\ ;>; ■■^fZ^'i > \ TZ^i^ University of California • Berkeley Gift of MISS ANNE AVAKIAN A G R A MM A R ARMErVIAN AND EJVGLISII P. PASCHAL AUOHER AND LORD BYRON VENICE "PRINTED IN THE AIIMENIAN MONASTERY OF ST. LAZARUS 187:) ^i' hir GRAMMAR Grammar teaches the art of speaking and writing correctly. Human discourse is formed of letters, syllables and words. Letters are the elements of a syllable. A syllable is either one letter, or the union of letters. A word is one or more syllables, which express some thing. The union of words to explain our thoughts completely is called discourse. The harmony of words with the rules of Grammar is called Syntax. j5 <* 5 ^l^es s-si§ a-5 ?> S -.^ ,fe I: 5 "= 5 ^ & g ^ ^i'^|lt!t| «i • ^ < I M i-^ -^ CD ^ 1=3 © H » O .rf5 5S 1^ iiU^I-»Jj»*JiiU cL'b ?=5cLcF-d=-rl3orpA;^i/ ^p^ ^:=t^^^§^^l§^ I'll ^ll^-l ^ «i o o S ^ t-i fc»- -M ^ ti 5» O o n3 o t ^1 '£ I § .S ^ ?v *^ <>^ o o o OS 03 O C3 fl O o c ^ Oh O 5; Id) lOJ ^ f " } i~i o« Consonants gy ii'y ^y ^- SYLLABLE A syllable is an articulate sound, as, ma., ar. ^ujy na. n-uMpy tar. iuqun aghd. npiPj worm, p^uipt ' V^'^^' ^uinHs , ham. q-k^ > temfe. q^py zor. i^'t^ ^^*' P^b*-^ fi^^ ^ujiPy zham^ [Hfuy looyce^ 5^uin-y dzar. k^iy gaU ^typy litre, ^tyii y tzine. ^tun. ^jar. inyp , inire.ini^is , sJioon. ^py tdxar.^i-py tshoor or chiure. uni-p^f SOOrp. in^py der. pustT, ram. gm^^ tzoo. i-fii-P- y ute or ewt. iftum^ , park. A syllable may be also composed of six letters, as ulrtmip^ , siampk. 2ll'-VB^ » chiurpk. Two or three consonants are sometimes formed before or after a vowel. Double consonants at the end of a syllable are pronounced short, as, muippy darr^ ^ujl quip^y caghach When the word ends with double % , in the pronunciation an ^ is inserted, as, Juiuhfu {Jiuuiiijh) madnun. ^Imfifu {Slmfu^y tziernun. So also when in the beginning of a word the same consonant is doubled, as, zi^^k (^-^iL^r) shushoog. lik^s {fitk^a) gi^gotz. When the liquids t , .^, j, , are at the end of a syllable after another consonant, they have equally in the pronunciation the letter I f as, Jhi-l^ (Jni-li^) mOOgUn. iuuuiq_ [iuu^ tniq_) asdugh. rint-ump {tj^nL^umift) tOOsdeV. But not when they precede the consonant, as, f^ni^^titf coond. luquiy aghd. it"//»-^> gark. Likewise when the consonants are diffe- rent, as, p^nL.qpy tooght. unL.p^^y soorpk. ^"qUp^ , hoghmk. In the beginning of many words between two consonants the letter fi is understood in the oblique cases instead of another vowel of the nominative case, as, Int-l^s^ tzoogun. Slj^uJh (I^Jj^ujh) tziigan. Jli^ , mishd. J^iitiu^iy (ifg^jf^u^iiy) mushdaga. FAMILIAR ABBREVIATIONS iUif* tUiflrbujjU ♦ Pk or ? /3^^^4:. ? tujuffupii ♦ Pp.or p. P-t-IUtlfL, ««#0" Wuuini-UiCr^ 'b-Li- 'f, .Ih^/tufj % Wuuini-Ctnj* k^ i^iUifi mDmI WumnL. O-niJ* 8" QjiunL-u ♦ FvT ^iuqni-if\ ^? *iinniu* fc n^nniu • %t/b^ ^ilu/ulf hi Irtui* % %npgu* L Iru, % %nauM * Qs: L, ujifis^ fe 1* 10 £ l^t* nii£ nnup^u ♦ ^^ nuui * iquoviq ui^u. /»Aor/» p^l,i.%. ^C unnui* pt or fr [J-lru/u* 'iii% Ui/iuUlf^ "^ unpuM^ 4y tJuMtjU^ ""d unquM* pi tJuMuii npy- "3k unquiUif ♦ inn mkp<^ -UfL uni-n^ « itfii inlruMnSt* "W up^nj* ? ^u/ii* ">3 up^ng. -^-o ^pftumnu t WORD A word is an articulate sound expressive of our ideas. Words in the Armenian language consist of eight parts of speech; Nouns, Pronouns, Verbs, Participles, Prepositions^ Adverbs, Conjunctions, Interjections. NOUN A noun signifies some substance, or qua- lily, as, ifiupij. , man. Irpli[tp , earth, [n^u , light. ujp^ujjni.p^l,ini y kingdom. ^^^^ > soulj, spirit. ufu3i% person. puni.p^l,i3i, nature. J^ui^y mindy thought. p-ajp^B 9 good, t^qt^gl^^y handsome.. ^iuqgp f sweet, ifhrh^ , great. In nouns six peculiarities are to be consi- dered : Gender, Form, Species or Rind, Number, Case, Declension. 11 GENDER In the Armenian language the genders are distinguished hy their natural significa- tions, as MASCULINE llfl-tuJ] Adam. \pn^^uy Moses^ ^Irui^ pnuy Peter, ^p/rf^np^ Gregory. ilutp/f.us^f Far dan J, etc. ^'^ff father, t-qp-iypy brother. nL.utnpy son, a male'child. ^t-uiyya husband, spouse. uMtslrp , a father 'in-laiv. ^t-oLp , uncle^ a mo- ther s brother. Jli^^uj<^iyp , gossip^ Godfather. uj/P y manj husband, h^uiii-gy , a man-servant. p~tut^ujL.np or uMpoguj y king, ^lu/umpujp y sa- trap^ apeer.gni.^ a bull. In^y an ox. ^uMiy a he-goat, fuy , ram^ a male sheep. qni.uipuj^ , bullock^ a yoimg ox. trq^t-pm^ , a stag. uMptw quiq^ cockj etc. Hjiitnu^ y tribunal, qop , soldiers. Susanna. \liupf^nL.<^p y Rose^ etc. lululty grandmother. J^p> mother, ^yp^ sister. <^ujpuuy spouse^ bride. Iflfuy woman: wife, ij-nuumpy daughter, u^q^tfi^ f/'^'^^ maid, tpipu/uij mother-in-law. 'um.y sons wife^ daughter-in-law. u^t^unt-p , mother-in-law j 12 hushiimVs mother. //iigiuJuj/p y gossip^ God- mother, 'td"^* uiftldfiMy p^uj^nu<^lty queen, princess, ^i^l^n^tij-y ijoimg girl, ^mcf^^, uMquM[u[fuy servant-maid, /^m/j coiv. tp^^^j heifery a young cow. Jlu^lty eive^ female sheep. iHupl^y hen. trquy hind^ etc. COMMON XPii^P^l- 9 man. n£sq.p > t^L.iuli , child. ^^^^ > infant. J^tun-u/iMj^ , an heir. p^nnHs , grandson ^ ov grand-daughter, p^n^^i^ y bird. iJun.ltL.&^y liorij or lioness, linpftihi , a young beast. ^*i/^ , chickj chicken. ^^^, bird, fowl, n^utpy sheep, uip^uin- y cattle. Muqiuifi^p , pigeon^ dove. sp , horse, int^a , dog^ bitch. tt"-P~ > charmer. tHuptiuiplj^ y prophet^ or prophetess^ etc. NEUTER ^ni^fi y water, oi^. , air. ^nqj> earth, ^llup^ il^'uy body, lrpiil^'kg.9 heaven, i^juy light. &-ujiL y tree, it-n,^ , hand, mng , foot, ^"tt > souXy spirit, dlun^, y mind, mm^ , house, uj^ p^nn- y chair, ^tru/u^ y life. iJlu<^ , death. W^y ^ female child, etc. Some genders are indicated also by their terminations, as MASCULINE Qnil^u/ifulfU y John. ^nL-iliufiinu y JuUaU. W^u/uiiiulMnu yAthanasius. fd-^nq.npnu y Theo- dore^ etc. FEMININE i^nil^ufifutu y Joan. Qm^ifiu/i^k > JuUana. WJP^iuuuiultui y Athanasia. i0*^ni[.npiiM , Theo- dora j etc. il«i#^iy-/w_^^ , Bose. ^/»^it-<>/r, a priestess heathenish.^uM<^uMiMiujnL<^[t , a priestess. J^p^ if.iupl^nL.<^[t y a prophetess. \\umni.uM&nuvords, as, Sm^'^iu^];^ , human, kind. 14 The different modes of producing com- pound epithets and words^ are the trea- sure and ornament of the Armenian lan- guage; a thousand varieties of compounded words may be made in this tongue as may be perceived in the Armenian grammar pu- blished 1815. SPECIES or KIND There are two kinds of words : Primi- tive, as, i/luprj.yman : and Derivative or De- rived having at the termination a particle, as, Jlup,i.\m^^x , human. The Derivatives are most abundant in the Armenian language. NUMBER Numbers are two: Singular, as, Jhtpii^^ man: and Plural, as, J^fq^ or Jlupii-P^f men. The plural of some nouns is formed in a particular manner, as, ij/^*^, woman, ^u^^ ^'y^f women. i/u/iM^y conve^it^ ilufLnpujj.^^ iluaunftlrujj^ or ilufulrpuMj^ , convents. if-ltit or Hrbu-^^ book^ if-filru/Ui books. iHifunt-liy child} boy^ dluiMlimlt , children^ boys. The proper nouns are sometimes made plural with the particle ^^"^i-y as, ^ptt"C^ Gregory, %p[i^nplru/iip_ , Grecjories. B"^"'^- ^4^4/ > John^ \^nil^iJiiu[iulrufiig y Johns. 15 CASE The cases in the Armenian language ac- cording to the modern authors are ten in number. 1. Nominative, tfluptf-ythe man. 2. Genitive, Jlupny^ of the man. 3. Dative, ^^piy or '^ Jhipij-^ to the man. 4. Accusative, nJlupn. , the man. 5. Ablative, '/^ ^^pty > from the man* ^6. ^arn\li\eyfi/^l>^y 9 concerning the man. 7. Instrumental, Jluftij^nil^ by means of man. -^8. Circumdative, ^i/l^pii^ml, about the man. *- 9. Commorative, *^ i/lupf[. or '/r inuitij^n,.J\ in the man. *' 10, Vocative, niljUupij-^ o man! It is to be remarked in this declension that the second case is changed in the ter- mination. The third in the termination, and is then denominated the dative-declined-in the-termination : and sometimes has before it a letter or preposition, and is then called the dative-with'the-preposition. The fourth case has before it the letter ^, which is sometimes omitted or understood. The fifth case changes in the termination, and has the letter or preposition 'f before it; or the letter; when followed by a vowel. The sixth case likewise changes in the termination, and has before it the tetter ^* The seventh case changes in the termination. The eighth case also, and has before it the letter ^* 16 The ninlh case has before it the letters *t or;, and when changed in the termination has always before it the same letter or pre- position. The tenth case has before it the interjection « or «4.' ^^^ ^^^ always ex- pressed. According to the ancient authors the cases are properly only six. 1. Nominative. 2. Genitive. 3. Dative. 4. Accusative. ^ 5. Ablative. -'..''^ 6. Instrumental. And these will be followed in the present grammar. DECLENSION Concerning the number of declensions of the nouns the opinions of authors are va- rious : we will reckon ten dividing them into two classes according to the grammar pu- blished in 1815. The first class contains six simple or re- gular declensions, and the second four mix- ed or irregular declensions : and they are distinguished from the second and sixth cases in this manner. 17 KEGULAR DECLENSIONS SINGULAR PLURAL Gen. Instr. Gen. Instr. 3 ♦ y ^ V. ni^*^ 0/y ng ^ "4s * 4* ufLyJ^iX uiJpL* ^^'^'^Y ^^3^ uiJp^* 5* /li-^jAv'^ /li-^VT"^ "*-3 y "'^B* IRREGULAR DECLENSIONS SINGULAR PLURAL Gen. Instr. Gen. Instr. 1 ♦ t^ni f t.ni£j)T ^"^3 > '-"^l*p or IrtuL. ♦ '^"£J3 > '^^w-rP or A'op ♦ 3 « # #P» a/£_ or li/iiJpL ♦ c*^^ > w^^ ♦ FIRST DECLENSION SINGULAR l.U^^^, the king. ^*- a'<^»^^ the king. 6* W^^^ijt^j with or by the king. PLURAL 1 ♦ ll/^'iy^ > the kings. K 2* \S-[^"at3^ of the kings. qC? 3* Xkp^^ijta ^^ j^p^"f/"y g^'pg^" * to the kings. -'^ "*♦ ^[ll^'W^ the kings. ^^ ^* j^P^'yta^ fro"^ the kings. ® ♦ ^l''P"ijt^^ » "^ith or by the kings. It may be seen by this example that the letters ?t , •♦ , 5 , form the plural ; but are not always signs of the plural in the termination of a word, as, ^ujqui^y city, gnfuy light. ^«^5> bread: which in the plural {orm^uiquj^^ , ci- ties, i^/uf^ y the lights, "^i^g^ > the loaves. The third and fifth cases carry before them the letter ; , when the noun begins with a vowel, and the letter '{», when the noun begins with a consonant. The cases are generally formed either by the addition of a vowel to the nominative, as, ^fii/L. , w^ord^ ^«i//r.^, ofthewordj ^tmy river y ^t-my , of the river. ii^Jrum , coat^ lif-h-uuiitL. y of the coat, ^prj^iumy Tiridates^ ^[lil^iumtyy of Tiridates: or by placing in the termination of a word the vowel of the last syllable^ as, i[.uip^p^y forger^ ri^uMp^lt, of the forger: or by omitting a vowel of the last syllable, as, uMtnlm/u , tribunal^ uimtr^ ^fi f of the tribunal : or by exchanging one 19 vowel for another, as, uiuMpml^qj garden^ uiujptn/>qli , of the garden. Some nouns have no singular, as, ifiunt.^ , glory, ^ujp^f custom. rf-<^nfup,^ hell. lini.n^^ idol. iilrufug.y lifej t-ftt-u^t face. usqoP:^y prayer^ etc. And others no plural, as, jy* hope, ul^p^ affection^ love, ^m^sy sleep. lr(*kbc^ earth, uiUftyXDOol. [uuML-uMp y tlw dttrU, ctc. SECOND DECLENSION SINGULAE !♦ li«i/^^, the order. qU ^r/C 2* Mujp^fif of the order. ^ 3 ♦ M'^pi^l' or '^ k^ct > ^"^ liiuptf^ , to the order. 4* q\\ujp^y the order. S* '^ \\iupi^l^y from the order. 6* \\iupi^mL.y with or by the order. PLUEAL 1 ♦ \\^ct^ > the orders. 2 ♦ \\uMpii-uig , of the orders. 3* \\ujpii-uMg or '^ ^iupif-uy to the orders. 4* -2^ifi//'^«i > the orders. 5* '^ liui^^f//^, from the orders. 6* \\uipif-uiL.^ or 4"^^?^q^, with or by the orders. 20 THIRD DECLENSION SINGULAR !• Xftupri.^ the man. 2* \TuMpii^yy of the man. 3* XS^uipri-ni or tnupqjtLtP QV '/r Jlupti ^ tO the man. 4» ^U"iiYiy., the man. S^ '^ IT'^/'^c^j ft'om the man. 6* y^uMpfj-nil^ with or by the man. PLURAL 1 • Mfuipij.^ , the men. 2 ♦ ij^gupi^ng , of the men. 3 ♦ igiuftii^ng or '^ Jtupi^u , to tho men. 4* ^Ifa/^iffi, the men. 5* '^ jpm^i^/»5, from the men. 6* y^uspij-ml^y with or by the men. FOURTH DECLENSION SINGULAR 1 ♦ ^^38 , the foundation. 2* ^pjUuy of the foundation. 3* i^ftJhfu or '^ ^J'^aSf to the foundation. A. q^^pifUf the foundation. 5* '/i l^l^iHu'itlfy from the foundation. 6* IjltiHuilpy with or by the foundation. PLURAL 1 ♦ ^ftintifiMp, , the foundations. 2 ♦ i^ttJiuug f of the foundations. 21 3* tJl^Jlu%g or 7f ^(Milhihiuy to the founda- tions. 4* -5^4i^«Ai£.^i/ , the foundations. 5 ♦ ^(t ^ftiHuisif , from the foundations. 6 ♦ ^I^JIuJIl^ , with or by the foundations. FIFTH DECLENSION SINGULAR i • ^u/u3t , the treasure. 2 ♦ ^u/iiirtL. , of the treasure. 3 ♦ ^.u/uinL. or *^ i^u/imI , to the treasure. 4^ ^q.iiii«J, the treasure. 5 ♦ '[b ^ufjuilf , from the treasure. 6^ %u/uSnL.j with or by the treasure, p PLURAL 1 ♦ ^iuiiS^ y the treasures. 2 ♦ q.fii'if J#ii-j , of the treasures. 3* ^.u/ulnL.g or '^ if.iuuluy to the treasures. 4* -2^H''"^^''> the treasures. 5 ♦ '^ <|.#/i^ J/»t^j , from the treasures. 6 ♦ %uMu^nL.^ , with or by the treasures. SIXTH DECLENSION SINGULAR *♦ yS.q^b^U^ the fountain. 