GIFT OF 
 
 R. L. Linscott
 
 ^
 
 COLLEGE SERIES OF GREEK AUTHORS 
 
 EDITED UNDER THE SUPERVISION OF 
 
 JOHN WILLIAMS WHITE AND THOMAS DAY SEYMOUR, EDITORS 
 CHARLES BURTON GULICK, ASSOCIATE EDITOR 
 
 THE ATTICA OF 
 PAUSANIAS 
 
 EDITED BY 
 
 MITCHELL CARKOLL, PH.D. 
 
 PROFESSOR OF CLASSICAL PHILOLOGY IN THE GEORGE WASHINGTON UNIVERSITY 
 
 GINN & COMPANY 
 
 BOSTON NEW YORK CHICAGO LONDON
 
 ENTERED AT STATIONERS' HALL 
 
 COPYRIGHT, 1907, BY 
 
 JOHN* WILLIAMS WHITE, THOMAS DAY SEYMOUR, AXD 
 CHARLES BURTON GULICK 
 
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 PEEFACE 
 
 The text adopted in this volume is that of the Hitzig-Bluemuer 
 edition of Pausanias (Berlin, 1896), with certain changes in typog- 
 raphy and punctuation to conform to the style of the series in 
 which it appears. The Hitzig text presents a careful revision of 
 the Schubart text and critical apparatus (which had not been cor- 
 rected for forty years) in the light of new studies and discoveries 
 up to 1896. The later text of Spiro (Teubner, 1903) differs from 
 that of Hitzig only in minor details. As the present work is pri- 
 marily archaeological in its purpose, textual criticism is avoided, 
 and the reader is referred to the Hitzig-Bluemner edition for details 
 in these matters. 
 
 In the preparation of the Introduction, Notes, and Excursuses, 
 the editor is conscious of his indebtedness to the Hitzig-Bluemner 
 commentary and to the monumental work of Frazer (Pausanias's 
 Description of Greece, translated with a Commentary, in six vol- 
 umes. London, 1898). So thoroughly have these scholars done 
 their work that in the preparation of a college edition they may 
 be relied on for an accurate summary of the literature on the 
 Attica up to the time of the publication of their works, and the 
 chief task of the editor is to appraise the matter they present in 
 the light of later contributions, to bring the discussions up to 
 date, and to select what is essential to meet the needs of students. 
 
 On account of the size and cost of these two important works, 
 
 they are not readily accessible to any but specialists. This empha- 
 
 sizes the need of a more compact edition of the Attica the most 
 
 important of the ten books of Pausanias's Description of Greece 
 
 one which gives the text and presents concisely in the way of 
 
 v 
 
 407261
 
 vi PREFACE 
 
 commentary the results of modern scholarship concerning Athenian 
 and Attic topography. Owing to the nature of the subject-matter, 
 the commentary is mainly archaeological, but grammatical and 
 stylistic peculiarities have not been neglected. The more important 
 topics, which could not be adequately treated in the Notes, are 
 considered at some length in a series of Excursuses. The Topical 
 Outline of the Attica enables the student to follow the somewhat 
 tortuous course of the author. The Select Bibliography in the 
 Appendix presents the more important titles under appropriate 
 heads. 
 
 Up to this time Pausanias has been seldom read in our colleges 
 and universities, on the theory that strictly classical authors are 
 better suited to the class-room. The increasing interest, however, 
 in archaeological studies, much of it being due, in America, to 
 the work of the American School at Athens has encouraged the 
 feeling that Greek students should have some knowledge of the 
 topography and monuments of ancient Athens. This knowledge 
 is most readily acquired by the study of the Attica of Pausanias, 
 and it is hoped that this book may quicken the student's interest 
 in the intellectual and artistic aspects of Greek life. 
 
 In conclusion, the editor desires to express his hearty acknowl- 
 edgments to the beloved and lamented Professor Seymour, who 
 read a part of the proofs in the closing months of his fruitful life 
 and made many important suggestions ; to Professor Dorpfeld for 
 introducing him to the study of Athenian topography and for per- 
 mission to use the plans here reproduced ; to Professor D'Ooge, 
 Professor Bates, and Dr. Newcomer for reading portions of the 
 subject-matter in proof, with many pertinent observations ; and, 
 above all, to Professor Gulick, whose editorial acumen and sym- 
 pathetic criticism have contributed largely to the preparation of the 
 
 work. 
 
 MITCHELL CARROLL 
 
 THE GEORGE WASHINGTON UNIVERSITY
 
 CONTENTS 
 
 INTRODUCTION PAGE 
 
 PAUSANIAS THE PEKIEGETK ..... .1 
 
 Scope and Character of Pausanias's Work .... 1 
 
 Date of the Periegesis ...... .2 
 
 Pausanias, His Life and Work ...... 4 
 
 Aim and Method of the Periegesis .... .5 
 
 Style of Pausanias ......... 7 
 
 Pausanias's Use of Previous Writers ..... 8 
 
 TOPOGRAPHICAL OUTLINE OF THE ATTICA . . . . .12 
 
 TEXT AND NOTES 27 
 
 APPENDIX A. Manuscripts ........ 216 
 
 B. Editions 217 
 
 C. Translations . . 218 
 
 D. Selected List of Works Bearing on Pausanias . . 218 
 
 E. Selected List of Works on Athens and Attica . .210 
 
 EXCURSUSES 1. Harbors and Fortifications of Greater Athens . 228 
 
 2. The Agora of Athens 235 
 
 3. The Enneacrunus and its Neighborhood . . 242 
 
 4. The Theseum ....... 252 
 
 5. The Olympieum ...... 25(5 
 
 6. The Theatre of Dionysus 259 
 
 7. The Acropolis ....... 265 
 
 8. The Propylaea 270 
 
 9. The Temple of Athena Nike .... 274 
 
 10. The Parthenon 275 
 
 11. The Erechtheum ...... 280 
 
 12. The Old Athena Temple 286 
 
 TABLE OF ABBREVIATIONS ........ 
 
 INDEX . 
 
 vii
 
 PAUSAKLAS THE PERIEGETE 
 
 1. Scope and character of Pausanias's u'ork. Aldus Manutius 
 begins his preface to the editio princeps of Pausanias's Description 
 of Greece, which appeared in 1516, by characterizing it as an " opus 
 antiquae raraeque eniditionis tJiesauros continens." And invaluable 
 it is because of its subject-matter, since it reveals to us numerous 
 details, not only concerning " the city of the violet crown," but also 
 about the other most celebrated sites of ancient Greece, when its 
 monuments still retained some of the freshness and splendor of the 
 older time. 
 
 The IlepiTyy^o-is rrj<; 'EAXaSos has come down to us in ten books. 
 The work is a detailed account of the sites ordinarily visited and 
 the objects ordinarily seen by the traveler in making an extensive 
 tour of Greece. As the writer is supposed to be coming from over 
 the Aegean Sea to the Greek mainland, his account begins with 
 Sunium, the promontory of Attica. Thence he proceeds to Athens. 
 Book I is devoted to the description of Athens and Attica. From 
 Attica the traveler journeys southward by way of Megaris (also 
 treated in Book I) and the Isthmus to Corinth and the Argolid 
 (described in Book II). His Peloponnesian tour follows much the 
 same route which travelers of our day \isually take, embracing Laconia 
 (Book III), Messenia (Book IV), Elis (Books V, VI), Achaea (Book 
 VII) and Arcadia (Book VIII). Then follows a second tour to the 
 principal cities of Central Greece, starting from Athens in the same 
 manner as modern travelers would journey. Here the writers chief 
 attention is absorbed by Thebes in Boeotia (Book IX) and by Delphi 
 in the district of Phocis (Book X). The regions of Western and 
 Northern Greece, which had played no prominent part in the art 
 and civilization of Hellas, Pausanias leaves out of consideration. 
 
 1
 
 2 THE ATTICA OF PAUSANIAS 
 
 The territory chiefly described gives its name to the various books. 
 Thus the first book has the title 'Arrt/ca and includes Megaris ; the 
 second the title Kopiv&aKa, and embraces, in addition to Corinth, 
 Argos, Mycenae, Tiryns, and Epidaurus ; the third AaKwvtKa, the 
 fourth Meo-o-^viaKa, the fifth and sixth (which describe Olympia) 
 'HAwx/cci, the seventh 'A^aiKa, the eighth 'Ap/aiSiKa. The description 
 of Central Greece is contained in the ninth book called BoiomKa, and 
 in the tenth, the <J><oKiKa, which is devoted almost exclusively to 
 Delphi. Topographical directions are not always exact; yet, by 
 mentioning in order the names of denies, of places, and of monu- 
 ments, Pausanias throws much light on the geography and topog- 
 raphy of ancient Greece. 
 
 2. Date of the Perieyesis. Pausanias made his sojourn in Greece 
 in the second century of our era, in the days of Hadrian and the 
 Antonines. His date is fixed by 5, 1, 2, where he states that 217 
 years have elapsed since the restoration of Corinth. As this well- 
 known event occurred in 43 B.C., the passage shows that the author 
 was writing Book V in 174 A.D. Other intimations as to his date 
 harmonize with this evidence. Thus, for example, in 5, 21, 15 
 images set up in 125 A.D. are spoken of as specimens of the art 
 of his day ; and 1, 5, 5 and 8, 9, 7 indicate that the writer was a 
 contemporary of the emperor Hadrian. The latest historical event 
 mentioned by him as occurring in his time (10, 34, 5) is the inciir- 
 sion of the Costobocs into Greece, which took place probably between 
 166 and 180 A.D. 1 
 
 Every discussion about the date of the separate books, especially 
 of the Attica, must take as its starting-point 174 A.D., just mentioned 
 as the only fixed date and the date of Book V. Pausanias (7, 20, 6) 
 tells us that Book I was finished before Herodes Atticus built the 
 Odeum at Athens, erected in honor of his wife Kegilla, who appears 
 to have died in 160 or 161 A.D. The Odeum was doubtless built not 
 long after Kegilla's death, and therefore 160-161 A.D. constitiites 
 the terminus ante quern of Book I. A reference to Herodes Atticus 
 probably gives us also the terminus post (juem, for according to 
 1, 19, 6, the stadium of Athens had already been rebuilt by him 
 
 1 See below, pp. 3-4.
 
 INTRODUCTION 3 
 
 before 143 A.D. or a little earlier. Book I has, therefore, as its 
 limits 143-160 A.D. 
 
 There are numerous indications that the Attica was written and 
 published before the rest of the work. For instance, we have the 
 writer's statement (7, 20, 6) that the Odeum is not mentioned in 
 his work on Attica, because his description of Athens was finished 
 before Herodes began to build. Further, in 8, 5, 1 he corrects a 
 view which he had adopted in Book I (c. 41, 2) regarding the king- 
 ship of Achaea at the time of the attempted return of the Heraclidae 
 to Peloponnesus. A third argument is that in subsequent books 
 he makes additions to certain statements in Book I. Compare, for 
 example, 5, 11, G with 1, 15, 3, accounts of the painting of the 
 Battle of Marathon. 1 In one case he supersedes the account of the 
 Gallic invasion in 1, 3, 5 ff. by the fuller narrative in 10, 19, 5 ft'., as 
 if the first had proved inadequate. There also occur remarks in t he- 
 later books which seem to have been occasioned by current criticisms 
 of the Attica already published, as, for example, in 3, 11, 1 in refer- 
 ence to the plan of the book ; in 4, 24, 3 in regard to digressions ; 
 cf. 8, 7, 4-8 ; 9, 30, 3 ; 9, 24, 3. 
 
 We must, accordingly, presuppose an interval of a few years be- 
 tween the publication of Book I and that of later books. Book II 
 was probably written after 165 A.D., as the statement is made that 
 the temple of Asclepius at Smyrna had already been founded (2, 
 26, 9), which according to other testimony was still unfinished in 
 165 A.D. A study of references which the author makes to various 
 parts of his work shows that the books were written in the order in 
 which they stand. 2 We have already a fixed date for Book V, 174 A.D. 
 Hence Books II-IV must date between 165 and 174 A.D. Book VIII, 
 which refers to the German victories of Marcus Aurelius (8, 43, 6), 
 must have been written after 166, when the war broke out, and may 
 have been written in or after 176, when the emperor celebrated his 
 triumph. Book X, with the allusion to the Costoboc invasion, was 
 
 1 Cf. also 5, 12, 4 with 1, 21, 3 ; 2, 30, 2, and 3, 15, 7, with 1, 22, 4 ; 6, 20, 
 14 with 1, 24, 3 ; 10, 21, 5 with 1, 3, 2. 
 
 2 Thus e.g. 2, 19, 8 ; 21, 4 ; 23, 6 ; 32, 3 show that the First Book was written 
 before the Second, etc. See Frazer, Pausanias, I, Introduction, xvii n. 5.
 
 4 THE ATTICA OF PAUSANIAS 
 
 written between 166 and 180, probably after 176. Thus Books 
 VI-X may date between 174 and 180 A.D. The composition of the 
 Description of Greece, therefore, extended over a period of not less 
 than fourteen years (160-174 A.D.) and probably occupied a much 
 longer period. 
 
 3. Pausanias, his life and work. Though the work itself is so 
 voluminous, our knowledge of the author is limited almost to his 
 mere name. The book gives us his date, and some insight into his 
 personality, but as to the author's family, birthplace, citizenship, 
 and pursuits in life we are left in almost total ignorance. An occa- 
 sional allusion, however, conveys some intimation. If we inquire, 
 for example, whence he came, he gives us a hint in 5, 13, 7, 
 8t Kat TavraXov TI/S Trap' fifjuv CVOIK^TCWS cri^/xaa en KCU es rdSe 
 KT\., where it is suggested that his native land was the territory 
 about Mount Sipylus in Lydia, and mention is made in what follows 
 of natural features and monuments pertaining to this region. This 
 statement is strengthened by many passages in which he recurs to 
 the scenery and legends of Lydia. 1 We conclude, therefore, that he 
 was a Lydian by birth ; but whether he was a native of Magnesia, 
 the important city at the northern foot of Mount Sipylus, or of Thy- 
 atira, or of some less known town, is not to be ascertained. 
 
 Late Greek writers mention two other authors of the same name, 
 with whom our Pausanias is sometimes confused. Philostratus (Vit. 
 Soph. 11, 13) speaks of a sophist named Pausanias, much esteemed 
 in his time, who was a pupil of Herodes Atticus and teacher of 
 Aspasius. So far as his date is concerned, we might readily identify 
 him with the author of the Description of Greece. But the sophist 
 came from Caesarea in Cappadocia, not from Lydia, and Suidas men- 
 tions Problemata by him, and a book on syntax, but no Perierjesis. 
 One can hardly conceive of our author with his crabbed style occu- 
 pying the lectureship of eloquence at Athens. Hence the identity of 
 the traveler and the sophist is altogether improbable. 
 
 Nor can he with any greater degree of probability be identified with 
 the historian Pausanias, who wrote, among other works, a history of 
 Antioch, and who is mentioned as 6 O-OCWTO.TOS xpovoypac^os. The 
 
 i Cf. 1, 21, 3 ; 24, 8 ; 2, 22, 3 ; 5, 13, 7 ; (J, 22, 1 ; 7, 24. 13 ; 8, 2, 7 ; 17, 3.
 
 INTRODUCTION 5 
 
 historian was born at Antioch in Syria, not in Lydia. Stephanus of 
 Byzantium cites the works of the two men, the KriVis 'Avrio^ctas and 
 the Uepirjyrjai-;, under the simple name Pausanias, but this proves 
 nothing more than that in the fifth century the two writers of this 
 name were not readily distinguished. We must therefore rest con- 
 tent with the knowledge that our author lived and traveled in the 
 second century, and was born near Mount Sipylus in Asia Minor. 
 
 4. Aim and method of the Periegesls. That Pausanias has 
 given to the world a work of unique value is manifest to any one 
 who notes its contents. We have here a book rich in antiquarian, 
 mythological, historical, and artistic lore, and the very nature of 
 the subject-matter arouses the question what was the author's aim 
 in preparing his work. The answer is nowhere clearly given by him. 
 He begins his book without a preface ; he concludes without an epi- 
 logue. Probably his work was left unfinished and no opportunity 
 was given to revise it; probably, while it served its purpose, the 
 author felt there was no need of explanatory remarks. Hence the 
 answer to our question is largely a matter of inference ; but we can, 
 at any rate, gather from utterances here and there what was the 
 author's general purpose, and how his method developed as his grasp 
 of the subject increased. 
 
 Thus, he tells us in 1, 2G, 4 that it is his purpose to describe the 
 whole of Greece, as he had the Acropolis, Act Se p.t u<iKeV0at TOV Ad- 
 yov 7rpo<7<j, TTttvra o/xotws eTrc^iovra TO. 'EAA^vnca. Again, after he has 
 concluded his account of Athens and Attica he adds (1, 39, 3) : TOI- 
 avra Kara yvw/A^v rrfv tfj.rjv ' A.6r)vaiois yvwpi/xwTaTa ty Iv re Adyois Kai 
 0(.<aprip.a.(Tiv. a.irf.Kpiv(. & aTro TU>V TroAAaii' e apx*)'* " Adyos /xoi TO. es crvyypa- 
 
 <f>T)v avrJHovra. Later, as a preface to his description of Sparta, he 
 refers to this statement, and outlines his aim and method more defi- 
 nitely (3, 11, 1) : o 8 (V rfj (rvyypa(f>rj p.oi rrj 'Ar0i'8i e7rav6p6(i>fJt.a. eye'vero, 
 
 /U.T/ TOt TTO.VTO. /AC (/>^?, TO. 8c /XaAlOTTtt dta /XV7//U.1;? 7TlAcu/Al'OV ttTT* 
 
 i, Sr/Awo-w Sr; Trpo rov Aoyou TOV es STrapTtaras. C/AOI yap e 
 
 6 Adyos etTro TroAAoiv KOI OVK a^iwv d^T^yr/crews, u eKaorot irupa. 
 (T(f>L(Ti Aeyovtriv, airoKplvai TO. d^ioAoywrara. 
 
 OVK IcTTlV OTTOV 
 
 1 See also 2, 13, 8 ; 0, 1, 2 ; 10, 32, 1.
 
 6 THE ATTICA OF PAUSANIAS 
 
 From these passages and from a study of the contents of the work 
 it becomes clear that "Pausanias intended to describe all the most 
 notable objects and to narrate all the most memorable traditions 
 which he found existing or current in the Greece of his own time." 1 
 
 This was a vast undertaking, especially so in the case of Attica, 
 the first country he undertook to describe. Here he was bewildered 
 by an embarrassment of riches before he had definitely decided on 
 a method of treating the data he had at hand. Hence the author's 
 method is not so clearly defined in the first as in the later books. 
 Beginning with Book II, he regularly prefaces his accoimt of every 
 important city with a historical sketch and follows strictly the 
 topographical order of description. But in the case of the Attica 
 there is no historical introduction whatever ; though the topograph- 
 ical order is in the main observed in describing Athens, it is not fol- 
 lowed in his treatment of the rest of Attica. At times the course of 
 description is confused, as when he interrupts his account of the Attic 
 denies to describe the mountains of Attica (cf . 1, 32, 1 and 1, 35, 1 if.). 
 Again, he mentions fewer notable objects in proportion to the total 
 number in Athens than he does in any other important centre of 
 Greece, and his accounts of notable monuments in Athens are shorter 
 than those in the remaining books. Contrast, for example, his de- 
 scription of Athens with that of Olympia, the former embracing only 
 thirty chapters of one book, or seventy Teubner pages, while to the 
 latter is devoted the larger part of two books, being forty chapters 
 or one hundred and ten Teubner pages. Temples and statues in the 
 whole of Athens, however, were far more numerous and imposing 
 than in Olympia. The explanation of the defects of the Attica is, 
 of course, that the author was finding himself in his new work, and 
 had not altogether arrived at a definite plan. 
 
 The topographical method already adopted in the description of 
 Athens reveals the author's purpose in preparing the work. Thus, 
 he begins by describing the harbors of Athens, and the objects of 
 interest on the roads leading from the harbors to the city. He next 
 enters the principal gate and proceeds by a broad avenue to the 
 Agora, which he treats in great detail. Thence he traverses the 
 
 1 Frazer. I, Introduction, xxiii.
 
 INTRODUCTION 7 
 
 territory east of the Acropolis, known as the City of Hadrian. A 
 description of the southern slope of the Acropolis finally brings him 
 to its principal entrance, and, having entered, he devotes to the 
 objects of interest in the sacred precinct the maximum of attention. 
 He concludes his account of Athens by describing the suburbs of 
 the city. Let us compare this description with the description of 
 Athens in Baedeker's Greece. The" writer of this work gives first 
 a historical sketch of the city. He then describes it in several sec- 
 tions : , From the Koyal Palace round the south side of the Acrop- 
 olis ; />, The Acropolis ; c, From the Palace through the Town to the 
 Theseum the Hill of the Nymphs, Pnyx, and Museum ; </, Modern 
 Quarters of the Town ; e, Walks near Athens. 
 
 Similarity of treatment shows that we have in Pausanias the 
 prototype of Baedeker and Murray. The second century was an 
 age of travel, like our own, and many needed systematic direction to 
 help them on the way. The public-house system of the country 
 was poor, but private hospitality, as in the earlier days, made some 
 amends. Accordingly, the description of inns and other accommoda- 
 tions which Dionysus in the Froys feels to be such a desideratum 
 and which our Murray or Baedeker offers in great detail, is wanting ; 
 but in other respects the likeness between the ancient and the mod- 
 ern cicerone holds. Book I was meant primarily to be a guide-book 
 for the Greek visitor to Athens and Attica, just as the whole vol- 
 ume was a guide-book for the generally frequented parts of Hellas, 
 with special reference to works of art, like the modern Burckhardt. 
 To gratify the intellectual curiosity of his readers, Pausanias tills 
 his volume with mythical, antiquarian, and historical lore, and he 
 doubtless felt that his work would be serviceable to the historian as 
 well as the traveler. Yet his main purpose was, without doubt, to 
 provide a guide-book for visitors to the historic sites of Greece. 
 
 5. Style of Pausanias. The literary style displayed in the book 
 before us is due partly to the nature of the subject-matter, partly 
 to the character of the author as reflected in his work. Pausanias 
 is revealed as an unimaginative man, but one deeply interested in 
 antiquarian lore, who set out on his travels with the purpose of 
 "doing" Greece and of giving others the benefit of his reading and
 
 8 THE ATTICA OF PAUSAXIAS 
 
 observation, and who kept at it with heroic persistence. He permitted 
 110 curious legend to escape him, and gathered information from every 
 source. He carefully studied his predecessors in historical prose, 
 especially Thucydides and Herodotus, and laboriously sought to 
 cultivate a good style. But he falls hopelessly short of the vigor- 
 ous expression of the former, and the sweetness and lucidity of the 
 latter. There is a sense of strain about his style. As Frazer so 
 well puts it, "The sentences are devoid of rhythm and harmony. 
 They do not march, but hobble and shamble and shuffle along. At 
 the end of one of them the reader is not let down easily by a grace- 
 ful cadence, a dying fall ; he is tripped up suddenly and left sprawl- 
 ing, till he can pull himself together, take breath, and grapple with 
 the next." l 
 
 Frazer thinks that these defects in Pausanias's style may perhaps 
 be best explained by Boeckh's 2 hypothesis that Pausanias modeled 
 his style on that of his countryman Hegesias of Magnesia, a leader 
 of the Asian school of rhetoric. Hegesias aimed at variety of phrase, 
 which often avoided monotony at the cost of simplicity and clearness, 
 and led him into a jerky yet mincing style. Pausanias's indirect 
 mode of statement often leads him in like manner to ambiguity, 
 the chief defect of his style. 
 
 6. Pausanias's use of previous writers. It is not essential to our 
 pin-pose to enter fully into the discussion of Pausanias's trustwor- 
 thiness and his use of previous writers, as Frazer has treated the sub- 
 ject most exhaustively and happily and has satisfactorily met all 
 the more serious criticisms. 
 
 Scaliger characterized Pausanias as being " omnium Graeculorum 
 mendacissimum." In recent times his trustworthiness and literary 
 independence have been energetically called in question by von 
 Wilamowitz-Moellendorf (Hermes, XII, 346 ff.), but Pausanias found 
 a vigorous champion against Wilamowitz in R. Schoell (Hermes, 
 XIII, 432 ff.). Wilainowitz's charges, however, were followed up 
 and exhaustively extended by A. Kalkmann (Pausanias der Perieyet, 
 
 1 Frazer, I, Introduction, Ixix. The reader will greatly profit by close study 
 of this excellent critique. 
 
 2 "De Pausaniae Stilo Asiano," Gesamm. Kl. ISchr. IV, 208-212.
 
 INTRODUCTION 9 
 
 Berlin 188G), who argued that Pausanias had traveled and seen 
 very little in Greece, but had compiled the bulk of his work from 
 the manuals of earlier writers and had added only a few hasty jot- 
 tings of his own to give his descriptions a convincing atmosphere. 
 He found his chief source, according to Kalkmann and Wilamowitz, 
 in Polemon of Ilium, who lived in the second century B.C. The 
 charges of Kalkmann, which were a severe impeachment of Pausa- 
 nias's moral character, as well as his literary ability, were suc- 
 cessfully refuted by W. Gurlitt (Ucler Pausanias, Graz 1890) and 
 E. Heberdey (Die Reisen des Pausanias, Wien 1894). * Kalkmann 
 himself substantially retracts his earlier views by admitting that 
 Pausanias saw with his own eyes all the objects that especially 
 interested him (Arch. Anz. 1895, 12). Frazer, finally, disposes 
 conclusively of the theory that Pausanias stole everything from 
 Polemon. His inquiry, in which he draws the important distinction 
 between the historical and the descriptive portions in Pausanias's 
 work, is here summarized. 
 
 In regard to the historical passages he shows that Pausanias drew 
 his accounts of the mythical and heroic ages largely from the poets ; 
 that Herodotus is the historian most frequently cited by him ; that, 
 notwithstanding there is only one direct reference to Thucydides 
 (6, 19, 5) and one to Xenophon (1, 3, 4), he probably used these 
 authors in several places where he does not mention their names. 
 He also refers to numerous other historians, and cites several local 
 histories, notably the histories of Attica by Androtion (G, 7, 6 ; 
 10, 8, 1) and by Clitodemus (10, 15, 5). He also made extensive use 
 of inscriptions, consulted writers on art, and got information from 
 local guides. 
 
 Regarding next the descriptive or topographical passages, Frazer 
 considers whether Pausanias derived Iris knowledge from observation, 
 from books, or from both. The author himself gives no full or direct 
 answer to these questions. He neither professes to have seen every- 
 thing he describes, nor does he acknowledge having borrowed any of 
 his descriptions from previous writers, whom he barely alludes to 
 
 i With Gurlitt cf. Lolling, *Gott. Gel. Anz. 1890, G27 ff., Weil, Berl. Philol. 
 Woch. 1890, 1101 ff., and Wachsumth in Tauly-Wissowa, Suppl. I, 200 ff.
 
 10 THE ATTICA OF PAUSAXIAS 
 
 and never mentions by name. Yet lie affirms that he saw personally 
 certain things he describes ; and to have seen certain things implies 
 that he saw others. There are descriptions which Pansanias may 
 have taken from books, bnt there is no description extant so like in 
 form and substance to what Pausanias has written that one can say 
 he copied from it. Frazer considers in detail a number of passages 
 which, others have thought, bear traces of having been derived either 
 wholly or in part from written documents rather than from personal 
 observation, and concludes that in none are the indications so clear 
 as to amount to a proof of borrowing. 
 
 Frazer discusses in considerable detail the predecessors whom 
 Pansanias ought to have consulted, namely Pseudo-Dicaearchus the 
 Messenian, Diodorus of Athens, Heliodorus, and Polemon, whose 
 writings are known through extant fragments. Of Polemon we have 
 more than one hundred fragments. These Frazer takes up one by 
 one and draws a minute comparison with Pausanias. He concludes 
 that not one fragment supports the theory that Pausanias copied 
 from Polemon, nor do they justify us even in supposing that he 
 was acquainted with the writings of his learned predecessor. Even 
 more true is this of his relation to the other antiquarians. 
 
 Another theory of Kalkmann's that obtained some vogue was that 
 our author did not describe Greece as it was in his own time, but as 
 it was a century or two earlier, when his alleged sources were com- 
 posed. This theory is more susceptible of verification, namely by prov- 
 ing that certain things Pausanias speaks of as existing had ceased 
 to exist before his time. Kalkmann, for example, thus attacks the 
 description of the Piraeus. It had been burnt in 80 i:.c. and was in a 
 ruined condition when seen by Strabo ; how then conld Pausanias's 
 account of its temples and colonnades apply to his own time ? Frazer, 
 in reply, shows what great changes were possible in two hundred 
 years, and how the Piraeus had regained prosperity under beneficent 
 Roman emperors, lie also gives numerous proofs, from existing 
 monuments and otherwise, that Pausanias described Greece as it 
 was in his own age. 
 
 We may say, then, that at present a conservatively just view has 
 succeeded the bitter outcry against our author's alleged untrustwor- 
 thiness. Pausanias cannot be regarded as an independent creative
 
 INTRODUCTION 11 
 
 spirit, originating a great work for the benefit of mankind. He is 
 rather a true child of his time, a plodding collector, somewhat 
 superficial and credulous, with a propensity for the archaic and the 
 mystical, but withal an intelligent and inquisitive traveler who ram- 
 bled through land and city and carefully noted what to him appeared 
 worth seeing and recording. The extant monuments prove that his 
 description of Athens is founded primarily on personal observation. 
 He did not neglect his predecessors and got together historical and 
 mythological material out of handbooks. He also consulted, as did 
 Herodotus, local priests and guides in his eager search for informa- 
 tion. As a result, he has handed down to modern times a readable 
 and instructive description of travel, that presents a fairly coherent 
 picture of ancient Athens, and a work indispensable to the traveler 
 and investigator.
 
 TOPOGRAPHICAL OUTLINE 
 
 I. Maritime Athens (11 2 3). 
 
 II. a. Coast from Sunium to Piraeus. 
 
 . Sunium. 
 
 Laurium. 
 
 Isle of Patroclus. 
 1 2-3. ft. Piraeus. 
 
 Precinct of Athena and Zeus. 
 
 Shipsheds. 
 
 Tomb of Themistocles. 
 
 Long Colonnade Statues of Zeus and Demus. 
 
 Agora : upper and lower. 
 
 Shrine of Aphrodite. 
 1 4. c. Munychia. 
 
 Temple of Munychian Artemis. 
 d. Phalerum. 
 
 Shrine of Demeter. 
 
 Temple of Athena Sciras. 
 
 Temples of Zeus. 
 
 Altars of gods called Unknown. 
 
 Altars of heroes. 
 
 Altars of children of Theseus. 
 
 Altar of Phalerus. 
 
 Altar of Androgeos. 
 
 1 5. e. Cape Colias. 
 
 Image of Coliad Aphrodite. 
 Images of Genetyllides. 
 
 2 1. /. Road from Phalerum to Athens. 
 
 Temple and Image of Hera. 
 
 Tombs of Antiope and Molpadia within the city. 
 g. Road from the Piraeus to Athens. 
 Long Walls. 
 
 Tombs : Menander, Euripides. 
 Monument : warrior beside a horse. 
 12
 
 INTRODUCTION 13 
 
 II. The Arjord and its Neighborhood (2 4 18 3). 
 
 a. From the Dipylum to the Market-Place. 
 2 4. The Pompeium. 
 
 Temple of Demeter. 
 Group of Poseidon and Polybotes. 
 Colonnades bordering the Dromos. 
 Bronze statues (Trpo avrwv). 
 
 2 5. Shrines of gods, gymnasium of Hermes, and house of Pu- 
 
 lytion, sacred to Dionysus. 
 Dedication of Eubulides images of Athena Paeon ia, Zeus. 
 
 and others. 
 Chamber with clay images (/ACTO. 8c TO TOV Atoi/ixrou 
 
 b. The Market-Place : from Royal Colonnade to Enneacrunus. 
 
 3 1. Royal Colonnade (irpwrr) lv Stta). 
 
 3 2. Statues : Conon, Timotheus, Evagoras (TrXiptov). 
 
 Zeus Eleutherius (evravOa). 
 3 3. Stoa oTTwrOev (Eleutherius). 
 
 3 4. Euphranor's painting. 
 
 Temple of Apollo the Paternal. 
 
 Statue of the god, by Euphranor (Tr\r)(Tiov eV rep raw). 
 
 Statues of Apollo by Leochares and Calamis (77730 TOV ve 
 3 5. Metroum (Mrprpos 6t(av iepov). 
 
 Image by Phidias. 
 Buleuterium of the 500 (irXrjfriov) . 
 
 Zeus Bulaeus, a davov. 
 
 Apollo of Pisias. 
 
 Demus of Lyson. 
 
 Thesmothetae of Protogenes. 
 
 Callippus of Olbiades. 
 4. Digression on the Galatae. 
 
 5 1-5. Tholus (TOV flovXevrrjpLov irXipriav)- 
 
 Statues of Eponymi (avwrtpw). 
 5 5-8 1. Digression on Attains and Ptolemy. 
 8 23. Images (yueTa Tas tiKoVas TWV eTrcavv/iwv) , including 
 
 Amphiaraus. 
 
 Eirene and Plutus. 
 
 Lycurgus. 
 
 Callias. 
 
 Demosthenes.
 
 14 THE ATTICA OF PAUSANIAS 
 
 8 4-5. Shrine of Ares (TT}S TOV 
 
 ("Two images of Aphrodite. 
 Image of Ares by Alcamenes. 
 
 | Image of Athena by Locrus of Faros. 
 [image of Enyo by sons of Praxiteles. 
 
 Heracles, Theseus, Apollo, Calades, Pindar (irepl TOV vadv). 
 Harmodius and Aristogiton (ou Troppw Sz). 
 
 8 6. Theatre, called Odeum. 
 
 Statues of Egyptian kings (-rrpo TTJ<; Icrooov). 
 
 9 1-3. Digression on the Ptolemies. 
 
 9 4. Philip, Alexander, and Lysimachus statues (/xero. oc TOWS 
 
 9 o-lO. Digression on Lysimachus. 
 
 11 1. Statue of Pyrrhus. 
 
 11-13. Digression on Pyrrhus. 
 
 14 1. Dionysus and other images (es ... TO 'A.0ijvr)<riv 
 
 Enneacrunus 
 
 c. The Market-Place: from Enneacrunus to Prytaneum. 
 14 1-4. Temple of Demeter and Kore, and temple of Triptolemus 
 
 Trjv Kprjvrjv)- 
 
 Image of Triptolemus. 
 Trpo TOV ( Bronze bull. 
 vaov rov&f. \ Epimenides. 
 
 14 5. Temple of Eucleia (en aTrwrepw) . 
 
 14 G. Temple of Hephaestus (vTrep TOV Kepa/j.uKov KOL (rroav 
 
 Statues of Athena and Hephaestus. 
 
 14 7. Temple of Aphrodite Urania 
 
 15 1-4. Painted Colonnade. 
 
 Hermes Agoraeus (town. TT/DOS rrjv aroav rjv HotKt'AT/v 
 
 Market gate (Kai TrvXr) TrXr/o-tbv). 
 
 ["Battle of Theseus and Amazons. 
 Paintings < Capture of Troy. 
 
 [Battle of Marathon. 
 
 Statues J Solon (""^ ^ v ^\ o-To5s). 
 iSeleucus (oAtyov Se d 
 
 16 1-3. Digression on Seleucus.
 
 INTRODUCTION 15 
 
 17 1. An Agora, containing, besides other notable objects, 
 Altar of Pity ('A^vutois 8e ev rrj ayopa rA.). 
 
 17 '2. Gymnasium of Ptolemy (r^s dyopas aTrt^ovn ov TroAv). 
 
 Stone llermae. 
 Bronze statue of Ptolemy. 
 Statue of Juba. 
 Statue of Chrysippus. 
 Shrine of Theseus (TT/JOS of. TO> yu|U,ra<Tia>). 
 
 {Fight of Athenians and Ania/.ons. 
 Fight of Centaurs and Lapithae. 
 Theseus and Amphitrite. 
 
 18 1. Shrine of the Dioscuri. 
 
 2. Precinct of Aglaurus (vrrfp rwv AIOO-KOU/DW TO tepov). 
 
 3. Prytaneum (TrAipiov) . 
 
 Laws of Solon. 
 
 Image of Peace. 
 
 Image of Ilestia. 
 
 Statues: Autolycus, Miltiades, Themistocles. 
 
 III. The. City of Hadrian (18 4 19 fi). 
 
 18 4. Serapeum (evrei^ev loixrw ets rot KO.TW T^S TrdAetos). 
 
 Pact of Theseus and Pirithous (ov iroppw). 
 5. Temple of Ilithyia (TrAiyffiov). 
 0. ?rept)3oAos of Olympian Zeus. 
 
 Temple of Olympian Zeus. 
 
 Chryselephantine statue of Zeus within the temple. 
 
 Four statues of Hadrian, in front of the temple. 
 
 A bronze statue of each of the colonies. 
 
 A statue of Hadrian sent by each of the colonies. 
 
 Colossus of Hadrian, at the back of the temple. 
 
 7. An ancient brou/e Zeus. 
 Temple of Cronus and Rhea. 
 Temenus of Ge Olympia. 
 Statue of Isocrates on a pillar. 
 
 Statues of Persians holding a brazen tripod. 
 
 8. The tomb of Deucalion. 
 
 0. Digression : Other buildings of Hadrian in Athens. 
 
 19 1. Statue of Apollo Pythius (/utTa of rov vaov TOV Aios TOV 'OAu/A7riW). 
 
 Another sanctuary of Apollo Delphinius.
 
 16 THE ATTICA OF PAUSANIAS 
 
 2. The Gardens (Krjiroi). 
 
 Temple of Aphrodite (in the Gardens). 
 Statue of Aphrodite (rov vaov TrXrjrriov). 
 
 3. Sanctuary of Heracles, called Cynosarges. 
 
 Altars of Heracles and of Hebe. 
 Altar of Alcmene and lolaus. 
 
 4. Lyceum. 
 
 Monument of Nisus (OTTKT&V TOV AVKCIOV). 
 
 5. Rivers of Athens. 
 
 Ilissus. 
 Eridanus. 
 
 6. Agrae (8ia/?aai 8e TOV EiArcr6v). 
 
 Temple of Artemis Agrotera. 
 Stadium. 
 
 IV. The Street of Tripods and Southern Slope of Acropolis (20 1 
 22 3). 
 
 20 1. a. The Street of Tripods (686s OLTTO TOV Hpvravuov Ka\ovfj.tvr) Tpt- 
 TroSes) 
 
 2. Temples of gods, one supporting Satyr of Praxiteles. 
 Satyr and Eros of Thymilus (ev TO> vaw TO! TrX^o-tW) . 
 
 3. /;. Oldest sanctuary of Dionysus, containing two temples (TT/DOS TW 
 
 Statues of Dionysus in the temples, one called Eleuthereus, 
 
 the other made by Alcamenes. 
 Paintings in one of the temples. 
 
 1. c. Odeum of Pericles (TrA^tnoi/ TOV re iepov TOV Aiovuom> /cat TOV Otd- 
 Tpov KaracrKeuacr/Aa) . 
 
 20 4-7. Digression : Sulla's Capture of Athens. 
 
 21 1-2. (I. The Theatre of Dionysus. 
 
 Statues of tragic and comic poets. 
 
 3. e. Gilded head of Medusa (CTTI . . . TOV NOTI'OV KoAov/aeVou 
 Trjs (iK/aoTrdXews S TO OeaTpov CCTTI TtTpap.fji.cvov}- 
 
 f. Cave (Monument of Thrasyllus) (ev TJJ Kopv^fj TOV 
 
 g. Tomb of Calos (IOVTWV . . . es T^V ttKpOTroXtv drro TOV Oedrpov). 
 4-9. h. Sanctuary of Asclepius. 
 
 22 1-2. i. Temple of Themis (McTa ... TO itpov TOV 'A.o-K\r)iri.ov). 
 
 Tomb of Hippolytus (71736
 
 INTRODUCTION 17 
 
 3. j. Aphrodite Pandemus and Peitho : images. 
 k. Sanctuary of Ge Kourotrophos. 
 /. Sanctuary of Derneter Chloe. 
 
 V. The Acropolis (22 4 28 3). 
 
 22 4. a. Entrance to Acropolis (e's & rqv aKpmroXiv COTIV ecroSos p.ia). 
 
 b. The Propylaea. 
 
 Figures of horsemen. 
 5. c. Temple of Nike Apteros. 
 
 Heroum of Aegeus. 
 6-7. d. Picture Gallery (cv apurrtpa TWV irpcnrvXaiitav oiKrjfJM. c^ov ypa<as). 
 
 Rape of Palladium by Diomedes. 
 
 Odysseus with bow of Philoctetes. 
 
 Slaying of Aegisthus by Orestes. 
 
 Sacrifice of Polyxena. 
 
 Achilles in Skyros (?) 
 
 Odysseus and Natisicaa (?) 
 
 Alcibiades. 
 
 Perseus with head of Medusa. 
 
 Boy carrying water-pots. 
 
 Wrestler, by Timaenetus. 
 
 Portrait of Musaeus. 
 e. Hermes Propylaeus and the Graces, attributed to Socrates. 
 
 23 1-7. /. Between Propylaea and sanctuary of Artemis Brauronia. 
 
 Bronze statue of Leaena. 
 
 Image of Aphrodite, by Calamis. 
 
 Bronze statue of Diitrephes. 
 
 Image of Hygieia. 
 
 Image of Athena Hygieia. 
 
 Stone of Silenus. 
 
 Bronze boy with lustral basin, by Lycius. 
 
 Perseus, slaying Medusa, by Myron. 
 g. Sanctuary of Artemis Brauronia. 
 
 Image of Artemis Brauronia, by Praxiteles. 
 h. Between sanctuary of Artemis Brauronia and eastern end of 
 
 Parthenon. 
 
 Bronze copy of Wooden Horse. 
 
 Statues of Epicharinus, of Oenobius, of Ilermolycus, of Phor- 
 
 mio (/XCTtt TOV
 
 18 THE ATTICA OF PAUSANIAS 
 
 24 1-2. Athena striking Marsyas 
 
 Theseus and the Minotaur (rovrwv 
 
 Phrixus and the rani. 
 
 Heracles strangling the snakes (and other statues). 
 
 Athena springing from the head of Zeus. 
 
 Votive bull of the Areopagus. 
 24 3. i. A temple, possibly of Athena Ergane, containing a <r7rov8atW 
 
 24 3-4. A statue by Cleoetas. 
 
 Statues of Conon and Timotheus. 
 
 Procne and Itys, an offering of Alcamenes. 
 
 Athena and Poseidon. 
 
 Image of Zeus, by Leochares. 
 
 Image of Zeus Polieus. 
 24 5-7. j. The Parthenon. 
 
 The pediments birth of Athena contest of Athena and 
 Poseidon. 
 
 Chryselephantine image of Athena. 
 
 Statue of Emperor Hadrian (IvravOa . . . /xdvov). 
 
 Statue of Iphicrates (/caret rrjv eo-oSov). 
 24 8. k. Between Parthenon and South Wall (TT^OS . . . ro> ret^a TU> 
 
 VOTIO>) . 
 
 Bronze Apollo Parnopius, by Phidias (rov vaov . . . Trepav). 
 Statues of Pericles and Xanthippus (on opposite sides, ere- 
 
 Statue of Anacreon. 
 
 Statues of lo and Callisto, by Dinomenes. 
 
 25 1-2. 1. Votive Groups of Attains, at the South Wall (TT/SOS . . 
 Tet^ei TW voriiw). 
 
 25 2 26 3. Digression : Olympiodorus. 
 
 26 4. m. Between the South Wall and the Erechtheum. 
 
 Statue of Olympiodorus. 
 
 Bronze image of Artemis Leucophryene (r^s . 
 
 TrXrjcriov Trj<s 'OXv/XTrioSwpov) . 
 Seated image of Athena, by Endoeus. 
 26 5. n. The Erechtheum (ot/c^/na ' 
 
 Altar of Zeus Hypatus (?r/3o . . . T^S 
 
 Altars of Poseidon with Erechtheus, of Butes, of He- 
 
 phaestus (
 
 INTRODUCTION 19 
 
 Paintings of the Butadae (CTU TWV rot'^wv). 
 
 6. The old Athena image. 
 The lamp of Callimachus. 
 
 27 1. i>. Athena Polias Temple (eV TUJ vuto TTJJS IloAiaSos). 
 A wooden Hermes, offering of Cecrops. 
 A chariot, the work of Daedalus. 
 The breastplate of Masistius. 
 The dagger of Mardonius. 
 
 2. ;;. A temple of Pandrosus (TO) vaw . . . rr/s 'A^vas . . . awe^s) 
 
 3. (/. Dwelling of Arrephoric Maidens. 
 
 27 4. r. Between the Erechtheum and the Propylaea (27 4 28 2). 
 
 Small figure of Lysimache (vrpos TW vaw rrys 'A&jras). 
 
 5. Statues of Erechtheus and Eumolpus. . 
 0. Statues of Tolmides and his prophet. 
 
 Oid images of Athena injured by fire. 
 
 7. A representation of a boar-hunt. 
 Fight of Heracles and Cycnus. 
 
 9. Bronze stafue of Theseus lifting the stone. 
 
 Theseus and the Marathonian bull. 
 
 28 1. Bronze statue of Cylon. 
 
 2. Bronze image of Athena, from the spoils at Marathon. 
 
 Bronze chariot, from the spoils of Boeotians and Chalcidians. 
 Statue of Pericles. 
 Statue of Athena Lemnia. 
 28 3. s. The Acropolis Wall. 
 
 VI. Western Slope of the Acropolis, and the Areopagus (28 4 29 1 ). 
 
 28 1. a. The Clepsydra (Karapaai . . . OVK es rrjv KU.TW Tro'Aiv, ctAA' ocrov 
 
 VTTO ra TrporrvAaia, Trrjyr) Tf. v8a.TOs). 
 b. Sanctuary of Apollo in a cave (irXrjcriov). 
 r. Cave of Pan. 
 o. d. The Areopagus. 
 
 Altar of Athena Areia. 
 
 6. Stones of Insolence and Shamelessness. 
 Sanctuary of Semnae (TrA^crtov) . 
 Statues of Pluto, Hermes, and Ge. 
 
 7. Monument of Oedipus. 
 
 28 8-11. Digression : The Athenian law courts. 
 
 29 1. Panatheiiaic Ship (TO> 'Apuov irayov 7rA?/atov).
 
 20 THE ATTICA OF PAUSANIAS 
 
 VII. Road from Athens to the Academy Suburb (292 304) 
 
 29 2. a. Sanctuaries of gods. 
 
 Precinct of Artemis, with wooden images of Ariste and 
 Kalliste. 
 
 A small temple of Dionysus Eleuthereus. 
 3. b. The street of Tombs. 
 
 Thrasybulus. 
 
 Pericles, Chabrias, Phormio. 
 4-14. Monuments to Athenians who fell in battle. 
 
 15. Conon and Timotheus. 
 Zeno and Chrysippus. 
 Nicias, the animal-painter. 
 Harmodius and Aristogiton. 
 Ephialtes. 
 
 16. Lycurgus. 
 
 30 1. c. The Academy. 
 
 Altar of Eros (Trpo . . TT/S eVoSou rrj<s e's 'A/caS^/Atay). 
 
 2. Altar, of Prometheus ('Ev 'Aa8r;/u,ia). 
 Altar of the Muses ('Ev 'A/axS^/nia). 
 Altar of Hermes ('Ev 'A/cuS^/Aia). 
 
 Altar of Athene and Heracles ('Ev 'A/<a8r//Mta). 
 Sacred olive trees. 
 
 3. Tomb of Plato (ow -jroppw). 
 
 4. Tower of Timon. 
 d. Colonus Hippius. 
 
 Altar of Poseidon Hippius and Athena Hippia. 
 Hero-chapel of Theseus and Pirithous. 
 Hero-chapel of Oedipus and Adrastus. 
 
 VIII. The Denies of Attica (31 33). 
 
 31 1. a. Halimus. 
 
 Sanctuary of Thesmophorian Demeter, and Kore. 
 At Zoster on the sea, an altar of Athena. 
 
 b. Apollo, Artemis,, and Leto. 
 
 c. Prospalta. 
 
 Sanctuary of Kore and Demeter. 
 
 d. Anagyrus. 
 
 Sanctuary of the Mother of the Gods.
 
 INTRODUCTION 21 
 
 e. Cephale. 
 
 The Dioscuri. 
 31 -2. f. Prasiae. 
 
 Temple of Apollo. 
 Monument of Erisichthon. 
 31 3. y. Lamptrae. 
 
 Monument of Cranaus. 
 It. Potamoi. 
 
 Tomb of Ion, son of Xuthes. 
 31 4. /. Phlya. 
 
 Altars of Apollo, Artemis, Dionysus, the Ismenid Nymphs, 
 
 and Ge. 
 In another temple, altars of Demeter, Zeus, Athena, Kore, 
 
 and the Semnae. 
 j. Myrrhinus. 
 
 Wooden image of Colaenis. 
 31 5. k. Athmonia. 
 
 Sanctuary of Artemis. 
 
 31 0. /. Acharnae. 
 
 Sanctuaries of Apollo Agyieus and Heracles. 
 Altar of Athena Hygieia. 
 
 32 3-7. m. Marathon. 
 
 Tumulus of Athenians. 
 Tumulus of Plataeans and slaves. 
 Monument of Miltiades. 
 Trophy of white stone. 
 Fountain Macaria. 
 Marsh. 
 Mountain of Pan. 
 
 33 1. n. Brauron. 
 
 Ancient wooden image of Artemis. 
 
 33 2-8. o. Rhamnus. 
 
 Sanctuary of Nemesis, with image made by Phidias. 
 
 IX. Oroj-us (34). 
 
 34 1. a. The deme of Oropus. 
 
 2-5. b. The Sanctuary of Amphiaraus. 
 Temple, with image. 
 Altar, dedicated to various deities. 
 Fountain of Amphiaraus.
 
 22 THE ATTICA OF PAUSANIAS 
 
 X. The Mountains and Islands of Attica (32 1-2, 35 36 2). 
 
 32 1-2. a. Mountains. 
 
 Pentelicus, with image of Athena. 
 
 Hymettus, with image of Zeus and altars of Zeus and 
 
 Apollo. 
 
 Parnes, with broiixe image and altars of Zeus. 
 Anchesmus, with image of Zeus. 
 
 35 1 36 2. b. Islands. 
 
 Patroclus. 
 
 Ilelene. 
 
 Salamis, with temple of Ajax and sanctuaries of Artemis 
 
 and of Cychreus. 
 Psyttalia, with wooden images of Pan. 
 
 XI. The Sacred Way from Athens to Meusts (36 3 38 7), 
 
 36 o-O. Monument of Anthemocritus. 
 
 Tomb of Molottus. 
 Monument of Cephisodorus. 
 
 37 1-7. Grave of Ileliodorus Ilalis. 
 
 Grave of Themistocles, son of Poliarchus. 
 
 Graves of family of Acestius. 
 
 Temenos of the hero Lacius and the deme Laciadae. 
 
 Monument of Nicocles, the lyre-player. 
 
 Altar of Zephyrns. 
 
 Sanctuary of Demeter and Kore. 
 
 Tomb of Phytalus. 
 
 Monument of Theodorus (Trplv . . . Stu/ifyvui TOV 
 
 Statues of Mnesimache. 
 
 Ancient altars of Zeus Meilichius (Siu/3aai Se TOV 
 
 Graves of Theodectes and Mnesitheus. 
 
 Small temple of Cyamites. 
 
 Monument of a Khodian. 
 
 Monument to Pythionice by Ilarpalus. 
 
 Sanctuary with images of Demeter and Kore, Athena 
 
 and Apollo. 
 Temple of Aphrodite. 
 
 38 1-5. The Rheitoi. 
 
 Ileroum of Ilippothoon. 
 Hero um of Zarex.
 
 INTRODUCTION 23 
 
 XII. Elmisis and its Neighborhood (38 6-9). 
 
 38 0-7. a. Eleusis : the Sacred Precinct. 
 Temple of Triptoleinus. 
 Temple of Artemis Propylaea. 
 Temple of Poseidon Pater. 
 Altar of Triptoleinus. 
 
 38 8-9. b. Road from Eleusis to Eleutherae. 
 
 Temple and image of Dionysus. 
 Cave of Antiope. 
 Walls of Eleutherae. 
 
 39 1-3. c. Road from Eleusis to Megara. 
 
 Well, called Authium 
 Sanctuary of Metanira. 
 Graves of Seven against Thebes. 
 Monument of Alope. 
 Palaestra of Cercyon. 
 
 XIII. Mfyam (39 4 44). 
 
 39 4-(i. Mythical History of Megara. 
 
 40 1. Fountain of Theagenes (tv TTJ TrdAci). 
 
 23. An ancient Sanctuary (T^S . . . K/JT/VT/S . . . ov Troppo))* 
 
 Bronze images of Artemis Soteira. 
 
 Statues of Roman emperors. 
 
 Images of the Twelve Gods. 
 4-5. Temenos of Zeus. 
 
 Temple called Olympieum. 
 
 Gold and ivory image of Zeus, not completed. 
 
 Bronze beak of a trireme. 
 6. The Acropolis, called Caria. 
 
 Temple of Dionysus Nyctelius. 
 
 Sanctuary of Artemis Epistrophia. 
 
 Oracle of Nyx. 
 
 Temple of Zeus Conius. 
 
 Images of Asclepius and Ilygieia. 
 
 The Megaron of Demeter. 
 
 41 1. The Tomb of Alcmene (CK . . . rr/s d/<pO7roXews KUTIOVO-IV . . . 
 
 7T\r)<TlOV TOV OAu/X7Tie6Ol>) . 
 
 Rhous. 
 
 Monument of Hyllus
 
 24 THE ATTICA OF PAUSANIAS 
 
 41 3. Temple of Isis (o -rroppw . . . Tov'YAAov 
 
 Temple of Apollo and Artemis (Trap' O.VTOV). 
 3-6. Digression : Who killed the lion of Cithaeron? 
 7. The Heroum of Pandion (CK TOVTOV . . . TOV iepov Kcmoucri). 
 
 Monument of Hippolyte (irXrjcriov) . 
 8-9. Grave of Tereus (ov iroppta). 
 
 42 1. The Acropolis, named after Alcathous (dAX?; MtyaptW 
 
 O.TTO 'A\Kadov TO ovofjua. e^oucra). 
 
 Monument of Megareus (e? avrrjv . . . TTJV a.Kpoiro\iv aviovcnv . 
 
 fv S^ia). 
 
 Hearth of gods called Prodomeis. 
 2-3. Stone of Apollo (rr;s . . . eortas eyyvs). 
 4. liuleuterium. 
 
 Temple of Athena (CTTI rr} Kopixfrrj rrjs 
 
 Gold -and -ivory image of Athena. 
 Sanctuary of Athena Nike. 
 Sanctuary of Aiantis. 
 
 42 5. Old Temple of Apollo. 
 
 (5. Sanctuary of Demeter Thesmophoros. 
 
 Monument of Callipolis (/caTtowt . . 
 7 . Monument of Tno (Kara . . . TYJV es TO Trpvravtiov 
 
 43 1. Heroum of Iphigenia. 
 
 2. The Prytaneum. 
 
 Graves of Euippus and Ischepolis ('Ev ... TO! 
 The rock Anaclethra (7rA?^n'ov). 
 
 3. Graves in the city of Megara. 
 
 Of those killed in Persian Wars. 
 
 A tomb of heroes, called Aesymnium. 
 
 4. The Heroum of Alcathou.s. 
 
 Tomb of Pyrgo, his first wife. 
 Tomb of Tphinoe, his daughter. 
 
 5. The Sanctuary of Dionysus. 
 
 Grave of Astycratea and Manto (jrapa . . . rrjv IcroSov rrjv cs TO 
 
 Aiovwrtov) 
 
 A wooden image of Dionysus. 
 A Satyr by Praxiteles. 
 
 Image of Dionysus, dedicated by Euchenor. 
 43 6. Temple of Aphrodite (McTa . . . TOU Aiovwrou TO itpov). 
 Ivory image of Aphrodite, surnamed Praxis.
 
 INTRODUCTION 25 
 
 Peitho and Paregoros, works of Praxiteles. 
 
 Eros, Ilimeros, and Pothos of Scopas. 
 Sanctuary of Tyche (nXr/a-iov) . 
 
 Image, by Praxiteles. 
 Temple adjacent, containing 
 
 Muses and a bronze Zeus, by Lysippus. 
 
 43 7-8. The Grave of Coroebus (eV TIJ Meyu/aeW ayopa). 
 
 Figure of Coroebus killing Poine. 
 
 44 1. The Grave of Orsippus (-n-Xrja-iov) . 
 
 Sanctuary of Tutelary Apollo ( 'E* . . . TT/S uyopus Kariovai T;S 
 oBov Trjs Ei>$euis KaAou/AevT/s) . 
 Image of Apollo. 
 Images of Artemis, Latona, and others, the Latona and her 
 
 children by Praxiteles. 
 The Old Gymnasium (TrXrja-tov TruAwv KuAcw/AtVwi/ 
 
 Stone of Apollo Carinus. 
 Sanctuary of the Ilithyiae. 
 44 3. The Port called Nisaea. 
 
 Sanctuary of Malophorian Demeter. 
 The Acropolis of Nisaea. 
 The tomb of Lelex, beside the sea. 
 The Island of Minoa. 
 
 44 4-5. The mountainous district of Megara. 
 Pagae. 
 
 Rock shot at by the Medes. 
 Bronze image of Artemis Soteira. 
 Ileronm of Aegialeus. 
 Aegosthena. 
 
 Sanctuary of Melampus. 
 Small figure of a man on a stele. 
 Erenea. 
 
 Tomb of Autonoe. 
 44 0-14. Road from Megara to Corinth. 
 
 Graves, among others, of Telephanes. 
 
 Tomb of Car. 
 
 The Molurian Rock. 
 
 Temple of Zeus, the Ilurler (eVi . . . TO? opovs TIJ 
 
 Images of Ajihroditc. Apollo, and Pan. 
 
 Tomb of Eurystheus. 
 
 Boundaries of Megaris and Corinth.
 
 ATTIKA 
 
 Ch. 1 
 
 1 T^<? rjTreipov TTJS 'EXXi^t/oJs Kara VTJCTOVS ra<; Ku/cXctSas 1 
 /cat TreXayo? TO AtyaiW a/cpa ^ovviov Trpd/cetTat y^? T^9 
 /cat XifJLTJv re TTapairXevcravTi rrjv aKpav ecrTt /cat 
 Sov^taSo? eVt Kopv(f)f) T^5 a/cpa?. TrXeovn Se 
 5 e? TO Trpocro) Kavpiov TC icrnv, evOa TTOTC 'A^vatotg 771; 
 
 1. Sunium Laurium The Island 
 of Patroclus TTte Piraeus Muny- 
 chia Phalerum. 
 
 2. axpa Sovviov : Cape Sunium, the 
 southeast promontory of Attica, is a 
 nigged headland of crystalline rock, 
 rising two hundred feet above the sea. 
 The earliest mention of Sunium is in 
 Od.7, 278, where it is said that the pilot 
 of Menelaus was struck down by Apol- 
 lo's shafts as the ship was passing 
 the sacred headland of Suninm. The 
 woods mentioned by Soph. Aj. 1217 ff. 
 as covering the promontory have dis- 
 appeared. The ancient fortification 
 wall (cf. Time. 8, 4), with a circuit of 
 over half a mile, may still be traced. 
 3. irapairXevo-avTi : dative of ref- 
 erence with verbs of motion, a favor- 
 ite construction with the historians. 
 
