate, CO.SJI.jUCli.j. Its ammonium salt occurs in commercial annnoniuni carbonate. carbamide (kar'ba-mid or -mid), n. [< cnrb(on) + amide.} 1 . A compoimd identical with urea, having the formula CO(NH2)2. It is found in many of the animal jxnces, and occurs most abundantly in urine. 2. A general name for the derivatives of urea. carbazotate (kar-baz'o-tat), n. [< carbazot{ic) + -atA.'] A salt fornied by the vmion of ear- bazotic acid with a base. carbazotic (kar-ba-zot'ik), a. [< carb(on) + azote + -«■.] Composed of or pertaining to car- bon and azote Caxbazotlc acid, CiiHo(N02)30H, picric acid ; a crystallizable acid oljtained by the action of nitric acid on phenol, indigo, and other aniui;d and vei^eta- Ide substances. It f onus shining yellow ( ry.-^tals, sp;uiic:ly soluble in cold water, and having an intensely hitter taste. It is used chiefly in dyeing. Wlien silk wliich has been treated with a mordant of alum or cream of tartar is im- mersed in a solution of this acid, it is dyed a beautiful permanent yellow color ; and by the use of indigo and picric acid together various shades of green are obtained. Its salts explode violently when struck. carberry (kar'ber'M), n.; pi. carherries (-iz). The gooseberry. [North. Eng.] carbhydrate (kiirb-hi'drat), n. Same as car- b Ar. quarabina, qarbdna), a car- bine; from c«)"6i;iel.] 1. In the sixteenth cen- tm'y, a firearm ; one of the many names given to the lighter form of harquebuse. — 2. In mod- em times, a short rifle, especially one adapted to the use of mounted troops. carbineer (kar-bi-ner'), n. [= D. karabinier = Dan. karahiner = Sw. karbinerare, < F. cara- binitr (= Sp. carahinero — Pg. caraliineiro = It. Cdraliiiiicre, carabino),< carabine: see carbine".] A soldier armed with a carbine. .iVlso formerly written carabineer. carbine-thimble (kar'bin-thim''bl), «. A stiff socket of leather fastened to a D-ring on the right side of a saddle, to hold the muzzle of a carbine. carbo (kiir'bo)^ n. [NL. (L.>; so called from their coal-black color: see carlwn.] A name of several black water-birds, (a) The black guille- mot of the North Pacific, Uria carbo. (b) The common cormorant, Phalacrocorax carbo. (ct) [cap.] A genus of cormorants, giving name to the Carbonidet \v{'en 329" and 374" JF. From this product of coal-tar it is almost exclusively prepared. It has feeble acid prop- erties, but in chemical structure is allied Ut the alcohols, and lielongs to a class of compounds called jihevols. When pure it crystallizes in white or colorless needles, which have the odor of creosote and a burning taste. They deliquesce readily and becrtme liquid. It is an irritant poison when taken in large doses, but in doses of from 1 to .'i grains it i.s used internally as a thera[)eutii- at;ent. Its chief medi- cinal use, however, is as a disinfertaiit in antiseptic sur- gery, and as an external ai)]ilieation to unhealthy sores, comiioinid fractures, abscesses after they have been open. ed, and tissues that are exposed as a result of surgical opera- tiiins. The action of the acid is not only to exclude gernts that induce putrefaction, but also to destroy such a& may have been admitted, for which reason it is introduced into the interior of the wound. Also called phenic acid. — Carbolic-acid paper, wrapping-paper saturated with stearin anil carlndic; acid, used for preserving meats, etc. carbolize (kiir'bol-iz), );. t. ; pret. and pp. car- bolized, ppr. carb'oliziny. [< varbol-ic + -ize.] To impregnate with carbolic acid. Also spelled carbolisc. carboluria (kar-bo-lii'ri-a), n. [< carbolic + Gr. iil'pnv, m-ine.] A condition of the urine charac- terized by dark discoloration, symptomatic of poisoning by carbolic acid. carbon (kiir'bon), n. [= F. earbone= Sp. car- linno = Pg. carbone = It. carbonio, < NL. car- bo(n-), carbon, mod. forms, in chem. sense; cf. F. eltarbon =I'r. carbo = Sp. carbon ^Fg-carvao = It. carbone, a coal, coal, older forms, in orig. sense ; < L. carbo(n-), a coal, whether a glowing coal or a dead coal, charcoal.] 1. Chemical sym- bol, C; atomic weight, 12. An element found in nature in two distinct forms: the diamond, which is extremely hard, of high specific grav- ity (.3.5), usually colorless and transparent, with brilliant adamantine luster, and crj-stallizes in octahedrons ; and graphite, which is very soft, of low specific gravity (2), black and opaque, with metallic luster, and crystallizes in hexag- onal plates. See diamond and graphite. Its phys- ical properties vary greatly with its different forms. It is combustible, burning to carbonic acid (COo). In combina- tion it is universally distributed through the animal and vegetable kingdoms being a constituent of every living tissue. By the action of heat on such tissues, w ith partial or complete exclusion of air, carbon is procured in amor- phous form more or less niLxed with other matters. Such products are animal charcoal, lampblack, wood charcoal, coke, and gas-carbon. The number of its compounds with the other elements is endless; and at present more com- pounds of carbon are known, probably, than of all other elements taken together. It is present in the atmosphere as carbon dioxid, or carbonic-acid gas, and in the same form in some mineral waters ; it also appears in the salts called carbonates, as calcium carbonate in coral, in the shells of many sea-animals, in the common mineral calcite, includ. ing chalk, limestone, marble, etc., and as iron carbonate in the minenal siderite, etc. 2. The form of the diamond generally called carlmnado : the black diamond. — 3. In electric liilhtinij, a carbon-point (see below) Blsulphid of carbon. See W.s«;p7ii<;.— Carbon dioxid. ^^ame, -us car- biiti'h- lu-hl (which see, under carbonic). — Carbon-pointS, in electric li'jbting, two rods of very hard, compact carbon, between which tlie electric arc is formed, producinga light of great brilliancy. See voltaic arc. under arc, and electric Unlit, imder electric. — Carbon process, in photofi., a pro- cess of producing photographic positive pictures in a pig- ment composed of carbon, in urder to insure their perma- nency. The thin paper on which the impression from the negative is taken is coated with gelatin colored with the carbon pigment, and sensitized, usually with bichromate of potash. After exposure to light under the negative it is affixed face downward upon another sheet of paper, and is plunged with it int^i a hot-water bath, which detaches the first paper and leaves the gelatin film uncovered. The water dissolves those portions of the film which have not been rendered insoluble by the action of light through the transparent portions of the negative upon the sensitizing medium, and the more or less insoluble portions of the film form a positive pictm-e, which is, however, reversed in its relations of right and left. If a second transfer of the film from its support, to restore these relations in the finished i)riiit. is required, the first transfer is not made to a paper surface, but to a sheet of glass, zinc, or caoutchouc. The same end may be accomplished without the st-eond transfer. b\ stripping the negative film from the glass, and printing' with its face outward, by reversing the right and left of the negative by the use of a prism, or by other de- carbon vices Carbon spar, a name given to several mineral carbouates. as carbonate of magnesium, of zinc, etc.— Car- bon teiepbone, a form of telephone invented by Edisuo, in whicli rtie vibrations of the diaphragm of the mouth- pi^..- T-r.'iuce. by variable pressure upon a piece of com- ■ 1 carl'ojx placed in the circuit, variations in the .iirrent which induce sonorous \il)rations in the — Gas-carbon, a form of amorphous carbon - ■ ■need in the retorts where cold is heated for iie of illuminating gas. It forms an iron- :i the sides and upper part of the ret4;'rt. It i> -.>.;(■ :..r;. hard, aud is a good conductor of heat and ek' irii it.v. It is used in the preparation of carbon bat- :-rv-TtI;ites, aud also for the carbon-points used with the cicitflr arc-light. Also called coal-ffas ctiarcoal and gas- nraphil' . carbona (kar-bo'nS), M. [NL.: see carhon.'] lu iiniiing. a mass of stanniferous rock, irregu- lar ill form, and not possessing the general :; rafter of a lode. Such a mass, liowever. is ordi- . =u)l,lr. Carbonari, «. Plural of Carbonaro. Carbonarisni(kiir-b6-n!i'riziu), H. [< Carbonari + -i.sin.] The principles, deeds, or cause of the Carbonari ; s.vmpathy wth or support of thera. Tlie detenniiiation, the self-forgctfnlncss, the audacity of the NlhillstJt, compared with whose conspiracies the pbtb* of Cartxiiiarijnn are merely child's play, arc a fact so fiirelgn U} our nature that we <-an hardly iniderstund it. Orjffn, tr. i>f Lavelaye'8 S«»nialisni, p. 196. Carbonaro (kiir-bo-nii'ro), H,; pi. Carbonari (■r'\). [It., lit. (as carhonajo), a charcoal-biu'n- er, < L. carbon ariunj a charcoal-burner, a col- lier, < c'irho(n-) (> It. carbone), coal, charcoal: SCO rarhon,'] One of the members of a secret |.<.liiiciil society called the Ciirhnnori, fonncd " '"■ kingdom of Naples during the reign of lsOH-14) by republicans and others dis- i with (he French rule. They were orlgi- anii>tig the niountaliiH of the Abnizzi prov- >. thi-lr name from tin; niountjiln ehurcoal- I aim w;i« to free thi-'lrroinitrv from foreign ■ bixlriualderltln- ll..iitl,.,h In the i-xpnl- II ruiinl/jill |/r. a I ..v. rail Italy ' llj>' national llbi nil < ,o|... avalnst tile iitM. Atone timi-- lliei ai l> J. a I tiiiiii- I tboiiHnnd aillierenti*. (Ins \^.i, ■ ^ rrvolilttonH of III'.' tlllli- iMitil in jMiwiT In Italy. Aljoiil H.;o ' i>l iihiyed an Important piirt in > vriUitlon of ISSn. '■ '•iriiii ail ft C'rtr/foiMlro and coiiNplrntor, »"> ' ' I tlo'fnte whl>htl'^nlnnU'dthl'lollr•e "f li' ; .Old reniovi'd fit leajit uno rival out of Id' " •> M . /( dnii, .Ml"': fjuaift, latMir., p, IM. carbonat.itlon 'kiir'bo-mVia'Hhgii), n. Hnme liH r/irl ■' carbonal- 'ho-nit), ». {< carbon(ic) + -l- The common name in the Cordilleran mining region of ores consisting in large part of carbonate of lead, aud usually containing silver. This is an important class of ores in Colorado and Utah. — 3. Same as carbonado or hort. [Rare.] —Hard carbonates, salts containing carbonic acid with iron for a ba.se.— Soft carbonates, salts containing carbonic acid with a base of lead. carbonate^ (kar'bo-nat), r. 1. 1 pret. and pp. carbonated, ppr. carbonating. [< carbon(ic) + -^te~; = F. carbonatcr = Sp. carbonatar.] To impregnate or satm'ate with carbonic acid. — Carbonated springs, springs of water impregnated with carhi 'uic-acid gas. They are common in volcanic countries. carbonation (kar-bo-na'shon), n. [< carbo- nate'-: see -ation.l 'The act or process of caus- ing combination with carbonic acid; specifi- cally, a process of defecating beet-, sorghum-, or cane-juice by the addition of milk of lime, and subsequently precipitating the lime as car- bonate by leading into the solution a stream of carbonic-acid gas. -AJso ciirbonatation. carbon-black (kiir'bon-blak), n. A fine lamp- black used in making printing-inks and paints. It is made by directing the flames of gas-lamps, fed by natural gas from wells, against cold surfaces, and collect- ing by machinery the sooty deposit. It is almost pure car- bon in a finely divided form. carbon-bronze (kar'bou-bronz), n. An anti- friction alloy of which the principal constitu- ent is copper. It was invented by Baldman and Weisman, and is used for .jouraal-bearings, etc. carbon-button (kar'bon-but'n), n. A small disk of carbon, usually of compressed lampblack, used in a form of telephone invented by Edison. The resistance which it olf ers to the passage of an electric current depends upon the pressure to whicli it is sul>; jected. so that when it forms a piu-t of a circuit of con- stant electromotive force the current strength will viu-y with variations of pressure on the disk. Sec carbon tele- phone, under cai-bon. carbonic (kar-bon'ik), a. [= F. carboniqitc = Sp. Pg. It. carbonico, < NL. carhonicu.^, < C(ir- bo{n-), carbon: see carbon and -«•.] Pertain- ing to carbon, or obtained from it Carbonic acdd, C0.2, more properly culled r>irbi>iiir anhydrid or carbon dioxid, a gaseous compouinl of vi parts by weight of carbon and 32 of oxygen, colorless, widiout smell, 22 times as heavy as hydrogen, and existing in the atmosphere to the extent of 1 volume in 2.600, It is reduced t.> a liquid by high pressure and cold; and it is obtained as a solid white substance by means of the intense cold pro. duced by the sudden expansion of the liquid when al- lowed to cscaiic from iiressure. It has a pleasant, acidu- lous, pungent t;iste, ami aerated beverages of all kinds — beer, champagne, and carttonatnl nuneral water— in jiart owe their refreshing qualities to its presence ; for, though poisonous when taken into tlie Inngs, it is harndess when taken into the stoni;icli in nioderale iinantity. Dissolveil in water,it forms a dibasic acid, l'l)((IH),j, whose salts, the carbonjites, are widely and al.amlantly distributed in na- ture. It is incapable of maintaining cotntinstion or animal life, acting as a narcotic poison "lien present in the air to the extent of only 4 or :, per cent. It is disengaged frtun fermentiiiL' liquors and from decomposing vegetable and ainnnil sabstances. ami is Largely evolved from fissures in the earth, constituting the choke-damp of mines. From its weight it has a tendency to subside into low places, vaults, and wells, rendering some low. lying places, us the upas valley of Java, and many caves, uninhabitable. This gas is formed and given out during the respiration of animals, and in all ordinary combustion, from the oxidation of car- bon in the fuel. It is evolved from the ecdored partsof tin- flowers of plants both by Tiit:bt andtlay. and from the gicen partsof plants during the night. In director dillnse day- light, plants absorb it cTn-rgrtically from the atmospbrrc through their leaves, and di cMinpose it, nsstndlating Ibc carbon, and returning most of the oxygen to the iilr. Cal'- bonlc-acld engine. («) A nre-englne from which water is ejected by the pressure of carhonic-acid gas, which is evolved in a chamber connected Mitb the watcr-rrservolr. (b) An engine which is moved by the expansln' force .if condensed carbonic acid. — Carbonic-acld water. See arratrd walern, muU-r arralr. Carbonic or carbonoua OXld,n BUbslauec (I'll) obtained by allotting earboldc acid to passover red-hot fragments tit charcoal, contiilni'd in a tiilM! of Ircai and porcelain, anil also by several other pro- cesses. It is tt colorless. Inodorolm gas, a little lighter tllall air, lias neither acid nor alkaline iiroiierties, Is very poison- ous, and burns with a iiale-lavi uiler flame. This sulmtarne Is produced when a eoallllc bnrns with asinokelesi flame, and the iialelnvemler flame luodneed by lis eoinbiisllon may often be observed playing over such ii fln*. Carbonidee (kiir-bon'i-de), n. pi. [Nli,, < Car- /.