2^ U.7ftf»> of the fountain. 3» ll.^t^ or j^i^i^p^ to the fountain. ^* lU,^^^^f > the fountain. 22 ^* jW^n^^C^ or jiuq^i-pky from the foun- tain. 6 ♦ w^qp-lrp^ or iuqpJr/iiuu , wlth or by the foun- tain. PLURAL 1. W/iPilrpp. or uiqp.lEi-itg.y the fountams. 2 ♦ w^qiE-lrpg or luq^pujg , of tho fountalus. ^[li-pu , to the fountains. 4* ^(j^i2;/iA-^i# or /j[iLuq^pi-pu y ihe fountains. 5 ♦ jlkit^CS ^^ j^i^^P^^a » from the foun- tains. 6 ♦ tk^^r^^ 0^ iutipJrpuML^ , with or by the fountains. SEYENTH DECLENSION SINGULAR 1 ♦ S^# > the place. SS ♦ S^^e^ > of the place. place. 4* i^8*-7A> the place. 5» '^ S^^2^ or > tnlrqL.n2k} from the place. 6* 8^i2^£i/£., with or by the place. PLURAL 1 ♦ Sl^qkg > the places. 2* s^t:*-":? > of the places. 3* ^IrijL^iiij or '^ intrqfiuAO thC plaCCS. 4^ i^S^^*') the places. ^23 ; . 'p ^Irql^iuy , from the places. u ^IrqtujL^ or ufirqtqgy wlth OT by the places. EIGHTH DECLENSION SINGULAR p^traJb , the burden. fKtrnLfih , of the burden. '3. filrn.j^'ii or 'p ^Irnht , to the burden. 4. ^ptn.?#, the burden. 5. '(t ^lriL.u/u^ , from the burden. 6. ^lrn.uiiQL , with or by the burden, PLURAL 1 ♦ ^triulfu^ , the burdens. 2 • ^yn^uibg , of the burdens. 3 • ^IriuiuLg or '/r fLlrti-liuu , to the burdeus. 4, ii^hn^lTiMu y the burdens. 5* '^ B^'^'^^t from the burdens. 6* B£-#i. the Lord, the Master. 2 ♦ Stu/HL^ , of the lord. 3* ^tuiiiSi or ginl^[if to the lord. 25 4* qSkpy the lord. o. '^ St^iun.^^ or '^ ^IrrA^j froiii the lord. G* Strpuii/pLf with or by the lord. PLURAL 1 ♦ %lruipp^ , the Lords, the Masters. 2. ^Irmpg OV intrpu/ug ^ of the lords. 3 ♦ ^t-ujpg , mlrpuMUg OVguilriuftu , tO tho lords. 4* ^S^"V> the lords. 5 ♦ '^ ^IruMpg or '^ mlrpiifug , from the lords. €♦ S^ffiiiii^^, with or by the lords. SINGULAR * ♦ W.'-C or o/f , the day. 2 ♦ \\i-ni-p , of the day. 3 ♦ Wj-ni-p or j"'^/' or jop , to the day. "*♦ ^U^r ^^ t*'/'' the day. S • jU^/'^ or joplf , from the day. 6^ \ii.ni^p(Ly with or by the day. PLURAL 1 ♦ Wunt-pp, , the days. 2* Hnrii-^j, of the days. 3» Wi-ni-[ig or jiuL.ni.puy to tho days. 4* ^y/_/i£-^f/, the days. 5 . jU-r-/»i_^^ , from the days. G. Wi-nL.pp^y with or by the days. SINGULAR 1 ♦ l^ujfp y the father. 2. ^miL^ or <>o^, of the father. 26 3* l^uii.py <;op ovg<;iujpy to the father. 4* ^4'iy/'' the father. 5. V^ :,u.^pl^ov '/. <;apk^ from the father. 6« ^^V^, with or by the father. PLURAL *♦ 4"V^> the fathers. 2* 4^^/^^ or ^«//im% , of the fathers. 3. l^uspg y <;iupiJLj or g<;uipu , to the fathers. 4* ^liupuy the fathers. S* '/'^u^pjor'fi <;iupu/Lg, from the fathers. 6^ 4"r^^ , with or by the fathers. TENTH DECLENSION SINGULAR * ♦ S/'^fu/i' , Tigranes. 2 ♦ Sfi^pi^^iiJ/ , of Tigranes. 3* Sfi^piu^iyOY 'fi ^[.^pufii, to Tigranes. ^* if8^^/»"V^, Tigranes. 5 ♦ '^ ^ttP'"'^"U > from Tigranes. 6* %lt^pu/isujuy with or by Tigranes. SINGULAR 1- llrqb'^k^ Helena. 2* ^^^''^A-i^y, of Helena. 3 ♦ ^IrqlTLlny QY umol Ifrq^'uk y tO Helena. 4* ii^t^hrq^i^, Helena. 5* '(e IfrqifiMlriy y ivom Helena. 6 ♦ i^trq^^iruiL. y with or by Helena. 27 ADJECTIVE An adjective is a word added to a Sub- stantive to express its quality. Adjectives ni the Armenian language ad- mit besides the number or case the degrees of comparison. The Comparatives are formed in three modes; i* with the particle f->, as p-utplMy good J ^uiph-tf-nfii, better, j^p^ had,^pujti-njis , worse. p.iuqnL.iPy muchj mamjf ^m-g^f^^^'it , more. 2. with the prepositions ?4«^t, u^, m^m^ ^hlf as, Jlr& y greats iHrb- ^ufUy tHr&Lu^ iun^uM^ i-lri^i/ir&^j greater. 3. with different cases of the substantivct as, Jt^S^ i/iup^tiip^l>yf great- er than all prophets. M-STi 'p tfujp^uipl^u ^ greater amongst the prophets. The Superlatives are also formed in three manners: !♦ with the particles mJl^» or ^Jy^f ft/* » 4-^ f ht^f or frn- put before them, as, uMifhrhiupusplt , hest. uidh^ftJuiumnA i wlseSt^ if.t-ptut/lugnLp f most clean. Jhr^unluMjIrini.^ most convenient. lrn-uiJlr&, greatest. 2. by adding to them some adverbs, as, Lu tfir&tu^ ti-nfu or ifhr&iu^nju Lu , greatest, jy^ tluim^ P^uipunf-njU y iuU^%iuplfu ^p , worst. uii^\, %L,li^ ^lrqllrg[tli , mosl liandsome. trp/,ju tq^ iilriiiy most miserable. 3. by redoubling the positives, as, ^^ a^V^ }jp^nL. , two* M ^r ^\j^ V^^*-^ \}pk^ , or AriL. , Irpp , three. ^ H^-» ^ "itSk y^ Qnpg or inpu , four. ^^.f^f^sJ--^^^^ ' l[trj, six. ^^. ^^ \ji-P^ or Irop^y seven. ie<^^ t^f^^ n«-/3^, eight, wo^ %uiuis y ten. ckc^^Vi IpirinujuEuis y eleveu. yjpk^uiujuu/iM y thirteen. ^nplr^uiiuuu/u y fourteen. ^tf-lrgniuuiuii y fifteen, \\t-^uiuu/ii y sixteen. 29 Xyi^p^LtniuuiM or lri.p^bni.iniuuu , Seventeen. {\i.p^Linujuu or ni.p^nL.iniuuii y eighteen, \kifuLmiuuu or Ififuni-tnutuu , nineteen, ^uu/hytiventi). ^uufu L ilfi , twenty one. l^^iruni.^ , thirty. ^ ^"^^^^ Ijnlruni.'D L IrnLni^ , fftiVfl/ tlW. ^ ^fitun-UiuniSisj forty. ^^'^ «ftcii#z-mf/#7/-^ Zl Ir^tlr^ , /orfj/ t/iree. Qfiuni.^, fifty. ^C4 j\iuf^unifu^ sixty. \$i.p^ufuu£uni^y seventy. fli_p f/#»/_^ , eighty. \ii/uuni^ , ninetij. X^fuuniMs L. ftWu , ninety nine, ^iup^t.^ y hundred, /^ch^m^ hpif^['/"-p> two hundred, hckf^'^^l'l^-p f three hundred. Qnph:g<^iiipPLp , four hundred. ^f/iM^<^ujpPi^p y five hundred. \\trij<^ujpPi^P y six hundred. |;i_p^<^«i/^^£_^ , seven hundred. (\i.lJ^ third. Qn^'linpif. OTin^fip, ^iUiunpff. j foUTth. hi-P^b-^npi^y seventh. \\'^Rl^P"P't^ eighth. yinslrpn^^ , ninth. %UMuulrfinpri.y tenth. ^uu/ijlr^in^q. y twentieth. }jplruulr^np,f.y thirtieth. ^^iuiuiuu%lrpnpri.y fortieth. Qpu^t-^tn^f^ , fiftieth. xliup^u^t-pnpq. f sixtieth. \ji-f3^ui%ujuhlrpnp/^ y seventieth. f\i-Puhlrpnpi^ y eightieth. \(u'iMiMulrpnpii. > ninetieth. t,^l't'-p^C"Ct > ^^ '^"'cl"^P"Pt » hundredth. \jpk^pb'-U^C"Ct > *^^^ hundredth. i^uitiiuplrpnpti. y thousandth. SEPARATIVE If^fi/^r , one^ sole^ only. Jjp^lnn^ or Irp^uj^y tWO Ouhj^ tWO. \jpplriu^ y three 07ilij, three. Qnplriu^ or ^lun-lriuli , four onUj^ four. 2^ij.lriuli y five only^ five. ^iuuu/riuli y ten only J ten. \}i-P^iu^iuuislriu/i y seventy only^ seventy. Z^uipfti^plriulf , hundred only^ hundred. 31 DISTRIBUTIVE \jp^nglru/u or Irp^npins , hotll^ tJie tWO. Xjftlr^lrufu or Irjikflfuy tlw thvee. \^i.p^u/ulr^lru/iM or tri-P^iMfulr^ltu , the seveu. \jni£nuiujuu/ulr^lrtA/u 01* lrpl£nuiiuuu/ulrgft% » tliC twelve. \}pliuM^ufii^i-P , hoi\i, one and the other. REPLIOATIVE Xjp^uiujinp^ or ^pil'^ > double J two. {fnlrp^ii^iiitn^I^ yt-fLUJu^tutn^/^ OV lrftlr^lf[tU y triple^ treble^ threefold. fourfold. ps^ujufiuiijli/f , quintuple^ fivefold. \ji.p^iuuitjjinl>i^ , sevenfold, ^uju^uiiuuip^ 9 tenfold. l^iup[tL.[tiuuiuMmltIi^ hundredfold. l^iuiiuipuiu^uMinltli , thousandfold. THE NOUNS PARTITIVE (\i&yngy /e^, some^ somebody J one^ any^ ivho soever. jiSE , pTi^j a^ one^ some^ certain^ single^ any. XyiiJiruj^,^ or /fflrpiug > ofone^ of the other. \\i.puip^iuu^i.l, or uMu^ltL.p , eac/i^ every ^ any. y ^i_ "ijL_"^y another. yS.jL.t'f^ ' "^jlI^L) (another, different. 32 \p^i-u nifb , another. \%i-piu^iuu^i-ITi np. f every one. \%LpuMpu/u^i-P l»uiy every or any thing. \r/> J^y every y any. ^u/uli Ifit^ or ^utitlt JJty some^ not many. THE NOUNS GENERAL jj^iHAiufiM or tuJiir^ 9 all, every, any. \}iflAlrplriuii or uMilhriblrplfiM , ally every one. ^ninp , ally whohy entire J total. ^ninplrptru/u ov fLninplr^ltUy ally every one. ^UiiluJiiM y ^umJiuI^ y ^iUifonl^ y £LltiUi- y nt^nfu y y ally whole, entirey totaly complete. WJlruuMfiM ng_ y every one. X^iflruujjiM (/h^y every or any thing. [\p HfL } whoever, whosoever. {\p /i^ij whatsoever. fl^ np^ y noney not oney not anyy nobody. f\l_t^l_ or n^Jliltu^ nothing y not any thing. THE NOUNS INTERROGATIVE n° or n^ who? which person ? fl/f, ivho? which? \i"ijlj what ? which ? ^iii^py how much ? how many ? a^il^ngyn n^y^^ n^y whOCVCr ? WllO ? {\°P ^as , ^/''^/^ t'^i: ivhatever ? what ? {Ypu^fiul, y tili%^nlMuli y what F which ? Wpguf^i np^if^y how much ? how many ? o3 THE NOUNS RELATIVE lljuufliu^ y uy^sufpup , suchj liliBy sume^ si- milar^ as^ so. \^^q.in[,u[t , ij-yuiiiliulM , 50^ as^ like^ similar. \^uuiliu[i y^yuuijiuli y so, as, as that, like that. JJ^u^uAi , uy'hgii/D , SO much, as many. \}^u^^ , uyuiuiift , so much, as many. \S.j1:p.u/u , ij.y'hg.uju , so many, so much. M^jt^'t ^ ir'iP'^'i' > *^ many, so much. U^V*"^ > 'i'y'k^iuu , so many, so much. ^Ju^ift , ^nfii^ip , 50 many, so much, so much as. All these middle nouns are declined under one of the ten declensions of nouns substan- tive, except niR and np , which are diffe- rently declined in the singular, but similarly in the plural number, as SINGULAE 1 ♦ ftffi , one, some, fl^ > one, any person. 2 ♦ i\L.pni.[R f of one. ti'-p"'^^ > of any. 3 ♦ f\L.i/lri& , to one. (li-i/kg » to any. 4* q^(\ifii9 one. i(ip* any. ti. j{\^Jiri&^f from j(\i.Jk^^ y kom any. one. €• fl'^'^* with or by n<^<^ > with or by one, any. 34 PLUEAL 1 . H'^V > some. 2. f\i/iuiigf of some. 3* f\i/ti/b^ or jnJufuu J gnJiuiiu y tO SOmC. 4* ii{\inuiMuy some. 5* j{\Jh/ujy from some. 6 ♦ {\inui%g , with or by some. PRONOUN Pronouns stand in place of nouns and, like them, have case, number, and particu- larly the first, second and third persons, as, In Armenian they have no genders. There are four kinds of pronouns: Sub- stantive or Personal, as, £-*/, I. fim^^ihou. Ifu^ , ]\e^ himself, fii-p , own^ himself. Defini- tive, as, uuM y this (person or thing), q-uj , that (person or thing). ^m, that, he^ she^ it. Pos- sessive, as, piP or pi%l'^j my J mine, ifhrp or Jlrpylfit , our^ ours, ^nj or ^njlf'i* y th])^ thific. Jit-p or Jttrpyph y your^ tjours. /n-p or t'-V^- IfiM y his^ herSy its. [n-plrufiig , their ^ their s. And Relative^ as, np , who^ which^ that^ what. The three letters ^ , ^ ,*i^ , are called Arti- cles-distinctivc-of-the-persons; and joined to the terminations of words and verbs, shew their persons or order, and are used as pro- nouns personal, possessive, and definitive, as, J^upi^u^ I who am a man^ or my man^ or this 35 man. iHupti^y thou ivho art a maUy or thy man, or that man. J^piiX, he who is a man^ or his man or that man. DECLENSIONS OF THE PERSONAL PRONOUNS 1. Person. SINGULAR 2* ]^J) of me, mine or my. (r jt^ ^^ 3* \{uiygltuy iun. (tu, to me. '^^-^^ -^^"^^^ 4 ♦ ti\%u , me. '^ nt ^/ ^ ^"^"^ PLURAL l*ir^^,we. r^Y^ 2 ♦ ir^/i , of us, our or our's. 3 ♦ \X^ij B'^qj <^«- '^'U ^^ ^s* 4* ^Ift^i us. I* '^ ir4^^» ft'om us. ♦ U*^*.^ y or iflrog , with or by us. 2. Person. SINGULAR w^ ♦ n*#iiL , thou. ^^^^.^ 2* »fi/i, of Ihee, thine or thy. 4. Y'Pi&^t, thee. 5 ♦ /^ *p4^2# , from thee. 6 ♦ *pt , with or by thee. 36 PLURAL 1 ♦ n*#»^ ye or you. ] ^ 2* a^^> of you, your or your's. -^ 3^ ^Ir^y gilriij lutt. 3ilrqj tO yOU. 4* ^at-jr^, you. S* !^ S4^^» from you. 6 ♦ £Ar^^ or Jto^ , with or by you, 3. Person. SINGULAR ^ 1 ♦ li%g% , he or himself. Ov^'^^'^ 2 ♦ iru^Hra/ii , of him or his. 3* ]i%tm^, or «/«- ^'^'^j to him. 4^ i5[]v^'^, him. 5» jYis^l/hl^y from him. 6* li^^-fiii^, with or by him. PLURAL 1 ♦ Yi'^lru'^^y they or themselves. 2* Yiigfrufugy of them, their or their's. 3* \%ii^lriJug y or iun. Ifiig^lru/iMu iio thcm. 4^ ijji^tiii/'^f/ , them. 5* j\hi^lrufugy from them. 6 ♦ \ from these. 6* \^n^,uL^ or u#»^q^ > by or with these. 2. Person. SINGULAR 1 ♦ q.u# , that (person). yC-A" 2 ♦ q^n^fi/ , of that. 3 ♦ q.i^ or jif «i , to that. 4* ij'l^m, that* 5* 'l»J\.iflu'iih, from that. 6 ♦ q./»^iic , by or with that. PLURAL 1 ♦ q.n^fi/ , those (persons). 2 ♦ q.#»y*ii , of those. 3 ♦ %njui or uiiL. rj-nuiu , tO thoSC. 4» ijO^™*//, those. 5 ♦ '^ q./»j£ii'i#4^ , from those. 6 ♦ %np,u»i.^ , or rf-n^a^ , by or with those. 3. Person. SINGULAR 1 ♦ \,fii , that (person) he, she. 2 ♦ %nfiii ) of that. 39 3 ♦ \jJlu I or gi^iu , fii/L 'ituM y to that. 4 ♦ t^iu f that. 5 ♦ 'p \,inJu^ , from that. &^\,nilutL. f by or with that. PLUBAL 1 ♦ \,ng'^ f those. 2 • %njtu , of those. 3 « %njiu or nz/i. *UnuuM y gUnutu y tO thoSe* 4» tiYjnuiuy those. 5 ♦ '^ \,"3"''^h > from those. 6 ♦ 'XjngiM*^ or ^n!^<^ , by or with those. Declensions of Definitive Pronouns Adjective. i. Person. SINGULAR 1 • H^u y this (person or thing). 2 ♦ W^up or lujunpftli y of this. 3 ♦ U^«/t/^ tyuJJtl^ or ui/L My<* > to this. J> ♦ jXS^juiHuu^ y from this. C • W^""'- or iujunt-li^ y by or with this. PLURAL * • 13. j«(^ or lyungftli y these. 2 ♦ Un/'^if or ujjuitgl,^ y of these. 3» U.^y^ > ^""sbk or '^'^ ujjunu[t^y to these. ^* iUj^'^M' these. ^* jU-J''j or jiyugu/ul^ , from these. G* U. j*"2;p/"^ or «^i/o^/r«^^, by or with these. 40 2. Person. SINGULAK 1 ♦ Hjif , that (person or thing). -^'M 2 ♦ U.j'^r or iy^npPi > of that. 3 ♦ IJ iiy-i/J njjrj^Jjili or #ii«- «^^ > to that. ^* ^Uh/'^' that. §• jW^jf^-uful^y from that. 6 ♦ \\^jtni. or uMjij.nL.lMli , by or with that. PLURAL * ♦ U-J^ or iyt^-ftk > those. 2 ♦ U.j^^ or ujjfi^ni^lli , of those. 3 ♦ W^jfhg » "iit"5tk 0^^ "''^ "ut""bk > to those. 4 . ^ll j-f ^''^^ > those. 5 ♦ jW^j'td or j"{jt9^^^ ' trom those. 6* U.e/Y^'2;^^'^ or uijij-n^liJ^^y by or with those. 3. Person. SINGULAR 1 ♦ Xkfi y that (person or thing). 2 ♦ UBey^/* or lup'npltk > of that. 3 ♦ \}^j'uiPy "ifi'^^k or ""^ "ifi' > to that. 4* ^li,y^> that. 5* j^^JuJlJuky from that. 6 ♦ U. j^''^ or iyunt-lt^ , by or with that. PLURAL 1 ♦ UbjV or ujfungtk » those. 