 Trt'Sa^s ten 7r6X<s 
 rbv 'Uviov K&\TTOV. 
 2, 96 ; Hdt. 1, 51 ; 1, 181 ; G, 33 ; Xen. 
 Anab. 3, 2, 22 ; <!, 4, 1 ; Cyr. 8, 20 ; 
 etc. 4. vaos 'A0T)vds SowidSos : upon 
 the highest point of the promontory 
 stand the ruins of a Doric peripteral 
 temple, with six columns to front 
 
 Cf. Thuc. 1, 24 
 
 and rear and thirteen on the sides; 
 nine columns on the southern side and 
 two on the northern are still standing. 
 The stylobate measures 102 x 44 feet. 
 The date, according to Dr. Dorpfeld, 
 is somewhat later than the so-called 
 Theseum. This temple has been usu- 
 ally identified as the temple of Athena. 
 But Poseidon also was worshiped at 
 Sunium (Zowidpare, Ar. Eq. 5(50, cf. 
 Av. 808) ; and an inscription found in 
 the temple a few years ago, contain- 
 ing a psephisma-to be set up in the 
 temple of Poseidon, proves that this 
 temple really belongs to Poseidon. The 
 foundations of the Athena temple have 
 been identified. SeeA.M.XXlV(1890), 
 340; Berl. Philol. Woch. XIX (1890), 
 1087. 5. Aavpiov . . . dp-yvpow jU- 
 raXXa : the hills of Laurium cover prac- 
 tically the whole of that part of the 
 Attic peninsula south of a line drawn 
 from Thoricus to Anaphlystus, a dis- 
 trictextending about eleven miles north 
 and south and five miles east and west. 
 The exact period in which the art of 
 mining was introduced into Attica is 
 unknown. Xen. de Vect. 4, 2 implies 
 
 27
 
 28 
 
 THE ATTICA OF PAUSANIAS 
 
 Ch. 1, 2 
 
 dpyvpov jaeraXXa, Kat vrjcros ep^/xog ov fJLeydXrj TlarpoKXov 
 KaXovfJievr) ret^og yap wKoSoja^craro eV avrfj Kat ^apaKa 
 e'/3aXero IlarpoKXog, 05 rpirfpeaiv eVeVXet z/avap^og Atyu- 
 Trrtatg, ag riroXe/aaiog 6 IlroXe/zatov rot) Aayov 
 10 ecrretXev 'A^vatotg, ore cr^icriv 'Avriyovos 6 
 
 o~rparta re avrog eV/Se/SX^Kaig e^>$eipe r^ ^&jpav Kat patH 
 
 yxa C'K ^aXacrcr^g Karetpyev. 
 
 'O Se ITetpatevg 8^/xog ju,ev ^ CK TraXatov, irporepov 8e 2 
 )tv 17 Oe/xto'roKX'^g 'A^vatotg r/p^ev i'liiveiov OVK rfv 4>a- 
 15 Xrjpbi^ Se r ravry yap e'Xa^tcrroz/ aTre^et r^g TrdXewg 17 
 OdXaa'cra rovro cr^tcrt^ eiriveiov yv, Kat Me^eo~^a (fxtcrlv 
 avroOev ratg i^av<rt^ e'g Tpotat' dva^0'rjvaL Kat TOVTOV vrpd- 
 repov %Y](rea Saxrofra MtVa> StKag r^g 'A^Spdyew r< 
 
 that it was very remote, while at his 
 time the mines were less productive 
 than formerly (Mem. 3, 6, 12). In Stra- 
 bo's time they were almost exhausted 
 (9, p. 399), and Diodorus (5, 37) says that 
 in his day great sums were expended 
 in mining here, but without adequate 
 return. Pausauias speaks as if opera- 
 tions had ceased entirely in the sec- 
 ond century. More than two thousand 
 of the ancient shafts have been located. 
 At present a French company and a 
 Greek company are seeking to resmelt 
 the old slag and extract lead from the 
 ore. Very little silver remains. G. vfj- 
 <ros . . . narpoKXov : this island lies 
 three miles west of Cape Sunium, and 
 is now known as Gaidaronisi or Ass's 
 Island. A \vall of rough stone, possi- 
 bly that built by Patroclus, occupies 
 the northeast corner ; the ancient desig- 
 nation, as the palisade (x<fpa, Strabo, 
 9, p. 398) of Patroclus, has given to 
 the coast territory adjacent the name of 
 Charaka. The incident mentioned took 
 
 place in the so-called Chremonidean 
 War (268-2G3 B.C.). Cf. 1, 7, 3 ; 3, 6, 4. 
 See Wachsmuth, Stadt Athen, I, 627. 
 13. rLeipcuevs Sfjjxos, KT\. : the Pi- 
 raeus consists of a rocky peninsula 
 extendingseaward from the Attic main- 
 land two and one third miles from 
 northeast to southwest, composed of 
 two masses each about one and one- 
 fourth miles wide united by a low and 
 narrow isthmus. The southwest mass, 
 known as Acte in ancient times, is 187 
 feet in height ; the northeast mass, 280 
 feet at its highest point, is the hill of 
 Munychia. In 493-492 js.c. Themisto- 
 cles began the fortification of Piraeus ; 
 about 448 the Long Walls were com- 
 pleted ; in 440 the seaport town was 
 laid out on a uniform plan by Ilippoda- 
 mus of Miletus ; in 404 the Lacedae- 
 monians destroyed the Long Walls and 
 the Piraeus fortifications; during 394- 
 391 the fortifications were restored, 
 chiefly under Conon ; in 86 Sulla razed 
 the fortifications, which were never
 
 THE PIRAEUS 
 
 20 
 
 irveiov 
 
 /caTeo~/cevcraTO 
 
 ol/cot 
 
 ot 
 
 /cat 
 
 etz/at 
 
 77/905 
 
 Ch. 1, 3 
 
 OejLttcrroKXrJ? Se ws ypc Tot? re yap TrXe'oucrif eVtr^Seto- 
 20 T6/3OS 6 IleijQateus f<f>aLVTo ot TrpoKelcr0ai /cat XtjueVas rpets 
 rov (fraXrjpol rovro 
 /cat pews /cat eg e'/ae 
 
 e^to~TO/cXe'oi;?. 
 
 \rjcrai TWI> e'? e/xtoTo/cXe'a 'A^ryj/atot? /cat 
 25 res ra oard /co^to-atei; e'/c Mayz/rjcrtas dz/eXoWes 
 
 Se ot TratSe? ot e/xto-ro/cXe'ous /cat /careX^oVre? /cat ypa^rjv 
 e'? rot' HapOevwva di/a^eVre?, ev ^ Qeyatcrro/cX^? eVrt yeypa^- 
 ^LteVo?. ^e'a? 8e a^iov rwv eV Ilet^atet /xdXtcrra 'A^rpds eo~rt 
 /cat Atos TC/ievo? ^aX/cov yaev dp^orcpa rd dydX^tara, e^et 
 
 OIKOI : the ship- relatives maintained that his bones had 
 been conveyed to Attic soil. J>a<r: 
 note change of construction and espe- 
 cially use of opt. after 0a<r. Cf. Madvig, 
 Advers. Crit. I, 704. On this frequent 
 variation note the use of $ocr! and other 
 
 rebuilt. 22. vews 
 
 sheds were regarded as one of the 
 glories of Athens. Isocr. 7, 66 says 
 they were built at a cost of 1000 tal- 
 ents, and were sold by the Thirty for 
 three talents. Dem. 22, 76 cites them 
 along with the Propylaea and the Par- 
 thenon. Lysias deplores the destruc- 
 tion of the dockyards (12, 99) and of 
 the shipsheds (30, 22) at the hands of 
 the tyrants. From 347 u.ck to 322 
 B.C. the Athenians engaged in rebuild- 
 ing docks and shipsheds (C.I. A. II, 
 270), and erected an arsenal, largely 
 through the efforts of Lycurgus. Con- 
 siderable remains of the ancient ship- 
 sheds are still to be seen in the harbors 
 of Zea and Munychia. 23. reuses 0- 
 luerroKXiovs : cf. Plut. Them. 32, who 
 quotes Diodorus the Per iegete's descri p- 
 tion of Themistocles's grave from his 
 work Hep! /j.i>T)iJ.d.Twv. Tradition places 
 the site of the tomb on the shore of the 
 Acte peninsula near the modern light- 
 house, to the south of the approach to 
 the Great Harbor. Time. 1, 138 says 
 there was a monument of Themistocles 
 in the agora of Magnesia, but that his 
 
 expressions (a) with inf. and following 
 ws or dirt + opt., as e.g. 1, 2, 3; 10, 3; 
 (6) with inf. and following cJs or 5n + 
 ind.of hist, tense, 1, 19,4; 34, 2; (c) also 
 in 1, 20, 3, where after w's + opt. there 
 is first inf. , then loss of dependence on 
 \4yercu, 
 
 28. 'A0T]vas . Kal Aios rejitvos : 
 this joint precinct of Zeus and Athena 
 is mentioned in other ancient writ- 
 ers. See S. Q. CXI, 78. It is likely that 
 the two deities were worshiped in com- 
 mon and that there were two statues 
 with one sacred precinct. Cf. Lye. c. 
 Leocr. 17 -rb ifpbv TOV Aids rov owrrjpos 
 Kal TT)S 'AOrjvas TT}J cr&rrei'paj. This was 
 the principal sanctuary of the Piraeus. 
 In the precinct were colonnades with 
 paintings and statues in the open air 
 (Strabo, 9, p. 39(i). The site has not 
 been definitely determined. 29. a-vaX- 
 P.O.TO. : the two bronze statues of Athena
 
 30 
 30 Se 6 
 
 THE ATTICA OF TAUSANIAS 
 
 Ch. 1, 3 
 
 (TKVJTTTpov Kal Ni/CTjz/, *f) Se ' AOrjva Sdpv. IvravOa 
 05 ' A0r)vaiOi<; Kal rot? Tracrtv 'EXX^crtv rj f 
 
 Ma/ceSdi'as eV re Botcorotg e'/cpa-nycre f^o-XU KC ^ L a v0L<s 
 
 iv Kat /3tacrajuei'O5 e? Adfjuav /care'/cXetcre r^ a,7rai>- 
 TiKpv rrjs 01x175, TOVTOV TW AectMrOevrjv Kal rovs TratSas 
 35 eypavjjev 'Ap/cecrtXaos. ecrrt Se r^s crroag r^? jua/cpas, 
 eV$a KaBeo-rrjKev ayopa rot? e?rt ^aXacro"^? /cat yap rots 
 ciTTa/repcd rov Xt^teVo? ecrrtv erepa T7?<? 8e eVt ^aXacro-^g 
 crroas OTrurOev ecrracrt Zeu? /cat A^o?, Aew^apov? ejpyov. 
 
 and Zeus were renowned. That of 
 Athena was the work of Cephisodotus 
 or Cephisodorus. See Pliny, 34, 74, 
 Cephisodorus Minervam inira- 
 bilem in portu Atheniensium. 
 Furtwangler defends the Mss. reading 
 Cephisodorus which is adopted in the 
 Teubner and Jex-Blake editions. There 
 is no known Greek sculptor of this 
 name, while there were two by name 
 Cephisodotus. The date usually as- 
 signed is 394-391 B.C.; if the latter 
 name is accepted, the work must be 
 attributed to the elder Cephisodotus; 
 soOverbeck, Murray, Milchhoefer, and 
 Wachsmuth. 35. rfjs trrods TTJS |Aa- 
 Kpas : the Long Colonnade was prob- 
 ably one of the five mentioned Schol. 
 Ar. Pac. 145, to the effect that in the 
 harbor of Cantharus were " the docks, 
 then the sanctuary of Aphrodite, then 
 five colonnades round about the har- 
 bor" (S.Q. CXII). An inscription of 
 Roman date quoted 'E0. 'Apx- 1884, 
 p. 170, mentions these in the same 
 order. This stoa is doubtless iden- 
 tical with that described Thuc. 8, 90 
 as the largest colonnade, and as im- 
 mediately adjoining the promontory of 
 Eetionia. If so, it stood on the north 
 
 side of the harbor, extending westward 
 to where the town wall of Piraeus 
 crossed the shallow bight over to 
 Eetionia. It is probably identical with 
 the often mentioned a-roa a\<j>iT6irw\ts 
 (S.Q. CXVII, 55). The four other 
 colonnades doubtless ran southward 
 in a line along the eastern shore of 
 the harbor, together forming the pub- 
 lic mart or emporium. 36. d-yopd . . . 
 dirwrepco TOV Xi(xevos : this was the agora 
 of Ilippodamus, which occupied a spa- 
 cious square, large enough for troops 
 to muster in (Andoc. 1, 45). The road 
 from Athens led into this square, and 
 another wide avenue led from it up to 
 the shrine of Artemis on Munychia 
 (Xen. Hell. 2, 4, 11 ff .). The house of the 
 admiral Timotheuswas near (Ps. -Dem. 
 49, 22). The site was probably the 
 level ground to the east of the great 
 harbor, where is located the modern 
 Karaiskaki Square. Named after the 
 architect who laid out the city, it con- 
 stituted in ancient times the principal 
 market of Piraeus. 38. Ztvs Kal Afi- 
 (jios, Aw\dpovs Kp^ov : for other works 
 of Leochares, cf. 1, 3, 4; 24, 4; 5, 20, 
 10. Leochares (c. 350 B.C.) was one of 
 the sculptors engaged with Scopas in
 
 MUNYCHIA 31 
 
 Ch. 1, 4 
 
 77/365 Se Trj 6a\dcrcrr) KoVow <w K 08 6p.rj ere v 'A^poStr^g ie/ooV, 
 40 T/3t?7/oet5 Aa/ceSai/xoi'taiz' KaTepyacrdfjLtvos Trepl KWSoi> TT)^ 
 eV T?7 Rapt/el^ ^eppovrjcra). KftStot yap Tt/xcocrtz' 'A<^>/3oSt- 
 TTyi' /xaXicrTa, /cat <7<tcriz/ ecrTiv tepa T^5 6eoi>- TO fjiev yap 
 dp^aLOTaTov AwptVtSo5, /xTa 8e TO 'A/cpata5, I'ewTaToi' 8e 
 T^V Ki^tStav ot 77oXXot, KiftStot oe at>Tot /caXovcrtt' Ei^Xotai'. 
 45 ^EcTTt Se /cat aXXo5 'A^i7^atot5 6 /xei^ eVt Mowvvia XI/XT)^ 4 
 /cat Movi^u^ta5 ^ao5 'ApTe]utSo5, 6 Se eVt ^aXi^pw, KaBd 
 /cat TrpOTtpov etpi^Tat /not, /cat 77/305 auTa> Ar^/xryTpo? tepoV. 
 
 embellishing the mausoleum of Hali- 
 carnassus (Pliny, 30, 30); he is the au- 
 thor of the original of the Vatican 
 group of Ganymede and the eagle 
 (Pliny, 34, 79). The personification of 
 the Demus was a popular moi//" in Greek 
 art. Pausanias mentions in Athens a 
 statue of Demus by Lyson (1, 3, 5), and 
 a painting of Demus by Euphranor (1, 
 3, 3). Parrhasius painted a celebrated 
 picture of the Athenians, portraying 
 their fickle character (Pliny, 35, 09). 
 Other cities likewise were personified 
 in art, as e.g. the Antioch of the Vati- 
 can. 39. 'A<|>po6iTt]s Upov : the tem- 
 ple of Aphrodite, erected by Conon 
 after his naval victory off Cnidos (394 
 B.C.), lay somewhere between the docks 
 and the colonnades (cf. Schol. Ar. Pac. 
 145). This would place it to the south- 
 east of the harbor, most probably on 
 the promontory where the custom- 
 house now stands. Another shrine of 
 Aphrodite, dedicated by Themistocles, 
 was probably situated at the northern 
 extremity of Eetionia(see S.Q. CVI). 
 41. 'A4>po8iTTjv: Aphrodite is called Ao>- 
 pZYis as the goddess of fruitfulness in veg- 
 etation (cf . fe/5u>/5os, ^7rt65a>pos, f u/cap?ros ; 
 Furtwangler in Roscher, 1, 398) ; 'A/cpai'o 
 
 as Goddess of the Height (cf.2, 32, G), 
 also a surname of Athena, Hera, and 
 Artemis (Hesych. s.v. 'A/cpia); EtTrXota, 
 in that she grants prosperous voyages to 
 mariners. This latter was probably her 
 surname at Piraeus (C.I. A. II, 120G). 
 
 45. 6 fitveirl Mo-uvv\i(j. Xiprjv : on the 
 various harbors of Athens, see Ex- 
 cursus I. 4(5. Mowv\as vaos 'ApT- 
 ju8os : the temple was situated on the 
 top of the hill above the Hippodamian 
 agora (Xen. Hell. 2, 4, 11) but its exact 
 site is not determined. Here Artemis 
 was worshiped as a moon and har- 
 bor goddess. On the cult see Preller- 
 Robert, Gr. Myth. 1, 302 ff., S.Q. CVII, 
 22. Pausanias fails to mention two 
 Greek theatres on the peninsula of 
 Piraeus, one on the western slope of 
 the hill of Munychia, about half way 
 up the hill ; the other to the west of 
 the harbor of Xea. The former is the 
 older and is mentioned Thuc. 8, 93, 
 1; Lys. 13, 32 ; and Xen. Hell. 2, 4, 32. 
 The latter was built during the second 
 century B.C. (C.I.A. II, 984). It was 
 excavated by the Greek Archaeological 
 Society in 1880. Parts of the stage- 
 building, orchestra, and auditorium 
 are in good condition. 4
 
 32 
 
 THE ATTICA OF PAUSAXIAS 
 
 /cat 
 
 ecrrt 
 
 Se 
 
 Ch. 1, 5 
 
 evravOa /cat 2/ctpaSo? 'A0r)vd<s vaos eVrt /cat Atos 
 
 50 Traiowv TWV ^cre'ajs /cat 3>a\r)pov rovrov yap rov 
 'A#T7J>atot TrXevcrat ^aera 'lacroi^ds <$>ao~iv e's KdX^ov?. 
 Kat 'AvSpdyew /3a>/uo9 rou MtVaj, /caXetrat Se "Hpcoo? 
 yew Se ovra tcracrti^ ots e'crrtt' eVtjaeXes ra e'y^cupta < 
 pov aXXwi/ eVto"racr^at. aTre^et Se crraStovs eiKocriv dxpa 
 
 55 KwXtas- e'? ravrrjv <f>0apevros TOV vavnKov rov 
 
 6 K\voa)i> ra vavdyia. KcoXiaSos Se' eVrtv 
 
 /ca- 
 
 Upov : this shrine is one of the caot ?7/x- 
 /caurot, mentioned (10, 35, 2) as burnt 
 by the Persians and left in ruins for 
 all time by the Greeks as perpetual 
 memorials of their hatred of the bar- 
 barians. See Lye. c. Leocr. 81 and 
 W. N. Bates, Harv. Stud. Cl. Phil. XII, 
 320 ff. 48. 2Kipd8os'A0Tjvosva6s: this 
 temple was said to have been founded by 
 a soothsayer from Dodona named Sci- 
 rus (1, 36, 4). See Milchh. S.Q. CXIX, 
 50. In A.M. I, 126, Lolling derives the 
 surname from 0-/app6s, and connects it 
 with the rocks and their white color. 
 See also Preller-Robert, Griech. Myth. 
 1, 204, and Robert, Hermes, XX, 349. 
 49. 'A-yvwo-Twv : Pausanias's language 
 leaves it uncertain whether there was 
 one altar to Unknown Gods or several, 
 and whether, if several, each was dedi- 
 cated to Unknown God or Gods. At 
 Olympia was an 'Ayvdicrruv 6ewv /3aj^6s 
 (5, 14, 8). The apostle Paul mentions 
 an altar at Athens with the inscription 
 ArNfiSTO 0Eli (Acts 17, 23). Oecu- 
 menius (quoted in Lomeier, de veterum 
 gentilium lustrationibus, p. 32) says the 
 full inscription seen by Paul was : " To 
 the gods of Asia and Europe and Libya, 
 to the Unknown and Strange God." 
 Tertullian (ad nationes, 2, 9) mentions 
 
 an altar at Athens dedicated to Un- 
 known Gods. Philostratus (Vit. Apol- 
 lon. 6, 3, 5) speaks of altars of Unknown 
 Gods at Athens. Lucian makes one of 
 his characters swear by the Unknown 
 God at Athens (Philop. 9). Diog. Laert. 
 1, 10, 110, gives an explanation of the 
 presence of such altars at Athens. Cf . 
 Rendel Harris, "The Cretans Always 
 Liars," Expositor, October, 1906. 
 PCOJJ.OI . . . Tjpuwv : probably of Nausi- 
 thous the steersman and Phaeax the 
 lookout man of Theseus' ship on his 
 voyage to Crete. They had shrines at 
 Phalerum beside the sanctuary of Sci- 
 rus. See Plut. Thes. 17. 50. ^oXrjpov 
 . . . ir\v<rai \u-ra. 'Id<rovos : Phalerus 
 is also mentioned (Apoll. Rhod. 1, 96) 
 as a participator in the Argonautic 
 expedition. 
 
 52. 'Av8po-yw PIO^S : see 1, 27, 10. 
 54. fi.Kpa KwXias: on the probable 
 site of Cape Colias, see Excursus I. 
 56. KcoX.ia.Sos 'A<j>poSiTT]s <vyaX.fj,a : 
 on Coliad Aphrodite and her cult, see 
 Roscher, Lex. s.v. Kolias, and Schol. 
 Ar. Nub. 52, where a temple of the 
 goddess is mentioned and various ex- 
 planations are given of the term Coliad. 
 The priest of this deity had a seat in the 
 theatre of Dionysus (C.I. A. Ill, 339).
 
 Ch. 2, 1 
 
 CAPE COLIAS 33 
 
 ayaXfJia /cat Fe^eruXXtSe? o^o/^a^d/ue^at #eat- 
 So/cai Se /cat <!><u/caevcrt rot? eV 'laWa $eas, ex? /caXoucrt Fewat- 
 Sa?, et^atrats eVt KwXtaSt ras avrag. ecrrt Se /cara r^ oSo^ 
 
 60 rr)f e'? 'A6ijva<; IK 3>aXrjpov vaos Hpas ovre 0vpas e^utv ovre 
 opofyov MapSoVtoV (f)acnv avrov e'^iTr/a^crat TOJ/ Tat^pvov. 
 TO Se ayaXyaa TO P'u^ 817, KaOa Xeyovcnv, 'AX/ca/xeVous e'c 
 epyov OVK aiv rovrd ye 6 M^So? 
 
 2 'EcreX^d^rai^ Se e'? T^ TrdXt 
 
 oVo5. Tavrriv rriv ' AVTIOTTTIV ITtVSapo? ueV <knn(riv VTTO Det- 
 
 ^ II I I I T I 
 
 pidov /cat <*h7<Te'a>s ap7rao~^vat, Tyoot^^tw Se 'Hyia rotaSe e'? 
 
 avrrjv TreTTOtr^rat 'Hpa/cXe'a e^ttcr/cvpai/ TroXtopKOv^ra TT)V 
 
 5 eVt Beyoyu,wSo^rt eXeti^ JUL^ Sv^acr^at., Qiyo'etas Se epao'Belcra.v 
 
 2. The Amazon Antiope IValls of 
 Greater Athens Court Poets The 
 Dipyhun Temples, Colonnades, and 
 Statues from Gate to Agora Attic 
 Kings. 
 
 1. t<r(X06vTwv . . . 'AvTi6iri]s fxvfj|ia 
 'A(ia6vos : the statement implies that 
 this tomb was just within the city 
 wall of Athens. Pint. Thes. 27 defines 
 the site more exactly, irapa TO F^s 
 'OXv^Trtas iepbv. This sanctuary lay 
 (I'aus. 1, 18, 7) in the region of the 
 Olympk'um, but outside the peribolus- 
 wall. Ileiice the gate through which 
 the Phalerum road led into Athens 
 was doubtless not far from the Olym- 
 pieum. Now the tomb of Antiope was 
 in all probability identical with the 
 tomb of the Amazon mentioned by Ps.- 
 Plato (Axioch. 304 u-305 A) as being 
 near the Itonian gate. Hence it follows 
 that the gate approached by the Phale- 
 rum road was the Itonian, and this lay 
 near the Olympieum. See Plut. Thes. 
 20 ff. on the relations between Theseus 
 and Antiope. 
 
 57. FevcruXXCScs ovo|ia^6(Jtvai. 0tai : 
 the Genetyllides are to be distinguished 
 from Aphrodite as birth-goddesses in 
 her service, Aphrodite herself having at 
 times this title. According to Hesych. 
 s.v. revervXX/s, Genetyllis resembled 
 Hecate, and dogs were sacrificed to her. 
 See S.Q. s.v.; Usener, Gotternamen, 
 124. 59. Kara TIJV 686v TTJV s 'AOVjvas 
 K 4>aXripov: Pausanias lirst traverses 
 the route from Phaleruin to Athens and 
 describes monuments at the entrance 
 of the city (1, 2, 1); he then traverses 
 the route from Piraeus to Athens (1, 2, 
 2-3), and enters finally from this ap- 
 proach. GO. vaos"Hpas: mentioned 
 (10, 35, 2) as one of the vaol -fjntKavroi. 
 Pausanias leaves the reader his choice 
 of one of two inferences : (1) if the in- 
 jury to the temple was inflicted by the 
 Persians, the image was not the work 
 of Alcamenes; (2) if the image was 
 made by Alcamenes, the injury to the 
 shrine was not inflicted by the Persians. 
 The author manifestly inclines to the 
 former inference.
 
 34 THE ATTICA OF PAUSANIAS 
 
 Ch. 2, 2 
 
 3 A-VTioiri^v crrpaTevcraL yap a'yu,a 'Hpa/cXet /cat 
 vrapaSowat TO ^ojpiop. ra8e /xei/ 'Hyta? TreTToti^/ 
 z^atot 8e c^acrtz'., eiret re -f)\6ov 'A/za^wes, 'AvTioirrjv /ze^ 
 UTTO MoX-TraStas To^evOrjvaL., MoXvraStai' 8e a-TroOavelv VTTO 
 10 Sr)(rea>s. /cat /zz^/xa eVrt /cat MoXTraStas 'A^i/aiois. 
 
 8e e/c Iletpatw? epeiVia TWI/ rei^wv i&nv a 2 
 
 ^5 7T/3O5 K^i8w I'av/xa^ta? d^eVri^cre ra 
 e/xtcrro/cXeov? /xera TT)^ on>a^a>pr)(TLv 
 
 ifSco^ eVt r^5 dpxfjs Ka0ype0T) TMV rpiaKovra 
 15 o/xeV&>i'. etcrt 8e TCU^OI /caret r^ 680^ yfw^t/xojrarot MevdV- 
 8/3ov roi) AtoTret^of? /cat fJivrjfJLa. EvptTTtSov KZVOV 
 Se EuptTrtS^g eV Ma/ce8o^ta jrapa TOV ^8acrtXea e 
 Xaop, o 8e ot roi) davdrov rpoTro? TroXXot? yap ICTTLV el 
 /xeVo? e^eVco KaOa Xeyoucrt. crvvrjcrav 8e apa /cat rdre 3 
 20 rots /3a<TtXeucrt TrotTyrat /cat irporepov ert /cat IToXv/cparet 
 
 rvpavvovvTi 'AvaKpeatv Traprjv /cat e? ^ 
 o? 'lepaiva Atcr^uXo? /cat 1^0^8779 eVraX-^crav 
 
 11. tpeiTria TWV rei^wv : on the Long Trarpis o' 'EXXdSos 'EXXcis, Atf^vat TrXei- 
 
 Walls, see Excursus I. 15. Td<j>oi . . . crra 5 Mowais 
 
 McvdvSpov . . . Kal fj.vf||La EvpiirCSov K- r<?p\l/as fK TroXXwi/ Kat TOV tiraivov ex- 
 
 vov : the epitaph on Menander's tomb The story goeg that whi]e being hosp ._ 
 
 is preserved Anthol. Pal. 7, 370: ul)ly entertained by King Archelaus 
 
 BCKXV /cat MowT/o-t /xe/i7jX6ra r6v Aio- of Macedon, Euripides was accidentally 
 
 7re0ous, torn in pieces by his hunting dogs. See 
 
 KfKpoiridTjv vw tfj.oi, fetve, M<^ac5poj< j)i ()c |_ j;^ JQ3 ; Biog. Gr., pp. 136, 140. 
 
 *X W ' Cf. Sotudes ap. Stob. Flor. 98, Anth. 
 
 ^ Trupi TT/^ 6X/77,^ Ss r x et KAwi*- ei 5^ 7, 51 , and Allinson, Lucian, p. xi v. This 
 
 yUvarSpop gtory bearg aR the ear . marks of nlyth . 
 
 Slfru, Sfas e v A ( 6s -n naKdpw. Qn tombs ag an embellishll)ent of roads 
 
 The inscription on Euripides' cenotaph in ancient times, see Curtius, Ges. Abh. 
 
 is said to have been composed by Tim- I 5 74 ff. _ 19. x*' TW Ka0d XCYOUO-I : 
 
 cydides or by Timotheus the musician. a similar formula occurs 8, 38, 7. Cf. 
 
 It is found Anthol. Pal. 7, 45: Hdt. 1, 140; 2, 28. 
 
 Mi^a/^j/'EXXas cura<r' Evptwidov wrta 20. TOIS pao-iXcvon TroiTjTaC : Pausa- 
 
 5' iffxtt- n i a s here mentions a number of popu- 
 
 7^ Ma/ce5co^ r? yap d^aro r^ppa. piov. lar instances of poets who sojourned
 
 TYRANTS AND POETS 35 
 
 Ch.2, 3 
 
 Se, 05 vfTTepov Tvpdwr)(T.v iv 2u/ceXta, ^tXd^ei'os 77apr/V 
 /cat ' AvTiyovut Ma/ceSdt'ajj' dp^ovTi 'A^Taydpas 'PdStos /cat 
 25 SoXeu? Aparo?. 'HcrtoSos 8e /cat 'OfjLrjpos 17 crvyyv.cr9a.i 
 ySao"tXevo"t^ rfTv^ricrav 17 /cat e/cdvre? a)Xtya>pi7o~a^, 6 ^tei^ 
 dypot/cta Kat o/ci^w 77X01^175, 'O/xr^po? 8e (770817 ^,77 era 5 eVt 
 /xa/cpdraro^ /cat Ti7^ ax^eXetai^ TT^ e? ^p^/xara trapd TWV 
 
 OVVOTtoV VCTTtpOiV @[Ji6l>OS TT^S TTapd TOt? 77oXXot? 80^175, CTTCt 
 
 30 /cat 'Oa-npo) 7777ot7iaeVa ecrrtv 'AX/ctVco 77apeti'at Ar^adSoKov 
 
 till * * C I II 
 
 /cat o>g ' AyafJL{JLV(t)V /caraXetVot rtz/a Trapd TYJ ywat/ct 770117- 
 ^i/. ecrrt 8e TCU^OS ov Troppa) TU>V 77vXa)z/ 7 eVi'^/xa e^oiv 
 iTnra) 77apeo"Ti7/cdra oWtj^a yu,eV, ou/c ot8a, II pa- 
 8e /cat roi' t7777o^ /cat TOI^ en-part 0/777 1> 
 
 at the courts of kings and tyrants. It 
 is strange that he passes over Pindar 
 and Bacchylides. On Anacreon's so- 
 journ with Polycrates, see Hdt. 3, 121 ; 
 Strabo, 14, p. 038. Aeschylus was at 
 the court of Hiero between 471 and 
 469; see Vita Aesch., and Christ, Ber. 
 d. bayr. Ak. 1888, 371 ff. On Siraoni- 
 des' sojourn with Ilicro, see Xen. Iliero, 
 Ps. -Plato, Ep. 2, 311 A, etc. On the so- 
 journ of Antagoras and Aratus with 
 Antigonus Gonatas in 276 B.C., see 
 Biogr. Gr., ed. Westermann, pp. 53-61 ; 
 A then. 8, p. 340 ; Susemihl, Alex. Lit. 
 I, 380. On Demodocus see Od. 6, 44; 
 v, 28. 32. T<x4>os . . ir(0iip.a (\tav : it 
 has been conjectured that this monu- 
 ment of a rider is identical with the 
 shrine of the hero Chalcodon mentioned 
 by Plutarch (Thes. 26) as being near the 
 Piraeus gate at Athens. ov iroppw TWV 
 irvXwv : it is a much-disputed question 
 by what gate Pausanias enters the city. 
 There were four gates to the north and 
 northwi-st of Athens available for trav- 
 elers from the Piraeus : two within the 
 
 Long Walls, one in the saddle be- 
 tween the Museum and Pnyx hills, the 
 other between the Pnyx and Nymphae- 
 um hills ; a third, called the Piraeus 
 gate, just beyond the Nymphaeum hill ; 
 and the fourth the great gate of the 
 city further north, known as the Pipy- 
 lum. Just as the roads leading from 
 the first two gates converged within 
 the walls, so the roads leading from 
 the last two converged at a short dis- 
 tance from the city. We have noticed 
 that Pausanias was approaching the 
 city by the road to the north of the 
 Long Walls ; hence he could have en- 
 tered by the Piraeus gate or the Pipy- 
 lum. It is generally accepted that 
 Pausanias chose the latter, since the 
 Pipylum was the principal gate of 
 Athens (cf. Livy 31, 24); and the road 
 to the Pipylum was a regular means 
 of approach from the Piraeus to the 
 agora ; though somewhat longer, it was 
 more level and more convenient than 
 the lower road, and led through the 
 principal avenue to the chief part of
 
 36 
 
 35 
 
 THE ATTICA OF PAUSANIAS 
 
 > Se e's rrjv TTO 
 TTO/XTTW^, as Tre/xTTOvcrt ras ptv ava 
 
 Cli. 2, 4 
 
 ot/coSd/x^/xa es Trapacr/cevifv 4 
 
 erog, ras 
 
 Se Kal xpovov StaXetTToi'Tes. /cat rrXrja'Lov *>ads ecrrt 
 rpo?, dyaX^tara Se avri^ re Kal 97 Trats /cat SaSa 
 
 yeypairrai Se eVt rw roi/^w 
 
 'Am/cots 
 
 the city (cf. Polyb. 16, 25 ; Lucian, 
 Navig. 17, 46 ; Dial. Meretr. 4, 2, etc.); 
 and finally because the monuments 
 Pausanias proceeds to describe doubt- 
 less were along the avenue from the 
 Dipylum to the agora. For a descrip- 
 tion of the extant remains of the Dipy- 
 lum, see Excursus I. 
 
 35. o[Ko56|XTi(j.as 7rapacrKVT|v . . . TWV 
 JTOHTTWV: this was doubtless the building 
 elsewhere designated Ho^weiov (Dem. 
 34, 39; C.I. A. II, 834 c, 2, a; Poll. 9, 
 45; Diog. Laert. 6, 22), used as a deposi- 
 tory of the properties for the various 
 processions, especially the Panathenaic, 
 that started from this point. The build- 
 ing was embellished with paintings and 
 statues, including a portrait of Isocra- 
 tes (Vit. x Or. 4, p. 839 E), and a bronze 
 statue of Socrates by Lysippus (Diog. 
 Laert. 2, 5, 43). The site has been 
 recognized in the foundations of a 
 large quadrangular building, divided 
 into three aisles, situated southwest of 
 the Dipylum, inside the city wall. 
 37. voos . . . AV||rr)Tpos : this temple is 
 most probably identical with the 'Ict/c- 
 xeibi', in the neighborhood of which a 
 grandson of the great Aristides (Plut. 
 Aristid. 27) made his living by inter- 
 preting dreams, and where the dream- 
 interpreters regularly resorted ( Alciphr. 
 3, 59). Its location near the Dipylum 
 accords with the fact that through this 
 gate passed the sacred processions to 
 Eleusis. Cf. Schol. Ar. Kan. 402; 
 
 Hesych. s.v. dyopas. 38. 
 . . . npa|iT\ovs : these statues of De- 
 meter, Persephone, and lacchus are 
 mentioned by Clem. Alex. Protrept. 4, 
 62, p. 52, ed. Hitter, and the lacchus 
 by Cicero (Verr. 4, 60), though neither 
 mentions Praxiteles. The statement 
 that the inscription on the wall was in 
 "Attic characters" signifies that they 
 were inscribed in the Attic alphabet 
 of the fifth century before the archon- 
 ship of Eucleides (403-402 is.c.) when 
 the old Attic alphabet was officially 
 abolished in favor of the Ionic alphabet 
 of twenty-four letters. Two explana- 
 tions have been given of the statement 
 that an inscription referring to the 
 works of Praxiteles, whose acme could 
 hardly have been prior to 365, should 
 be in characters abolished in 403 H.C.: 
 one being the hypothesis of the Elder 
 Praxiteles, advocated chierly by Eurt- 
 wangler, the other that of Ko'hler, who 
 finds the solution in the fact that the 
 inscription was carved, not as usual on 
 the base of the statue but on the wall, 
 and was accordingly not inscribed by 
 the artist. The old Attic alphabet, 
 Kohler says, was revived in Hadrian's 
 time and was used particularly for 
 inscriptions and the like. He thinks 
 that these statues may well be those 
 dedicated by the physician Mnesitheus 
 (Paus. 1, 37, 4), who was contem- 
 porary with the comic poet Alexis, 
 a younger contemporary of Praxiteles.
 
 POSEIDON AND POLYBOTES 
 
 37 
 
 Ch. 2, 5 
 
 e? 
 TO Se 
 
 40 epya eu>at ITpa^tTe'Xov?. TOV i>aov Se ov Troppco 
 <TTIV e'(' tTTTTOV, Sopv dc^tet? CTTt yiyavTo. 
 Kojot? 6 [JLv6os 6 7re/3t rrjs a/cpas e^et T^? 
 eVtypa/x/xa TO e'^>' rjp,a)v r^v et/coVa aXXaj StSa>o~t /cat ov 
 noo~etSw^t. oroat Se' eicnv OLTTO rwv irvXcov e'? TOV 
 45 KOV /cat et/cdt'e? TT^O avrwv ^aX/cat /cat yvva.iK.wv /cat d^S 
 oo~ot? Tt VTT'fjp'^ev \_div Tt? Xdyo?] e'? Sd^a^. 17 Se ercpa 
 
 e^et /u,ei/ tepa dewv, er^et Se yv^vdcriov 'Ep/xov /caXoi/- 
 ecrTt Se eV avr^ IIovXvTt&j^o? ot/cta, /ca^' >)V Trapa 
 
 Cf. A.M. IX (1884), p. 78 ff. 40. Ho- and gentle descent from the higher 
 
 ground " as referring to the slope from 
 the Agora to the gate. This removes 
 Frazer's difficulty in identifying the 
 street described by Himerius as being 
 the one described by Pausanias. From 
 the two authors alike we learn that the 
 entire avenue was lined with colon- 
 nades ; Himerius refers to the buildings 
 used for merchandise and the like; Pau- 
 sanias, only to those devoted to sacred 
 purposes, which were doubtless out num- 
 bered by the secular buildings. 45. tl- 
 Kdvfs irpo avrwv x a ^*ai *al -yuvaiKtiv 
 Kal dvSpwv KT\. : Gurlitt (p. 205) argues 
 that the custom of lining a street be- 
 fore the colonnades with statues of 
 illustrious men and women belongs to 
 the Hellenistic Age, but Curtius (Stadt- 
 gesch. p. 178) shows that the custom 
 arose in early times and flourished 
 chiefly under Pericles. Such monu- 
 ments to the benefactors of the state 
 were placed in prominent places, espe- 
 cially on this parade street, that the 
 visitor on the very threshold of the 
 city might recognize that Athens was 
 the centre of the higher life of Ilellas. 
 48. IIovXvTCwvos otKia: the Atheni- 
 ans of "certain note" who profaned 
 the mysteries in the house of Pulytion 
 
 . <}>' 'iirirov KT\. : an inci- 
 dent of the Battle of the Gods and 
 Giants, related by Strabo (10, p. 489) 
 and by Apollodorus (1, C, 2) to the ef- 
 fect that Poseidon with his trident had 
 rent a piece from the island of Cos, 
 and hurled it at the giant Polybotes, 
 burying him under it and forming the 
 island of Nisyrus off Cos. The com- 
 bat is frequently represented on vase- 
 paintings and other minor works of 
 art. Pausanias mentions that the in- 
 scription had been altered. This was 
 a common practice under the Empire, 
 so that what had been the image 
 (AyaXfjia) of a god or hero might be- 
 come the portrait statue (et'Kwc) of a 
 man. 44. <rroal . . . diro riov iruXwv : 
 Himerius (3, 12) describes the proces- 
 sion of the Sacred Ship in the Panathe- 
 naic festival as follows: "Apxfrai /j.tv 
 IK IlvXuv, olov e/c rivoy evSiov \i/j.t- 
 Tijs dvaywyfjs i] vaOj. Ktv-qOficra 8t 
 ev r/Sf, Ka.06.irtp Kara. TIVOS d.KVfjLO.i'Tov 
 5ia /M^arov TOV Apb/Mjv (co/utferai, 
 os evffvTfvris re /cai Xeios Kara^aivuv &vuOfv 
 ffxlfct TO.S (K<ntpu0tv avry Trapa.Terafj.4vas 
 (TTods, t<f> (Sv dyopdfrvffiv ' AOyvaioi re Kal 
 ol \oiiroi. I understand Himerius' state- 
 ment that the street "makes a straight 
 
 407261
 
 38 THE ATTICA OF PAUSANIAS 
 
 Ch. 2, 5 
 
 TTjv eV 'EXevo'ti't SpdVat reXerT)^ *A07)vauQV f^atrlv ov rov? 
 50 d^)a^O"rdTou9 eV e/xov oe d^etro Ato^uo~a>. AtoVvo~oz' oe 
 /caXot'O't MeXTTOjLte^ov evrt Xdyw roto)8e e^>' oTroto) Trep 
 M.ovcrrjyeTrjv. IvravOd ICTTLV A^Tj^as dyaX/xa 
 Ilatwvtas /cat Ato? /cat Mv^jaocrwi^? /cat Movo~cui>, 'j 
 re avdOrffAa /cat tpyov Eu/3ovXt8ov, /cat Sat/Ltco^ raiv dj 
 55 Atd^vcroi' v A/cparo5 Trpocrwnov e'crrtV ot ^QVOV eVw/coSo/x^/xe'- 
 voi^ TO) rot^a). /jLerd oe TO TOU Atovuo"ov Te/xei^d? ICTTIV ot/ci^/xa 
 dydXjjLara ^x ov ^ K 7n 7^v ? /8ao"tXev5 *j 
 
 were doubtless Alcibiades and his com- 
 panions. Andoc. 1, 12, 14, and Isoc. 
 10, 6, also assert that the impious cere- 
 monies took place in the house of Puly- 
 tion. Plato (Eryx. 394 c, 400 is) speaks 
 of the magnificence of the mansion. 
 Thuc. 6, 28 states that the accused 
 parodied the Eleusinian mysteries. The 
 house was confiscated by the state and 
 dedicated to Dionysus Melpomenus. 
 50. AuSvverov . . . MeXirojxcvov : Diony- 
 sus the Minstrel is referred to in vari- 
 ous inscriptions (see S.Q. XXVIII, 1). 
 It is thought that this renews is iden- 
 tical with the rtfievos TU>V -rrepl TOV Ai6- 
 waov TfxviT&v, mentioned A then. 5, 
 p. 212, the principal sanctuary of the 
 company of theatrical artists, from 
 whose number the priest of this deity 
 was chosen (C.I. A. Ill, 274, 278). The 
 other priest of this Dionysus was 
 chosen from the family of the Euni- 
 dae. Each had a reserved seat in- 
 scribed for him in the theatre of 
 Dionysus. 52. 'A0t]vas a-yaX|j.a, Ilauo- 
 vCas . . tp^yov EipovXCSow : the text 
 leaves it uncertain whether Pausanias 
 means to say that the whole group of 
 statues or only the statue of Apollo was 
 made and dedicated by Eubulides. In 
 
 1837 there was made in this territory 
 an important find of a pedestal of 
 great blocks of poros ; also of a colos- 
 sal marble head of a woman, a torso 
 of a female statue, two male portrait 
 heads of Roman date, and a large 
 block of Hymettus marble with this 
 inscription: [EvfiovXidr]? Ev]x L Ps Kpu- 
 7n'57?s e-rroi-rjafv (C.I. A. II, 1045). In 
 1874 a colossal female head of Pen- 
 telic marble, probably an Athena, was 
 discovered in the same place. Author- 
 ities are divided on the question of re- 
 garding this find as the monument 
 mentioned by Pausanias, but we must 
 incline to the opinion that these frag- 
 ments are parts of a great composite 
 statue, made and dedicated by Eubu- 
 lides. 54. Sa.ip.cov T<Sv d|x<)>l Aiovv<rov 
 "AKparos : Acratus, one of the attend- 
 ant sprites of Dionysus, was the dae- 
 mon of unmixed wine. To this daemon 
 Dicaeopolis (Ar. Ach. 1229) gulped 
 down the "Amystis," "the deep, 
 long, breathless draught." 50. TO 
 TOV Aiovvo-ov Tn6vos : usually regarded 
 as identical with the house of Pulytion, 
 mentioned as dedicated to Dionysus. 
 oiKT]|j.a d.-ya.X.fi.a.Ta t\ov K irr|\ov KT\. : 
 Curtius (Ges. Abh. I, 40) recognizes
 
 AMPHTCTYON 
 
 Ch.2, C 
 
 dXXovs re 0eov<s kcmwv /cat At6Vucroi>. IvravOa. KOI Il^yacrd? 
 ecrTw 'EXeu^epeus, 05 'A^patbts TOI> few eVr^yaye (rweTre- 
 
 00 XaySero 8e ot TO eV AeX<ots pavT^lov dvap,vfjcrav TV)v eVt 
 'I/captov 7TOT TTiSir)fJiLav TOV $eov. T^ Se /3ao~tXetai> 'Aync^t- 6 
 /cruets ecr^ev ovrws. 'A/crato^ XeyovcrLv eV rf) vvv 'ArTt/c?) 
 )8acrtXe{;o"at irpwrov a-rroOavovTos Se 'A/cratov Ke/cpoi// e/cSe- 
 ^erat rrp ap^rji> Ovyarpl CTVVOLKWV 'AKratov, /cat ot ytVo^rat 
 
 65 ^vyarepe? /xei/ "Rpcrr) /cat v AyXavpo? /cat IldVS^ocro?, vio? Se 
 'Epuq-t^^w^ ovro? ov/c e'y8ao~tXevcrej/ *A.0r)vaiQ)V, aXXa ot roi) 
 Trarpo? {aivTo? reXevr^crat crwc/fy, /cat r^ ap^rjv rr)v Ke- 
 /c/30770? Kpat'ao? e^eSe^aro, * AOyvaiaiv oWa^-et 
 Kpavaa) 8e BvyaTepa.^ /cat aXXa<? /cat 'Ar^t'Sa 
 
 70 Xeyovo~tv 0.770 ravTTy? ovo^a.t > ova'iv ATTLKTTJI' TVJV 
 a\ovfj.evr)v 'A/cratat*. Kpa^aw Se 
 Ovyarepa. o/x&>? e)(w^ avrov, Travel 
 iov /cat TOJ^ o'v^eT 
 
 Kal"AYXavposKalIIdv8poo-os: see 1,1 8, 
 2, and note. "AvXau/jos is in inscriptions 
 
 the original and better attested form. 
 See C.I.G. 771(>, 7718 ; C. LA. Ill, 372. 
 "A^ypat/Xos is found in the text of Eur., 
 A polled., and Steph. Byz. See Prt-1- 
 ler-Robert I, 200, note 2 ; Usener, Got- 
 ternamen, K)G. 00. "Epvcrtx&ov : see 
 1, 18, 5; 1, 31, 12. 09. Kal aXXas Kal 
 Ar9i8a : according to Apollod. 3, 14, 5, 
 the other daughters were Cranae and 
 Cranaechme. After the third daughter 
 Atthis, Oranaus named the land A tthis 
 or Attike. See Strabo, 9, 397: 'AKTIKTJV 
 /j.tv yap dirk ' AKraluvds <paaiv, ' ArOiSa 5t 
 Kal ' ATTLK^V airb 'AT^'SOSTT)? \\pavaov. 
 71. 'Afi<f>iKTvv . . . viro "EpixOovCow 
 . . . tK-rriirTti : according to Isocr. 
 Panath. 120 the childless Cecrops sur- 
 rendered to Erichthonius the kingdom 
 of Attica. 73. o-uvs-iravao-TavTwv: this 
 
 /cat avrog v&repov VTTO 
 
 in the group of A mphicty on a portrayal 
 of the admission of Dionysus into the 
 community of Attic deities. The wine- 
 god was introduced from Eleutherae 
 into Athens by Pegasus the priest 
 (Schol. Ar. Ach. 243). Amphictyon 
 is said to have learned from Dionysus 
 the art of mixing water with wine 
 (Athen. 2, . 38c). GO. tirl 'iKaptov : 
 cf. 1, 33, 8, and note. 
 
 01. TIJV 8t . . . "A(i<j)iKTvcov erxv ov- 
 TWS : with the rest of chapter cf. Apol- 
 lodorus 3, 14. The only difference 
 between the two accounts is that Apol- 
 lodorus makes Cecrops, not Actaeus, 
 the first king of Attica, who married 
 Aglaurus, daughter of Actaeus. Ac- 
 cording to Steph. Byz. S.V.'AKTT?, Attica 
 was originally called 'AKTT^ after Ac- 
 taeus; so too Strabo, 9, p. 397, where 
 the king is called Actaeon. 05. "Epo-r)
 
 40 
 
 THE ATTICA OF PAUSANIAS 
 
 Ch. 3, 1 
 
 e/CTTtTrret ira/rcpa oe 'Ept^^o^tw Xeyovo~t^ di>0pa)7TO)i> peis ov- 
 75 SeVa eu'at, yoz^ea? Se H^>ato~rov /cat F^v. 
 3 To Se ^wpiov 6 Kepa/xet/cos TO /xe^ ovo^na e^et ctTro TJpa>o<; 
 u, Ato^vcrov TC etvat /cat 'AptaS^? /cat TOVTOV Xeyo- 
 Trpatrr) Se ecrriv Iv Se^ta /caXov/xe^ o"Toa ftacri- 
 Xeto?, eV0a /ca^t^et ^8ao~tXeu? eviavcriav dp^utv dp^rjv /ca- 
 \ovfJL.vY)i> ySao~tXeta^. ra.vTr)<; erreori TOJ Kepafjia) T^? o"Toa? 
 dyaX/xaTa OTTT^? y^?? d<^tetg @r)O'ei>s e? OdXacrcrav 
 
 and diToreifffcrap (4, 7, 7) are the only 
 instances in Pausanias of a verb com- 
 pounded with three prepositions. See 
 Aug. Grosspietsch, Bresl. Philol. Abh. 
 VII, 5, pp. 11, 39, 68. 
 
 3. T/ie Ceramicus Sfoa Basileius 
 StoaEleutherius Statues and Paint- 
 ings Temple of Paternal Apollo 
 Metroum Buleuteriutn. 
 
 1. To 8 \o>piov 6 KcpajxeiKos: what 
 Pausanias here styles Ceramicus was 
 not the whole deme bearing that name 
 but only the spot (xupiov) Ceramicus, 
 i.e. the Agora. The deme Ceramicus 
 derived its name air& TT?S Kepo^wKiJs T^- 
 X''!?? Kal rov Btieiv Kepdytiw rwi Tjpwi 
 (Harpocr. s.v. Ke/>a/xe?s; cf. Suidas and 
 Photius s.v. Kepa/jLis). It consisted of 
 two parts : (a) the Outer Ceramicus 
 extending from the Dipylum toward 
 the Academy and including the state 
 cemetery called Ceramicus KO.T f^o^v 
 (see Ar. Aves, 395, Time. 0, 57, Plato 
 Parm. 127 B, etc.), and (6) the Inner 
 Ceramicus, which probably extended 
 from the Dipylum to the Acropolis 
 and embraced the whole of the Agora 
 (see S.Q. LXX, 42 ; Wachs. I, 152; II, 
 258). It is impossible to determine 
 absolutely the limits of the deme, or 
 to define precisely the use of the term 
 
 at different periods. With this pas- 
 sage begins Pausanias's itinerary of 
 the market-place. See Excursus II. 
 2. Kcpd.fi.ov : the prevalence of Diony- 
 siac worship led to the invention of an 
 eponymous hero for the Ceramicus 
 Ceramus, son of Dionysus and Ari- 
 adne. 3. oTTod PCIO- iXnos : as Pausa- 
 nias is entering the market-place from 
 the northwest, the Royal Colonnade in 
 all probability stood on the west side 
 of the market-place at the foot of the 
 Theseum hill. The building served as 
 the office of the arch on king, and at 
 times as the meeting-place of the Coun- 
 cil of the Areopagus (Dem. in Aristog., 
 776). Dr. Db'rpfeld writes me under 
 date of Jan. 19, 1908, that the excava- 
 tions of the Greeks on the east slope of 
 the Theseum hill have laid bare a build- 
 ing with an apse, possibly the Royal 
 Colonnade. The building formerly 
 identified by Dorpfeld (A.M. XXI, 
 102 ff. ; XXII, 225 ff.) as the Royal Col- 
 onnade he now thinks did not belong 
 to the market, but was the last building 
 before the "Ceramicus" of Pausani- 
 as. Only thus can the new building 
 be the "first to the right." 0. d.-ya.X- 
 oirrfjs yflS . . . 0T]<reus SK(- 
 KT\. : similar groups of terra cotta
 
 Ch.3, 2 
 
 /cat 
 
 VTTO 
 
 THE ROYAL COLONNADE 41 
 
 'Hp,epa Ke(f>a\ov, 6v KOL\\L(TTOV yf.v6p.ev6v (f>a- 
 ; tpacrOeicrr)*; dpTrao'0fjva.L /cat ot TratSa 
 (fraeBovra, . . . /cat <uXa/ca eirodjare TOV vaov. 
 10 raura aXXoi re /cat 'HcrtoSo? eiprjKev eV eTrecrt rot? eg rag 
 ywat/cag. Tr\Tr](rLOv Se r^g crroag KoVwi' IO-T^KC /cat Ttyu,o#eog 2 
 
 have been found elsewhere, and they 
 seem to have been the usual ornament 
 for the apexes of gables. This sug- 
 gests that the colonnade terminated in 
 gables, and that the two groups, one 
 of Theseus hurling Sciron into the sea, 
 the other of Hemera with Cephalus, 
 occupied the apexes. On the subject of 
 the first group, see 1, 44, 8. The death 
 of Sciron, the mythical robber, was 
 depicted on vases, and is the subject 
 of one of the metopes of the so-called 
 Theseum at Athens. 7. 'Hpt'pa Kt- 
 4>aXov : the story of the fair youth 
 Cephalus, ravished by the goddess of 
 day (Hemera) or of the morning (Eos, 
 Aurora) is frequently touched on in 
 classical authors. Apollodorus (3, 14, 
 3) and Ovid (Met. 7, 700 ff.) give the 
 story at length ; Hesiod (Theog. 986 ff . ) 
 and Hyginus (Fab. 189) more briefly. 
 The subject is frequently depicted on 
 vases, representing the goddess pursu- 
 ing her favorite or carrying him in her 
 arms. The latter was probably the 
 attitude portrayed on the roof of the 
 colonnade, as well as in the relief on 
 the Amyclaean throne (3, 11, 2). 
 8. ol iraiSa ytveVOai ^alBovra : the 
 usual legend makes Helios the father 
 of Phaethon ; but Pausanias follows 
 Hesiod (Theog. 986 ff.) in naming 
 Cephalus as his father. The former 
 version is followed by Eur. Frag. 775 
 (Poet. Seen. Gr., ed. Dindorf), Plato 
 (Tim. 22 c), Lucian (Dial. deor. 25), 
 
 Ovid (Met. 1, 751 ff.), etc., and by Pau- 
 sanias himself elsewhere (1, 4, 1 ; 2, 
 3, 2). In most of these authors the 
 mother of Phaethon is not Hemera, 
 but Clymene, a daughter of Ocean us. 
 Phaethon, "the shining one," is usu- 
 ally interpreted as the morning star, 
 or the sun itself. 10. 'Ho-ioSos . . . iv 
 irto-i TOIS Is rds y vv< u |ca s : this poem 
 of Hesiod's, which is not extant, is 
 referred to by Pausanias in 1, 43, 1 ; 
 3, 24, 10 ; 9, 31, 5. In the last pas- 
 sage Pausanias mentions a doubt as to 
 the authenticity of the poem. It is 
 not certain what is the relation of this 
 poem to the Great Eoeae (2, 2, 3) or to 
 the Catalogue of Women, works as- 
 cribed to Hesiod. See Christ, Gr. Litt. 4 
 p. 101; Rh. Mus., N.F., XXXIX 
 (1884), 561-565. 
 
 11. -irXTj<r(ov 8i TTJS <rrods Kovwv : 
 Isocr. 9, 57 says that statues of Co- 
 non and Evagoras were set up beside 
 the image of Zeus Soter. Pausanias' 
 statement accords with this, for Zeus 
 Soter is the same as Zeus Eleutherius. 
 See Harpocr., Hesych., and Suid., 
 s.v. 'EXei^pios Zetfs. These statues are 
 also referred to in Dem. 20, 70 ; Aesch. 
 3,243; Nepos, Timoth. 2; etc. Con on, 
 Timotheus, and Evagoras are very 
 properly grouped as being the three 
 heroes of the melancholy struggle of 
 Athens with Sparta at the close of the 
 fifth and the beginning of the fourth 
 centuries. See Isocr. Evag. 35 ff. ;
 
 42 
 
 vto? 
 