«(»-) ■¥ -Ilia .] A naracof the coniioraiil fam- ily. ./. /■'. Itriindl, I.S.'l!), Sic I'halarrnr.irariilir. carboniferous (kiir-lio-iiir'c-nis), ri. [< li. nn- /;<;(«-), eiial, + fir, .: '= K. hiar'.] Containing or yielding carbon or coal. In r/i-i./., nlniosl ex- clusively used In deslglinllng that asiirniblage iif strata from which the coal of Kiigland, Kranee, iierinany, and llie Inlteil Slates In (or the I I Tinrl obtnlneil. The Ciirbon. IfcnniH »erliB Is of the I'alcozolc age. and Is II I re. "Ill portion ol the l'iileo7ob . II l« overlaid by the Permian I... k«, which belong t.i the ilo.ing era ol the Cnrbonller "M> age. mill Is uiiilerlnld by llii lii vonluii. The Cnrbon- ib rous, over large arrns both In Kitrope and .North Aiiicr- carboy ica, is separable into three more or less distinct groups; the coal-measures, the ndllstone-grit, and the mountain limestone. The first of these three is a series of shales and clays, \vith which the coal-beds themselves are inter- stratified. This part of the series is sonudinies several thousand feet in thickness, and the number and thiekuesa of the intercalated coal-beds ditfer greatly in different re- gions. The nuilstone-grit is a detrital rock ordinarily quite silicions, and jissuming all degrees of fineness, from that of a fine-grained gritstone to that of a coarse conglom- erate. Its thickness varies greatly in various regions. The mountain limestone is a calcareous rock, often rich in fos- sils of marine origin, and sometimes having a thickness of over 3,000 feet. See coal, coal-mcattureit, tnillntone-ifrit, and mountain liiitr.^toiie (under limestone). [In technical use, connnonly with a caiutal.] carbonisation, carbonise, etc. See carboni::a- tion. etc, carbonization (k!ir"bg-ni-za.'shon), n. [< car- bonize (see -ation) ; = F. carbonisation = Sp. carboni-acion = J'g.carbnni-ai;iiii.] 1. Theoper- ation of converting wood or other organic sub- stance into coal or charcoal. The volatile constit- uents are driven off by combustion, and a more or less pure carbon remains behind. The term is also used for the slott- transformation of wood into coal by natiu-al pro- cesses. 2. Same as carbiirization. — 3. Same as ciir- boiiiitiiin. Also spelled carhoni.iation. carbonization-bed (kilr bo-ni-za'shon-bed), H. hieliarcDiil-bnniinij, a rectangular wooden box, higher at the roar than at the front, contain- ing wood covered with a layer of earth, it has a hearth at the front or lower end, and forms a kind of kiln ; the fire gradually extends backward from the hearth, and the i-harcoal is withdrawn as fast as it is made, carbonize (kiir'bo-niz), v. t. ; pret. and pp. car- boni;:ed, ppr. ciirSonicini/. [ < carbon + -i:c; = F. t'flrio«(«r= Sp. Pg. enrlionizar = \t. carboni;- ^are.l 1. To convert into cai'l)on by combus- tiou or the action of lire, or by other natural pro- cesses. — 2. To cover with carbon (in the forui of charcoal or lampblack). — 3. To carburize. Also spelled eiirhiinise. Carbonizing-fumace, an apparatus for carbonizing Wood, disinrcuratinL' rocks, etc. K. II. Kniijhf. carbonizer (kar'bo-ni-zir), «. A tank of ben- zol or other hydrbcarbou, through which air is passed to carry off an intlammablo vapor. K. I>. Also spelled carboniser. carbon-light tkiir'bou-lit), u. An electric arc- lifjlit. carbonohydrous (kiir ■■' bg-no - hi ' drus), a. [< eiirhiin + li!/ilr(0!icn) + -oha\] Composed of carbon and hytirogen. Carbonometer (kiir-bo-nom'e-t6r), n. [< NL. citrbii{ii-), carbon, + L. mctruni, a measure.] An insti'ument for detecting the jiresence of carbonic acid by its action on lime-water. Carbonous (kiir'bg-nus), a. l<. carbon + -oh,*,] I'crlaiiiiiig to or containing carbon Carbonous OXld. Same as eitrbonit: oxid (which see, under cin-honic). carbon-paper (kiir'bon-pa.''''p(>r), w. Pajier faced with earlion or lampblack: used between two sheets id' )iai>er for the purpose of reproducing uiioii the lower sheet anytbing which may be written or drawn ujion the upper sheet, or ]u-iiiteil tipou it by a type-writer. carbon-point (kiir'bon-point), n. See carbon- iniiiits, under nirbnn. carbon-print (kiir' bon-])rint), n. AphotograpU in iiermaneiit inks or colors. Hee carbon jyrocess, uiHler rarbtin, and irDiidhnri/ti/iie. carbonyl (kiir'boM-il), 11. [(.carbon + -i/l.} A hv)iiit liet leal organic radical having the formula ( 't >. carborundum (kiir-bo-run'dum), n. A juoduct 111 I lie electric furnace used in ]ihice of emery us ail abrasive material. The reaction of the fiiriiace is SiO„-H:!(: = Si('-(-'JC(>. carbovinate (Ciir-bo-vi'mit), «. [< NL, car- /"!(«-), eai-bon, + li. riii{nni), wine (for 'alco- liol'), -t- -dtiK] See earborinatc of potassium, iiiicler iHilii.i.iinm. carboxyl (kiii'bok-sil), w. [< carb(on) + ox- (Hiicn) + -III.] A hypothetical organic radical having the I'ormuhi COOIl. ll may be regarded as a compound radical made up of carbonyl (CO) nnd liy- ilroxyl (Mi/« of Isphahan Wine, Itinneiiji, ]7ft4, quol. in \n\f . ni.nv lioid I'.unKdl's ulosMary, 2, ,\ largo globular bottle of green glass, pro- tected liy an outside envering consistiiig either carboy of basketwork or of a wooden box : used chiefly for coutaiiiing uertain acids (sudi as vitriol or siilpiiuric acid) and other Mghly coiTosivo li- quids likely to act chemically upon stoneware. car-brake (kilr'brak), «. A brake used to ar- rest the motion of a railroad-ear. Wh™ oper- ated by hanii, it cuiiijirises a brake-wliecl, brake-sliaft, brake-chain, brake-lever, ami brake-shoe, witli their va- rious parts. (See brake-shaft, bfakc-nhor, and brake- wheel.) Wliere otlier tlian hand-power is used, the brake consists essentially of tlic slioo and lever and some means (as a coiled spring, steam, compressed air, or tlie pressure of tlie air acting in a vacuum) for developinu power and applying it to operate the brake-lever. When all the l)i-akes of a train are operated together by a single ap- plication of power, the apparatus is called a cnntiimous brake. The most important forms of such brakes are the Westinghouse brake and the vacuum-brake. (.See air- brake.) Some continuous brakes, as the improved West- inghouse, are operated by the breaking apart of the cars in the train, and are called axUomatic or sel/seUint/ brakes. See cut under braked. car-bumper (kar'buin"per), n. A buffer carbuncle (kiir'bung-kl), n. 817 Same as ethylem.—Ugbt carbureted hydrogen, a com- pound of carbon and |]yclrom-ii(i'll ,) which occurs in coal- mlTiiH (llre-d.'unli) .■irid about stagnant pools. carbureter, carburetor (kiir'bu-ret-er, -or), n. [< citrhurct + -crl, -»;•.] 1. Ail apjtaratiis for adding hydrocarbons to non-luminous or poor gases, for the purpose of producing an illumi- nating gas. This iselfected by the additionot volatile hy- drocarbons, or by placing material rich in liydrocarbons in the charge in the gas-retort, or by causing the gas U> pass through liquid hydrocarbons to take up the more volatile vapors. Air-carbureters are of this last class. Various devices are eui])loyed to saturate the air with the vapor, hut all iiro essentially alike. 2. A hydrocarbon used for this purpose. The lightest distillates of American jjetroleum, Sher- wood oil, or shale, have been much investigated in regard to use as anuisthctics or as carburetlen. Ure, Diet., lU. 399. Also cnrhuretter, carburettor. carburetted, /). a. See carbureted. carburisation, carburise. See carburization, carhitrhc. [< ME. carbuncle, -boncle, also assibilated charbuncle, -boncle, carburization (kiLr"bu-ri-za'8hon), n. [< car -bode, -bucle, < OF. carbuncle, -boucle, assibi- hiiri:e + -ation.] The process "of adding car- lated charbuncle, -bucle, -boucle, -bode, scher- ' buHcle, F. escarboude = Pr. carbuncle, car- bonde = Sp. Pg. carbundo = It. carbonchio = D. karbonkel = MHG. karbunkeJ, also karfun- kel, 6. karfunkel (as if connected with funke, bon, especially to iron; any process which Carcbariidse and perhaps derived from (as the 'shell' or 'case' left by the departed spirit), (2) OF. carqtiais, carcois, carquois, F. cfirrfuois, m., = Sp. carcax = Pg. carcaz = It. curcnunn, m. (MI^. carcaissuin; CvoaXian karkash), a quiver, jjrob. a corruption (appar. simulating initially Ij. caro (cam-), flesh; ef. carrion) of ML. tarcasiug, MGr. TapKiimnv, a quiver. = Turk. Hind, tarkash, < Pers. terfv/i/j, a quiver.] 1. The dead body of an animal ; a corpse : not now cominnnly ap. plied to a dead human bod v. e.\ccpt in contempt Wheresoever the carcase ig.thcre wUl the eagles Ixs gathered together. Mat. xxiv. 28. Beside the path the unburicd carcam lay. Ilri/ant, The Ages, x. 2. The body of a living animal, especially of a large animal ; in contempt, the human body. To pamper his own carcuM. ..S'*m«/j, .Sermons, IV. ii. 3. Figuratively, the decaying remains of a bulky thing, as of a boat or ship. The Goodwins, ... a very dangerous flat and fatal, where the carcanes ol many a tall ship lie buried. Shak., M. of V., iii. 1. .Some ruinous hones . . . and stonie Keliques of the nas as its cliiet result the increasing of the car*a««es of more than foure thousand Places and Cities, amoimt of carbon present in a metal. Tims ce- PurehoK, Pilgrimage, p. -.m. !".';"';^'!:!Li!,l''"",'^''A'''' ''"^ I?.""." changed to steel' by 4. The frame or main parts of a thing unfin a spark) = Dan. karfuukd (prob. < G.) = Sw'. p^' v,rf'!»VT'-''"f ""-"'\ J.,, ..;,„„;■„;/ T /,•„.„.„;„„ /mt. „i„„ .„™ carburize (kar bu-riz). karbunkd, < L. e(irljuuculu.s'(Mlj. also carvun cuius, carvucuhis), a gera, an inflamed tumor or boil, a disease of plants caused by hoar-frost, also lit. a little coal, dim. of carbo{n-), a glow- ing coal: see carbon.'] 1. A beautiful gem of To cause to unite with carbon or a hydrocar bon, as when the illuminating power of a gas is increased by mingling with it the vapor of a deep-red color, inclining to scarlet,^found pI±/,i!;:iirlliTi!?''°K- ^Iso c«/-J«,-;6-^, c«r6«««. chiefly in the East In^Ues. When held up to the sun ^f^^^,?'Tf^J}^^'}V°'^ T^''^' "■ ^^ "'"'; it loses its deep tinge, and becomes of th, b.rofaburn- ''"'(^0 + -o-mctcr, < l,..metrum, a measure.] ing coal. It was formerly believed to he (■a|)al)le of shin- ^^ apparatus invented by M. Coqmllon for de- ing in darkness. The carbuncle of the anciiiits is believed termining the amount of carbonic oxid, hydro- to Save been a garnet, some varieties of which still go by ctpu etc in ffiises containpil in fiiAls W TT that name, though the name included also the rubj^ and 7,-,°' ,!/' ^ contained in tuels. i4. U. the spinel. Jim {lilt. 2. In pathol., a circumscribed inflammation carbyl (kar'bil), n. [< earb(on) + .yl.-\ A of the subcutaneous connective tissue, result- "'""*' given by Magnus to the hydrocarbon ing in suppuration and sloughing, and having ethylene when it .acts as a basic radical, as car- a tendency to extend itself, xmdermining the ''y' sulphate, €2114(803)2. skin. It is somewhat similar to a boil, but carcajou (kiir_ka-jo), n. [F., from a native more serious in its effects. It was a pestilent fever, but there foUowed no car- buMle. Bacon. 3. In her. : (a) A charge or bearing generally consisting of 8 radiating staffs or scepters, 4 of which are vertical and horizontal and 4 diag- onal or saltierwise, and supposed to represent the precious stone earbimcle. Also called es- carbunde. (b) The tincture red, when describ- ing a nobleman's escutcheon according to the ing carburized by the so-called cementation process, ialiprl nr witb„.,f r„.,>o^„.,f „, t\ *• ~t-""' Also spelled rnrhvrhaiimi isnea, or witnout ornament, as the timber- ■ v.t.; pret. and pp. car- T''''\ °* f; ^adger,r«.r«te. ammcaHn; (6) rardbo,, a ^'iUage in Portugal. Commoner the cougar, Febs concolor. f^,.^^ ^^ England are calcavella and calcavel- The wolverene has been confused not only with the los.] A sweet wine grown in the district of lynx and cougar in early times, but also quite recently the same name, in Pn?ti.o.ol ^'""-1' "i with the American b.adger, Taxidea americana. Thus same name m Portugal. F.Ouvier(supp. to Buffon.ed. 1831, 1. 267) treats at length carcel (kar-sel ), n. [See Cared lamp.] The of "le carcajou ou blaireau am^ricain," ... to which he French unit of artificial illumination, equal to misconceives the name carcajou to belong. the light emitted bv a standard lamp with a Coues, Fur-bearmg Animals, p. 45. fl,.^„g 40 millimetershigh and burning 42 grams see carca- of colza-oi! an hour. Same as carcanet. carcelaget (kiir'se-laj), «. [< OF. carcdaqe = (kar'ka-net), n. [Formerly also car- ,Sp. carcdaje, carceraje = Pg. carccragem, prison kanet, sometimes carquenet (with dim. -et or fees, incarceration, < ML. earcelagium, equiv. for "carcant), = D. karkant, < OF. carcant, car- to carcerarium, prison fees, < L. career, a pris- can, carchant, charchant, chcrehant, mod. F. on.] Prison fees. E. Phillips, 1706. carcan = Pr. carcan = It. carcamc (ML. carcan- Carcel lamp (kar-sel' lamp). [Froni the name nuni, carchannum), a collar of jewels, an iron of the inventor.] A lamp in which the oil collar; (1) perhaps, with suffix -ant (cf. OF. is fed to the wick by means of a pump oji- carcaille, a carcanet, with suffix -aille, = E. erated by clockwork, sometimes used in light- -al), < OHG. e)-fc= Dan. kvtcrk, houses and as a domestic lamp. the throat: see querken. (2) Less prob. ML. carceralt, «• [< L. cflrco-afe, < career, a prison, carcannum = erango, a collar, appar. < OHG. = Sicilian Gr. mpKapov.] Of or belonging to a crage, chrage. throat, neck, MHG. krage, throat, prison : as, " carceral endurance," Foxe. neck, collar, G. kragcn, collar, cape, gorget, dial, carceratet (kiir'se-rat), v. t. [< LL. carceratus, neck : see crag". (3) Some refer to Bret, ker- pp. of carcerare, 'imprison, < L. career, prison : cfteH, the bosom, breast, the circle of the neck, see carceral. Ct. incarcerate.] To imprison; same as kelchen, collar, < kdch, a circle, cii-cuit, incarcerate. akin to W.ce;c/i, round, encircling.] 1. Aneck- carcerular (kar-ser'o-liir), a. [< carcerule -t- -'(/- : = F. carc&ulaire.] Pertaining to or re- sembling a carcerule. carcerule (kar'se-rol), n. [= F. carcerule, < NL. carcerula, dim. of L. career, a prison.] In lace or collar of jewels. Jewels in the carcanet. Skak., Sonnets, Iii. About thy neck a carkanet is bound. Made of the Ruble, Pearle, and Diamond. Herrick, To Julia. Then in the light's last glimmer Tristram show'd And swung the ruby carcanet. Tennyson, The Last Tournament. In sandy lande thai [chestnuts] stande if that it wepe Black ertlie is apte, and londe carbunculyne And ragstoon all to rapte is for hem digne. „ „ „ Palladius, Husbondrie (E. E. T. S.), p. 216. carCaSS, CarcaSe (kiir'kas), «. carburett (kilr'bii-ret), n. [= Sp. Pg. carbureto, . ■• . . Pg. also carburo, = F. carbure, < NL. carbo : see carbon.'] Same as carbide. carburet (kilr'bu-ret), r. t. ; pret. and pp. cctr- burcted, carburetted, ppr. carbureting, carburet- ting. [< carburet, n.] Same as carburize. carbureted, carburetted (kiir'bu-ret-ed), p. a. [Pp. of carburet, v.] Combined with carbon m the manner of a carburet or carbide : as, car- hnreted hydrogen.