2 ♦ 0,j% or iMMfun^fili , of those. 41 to those. 4 ♦ iXS^j^nt'l'k or -jriiy^f/ , those. 5 ♦ jU.,y% or juMjiiijuMul^ y from those. 6. lkj^'2/?^^^ or iMjisi!gl,jp,p^,hy or with those. Of/ier Definitive Pronouns Adjective. 1. Person. SINGULAR 1 ♦ Uj/*^, this same (person or thing). 2^ ll#»^/#^ or unjtntfu , of this same. 3^ WiflfiM or U//L unjnifu OV ungnuUg , of thCSC Same. 3 • Wnglf^ or iii#L unuffiM , a##i, unjUu , tO thcSC same. 4* ^Ug/^'') qunuftuy these same. S* '^ \j#»^/f^^j, from these same. 6* II ''^"^4/2 > unp[iJp.^y or urignLtf^y Vj Or with these same. 42 2. Person. SINOULAB 1. q.g/2#,that same (person or thing). 2 ♦ ^npP% or ii-npni.^., of that same. 3 ♦ O^iiJWf or uin. iiyu , to that same. 4» ijO^o/iri that same. S* (^ %yu or '^ >f'i?'*^) from that same. 6* %nilifu or ti-mlPiipL , by or with that same. PLUEAL 1 . ^nfiif^ f or ^i-ngp^ I those same. 2 ♦ ^ngpU , rf-ngnthi Or tj^ngnAg , of thoSO Same. 3 • ^ngfflM or fii#i. rj^nuftlM y tun. tV^" * ^^ thOSe same. 4» ijO'^'i'fi or i^nufi'iiy those same. 5 ♦ '/r i\.ngnt/iig , from those Same. 6 ♦ %ntliiJ^ , t'*^b^'^ ^^ ij-nj^ttL-J^^ , by or with those same. 3. Person. SINGULAR 1 ♦ "bgA* » th^t same (person or thing). 2 ♦ '{japP^ or i##Y'/ifJ^ , of that same. 3* 'b*^*^ or uMiu%npMy to that same. 4* ^yUi that same. 5* ('^ *iL,2/J# or '^ ^ii^i#) from that same. 6* \,ni^% or inijpjp. , by or with that same. 43 PLURAL 1 • \ykiL or %n^'u , those same. 2 ♦ \,ngpU ^'Ungni^M OV^ngni^tf , of thoSC Sailie. 3 ♦ '\jngfiis or tun. 'unultU y tun. ^yLu , tO ihoSC same. 4* tiXjiMfiiuy or i^nultUi those same. 5* [t'y^ngni^u^y troiii thosc same. ^ * 'ij"'J[["%^ i ^ngt^F^ ^^ ^#2^#f«_f^, by or with those same. The Definitive pronouns are accompanied sometimes with the pronoun Ifu^y self^ as, uiu li%gh , this self-same, f^us [tu^u , that self- same or himself, ^iu [fu^ , that self-same or himself iyu Ifu^y this same, 'unju (fii^y same J that same. Or they are joined together, as, un/iM uiu^ this same. q-yiM tj-tu , n^nfu ujfrj^ , that same, the same himself Declensions of Pronouns Possessive. The Possessive pronouns are formed of personal and definitive pronouns; the second case of these forms the first case of the pos- sessive. 1. Person. ^ SINGULAR ,\ I K Iw/; my (mine). ^f^^l^ ^ 2^ ]M/yy of my. 44 3^ \Mfht-J\ or uin. [fiPy lo my. 4. qX^iPy my. S ♦ j}^t/l/J^ or jpi% > from my. 6* \\i/?iil2 by or with my. PLURAL 1 ♦ ]ii^ , my. 2 ♦ ]ii^^ , of my. 3 ♦ \ii/nj , usfL. [tJu , to my» 4 ♦ ^|i#^ , my. 5 ♦ ,/bi% , from my. 6* XnHtilpy by or with my. SINGULAR 1 ♦ ITAyi , our. 2 ♦ XS^lrpy , of our , our's. 3* Xf'frpnL.iPy to our. 4* -5firi^^ , our. 5* '^ ir^yi^ or '^ iA^^2/ » ft*^^^^ ^^1' 6* ipt^fii^, by or with our. PLURAL 1. irt^t our. 2* U"Zr^//j, of our. 3 ♦ \S^I^[ing , to our. 4* ^irt^f#, our. 5* '^ ITAy"'^, from our. 6* ipt^/ii^, by or with our^ 2. Person. SINGULAR 1 ♦ »pn , thy (thine). 2 ♦ -p.y , of thy. 3» *B^, or ^ni.J) to thy. A* q^V-n, thy. 5» '^ -p.ni-i/1/^ or '^ ^^, from thy. 6* *p./ii^, by or with thy. PLURAL l.^y^y thy. 2* -V^njf of tliy. 3* -p/iy or *^ ^2^«'> to thy. 4 ♦ ?*p2^«' ) thy. 5^ 'p "P-''j> from thy. 6» *P/»ij^, by or with thy. SINGULAR 1 ♦ S^^ > your. 2 . Sit^pg^ y of your, your's. 3* a^^^^-fT, to your. 4* ^2^/»> your. 5 ♦ '^ at^'/^ or '^ ^i^/»2^ > from your. 6 ♦ ^Irpntlj by or with your. PLURAL 1 ♦ a*-/?^ > your. 2 ♦ U.^[ing y of your. 3 ♦ S.^[in^ y to your. 4^ ^a^"* your. hi5 5* 'p U^l^png > fr^'^ your. 6 • U^^pni^ f by or with your. 3. Person. SINGULAR 1 ♦ \iL.it , his or her. 2 • fic/yg^ , of his. 3» iii^#i£-f/; to his. A. q\\i-iif his. S* jb^/»*^ or jlfi-pn/f from his, 6* \\t.pn^ by or with his. PLURAL I ♦ h'Y^ > his. 2^ ^<-^#lJ, of his. 3 ♦ l^i-pny , to his. 4* f|i£.^c#y his. 5 ♦ j\i^png , from his. 6* |ii.^/ii^, by or with his. From the genitives of these are formed other possessives with a particle V^ ; they have the same signification, but are declinedi with prepositions, and are these: l^^t'^y my, mine, .^ylfu > f hy^ thine. Jk-pyliu , our. it-py^ pu y your. l"-py(t'i* > Hs or her own. The same possessives are formed also in this manner : t^lf^ » my^ mine. J^ifiyp^ , our. itr^iy/i^ , your. [nupuMflfu y his. ftt-fthutb^ guMjft%y their: and these are declined. Declensions of possessives derived from the Definitives. i. Person. SINGULAR 1 ♦ JJnpiu , his or her. 2 ♦ \i»£iiyy > of his. 3* \}nnu£int.iPy tO HlS. 4. S. 6* Mnpiynil, bv Of with his. PLURAL 1 ♦ Mnpuj^ y his or her. 2 ♦ MS'tptyj or unpiyng , 01 his. 3* ll^/''^5> ^^' unpuMjngy to his. 4* a\J'Y"^*'> his, 6. ^npiynil^y by or with his. SINGULAR 1 ♦ ^ngui , their. 2^ U^^'^CA* of their. 3* ^nguMinuiP, to their. 4. PLURAL 1. \j/fjfiy^, their. 2 • U^j'^j or uitgujjng I of their. A8 3 ♦ \i"g^g or unguMjntf , to tiiGir- 4* nX^nifujfu^ their. S* '^ U^'^'iyj' from their. 6* lJo^fiy#fi^, by or with their^ 2. Person. SINGULAR 1 ♦ ^itpiy f his or her. 2» ^»'Y"^W'' of his. 3* t\.npujjnL.J] to his. 4. 6 ♦ ^npiu/ni/j by or with his. PLUBAL !♦ ^^'Y'fijy^) his or her. 2 ♦ ^npujjif or l^npuMjjng , 01 hlS* 4 ♦ tg^npujju , his. 5* '^ n-«/"^'»j» from his. 6* ^npiynili^y by or with his. SINGULAR ^nguM , their* %n^ujjnj , of their. q./»^#xy/ii.£r, to their. 1. 2. 3* 4. 5- 6* ^.njiyni/j fiy Or with their. 5.^.jw v-^ Vt^' or ^i i^r.i^'- v^^' V ie ^ oc ^*^ ^ lv.1' ^ ft*M. <*■ ^ »-V^« ^ ^ ^ ^ 13 ,^ ^c^^^ '1 ^£<^^ ^^ n iP-'^- ... _-cM ^ w> *^ ^.^ * ^•-'- V^' F^^ or -t**^3 gOH •it^- •-ic Vj a/-^ 4 ^^ /49 PLURAL 1 . %ngiy^ , their. 21 ♦ ^\^nrfujjg or i^s^'^g > 01 their. 3 . %"3^"3 or [t inijuMju , to their. 4* if^X^ng^"^ their. 5* '^ %"3^"a^ fiom their. C* %ngiynilpy by Of with their. 3. Person. SINGULAR 1 . "i^/i^iii > his or her. 2 ♦ '\j"p'yy » 01 his. 3 ♦ \nftiuinL,ir, to his. 4- o ♦ ^*\3"V"U'"Li by ^^ ^ith his. PLURAL i ♦ \jnpuMf^ , his or her. 2 ♦ \3n1tujj3 or ^i"'piy"3 > of his. 3 ♦ %n[EUJjg y'unpiujntf Or ' (t^npuMfU , tO hlS. 4 • '[\j"n"ii*^ y his. 5 ♦ '^ \jnpiyng , from his. 6 . \,n[iiujnil^ , by or with his. SINGULAR 1 ♦ ^,#751/1 , their. 2 ♦ '\jn3iyy > of their. 3 . ^ngiyni^iP, to their. 4. ^ ♦ '\j"3"ij"'L '^y ^^ ^^^'^ their. 50 PLURAL 1 ♦ ^nguMf^ , their. 2 ♦ 'Vy"g^3 or 'ungiynt^ , of their. 3 • \3nguMing or *^ *ungujju , to their. 4* i[\^ngujjui their. 5^ [t\,ngujjngy from their. 6* \,ngujjnil^y by Or with their. Declension of the Pronoun Relative. SINGULAR 1 ♦ fl^ or #» , who, which, what, that. 2* flrw whose, of which. 3 ♦ f\pnL.tror tuiL np y to whom, to which. 4* -2fl/»> whom. ^* c/H/"^ or j^/'g^ ) from whom, from which. 6* (\pntlj with or by whom or which. PLURAL 1 ♦ (ip^ y "^ho, which, what, that. 2* n^^^j whose, of which. 3 • n/"»5r or iun. npu , to which. 4. yH/"'* which. S* c/n^^5> from which. 6 . 0/"'^ > by or with which. VERB The verb signifies to be, to do, or to suf- fer with tense, number and person. Five properties belong to the verb. Kind, 51 Tense or Time, Number, Person and Con- jugation. KIND There are four kinds of verbs : Substan- tive, Active, Passive, and Neutral. The first denotes existence, as, tiT, I am. q.nJ\ I do exist. The second action, as, iu,l^ ^trJ] I do, I make. The third sufferance, as, iiiij.^ptrf I am done or made. The fourth the action subsisting in itself, as, iu^iuinfitPj I labour. m^uhP^ I go. There is also another kind called Com- mon, which signifies the action as well as the sufferance, as, q-MumfiJ] I judge^ and I am judged. TENSE There are three tenses of the verb : the Present, as, ^^t^r, I write. Past, as, ^pt-^ ffp > I wrote : and Future, as^ tC^sts ' ^ shall write. The past is either Imperfect, as, tpkt » I was writing^ orTerfect, as, tU^ab > ^ vorote. The ancient grammarians add two other perfect tenses : thePreter-perfect, as, ^.plnug^ hiPy I have writteUj and llie Preler-plu-per- fect, as, ^plruii^^fi , J had written: but these lenses do not necessarily belong to the Ar- menian language. 52 NUMBER The verb has two numbers : Singular, as, ^-ptrJ\ I ivrite^ and Plural, as, ^[ilnlp , we write. PERSON The persons are three : First, as, ^ptnf) I write. Second, as, ^ptru , thou writest. and Third, as, ^p^ , he writes. CONJUGATION The variation of a verb in it's tenses, numbers, and persons is called conjugation. Conjugation is either Regular or Irregular. Regular conjugation changes regularly in the termination of the verb without any omission. The irregular conjugation wants some tense or mood, and is called Defective; or in some tense or mood deviates from the rule, and is called Devious; or wants the first and second person, and is called Imper- sonal. MOODS OF THE VERB The manner of signifying some action is called the Mood. There are four in the re- gular verbs: Indicative, Imperative, Sub- junctive and Infinitive. When the verb indicates some action, af- firming it simply, it is called the indicative, 53 as, if/itiT, I write, ^/»*3f/'f I wrote, ^pHrgftg ^ I shall write. When it commands or prohibits, it is call- ed imperative, as, ^plnJ, write thou or do thou write. Jll tc^^p > do thou write not When it expresses a suspended action, or dependent upon another verb to complete tlie sense, it is called subjunctive, as, tp^t tf^^ftgh^r, if I ivrite. When one action is denoted without tense, number or person, the mood is called infi- nitive, as, ^ptru to write. The indicative has three tenses, with per- sons and numbers. The imperative has two tenses: present, and future ; it has two num- bers, but in the singular has no first person, because he who speaks does not command himself However in the plural there is a first person, because other persons are ad- dressed and commanded. The subjunctive has the numbers, and persons perfect: but in the tenses has only the present, and the future, because the Ar- menian language has not properly the past tense of subjunctive. The infinitive has neither tense, number, nor person : whence it is used as a noun, and declined in the singular, and is then called the Gerund. Example. SINGULAR !♦ ^plr^ to write. 2 ♦ %plrup , of writing. 3* %plri^ or (t tV^Li t^ writing. 4» -5|[S-/ft^, the writing. 8* *^ %plr[2fy from writing. 6 ♦ ^plr/niiy with or by writing, writing. The Conjugations of the verbs are four, and are distinguished by the last vowels of their indicatives, which are, t, ^, «-, {-♦ The indicative of the first conjugation ends with the vowel t, as, ^^cf^i/*, 1 move ; of the second with ••*> as, ini-u/umiPy I wash; of the third with «*-, as, is the sign of the first and second person, and^ of the third; provided only that ^ be not the article dis- tinctive of the person, because it then would be singular. Every verb which terminates in /, is in the first person ; in •# , is in the second per- son ; verbs ending in (. or ^ , are in the first or second person ; verbs ending in t ,••**- 1 «!. , m^ or -i» , in the third person ; and those terminating in^., are in the second and third person. In every conjugation the future of the in- dicative is formed by adding the letter ^ to the perfect, as, ^m^cf t^^ , I movedj ^pJ-t-^ dtd > ^ shall move. int-uMglt , f washed, ini-iu^ gl>3 f I shall wash. ^itrqO , I poured out, ^Ir^ qlij 9 1 shall pour out. m^uiy y I learnedj m,^ uuj/j , I shall learn. PARTICIPLE The participle is formed by adding to the termination of the verb the particles ^^ or 0-2^ (sign of the present), t-i^(sign of the past) i^y or i^f- (sign of the future). As a verb it has tense, and as a noun > cases and numbers. Example. P E E S E N T Singular. 1 ♦ ^pnq^ or 'jf^po'ij he who writes , or is writing. 2 ♦ ^iinqfi y of him who writes. 3. %pnq[i or ujn. if-ftm^ y to Wvci who writcs. 4. i^itnqj him who writes. r>v) 5* '^ ^pnqk} from him who writes. 6 ♦ ^pnqusL. , by or with him who writes. Plural 1 ♦ ^^pnq^ , those who write , or who are writing. 2 ♦ ^.pnquig , of those who write. 3 ♦ %pnqiui^ or m/L ^pnqu , to thoso who write. 4* i^^f^''^* those who write. 5 ♦ *^ ^pnqujg , from ihose who write. 6* ^./f/iijrw/t^ or fpnqqgy by or with those who write. PAST Singular. 1 ♦ f\.ptruju written or wrote. 2 ♦ ^plrgnf y of written. 3* ^plrify or w/nL ti^ph-uM^y to written. 4* t^plrui^y written. 5* y* ^[itrinfy from written. 6* ^plr/nilj by or with written. P/wrai. 1 ♦ ^plriui^ , written or wrote. 2 ♦ %plring , of Written. 3 ♦ %cl^uid ^^ ^"- tV^^Ui > to written. 4. -^^.^tm^, written. j; ♦ *^ %p^i^3 > from written. 6* \plri2'l^^ hy or with written. FUTURE The future ending in i^j , is declined only with prepositions, as, Singular. 1 ♦ ^.plriny^ to he written. 3* '^ ^'plrfajy to that to he written. 4* qH^p^inyy to ho writtcu. Plural. 1 ♦ ^pt-ing^ , to he written. 3* '/f ^.plringuy to that to ho written. A. ii%plringuy to hc writteu. The future terminated in i}; , is declined thus, Singular. !♦ %plrg[iy to he written. 2 ♦ %iilrii-y , of that to he written. 3» ^•/'t^g^ or mrL. t^^lri^y to that to he written. 4* i^plrfliy to he written. 5» '^ %i'^i±yy f^'oni that to he written. 6 • ^.plrih^iiii. y hy or with that to he written. Vlural. !♦ H/ft^e^, to he written. 2 ♦ %ftlrit^uitf y of that to he written. 3 ♦ ^^[ilrilriuj or '^ tv^ib^ > to that to be written. 4* i%plritiuy to he written. :i8 5* '[t q-^t^u/j , from that to be written. 