 15 
 
 THE ATTICA OF PAUSANIAS 
 
 Ch. 3, 3 
 
 /cat /SacrtXev? KvTrpta)^ Evayd/aas, 65 /cat 
 Ta<? <J>otfto~o'a ( s errpa^e Trapa ySacrtXeai? 'Apra- 
 ^oOrjvai KoVcoi't eV/aa^e Se cu? 'A^Tyz/ato? /cat TO 
 e/c ^aXa/Ati^o?, eVet /cat yeveaXoyw^ e'? irpoyovovs 
 Teu/cpov /cat Kti'vpou Ovyarepa. evravBa eVr^/ce 
 ? /cat ySacrtXev? 'ASptavdg, e's 
 
 Zeu<? 
 
 aXXoug re aiv rjp^ev euepyetrta? /cat e? TT}^ TroXii' jaaXtcrra 
 aVoSei^ r a|itez'0'? ri^v 'AOrjvaiaiv. crroa Se oTTLcrOev w/coSd/x^rat 3 
 20 ypa^a? e^ovcra ^eov? rovg SwSe/ca /caXof/xei^ov? eVt Se rw 
 
 Antidosis, 101, 139. It is probable that 
 the statues of Conon and Evagoras 
 were set up soon after the battle of 
 Cnidus (394 B.C.) and that of Timo- 
 theus was added soon after the peace 
 of Callias in 371. 14. TO dvKa0v: 
 cf. 2, 18, 7; 37, 3; 3, 2, 2; 25, 10; 
 4, 3, 4 and G ; 5, 25, 12. So Hdt. 1, 
 170; ra aixlKaBev, 6, 35; 7, 221; with- 
 out article, 5, 05, etc. av^aOfv in re- 
 lations of time, as seen above, is used 
 regularly of ancestry or origin. Some- 
 times ytvos is added adverbially, e.g. 
 Hdt. 5, 55, 7^i>os eo^res TO. dv^KaQev Fe0ii- 
 paioL. 10. tvravOa e'cm]i Zevs ovo|xa- 
 ^op.evos'EXtvOe'pios: we learn from Isocr. 
 9, 57, and Hesych. s.v. 'EXei>0^>ios Zetfs 
 that this image was also called Zeus So- 
 ter. According to Ilarpocr. s.v. 'EXeu- 
 Qtpwi Zei^s, the orator Hyperides derived 
 the name from the inference that the 
 colonnade in the rear had been built by 
 f reedmen, but Didymus gave the much 
 more satisfactory reason that both 
 statue and colonnade were founded to 
 commemorate the deliverance from the 
 Persians. 17. (3acriX.i>s 'A8piavos . . . 
 ?jpxv : Hadrian received countless 
 honors at the hands of the Athenians, 
 as we shall see later. He was wor- 
 
 shiped at Athens under the title of 
 Eleutherius (Liberator), and probably 
 this worship was performed at an altar 
 before this statue. The juxtaposition 
 of Hadrian Eleutherius and Zeus Eleu- 
 therius is noteworthy, as they also 
 divided honors in the Olympieum and 
 elsewhere. In the theatre a seat was 
 reserved for the priest of Hadrian the 
 Liberator (C.I. A. Ill, 253). 
 
 19. <TTOOI 8e oirwrOev tpKoS6|j.T]Tai: 
 though Pausanias does not here men- 
 tion its name, the colonnade was known 
 as the Stoa Eleutherius, or Colonnade 
 of Zeus of Freedom, from the image of 
 the god (see 10, 21, ; Xen. Oecon. 7, 
 1; Plat. Eryx. 392 A; id. Theages, 
 121 A, etc.). Pausanias indicates that 
 the two colonnades, the Basileius and 
 the Eleutherius, were adjacent, and 
 other writers speak of them as beside 
 each other, irap dXX^Xas. See Ilar- 
 pocr. and Suid. S.v. /3ao-/\oj erred. 
 This is doubtless the colonnade referred 
 to, Ar. Eccl. 080, as being beside the 
 Royal Colonnade, and we should locate 
 it, therefore, west of the Agora and to 
 the south of the Royal Colonnade. 
 20. -ypacjxxs \ov<ra Otovs TOVS SuSeKa 
 s : Pausanias later mentions
 
 THESEUS 
 
 Cli.3, 3 
 
 t^to TO) Trepans B^crev? eVrt yeypa/A/xez/o? /cat 
 ria re /cat Aryjito?. 877X0! Se 77 ypafy-q BTitrea eti^at Toy /cara- 
 '\0rjvaLOLS e' tcrov TroXtreuecr^at Ke^atprjKe Se 
 /cat aXXw? ? TOIKJ TroXXou? oJ? B^creu? vrapaSotr; ra 
 25 Trpa.-yiJ.aTa ra> ST^OJ /cat w<? e e/cetVou 
 Sia/Ltu/atei>, Trpti/ 7) IIeto~to-T/3aTO< f. 
 Xe'yerat /xeV 87) /cat aXXa ov/c dX.rjff'YJ Trapd rot9 TroXXot? ofa 
 tcrropta? a^/coot? overt /cat O7roo~a r)Kovov evBvs e'/c Trai'Saw ei^ 
 re ^opot? /cat TpaywSt'ats 77to"ra T^yov/otefot?, Xeyerat 8e /cat e<? 
 SO roi/ B^trca, 05 avrd? re e'^SacrtXevcre /cat vcrrtpov 
 /cat e? reraprTii' ot B77O"t8at yei/eai/ 
 
 two other paintings in this colonnade 
 
 the Cavalry Battle and the Theseus 
 
 and adds: Tatrras rds 7pa<as Eu- 
 <f>pa.vwp typaij/ev 'AOrjvaiois (4). We in- 
 fer from Pausanias's account that the 
 Twelve Gods and the Theseus adorned 
 the side walls, the Cavalry Battle the 
 long back wall, of the colonnade. 
 Pliny, N.II. 35, 129, mentions together 
 these three works of Euphranor. These 
 paintings were justly celebrated. Plu- 
 tarch (de glor. A th. 2) says that the 
 Cavalry Battle was painted with much 
 energy and fire ; Lucian (Imag. 7) ad- 
 mired Hera's hair, and Valerius Maxi- 
 mus (8, 11) preferred the Poseidon 
 to the Zeus, in the painting of the 
 Twelve Gods. Euphranor was at his 
 acme about 300 n.c. I le attained great 
 reputation as painter, sculptor, and 
 writer on art (see Pliny, N. II. 34, 50 ; 
 3o, 128 ff., etc.). 21. 0T)<rvs . . . Kal 
 Ar^fioKparCa T Kal Aiipios : as to repre- 
 sentations in art of the Demus, "the 
 John Bull of Athens " (Frere), see note 
 on 1, 1, 3. Pliny (25, GO and 137) men- 
 tions personifications of the Demus 
 
 in paintings by Parrhasius and by Aris- 
 tolaus. An Athene Demokratia is cited 
 C.I.A.III, 165; and accordingtoC.I.A. 
 II, 470, 1. 62, there was a statue of 
 Demokratia at Athens, at which pub- 
 lic decrees were sometimes exposed. 
 31. s TerdipTTiv ol 0T]<rti8ai yevtdv 
 Sie'(it.vav apx<>vTs : Theseus is repre- 
 sented as the founder of democracy 
 also by Isocr. 12, 129, Ps.-Dem. 59, 
 75, Plut. Thes. 25, etc. Aristotle (Kesp. 
 Ath. 41), on the contrary, states that 
 the monarchical form of government 
 under Theseus declined but little (/ui- 
 Kpbv TrapeyKXifovca T^J (3a.ai\iKrjs). In 
 fact, the political synoikismos was the 
 only practical result of Tlieseus's re- 
 forms (Time. 2, 15). Theseus was sup- 
 planted by Menestheus, but after the 
 latter was slain at Troy the sons of 
 Theseus regained the kingdom of 
 Athens (1, 17, 5; Pint, Thes. 31-35) 
 and held it for three generations, The- 
 seus' son Demophon, his grandson 
 Oxyntes, and his great-grandson Thy- 
 moetes, being successively kings. See 
 Plut. Thes. 28, Diod. 4, 62, Pans. 2, 18,
 
 44 
 
 THE ATTICA OF PAUSANIAS 
 
 Ch. 3, 4 
 
 ei 
 
 Se JJLOL yeveaXoyelv ypecrKe, Kal TOV? d-Tro 
 MeXdV#ov /3ao-tXeuo-a^Ta5 e? KXetStKov TOI^ Ato-t/xt8ou 
 
 av 
 
 35 'E^TaG#a eVrt yeypa^evov Kal TO irepl MavTiWiaz/ 'AOrj- 4 
 vaiaiv epyov 01 (Bor)0TJo~ovTe<; Aa/ceoai/AO^tot? TTjjL<f>0'Y)crai>. 
 v Se aXXot, re Kal ^evofywv TOV TrdvTa 
 re r?9 KaS/aeias Kal TO Trratcr/xa 
 TO eV AevKTpoi? Kal ws es TleXoTrd^v^cro^ eo~e)8aXoz/ BotwTol 
 40 Kal TT)^ o~v/x,//,a^ta^ AaKeSatjao^tot? T^ Trap' ' A.0i)vaui)V e\0ov- 
 CTO.V ev 8e T^ ypa(j)fj TMV iTnreaiv e'crTt /JLOL^y)., eV T^ yvoipi^ia)- 
 TO.TOI FpvXo? T 6 Bevo^aWos e^ Tot? ' A.0r)vaioi<; Kal KaTa 
 
 Trjv ITTTTOV TJ]V Boictmaz' 'ETrajaet^w^Sa? 6 -)7/3ato9. 
 TO,? ypa(j>a<; Rv<f)pdva)p eypaifttv 'A^^atot? Kal 
 
 T9,etc. 32. TOVS airo MtXavOov pao-iXev- 
 o-avras tsK\C8iKov: Pausanias qualifies 
 this statement in 4, 5, 10, by remarking 
 that " at first the people only stripped 
 the descendants of Melanthus, the Me- 
 dontids, as they were called, of most 
 of their power, and transformed them 
 from kings into responsible magis- 
 trates ; but afterwards they also fixed 
 on ten years as the term of their magis- 
 tracy." The Theseid was followed by 
 a new foreign dynasty, inaugurated by 
 Melanthus, a Messenian king, who was 
 forced to retire from Messenia after 
 the Dorian migration, according to 
 tradition, and, coming to Attica, dis- 
 placed Thymoetes, the last of the 
 Theseids (see 2, 18, 9 ; Hdt. 5, 05, etc.). 
 41. v 8 rfj 'Ypa^fj . . . FpvXos . . . 
 "Eira(iivwv8as 6 0T]|3aios : Pausanias's 
 account of the painting is inconsistent 
 with the statements of others in regard 
 to the battle of Mantinea, and either 
 he or the painter is at fault. Diodo- 
 rus (15, 87) states that Epaminondas 
 
 received his death-wound while fight- 
 ing among the infantry, whereas Gry- 
 lus was a member of the cavalry (Diog. 
 Laert. 2,0, 54), and Pausanias describes 
 a cavalry engagement. Then there is 
 much dispute as to the slayer of Epa- 
 minondas. Pausanias (8, 11, 5) says 
 the Mantineans maintain that he was 
 slain by Machaerion, a Mantinean, the 
 Spartans by Machaerion, a Spartan ; 
 but Plutarch (Ages. 35) asserts it was 
 a Laconian, Anticrates, who struck the 
 blow. Pausanias (8, 11, 0), however, 
 argues for the Athenian tradition and 
 says that the Mantineans gave Grylus 
 a public burial and set up a monument 
 to him on the spot, while the name of 
 Machaerion has never received any 
 special marks of honor from either 
 Spartans or Mantineans. 44. irXti<rCov 
 iroT|<rv Iv TU vau> TOV "AiroXXwva 
 IlaTpSov : the site of the temple of 
 Apollo was doubtless on the west side 
 of the market-place just to the south 
 of the Stoa Eleutherius. The jSo^ds TOV
 
 APOLLO PATROOS 
 
 45 
 
 Ch. 3, 5 
 
 45 f.Troir]o~f.v eV rw vaa) TOV 'ATrdXXwi/a Ha.Tpa>ov eiru<\r)crw irpo 
 oe TOV vea) TOV fJitv Aew^ap^?, ov Se Ka.\ovo-iv 'AXt^iKaKov 
 KaXa/xi? eVoirycre. TO Se 6Vo/aa rw $eaj yez/ecr^ai Xeyovo'W' 
 on TT)V Xot/AciSr; cr^iVt j/do~of 6/xoi) TOJ 
 Xe)u,oj irie^ovcrav Kara (jLavrevfJia enavaev IK 
 
 50 
 
 Se 
 
 /cat 
 
 ' Aw6\\uvos tv TT; ayopv (Ps.-Plut. vit. X 
 Or. p. 843 B) stood presumably before 
 this temple: Apollo was probably 
 styled Paternal (llarpvos) as being the 
 mythical father of Ion, the founder of 
 the Ionian race. Apollo Patroos was 
 identical with the Pythian Apollo 
 (Dem. 18, 141, p. 274 ; Aristid. Or. 13, 
 vol. I, 181, ed. Dindorf). His priest is 
 mentioned in inscriptions (C.I. A. Ill, 
 687, 720 o, p. 501) and had a seat re- 
 served in the Dionysiac theatre (C.I. A. 
 
 III, 279). Nothing definite is known 
 as to the type of Euphranor's Apollo 
 statue. 45. irpo Si TOV vew TOV jxiv Ato>- 
 xdpT]s: Winter (A. Jb. VII, 104), and 
 other archaeologists, derive the Apollo 
 Belvedere from this image made by 
 Leochares. Yet there are in all three 
 Apollo statues of Leochares known, 
 so that any relation of the Belvedere 
 to this Apollo image, about which we 
 know absolutely nothing, is entirely 
 uncertain. See Overbeck, Kunstmyth. 
 
 IV, 97. 46. ov Si KoXovcriv 'A\|iKa- 
 KOV Kd.Xa.fus iroit]o- : 'AAe//ca/cos = 
 'AK^UOS (6, 24, 6) = 'EwiKofyios, 8, 41, 7. 
 Conze (Beitr. z. Gesch. d. gr. Plastik, 
 19) has conjectured that the so-called 
 "Apollo on the Omphalos." found in 
 the theatre of Dionysus, is a copy of 
 this statue of Apollo made by Calamis. 
 This conjecture has led to much discus- 
 sion. The statue (to which, however, 
 the Omphalos has been shown not to 
 
 TTO- 
 
 iepoV, fjv <I>eiSia9 
 
 belong) seems to date from the fifth 
 century, and to be a copy of a famous 
 statue, as several other copies are ex- 
 tant and the type is preserved on coins. 
 But there is no proof that it is even an 
 Apollo ; Waldstein thinks it is a pugi- 
 list. For the bibliography of this ques- 
 tion, see Frazer, II, 66. Pausanias's 
 associating this statue with the great 
 plague of 430-429 is hardly possible, as 
 it conflicts with the recognized date of 
 Calamis (500-460 B.C.). 
 
 50. 'iZLKo56p.T)Tai Si KCU MrjTpos 6t<uv 
 Upov, r\v <&ciSias tlpya.va.TO ': the sanc- 
 tuary of Khea, the Mother of the Gods, 
 was usually called Metroum (see Pol- 
 lux, 3, 11; Bekk. Anec. I, 280, 6). 
 Pausanias now proceeds to describe 
 three buildings which he speaks of as 
 near each other, the Metroum, the 
 Buleuterium or Council House, and 
 the Tholus or Eoturida. Hence the 
 site of one, if determined, fixes that 
 of the three. The Metroum appears 
 to have stood to the south of the 
 market about the northwest foot of 
 the slope of the Areopagus. For Pau- 
 sanias later speaks of the statues of 
 the Eponymi as being higher up 
 (ivurtpu) ; and Arrian (3, 16, 8), men- 
 tioning the statues of the Tyranni- 
 cides, says they were in the Cerami- 
 cus on the regular road up to the 
 Acropolis, just opposite the Metroum. 
 Dorpfeld's excavations show that the
 
 46 
 
 THE ATTICA OF PAUSAXIAS 
 
 Ch. 3, 5 
 
 ? j3ov- 
 BovXatou 
 
 etpyacraro., /cat TrXrycrtov TMV 
 Xevr?7/otof, ot j3ov\evov(TLv epiavrbv 
 8s eV avrw /cetrat 6avov Atos /cat 'AvroXXwi/ re^vrj II et- 
 (Tiov /cat A^/xo? epyov Avcratvos. row? Se 
 55 eypai//e UpwroyeV^? Kawtos, 'OX/3taSi75 Se 
 
 (Ar. Eq. 640 ff. ; Xen. Hell. 2, 3, 5). 
 Here too were set up various public 
 documents engraved on stone or metal, 
 as e.g. the laws of Solon (see Harp, 
 and Suid. s.v. 6 KaruQev j/6/xos) and the 
 list of the ephebi (Arist. Resp. Ath. 
 53). 53. fjoavov: derived from ^w, 
 "to scrape, smooth, polish," may be 
 applied to an image made of either 
 wood, stone, or ivory (see Ilesych. s.v. 
 6ai/a; Etymol. Magn. s.v. fiacoi', p. 611, 
 1. 12 ff.). Strabo applies the word to 
 the gold-and-ivory Zeus at Olympia (8, 
 p. 353), to the gold-and-ivory Hera of 
 Polyclitus (8, p. 372), to the marble 
 statue of Nemesis at Rhamnus (9, p. 
 396), etc. Lucian uses the term of 
 images in bronze and silver (Alex. 18 ; 
 id. de dea Syria, 39). The term is, 
 however, more properly restricted to 
 images of wood (see Clem. Alex. 
 Protrep. 4, 46, p. 40, cd. Potter, and 
 Servius on Verg. Aen. 2, 225; 4, 56); 
 and Pausanias appears to use it always 
 in this restricted sense, and confines it 
 to the wooden image of a deity. 
 'AiroXXtov TC'XVT] Ileurioxi : nothing fur- 
 ther is known of Pisias. 54. Af)|ios 
 i'p-yov Avcrwvos : see Pliny (34, 91) who 
 speaks of Lyson as one of the sculptors 
 who made statues of athletes, armed 
 men, hunters, and persons sacrificing. 
 TOVS 8c 0(T|AO0Tas CYptuj/s npwro'yt- 
 vqs Kavvios : on the Thesmothetae, see 
 Arist. Resp. Ath. 3 and 59-61. They 
 were the six archons ranking below 
 
 regular road from the Agora to the 
 Acropolis wound round the west 
 shoulder of the Areopagus, proceeded 
 southeast between the Areopagus and 
 the Pnyx, and then ascended the west- 
 ern slope of the Acropolis, thus avoid- 
 ing the steep ascent to the east of the 
 Areopagus. See A.M. XVI (1891), 
 444 ff.; XVII (1892), 90 ff.; Harrison, 
 Ancient Athens, pp. 38 ff. There is 
 no indication that the Metroum was 
 ever a temple. Pausanias calls it a 
 sanctuary (iepov), Pliny a shrine (delu- 
 brum, 36, 17). It was apparently a 
 sacred precinct with an open-air altar, 
 as Aeschines (see Timarch. 84) de- 
 scribes a runaway slave as coming into 
 the Agora and seating himself on the 
 altar of the Mother of the Gods. The 
 Metroum was later the repository of 
 the public archives (Din. 1, 86; Lye. 
 C. Leocr. 66). 51. -Tr\i]aov r<ov irevra- 
 Kocrttov Ka\ov|a.e'va)v pov\VTT|piov : the 
 Buleuterium or Council House of the 
 Five Hundred seems to have been built 
 within the precincts of the Metroum 
 (see Aeschin. 3, 187; Ps.-Plut. vit. x Or. 
 p. 84 '2 K) . It probably contained images 
 of both Zeus Bulaeus and Athena Bu- 
 laea (see Antiphon, 6, 45). We read of 
 the sacred hearth of the Council House 
 (Aeschin. 2, 45 ; Andoc. 1, 42, etc.), of 
 the platform for the speaker (Antiphon, 
 f>, 40), of the benches for the presidents 
 (Lys. 13, 37), and of the railing bar- 
 ring off the public from the members
 
 THE GAULS 
 
 47 
 
 (*)ep/zo7rvXa<? 
 
 TT?I> es 
 
 Ch. 4, 1 
 
 i> 
 
 05 
 
 'EXXaSa 
 
 Ot Se FaXdYat ovrot vefJLOvraL rrjs Evpa>7D75 ra ecr^ara 1 
 eVt 0a\dcrcnrj TroX\rj /cat e5 ra Trepara ov 7rXatp,a>, Trape^erat 
 8e a.fjLTT<t)TLi> /cat pa^tav /cat uTjpia ovoev eot/cora rot5 eV 
 ^aXacrcriy TT) XotTrry /cat crc^tcrt ota 7^5 ^wpa5 pet 7rora/xo5 
 *HptOa^O5, (6' at ra.5 6vya.Tpa$ ras HXtov 6ovpecr$ai VQU.L- 
 
 I /It, / I 
 
 ouo~t ro Trept ro^ QaeOovra roi> aoeX^o^ vra^o5. 6r//e 8e' 
 TTOTC avrov5 /caXetcr^at FaXara5 e^ r ei/i/cT7O"e^ KeXrot yap 
 
 / i^\> v v " v \\ ' ' y 
 
 Kara re o~<pa5 TO ap^aiov /cat Trapa Tot? aAAot5 (Dvon.a.( 3 ovTo. 
 a"vXXeyeto"a 8e' cr^)to~t crTpaTta TpeVeTat TT)^ eVt 'lo^tov, /cat 
 the archon chief, the king, and the pol- regards the river as fabulous. The 
 
 emarch. Wachoinuth, II, 32(5, thinks 
 that the allusion is to portraits of illus- 
 trious individual Thesmothetae. Pro- 
 togenes, a contemporary of Apelles, 
 was one of the most celebrated artists of 
 antiquity ; he took enormous pains with 
 his work and was remarkable for tech- 
 nical skill rather than for great expres- 
 sion. Cf. Pliny, 35, 81-83 ; 87 ; 101- 
 106; Overbeck, S.Q. 1907-1936; Brunn, 
 Gesch. d. Gr. Kiinstler, II, 233-243. 
 5"). 'O\pid8T]s 8c KdXXiirirov : on Cal- 
 lippuscf. 1, 4, 2; 10, 20, 5. The date of 
 the irruption of the Gauls into Greece 
 (10, 23, 14) was 279 B.C. Of Olbiades 
 nothing further is known. 
 
 4. Digression : The Gauls Their 
 irruption into Greece and retreat into 
 Asia The Peryamencs. 
 
 2. tirl 0aXdro"r) iroXXrj . . . 'HpiSavog. 
 the great sea meant is the Atlantic 
 Ocean in the neighborhood of the 
 Arctic Circle (cf. 33, 4 ; 35, 5). Pau- 
 sanias seems to have regarded the Eri- 
 danus (cf. 5, 14, 3 and 5, 12, 7) as 
 'an actual river that flowed into the 
 northern ocean, but Herodotus (3, 15) 
 
 Rhone and the Po were the two rivers 
 from time to time identified with the 
 Eridanus (see Pliny, 37, 32), but amber 
 is not found at the mouth of either 
 river. On the legend of the daughters 
 of Helios bewailing the fate of their 
 brother Phaethon beside the river Eri- 
 danus, cf. Eur. Hipp. 735 ff. ; A poll. 
 Rhod. 4, 596 ff.; Ovid, Met. 2, 340 ff., 
 etc. 7. TaXdras . . . KtXroi : the 
 people we know as Celts were known 
 to the ancients under three names, 
 viz. Celts (KeXrot, Celtae), Galatians 
 (FaXdrai), and Gauls (Galli). Cf. 
 Procop. de aedif. 4, 5, tv KeXrots o? 
 ravvv FdXXot KaXoOcrat, Appian, Hann. 
 4, e's rrjv KeXriKrjv TTJV vvv Xcyo/j.h'ijv Ya- 
 \ariav. Also Caesar (de B. G. 1,1), 
 qui ipsorum lingua Celtae, nos- 
 tra Galli appellantur. |VKT]- 
 <rev: in impersonal sense; already so 
 used in Time. 1, 3, 2 ; frequent in Pan- 
 sanias, e.g. 2, 29, 3 ; 3, 20, (i ; 4. 6, 
 1 ; 34, 5 ; (i, 22, 10 ; 7, 17 ; 22, 4 ; 8, 5, 
 7; 23, 3; 47, 1 : 9, 34, 10; 10. 1, 1. 
 
 9. (TTpaTltt TptVtTO.1 TT]V llT\ 'Iov(oV 
 
 KT\.-. Puusunias (10, 19-23) narrates at
 
 48 THE ATTICA OF PAUSAXIAS 
 
 Ch.4, 2 
 
 10 TO T 'iXXviwv e$i>o9 /cat TTO.V CHTOV ctH Ma/ceSoVcoi' w/cet 
 
 /cat Ma/ce8oVa<? aurou? di'acrrdrous eVotTycre eo~o~aXtai> re 
 eVeSpa/xe. /cat &5s eyyus ^cpfJioirvXcov eytVovro, eVrav$a ot 
 TroXXot rw^ 'EXX-jyi'&ji' eg r^v ei^oSo^ ^crv^a^ov rco^ /3ap(3d- 
 puv, are VTTO 'AXe^dVSpov jaeydXw? /cat <J>tXt7T7rov /ca/cco$eV- 
 
 15 re? TrpoTepov /ca$etXe 8e /cat 'AimVarpo 1 ? /cat Kdo~o~az'8/3o<? 
 vo"Tpoi> TO c EXXi7^t/co^, cocrre e/cacrrot 8t' 
 ala'^pov eVd/xt^o^ arrelvai TO /cara (r^a? 
 'A$T7*>atot 8e jaaXtcrra /xei^ rai^ 'EXX^i/ct)^ dTreipiJKeo-ai> /xr^/cet 2 
 rov Ma/ceSovt/cov TroXe/xou /cat 7r/3o<T77Tato^res ra TroXXa eV 
 
 20 rats yaa^atg, efteVat Se o/xa;? co/3 //, ^ITO e? ra? ep/x,o7ruXa9 
 cru^ rot? eWXovcrt raiv 'EXXi^Vw^, eXo/xei^ot <r</>i'crt roi/ KaX- 
 \i7nrov TOVTOV rjyelo~0aL. /caraXa/3o^re5 8e 17 o~Tevo)Ta.Tov yv, 
 T?7<j ecrdSou r^5 e? r>)^ 'EXXaSa eipyov rov? j3ap/3dpov<;- 
 dvvpovT<; oe ot KeXrot r^ aTpaTrov T^V /cat M^Sot? TTOTC 
 
 25 'E^)taXri79 ^y^Varo 6 Tpa^tVto? /cat /3tao~a/ J tej'ot ^cu/cewi' rov? 
 reray/xeVov? eV avrrj \av6dvov(Ti rov? EXX-^^a? VTrepfia.\6v- 
 T? TT^V OLTVJV. evBa. 8>) 7rXeto~rov Trapeo-^ovTo aurov? 'A^- -3 
 vatot rots / EXX^o~tt' d^tov?, dfJi^OTepajOev cos lKVK\a)0r]o-av 
 
 greater length the irruption of the Gauls the Lacedaemonians; and in 7, 6, 7, 
 
 into Greece. The fact that he gives two it is said of the Peloponnesians in gen- 
 
 detailed accounts of the same events is eral that they did not take part in the 
 
 an argument that portions of the work expedition to Thermopylae, because 
 
 were published separately. Cf. 7, 20, (5, they imagined they could keep off the 
 
 and Introduction, p. 3. 13. rjorvxa- Galatians by building a wall across the 
 
 ov: frequently used as the antonym Isthmus. 14. (xc-yoLXus : a noteworthy 
 
 of TroXe/xetV. Cf. 1, 13, 1 and 6, 25, 3 ; instance of hyperbaton. Pausanias 
 
 2, 16, 5 ; 3, 9, 2 ; 7, G ; 4, 11,8. Here fancied that he attained a certain ele- 
 
 Pausanias states as the ground of the gance of expression by unusual word- 
 
 hesitation of most of the Greeks the order. Cf. 3 vavaiv virb re &ir\uv 
 
 exhaustion caused by their wars with fiapelais Kal avSp&v, 4 TO. TroXtV^ara 
 
 the Macedonians ; to the contrary, he t\eiv ev ovSevi TO, \onra Tronjffd./j.fvoi, 3, 
 
 says in 4, 28, 3, that the Messenians, 0, 6 /uerex ye rbv S<?pou /cat irpbrepov 
 
 and in 8, 6, 3, that the Arcadians, held ert tirl S/ciWas Aapdov Kal trri AOjvas 
 
 back through fear of an incursion by <npa.r6v.
 
 THE GAULS 49 
 
 Ch. 4, 5 
 
 dfJivv6p.evoL TOVS flapfidpovs oi Se' o~ff>LO~LV eVt TIM vea>v 
 
 30 /xaXtcrra tToKanraipovv are TOV KoX-rrov TOV Aa.fju.aKov re'X- 
 fjLaTos 77/309 rats ( M )ep/xo77vXat9 6Wos aiTiov Se e'/aol 
 TO vSw/3 Tavrr) TO Oep/jiov eKpeov e? Trp 0dXao~crai>. fj 
 ovv etyov OVTOL TTOVOV aVaXa/3oVTe<? yap eVt TO, 
 fjLara TOVS 'EXXi^^a? ^avo~t^ VTTO TC OTT\<DV ^Sapetat? Kat 
 
 35 av&poiv e/3iaoi'TO /caTa TOV 7717X01) TrXett^. OVTOL p-tv 8^ 
 EXXrpa? TpoTrov TOV flpri^vov (<Ta>t,ov, oi Se FaXaTat 
 TC eVTO9 rjcrav KOI TO, TroXtcr/xaTa eXett' eV ovSez^l TO, 
 XotTTCt TTOLrfO'dfjLei'OL AeXc^ov? /cat TO, ^pTJfjiaTa TOV 0eov 8ta/3- 
 Tracrat /xaXtcrTa et^oi' (TTrovSr^V. /cat o~<f>io~Li> avTOi TC AeX<^ot 
 
 40 /cat <J>ftj/cea)^ avTeTa^Orjcrav oi TO,? TrdXets Trept TO^ ITapfao"- 
 ot/cov^T9, d<^)t/ceTO Se /cat Sv^a/zt? AtTwXwz^ TO ya/3 
 rpOL^ei> d/cju,^ vOTr)To<s TOV ^povov TOVTOV. W9 
 Se e'? ^etpa? crv^i^ecra^, IvTavOa KepavvoL Te IffrtpovTO e'? 
 TOV? FaXctTas Kat aTroppayeicrai TTCTpai TOV 
 
 45 SetjLtaTa TC ai'Spe? e'<t / o~Tai'TO 6?rXtTat Tot? 
 TWI/ TOV? /xei/ e^ 'TTrepflopewv Xeyova-iv e' 
 /cat 'A^aSo/co^, TOI^ Se Tp'urov Hvppov eivaL TOV ' 
 eVayt^ovo"t Se 0,770 TavTTy? AeX^>ot T^? crvjayota^ta? 
 irpOTtpov e)(ovT<; aTe aVSpo? TroXe/xtov Kat TO /jLvrj/jia ev 
 
 50 dTLfj.ia. FaXaTwi^ Se ot TroXXot vavcriv e? T^ 'Ao~iW StaySai'- 5 
 Tes TO, 7rapaBa\d(To~ia avTrjs \rj\a.Tovv ~^p6vo) Se vcrTtpov 
 oi HepyafJiov )(OVT$, TraXat Se Tev0pavi,av KaXov/jievrjv, . . . e'? 
 FaXctTa? e'Xavi/ovcrtv aTro 0a\dcro"q<;. OVTOL fjifv S^ 
 
 52. TTtp^afjiov . . . irdXai 8 TevOpa- know from other sources that Teuthra- 
 
 vCav KaXov|xvT)v : cf. 1, 11,2, II^p7a/uos nia was entirely distinct. See Xen. 
 
 5^ 6ia/3ds ^s TT/J- 'Ao-iav "Apeiov Sffacrrft;- Hell. 3, 1, (5 ; Strabo, 12, ]). 571 ; 13, p. 
 
 ovra ^r T^ ffvftpaviq. Kretvei /jLovofiaxr,- 615; aiyl Conxe, "Tcuthrania," A.M. 
 
 ffavrd ol irepl rijs dpx^'i Ka ' T S ""^Xet rb XII (1887), 149-100. s Tavrt]v Fa- 
 
 Jvojua SuK TO vvv air avrou. 1'ausanias Xdras ^Xavvovaiv diro OaXacr<rTjs : cf. 
 
 apparently regarded Pergamus and 1, 8, 1 ; 1, 25, 2. Attains, prinye of I'er- 
 
 Teuthrania as the same town, but we ganius, defeated the Gauls in a great
 
 50 THE ATTICA OF PAUSANIAS 
 
 Ch.4, G 
 
 e/CTO? ^ayyapCov ^aipav tcr^ov AyKvpav TTO\.IV eXoi'Te? 
 j i?V Mt'8a<? 6 FopStov Trporepov w/ctcre^ ay/cvpa Se, 
 6 Mt'Sa? dvevpev, ~r]v ert /cat eg e^te eV tepw At6<? /cat 
 MtSov /caXov/xeVr/ TavTrjv OLVO) /cepacrat MtSav fyacrlv 
 eVt TT}^ 0TJpav TOV SetX^z/ov ravr^i/ re ST) r^ "Ay/cvpav 
 elXoi^ /cat Ilecrcrtz'ovi'Ta UTTO TO opo? . . . rr^v v Ay8tcrrti/ ? eV^a 
 60 /cat TOI^ ^ATTT^^ T0d<j>0ai Xeyoucrt. Hepyafjirjvols 8e ecrrt jaei^ 
 cr/cuXa 0,770 FaXarai^, ecrrt oe ypa^rj TO epyov TO Trpo<z FaXa- 
 Ta? e^oucra. T^V 8e vt^ovTai ot ITe^ya/x^vot., Ka/3etpwi/ lepaLv 
 etz^at TO ap^alov avrol 8e 'Ap/caSe? e9e\ovariv eivai 
 o/jiov Trj\(j)O) 8ta^8ai/T&^ e? T^f 'Acrtai^. rroKe^wv 8e 
 05 jueV aXXwv, et 817 Tiz/as eVoXejitTyo'a^, ov/c e? aTr 
 
 /cei/ 17 ^rft* 7 } ' r / 3t/a ^^ yvajpLfJLarrara e^et/jyacrTat cr^tcrt, T^S TC 
 'Ao~ta? apx?) T1 7? /cctTco /cat 17 FaXaTcov arr' avT^ 
 /cat TO e? TOV? crvz/ 'Aya/xe)avo^t TTyXe'^ow ToX/xTyjaa, oYe 
 ^e? a/jtapTOi/Te? 'iXtov TO 7re8to^ eXer^XctTow TO Mvo~to^ 019 y^v 
 70 TpwaSa. eTTa^et^tt Se e'? TT^I/ dp^v o6ev e'^e'/^r?*' TOV Xoyov. 
 5 Tov /3ovXevTT7/3tov TWI/ Trei/Ta/coo'ta;^ vrXr/crto^ BoXo? e'crTt 1 
 /caXov/xeVr/, /cat Bvovcri re evravOa ot irpyrdveis /cat Tt^a Kat 
 
 battle at the springs of the Caicus 08. TO s TOVS o-vv'A-ya|x(xvovi Tr]\e- 
 
 river, and after the victory assumed <}>ov To\(jiT]p.a KT\. : cf. 0, 5, 14. This 
 
 the title of king, reigning as Atta- event is described in the epitome of 
 
 lus I, King of Pergamus. The exact Apollodorns (epitoma Vaticana ex 
 
 date of the victory is uncertain. Nie- Apollodori Bibliotheca, ed. 11. Wag- 
 
 buhr gives it as 230-229 B.C.; Droys- ner, Leipzig, 1891, p. 03; Apollodorus, 
 
 sen, between 238 and 235 ; Koepp, ed. R. Wagner, p. 193). On the com- 
 
 Rh. Mus., N.F., XB (1885), 114 ff., ing of Telephus into Asia, see Strabo, 
 
 in 240. 57. Kpfyt] MCSov KaXov^'vri : 12, p. 572; 13, p. 015; Diod. 4, 33; 
 
 cf. Xen. Anab. 1, 2, 13, who locates Pans. 8, 4, 9; 48, 7; 54, 0; 9, 31, 2. 
 
 the fountain of Midas at Thymbrion 5. The Tholus The Eponymi 
 
 by the wayside ; the Macedonians, ac- Hadrian as a Patron. 
 
 cording to Hdt. 8, 38, affirm that Sile- 1. Tov povXevrtipfov . . . ir^o-Cov 
 
 nus was caught in Macedonia in the 06\os to-rl KaXov^vt] : 66\os signified 
 
 gardens of Midas; Bion (Athen. 2, originally any round building with a 
 
 p. 45 c) places it at Inna, between Pae- roof of cupola form; here it is used espc- 
 
 onia and the land of the Maedi. cially of the building where the sacred
 
 THE TEN TRIBES 
 
 51 
 
 apyvpov TreiroLrj/jieva eorii> dydX^tara ov /xeydXa. 
 
 5 TO, o^d^tara ecr^ov at c^uXat' ocrrt? Se Karecmycraro SeVa 
 dirt recrcrdpaii/ (^uXd? eti'at Kat ^Ltere^erd tn^tcrt ret 
 dirt rail' dp^atw^, 'HpoSdrw Kat ravrct icmv etprj/xe 
 Se eVwi/u/xaj^ KaXoucrt yap oura> cr^d? ecrrt /xei/ 'ITTTTO- 
 ^da>i/ Ilocrt8ajvo9 Kat 'AXoTT^s dvyaurpos KepKvd^o?, ecrrt Se 
 10 'AiTtb^os rwi/ TratStoi^ TWV 'HpaKXeovs, ye^d/Ltei^o? eK Mi^Sag 
 'HpaKXet r^5 ^uXat'To?, Kat rptros Ata? 6 TeXa/xai^o?, CK 8e 
 
 fire was kept burning on the hearth of the eponymous heroes"; here was 
 and where the presiding officers of the 
 Council of Five Hundred dined together 
 daily at the public expense, and offered 
 sacrifices and libations (Arist. Resp. 
 Ath. 43; Dem. 19, 190). Another 
 name for the building, Skias or " um- 
 brella," is the official designation in in- 
 scriptions (C.I. A. 111,1048; 1051, 1.22). 
 The chairman (epistates) of the pry- 
 tanes, who kept the keys of the sanctu- 
 aries containing public treasures and 
 records, was compelled to remain in the 
 Tholus during his twenty-four hours 
 of office, along with colleagues, chosen 
 by himself (Arist. Rep. Ath. 44). Soc- 
 rates here received a commission from 
 the Thirty Tyrants to go to Salamis and 
 arrest one Leon (Plat. Apol. 32 c, i>); 
 here the standard weights and measures 
 were kept (C.I. A. II, 470, 1. 37 ff.). Cf. 
 Wachsmuth, Stadt Athen, II, 315- 
 320. 3. dvoiTt'poj 8e dvSpidvres KTTTJ- 
 KCLO-IV T)p(owv : the site of .this group of 
 statues was doubtless on the slope of 
 
 the Areopagus above (dcwr^pw) and 
 not far away from the Buleuterium 
 and Tholus. Aristotle (Resp. Ath. 5.')) 
 says that the bronze tablet with the 
 list of ephcbi was set up " in front of 
 the Council House beside the statues 
 
 posted the list of men drawn for mili- 
 tary service (Ar. Fac. 1183). Copies 
 of proposed laws were here posted for 
 public inspection (Dem. 20, !I4 ; 24,23). 
 So too the names of men who deserved 
 well of the state (Isoc. 18, 01 ; C.I. A. 
 II, 560), and likewise the names of 
 traitors (Isoc. 5, 38). It was a high 
 distinction to have one's statue erected 
 near the Eponymi (Lucian, Anach. 
 17). Cf. Wachsmuth. Stadt Athen, 
 II, 387-390. 5. 6'<TTis 8e KaTeorTJ- 
 <raro 6tKa dvrl T<rrdp(ov 4>vXas KT\. : 
 cf. Hdt. 5, 0(5, 0!). In 1, 29, 6 Tausa- 
 nias names Cleisthenes as the founder 
 of the new tribal division. There were 
 originally four Attic tribes called Ge- 
 leontes, Iloplites, Aegicoreis, and Ar- 
 gadeis. Cleisthenes abolished these 
 and redivided the population into ten 
 tribes. The date (Arist. Resp. Ath. 21 ) 
 was in the archonship of Isagoras, 508- 
 507 B.C. The ten new tribes, in their 
 official order, were named as follows : 
 Erechtheis, Aegeis, randionis, Leon- 
 tis, Acamantis, Oeneis, Cecropis, Hip- 
 pothontis, Aiantis and Antiochis. Cf. 
 Mommsen, Philologus, XLVII (1889), 
 440-48(i ; W. S. Ferguson, Cornell 
 Studies, VII (1898).
 
 52 THE ATTICA OF PAUSANIAS 
 
 Ch.5, 3 
 
 * A.(h)va.itav Aewg SovVat Se eVt o-wr^pia Xeyerat Koivrj ras 
 #vyarepas TOV Beov ^prjcravTo^. 'Epe^evs re Icrnv eV rots 
 eTraivv H,OL<;, os lvCtcr)O'v i EXevo"tvtou9 H&XV KaL T v rjyov- 
 
 15 jjievov aTTtKTtivev 'I^u/xapaSov TOI> Eu/AoXvrov Atyevs re eVrt 
 /cat Oiveus Ilaz'Stoj'OS vtos voOos /cat rait' (sh^cre'cos TratSwi' 
 'A/ca/Aa?. Ke/cpo7ra Se /cat UapSiopa etSoi/ yap /cat rovrcuv 3 
 eV rot? eVaJvvyaot? t/co^a9 ov/c otSa ovs ayovcrti' e^ rt/x^ 
 irporepos re 'yap rfp^e Ke/cpoi// ? 09 r^ 'A/cratov Ovyartpa 
 
 20 ecr^e, /<at ucrrepo?, os 8^ /cat fjiTu>Krjcrei> e's Eu^Sota^, 'Epe- 
 ^$<ys utos TOU Ila^Stovos rov 'Ept^^oj/tov. /cat ST) Kat Ila^- 
 StW e^acrtXevcrev o re ^pi^Boviov /cat 6 Ke/cpo7ro? row 
 Sevrepov TOVTOV M^rtoz^tSat r^s ap^rj<; e^eXav^ovo~t, /cat ot 
 (f>vyovTi es Meyapa ffvyarepa yap et^e IluXa rou 
 
 25 o~ai^rog eV Meyapot? crvveKTriTTTOvcnv ot TratSeg. /cat 
 Sto^a jLtet' avrov Xeyerat vocnjcravra aTroOavelv, /cat ot 
 
 y nvr)[jid icrriv iv ry MeyaptSt eV 'A^va? At^utas 
 
 12. Aetos KT\. : the legend is to the ef- Pausanias nowhere alludes to it. See 
 
 feet that once when Athens was afflicted Curtius, Ges. Abh. I, 465. 
 with famine and the Delphic oracle de- 19. irpo-repos . . . TJp^t KtKpo\j/ . . . 
 
 clared a human sacrifice the only rem- Kal vo-repos: Cleisthenes, in naming one 
 
 edy, Leos, son of Orpheus, voluntarily of his tribes after Cecrops, doubtless 
 
 surrendered for sacrifice his three had in mind the first Cecrops, re- 
 
 daughters, Eubule, Praxithea, and The- puted to be earth-born, half man and 
 
 ope; according to another version the half serpent (Ps.-Dem. 9, 30), not his 
 
 maidens of their own free will offered double, Cecrops II, said to be eldest son 
 
 themselves as victims. The sacrifice and successor of Erechtheus (Paus. 7, 
 
 was effectual, the famine left the land, 1, 2), who was "a mere genealogical 
 
 and the Athenians ever after worshiped stop-gap" (Frazer). 21. IIavS(<ovcj3a- 
 
 the heroic maidens in a shrine in the o-CXtvo-sv KT\. : cf. Apoll. 3, 14,6-8; 15, 
 
 Agora, called the Leocorium. This 5. Pandion I was the son of Erichtho- 
 
 became one of the famous places of nius, whom he succeeded, and a Naiad, 
 
 Athens (Strabo, 9, p. 396); beside it Praxithea; he married Zeuxippe and 
 
 fell Hipparchus when assassinated was father of Procne and Philomela, 
 
 (Thuc. 1, 20; 6, 57). It is frequently and of Erechtheus and Butes. Pan- 
 
 mentioned by ancient writers (Milchh. dion II was the son of Cecrops II and 
 
 S.Q. s.v.). Hence it is strange that Metiadusa; he succeeded his father, was
 
 ATTIC KINGS 53 
 
 Ch.5, 5 
 
 o~/co7re'Xo> ot Se TratSeg fearuurt re e'/c TW^ Meya- 
 
 MrjTioi/tSas, /cat r^ dp^r)v T<I) 
 30 Atyeus 7rpeo~/8vraTO9 cut/ ecr^e. OvyaTepas Se OL> 
 
 Sai/Aovt 0pe\]jev 6 Hav&uov, ouSe' ot TijJLCDpol TratSes avr' avroiv 
 l\ei<f>0r)(rav /cat/rot Swd^teak ye etVe/ca Trpo? TOJ/ Bpa/ca TO 
 /aJSos eVot7?o-aTO. d\\' ouSet? irdpo? eo~rt^ dvOpatira) Trapa- 
 ftrjvai TO KaBfJKov e/c rou deov- \eyawriv w? Ti^pev? crvvoi- 
 35 /ca)z/ ITpoK^ry ^tXoyLti^Xa^ ycr)(vvev, ov Kara VOJJLOV Spacra? 
 'EXXr^wi', at TO crwyaa ert Xw^Srycra/xe^o? T>J TratSt i^ya- 
 es dvdyKrjv St/CTy? TCI? yv^at/ca?. Ilai'St'oi't 8e /cat aXXo? 
 avSpta? i&Tiv kv d/cpovrdXet ^e'a? a^to?. 
 
 OtSe jLteV eto'ti' 'A^t'atot? eVw^vjaot TW^ dp^aitov vcrrepov 5 
 40 Se /cat diro Tai^Se c^uXa? e^ovo~t^, 'ATTaXov TOV Mvcroi) /cat 
 IlToXe/xatov TOV AtyvrrTtou /cat /caT* e'/xe 17817 /Sao-tXe'w? 
 TT;? TC e'? TO Beiov Tip.vjs eVt 7rXeto"TO^ \96vTos /cat 
 e'? evSat/Mo^tai' Ta /ixeyto~Ta e/cao~Tot? Trapa- 
 /cat e'? /u,ev TrdXe/xov ovSeVa e/covcrto? /caTelcrn?, 
 45 'Ey8/3atou? Se TOU? uTrep ^vpatv e'^etpajcraTo a7roo~Tai/Ta? 
 
 expelled, and took refuge in Megara. sanias fails to mention two new tribes, 
 
 Ps.-Dem. (9, 28) regarded Pandion I established in 307-30(5 it.c. in honor of 
 
 as the eponymous hero. Demetrius and Antigonus (Pint. Dem. 
 
 34. TTJPVS ervvoixwv IIpoKVT) $1X0- 10) the Demetrias and the Antigo- 
 
 (i^Xav TJ'o-xwvcv : see 1, 41, 8ff. ; 10, 4, 8. nis. They were later abolished, prob- 
 
 The myth of Tereus transformed into ably in 201 B.C. (Ferguson, The Priests 
 
 a hoopoe, and of Procne and Philomela, of Asklepios, p. 143). It is generally 
 
 who became a nightingale and a swal- accepted that the tribe Ptolemais was 
 
 .low, is familiar from the Birds of Aris- named after Ptolemy Philadelphia be- 
 
 tophanes. Cf. Apoll. 3, 14, 8 ; Eustath. tween 285 and 247 B.C., the limits of 
 
 on Od. T, 518, p. 1875. According to his reign ; but Beloch (Fleckh. Jrb. 
 
 later writers, however, it was Procne XXX, 481 ff.) argues that the Ptole- 
 
 who became a swallow, and Philomela mais was instituted after 229 B.C. in 
 
 a nightingale, whereas Tereus was honor of Ptolemy Euergetes. The tribe 
 
 transformed into a hawk. So Verg. Attalis was created in 200 B.C., when 
 
 Georg. 4, 15, 511 ; Ov. Met. 6,424-475; Attalus I visited Athens (Polyb. 1(5, 
 
 Hyg. Fab. 45. 25; Paus. 1, 8, 1, etc.). The tribe 
 
 40. 4>vXds . . . 'ArraXow KT\. : Pan- lladrianis is mentioned frequently in
 
 54 THE ATTICA OF PAUSANIAS 
 
 Ch. C, 1 
 
 ovrdcra Se Oewv lepa ra ^ev w/coSd/x^cre^ e^ apxys, ra Se 
 /cat eVe/coV/A^crei' a.va.6rip.a.(Ti KOI /caracr/ceuai?, /cat Swpeat 
 a? TidXeo'tz' e'Sai/ce^ 'EXX^i/urt, rets oe /cat TWI/ f3ap!3cipa)v 
 rots SeT^etcrti', ecrrtv ot TrdWa yeypa/utjiteVa ^KOijvjyriv eV 
 
 50 TW KOLVO) TOJV B(S)V tepw. 
 
 6 Ta Se eg ^ArraXo^ /cat IlToXe^ato^ i^Xi/cta re r)i^ a 
 repa, w? JLIT) ^aeVetv ert TT)^ <^ri^if]v avrwv, /cat ot 
 [jievoL rot? /3acrtXeu(7t^ eVt crvyypa(j)f) TU)V epytov /cat Trporepov 
 ert 'T)iJi\"qdria'av TOVTMV eW/ca ^tot /cat ra rw^Se 7rrj\0e 
 
 5 S^Xwcrat epya re onola errpa^av /cat cJ? e? rov? Trarepa? 
 avTtiiv TT6piex ( * ) pv)O'v AlyviTTOV /cat i^ Mvcrwv /cat 
 
 v Ma/ceSdve? ^>tXt7T7rou TratSa etvat rou 'A/u,uv- 2 
 rov, Xdyw 8e Aayov ^Ojat^ovcrt r^v ya^> ot /x^repa eyovcrav 
 10 eV yao"r/3t SoOyjvai yvvaiKa VTTO 4>tXt7T7rov Aayw. IIroXe|aato^ 
 Se \eyov<riv aXXa re ei^ r>J 'Acrta Xa/X7rpa aTroSet^ao'^at /cat 
 /ct^Swou ^Vjut^a^ro? ez^ 'O^vSpa/cat? /xaXio"ra ot 
 Taipa)i> d/xvi/at. reXevr^o-a^ro? Se 'AXe^avSpov rot? e? 
 
 inscriptions (C.I. A. Ill, 81-83, 1113, gavSpu . . . dfxvvai : this statement is 
 
 1114, 1120, 1121). expressly denied by Arrian (Anab. 6, 
 
 6. Pausanias interrupts his itinerary 11, 3-8), who says that the incident 
 
 to recount at considerable length (6, 1 occurred not in the territory of the 
 
 7, 3) i/te history of the first two Ftole- Oxydracians, but at the city of an inde- 
 
 mzes; 8, 1 zs similarly devoted to Atta- pendent Indian tribe called the Malli; 
 
 lus; then, after the itinerary is resumed so Plut. Alex. 6-3. He also asserts that 
 
 (8, 2-G), the mention of the statue of there is no truth in the statement that 
 
 Ptolemaeus Philometor occasions a brief on this occasion Ptolemy won the title 
 
 digression on his history (0, 1-3). of Soter, as Ptolemy himself in his pub- 
 
 4. (j,oi . . . irfj\0e SrjXioo-ai : "it oc- lished memoirs denied being present at 
 
 curred to me" a favorite phrase of the action. According to Q. Curtius, 
 
 Pausanias. Cf. 1, 12, 2; 29,10; 2,16, 9, 5, 21, the false statement origin- 
 
 3; 5,4,0; 7,10,0; 20,3; 8,17,4. ated with Clitarcluis and Timagenes. 
 
 9. )(ov<rav v ya.(rrpL : used by Pan- 13. TOIS Is 'ApiSatov . . . a-yovcriv dp- 
 
 sanias more frequently than Ktjetv; e.g. x^l v avTurrds : cf. Justin, 13, 2, 11 ff., 
 
 2, 22, 6; '26, 4; 28,5; 3.3,9; 4.9.8; who gives the speech Ptolemy made 
 
 33,3; 8,24,2; 36,2; 53, 1. 12. 'A\- on this occasion.
 
 HISTORY OF PTOLEMY I 55 
 
 Ch. G, 5 
 
 'AptSatoi> rov 4>tXt7r7TOV rrjv irdcrav dyowiv dp^rjv avncrra.^ 
 15 auTo? /xaXtcrra e'yeVero e? ra? /3acrtXeta<? atrtos ra 6^1^17 
 
 auras Se e? Atywrroj' Sta/3a<? KXeo/xeVi^ re 3 
 , ov crarpaTTtveiv AtyvTrrov /carecrr^o'e^ ' 
 Spo?, IlepSi/c/ca VOJJLL^WV evvovv /cat St' avro ov TTICTTO^ 
 Kat Ma/ceSo^wi/ TOV? ra^^eWa? roz> 'AXe^a^Spou vtKpov 
 20 Atya.9 KOfJit^eLV d^eVetcrev avrw TrapaSov^at KCU roi^ 
 rw MaKeSd^wi' eOanrev iv Me)a^)et, ofa 8e e 
 
 /ca^ AtyuTrrov el^e^ eV <f)vXa.i<f). 
 Se e? jite^ TO evirpenes r^? o"rpareta5 eVryyero ' 
 <I>tXt777rov /cat TracSa 'AXe^at'Spoi' e'/c 'Paj^ctv^s r^ 
 25 TOV yeyoj^ora /cat 'AXe^az^Spov, rw Se epyw IlToXe/xato^ eVe- 
 /SovXtvev a^eXeV^at TT)I> eV Atyv77ra ^8ao~tXeta^ 
 Se AtyvTTTOu /cal ra e'<? TrdXe/xov ert ou^ 6/>tota>5 
 
 ? Se /cat aXXw? e'? rov? Ma/ceSd^a?, 
 VTTO Twv o~a>jUtaTo^)vXa/caj^. DToXe/xatoi' Se avrt/ca 4 
 30 e'? ra Trpay/xara 6 ITepSt/c/cou Odvaros eVeVr^o'e /cat TOVTO 
 /utei^ Svpou? /cat ^oti'i'/op etXe, rovro Se e/C7reo"6Wa VTTO 'Avrt- 
 ydi/ou /cat (^evyorra VTreSe'^aro ^e'Xev/cov rot' 'A^rtd^ov, /cat 
 avro? 7rapeo"/cefa{ero w? d^vvov^evo^ 'Avriyovov. /cat Kao~- 
 cravSpov rov 'A^rtTrarpov /cat Avo"t)aa^o^ /Sao-tXeuovra eV 
 35 SpaKrj yu,erao"^et^ eVeto"e roG TroXeynov, (j>vyrjv Xeycuv TT)^ Se- 
 Xeu/cou /cat ro^ 'Ai^rtyoi'o^ <j>o(3ep6i> (rtfricriv eivai TTCLCTIV av^rj- 
 Se re'co? /xei' ^v eV 7rapao~/ceu7y TroXejuou 5 
 
 19. Tov'AXcgavSpou vcicpov: after hav- plins, but Diod. 18, 28, and Strabo, 
 
 ing been brought with much pomp from 1 7, p. 794, date it under Lagus. Here, 
 
 Babylon to Memphis, the remains of up to the Christian era, the body re- 
 
 Alexander were finally brought to Alex- posed in a crystal coflin which replaced 
 
 andria and laid in a magnificent tomb, the golden one that had been stolen. 
 
 where funeral games were celebrated Nothing is known of its final disap- 
 
 in his honor and he was afterwards pearance. 
 
 worshiped as a hero. 1'aus. 1, 7, 1, 35. <j>vyriv Xfywv . . . lvai: the same 
 
 says this was under Ptolemy Philadel- construction in 1, 32, (J.
 
 56 THE ATTICA OF PAUSANIAS 
 
 Ch. C, 6 
 
 KOI TOV KLV&VVOV ov TTavTOLTTacnv eOdppei eVet Se e'g Ai/3v7)i> 
 
 6TTV0TO CTTparevetl' TlTO\6fjialoV dfao'TrjKOTtoV KvpTJVaLOJV, 
 
 40 avTLKa ^vpovs /cat <otVt/ca9 etXei; e eVtSpOjii^s, TrapaSous 
 Se A^ja^rptw ra> TratSt, rfkiKiav pev veaj (frpovelv Se 17877 
 So/coiWt, /cara/Sat^et eVt roi/ 'EXX^crTrovro^. Trpti^ Se rj Sta- 
 firfvaL TrdXiv rjyev O77tcra r^ crr/aarta^, A^jaT^rptov d/covwv 
 UTTO HroXe/xaiov fJ*dxfl ^e/cpar^cr^at A^/a^rpto? Se ovre 
 
 45 7ravToiira(TLv e'^etcrri^Kiet IlToXe/xatw 7175 ^wpas Kat rtvag ra>^ 
 
 $L(f)0eipV OV TToXXoU?. TOT6 8e TJKOVTOL 
 
 vTro/AetVa? nroXe/xato? dve^otp^o'ev e? Atyv- 
 TTTOV. SteX^ovro? Se roi) ^et/xwvo? A^/x^rpto? TrXeucra? e'? 6 
 KvTTjOo^ Meve'Xao^ cra.rpa.TT'^v riroXe^atov vav^a^ia /cat aWis 
 
 50 O.VTOV TlroXejaatov eViSia/SaVra e^tKi^cre- ^vyd^ra Se OLVTOV 
 e'<? AtyuTrrov 'A^rtyovd? re Kara y^ /cat vavcrt^ a^aa eVoXtdp- 
 /cet /cat A^ja^rpto?. IlroXejaato? Se e? 7raz/ a^t/cd/xevo? /ctv- 
 Su^ov Stecraxrcv o/xw? TT)^ dpx*) 1 ' <J"rpaTia re d^rt/ca^jaevo? 
 eTTt IT^Xovcrtw /cat rpiripea'iv dfjivvofjievos ex^ta e/c rou Trora- 
 
 65 /xov. 'A^rtyo^o? Se AtyvTrroj^ yu,e^ alprjcreiv IK TWV 7rapoi>T(t)v 
 ovSe^tta^ ert et^ev eXvrtSa, A^ja^rpto^ Se eVt 'PoStov? crrpa- 
 rta TroXX^ /cat vavcrlv efrretXev, a><? et ot TrpocryevoiTo 17 ^cro<? 
 op/Jir)Tr)pLa) ^pTfjcrecrOaL trpos row? AtyuTTTtou? \TTL^(OV dXXa 
 avrot re ot 'PdStot roX^jLtara /cat eVtre^^cret? 
 
 40. irapa8ovs8Ari(iT]Tpiu>TSirai8i:cf. Cf. Diod. 20, 47-53; Plut. Dem. 15- 
 
 Diod. 19, 80-84, Plut. Dem. 5, etc., and 17, etc., and Droysen, II, 2, 125- 
 
 Droysen, Gesch. d. Hell. II, 2, 40 ff. 137. 51. 'Avrtyovos . . . iro\i6pK 
 
 Demetrius was at this time twenty-two Kai Aii(XT|Tpios KT\. : this successful ex- 
 
 years old. He gave battle to Ptolemy pedition against Egypt occurred in 
 
 at Gaza and was defeated in 312 H.C. 306 B.C. and the memorable siege of 
 
 48. AT||J.T|TPLOS ir\v<ras s Kvirpov Ehodes 305-304 R.C. The Khodians 
 
 KT\. : not however in 311, after an in- gave Ptolemy the title Soter in recog- 
 
 terval of a year, but in 306 did Deme- nition of the assistance he gave them 
 
 trius sail to Cyprus, and not at sea but at this time. Cf. Diod. 20, 73-96; 
 
 in a land battle was this signal victory. Plut. Dem. 19-24; Droysen, II, 2, 
 
 Thus Pausauias makes two mistakes. 146-174.
 