- Heavy carbureted hydrogen. 52 bot. : («t) A now obsolete name for one of the component parts of a schizocarp (which see). (b) A dry indehiseent pericarp with several ^J::^^^-^^^--—-- ^^^^^^^^^,n. Ashark of the family Carchariidee or Galeorhinida:. Sir J. Hichard.srin. Carcharias (kiir-kii'ri-as), n. [NL., < Gr. Kap- xapiai;, a kind of shark, so called from its sharp nament for the hair, Curled hairs hung full of sparkling carcaiwt^. Marston. carcara (kiir-kar'a), ». Same as caracara. [Early mod. E. also I'lirciissc. carkass, carkis, < ME. carkes, car kci/a, kiuiccit!. carcai/s: (1) < OF. carcas, carcois, also assibilated Charcots, charcos, charquois, charch(>>.'>, mod. F. dial. Charcots, charquois, m., OF. also earquasse, mod. F. carcasse, f., car- cass, skeleton, frame, OF. also flesh, = Sp. ear- carchariid (kiir-kar'i-id), ca,9a = Pg. carcassa, carcass, = It. carcassa, t., family Carchariidw. a shell, bomb, skeleton, hulk (ML. carcasium, Carchariidae (kiir-ka-ri'i-de), n. pi. [NL., < frtr(oi««m, a carcass ; cf. It. eoreamc, a carcass Careharins -t- -idw.'] A family of anarthrojis — a con-upt form, ordiff. word), associated with, sharks, exemplified by the genus CarchariaSt or jagged teeth, < mpxapoc, sharp, jagged.] 1. The tyjiical genus of selachians of the family Carchariida: — 2. Same as Carcharinus. 3. .An earlv name of the genus Odontas2>is. Bafinesqii,'. icSlO. n. A shark of the Carchaxiids to which different lim i ts have been assigned bv var'"'i^ ir-hthvologists. («) In Gunther's system f^^ ' ' " zoUy of 5e;ac/ioMt-i, characterized y.^^: : .mt- of the eye, the presence of an '^i • . d dorsal fins. (4) By Jordan and Gillirrl .; -v^is i;^ ;lUutt.-d for Odonta-^phUT (which see). CarchariiEse (kiir'ka-ri-i'ne), ii. 2>l P^., < CiircluiridS + -!»«•.] In Giinther's system of classification, a subfamily of Carchariidw, hav- ing" the teeth unienspid, sharp-edged, smooth or serrate, and erect or oblique, and the snout produced longitudinally. Carcharinus (kar-ka-ri'nus), n. [Nli., < L. carchartts. a kind of shark or dogfish (ef. Gr. icap;fopii!f, a kind of shark), < Gr. koflxapoq, sharp, jagged. Cf. Carcharias.'^ A genus of Blue Shark [Carckarinus ^/aucus). sharks, of the family Galeorhinida; comprising some of the largest and most voracious of sela- chians. The blue shark is C. gimicus. Also Carcharias. The penus Carcharinus embraces the blue sharks, the sharks of story. . . . The species of Carcharimis share with the species of Carcharodon the name man-eater sharks. Stand. Nat. Hut., lU. 82. carcharioid (kUr-kar'i-oid), a. and ». [< Gr. Kapxapia^. a kind of shark, + fMof, shape.] I. a. Kesembling or having the characters of the Carchariidce. H. n. A carchariid 818 (= L. cancer: see cancer), + -'/.oyia, < 7Jyeiv, speak: see -ologij.'] That department of zo- ology ■which relates to crustaceans, or crabs, shrimps, etc. Also called crmlaceology and maUicostracologij. carcinoma (kar-si-no'ma), H. ; pi. circinomata (-ina-ta). [L. (also in accom. form canecroma, caiicro'ina) (> F. carcinome = Sp. Pg. It. carci- noma), < Gr. KapKwufia, a cancer, < KapKivovv, af- fect with cancer, < KapKiroc, a crab, cancer: see carchiu.i and cancer.^ A tumor wliich grows more or less rapidly, tends to break down and ulcerate in its later stages, propagates itself in neighboiing or more distant parts, and af- ter excision very frequently recurs ; a cancer, in the stricter sense of that word. A carci- noma is characterized microscopically by trabecuhe and nodular masses of cells of epithelial form and origin, running in a stroma of tissue of mesoblastic origin. Sev- eral types are distinguished : (1) flat-celled epithelioma ; (2) cylinder-celled epithelioma ; (3) simple carcinoma (car- cinoma simplex), a variety of glandular carcinoma forming nodular tumors of considerable consistency ; (4) carcinoma scirrliosum, or scirrhous cancer, a variety forming very hard nodules of almost the consistency of cartilage ; (5) carcinoma gelatinosum, or cancer with colloid degenera- tion of the epithelial parts ; colloid cancer ; (6) Ciircinoma myxomatodes, or cancer with the stroma consistiug of mu- cous tissue ; (7) cylindroma carcinomatodes ; (8) carcinoma gigautocellulare ; (9) melauocarcinoma. Certain pathol- ogists exclude the epitheliomata from the carcinomata, and hold that the latter are not of epithelial origin, but are purely a mesoblastic formation. Some, again, founding the definition of carcinomata entirely on anatomical fea- tures, independently of histogenetic considerations, in- clude in them the satrcoraata alveolaria. The softer carci- nomata are as a rule the more rapidly fatal. The earlier a cancer is removed, the greater is the prolongation of life and the chance of escapini; a return. See enliiidroma, r],iihi-liuma, sa rcoma. — Alveolar carcinoma. See ahv- vtti r Carcharodon (kar-kar'6-don), n. [NL. : see carcinomatous (kiir-si-nom'a-tus), a. [< car- citrcharixlDHt.'] A genus of man-eater sharks of enormous size and with serrate teeth, of the familv Lamnidiv. Tlie only species, C. rundeleti, attains a length of 40 feet, and is found in all tropical and temperate seas. Teeth of extinct members of this genus indicate species of still more enormous dimensions. carcharodont (kar-kar'o-]ioiia, iiicongni- ri ! of I ho zotiiD of vuriiiuH cruH- y u'la A'chnlia, Viima, Vondijlura. copi |iod«, tt« Cyclops. [Not now ti.. ■ ..I.-, ;,.. mill ''i-rtain in iiMi .1 Carclnoioglcal (kiir si-no-loj'i-kal), n. [< car mil. I ■:•! + -irat ; = .Sp'. atrcinolAgieo.] I'lT tniiiir carcino : titifi'ifi I I. ri'iticilogy. t fkiir-si-nol'o-jist), n. [< card- '.] Ouo vorsud in the Boieaco of t ii> iiiinr omlnent earrinatoaUU, Knrf/t. tlrit., Vr. 660. carcinology ' kiir-Mi-nol'^jl), ». [= K. carri- iiiil'igic = ^i' "iriinotogui, \ tir. aaphivof, a crnb Icarlc = Dan. horl, a card, a map, = Sw. l,orl, a curd, l.aria, a chart, < K. carte, a card, lickel, bill, mail, clmrl, = I'r. Sp. Pg. It. carta, < ML. carta, also charia, a card, paiuT, a writing, diart, charter, < L. charta, a leaf of iiapor, pa- per, a writing, a tablet, < dr. x<'ipTii, also I'i/irvf, a leaf of pa|iiT, a scpanilcdliiycTdf tin' jinpynis- bnrk, iiiiv tliiii leaf 3. card MC IS the card or calendar of gentry. Shak.. Hamlet, T. 2. 2. A piece of thick paper or pasteboard pre- pared for various puiyoses. Specifically — (a) A piece of cardboard on which ju-e various figures, spots, names, etc., used in playing games ; especially, one of a set of 52 such pieces of cardboard (distinctively called l>lam ii'i-cards) arranged in 4 suits of 13, each suitconsist- iuL' of 10 jiicccs on which ai"e printed colored spots varying in number from 1 to 10, ditferent in form in the dilferent suits, and called spades, clubs, diamonds, and hearts, ac- cording to their shape, and 3 face-cards, calleil the king, queen,'and knave or jack. The color of the spades and clubs is black ; that of the diamonds and hearts, red. An additional card, the joker, is sometimes used in euchre. See euchir, witigt, etc. Sche seyd that ther wer non dysgysyngs, ner harpyng, ner lutynig, ner syngyn, ner non lowde dysports, but pleyng at the tabyllvs, and schesse, and cardn. ■ t'aston Letters (ed. lS7.'i), III. 314. Tlie European world is, I think, here at an end : there is sm-ely no card left to play. .Sydney Smith, in Lady Holland, vi. (6) A piece of cardboard on which is written or printed the name, or the name, address, etc., of the person pre- senting it, .IS in making a social visit, announcing the nature and jilace of one's business, etc. Cards intemled for the former use are called vifitiny-cards, and for the latter 6ti/.'(n»>-s cards, (c) A paper on which the points of the compass are marked : used with a movable magnetic needle to form a compass. See compass and compass-card. All the quarters that they know 1' the shipman's card. Shak., Macbeth, i. 3. The card of goodness in your minds, that shews ye When ye sail false ; the needle touch'd with bminur, That through the blackest storm still points at happiness. Fletcher, Loyal Subject, iiL 2. On life's vast ocean diversely we sail. Reason tJie card, but passion is the gale. Pope, Essay on Man, ii. 108. (rf) .K piece of pasteboard or heavy note-paper on which is written or jtrinted an invitation to a public or private entertaiuinent, especially an invitation to or aunounce- mcnt of a wedding. 3. A short advertisement of one's business, or a personal statement of any kind, in a news- paper or other periodical. — 4. Anything re- sembling a card in shape or use : as, a card of matches; "cards of yellow gingerbread," H. T. Cooke. Somebody's Neighbors, p. 393. — 5. A frame lillcd -n-ith honeycomb ; a sheet of honey- comb. /'///», Diet. Apiculture, p. 20. — 6. A per- forated sheet of cardboard or metal, used in a Jacquard loom as a guide for the threads in weaving a pattern. — 7. An eccentric person, or any one who has some notable peculiarity; a character. [Slang.] A card in our Northern parts signifies a brawling vaga- bond. Goldsmith, Works (ed. 1885), IV. 454. Such an old cfin; as this, so deep, so sly. Dickens. Commanding cards, in ic/iij.-( and other games, the best cards unplayed in their respective suits.— Cooling cardt, proliably, a card the playing of which is so decisive of the game iis"t*.i cool the courage of the adversary ; hence, figura- tively, stiincthing to damp one's hopes or ardor. Other ex- planations arc given. There all is marr'd ; there lies a coollna card. Shak., 1 Hen. VI., v. S. These hot youths, I fear, will find a coolina card. liraii. and FL, Island Princess, i. 3. Onthecarda, publicly made kntiwn aslikely to takejilace: said in i-eference to "events" in horse-racing, as iuscribeil or written down in proper form; heueo. anything likely or possible to happen : as, it is «|uite on the earth tliat the ministrymaygoont. — Tocallacard. .SccckH', i'.— TO speak by the card, to speak with precision, as from exact iiifonnation. \\ c must s^icak bu the card, or equivocatiiui will undo IIS, ' Shak.. Ilanilcl. V. 1. card't (kilrd), r. i. [< ME. "carden (in verbal n. carihjing, cardingc, cardi/iig); from the notm.] Tojiliiy at cards. card- (kiird), n. [< WE. carde = P. laarilc = Ml.ii. /,. cardamino ^zTg. cardamina=i It. cardamiiie), •- damome (OF. cardcmoine) = Sp. Pg. It. carda- momo (Pg. also ccirdamo, It. also cardamone), < L. cardamomiim, < Gr. KapSdfxu/iov, cardamom, for * Kapdapdpupov, < Kdp6apov\ a kind of cress, 4- afiufiov, a kind of Eastern spice-plant: see Car- damine and Amomum.l One of the capsules of different species of plants of the genera Amo- mum and Ehttaria, natural order Ziiiijiheracem : generally used in the jjlural. These capsules are thin and filled with brown aromatic seeds, which are used in medicine as a carminative and stomachic, as well as in making s.auce3, curries, and cordials, seiisoning cakes, etc. The cardamoms of commerce are the product of Eletlaria Cardamomum, a native of the forests of south- ern India, where it is also cultivated, and of a larger- fruited variety of the same species found in Ceylon. 'Tlie plant is reed-like, with large lanceolate leaves, and grows to the height of from 6 to 10 feet. Various other kinds ai"e used in the East Indies and in China, chiefiy the round or cluster cardamoms of Siam and Java, the fruitof Amo- mum Cardairuimum ; the wild or bastard cardamoms of Siam, obtained from A. xanthioiden ; the Bengal carda- moms, from A. aromaticum ; the Javau, from A. maxi- mum, etc. Cardan's rule. See rule. cardass (k:ir-das'), n. [= G. kardetsche, for- merly kartiitsche, < F. cardassc, < It. cardasso, also aug. cardassone (obs.) (cf. Sp. cardu::a — Pg. Cardura), a card (to card wool with), < cardo, a card : see card'^.] A card to card wool with. card-basket (kard'bas"ket), n. An ornamental basket for holding visiting-cards which have been received. cardboard (kard'bord), 71. A stiff kind of pa- per made by pasting together two or more thicknesses of paper, drying and pressing; a thin pasteboard. card-case (kard'kas), n. A small pocket-ease, generally of an ornamental kind, for holding the visiting-cards of the bearer. card-catalogue (kard'kat"a-log), n. A cata- logue, as of books in a library, in which the entries are made on separate cards, which are then arranged in order in boxes or drawers. card-clothing (kard'klo'THiug), n. Wire card used to cover the cylinders and slats of a eard- ing-maehine and for other purposes. See card?. card-cutter (kard'kuf'er), n. A machine or an instrument for trimming, squaring, and cutting cardboard. cardecut, cardicuet (kiir'de-ku), n. [< F. quart d'ecu : quart, fourth part (see quart) ; de, of; ecu, shield, crown-piece, < OF. escu = Sp. Pg. escudo = It. scudo, shield, kind of coin, < L. scutum, shield: see scudo and cf!cutcheoH.~i A qxiart.er-erown (quart d'icu), an old French sil- 819 Cardecu (quart d'^cu) of Henry IV. of France, in the British Museum. (Size of the original.) vcr coin. The weight of the specimen repre- sented in the above cut is 146 grains. You sec this cardecu, the last aiul the only quintessence of fifty crowns. Beau, and Fl. , Thierry and Theodoret, v. 1. I could never yet finger one cardicue of her bounty. Chapmun, Monsieur D'Olive, ii. 1. A set of hilding fellows. . . . The bunch of them were not worth a cardecu. Scott. cardel (kar'del), n. A hogshead containing 64 gallons, in use among whalers. Cardellina (kiir-de-U'na), n. [NL. (cf. Sp. cardelina = It. cardelUno, carder ini), cardello (Florio), also cardelletto, goldfinch, thistle- finch), < L. carduelis, goldfinch (see Carduel'm), + -(««1.] A genus of beautiful American os- cine passerine birds, of the family Mniotiltidcc and subfamily Setojjhagmce ; the rose fly-catch- ing warblers. The bill is parine in shape and scarcely notched, the wings are long and iiointol, the tail is short and even, and the plumage is ) k-lily colured. C. amictaur C. rubrifrons is the red-fronted warliler; C. rubra is the rose warbler, entirely red with silvery auriculars: botli are found in Texas and southward. C. versicolor inhabits Guatemala. carderlf (kar'dSr), «. [< carrfl,?)., -f-(?rl.] One who plays at cards ; a gamester : as, "coggers, carders, dicers," Bp. Woolton, Christian Manual, I. vi. carder" (kiir'der), n. [< card^, v., + -erl ; = D. kaardslcr (su&x -ster) = G. karder = F. cardeur = Pr. cardaire = Sp. cardador = It. eardatore.'] 