6 ♦ 9>^t^u/£-^ or ^ptrft^o^ y by or with that to be written. Specimen of the four conjugations of the verbs regular with their moods^ tenses^ numbers and persons. INDICATIVE Present. Sing. Pers. Plur. Pers. Imperfect. Perfect. 2 . \nt,M-^li-^ hp ^/nutttj . ^ "i^-^kt^'dl^ • 3. yi:ii--n—hn-'^hn. utp—ffp—^'Ji • Future. 4. nt-u-uijj-jpu-jp. ^/"'^^-Hi^-jt''' • IMPERATIVE Vresent. 2 • I nt.uJ , JJi ini-iuliutn • \tti-ititilf^ , Jh int^iulnttj^ • \\i.uqli , t^ nL.uuft • ||£.ii^^f?/ , tQi ni~u^lih» Future. -.■■■• i 'J r; 1 . {^tu^iJ-liu^bp or ^unJ-hu^ Xj"*P^^'*^"h^ » lui^iJ-hu2l{R f 2« \nt.uiu£li£t or ^ t-.au u u Iru f \iii.tuuunL.o , int^utu^l'^ r 4. ||i^<'^/«/' or nt-uutlt\t^ip , {It-ujnup t fft-u^flp or nuuiu^ SUBJUNCTIVE The present is formed like that of indicative. Future. INFINITIVE «» • Jhti—nt-i* 'i « II e«/iii7/-f^ or A^. 60 PARTICIPLE A Present. Past. Future. Z^^qiPJ or ZJ-'lll'* i]€.utultt£nj or {\t-utu'ith£liz CONJUGATION OF SUBSTANTIVE VERBS Defective verb b**** I «^. INDICATIVE Present. }ji/] I am. t^uj thou art. 4-> he is. b*^ > we are. 4^ , ye are. IrL , they are. Imperfect. \li , I was. 4-^// , thou wast. f,i/ , he was. l^iu^^ we were. 4/^, ye were. 4^^> Ihey were. IMPERATIVE b /* > be thou or do Ihou be. t^ > or Ayim^ , be ye or do ye be. SUBJUNCTIVE li^tiT, I ])c. [ijiru y thou be. l^gk y he be. ]»jA-i^ , we be. l^^kp^ , ye be, (tifl/u , they be. }ji2 to be. INFINITIVE PAETICIPLE Fast }jiuu been or having been. Future. \3inj , ^ hich is to be, or about to be. ' Comparing this verb with the verb 25^/»^ ^lr[_y to move^ of the first conjugation, it is clearly seen, that its conjugation is the basis of the latter. Defective verb ^|^«/, I am or jT exist. INDICATIVE Vresent. ^niPy I am. tf.nu y thou art. tf-y , he is. %nifp^ y we are* i^y^ > ye are. ^//^ > they are. Imperfect. ^^ybc * thou wast, f^yp > he was. H-yl'^'f they were. 0^2 SUBJUNCTIVE Future. q.#»i_^4^, he be, it may be, it would bo. ^.nt-jlAf they be, they may be. INFINITIVE ^^U to be, to exist. PARTICIPLE Present ^ynqj being. The deficiencies of this verb are supplied by the means of the other substantive verbs. The word ^{»V is used sometimes as a sub- stantive verb, as, ^l^ b'^^UC > ' '^^^^ ^^^ ^^^^* hand^ or l^am without a husband^ or I am not married. nuulruMi^^tuL, ^p^ , he has ne- ver lea^med. Substantive verb |,>i«^*»»t'J*> I am made or done. INDICATIVE Present. jjqiu^pj] I am made. Irqufu/iuy thou art made, h-qiuufty he is made. \iqufulii/gy we are made, yqiuu^^y yc are made. Irnuful/uy they arc made. 03 Imperfect. \jqu/isl^lM , I was made. lrqu/LI^[tp , Ihou wast made, t-quful^py he was made. \^qutisl^uMgy we were made. Iniu/ul^lt^i ye were made, t-qu/ukt'i' > they were made. Perfect \jq^ or trqffi/ > I have been, t-qt-^if thou hast been. trqL^ he has been. \jq^^ > or trqt^uip^ , we have been, tr^kft t or trquij^ , ye have been. Irqt'h , they have been. Future. bq^s > J shall be. trqp^pu , thou shalt be. irq^gP , he shall be. IMPERATIVE Present. ir/f' lrqu/b/,pfbe thou not. Irqlyliy Ict him be. Ijqtfiii-^ , be ye. #i?/ Irqu/uli^ , be ye not. ^qtsb^ > let them be. SUBJUNCTIVE The present is formed like that of the In- dicative. Future. l^qfi^piPov Irqiu^lig/iiPy I shall bo made. IrqP^ gl^u , thou shalt be made, it-^'^^ > he shall be made. 64 ^nbdb'Q^ or lrqu/ij[,g[,j^y ^^G shall be made. "^itdb^y yc shall be made, trql^ijl/uy they shall be made. INFINITIVE \;qufhl,u to be, to be made, to be done, PARTICIPLE Fast. hqtruiij been, made, done, having been. Future. }jqiJiilrgnj OF trijufulri^ > Whlch is tO be. Substantive verb j j^^S, J am, I am made. or done. INDICATIVE Fresent. IJ^^iTy I am.iP%^u, thou art. ^V> he is. AJfi't^y we are. i^f,^ , ye are. ^^V^, they are. Imperfect. AJ'^hh I was. i^uktp> thou wast, ij^kpy he was. \JfukiH^ , we were. i!^kt^ , ye were. ^#^i^. t'^ , they were. m Future. \J'jliiPy I shall be. [hgt^y thou shall be. /fof^* he shall be. \jijnL^ , we shall be. /A^^ or /A^ > ye shall be. /Aj^^ » they shall be. IMPERATIVE Present. 1*71, be thou. Jli iifiifipf be thou not. ^A^//, let him be. l/ig , or it^pni.^ , be ye. i^ tP^/fg > be ye not. lll^/i^s , let them be. Future. l/M* o^* df^tKr ^^ itdb"^ be thou. /A^/r', let him be. \J'3"'^ > let us be. [b^^y or il^^t^Il^ > be ye. (l^jli'i'y let them be. SUBJUNCTIVE Present is like that of the Indicative. Future. AJ^^tat^y I be or may be. [Ifi'l'gl'u , thou be, i^ultgft y he be. Xj^bst'^^ ^'6 ^^'df^hh^ y^ be. /AV^^^' they be. INFINITIVE {Jf^utr^ lo be. m PARTICIPLB Present. IJtisniu being. Past. llrtuijor [fiiruju been, having been. Future. Aj'^^ina ^^ i^^^it > which is to be. FIRST CONJUGATION Active C^*^r^tL» "io move. INDICATIVE ^tupJ^triPy I move. ^li/ffcf 4-i/ , thou movest. lujpcf^^fhe moves. ,^ X;uMpj^lrJ^y we move, ^p^^k^^ ye move. ^pJ^lrii , they move. Imperfect. ^$upc^l^ltj I moved or was moving, ^i/^^ >, «^4//» > Ihou movedst or wast moving, ^^^^ <2. r cf 4^P , he moved or was moving. ojK, Xiu^iicf^k^uifit we moved or were moving. 2^ k ^uz/fcf 4^^ > ye moved or were moving, ^uifi^ a^M <^4^^^> they moved or were moving. G7 j^ujpcflrgfi y I moved, ^^cf A-jfr^ , thou mo- vedst. luipJ^lruig , he moved. ^ --^ fiujpj^lrjui^ , we moved, i^^c^t-gtig. > ye mov- ed. iiupcHrg[/is , they moved. x/^^m. As we have remarked above, the Preter- perfect, and Preter-plu-perfect are not pro- perly formed in the Armenian language, be- cause when the necessity occurs, they are accustomed to join the participle to tlie other j tenses of the verb substantive. ^^a^ Future. ^^C,^ XiuMp^h-glMg , I shall move. ^pJ-b-uglru , thou ,« shalt move. ^p<^lrugk > he shall move. ^^^^ XiujpJlrugnL,^y we shall move. 2^pJ^tu2hgy ye shall move. iiupJ^lrujlru, they shall move. ^ ^tyA^i\f^,^^^ I3VIPEBATIVE ^ Present. ^ ^uiliJ^truiy move thou. Jljl luspiflrpy move thou not. 2^p^lrugl^ , let him move. X;uMpJ^lri^l^^y move ye. Jli ^pJ-kp^y move ye not. 2}^pd^lruglriM y let them move. The negative particle JJiy not, is also placed with the third person of the present, and before all the persons of the future in every conjugation. 68 Future. '^lupJ-lru^lilt OV lUMpd^lrugy^u i ITlOVe ihoU. ^f^/f^ j^irutfl^y let him move. liiuiiJ^frujni,^^ let us move. luj^J^t-u^^^ move ye. luipj^lrugy'is , let them move. SUBJUNCTIVE The present is like that of the Indicative. Future. X;iupd^liglriry I move, I may, might, could, should, would move. ^L^pd^ftglru ^ thou move, efc. 2^p^ligk > he move, etc, Xiiup^ltglrJ^ y we move, etc. ^'p^pjk^ > ye move, etc. ^pch/r^lr^ , they move, etc. The future of the indicative, of the impe- rative, and of the subjunctive from their af- finity are adopted by turns in all the four conjugations. INFINITIVE XiiupJ^lrfj to move. PARTICIPLE Vresent. ^uipcf^niUOY ^^pJ^lrjnqj mOVlug, who mOVCS. Vast. X;uJii^lruJi^(^v lujpj^h-jlrui^ haviug moved. Future. , ^_^_-^.^, which has to move. All the verbs active and neuter-active, which in the first person of the perfect end in tjj^ or my}, , are thus conjugated; and also the verbs Transitive ending in ^-j^s Passive C "^r ^tL> To he moved. The Passive of the first conjugation is formed by changing the t in the last syllable of the Active into f; the ^fr into j^-*^; the f-j into -;5 : besides a few other variations. INDICATIVE Present. '^uipK^ltiPy I am moved, impc^liuy thou art moved. 2i^p^lt , he is moved. X;iupJ^[,Jp , we are moved, i^p^t^ > ye are moved, ^uipd^lfu , they are moved. Imperfect. X^uMp^kt^ I wi^s moved, ^u^p^kbp^ thou wast moved. ^«ii/»c/^4/» ov lu^pd-ti^p ^ he was moved. XiuipdlfUM^ , we were moved. ^uipJ^l^lip , ye were moved, impdlil/u , they were moved. 70 Perfect. XiuiittHrifiuj i I have been moved, ^pcfir^ ifuipj thou hast been moved. ^pd^trtfuiL. y he has been moved. X;uMiic^lrgiug , we have been moved, ^f^^y^ guy^y ye have been moved. ^pJ^lrguiUy they have been moved. Future. X^tup^h-guMjg , I shall be moved, ^p^h-ugftu , thou shall be moved. ^pJ-b-uiflt , he shall be moved. ^iupJ'IrugnL.^y we shall be moved, ^p^l^^ 2h^ y ye shall bo moved* ^pcf^tuj/iL , Ihey shall be moved. IMPERATIVE Present, ^tupj^lruig or liupJ^lrjfipt be thou moved- li?/ 2}^p<^l'p > be thou not moved. ^uMp^lru^ g[ly let him be moved. X;uipJ^lrgiupiii.^j be ye moved, ifli ^^p^l'^y be ye not moved. ^^«/^A-«/^^^, let them be moved. Future. X;tupJ^lru2lip or zi^p^t2tc ' ^^ ^^^ moved. ^upj^lrugil y let him be moved. tfiupJ^lrui^AL^ y let us be moved, z^p^t^^ > be ye moved, ^^p^t^u^li'u y let them be moved. 71 SUBJUNCTIVE Present is like Ihat of the Indicative. Future. X;iupc^/i^f>J] I shall be moved. ^l^U'^tdb''^ thou shall be moved, z^p^tdb^ he shall be moved. Tf^^p^ht'%^ ^^ ^hall be moved, ^p^f^p^ ^^» ye shall be moved. ^/fcA^j^*^, they shall be moved. INFINITIVE ^lup^liiov liupcHru to be moved. PARTICIPLE Vast. X;ujpJ^lruji^ or iiup^h-glriui^ Hioved, being moved. Future. ^o/^cft^/iy or 2f^^cfi-^, ^hich is to be moved. In this manner many Neuter-passive and Common verbs are conjugated. 72 SECOND CONJUGATION Active I m^m^imi^j ^0 tvasli. INDICATIVE Present. \nuuAiujJ) I wash. ini.iuuuiu , ihou washcst. ^nLu/uujj y he washeth. \nL.u/isuiifp.y we wash. int-utUiy^y ye wash. ini^u/hufu , ihey wash. Imperfect. \ni.ufuujj[t y I washed or was washing, /^i-*//^ " ^lyftpy thou washedst or wast washuig. fni^ufinujfi y he washed or was washing. \ni.ufuujjuj^ y we washed or were washing. gnt.uiiMUjjli^y ye waslied or were washing. ini^iuiiiujlfiM y they washed or were washing. Perfect. \nL.iug[,y I washed. inL.iuglrpy Ihoii washedst. ^«_Mir^ , he washed. \nL.iu^tu^y we washed, int-iugfi^y ye washed. ini.uiij[fuy they washed. Ft/twre. \nLtiij/fjy 1 shall wash, ini^uju^tuy Ihou shall wash, int-uiu^^y he shall wash. ]#i£.a/«/^iniL^ , we shall wash, int-iuu^hg} ye shall wash.^^#i/«/^frfc> they shall wash. 75 IMPERATIVE Present and Future. \nLui y [ni-iuu^lip y OV ini^uMujlru i VasH thoU. JJl inL.uMUinjty wash thou not. inuiuugU^ let him wash. \ni.uiugnL.^y let US wash, ini^m^l^^y OF ini.guu^ 2lif^ y wash ye. int-muglru , let them wash. SUBJUNCTIVE Future. \ni.uMUujjglriPy I wash, may wash, might wash, I could, should, would wash. inL.u/UiygIru , thou wash, etc. /ni-u/iiujjglf y he wash, etc. \ni-ufuujjglri/g, y we wash. inL.ulUuMjgl^ y yC wash. inuuiUiyglru y they wash. INFINITIVE {nLtu^uJlj to wash. PARTICIPLE Present. Incujijniy washing, who washes. Past. lo£.fi/jt£i/^, having washed- Future. \nt.ufuuj^g y who has to wash. Thus also are conjugated the verbs, which in the first person of the Perfect ter- minate in i^m^ * 5 74 Passive 1^*-«*^Hl' 'To be washed. INDIOATIVE Present. InLuAliiPf I am washed. ini-uAfiu , thou art washed. ini.ui^fi , he is washed. \nLEu^lfj^ , we are washed. ini^uA/,^ , ye are washed, iniLUiulfu , they are washed. Per/ecf. Incfi/^oy) I have been washed, int^tugmp^ thou hast been washed. inL.tugiui. , he has been washed. \ni.tuguig , we have been washed, inutugty^ , ye have been washed. [nLiugu/iM , they have been washed. Future. \ni.tugujjgy I shall be washed. [nL.iuug[tUi thou shalt be washed, [ni-iuuglt , he shall be washed. XnuiuugnL.^ , we shall be washed. inL.tuu2kg. > ye shall be washed. ini^wuglA , they shall be washed. IMPERATIVE Present and Future. \nLMJf inLtugilp ov inL.usu2j^itt be thou washcd. inuuiugll , let him be washed. 75 f\nLuiugfli^ , let US be washed. inLuju^/ig , be ye washed, int-mujli'u , let them be washed. SUBJUNCTIVE \ni.uMUujjg[iiPi I may be washed. ini.u/uujjg[iu ^ thou may est be washed, [nuu/uujjjli ^ he may be washed. \nutuuiujglti/^ , we may be washed, ini-u/uiy^ slif^ > ye may be washed. ing^uHnujglfu , they may be washed. INFINITIVE \ni.uiislMfj to be washed. PARTICIPLE Vast. \ai.uiglriui2 washed. Future. \ni.iJhuiiP , which is to be washed. The Passives of the second conjugation are not so harmonious to the ear, whence they are sometimes formed by means of the verbs substantive, or the actives are adopted with a passive sense. 7G THIRD CONJUGATION Active ^fri^'-L* To pour out. INDICATIVE Present. ^irqni.J] I pOUr OUt, ^^Irqnuu , thoU pOUFest out. ^trqnuy he pours out. llrqni^J^y WG pOUF OUt. '^Irqnt^^y yC pOUF out. ^it^ijroL.^ , they pour out. Imperfect. ^trqnL^ , I pouFed out Or was pouring out. <;irqni.lip , ihou pour'dst out or wast pou- ring out. '^irq2jpy he poured out or was pouring out. ^IrqauuMg^ , we poured out or were pouring out. <^lrqni-li^ , ye poured out or were pour- ing out. <;irqnL.l,^y they poured out or were pouring out. Perfect Z^trq^ , I poured out. ^Injt^p , thou pour'dst out. L-<^lriiOY <^lrqj he poured out. llrquM^ , we poured out. ^Ar^^A^ , ye poured out. ^trqlfuy they poured out. Future. Ifrrij^g , I shall pour out. tf^^^L' ^^ &^ foured out. INDICATIVE Present. ^Irquj^ffiPf I am poured out. he shall be poured out. tfrqgnL.^^^^ shall bc pourcd out. "^yri^h^i ye shall be poured out. ^Irq^l^uy they shall be poured out. 79 IMPERATIVE i^l^qfic ^r ^^13^" > ^^ t^o^ poured out. <;t'qsfi , let him be poured out. Z^lrquipiii^ or we shall learn, m-u^bg^ ye shall learn, nuutjltuy they shall learn. IMPERATIVE Present. {[i-uHp , learn thou. lijy nLuuHsl^p , learn thou not. nuugliy let him learn. Qi-f/m^f/i^ , do ye learn. Jli nL.uu/uligy do ye not learn, nuugfi'uy let them learn. Future. (\L.u2[ipyOr ni.uuMbl>2Pp y Icam tllOU. nLugfif let him learn. 