 HISTORY OF PTOLEMY I 57 
 
 Ch. 6, 8 
 
 60 5 TOVS 7roXiop/coui>Ta<? Kal ITroXe^tato? cr^icnv e? ocrov 8wa- 
 Ty/ce crvvTJpaTO e<? TOV Tro\ep,ov. 'Avriyovos Se 'PdSou re 7 
 /cat AtyuTrrou irporepov, ov TroXXaj TOVTOJI' v&Ttpov 
 o'#at Avcri/xa^aj ToX^tr^ra? /cat KacrcrdVSjOw re /cat 
 TT) SeXev/cou crrparta, r^5 Swd/zew; aVcuXecre TO TroXu /cat 
 
 05 auras a.Tre0ave TaXatTrwpr^rag /jtaXtcrra ra> fjuJKeu TOV Tipo? 
 Ev/xeV 1 ^ TroXe/xov. TWI/ Se ySao'iXewt' rait' KaOekovTw '\vri- 
 yovov avoo'LaiTaTov Kpiva) yevecrOai Kacra'a^Spoi', o<? 8t' *Ai/- 
 nyovov rrjv Ma/ceSd^w^ apyrjv d^acraxranxei/o? TTO\^O'(DV 
 ri\0ev evr' av$>pa evepytTyv. diroOavovTOS 8e 'A^rtydi'ov 8 
 
 70 ZlroXe/aato? ^vpov? re av$i<? /cat KvTrpo^ etXe, Kartjyaye 8e 
 /cat Hvppov ? TT)I^ ccrTr^wrtSa ^Tretpov Kvp^V^? 8e aVo- 
 crracn^? Maya? Bepe^t/c^? vto? IlroXe/xatw rare crwot/coucn^? 
 eret TT^TTTM /zero, TTT)^ aTrdcrracrt^ etXe KvpTJvrjv. et Se 6 
 ITroXe/xato? ovro? dXrjOel Xdyw ^tXtiTTrov rot) 'A/xwrov 77at? 
 
 75 ^i/, tcrrw TO eVt/Ltai/e? 5 Ta? ywat/ca? /caTa TO^ Trarepa /ce- 
 
 /CTT7/xeVo5, O? Eu/3v8lKT^ T^ 'A^Tt7TaT/3OV (TVVOLKWV OVTOJV Ot 
 
 TTaiScov Bepei/t/cr;? e? eparra rf\6ev, rfv 'A^TtTraT/ao? ~\Lvpv$LKr) 
 o~u^7re/ J n//ei/ e? AtyvTTTOt'. TavTT79 T^? yvi^ai/cog 
 
 61. "Avrf-yovos . . . avTiTaa<r0<u Au- ^c T^S otKt'rjs 6 'Avaxapfis, Tffrw a7ro0a- 
 
 <ri|xdx<<> To\p.T|o-as : the reference here va;j>. Paus. 1, 29, 14; 2, 35, 8; .'3, 27, 
 
 is to the momentous battle fought at 7 ; 5, 12, 3; (i, 13, 10; 15, 7; 10,8. 
 
 Ipsus in Phrygia in 301 B.C. Antigo- 70. Evpv6(KTj . . . BcpeviKrjs KT\. : it is 
 
 nus was killed, his kingdom went to not known when Ptolemy's marriage 
 
 pieces, and the result of the battle was with Eurydice, daughter of Antipater, 
 
 the four independent kingdoms of Gas- occurred. Berenice (Schol. Theocr. 17, 
 
 sander in Macedonia, Lysimachus in 34) was a grand-niece of Antipater. 
 
 Thrace, Seleucus in Syria, and Ptol- Her children by her first husband, Phi- 
 
 emy in Egypt. The kingdom of Ly- lip, were Magas and Antigone, the wife 
 
 simachus, after a brief existence, was of Pyrrhus (Pint. Pyrr. 4); her chil- 
 
 wiped out by the incursions of the dren by Ptolemy were Arsinoe, born 
 
 Gauls. Of. Diod. 20, 112 ; 21,1; Pint. not later than 316, and Ptolemy, born 
 
 Dem. 28 ff., etc., and Droysen, II, 2, probably in 300 or 308. Ptolemy Phila- 
 
 215-219. delphus ascended the throne in 285; 
 
 75. to-rw : cf. Herod. 4, 76, el uv ravr^i Lagus lived until 283.
 
 58 THE ATTICA OF PAUSANIAS 
 
 Ch. 7, 1 
 
 7rcuSa<? e' avTrjs eVot^o'aTo, /cat wg 77^ ot TrXr/crtov 77 reXeurT?, 
 
 80 nToetiatov TTLiTv tyvTrrov yacrtevett', a> ov /cat 
 
 ICTTLV rj (f)v\.irj, yeyovdra e'/c Bepevt/aig dXX' ov/c e'/c 
 'KvTnrdrpov OvyaTpos. 
 
 7 Otrog 6 UroXe/xato? 'AptrtvoT;? a8eX^>^9 d/x^orepw^ev epa- l 
 cr#etg ey/y/xev avrr^v., Ma/ce8dcrt^ ovSa/xoig TTOIWV 
 ? jiteWot a^ ypx 6 - Seurepa 8e d8eX^>o 
 eTTtySovXevovra., w? Xeyerat, /cat rov ' 
 
 5 veKpbv otro5 6 /carayaycoi' 17^ e'/c Me)oi<^tSos aTre/cret^e Se 
 /cat aXXov ctSeX<ot> yeyovdra e^ Ev/avSt/cr^?, 
 (TT(ivra atcr^d/xe^o?. Maya? 8e aSeXc^o? o/xo/xi^rpto? 
 /xatov Trapa Bepez^t/c^? r^5 /XT^T^O? d^too^et? eT 
 K.vpTfjvrjv eyeydvet 8e CK: <l>iXt7r7rov r^ Bepe^t 
 
 10 /xeV, dXXa)? Se dy^wo'Tov /cat eVos rot) ST^/XOU rdre 87) 
 ovro<? 6 Maya? aTrocrTtjcra^ IlroXejuatov Kvp^vatou? rjXavvev 
 CTT' Atyvvrro^. /cat TlroXe/xato? /xev r^ earjSoXrjv (f>pa^d- 2 
 tiez^o? VTrette^e^ eVtdvra? Kv/o^atovs, Maya Se aTrayye'XXe- 
 rat /ca$' 68ov d^ecrr^/ce'i'at Map/xaptSa? etcrt 8e AL/3va)v ol 
 
 15 Map/xaptSat rcuz/ vo^a^xav . /cat rdre tte^ e'? KvpTjvrjv a.7rr)\- 
 Xdcrorero IlroXe/xatov 8e Mp^^evov Stw/cet^ atrta rotdSe 
 evre'cr^ev. rjVLKa Trapecr/cevd^ero eVtd^ra d/xwecr^at Mdyav, 
 ^cvovs eV^ydyero /cat dXXou? /cat TaXdra? e? rerpa/ctcr^t- 
 Xtov? rourov? \afio)v eVt/3ouXeuot>ra5 /caracr 
 
 20 a.vriya.ye. cr^d? e 5 ? vf}arov eprj^ov 8td row Trora/xou. /cat ot 
 
 7. Ptolemy Philadelphia and Arsi- of her marriage with her full brother, 
 
 noe. Ptolemy Philadelphus, is not definitely 
 
 1. IlToXjj,aios 'Apa-ivdrjs dScX^fjs known, but an Egyptian inscription 
 
 KT\. : Arsinoe was first married some shows they were already married 273- 
 
 time after the battle of Ipsus to Lysi- 272 H.C. Cf. A. Wiederaann, Philol. 
 
 machus (Droysen, II, 2, 236). After XLVII (1880), 84. Pausanias' state- 
 
 the battle of Corupedion, in which ment that the marriage of brother and 
 
 Lysimachus fell, she married her half- sister was customary among the Egyp- 
 
 brother, Ptolemy Ceraunus. The date tians is confirmed by Diod. 1, 27, 1,
 
 HISTORY OF PTOLEMY II 59 
 
 Ch. 8, 1 
 
 OLTTU>\OVTO VTTO re dXXijXajv /cat roi) Xt/zou Maya? Se 3 
 ywat/ca )^(t)v 'Airdfjirjv 'Ai/rto^ov TOV SeXeu/cov #vyarepa, 
 irLcrv ^AVTLO^OV TrapaftdvTa a? 6 7raTi?p ot 2e'Xev/co<? ITTOLTJ- 
 craro <TvvdiJKa.<; 77/305 HToXe/xato^ iKavvtiv eV AtyvTrToiA 
 
 25 (opfjLrjfjiei'ov Se 'Ai^Tio^ov crrpaTtveiv, IlToXe/xato<? 8teVe/AiJ/ei> 
 6? aTra^ra? wi/ r)px^ v 'A^rto^o?, rot? yuei' dcr#ez>eo-Te'/)ot9 Xr^- 
 o~ra9 /cararpe'xetz' rip y^ ? ot Se r)(rai> SwaruTepoL o~Tpa- 
 rta /caretpyei/, wo^re 'Ai/Ttd^&j {JLTJirore cyyei/eV^at crTpareveti' 
 evr' AtyvTTTOi'. ouro? 6 IlToXe/xatog Kat TrpoTepov etpr^rat /not 
 
 30 w? VCLVTLKOV ecrretXe^ e? TT)V 'A0r)va.uov o-u/Lt/u,a^tav eV 'Ai/rt- 
 yoi'Oi' Kat Ma/ceSot'a? aXXa yap dyr' avrov ovSev /zeya 
 e'yeVero cs craynjpiav 'A-Orfvaiois. ol 8e ot TratSe? eyeVo^ro e^ 
 'Apo~t^oi7?, ov rrj? aSeX^?, ALo~t/ota^ov 8e Ovyarpos- rr)v Se 
 ot crvvoiKTJo'ao'av a,8eX^)7)i/ KareXa/Sei' ert Trporepov OLTroOavflv 
 
 35 aTTatSa, /cat i^o/uo? OTII> avr' avrrjs 'ApcrtvotTi]? AtyvTrrtot?. 
 8 'Avratret 8e 6 Xoyog 877X0)0^1 /cat ra e'? v ArraXo^ e^o^Ta, ort i 
 /cat ovro? rait' eVaWju.&jz' e'crrtv 'A^vatot?. d^p Ma/ceSaw 
 
 Philo Jud. cle Special. Leg. Mang. ^/cAeucrev 6 \67os; 1,30, 3, a.irti<pivfv 6 
 
 2, 303, etc. X670S. rd s "ArraXov ?xovra : a fa- 
 
 34. o.6e\4>Tiv KarcXa^cv . . . diroOavciv vorite phrase borrowed from Herodo- 
 
 airaiSa : Kar^\a^ev airo6avf'iv, a frequent tus. Cf. 1, 11, 0; 20, 7; 32, 3, with 
 
 expression, e.g. 1,29,0; 2,0,3; 3, 10, Hdt. 2, 53; 3, 10, 82, 12(5, etc. The 
 
 5; 9, 5, 14 ; 10, 1. The formula is Hero- fortunes of the Attalids were founded 
 
 dotean, cf. Hdt. 3, 118; 0, 38. Simi- by Philetaerus, a eunuch of Bithynia, 
 
 larly, we find ij reXon-Tj, rb xpeuv, TJ who was left by Lysiuiachus in charge 
 
 ireTrpwfjitvr], as subject of Kara\afj.^dviv. of his treasury on the Acropolis of 1'er- 
 
 So 1, 11, 4 ; 13, 5; 20, 7 ; 3, 13. Still gamus. Philetaerus later went over to 
 
 more frequently are such words sub- Seleucus when the latter defeated and 
 
 ject of tiri\anpdveii>. Cf. 1, 9, 3; 2, 9, killed Lysimachus in 281 H.C., and 
 
 4 ; 20, ; 22, 2 ; 30, 7 ; 34, 5. after the murder of Seleucus in 280 he 
 
 8. Attalus Statues: Amphiaraus, succeeded in continuing master of the 
 
 Eirene, Lycurgus, Callias, Demosthe- fortress and its treasures. When he 
 
 nes Sanctuary of Ares with statucn died in 263 he left his nephew Eumenes 
 
 adjacent Harmodius and Aristogiton in possession of Pergamus. Paimenes 
 
 The Odeum. was succeeded in 241 n.c. by his cous- 
 
 1. 'AiraiTti Se 6 Xo^yos : cf. G, 1, 2, in Attalus, who, after defeating the
 
 60 
 
 THE ATTICA OF PAUSANIAS 
 
 Ao/ctjuo<? ovofJLa, (TTpaTrjyos ' AirtyoVou, Avcrtjita^oj TtapaSov? 
 
 vcrrepov OVTOV /cat ra ^pr^aara, QiXeTaipov Tla^Xayova 
 
 5 et^e^ ewov^oz'. ocra /xev 817 OtXeratpa) TrtTrpayfjieva e's TT)V 
 
 dTrocrracrtV eVrt Tr}^ ctTro Avcrt/xa^ov /cat w<? 'ZeXevKov 7717- 
 
 yayero, ecrrat /not ra>v e's Avcrt/xa^o^ Tnxpe^ $17/07 6 8e "Arra- 
 
 Xos 'ArraXou /xev Trat? a)^, a,SeX(tSo{><? Se ^tXeraipov, r^v 
 
 apXyv Ev/xeVov? TrapaSdvro? eicr^e^ a^ei//tov. /xeyicrro^ 8e 
 
 10 ecrriV ot raiv epyatv FaXara? yap e? r^ y^v T]^ ert /cat 
 
 t^ovcriv avafyvyelv yvdyKacrev 0,770 0a\dcro"rj<;. 
 Mera 8e rag ei/cd^a? rai^ eVaW/xwi' ecrrt^ dyctX^tara Ocaiv, 2 
 /cat ^irvv (eov&a nXovroz/ TratSa. 
 
 Gauls, assumed the title of king and 
 reigned as Attains I. 
 
 13. 'Ajj.cjnci.paos : Amphiaraus is one 
 of the tragic heroes of Greek mythol- 
 ogy. Cf. Od. o, 24.3, v, 352; Aesch. 
 Sept. 587 ft'. ; Ear. Supp. 925, etc. 
 He was one of the "Seven against 
 Thebes," the hero whom the earth 
 swallowed up with his four-horse char- 
 iot and the gods made immortal. The 
 place was afterwards called Harma, 
 i.e. the chariot, and is one of the fa- 
 mous sites of Greece, on the road from 
 Potniae to Thebes (Paus. 1, 34; 9, 8, 
 3). Consult, on thecult of Amphiaraus, 
 Harrison, Ancient Athens, pp. 02-65. 
 Etpt|VT] 4>e'po\jcra IIXovTov iraiSa : 
 this group was by Cephisodotus (9, G, 
 2), the father or elder brother of the 
 great Praxiteles. It was probably set 
 up after Timotheus's great victory at 
 Leucas and the conclusion of peace 
 between Athens and Sparta in 374 B.C., 
 as from that date Peace (Eipr/vri) was 
 worshiped as a goddess (Isoc. 15, 
 109 ; Nepos, Timoth. 2). It is now 
 generally accepted that the so-called 
 
 Leucothea group in the Glyptothek at 
 Munich is a copy of this work of 
 Cephisodotus. It represents a woman 
 clad in a long robe, bearing on her left 
 arm a little naked boy. There are 
 frequent copies of the group on Attic 
 coins. Cf. Imhoof-Gardner, Numism. 
 Comm. on Paus. p. 147, and plates. 
 tvravOa AvKOvp-yos T KeiTai \a.\- 
 KOVS : according to Ps.-Plut. vit. x Or. 
 p. 852 A, a bronze statue to Lycurgus, 
 the finance minister and orator, was 
 set up ev ayopa, in recognition of his 
 services to the state, by a decree of Stra- 
 tocles passed 307-300 B.C. Two frag- 
 ments of an inscription containing the 
 decree have been found. See Harrison, 
 Ancient Athens, pp. 70-72, who also 
 tells of the fragments of the pedestal 
 found in 1888, with the inscription : 
 
 curgus deserved well of his country 
 for his public works as well as for 
 his financial administration. He com- 
 pleted the Dionysiac theatre, leveled 
 and walled in the Panathenaic sta- 
 dium, and built the gymnasium of the
 
 STATUE OF DEMOSTHENES 01 
 
 Ch. 8, 3 
 
 AvKovpyos re /cetrat ^aX/cov? 6 AvKofypovos /cat KaXXtag, 09 
 15 irpos ' ApTa^ep^rfv TOV He'p^ov rot? EXXi^crti', w? 'AOrfvauuv 
 ot TioXXot Xe'yovcrtj/, eVpa^e TT)^ tipijvrjv eVrt Se /cat AT^O- 
 <T0vr)s, 6V e's KaXav/aetat' Aftrjvaloi TTJV irpo Tpot^^os 
 vrjcrov rjvdyKacrav aTro^cop^crat, Sefa/xe^ot Se v(rrepov Stw- 
 
 av 
 
 0LS 
 
 yv iv Aa/JLia TrXrjyrjv. Ar)fjLoa0vr)<; Se cos 
 
 20 ro Sevrepoi/ et^vye, TrepaLovraL KOL Tore e? 
 
 re 
 
 TOVTOV 'AvTiTrdrpoj Kat Ma/ceSdcrtt' ov/c avriyaytv *Ap- 
 6 oe 'Ap^ta? ot>TO5 ^)ovpto9 ai^ ^pyov rjpa.ro avocriov 
 ocrot Ma/ceSocrtf eirpa^av evavria Trplv r} rot? "EXXi^crt TO 
 25 TrratcTjLta <ro> eV BecrcraXta yeveo'^at, rovrov? 
 
 Lyceum ; under his administration the 
 arsenal of Philo was built, and all the 
 docks and arsenals were put in excellent 
 condition. 14. KaXXias KT\. -. Callias 
 was the reputed author of the so-called 
 Peace of Cimon which, according to a 
 tradition of the fourth century and 
 later, was concluded with Persia in 
 445n.c., whereby Artaxerxes pledged 
 himself to send no warships into the 
 Aegean sea, and to forbid his troops to 
 approach within three days' inarch or 
 one day's ride of the sea. Cf. Dem. 19, 
 273; Diod. 12, 4; Plut. Cimon, 13, 
 etc. Herodotus (7, 151) testifies that 
 Callias was sent to Persia, but neither 
 he nor Thucydides mentions such a 
 treaty. It is intrinsically improbable 
 that it should have been made, and 
 if made it was repeatedly broken. 
 Isoc. 4, 118-120, is the first writer to 
 allude to it (c. 380 B.C.). Theopompus 
 considered a copy of the treaty extant in 
 the fourth century a forgery (Harp. s.v. 
 ArriKoTs ypdfj./j.a(riv). Even Pausanias 
 speaks doubtfully about it. 10. to-n 
 
 5e Kai AinxocrOcVijs : this statue was 
 erected 280-27S) u.c. on a decree moved 
 by Demochares, nephew of the orator 
 (Ps.-Plut.vit.xOr. pp. 847 n and 850 c). 
 The sculptor was Polyeuctus. The 
 statue was of bronze, and represented 
 the orator standing with his hands 
 locked in each other. The site was 
 vXrjo'iov TOV Trepiff \0(.viff fj.a.TO<; K.OLI TOV 
 PW/MU rCiv dw8(Ka OfCiv. Plut. Dem. 31 
 says a large plane-tree stood near. 
 The well-known marble statue in the 
 Vatican is supposed to be a copy, with 
 some variations, of this statue. Cf. P. 
 Ilartung, "Zur Statue des Dem.," Verh. 
 d. k. deutsch. Instituts, XVIII (1900), 
 Heft 1, 25. The altar of the Twelve 
 Gods mentioned as near the statue, 
 though not noticed by Pausanias, was 
 an important spot, as distances were 
 reckoned from it. It was set up by 
 Pisistratus and enlarged by the de- 
 mocracy. Cf. Time. 0, 54, (5; Hdt. 2, 
 7; (i, 108; C.I.A. II, 1078, etc., and 
 Wachsmuth, Stadt Athen, II, 434- 
 430.
 
 62 
 
 THE ATTICA OF PAUSANIAS 
 
 Ch.8, 4 
 
 /cetrat, TO Se row 
 avyp 
 
 vatou? ayav evvoia eg -rovro e^wp^crev ev Se' ju,ot 
 SoKet aVSpa d<etSajg eKTrecroWa eg TroXtretav Kat mcrra 17717- 
 craHJievov ra TOV Sr^aov /x^Vore KaXcog reXevr^crat. 
 30 Tryg Se TOU Ai7jU,oo~$eVovg etKoVog TrX^frtov *Apea><; kcmv 4 
 tepoV, evOa ayaXjOtara Suo /xez^ 'A^p 
 
 ? eTroirjcrev 'AX/ca/xeV^g, TT^V Se ' 
 Se avrw Ad/cpo?. ivravOa Kal 'E^vov? ayaX/jid c 
 Se ot 77cuSe<? ot npa^tre'Xov?- Trept Se TOV 
 35 ecrracri^ 'Hpa/cX^? Kal rycreus Kat 
 
 rati'ta r^v KO/XT/^, d^Spta^re? Se KaXdS^? ' 
 
 Xeyerat, vd/xov? ypdv|/a?, Kat ITtVSapo? aXXa re 
 
 Trapa * A0r)vaia)V Kat TT)^ etKoVa, art crc^dg eV^ecre^ acr^ta 
 
 30. "Apws e<rnv Upov : the shrine of 
 Ares is not elsewhere mentioned ex- 
 cept in inscriptions bearing on the cult 
 of Ares (cf. S.Q. XV, 23). The site is 
 not known with exactness. It probably 
 lay on the south side of the Agora, 
 along the north slope of the Areopagus. 
 Various sites have been conjectured, 
 but none convincingly. It was cer- 
 tainly not far (ou w6ppu) from the stat- 
 ues of Harinodius and Aristogiton, and 
 on, or adjacent to, the Areopagus. 
 31. TO 8 TOV "Aps eiroiTj<rev 'A\Ka- 
 ^VTIS : Furtwangler (Meisterw. pp. 
 121-128) argues that the Borghese 
 Ares, now in the Louvre, is a replica 
 of Alcamenes's image of Ares. Since 
 there are numerous other copies of the 
 original of the Borghese statue, it 
 must have been a famous work, as that 
 of Alcamenes was bound to be. Cf. 
 Roscher, Lexicon, I, 489 ; Friederichs- 
 Wolters, Gips-Abgiisse, 1298. Pausa- 
 nias groups four statues within or near 
 
 the sanctuary of Ares two images 
 of Aphrodite, an Athena of Locrus 
 of Paros, otherwise unknown, and a 
 statue of Enyo, by the sons of Praxi- 
 teles (cf. 8, 30, 10 ; 9, 12, 4). 34. irepl 
 8t TOV vaov eaTolo-iv 'Hpa.K\fjs KT\. : 
 round the temple Pausanias mentions 
 five statues, one a god, Apollo, two 
 heroes, Heracles and Theseus, and two 
 mortals, Calades and Pindar. Few par- 
 ticulars are given. Of Calades nothing 
 further is known. The poet Pindar 
 was represented /catfi^evos fv evSv^an 
 Kal \vpa dtd8r]fj.a e^wv Kal ewl rCiv 70- 
 vcLTwv dveiXfyfi^vov /St/JXt'oc (Ps.-Aesch. 
 Epist. 4, 3). The date of the statue was 
 probably long after the poet's death, 
 as Isoc. 15, 166 does not allude to it in 
 reciting the honors heaped on Pindar 
 because of his eulogium of the city. 
 He had addressed Athens as " bright 
 and glorious Athens, pillar of Greece " 
 (Frag. 54, ed. Bergk). Cf. Wachs- 
 muth, Stadt Athen, II, 402, 407.
 
 IIAKMODIUS AND ARISTOGITOX 
 
 03 
 
 Ch. 8, G 
 
 ov Troppa) Se eoTacriJ> 'Ap/xoSto? /cat 'Apto~TO- 5 
 40 yeiTtav ot /CTetVai'Tes '\Tnrap^ov ama Se i^Tts e'yeVeTO /cat 
 TO epyov OVTLVO. rpoirov eVpa^ai', eYe'pois lcrr\v etpi^eVa. 
 TWV Se avopLOivTaiv ot /xeV eto~t KptTtou re^vr), TOU? Se dpvat- 
 ou5 eVoti^o'ez' 'PLvrrfvaip- He'p^ov Se', w? etXe^ ^ \6rfv a^ e'/cXt- 
 TTOi^rtut' TO acrrv ' Kdrfvaiaiv, aTrayayojaeVou /cat TOI/TOV? aTe 
 45 Xa^vpa, /caTeVe/xi//e^ vcrTepov 'A^i/atot? 'A^Tto^o?. 
 
 Tou Oedrpov Se o /caXovo'tt' 'HtSetoi/ di/Sptct^Te? Trpo TT^? 
 
 ecrdSov /3ao"tXe'a>^ eto"ti/ Atymrr tw^ . ovo^ara ^.tv Sr) /caTa 
 
 TO, aura IlToXeyLtatot crfjacrLv., dXXrj Se e7rt/cX^o"t9 dXXw /cat 
 
 yap ffriXofJLTJTopa KaXovcri /cat <J>tXdSeX(^o^ eVepot', TOJ^ Se 
 
 50 TO> Adyov SwTrJpa TrapaSo^Tw^ 'PoSt'oif TO ovo^a. TWV Se 
 
 by a new group fashioned by Critius 
 and Nesiotes (Par. Chron. 1. 370 ; Lu- 
 cian, Philops. 18). After the restora- 
 tion of the Antenor statues, the two 
 groups stood side by side. The finest 
 reproduction of the group is the famous 
 pair of marble statues in the Naples 
 Museum. It is still a moot question 
 whether the Naples statues reproduce 
 the group of Antenor or that of Cri- 
 tius and Nesiotes. For the discussion 
 of this, see Frazer, II, 93-99. 
 
 40. ToO Ocdrpov 8c o KaXovcriv 'JliSn- 
 ov : this passage brings up three impor- 
 tant questions in Athenian topography 
 the number of Odeums in Athens, 
 the identification of the one here men- 
 tioned, and its site. Pausanias names 
 three, (1) the above, also mentioned 1, 
 14, 1 ; (2) one built by Pericles, 1, 20, 4 ; 
 and (3) the Odeum of Ilerodes Atticus, 
 7, 20, 0. As the question of the iden- 
 tity and site of the structure here men- 
 tioned is involved with the considera- 
 tion of the objects and places mentioned 
 in c. 14, the discussion is reserved. 
 
 39. ov iroppci) 5t carrdcriv 'Ap|i6Sios 
 Kal 'Apio-TO'YiTwv /cr\. : it has been 
 already noticed that the famous group 
 of Harmodius and Aristogiton stood 
 about opposite the Metroum, on the 
 way up to the Acropolis. Other evi- 
 dence is to the effect that they stood 
 in a conspicuous place used for festi- 
 vals known as the " orchestra " (Tim. 
 Lex. Plat, and Phot. Lex. s.v. 6px r r 
 ffrpa). Ar. Lys. 033 and PJccles. 082 
 speak of them as being in the Agora. 
 The "orchestra" was doubtless some- 
 where off from the northwest slope of 
 the Areopagus, on the opposite side of 
 the road. The statues were of bronze, 
 fashioned by the sculptor Anterior 
 (Arrian, Anab. 3, 10, 7; 7, 19, 2, etc.) 
 shortly after the expulsion of Hippias, 
 510 n. c. They were carried off by 
 Xerxes 480 B.C. and were finally sent 
 back to Athens by Alexander the Great 
 (Arr. Anab. 3, 10, 8; Pliny, N. H. 34, 
 70) or by Seleucus (Val. Max. 2, 10) 
 or by Antiochus (Pans. 1, 8, 5). In the 
 mean time, in 477 they were replaced
 
 64 THE ATTICA OF PAUSANIAS 
 
 Ch. 9, 1 
 
 aXXco*/ 6 [ACTS <I>tXaSeX(os la~Tiv ov /cat Trporepof fj.i'jjfjLrjv iv 
 rots eVcofu^tots eVot^crayu/rji', TrX^crtov Se' ot /cat 'Apaivorjs 
 
 9 rrjs aSeX^^i? ICTTLV et/ccoV. 6 Se ^tXo/x^rcop /caXov/zevos 6'ySoo? 1 
 
 ecmv aTToyoz^os TlToXeyLtatov rov Aayov, Tr)i> Se ei 
 eVt ^Xevacr/jtw. ou yap rti'a TCOI; /^ao'tXe'coi' 
 e? rocro^Se VTTO ja^r/ao?, 6V irpecrfivTepov 6Vra 
 17 fJLTJTrjp OVK eta KaXeti> eVt T^ ap^v^ Trporepov Se 
 KvTrpov VTTO row TTaxpo? Tre^t^^^^at irpd^acra- rrjs 8e e's 
 TratSa rjj KXeoTrarpa Svcri/ota? Xeyovcrtz^ aXXa? re atrta? 
 /cat ort 'AXe'fat'Spo^ TW vtwrepov TMV TratSwv Kari^Koov 
 eirecrOai yaaXXo^ i^XTrt^e. /cat Sta rovro eXeV^at /^acrtXe'a 
 
 10 'AXe^a^Spov eVet^ez^ AtyuTrrtou? eVa^rtov/xeVou Se' ot rou 2 
 77X17^0^5, Sevrepa e'? r^v Kvvrpoi' eVretXei^ 'AXe^a^Spo^, crrpa- 
 rr]yov /xe> T&> Xoyw, rw 8e epyw 8t' avrou IlroXe/xaiw ^e- 
 Xovcra ett'at (frofitpwTepa. re'Xo? 8e /cararpwcracra ou? ^/.aXtcrra 
 rwi/ vvov)((t)i> eVo/xtei' evz^ov?, eVi^yero trc^a? e'? TO 77X^09 
 
 15 co? avri7 re eVt/3ouXev^eto~a VTTO ITroXe/xatou /cat rov? evi/ov- 
 rotavra VTT' e'/ceu>ov Tra^o^ra?. ot 8e 'AXe^avSpets 
 ev ws aTro/crevov^re? rov nroXe^ato^, cos Se crc/)as 
 (f)0a<rv eVt/Sa? i^ecog, 'AXe^avSpov rfKovra e/c KuTrpov vrot- 
 ovi'Tat /SacrtXe'a. KXeoTrctrpav Se TrepirjXOev 17 8t/CT7 TTys 3 
 
 9. Ptolemy Philometorandhismothcr M7;rp60tXos would rather meet Pausa- 
 
 Cleopatra Statues of Philip, Alex,- nias's idea. But his explanation is a 
 
 ander, and Lyshnachus Lysimachus mistake, as <l>iXo/i^ra)p was an official 
 
 areci Ai's Contest with the Thracians title and could not be a nickname. 
 
 Hierowjmus of Cardia. 5. OVK eta . . . irporepov 8i . . . irpd- 
 
 1. 6 Se ^iXon^Ttop : Ptolemy X Soter acra: it is a frequent occurrence in 
 
 II 1'hilometor II, with the nickname Pausanias in coordinate clauses with 
 
 Lathyrus (Plut. Cor. 11) was the eld- ^i; 5<?, re /ca/, oirre oure, efre 
 
 est son of Ptolemy IX Euergetes II, e^re, to have in the first clause the par- 
 
 and succeeded his father in the 208th ticiple, in the second the finite verb ; 
 
 year of the Lagidae = 117-116 B.C. but to have the reverse of this, as here, 
 
 He reigned 117-108 and 89-81 H.C. is extremely rare. Cf. 1, 12, 1 ; 2, 18, 
 
 3. t-irl xXevaa-fxS : added by Pausanias 3; 10, 1 (without ^v); 3, 3, 3; 7, 10 ; 
 
 to explain the surname 4>i\o/x^Ta>p. 7, 19, ; 10, 32, 7.
 
 HISTORY OF LYSIMACHUS 65 
 
 Ch. 9, 5 
 
 20 TlToXtfJiaiov <f>vyrjs a.-rroOavovcrav VTTO 'AXe^dVSpov, 6V avrrj 
 /3ao~tXeuett> eirpa^ev Alyvrrrioiv. rov Se cpyov (^cupa^eVro? 
 Kal 'AXedVS/3ou <f)6(3a) TMV TroXtrwv <f>evyovTos, ovrai llro- 
 Xe/xato<? /caTTjX^e /cal TO Seurepo^ ecr^ei/ AtyvTrro^- /cat 
 rj^Satots eVoXe/xi^orev aTrocrracrt, TrapacrTrjcrdfjievos Se em 
 
 25 rpLTO) /xera r^i/ aTrocrracrti/ e/ca/cwcre^, cu? /x^Se uTrd/x^jLta 
 Xei<f>0rjvaL Br/^atot? r^5 Trore evSat/aoi'ta? TrpoeXOovo-rjS e? 
 TOCTOVTOI> w? v7Tp/3aXcr6ai TrXovrw rou? 'EXX^Vwi/ TroKv^prj- 
 /xaToi;?, TO T iepov TO eV AeX^ots /cat 'Op^o/xevtou?. IlToXe- 
 fj.alov p,fv ovv 6Xtya> TOUTOI^ vcrrepov eVeXa^Se fjiolpa 17 
 
 30 Ka0TJKOvcra- 'A^i/atot Se VTT' avrov TraOovTes ev TroXXa TC 
 /cat ov/c a^ta e^yTycreco? ^aX/cov^ /cat O.VTOV /cat HepevLKrjv 
 dve0r)Kav, T)' /xo^ y^crta ot TW^ TratScoi^ ^i/. 
 
 MCTO. 8e TOUS AtyUTTTtOV? ^tXtTTTTO? T Kttt 'AXefai>S/3O9 6 4 
 
 <I>tXt7r7rou /cett'Tat- TOUTOI? /xet^oi^a vTTTJp^e TTOJ? 17 dXXou 
 35 Trapepya eti'at Xoyou. Tot? /u.et' ouj/ avr' AtyvTTTov Tt/u.^ T 
 d\r)6el /cat eufpyeVat? ouo~i yeyd^ao"t^ at Scopeat, 
 Se /cat 'AXe^a^Spoj /coXa/ceta /xaXXov e? avrou? TOV Tr 
 eVet /cat Auo~t ( aa^o^ ov/c ev^ota TOO~OVTO^ w? e's TO, 
 
 40 'O Se Avo~t/u-a^o9 OVTO? yeVo? Te ^ Ma/ceScui^ /cat ' 
 
 Spou Sopu(o/3O9, 6V 'AXe'^a^S/ad? TTOTC VTT' opyrjs Xe'op'Tt 6/xou 
 /ca^etp^a? e? ot/c^/za /ce/cpaT^/coTa evpe TOU OrjpCov TO. TC 
 out* aXXa 17817 SteTe'Xet OavfJid^cov /cat Ma/ceSdp'GJ^ 6/xota>5 Tots 
 dptcTTOt? 7)ye^ eV Tt/a^. TeXew^frafTos Se ' 
 
 45 /caii> eftacriXevev 6 Auo"t)u,a^o9 TW 
 
 o<T(t)i> rjp^ev 'AXe'fa^SyDO? /cat ert irportpov ^tXtTTTro? etei> 
 
 40. 'O 8e Au<rfiaxos KT\. : this story is based on an actual occurrence to the 
 
 is told at length by Justin, 15, 3, and effect that once, while hunting in Syria, 
 
 referred to by Plut. Dem. 27, Pliny, Lysimachus had killed single-handed a 
 
 N.H. 8, 54, etc. Q. Curtius, 8, 1, 17, gigantic lion; which, thought Cnrtius, 
 
 calls the story a fable, but thinks it might be the origin of Pausanias' story.
 
 66 THE ATTICA OF PAUSANIAS 
 
 Ch,9, 6 
 
 S' oV OVTOL TOV SpaKiov fjiolpa ov /xeyaX^. WpaKwv Se TWV 
 TfdvTOiv ouSeVes TrXetoug eto~t TWV dv9 pwwv ort /ar) KeXrot 
 77/309 aXXo @vo<s eV avT6^Toi^ovTi. t Kat Sia rouro ovSet's 
 50 TTOJ TTporepos BpctKas 'Pajjaataji' Karecrrpei/;aTo d 
 Se (*)paKf) re iracrd i&Tw VTro^etpto?, KCU 
 d^pelov vofML^ovcri Sta re virtpfidXXov r^/O^o? /cat 
 , eKovcrtw? TrapaJTrrat cr^tcri, ra 8e d^iOKTrjra 
 e^ovcrt Kat rovrwi^. rare 8e 6 Avcrt^ta^o? 77/3oSrotg rwz/ vreptot- G 
 55 KCii^ eTToXefjurjcrev 'OSpvcrat?, Seurepa Se CTT! Apo/xi^atr^^ Kat 
 l(TTpa.TV<TGV ota 8e at'Spacrt crv/x^SaXw^ OVK 
 wv, dpiO^M Se /cat TroXu vvrep^Se^XTyKocrt^, auro? 
 e? TO cr^a.Tov f\0Mv KivSvvov 8te<^>vye^, 6 8e ot Trats 'Aya- 
 
 0OK\rj<; (TV(TTpaTv6(JLVOS TOT6 TTpWTOV VTTO TMV Ye 
 
 60 Avcrt/xa^o? 8e /cat vcrrepov TrpocrTrratcra? /ota^at? Kat 
 
 TOV TratSos OVK ev Trapepya) Troiovfjievos crweOero 
 pojutt^atr^^ elpTJvrjv, TTJS re dp)(rjs T% avrov ra 
 irepav v la~Tpov Travels rw Fery Kat dvyarepa crwotKtcra? 
 dvdyKrf TO vrXeov ot Se OUK 'Aya^oKXea, Auo"t/u,a^o^ Se 
 
 65 avrov aXwvat Xe'youo'tv, dvacrcoOrjvaLL Se 'Aya^oKXeou? ra 
 7T/3O5 rov rerTyv VTrep avrou Trpd^avTos. co? 8e eVai'^X^ei', 
 'Aya^oKXet Avo~avSpav ywatKa 7yyayero, HroXe/aatov re 
 rou Aayou Kat EupvStV^? ovcrav. SitfS'Y] Se Kat vawtv eVt 7 
 r^v 'Acrtav Kat TT)I> dp^rjv Trjv 'Ai>rtyovov o"vyKa$etXe. 
 
 70 (rvvcpKKTf Se Kat 'E(^eo~twv a^pt Oa\dcro"rj<; TVJV vvv 
 
 68. SU'PTJ . . . tirl TT]v 'A<rav : in 302 t ween 287 and 281 .c. Cf. Droysen,!!, 
 
 i?.c. Lysimachus entered into the alii- 2, 258, rein. 1. From Croesus to Alex- 
 
 ance with Cassander, Seleucus, and ander the Great the city had clustered 
 
 Ptolemy against Antigonus, and in about the temple of Artemis. Lysi- 
 
 301 took part in the momentous battle machus built the city on a new site 
 
 of Ipsus, in which Antigonus was over- nearer the mountains and by flooding 
 
 thrown. 70. o-wcoKwre . . . 'E<|>rtv the old city compelled the inhabitants 
 
 . . . TT]V vvv iroXiv : the refounding of of the former site to move into it. He 
 
 Ephesus by Lysimachus took place be- called the new city Arsinoe after his
 
 HISTORY OF JA'SIMACHUS 67 
 
 Ch.n, 8 
 
 eVayayd/iez/og e? avrj]v Ae/3eSiou<? re ot/cifropa? /cat KoXo- 
 , rag Se KLV<av a.v\wv TToXet?, a>9 ^otVt/ca idfjiflcov 
 KoXoc^aWwi' OpyvrjcraL TT^V dXwcrti'. 'Epfji-rjcrLava^ Se 
 6 ra e'Xeyeta ypdi/;a<j ov/ce'rt e'/not So/mi/ Trepirfv TrdVroj? yap 
 
 75 TTOV /cat avrog aV eVt aXoucrrj KoXoc^w^t oJSuparo. Avcrt- 
 ju,a^o? Se /cat e? TroXtfJiov 77/305 riuppo^ /carecrr^ rot' Ata/ct- 
 Sou ^vXa^a-? 8e e^ 'HTretpou amovTa, ofa 8^ ra TroXXa 
 e/cet^o? eVXamro, rr/V re aXXrp e'Xe-^XarT/cre^ "HTretpo^ /cat 
 eVt ras 0iJKa<; ri\9e TMV ySacrtXewi/. ra 8e eVrev^e^ e'/^tot e'crrtv 
 
 80 ov Trtcrra, 'lepowvuos Se ey/3ai//e KapSta^o? Avo"t/u,a^oi/ rag 
 
 0TJKO.S TO)V V.KpG)V O.V\6vT(L ra OCTTOi e'/Cptl/Klt. 6 Se '\tp<i)VV- 
 
 ju.09 ouro5 e)(et /aei' /cat aXX&j? So^ai' Trpo? aTre'^^etai/ ypd^ai 
 /SacrtXe'coy ir\r)v ' Avnyovov, rourw Se ov St/catw? X a P^~ 
 ra Se eVt rot? ra^ot? raii> 'H7retpctrw^ Trap'raTrao'tV 
 85 eo"rt (^ai'epo? eV^peta crv^^et?, ai^Spa Ma/ceSo^a ^'/cas ^e- 
 ^wpt? Se ^77to~raro Sr^' TTOU /cat Avcrt/xa^o? ou 
 trpoyovovs pvvov dXXa /cat 'AXe^a^Spov rov? 
 avrov? rourou? o^ra? /cat yap 'AXe'^ai'Spo? 'HTretpwri]? re 
 ^ /cat rait' Ata/ctSaii> ra 77^69 fJLY)Tp6<? 7 TJ re vcrrepov Hvppov 
 00 Trpo? Avcrt/uta^o^ crv/x/Ma^ta 817X01 /cat TroXe/x^Vacrti/ dStaX- 
 Xa/crd^ ye ovSe^ Tipo? dXXi^Xov? yeve'cr^at o~<^)tcrt. rw Se 'lepa>- 
 VV/JLO) rd^a /u,eV TTOV /cat dXXa ^ e'<? Avo~tyLta^o^ ey/c 
 
 Se ort ri)^ KapStavw^ TrdXt^ az/eXaj 
 ain"rj<; wKicrev eVt rai to~^/zw r^5 Bpa/cta? 
 
 wife, but the old name finally prevailed. took a prominent part in the politics 
 
 72. 4>o(viKa: verses of the iambic of the age. In 320 n.c. he headed an 
 
 poet Phoenix are quoted by Athen. 8, embassy sent by Eumenes to Antipater, 
 
 p. 359 E ; 10, p. 421 i> ; 11, p. 495 D, K ; and in 319 an embassy from Antigonus 
 
 12, p. 530 E. Cf. Susemihl, Gesch. d. to Eumenes. He lived certainly as late 
 
 gr. Lit. in d. Alex.-Zeit, I, 229. as 272 H.C., for he tells of the death of 
 
 80. 'Icp<tfvv|ios . . . KapSiavos: Hie- Pyrrhus, which occurred in that year. 
 
 ronynms the Cardian composed a his- Lucian (Macrob. 22) says he readied 
 
 tory of Alexander's successors. He the age of 104. Susemihl, I, 660 ff.
 
 68 THE ATTICA OF PAUSANIAS 
 
 Ch. 10, 1 
 
 10 Avo~t/xax<w Se eVt /xeV 'A/3tSatou /3ao~tXevoKTO9 /cat vcrrepov l 
 Kacrcrdvdpov /cat rwv TTOLL&WV ^>tXta Ste/xeti>e 7r/3o< Ma/ce- 
 TrepL6\0ovcrr)s Se eg A77/xr?Y/3toi> roi> 'AirtyoVou 717? 
 ivTOivBa 17817 Avcrt/xa^o? 7roXettT7o~eo-$at ^XTrt^ei^ VTTO 
 /cat avro<; ap^eiv rjgiov TroXejotov, irarputov eVt- 
 crrattevos 6V ^.rj^rpia) 7rpoo~7re/3t/3a'XXeo'$ai <ctt> rt eOcKew . 
 /cat a/xa opw^ avrov TrapeX06vTa e? Ma/ce8o^ta^ /xeraTre/x- 
 TTTOI' VTTO 'AXe^ai/Spou rot) KacrcrdVSpov, co? Se dc^tKero, avrov 
 re ^A\eav$pov (frovevcravTa /cat e^ovra. aW e/cet^ov r^ 
 10 Ma/ceSdt'cov ap^rji>. TOVTMV eVe/ca A^^rptaj crv^^a\<av 77/30? 2 
 'A/Lt^)t7rdXet Trap' o\iyov n>ev ri\6tv eKTrecrelv SpaKr)^, apv- 
 VO.VTOS Se ot IIuppou Ti^i/ re paKr)i> Kareo~^e /cat va-repov 
 eirrjp^e Neo"rtw^ [/<at] Ma/ce8d^w^ TO 8e TroXv Ma/ceSovta? 
 auro? IIuppo? /caret^e, 8u^a/u,et re rJKO)i> e 'HTretpou /cat 77/305 
 15 Kvcri^a^ov ev rw irapovn e^wv eVtri^Setw?. ArjfjLrjTptov Se 
 e? TT)^ 'Acrtat' /cat SeXev/cw TroXe^tov^ro?, o 
 
 10. Contests of Lysimachus with De- 11. irap' oXC-Yov (xtv^XOev: cf. 1, 13, 
 
 metrius and Pyrrhus Murder of Aga- 4, irap' 6\iyov fyws ^/COVTI. 1, 13, 6, 
 
 thocles by Arsinoe and Us Consequences 6\iyov fj.tt> ?j\0ev e\eii> . . . ryv Tr6\ii>. 
 
 in the Family of Lysimachus //is 2, 7, 1, o-etcr/xos oXfyou rr/i/ 7r6\tv ewoiyvev 
 
 Death in the Struggle against Seleucus. avSpuv ep^/iov. dfivvavros 8^ ot IIvp- 
 
 2. TWV iratSwv : the three sons of pov <crX. : in 288 B.C. a joint attack was 
 
 Cassander, king of Macedon, who sue- made on Demetrius by Lysimachus 
 
 ceeded him one after the other on the from the east and Pyrrhus from the 
 
 throne, were Philip, Antipater, and west. Demetrius's army deserted to 
 
 Alexander. 3. irepieXOovo-Tjs . . . Pyrrhus and he had to flee in dis- 
 
 dpxf|s : Demetrius son of Antigonus, guise. The conquerors then divided 
 
 who bore the surname Poliorcetes, or Macedonia between them, the lion's 
 
 the Besieger, because of the famous share falling to Pyrrhus. Cf. Pint. 
 
 siege of Rhodes, became master of Dem. 44 ; id. Pyrrhus, 11 ; Droysen, 
 
 Macedonia, October, 294. Alexander, II, 2, 296-298. In 286 B.C. Demetrius 
 
 then king of Macedonia, had intended was defeated by Seleucus, and surren- 
 
 to assassinate Demetrius, but Deme- dered to him. He died in captivity. 
 
 trius anticipated him. Cf. Plut. Dem. Lysimachus compelled Pyrrhus to with- 
 
 36 ff. ; id. Pyrrhus, 6 ff. ; Justin, 16, 1 ; draw from Macedonia after he had held 
 
 Droysen, II, 2, 265 ff. it only seven months. Cf. Plut. Dem.
 
 HISTORY OF LYSIMACIIUS 69 
 
 Ch. 10, 4 
 
 dWel^e TO, ATj/iTjT/nou, Ste)xeti/ei/ rj Hvppov /cat AVCTL- 
 o-vfjLfjLa\i,a yevo^evov Se eVt 2eXev/c<u A^TJT/H'OV Av- 
 a^w /cat IIvppw SteXu^ 17 c^iXta, /cat Ko.Ta.a'Ta.vToiv e? 
 20 TrdXe/aov Aucrt/xa^o? 'Airtydixw re TW ArjfjL-rjTpiov /cat avra> 
 a) TToXefMTjcras e/cpdr^o-e Trapa TTO\V /cat 
 va^wprjcrai Tlvppov /8iao-d/xei'o<? e 
 oe a.v9p<imois (f>vecrdau, oC epojra TroXXat crvfjitfropai. 3 
 
 yap i^Xt/cta re ^877 TrpoiJKwv /cat e? rou? 
 25 aurds re ^OjU-t^d/xei/o? etSat)otwf /cat 'Aya^o/cXet TratSwi/ 
 
 e/c Avcrai/Spa? 'Apcrt^o^j/ ey^/xe^ dSeX^i/ AucrdVSpa<?. rav- 
 <o/3oiyAeV)7*> ?rt rot9 Tratcrt, 
 CTT' 'Aya^o/cXet yeVwvrat, rovrw^ 
 'Aya^o/cXet 6TrL/3ov\evcra.L Xeyerat. -^817 8e ey/3ai//av /cat aj<? 
 30 'Aya^o/cXeov? OL^LKOLTO eg epa/ra 17 'ApaLvor), aTroTvyya- 
 VOVCTCL Se eirt rw . . . /3ovXevcrat Xeyovtrti' 'Aya^o/cXet Qa.va.rov. 
 XeyoiKTt 8e /cat to? Auo"t/xa^o9 atcr^otro v&repov ra 
 Btvra. VTTO 7179 yv^at/co?, etvat 8e ou8eV ert ot irXeov ^ 
 fjitixt) (f>L\a)v e? TO eV^aroi'. w<? yap 8^ rare 6 Avcrt^ta^o? 4 
 35 dveXett' TOI/ 'Aya#o/cXe'a 'Apcrt^d^ TraprJKt, Avcrd^Spa Trapa 
 e/cStSpdtr/cet rov? re TratSa? ayxa dyojLteV^ /cat rou? 
 rev? aur^?, . . . ot TrepiekOov rovro e'<? ITroXep-ato^ 
 /carafe vyoto"t. rovrot? .CKStSpdo'Kovo't Trapa Se'Xeu/co^ /cat 
 
 49-52; id. Pyrrhus, 12; Droysen, II, of Agathoclcs seems to liave been per- 
 
 2,307-312. petrated in 284 or 283 B.C. Justin (17, 
 
 23. 81* tpwra iroXXal <rv(i4>opa(: for 1, 4) says that Arsinoe poisoned him ; 
 
 similar commonplaces upon love, cf. 7, Strabo (13, (523) that Lysimachus was 
 
 l < ,l,3,/x^Teo-Ttvpwri/caid'^pw7rwv(ri/7x^ at compelled to slay him because of do- 
 
 j/6/ii/ta /col Avarptyat 6eQ>v rinds, and 7, mestic troubles ; Memnon (Frag. Hist. 
 
 23, 3, where, says our author, if the Gr. Ill, 532, ed. Miiller) that Lysima- 
 
 waters of Selemnus actually bring for- chus, deceived by Arsinoe, first at- 
 
 getfulness of love, more precious than tempted to poison Agathocles, and then 
 
 great riches to mankind are the waters cast him into prison, where Arsinoe's 
 
 of Selemnus. 30. TJ 'Ap<riv6T] . . . POV- brother Ptolemy Ceraunus murdered 
 
 Xevo-cu . . . 'A-yaOoKXci KT\. : the murder him. See Droysen, II, 2, 321 ff.
 
 70 
 
 THE ATTICA OF PAUSANIAS 
 
 Ch. 10, 5 
 
 Spo? r)Ko\ov0r)<T6i>, vto? /aeV Awcrt/xa^ov, yeyo^cu? Se 
 'OSpuo-taSo? ywat/coV OVTOL re out> e? Ba/^vXcova 
 
 40 
 
 /cat <E>tXeratpo? a/xa, a> ret ^pyj fj-ara eT 
 TTTO Avcrtjaa^ov, r^ re 'Aya$o/cXe'ov? reXevriry ^aX 
 /cat ret Trapa Trjs 'Apcrtvory? VTrorrra ^-yov/xe^o? KaraXa/x/3a^et 
 45 HepyafJiov rrjv VTrep Kat/cot, 7reiai//a? Se KijpvKa ra re XP 1 ?" 
 /xara /cat OLVTOV eSiSov ^eXev/cw. Avcri/xa^o? Se raura irdi>Ta 5 
 
 r) Sia^Sa? e? r^ 'Acria^ /<at dpa<; avro<? 
 crvju,y8aXoji/ re SeXevKW Trapa iro\v re ^Kpari 
 cd/ro<? OLTreOavev. 'AXe^a^Spo? Se, 05 eV r^? yvf at/co? 
 50 criSo? eyeyd^et ot, TroXXa Avcrav8y9av Trapair^cra^ievo 
 yoetrat re /cat vcrrepov TOVTWV e? Xeppovrjcrov /co^atVa? 
 ecrrtV ot (f>avepos 6 ra^o? Kap8ta9 re 
 
 Ka 
 
 ^at- 
 
 ert /ca 
 
 Ka 
 
 11 To, /xei/ ou^ Avcrtjaa^ov rotavra eyeVero- 'A^^atot? Se 1 
 LK(i>i> eort /cat Hi/ppov. ouro? 6 TliJ/ayoo? 'AXe^az^Spw 77/30- 
 o"fJKev ovSeV, et ^ ocra /caret yeVo<? Ata/ctSou yap roi) 
 'Apv/3/8ou IIvppo? T^V, 'OXvjU,7rtaSo5 Se 'AXe^a^Spo? rry? 
 5 NeoTrroXejLtov, NeoTrroXe'/xw Se /cat 'Apvfifta rraTrjp rjv 'AX/ce- 
 ra? 6 BapvTTOf . 0,770 Se a/3U7rov e'9 Huppov ro^ 'A^tXXe'aj? 
 
 48. o-\j|j.(3aXa)v T S\VKU> . . . dir^- named in c. 8, before the Odeum. 
 8avv: Lysimachus was defeated and 5. 'Apv(3pa: Justin (7, G, 11 ; 8, G) says 
 
 killed in the battle of Corypedion in 
 281 B.C. Appian (Syr. 04) gives two 
 accounts about the finding and care of 
 his body, one that it was found and 
 buried by Thorax, a Pharsalian, the 
 other the account here given by Pau- 
 sanias. 
 
 11. Pyrrhus : his Statue and his 
 Ancestry The Kingdom of the Epl- 
 rotes Pyrrhus's Campaigns. 
 
 2. ctKwv . . . ITvppou : this stood, in 
 all probability, among the statues 
 
 that Arybbas was expelled from his 
 kingdom and died in exile. According 
 to C.I. A. II, 115, he retired to Athens, 
 where he was placed under public pro- 
 tection. 6. apvirov : Tharypas is 
 mentioned Thuc. 2, 80. 6, as being still 
 a child (429 B.C.) under the guardian- 
 ship of the regent Sabylinthus. He was 
 educated at Athens and was the first 
 to introduce Greek laws and customs 
 among his people (Justin, 17. .'3, 9-13; 
 Plut. Pyrrhus, 1).
 
 HISTORY OF PYRRHUS 71 
 
 Ch. 11, 3 
 
 TreVre dv$pa)v Kal Se'/ca etcrt ye^eat- Trpwro? yap 8^ OUTO? 
 dXouo~T7S 'iXtov TT)^ fjiev e<? crcra\Lav VTrepetSei' dva^aipricnv, 
 e? Se T^y "HTretpov Karapa? ivravBa e'/c TCUI/ 'EXeVov x/ 31 ?" 
 10 cr/Aoiy a)/o7o~e. /cat ot TTCU? e'/c ^te> 'Ep/uoVi^s e'yeVeTo ovSet?, 
 e^ 'Ai/Spo/Lid^s Se MoXotrcro? KCU IlteXo? Kat ^ewraro? 6 
 eyc^ero 8e /cal 'EXeVw Ke<rT/3u>o<; TOVTO) yap 
 crvvu)K'r]cr.v airoBavovTos eV AeX^ot? TIvppou. 
 'EXeVov 8e w? c'reXeura MoXocrcra> ra> ITuppov TrapaSd^ro? 2 
 15 TT}V ap^rjv Kecrr/atj/o? /xei/ cru^ rot? tOeXovcriv 'HTretpcurwv 
 UTiep va/xtv Trora^ov ^(atpav ecr^e, Ilepya/xog Se Sta- 
 e? TT)^ 'Acrtav "Aptiov ^vvacrrevovra eV TT} TevOpavia 
 vojaa^TjcravTa ot vrept 7175 ap^rj^ Kal rfj TrdXet TO 
 eSw/ce TO wt' d<' avTov /cat 'AvSpo/xa^? T^/coXov^et 
 20 yap ot /cat vv^ e'o~Ttv ypwov Iv rfj TrdXet. TTteXo? 8e atToO 
 Kar^eivev eV 'HTretpw, /cat e? irpoyovov TOVTOV avefiaive 
 Hvppos re 6 Ata/ctSov /cat ot iraTe'pe?, dXX' ov/c e? MoXoo"- 
 o~oV. ^ Se a^pt /xev 'AX/cerou TOU (^apvTrov e<^)' ei^t /3ao*tXet 3 
 /cat TO, 'HTretp&JTwz/ ot Se 'AX/ceVov TratSe?, a><? o"(^)to~t crracrid- 
 25 a~o.cn fjLT6$oev evr* to"i7? dp^eiv, avroi, re mora)? e^o^Te? 
 e? aXX^Xoix? /cat varepov 'AXe^avSpov TOV Neo- 
 TeXevTifo'a^To? eV Aev/cai^ot?, 'OXiyzTTiaSo? 8e ota 
 'Aj^TtTTCtTpov fyofiov 7Tai>6\0ovcrr)<; e? 
 6 'Apv/3/Jov Ta TC aXXa SteTeXet /caT7y/coo? 
 30 /cat o~weo-TpaVeuo"e TToXe^T/jo'cov 'AptSatw /cat Ma/ceSocrij', 
 
 27. 'OXv(xirtd8os . . . irav\6ovo-Tis s Philip Ariclacus the kin<r, attempted 
 
 "Hirtipov : straightway after the death to give battle, but her troops deserted 
 
 of Alexander, Olympias, in obedience to Olympias. Both Philip and Kury- 
 
 to the wishes of her son, did not inter- dice and a large number of Macedonian 
 
 fere with the plans of Antipater, but nobles were put to death by Olympias. 
 
 retired to Epirus to her brother's court. Hence her death at the hands of Cas- 
 
 She was restored to Macedonia in 317 sander was deemed a just retribution. 
 
 B.c.by the joint efforts of Poly sperchon Cf. Diod. 19, 11, 50; Justin, 14, 5; 
 
 and Aeacides. Eurydice, the wife of Droysen, II, 1, 288 ff.
 