1. One who or that which cards wool ; specifi- cally, the machine employed in carding wool. The spinsters, carders, fullers, weavers. Shak., Hen. VIII., i. 2. 2. [cap.'\ One of an association of Irish rebels who tortured their victims by driving a wool- or flax-card into their backs and then dragging it down along the spine. This shall a Carder, that a White-boy be ; Ferocious leaders of atrocious bands. Hood. carder^ (kar'der), «. [E. dial., prob. a corrup- tion of cif/rfoH!, q. v.] A jackdaw. [Prov. Eng.] carder-bee, carding-bee (kiir'der-, kiir'ding- be), II. A name given to several species of large bees of the genus liombus, especially the Em'opean Bombus m uscoriim, from their habit of carding and plaiting the moss with which their nests are oonstruoted. When building, the bees form a line from the nest to tlie moss which is to be used, all of them facing toward the moss. The first bee bites otf some sprigs of moss, cards and rolls it with the jaws and feet, and passes it to the second, wiio further manipulates it before passing it to the third, and so on until the material reaches the nest, where other bees are employed in felting and plaiting the bits with wax into a dome-like form made to harmonize with the irregularities of the ground, so that it is hardly distinguishable. In the beginning of tlie year the bees work singly, each female starting a new colony. card-grinder (kiird ' grin ■■' der), ». A machine fo"!' sharpening the teeth of the cards used in carding wool, flax, and cotton. See card^. cardia (kiir'di-a), n. [NL. (> F. Sp. Pg. It. cardia, the cardiac orifice), < Gr. Kapdia = L. cor (cord-) = E. heart, q. v.] 1. The heart, mider. — 2. The upper part of the stomach, where the esoiihagus or gullet enters it. See cardiac. cardiac (kar'di-ak), a. and n. [In ME. cardiacle, «., q. V. ; = F. cardiaque = Sp. cardiaco = Pg. It. cardiaco, < L. cardiacus, < Gr. mpSiaKd^, < mpi^la = E. heart.] I. a. 1. Of or pertaining to the heart. — 2. Exciting action in the heart; having the quality of stimulating action in the circulatory system. Hence — 3. Cordial; pro- ducing strength and cheerfulness. — 4. Per- taining to the esophageal portion of the stom- ach: opposed to /'.'''"'■"■• — Cardiac aorta. .See aor/o.— Cardiac arteries and veins, tlie coronary ar- teries and veins of the heart.— Cardiac asthma, dysp- noea due to imperfect action of tin- li-iot. — Cardiac cseciun, the cardiac end of the sti'inaeli. wlien it is elon- gated and convoluted like a cfecuni. as in the blood-sucking bats, Dcsiiiudulce.—Caxdia.c crisis, an attack of angina pectoris and irregular pulse, esjiecially such as occurs in the course of locomotor ataxia. — Cardiac dullness, the dull- ness of the sound produced by ].errn>^ion nvev that i)art uf the chest where the heart lies. The area .if sniKilleiul dull- ness may be marked out by liglit pen ussion, and represents the space where the heart is uncovered by the lung. The cardiid area of deep dullness, which marks the outlines of the heart itself, can lie clistinguished only by strong iicrcnssion. Cardiac ganglion. See ,7anterocardiac ossicle. Hee cut uniler .dsfacidre.- Cardiac plexus, tlie iiUxus formed by the anastomosis of pneuniogastric .•iiid synipatiietie and other nerves going to the heart. — Cardiac sacs, in ecliino- derms, radial dilatations or diverticula of the stomacll, as of a starfish. Kach may be more or less saceulated, and extend some way into the ray or arm to which it corre- sponds. — Cardiac tube, a primitive, rudimentary, or em- bryonic heart, in a siniijly tubular st-age. — Cardiac ves- sels, the arteries and veins of the heart. Cardiac Wheel, in ynech., a heart-wheel ; a eam-wlieel in the form of a heart. .See hearl-caui. — Middle cardiac nerve, the largest of the three cardiac nerves, arising from the mid- die cervical sympathetic ganglion, and proceeding to the deep cardiac jilexus. Also called nervus cardiacus Kiay- nus. II. n. A medicine which excites action in the stomach and animates the spirits; a cordial. cardiacal (kar-di'a-kal), a. Same as cardiac. cardiacet, ". [Ajipar. < Gr. Kapdiaur/, fem. of Kap- (hnhor, relating to the heart: see cardiac] A heart-shaped precious stone. Craht). Cardiacea (kar-di-a'se-a), n. pi. [NL., < Car- diutn + -acea.] 1. In Cu\'ier's system of clas- sification, the fourth family of his testaceous acephals, approximately coiTesponding to the modem family Cardiidw. — 2. Asuperfamily of bivalve mollusks, formed for the families Car- iliidtr, Adacnidm, Veniliidcc, and Glos.ndce. Cardiacese (kar-di-a'so-e), 11. pi. [NL., < Car- iliiim -f -acecc] Same as Cardiidw. cardiaclet, «• [ME., with unorig. term, -le, < OF. cardiaque, n., < L. cardiacus, having jjain abouUhe heart: see cardiac] A pain about the heart. Cliaucer. cardiac-pulmonic (kiir'di-ak-pul-mon'ik), a. Same as cardiopulmoiiarij. Cardiadae (kUr-di'a-de), n. pi. [NL., < Car- diiini -1- -ad(e.] Same as Cardiidie. cardiagra (kar-di-ag'rii), n. [NL., < Gr. KapSia, =z E. heart, + a-, pa, a catching. Cf. chiragra, podagra.] Inpathol., pain or gout of the heart. cardiagraphy (kilr-di-ag'ra^fi), n. A less cor- rect fonu of cardiograjilty, 1. cardialgia (kar-di-al'ji-ii), «. [NL., < Gr. nap- i\iii'/)'m, heartburn, < Kaptha/.})/r, having the heartburn, < Kapiha, = E. heart, + a'/.yoc, pain.] InpatlioL, the heartburn; a burning sensation in the iipper, left, or cardiac orifice of the stomach, rising into the esophagus, due to in- digestion; gastralgia. cardialgy (kilr-di-al'ji), n. [= F. cardialgie = Sp. Pg. It. cardialgia, < NL. cardialgia, q. v.] Same as cardialgia. cardianastrophe (kar-'di-a-nas'tro-fe), n. [XL.. < Gr. nupiVia, = E. heart, + dvaarpoo^, a turning back: see anastrophe.] A malforma- tion in which the heart is placed upon the right instead of the left side. cardiasthma (kSr-di-ast'ma), n. [NL., < Gr. Kupdia, = E. heart, + aadpa, asthma : see asth- ma.] lapathiil., dyspnoea caused by disease of the heart ; cardiac dyspnoea. cardiatrophia (kar'di-a-tro'fi-a), n. [NL., < Gr. Kapdia, = E. heart, + drpocpia, want of nour- isliment : see atrophy.] In pathol., atrophy of the heart. cardicentesis (kar"di-sen-te'sis), n. Same as cardiocentesis. cardicuet, "• See cardecu. Cardidse (kiir'di-de), «. pi. Same as Cardiidw. cardiectasis (kar-di-ek'ta-sis), n. [NL. (> F. eardieetusie), < Gr. napdia, = E. heart, + tKraaig, stretching out, dilatation: see eetasis.] Dila- tation of the heart. cardiform (kar'di-form), a. [< ML. cardus, a card (see card"), + L. forma, shape.] In ichth., ha\'ing the appearance of a card (see card") ; having slender teeth closely set like those of a card. cardigan (kar'di-gan), II. [Named from the Earl of Ciirdigan "(1797-1868).] A close-fi1>- ting knitted woolen jacket or waistcoat. Also cal led (•« rdigan jacket. cardiid (kiir'di-id), «. A bivalve mollusk of the family Cardiida:. Cardlids Cardiidae (kar-rinie vertical circle, {h) In axtrot., the risiiii: and settimr of the sun, the zenith, and tlic nadir. — Cardinal redblrd. Sec cardinal-bird. — Cardinal signs, in a^trini., Aries, Libra, Cancer, ami Capricorn. — Cardi- nal tanager, a North American tanager of the genus Pi- rangn, as tlie scarlet tanager or the summer redbird. /*. ruhra or /'. fejMdlh;.' friini It, one fiojn lilher side. iimIi having nftii-etifds, or tio;iii/(/ = K. hear/.] An ilciiieiit in some words of lii'ook origin, iiieaiiing lii'itrt. cardiooele (kiir'di-o-sel), n. [< Or. Kapdia, = V',. lifiirt. + Ki/'/ii, lunior.] In jiathol., the pro- Inisiiiii of llio heart through u wound of the iliiiiiliriigin. caroiocentesis (kiir'di-o-son-tn'sis), n. [NL., < (ir. hniit\ni, — ]■;. Iiearl, '+ K/vn/nir, n pricking, ( *nr(/i', prick, ]itincttir(>: see rr«7(T.] In tliira- prntics, inlentioniil puncture of tho walls of the heart, as for I he jmrpose of asiiiralioii. A not her ftirni is ciirdicenli sis. cardiodsmia (Uiir'di-i}-ilin'i-ii), «. [NL., < Gr. so/"*"i, =; !■;. hiiirt, + uAini, pain.] In patliol., pain ill I ho heart, cardiogmust, «. [NTj. , < ( ir. KO/iA'n, = E. hrnri, + iii/nii:, a furrow.) In jnttlml., ciii'ilinlgisl The Cardioid. A group of cardiogmus aneurism of the heart or aorta; dilatation of the heart ; angina pectoris. cardiognostict, «• [< Gr. sn/iAVi, = E. heart, + )'i'uh;i, in which a tracing is obtained of the pul- sations of the heart. Pop. Sci. Mo., XXV. IflS. cardioid^ (kiir'di-oid), n. [< Gr. KapSioeM/g, heart-shaped, < KapSla, = E. heart, + a F. cardite), < Or. Kapdia, = E. heart, + --itis.] In pathol., inflammation of the mtiscular substance of the heart; myocarditis. Cardium (knr'di-um), n. [NL., < Gr. Kaprfm = E. lieart, q. v.] The tj-pical genus of the family Cardiida; embracing the true cockles, of which tlie best-known species is the common edible one, C.edidc. The large prickly .-..ckle is f. nmlrniuw. In this genus tlie foot is largely ilevelcj|ied, and used irot only in progression, but also in the excavation of hollows in the sand or mud. liy sunie authors the C. aistatum of Africa is considered as the ty|.e, while by others it is re- garded as representing a distinct genus, Tmpidocardiuin. See cut under corklc. card-maker (kard'ma"kt'r), n. One who makes cards; specifically, one who makes cards for combing wool or flax. Am not I Christopher Sly, old Sly's son, of Burton- heath ; by birth a pcdler, by education a card-maker, hy transmutation a bear-herd, and now hy present profession a tinker? Sliak., T. of the S., Ind., ii. card-match (kiird'mach), n. One of the matches fonnerly made by dipping in melted sulphur (now in the usual preparation for friction- matches) a thin strip of wood in the form of a toothed card. It should be my care to sweeten and mellow the voices of these itinerant tradesmen, . . . and to take care in par- ticular that those may not make the most noise who have the least to sell, which is very observable in the venders of card-matclies. Addison, London Cries. Cardo (kar'do), n. ; pi. cardines (-di-nez). [L., a hinge: see cardinal.] 1. In eo«r7(., the hinge of a bivalve shell. — 2. Inentom., the basal joint of the maxilla, a narrow transverse piece, artic- ulating with the lower side of the head. See cuts tmder Hymenoptera and Insecta. — 3. In Myriapoda, the distal or exterior one of two pieces of which the protomala or so-called mandible consists, the other piece being the stipes. See protomala, and cut under epila- lirnm. A. S. Packard. cardol (kar'dol), n. [< NL. (ana)card(ium), q. v., + -oL] An oily liquid (C21H80' 'l;) contained in the pericarp of the cashew-nut, Anacardinni occidentalc. It is a powerful blistering agent. cardoon, chardoon (kiir-, char-don'), n. [< ME. cardoun, < OF. cardan, chardon, F. cardon z=Sp. cardon, cardo, cardoon, lit. thistle, < ML. car- do(n-), another fonn of cardns, carduus, a this- tle : see card".] If. A thistle. — 2. The Cynara Carduncidus, a perennial plant belonging to the same genus as the artichoke, and some- what resembling it. it is a native of the countries bordering the MediteiTanean. Its thick fleshy stalks and the ribs of its leaves are blanched and eaten in Spain and France as a vegetable. cardophagUS (kiir-dof'a-gus), «.; pi. cardo- phagi (-Ji). [< Gr. /coprfof (= L. carduus), a this- tle (see card"), + : as, the child was a great care to her. Concern and solicitude are a step higher in intensity. Concern is often a regret for painful facts. Care and con- cern may represent the object of the thought and feeling ; the others represent only the mental state : as, it shall be my chief concern. Solicitude is sometimes tenderer than coitcern, or is attended with more manifestation of feeling. Anxiety is the strongest of the four words ; it is a restless dread of some evil. As compared with solicitude, it is more negative : as, solicitude to obtain preferment, to help a friend ; anxiety to avoid an evil. We speak of cat-'j for an aged parent, concern for her comfort, solicitude to leave nothing undone for her welfare, anxiety as to the ellect of an exposure to cold. (For apprehension and higher de- grees of 'r-ar, see alarm.) It was long since observed by Horace that uo ship could leave care behind. Johnson, care 822 He (Sir t: row and -: as had nocU .ousbtanv unusual degree of sor- careenage (ka-re'naj), H. [< carcc7i + -age; un such an iKxasion [his death) after F. care>iage.'\ 1. A place in whieh to careen a ship. The scourings of slave-sliips had been tliromi out at the ports of debarkation to mix with the mud of creeks, ca- reenaoeg, and mangrove swamps. X. A. nev., cxxxix. 340. carefully (kSr ' fiil ... h could deject or terrify him. Addison, Spectator, Xo. 349. Can Tour golicitude alter the cause or unravel the in- tricac/of human events? Blair, Sermons. Education is tlie only interest worthy the deep, control- lint: n/uiVW o( the thoughtful man. ,^ ,:, , - -^ W. PhiUips, Speeches, Idols. care (kar), v. i. ; pret. and pp. cared, ppr. car- ing. [< ME. caren, carieii, be anxious, be grieved, < AS. cearian, be anxious, = OS. Ica- rmi. lament, complain, = OHG. laroii, cliaron, complain, = Goth. Karon, be anxious; cf. leel. ktera = Sw. kura = Dan. Iwre, complain ; from the noun.] If. To feel grief or sorrow ; grieve. Ther ne ne schulen heo neuer karien ne sninken. Old Eng. Homilies (ed. Morris), I. 193. Be av of chier as light as lef on Ij-nde, ^dlet hem care and wepe and wryug and wayle. Chaucer, Clerks Tale, 1. 1135. 2. To be anxious or solicitous ; be concerned or interested: commonly with about or for. Master, carest thou not that we perish ? JIark iv. 3S. Our cause then must be intrusted to and conducted by its own undoubted friends, those whose hands are free, whose hearts are in the work, who do care/or the result. Lincoln, Speech before 111. State Convention. 185S. 3. To be inclined or disposed ; have a desire : often with /or. Not caring to observe the wind. Walter. An author, who, I am sure, would not care /or being praised at tlie expense of another's reputation. Addition. 1 will only say that one may Hnd grandeur and consola- tion in a starlit night without carituj to ask what it means, save KTandenr and consolation. Loicell, Study Windows, p. 376. 4. To have a liking or regard : with for before the object. — 5. To be concerned so as to feel or express objection ; feel an interest in oppos- ing: chiefly with a negative: as, He says he is coming to see you. I don't care. Will you 2. The cost of careening. career (ka-rer'), H. [Early mod. E. earcere, carreer, carrier, careire, < F. carriere, now car- riere, road, race-course, course, career, < OF. cariere, a road (= Pr. carricra = Sp. carrera = ]Pg. carreira = It. carricra, career), < carter, transport in a vehicle, carry: see carri/.} 1. The ground on whieh a race is run ; a race- course; hence, com'se; path; way. They had nm themselves too far out of breath to go back again the same career. Sir P. Sidney. 