81 f\t.ugili,g y let us learn, n^u^^^ or nt.uiu^lt^^ , do ye learn. n^uglfiMy let them learn. SUBJUNCTIVE The Present is like that of the Indicative. Future. {\i.uu/u[tgltJ\ I learn, may, might, could, should, would learn. n^uuMultgltu ^ thou learn, etc. ni-uufultg[t , he learn, etc. {[t,uuMu[igliiQi , we learn, m^uufuliglig , ye learn. nL.uiu^liglfu , they learn. INFINITIVE {\L.uufu[Bu or niuiu/ulr^ to Icam. PAETICIPLE Present. (\LuuAnqj learning, who learns. Past. f\LulrtiJu having learned. Future. {\L.uiuulrinj or nt.uu/iilrip f who l^as to Icam. Thus are also conjugated the common verbs which in the first person of the Per- fect terminate in 5^;. They are at the same time active and passive. 5* 82 Conjugations of the Irregular verbs, ACTIVE INDICATIVE Present. \}n5ilrtPfl make, iunfulruy Ihou makest. n/n-^ ^4-> he makes. |j/i^t#^,we make. mii.^4^,ye make. ii#it^ 'islru , Ihey make. Perfect. W^uMpl, , I have made. uMpuipk-p , Ihou hast made, iuputp , he has made. INFINITIVE U/i5fiE-^, to make, to do. PAETIOIPLE Present. H^iuipniOY iUiM^snqj making, who makes. Past. \ypiuplrut^ having made, making. Future. M^nTiilrfng , who has to make. 83 PASSIVE INDICATIVE Present W/AfiiPj I am made. tunSifiu , thou art made. fi#fL^^ , he is made. D/L^^i^ , we are made. iunS^l^ , ye are made. uin^iltu , they are made. Perfect W^tuspty , I have been made, tuptupmp , thou hast been made. mpiupuiL. » he has been made. XS^iupuip. , we have been made, utputpuaj^ , ye have been made. mpiupuiUf they have been made. INFINITIVE X^nSi^u to be made. PARTICIPLE Past W^iupt-tu^ ( not uiptupt-gt-uifj^ made. Future. MnSilriP or iunSiiring , which is to be made. 84 ACTIVE INDICATIVE Present, %%irJ] I put. ii-islru y thou putst. ^^4-, he puts. %^lri^ , we put. ii-^k^ y ye put. ^Ir% , they put. Perfect. Jjtt'.l h^ve put. tijf.^^ or *-/^*y , thou hast. put. A-iy. , he has put. }jil.uM^ , we have put. A-ijL^ , ye have put. trq-li'u , they have put. INFINITIVE ^'iilrg^, to put, to place. PABTICIPLE Present. %*Unqj putting. Past. b^ta/^, having put. Future. firing , who has to put. PASSIVE INDICATIVE Present. q*^^^ I am put. ifulMu , thou art put. y.^ » he is put. 85 ^V^lii/p^ , we are put. ^V#^ Y^ ^^^^ P^t- ?^A^ > Ihey are put. Perfect. }jq.iu/ , I have been put. irif.iap , thou hast beenf put. lrq.ujL. , he has been put. ht^i^ > we have been put. I^i*y^ > ye have been put. iE-iy.mi# , they have been put. INFINITIVE q.i#^^, to be put. PARTICIPLE Vast. feif to/^, ( not rj-plrglriui^ put. Future. %'ulri^ or f^iilring , wWch is to bo put. ACTIVE INDICATIVE Vresent. XutriPy I hear, lulru , thou hearest. lu^ , he hears. \ulrJ^ , we hear, ^ukg » ye hear. ^ulA , they hear. Perfect. lj»i-ay 1 1 heard, [ni^usp , thou heard. [nctuL. , he heard. 86 \nLUMg , we heard, i^'-^f/^ > yc heard, ini^u/u , they heard. INFINITIVE PAETIOIPLE Vresent. \unru hearing, who hears. Fast. l#f£.4-«/^, having heared, hearing. Future. \uting , who has to hear. PASSIVE INDICATIVE Vresent. \u[iiPy I am heard. ^^*/ , thou art heard. [u[t , he or it is heard. Ij/^*^ > we are heard. /«/^^ i ye are heard. luf/uy they are heard. ^_^ Perfect. Is formed by means of the Substantive verb, as, \ni.lrui£_t [tft-ifi > ["'-p ^^ 12^ l^^ y I have been heard. in^yuMiJrqyp , thou hast been heard. inL.lriuiJrqLL , he has been heard. 87 been heard. int.lriui^lrqkg^ ye have been heard. inL.lruMiJrq^'u , they have been heard. INFINITIVE \*fti2 t^ ^^ heard. PAETICIPLE Fast. |«£.£-u#^f heard. Future. \iflriP , which is to be heard. This verb is also regular. ACTIVE INDICATIVE Present. ^ufuiu^tPy I knov. '2^u/uuM^Ui thou know- est. T^usiius^ , he knows. ^uiUtu^ii^ , we know, ^ufuiu^k^ , ye know. '^"iuiiUM^'iM , they know. Perfect. \^iuulriuj , I have known. inuuh-uMp , thou hast known. ftu/ulnuL. , he has known. "ffui^lriii^y we have known. 5-«ii'i#tuy^> ye have known. S^uAlrui%f they have known. 88 IMPERATIVE ^uAtuj^U to know. PARTICIPLE Present. ^uM^tii^qj knowing, who knows. Past. IffiutiftLglriuj^ having known. Future. ^uiiuj^ing , who has to know, PASSIVE INDICATIVE Present. ^iufitu^J] I am known. "^Clu^m^Uf thou art known, ^u/uum^ , he is known. ^u/uuj^J^y we are known. iCiuiMUM^^y ye are known. 2ii/'2#u#^'ir , they are known. Perfect. iffuiiini-glriuf^ Irqk , I have been known, ^ui^ ^ni^^lriuijrqb-p , thou hast been known. &uM%ni.iflruiiJrqLy he has been known. ^ufunL.ijlriuiJrquMp, , we have been known. ItuiUnuglruiiJrqkp, , ye have been known. &u/unL^lruiiJrqt'u f they have been known. 89 INFINITIVE ^uiUui^U to be known. PARTICIPLE Vast. Xfiis^ni-ylruiu known. This verb is also regular. NEUTER INDICATIVE Present. lyt^quA^tPj I sin. JirquA^Ui thoii sinncsl. Jhriufu^ , he sins. iglrilufiLM^Jg. , we sin. Jhqufu^^^ ye sin. Jlr^ qufu^'Ly they sin. Perfect. Myirquiji I have sinned. Jhrqutp^ thou hast sinned. iflrquML. , he has sinned. XS'lrquig^ , we have sinned. lASryiy^ , ye have sinned, inrqufu , they have sinned* INFINITIVE yytrquiu^u to sin. PARTICIPLE Present. \ylrqiuu^tqj siuniug t who sins. 90 Past. \ylrqnt.giriuu haviDg sinncd. Future. XpirquA^iny , who has to sin. This verb is also regular. NEUTER INDICATIVE Present. QuinSilrJ] I rise. jiuiL^tru, thou risest. juat.^ ^h f he rises. %iunn.lrii^, we rise, jiunfuk^, ye rise, jiun.^ fslrTi , they rise. Perfect. ^iuplrty , I have been risen, I rose, jiu^ pirujp , thou hast been risen. jutplnuL. , he has been risen. ^iuplruM^y we have been risen. jiupL-gy^, ye have been risen. jusplru/iM , they have been risen. IMPERATIVE U/»/r', rise thou. Jfi jiun^h-p^ rise thou not \lctl^ f rise ye. i^ juat^kfi » rise ye not. INFINITIVE QuiaSslru to rise, to get up. 91 PARTICIPLE Past. Quipni-jlriuu risen, having been risen. Future. QuifLislr^y , who is to rise. ACTIVE INDICATIVE Present. SiuJ] I give, inujuf thou givest. uttyf he gives. S"/^ y we give, i^'y.p > ye give, utu/u , they give. Perfect. }jwnL. , I have given. Irmm-p , thou hast given. t£#», he has given. S/yi.fii^, we have given. Irmnug^ ye have given. A-i#i#»£.^ , they have given. INFINITIVE %uiU to give. PARTICIPLE Present. ^nuniu giving, who gives. Past. ^HLlruiu having given. 92 Future. %iuing , who has to give. PASSIVE INDICATIVE \ Present ^m^trtui^lfilipiPi I am given. tnni.lruii^i^[,u ^ thou art given, mnulrusf^i^lt , he is given. %nL.lru»i^l^lMJg^ , we are given. inni.lriui^^^ ^t-^y ye are given, mm^lnui^i^lfu ^ they are given. Verfect $//i.ity , I have heen given, mm^iupy thou hast heen given, mni^uiu^ he has been given. $f7i.fif^, we have been given, utnuiy^^ ye have been given. mnt-u/iM , they have been given. INFINITIVE %nL.lriui_g^lri2 ^^ ^^ giveU. PARTICIPLE Fast ^ni^lnuu given. Future. SujiP t which is to be given. 93 NEUTER INDICATIVE Fresent. ^tuiPf I come, ^u^u , thou coniest. ^.iy > he comelh. ^uiJ^, we come, t^a^y ye come. ^«Af they come. Perfect. Xjjjilij I was come. A-4^/»> thou wast come. tijlf , he was come. \;iu4g . we were come, ir^f'^ » ye were come. m,^ f they were come. INFINITIVE ^uil2 to come. PARTICIPLE Past \filriuu come, being come. Future, ^uiing I who is to come. ACTIVE INDICATIVE Present {{LintiPy I eat. ni^inlruy thOU CatCSt. numky he eats. 94 n^intri^, we eat. m^uil^g, ye eat. ncmti, they eat. Perfect hirffi or ilrpiy , I have eaten, i^tptp , or 4^^ P^up, thou hast eaten, ^tr^,, or ^l^^ajj, he has eaten. li£y.i^, we have eaten, i^piy^, or 4^/.^^, ye have eaten, itrp/.^ or ^Ayii/S, they have eaten. INFINITIVE (\i.inlr^ to eat. PARTICIPLE Present. lilrpniu eating, who eats. li^^frm^, eating; having eaten. Future. {[i-gnlringy who has to eat. PASSIVE • INDICATIVE Present. [[Lin[iiry I am eaten. nLmpuy thou art eaten. #»i_i#i^ , he is eaten. {Xi^inlEiQ^ y we are eaten. #11.1/1/1^ , ye are eaten. nuuiltu , they are eaten. 1)5 Perfect. lilrplruii^trq^ f I hdi\e been eaten. {Irpt-uii^ irqlrp , thou Hast been eaten. ^trplnui^t-qL^ he has been eaten. \^trplruii_ trqui^ t WG have been eaten. J^t-^ piruiijrqkg , ye have been eaten. ^Irplnui^ lrqt% , they have been eaten. IKPINITIVE [\t-inl>u to be eaten. PARTICIPLE Vast Xxt-pt-ui^^ eaten. Future. {[i^inlriii or ^tpib 9 which is to be eaten. ACTIVE INDICATIVE Present. f^lrJ) I drink. fuH^lru , thou drinkest. /u/^ '^hy he drinks. {Ufinlrifp^y we drink. pJtuke^y ye drink. pJl uilru^ they drink. Perfect. H.pf'l'y I drank. tupfLlrpi thou drankest. lupp, or hu^pp-j he drank. W^puspy we drank. uip(^[ipy ye drank, tup^ Ppu , they drank. 96 INFINITIVE Pi/li{lru to drink. PARTICIPLE (^nq^ drinking, who drinks. Past. QJliitrui^ or W^pfLlruji^ drunk or drunken ; having drunk. Future. Qi/li(irinff , who is to drink. The passive is formed with a Substantive verb. COMMON INDICATIVE Present. (\L^/iJ] I take, nu^fiuf thou takest. m-fifij he takes. f\L.^pj^y we take, ni.^^.^^ ye take, mfulfu, they take. Perfect, \\iuiujjy I have taken, ^uiiuipy thou hast taken, iiu^iutu^ he has taken. \\ui[iii^y we have taken, k'^tau^^l^ have taken, ^uniuis , they have taken. 97 INFINITIVE ntL^Iru to take, to have. PAKTICIPLE Present. (\i.^nqj taking, having, who has. Past. liujltuj^ taken, had; taking, having. Future. {\ifiiirifi or nt^irinj , \v^ho has to take or to have. NEUTER INDICATIVE Present. XjpP^iUiPy I go. IrpP^tuu , thou gOCSt. IrfP^iy > he goes. XjpP^iui^ , \\ e go, ^[iP^uj^ , ye go. h-pP-uiii , they go. Perfect. Q,n^tjj/t ov ^ii^i^y I went or I am gone. ^^ ^uj^f thou wenlesl or art gone, in^un-f he went or is gone. Unp^Hg^ > we went, etc. ^^^^ > ye went. ^^ ^iuu , they went or they are gone. G 98 INFINITIVE PARTICIPLE Present JjpP^nqj going, who goes. Vast. }jp[^lruiu gone ; going. Future. hpP^uiing or IrpP^iuiti , who Is tO gO. VERBS IMPERSONAL Those verbs are called Impersonal which are used only in the third person, as, W^^hy it begins to cloud. W^ipUl^ , it rains. %oqy , it rains little. l^lriiyquMuik f it comes pouring, it runs over. 2/r£.?/4- , it snows. ^iun-iu^ujjP^lf y it shines. \\n.ujL.oml^ , it begins to be day-light. HTpp^l^y it blows very hard. ^ujjiuiif.uj/ik y it lightens. Oi^i^^^t^^^, it produces fruit. JS^nfu^ , it bellows, it roars. Xxiuq^u/uil^ y it howls. pwx//i-«iirj^ , it bellows, it roars. 99 Wji^uiisiy , it clears up. Wn.uii.oinu/uiy ^ it dawiis. XifilriiyiuiMUJi , it darkens. ^[t^t^pu/isujj , it is become night. \ni^uu/uujjy it brightens. \ouii-ui[tu/iiujf y it grows dusky. ^pu/uujj y it kindles. [\pnuiujj , it thunders. Wul, , it is reported, they say. CC^^- ^pLl^y it appears, it seems, ^a r" M^^ jd»/f£-^ , it seems. ^ ' yf vvo.^ lia/^5^^, 'tis believed, it is thought. o^^-^^*^^:}ns^ ly^, it is noised abroad. ^ ; liuuu/uk or <;uMuufu[, , it happens, it falls out. / j^ ^ aia/iniii<>4-> it happens. - ^. IaX ^uAif-puiP } it happens. , 0)^111^ , it must, it behoves. QuilX or giUi-P , it pains. U>iJ t , it becomes, it is fit. Ij^cf ii/^ 4- , it is convenient, it becomes. ^ \)ii<^iifx//f t , it is impossible. fKuipi-fif^ 4^ , it is good, it is well. ]u//»^ 0^//t.m 4^ , it is expedient, v' 'li if.^u^ 4- » it is suitable, it is convenient, it becomes, it is fit. PREPOSITION A preposition is an indeclinable word or particle which placed before a noun changes either it's case, or it's signification. The prepositions which change the cases of nouns are called Formers of cases. The prepositions which change the mean- ing of nouns by governing their cases, are called Eulers of cases. Prepositions >>;» 'fr ; and *•••*- 't form the Dative and the Ablative. ( > > > ; are placed before the vowels. |\«*- forms the Dative. {\ forms the Dative. Before a consonant it is pronounced ^i i as, ^t'^tf ()^ forms the Accusative. Before a con- sonant it was formerly pronounced ^^y but at present it is pronounced t^^* jHij- forms the Dative and the Ablative. According to the modern usage the Prepo- sitions forming the cases; , j and ^ ^^^ writ- ten prefixed and joined to nouns, and the others detached from them. 101 A COLLECTION OF PREPOSITIONS U/L , turt. /# , to^ unto^ towards^ at: hy^ near, nigh: for, for the sake, on account: on, upon: under: against: amongst, govern the dative, the genitive, and the instru- mental cases. 0^*1- f with: btj: instead: for: under: between: to, unto , towards: on, upon: amongst, go- verns the genitive, the dative, the abla- tive, and sometimes the instrumental. Quin , according: for: out: without: after, go- verns the genitive, the dative, and the ablative. 9J^C't ov qlrpP^i as, like, governs the accu- sative. \%fL[i y l^^pL. or (tp^pni. , as, like, about, govern generally the accusative. ^wp^ or p-u/ugy without, outy unless, go- verns the genitive. \{uiubyfor, in order to, concerning, governs the genitive. ^ufu , than, much, governs the accusative. b^p^see (^i/^« IT^^^or jp'D^ytill, untill, to, unlo. governs the dative with a preposition. l^ufuif-lrf^l y with, by. governs the instru- mental. ^^Irp y over, above, upon, more, before, past. governs generally the accusative, and sometimes the dative. 10:2 ^^uy as^ like^ governs the genitive and the dative. ^ni.