 7^2 THE ATTICA OF PAUSANIAS 
 
 Ch. 11, 4 
 
 ovic e0e\6vrcov TTo~9ai rciiv 'HTftioircov. 'OXuzTTtaSog Se a5? 4 
 
 7T6Kpdrr)(Tv dvocTia uv epyacra/xeV^? /cat e'g TOI> 'AptSatov 
 
 9d.va.TOVj TToXXai Se ere dVoo-tajTepa e? aVSpa<? Ma/ceSoVas, 
 
 /cat Sta ravra ov/c dVd^ta vcrrepov vrro KacrcrdVSpov TraOelv 
 
 35 vofjncr0eLa"Y]^j Ata/ctS^v /car' dp^a? /xev ot^S' aurot Sta TO 
 
 Trapd rovTcav (rvyyva>fJL-Yjv Seurepa yvavnovro Kctcr- 
 ,^ KareXOeiv e? ^Hvreipcn'. ye^o/xeV^g 8e 4>tXt777rov 
 re dSeX^ov Kacrcrct^Spov /cat Ata/ct8ov fjid^r)^ Trpos Olvid- 
 40 Sat?, Ata/ctS^^ /zei> rputOevra /careXaySe yaer' ov TroXv TO 
 'HTretpwTat Se ' AX/ceVav eVt /3ao~tXeta, /caTe8e^a^TO, 5 
 u /xev 77at8a /cat d$e\(f)ov Ata/ct8ov Trpeorfivrepov, 
 8e dXXw? OV/JLOV /cat 8t' a^To e^e^acrOevra VTTO rov 
 os. /cat ToVe TJKCDV e^e/xatVeTO evOvs e? TOVS 'HTietp&jTa?, 
 45 e? o vvKTMp avrov re /cat TOV? TratSa? iirava.a'TdvTes e/CTt- 
 i^at'. a7roKTivavT<; 8e TOVTOV TIvppov rov Ata/ct8ov /caTa- 
 yovcriv TJKOVTL 8e evOvs iTrecrrpdreve Kdcrcravopos, vea) re 
 i^Xt/cia 6VTt /cat TT)V dp^rjv ov /caTecr/cevacr/.teVoj /3ey8ataj9. 
 IIuppo? 8e ITTIOVTWV Ma/ceSoi^w^ e? AtyvTTTo^ Trapd Tlro- 
 50 Xe/aatov dvaftaivei rov Actyov /cat ot ITToXejaato? ywat/ca 
 T' e8a)/ce^ d$e\<f>rjv ofjLOjjLr)rpiav TMV avrov Traiooiv /cat o"ToXa> 
 Karrjyayev AlyvTTTiajv. 
 
 TIvppos 8e ^8a<TtXevo"a5 Trpwrot? erreOero 'RXXtjvatv KopKv- 6 
 
 patot?, Ki/jivr)v re 6pa>v rrjv vrjcrov rrpo T^? avrov ^wpa? 
 
 55 /cat dXXot? opfjLr^rTJpiov e^>' avrov OVK eOekwv elvai. fj.erd Se 
 
 dXovo"av KopKvpav ocra JJLCV Avcnad^a) TroXe^ti^cra? eirade 
 
 /cat w? ^tjfjiTfJTpLov K^a\wv Ma/ce8o^ta? yp^ev e'? 6 av$t<? 
 
 e'^eVeo~e^ UTTO Avo"t/xd^ou, TaSe yaev TOU IIuppov fjifyicrra e'<? 
 
 eKfZvov rov Kaipov SeS^Xw/cei/ ^817 yuot TO, e'? 
 
 60 e^ovra- 'Pco/>tatot? Se ouSeVa TTu^pov rrporepov 
 
 cravra tcr/xei^ "EXX-^z^a. Ato/x^Set /ote^ yap /cat 'Apyetw^ Tot9
 
 HISTORY OF 1'YURIU S 73 
 
 Ch. 12, 1 
 
 GVV avT<w ov$fJLiai> ert ytvecrOai TT/DO? Aivtiav Xe'yerat ^.d^qv 
 1 A#i7i/atot<? Se dXXa re TroXXd e'XTriVacri /cat 'lraXtai> 7ra(Tav 
 /caTao-T/3ei//ao"$at TO eV u/3a/cou<rcus Trratcr/xa e/x77oSa>j/ e'ye- 
 
 65 vero /AT) /cat 'PupauDV Xa/3eu> uelpav 'AXe'^a^Spo? Se 6 
 NeoTTToXejuov, yeVous re aSt> IIvppw roG avrou /cat 17X1*10. 
 Trptcrfivrepos, aTroOavatv eV Aev/cayots ($17 Tr/oti^ e'<? ^etpa? 
 
 12 tXOelv 'Pw/natot?. ovrw IIv/3/3O9 eVrtv 6 Trpwro? e'/c r^? 'EX- 1 
 XaSo? TT^S Trcpav 'lovtov 8ta/3a? eVt 'Pcu/^tatov? 816)817 Se 
 /cat OVTO? eTTayayojLteVai^ Tapa^rtvcov. rovrot? y a p Trpore- 
 pov ert 77/305 'Pw/xatov? crwet0"r^/cet TroXe^to? dSwarot 8e 
 5 /card (T(d<? oi^re? d^rtcr^eti', TrpovTrap^ovcrr]^ ^ev e? O.VTOV 
 eve/Dyetrta? on ot TroXeyLtov^rt TOJ/ Trpo? KopKvpav Tro 
 vavcrl crvvrfpavTOj ^tdXto~ra Se ot 7T/3e'o~y8et? rw^ T 
 
 rot' Hvppov, TTJV re 'iraXtai' 8t8do"/covre9 a5<? et8at- 
 etVe/ca dvrt Trda"r)<; 117 r^? 'EXXaSo? /cat w? ov^ ocriov 
 
 10 avra> TrapaTTCfJiijtaL cr(f)a.<; (f>i\ov<S re /cat t/cera? eV ra> irapovri 
 TIKOVTO.S- ravra \eyovTiav TU>V irpecrfieaw [Jivr) fjurj TOV \\vppov 
 rrjs dX&Krea>9 ecrrjWe r^5 'iXtbv, Kat ot /card ravrd ^Xirt^e 
 
 63. 'A0t]vaCois . . . \iro-a<ri ... 1; Droysen, III, 1, 127 ff. 4. d8vva- 
 
 'IraXCav irdirav Ka.Tao-T|x'\J/a.cr0cu : Pin- TOI 8 Kara <r<)>ds ovres dvTio-\iv KT\. : 
 
 tarch (Alcib. 17) says that it was the this sentence presents a decidedly bad 
 
 dream of Alcibiades that the conquest case of anacoluthon. TapavTiVot is nat- 
 
 of Sicily should be merely a step to- urally to be understood with flvres, and 
 
 ward the conquest of Carthage, Africa, below one would naturally expect /ud- 
 
 Italy, and Peloponnesus. Again he XKTTO d ot 'fapavr'tvoi dia rCiv wptapeuv 
 
 tells us (Pericles, 20) that in the age a.vtirfi<Ta.v instead of 01 irptffpfi<i rCiv To- 
 
 of Pericles many Athenians looked pavrivwv avlireiffav. On the coordina- 
 
 forward to the conquest of Etruria and tion of the participle, irpovirapxowrj^ 
 
 Carthage. ^y, and the finite verb, ^dWra 5^ 
 
 12. Pyrrhiin^H War against the 7?o- d^irfiffov, cf. c. 0, 1, note. 6. ol iro- 
 
 mans Elephants and Ivory War Xefiovvn, . . . iroXtfiov . . . <ruv^pavro : 
 
 against the Cat tliaginians. 7r6Xe/uoi' here is object of Tro\ffj.ovi>Ti (cf. 
 
 1. Hvppos . . . cirl 'PwjxaCovs: Pyr- 1, 4, (5; 20, 14; 4, 10, 7). Pnusanias 
 
 rhus's expedition to aid the Taren tines also uses ILpaaOai TriXe/xov, e.g. 3, 2, I!; 
 
 against the Kouians occurred 2KO n.c. 9, 10, but a-vv6.pa.a0ai TLVI h rbv 7r6\efj.ov 
 
 Cf. Pint. Pyrrhus, 13-16; Justin, IS, (1, 6, 6).
 
 74 THE ATTICA OF PAUSANIAS 
 
 Ch. 12, 2 
 
 ti' TToXe/zowrt crrpareveti' yap eVt Tpojoai' aTrot/covs 
 c3i> ctTrdyovo?. co<? Se ot ravra lypecr/ce SteyaeXXe 2 
 
 15 yap eV ovSeta coz^ eXotro avrt/ca vavs re eirXrjpov //-a/cpas 
 /cat TrXota crrpoyyuXa evrpeVt^ei/ ITTTTOVS /cat aVSpas OTrXtra? 
 dyet^. ecrrt Se di'Spdcrt /3t/3Xta ou/c tTn^tavecriv e? crvyypa- 
 (f>TJVj e^ovra eTTLypa/JL/JLa epyatv VTro/x^/xara eivat. ravra 
 e-mXeyofjieva) JJLOL jaaXicrra Trr)\0e dav^dcrai Hvppov ToX^at' 
 
 20 re, 7}V jaa^o/xevo? avro? [re] Trayoer^ero, /cat r^y e?ri roi? del 
 fjL\\ov(nv aywcri irpovoiav 05 /cat rore Trepatou/zevo? i/avcrt^ 
 eg 'iraXta^ 'Paj/xatov? eXeX-^^et /cat T^/COJV ov/c evBvs r^v cr^tcrt 
 ^ai^epo?, ytvo^aeVi^? 8e 'Paj/xataiv TryDO? Tapa^rtVov? cr 
 Tore 8^ irpwTov eTrt^atVerat <TVI/ rw crr/oarw /cat Trap' 
 
 25 cr^ttrt 7rpCKr7TecrctH>, a5? ro et/cd?, erdpa^ev. are Se aptcrra 3 
 eTTtcrra/aevo? w? ou/c d^td/xa^o? etr^ Trpo? 'Pw/xatov?, Trape- 
 cr/cefct^ero w? rou? eXe'^a^ra? e7ra^>^crajv cr<^tcrtv. eXe'c^avrag 
 Se 7rpa)TO< yLtez^ rwj/ e/c rrj? EvpwTT^? 'AXe'^ai'Spo? e/cr^traro 
 Ilaipoj' /cat r^v Sv^ajatv /ca^eXcaz^ ri^f 'l^Saii/, OL 
 
 30 Se 'AXe^di/Spov /cat aXXot rait' ^8acrtXe / coi/ /cat TrXetcrrou? 
 
 , IIvppoj Se e/c Tr^s fid^rj^ eyeydvet r^? vrpo? 
 ra Oiqpia. at^/xdXwra rdre Se eVt<^a^eWa>^ avraiz/ 
 
 18. <PY<OV \iiro|jLvf||AaTa : this state- a number of eminent commanders, 
 
 ment has occasioned much conjecture, among them Pyrrhus, were recounted, 
 
 some writers taking it as referring to tlvai : seems superfluous from the 
 
 memoirs of Pyrrhus, prepared prob- English point of view, but the Greek 
 
 ably by himself or under his orders. regularly uses this (to us) redundant 
 
 It is apparent that in the phrase cii/5/>a- elvat with words of naming and calling, 
 
 crip ou/c fTTK^av^criv fs ffvyypa(f>riv Pyrrhus Cf. 8, 31, 7,' HXios iiruwftiav e^wv ffur-fip 
 
 is not meant; and that for a history reelvai Kal 'Hpo/cX^s. See note on 1, 5, 1. 
 
 of Pyrrhus the general title ep7coi< L^TTO- 23. y tvo u' VT ]S . . . Twjxaiwv irpos 
 
 /j.vri/j.a.Ta would not be chosen. It was, Tapavrivous <rvfipo\f)s : Pyrrhus's first 
 
 doubtless, a general work of biography, battle with the Romans was fought near 
 
 perhaps like the Factorum et Dictorum Ileraclea in Lucania in 280 n.c. See 
 
 Memorabilium Libri IX of Valerius Pint. Pyrrhus, 10; .lustin, 18, 1, etc. ; 
 
 Maxiums, in which the exploits of Droy.sen, III, 1, 140 f.
 
 HISTORY OF PYRRHUS 
 
 75 
 
 Ch. 12, 5 
 
 Sei/u,a eXa/3e 'Pw/xatovs aXXo n /cat ov wa et^at 
 
 e\(j)ai>Ta yap, ocrog ^e> e<? epya /cat di'Spati' ^etpa?, eicrit' 4 
 
 35 e/c TraXatou 817X01 TrdVres eiSaVes aura Se ra Orjpia., irplv 
 rj Sta/Sr^at Ma/ceSoVas eVt r?)^ "A<rwu>, ovSe ewpd/ceo~ai' 
 ap^yv Tr\r)v 'lt>Swi> re avrwv KOL At^Svwv /cat ocrot 
 ^wpot rovrot?. 817X0! Se 'O/xi^po?, 05 /3acrtXevo~t /cXtVas 
 /cat otKta? rot? evSat/xot'ecrrepot? CLVTUV 
 
 40 /ce/coo~/ai7/xeVas, Oripiov Se eXe^a^ro? ^vrf^v ovSe/xtaz^ ITTOLTJ- 
 craro 0ea(ra.fjLtvo<; 8e 17 Trevrvo'/xeVo? efj.vrjfjLOveva'ev aiv TroXv 
 ye Trporepov e/xot SoKett' 17 rivy/xat&j^ re av$>pu>v /cat yepdvaiv 
 Ilvppov 8e e? ^t/ceXtav aTT^yay 
 Kap^T^So^tot yap 8ta/3a^re5 ra? 
 
 45 TroXecut' eTrotow aVao~TctTOV5, 77 8e ^v Xotvn^, upa/covo~at<? 
 e? Trpocre/ca^vro. a TWI^ irpeo-fteajv Hvppos 
 Tdpavra /aev eta /cat row? r^ d/cri)f e^ovra? 'Ira- 
 Xtturai^, e? 8e TT)^ ^t/ceXtav 8ta^8a? Kap^r^Soi^tov? ^ay/ca- 
 crei; a7ravao~r^at Svpa/covo~wv. (f)povTJ(ra<; Se e'<' aurw 
 
 50 Kap^So^twv, ot $aXcur(ri79 TWI/ rdre fiapfidpoiv /xaXtcrra 
 et^oz^ e'jLt7retpa>5 Tuptot 4>oiVt/ce? TO apyalov oVre?, TOVTCDV 
 IvavTLa injp0r) i^avfJia^rjo-aL rot? 'Hyretpwrat 
 ot ^LtTySe aXovo"i7? 'iXtov ^aXao~o~av ot TroXXot 
 
 38. "O|At]pos: see Od. 5, 72 ff. ; T, 55; 
 i/', 109. Pausanias is right in his state- 
 ment that Homer nowhere mentions the 
 elephant, although ivory is spoken of 
 several times. 39. O.VTWV: pleonastic 
 repetition of aprecedingsubject through 
 the oblique cases of ai)r6s is very fre- 
 quent; usually, as here, when the gen- 
 eral nature of the preceding plural is 
 <iualified by a following adjective. Cf. 
 1.7,2andr>. 42. TIvY^aCwv rt av8pa>v 
 Kal -yepavtuv |idxT|s: cf. II. T, 3-5 K\ayyr) 
 yepdvuv ... at K\a77g rat ye irfrovrai 
 
 ^TT fiKeaTOto podwc, dvSpdffi ITu7^aio((r 
 06fov K<U x^pa Qepovaai. The war be- 
 tween the Pygmies and the cranes is 
 often mentioned in ancient writers as 
 a martial episode of curious interest. 
 Note especially Athen. 0, p. 390 u ; Ae- 
 lian, Nat. Anim. 15, 29; Ovid, Met. (!, 
 90 ff. ; Pliny, N. II. 7. !><>. 
 
 43. IIvppov 8 s 2iKXCav dirt^Y* : 
 this occurred in the year 278. On this 
 expedition of Pyrrhus to Sicily, cf. 
 Pint. Pyrrhus, 22 ff. ; Diod. 22, 7 ff . ; 
 Droysen III, 1, 1(>2 ff. ; A. Holm,
 
 76 THE ATTICA OF PAUSANIAS 
 
 Ch. 13, 1 
 
 r^TTicrravTo TTOJ ^prjcrdaL. ^aprvpel Se' JJLOL Kat 
 
 55 eVo? iv 'OSucrcreta 
 
 ot OVK LcracrL Od\acrcrai> 
 
 ovSe 0' aXecrcri jue/Aiy/xeVof etSap eSovo"tj>. 
 
 13 rore Se 6 nvppo9 7 co<? r)TTij0r) f rat? vavcrlv e'<? Tapavra a 
 yero rat? Xot7rat<? evravBa Tr/aocrerrratcre ^teyaXtos Kat 
 OLva^Mp^cnv ov yap djaa^et 'Pw/xatov? T^t'crraTO d(j>TJ<rov- 
 ra9 77opterat rporrov TOVTOV. [w? liravTjKuv CK 
 5 rjTTTJOrj^] irpwrov 8i7re/xi//e ypa/z/xara e? re T^V 'Acrtav 
 7T/30? 'At'riyo^o^, rov? yaei^ (rrpanav rwv ^SacrtXeaj^, rov? Se 
 "^ptjfjLaTa, 'Avriyovov Se Kat a/x^drepa atroji^' d^tKo/xeVajt' 
 Se rail/ cxyye'Xcui/, a><? ot ypctjLt^tara aTieSo^, crv^ayaya)^ rot><? 
 eV re'Xet TWJ^ re e 'HTretpov Kat rait' TapavrCvotv, &v f 
 
 10 ra /3t/3Xta d^eytVcocrKe^ ovSeV, 6 Se fj^CW crv/x/xa^ta^ 
 
 ra^v Se Kat e'? rov? 'Pco^tatov? 7}X^e <f)TJ (AY) MaKeSo^a? Kat 
 cxXXa e^^ TrepaiovcrOai TMV 'Acrta^wz/ e'? TT^V IIvppov 
 9eiav 'P&i/xatot yueV Si^ ravra aKouovre? 
 Se UTTO r^ eVtovcra^ uepatourat VVKTCL TT/DO? ra a.Kpa 
 
 15 6po)v a. Kepavfia o 
 
 Gesch. Sicil. II, 277 ff. 54. 'O^pow 3 ; 2, 9, 2 ; 10, 5 ; 3, 3, 8 ; 8, 51, 8. Yet 
 
 ciros : see Oil. X, 122 ff. re now and then stands after the sub- 
 
 13. Pyrrhus leaves Italy Conquers stantive. Cf. 10, 12, 5, es AT/Xiv re (cat 
 
 Antigonus Makes expedition againxt es AeX^o^s. So 2, 7, 5; 19, 5; !>, (5, 4. 
 
 the Lacedaemonians His death at Ar- 9. tov jxtv . . . 6 8 : after a negative 
 
 (jos Similar end of the three Aeacids. sentence with /j.ti>, the following clause 
 
 2. jrpo<rirTaio- ^e-ydXtos : at the bat- is frequently introduced after the man- 
 
 tle of Beneventum in 275 n.c., whither ner of the poets and Herodotus with 
 
 he had marched to attack the Romans. 6 5^, as if a new subject were opposed 
 
 This expression, repeated 13, 6, is He- to that of the preceding sentence, while 
 
 rodotean. Cf. Hdt. 1, 16 ; 5, 62 ; 6, 95 ; the contrast lies much more in the verb 
 
 7, 170, 210. 2, 161, 7r/>o<r<?7TTcu(Te /zrya- or object. Cf. Hdt, 1, 17, and Pans. 1, 
 
 \uirrl. 5. s T TT)v'A<rtav Ka l wpos 14, 5; 2, 13, 6 ; 3, 6, 8, etc. 10. dv- 
 
 'Avri-yovov: cf. Justin, 25, 3, 1-4. The -yivaxrKev : exceptionally used instead 
 
 position of re after the preposition is the of the more usual fTu\tye<r6ai. Cf. 1, 
 
 more frequent, e.g. 1,1,3; 1, 4, 1 and 19, 3 ; 22, 7 ; 37, 4, etc.
 
 HISTORY OF PYRRHUS 77 
 
 Ch. 13, 4 
 
 Mera Se rr)v eV 'iraXta TrX-rjyrji' aVaTravcrag TTT> SiW/xt*/ 2 
 Trpoelirtv 'A^TtyoVcj TrdXe/xo^, aXXa re Trotou/xez'og ey/cX^ara 
 /cat /xaXtcTTa T^g e'g 'iTaXtW /Sorj^etag Sia/xa/mW. KpaTtj- 
 o-ag Se r^V re tStW TrapacrKevrjv 'Ai/TtyoVou /cat TO Trap' auTa> 
 20 FaXaToii' ^eviKov e'Stw^ei/ 9 ra? cVt OaXda'ay TrdXets, auro? 
 8e Ma/ceSoi/ta? re rJ<? avw /cat ecrcraXajp' eVc/cp 01x17 ere. 817- 
 Xot Se /xaXtcrra TO /xeye^o? T^? ^,01^179 Kat T^ Ilvppov viKrjv, 
 o5? irapa TroXu yeVotTO, TO, avartOevTa orrXa rwv KeXTwj/ e? 
 TO T^9 'A^T^a? tepov T^g 'iTwvta? $epa>^ /LteTa^v /cat Aapwnys 
 
 25 /cat TO eVty/3a/>t)Lta TO CTT' avrot? 
 
 Tou? 0vpeov<; 6 MoXoo~o~o9 'iTaWSt Svpov 'AOdva 
 
 TTOLVTOL TOV 'A^Ttyd^ov KaOtXwv (TTparov. ov /ue'ya Bavfj.a 
 /cat *>vz/ /cat irdos Ata/ctSat. 
 
 30 TOVTOU? ^te^ 87) IvTCLVvdy TO) O iv AwSwv^ Att 
 
 avruv Tag acTTTtSag. eVtyeypavrTat Se /cat TavTat? 
 
 At'Se TTOT' 'Acrt'Sa yatai^ eiropOijcrav ir 
 
 ai'Se /cat EXXao"tz/ SovXocrvva^ eiropov. 
 vvv 8e Ato? t'aaj TTOTI /ctoi^a? opfyavd /cetTat 
 35 Ta<? /xeyaXav^To; cr/cvXa Ma/c^So^tag. 
 
 n^ppai 8e Ma/ceSoVa? e'? dirav [My /caTao"T/3e'i//acr^at Trap' 6Xt- 4 
 yoi' o/utw? TIKOVTL e'yeVeTO KXew^Vjito? atTtog, eTot/xoTepw /cat 
 aXXoj? OI/TI eXeV^at Ta eV ^epcrt. KXew^uyu.o9 Se OVTO9, 6 TOI> 
 
 18. KpaTTjo-as . . TTJV T I8av irapa- also in Anthol. Pal. 0, 130. In the 
 
 TKVT]v 'AVTIYOVOV : see Pint. Pyrrhns, Anthol. note roO airroO, i.e. of Leoni- 
 
 26; Droysen, III, 1, 20, on this vie- das. Against this assignment nothing 
 
 tory of Pyrrhus over Antigonus and can be urged. C'f. Suseinihl. II. 535, 
 
 his Gallic mercenaries (274 n. <.). rem. 81. The second epigram, occur- 
 
 23. TO. dvaT6vTa oir\a : cf. Pint. Pyr- ring only in Pausanias. Suseinihl like- 
 
 rhus, 20 ; Diod. Exc. Vat. 1, 22, 3. In wise ascribes to Leonidas, but on insuf- 
 
 both passages the first epigram is cited, ficient grounds.
 
 78 THE ATTICA OF PAUSANIAS 
 
 Ch. 18, 5 
 
 Tlvppov aTroXiTTOPTO. TO, Ma/ceSdi'a)!' Treicras e? IleXoTrdv^cro^ 
 
 40 eXOetv, Aa/ceSatjadznos wv Aa/ceSatjUOj'tois arparov Is TT]V 
 ^(i)pav TroXe'/xioz' eV^ye St' cdriav rfv e'yai rov yeVovs varepov 
 rov K\(ovv{jLOV S^XOKTCI). Ilavcra^tov rou Trept IlXaratai' 
 rot? "EXX^o-tz' ^yr^cra/AeVou IlXeto~rodVa| : vio<s eyeVero, TOV 
 8e Ilaucra^tas, rov oe KXed/x^S/aoro?, 65 e^a^rt 
 
 45 Kat rj/3a.ioL<; fjt,a^6/JL6i>os aTreOavev eV Aeu/crpoi? 
 
 rov 8e 'AyrycrtVoXt? T^V KCU KXeo/xeVr^?, 'Ayr^crtTrdXtSo? Se 
 ctTratSo? TeXevTijcravTos KXeo/^eV^? r^ ySacriXetav eo~^e. 
 KXeo/xeVei 8e TratSe? y'ivovra.1 TrpecrftvTepos ^v 'A/cpdraro?, 5 
 vewre^o? 8e KXeoW/xo?. 'AKpdrarot' /^e^ ov^ Trporepov /care- 
 
 50 Xa/3v 77 reXevTTJ KXeo/xeVov? Se diroOavoi'Tos vcrrepov es 
 TJT'rjO'LV /carecrr^ 7re/3t r^9 dp^rjs 'Apev? 6 'A/cpo- 
 /cat KXeaW/xos drw 3^ rpoTTip ^tereX^ai^ eVayet 
 e? TT)^ ^a>pai>. AaKeSat/xo^tot? 8e TT/SO ju,e^ r^9 eV 
 Aeu/crpots <ju.ct^iys> ov8e^ e'yeyoVet Trratcr^ta, cocrre ovSe crvve- 
 
 55 ^tepovv dywvL TT(D KKparrj(T0aL Tre^w- Aew^tSa /xei^ yap ^t- 
 /caWt OVK e^acra^ rov? evro/xeVov? e? reXeiai' ega^/ceorat <f)0opdi> 
 TWV H^Swi', ro Se 'A^ryvatw^ /cat Ai7/>too~^eVov? epyov 
 rfj vTJcr<p 2<(f)aKT'r]pia KXoTrr)v eii^at TroXejjiov Kat ov 
 irpMrrjs Se yei^OjLteV^? cr<to~t crv[Ji(f)Opds iv Botcorots, v&rtpov 6 
 
 60 'A^rtTrarpaj /cat Ma/ceSdo~t /xeyaXaj? 7r/3oo"eVratcra^ T/HTOS 
 Se 6 ATjfArjTpLov TrdXe/xo? KO.KOV dv\Tri(TTOv rjXOev e'? rrp 
 y^. IIvppov Se ecTySaXd^ro? re'raprov S^ rdre crrparw 
 opoiVTes TToXeyottoz/ avrot re 7ra/3erao"o"o^ro /cat Apyeu&v TJKOV- 
 re? /cat Meo~cn7^t&;^ o~v/>tjLta^ot Ilvppog Se cos eVe/cpari7o~ei>, 
 
 65 oXtyov /xei' r)X0ev eXetv avro/3oet r^z/ TrdXt^, $r)a>cra<; Se 
 
 GO. "AvTiiraTpw Kal MaKe86<ri jie-ya- were utterly routed by Antipater. King 
 
 Xws irpoerirTai(rav : the battle referred Agis was among the slain. Note use 
 
 to is that of Megalopolis, in 330 B.C., of dat.'Ai/TtTrdrpy. The usual construe- 
 
 when the Peloponnesians took up arms tion is wpocnrraiii> 7rp6s TITO. So Hdt. 
 
 against the Macedonian supremacy and 1,65; 6,45.
 
 HISTORY OF PYRRIIUS 79 
 
 Ch. 13, 9 
 
 yrfv Kal XetW e'Xdo~a<? fJUKpov yjCTV^a^ev . ot Se e? 7roXto/3Ktaf 
 evTpe7rtoi>To, TrpoTtpov ert rfjs ^7701/3x179 eVt TOV TroXe/xov 
 TOV 7T/3O9 &r)fji,Tr]Tpt.ov Tappets re /3a#etats Kat oravpots reret- 
 Xtcr/AeVi7<? tcr^upot?, ra Se Tn^a^ayrara /cat oiKoSo/u/ty/mao-ti/. 
 
 70 VTTO Se TOVTOV TOV *%p6vOV KOi T~qV TOV TToXe/AOU TOU AttKOJ^t- 7 
 
 KOU Tpi(3r)i> 'Avriyovos rag TrdXet? rw^ Ma/ceSdi/wz/ d 
 
 ofa 
 
 17^ Aa.KeScuyLioi'a /caracrTpev//i7Tai. /cat rieXoTroi/^crou rd TroXXa, 
 ou/c 6? *H7retpo^ dXX' eVt re Ma/ceSoi'ta^ a.v0(,s /cat TOI> e/cet 
 75 TrdXe/Lto^ rj^ovTa. ^e'XXo^ro? Se 'Ai/rtyd^ou ro^ crrparo^ e^ 
 *A/ayov? es r^ Aa/cam/c^z; ayett', avro? e? TO ^Apyo? e'Xi^Xv- 
 ^et IIvppo?. Kparwv Se /cat rare o-v^ecrTrtTrret rot? favyovcriv 
 eg r>)^ TrdXt^ /cat ot StaXverat /card ro et/co? ^ rd^t? /xa^o- 
 pevaiv 8e TT/JO? tepot? ^817 /cat ot/ctat? Kat /card rou? o~Tei>&>- 
 80 Trow? /cat /car' dXXo aXXaj*> r^5 TrdXea;?, ivravOa. 6 
 cfjiovtoOrj Kal rtr/3coo~/cerat TT)*' /ce^aXi^V. Ktpdfjiio 8e 
 #eVra VTTO yvt'at/co? re^^dz/at <f>acri Hvppov 'Apyetot 8e ou 
 ywat/ca r^ aTro/cretz/aa'at', A^^t^rpa 8e <^>ao~ii' et^at yvi^atKt 
 tKao"/xeVi7^. ravra e's r7)v IIvppov reXevr^ avrot Xe'youo~ti> 
 85 'Apyetot Kat 6 rail/ eTrt^wptaj^ e^y^r^? Av/ceas eV eVecrt^ 
 Kat o"^)tcrti' ecrrt TOV #eov ^ptjcravTO<; 7 evOa 6 Ilvppo? 
 , iepov A^'^Tpos eV 8e avTw Kat 6 IIvppo? 
 OavfJia 87) Trotou^tat TOJ^ KaXovyaeVco^ AtaKtSai^ o 
 TjOtcrt KaTa rd avrd eK TOV $eov crvfji/3rjv(u rr^v TeXevr^V, et 
 ye 'A^tXXe'a /xe^ 'O/x 17/309 VTTO 'AXe^d^Spov (frrjcrl TOV Ilptd- 
 /xov Kat 'ATrdXXwvo? aTroXeV^ai., IIv/spo^ Se TOI/ 'A^tXXe'co? 
 17 ITv#t'a irpocreTa^ei' aTTOKTet^at AeX^>ot?, TW Se AtaKt'Sov 
 ra e'? TT)I> TeXevr^ ota 'Apyetot Te Xeyovcri Kat 
 
 81. On Pyrrhus's Peloponnesian ex- 1, etc. Also Droysen, III, 1, 200-210. 
 pedition and hisdeath (272 n.c.)cf. Pint. 90. 'AxiMt'a H.V "Oji-qpos KT\.: see 
 
 Pyrrhus, 26-34 ; Justin, 25, 4, G 5, II. X, 350 ff.
 
 80 
 
 THE ATTICA OF PAUSANIAS 
 
 Ch. 14, 1 
 
 Av/ce'as eirotiycre. 8ia<opa Se o/aw? eVrt /cat ravra 
 95 I'u/xo? 6 KapSiai'os eypa^ev dz'Spi yap /3acriAet 
 
 avdyKT) Tracra e'g yapiv crvyypdfyeiv. el Se /cat <f>iXicrTO9 
 alriav 8t/cata^ eiXi^e*', eVeXTU^coy TT}*' eV ^vpa.Kovcra.i'S t<d0o- 
 $>ov, airoKpv\l)a.o'9aLi rwv kiovvcriov ra a^ocrtairaTa, 77 TTOV 
 TTO\\ij ye 'lepaW/Aw cruyy^w/xr; ra e? ^ovrfv 'AzmyoVov 
 100 ypdfyeiv. 
 
 14 'H jaez^ 'HTretpajrco^ O-K/XT^ KarecrTpefyev e? rouro e? 8e TO l 
 3 A0TJvr)O'Lv eVeX^ovcrtv 'OtSeto^ aXXa re /cat AioVucro<? 
 
 Se ecrri Kpyjvr), /caXovcrt 8e 
 
 8e 
 
 ovro) 
 
 5 ara p.ev yap /cat Sta Tracr^g 
 (Jiovr). vaol Se u?rep rrjv Kpyvrj 
 
 14. Odeum Enneacrunus Tem- 
 ples of Demeter and Persephone, and of 
 Triptoleinus Epimenides and Tkales 
 
 Temple of Eudeia Temple of He- 
 phaestus Temple of Aphrodite Urania. 
 
 2. "fiiSetov KT\. : see Excursus III. 
 
 3. KprjvT], KaXov<ri 8e avxTjv 'Evvta- 
 Kpovvov : for the question as to the 
 site of this fountain and adjacent mon- 
 uments, and the discussion of what is 
 known as "the Enneacrunus Episode," 
 see Excursus III. 5. irt\^i\ 8e O.VTI\ 
 JJIOVT] : Pausanias speaks of the foun- 
 tain (Kp-qvri) Enneacrunus as being the 
 only "spring" (7777777), while there are 
 wells ((pptara) dia irda-rjs TTJS w6\fus. 
 Yet he mentionsl,21,4, the Kp-qvt] at the 
 Asclepieum and 1, 28, 4, the 7777777 which 
 is known under the name KXeij/vdpa. 
 Leake (I, 131) explains the inconsis- 
 tency by saying that Pausanias meant 
 only such springs as were desirable 
 for drinking-water ; for according to 
 Vitruv. 8, 3, 0, most of the spring water 
 in Athens was bad and used for wash- 
 
 TrdXew? eVrt, 
 v 6 [j.ev 
 
 ing merely, while the well water served 
 for drinking purposes. 7777777 signifies 
 a natural spring (2, 7, 4 ; 4, 34, 4, etc.); 
 Kprivr] is an artificially constructed foun- 
 tain (1, 40, 1 ; 2, 2, 8, etc.) usually fed 
 by a natural spring ; <f>p^ara are wells, 
 the water of which must be drawn 
 (Hdt. 6, 10). 6. vaol . . . 'EXevcK- 
 viov : the sanctuary Eleusinium doubt- 
 less included the two temples mentioned 
 above, the one of Demeter and Perse- 
 phone, the other of Triptolemus. Plu- 
 tarch (de exilio, 17) mentions the Eleu- 
 sinium along with the Parthenon as 
 one of the preeminently sacred places 
 of Athens. It was a precinct that could 
 be securely closed (Time. 2, 17). On 
 the day after the celebration of the 
 Eleusinian mysteries a sacred assem- 
 bly of the Council of the 500 met in 
 the Eleusinium (Andoc. 1,3; C.I. A. 1 1, 
 4, 31 ; III, 2). Decrees relating to the 
 Mysteries were here set up (C.I. A. II,. 
 315; III, 5). On the site of the Eleu- 
 sinium, see Excursus III.
 
 TRIITOLKMUS 81 
 
 Ch. 14, 4 
 
 /cat Kdpi7<, eV Se rw TptTrroXe/AOu /cet/u.ei/dz' icrnv ayaX/xa 
 ra Se eg OVTOV onola Xe'yerat ypdi|/a>, Trapetg OTTO&OV e'g 
 A^toTTT/j/ e^et rou Xdyov. 'EXXry^&j^ ot /LtaXicrra d/xc^tcr/?^- 
 
 10 roiWeg ABrjvcLLOlS e'g dp^atdrTyra /cat Swpa, <a> napd Oewv 
 (fracnv fX etl/ ' CitTtv 'Apyetot, KaBd-rrep (3ap(3a.p(*)v <&pvlv 
 AtyvTTTtot. Xeyerat oui^ cu? AT^/x^Tpa e? v Apyo? i\Bov<ra.v 
 ITeXacryo? Se'^airo ot/cw /cat w? Xpucraz^^t? rrp dpTrayTjv cVt- 
 (rra/LteVi] r^5 Koprj? St^y^Vatro ucrrepo^ 8e Tpo^tXo^ tepo- 
 
 15 (frdvrrjv <$>vyovTa. if; v Apyov? /caret e)(^o? 'AyryVopo? 
 fya.o'iv e? T^ 'Arrt/c^ /cat ywat/ca re ^ 'EXevcrt^og 
 /cat ye^eV^at ot TratSa? Ev/3ovXe'a /cat TptTrrdXe/xof. oSe 
 jLtei/ ' Apyeiajv ecrrt Xdyo? ' A.0rjvalot, Se /cat ocrot Trapd TOV- 
 rot? tcrafrt . . . TptTrrdXe/xoi/ roi^ KeXeov vrpwro^ (rnelpai Kap- 
 
 20 TTOJ^ rm..pov. eirr) Se aSerat Movcratou /u.eV, et 8r) Movcratou 3 
 /cat ravra, TptTrTdXe^toi/ 77at8a 'H/ceafou /cat FT/ 5 et^at, 
 'Optf)(t)s 8e, ov8e ravra 'Op^eiws e/xot So/cetv d^ra, Ev/3ovXet 
 /cat Tpt7rroXe)u.oj AucrauXr^i/ Trare'pa ct^at, [jL-rjvvcra.o'L 8e cr^tcrt 
 Trept r^? TratSo? So^z/at Trapd Ar^^rpo? cnrelpaL roug /ca/D- 
 
 25 7TOV9 XotptXw Se 'AOrjvaLw Spa/xa TroiTJcravTi 'AXorrrjv ecrrti/ 
 elprj^eva KepKvova etvat /cat TptTrrdXe/Ltov dSeXc^ov?, re/ceo^ 
 8e cr^ct? OvyaTcpa 'A/x^t/cr iWos, ett'at Se Trarepa TptTrro- 
 Xe/xaj /xei/ 'Pdpov, Kep/cudz^t Se IlcKreiSw^a. Trpocrco Se teVat 
 /MC (ap/jLrjfJiei'ov roOSe TOV Xdyou /cat OTrdcra i^rfyr^criv . . . e^et 
 
 30 ro ' A0r)vricriv tepdz^, KaXov^evov Se 'EXeucrtVto^. eTre'cr^et' di//t<? 
 o^etparo?- a 8e eg TrdWa? ocnov ypdfaiv, e? raura aTrorpe- 
 i//o/xat. Trpo rou vaov rouSe, eV^a /cat TOV TpiTrroXe'/xov TO 4 
 ayaX/Ma, ecrrt flovs ^aX/coO? ota e? OvcrLav dyd/zei^o?, 
 rat Se /ca^jae^o? 'ETTt/xevtS^? K^wcrcrto?, 6V fXOovra. 
 
 34. 'Eiri}icv(ST]s Kvti<r<rios: Epime- hero Bouzyges, the first driver of oxen 
 
 nides, mentioned in connection with (Hesych.s.v. /Soi/Jtfyijj; Serv. ad Georg. 
 
 Triptolemus and the bronze steer, was 1, 19). The mythical form of this first 
 
 originally identical with the Attic ox tamer was, in the consciousness of
 
 82 
 
 THE ATTICA OF PAUSANIAS 
 
 Ch. 14, 5 
 
 35 aypov /cotjuacr^at \zyovcriv ecreX^oVra e<? cr-Tr^Xatoi' 6 Se 
 VTTVOS ov Trporepov avrfKev avrov Trpiv rj ol recrcrapa/cooToj' 
 ero9 yevecrOat KaOev&ovri, Kal vcrrepov eTrrj re eVotet /cat 
 7rdXet9 eKaO^pev aXXa9 re /cat TT?I> 'AOyvaitov. 01X179 Se 6 
 Aa,KeScu/A<Wots TTJV vocrov iravcra^ ovre aXXco9 
 40 ovre 7rdXeft)9 r^v 'Em/xei'iSi'j T7?9 avr^9- dXX' 6 
 ctX^ra Se eli^at ^crt Yoprvviov IIoXv/xvacrTog 
 7717 Aa^eSat/xo^tots e? avrov vrotTycra?. ert 8e 
 Ev/cXetas, avaOi^^a /cat rovro (XTTO M^'Saj^, ot 
 aOwvi ecr^o^. (^po^crat Se * A.0f)vaCov<s 7rt 
 45 TavTr) /xaXto'Ta et/ca^w /cat ST) /cat Atcr^vXo9, w? ot rov ^Stov 
 TrpocreSo/caro 17 reXevrif, TWI^ jLtei' aXXwi/ ep.vri^ov^va'ev ovSe- 
 d'?., 80^179 e9 roo"oOro^ rjKMv eVt Trot^cret /cat 77/369 'Apre- 
 /cat eV ^aXa/xtt't vav^a^tjcra<; 6 8e TO re oVo/za 
 /cat TT)V TroXt^ eypai//e /cat OJ9 r^9 dj/Spta9 ^dpTvpcLS 
 50 e)(ot ro MapaOwvL aXo~o9 /cat Mi^Sajf rov? e'9 avro a7ro/3dVTa9- 
 
 43. vaos EvKXeias : the question of 
 the identity of Eucleia with Artemis is 
 closely bound up with the discussion 
 of the site of this temple, and is there- 
 fore reserved for Excursus III. 45. Al- 
 crx^Xos . . . vav(xa\^eras : the current 
 tradition regardingthedeathof Aeschy- 
 lus was that he was killed near Gela in 
 Sicily by a tortoise which was dropped 
 on his bald head by an eagle, which mis- 
 took it for a stone. Cf. Biogr. Gr., ed. 
 Westermann, p. 120 ; Aelian, Nat. An. 
 7,16; Pauly-Wissowa, I, 1068. His 
 epitaph was as follows : 
 A.i ffx t\ ov Efyopluvos 'Ae^aiov r6Se iceteei 
 
 Ko.Ta.<peL^vov irvpoQbpow TAas 
 5' evd6Kifj.ov Mapaffuviov &\<ros &i- 
 
 a later time, blended with that of the 
 Cretan priest Epimenides, about whom 
 two traditions were extant one that 
 he had freed Athens from the Cylonian 
 &yos (Ar. llesp. Ath. 1 ; Plut. Solon 12, 
 etc.), the other that, coming to Athens 
 ten years before the Persian War, he 
 engaged in certain religious rites and 
 prophesied the war (Plat. Legg. l,642i>). 
 On the story of Epimenides, the Greek 
 Rip Van Winkle, cf. Theopompus, frag. 
 69, in Fr. Hist. Gr. I, 288 ; Diog. Laert. 
 1,10, 109; Pliny, N. II. 7, 175. 38. 0d- 
 XTJS . . . TTJV voo-ov iravo-as : Thales or 
 Thaletas, in obedience to the Delphic 
 oracle, is said to have stopped by his 
 music the plague at Sparta (Plut. de 
 Mus. 42; Aelian, Var. Hist. 12, 50). 
 Lycurgus is said to have studied music 
 under him (Plut. Lye. 4). 
 
 KCU /Satfuxan-iyeis M^Sos 1-maTd/j.evos. 
 Poet. Lyr. Gr., ed. Bergk, II, 571.
 
 Ch. 14, 7 
 
 TEMPLE OF HEPHAESTUS 
 
 'Tfrep 8e TOV KepafAtiKov teal (TTOO.V T^V Ka.Xovjj.evrjv fiacri- 6 
 Xetoi> vaos e&nv 'H^atcrrou. /cat 6Vt pev aya\p.a oi -na.pl- 
 *A0i7i>as, ouSef 0avfj.a tTroLovfJLrjv TOV eVl 'Epi^^ot'iw 
 Xoyoi'- TO 8e aya\^a opwv r^? 'AOyvas yXav- 
 ? o(f>0a\iJiovs \ifBvojv TOV p,v8ov ovTa evpLCTKov 
 TOVTO19 yap ICTTIV tiprjiJitvov IlocreiSaii'os KCU \ifj,vrj<s T/)tra>- 
 6wya.Tpa eivai Kal Sia rouro yXau/cov? etvat cocrTrep 
 tSw^t, rou? 6<^)^aX/xov5. TrXrja-iov 8e te/ooi^ IO~TLV 7 
 Ovpavias. Trpwrot? Se avOpatTrajv 'Acrcrupiot? 
 
 the goddess was originally represented 
 with the face of an owl. K. Ilildebrandt, 
 Philol. XL VI (1888), 201 ff., derives 
 it from y\avKos ''bright" or "blue" 
 and a root vor, " water," making the 
 compound designate a goddess of the 
 bright blue sea. Pausanias' statement 
 indicates that the Greeks understood 
 "blue-eyed" by the term, which hy- 
 pothesis is confirmed by Cicero (de Nat. 
 Deor. 1, 30, 83), who says the color of 
 Minerva's eyes was bluish-gray, and of 
 Neptune's sky-blue. 
 
 58. irXT)<riov 5i Upov O"riv 'A<|>po6i- 
 TTIS Ovpavias : as this sanctuary was 
 near the temple of Hephaestus, it prob- 
 ably stood on the Colon us Agoraeus or 
 Market Hill. The worship of the god- 
 dess whom the Greeks called Aphro- 
 dite Urania was derived from the 
 Semitic peoples of Asia, being the 
 counterpart of the Uaals of the vari- 
 ous cities, and known as Baalat or 
 Astarte. Like the male deity, Astarte 
 was regarded as the giver of fertility 
 to plants, animals, and men, and as 
 the goddess of heaven. Jeremiah (7, 
 18; 44, 18) calls her "the queen of 
 heaven." In her double aspect as god- 
 dess of love and of heaven, the Greeks 
 
 52. vaos . . . 'H<j>ao-Tov : for a dis- 
 cussion of the identity of the temple 
 of Hephaestus with the so-called The- 
 seum, and a description of the tem- 
 ple, see Excursus IV. on jitv a-yaX^d 
 ol irap<rTi]Kv 'A0T|vds KT\. : the joint 
 worship of Hephaestus and Athena 
 was very ancient in Attica (Plat. Cri- 
 tias, p. 109 c); their temple is also 
 mentioned by Augustine (Civ. Dei, 18, 
 12). Pausanias refers to the Erichtho- 
 nius legend as the link between He- 
 phaestus and Athena (Apollod. 3, 14, 
 6; Schol. Horn. II. B, 547; Aug. I.e.), 
 while others hold that the link was not 
 Erichthonius but Apollo the Paternal, 
 who was said to be a son of Hephaes- 
 tus and Athena (Cic. de Nat. Deor. 1, 
 22, 55; 23, 57; Clem. Alex. Protrept. 
 2, 28, p. 24, ed. Potter). 54. TO 8e 
 d'yaXfxa . . . rfjs 'AOijvas -yXavKovs \ ov 
 TOVS 6(j>9a\novs : this remark about the 
 yXavKol 6((>8a\fj.oi suggests that the eyes 
 of ancient statues were set in, or that 
 they were painted. Homer's favorite 
 epithet of Athena is -yXawcwTm, "blue- 
 eyed." Dr. Schliemann (Troy, p. 54, 
 112 ff.) would translate the epithet 
 ''owl-faced," deriving the word from 
 7XaO "owl" and 6\f/ "face," supposing
 
 84 
 
 THE ATTICA OF PAUSANIAS 
 
 Ch. 15, 1 
 
 Kv- 
 
 eV TT? 
 
 60 KaTeo~Tri cre/3ec7$at rrjv Ovpaviav, /tera Se ' 
 irpLan> IIa<tots /cat QoiviKuv rots 'Acr/caXa^a 
 IlaXataTtr'Ty, irapa 8e QoiviKaiv ^.v9ijpioi yLt 
 criv 'A#ipcuois 8e /carecm/craTo Atyeus, avrw re ov/c et^at 
 TratSas vo^it^v ov yap TTW rore rjcrav /cat rat? dSeXc^ats 
 65 yevecrBai rrjv dv^opav IK ^vt/xaTcx? r^s Ovpavias. TO Se 
 TL aya\[j.a \i6ov llapiov /cat epyov ^etotov 
 8e ICTTIV *A^yatots 'Auftovccoi', ot Ilopffrvpiajva ert 
 v 'A/cratov ^SacrtXevcrat'Ta r^5 Qvpavias (fracri TO 
 Trapa (T(f>iO~LV iepov iopvcracrOai. Xeyovcrt 8e ct^a rov? 817- 
 /cat a\\a ou8e 
 
 70 
 
 /cat ot 
 
 15 'lovcrt Se Trpo? TT)^ (TTOO.V 7} 
 
 6vo^dt } ovo~iv airo l 
 
 represented her as the Heavenly Aph- 
 rodite. See Roscher, Lex. s.v. ylpA- 
 rodtfe Urania; Preller-ltobert, I, 349, 
 rem. 5. 
 
 15. TAe Stoa Poikile and its Paint- 
 ings. 
 
 1. o-Todv . . . TIoiKCXriv . . . 'Epjifj? 
 . . . 'A-yopaios Kal irvXr] irXiio-iov : after 
 describing in c. 14, 6-7, the temples etc. 
 on the Market Hill to the west of the 
 Agora, Pausanias now describes some 
 objects of especial interest within the 
 market-place, notably the Painted Col- 
 onnade, the Hermes of the Market, and 
 a market-gate. As the site of the three 
 is a disputed question, the consideration 
 of it is reserved for Excursus II. The 
 Stoa Poikile or Painted Colonnade was 
 originally named n<riai'ciKTeios crrod 
 after its founder Peisianax, son-in-law 
 of Cimon (Plut. Cim. 4 ; Diog. Laert. 
 7, 5). It was built probably after 457 
 B.C. Just as its site is not definitely 
 known, so also its form is uncertain. 
 Since it was intended to serve as a 
 Lesche, i.e. as a lounging-place for the 
 
 public, we may ascribe to it the custo- 
 mary form for Leschae, a long rectan- 
 gular hall inclosed on three sides and 
 open on one long side fronted with col- 
 umns. Here Zenomethisdisciples, who 
 thus acquired the name of Stoics or 
 "men of the Stoa" (Diog. Laert.7, 1,5). 
 Lucian (Jupp. Trag. 16 ; Icarom. 34 ; 
 Dial. Meretr. 10, 1 ; Pise. 13) and Alci- 
 phron (Ep. 1, 3 ; 3, 53, 64) tell of philos- 
 ophers and their followers discoursing 
 and wrangling within or before the Col- 
 onnade. diro Toiv -ypa4>(ov : the Colon- 
 nade was embellished with paintings 
 by Polygnotus and his associates Mi- 
 con and Panaenus (Pint. Cim. 4 ; Pliny 
 25,58; Harpocr. s.v. YloXvyvwros). It is 
 a mooted question whether the paint- 
 ings were on the wall itself or on 
 wooden tablets. Since Synesius (Ep. 54 
 and 135) toward the end of the fourth 
 century uses the expression cravtdfs in 
 stating that paintings had been re- 
 moved from the colonnade by a Roman 
 proconsul, some have regarded them 
 as easel paintings, but the evidence
 
 THE PAINTED COLONNADE 
 
 85 
 
 Ch. 15, 1 
 
 Kal TTV\TI irXycriov escort Se ot rpoTranov 'A0rjvau0v ti 
 ^ia Kpa.Tricra.vTtov IlXeicrra/a^o^, 6? rr)<z LTTTTOV 
 5 /cat TOV eviKov r~qv ap^rjv dSeX^og ojv eVereVpaTrro. avrrj 
 Se rj oToa TT/aoira /xey *A0iyi>awn;s e^et reray/xeVov? eV 
 
 that Polygnotus and his contempo- 
 raries painted generally on walls is so 
 convincing that there is but little doubt 
 that they were fresco paintings (cf. 
 Pliny N.II. 85, 59, 123 ; Paus. 6, 20, 3 
 and Frazer's note). 2. 'Epufjs \a.\- 
 KOVS KoAovficvos 'A-yopaios : the statue 
 of Hermes Agoraeus or Hermes of the 
 Market stood in the Agora beside the 
 Painted Colonnade(Lucian,Jupp.Trag. 
 33 and schol.). It is known to have 
 dated from before the Persian War 
 (Hesych. s.v. dyopalo-; 'Ep/wys), and Lu- 
 cian (I.e.) states that it was of archaic 
 style evypa(j./j.os, evireplypairros, dpxa-ios 
 ri)v dvd5f<n.v TT}S i(6(i.T)s. Some have con- 
 jectured that 'the statue seen by Pau- 
 sanias was acopy of the bronze original. 
 Whether the original or a copy, the 
 statue was a much -admired specimen 
 of archaic art, and artists (Lucian I.e.) 
 were continually making casts of it, so 
 that it was never quite free from pitch. 
 This Hermes was a very popular deity. 
 The Aristophanic sausage-seller sweat s 
 vr) TT]V 'Epfj.ijv rbv ' Ayopatov (Eq. 397). 
 Lucian (I.e.) represents him rushing 
 up among the gods to tell them of the 
 impious things that were said in the 
 Agora. (i. irpwra. jitv . . . Iv Sc rui (itVw 
 TWV TO)(WV : Pausanias describes at 
 length four paintings in the Colon- 
 nade, the battles of Oenoe, of Mara- 
 thon, of the Amazons, and of the 
 Sack of Troy. As to the disposition 
 of the paintings, it seems likely from 
 
 Pausanias' statement that the first two 
 were on the two short walls and the 
 last two on the long back wall. There 
 were other pictures in the Colonnade, 
 as e.g. a portrait of Sophocles with his 
 lyre(Biog. Gr.,ed. Westermann, p. 127) 
 and a picture by Pamphilus or Apollo- 
 dorns of the Heracleids seeking the 
 protection of the Athenians (Schol. 
 Ar. Plutus, 385). The paintings were 
 still in existence up to the fourth cen- 
 tury, for Himerius (Or. 10, 2) speaks 
 of the painting of the battle of Mara- 
 thon as still extant in his time (A.D. 
 315-38G), and Synesius' statements 
 (11. cc.) show that in 402 A.D. their re- 
 moval had but recently taken place. 
 *A0TjvcUovs . . . TCTa-yjie'vo-us v OlvoT] 
 KT\. : the subject of this painting has 
 occasioned discussion. The battle of 
 Oenoe, in which Athenians defeated 
 Spartans, is mentioned again by Pau- 
 sanias, 10, 10, 4, but by no other writer. 
 Pausanias states (I.e.) that a group of 
 statuary executed by the artists Hypa- 
 todorus and Aristogiton was set up 
 by the Argives in honor of the joint 
 victory gained by Argives and Athe- 
 nians against the Spartans at Oenoe in 
 Argolis. From a Delphic inscription 
 (C.I.G. 25), it is clear that these artists 
 belong to the first half of the fifth cen- 
 tury H.C. This gives an approximate 
 date for the battle. The Athenian- 
 Arrive alliance was formed 403 H.C., 
 after the breach with Sparta at Ithome
 
 86 
 
 THE ATTICA OF PAUSANIAS 
 
 Cli 15 ^ 
 
 'Apyetas evavria Aa/ceSat/xoi'ttov yeypairrat Se OVK e? 
 aKfjir)i> dywvos ouSe roX/x^/xarw^ e? eVtSetf/.i' TO tpyov 77817 
 TrporJKov, dXXa dp^o/jLi>7j re 17 fi-d^r) /cat e? ^eipa? ert o~wt- 
 
 10 oWeg. eV Se rw /xeVaj raiv roi^aiv "A^fcuoi /cat ^crev? 2 
 'Aju,aoVt pd^ovTai. /xoVats Se apa <ravrat5> rat? yvvai^lv 
 OVK d<f)r)pL TO, TrratcryLtara TO e? TOV? /ctvSu^ov? d^etSe?, et 
 ye @e/ J tto"/cvpa? Te d\ovo"Y)<; VTTO 'HpaKXeovs KOL v&Tepov <f)0a- 
 pLO"Y)<; cr(j)Lcn T^? o~TpaTta?, i^V eV 'A^Va? ecrTetXa^, o^tw? 
 
 15 e<? Tpotav r)\9ov 'A^^atot? TC a^Tot? /xa^ov/Ltei'at /cat Tot? 
 7rao~tv "EXXi^o-t^. eVt 8e Tat9 'A/Aaoo~ti> 'EXX^t'e? eicrti^ 17/317- 
 /coT5 "iXtoi^ /cat ot /3ao"tXet9 ^Bpoicr^voi 8ta TO Ata^TO? e? 
 Kao"o~a^8pa^ ToX/x^/xa /cat avrov 17 ypafftrj TOV AtavTa e^et 
 /cat ywat/cas TOJI/ at^/xaXojTai^ aXXa? TC /cat KacrcrdVSpav. 
 
 20 TeXevTatot' 8e T<? a()Ys eto~t^ ot u,aeo~au,e^ot Maoa^w^t 3 
 
 (Thuc. 1, 102). The final victory of 
 the Spartans over the allies occurred 
 at Tanagra 458 R.C. Hence the battle 
 of Oenoe doubtless occurred between 
 these dates. 
 
 10. 'A0t]vaioi KO.I 0Tj<rus "Ajjia^oo-i 
 Ha-xovrai : from other sources we know 
 this painting was by Micon (Arr. Anab. 
 7, 13, 10), and that the Amazons were 
 depicted fighting on horseback (Ar. 
 Lys.'G78 and Schol.). Pausanias al- 
 ludes to all three battles in which 
 Amazons were engaged : (1) fight of 
 Heracles with the Amazons in their 
 own country (1, 2, 1); fight of Athe- 
 nians against the Amazons at Athens 
 (Pint. Thes. 20); and fight of Achilles 
 with the Amazons before Troy. 
 10. "E\\T]vs t<ri,v TJpT]K6Ts"I\u>v: Plu- 
 tarch (Cim. 4) mentions the current 
 report that Polygnotus introduced the 
 likeness of Cimon's sister Elpinice 
 into the painting as Laodice, who also 
 
 appeared in Polygnotus's great picture 
 of the capture of Ilium in the Lesche 
 at Delphi (10, 20, 7). 
 
 20. T\vraiov 8 rf]s yp a< j > f|S to-iv ol 
 |iax<ra.fjivoi Mapa0<Svi : this painting 
 seems to have been the joint work of 
 Micon and Panaenus (cf. Paus. 5, 11, 6 ; 
 Arr. Anab. 7, 13, 10). From Pausa- 
 nias's description, the action fell into 
 three scenes : (1) The Greeks and Per- 
 sians in conflict ; (2) the flight of the 
 Persians ; (3) the attempted embarka- 
 tion of the Persians. Pausanias men- 
 tions by name seven figures Athena 
 and Heracles, Theseus, Marathon and 
 Echetlus, Callimachus and Miltiades. 
 Pliny (N.H. 35, 57), who argues that 
 the portraits of the leaders were real 
 likenesses, adds the names of one Ath- 
 enian, Cynegirus (Hdt. 6, 14), and 
 two Persians, Datis and Artaphernes. 
 Many fancied they saw the phantom 
 of Theseus charging the Persians
 
 THE PAINTED COLONNADE 87 
 
 Ch. 1C, 1 
 
 w*> Se ot nXdYatai> e^o^re? /cat cxrov yv ' ATTLKOV la.criv 
 lpa^ rot? y8ap/3dpot<?. /cat ravrrj /xeV ecmv ura <ra> 
 d[JL(f)OT6pa)i> e? TO epyov TO Se ecrw T^S ^d^? (/>eu- 
 etcrtv ot ftdpftapoi /cat e? TO e'Xos wdovvres dXX^Xou?, 
 Se T^9 ypa(j>rjs z^e's T at <otVtcro-at /cat TCU^ /8a/3- 
 
 OV<S O~7Tt7TTOVTa? 5 TttVTa? <^O^VO^T5 Ot "EXX^I^e?. 
 