2. A charge or nm at full speed, as in justing. Make a thrust at me, . . . come in upon the answer, control your point, and make a full career at the body. B. Jonson, Every ilan in his Humour, i. 4. Full merrily . . . Hath this career been run. Shak., L. L. L., v. 2. Such combat should be made on horse. On foaming steed, in full career. Scolt, L. of L. M., iv. 31. 3. General course of action or movement; procedure ; course of proceeding ; a specific course of action or occupation formiug the ob- ject of one's life: as, "honour's fair career," Dry den. Brief, brave, and glorious was his young career. Byron. carene troulded.— 6. Provident, thoughtful, heedful.— 6. Pru- dent, wary, etc. See list under cautious. H.t H. One full of care or soitow. Thus liauc I ben his heraude here and in belle. And contorted ni;my a careful that after his comynge waytcn. Piers Plowman (B), xvi. 248. i^, adv. [< ME. carfulli, carcftilliche, etc., < AS. car.fuUtce, < earful: see careful and -ly".)t It. Sorrowfully. Carfulli to the king criande sche saide (etc.). William of Palerne, L 4347. 2. "With care, anxiety, or solicitude ; with pains- taking. He found no place of repentance, though he sought it care.fullii with tears. Heb. xii. 17. 3. Heedfully; watchfully; attentively; cau- tiously; providently. If tliou earefxdly hearken imto the voice of the Lord. Dent. XV. 5. carefulness (kar'ful-nes), n. [< ME. care-, carfuliKss. < AS. carfulnys, *cearfuhies, < cear- fui, careful, + -nes, -ness: see careful and -)i<>6-«.] 1. Anxiety; solicitude. [Ai'chaic] Drink tliy water with trembling and with care.fulness. Ezek. xii. 18. He had a particular carefulness in the knitting of his brows, and a kind of impatience in all his motions. Addi,son, The Political Upliolsterer. 2. Heedfulness; caution; vigilance in guard- ing iitrainst evil and providing for safety. cafe-killing (k.TIr'kil ing), a. Destroying or preventing care; remo\-iug_anxiety. This pressing desire for <..... enforeed by the pref- ^^S^Z''l^:j;-,^?^JT^':!hiJ^^. erence for careers which are thought respectable. //. SpetKcr, Man vs. State, p. 29. [Sometimes used absolutely to signify a definite or con- spicuous career of some kind: as, a man with a career before liim.] 4. In the manege, a place inclosed ^\-ith a bar- rier, in which to run the ring. — 5. In. falconry, a flight or tour of the hawk, about 120 yards. take somethingf I don't rare if I do. [Collo.,.] career (ka-rer'), v.u_ [< career, « ] To move — To care for. (u) See 2. ((<) Same as 3. (c) To look to ; take care of; perform what is needed for the well-being or good condittou of : as, the child was well cared /or. "rom childly wont and ancient use I call. Tcnniison, Lucretius. 3. Done or said without care; unconsidered: as, a careless act ; a careless expression. With such a careless force, and forceless care, As it that luck, in very spite of cunning, Bade him win all. Shak., T. and C, v. 6. He framed the careless rhyme. Beattie horse used as a bearing. htlie. iii'iiar. for carrc cloth : OF. carre, square, careful (kar'fiil), a. and «. [< ME. careful, broad, carri; squared, square, mod. F. carre, a (.„,.|-„;^ < AS. cearful, earful, anxious, < ccaru, (square) side, carri, square.] A cloth held anxietv, -t- /h^/, fiill: see rare and -/«?, 1.] 1. a. over the heads of a bride and bridegroom diir- j. -^uW of care or gi'ief ; gi'ieving; sorrowful, ing the marriage ceremony as performed in England in the middle ages. See the extracts. At the "Sanctus," both the bride and bridegroom knelt near the altar's foot; and then, if neither had Ijecn mar- rieefore, o%*cr them a pall, or, as it used to be called, the care-cloth, was held at its four corners l)y as many clerics. Jtiick, Church o! our Fathers, III. ii. 173. This . . . wyf tliat careful widne was. St. Edni. Con/. (Early Eng. Poems, cd. Furnivall), 1. 465. Ac the eare.ful may crye and carpen atte sate, Bothe afyngrod and athurst ; and for chele quake. Piers Plowman (B), X. 68. 2. Full of care; anxious; solicitous. [Archaic] In the bridal mass, the York varied soniewlmt from the Saruin u«e : only two clerics held the care-cloth, and a blessing was l>e8towed by the priest wittl the clialice upon the newly married folks. Hock, Church of our Fathers, III. 11. 175. care-crazed (kar'krazd), a. Crazed or mad- ileneJ by caro or trouble. A carc-craz'd mother to a many sons, Shak., Klch. III., ill. 7. carectt, ». Same as caract^. careen (ka-ren'), V. [Formerly carine, < F. riiriHtr, now cardner (= Sp. carenar = Pg. quc- remir = It. carenare), careen, < carene, carine, now rnrinc, = It. carcna, < h. carina, the keel of a ship: see carina.] I. trans. Xaut., to cauHo (a ship) to lie over on one side for the purjiOHc of examining, or of calking, repairing, clittii.fint;, paying with pitch, or breaming the Otlnr side. Martha, thou artcarc/itJ and troubled about nuuiy things. Luke X. 41. Be not 80 careful, coz ; your brother's well. Shirleg, Maid's Revenge, ii. 4. Tlie Minstrel, ii. 6. 4t. Not receiving care; uncared for. [Rare.] Their many wounds and carelesse harnics. SiKiiser, F. Q., IV. Iv. ,H8. = Syn. 2 and 3. Sujiine, Indolent, etc. (sue listless); in- tllniitibtless, remiss, forgetfid, iTU'tuisiderate rt Ti-i,. 'ii- V ■* J . ^«^»..;».« calltiims. tliiiiitibtless, rennss, forgetfiu, nu'tuisulerate. 3t. Filling with care or solicitude ; exposing carelessly (kar'les-li), adv. In a careless man- to concern, anxiety, or trouble; care-causing, ^^^^ ^^^ ^^.*^^. „pj,,igontly; heedlessly; inatten- painful. Either loue, or 8or[r]ow, or both, did wring out o( me than certainc carefull thouglitcs nt my good will towardes him. Ascham, The ScholemastiT, p. 00. By Him that rais'd me to this eare.ful height From that contente though "11- ■ !.• ■•,■. To lean to one side, as a ship of sail. "•ners constantly come and go, rnrcening II- ir white sails taking. If remote enough, a iritli' from the delicate air. T. H". Iliggin-iH, Oldporl, ji. 199. I II' 'k will l>c found by the giologint to '•lie Ml').; or e' II unmo VewKd 11111, ihi! Carten ill' 1 Irlnimcil. // •'. Ij'tlcn, I. I. .'11 4t. Excited; eager; vehement. Then was the King carefull A' kest for wrath For too bring that beunle lii balle for oner. Alisauiutrr of Maeedoim (K. E. T. S.), I. 671. 5. Attentive to iiid, support, or protect; pro\'i- dent : formerly with for, now generally with of, before the object. Thou hast been care/ut/or us with all thU care. 2 Kl. Iv. 13. Arc Ood and Nature then at strife. That .Nature liiiils such evil ilreamsT Ho careful of llii' type she seems. So careless of the single life. Tennyson, In Meniorlam, Iv. 6. Giving good heed ; watchful; oautiouM: iih, be careful to niaiiitaiu good works; bo careful of your conversation. Have you been careful of our noble prisoner. That ho want nothing Ml I lug (or lil« greatness? Ileau. and PI., King and No King, Iv. 2. A luckier or a bolder llnherman. A rarr/uller In peril did not hreathe. Tentn/snn, Enoch Arilrll. 7. Hhnwing or ilniie with inro or ntloiition: as, rnrt fnt ciiiiHidi-rulion. = 8yn. 2. i'iiiic<'riieil,dl»turboT. of carere, want, bo without. Cf. ('(irc^l.] Want; lack; defl- eiency. lip. Uicharilson. carene't (ka-rOn'), "• [< MK. carcMc, carine, hinnr, harin =MLn. karcnr, l:ariiic, < ML. ca- rcna. 11 fast of forty (lays, liciit. corriiiitcil (after the OF. form, and iircA). by assoeintidii with 1j. carirc, wiiiit, lack, nIL. ca'rcntiit, want, penury: Hce carrncy) from (luailragintanit, i'Ie for yielding an excellent cpiality of hay ; .and the rcKjts of the sea-sedge, C. armaria, f AK. ™"/;'"" {'^"sson, Marcgrave), later writ fore, > E. fork.'} A place where four (or more) "'"■'"■"" ' roads or streets meet: now used only as the name of such a place in Oxford, England. Then thei cnbussiied hema-gein ncarfowifh of vj weyes. Merlin (ed. Wh'eatley), ii. 273. Doc of the Virgini.t Uccr (Citri(tci4S vt'rffmiaHus). Same as cur- carentanet (kar'en-tan), n. [< ML. quarentena, carcntenii, also carena, an indulgence or exemp- tion from the fast of forty days : see cflrewfi and carfoukest, ». See ear/ax. quarantine.'] A papal indidgenee, midtiplying carfuffle (kar-fnf '1), o. and m, the remission of penance by forties. fuffle. [Scotch.] caress (ka-res'), «. [< F. carcsse, < It. care;:;:a c'ar'ga (kar'ga), «. [Sp., a load: see cor<;ol and = Sp. CO )■««■« = Pg. caricias (pi.), endeannent, ' , . .- ... fondness, < ML. caritia, dearness, value, < L. cdrus, dear (whence also ult. E. cheer'^, charity, cherish, q. v.), prob. orig. *ca?Kr«,s=: Skt. kamra, beautiful, charming, < ■/ kam, love, desire, per- haps = L. amare (for "camaret), love^ see amor, raz. tten (;ariania, eeriema, sariama, seriema, seriama.] 1. The native name of a grallatorial bird ot South America, the seriema. — 2. [crip.] [NL.] A genus of birds (Brisson, 1760), the tjqie be- ing the seriema, tlie I'alameilca cristata (Lin- nasus), Microdacti/lus marcgravii (Geoffrey St. HUaire),2>!c/io%j/iM.»cmta<««(IUiger), now usu- ally called Cariama cri.stata : a bird of uncertain affinities, sometimes classed with cranes, some- charge, n.] "A Spanish unit both of weight and p^l^TJ^i,*^ ^'?:^^!'' ""^^ ???'" ^-^f* ^7Jl''''}k - v»vii,„Tinri;ffe,.„„fr>i„„»<.a„.if^. CariaimdaB(kaiM-am'i-de), «.j)/. '^^^ "> of measure, varying in different places and for different commodities, but generally about 27.5 pounds avoirdupois as a weight and 40 gallons as a measure. etc. Cf. W. earn, love, = Ir. caraini, I love, cara, a friend.] An act of endearment; an expression of affection by touch, as by strok- ing or patting ivith the hand: as, "conjugal caresses," Milton, P. L., viii. 56. Chilling his caresses By the coldness of her manners. Tennyson, Maud, xx. 1. caress (ka-res'), «. *• [< F. caresser (= It. ca- regzare; cf. Sp. a-cariciar = Pg. cariciar, a-eari- ciar), < caresse, a caress.] 1. To bestow ca- resses upon ; fondle. Caress'd or chidden by the dainty hand. Temuison, Sonnets to a Coquette. Hence — 2. To treat with fondness, affection, or kindness. Caressed at court and at both the universities. Baker, Charles II., an. 16S3. ■caressing (ka-res'ing), p. a. \V\iv. of caress, r.] Treating with endearment; fondling; affection- ate ; fond : as, a caressing manner. caressingly (ka-res'ing-U), adv. In a caressing manner. Care Sunday (kar sun 'da). [E. dial., also Carting Sunday, Carle Sunday, Carting, < care, grief, -I- Sunday. Cf. Chare Thursday and the similar G. Char-, Kar-freitag, Good Friday. See care, n.] The fifth Sunday in Lent ; Passion Sunday. [Prov. Eng.] See Carting. careti (ka'ret), «. [< L. caret, there is wanting, 3d pers. sing. pres. ind. of carere, want, lack : see carency.] A mark ( ^ ) used in wTitiug, in correcting printers' proofs, etc., to indicate the proper place of something that is interlined or written in the margin. carets (ka'ret), «. [< NL. caretta, name of a tnrtle, < Sp. careta, a mask of pasteboard, a wire mask used by bee-keepers, dim. of cara, the face : see cheer^.] A name of the hawkbill sea-turtle, Eretmochelys imbricata. caretaker (kar'ta"ker), «. One who takes care of something. Specifically — (a) One who is employed at a wharf, ME. kark, cark: see cark), F. charge, a burden, etc., > E. charge, «.), < cnrgar = F. charger, load, > E. charge, r. : see ■liarge.] 1. The lading or freight of a ship ,, ^ [NL. (Bona- parte, 1850), < Cariama + -idw.] The family of birds formed for the reception of the Cariama cristata, or seriema. The form Carinminte (O. R. Gray, 1871) is found as a subfamily name. Besides the seri- ema, the family contains a related tliough quite distinct species, Cliunga burmeisteri. Also called Vicholophulce. cariamoid (kar'i-a-moid), a. Pertaining to or liuviiig the characters of the Cariamoidew. Cariamoideae (kar"i-a-moi'de-e), «. pi. [NL., < Cariama + -oidea:^ A superfamily provided for the accommodation of the Cariamidm, upon the supposition that these birds are either crane-like hawks or hawk-like cranes. Carian (ka'ri-an), a. and n. [< L. Carta (Gr. Kaiiia) + -««.]■ I. a. Of or belonging to the ancient kingdom and province of Caria, in the southwestern part of Asia Minor. II. H. A native of Caria, or the language of the primitive people of Caria, who were dis- possessed by the Greeks. cariatedt (ka'ri-a-ted), «. [< ML. cariatus, pp. oiciiriare, E. charge, q. v.] A representation, pictorial or descriptive, in which beauties or favorable points are con- cealed or per\-erted and peculiarities or defects exaggerated, so as to make the person or thing represented ridiculous, while a general like- ness is retained. Now and then, indeed, he [Dryden] seizes a very coarse and marked distinction, and gives us, not a likeness, but a strong caricature, in which a single peculiarity is pro- truded, and everything else neglected. Macaulay, Dryden. Perhaps a sketch drawn by an alien hand, in the best faith, might have an air of caricature. IJoiccttts, Venetian Life, xx. = Syn. Caricature, Burlesque. Parutly, Tracesty. The dis- tinguishinK mark of a caricature is that it absurdly e.v- aggenites that which is characteristic, it may be by pic- ture or by language. \ burlemjue renders its subject lu- dicrous by an incongruous manner of treating it, as by treating a grave subject liglitly, or a light subject gravely. Burl'xjue may be intentional or not. .K parotly inten- tionally burlesques a liter.irj* composition, generally a poem, liy imitating its form, style, or language. In a parodu the characters are changed, while in a traresty they are retiiined, only the language Iieing made absurd. (.See trarentii.) In a tturteitque of a literary work the char- acters are genemlly changed into others whicliludicrou.sly suggest their originals. caricature (kar'i-ka-tur), V. t; pret. and pp. caricatured, ppr. caricaturing. [< caricature, n. ; = F. caricaturer = Sp. caricaturar.] To make or draw a caricature of; represent in the manner of a caricature ; biu'lesque. Hogarth caricatured f'hnrchill umler the form of a ca- nonical bear, with a club, and a jjot of beer. WalpUe, Anecdotes, IV. iv. So much easier it is to caricature life from our own sickly conception of it, than to |>uint it in its noble siniplicily. Ijou-elt, Among my I^niks, I lit MT., ji. :i7i;. caricature-plant (kar'i-ka-tur-plaut ), n. An acanthaceoMS plant of the Indian archipelago, (irajito- phi/llum hortensc : so called from the cii- riou.'f variegation of the leaves, which are often so lined as to present groteHipio likenesses to the hu- man profile, caricaturist (kar ' i - ka-i iir-ist), II. [< caricature + -ist; = F. carica- luri.-'ii = Sp. caricaturista.'] One who draws or wrlt'^ I'nni'atures; Kjiecificnlly, one wlio occu- l)ii' iiiinself with drawing jiictorial carieatureH. caricea, «. Mural of carex, '1. caricin, caricine (kur'i-sin), u. [< Carica + -in-, -!»