%iui^y asy like, governs the genitive and the dative. ^^if) toivards. governs the dative. liyuor^nq^t towards, govern the dative- with-preposition. QuM^ , till^ untill^ unto, governs the instru- mental. X;f'L.p2j 2[!'-u2^'^'"kb » «&0Kt^ around, govern the circumdative. jj^^tntMi^u , uifujuipy , out. govem the geni- tive or the accusative with i^mi*^ ^n/uui^, ifin/uiu^uj^y instsad^ inbehalf. govern the genitive. \jl^Pfy ^1' 'b '^^C'^y » under, govern the ge- nitive. 'li ill^pufj , on^ upon, governs the genitive. *\i t/y^py 'tkcy ^^ b 4kcy^ over, above, go- vern the dative, or the accusative with *\i J^2_ ^^ ^b ^2t ' ^^> intOy in the middle^ within^ between^ amongst, govern the ge- nitive. 'h '^hi^ from the middle, governs the ge- nitive. '[i iJt/iJ^^ btj. governs the genitive. ^ap^%yas^ like^ governs the genitive. ^<^ti/i , <;i^inp y qjlf^p y after ^ behind, govern the genitive. Qujquj^u or uiquj^uiL, , for^ for the sake, be- cause of. govern the genitive. 103 ']i uiutih2^iun.u or nfUJtn^uiiL.iui-j foVj foV the sake^ because^ of. govern the genitive. 'fi <;uiJiup , on account^ for. governs the ge- nitive. Wiu^u or '[t uuiliu, because of for, on ac- count, govern the genitive. '|i iMilfuiu y for. governs the genitive. Quj2^ or i^h,^ ui^y on the right side, go- vern the genitive. tii conjoint J connected, with, governs the dative. ^yif. , joints with, governs the dative. 'iji^^ > lihe. governs the dative. ^uj^iiiiLUi^j against, governs the dative. ipnfijiup^^ , instead of governs the dative. \\n,uj%g, without, outj besides^ unless, go- verns the genitive. U/i.fx/^#, in fronty before, governs the genitive. Quin-uj^^, before, from before, governs the genitive. f^if. iun^uM^j against, governs the genitive. t^p^lrpov iun.[^p^lrpy fieaVj uujh, btj, go- vern the genitive and the dative. f^q.i^l^J] against, governs Ihe genitive and the dative. in fronts against^ opposite, govern the ge- nitive and the dative. ^uiUiiltinJiM , before^ in front, governs the ge- nitive and the dative. HA^ jiuuri.liiinJiM or jujjui ju/ufj-liiKuiM , before^ in fronts evidently^ publicly, govern the genitive and the dative. \ylr^ni.up , apart^ aside, governs the ablative. QtyuJ^yu , on this side, governs the genitive. Qiy^ iyu or jujfuliyu f on that side, betjond, behind, govern the genitive. QuirLui2^^yuy forwards, governs the geni- tive. Qlrifi liyu , bac\i, backward, behind, governs the genitive. '|i ilt^p liyuy onward, governs the genitive. *]i tliyp tiyu^ downward, dowmvards. go- verns the genitive. ^k^uf '/^fy or i^Ayi '^ 'H^py > above, higher, over than, govern the dative and tlie abla- tive. (\pui^uf as, like, governs generally the ac- cusative. above, higher, over than, govern the accu- sative. 105 HiLiULlri^ ^tu^ 9 over J abovBj more than, go- verns the accusative. XJ^q-ff^uM^ 9 beyond, further, governs the ac- cusative. Qiun,ui2_^u/u ov^ujfii ^uMiM , before, first than. govern the accusative. JJ^t^uj^y ^ufu or lupuiiu^u ^ufu y out than. govern the accusative. xStrtny ^u/ts , after than, governs the accu- sative. Some prepositions are rarely placed after the nouns. ADVERB An Adverb denotes the circumstances of a verb, or of an action. A COLLECTION OP ADVERBS W^JtftPy iyJ-ifni. , tuprj^ , quipij-ftu | UOW, at present, actually, newly, recently. lljcf^y^^, already, hence, from this time. W^juQp or *^ utrnl^lrufiiu > *^ utrnl^lrtuU tUL.ni^n , to-day, in this day. lYiuqliL. , to-morrow. b^t^r or jlrplrliuy yesterday. b/Lii/^^iy. or jt^tuiuUiiUs, the day before yes- terday. {^ff. Irftlriiu, ill the evening, towards the evening. 106 ^tl^pb ^ tbltPfd^ ov ii'tl'ltpuffu y by night, in the night, in the night time. Q^Jlt^uit-ni^ftp. , at noon-day. i\uMq^^iu22 early, betimes. \}^ji^ni.% or ujj^nL.^ , in the morning. \\ujq_nt-plrifh y tlutqnu L.u y ^[t ^J^qfji'-g y alreardy. ^ujjuiP^lrml^ or iyuni.<^lrinL , henceforth , henceforward, hereafter. QnpJ^<^lrinlf y since. %trinnj , q^li , luuim , after, afterwards. }j[ffLlrlfii ov iHrpP^y sometimes, now and then, from time to time. \^PplM-y Irp^y jnpJ-uiiPy ifjfii^y when, while, whilst. \ypyui y liun y itupuiJ-tiitPy <^ii/iiiuti^ujay qu/tsl^ y j£//£.4rcf, jiui-huiy always, ever, conti- nually, every moment, evermore, for ever, eternally. ^xt-n-y qJi-iL. L.U y UlUlllUML-ftit y yet, Still. U^ir^t/L, uMfiM IfiM^ when, while, whilst, as long as. ir^^^,till, untill. 2t., ^ Luy Jlfu^y not, not yet, not as yet. QiufisJ^iuiPy then. ^ijjju^iuiPy till then. wilh, very soon, in a moment, immediate- ly, incontinently. ^uhiliuMnh-y jiMMttl^iunh-nL-uuiy jlrqiul^ujph- y Sud- denly, on a sudden, all of a sudden, unawares, in an unexpected manner. 107 \}^piujf^t lrpuitf.ujuil^u ^ ifiyP- y soon, as soon as, quickly, speedily, readily. ^Iru^n^ ^iuuiiui. , hastily, in haste. Z^nLuiy ^t^'^'^u ' there. y^jrt , u/un.n y u/Uri.u/jMon OV u/utnufuon y therG, Ui#^4^ , thence, there : forthwith. IJW^, luUij-nuumy theucc, thcrefrom. y^i^f/£/7^^, thence, from, since. ^ujuliyu y on that side. l^^puiuM^uy ^/t q.nLpuy out, abroad. 'h ^t-p^u y 'ulrppnj y within, inwardly. ^Irn-fif *^ fLUjjy ^(t p.iujlrujjy far, afar, far oO\ '|i piugni^um y 'ft ^h-n-uiumuiiilf y frOUl afar , from a great distance. 108 U*ox#i, '[» Jhmyy near, nearly, at hand, closely. Ui/i/i^^L , '^ umnpL , '[t ilijujp , below, under, hereunder, beneath. 'li ilh^py '^ i^^ u/tsq-p^ up, upon, above, hereupon. '|i iiypnL.um^ from above. n^.^, nt-pu/uopi where. n«^/» ni-plrfiy where. {\i.uutlr^ , from some place. W^iflriiujfu nL.uuilr^ , fiom cvcry places. 3m/i.iiijp^, juin,iu^linL.uk i from bcforc. 3^x/j/y , after, back, backward, behind. behind. 3#i' , j/Y» ifg^w , ^^7- w/» > where , which way. U^/^^/»> somewhere else, elsewhere, m another place. Hj^cf/m, from elsewhere, from another place. once, at one time. \ickh" ' twice. ^ctd"^ thrice. ^nplt^u , four times over. ^tts" ' fi^'^ times over. A^sba"^ six times over. \fgufu y %uifu lun^tuP^ ^ qiututtiPliVu ) Iirst, at Orst, the first time, in the first place, at the beginning, before. \)ckc"Ct^ li/f^u/, secondly, after, then. 109 \yp — i^ii.u , one — another, first — in the se- cond place. ^({iuisfijuy ^ii/D/>iiu tn^^tuJ) how often, how much time, how many times. ^uianL.tP u/iiti.ujiPy ininihuLh , ju/Aiufuiu^p , jn^iulilty oft, often, mostly, many or se- veral times, frequently. igl^ fium Jlin21ky ouc aftcr another, orderly. \y[i ^luu qJJty one more than another. ^niuufuiiM^iUL. y ilinilin[uy by turns, recipro- cally, interchangeably, mutually. l^lnn q doubly, twice. again, moreover, once more. *(i ilt^p^k ^^' b 4kv2iu^ l^st, lastly, at last. iliUuit y iJlUuU l^n y J'hp UiuLu y t^p HL-iiy lun-l^^ why ? wherefore ? for why ? for what reason ? S^*^^^, what? which? ^JiuMftii. y l?^p y npuiku , how ? \w wfaat man- ner ? why ? n°^, ni^iuuiuM^I/u y is it not? ^u/uftoL y^ how much ? Yi. y l?i. [!i-lig y by which ? how ? ir^% jpRk — lrP^h% or -either? a^i-umy from whence? b>p^ , jn^tJ^uiiPy when ? W.j'iy yes. W^ftrj.iUpL. y jbp*^^ > ^iULUlUUllrtUL. y flui^UiU^lfU y 1 MO uA^s^i.^^ truly, verily, certainly, surely, indeed, in truth, assuredly, infallibly, un- doubtedly, justly, really. Miupli ^iu^ very well. Wuiiu^k'iM , uMpq.lro^ , truly, verily. ^pH^ki t"^> ^"t3^"y almost, nearly, as it were, pretty near. O'if L. oif , so, thus. ^nc^^y^nL^^ P~lfy 1-n*-gk t^pp^hg-^ P^lrpLu y tupif^lrapyfigl^ P^l^y [igk ^y perhapS, ICSt, it may be. \ftPk f 4' ^pt^op^ , may it be. 2 y "ij no, not. fe£_ ri^ nor, neither. {['^Liiy no more. f\'^^iiii. , uiJlriiLliU fi^ never, by no means. fl^^V.' nothing. JJ^jlji^LuyUO more. no, not, never, by no means. 0'^ «i/*^i;f^^> forbear. •pm'c. , God forbid, forbear. l^^tuju , t-i-h-p^ , pt^ , unuif , only, but. \^[>ujjuus^ , Jliujjis i^Mij. Jjiufpi , singly, solely. ir^,ii^, one by one. \flrLni-uft y ni-pnjU , luii-uhiSi^fiiU y lUit-ufUAUiul^p y apart, aside, asunder, separately, singly i particularly, ll^m' , behold, lo, see, there. \\<^tui.uMultli or iMMi-uMul^liy bchold, here. U^<^fi/£.£i/iy^^iJ or uMt-uMii-fili y behold, there. yS^^uMumuj^ii or muuM%lfii , there behold. m '\jtiJ f t/u/iitULtJjhn.j ^lu JufUuMUiuiiiV. | cW^ iJ* i more, than, nay, chiefly. \6sik'uy by my-self. ^.Irqh^yhy thy-sclf. If t^t^ , by our-selves. ^Irql^'u y by your-selves. W^jJ^JJ^'u y from since, from this lime. Yu^f/uy by himself. q,^/#^/i#, almost, quite, totally. ^ninpnil^% OF p^ninftml^J^ y wholly , totally, entirely. \\uiSuMu or liuiJhil^y voluntarily, willingly. \}p^k.^y ever, at any time. {{i-pk^y in some^'place. {{uuml^y whence, from whence. \\uip[iy too, much, most, too much. \ii.pn^ y by himself 2/F^, freely, for nothing, gratis. {^L.^i^uMlilt y violently, vehemently. \\ntjlfuuMlilB y side-ways, obliquely. {{i-qriuiiili y directly, perpendicularly, in a straight line. QjriL.iuJpiu^l» y with or by hand. %^'uiuglt y with a sign. W^^sl' > '^y ^^ ^^^h kicking. }^ujjlrpl^% or "^ujjlrifls y in Armenian. Xjp.pujjirglrpk'i' y in|Hebrew. l^pk^pk'i' } in the Jewish language. Qiiifisujp^^iy in Greek. \\lrUfl^ujUL.nfu y alivC. \}/lSt^"'l!l^' y nationally, wilh whole family. 11^2 Wifh'LLl.JfL , wholly, totally. %ltL.puMi_ or <^lr^lriui. , easily, readily, with- out trouble, at leisure. * p^u/i. , totally, almost, ever. lw*/i/7^£_ , severely, cruelly, rudely, hardly. \\ufis[uiuL. y before, beforetime, formerly. Aisti"- > exactly, sparingly. l^lifiupinl,i.y truly, indeed, really, certain- ly- Xyirqi^i/^, softly, gently, slowly, mildly, quietly, peaceably. fKuJ^iLn^ OV fLuipi-ngtnui^u f WCll, Hghtly. 'fi ^^4^, naturally, by nature, radically, ori- ginally. Qtun.iii^^'t/j^ or jiun-ui^nt-g y bcforc, already, primitively, formerly. *I^ JluJiMl^y partly, in part. g#yc/^ , too, much, too much, very much, most. QuMfiJ^ii/iili y worthily, justly. \\n-iuL.oujnL. or tun-iui-otnni-g y \\\ thc momiug. Qu/u^iliuy exceedingly, excessively, immo- derately, extremely. humanly, as a man. \S,puiiugnL.uin y from without, outwardly. {^iufutP <^lrml^ y thenceforth, thenceforward. 'x^nfuiuMift y so much, so many. y^ltiuUif-iuiHufuy at once, together. '\\ <;iupLiM/ug[t y superficially, carelessly. l],^£ii/^ ii//ia/i^,fast, hastily, quickly, speedily, soon. 113 H/itv^^ > ^s, how. Z^iuJ^pl/i^^ totally, wholly, altogether. ^il. iliujfti in vain, needless, to no purpose. \\-jl^lr"^jiy y^^^^^^^y^ otherwise, contrarily. ^i^ ui,fh%iujiMy altogether, totally, wholly. X^i-u ^luu qLu^ more and more. W^jui^l^u^ unjuu^kuy SO, in this manner. U^T-'^t-'f ^i-yuuil^u y ^0^ thus in that man- ner. W^fuuil^u y'lMn/uuiku , thus, in that manner. \tnuuuiuil^u y in like manner, so, thus. \,ijuopl»uuMli y alike, so, thus. XYltoplt^uil^y alike, equally, in the same manner. ^iupr^ y njiuil^u qittupq. , as, like how- ^pi^pffiMUMli y as, for example. ^iupuM^P y badly , sadly , ill , miserably , cruelly. U j/5i/"/t«/ , iyiuiqi^uip-uip y diversly, other- wise. Qujjinu[ty jiujmuuMinl^u y evidently, clearly, openly, publicly. Iftif^'^ , Jlrlfuapl/is , explicitly, plainly, open- ly, clearly. \nL. '^ ini.y publicly, openly. yfiub-nt^I^ y ^ft &iu&ni.^ y &-tu&-^UJp.UJ£i y qu/is" [uiiufLiufiy secretly, in secret, under hand. \^^lk"d^^U!rl'k f'^y silently, tacitly, quietly. ^\.[iLfiujfLiup y easily. P/L^^, p.nfiMUM^iU[t y forcibly, by force, vio- lently. ^J-iii-usitiiiL. , hardly, not easily, scarcely. ']i <^ujfiiilfy <^iuif^ujL.f necessarily, inevitably. g/iiijii/^/Ztyi/, unwillingly, forcibly, with regret. liiut/^u^ujp y '^ ^iut/uj^iu£inLj f willingly, vo- luntcirily, readily. ffuij. ilujjpy^li^uiu[,fiy in vain, vainly, to no purpose, without any reason. Qufuri-kiiiu y unfitly, improperly, amiss, ab- surdly. Qu/u^ku^t^y ignorantly, unknowingly. 'x^l/b^iuL. y by fraud, fraudulently, deceit- fully. •fi JlrplinL.g , uakcdly. ^t-utpj <^truiltnuiu y OU foOt. '\jnpn^y newly, recently, freshly, lately, just now. W^ju^ilt y ujju^iuis y SO much, so many. Vi^t^'t ' ^1^^^ > so much, so many. {^PluMifi y npgufu y as much, how much, how many, as far. utn- <^ujuiiipiu^y together, altogether, all at once, wholly, totally, completely, en- tirely, in the mean while. ^uitiiy much, many, greatly, a great deal, very, enough. QujL.^in y ujn.iui.lri2 morc, at most, too much, very much. HiL.iui,t-i_Lu y more than. WujJjfUJL. y Ugul^Ull. Jit y UUillUMt-ftl^ ff^^ juUt^M JJt f ^mk y little, but little, some, somewhat, something, less, in a small quantity. f'.iut.uj^iuiMiuuil^u y sufficiently, well enough, duly, tolerably. CONJUNCTION A Conjunction is an indeclinable word which connects the parts of speech together, or one sense with another. A COLLECTION OF CONJUNCTIONS |ji_ , Al or «£- , and, or. (iiuli y ij.uMpllruMiy^ also, too, still, yet, more, even. either. UjfL y JpiUjii P-l^ y ^u/U P-l^ y t/S^^" "^J but, only, unless, except, save, nevertheless, notwithstanding, however, yet, provided, upon condition that, if not. Jd*t /^> Ph^hu^y pi^uikmLy though, al- though, however. (0»4-' A- rij^y though not. n'^ Irph y te^p ''t_ yf^h f no, not. 416 n!