 IvravOa /cat Mapa^ai^ yeypa/LA/xeVo? e'o~Tt^ rfpias, a^>' ov TO 
 TreStof coi/o/xacTTat, /cat W^crev? O.VIOVTL e/c yTy? et/cao~/xeVo? 
 'A0rjvd T /cat 'Hpa/cX^? Ma/9a$aWot<? yap, &5? avTot Xeyov- 
 30 o"ii>, 'Hpa/cXrJ? ivopwrOf) 9eo<; 7rpwTot<?. TWZ^ ^ta^o/xe^aji/ 8e 
 Sr^Xot /xaXto"Tct elcriv iv rf) ypa<f>f) KaXXtyna^o? TC, 09 'AOij- 
 
 , /cat MtXTtaSi^? TOV 
 
 /Cat 
 
 evravda do"77t8e? /cet^Tat ^aX/cat, /cat Tat? /xeV 4 
 35 ICTTLV eVtypa/x/jta aTro ^/ctwvatwt' /cat TWI/ eTTt/covp&i^ eti^at, 
 Ta? 8e eTraX^XtyLt/xeVa? TTLO'crrj-, /XT) cr^ct? o Te 
 Tat /cat 6 to?, Aa/ceSatjLto^tw^ etfat XeyeTat TO>*> 
 
 16 'A^Spid^Te? 8e ^aX/cot /cetvTat 77/30 ^ter T^? CTTOCI? S 
 
 (Plut. Thes. 35). Miltiades was rep- Painted Colonnade. 37. 
 
 reseuted in front of all the other Athe- vwv . . . TWV dXovrwv tv T^ 
 
 nian generals, extending his hand vrjo-w: the capture of the two hundred 
 
 toward the enemy and cheering on and ninety-two Lacedaemonians on 
 
 his forces (Aeschin. 3, 180 and schol.; the island of Sphacteria occurred 425 
 
 Aristid. Or. 40, p. 232). ii.c. (Thuc. 4, 38). Their shields, to- 
 
 34. oio-irCScs . . . \a\Kai. . . airo SKIW- gether with the sword of Mardonius, 
 
 vaUov /CT\. : the successful revolt of were regarded as among the most glo- 
 
 Scione from Athens occurred 423 H.C., rious trophies of Athens (Dio. Chrys. 2, 
 
 but two years later the Athenians re- P-27); probably here too was the shield 
 
 captured it, slaughtered the men, and of Brasidas lost at Pylus (Thuc. 4, 12 ; 
 
 sold into slavery women and children Diod. 12.-0, 2). 
 (Thuc. 4, 120; 5, 132). Thucydides (4, 16. Digression on Seleucus. 
 131) recounts the part their allies took 1. 'AvSpidvrcs S x a ^ Koi ^ T ^-' <' u> 
 
 in the fate of the unfortunate city. The bronze statue of Snlon is mentioned 
 
 captured shields were preserved in the also by Dem. 20, 24 and Aelian, Var.
 
 88 THE ATTICA OF PAUSANIAS 
 
 Ch. 1C, 2 
 
 6 TOU? vofjiovs 'A^i'atoi? ypai^as, o\iyov 8e ancoTepa) Se'Xeu- 
 Kog, a> /cat Trporepov eyeVero e<? r^ euSat/xovtaz; XT)*' /xe'X- 
 Xovcrav (rrj^ela OVK d(j)avvj. eXeu/ca) yap, a>s cop/xaro e/c 
 5 Ma/ceSoz'ta'? o"w 'AXe^dVSpo), Qvovn kv IleXXry rw Att ra 
 eVt rov /8&j/xo{) K6LfjLei>a irpov/Br] re avrd/xara Trpo? TO 
 ta /cat ai^ev Trvpo? ^(f)0rj. TeXevTi^cra^ro? 8e 'AXe^a^- 
 Spou ^eXev/co? 'A^rt'yovo^ e? Ba^SvXwi/a d^)tKo/ae^o^ Seura? 
 Kai trapa nVoXe/xato^ (frvytov rov Aayov /car^X^e^ av^t? e? 
 10 Ba^uXajz/a, Kare\0a)i> Se eKparrjcrf. ^ev rrjs 'A^rfydvov crrpa- 
 /cat avrov arreKTeivev * KvTiyovov^ efXe Se eVtcrrpareu- 
 vcrrepov AT^/x^rptov rot' ' A^vnyovov. w? oe ot ravra 2 
 /cat joter' o\iyov TO, Avcrt/xa^ou /caretpyacrro, 
 Acrta Tracrav ap^r^v TrapebutKev Ai^rtd^oj TOJ 
 15 Tratot, avro? oe e? Ma/ceooi'tai' T^Tretyero. crrpaTLa ^ev /cat 
 /cat ftapftdpa)i> yv Trapa SeXev/c&r riroXe/xato? oe 
 xe^ Avo'ai'Spa? /cat Trapa Avcrt/xa^ov Trap' avrov 
 w5 7 aXXw? 8e roXja^o"at Trpd^etpo? /cat St' avro Kepav- 
 i/o? /caXov/x-e^o?, ovrog 6 ITroXe^ato?, w< 
 20 /cou o"rparo? eyeVero /cara Avo"tjaa^etaj/, 
 
 /cretVet, 8tap77ao~at 8e e7Ttrpei/;a? ra ^pijuara rot? 
 e'/3ao-tXeucre Ma/ceSovta?, e? o FaXarat? Trpwro? 
 (3a(TL\e(ov dvTLTa{;a(T0ai roX/zT^ras ai^atpetrat VTTO 
 rr)v 8e dpxyv 'A^rtyo^o? dvecraxTaro 6 
 
 Hist. 8, 16. 8. St'XevKos . . . irapd Syr. 02 ff.; Justin, 17, 23; Droysen, 
 
 IlTO\(jiaiov <J>VY<*V: this occurred in II, 2, 329 ff. 21. TOIS pao-iXtvo-iv : 
 
 310 B.C. Consult Diod. 19, 55; Ap- here the guards are meant, "the Kings" 
 
 plan, Syr. 53 ; Droysen, Gesch. d. being a complimentary title given to 
 
 Hell. II, 1, 312. 10. Kpa.Tq<r . . . the Life Guards or palace troops (see 
 
 'Avrtyovov : in the battle of Ipsus, cf. Kayser, Ztsch. f. d. Alt.-Wiss.VI(1848), 
 
 1, 0, 7, note. 499). 23. dvaipeircu xnro raiv Pap)3d- 
 
 19. OVTOS 6 nToXcjiaios . . . XaOojv puv: Ptolemy Ceraunus was defeated 
 
 Et'XeuKov KTtlvti : cf. 10, 19, 7. The and slain by the Gauls in 280 is. c. Cf. 
 
 assassination of Seleucus by Ptolemy Justin, 24, 5, 17; Polyb. 9, 35, 4; 
 
 Ceraunus occurred 281 B.C. Cf. App. Droysen, II, 2. 343 ff.
 
 HISTORY OF SELEL'CUS 
 
 89 
 
 Ch. 17, 1 
 
 25 SeXev/cov Se /3curi\ea>i> cV rot? /MaXio~Ta 7ret$o/aai /cat aXXws 3 
 yevecrOau St/catof /cat 77/305 TO Oeiov evcreftrj. rovro /xe*> yap 
 SeXev/cd? ecrnz> 6 MtX^o-tot? TOV ya\Kovv /caTa7re/j,r//a<? 'ATrdX- 
 Xwi>a e? Bpay^tSa?, ai/a/co/xto~^eVra eg 'E/c^Sara^a ra Mi^St/ca. 
 VTTO Hep^ov TOVTO Se SeXeu/cetat' ot/ctaa? eVt Tt-ypryrt TTO- 
 
 30 TafJLO) /cat Ba/3vXaWov<? ouro? eVayd/act'o? eg OLVTVJV crvvoi- 
 /covg VTreXtVero yu.et' TO Tt^o? Ba/3vXaij/o9, VTreXtVeTo Se TOV 
 Bi^X TO iepov /cat Trept avTo TOV? XaXSatov? ot/cet^. 
 
 17 'A^i'ai'ot? 8e eV TT} ayopa /cat aXXa eo~Tti/ ov/c e? avrap'Ta? 1 
 e7rtcn7/xa /cat 'EXeou ^Soj/xd?, w ^aaXtcrTa ^ew^ e'<? a.v9 pomivov 
 fiiov /cat /xeTa/8oXa<> Trpa'yfJLa.TOJi' ovn ajf^eXt^tw (JLOVOL 
 
 27. TOV \a\Kovv . . . 'AiroXXwva Is 
 Bpa-yx^as : on the bronze Apollo of 
 Branchidae, cf. Paus. 2, 10, 5 ; 7, 5, 4 ; 
 8, 40, 3 ; 0, 10, 2, and Frazer's notes. 
 29. ScXevKCiav olKicras irl Ti-ypTri 
 irorafiM : the foundation of Seleucia as 
 the seat of government of the dynasty 
 led to the rapid decline of Babylon. 
 Strabo (10, p. 738) speaks of it as 
 larger than Babylon, whole sections of 
 which lay desolate. Pliny (N. II. 0, 
 122) puts the population of Seleucia at 
 000,000. About the beginning of the 
 Christian era, its inhabitants were 
 mostly Greeks, with many Macedo- 
 nians and Syrians (Joseph. 18, 9, 8). 
 It was still a powerful city in Tacitus's 
 time (Ann. 0, 42). 
 
 17. Altar of Eleos Altars of 
 Aidos, of Pheme, and of Horme 
 Gymnasium of Ptolemy and statues 
 therein Temple of Theseus and its 
 Paintings Minos and Theseus 
 Various Traditions about the End 
 of Theseus. 
 
 1. OVK s airavras 4-irkrrina : rf. 1, 
 27, 3, OVK s aTTovTos yvibpLfj.a ; 1, 4, 0, 
 
 OVK es OTrairas 
 
 ) 
 
 ; 5, 18, 
 
 4, Sfj\a ej aTrafras. 2. 'EXe'ov (Ju>p.6s : 
 Wilamowitz (Aus Kydathen, p. 'J01, 
 rein. 4) conjectures that the altar of 
 Mercy is identical with the altar of the 
 Twelve Gods, not mentioned by Pau- 
 sanias. This conjecture is adopted by 
 Miss Harrison, pp. 141-142. The al- 
 tar of Mercy is frequently mentioned, 
 because it served as a place of refuge. 
 Statins (Theb. 12, 481 ff.) describes it 
 as standing in a grove of laurel and 
 olives. Adrastus, after the War of 
 the Seven against Thebes, is said to 
 have fled to Athens and taken refuge 
 at the altar of Mercy (Apoll. 3. 7, 1). 
 Likewise the children of Heracles, 
 when persecuted by Eurystheus, fled 
 to this altar (Apoll. 2. 8. 1 : Schol. 
 Ar. Eq. 1151). Cf. Wachsmuth, Stadt 
 Athen, II. 430-440. 3. |i6voi . . . 
 'A0Tiveuoi : this statement is not pre- 
 cisely true. Diodorus (13, 22, 7) says 
 the Athenians were the first to set up 
 an altar of Mercy ; and Wachsmuth, 
 II, 430 cites an 'KXe'ou fa^h found in 
 the precinct of Asclepius at Epidaurus.
 
 90 THE ATTICA OF PAUSANIAS 
 
 Ch. 17, 2 
 
 '{JLOVCTLV 'AOrjvaloi. rovrotg Se ov rd eg <$>i\av6 'pw 
 w KaBea'T'rjKev, dXXd /cat #eovg evcre/Sovcrti' dXXwv 
 /cat ydp AtSovg cr^tcrt /3w/xog eVrt /cat ^^u/^g /cat 
 77 Xd re eVapyaig, ocrotg ir\4ov rt erepcov evcre/Setag 
 ', tcrov crc^tcrt Trapov rv^g ^p^crr^g. eV .Se rw yv 2 
 r^g dyopdg aTre^ovrt ov TroXv, IlroXe/xato?^ Se d?ro 
 10 rov /caracr/cevao"ajaeVov /caXov/xeVw, Xt^ot re tier iv 'Epjaat 
 
 Cf. Wachsmuth I.e. on the <j>i\avdpw- 
 irla of the Athenians. 5. 0o\>s twre- 
 POXKTLV aXXwv ir\ov : cf . Acts 17, 22 : 
 /cara Trcivra cis deicnSa.Lfwveo'Ttpovs V/AO.S 
 QfupGi. 0. AtSovs <r(j)i.(rt (Jtofjios tern 
 Kal ^^(ITIS Kal 'Op(j,fjs : Eustathius (ad 
 II. K, 451, p. 1279, 39) locates the 
 altar of Modesty on the Acropolis 
 irapa rbv TT^S IIoAiciSos ' A.dr)vas vewi> (cf. 
 Hesych. s.v. Aldovs /3w^6s). Perhaps 
 the other two altars mentioned were 
 likewise located there. Cf. Wachs- 
 muth, II, 440. Ai'5u>s is the personifi- 
 cation of good conduct, and is first 
 mentioned by Ilesiod, Opp. 200 ; upon 
 the entrance of the Iron Age she flees 
 with Nemesis from the earth ; her 
 daughter is 2u(j>poo-6i>r) (C.I. A. II, 
 2339). A priestess of Modesty had a 
 seat in the theatre (C.I. A. Ill, 367). 
 "With $77,1477 cf. "0<rffa At6s #77eXoj II. B, 
 94; Od.w, 413. Aeschines (1,128) men- 
 tions the altar of Rumor and says, ry ^i> 
 $777177 Sr)/j.ocrigL Ovo^ev cJs Oe$ (2, 145). Cf. 
 Schol. Aeschin. 1, 128, where it is said 
 that the altar of Rumor was erected 
 shortly after the battle of the Euryme- 
 don because the rumor of that great 
 victory reached Athens the same day. 
 8. tv 8 T -yvp.vao-10) KT\. : Pausanias 
 again leaves the Agora and describes 
 two buildings "not far from it" and 
 near each other. The first is the gymna- 
 
 sium of Ptolemy, the second the sanctu- 
 ary of Theseus. The gymnasium was 
 doubtless, like similar structures else- 
 where, a spacious edifice with vari- 
 ous apartments, colonnades, and open 
 courts for recreation and exercise. The 
 founder was probably Ptolemy Phila- 
 delphus. The Ephebi here attended lec- 
 tures on philosophy (C.I. A. II, 479, 1. 
 19). Cicero and his friends here listened 
 to the philosopher Antiochus (De fin. 5, 
 1,1). The site of this building was doubt- 
 less to the east or north of the Agora, 
 judging from the lie of the ground and 
 the buildings later mentioned. Miss 
 Harrison locates it to the northeast be- 
 tween the existing Colonnades of Atta- 
 ins and Hadrian (Athens, p. 145 f.). 
 10. 'Epficu . . . clKwv IlToX.|Aaou \o.\- 
 Kr\ . . . Topas . . . Xpv<rnnros KT\. : 
 Pausanias mentions within the gymna- 
 sium stone Hermae, a bronze statue of 
 Ptolemy, a statue of Juba the Libyan, 
 and a statue of Chrysippus of Soli. 
 Pausanias does not say which Juba 
 was meant, but it was doubtless Juba II, 
 who was patronized by Augustus and 
 was the author of historical treatises. 
 Cicero (De fin. 1, 11, 39) and Diogenes 
 Laertius (7, 7, 182) mention a statue of 
 Chrysippus in the market-place of 
 Athens. There is nothing to show this 
 was the one seen by Pausanias.
 
 SANCTUARY OF THESEUS 91 
 
 Ch. 17, 3 
 
 a^tot /cat et/ca> nroXe/xatou ^aX/c77 /cat o re At/Su? 'Io/3a<? 
 
 IvravOa, /cetrat /cat XpucrtTTTros 6 SoXev?. 
 
 II^)O9 Se ra> yvfjivacria) ("tycre'aj? ecrrti' iepov ypa^xtl Se' 
 
 etcrt Trpos 'A/AaoVa? 'A^i/atot /xa^o/utei^ot TreTroi'^rat Se' 
 16 (T^icriv 6 TrdXejLto? euros /cat rTj 'A0r]i>a eVt rTj d<T7rtSt /cat 
 
 row 'OXv/JLTTLOV Ato? eVt rw fidOpq). ye'ypaTrrat Se eV rw rou 
 
 <*)77cre&)9 tepa> /cat 77 K.ei>Tavpa)i> /cat Aa.7n0(t)v H-a-X*] ' ^^fcv? 
 
 /xeV ow a7re/cro^w9 ecrrtt* 77877 KeVravpoi/, rot? Se exXXot? e'^ 
 
 terov KaOccrTrjKev ert 77 ^101^77. roG Se rpiTov rwv roi^aiv 77 3 
 20 ypa(f>r) p,r) 7rv#o/xeVot? a Xe'yovcrti/ ou (TO.(J>TJ<; eVrtf, ra 
 
 13. 0^<r'o)s <rrlv Upov : this sanctuary 
 is said to have been expressly con- 
 structed to hold the bones of Theseus 
 when they were brought (409 B.C.) 
 from Scyros to Athens by Cimon after 
 the Persian War (cf . Plut. Thes. 30 ; 
 Time. 1, 98; Diod. 4, 02; 11, GO). It 
 was surrounded by an extensive pre- 
 cinct (rt/jLtvos XT}? 9i7<re'o>s, C.I. A. II, 
 440, 1. 13) which served as asylum 
 for the fugitive (Ar. Eq. 1311 ; Diod. 
 4, 02 ; Plut. Thes. 30), sometimes also 
 as a place of assembly (Thuc. 0, 01, 
 Arist. Kesp. Ath. 15). Certain elec- 
 tions to office by lot regularly took 
 place here (Aesch. 3, 130 and schol., 
 Arist. Resp. Ath. 02). With regard 
 to the site Plutarch (Thes. 30) says : 
 KTCU [iv Iv /JL^ffrf TTJ 7r6\t irapa rb 
 vvv yv/j.vdffiov doubtless the gymna- 
 sium of Ptolemy. The site was some- 
 where between the Colonnade of At- 
 talus and the northwest slope of the 
 Acropolis. See Excursus IV on the 
 identity of the so-called Theseum with 
 this sanctuary. ypa^a! Sc tl<ri KT\. : 
 it appears that the painter of the three 
 pictures, namely (a) the fight of the 
 Athenians and Amazons, (b) the fight 
 
 of Centaurs and Lapiths, and (c) the 
 story of Theseus and Amphitrite, was 
 M icon, though Ilarpocration andSuidas 
 (s.v. Ilo\vyvwTO'>) give Polygnotus the 
 credit for them. It is probable that 
 Polygnotus's overshadowing reputa- 
 tion caused the works of Micon later 
 to be ascribed to himself. The subject 
 of the first painting, the Battle of the 
 Amazons, was also that of one of the 
 paintings in the Painted Colonnade 
 (c. 15, note) and was represented on 
 the shield of Athena Parthenos (5, 24, 7) 
 and on the pedestal of the statue of 
 Zeus at Olympia (cf. 5, 11, 7). 17. t| 
 Kevravpcov Kal Aairi0u)v [xax 1 ! : as 1'au- 
 sanias states later that the third paint- 
 ing was on the third wall of the temple, 
 this was probably on the second or rear 
 wall of the temple, not on the same wall 
 with the first painting. 
 
 19. T) ypa<|>T] . . . Mva>s . . . 0t]<re'a 
 . . . 'A(j.4>iTpiTt]s KT\. : this story is told 
 by Ilyginus (Astron. 2, .5) and is the 
 theme of the Sixteenth (Seventeenth) 
 ( )de of Bacchylides. It is also depicted 
 on four well-known ancient vases that 
 have come down to us: (1) a vase found 
 at Caere, now in the Louvre, ascribed to
 
 TTOV oid TOV 
 yov. 
 
 l<s 
 
 25 Trat 
 
 tSa 
 
 92 THE ATTICA OF PAUSANIAS 
 
 Ch. IV, 4 
 
 , rot 8e Mt/c&iv ov Tov TrdvTa eypai//e Xd- 
 B^crea /cat TOV aXXo^ crr6\ov ru>v TratScof 
 epacr$et<? Ilept/ifota?, 015 ot d-^creug juaXtcrra 
 Kat aXXa VITO opyrjs airepp^ev e<? OLVTOV /cat 
 OVK efyri Ilocretoco^o? eti'at, eVet ov 8ui'ao~$at r^ 
 crf^payl^a, 7)V avro? (^epajz/ erv^ev, d(^eVrt e? OaXaa'crav ava- 
 crwcrat ot. Mtvw? jaei> Xeyerat ravra eiTTOJv afyeivai TVJV 
 cr<^paytSa- B-^crea 8e cr^pctytSa re e/cetV^^ e^o^ra Kat crre- 
 fyavov xP V(r vv, 'A.fjL(f)LTpLT'r]<; $>wpov, ave\9eiv \4yovcriv IK 
 30 r^5 ^aXacrcr^?. e<? 8e TT)^ reXevr^v r^ B^cre'w? TroXXa 17817 4 
 /cat OT/Y ofjioXoyovvTCi etpr^rat 8e8eicr^at re yap avrov Xeyov- 
 crtv e? ro8e ecus v(^)' 'Hpa/cXeov ? dva^^etry, TnOavMTara Se cSj^ 
 i^/covcra Q^crev? e? ecrTrpcorov? e/ J t/3aXwz', rov ^SacriXeiw? 
 rwi^ BecrTrpatra)^ ywat/ca dp-rrda'cov., TO TTO\V Trjs crrparta? 
 35 ovrw? aTToXXvcrt., /cat avro? re /cat Iletpt^ofg ITetpt^ov? 
 yap /cat TOI^ yd^ov o~TTv$a)v ecrrpareve^ T^Xaxra^, /cat <T(/>a? 
 6 BecTTrpwro? Si^cra? et^ev eV Kt^vpw. y^? 8e TT^? Secnrpar 5 
 rtSo? eVrt juteV TTOV /cat aXXa ^ea? afta, tepoV re Ato? eV 
 
 30. s Se TTJV T\UTT]V TT]V 0ri<rt'a)s : 
 
 the legend of Theseus's descent into 
 Hades with his friend Pirithous and 
 his rescue by Heracles is told by Diod. 
 4, G3 ; Hyginus, Fab. 79 ; Mythog. Gr., 
 ed. U. Wagner, I, 181 ff., etc. Cf. Paus. 
 59, 31, 5; 10, 29, 9. 
 
 38. Updv T Aios iv AwS^vr] : on 
 the excavations on the site of ancient 
 Dodona, see Carapanos, Dodone et 
 ses ruines, 1878. The ruins lie seven 
 miles to the southwest of Janina in 
 Epirus. The rustling of the leaves of 
 the sacred oak was regarded as the 
 voice of Zeus, and these mysterious 
 sounds were interpreted by priestesses. 
 Cf. Horn. Od. , 327, r, 219; Aesch. 
 Prom. 851 ; Steph. I3yz. and Suid. s.v. 
 
 Euphronius ; (2) a vase found at Gir- 
 genti, now in the National Library at 
 Paris; (3) a vase in the Civic Museum 
 at Bologna; and (4) a red figured vase 
 found atTruvo (M. d. arch. Inst., Rom. 
 Abth., IX (1894), 229 ff. and PI. VIII). 
 These are described and discussed by 
 Frazer, II, 159-1CO. They were doubt- 
 less derived from the painting of Mi- 
 con. 25. irel ov 8vva<r0ai rr\v o-<j>pa- 
 yiSa: a sentence introduced by ^Trei in 
 oratio obliqua often has its verb in the 
 infinitive. C-f. 1, 22, G; 5, 26, 1; 7, 23, 
 8 ; 10, 7, 3. The same construction 
 occurs with o!s and relatives in oratio 
 obliqua, as e.g. 3, 4, 4 ; 8, 53, 2 ; 9, 33, 
 4; 10, 4, 4; 10, 4,0. This construction 
 is frequent in Hdt., Time., and Plato.
 
 SANCTUARY OF TIIKSEUS 93 
 
 Ch. 17, 6 
 
 AouSon'^ /cat lepa TOV Oeov c^-yog vrpos Se r^ Kt^vpw \ifJLV7) 
 40 re e'crni' 'A^epovcria /caXou/oteVTj /cat Trorajiios 'A^e'/awi/, pet 8e 
 /cat KCD/CVTOS vSwp drepTrecrraro^. 'O/xi^pos re'yLtot 8o/cet ravra 
 ea>pa/ca>s e? re TT)^ aXXi-p Trot^crt^ aTroroX/x^crat raii> eV Ai- 
 8ov /cat Sr) /cat ra oi'd/u.ara rots Trora/xots ctTro ra>^ eV ( M )(r- 
 7T/3a>rt8t #ecr#ai. rare 8e e^o/xeVov B^crew? (TTparevov(TLv 
 45 e? v A<^)t8i/av ot TWSapew TratSe? /cat rif^ re *A<^t8^a^ alpovcn 
 l Meveo"^ea eVl /SacrtXeta /carifyayot' Me^ecr^ev? Se raii> 
 TratSwi/ rail/ @7j<rCft)S Trap' 'EXe^i^Vopa vire^\96vTO)v es 
 ovSeVa Xdyo^, rj<Ta 8e, et vrore vrapa Becr- 
 6Tai 7 Svo'a.vTa.'yftivio'Tov r^yov^vo^ 8ta 
 50 OepaTreias ra TOU SI^JLIOU /ca^tcrraro, cJ? T^crca dvacraj^eWa 
 vcrrepov dTraxrBrjvai. crreXXerat 8r) 6hy<reus irapa Aeu/caXt- 
 e? KpTJT-rjv, ei;V)(0VTa Se O.VTOV VTTO TrvtvfJidTcov e? S/cv- 
 vrjcrov Xa/X7rpa>? 7reptet7roi> ot ^/cvptot Kara yeVou? 
 /cat d^icofia &v rjv avro? etpyacr/oteVo? /cat ot ddvarov 
 55 Av/c 0/01^8175 8ta ravra e'/3ouXeuo~e*'. 
 
 'O /xet' 81^ 6hy(retys crry/cos 'AByvaioiS e'yeVero vcrrepovr) M^Sot 
 MapaOuvL ecr^ov, KIJLMUI/OS rou MtXrtdSou 2/cvpt'ou<? Troi,TJcrai>- 
 ro? a,^ao-Tdrov9 Si/op 87) row B^creius Oavdrov /cat ra 6o-ra 
 
 Aw5wyij. 30. Xt|ivT] . . . 'Axtpowta 0-17^61 is used by Pausanias ; also the 
 
 KT\. : on the identification of these construction of (777x65 'Afl^wtfois (yevero 
 
 mythological sites, see Frazer's note, is unusual. Pollux, 1, thus defines 
 
 II, 1GO 162. 44. oTpo.Tevov<riv s <rijK6s : oi n^v 7dp a,Kpij3^<TTepov crijK&v TOV 
 
 "A<|)i8vav ol Tvv8ap iraiSes : the in- (vec^v) TWJ' ijpduv \eyov(riv, oi 5^ TTOITJTCU 
 
 cursion of the Dioscuri into Aphidna /cat r6i/ riDv ^ecD^. In Plut. Ciinon, 8, 
 
 to rescue Helen is often mentioned. the tomb of Theseus on Skyros Js 
 
 Cf. 1, 41, 4; 2, 22, 6; 3, 17, 2; 18, 4, called 0-77*6*. 58. rd 6<rra KojxCorav- 
 
 5; and Hdt. 0, 73 ; Isoc. 10, 19; Diod. TOS s 'AO^vas: for the story of the 
 
 4, 63 ; Plut. Thes. 31, etc. Aphidna is bringing back of Thoseus's body, see 
 
 now identified with the hill of Kotrone, Plut. Thes., 30 ; id. Cimon, 8; Pans, 
 
 six miles east of Decelea, and thirteen 3, 7 ; Diod. 4, 02. The oracle, in 47(5- 
 
 miles from Oropus. 475 P..C., had commanded the Atheni- 
 
 56. 'O jjicv 8$i TJO-^WS O-^KOS : this is ivns to bring back the bones of Tlieseus. 
 
 the only passage in which the term Accordingly they conquered Scyros in
 
 94 THE ATTICA OF PAUSANIAS 
 
 Ch. 18, 1 
 
 18 KOfjLL(rai>Tos e? 'A^vag- TO Se itpov TWV Atoo~/couyocov ecrrlv l 
 avroi T. eo~Ta)T9 /cat ot TratSe? / 
 
 eypai//e yd^ov rwv Ovyarepaiv TWV Aev/ctTTTrov, Mt/can;' oe 
 5 TOV? /x-era 'Icuroi>os e's KdX^ov? TrXevcra^ra? /cat ot T7?g 
 17 crTrouSr) /xa\to~ra eg v A/cao~ro^ /cat TOU<? ITTTTOU? 
 TOUS 'A/cacrrov. v?rep Se rail/ Atoo"/covpw^ TO lepbv 2 
 'AyXavpov Tejae^ds icmv. 'AyXau^w 8e Kat Tat? 
 
 470-469, under the leadership of Ci- 
 mon, and brought back the relics the 
 following year. 
 
 18. Sanctuary of the Dioscuri Pre- 
 cinct of Aylaurus Prytaneum Sanc- 
 tuary of Serapis; of Ilithyia Statues 
 and Sanctuaries in the Peribolus of the 
 Temple of Olympian Zeus Isocratcs 
 Temple of Olympian Zeus Build- 
 ings of Hadrian in Athens. 
 
 1. TO 8 Upov TWV AioerKovipwv : the 
 sanctuary of the Dioscuri was also 
 called 'Avd K eiov. Cf. Time. 8, 93; 
 Andoc. 1, 45; Dem. 45, 80. Its site 
 can be approximately determined, as 
 it was near the Aglaurus precinct 
 (Pans. 1, 18, 2), and this is definitely 
 located on the north slope of the Acrop- 
 olis (see below). This is confirmed 
 by Folyaen. 1, 21, 2, who states that 
 Pisistratus, wishing to disarm the 
 Athenians, bade them assemble in the 
 Anaceum, whence their weapons were 
 conveyed to the Aglaurus precinct. 
 Lucian (Pise. 42) represents the needy 
 philosophers clambering up into the 
 Acropolis on ladders planted in this 
 sanctuary. Its extent is indicated by 
 the fact that troops of infantry and of 
 cavalry assembled there (Time. 8, 93 ; 
 Andoc. 1, 45). The "Ai/a/ces were here 
 worshiped under the name of Saviors 
 
 (Ael. Var. Hist. 4, 5, etc.). 2. KO.\ 
 ol TraiSes KT\. : the sons of Castor and 
 Pollux were by name Anexis and Mua- 
 sinus (Paus. 2, 22, 5) or Anogon and 
 Mnesileos (Apollod. 3, 11, 2). The re- 
 liefs on the throne of Apollo at Amy- 
 clae (Paus. 3, 18, 3) also represented 
 the sons on horseback. 3. no\v-yv- 
 TOS . . . ypa\|/e y<i( Jlov TWV 0vyaTpa)v TWV 
 AevKiTTirov : Hilaera (or Elaera) and 
 Phoebe, daughters of Leucippus, were 
 betrothed to Lynceus and Idas, the 
 sons of Aphareus. But the Dioscuri, 
 who were invited to the wedding, car- 
 ried off the maidens from Messene, 
 Castor marrying Hilaera and Pollux 
 Phoebe. Cf. Schol. Pind. Nem. 10, 
 112; Apollod. 3, 10, 3; 11,2. 4. M- 
 KWV : it is not known what scene from 
 the Argonautic expedition was selected 
 by Micon, but most authorities think 
 that the subject was the funeral games 
 celebrated by Acastus in honor of his 
 father Pelias. Cf. Miss Harrison, An- 
 cient Athens, p. 1(52, and Murray, Hand- 
 book of Gk. Arch. p. 370. 
 
 8. 'A-yXavpou Te'(xvos : the site of the 
 precinct of Aglaurus is a cavern about 
 70 yards from the Cave of Pan on the 
 northwest corner of the Acropolis (cf. 
 1, 28, 40 n.) and about 70 yards west 
 of the Erechtheum. It is in the region
 
 95 
 
 Ch. 18, 3 
 
 PRECINCT OF AGLAURL'S 
 
 r) Kal TlavSpocra) SOVPCU <^a.criv 'AOrjvav 
 10 KOLTa.6tlcrav e's Ki/Swrd^, dTrenrova-av e? Tr) 
 
 fj.r) Tro\VTTpayiJiOveiv IldVSpocroi' pev ST) Xe'youcri 7m' 
 ra? Se Suo d^otat yap cr^>as TT)^ /a/Sorrow /u,aiVecr$ai re, 
 w? eiSof ro^ y ^pi^06viov, KOI Kara Trjs d/cpoTrdXew?, ez'&x 77^ 
 jjidXicrTa OLTTOTO/JLOI', avTci? pifya.1. Kara rovro eTra^a/ 
 15 MrJSoi Kar(f)6i > eva'av ' AOyvaCcov rov? TT\.OV TL e's TC 
 17 B^tto"ro/cX^5 etSeVat vo/at^oj/ra? /cat TT}^ aKpo 
 /cat OTavpots a.TroTtiyicraiVTa.s. TT\"r]criov Se IlpvTa^etdi/ 3 
 
 of the Long Hocks (Ma/cpot sc. 
 mentioned Eur. Ion, 492 ff. A secret 
 staircase, some steps of which remain, 
 led down from the Acropolis into this 
 cavern. It has been suggested that by 
 this staircase the Persians gained access 
 to the Acropolis (cf. Hdt. 8, 53 ; 1'aus. 
 
 I, 18, 2). In this sanctuary the Ephebi 
 took the oath of allegiance (Lye. c. 
 Leocr. 70; Plut. Alcib. 15; Dem. ID, 
 303). 'A-yXavpto . . . 'EpixOoviov : 
 the myth has varying features with 
 different writers. According to Eur. 
 Ion, 22, Athena gives over Erichtho- 
 nius to the Aglaurides, daughters of 
 Aglaurus, wife of Cecrops ; according 
 to Apollod. 3, 14, 6, she assigns him to 
 Pandrosus alone ; in Ilyg. Astron. 2, 
 13, to the daughters of Erechtheus. 
 According to Antigonus of Carystus, 
 Hist. Mir. 12, the obedient sister was 
 not Pandrosus but Herse. In Apol- 
 lod. I.e. the maidens were destroyed by 
 the snake which protected the child. 
 Erichthonius and Erechtheus were 
 originally identical (cf. Schol. Horn. 
 
 II. B, 547; Etym. Magn. p. 371 s.v. 
 'EpexOfJs), and were doubtless appella- 
 tions of the sacred serpent of Athena, 
 guardian of the Acropolis, who lived 
 
 in the Erechtheum and was fed with 
 honey cakes once a month (cf. Hdt. 8, 
 
 4 ; Plut. Them. 10 ; Ar. Lys. 758 ff. and 
 schol.). 10. Karadcurav s Kipwrov, 
 aimirov<rav : noteworthy is the lack of a 
 connective between the two participles. 
 If Pausanias had Sovvai (j>a.<riv or some 
 such expression the passage would have 
 been normal. Cf. Apollod. I.e. ti KO.TO.- 
 Oelffa avrbvels KiffTrjv IIai>5/>6cr<fj rrf Ke'/cpo- 
 TTOS irapaKaTfOero, dTrtnrovffa. TTJV KiffTtjv 
 avoiytiv. 12. dvoiai yo.p : very fre- 
 quently in Pausanias, as in Thucydides, 
 a clause introduced by ydp is paren- 
 thetically thrown in for the explanation 
 of a statement. So e.g. in Book 1 : 1, 
 2; 2,2; 12,2; 13, 1; 20, :-J ; 21.2; 22, 
 
 5 ; 23, 10; 25, 7 ; 20, 5 ; 27, 10 ; 31, 3 ; 
 33, 7; 43, 3; 43, 7. 14. firavapavres 
 MfjSoi KT\.: with this compare the ac- 
 count in Herodotus, 7, 141-143; 8, 51- 
 53. which Pausanias probably had be- 
 fore his eyes. 
 
 17. irXti<riov Sc LTpwravtiov <TTIV : 
 the Prytaneum was the sacred centre 
 of the life of the state, the town hall. 
 When Theseus established the synoi- 
 kismos, the Prytaneum of Athens be- 
 came the Prytaneum of Attica (Time. 
 2, 15; Plut. Thes. 24). Its essential
 
 96 
 
 THE ATTICA OF PAUSANIAS 
 
 Ch. 18, 4 
 
 e o> VO^LOI re ot w^s feri yeypa/x^teot /cat 
 
 dyaXjuara /cetrat /cat 'Ecrrta?, di'SptaVreg Se aXXot 
 20 re /cat AvrdXv/cos 6 Tray/cpartaoTi?? ra<? yap MtXrtaSou /cat 
 e/ztaro/cXeov? et/cdz^a? es 'Pw/zatdi' re avSpa /cat pa/ca /xere- 
 evrevOev lovcriv eg ra /carw TT?? TrdXe&jg Sa/jdVtSo? 4 
 
 feature was its hearth, where the per- 
 petual fire burned, spoken of repeat- 
 edly as "the hearth of the city," or 
 "the common hearth" (Pollux 1, 7; 
 9, 40; Arist. Resp. Ath. 6, 8, etc.). 
 In the Prytaneum was the statue of 
 the goddess Hestia, counterpart of the 
 Roman Vesta. Here foreign ambas- 
 sadors and illustrious citizens were 
 entertained at the public expense (Ar. 
 Ach. 124; Eq. 709; Dem. 7, 20, etc.). 
 Socrates fixed his penalty as perpetual 
 maintenance in the Prytaneum (Plat. 
 Apol. 36). As regards the site, Pau- 
 sanias says the Prytaneum was near 
 the Aglaurus precinct, and as he was 
 going eastward it probably lay on the 
 north slope of the Acropolis to the 
 east of the Aglaurus precinct. It was 
 certainly on high ground, for Pausanias 
 speaks (1, 18, 4) of going thence es TO. 
 KCITW T^S 7r6\ews. Near the Prytaneum 
 was the Bucoleum, in which, before 
 Solon's time, the magistrate called 
 Basileus resided (Arist. Resp. Ath. 3), 
 and in which the sacred marriage of the 
 King Archon's wife to Dionysus contin- 
 ued to take place at least to the fourth 
 century u.r. (Arist. I.e.). 18. v <S vo- 
 (jioi T ol ZoXwvos KT\. : these copies of 
 the laws of Solon were engraved on 
 quadrangular wooden tablets called ax- 
 cmes, which turned on pivots so that they 
 could be easily read. Copies of Solon's 
 laws engraved on tablets called kurbeis 
 stood in the Royal Colonnade (1, 3, 1). 
 
 It is a disputed question whether the 
 kurbeis and axones were similar. Cf. 
 Harpocr. s.v."Aiw; Etym. Magn.-s.v. 
 Kvpfleis. 20. AVTO\VKOS 6 ira-yKpaTia- 
 O-T^JS : cf. 9, 32, 8 and Frazer's note. 
 The statue was by the son and pupil 
 of Myron (Pliny N. H. 34, 79, with 
 Jex-Blake's note) . Autoly cus was win- 
 ner in the pancratium at the Pana- 
 thenaic festival in 422 B.C., and was 
 murdered in 404 by the Thirty Tyrants. 
 He is a character in Xen. Symp. 1,1. 
 TO.S "yap MiXriaSov xal 0(Ai(TTOK\ovs 
 elKovas : the practice of altering the in- 
 scriptions on old Greek statues so as 
 to pass them off as the portraits of 
 later personages seems to have been 
 common under the Romans. Cf. Paus. 
 1,2, 4; 2, 9, 8; 17,3; 8,9,9. DioChrys. 
 37, p. 304, tells of a statue of Alci- 
 biades inscribed with the name of 
 Ahenobarbus, and Plutarch (Anton. 
 60) of statues of Eumenes and Attains 
 inscribed with the name of Mark 
 Antony. 
 
 22. VTti)6v lovriv: leaving the Pry- 
 taneum on the northern slope of the 
 Acropolis, Pausanias now proceeds 
 eastward as far as the stadium. It 
 seems likely, therefore, that the sanctu- 
 ary of Serapis was situated somewhere 
 to the northeast of the Acropolis, prob- 
 ably in- the neighborhood of the new 
 Metropolitan church. Serapis was the 
 dead Apis, or sacred bull, honored 
 under the attributes of Osiris ; he was
 
 TEMPLE OF ILITIIYIA 97 
 
 Ch. 18, 6 
 
 lepov, 6V *A07jVUOi, irapa riToXe/xatoi> dew 
 yovTO. AtyuTTTtotg 8e tepa SapdmSos eVt^ai/eVraro^ 
 25 tvriv 'AXe^ai'Spevai*', dp^atdraro^ Se eV Me'yu,<ei- e's TOVTO 
 eo~eX$eti> ovre eVot? ecrTti/ ovre rot? tepeucrt, upt^ aV ro^ 
 
 OoLTTTCOCri, TOV Se lpOU TOU SapoVlSoS OV TTOppO) ^to/DlDI' 
 
 , eV#a netpt^ow /cat B^crea o-w#e/aeVovg e? Aa/ceSat- 
 
 v&Tepov c? SecnrpajTovs crraX^z/at Xeyovcri. TrXtjcfLov 5 
 30 8e aj/coSd/xi^TO T/ao? EiXet^via?, 7)V iKBovcrav l 
 
 e? ArJXov ye^eV^at {BorjObv rat? AT^TOU? wStcrt, rov? 8e 
 Trap' avr^iv (^acrt r/Js EiXet^vta? ^laOelv TO ovo^a - Kal dvovcri 
 re EtXet^uta AiyXtot Kat TJJJUSOV aSovcrt^ 'HX^o?. Kp^re? 8e 
 ^wpa? r^? K^cocrcria? eV 'Ap,vtcrw ye^eicr^at vo/xt^oucri^ EtXet- 
 35 Oviav Kal vratSa 'Hpa? eivai- jad^ot? Se 'A^iji/aibts TT^? EtXet- 
 6via<; /ce/caXvTrrat ra 6ava e? a/cpov? rov? TrdSa?. ra /xei^ 819 
 8vo ett'at KprjTiKa Kal <J>at8pa5 avadruJLara eXeyoi/ at yvva.1- 
 K9, ro 8e dp^atdraro^ 'Epucrt^^oi'a e'/c Aiy'Xov /cop,tcrat. 
 
 ITpti' Se ro iepov teVat TOV Ato? TOV 'OXv/xTrtov 'ASpta- 6 
 40 t'o? 6 'Pw/jtatan' ^acrtXeug TO^ TC ^ao^ av0r)K Kal TO ayaXp,a 
 
 lord of the under world and was identi- 25) ; this may have been the spot to 
 
 fied with the Greek Hades. His wor- which Pausanias refers. 20. irXti<rov 
 
 ship was a combination of Egyptian 8e u)Ko86(i.T]To vaos Et\i0vtas : the site 
 
 and Greek cults, and became popular is not definitely known, but it was 
 
 in Greece and Rome. 27. x (0 P' ov doubtless northeast of the Acropolis, in 
 
 ?v0a IIcpiOovv /crX. : the agreement was the neighborhood of the present Metro- 
 
 to carry off Helen from Sparta, to draw politan church, confirmed to some ex- 
 
 lots for her, and he to whom she fell tent by the discovery at this point of the 
 
 should aid the other in winning a base of a statue dedicated to Ilithyia 
 
 wife. Cf. Plut. Thes. 31, according (C.I. A. II, 1580). The goddess of 
 
 to whom the oath was taken in the childbirth had also a sanctuary in the 
 
 neighborhood of Marathon. Soph. suburbs of Agrae to the southeast of 
 
 0. C. 1590 puts the site in the grove Athens, as we learn from the inscrip- 
 
 of the Eumenides at Colonus. There tion on one of the seats of the Theatre 
 
 was a place in Athens near the These- of Dionysus (C.I. A. Ill, 310). 
 
 um called the Horcomosium, so named 30. Is TO Upov Uvcu TOV Aios TOV 
 
 because on this spot Theseus had sworn 'OXvpnrov : on the temple of Olympian 
 
 peace with the Amazons (Plut. Thes. Zeus, see Excursus V. 40.
 
 98 THE ATTICA OF PAUSANIAS 
 
 Oh. 18, 7 
 
 i jJ>i>, oYt /XT) 'PoStots Kat ' 
 
 eicrlv ol KoXoo~o"ot, ra XOLTTOL dyaX^uaTa o^totws avroXeiTrerai, 
 8e e/c re e'Xe^aj'Tos /cat ^pvcrov Kat e)(et Te^v^s ev 
 TO /xe'ye$os opwcriv IvravOa etKoVes ' ASptavov 8uo 
 45 ju.ei' eto~t acriov \i9ov, 8vo 8e AtyvTTTtou ^aX/cat Se ecrracrt 
 
 7T/3O TWZ; KIOVWV CIS 'A01f]ValoL KaXoVCTlV CtTTOlKOVS TToXet?. 6 
 
 87} Trots TrepifioXos crraStai^ jitctXtcrra recrcrctpcov e'crrtV, 
 
 8e TrXTJprj^ ctTro yap TrdXews e/cacrr^s 
 ySacrtXeiws d^a/cetrat, Kat erects V 
 50 'A^vatot roi^ KoXocrcroi^ ctva^eVres oTrtcr^e TOU z^aov 
 
 diov. ecrrt Se ap^ala ev ra> 7rept^8oXa> Zev? ^aX/cov? /cat 7 
 Kpd^ou Kat Peas Kat re/xe^os F^s eVtKX^crtv 'OXv/xTitas. 
 o&ov es Trrj)(vv TO e8a<os Stecrr^Ke, Kat Xeyovcrt 
 /xera TT)^ l-no^^piav rrjv eVt AevKaXtw^os crv/xySacrav vrrop- 
 55 pvYJvai ravrr) TO v8ajp, eo-^8aXXouo-t TC e's avro di/a vrat' eros 
 aX<^tTa irvpwv /xeXtTt /xa^a^Tes- KetTat 8e eVt Ktovos 'lo-oKpa- 8 
 TOUS cti'Spias, os es ^vr^Jir]v rpia VTreXtVeTO, eT 
 
 0as a^iov : the statue was doubtless Ilissus andin part outside theperibolus. 
 
 copied from the famous Zeus of Phidi- rt'^wvos Tfjs : this precinct and cult 
 
 as at Olympia, and the type is in turn of Ge Olympia are closely associated 
 
 reproduced on Athenian coins. These with the sanctuary of Zeus Olympius 
 
 represent the god sitting, nude to the near the Ilissus, and are to be distin- 
 
 waist, with a Nike in his right hand guished from the sanctuary of Ge sur- 
 
 and the sceptre in his left. See named Kourotrophos just west or 
 
 Imhoof-Blumer and Gardner, pp. 137, southwest of the Acropolis referred to 
 
 138, with pi. BB, iv. by Time. 2, 15 and Paus. 1, 22, 3. Plut. 
 
 52. vaos Kp6vov icai 'Peas : the Ian- Thes. 27 locates a hieron of Ge in the 
 
 guage of Pausanias would imply that neighborhood of the stele of the Ama- 
 
 this temple also was in the peribolus zon Antiope, which we have seen was 
 
 of the Olympieum. Yet cf. Bekk. near the Itonian gate. See on Paus. 1, 
 
 Anec. I, 275, 20, lUpbviov r^evoi rb 2,1. On the site of the various sanctu- 
 
 Trapa rt> vvv 'OXtfyartoj' nfx.pl TOV firirpi^ov aries of Ge, see Excursus III. 
 
 ToC ev 1170/39, where the editors, follow- 56. 'LroKparovs avSpids KT\. : ac- 
 
 ing Wachsmuth, Rh. Mus. XXIII, 17, cording to Ps. -Plut. vit. x Or., p. 839u, 
 
 read for a^opy, tv'Aypq.. So the sane- this statue of bronze was set up by 
 
 tuary probably stretched up to the Aphareus, the adopted son of the
 
 HADRIAN'S BUILDINGS 99 
 
 Ch. 18, 9 
 
 /xe> on ol (3i(i)cra.vTL err) Svou' SeWra e/caro*> ovirore 
 /Madras ex et "> tro^pov4<TTO.TOV Se ort TroXtretas a 
 60 Ste/xetve /cat ra /cotva ov TroXvTrpay/xoi/ai^, e'Xev^epwraroi' Se 
 ort 77/365 rtyv dyyeXtai' r^5 eV Xatpcoveta ^a^s dXyrjcras 
 ereXeurrycrei' lOtXovTTJs. KelvTO.1 Se /cat \LOov ^pvyiov llepcrat 
 rptVoSa di/e'xoi'res, ^e'as a^tot /cat aurot /cat 6 
 . row 8e 'OXu/UTri'ou Ato? Aev/caXtoj^a ot/co8oyu,7j(rat 
 65 Xeyovfrt ro ap^alov iepov, o"rjjj.elov aTTO(f)aii>ovT<; (09 Aev/ca- 
 
 ' ' A0TJvr)(TLV &J/CT7<T TOL<f)OV TOV VO.OV TOV VVV OV TToXu 
 
 OTa. 'AS/navo? 8e /carecr/cevao-aro /xei^ Kat aXXa 9 
 
 vaoi/ ^Hpag /cat Ato? Ila^eXX^j/tov /cat ^eot? rot? 
 TTOLCTIV iepov KOWOV, ra Se eVt^a^eVrara eKardz/ eto~t Kioves 
 70 4>pvytov XiBov TT.Troir)VTo.i Se /cat rat? o"Toat<? /caret ra avrct 
 ot rot^ot. Kat otKT^/xara eVrav^a eVrti^ op6<j>a) re eVt^pvcrw 
 /cat aXa/3ao~rpw Xt^w, Trpo? Se dyaXjiiao~t /ce/coo"/XT7ju,eVa /cat 
 
 orator. What follows is the traditional almost opaline in its play of colors" 
 
 story of Isocrates's death, but is con- (Century Dictionary). 
 
 tradicted by the apparently genuine G7. 'ASpiavos 8t Karto-Ktvao-aTO jiev 
 
 letter (No. 3) to King Philip, in which ical a\\a 'A0T]vaiois KT\. : the other 
 
 Isocrates sees in the career of the buildings of Hadrian at Athens, from 
 
 victor the fulfillment of a united Hel- the words of Pausanias, seem to be 
 
 las at war against the Persians. See as follows: (1) the Panhellenion in 
 
 L. Blau, Kh. Mus., N.F., XX (1865), which Hadrian and the Empress Sa- 
 
 109-110; Jebb, Attic Orators, II, bina were worshiped as Zeus and 
 
 31 ff. 62. \L9ov 4>pvyou Ilt'pc-cu KT\. : Hera; cf. Dio Cass. 19, 16; (2) the 
 
 Phrygian marble was a hard limestone, Pantheon, already referred to (1, 5, 
 
 known to-day under the name of Pavo- 5) as containing the catalogue of all 
 
 nazzetto. See Bliimner, Technol. Ill, the buildings of Hadrian in Greek and 
 
 52 f. It was used in architecture in other cities; (3) the Colonnade of 100 
 
 Hellenistic times, but not in sculpture columns with the Library, singled 
 
 before the Roman period. This work out by Jerome as a wonderful work 
 
 therefore was probably a present of (Euseb. Chron. vol. 2, p. 167, ed. 
 
 Hadrian's. Phrygian marble "is char- Schone) ; (4) the Gymnasium, also 
 
 acterized by a very irregular venation with 100 columns. The ruins known 
 
 of dark-red with bluish and yellowish as the stoa of Hadrian could belong 
 
 tints, ramifying through a translucent either to the gymnasium or the library, 
 
 alabaster-like base, which is sometimes more probably to the latter.
 
 100 THE ATTICA OF PAUSANIAS 
 
 Ch. 19, 1 
 
 ypaffrals Kara/cetrat Se eg aura /3t/3Xta. /cat yv^vdcriov 
 
 l(TTLl> eTTOU'VfJiOV 'AopLOLVOV ' KIO^C? Se /Cat tVTOvSo. KCLTOl> 
 
 75 Xt^OTO^ttag rr/g Aifivwv. 
 
 19 Mera Se roi> vaoi> rov Atog rou 'OXv/jiTriov 77X170*10*' ayaX/xa 1 
 (TTLi> 'ATToXXot^og IIv^iou ecrrt Se /cat aXXo iepov 'ATroXXcu- 
 i>og eVt/cXTyo-tv AeX<tvtov. Xeyovcrt Se cu? e^etpyafr/xeVou rov 
 vaov ir\r)v 7175 opo<j>r)<; dyvws en rots Tracrti/ CXC^IKOITO 17- 
 5 ereus e? TT)^ TroXti/ ofa Se ^irwt'a e^o^ro? avrov 710817/317 Kat 
 7re7rXeyjaeVi7? e? euTrpeTre? ot TT^? KO/X.^?, cu? eytVero /cara TCW 
 row AeXc^tt'tou i^ad^, ot TTp crrey^^ ot/coSo/aov^reg rjpovro <TVV 
 o rt 8^ TrapOevos iv wpa ya/xov TrXa^arat ^0^17 
 Se aXXo /ae^ at/rots e'S^Xwcre^ ov8eV, a-TroXvcra? 8e ws 
 
 10 Xeyerat r^s a'/aa^? rov? y8ov<, 17' cr^tcrt Trap'fjye rov opocfrov, 
 dvppL\ljev eg v^)'Y]\6rpov rj rw vaw r^ &riyr\v eVoiowro. 
 e'g Se ro ^wpiot', o KT^TTOV? oi'o/xa^ovcrt, /cat r^g 'A^poSt- 2 
 7179 rov vaov ovSels Xeyo^te^dg crfyicriv ecrrt Xoyo?' ov 
 ouSe e'? TT)I> 'A^)/3o8tTi7^, 17 rou i^aoO TrX^o-iW ecrT^/ce. 
 
 15 yap "X^/ Lta / Ltei/ TTpa.yo)vov Kara ravra /cat rot? 
 TO Se eVtypa/Ajaa o~i7/xatVet TT)^ OvpavCav ' 
 
 19. Temple of Apollo Delphinius Ilissus, below the spring Callirrhoe and 
 
 Aphrodite in the Gardens Cynosarges to the southwest of the Olympieum. 
 
 Lyceum Ilissus and Eridanus There was also a Pythium on the 
 
 Artemis Agrotera Stadium of Hero- Acropolis slope. See Excursus III. 
 
 des Atticus. 2. Upov 'AiroXXwvos ir(K\ri<riv Ae\<{>i- 
 
 1. o,Ya\(xa . . . 'AiroXXwvos IIvOiov: viow : the Delphinium is said to have 
 
 the image was doubtless in a sanctuary been founded by Aegeus, who dedicated 
 
 of Pythian Apollo, in this quarter. it to the Delphinian Apollo and Arte- 
 
 An altar was erected in the Pythium mis (Pollux, 8, 19). We have no monu- 
 
 by Pisistratus, son of Hippias (Thuc. mental evidence as to the site, but we 
 
 6, 54) ; the inscription once upon this are doubtless justified in concluding 
 
 was found in 1877, and, where intact, that it lay to the east of the Olympieum. 
 
 exactly agrees with Thucydides' copy 12. Rrfjirovs : the district called The 
 
 of it. The Pythium was probably lo- Gardens is usually identified with the 
 
 cated where the inscription was discov- low ground to the east of the Olym- 
 
 ered, namely, on the right bank of the pieum, on the right bank of the Ilissus.
 
 CYNOSARGES LYCEUM 
 
 101 
 
 Ch. 19. 3 
 
 Motpa>*> eivai irp^cr^vrdrr^v. TO Se dyaX^ia TT?<? 
 
 V K^TTOt? tpJOV CTT\V 'A X AC a/A f.V O V 9 /Cat 
 
 v oXtyots $ea? a^iov. eort Se 'Hpa/cXe'ovs 3 
 20 iepov KaXovfJievov Kwdcrapye? /cat ra ^tet> eg TT)^ /cwa etSe- 
 j>at rr)v \evKrjv CTrtXe^a/zeVotg ecrrt TOI^ ^prja-fjiovj /3w/zot Se 
 tcrti> 'Hpa/cXeou? re /cat ^HyS^g, i}V Ato? 77cu8a ovtrciv crvvoi- 
 Kelv 'HpaKXet i>op,L^ovcTLv 'AX/c^i-^V^? re y8w/uo<; /cat 'loXaou 
 TTTroir)Tai, 05 TO, TroXXa 'Hpa/cXct avveTrovrjo-e rwv epya)i>. 
 25 Av/cetoi; 8e aTro jaet' Au/cou TOV IIa^Sto^o<; e^et TO oVo/xa, 
 
 This section is still green and luxu- 
 riant. 17. TO Si a-yaXfia rfjs 'A(j>po8i- 
 TTJS TTJS v K'/jirois fp^ov . . . 'A\Kap,- 
 vous : Lucian (Imag. 4, 0) speaks of 
 the Aphrodite as the most beautiful 
 of all the works of Alcamenes ; he 
 admired particularly the cheeks and 
 the front of the face, the graceful turn 
 of the wrists, and the delicate tapering 
 of the fingers. Pliny (N. II. 36, 10) 
 also speaks of it as a famous statue, 
 and adds that Phidias is said to have 
 given the finishing touches to it. The 
 style of this statue is best represented 
 in the Venus Genetrix of the Louvre, 
 of which the work of Alcamenes is now 
 generally supposed to be the proto- 
 type. It represents the goddess lightly 
 draped, holding an apple in her left 
 hand, and gracefully lifting her robe 
 above her shoulder with her right hand. 
 10. 'HpoxXlous Upov : Cynosargcs, 
 as is known from references in ancient 
 authors, was situated outside the city 
 walls (Plut. Them. 1), not far from 
 the gate (Diog. Laert. T>, 1, 13), in 
 the deme Diomea (Schol. Ar. Ran. 
 C51), near the deme Alopece. It was 
 therefore northeast of Athens in the 
 direction of the modern Ampelokipi, 
 
 near the site of the American and Eng- 
 lish schools. Cynosarges included a 
 gymnasium as well as a sanctuary, and 
 was surrounded by a grove. The use 
 of the gymnasium was reserved for 
 youths without the full rights of citi- 
 zenship. Themistocles, as the son of 
 an alien mother, used to exercise* here, 
 but he lessened the disgrace by per- 
 suading some well-born youths to join 
 with him (Plut. Them. 1). Antisthe- 
 nes, the founder of the Cynic school 
 of philosophy, lectured here, and ac- 
 cording to some the sect derived its 
 name from Oynosarges (Diog. Laert. (5, 
 1, 13). 25. AVKCIOV : the sanctuary 
 of Apollo called Lyceum took its name 
 from the epithet AiV-ftos applied to the 
 god (Lucian, Anacharsis, 7) not from 
 an imaginary Lycus, as Pausanias 
 would have it. Wolves were dear to 
 Apollo and appear frequently in the 
 myths told of him. Here was the most 
 famous gymnasium at Athens; the date 
 of the foundation is disputed. Here 
 Aristotle discussed with his disciples 
 his philosophy, paring the shady 
 walks of the Lyceum, and from this 
 habit his followers were called the 
 Peripatetics. The site is known to
 
 102 THE ATTICA OF PAUSANIAS 
 
 Ch. 19, 4 
 
 'ArroXXco^o? Se iepov e' dp^f)? re ev@v<; /cat K.aff T^uas Ivo^i- 
 ero, Av/ceids re 6 #09 IvravOa wvofjidcrOrj irpwrov Xe'yerat 
 Se on /cat Tep^atXats, eg ovs r)\0ev 6 Av/cog (frevyaiv Atye'a, 
 /cat rovrotg atrtdg ecrrt Av/ctovg oV' avrou /caXetcr^at. ecrrt Se 4 
 
 30 omcrdev TOV Av/cetov Ntcrov jiiv7?/jta, 6V atrodavovTa VTTO MLV<O 
 /3acrtXevovra Meyapajv /cojatcravreg 'A^vatot ravrrj OOLTTTOV- 
 criv. e? rovroi' roi^ Ntcrov e^et Xoyo? r/at^a? ep' TT) K6<f)a\f) 
 oi Trop(f>vpa<; eT^at, ^prfvai 8e avrov reXevrat' eVt ravrat? 
 aTro/capetcrat? cu<? 8e ot Kp^re? rf\9ov e'? r^v y^v, ra? jute^ 
 
 35 aXXag e^ C7rt8po/>t^? yjpovv ra? ef r^ MeyaptSt TrdXets, e'? 8e 
 TT)*> Ntcratat' Kara^evyo^ra ro^ Ntcrov eVoXto/3/cow evravOa 
 TOV Ntcrov Xe'yerat Bvyarepa epa(rOrjvaL MtVco /cat cu<? a,7re- 
 /cetpe ra? rpt)(a? row Trarpd?. 
 