(-.] A )iroteolytic ferimiit (•onlaiiied of the green fruit of I he luijiaya- I'apaya. Also called jiajiain and Caricature-plant lOraptefhyltum horleHst\. in the Jllie tree, t'nrira liiijiitiii,tiii. carlcoiaapl! I :ir-i-kog'ra-fl), n. [< \,. carcx ' ir. -iim^ia, writing, < yfn'iiprii', i'.n or un account of Hedges caricologiflt (knr-i-kol'o-jist), n. [< 'ci ,,,,; r /,.,,,...., Hedge, + Or. -'/nyin, < ./71 -f -inf.] A botanist 1'^ lilaiilM of Uio geiinH 'cnrlcol- /J, ., wh.. t'nri I . caricons rknr'i-kiiH), a, [< Ij. carica, n kind i.f dry I ' , ira), + -oun. | KeHomtiling u fiir: nx. uimor. Oarida ' /■'. Sim,. u., 1 nriilm 824 Caridea (ka-rid'e-a), n. pi. [NXi., < Gr. Kopi^ (napiS-), a skrimp or prawn: see Carides.J A series or di\"ision of macrurous decapod crus- taceans, containing the shrimps, prawns, etc. It is a lai-ge and vai-ied group, ch.aracterized by the sepa- ration of the carapace from the mandibular and antennal segments, by the lai-ge basal scale of the an^ennje, and by only one or two paii-s of chelate limbs. It corresponds to Latreille"s Carides, or fourth section of such crustaceans, and is divided into several modem families, as Atpheidee, Crannonidee, Paltvmonidfe, and Penaridce. caridean (ka-rid'e-an), a. and h. I. a. Per- taining to or having the characters of the Cari- dea : caridomorphie. II. 11. A member of the Caridea or Carido- morpha. Carides (kar'i-dez), «. pi. [NL., pi. of * Carts, < Gr. Kupic, pi. Kapiieg, later napiSeg, a small crus- tacean, prob. a shrimp or prawn.] A synonym of Crustac('a. Haeckcl. Caridids (ka-rid'i-de), 11. ])l. [NL., < *Caris (see Carides) + -I'l/ff.] In some systems of classitication, a family of macrurous decapod crustaceans; the prawns and shrimps. It con- tains suchgenera as Pala^mon, Pena-us, Crangon, Poutonia, Alpheus, and is conterminous with Caridea. Caridomorpha (kar'i-do-mor'fii), «. 1)1. [NL., < Gr. Kapi(; (Kap(d-), a shriinp or prawn, + popipi/, form, shape. See Caridea, Carides, etc.] A di- vision of macrurous Crustacea : caridean crusta- ceans proper, as prawns and shrimps. Huxley. caridomorphie (kar'i-do-mor'fik), a. [< Cari- doiiiiiriilia -\- -/('.] Pertaining to or having the characters of the Caridomorjilui ; caridean. caries (ka'ri-ez), n. [= F. carie = Sp. caries = Pg. carie, caries = It. carie, < L. caries (ML. also caria), decay, prop, a hard, dry decay, as of wood, bones, walls, etc.] 1. A destructive disease of bone, causing a friable condition and worm-eaten appearance, attended with suppu- ration. It is probable that several distinct pathological processes lead to this morbid con- dition. — 2. A disease of the teeth, resulting in the disintegration of their siibstance and the formation of ca%'ities. In man and carnivorous animals it is supposed to be caused by one of the bacteria, Lrptothrix hueealis. See Leji- totkrix. — 3. In hot., decay of the walls of the cells and vessels. carillon (kar'i-lon), n. [< P. carillon, formerly also earrillon, quarillon (Cotgrave) (> It. cari- glions (Florio) = Pg. carrilhdii = ML. carillonus), a var. of OF. *carigiwn, eiirrtinii, tjuarregnnn, a chime of bells, a carillmi, orig. appiir. a set of four beUs, being identical with OF. carillon, earrillon, fpcarillvn, karillon, also carignon,curri- gnon, carrinon,earenon, carrenon, earregiion, cur- reignon, quarreignon, etc., a siiuare, a square of parchment, parchment or paper folded square, < ML. (iuaternio{n-), a papi'r folded in four leaves, a quire (prop., as in LL. tiuiit OF. quaer, quaier, (juaijcr (> E. quire^, cayer, mod. F. eahier, < L. quaterni. four each, < qua- ter, four times, < quatuor = Y..J'our: socquater- ni(in, a doublet of carillon, qnirr'i and eahier, approximate doublets, and quiidrille, earrcft, etc., square, etc., related words.] 1. A set of stationarj' bells tuned so as to nlay regu- larly composed melodies, and souncu'd by tho action of tho hand upon a keyboiird or by ma- chinerv. Itdillcrafroni acliiriUM>r peal in lluitllic- ImIIh are llxeil iiiateail of swinging, and are of grealcr niiuilier. The number of bells in a chime . ('<) tii uml. iiwl uiinl , a median. Inferior part of ji thing, like or likened |o :i kill : espeeialiy applb d In ornllhology to the keel of IIh br( ast b.ine wblell moxt blrd» po»«e«». KUell bIrdH being inlled cnrinale, and constituting a )irlinn divlnion, Cnn iiaUr. .See carinille. 2. An intermediate piece, bclween llieterglim and the hcmIiiiii, of Ihe iinillivulvc cariiliaci! of a (■irriped, as a liarnaclc or an ac(irn-Hliell. Hee enlM (iiider IlnhniuK niiii hepiis. Carina fomlclH, till' kx'l of llie roriilt. n I Hun iMngllinlliial rldg" npon tliu under •urfacu of Hint pioi ..( iIm- l.niin. Carinaria cymbium. Carinellidae carinal (ka-ri'nal). It. L< carina + -al ; = F. earinal.'] 1. Pertaining to or resembling a ca- rina. — 2. In hot., having the keel or two lower petals of a flower inclosing the others: applied to a form of estivation which is pecidiar to a tribe {Ctrsalpinw) of the Leguminosw. Carinaria (kar-i-na'ri-a), n. [NL., < L. carina, a keel; from the shape. See carcen.'\ A ge- nus of nucleobranchiate mol- luscous animals, of the order Ileteropoda, referable to the family Firolida; or Pterotra- cheida; or made the tj'pe of a family Carinariida: The vis- ceral sac is a projecting saccular mass, placed at the limit of tlie hinder region of the foot, covered with tlie mantle and a hat-shaped shell. The shells are known to collectors under the names oi l>iiti*'fi- sUpj'cr and ylasn-nautilu.^. The gills are protected by a small and very delicate shell of glassy translucence. The animal itself is about "2 inches long, and is of oceanic hab- its. It is so transparent that the vital functions may be watched with the aid of a microscope. carinarian (kar-i-na'ri-an), a. and n. I. a. Of or pertaining to the geiius Carinaria or family CarinariidiP. II. II. A member of the genus Carinaria or family Carinariidw ; a carinariid. carinariid (kar-i-na'ri-id), II. A heteropod of the family Carinariida: Carinariidse (kar'i-na-ri'i-de), n. pi. [NL., < Cariiiiiria + -/(/((.] A family of gastropod raollusks, of the order Hetcrtipoda, represented by the gcnevsi. Carinaria and CiirtiiiijHida. They have a greatly reduced visceral muss and a ]i\ aline shell, well-developed tentacles, projecting gills lieiuath the mar- gin of the shell, and a prominent mesopodium or middle lobe of the foot, produced like a keel or vertical tin from the under surface of the body, whence the name. See cut luider Carinaria. Carinatae (kar-i-na'te), »i. pi. [NL., fem. pi. of L. eiirinatus, keel-shaped: see rarinate.'] t)ne of two lu-ime divisions of birds instituted by Merrcmin 1813; h.\i Aves earinata', incliuiiug ail birds then known to have a carinate sternum, as opposed to Arcs ratitcp, or "flat-breasted" birds, consisting of the struthious orratite bii^s. The liivision was adopteii in ISliT by Huxley, who ranged the class .-1 res in the three " orders " of Saurura; Jiatitep, and Cin-hised ; nor- nnilly in adult life no free tarsid bones and only two free carpal bones; heteroca-hnis or saddle-shaped vertebra;; the scapula and coracoid (with few exeeptituis) meeting at less than a right angle; and the flU'cillum usually per- fected. The CariiMtce are made by t'oucs one of live sub- classes of Are.^. carinate (kar'i-niit), rt. [< L. carinatiis, keel- sliniiod, ]i]i. of earinare, ftn'nish with a keel or shell, < ritrina, keel, shell, etc.: see eitreen.'] Shaiicd like or furnished with a keel; keeled, .spccillcally — (a) In Iml., having a longitudinal ridge like a keel, as the glume of many grasses, (b) lu «ial., ridged Cnrlnnte Stemiim of Common Fowl, »l: and n. An obsolete form of cnrrrn. Oarinella (kar-i-ind'ji), n. [NIj., dim. of Ij. niniiii, keel, vessel, shell, etc.: see eitrinil, ca- reen. ^ Tho typical genim of the family Cari- iiellifitr. Oarinollidee (kar-i-nel'i-dej, », i>l. [NL., < liirniiUo + -ilia-.'] A fiiniilyof rhyncliocd'lollg liirlicllnriaiiH, orneinerloiiii worms, rcpreseiiled by Hie geiMis Carineltit, liiiviiig the IowchI lypc oi' Hinicl lire among the .\einerteii. The I'aniny Carinellidae typifies a prime division of the Nerjwrtea, called Pala'oncmirtca (which see). cariniform (ka-riu'i-t'6rm), a. [< L. carina, keel, + foniui, shape.] Cariuate in form; hav- iuf; the shape or appearance of a carina or keel : si)ceifically applied to tlio lon(^, thin, sharp adipose fin of certain sihiroid lishes. carinolateral (ka-ri-no-Uit'e-ral), a. [< L. carina, a keel^ + latus, side: see lateral.'] In Cirripcdia, l>nng on each side of the carina. See cut under Balanus. (hi ■aril side of the c.irina is a compartment termed ca- riiin-liih'iul. lluxU't/, Auat. Invert., p. 254. Carinthian (ka-rin'thi-an), a. and n. [< Ca- rinthia + -an.] I. a. Of or belonging to Carin- thia, a crowu-laud and duchy of the Austrian empire lying to the east of the Tyi'ol and north- east of Italy: as, the Carinthian Alps Carin- thian process, in nftifl.. a process in use in Oarinthia for c.'iivfrtin^' l)i,i;- into \\ rnimlit-iron, tlie metal being treated in tile turiii ut thill disks whiell are woriied into blooms, ready to lie lianiiiiered out into liars. li. « . A native or an inhabitant of Carinthia. Cariole (kar'i-61), n. [= Dan. hiriol, < F. cari- ole, now carriole, = Pr. carriol, m., carriola, f., < It. earriuola = Sp. carriola, a small vehicle, dim. of It. Sp. Pg. carro, a vehicle, car: see car^. Hence by simulation E. carrijall.'] 1. A small open carriage; a kind of calash. — 2. A covered cart. cariopsis, «. See caryopsis. cariosity (ka-ri-os'i-ti), n. [< L. eariosns, cari- ous, + -iti/.] The state of being carious. carious (ka'ri-us), a. [= F. carieux = Sp. Pg. It. carioso, < L. cariosus, < caries, decay : see caries.] 1. Affected with caries; decayed or decaying, as a bone. — 2. Having a coiToded appearance : applied in entomology to surfaces which are thickly covered with deep and very irregular dejiressions, with jagged ridges be- tween them, like a metal plate that has been exposed to a strong acid. callousness (ka'ri-us-nes), n. Same as cariosity. caritative (kar'i-ta-tiv), a. [= Sp. Pg. It. caritatiro, < ML. caritatirus, < L. carita.(t-)s, love, charity: see charity.] Benevolent; be- neficent; charitable. [Rare.] Then follows the caritativf principle, . . . the princi- ple of brotherly love, as seen in voluntary action in behalf of others. R. T. Ely, Past and Present of Pol. Econ. , p. 53. car-jack (kar'jak), n. A screw or hydraulic jack used in lifting cars or locomotives, or in replacing them on the track when derailed. carjacou, ". See cariacou. cark (kark), n. [< ME. carh, trouble, anxiety (the alleged AS. *carc, *cearc, *be-carcian, *be- cearcian are not found), < AF. 'carle, kark, a load, burden, weight, the unassibilated form of OF. charf/e, > ME. charge (which varies with , cark in some instances), a load, burden; cf. cark, charkS, v., also charge and cargo. The W. care, care, anxiety (> carciis, solicitous), = Gael, care, care, = Bret, karg, a load, burden, are prob. from E. or F. The resemblance to care, with which cark is alliteratively associated, is accidental.] If. A load; a burden; a weight; specifically, an old measure of weight for wool, equal to the thirtieth part of a sarplar. — 2. A burden of care; a state of anxious solicitude; care; concern; trouble; distress. [Archaic] Now I see that al the carle schal fallen on niyii heed. Gameiyn, 1. 754. And what then follows all your carke and caring ^ And self-affliction? Massinger, Roman Actor, ii. 1. And at night the swart mechanic comes to drown hia cark and care. Quaffing ale from pewter tankards, in the master's antique chair. Longfellmv, Nuremberg. cark (kark), V. [< cark, «.; < ME. carkeii, also charken, varying with chargen, load, burden, < AF. *carker (in comp. sorkarker, surcharge, deskarker, discharge), unassibilated form of OF. charger, load: see cark, n., and charge, v.] I. trans. 1. To load; burden; load or oppress with grief, anxiety, or care; worry; perplex; vex. [Archaic] Carkid [var. charhid] wit care. Cursor Mundi, I. 23994. Thee nor carketh care nor slander. Tennyson, A Dirge. 2t. To bring to be by care or anxiety; make by carking. Care and cark himself one penny richer. South. Il.t intrans. To be full of care, anxious, so- licitous, or concerned. Carkimj and caring all that ever you can to gather goods and rakeriehes together. Holland, tr. of Plutarch, p. 5. Hark, my husband, he's singing and hoiting, — and I'm fain to cark and care. Beau, and Fl., Knight of Burning Pestle, i. 3. 825 carking (kiir'king), p. a. [Ppr. of cark, v.] Distressing; perplexing; giving anxiety: now scarcely used except in the phrase carking care or cares. Thrice happy and ever to be envied little Burgli, . . . without vainglory, without riches, witliout learning, and all their train of carking caren. Irving, Knickerbocker, p. Ki'i. carkled (kilr'kld), a. [E. dial.] Crumpled; wavy. And the blades of grass that straightened to it turned their points a little way; . . . yet before their carkled edges bent more than a driven saw, down the water came again. ii. JD. Blttckmurc, Lorna IJoone, ji. 118. carl (kiirl), n. [(1) Early mod. E. and Sc. also carle, < ME. carl, carle, < AS. carl, a man, churl, as_a proper name Carl (after OHCJ.), in carles wwn, 'the carl's or churl's wain,' now Charles's Wain (q. v., under wain), and (after Scand.) in coin])., '-man,' in butsc-carl, ship-man, hOs-carl, hus-karl, 'house-carl,' one of the king's body- guard (= OFries. hus-kerl, a man (vassal), = Icel. hms-karl, a man (vassal), one of the king's body-guard), or 'male,' 'he-,' as in carl-man, ME. carman (Icel. karl-madhr), a man (as op- posed to a woman), "carl-cat (North. E. carl- eat), a male eat, *carl-fugel (= Icel. karl-fugl), a male bird (the last two forms in Somner, but not found in use), OD. kaerle, a man, husband, churl, fellow, D. karel, a fellow, = OHG. karl, karal, chart, charal, MHG. karl (OHG. also charlo, charle, MHG. charle, karle), a man, hus- band, G. (after L6.) kerl, a fellow, = Icel. karl, a man (as opposed to a woman), a churl, an old man (also in comp., 'male,' 'he-'), = Norw. Svv. Dan. karl, a man, fellow ; used also as a proper name, AS. Carl, E. Carl, Earl (after G.) = D. Karel = Dan. Karl, Carl = Sw. Karl = OHG. Karl, Karal, MHG. Karl, Karel, Karle, G. Earl, Carl, whence (from OHG.) ML. Carlus, Caro- lus, Karlus, Karolus, Karulus, NL. Carolus, > It. Carlo = Sp. Pg. Carlos = OF. Earlus, F. Charles, > E. Charles (see carolus, carotin, Caro- line, etc.) ; the same, but -vrith diff. orig. vowel, as (2) MLG. kerle, LG. kerl, kerel, kirl (> G. kerl) = OD. keerle, D. kerel, a man, churl, fel- low, = OFries. kerl (in comp. hOs-kerl, above mentioned). Fries, tzerl, tzirl = AS. ceorl, a churl, E. churl, q. v. ; appar., -with formative -I, from a root *kar, *ker, and by some connected, doubtfully, with Skt. jdra, a lover.] 