^ 'fh"a^^ not only. it is, that is to say, to wit. gyu [J^lf , as, if it were. ^ui npnuiPy as, how. {SpftiMUMli (bIRm , unpoplTuuMli , as, for example. \S^piy h- iuprj-s ujji^iupij^y p.ujjg uuprj- y [,u^ uipif-y iuuiiupl/uy then, therefore, in conse- quence, now, U.j^ ^, rather. q[i I gujlMnL. i£p y ^vfi' lb > ^"^ vA > npni^lrinL. y iQfuij for, because, that, whereas, foras- muchas, in order to, to the end that, since. {\L.py where. {\p y that. W^iu y ni-plrifii y luu^uipl/is y iuu^tu nLplrlfu y *istu nuptruU y ni-uunn y iJtntfu npnj , lujup uiqiutf-UML. , Ui/JtlM fipft y rj-lflfU ftpfl y ^i/JflM ^pft y tUIUHL. **> A"^ uiL. y then, therefore, wherefore, in or by consequence, for this reason. ^u/u y ^pu/is p~[^ y lUn-iUl-lrfjt^ i/ufUiUL-u/un. y Jiu^ i-kui y %ui y p^nqjPk f than, rather, at most, on the contrary. Wfi^^y «^^^ , Jjjlit^t^ y UiUtf-UigPy q[l y q[l L^y SO that, till, untill. or u/M/Zr/3^4^, if. W^uiiu p^^ n^y otherwise. ^t/3 , i^n^i^ y t^itLlriuj y at least. 0»4^ » yp^k y I*- Pk y lb y ^^ » ptuiPy np , that. 117 INTERJECTION An Inlerjcclion expresses the passions of the soul. A COLLECTION OF INTERJECTIONS ^j/Ji. , iii/j c(^, would to God, may it be ! f\% n^ ni/^p^^ f ^iufL^y i/uM^t oh \ oh! won- derful ! see ! o God ! lu uj y uiihunu y iuqt^m y uiL-iuny hrnnL.l£ y pUM^ij y oh! alas! woe be to! poor! wretch that! \\uiu ijuii^ 4!^u "^ "^ > ^h joy ! a! ah! \\:jfnilyli^yiy[ly 0\ fiO ! plsh ! \S^qhi ^"/*i/"/> o^, <>a#, come, come on, cheer, well well, ^iirij forbear. Wl&y fiL^fiy bring, come. b'ij, t'i^ fL^fty come, come bring. 7* U\) SYNTAX Syntax is the due conjunction or con- nexion of the parts of speech. Substantives agree with each other in three ways. 1. When another substantive is added to express and explain the former more fully, 9S, (|<2j-»«t4##«f^««#- t**'^^rf*^ <^uMiiiih-pl* with Cleopatra his daiiqhter. Jj'^ ^||^t--n*^'^r'** cv ^^^H^P l,L.p. he has given Cleopatra his daughter. ?J/»^/_ •tV^p-rPA t'-V"'Le^ ft*" ^^m^ \%upiujl^lli^ to visit his brethren the children of Israel. 2. When one thing is said to belong to another, as, 9*^/?^ h-'^'y^x^**''^ (>F-'**-4 ^pl'"^ the book of the generation of Jesus Christ, the son of David, the son of Xbraam.S^P^ gave the apostles witness of the resurrection of the Lord. 3. When a substantive or gerund like a verb governs another substantive, as, 3^*^ after that we have received the knowledge of the truth. j\»^^.r«N/f «-p.f»^t ni.unL^usulru\ XY''^^ t^* thou teaehcst all the Jews which are among the Gentiles to forsake Moses. P^iyj ^Z^mf>^mj% 4c*.^4«^«.-fLJ.^% J^J f^nq^fi. hut tllC blasphemy against the (Hohj) Ghost shall not be forgiven. Substantives agree with Adjectives when governed by the same, as, IT^-^ ^>^*f**^i»^c*^pi' ij^l^lfu^***^^^ nfi^ ujjJiPuiiuuiiflrgiuU^ UUtO US they did minister the things^ which are now reported. ^S^nqu u/btup^nL^^ disobedient to parents, b-zt^^ ^^^m^% '^ 4-t^'*;* a reed shaken with the wind. ^Irqt^gtf^ [t uttrum^ %t-u L ^uMqgp ^[t lilrpgulinL-ft * that is plcasaut to the sight, and good for food, b*- *t f*^- i»^%^ tj-ij^uMi-npiug n^ ^m\m^i,, aud of the chicf women not a few. \jinlru {-f^ li^ '^ ^tt^ he saw a man which was blind from his birth. m^%.m'(Lm\j L «-j*-«{* and Abram was very rich in cattle^ in silver^ and in gold. ?^ujj3 but Rachel was beautiful and well-favored. pn^p^lrufu. sound iu faith, in charity, in pa- tience, b'^ 4'S-'^ *fr jt***!* *"#if^ ^^/» «'«v'^«"^^ i^np. but he that is greatest among you shall be your servant. (|p^*,tj»»##f«;t ;''rrfr** ^'y'"'* the youngest of his 5on5. The Comparatives govern generally the Accusative with the preposition i^nXy as, S/i 121 k^cl} •L«r«^»-'»f«<*f-;*'» ?^«*^ •jytt ^nkc* ^^^ thou art much mightier than we. (pti- T^^t ♦^^(^-•t %ju ^ usuui<. a greater than Jonas is here. Also the Middle nouns govern different cases, as, \\ ^"^1* though he be not far from every one of us. ^<^j-;i_«i^;|V-«^7't'Lr5 •^''•'^F n^uitrult. but other of the Apostles saw I none. CONCORDANCE OF ADJECTIVES WITH SUBSTANTIVES 1. The adjective may be placed before or aftijr the substantive j joined, or divided from it. 2. The adjective mayor may not be of the same case or number with the substantive. 3. The governing preposition may be placed either before the substantive or adjec- tive, or before both being repeated. Examples. bg the word of God, which liveth and abideth of ever. [Yh^i-*^^'^ ^ {•^^••^rfrL-ii' ^ u/iMilrn^iu^ j^npS^ ^^^m\mJu* btj u greater and more per- 12^2 feet tabernacle J not made with hands. *|i ^^ pty 4^ J"; n*^r*^*^*':^^ %npuj. upon the smooth of his neck, \jifitrujlru t^u 'Unpiu 'f M^^m^S «f»fr^ l^mi^^ seethe his flesh in the holij place. iluiuL tdjJLrfsujfiM h'^i^y ,^dp-.p,t«*»**»5'*»* for all the migh- ty works. ^l^tupJtiufj jXjpnLUiuq^tP ^m%m>^H,^ %f.mii^^%*t^» Q^p^lr^lruij^ Tetumed they uttto Jerusalem from the mount called Olivet. |j«. and he will shew him greater works than these. \j^ u^uiin%^iriua }i\uinnL.iuh' q^uiniu^ pui. and the Lord plagued Pharaoh and his house with great plagues. \\t**^{,ihi]i\:^'^ •^^-t-w llltg lunpufulfiM jtruiy linqJUul^^ the lialfcUr- tain that remaineth, shall hang over the back- side of the tabernacle. {\i-p L. iu[,gtru ^"um^m^ if^^tft i"^^S^ i^^ir:^ fo'^ they shall hear of thy great namcj, and of thy strong hand^ and of thy stretched'Out arm. Xjifu iit/'u Jp np m.^ *^kp il'i_^^*]^^'^***t*T^***'^^ •^•t)*'"-t 4'^*^f'*«'*;* there came a woman having an alabaster-box of ointment of spikenard^ very precious. %lru[t t*^O^iry I saw^ also the Lord sitting upon a throne^ high and lifted up. S^p* v^n^ 'ft t^mlt^^tf* II. ♦f***P'J'«**r linpnt-uu/iifiglru * LiOrU, Will thou slay also a righteous nation ? '!» Sm^^m^ 4.^^.-„^j. %t,i,f ««.-«^j- /[rpl^lriu qitu^ delivcr me from the deceitful and unjust man. i^iyi/ t J-^ 1-23 II. umll^H*^^^ II. H^ff P-ni^qo duM^uM^irpftiM • DUt the tongue can no man tame : it is an unruly evily full of deadly poison. Qni.uJ?iL.^u u^^u^ iMi^uu L. jouiiupiuiujfuu^ with divers and strange doctrines. U/^ <^uipuu tit-r.? •^-t-w *^^m^. of the promise made unto our fathers. gft uiJlruujju fLUMiM* in the mouth of two or three witnesses every word may be esta^ Wished. \,y kp *^^*^y i>:^4«^:l-f-:^* Noah was six hundred ijears old. b^/»/i- K*♦•^t-*f»^•*o^ 4*^f l-w .^«#.-H#t . about fifteen furlongs off. 'b ilh-ij<^iu^ nh^n"P'ph "- A Jhnt.iP uMup ^iiuJuh-guifu tuii-iuy^ ^ni^iP. in the six hundredth and first year, in the first month. | lp**i:ri ^'^'"i it^^'^ ^- "^CuinJrgfi^* L-%iU ujuljr y ujjn •^j^^J**^* Whcther ye sold the land for so much ? and she said, yea, for so much. W,jp tyiiu^puli. such a one as this is. StA .^/^t ifc*^- ^ /"^> 4^1/1/* •^r^t^ ^j\»^j\.ii lA l,j\ what is my trespass^ what is ^•-Jmo.,.^- v^t^^^f,.-^^-'*- «J'*^«^p^ with the elders j and with a certain orator named Tertulus. \j^fiiit '^t^***j T*'^ u/uttifu ^^Jiftuipiuu • and found a cerfam Jew; named Aquila. 'b ^^'^ tlnt.1^ Jftn^. from one shepherd. O^^ t'^'t «/t^ I1//1L. ^Irq^^^iuunLMu/iMftqlrU y A- ♦^.J.witf t'^L T'^'- tftiM^^r'Ml* lfii^lruMUg_ r^uiuilru^lru* T^vBYy great matter Ihey shall bring unto thee : but every small matter they shall judge. '\jum^ umi.umuI,Ii frf}*^*^— 'ff'1*^ but now they desire a better country, that is, an lieavenly. Hn.iu^g bch^ fuq^hri^^ doubting nothing, 'fi ^«i//^ ^.'-•••y ^fLuip^nt^. the next sahhath (or sabbath- day.) Ikjifi'lf ^uHmI^l^ fLiuiiJo^. with many other words. U/l ujji_lrpu2nil^^ by the other JAr^/#^* in turning away every one of you from his iniquities, 'b ^cy ^y ni^pm,^ 'p l^pufiMg. upon some mountain. Notwithstanding the great licence in the use of adjectives the following rules must be generally observed. 1. The adjective placed after the sub- stantive must agree with it in number and case, as, ^um^iuJ^^ Jh-h^iuJhrh^ogi , voi{]\ great stones. qopat-Pl,i.%p 'y""if'"^^ > such mighty works. 2. The adjective placed before a substan- tive does not agree with it, excepting the monosyllable adjectives, as, Jlrh^uMJlrfr ^ut^ ptui%f^y with great stones, lujuu^pup qopm,^ P^t^ , such mighty works, ^yp;^ f.uAfii-^ , 1-25 ivith other words. '^ up^m^iP myqi-n^ in the holxj place. 3. When a verb or participle is before the substantive and after the adjective, the adjective agrees readily with the substantive, as, luutnnt-iu&ujjiMniJqlful^ qonni-P-lriuifp. y he armeth with divine force. tuuinni.uM&iufunilj^,^ %lriuuiapni.p^lriuJ^ , amied with divine force. 4. An adjective with the article or the letter distinctive of the person, placed before a substantive, agrees with it in number and in case, but not always, as, J^&iui.^ L liiu^ iniupbrinifu Zl u/u3ilrtuuMU-nn&' funnuiUiut^ i Oil a greater and more perfect [ahernacle^ not made with hands. 5. When there are many substantives be- fore one adjective only, the adjective is in the plural, and agrees with them, as, jjii/^ iluMjlrini.^ , Saul and Jonathan (were) lovely and pleasant. 6. The governing preposition is joined to the case which precedes it, whether sub- stantive or adjective, as, jiu^nL.ui%truj^^n.^ %^% , from the mount called. y» Jhipiiy iflr^ qiui.np^%trhi^mt.np^ffrom tlie dcccitful and unjust man. 7. When the adjectives or substantives placed before are joined with the conjunction ^,and^ the governing preposition is applied to all, as, jtuiilrnir Al lu/uiuniuut Ll. lu/uP-iu^ rL.tuiP d-iun.iuuif-ni.p^l,ififu y to au inheritance lie incorruptible, and undefiled, and thatfadeth not aWay**fi <^%ujqujhq.nLP^/it-'ii L '^ <^lrqnLtfu usftlru/i/iM i unto obedience and sprinkling of the blood. 8. When the adjective or substantive placed before is simple, and many substan- tives or adjectives follow, the governing pre- position governs the first word, and the se- cond and third which follow; however not always, aS» *fi ^iup funp<^pq.ng y 'ft p-ufulfj L. ^b t"V^"3 > from evil tJioucjhts^ words^ and works. I^p uippL.^ui<^lrqi^/jL t^l/utf-iUL.np y the bloody and deceitful man. CONCORDANCE OF PRONOUNS The personal pronouns t-uyl^ iy-n*., thou^ l^k^yheov himself are substantives^ and as substantives agree with adjectives, as, i\ujuu llrp Ii!rq&uML.npuig , of you hypocritcs. [lii^u signifies sometimes self as, }ju [fu^ iHufir^ lrJ\ I myself also am a man. The definitive pronouns utuy if-m, ^my he (she^ it) are substantives, and so agree with adjectives, as, %n^iu jlrmlfu^if-* these last. \jL. ^lUiP fiiig_lru/iip_ uqpuM uiuuiui^lriM ^ or ClSC let these same here say. The definitive pronouns unj^y t^nfiM y'Lnfu y thisy thaty samej are adjectives, and so agree with substantives, as, 'h un/L or *^ *#i//ri# m^ £.#»iL^* on this day, or in the course of this day. 127 or to-day. Cytn r^iflfu o^^i##i/i^^« in the like manner. '|i^#^^ iiu/Li^ni.ui&nj^ of the same lump. Qnpn^ujjP^ ^f^ij^ ^^kdb* i^^to t^^^t verij destruction let him fall. \jl. ujp^ i^ujp^ iliuJhruujjiM ifiyP- *^ J^2j"'^^^l, ^^^d besides this^ (jiving all diligence. The definitive pronouns tyuy thisj "^q-t uju , thaty are generally adjectives, but some- times substantives , as , ^Z*^^ ii-n^h^tr^lrp qiujii.. what is this that thou hast done ? H^ju Iris fs^ntfuii^ itpq^i.ntfu '\jnj[i * these are the generations of the sons of Noah. Qiyu Irp^ \ni^u liiiutnni^lipu/hu^ on tlwse two command-- ments. (ip^v i^^ f^t ^'^**^" h-nn^ilttifuu iupuj[tlruji^l^P* who had made this conspira-- Cy. \fP^ Irqh-iu^pq^ nutn p.tjjis^u t/UrS-^ 'Y/^ ""cbk* whether there hath been any such \hing as this great thing is ? '|i ^plruijq.^ny juMjij-^uful^ . of this thy wickedness. (9»^#»^ tyq-ncli^. by this epistle. [V#«/» uMJhruujfu p.tu^ *Unqu tuiunahb ^ II. puui tMJt/lrUujjU mtruih-ufiiu gyunpltii^ according to all these words, and according to all this vision, yj^ufufw npiM^uj<^^ t^uflM i/ujntf-tunl^ni.p-lru/isu qujju * blcSScd is llC that keepeth the sayings of the prophecy. Qtiiiii^^ jiuj^-Jluul^. of this generation. U,^^ ^[i%p. &ujn.ujjltg ^p^nj ufjunijftli jttuufij* tlW llfc Of these fifty thy servants. l\lr^^irir ^ <^/iiLui^^ q.ni.[^lruf^ uiuui[t [nIUl^ jiyuinuul^ ^ sliall I re~ cover of this disease ? 5^7^ \T»'bf^"^ q^p l^lt^iutL-iuplriUif. this MoseSj whom they re- 1:28 fused.,, the same did God send to he a ruler and a deliverer. The possessive pronouns pJ\ mtj t^n , thy^ Jtrp , ouVy iirp J your^ ^i~p , his^ his own^ are adjectives. Wiien Ihey are without substan- tives, receive either the articles *^y 't-A, or the adverbs -«•?•[, .^'w^f, as, ^n k ualhriiuju Ifu^ L ^t '^ydt "^n^^^^gki: ^^^ things come of thee y and thine own have we given thee, \\uuini.iu& jlii-pujjnfu* he also hath ceased from his own works, as God did from his. The pronouns possessive derived t^l*^ ov [fifnjiniy my^ ilrpujjlfu or Hrpylfuy your'Sy are put before the substantives. The pronoun relative np^ who, whichy whatj that^ is substantive, and in different manners agrees with antecedent and follow- ing nouns, as, M^' "[""Ip n^ tnHrum^fi^trL ^ U. uiliufu^u" npni^p n^ uits^*^ > Eye5 that they should not see^ and ears that they should not hear. \n£.u£u *^ ^Jluul^ iluiJu np y# '^pb"^ uinu '^ltunL.u <^iui-uimnju , hcurd him couccm^ ing the faith in Christ. ^ Jji Ifu^ Ir^lrug^ b 'Otc'y b^ U"C"5 t"'~'P^t ^""^^p- > that none of these things which ye have spoken come upon me. (\pnL.tr /u^if-p^ b ^4^' uffii^p , L np ^uji/b tfin/u UinfUnLi^b .