 Tavra /xev ourw ye^eV^at Xe / yovo"t trora^oi 8e 'A^^atot? 5 
 
 40 peov(Tiv 'iXtcrd? re /cat 'H^tSai'cS rw KeXrt/cw /caret ret avra 
 ovojjLa e^wv, e'/cStSovs e'? roi^ 'iXtcrdz^. 6 Se '!Xto~o5 ea'Tiv ov- 
 ro? eV$a Trat^ovaap 1 'fl/aet^vtav VTTO dve/Jiov Bope'ou (j)acrli> 
 dpTTacr9r)va,i /cat (TvvoiKelv 'Upet^vta Ropeav /cat cr^)to~t Sta 
 ro /c^8o? dfJUjvavTa rwv TpLTJpwv TWV j3ap/3apiKOi)v ciTroXeVat 
 
 45 ra? TroXXa?. eOeXovon 8e 'A^T/^atot /cat aXXwv ^ewv lepw 
 eli^at rov 'lXto~d^, /cat Movcrai^ ySaj/xo? eV' avrco eVrtv 'lXio"ta- 
 Swv Seucwrat 8e /cat eV^a IIeXo77'ow)fo-tot KdSpoi' rov Me- 
 \dvdov ySacrtXevovra ' A0r)vai(av KTtivovcri. 8iay8acrt Se 
 
 have been east of Athens, and outside drus (Plat. Phaedrus, 230 is, c). The 
 
 the walls, but the exact locality has Eridanus is identified by Dr. Dorp- 
 
 notbeen determined. feld (A.M. XIII (1888), 211 ff. ; XIV 
 
 39. iroTa.[io: the Ilissus rises in Mt. (1889), 414) as a stream formed by 
 
 Hymettus to the east of Athens, flows one or more springs at the foot of Mt. 
 
 on the southern side of the city, and, Lycabettus, which flowed through the 
 
 after passing between the Museum hill city north of the Acropolis westwardly, 
 
 andarocky height rising on its southern passed through the city wall alittlesouth 
 
 bank, disappears in the plain. There of the Dipylum, and, bending round the 
 
 are now no plane-trees on its banks, as northwest, spur of the Pnyx, joined the 
 
 when Socrates discoursed with Phae- Ilissus (cf. Plato, Critias, p. 112 A).
 
 TEMPLE OF ARTEMIS AGROTERA 
 
 103 
 
 Ch. 20, 1 
 
 /cat vao<; 
 
 50 'Apre/AiSo? eVrav^a * ApTfjjLiv TrpuTov Oripeva'a.i Xe'yovcrti' 
 lX0ovcrai> IK Ar^Xou, /cat TO ayaXyota 8ta TOVTO e^et TO^OV. TO 
 Se d/coucracrt /xeV ou^ 6/xot&>9 eVaywyoV, OavfJia 8' tSoucrt, 
 OTctStoV ecrrt Xev/cov XiOov. /txeye^os Se avrov TirySe aV rt? 
 /xaXtcrra Te/c/xatpoiTO a.v<t)0ev opos t7rep TOI> 'iXtcroi' a 
 55 [Mevov K /Ltiyi/octSovs KaOiJKei rov TrorafJiov 737505 T 
 
 evOv re /cat SivrXow. rovro avr^p 'A^vato? 'HpojS^? w/co8o- 
 , /cat ot TO TroXu T^? Xt^oTo/xta? T^? ITet'TeX^ortv e? 
 
 20 v Eart Se 6805 (ZTTO TOV RpvTavetov /caXov/LteVr^ TptVoSe?- l 
 d<' 0u /caXovo't TO ^wptot', i^aot ocrot' e? TOVTO yacyaXot . . . Kat 
 
 two hundred and four meters, and 
 breadth thirty-three and thirty-six 
 hundredths meters. A marble parapet 
 ran round the outer edge of the race- 
 course. There seem to have been sixty 
 tiers of seats, with room for 50,000 
 persons. 
 
 20. Street of Tripods Praxiteles 
 and Phryne Temple of Dionysus 
 Capture of Athens by Sulla. 
 
 1. "Eo-ri 8e 6865 : the line of this 
 street to the east of the Acropolis is 
 determined by the surviving choregic 
 monument of Lysicrates, one of the 
 temples described by Pausanias as lin- 
 ing the street. This monument stands 
 on level ground, one hundred and thirty 
 to one hundred and forty yards from 
 the eastern cliff of the Acropolis. As 
 the inscription faces southeast, the 
 street must have run on this side. It 
 is a small circular temple of the Corin- 
 thian order, resting on a quadrangular 
 base thirteen feet high. The circular 
 part of the monument is twenty-one 
 and a half feet high by nine feet in 
 
 49. xwptov "AYpat: the district Agrae 
 was situated on the left bank of the 
 Ilissus, and was known indifferently as 
 Agrae or Agra. Every year on the 
 anniversary of the battle of Marathon 
 five hundred goats were here sacrificed 
 to Artemis A grotera. The Lesser Mys- 
 teries of Denieter.were performed at 
 Agrae in Anthesterion. The site of 
 the shrine of Artemis Agrotera has 
 not been determined, nor has that 
 of the shrine of Demeter in Agrae. 
 53. ordSiov: the stadium is situated 
 on the left bank of the Ilissus, about 
 six hundred yards east of the Olym- 
 pieum, in a valley between two paral- 
 lel slopes, running from southeast to 
 northwest; at the eastern extremity 
 it is closed by a semicircular artificial 
 embankment. The stadium was first 
 built by Lycurgus, shortly before 330 
 B.C. ; in the third century n.c. it was re- 
 paired orimproved by a certain Heracli- 
 tus ; in the second century A. D. Herodes 
 Atticus fitted up the entire stadium 
 with marble. The total length was
 
 104 
 
 THE ATTICA OF PAUSANIAS 
 
 Ch.20, 2 
 
 /xaXtcrTa 
 
 elpyacr/Jieva. crdYupos yap e&riv e'<' o> 
 v Xe'ycTat (frpovrjcrat fieya,' /cat TTOTC 
 o Tt ot /caXXtcrTov CUT) TUV cpytov, 6/xoXoyeu' 
 (fracnv ola epcKrnp StSdi'at, Karenrelv 8' OVK lOeXew o Tt 
 /caXXtoroi' avTco ot ^atvotTO. ecropa/JLCtiv ovv ot/ceTi^? 
 e^>ao"/ce^ olyecrOai ITpa^iTeXet TO TroXu T&J^ epywv 
 10 eo~7TO"d^TO5 e? TO ot/c-^/xa, ou /aev ovi^ TrdvTa ye d(f)avi(T0r)- 
 VOLL HpaiT\r)S 8e avTt/ca e$et 8ta Ovpwv ea) /cat ot /ca/xd^Tt 2 
 ovftev e(f>ao~Kev et^at vrXeoi^, et 8^ /cat TO^ ^drvpov rj (f>Xo; 
 /cat TOI> v EpwTa eVe'Xa/^e- Qpvvr) 8e jiteVeiv Oappovvra IK- 
 Xeve iraOelv yap dviapov ouSeV, T^vr) 8e aXdi^Ta 6/u,oXoyet^ 
 15 Ta /caXXto~Ta aii^ eTroirjcre. Qpvvr) /xei/ OUTW TOI/ Epwra aipel- 
 Tat Atovvo"&> 8e ev TOJ vaa> TW TrXr/criov ^drvpos eo~Tt 7rat<? 
 /cat StScoo"tv e/CTTwaa Eparra 8' eo"Tr7/coTa OLLOV /cat 
 
 diameter, and is of Pentelic marble. 
 Six Corinthian columns support the en- 
 tablature, consisting of the architrave, 
 a frieze ten inches high depicting the 
 punishment of the pirates by Diony- 
 sus, and the circular roof surmounted 
 by the base on which the tripod stood. 
 3. ^v^irqs S ata |id\i<rTa irepii\ov- 
 Tes lpYao-(jLva : the statue was placed 
 on top of the monument, underneath 
 the tripod, so that the three legs of 
 the latter enclosed it and the caldron 
 served as a roof. Cf. Paus. 3, 18, 
 8 ; 4, 14, 2. 4. o-drupos : Athenaeus, 
 13, p. 591 B, tells how Praxiteles gave 
 Phryne her choice of the statue of 
 Eros or the statue of the Satyr in the 
 street of Tripods, and that she chose 
 the Eros ; but he does not tell of the 
 ruse. Pliny, N. II. 34, 69, mentions a 
 bronze statue of a satyr known as 
 
 perlboetos or "celebrated," but it was 
 part of a group. Possibly a replica of 
 this is seen in the Marble Faun of the 
 Capitoline Museum in Rome, made 
 fungous by Hawthorne, one of a series 
 of copies of an antique work thoroughly 
 Praxitelean in style. The finest copy is 
 a torso in the Louvre, which the late 
 H. Erunn sought to identify as an 
 original work of Praxiteles. 
 
 16. AiovTjerw : some archaeologists 
 have held that this is the same satyr 
 mentioned above, but this is not con- 
 sonant with the phrase tv T< v*v r V 
 ir\r]<rtoi>. There is nothing to show that 
 this satyr, which formed part of a group, 
 was by Praxiteles. Furtwangler is in- 
 clined to identify a wine-pouring satyr 
 extant with this statue described by 
 Pausanias as offering a drink, to attrib- 
 ute the original to Praxiteles, and to
 
 SANCTUARY OF DIONYSUS THEATRE 
 
 105 
 
 Ch. 20, 3 
 
 Tov Atoi/vcrov Se' e'crrt 77/305 rw $earpo> TO dj 
 
 20 tepoV Suo Se' eto~tv eVro<? rou 77ept/3dXou z^aot /cat AtoVwrot, 
 
 o re 'EXeu$e/Devs /cat 6f 'AX/ca/xeV^ 5 eVotTyfre^ e'Xe'^airog /cat 
 
 Xpvcrov. ypa(f)ai Se avroOt, Atdwcrd? ianv avdyajv "H(^at- 
 
 o~roi/ e'? ovpavov Xe'yerat Se /cat raSe V77O 'EXX^Vw^, tu? v Hpa 
 
 ptyai yevojjitvov v H<ato~TO*>, 6 Se' ot [Lvr\<riK.a.K<j>v 7re/xi|/at 
 
 25 Satpov ^pvcrovv upovov ac^at'ets Seo"jaov9 e^ot'Ta, /cat r^ 
 
 /u,eV eVet re e'/ca^e'^ero SeSeV^at, ^ewv Se rail/ /xev aXXwv 
 
 ovoei't TO^ H^>ato*rov e^eXett' 77et^ecr^at, Aio^to"o? Se - 
 
 /xaXto"ra yap e'<? TOVTOV mcrra r)v 'H^aiVroj /xe$ucra<? av- 
 
 TO^ e'g ovpavov yyaye- ravrd re 817 yeypa/x/>teVa eto~t /cat 
 
 30 Ile^^ev? /cat Av/covpyo? a>^ e'? Atdvvo*ov vBpicrav 
 
 I / * I 
 
 make it a group with Thymilus's Eros 
 and Dionysus. 
 
 19. Tov Aiovvcrov 8^ <TTI irpos TW 
 Ocdrpto TO dpxaioTorov Upov: on the 
 identification of the most ancient sanc- 
 tuary of Dionysus, see Excursus III. 
 It is necessary to identify or distinguish 
 
 (1) this precinct beside the theatre, 
 
 (2) the sanctuary of Dionysus lv XtVvois, 
 and (3) the Lenaeum. On the theatre 
 of Dionysus, see Excursus VI. 20. Svo 
 8' tUriv . . . vao: immediately south 
 of the stage-buildings of the theatre 
 are the remains of two small temples, 
 doubtless those mentioned here. The 
 older abuts on the south wall of the 
 stage-building at its western end, and 
 its orientation is east and west. In this 
 temple was probably the image of Eleu- 
 therian Dionysus, doubtless the ancient 
 wooden one said to have been brought 
 to Athens from Eleutherae (1, 38, 8) by 
 Pegasus (1, 2, 5). A few feet south of 
 this temple are the remains of the later 
 temple, larger in size, and with some- 
 what different orientation, consisting 
 
 of a cella with a fore-temple and an 
 antechamber. In the cella are the re- 
 mains of a large base, which probably 
 supported the gold-and-ivory image 
 of Dionysus by Alcamenes. The date 
 of this temple was probably not earlier 
 than 420 H.C. The statue is inferred to 
 have been a seated figure of colossal 
 size. 20. cs ovpavov ^v ^* : the re- 
 turn to heaven of Hephaestus is de- 
 picted on many red-figured Attic vases, 
 and the manner of representing it was 
 probably influenced by the picture in 
 the temple here described. See Bau- 
 meister's Denkmaler, pp. 04:>-(i45; Ro- 
 scher's Lexikon, I, 20">4-20">0. Homer 
 gives two different versions of the fall 
 of Hephaestus from heaven, one that 
 he was flung over the ramparts by Zeus 
 for interference in a family quarrel 
 with Hera (II. A, 590 ff.), the other 
 that Hera at his birth, in disgust at 
 his lameness, cast him from heaven 
 into the sea, where Thetis and Eury- 
 nome received him (II. 2, 394 ff.). 
 30. IIcvOcvs teal AxiKoOp-yos: the murder
 
 106 
 
 THE ATTICA OF PAUSANIAS 
 
 Cli. 20, 4 
 
 St/cag, 'Apidovrj Se /ca^evoovcra /cat rjcrevg aVayd/Aei'og /cat 
 AtoVvcrog TJKCOV eg rfjs 'AptaS^ryg r^ dprrayrjv. 
 
 *Eo~rt Se rrXr)(jLOi> rov re tepov rov Ato^vcrov /cat rov Oedrpov 4 
 /carao~/cevao~/aa, TTOLrjOrjvai Se r^g crKrjvrjs avro e'g 
 
 35 r^g Hep^ov Xeyerat eiron/fOr) Se /cat Sevrepo^, TO yap a/ 
 
 orparryyog 'Peojiiataji' everrprjcre SvXXag 'A.6rjvas e\wv. atrta 
 Se r^Se rov TroXe^otov. Mt^ptSar^g ej3ao~L\.eve /Sapfidpuv rwv 
 rrepl rov Hovrov rov Ev^eti'ov. Trpo^ao'tg jite^ 817 St' rjvnva 
 'Pajjaatotg eVoXe/xr^o'e /cat 6V rporrov e'g r^v 'Ao~taz/ OLejSrj /cat 
 
 40 ocrag 17 rroXe/JLO) jSia&dfjievos TrdXetg ecr^ev rj ^>tXag eVot^- 
 o"aro 7 raSe /xe^ rotg eVto~rao~$ai ra Mt^ptSarov OeXovcn 
 e'yai Se oo~ov e'g r^ aXwo~tv r^v *AOr)vaia)V e^et 
 17^ 'Apto~rtw^ 'A^Tj^atog, <5 Mt^ptSar^g rrpefT/Seveiv 5 
 e'g rag TrdXetg rag 'EXXr/vtSag e^prjro ovrog dverreiorev 'A^- 
 
 45 vatovg Mi0pLodrr)v Oeo-Oai 'PwjLtatai^ eVtVpocr^ez'. a^e7reto~e 
 
 of Pentheus by the Maenads for his in- 
 solence to Dionysus is the theme of the 
 Bacchae of Euripides. It is frequent- 
 ly represented on vase-paintings and 
 sculptured reliefs. Various stories are 
 told as to the punishment of Lycurgus, 
 king oi the Edonians in Thrace. Ho- 
 mer (II. Z, 130) says he was blinded by 
 Zeus and died soon after ; according to 
 others Dionysus himself blinded and 
 crucified him (Diod. 3, 05), or exposed 
 him to panthers (Hyg. Fab. 132) ; 
 Sophocles (Antig. 955) has him im- 
 mured by the offended god in a rocky 
 prison. 31. 'ApidSvr) 8i KaOevSoixra : 
 this incident is the subject of other 
 paintings described in ancient writers, 
 and figures largely in vase-paintings. 
 Thus Philostratns, Imag. 14 (15), de- 
 scribes a similar picture in more de- 
 tail. It also forms the subject of one 
 of the Pornpeian wall-paintings. From 
 
 the nature of the subjects Ilelbig thinks 
 these paintings could not date earlier 
 than the time of Zeuxis and Parrhasius, 
 nor later than towards the end of the 
 fourth century B.C. (Untersuchungen 
 iiber die campanische Wandmalerei, 
 p. 257). 
 
 34. KaracrKEvao-fJia : this was the 
 Odeum of Pericles, said to have been 
 built in imitation of the tent of Xerxes 
 (Plut. Pericles, 13). It was a round 
 building with a conical roof. The 
 comic poet Cratinus compared the high 
 peak-shaped head of Pericles to the 
 Odeum. It was built by Pericles to 
 be the scene of the musical contests 
 at the Panathenaic festival (Plut. I.e.). 
 Here too, the tragedies which were to 
 be exhibited' at the Great Dionysiac 
 festival were rehearsed. The situation 
 was doubtless immediately east of the 
 theatre.
 
 SI T LLA AT ATHENS 107 
 
 Ch. 20, 7 
 
 Se ov TrdvTas, dXX' ocrov S^/xog TJV Kal ST^OU TO 
 
 L Se aiv rig Xdyos irapa rov? 'Payxatous e/ 
 I6e\ovrai. yevo/xeVrjs Se ^td^s TroXXa! Trepi'fjcra.i' ot 
 'Pto/xatot, /cat <f>evyoi>Ta<; 'Aptcrrtaj^a /xeV /cat 'A^ijvatovs e's 
 
 50 TO do~TU /cara8ta;/covo"iv, 'Ap^eXaoi/ 8e /cat rov? /3ap(3oipov<; 
 e? rot' Hetpata Mt^ptSarou Se crrpaTTyyo? /cat ovro? ^, 6V 
 irporepov TOVTWV May^TC? ot TOI^ StV^Xo^ ot/cowres a^a? 
 eVe/cSpa/xovra avrov re rtrpwo"/covo~t /cat rail/ j3ap(3dpa)i> 
 <j)ovvovcri rov9 TroXXov?. 'A^vaioi? jaei^ 817 TroXtop/cta (> 
 
 55 /ca^eta"TT7/cet, Ta^tXo? 8e Mt^ptSarov orparryyo? 
 jutet' TTpiKa.0r)n.vo<; 'EXaretai' 
 
 Se ayyeXoiv d^ao*T^o"a5 TOI/ err par ov e? T^V 'Arrt/c^ 
 a TTwBavo^vo^ 6 orpar^yo? TOJJ> 'Pw/xatw^ *A^iyvas /xev rou 
 (TTparov /xepet TroXtop/cet^ d^/cet', avro? Se TafiXaj TO TroXv 
 
 GO T77<? Sv^d/xew? e^GJi/ e'g BOIWTOV? airavTa.. rpirrj Se vcrrepov 
 rjfjiepa Tot? 'Pw/xatot? ri\6ov CTT' dp-tfroTtpa ra o"TpaTO7reSa 
 ayyeXot, SvXXa /xei^ a><? A0r)vaioi,S fty TO Tet^o? eaXw/co?, Tot? 
 Se 'A^iyvas TroKLopKyjcracTL Ta^tXoi' KeKparrjcrOaL f^d^rj Trepl 
 Xatpwvetai'. SvXXa? Se 009 e'? T^ 'Arrt/CTr)j> eVa^X^e, TOV? 
 
 05 eVa^Ttaj^eWa? * AJBt^vauav /ca^etp^a? e'? TO^ Kepa/xet/cov 
 Xa^wTa a^)(i)v e/c Se/caSo? e/cao~rr7<? e'/ce / Xevo"ei^ ayecr^at 
 eVt BavaTw. SvXXov Se ov/c dt'teWo? e'<? 'A^vatov? TOV Ovpov 7 
 Xa06i>T<; e'/cStSpdo"/covo"t^ dj^Spe? e'? AeX^ov? e'po/xeVot? Se' 
 cr^)to~tv et /caTaXa/x/3aVot TO ^pewt* 17817 /cat TO.? 'A.0Tjvas t 
 
 70 {jLtoOfjifqi, TOVTOI? Xpr)(Tv 17 Ilv^ta TO, e'<? TOV d(TKOi> 
 a Se vcrrepov TOVTMV evetrecrev 17 vdo"o? 17 /cat TOI 
 
 v dXaivat TrvvOdvo^ai. ^vXXa 8e ecrrt /Ltev /cat Ta e'? 
 TOJ;? vroXXov? 'A^^atcov dyptwTepa 17 GJ<> avSpa et/co? 171^ e'pyd- 
 (racrOai 'PcojLtatov dXXa yap ov ravra 8^ atTtav yeve'a^at ot 
 
 75 So/cw T^? crvfjufropdsi 'l/ceo"tov Se /x^vt/aa, OTI KaraffrvyovTa. e'? 
 TO T^? 'A.0j)vas lepov diT.KT.LVf.v OL
 
 108 
 
 THE ATTICA OF PAUSANIAS 
 
 Ch.21, 1 
 /Ca/COJ$eiO~at TOV 
 
 L (JLV OUTfo><? V7TO TOV 
 
 21 jUtatwz' au^t? ' \opiavov (3a<TL\evovTo<; r\vQi\(T<LV etcrt Se *A.0r)- l 
 et/cd^es eV TO) Oedrpct) /cat TyaaywStas /cat /caj/zaiSta? 
 , at TroXXat ra>^ a^a^ecrrepajv ort ^0177 yct/o MeVav- 
 Spog, ovSetg T^ TTOir)TY)S /ccD/xtoStag roit' e? Sd^at' 
 5 r/3aya>8ta5 8e Ket^rat TWV ^avepoiv EuptTTtS^? /cat 
 Xeyerat Se So^)O/cXeov? reXeur^Vavro? ecr/SaXet^ e's r^v 'Arrt- 
 /c^ Aa/ce8at/xo^tov<?, /cat CT^MV TOV riyov^evov tSetz^ eVt- 
 crrai/ra ot Atdwcroi/ KeXevett' Tt/Aats, ocrat KadecrrrfKao'iv eVt 
 rot? Te^^ewcrt, TT^r ^etp^a r^ i^eai^ rtjotav /cat ot TO ovap 
 
 10 e? ^o<^)O/cXea Kat T^V ^o^o/cXeov? 
 
 etw$ao~t Se /cat vvz^ ert Trotr^/xaraiv /cat Xdycoi^ TO 
 ^eipvjvi et/ca^ett'. T^V oe et/cd^a TT)I^ Ato"^vXov 7roXXa> TC 2 
 vcrrepov rrjs TeXevT^? 8o/cai iroirjOrjvai /cat T^S ypacfrrjs T) X TO 
 epyov eyet TO Ma/aa^wt't. e^)^ Se Ato~^vXo? /xetpa/ctot' w^ 
 
 15 /ca^euSetv ev aypw (f>v\dcrcr(t)i> o"Ta^>uXct9, /cat ot Atdt'vo'o^ 
 eVtcrTcti/Ta /ceXevo~at TpaywStW Trotetv w? 8e ^ rjp,epa 
 
 21. Statues of comic and tragic Poets 
 in the theatre Gorgoneum on the south 
 ryaH o/ ^/ie Acropolis Cavern above 
 Z/ie theatre with Tripod Nio&e Ca- 
 ios awi Daedalus Temple of Ascle- 
 pius The Sarmatians Linen corse- 
 lets in the Apollo temple at Gryneum. 
 
 2. elKoves : the statue of Astydainas, 
 a writer of numerous tragedies, set 
 up by himself, is an example of this 
 practice (Piog. Laert. 2, 5, 43). Athe- 
 naeus (1, p. 19 E) mentions the statue 
 of an obscure Euryclides which stood 
 with the statues of Aeschylus and his 
 fellows. Here too were statues of The- 
 mistocles and Miltiades, and beside 
 each that of a Persian captive (Aris- 
 tides, Or. 47, vol. 2, pp. 215 ff., ed. Din- 
 dorf). Twelve statues of the emperor 
 
 Hadrian were set up by the twelve 
 Attic tribes, and of these the inscrip- 
 tions of four have been found (C.I. A. 
 III, 406-469). tv T$ Ocdrpw : for a 
 historical sketch and description of 
 the theatre at Athens, see Excursus 
 VI. 5. rpa-ywSCas : the statues seen 
 by Pausanias were probably the bronze 
 statues of Aeschylus, Sophocles, and 
 Euripides, set up on the motion of 
 Lycurgus (Ps.-Plut. vit. xOr. p. 841 f.). 
 After telling parenthetically the anec- 
 dote about Sophocles, Pausanias men- 
 tions the statue of Aeschylus. The 
 Sophocles story is told more fully by 
 the anonymous author of the life of 
 Sophocles (Biogr. Gr.,ed.Westermann, 
 p. 1"0), who says that the poet was 
 buried in the family tomb near Decelea.
 
 THE GORGON MEDUSA CALOS 100 
 
 Ch.21, 4 
 
 TTf.i6f.crBa.i yap 0\iv pacrTa 17817 7retpa>^,e^o9 Trotett'. 
 OVTO9 p.cv TavYa eXeyej; eVt Se TOU NOTIOU /caXotyxeVov 3 
 Tet'^ovs, o [TT?? d/cpoTrdXews] e's TO Oearpov e'o~Tt TeTpa/u,/Ae- 
 
 20 voi>, eVt TOUTOV Me8ovo~i7? T^S Fopydt'o? e'7Tt^pvo~o? dt'd/cet- 
 Tat /ce^aXi/, /cat Trept CLVTTJV atyt? TreTrot^Tat. eV Se TI} Kopv<f>fj 
 TOV tJea-Tpov a"irri\a.i6v eo~Tiv ev Tat? 7reVpat9 VTTO TI)I/ d/cpd- 
 TroXti/ TptVous Se eVeo~Tt /cat TOVTO) 'AvroXXwi/ Se 
 /cat *ApTe/zts TOU? TratSd? eto~t^ ava.ipovvTt<; TOV? 
 
 25 ra.VTT]v TrjV NtdyS^v /cat atTO<> etSot* avekOwv e'? TOV 
 TO opo?- 17 Se 77X170*10^ jaev Trerpa Kat /cpi^^t^d? e'o~Ttz> o 
 TrapdvTt ar^rJiJLa Trape^d^e^o? ywat/co? OUTC aXXwg o^Te 
 
 et Se' ye TroppwTepaj yeVoto, SeSa/cpv/Lte'i 
 /cat KaTTjfftr) ywat/ca. 
 
 30 'IOVTOJV Se 'AQijvrjO'LV e'? T^ d/cpo7roXiv ctTro TOV OtaTpov 4 
 KctXa>5 TOVTOV TOV KdXwv dSeX<i^5 TratSa d^Ta /cat 
 
 20. MeBovo-qs T-^S Fop-yovos 
 <ros avaKtirai Kc^aXrj : this was set 
 up by king Antiochus. See 5, 12, 4. 
 Frazer suggests that the Gorgon head 
 was thus placed in a prominent posi- 
 tion on the wall of the Acropolis to 
 serve as a charm against the evil eye. 
 22. <rirT|\aiov : this cave is still to 
 be seen in the Acropolis rock, directly 
 above the theatre, and has long been 
 used as a chapel dedicated to the Vir- 
 gin of the Cave (Panagia Spiliotissa). 
 Until the beginning of the nineteenth 
 century, its mouth was adorned by 
 a Doric portico, forming the choregic 
 monument of Thrasyllus, an elegant 
 structure about twenty-nine feet five 
 inches high by twenty-five feet wide, 
 consisting of three Doric pilasters rest- 
 ing on two steps and supporting an 
 epistyle, which is in turn surmounted 
 by a frieze. Above the frieze were 
 
 three pedestals of gray marble, the 
 central one of which once supported a 
 seated statue now in the British Mu- 
 seum. An inscription sets forth that 
 the monument was dedicated by Thra- 
 syllus of Decelea, in commemoration 
 of a victory which he had won with a 
 chorus in the archonship of Neaechnms 
 (320-310 H.C). The other two pedes- 
 tals bear inscriptions commemorating 
 victories of Thrasycles, son of. Thra- 
 syllus. The monument doubtless sup- 
 ported a bronze tripod, and the statue 
 was probably inclosed within the legs 
 of the tripod. The group of Apollo, 
 Artemis, and the children of Niobe 
 was probably in the portico. 
 
 31. T'8airTcu KaXws : the nephew of 
 Daedalus is commonly called Talos by 
 ancient writers, but Clement of Alex- 
 andria (Protrept. 4. 47, p. 41, ed. Pot- 
 ter) and Suidas (s.v. n^pSixos iep6v)
 
 110 
 
 rrs 
 
 THE ATTTCA OF PAUSANIAS 
 
 AatSaXog e'g 
 eVSiSpcur/cet Trapa 
 
 Ch.21,5 
 
 oVw 8e vorrepov eg ^ 
 TOV Se 'Acr/cX^TTtov TO iepov eg re ra dyaXyaard eVrt^, ovrocra 
 
 35 TOV #eov TreTrot^rat /cat raiz> TratSw^, /cat e'g Tag ypa<dg #e'ag 
 d^iov cart Se eV avrw Kpyvrj, nap' -ft Xe'yovo-t 
 TratSa 'AXippoOwv Ovyarepa *Ape<wg 'AX/ctTrvr^^ 
 airoOavciv VTTO ^Apeco?, Kat St/cry^ eVt TOVTCO ra> <^oi^a) yeve- 
 or9ai TTputrov. IvTavOa aXXa re /cat Savpo/xartKO? d^ctKietrat 5 
 
 40 0o)pa- eg TOVTOV rt? tSait' ovSeV rjo'O'oi' 'EXX^^w^ rou? ^8ap- 
 /3dpov5 (f)TJcreL cro(j)ov<s e's ra? re^fa? etz/at. ^avpo/xdrat? yap 
 ovre at/rots (71817^05 icrnv opvcrcrd/xe^o? ovre cr^)tcrtz/ ecrct- 
 yovcrtv djott/crot yap jLtdXtcrra rwi/ ravrrj fiapfidpoiv etcrt. 
 out* r^ aTropiav TavTyv e^evpyrai cr^>tcrt^ - eVt 
 
 agree with Pausanias in naming him 
 Calos. Others give him the name of 
 Perdix ("partridge"). See Ovid, Met. 
 8, 236; Hyginus, Fab. 30, 244, and 
 274. Daedalus is said to have mur- 
 dered him by throwing him from the 
 Acropolis, because Calos had surpassed 
 him in mechanical ingenuity by in- 
 venting the saw, compasses, and pot- 
 ter's wheel. The grave of Calos was 
 on the southern slope of the Acropolis 
 between the theatre and the sanctuary 
 of Asclepius. 34. TOV Si 'A<rK\T)-mov: 
 the sanctuary of Asclepius was just 
 west of the theatre precinct, bounded by 
 the rock of the Acropolis on the north, 
 and by a retaining-wall still extant on 
 the south. There still exist consider- 
 able monumental remains of a colon- 
 nade within the precinct; and through 
 an arched doorway in the back wall of 
 the colonnade admission is given to a 
 small round chamber hewn in the 
 Acropolis rock, with a dome-shaped 
 
 roof, in which is a spring of pure wa- 
 ter, doubtless the fountain mentioned 
 by Pausanias. The colonnade was 
 doubtless intended for the patients of 
 the god, who slept here with the hope of 
 revelations in dreams and of marvelous 
 cures (cf. Ar. Plutus, 059 ff.). South 
 of the west end of the colonnade are 
 the foundations of what was probably 
 the temple of Asclepius. Somewhat 
 to the west are the foundations of a 
 building which was probably the house 
 of the priests and other officials of the 
 sanctuary. Two long inscriptions fur- 
 nish interesting lists of votive offerings 
 found on the site (C.I. A. II, 835, 836), 
 as gold and silver representations of 
 hands, feet, teeth, ears, and the like. 
 It is noteworthy that in describing the 
 south side of the Acropolis Pausanias 
 makes no mention of (1) the Colon- 
 nade of Eumenes, and (2) the Music 
 Hall of Herodes Atticus, two important 
 extant monuments.
 
 THE SARMATIANS 111 
 
 Ch. 22, 1 
 
 45 rot? Sdpao'ti' at^/x,o,9 dcrreiVa? avri cn&fjpov (fropovcri., rd^a 
 re Kpavtiva /cat otoTovs /cat d<TTii/a9 d/ct'Sas eVl rots otorot 1 ; 
 /cat cretpats Trept/SaXdi'Tes TWI> iro\f.^ioiv OTTOCTOU? /cat TV- 
 j', rovg I'TTTTOV? <Z7TO(TTpei//a^Te9 d^aTpeVovcrt rou? eVcr^e- 
 
 rat? cretpats. rou? Se $ojpa/ca<? Trotov^rat roi/ rpotrov $ 
 50 TOVTO*>. tTTTrov? TToXXa? e/cacTTog rpe'^et, w? a^ oure e's 
 K\TJpov<s rry? yTyg /xe/xeptcr/LteV^s oure rt (frepovo"r)<; 
 dy/Dtag are OVTOJV po^d^ojv ravratg ou/c e? 
 
 fjiovov, aXXa /cat ^eot? OVOVCTLV eVt^coptotg /cat 
 crtrovj^rat. crvXXe^dyae^ot 8e ret? oTrXd? eKKa0TfjpavTe<; re /cat 
 
 55 SteXo*>T<i TTOLOVCTLV ClTf' OLVTWV fJi(f>prj SpaKOVT 
 
 ocrrts 8e ov/c etSe TTW Spct/coi^ra, Trtrvd? ye etSe Kapnov 
 poi^ ert rat? ow eVt ra> /capTtw r^s TTtrvo? (^atvoj 
 /xat? et/ccto>i' TO epyov TO IK rfj<; orrXrj<; OVK av 
 ravra Starp^cra^re? /cat vevpois ITTTTOJV /cat /3oo)v 
 
 60 re? xpwi/rat O^pa^Lv ovre euTrpeTreta rw^ 'EXX'rpt/caii' a 
 
 crtv ovre dcr^evecrTepot? /cat yap crvcrrdS^i' TVTTTO^VOI /cat 
 
 d^e^oi/rat. ot Se 0a>pa.K<; ol XLVOL yota^o/u-eVot? 7 
 6jLtota>5 etcrt ^ptjcnfJLOL, Stiacrt yap [/cat] ySta^d/xei'Ot 
 cr&vjpov 0r)pvovTas 8e co^eXoCcrt^, eVarro/cXwirrat yap 
 
 65 a^tcrt /cat Xe6Vraji> oSd^re? /cat TrapSdXew^. ^wpa/ca? Se Xt- 
 t'ou? tSett' eV re aXXots tepot? ecrnv dj/a/cetjiteVovg /cat eV Fpv- 
 vetw, ei'^a 'ATrdXXwi/o? /cdXXto"rov dXcro? SeVSpwv /cat rjf 
 /cat ocra rcot' d/cdpTrw^ ocr/x^? Trape^erat rti^a 17 ^e'a? 
 
 22 Merd Se ro tepoz/ rov 'Acr/cXT/Trtou ravrrj vrpo? rrp d/cpd- l 
 TroXtv tovcrt Be/xtSo9 vad? eVrt. /ce'^cocrrat Se Trpo avrov 
 
 22. Temple of Themis Hippolytus 2. 0(ii8o vaos : tlic temple of The- 
 
 and Phaedra Temple of Ge Kourotro- mis, together with the sanctuaries of 
 
 phos and Demeter Chloe The Propy- Aphrodite Pandemus, Ge, and Pe- 
 
 Zaea TempleofNikeApteros Death meter Chloe, mentioned below, were 
 
 ofAegeus Pinakotheke Musaeus doubtless situated at the southwestern 
 
 Hermes Propylaeus and the Graces of foot of the Acropolis, somewhere be- 
 
 Socrates. tween the Odeum of Herodes Atticus
 
 112 THE ATTICA OF PAUSAXIAS 
 
 Ch.22, 2 
 
 Tov Se' ot /3iov Trjv T\evrr)v 
 Xeyovcrtv IK Karaptov. S^Xa 8e', /cat oo~Tt<? fiapfioiptov yXwcr- 
 5 era*' efJiaOev 'EXXr^Voj^, o re e/aw? r^? <I>atSpa9 /cat 7775 rpo- 
 ^)ov TO e? TT)^ Sta/covtai> rdX|UT7/xa. ecrrt 8e /cat Tpoifyviois 
 
 reuses e^et 8e' cr^tcrt^ a>Se 6 Xoyo<?. Bi^creug cos 2 
 i^ a^ecr^at ^at'Spat', ov/c effeXatv et ot yeVoti^ro TratSe? 
 oure a^^ecr^at roi/ 'iTTTrdXvTot' oure /3ao~tXevet^ d^r'. aurai^, 
 10 irfjLTT6i TTapa HiT0a Tpa^aro^vov avTov Koi /3acrtXevcrovTa 
 Tpot^ryz'o?. ^po^oj Se vcrTepov IlctXXa? /cat ot TratSe? eVave- 
 (TTrjcrav tyrjcrel- TOUTOU? /cretVa? e? Tpot^^a eyo^erat Ka.9a.p- 
 (r'uav etVe/ca, /cat ^atSpa Trpatrrf eVrav^a eiSe^ 'iTTTroXvro^ /cat 
 ra e'<> rof 96.va.rov e'pacr#eto~a e^8ovXevo"e. /xvpcrtV^ 8e eo~rt 
 15 fpoilgflviots ra c^vXXa 8ta 7rao~T7? e^ovcra rerp virrj ^ eVa ^>v- 
 ^at Se ou/c e'^- ap^rj<; roiavTi^v Xeyovcrt^, aXXa TO epyov yeye- 
 vr\(r9a.i r^9 e'? rov epcora acr^? /cat TT/? Trepo^? 7)V eVt rat? 
 Opi^lv et^et^ ^ <J>at8pa. 'A^poSi'rTp 8e T^ riavS^jao^, eVet :j 
 re 'A^r/i/atov? Tyo'et'? e'? /xta^ ^'yayei^ aTro TWI/ S^coi/ 7roXii>, 
 20 avrrfv re o"e'/3ecr^at /cat ITei$a> /careVr^cre ra /u,eV 81^ TraXata 
 dyaX/xara ou/c T^ eV e'/xov, ra 8e eV e'/xov re^^trai^ ^z^ ou 
 
 and the Acropolis entrance, but the tlue Acropolis. Inscriptions and statu- 
 
 exact site of none of them lias as yet ettes belonging to her cult have been 
 
 been determined. 3. (ivi}fi.a 'I-iriroXv- found on this site. No trace of the 
 
 Tu : for the story of Hippolytus and actual sanctuary remains. Miss Har- 
 
 Phaedra, see Euripides, Hippolytus, risen, Ancient Athens, pp. 105-110, de- 
 
 especially 43 ff. , 887 ff. , 116(5ff. fends this Aphrodite against the slurs 
 
 18. 'A<j>po8iTT|v 8e rr\v ndv8ri(iov : cast on the title Pandemus, and shows 
 
 Apollodorus quoted by Harpocr. s.v. that she was a great and holy goddess, 
 
 wavdij/j-os 'A0po5tV?; says that this was giver of increase, one of the ancient 
 
 " the name given at Athens to the god- Oriental Trinity (Paus. 9, 16, 3), of 
 
 dess whose worship had been estab- which the other two were Heavenly 
 
 lished somewhere near the ancient Aphrodite and Aphrodite the Averter. 
 
 agora." This indicates, in conjunc- 20. IltiOw : the Athenians annually 
 
 tion with the statement of Pausanias, offered a sacrifice to the goddess Per- 
 
 that the sanctuary of Aphrodite Pan- suasion (Isocrates, 15, 249), and a spe- 
 
 demus was close to the west slope of cial seat was, it seems, assigned to her
 
 THE ACROPOLIS 
 
 113 
 
 Ch.22, 4 
 
 r<t)v d<f>ai>crTdTaji>. ecrrt Se /cat Vrjs Kovporpocftov /cat 
 T/DOS iepov XXdi79- TO. Se e's Tas eVwi'iyuas eoT> auraii' StSa- 
 ^jd^vai rot? iepevcrw IXOovra. e<? Xoyov<j. 
 
 25 'Es Se TT)*' d/cpovroXtV eVrtv eicroSo? /xta trepav Se ot> irape- 4 
 ^erat, Tracra dTrdro^o? ovcra Kat ret^o? e^ovcra l^ypov. ra 
 Se TrpOTrvXata \LOov Xev/cov r^ opofy^v e^et /cat KOCT/XW /cat 
 
 rcu^ ITTTTCGDV OVK e^w cra^w? etTret^, etre ot 
 
 mass of rock extending east and west. 
 The north and east sides are naturally 
 steep and inaccessible ; the south side 
 slopes more gradually, and needed espe- 
 cially strong fortifications, while on 
 the western side the Acropolis slopes 
 gently toward the Areopagus, this form- 
 ing the natural approach. The Acrop- 
 olis surface is a plateau, rising toward 
 the east with its highest point (five 
 hundred and twelve feet above the 
 sea) to the northeast of the Parthenon. 
 Its length from east to west is about 
 three hundred and twenty-eight yards; 
 its greatest breadth from north to south 
 is about one hundred and forty-eight 
 yards. See Excursus VII. 20. rd 
 8i irpoirvXeua : for description of the 
 Propylaea, see Excursus VIII. 28. 
 rds . . . tlKovas TWV iirirt'tov KT\. : por- 
 tions of the inscribed bases and pedes- 
 tals of statues of horsemen have been 
 found, which faced each other on oppo- 
 site sides of the way leading up to the 
 Acropolis. An inscription shows that 
 they were dedicated in honor of a cav- 
 alry victory, and mentions the names 
 of three cavalry officers, among them 
 a Xenophon ; and it is clear that the 
 original statues were not set up later 
 than 437 n.c. Another inscription on 
 one of the pedestals shows that the 
 
 priestess in the theatre (C.I. A. Ill, 
 351). 22. rfjs KovpoTp6j>ow : Solon 
 spoke of Earth as the "buxom Nursing- 
 Mother " (Frag. 43 in Bergk's Poetae 
 Lyrici Graeci 3 , II, 438). According 
 to Suidas s.v. KovpoTp6<pos, Erichtho- 
 nius was' the first to sacrifice to Earth 
 the Nursing- Mother on the Acropolis; 
 and the Ephebi seem to have kept up 
 the custom (C.I. A. II, 481, 1. 58 sq.). 
 This sanctuary was either at the south- 
 west corner or else due west of the 
 Acropolis, and somewhere along the 
 winding road followed by Pausanias. 
 At]p.T|Tpos Upov XXoT|s : from the evi- 
 dence of ancient passages and of in- 
 scriptions it is clear that the sanctuary 
 of Demeter Chloe was close to the 
 western entrance to the Acropolis. 
 Aristophanes (Lysistrata, 831 sqq.) 
 describes a man hurrying up the Acrop- 
 olis slope beside the sanctuary of the 
 Verdant Goddess. Schol. Soph. Oed. 
 Col. 1600 locates this sanctuary "near 
 or beside the Acropolis," and quotes 
 a passage from Eupolis, "I will go 
 straight to the Acropolis; for I must 
 sacrifice a ram to Verdant Demeter." 
 Th name had reference to the natural 
 ' hue of foliage. 
 
 25. 'Es Si TT)V dKp6iroX.lv : the Acrop- 
 olis of Athens is a long and precipitous
 
 THE ATTICA OF PAUSANIAS 
 
 30 ticnv ol Hevo^wi^ro? etre aXXw? e's evTrpeVeiai' 
 
 Se IT poTTv\a'ut>v iv Sefia NI/O}? ia"T\v 'ATrrepov 
 
 #aXa<T<ra ecrrt cru^oTTTog, /<at ravry pu//a<? Aiyev<? 
 eavrbv cog \4yovcriv eYeXevr^crei'. d^yero jaei/ yap 17 vavg 5 
 /xe'Xacrij' tcrriotg 17 rows TraiSag (frepovcra eg 
 35 8e eVXei yap roX/x^g rt e^&jv eg" roi^ Mu'O) 
 
 raJvpov vrpog rov Trarepa irpoetTre ^pijcreo'0ai rot? tcrn'ois 
 OTTicro) 77X07 rov ravpov /cpar^cras rovra>^ 
 IvravBa Aiyev? w? 
 
 tcrrtotg p-eXacrt r^ ^av^ Ko/xt^o/xeV^i^, ota roi^ vratSa 
 40 j/at 8o/<a^, a^>et5 O.VTOV 8ta^)^etperat /cai ot Trapa Aur 
 
 Icrrl Ka\ovfjii>oi> ripaiov Atyew?. ecrrt 8e eV aptcrrepa. rwv 6 
 
 8e 
 
 horseman was later converted into a 
 statue of Germanicus. Pausanias's 
 conjecture was the merest guesswork, 
 showing that he did not carefully read 
 the inscription. The sons of Xenophon 
 were not yet born, and the date is too 
 early for the Xenophon of the inscrip- 
 tion to be the historian. 31. Niters 
 . . . 'ATrre'pou vaos : on the temple of 
 Athena Victory, see Excursus IX. 
 
 38. Al-ys : the story of the death of 
 Aegeus is similarly told by 1 Moderns (4, 
 61), Plutarch (Tlies., 17 and 22) and 
 Servius (ad Verg. Aen. 3, 74). At the 
 southern foot of the bastion on which 
 the temple of Athena Victory rests, a 
 quadrangular space on the Acropolis 
 rock has been leveled as if to receive 
 some building. This was doubtless the 
 site of the heroum of Aegeus. 
 
 42. olKT)p.a i'xov -ypcufxis : this cham- 
 ber still preserves its walls with the 
 cornice, though the roof is gone. There 
 has been much discussion whether the 
 paintings in this chamber were wall- 
 
 paintings or easel-paintings. There are 
 no indications whatever that the walls 
 were painted ; nor are there any holes 
 in the walls to show that the paintings 
 were hung from nails. The title of 
 Polemo's treatise on the pictures in the 
 Propylaea, irepl rCiv tv TO?S TrpoTruAcu'ois 
 irivdKuv, in its use of wiva.% rather than 
 7pa0?7, is in favor of the view that the 
 pictures were easel-pieces rather than 
 wall-paintings. The careless style of 
 Pausanias makes it impossible to deter- 
 mine with exactness the list of paint- 
 ings mentioned, and their authorship, 
 but the list seems to be as follows : 
 (1) Rape of Pallas's image by IMome- 
 des ; (2) Odysseus carrying off the bow 
 of Philoctetes; (3) Slaying of Aegisthus 
 by Orestes, and of sons of Nauplius by 
 Pylades ; (4) Sacrifice of Polyxena ; 
 (5) Achilles among the maidens of Scy- 
 ros; (0) Odysseus and Nausicaa with 
 her maidens; (7) Portrait of Alcibi- 
 ades with trophies of victory at Ne- 
 mea ; (8) Perseus carrying the head of
 
 THE PICTTRE GALLERY 
 
 115 
 
 Oh. 22, 
 
 6 
 
 [JiV 
 
 a<f>av(TLv 
 
 A.TJfJLVO) TO <$>l\OKTTJTOV 
 
 d(f)aipovfjii>o^ 
 
 r\v /cat 'OSvcrcrev?- 
 
 , 6 8e <AlOjLl 778775) TT)^ 
 
 [eV rat? -ypa- 
 
 rov5 
 rou 8e 
 lloXv- 
 
 'O/oeoTTj? eo-Tt*> Atytcr#oi> <f)ovev(t)i> /cat 
 7ratSa5 rov5 NamrXtov f3or]0ovs eXOovTas 
 Ta<f>ov TT\T]<TIOV ^teXXovo"a eo"rt 
 
 'OfJLTJpa) Se ev /u,et> irapefflr) ro8e TO ia^ov OUTW? epyov 
 ev Se /aot <au/Tat Troi'fja'a.i ^.Kvpov VTTO 'A^tXXe'a>5 aXov- 
 crai/, ovSei/ 6/AOtw5 /cat ocrot Xeyouo'tt' o/xov Tat5 
 E^eti/ ei> S/cupa> StatTav, a 877 /cat 
 ey/3ai//e 8e /cat 7T/D05 TO> TTOTO/XW Tat5 6/xoO Nav- 
 o~t/ca 7rXv^ovcrat5 ^>to"Ta/xei/ov 'OSvo~o~ea /caTa Ta avTa KaOa 
 877 /cat '0/0,77/305 TTOLrjcre. ypa^at 8e eto~t /cat aXXat /cat 7 
 
 that the young Achilles wore female 
 attire and lived among the daughters 
 of Lycomedes, king of Scyros, is told 
 by Hyginus, Fab. 9(5; Bion, 2, 15 sq. ; 
 Schol. Horn. II. I, 0(38. 53. Nav- 
 criK(j : see Homer, Od. f, 85 sqq. , for 
 the account of the meeting of Odys- 
 seus and Nausicaa. 
 
 55. -ypa4>ai . . . xal 'A\Ki(3id.Sr|s : 
 Athenaeus, 12, p. 534 i>, K, <iuoting 
 Satyrus, states that Alcibiades dedi- 
 cated two pictures by Aglaophon, one 
 representing himself crowned by Olym- 
 pias and Pythias, personifying Olym- 
 piaand Delphi, the other Nemea seated 
 with Alcibiades on her lap. Plutarch 
 (Alcibiades, 1(3) mentions a painting by 
 Aristophon of Nemea with Alcibiades 
 in her arms. Both doubtless refer to 
 the picture here mentioned by Pau- 
 sanias. It is necessary, therefore, to 
 account for the discrepancy in author- 
 ship. Aristophon was brother of Polyg- 
 notus; their father was named Aglao- 
 phon. He probably had a grandson 
 
 Medusa ; (0) Boy with water-pots ; 
 (10) Wrestler, by Timaenetus ; (11) 
 Portrait of Musaeus. 43. AIO(X^ST]S 
 TJV Kal'OSvoro-tvs : the language of Pau- 
 sanias implies that Odysseus carried off 
 the bow of Philoctetes. This is the 
 story as told by the Attic tragedians, 
 Sophocles in the Philoctetes, and Ae- 
 schylus and Euripides in their lost 
 dramas on the same subject (Dio Chrys. 
 Or. 52). But the older tradition fol- 
 lowed by Lesches in his Little Iliad 
 ascribes this achievement to Diomedes 
 (Proclus in Epic. Grace. Fragm., ed. 
 Kinkel, p. 36). As to the carrying off 
 of the Palladium, the common tradi- 
 tion represents Diomedesas playing the 
 chief part but assisted by Odysseus. 
 So Lesches in the Little Iliad. Thus 
 Diomedes on the Tabula Iliaca is seen 
 carrying the Palladium, while Odys- 
 seus follows him. Other versions and 
 monuments give Odysseus the chief 
 part in this achievement. 52. 'A\iX- 
 Xt'a x tlv * v Stcvpw Stairav : the story
 
 116 THE ATTICA OF PAUSANIAS 
 
 Ch. 22, 8 
 
 'AXKt/StdS^?, ITTTTMV 8e' ot ^1/079 r^s eV Ne/xect ecrrt crrj/aeta 
 eV rry ypa^fj Kal Hepcrevs ecmv e<? T^epifyov KO/Atd/aef 09, 
 noXvSe'/cn? <j)pa)i> r^v K(f>a\r)i> rr)v MeSovcr^s. Kai ret jaeV e<? 
 MeSovcrai/ OUK elfju TrpoBv^o^ eV rots 'ArrtKots (rrjfjLrjvaL en 
 
 60 Se ra>i> ypa<j>a)i> irapevTi rov 7rat8a rot' rets vSpia? (ftepovra 
 Kal TOV iraXaicrTrjv ov Tt^ati/ero? eypaijjev., ecrrt Movcrato?. 
 eyw 8e eVi7 jaeV trreKe^dfjirjv ev ols ecrrt 7reYecr#ai Movcratoi^ 
 VTTO Bope'ov Swpov, 8o/cetv Se r /xot TreTroLfjKtv avrd 'Of o^tctKpt- 
 ros /cat ecrrtf ovSe^ Movcratov ^e^Satco? ort /AT) (JLOVOV es 
 
 65 ^-rjjjLrjTpa vfjivos AvKo/xtSats. 
 
 Kara Se r7)f ecroSo^ avTrjv 17817 r^ e? d/ 
 ov H ponvXaiov ovo[jid > ovo'L Kal Xctptra? ^o)KpdTrji> 
 crat rof ^wc^poficr/cov Xeyovcrtf, <5 croc/)a> yeve'cr^at jad 
 avO parnaiv evriv 17 ITv^ta jiiaprvs, o /x-T^Se ^Avd^apcriv eOe- 
 
 70 Xovra Ojaa>5 Kat 8t' avro e? AeXc^ov? d 
 
 of the same name, and Pliny (N. H. 2w(cpdr^s re 6 2,u(/)povlai<ov wpb rijs es 
 
 35, 60) mentions a painter of this name TTJP &Kp6wo\iv eabdov Xaplrwv eipydaaro 
 
 who flourished 420-417 B.C., a date dYdX/nara 'A^wiois. Diog. Laert. 2, 
 
 that accords with this explanation. 5, 19, speaks of Socrates as having 
 
 He probably painted the Alcibiades. been a sculptor, and refers to these 
 
 57. Iltpo-tvs: for the story of Per- same figures of the Graces. See also 
 
 seus, see Schol. Pindar, Pyth. 10, 72 ; Pliny, N. H. 36, 32, and Schol. Ar. 
 
 Scliol. Apoll. Rhod. 4, 1515; Strabo, Nub. 773. The Chiaramonti relief in 
 
 10, p. 487 ; Ovid, Met. 5, 242 sqq.; Eome is supposed to be a copy of the 
 
 Hyginus, Fab. 64. 63. iriroii}KvavTd relief attributed to Socrates. There are 
 
 Ovofici.Kpi.Tos : Onomacritus, invited to also other copies, a fact which suggests 
 
 edit the so-called oracles of Musaeus, a celebrated original. Compare also an 
 
 was expelled by Hipparchus from archaic relief in the Acropolis Museum 
 
 Athens for having been convicted of representing Hermes and the Graces. 
 
 forging an oracle, and fled to the coast Considerable doubt rests on the rela- 
 
 of Persia (Hdt. 7, 6). He is also said tion of any of these to the work as- 
 
 to have forged poems in the name of cribed to Socrates. 67. SwKpaTTjv : 
 
 Orpheus (Clem. Alex. Strom. 1, 21, see Plato, Apology, 20K-21A; Diog. 
 
 131, p. 397, ed. Potter). See Epic. Laert. 2, 5, 37 ; E. Zeller, Die Philo- 
 
 Graec. Fragm., ed. Kinkel, pp. 238 ff. sophie der Griechen 3 , II, 50, concern- 
 
 66. 'Epftfjv . . . Kal XdpiTds : also ing the story of the response of the 
 
 mentioned by Pausanias in 9, 35, 7, oracle.
 
 THE SEVEN SAGES 117 
 
 Ch. 23, 2 
 
 23 "EXXi^es Se dXXa re Xeyovcri /cat dVS/Da<? eTrra yeveaOai \ 
 croc^ou?. TOVTCOV /cat TOV Accrj&op rvpavvov /cat IleptWSpoi' 
 eu'ai (acrt ro^ Kvi//e'Xou /catrot IleptdVSpov rieKrurrparos /cat 
 6 Trat? 'iTTTTta? <tXdV#pw7rot p,aXXov /cat (ro</>ajrepot rd re 
 
 5 TroXe/u/ca, rjcrav /cat ocra 7)/ce^ e'<? /cocr^oi/ TWI/ TroXtraii', e'g o 
 Std roy 'linrdp^ov 9dvaTov 'ivrvrta? dXXa re e'^p^craro Ovp.0) 
 /cat <? yvvaiiKa ovo/jia Aeauvav. TavTrjv ydp, eVet re a.Tr0a.vev 2 
 
 Xe'y&j Se ot/c e'<? (rvyypa(f>r)v Trporepov TJKOVTOL, 
 d Se aXXw? * A.dr}vauov rot? vroXXot? 'iTTTuas et^ei^ eV 
 
 10 at/cta e's o Ste'^^etpei/, ola eraipav 'Aptcrroyetrot'O? eVtcrra- 
 /xe^o? oucrai/ /cat ro y8ovXev/xa ovSa/xaj? dyvorfaai So^a^w^- 
 di/rt Se rovrwi^, eVet Tvpavvi&os eiravOrjcrai' ol IT etcrtcrrp art- 
 Sat, ^aX/cTj Xe'at^a 'A^T/vaiots e'oTti/ e'? ^vr\\).-r]v Trj 
 Trapa Se avr^v dyaX^ta 'Ac^poStrr;?, o KaXXtou re' 
 
 15 dVd$77/Aa et^at /cat epyov KaXd/xtSo?. 
 