1 . A man ; a robust, strong, or hardy man ; a fellow. [Now only poetical, or prov. Eng. and Scotch.] The mellere was a stout carl for the nones. Cliavcer, Gen. Prol. to U. T., 1. 645. Why sitt'st thou by that ruined hall. Thou aged carle so stern and gray? Scott. 2. A rustic; a boor; a clown; a chtirl. Therein a cancred crabbed Carle does dwell. That has no skill of Court nor courtesie. Spenser, F. Q., III. ix. 3. It seems as if you had fallen asleep a carle, and awak- ened a gentleman. Scult, Monastery, I. 223. 3. Same as carl-hemp. [Scotch.] carlt (karl), V. i. [< carl, n.] To act like a churl. They [old persons] carle many times as they sit, and talk to themselves ; they are angry, waspish, displeased with themselves. Burton, Anat. of Mel., p. 132. carl-cat (karl'kat), n. A male eat ; a tomcat. Grose. [North. Eng.] carl-crab (kiirl'krab), H. A local Scotch name of the male of the common black-clawed sea- crab, Cancer pagurus. carle*, «. and V. See carl. carle", "• Same as emirate. Carle Sunday (kiirl sun'da). See Carting'^, 1, and Care l^^unday. carlet (kar'let), n. [< F. carrelet, a square file, a three-edged sword (> Sp. carrelet, a straight needle with a triangular point), dim. of OF. carrel, P. carreau, a square, tile, pane : see carrel" and quarrel".] A single-cut file -with a triangular section, used by comb-makers. carl-hemp (karl'hemp), H. Male hemp. Also carl. [Scotch.] in the following passage it is used as a symbol of robustness of character. Come, firm Resolve, take thou the van, Thou stalk o' carl-hemp in man ! Burns, To Dr. Blacklock. carlick (kilr'lik), n. [E. dial, form of charlock, q. v.] Same as charlock. [Local, Eng.] carlie (kiir'li), «. [Sc, dim. of carl.] 1. A little carl. — 2. A boy who has the appearance or niiiniicrs of a little old man. Jamieson. carlin, carlinel (kar'lin), «. [Also carting, < Icel. Liuiinna, a woman, = Dan. ka-lling, prop. 'ka'rliu(j, = Sw. kdrung, an old woman, a crone ; cf. kiirl, a man: see earl.] An old woman: a contemptuous term for any woman. [Scotch.] Car list The carline she was stark and sture, She atf the hinges dang the dure. C'lH'patrirk (Child's Ballads, T. 15.'>). Carlina (kar-n'nil), n. [NIj. (> F. carline = Sp. It. carlina); so called, it is said, after tlie em- peror Charlemagne (OHG. Karl), whose army, according to the doubtful story, was saved from a plague by the use of this root.] A genus of Composihv differing fi'om the true thistles in having the scales of the involucre scarious and colored. The species are all natives of Europe and the Mediterranean region. The most common is the car- line thistle, C. vulgaris, the Sf^ales of which are so hygro- scopic that the heads are used as a natural weather-glass. The root of C. acaulis, also called carline thistle, had for- merly ft high reputation for medicinal virtues in various disea-scK. . carline?, ". See carlin. carline'-^ (kiir'lin), n. [< F. carlin, < It. carlino: see carlino.] Same as carlino, 1. carline'* (kar'lin), a. and «. [< F. carline, the thistle, so called : see Carlina.] I. a. Belong- ing to the genus Carlina : as, the carlino thistle. II. n. A kind of thistle, Carlina vulgaris or C. acaulis. See Carlina. carline'', carling'-^ (kar'lin, -ling), n. [< F. car- lingue=zH\i. I'g. carliuga=liutis. karlinsu; ori- gin unknown.] 1. Apiecoof timber in a ship, ranging fore and aft from one deck-beam to an- other, and forming with the beams a framing for the deck-planks to rest upon. — 2. A trans- verse iron or wooden bar placed across the top of a railroad-ear from side to side to support the roof-boards. Sometimes called a rafter. — Carline knees. See knee. Carling't (kar'Ung), n. [Short for Carting Sun- itai), also Carlin Sunday, Carle Sunday, ajipar. corruptions of Care Sunday, q. v.] 1. The Sun- day before Palm Sunday ; the fifth Sunday in Lent, commonly kno'wn as Passion Sunday. It was an old custom to eat a certain kind of peas on that day. Hence — 2. [/. c] pi. The peas eaten on Passion Sunday; ''grey peas steeped all night in water, and fried next day in butter" (Brockett). car ling", «. See carline^. Carling Sunday (kiir'ling sun'da). Same as Carliiig^, 1. carlino (kiir-le'no), n. [It., also carolino (> F. Sp. cor?(» = Pg. earlim, carlino): named from the emperor Charles (It. Carlo: see carl) VI., in whose time the coin was fii'st issued, about Carlino of Pope Clement XIV., British Museum. i Siie of the original. ) 1730.] 1. An Italian silver coin formerly cur- rent in Naples, Sicily, and Rome. The Roman carlino here represented weighs nearly 43 grains. The value of the carlino of Rome was about 16 United States cents, of that of Naples S, and of that of Sicily 4. Also called carline. 2. A Sardinian gold coin of Charles Emmanuel L (1735), of the value of 120 lire, or about $28. carlisht (kar'lish), a. [< ME. carlisch, karlische, common; <. carl + -ish'^. Ci. churlish.] Churl- ish. [Old and prov. Eng.] Her father hath brought her a carlish knight, Sir John of the north countraye. Percy's Jteliques, p. 88. carlishnesst (kar'lish-nes), n. Churlishness. Carlism (kar'Uzm), H. [< F. Carlisme = Sp. Carlismo = It. Carlismo, < NL. *Car/>.<»(«,s. < Car- lus, Carolus ( > F. Charles = Sp. Carlos = It. Car- lo, Charles): see carl and -ism.] The claims or opinions of, or devotion to, the Carlists of France, or of Spain. See Carlist. Carlist (kar'list), n. and a. [< F. Carlisle = Sp. Carlisfa = It. Carlistn, < NL. *Carlista, < Car- lus, Carolus, Charles: see Carlism.] I. n. 1. Formerly, one of the partizans of Charles X. of France, and of the elder line of the French Bourbons, afterward esiiXeA Legitimists. — 2. A follower of the fortimes of Don Carlos de Bor- bon, second sou of Charles W. of Spain ; a sup- porter of the claims of Don Carlos, and of his successors of the same name, to the Spanish throne, based upon his asserted right of suc- cession in 1833, in place of his niece Isabella U., which has caused several outbreaks of eiril'war. II. a. Pertaining to Carlism, or to the Carl- ists. car-load car-load < kUr'lod), h. The load cai-ried. or that eau 1m- caiTied. by a car. especially a freight-oar. A- -■■ ■ •" "^-asure for freight it varies on diiferent rail- r. . ; <> "-' to 311,000 pounds. The following nre, ar . the amounts oi various commodities com- nw... ^- .M.tted bythe word: salt. 75 barrels; flour, 150 barrels : cm, 300 biishels ; wheat, 340 bushels. carlock (kiir'lok), n. [= F. carlocl: < Euss. I.urliiku.'i A sort of isinglass obtained from Kussia, made of the sturgeon's bladder, and used in clarifying wine. carlott ikiir'lot), H. [A dim. of carl, q. v.] A coLLutrjTnan; a churl; a clown. The cottage . . . That the old carlot once was master of. Shak., As you Lilie it, iii. 5. CaTlovingian (kiir-lo-vin'jl-anj, a. and n. Same as Carolingian. The Carlovinffian dynasty ended and that of the Capets commenced. Sir E. Creaisy, Eng. Const., p. 53. Carlsbad twins. See ucin. carl-tangle ikiirl'tang^gl), k. Same as cairn- taiiijU . [Scotch.] Cariudovica (karnu-do-%-i'ka), n. [NL., named in honor of Charles (Sp. Carlos) IV. of Spain and his consort, Maria Louisa (ML. Lu- docica) of Parma.] 1. A small genus of pahn- like plants, of the natural order Pandanacea: They are natives .tf tropical .-Vnierica, and are either stem- less or have climbing stems which cling to the trunks of trees by aerial roots. Tlie large fan-like leaves of C. palinala are the material of which the well-known Pan- ama hats are made, each hat being plaited from a single leaf. Hence — 2. [/. c] A name sometimes given to a Panama hat. Imp. Diet. Carlylean, Carlyleian, «. See CurhjUan. Carlylese (kar-li-les' or -lez'), a. and «. I. «. Same as Carlylian. II. M. Same as Carlylism, 1. Carlylian (kiir-li'li-an), a. Relating to or re- sembling tlio opinions or style of Tliomas Car- lyle, a noted Scotch writer'(1795-1881). Also Carlylean, Carlyleian. Ue (Thomas Hughes] is Carlyleian in his view, plus a deep and earnest faith in the people. /(. J. IJinton, Eng. Radical Leaders, p. 104. CarlyUsm (kSr-li'lizm), 71. 1. The style or a peculiarity of tlie style of Thomas Carlyle. It is cbaracit-rized by conversational and irregular sentences and a copb>U3 diction abounding in metaphor and allusion. It is marred by the forcetl use of words, the coitiage of un- couth terms to suit the purpose of the moment, and the intHMluctioti of many foreign idioms. 2. The leading ideas or teachings of Thomas Carlyle, who inculcated especially the impor- tance of individual force of character, and men's need of rulers and leaders of strong character. carmagnole (kjir-ma-nyol'), H. [F. carmarjnolc ( > Sp. rariiiailola), of uncertain origin, but i)rob. < 0/rHi«;/H')/« in Piedmont.] 1. [co;;.] A popu- lar dance and song among republicans in the first French revolution. — 2. A garment and costume worn in France during the revolution, and considered as identified with the revolu- tionary party. The name fli-st beiamc known in 171)2 as that of the coat worn by the MarHcUleHe in Paris, ami Kenenilly ailopted by the revolutionists, having short cling- ing skirts, a broad collar and lapels and several rows of buttons. It wjw afterward extended to a costtime, com- prising In arblition large black woolen pantaloons, a red cap, and a trlcolored girdle. The name of the song ami dance was taken from that of the garment. 3. The wearer of such a dress; any violent revolutionist. — 4. A bombastic report of tlic successes and glories of the French arms during the revolutionary wars; hence, any bombastic address or document. carman' (kiir'man), n. ; pi. carmen (-men). A Mjiiii who drives a c^r or curt. 'itie carman and coachmen In the city streets, mutually lo'ir, L. ''"•""' I I. H. 1. A iricndicanl friar "' tl'" ' ' lur Lodv '.r Mount Cannel, 820 This mountain, overlooking the bay of Acre in northwest- ern Palestine, has been from eiu'ly times a resort for her- mits, and in llo4> Bert hold, a Calabrian monk, in obedience to a px-ofessed revelation from the prophet Elijah, built there a tower and a chiu-ch and gathered around him about ten companions. From this small begiiming arose the Carmelite order. According to an early rule^ the monks were to live in sep;irate cells, to abstain *rom nu>at, and to observe a strict fast from the Exaltation of the Cross (September 14th) to Ejister, .Sundays being excepted. Owing to Mohammedan pel"secutions, the Carmelites aban- doned Mount Carmel and established themselves in 123S in C>-prus and elsewhere. In the sixteenth centurj- St. Theresa, a Spanish lady of noble family, built a convent at .\vila and established a discalced or reformed branch of the order, consisting of both monks and imns. sometimes called barf/ooted Canui-litei. The habit of the order is a cassock, scapular, and hood of brown color, and a white cloak, the hood covering the head and face and having holes for the eyes. In the I'nited States there are con- vents of the order in the dioceses of Leavenworth, Newark, Pittsburgh, Baltimore, St, Louis, and New Orleans. The three convents Last named follow the rule of St. Theresa. 2. [/. f.] A variety of pear. — 3. [/. c] A woolen material similar to beige cloth. II. a. Belonging to the order of Carmelites. Carmest, n.jil. [ME., < OF. curme, pi. carmes, coiitr. of *carmolite.'] Carmelite friars. Bom. of the Hose. Carminate (kiir'mi-uat), «. [< cannin-ic + -»/(!.] A salt of carminie acid. carminated (kiir'mi-na-ted), o. [< carmine + - ME. cramosin, crcmo.'tyn, crimisine, crimosin, E. crinmon, q. v.), F. cra- vioisi = G. knrmcsin = V>. karmesijn = Dan. karmcsin = Kuss. kurmazini't, < ML. carmcsinu.t, kermesinus, crimson, carmine, < kernies (Sp. carmes, also with Ar. art. alkirmes, alqi(eriiiis-), the cochineal insect (see kermcs), < Ar. and Pers. fjirmizi, crimson, qirmi:, crimson, < Skt. /rrimyV/. produced by an insect, < krinii, a worm, an insect (= E. irorm, q. v.), + \/ jan, produce, = Gr. -^ *}tv = L. ^ 'lien = AS. cinnan, etc.. produce: see (jinus, i/rneratr, etc., and ken-.J 1. Tlic jiure coloring matter or )iriiiciple of cochineal, to which the I'drnuilii ('fills' 'jo ''"s been assigned. It furnis a purple mass sol- uble in water. — 2. Thai one of two or more lakes of ilifTerent strenglhs ])re])ared from the same coloring matter which contuiiis the (^'eat- esl proportion nf coloring niiittcr to the basi'. which is generally alumina. Hpecilically — 3. ■\ pigment made from cochineal, it l» a Iranspiirenl crinmon of consiilcraldc linninosity and liitenHc chroma. It is prepared from u decoction ut ctichineal, the coloring matter being lirecipltated by Honu' aluminous salt, form- ing a lake.— Burnt carmine, a pigment oblaineil bv pjir tinlly charring cjirniinc. It is a irddiKh purple of e\treni<- rbhness.- Carmine of Indigo, indigo carmine, tke \iiili;ii>. Carmine apar. same a.srarHiiniVr. carminie (kiir-min'ik), a. [< rarminc + ■ie.'] Ill elieiii., |iiTliiiiiiiig toorderivcd from cnniiine, till' coloring principle of (■oidiiiical. Cannlnlc acid, <'i7ll|s'>io. " Id found in tlie biidn ol some pliiiitJi, liut most alinndantly In tlie coihlni-al liiKecL It lonnN a red iimorpboiiH niiuis, and with the alknltn pro- iliices carniine i-oloreil salts. carminite (kiir'inln-it), «. [< rarmim + -i7c-.] .An arHcnlnle of iron and lead, occurring in cluHlersof needicH liaving a cannino-rod color. Also called rarminc niiar. cannot (kiir'niol), (I. The name given by the niclienilHlH to the matter of whicii thev siip- poHeil tho philoMophor's stone to be conHtituted. carnality carmylie, «. See carmele. cam ^k;irn), n. [The proper Celtic (nom.) form of e F. charnage = Pr. car»at;/uc (cf. Sp. Pg. car- nal), season when it is lau-fid to eat flfesh ; cf. ML. reflex carnaijium, a dinner of flesh), < L. caro (cam-), flesh : see carnal.'] If. The liesh of slain animals ; heaps of flesh, as in shambles. Ills ample maw with human caniaije tilled. Poiw, Odyssey, ix, 352. 2t. The flesh that is given to dogs after the chase. — 3. Great destruction of men or ani- mals by bloody violence ; slaughter ; butchery ; massacre. In the caniafje of Sedgemoor, or in the more fearful caniaijf oi the IJloody Circuit. Macaulay, Hist. Eng., ix. Inspiring appetites which had tasted of blood with a relish for more unlicensed carnage. PreKCott, Ferd. and Isa., I, 3, A battle was attempted by a large miscellaneous mass of students, peasantry, and burghers. It soon changed to a carnafje-, in which the victims were all on one side. Molkt/, Dutch Republic, III. S9. -Syn. 3. liiitcbcrii, etc. Hee massacre, n. carnage (kiir'naj), ^'. t. ; pret. and pp. carnagcd, ppr. carnaging. [< carnage, «.] To strew or cover with carnage or slaughtered bodies: as, "that carnaiied plain," Sunllicy, Joan of Arc, ix. carnal (kiir'nnl), a. [< ME. <>(()■«(// =*OF. cor- nel, F. elianul = Pr. camel = Sp. Pg. carnal = It. eamale, < L. camalis, fleshly, of the flesh (ML., natural, of tho same blood or descent), < caro (cam-), flesh, = Gr. Kpla(, flesh, = Skt. krarya, raw flesh, corpse, carrion, = AS. Iirdw (= OS. hreii. Iireo = OFries. lire (in comp.) = OIIG. Iireo, MI IG. re = Icel. Iira^ = Goth, liraiw, in comp.), a corpse; prob. akin to AS. hredw, E. raw, q. v., and L. crudiis, raw, > E. crude, and ult. E. crnel, q. v. From L. camalis comes also E. cliarnel, q. v.] 1. Pertaining to the flesh; hence, flesh-eating; ravenous; bloody. This carnal cur Preys on the issue of his mother's body. Sliak., Rich. III., iv. 4. 