^4^* ^' O-Ujp^ni-tfUiistrp qb-plruu y give to Itim that asketh thee^ and from him that would borrow of thee turn not thou away. *fi ilujfu2^tu% uMi^m^pt^u lyun^bk b*^-' utrquiL. pl*n- *nrq npn.g.ntfu % qnp Irn. %i-utn.UiiMt^ k uu^ ilfiun-uij^ hath in these last days spok- en unto us by his son^ ivhom he hath appoint- ed heir of all thimjSy by whom also he made the worlds. Who beimj the brightness of his glory, \jL. u^uJUii/Lruj^ yymlul^u Ij^^ujpn'ijfi Ij^^ and Moses told Aaron all the words of the Lord who had sent him. \ji- tuJt/uiufu lufip^ utiuU ^LnnuM rfutnncrnltp [l. gunc^uiP-iua^fuip nn t^ffu jiuqo-iuq ouiuMpiuq ^ P-iihujuiii-ujq qUnutu f and all the men of his house^ born in the house, and bought with money of the stran- ger^ were circumcised with him. Qn^nj q.nifu '/r luiMi^l^f, IrpP^lruji^ktu ^ ivliich tlwu weutcst to seek, i]p"^ oiunfnJifii ^fiqiumnu futunfutriuif f^tj. qn<^uu 'unguiy wliose blood PHote had mingled with their sacrifices. U/l np Jlumm.^ glriuiJlt il^ifu lilAiii.iuu[> , to wliom comiug ^ as unto a living stone. [\py utr^tfii [n-fi 'yuiQfiMy whose seed is in itself b*- ^nqnilh^^ffu , n^t ^uiui , L njt uuj^iuL. , and gathered^ some more^ some less. The ai ticles-distinctive-of Ihe persons u of the first, ^^ of the second, ^ of the third, besides showing the persons joined to the terminations of words, have also the force of the English articles a and the, and give energy and ornament, as, 84^^ ^ \\ujpi^uj^ mlnn (without any article) Lord and Master^ hut w ith the article « so, St^** ^ ^^c^^- u(lrmu, it may have three senses: 1". f who i30 am a Lord and a Master. 2^ This Lord and Master. 3^ My Lord and Master. So S^cT L iiuipq-iuiiitrurq. f V. Tliou tvlio art a Lord and a Master. 2\ That Lord and Master. T. Thy Lord and Master. Likewise St/'^ ^ \\njpq.ujuiirin^ y 1^ His Lord and Master. 2 '. That Lord and Master. 3\ The Lord and the Master. 9»/c qfi^^n Irifriui^Iru XS^i^uijq. \\ufi,ykib > (ifter whom is the King of Israel come out ? ^t-q[iu nMUiun^ium 4- y l^ opu iniupiu^ diuiflriuij this is a desert place^ and the time is now past. 9J['''^^ tu^ ^^* ilutuiM npy h-^ iit.^t ' u'/iaf is the cause wherefore ye are come ? XjP^h r^'f- tf^ujjui n-iugiup l^i^ju iunfulrU y i^'t^C^ 'd'^t.dM'db ^ ifthetj do these things in a green tree^ what shall be done in the dry? ri\\uui^ iHu^i^u i/irp , our outtvard man. 9J'^i_ h^ ^b '^«-*"w inifL jiunuhlri^y wliat tlw risiug from the dead should mean ? MS'tiiutrgiupiit^ ^^ ilpmtiUMg ui^ ftiuiM^ luuuiuMunuiiugrj^ ujjt^ngfitf^ , depart y I pray you) from the tents of these wicked men. Qiu^ pufunu iiuiuauMlilj iri^irinqu [^H- ^nrij Of tuCSe men who have companied with us. {{'"il^iupuMp aj^ni^fu L. n<^uiJp y quji^iulsfiU L- q/l^Jp > WliO maketh the dumh^ or deaf or the seeing^ or the blind ? b^*^^ 7* <^uipuiuu[tuu , come unto the marriage. 3#y' ^"t bh"'^^'^^ ^^ *'*^ midst whereof I dwell. QL-p/iijni.^ um. %iylinu «/^^ nlri^y ann trun-. ufinh-iP'^y^fuininni-fii IruiifpL y the 131 elder unto the ivelUhcloved Gains ^ vhom I love in the truth. SJ' "'-c 1^"^ td^^^ ^ t"'--^ ufui^ [ijk^y that where I am^ there tje matj he also. <}iip tj-HLij^ lun^ih-uy that thou doest, t\pni.tP q.nifu 4h^J^3^V ' ^^ rc^\om thou bearest wit- ness, UV'V. "^"' ^^'Uf ^^^ hving yet present with you. Sfnp ^iufu ujnfD^ y what things soever he doeth. i)np utyu luru^l^y winch this man hath done. St^uu/hl,^^^ q^p i^m. it It man. [tt-fl Sw' > vA '^ f!^ ^JiuU n.nniu ^ut^ iflrulrglfu ^ft ilriijt See ye him whom the Lord hath chosen^ that there is none like him umomj all the people, n'^4- "c "'"^^tB-^^'U who it is that saith to thee, ^ri- npni^tP L. <^uiJhipluMliyiuirj. [uou[iiPy before whom also I speak freely. ^it^uiUiug iu^iuf^^ltu ujjunpl»^ l^qj^iui^uiulrit-uMgu , oftlie priuces of this world (hat come to nought. H/'uJpt *y^^ mlruiu^ "ish » but by what means he now seeth. {\[iuihu h t^ufuiuiui^ uMulfl» , as I have also told you in time past. Y^u/ji jnp n^ f'gtrU un^iu iflrpi y l^njp 4- L quM^ugnL. , but Iw thut lacketli these things is blinds and cannot see afar off. CONCORDANCE OF VERB The verb which is not a participle, or infinitive, is governed by a nominative, as, ^/#/» , in the beginning God created the heaven and the earth, b^ ^fil'C ^u u/ulrpliyP^ L \7r2 uAuituuiptuuin i and the earth was without form, and void. }jl. t,"^t W.^uim^&y ip2hc 'b 4!tc"U in'^ca^ ^^^^ *'^^ Spirit of God moved upon the face of the waters. The participle and the infinitive are often governed by a genitive, as, "bai/f/ &'iju/upiMj the^ are delivered ere the midwives come in unto them. Piiiifo/^t^if^/rj, A. fi^f^^^^^"^ tj.L.njU uppLy *m* U. tLUJi^uJjU ^^P^hj f the heaven was opened:, and the Holy Ghost de- scended.... and a voice came from heaven. In like manner are governed the preter- perfect, and the preter-plu-perfect tenses ibrnied by a participle, and a substantiveverb, as, \ji. n^ ^/#£/it/» Q^^i'^'li^^ P^k th'^'f^^i^ IflMn^ fti-nnf a.ntjuMglriuilfn ifisnutu y for J aCOu knew not that Rachel had stolen them. %uj^ nufii u.nnctarujify %iliu n ^nqiuhif lunufLq uMLAsr^ lb ^"'^ ti^uMit-uMunifii , there lie in wait for him of them more than forty men. The accusative cannot properly govern a verb, but is subject to it, as, fei^ u^p^- 'V"'^ ^trtnii- luan tri/p \Jutfini-0-nt , n^u^uiptnpt/^ 7"^- i/ujppi nul^i-n^ i^iuiP iupi-iuP-nf I^umiP ^lupp , np 'A iCuMpiniupnL.p-lriMtf Ll ft ifinuMg t/uMpq-^iuli ngiflMn^iul^lruiiftqlj^ quiutniti^ujo-iui^iuifu [jp^^[_ 'udhfuniu forasmuch then as we are the off- spring ofGod^ we ought not to think that the Godhead is like unto gold, or silver^ or slone„ graven by art and man's device. The nominative of nouns agrees gene- 155 rally in number with a verb which is not a participle or infinilive, excepting those with- out singular number, or collective, as, 0«^-* ftt-iUL. wj[_ '"1^ > "p n^^y^ufuiu^ffii ^hp f there arose another (jeneration after them^ which knew not the Lord. ]j/fis J}^iup.utu ^uMtiJhi_^ ^^U iklL"-" ["outr/^ngtu , the multitude came together^ and were confounded because that every man heard then speak in his own Ian- yUage, \jl. d-nqnifnt^^r^ lulfit ni^l^p S^Hp.***^ np^fj y u- quinJuiJUuMtpJU pi»n- lUJtflr^ %nntu , aUd the people waited for Zacharias^ and mar- velled that he tarried so long. The nouns joined with the conjunction t-, and sometimes agree, sometimes not, as, }ji- iftra-tuqujL. ujipU ^"J^ J'^I^ > "^ hrnu- %nniu ny^ nt-qm^ L 1^^ , uud tlw man increased excee- dingly^ and had much cattle^ and maid-ser- vants, and men-servants^ and camels^ and asses. \jqlr^ ^iP ujpPiunL A. n^pjiup L. 4"A^ > fttu^ n.ujj,p L uMqiufuuhriuj^ , J havc oxcn^ and ass- esj flocksj, and men-servants^ and women- servants. When the noun or, pronoun is only one, the verb must be of the same person, as, b^ left alone; where had they been? When the persons are different the verb agrees with the first , as, %unnil^ q^ujjglrtlp^ fru L. iliyp ^n Ll lrqp.u*p^ ^n , U. Irpl^ftpuiiU^ 8 if-uMulM^I^J^ ^Iriij shall I J and thy mother and thy hrethren^ indeed come to how down our- selves to thee to the earth ? Qn^cf^unT ^.nL. L ^ui Jl^iufiM [lifl^^ , between thee and him alone. giu^ 9 whether it were I or they^ so ive preach. Sometimes the verb is supposed, as, U"% n-iug ^ng iUiflriMlrglt'u Jlr^ , we are the cViy^ and thou our Potter; and we all are the work of thy hand. The verb active governs generally the ac- cusative, as, \jL. iupiup \\^innL.uj& tjJiunfjLU iupgup t^iu ♦ uMpnL. L. I^a. uinutn tfunuiu , SO God created man in his own image; in the image of God created he him ; male and fe- male created he them. \ji- mulilnug l^innL.uM& qJiupi^ qnp uuilrq& ^aud thc Lord God plant- ed a garden eastward in Eden ; and there he put the man whom he had formed. Sometimes the letter ^ a sign of the ac- cusative is supposed, as, \,iu imy uiJlrUiufult lllrufUu II. inifii^ L. qiuJIrUujU [ti'^ he givctll to allj, life^ and breath, and all things, b^ UlfL. lip p iptnl'Q 'UnpUJ y IL. t'lJtg P^"h "ifi^P ^^P" Jlfiiy and he took one of his ribs^ and closed up the flesh instead thereof The verb active governs secondly another accusative, as, ^^nc. ^i tunfulru q^t-qj whom makest thou thyself? fi^ujr^iiii.np qniR iuuIAm 135 'i^Sliuni-u , saying that there is another king^ one Jesus. The verbs active as well as the neuter and passive govern often their roots in the accu- sative, as, U4/» JiUi-[itnlrUiuiitJu uft^thr^lM ^t^» I havie loved thee with an everlasting love. WJlu^t^uglru niuJi^p^ ifhri- , they shall be great^ hj ashamed. The verb passive governs generally the ablative, as, S^ ^^^ np ujuuj^uji^ *p ^t-iun.^ ^ ^4^ ythat it might he fulfilled tvhich was spok- enoftheLora.^^iu^fft^fi uimqnj uiUml» &-iun!is '^uiUus^ , for the tree is known by his fruit. know my (sheep) and am known of mine. The infinitive sometimes is noun, and sometimes verb. The preposition 'f put before an infinitive has often the signification of an adverb ;-^^ i-mSy ^tj^, when as, *b inlruu/ulr[u q^tr^t p.lr(tl^plruglt '^ JJitnu (ti^p , when liB seetli thee^ he will be glad in his heart. The infinitive or the gerund with its verb increases the signification of it, as, fl^^^z, ni.%kp uiiup&u/iMuy he hath whereof to glory. XPpP-^ P-ii£a-UJt.nncr£nt£^ P-UMO-iUi-nnlruqlru ) fi tlpi'l'ujj tlhrn y l^iUiP tnftnlr^if^ uiftplrugbru ^^Vj shalt thou indeed reign over us ? or shalt thou indeed have dominion over us ? 150 CONCORDANCE OF PREPOSITIONS. Prepositions sometimes are put after the nouns; tliey change their places, and are re- doubled, as, fljL^ <^uaulruMi^l^ltU jH^utnnL.&y ltpuML.uMUg^ il^pujj , who knowing the judge- ment of God. \yfi liiii^uiiiJinylun.u uiuj^<^ini^ui^ tt.UMl£nprj^ffit ^ft <^ujj^njnL.p-lruMU tjjquMt^u , gwe none occasion to the adversary to speak re- proach fully. ^<^lrin A-^Pm^^^ ^uninuJ^ '^ ^pl^ftg u/iiutft ) L. ft u^uM^moul^ftuU h-l^uMifin^i^ ^\iuLqnult L qfiiun5tujp.iy many ofthe Jews and religions proselytes followed Paul and Barnabas. Quut/^^uj/h c^iuiP/i^mplnu^ ^<^lrin IrpPijjj^, hut ever follow that which is good. QnnJ-tutP ^ ufl^uu^t^u thnnAnuP-tru/itq ft tf^f ufuliiu^u[,glt^y when ije fall into divers tempta- tions, ^tumnt-uftit ftuS. ^utn iftnfuuiiiUMl£ 1^1- pjuMpunj , that render evil for good. Adjectives are often used as adverbs, as, yylr&iuSiy^ ^tupif.ujj^^ , cry aloud. Jjptnf-u. I^P-ufliiyftiMy L. pirP-lL.u ij^iUtuUiy[i'u , they ran and returned. On the contrary sometimes adverbs are used as adjectives, as, }jfjL 'unput n^mp L uMp^iittv. jnj^ , and had much cattle. Negative adverbs -t» t ^"^ ^' ^^^ ^^^^ sometimes are put after verbs, as, bi-/i/#i^ iCty n^ tnti^ bd^ ^"' ^^'U ^^^ *^^^ swiney though he divide the hoof and be cloven- 137 footed^ yet ye cheweth not the cud : he is unclean to you* ACCENTS, OR NOTES OF PROSODY 1^, 1;t-^ or ^t-^uA^'h ( ' J as, 5ruJn.f 2'\ fKnt-P- or ^p-ufiM^uiiM ( * ) as, ^i/i/i# > t/»4w nLp t According to modern usage it is em- ployed as an interrogative point, and as a note of admiration, uusq^iP \)nnL.uujq^iPt 5^. U^^^O 3S, 9000. JVB. o and ^ being recent letters^ are not included in the numeration. iM P VERSE The antieut Armenian Verses or Songs were not rhymed, as the following for ex- ample. C?*^ A-nt/O-ii/'^ ifinq^£Lnj tr^uflMl^n ^ \}L. ^ ft p"3'j/^ u^iuinu/iiiri^pl^ *l^1yp» \yujtjj P~l^ p'^3 '^^hp tfnnrtLU ) }jL. iu^ni^^^ hff^ tunlrt^iui£nt3i^t But now they are rhymed generally and are composed from five Syllables to fifteen. The following few lines are specimens with their own translation in prose. of S Syllables. y47» u/UniHu Qpuni.u \ifip"'/_ -^^^ ^/ti^t-U£ Wftntn ftiP ^tuntrnyiM x Jesus, whose name is a love, bind thou my heart of stone with thy love. of 6 Syllables. Jjrft-tuf ^tuntfis iutiJiu^ftU ^ Having been the bride of the immortal celestial Bridegroom. of 7 Syllables. \y^nptu^utn n.ni- dnn^iriu \k ^guiitt^hu^ nuutiuuiffiM t Valiantly fight thou in the public combat. of 8 Syllables. WftnlruM qni_unL.l[ii nnnJ ii^iuinni,ftu *^ j^c^^"a ^ b Jacket"* Love thou instruction , by which thou wilt obtain honor from Heaven, and on earth. of 9 Syllables. Thou dove, ever flying through the air, the Ark of the new Noah is thy dwelling. of 10 Syllables. To-day the Invisible appears from on high; the knowledge of all creatures is dis- covered. of li Syllables. ^tuhiiiunn o-tuit-nq trpLLlruuiU ctiuq^lfD , illudu. X Flowers of rational Plants appeared of various tints, and delicious odour. o/* 12 Syllables. fKntnntis^ iriP Lhuiutr.nL!uin nnuMt^u iunpiuli , guiignlrutui^UMiM % I am a hemisphere round as a pavilion, by nature firm, in reality moveable invisibly. OjT 13 Syllables. nl~U rLUMpciiUL. X The roar of thunder having diffused the rain of life, is recovered to the heavens, returning to his Origin. o/* 14 Syllables. ^ufuhu uMt-trtniui-np p.tupuMn^tupLUMp p.uinp-MU^ Wp'^l^lJ^k^l^St'^ 1-ni-umftjp 4lrul''^l^ \il'"^/' * Let us fery aloud in joyful tidings address- ing thee personally, Church, daughter of lofty Sion. of IS Syllahles, qujniupiuh-u , \yutnnL.&-nj t Thou, who brooding on the waters didst make creation, descending in the waters of the Baptismal fount, dost give birth to the Sons of God, /^ B^^ ^-«*,^ .^^s** K ^-^n'^ K^' % ^-->a >l. f