2t. Of the same blood or descent ; natural ; kintlred; german. In the next territories adioyning doo inhabite two car- nail brothers, dukes of the Tartars, namely. Burin and Cadan, the sonncs of Thyaday. Itaktin/t's Voi/a'jci, I, tWl. 3. Pertaining to.the flesh or the body, its pas- sions and its appetites; fleshly; sensual; lust- ful; gross; impure. Our carnal stings, oiu* unbltted lusts. .S'AnA., Othello, 1. 3. Not sunk in carnal pleasure. Milton, P. L., viii. wi.t. 4. Not spiritual ; merely human ; not partak- ing of anything divine or holy; tmregenerate; unsanctifaed. The cnrual mind is enmity against Ood, Rom. viii. 7, Meats and drinks, and ilivcrs washings, and carnal or* dinances. Heh. Ix. 10. All iippearanees of mirth and pleiwantry, which were looked upon as marks of a carnal mind. .1i/iff. [< carnal + -ire.] To mako carnal ; Jobase to carnality. [Rare.] A sensual and canmlized spirit. J. Scott, Christian Life, i. § 2. carnallite (kar'nal-it), n. [Named after Von CiirnittI, a Prussian mineralogist (1804-74).] A milk-white or pink-colored mineral obtained from the salt-mines of Stassfurt, Prussia. It is a hydrous chlorid of nuignesium and potassium, contain- ing: small quantities of sodium, rubidium, Ciesiuni, and lirniuint-. carnally (kar'nal-i), adv. In a carnal manner; according to the flesh ; not spiritually. The .Apostle dotll very fitly take the law . . .either spir- itually or carnaUy, according to tlie differing sentiments of those to whom he wrote the epistles. R. Nelson, Life of Bp. Bull. carnal-minded (kar'nal-min'ded), a. Having a carnal or fleshly minU; unspiritual. carnal-mindedness (kar'nal-min"ded-nes), k. Carnality of mind. Concupiscence and carnal-vtindcdness. Jcr. Taylor, Repentance, v. § 3. oarnardinet, n. See camadme. Carnaria (kar-na'ri-a), 11. pi. [NL., neut. pi. of L. carnarius, pertaining to flesh, < caro (earn-), flesh : see carnal. Cf. Carnassia.'i In Cuvier's system of classification as altered by his editors, the flesh-eaters or third order of mammals, con- taining not only the Carnivora proper, as now understood, but also the Insectivora, the Ckirop- tera, and sundry carnivorous marsupials; the carnassiers. The marsupials were subsequent- ly placed in a separate group, Marsupiata. Also called Carnassia. [Disused.] carnaryt (kar'na-ri), n. [Also written carnarie, < JIL. carnaria, also carnarium, <.Jj. caro (cam-), flesh: see carnal.'] A bone-house attached to a church or burial-place ; a charnel-house. Carnassia (kar-nas'i-a), n. pi. [NL., adapted from F. carnassiers (Cuvier), carnivora (see carnassier) ; afterward changed by his editors to Carnaria.'] Same as Carnaria. carnassial (kar-nas'i-al), a. and n. [< F. car- nassiire, the sectorial' tooth (orig. fem. (sc. dent, tooth) of carnassier, carnivorous: see carnassier), -I- -«,?.] I. a. Sectorial; adajjted for cutting and tearing flesh: applied to the specialized trenchant or cutting molar or pre- molar of the Carnivora. It . . . appears that the sectorial or carnasdal teeth in the two jaws [of the dog] differ in their nature, the upper being the last premolar, the lower the anterior molar. Huxley, Anat. Vert., p. 3.^7. II. n. A sectorial tooth ; the last upper pre- molar or first lower molar tooth of those Car- nivora which have a typically carnivorous den- tition, as the cat or dog. Owen. carnassier (kar-nas'i-a), n. [F., a carnivorous mammal, < carnassier, fem. carnassiere, former- ly carnacier, < Pr. carnacier (= Sp. carnicero = Pg. carniceiro), carnivorous, fleshly, < car- iiaza (= Sp. carnaca = Pg. carnas, carniga), flesh, < L. caro [earn-), flesh: see carnal.'] 1. One of the Carnaria ; a carnivorous mammal. See Carnaria. — 2. [< P. carnassiere: see car- nassial.] A carnassial tooth. carnatet (kar'nat), a. Invested with or em- bodied in flesh : same as the modem incarnate, which, however, is used in the following extract as if the in- were privative. I fear nothing . . . that devil carnaie or iTicamate can fairly do against a virtue so established. Rictiardson, Clarissa Harlowe, v. 46. carnation^ (kar-na'siion), n. [< P. carnation, < It. carnagione, flesh-color, also fleshiness, = Sp. carnn- cion (cf. Pg. cncariKicdii), flesh-color, < L. carnatio(n-), fleshiness, < caro (earn-), flesh: seecarnal.] 1. Flesh- color; pLuk. Her comple.\ion of the most daz- zling carnation. Bidwer, Pelham. 2. In painting, the represen- tation of flesh ; the nude or undraped parts of a figure. — 3. In hot. : (a) The common name of the pink Dianthiis Cari/ojihj/llus, a native of southern Europe, but cul- tivated from verv ancient times for its fragi'ance and """"^^fi^fS!"" 827 beauty. Fnder cultivation, in place of the original lilac- purplr .if tlie wild state, it has assunicd a wide variety of tiuLs, anil numberless comliimitirjns of form and color. Tliesc varieties are groupcil Ijy llorists into three classes, viz., bizarres. Hakes, and picotees. Also called carnation jnnlt. (/,) The Cwsalpinia pnlrherrinia, the Span- ish carnation, a leguminous shrub with very showy flowers, often cultivated in tropical re- gions. Also formerly, by corruption, corona- tion. Bring CoranaiionH, and Sops in wine, Wonie of Paramoures. Spcmer, Shep. Cal., April. carnation'''t, "• [< ME. camacion, short for in- carnacion: seci incarnation.] Incarnation. These beleuid not in vergyn Marie, Nc treuly in Cristes carnaciime. Old Enij. Misccll., p. 210. carnationed (kiir-na'sliond), a. [< carnation + -ril-.] Having a color like carnation; pink. LoreU(cc. carnation-grass (kilr-na'shgn-gras), m. Cer- taiu sedges, especially Carcx't/lauca and C. pa- nicca, so called from the resemblance of their leaves to those of the carnation, carnauba (kar-na-o'l)a), ». [Braz.] 1. The Br.'izilian name of the palm Copernicia cerifera. See Coixrnicia. — 2. The wax obtained from tills ])alm. carneity (kar-ue'i-ti), n. [< L. carncus, of flesh : see carneous.] ]?'leshines8. [Rare.] carnelt(kar'nel), n. [ME., also kernel, Mrnel, kijrnel, < OF. camel, later carneau, F. crcneau = Pr. camel (ML. reflex carnellus, quarnellus), < ML. crenellus, an embrasure, battlement : see crenelle.] A battlement ; an embrasure ; a loop- hole. So harde santes to the cite were geuen. That the komli kerneles were to-clatered with engines. William of Palerne (E. E. T. S.), 1. 2858. And alle the walles beth of Wit, to holde Wil theroute ; The camels beth of Cristendam, the kuynde to saue. Piers Ploitmian (A), vi. 78. carnelian, cornelian (kar-, kor-ne'lyan), «. [More correctly cornelian (changed to carnelian in simulation of L. caro (cam-), flesh), < F. cor- nalitie, < It. cornalina = Pr. Pg. comelina = Sp. corner ina, carnelian; It. also comiola (> E. car- neol, q. v.) ; a dim. form, < L. cornu = E. horn; so called from its horny appearance ; cf. onyx, which means lit. 'a finger-nail or claw.'] A siliceous stone, a variety of chalcedony, of a deep-red, flesh-red, or reddish-white color. It is tolerably hard, capable of a good polish, and is used for seals, etc. The finest specimens come from Cambay (hence also called Cambay stones) and .Surat, In India, where they are found as nodules of a blackish-olive color, in peculiar strata, 30 feet below the surface. The nodules, after two years' exposure to the sun, are boiled for two days, and thereby acquire the beautiful colors for which they aiv prized. carneolt, «• [= C Jcameool = G. karniol = Sw. Dan. karneol, < It. comiola: see carnelian.] Canieliau. E. Phillips, 1706. Carneosponglse (kar"_ne-9-spon'ji-e), n. pi. carnivoral make.] 1. A public executioner; ahangman; hence, as a term of abuse, a wretch. Let the carni/exes scour their throats ! Middlcton ami Jiuwley, Fair Quarrel, iv. 4. 2. leap.] In ornith.: (a) A genus of hawks: same as jl/iC)-a«(;(c. Lcs-mn, IHi'J.. [Not in use.] (/)) A genus of birds: same as rhoenicercus. Snii(lereen able to trans- form the gizzard of a pigeon into a camitorous stomach by feeding the bird on meat for a Ions time. IT. K. Brooke; Law uf Heredity, p. 93. 2. Specifically — («) In mammal., of or pertain- ing to the C'arnivora; camivoral; eamassial. (6) In entom., of or pertaining to the Carnh-o- ra; adephagous ; predatory. — 3. In odontog., trenchant; sectorial; eamassial: as, a carnivo- rous molar or premolar. camivorously (kar-niv'o-rus-li), adv. In a car- nivorous manner. camivorousness (kar-niv'o-rus-nes), H. The state or quality of being carnivorous or flesh- eating. Ci. .\rcangeli has obsened the rise of temperature in several species of Arace:e, but does not consider that there is sufficient evidence to warrant the assumption of carnivorous habits in these plants. ... It seems as if Bome other explanation than that of camivormistiess would liave to be sought for. Jour, of Bot, Brit, and Poreiffn, 1883, p. 266. camokt, «• [ME. ; origin obscure.] A mea- sure of four bushels, or half a quarter of corn. Everi- sak |of coal) be lr>ed and prnvid to \k and holde a ranio't ; and the ij. sakkcs to hoWe a quarter, « hatsoevir the price lie, vpon peyne of breiinvn;: of the sakkes and parte c.f the colys. Englith Gilds (E. E. T. S.), p. 426. camose (kar'nos), a. Same as carnotis. camosity (kar-nos'j-ti), «. ; pi. carnosities (-tiz). [= F. carnosite = Pf. carnositat = Sp. carnosidad = Pg. carnosidade = It. carno.iita, < ML. carno- sita(t-)s, fleshiness, < L. carnosus, fleshy: see carnom.'] It. Fleshiness. The olives, indeed, be veo* small there, and no bigger than capers ; yet commended they are for their carnogity. iloUand. 2. .\ fifshy growth. Camot" s theorem. See theorem. camoUS (kar'uus), a. [= F. charneux = 'Pt. car- >!'« = Sp. Pg. It. carnoso, < L. cdrno.'His, fleshy, < caro (earn-), flesh : see eiintal, and cf. ear- ncoiig.'] 1. Of or pertaining to flesh; fleshy: as, '^carnoux matter," Holland, tr. of Pliny, xv. 3. — 2. In hot., of a fleshy consistence : said of suc- culent leaves, stems, et«. Also ear nose, cam-tangle, ». See cairn-tangle. camy, «. and r. See carney-. caroacht, «■ See caroche. carob ikar'ob), «. [Also called caroh-tree; = F. earoubcjOV. carohe = Pr. rarohln, < It. car- ruho, carrubino = Sp. garroho, al-garroho = Pg. alfarrobcirn, carob-trer- ; It. carruha = Sp. gar- Tobii, al-giirrobii, garrofa = Pg. alfarrolia, earob- beau, St. Jolin's bread; < Ar. kharruh, bean- pwls.] The common Englisli name of the plant ('eratonia Siliqua. See Vcratonia. Tlie path led through a grf)Ve of cnroh trees, from which thi- beans known In iiennany as St. John's bread are pro- dn<»''l. li. Taylor, Lands of the Haracen, p. 42. carob-bean (kar'ol)-beii), n. The pod or fruit <.f il.i- eiirob; .St. John's broad. Hee Ccratmiia. carochet, caroacht (ka-rodi'), ». [AlsocarocA, cnriiri , riiroHHi-; z= },l\Ui. karriinehi, karrolnche, hirriil'ih, larronrhi', (i. karoKsr, /,v/r»/;Y =Dan. A.», Anat. of Mel. * '■■' ■'■ ■ ' 1. and more brlifbt ttiiin tb' .1 Oil' pavemeni* ' A.lnilrnlol Friiii' < . Ill if Koiiny ' .1 'la Tmuody. V. 1 828 carochedt (ka-roehf), a. [< caroche + -cd-.'] Placed in a caroche. L>Kl honour goes on crutches, beggary' rides caroched. Ma^sin^er, Virgin-Martyr, iii. 3. caroignet, «• A Middle English form of carrion. caroli (kar'gl), «. [Early mod. E. also ctirrol, Carroll, < ME. carol, carollc, cnroh, a dance, a song, < OF. Carole, a kind of dance, also a carol or Christmas song (> ML. It. Sp. carola), < Bret. loroll, a dance, korolla, korolli. dance, move in cadence, = Com. carol, a choir, concert, = W. carol, a carol, song, caroli, carol, coroli, dance, move in a circle, = Manx carval, a carol. = Gael, carull, caireall, harmony, melody: from the root seen in Gael, ear, ciiir, a tmii, a bar of music, movement, = Ir. car, a turn, cor, a turn, music, circular motion, =W. cor, a circle, choir: and in E. carl, q. v.] If. A kind of circular dance. For-thv wonderly thay woke, & the wyn drouken, Daunsed fill dresly wyth dere carolez. Sir Gaicayne and the Green Knight (E. E. T. &.), L 1020. Festes, instruments, caroles, daunces. Chaucer, Knight's Tale, 1. 1073. [It is often difficult to tell from the context whether carol is the dance or the song that seems to have been sung as an accompaniment to it ; but in Chaucer it usually means simply the dance.] 2. A song, especially one expressive of joy; often, specifically, a joyous song or ballad in celebration of Christmas. No night is now with hymn or carol bless'd. Shak., M. N. D., ii. 2. They heard her singing her last song, . Heard a carol, mournful, holy. Tennyson, Lady of Shalott, iv. caroU (kar'ol), V. ; pret. and pp. caroled or car- olled, ppr. caroling or carolling. [< ME. car- olcn, < OF. caroler = Pr. carolar = It. carolare : from the noun.] I. intrans. To sing; warble; sing in joy or festivity. Hark ! how the cheerefuU birds do chaunt theyr laies, .\nd Carroll of Loves praise. Spenser, EpithalamioD, L 79. II. trans. 1. To sing joyously. Hovering swans, their tliroats relen.s'd From native silence, carol sounds harmonious. Prior, Second Hymn to Calliniachns. 2. To praise or celebrate in song. The shepherds at their festivals Carol her goodness. Milton, Comus, L 849. caroFt, carrolt (kar'ol), n. [< ME. larolc, a wreath, < ML. carola,' a, lattice, railing, inclo- sure, lit. 'a circle'; same word as carola, a dance: see carol^.'] 1. A ring of leaves or flowers; a garland; a wreath. Seho pntle ilke reschc in other And made a karole in a sioiuide ; The ton [the tone, the oncl bcnde touched the grounde And tlie other scho helde on heygh. .Seven Saiies, 1. 2S84. 2. In arch. : (a) A small closet or inclosure in whiditosit andread. (ft) A bay-window. Ox- ford Glossary. Also written carrel, carrcll, carrall. carola (kar'o-lji), n. [It., a dance, ring-dance: Ki'c ("loo/l.]' A dance resembling the carma- gnole, popular in France during the revolution. caroli, «. Phu'al of carolus. carolin (kar'o-lin), H. [< ML. Carolinus, adj., < Carolus, Charles: see earl, and cf. carlino.^ 1. A gold coin first issued in ]7:^2 by Cliarlrs Pliilip, Elector of the Palatinate, and afterward caroon Same as Carolitk- . ■. ott, Uh.l your Iwril It • 1. Itavll. I. Obverse. Kcvcrvc. Cnroltn of Frederick of Wilrlcmbcrg. iSio, Drltlfth Museum. ( Sire of the orlKliinl.J adopted in variovis parts of Oormany. It wim uiirlh Kllghllv bus than the American hnlf-eagb' and ii little more than the llrltlHb noverelgn. There were 21 carollns to the t'ologne mark. 2. A Swedish g