 23. r/te /Seven Sagres o/ Greece 8). Cicero also seems to have told the 
 
 Hippias and Leaena Diitrephes story and mentioned the lioness in his 
 
 OWier objects of interest on the Acropo- lost work "On Glory" (see Philar- 
 
 Zi's, among them the Temple of ISrauro- gyrius, ad Verg. Eel. 2, G3). The anec- 
 
 7im Artemis and the Wooden Horse dote also appears in Polyaenus, 8, 45 ; 
 
 Thucydides Phormio. Clem. Alex. Strom. 4, 19, 122, p. 018, 
 1. tirrd . . . o-o<j>ovs: for a list of the ed. Totter; Athen. 13, p. 500 f . ; and 
 
 Seven Sages, see Paus. 10, 24, 1, who Lactantius Divin. Instit. 1, 20. Plu- 
 
 names Thales of Miletus, Bias of Pri-* tarch and Polyaenus mention that the 
 
 ene, Pittacus of Mitylene, Cleobulus lioness stood in the Propylaea, and 
 
 of Lindus, Solon of Athens, Chilon that she had no tongue to commenio- 
 
 of Sparta, and as the seventh, in the rate the fact that Leaena betrayed none 
 
 place of Periander of Corinth, follows of her associates. From the order in 
 
 Plato (Protag. 343 A) in naming Myson which it is mentioned, the statue prob- 
 
 the Chenian. Periander was discred- ably stood in the southern end of the 
 
 ited by Hdt. 5, 92, but he is usually eastern portico of the Propylaea. 
 counted among the Seven Sages. Cf. 14. a-ya\|j,a 'A4>po8irqs : what is 
 
 Diog. Laert. 1, 13; Anthol. Pal. 7, 81. probably the pedestal of this statue 
 
 7. Ataivav: Pausanias was evidently has been found on the Acropolis. It 
 not aware that the story about Leaena bears the inscription, KaXXi'aj 'ITTTTO- 
 had already been told by Pliny (N. II. V'IKOV a.vt8i)K[t]v (C.I. A. I, 392), in old 
 34, 72) and Plutarch (l)e garrulitate, Attic characters, and dates from some
 
 118 THE ATTICA OF PAUSANIAS 
 
 Ch. 23, 3 
 
 8e ecrrt Aitrpe^ou? ^aX/covs d^Sptas otcrrot? fit- 3 
 OVTOS 6 AurpeqSrjS d'XXa re enpa^ev OTrocra Xeyov- 
 criv 'A^rpatot /cat pa/ca9 /JLLcrOoirov^ d<i/co//,eVov9 ixrrepov 
 77 A.rj/jLoo'Bev'rjs e? ^v/aa/coucra? e^eVXevcre, rovrou? aj 
 20 crav 6 AttTpe^rys aTnJyev OTUO'CO. /cat ST) Kara rov 
 
 ecr^et' Euptvrov, eV'^a Botairaj^ eV jotecroyata TrdXt? Mv/caX^cr- 
 cro<? ^ TavTT)v eVavaySa? e'/c ^aXacrcr^? 6 Aar/oe^Ty? etXe. 
 Se ov [LQVQV TO ^a^i^ov ol B^ctKie? aXXa KO.I 
 e^ovevcra^ /cat Tratoa?. fjiaprvpel oe jotot Botwra)^ 
 25 yap ocrous avecrriqcrav B^^atot, w/covvro at vrdXet? eV l/j,ov, 
 VTTO rr)i> aXwcrtv raiv a.v9 pwTrwv el oe /cat 
 ot fidpfiapoi fjt,r) Traa'iv aTro/creiVavre? lire^rjX- 
 Oov, vcrTepov av rrjv iroXiv OLTT.\afiov ot Xet^^eVre?. TOO~OV- 4 
 rov /xei^ TrapecTTrj /xot CUV/AOL e'<? r^ et/cd^a rov 
 30 o'rt otcrrot? eySejSX-^ro, EXXi7O"tv ort JU-T) Kpycrlv OVK 
 o^ ro^evetv Ao/cpov? yap ro^g 'OTrof^rtovg OTr 
 17817 /cara ra M^St/ca to"/xef, 0^9 'O/x^po? eVot^o'ei' to? 
 fjitvoi Toa /cat o"(^e^Sd^a9 eg ^iXtov eXOoitv ov 
 MaXt,evo"t Trape^eive jneXeny rw^ rdcov, 8o/cai 8e ovre 
 35 pov eTrtVracr^at o~</>a? Trptv 17 (friXoKTirJTTjv., TravcracrBai. re ov 
 8ta p,a/cpov TOT) 8e Attrpe^ovg TrX^crtoz^ ras yap et/cd^a? 
 ra? d^avecrrepa? ypd^etz/ ou/c eOeXw ^ew^ dydXjaard e 
 'Tyteta? re, i)V 'Ao~/cXi77nov TratSa elvat Xeyovo"t, /cat ' 
 
 time between 476 and 456 R.C. On Cal- 1, 102). Pliny, N. II. 34, 74, says that 
 
 lias, see Plut. Aristides, 5. On Gala- Cresilas made a statue representing a 
 
 mis, see Brunn, Gesch. d. griecli. wounded man swooning, doubtless the 
 
 Ktinstler, I, 129 sq. one here mentioned. This also was 
 
 16. AuTpe'<}>ovs x ^* *? dvSpids : on probably within the eastern portico of 
 
 Diitrephes see Time. 7, 29 sq. The the Propylaea. 
 
 episode of the Thracian mercenaries 38. 'A0T]vds TriK\fi<riv . . . 'Y-yieias : 
 
 took place in 413 n.c. The pedestal Plutarch, Pericles, 13, says that this 
 
 for this statue has also been found, image was dedicated to commemorate 
 
 bearing the inscription 'E/>/*6Ai;/cos Au- the restoration to health of a favorite 
 
 TpffioscLTrapxev- Kp^<rtXase7r6ecrei'(C.I.A. workman of Pericles, who was injured
 
 THE SATYRS 
 
 119 
 
 Cb. 23, 7 
 
 TTLK\.7J(TLV KOL TaVT7)<? 'Tytettt?. eCTTt Se Xl'#O<? OV /Ae'ya?, 5 
 
 40 aXX' CHTOV KaBit > .o~Oai p.iKpov aVSpa Ctrl TOVTOJ Xeyoucrtv, 
 
 , Irepov TT\OV 0- 
 rovraiv eVe/ca e? Xdyov? i^X- 
 TrXeiwi/ e'? 'iraXia^ d^apr^lv 
 eifw $aXao"<Tai>, e? >)V OVKCTL 
 Se eti^at ^te^ eXeye^ e 
 
 iKo. AtoVvcro? XOev e? TTJ> ^, ava.Tra.vo~a.o~ 9 ai TOV S 
 
 TOV< yap 
 
 1X771/0^9- Trept Se 
 X(t)i> fTTLCTTacrOaL TroXXot? 
 45 ^ot'. e^>T7 Se Ei^n^o? Kap a 
 VTTO avefjutiv TOV TT\OV /cat e? 
 TrXeovcrtf, %.vt\9rivaLi. 
 TroXXa?, ei^ Se aXXat? otKelv dvSpas ayptov? ravrat? Se 
 ov/c e^e'Xet^ ^crot? Trpocrtcr^ei^ TOV? i/avra? ofa Trporepov re 6 
 50 TTpocrcr^6vra<; /cat TWI> e^ot/cowrco^ ou/c a7reipa9 e^o^ra?, 
 isai S' ot^ /cat rdre. ravra? /caXetcr^at yu.ei' VTTO rwi^ 
 SarvptSa?, et^at Se rou? eVoi/covi'Ta? Kanvpovs /cat 
 lmr(t)v ov TTO\V /Ltetovg e)(etv e77t rot? tcr^tot? oupa?. rovrov?, 
 w? r)o~0oi'To, /caTaSpa/AoWa? CTTI TT)^ ^av^ (^(uvr^v fJiCf ovSe- 
 55 jtxtai' teVat, rat? Se yv^atft^ eTTt^etpetv rat? eV r^ ^t- re'Xo? 
 Se Setcravrag rou? ^aura? ySap/3apoi^ yv^at/ca e/c/^aXeu/ e'? r^v 
 vfjo~ov e<? ravT^i^ ovi' vfipi^tiv rou? Sarvpov? ov JJLOVOV r) 
 v, dXXa /cat TO TTO,^ 6/xotw? o~a>{Jia. 
 
 Kat aXXa e^ T>y 
 CO Av/ctov TOV Mvpajvo? 
 
 by a fall from the Propylaea. Athena, 
 according to the legend, communicated 
 to Pericles in a dream the treatment 
 by which the man was cured. Pliny, 
 N. II. 22, 44, tells a similar story, asso- 
 ciated however with the Parthenon. 
 The pedestal is still in place, just out- 
 side the eastern portico of the Propy- 
 laea, with the inscription ' AOevdioi rti 
 '\0fvaiai re I'Tyietai Ilvppos e-rroiiiffev' A0e- 
 vaios (C.I. A. I, 335). Pliny also men- 
 tions a statue of Athena Hygieia by 
 
 ot 
 
 Sa, V 
 
 d/cpO7rdXet 
 TratSa, o? TO 
 
 Pyrrhus (X. II. 34, 80). The inscrip- 
 tion and the discrepancies throw doubt 
 on the story of Plutarch. On represen- 
 tationsof the goddess Hygieia in ancient 
 art, see W. Wroth, " Hygieia," .1. U.S. 
 V (1884), 82-101; F. Koepp, "Die 
 Attische Hygieia," A.M. X (1885), 
 255-271. 
 
 00. x a ^*ovv ira!8a : after leaving the 
 Propylaea, Pausanias goes sontlieast- 
 ward to the precinct of Artemis Hrau- 
 ronia. As the perirrhanterion was a
 
 120 
 
 THE ATTICA OF PAUSANIAS 
 
 Ch.23, 8 
 
 i, /cat Mupcoi'os Hepcrea TO es MeSovcrav epyov elpya- 
 
 . /cat 'ApTeyatSo? iepov ecrrt B^avpaWas, 
 Xovg ^ej> T^7j TO ayaXjiia, r^ #eco Se ecrTiv aV6 
 ST^UOV TO oVo/xa /cat TO ap^alov oat>6V kcmv kv Bpav- 
 65 paiVL, v ApTe/u.t<? w? \eyovo~iv 17 Tavpt/o;. ITTTTO? Se 6 /caXov/ae- 
 ros Aovptog aW/cetTai ^aX/cov?. Kal on p,ev TO Trot^/aa TO 
 'Evretov fjL-Yj^di>r]fjLa r)v e? StaXvcrtv TOV rct^ovs, otSe^ oo~Tt5 
 /XT) Tracrar eiri^pei Tot? Qpvt; Iv evijOeiav XeyeTat 8e 69 T 
 
 CKtivOV TOV ITTTTOV W? TCOI/ 'EXX^I/&)^ I^So^ 6X Ot TO ^? d/OWTTOU?, 
 
 70 /cat S^ /cat TOV ^aXKoi) TO o"^^/xa eo~Tt /caTa Ta^Ta- /cat 
 v'? /cat Tev/c/oo? virepKVTTTova-Lv e avTov, Tr/aoo-ert Se 
 
 basin containing water which stood at 
 the entrance of every sanctuary that 
 worshipers might sprinkle themselves 
 before entering the precinct (Pollux, 
 1, 8; 1, 25; 1, 32), it has been con- 
 jectured that this bronze statue of 
 the boy with the basin may have been 
 placed for this purpose at the entrance 
 to the precinct of Brauronian Artemis. 
 61. Mvpwvos Ilepo-e'a: cf. 2, 27, 2. 
 Pliny mentions a statue of Perseus by 
 Myron (N. II. 34, 57), which may be 
 the same as this. Furtwangler (Mei- 
 sterw. pp. 382-388) conjectures that two 
 extant heads of Perseus, one in Home 
 and one in the British Museum, are 
 replicas of this common original. 
 62. 'Apre'fuSos Upov : southeast of the 
 Propylaea is a terrace in the shape 
 of an irregular quadrangle, one hun- 
 dred and fifty-seven and one half feet 
 from east to west, which was doubt- 
 less the ancient precinct of Artemis. 
 There is no evidence of the existence 
 of a temple. It was probably merely a 
 precinct with images and an altar. 
 IIpa|iT'\ovs : the image of the Tauric 
 
 Artemis, which Iphigenia was said to 
 have brought from the Thracian Cher- 
 sonese to Brauron in Attica, was equally 
 claimed by Brauron, Sparta, Comana 
 in Cappadocia, and Laodicea in Syria. 
 See 1, 33, 1 ; 3, 16, 7-11 ; 8, 46, 3. Pau- 
 sanias himself elsewhere locates the 
 real image at Sparta (3, 16, 7-11). In- 
 scriptions indicate that as early as 346- 
 345 H.C. there were two images in the 
 Brauronian sanctuary at Athens(C. I. A. 
 II, 751, 754, 755-758), one designated 
 the idol (hedos), the other the image 
 (agalma). The latter was the statue 
 attributed to Praxiteles. 
 
 65. I'lriros . . Aovpios : this state- 
 ment is confirmed by Hesychius (s.v. 
 dovpios I'TTTTOS), who also mentions the 
 four men peeping out of the wooden 
 horse. Aristophanes (Aves, 1128) 
 speaks of " horses as big as the Wood- 
 en Horse," and the scholia mention the 
 Acropolis statue. Blocks of the pedes- 
 tal have been found on the Acropolis, 
 bearing an inscription which states 
 that it was dedicated by Chaeredemus 
 of Coele and made by Strongylion.
 
 THUC YDIDES PIIOKMIO 
 
 121 
 
 Ch. 23, 10 
 
 /cat ot TratSeg ot (^cre'&jg. ciySptayTajy 8e oVot jLtera roy !> 
 tTTTToy eori^/cao-ty 'EiTTL^apLi^ov jjiev OTrXtroopo/xeti' aa'KTJa'av- 
 rog rr)i> et/cdi^a eTrotT^a'e Kptrtag, Qlvoj3i(a 8e epyoi/ eo"Ttv eg 
 75 Bov/cfStSr^t' roy 'OXdpov ^p^ordy i//T7^>to~yuta yap 
 
 g Ka.T6\06LV e'g 'A^yag 0ou/cvotO7^y, /cat ot 
 ajg /caTryet fj.vrjp.a icrnv ov Troppo) TrvXaij/ 
 TO, Se eg 'Ep/zoXv/cov Toy Tray/cpaTtacrT^y /cat Ooowtwya 10 
 
 80 
 
 yap rot? 
 
 ovn 6/xotw /cat eg Ttpoyovaiv 8d^a^ ov/c 
 crvvf$aiv.v o^etXeti/ XP^ a ' ava^cop^cra? ovj^ e? ro^ Ilatavtea 
 Ivravda et^e Statrav, e? o vavap^ov O.VTOV ' 
 
 e/C77Xevo"ecr^at ov/c et^acr/cc^ oc^etXet^ re yap 
 
 Pausanias elsewhere (9, 30, 1) speaks 
 of Strongyliou as extremely skillful in 
 modeling oxen and horses. 
 
 73. 'EirixapCvow : the base of this 
 statue has been found, bearing an in- 
 scription (C.I. A. I, 376), which records 
 that it was dedicated by Epicharinus 
 himself and was made by Critius and 
 Nesiotes, the sculptors of the group of 
 the tyrannicides (1, 8, 5). Inscriptions 
 show that the true spelling was Kpi'noy, 
 not Kptrt'os, as the manuscripts have it 
 here and in 6, 3, 5. 74. Olvoptw : 
 1'ausanias implies, without expressly 
 saying, that there were on the Acropo- 
 lis statues of Oenobius, Hermolycus, 
 and Phormio. Thucydides was ban- 
 ished in 424 B.C., and was in exile 
 twenty years (Time. 4, 104 ; f>, 20), so 
 that his return was in 404 H.C. Pau- 
 sanias' statement implies that he did 
 not return under the general amnesty 
 of that year, but by a special decree 
 secured by Oenobius. He may have 
 
 been exceptcd from the general am- 
 nesty. (Cf. Classen, Thukydides, Ein- 
 leitung 3 , pp. xxiii ff.) The accounts of 
 Thucydides' death are discrepant : one 
 says that he died in Thrace (Plut. Ci- 
 mon, 4), a second that he was mur- 
 dered in Athens (Marcellinus, Vit. 
 Thucyd. 31-33, 55), a third that he 
 died a natural death in Athens (Biogr. 
 Gr. , ed. Westermann, pp. 202 sq.). 
 
 78. 'EpfioXuKov TOV ira.'yKpa.Tiao-TTJv : 
 Herodotus (!, 105) tells of Hermoly- 
 cus the pancratiast who distinguished 
 himself at the battle of Mycale, and 
 was afterward killed in battle atCyrnus 
 in Euboea and buried at Geraestus. 
 70. s 8 4>op}i(<i>va : this anecdote about 
 Phormio is related with some variations 
 in Schol. Ar. Pac. 347, on the authority 
 of Androtion in the third book of his 
 Attica; Androtion was a pupil of Isoc- 
 rates and a contemporary of Demos- 
 thenes (Suidas, s.v. ' Avdporluv; Frag. 
 Hist. Gr., ed. M tiller, I, Ixxxiii).
 
 122 THE ATTICA OF PAUSANIAS 
 
 Ch. 24, 1 
 
 85 ot., Trpiv oV fKTicrr)., Trpos rov? CTT/oaricura? OVK eivai 
 
 crdai (frpovrj/Jia. OVTMS 'A^vatot 7raWa;<; yap e 
 ap^etv Q>opfJiLa)va ret XP^ a o/n "oo"ot<? w^etXe S 
 
 24 'EvTavOa J A0Tr)va Trevrot^rat TOJ> iStXryfoi' Mapcrva^ Tratovcra, i 
 on 817 rot"? avXovs aWXoiro, eppl(j)0ai o"<ag TTJS Oeov 
 /3ovXoju,eV)7<?. rovTwi' irepav u>v tiprjKa icrriv rj Xeyopevr) 
 r)(Ta)<; ^X^ Tpos TOV ravpov TOP MiVw KaXov^vov., etre 
 5 av^p etre Orjplov r^v OTTOIOV KKpa.Tr)Kev o Xoyo? repara 
 yap TroXXw KO.I rovSe ^av/xacrtwrepa /cat Ka^' rjfjias ZTIKTOV 
 ywat/ceg. /cetrat 8e /cat ^pt^o? 6 'A^ct^ta^ro? e^e^^ey/AeVo? 2 
 e? KoX^ov? VTTO rou Kpiov Ovcras 8e avrov orw Sr) 
 Se et/cacrat <Att> rw Aa^ucrrtw /caXov/xeVw trapa 'Op^ 
 
 10 rov? /jLypovs /caret vo^ov e/crjU,a>^ rov 'EXX'^^ajt' e? aurou? 
 /cato/LteVov? opa. /cet^rat Se e^5 aXXat re et/cd^e? /cat 'Hpa- 
 /cXeovs ay^et Se, co? Xdyo? evet, row? Spa/co^ra?. 'A-Oyva re 
 ecrnv dvLOvcra e'/c r^s Ke^>aX^? rov Atd?. ecrrt Se /cat ravpo? 
 
 24. Athena striking Marsya-s, and the Marsyas of the Lateran. 4. 0t]- 
 
 oiAer statues of gods and men on the o-t'ws H l< *X T l : Theseus's fight with the 
 
 Acropolis Wors/izp o/ Zeus Polieus Minotaur is frequently represented on 
 
 The Parthenon Statues of Athena coins and vase-paintings, both red- 
 
 zn (/ie Parthenon Apollo Parnopius. figured and black-figured; also in one 
 
 1. 'AO-r^vd . . . Mapcrvav ira(ovo-a : of the metopes of the so-called The- 
 
 the story is that Marsyas picked up the seum. The Minotaur is portrayed reg- 
 
 pipes which Athena had thrown away ularly with the body of a man and the 
 
 in disgust, and afterwards attained head of a bull. 
 
 such skill in playing upon them that 7. 4>p(|os : probably the statue by 
 
 he challenged Apollo himself to a mu- Naucydes of a man sacrificing a ram, 
 
 sical contest. SeeHyg. Fab. 105; 1'lut. mentioned by Pliny (N. H. 34, 80), is 
 
 de cohib. ira, 6; Athen. 14, p. OlGic, F. the one here mentioned. 11. 'Hpa- 
 
 It has been conjectured that this group K\>VS . . . TOVS SpaKovras: cf. Find. 
 
 was identical with a work of Myron, Nem. 1, 50; Theocr. 24, 1 ; A poll. 2, 
 
 mentioned by Pliny, N. H. 33, 57. 4, 8. 12. 'A0T]vd : on the representa- 
 
 There are several representations of the tions of the birth of Athena, which was 
 
 satyr which are doubtless copies of the subject of the sculptures on the 
 
 some famous original, probably the one east pediment of the Parthenon, see 
 
 here mentioned. The best of these is Excursus X. 13. ravpos dva8T]fxa :
 
 Ch. 24, 3 
 
 ATHENA ERGANE EARTH 
 rf)s ftovXfjs 
 
 123 
 
 eV 'Apeia) trayo), e<' orw Sr) oW- 
 15 6r)K.v T) fiovXij TroXXa 8' aV rt? eWXwy t/caot. Xe'XeKTat 3 
 8e /act /cat irpoTepov w? 'A^ryi/atots Treptcrcrore/DoV rt 17 rot? 
 aXXots e9 TO. #eta cart crTrovS^s Trpwrot ^ev yap 'ABrjvdv 
 
 Jy-, / ~ CJ> /\ .-, ^ t ~ O / 
 
 k,pyavr)i>, Trpwroi o aKcoXous kp^tas, . . . o/xov oe 
 eV ra i'aw . . . cnTovoaioiv oaijJLOiv eoTiv. ocrrt? 8e ra 
 20 <rw Te^vri 7re7ron7/u,eVa eVtV/aocr^e rt^erat TWI^ e? dp^aiOT-rjTa 
 rjKovTwv, Kal raSe ecrn^ ot Bedcrao'Oa.i. /cpai/o? eVrif eVi/cet- 
 [JL6VOS dvrjp . . . KXeoirou, /cat ot TOV? oVv^ag dpyvpovs eVe- 
 6 KXeotra?- ecrrt Se Kat F^? ayaX/xa t 
 
 the bull was of bronze, and was gen- 
 erally known as ' ' the bull on the 
 Acropolis " (cf. Athen. 9, p. 390 1> ; 
 Ilesych. s.v. /SoGs ev ir6\ei). Near by 
 was the figure of a rani in silver bronze, 
 coupled with the Wooden Horse by the 
 comic poet Plato on account of its size 
 (Hesych. s.v. /cpids d<re\76/cepcus). 
 
 17. 'AOrjvav . . . "Ep-yavtjv : this re- 
 mark was probably elicited by the 
 sight of an image, altar, or temple of 
 Athena Ergane, or the Worker, an epi- 
 thet applied to the goddess as patron- 
 ess of the useful arts. There is much 
 discussion as to the site of this image, 
 altar, or temple, some authorities locat- 
 ing it between the Artemis Brauronia 
 precinct and the Parthenon, others to 
 the north of the Acropolis. Five in- 
 scriptions have been found containing 
 dedications to Athena the Worker 
 (C.I. A. II, 1428, 1429, 1434, 1438; IV, 
 373 271 , 205). 18. d.K(i\ovs 'E P( i.as : cf. 
 4, 33, 3. Time. 4, 27 mentions the 
 stone images of Hermes, shaped like 
 square pillars, commonly placed in the 
 doorways of private houses and of sanc- 
 tuaries in Attica. 19. o-rrov8awv 8a- 
 p.wv : this image is mentioned as a third 
 
 instance of the piety of the Athenians. 
 There is much dispute as to the correct- 
 ness of the text and as to the temple here 
 alluded to. The natural implication is 
 that there was a temple of Athena Er- 
 gane between the precinct of Artemis 
 Brauronia and the Parthenon along 
 the road followed by Pausanias, but 
 there is no monumental evidence of 
 this. Here actual remains of a building 
 known as the Chulkotheke or "store- 
 house for bronzes" (C.I. A. II, 01) have 
 been laid bare. On this whole ques- 
 tion, see Dorpfeld, A.M. XIV (1889), 
 304-313, "Chalkothek and Ergane- 
 Tempel," and Michaelis, Der Parthe- 
 non, p. 300. 22. KXcoCrov: accord- 
 ing to 0, 20, 4, where the inscription 
 on this statue is quoted, Cleoetas was 
 famous for having invented a method 
 for starting horses at the Olympic 
 games. His ingenuity was shown in 
 silvering the nails of the statue. 
 23. Ft^s a^aXixo: an inscription, r?Js 
 Kapiro<t>6pov Kara fj.a.t>Te(a.v, cut in the 
 rock about thirty feet north of the sev- 
 enth column on the north side of the 
 Parthenon, counting from the west, 
 determines the site of this image. The
 
 124 
 
 THE ATTICA OF PAUSAXIAS 
 
 Cli. 24, 4 
 
 etre 
 
 uo~at ot TOV Ata, etre avTOts ofjifipov Serjcrav ' 
 25 /cat Tots Traaiv "EXXrjcn o~v/x/3as av^/xd?. eWav$a /cat Tt^td- 
 6 Kdz'ajz'os /cat avTos /cetTat Kdvcu^ Ilpd/c^^ Se TO, e? 
 ^ ifiovXevfJLCvrjv avrtjv re /cat TO^ *\TVV OLveO^Kev 
 TreTroiTjTat Se /cat TO <$>VTOV rfjs e'Xata? *A.0r)va 
 /cat Kvjjia a.va<$>aiivo)v Tlocr.ioa)i> /cat Atd? icrriv ayaXjita TO Te 4 
 30 Aew^apov? /cat 6 o^o/xa^djitevo? IloXtev?, w TCC /ca$eo~Ti7/coTa 
 
 there is nothing more than a peaceful 
 colloquy. Probably the group men- 
 tioned here by Pausanias was of the 
 latter type. In this the two deities show 
 their tokens and calmly await the issue. 
 Poseidon has his left foot advanced and 
 resting on a rock, while with his right 
 hand he grasps his trident ; Athena 
 rests her right hand upon the olive 
 tree, and behind her are her serpent 
 and shield. See Imhoof-Blumer and 
 Gardner, Num. Comm. on Paus. , pp. 
 130 ff. with pi. Z, xi-xvi. This group 
 closely resembles a marble relief now in 
 Smyrna (see Frazer, II, 302, Fig. 23). 
 
 29. TO T Aewxoipous xcd 6 6vo|j,a6|jLE- 
 vos IIoXuvs : coins also probably pre- 
 serve the types of these two statues, 
 the older being the xoanon, or an ar- 
 chaic copy of it in stone, the later by 
 Leochares an idealized copy of it. In 
 the one, Zeus strides forward, the left 
 hand extended, the right drawn back 
 and grasping the thunderbolt in the act 
 of hurling it ; in the other, Zeus stands 
 in an easy attitude, the left knee bent, 
 the right hand holding the thunderbolt 
 half down, the left extended over an 
 altar round which is entwined a ser- 
 pent. See Imhoof-Blumer and Gard- 
 ner, Num. Comm. on Pans., pp. 137 ff. 
 with pi. BB, i, ii, iii. 30. TCI Ka.6j-rr\- 
 K6T<x Is ri]v 0uo-av KT\. i this account 
 
 date of the inscription, judged from 
 the style of the letters, was the end of 
 the first or the beginning of the second 
 century A.D. On vase-paintings Earth 
 is usually represented as a woman 
 rising from the ground, her lower 
 limbs not appearing, and this may 
 have been the form of the image. 
 25. TipoOeos KT\. : the two statues stood 
 on a single pedestal composed of four 
 blocks of Pentelic marble, two of which 
 have been found on the Acropolis, bear- 
 ing the inscription, K6vuv Ti/x[o]0^oi>. 
 Tt/z60eos Ko>w[>os] (C.I. A. II, 1360). 
 20. IIp6KVT)v: Michaelis thinks we have 
 this group in a statue discovered in 
 1830, now in the Acropolis Museum. 
 It represents a woman standing, clothed 
 in long flowing robes ; against her right 
 knee a naked boy is pressiug. The 
 workmanship is decidedly inferior, but 
 Pausanias states that Alcamenes "dedi- 
 cated " it, not that he made it. Then 
 it may not be the great Alcamenes. 
 The style points to the end of the fifth 
 or the beginning of the fourth century. 
 See A.M. I (1870), pp. 304-307. - 
 28. TO 4>vrov TTJS eXaias : on coins of 
 Athens this subject is represented in 
 two different ways : (a) in the one there 
 is the actual contest, as in the strife 
 (epis) represented in the western pedi- 
 ment of the Parthenon ; (b) in the other
 
 THE PARTHENON 125 
 
 Ch. 24, 7 
 
 C9 Trjv 0vo~iav ypd(f>wv Tr)v eV avrots Xeyo/xeV?^ alrtav ov 
 ypd<f)(jt}. TGV Atos TOV IlcXtecos /cpt#as /cara^eVre? eVt 
 (3(i)[Jiov /xe/xty/xeVas Trupots ovoefjiLav e^ovo"t <f>v\a.Kijv 6 / 
 Se 6V e? TT)I> 9vo~io.v eYot^idVai'Tes <j>v\do~o-ovo~iv aVrerat 
 
 35 raw o~TrepfJidTwv fyoiTwv eVt roi^ /Sap-ov. KaXovcrt 8e 
 raij/ i.po)v /Sov^ovov, ,. . . /cat ravrrj TOV 7re'AeKvi> ptya 
 ovTft) yap ICTTLV ot I^O/AO? ot^erat fytvywv ol 8e are 
 av$pa os e8/Dao~ TO tpyov OVK eiSdres es BIKVJV VTrdyovcn 
 TOV ireXeKvv. 
 
 40 Tavra /xei^ TpoTrov TOV elpr)p,evov optoaiv es Se ro^ j'aoi' 
 6V Hap0va)va 6vofjid( > ovo~LV, es roOrot' IO~LOVO~LV oirocra .v 5 
 rots KaAotyxeVots derots /cetrat, irdvTa e<? r?)^ 'A^Ty^as e^ei 
 yevecriv, ra Se oTncrOev r) IIoo~et8ap r o9 TTJOOS 'A0r)vav ICTTLV 
 epts V7TC/3 TT^S y^9' auro 8e e/c re e'Xe'^a^rog ro dyaXfia 
 
 45 /cat ^pvo~ov 7T7TOir)TaL. /xeo~o) /xci^ ow CTTt/cetrai 01 ra) Kpdva 
 6LK(i)v a 8e e9 r^ ^(^tyya Xe'yerat, ypd\pa) Trpo- 
 es ra Botairta /xot rou Xdyov /ca^' e'/carepov 8e 
 rov xpdvovs ypvires tio~iv 7retpyao"/xeVot. rovrou9 rov9 y/av- G 
 7ra9 e^ rot9 eVecrti/ 'A/3to*re'a9 6 II/3OKo^^T7crto9 /xa^ecr^at Tiept 
 
 50 TOV ^pvo~ov (frrjaiv 'Apt/xao"7rot9 rots vvrep 'icrcr^Sd^ajf roi' 
 8e ^pvffov 6v (frv\dcro~ovcnv ol ypvires dvievai TTJV yfjv 
 eivat, 8e 'Aptttao"7rot'9 /xei/ dvopas fj.ovo<f)6d\fj.ovs 7rdWa9 e/c 
 
 \eovcriv t/cao~u,eVa, irTd 8e 
 
 Kat o~TOfJLa eTov. /cat ypvirwv /xeV Trept Tocraura 
 55 TO 8e ayaXtta T^9 'A0r}vds op96v io~T(.v t 
 
 of the lionphonia or Jtiipolia, as this Miss Harrison, Prolegomena, pp. 30 ff. 
 
 ancient ceremony of Zeus was indiffer- -10. esStrowaov. . .IlapOcvibva: on 
 
 ently called, is supplemented by Pans. the Parthenon, see Excursus X. 
 1, 28, 10, and is described more fully 41. oiroo-a <v rots KaXoufmois dtrois 
 
 by Theophrastus, quoted by Porphyry KEIT<U: see Excursus X for an account 
 
 (I)e abstinentia, 2, 29 sq.). The day on of the pediment sculptures of the Par- 
 
 which the sacrifice took place was the thenon. 44. TO a-yaX|ia: see Excur- 
 
 14th of Scirophorion (June-July). See sus X.
 
 126 THE ATTICA OF PAUSANIAS 
 
 Ch.24, 8 
 
 /cat ol Kara TO crrepvov 17 /cec^aX^ MeSovcr^s e'Xe't^ai'ros ecmi' 
 
 C/A TreTTOLTJ fJLVY] ' /Cat Nt/O^ T OCTOV TeCTCrdpaJV 7D7X&JI', tV Se 
 
 r?7 <erepa> X ei P^ $op v ^X et > Kat/ ^ ^pos rot? TTOCTIJ/ do~7rts re 
 /cetrat /cat TT\f]criov rov Sdparog opdi<a)i> CCTTIV etrj o a.v 
 
 60 'Ept^oVtos ovro? 6 $pdK(ov. ecrrt Se rw (Bd0pa) rov dyaA^ia- 
 rog 77etpyacr/zeVi7 IlavSwpa? yeVecrig. TreTroJ/^rat 8e 'Hcrto8a> 
 re /cal aXXot? co? 17 Ila^Swpa yeVotro cwrT] ywr) Trpamr] 
 Se i^ yeve&dai Tlavftcopav OVK r^v 77 aj ywatKW^ yeVo?. 
 eiKova, tSaJv olSa 'ASpta^ov ^SacrtXe'co? /xoVov, Kat Kara r^ ecro- 
 
 65 So^ 'l^tfcparou? aTroSet^a/AeVov TroXXa re /cat Bav/JLacrra epya. 
 
 Tov t>aou Se' ecrrt irepav 'A-TroXXajz/ ^aX/covs, /cat ro ayaXjita 8 
 Xeyovcrt <l>et8tav iroirjcraL. HapvoTnov Se KaXovcrtv ort 
 cr^)tcrt TrapvoTTwv /SXaTTTovTuv rrjv yr\v dTroTptyeLv o 0eo<s 
 etTre^ e/c ri^5 ^cupag. Kat ort /zeV a77er/3ev//ev tcracrt, rpoTra) 
 
 70 8e ov Xe'youo't Trotw. rpts 8e auro? ^817 irdpvoTTa.<$ IK 2,t7rv- 
 Xov rov opov? ov /cara ravra ot8a (^^ayaeWa?, dXXa rov? 
 
 61. TlavSwpas -yeveo-ts : there seems tan regiment iu 392 is.c. (Xen. Hell. 
 
 to have been a close connection in 4, 5, lOsqq.). It was of bronze (Dem. 
 
 mythology and ritual between Pan- 23, 130, p. 663). Iphicrates himself 
 
 dora and Athena. According to Sui- alluded to it in a fragment of a speech 
 
 das s.v. Ila/rfc-pot, Pandora was a preserved by Aristotle (Rhetoric, 2, 
 
 daughter of Erechtheus. Philochorus 23, p. 1397 B). In the Parthenon were 
 
 is quoted to the effect that whoever sac- also painted portraits of Themistocles 
 
 rificed an ox to Athena was obliged to (Pans. 1, 1, 2) and Ileliodorus Halis 
 
 sacrifice a sheep to Pandora (Harpocr. (Paus. 1, 37, 1). Here too was kept 
 
 andSuid. s.v. 'Eiri(3oiov; Etymol. Magn. the silver-footed seat in which Xerxes 
 
 p. 358, s.v. twipoiov). For the legend sat watching the battle of Salamis 
 
 of Pandora, the first woman, see (Harpocr. s.v. apyvpbwovs Sifipos). 
 
 Hesiod, Theog. 561 sqq. ; Opp. 47 sqq. 67. Ilapvoiriov: the worship of Apol- 
 
 64. ctKova . . . 'ASpiavov: the in- lo Parnopius was prevalent among the 
 scribed pedestal of a statue of Hadrian Aeolic Greeks of Asia (Strabo, 13, p. 
 has been found between the Parthenon 613). With the epithet Parnopius, Lo- 
 and the Propylaea (C.I. A. Ill, 488). cust, cf. Smintheus, the Mouse-God, 
 
 eiKova . . . 'LJHKpaTovs : this statue also applied to Apollo (II. A, 39). Furt- 
 was bestowed in recognition of Iphicra- wiingler (Meisterw. pp. 659-671) attrib- 
 tes' services in cutting to pieces a Spar- utes the statue to the elder Praxiteles.
 
 STATUE OF PERICLES 
 
 127 
 
 e^eiwcre /3iaio<? e/xTrecrcti^ aVe/Aos, rou? Se VCTO.VTOS row 
 Ka.vp.ai Icr^vpov Ka.9ei\tv 7nXa/3oV, ol Se cu^mSi' 
 
 25 Totavra /xet' avrot? crvfiftaivovra ei$ov ecrn. Se ei/ TT/ i 
 ' Afrqvauov a.KpoTro\L KCU De/ot/cX^? 6 KavBi-mrov Kal auras 
 HaV^iTTTro?, o? eVau/xa^cre^ eVl MvKaXrj M^'Sots. aXX' 6 
 />iei> Ilept/cXeou? aVSpia? tTepwBt ava.KeiTa.ij TOV Se E 
 5 TT\T)<riov (TTirjKv 'AvaKpecuv 6 TT/'IOS, Trpwro? 
 TTyt' Aecry6iai> ra TToXXa af eypai|/e^ epairt/ca 
 ot TO cr^^/xa Icrnv oiov aoo^ros aV e^ /u-el^iy yeVotro di>0 
 TTOV. yvvalKas 8e TrXtycrcov Aetvo/xeV^? 'Iw TT)^ 'I^a^ou 
 25. OMer statues on the Acropolis were doubtless used in voting the ostra- 
 
 /cat 
 
 Olympiodorus Athens after the but- 
 tle of Chaeronea Confederation of 
 Greek states ac/ainst the Macedonians 
 Leosthenes Demetrius of Phalc- 
 rum Lachares. 
 
 2. IIepiK\fjs6 QavOCirirou: this statue 
 may have been the one made by Cresi- 
 las which Pliny mentions (N. H.34, 74). 
 What is probably a part of the pedestal 
 has been found, in a fragment of Pen- 
 telic marble, bearing the inscription 
 [nep]ifcX6>DS [Kpej-Jt'Xas trroie (C.I. A. 
 IV, 40.3 a, p. 154). Three ancient busts 
 of Pericles are extant, all copies of one 
 original, which is conjectured to be 
 Cresilas' statue. They represent Peri- 
 cles bearded and helmeted, with serene 
 and noble countenance. The best of 
 the three is in the British Museum. 
 See Furtw. Meisterw. d. griech.Plastik, 
 pp. 270-274. avros WdvOi-iriros : a few 
 years ago a potsherd was found on the 
 Acropolis, bearing the inscription Sdi/- 
 0(ir7ro5 'Appi<t>ovos (O.I. A. IV, 570, p. 192 
 sq.) and in 1891 a potsherd similarly 
 inscribed was found in Athens near 
 Piraeus Street (C.I.A. IV, 571). These 
 
 cism of Xanthippus (see Aristotle, Resp. 
 Athen. 22). Pausanias is mistaken in 
 speaking of the battle of Mycale as asea- 
 fight ; it was a land-battle. Xanthip- 
 pus commanded the Athenian forces 
 on this occasion. See Ildt. 9, 98-10(5, 
 114 ; Plut. Pericles, 3. 5. 'Avaxpc'uv : 
 there is in the Jacob-sen Collection at 
 Copenhagen a statue of Anacreon, for- 
 merly in the Villa Borghese at Rome. 
 It represents the poet as a bearded man 
 in the prime of life, standing and play- 
 ing on the lyre. The original was 
 doubtless a fifth-century work, and one 
 well known, as there are extant four 
 replicas of the head, the best one being 
 in Berlin. Kekule" assigns the original 
 to Cresilas, Furtwiingler to Phidias, 
 and both judge it the statue on the 
 Acropolis here mentioned. Against this 
 identification is the fact that Pausanias 
 says the statue represented the poet as 
 drunk, while the Copenhagen statue 
 represents him as sober. See Kekule', 
 Jrb. d. arch. Inst. VII (1892), 119- 
 120; Furtwangler, Meisterw. p. 92 sq. 
 8. ACIVOJUVTJS : Pliny (N. H. 34, 50)
 
 128 THE ATTICA OF PAUSANIAS 
 
 Ch.25, 2 
 
 KaXXtcrrw rrfv Au/caoi/o? TreTrotTy/ce^, ats d/x^orepat? eVri^ 
 10 e? airav 6'juota Stryyr^otara ep&>9 Atos /cat 'Hpas opy?) KCU 
 dXXayr) rfj /xe> e's fiovv, KaXXtcrrot Se e's apKrov. 
 
 Ilpog Se TW ret^et ra> VOTLO* YiydvTfDVj ot vrept <P)paKr)v 2 
 Trore /cat roi> IcrO/Jioi' TT^S naXXTy^i^? wK^cra^, rovrco^ roi^ 
 \.yo^evov TrdXe/xov KCU fjid^rjif irpos 'A/xa^ot'a? *Aur)vauov 
 15 KCU TO Mapa^w^t Trpo? MT^SOLK? epyov KOL FaXarajz/ TT)^ eV 
 Mvcrta fyBopav dvddr)K.v "ArraXo?, o'cro^ re Svo TT^^WV Ka- 
 8e /cat 'OXu/x77toSwpo5, /xeye^et re a>^ eVpafe 
 /cat ov^ T^/ctcrra rw /catpw, ^po^^ta eV dvBpo)- 
 Trot? Trapacr^o/xe^o? crvt'e^w? eVrat/cocrt /cat 8t' avro ou8e 
 20 eV ^prjO'Tov ovSe e? ra /xeXXo^ra IXiri^ovcn. TO yap dri^- 3 
 > w^eia avracrt rot? c/ EXX^crtt' ^pfe /ca/coi) /cat 
 
 YjKiCTTa OOuXoV? iTTOLfJCTe TOU? VTTeptOO^Ta? Kat OCTOt 
 
 /xera Ma/ceoovaj^ erd^^cra^. ra? p,eV o^ vroXXa? 
 rw*> TToXecut' etXev, 'A^vatot? oe Xoyw (T 
 25 (T(j)ds ^taXtcrra e'/cd/cwcre, vijcrovs re d^eXdjae^o? Kat ri^9 e'? 
 ra vavTLKa Travcra? dp^T^?. /cat ~^p6vov /xeV rtva 
 'A.6r)vcuoL ^(Xi-mrov ^acrtXevoz^ro? /cat ucrrepoi' ' 
 reXevr^cravro? Se 'AXe^d^Spov Ma/ceSd^e? jaev /3acrtXeueti/ 
 etXovro 'AptSatov, 'Az^rtTrdrpw Se eVererpaTiro 17 77acra d 
 
 mentions a sculptor Dinomenes, who The material was probably of bronze. 
 
 flourished 01. 05 (about 400 B.C.). Marble copies of figures of these groups 
 
 12. ri-ydvrwv : these figures were are preserved in the museums of Eu- 
 
 doubtless dedicated by Attains I, king rope, five of Gauls, three of Persians, 
 
 of Pergamus, to commemorate his one Giant, and one Amazon, all repre- 
 
 victories over the Gauls (cf. 1, 4, 5). senting the vanquished. The Athens 
 
 They were located, as Pausanias states, statues were probably reduced replicas 
 
 on the south wall, and doubtless di- of figures in bronze at Pergamus, exe- 
 
 rectly over the theatre, as Plutarch cuted by Epigonus. See Frazer, II, 
 
 (Anton. 60) relates how the figure of 322-325 ; Harrison, Ancient Athens, 
 
 Dionysus in the group representing the pp. 474-477. 17. From here to 26, 3 
 
 giants was blown from its place by a follows a digression on Olympiodorus 
 
 hurricane and fell into the theatre. and the contest with the Macedonians.
 
 THE LAMIAN WAR 129 
 
 Ch. 25, 6 
 30 /Cat ' A #77I>aiOlS OVKCTL dvtKTOi <f>(lil>CTO i TOV TTOLVTOi ^pOVOV 
 
 ecrrat eVt Ma/ceSdo~t TO 'EXXTjzn/coV, dXX' aurot re 7roXe/xeu> 
 /cat aXXou? e'<? TO epyov -rjytipov. e'yeVoi'TO Se at 4 
 
 rjv 'HXetot < I ) Xtao~tot Mecrcr^Vr;, ot Se ei^w TOU Ko- 
 35 pivOLwv ItrOfjiov Ao/cpot $a>/cet9 Beo~o"aXot Kapvoros 'A/ca/3- 
 e? TO AtTwXi/cov o"v^TeXou^Te5 BotaiTot 8e 
 ji' rr)i> yrjv rr)v ( H )i7/3atSa ve^o^f-voi Seet / 
 vcuoi cr^icnv eVot/ct^cocrt^ ovTe e'g TT) 
 /cat e'<? oo~o^ ^/coi^ Svi'a/xeaj? TO, Ma/ceo&jz' rjvoi>. 
 40 TOW? Se eg TO crv/x/xa^t/co^ Ta^^eWa? /caTa TrdXet? T e'/ca- 5 
 0-TOU9 Tyyoi' crTpaT^yot /cat TOV TravTos apytiv fiprjTo 
 i^ato? Aewcr^eVTyg TroXewg TC d^tw/xaTt /cat avTO9 eti>at 
 7roXe)awv e)u,7ret/)O5. vTrrjp^e Se' ot /cat TT^O? Trou/ras evepyecria 
 TOW? EXX^i/a? 67rdo~ot yap /xtcr^ou Trapa Aapetw /cat craTpa.- 
 45 Trat? (TTpa.T.vovTo 'EXXryt'e?, ai/ot/ctcrat o~^>a<? e'? T^ ITepo"tSa 
 
 e'? T^ EvpwTr^v. /cat Sir) /cat TOTC w^ e'? avrov ri\TTi(rav cpya 
 a eVtSet^a/xei^o? Trapecryev OLiroBav^v a0vfJirj(TaL 
 /cat St' avTo ov^ Tj/cto~Ta o~<^aX^at tftpovpd re Ma/ce- 
 50 S6VeDi> eo"fjX0v A.0rjvaioL^) ot Mowuviafj vcrrtpov Se /cat 
 ITetpata /cat Tei^rj yu,a/cpa ecr^ov. 'AvTiiraTpov Se diroOavov- 
 TO? 'OXu/xTTta? Sta/3acra e' 'HTretpov ^pdz^o^ /xeV 
 avro/cTetVacra 'AptSatoi^, ov TroXXw Se vcrrepov e'/ 
 ^eto~a V7TO Kacrcra^Spou TrapeSoOrj TW TrX^' 
 55 Se y8ao~tXevo~a9 Ta Se e's 'AOyvaiovs eVe'^eto't /xot ytxoVa 6 
 . Xdyo? naVa/CTo^ Tet^o? eV T^ 'ATTt/c^ /cat SaXa/zt^a etXe 
 Tvpavvov re 'A^^atots eVpa^e ye^e'cr^at 
 
 50. IldvaKTov Tti^os : situated on 320). Cassander later garrisoned it, but 
 
 the borders of Roeotia, and captured Demetrius 1'oliorcetes recaptured it 
 
 in 322 B.C. by the Boeotians, who dis- and restored it to the Athenians (Pint. 
 
 mantled it (Thuc. 5, 3, 42; Dem. 19, Demetrius, 23).
 
 130 THE ATTICA OF PAUSANIAS 
 
 Ch. 25, 7 
 
 QavocrTpaTOv, [rd Trpog] &6av etXi^oTa eVt <ro(ta. TOVTOV 
 p,v 877 TupaiWSog eVaucre A^jai^T/xog 6 'A^TtyoVou., ve'og re 
 60 u>v /cat <iXoTt/zwg Trpog TO 'EXX'^i'i/coi' Sta/cet/zevog Kacr- 7 
 craj'Spog Se 8etf6^ yap rt UTT^^ ot jatcrog e'g Toug 'AOrj- 
 ^atoug 6 Se au#tg Aa^dprjv Trpoecrr^/coTa e? Kivo TOV 
 TOVTOV TOV av^pcL ot/cet&jo"ctju,e^o5 TvpavvL&a. eTretcre 
 i, Tvpdwotv 5>v L(Tpv ra re eg av6 pw-rrovs ^ctXtcrrct 
 65 GLvrf^epov Kat e? TO Otiov d^etSeo'TaTO^. A^/xT/T/Dtw Se TW 
 i^ou $ia<f)opa ^tv TJV eg TOI/ Brjfjio^ ^817 TWV * AOrjvaicDV, 
 Se o/xwg /cat T^ Aa^apovg rvpavvi&a- aXto'/co/xeVov 
 Se TOU Tet^ovg e'/cStSpacr/cet Aa^ap^g eg BotcoTovg, aVe Se 
 do"7TiSag e'^ dKipovroXewg KaOeXwv ^pvcrag /cat avTo 
 70 'A^i'ag TO ayaX^Lta TOZ^ TrepLcupeTov aVoSvo~ag Kotr/JLov V 
 
 eviropelv /xeyaXwg ^p^jutctTwv. Aa^dprji' ^iev o3^ TOU- 8 
 eVe/ca KT.lvov(Tiv aVSpeg Kopwi^atot A^jai^Tptog Se 6 
 'Ai'Ttyoi'ov Tvpdvvaiv e'Xev^epwcrag ' AOrjvaiovs TO TC irapav- 
 Tt/ca joteTa TT)^ Aa^apovg fyvyrfv OVK aTre'Sw/ce' o"(^to't TOI/ 
 75 Iletpata /cat vcrrepov 7roXe)aaj /cpaT^'crag eV^yayez^ e'g auTo 
 <j>povpdv TO ao~Tv, TO MoiKretoi' /caXou/xei^o^ Tet^tVag. eb"Tt 
 Se eVTog TOU TreptySoXou TOU dp^atou TO Moucreto^ avra^Tt/cpu 
 d/cpO7roXewg Xo</>og, eV^a Moucratoz/ aSetv /cat ctTro- 
 
 rfpa raffrrjixu \eyovcnv vcrrepov Se /cat 
 80 avroOi d^Spt w/coSo/x^^ ^vpa>. Tore Se A-^^Tpto 
 26 et^e ^po^w Se vcrrepov aVSpag ecrri\6ev .ou TroXXoug [/cat] 1 
 
 67. ri]v Aa\dpovs rupavviSa: see 76. TO Mouo-iov : Pausanias omits 
 
 Droysen, Gesch. d. Hell. II, 2, 251- from his description the hill district 
 
 253. He removed from the Parthenon southwest of the Acropolis embracing 
 
 the three hundred Persian shields sent the Pnyx, the hill of the Nymphs, and 
 
 by Alexander the Great to Athens to the Museum hill, but here incidentally 
 
 be dedicated to Athena (Arrian, Anab. mentions the last. The monument 
 
 1,16,7; Plut. Alexander, 16). Athe- here mentioned is still conspicuous. 
 
 naeus (0, p. 405 E) quotes a comic poet 26. Olympiodorus Artemis Leu- 
 
 as saying that Lachares "had made cophryene Statue of Athena by En- 
 
 Athena naked." doews T7ie Erechtheum Image of
 
 OLYMl'lODOHUS 131 
 
 Ch. 26, 4 
 
 fjivijfjir) re irpoyovajv /cat e'<? o'iav /xera/SoX^i/ TO d^tw/xa TJKOL 
 r<ov 'AffrjvaLCDV., avTt/ca re aj? et^oz/ atpoiWat <n par-qyov 
 'OXu/AmdSwpoi'. 6 Se o-<dg eVt TOU? Ma/ceSdfa? r)ye /cat 
 5 yepovras /cat /xetpd/cta o/Aotw?, TrpoOv^ia TT\QV 77 p^J] 
 KaTopBoixrOcu, TO. eg TTO\^OV IXTri^ajv eVe^eX^dt'ra? 8e 
 Ma/ceSd^ag ^Xfl ? e'/cpar^cre /cat <f>vyovT(t)v e'? TO 
 TO ^atpiov efXei^. 'A^i/at /xej^ OVTOJ<? aTro Ma/ceSd^w^ 
 OepaiOrjcraiV) ' \0riva.iwv oe ira.vT(i)V dya^tcra/xeVa>^ d^tw? Xdyou 
 10 Aew/cptTo? /zaXtcrra 6 IT po^Toip^ov Xe'yeTat 
 77/369 TO iipyov TrpaJTO? /u.e^ yap eVt TO Tet^o? 
 8e e? TO Movcretoi^ e'cr^XaTo, /cat ot Treo'dt'Tt eV 
 Trap' ' KOyvalfDv /cat dXXat yeyoVao~t /cat T-^y do"7rt8a d 
 TO> Att TOJ 'EXev^eptoj, TO oVo/xa TOV Aew/cptVov /cat TO /caTop- 
 15 Ocofjia eVtypdx//a^Te9. 'OXv/aTTtoSwpw Se ToSe /xeV e'o~Tti^ epyo^ 3 
 /xeyto"TO^ ^wpt? TOVTCUI' <x>v eVpa^e Iletpata, /cat 
 TrotoiyxeVcoi' 8e Ma/ceSd^aji/ /caT 
 'EXeucrtj/tou? crvvTOL^as eVt/ca TOU? Ma/ceSoVa?. 
 8e ert TOVTOJI^ e'o~/3aXoWo<? e'? TT)^ 'ATTI/CT)^ Kao~- 
 20 o~dV8pou 7rXevo"a? 'OXv^iiTrtdSaipo? e? AtTcoXtaz' /Sor^Belv AtTa>- 
 Xovs e7reto~e, /cat TO crvjLtjaa^t/co^ TOUTO eyeVeTo A0r)vaioi<s 
 O.ITIOV /xdXto~Ta oia<f)vyZi> TOV Kao"o"di^opov 7rdXe/xo^. 'OXu/x- 
 TTtoSwpw 8e TOVTO /xei' e^ 'A^vatg eto'tt' eV Te d/cpovrdXet /cat 
 ei^ TrpvTai'et'w Tt/xat, TOVTO Se ez^ 'EXevo'U't ypaffrij KOU Ocu/ce'cu^ 
 25 ot 'EXaTetai/ e^ovTe? ^aX/cov^ 'OXv/ATrtoScupoi' ei^ AeX(^ot5 di/e- 
 
 on /cat TOUTOI? r^weis a7rocrTdo"t Kao r crd^8pov. 
 rJ? 8e et/cdi^o? TT^CTLOV TTJS 'OXu/x7Tto8wpov ^aX/covi' 'Apre- 4 
 ayaXfjia ecrTrjKev e7rt/cXi7O"t^ Aeu/co^pv^V^?, 
 
 Athena that fell from Heaven Ca- The outer Ceramicus contained the 
 
 limachus. graves of thirteen who fell in the as- 
 
 4. 'OXu|nrio8copov : Plutarch (Deme- sault on the Museum hill (1, 20, ;>). 
 trius, 46) mentions this revolt, which 28. AtvK<>4>pvT|VTis : this title was 
 
 probably took place in 288 B.C. See given Artemis from Leucophrys, a 
 
 Droysen, Gesch. d. Hell. II, 2, 300. town in the valley of the Maeander.
 
 132 
 
 THE ATTICA OF PAUSANIAS 
 
 Ch.26, 5 
 
 Se ol TratSes ot ejatcrTO/cXe'ovs May^re? yap? <*>v y 
 30 tyefjucTTOKXrjs \a(3(*)v Trapa /3acrtXe'w9, AevKotfrpvtjvrjv " Apre- 
 
 ay over LV Iv TifJifj. 
 
 Act Se' fj,e d<t/ce'cr#ai rou Xdyou Trpdcraj, TTOLVTO. o^totaj? 
 ra 'EXX^vtfca. v Ei>Soto<> 77^ yeVo? /xev *A0r)- 
 , AatSaXov Se /aa^Tifs, 05 /cat (frevyovn AatSaXw Sta 
 35 ro^ KaXcu 9a.va.Tov eTrrfKoXovOrjcrev e? KpiJTrfv rovrov KaOij- 
 ov ICTTLV ' AOrjvas ayaX^aa, eVtypajotju,a e^oi' ws KaXXta? 
 
 Tronfcrete 8e v Ei/Soio?. ecrrt Se /cat ot/oyyu-a 5 
 KaXovpevov Trpo Se 7775 ecrdSou Aids e'crrt 
 ^a e/xi//u^o^ OVOVCTLV ovSeV, TrejLtjaara 8e 
 40 ovSez^ ert ot^w ^pifja'acrOai vofJLL^ovcnv. e'creX^oCa't Se' etcrt 
 /3aj/xot, ITocretSaii/o9, e^>' ou /cat 'Epe^et BVOVCTLV e/c row />ia^- 
 rev/uaros, /cat yjpa)o<; Bourou, rptros Se 'H^atcrrof ypa<f>al 
 
 Xenophon (Hell. 3, 2, 10; 4, 8, 17) 
 mentions her sanctuary there. The 
 temple at Magnesia on the Maeander, 
 alluded to by Pausanias, was an Ionic 
 structure built by the architect Her- 
 mogenes (Vitruv. 3, 2, (5 ; 7, praef. 12). 
 According to Strabo (14, p. 647) it was 
 the third largest temple in Asia, and, 
 though inferior in size and number of 
 votive offerings to the Artemis temple 
 at Ephesus, was far superior in its 
 architectural features. The remains of 
 the temple were excavated in 1891- 
 1893 by the German Archaeological 
 Institute. 33. "EvBoios: although Pau- 
 sanias speaks of Endoeus as an Athe- 
 nian, there is some ground for thinking 
 he was an Ionian Greek, as two in- 
 scribed bases of statues by him found 
 i n Athens are in Ionic characters (C . I. A. 
 I, 477, AeX-ri'oi> d px . 1888, 208 sq.). He 
 is also known to have made images 
 for temples in Ionia, including the im- 
 
 age of Artemis at Ephesus. He flour- 
 ished at Athens in the latter part of the 
 sixth century B.C., the age of Pisistra- 
 tus. A seated statue of Athena, now in 
 the Acropolis Museum, is usually as- 
 cribed to him. The Callias who dedi- 
 cated it was probably the opponent of 
 Pisistratus mentioned by Herodotus 
 (6, 121). 
 
 37. Ottawa 'Ep'x6iov KaXovpcvov : on 
 the Erechtheum, see Excursus XI. 
 41. P<I>|AO(: the Athenians frequently 
 identified Erechtheus with Poseidon 
 (Hesych. s.v. 'EpexGtvs). An inscription 
 (C.I.A. I, 387) has a dedication to Po- 
 seidon Erechtheus. This priesthood 
 was styled that of Poseidon Erechtheus 
 (Ps.-Plut. Vit. x Or. p. 843 n, c; C.I.A. 
 Ill, 805). The seat reserved in the 
 theatre was for "the priest of earth- 
 holding Poseidon and Erechtheus" 
 (C.I.A. Ill, 276). 42. ripcoos BOVTOV : 
 Butes was either a twin brother of
 
 THE ERECIITHEUM 
 
 133 
 
 Ch. 26, 6 
 
 Se lirl 
 
 rov yeVou<? etcrt rov BovraSw^ /cat St- 
 yap eVrt TO ot/CTy/xa [/cat] uScup eVrtv eVSoy BaXdcr- 
 45 crioy eV <pe'art. rouro /zeV #av/xa ov /zeya- /cat ya/3 ocrot 
 /xecroyatdv ot/coucrt^, aXXots re eVrt /cat Kapcrti' 'A<poSt<rtev- 
 env dXXa roSe TO (f>peap e'<? (rvyypa.(f>r)i> 
 
 r)X 1 ' 
 
 /cat 
 
 ecrrtt' e rr^ Trerpa 
 
 ravra Se Xeyerat IIocret8a>i/t 
 
 'lepa p,ev rrjs 'A^iy^a? ecrrti/ 17 re aXXr^ vroXt? /cat 17 Tracra o 
 6/xota>? yrj /cat yap ocrot? ^ov? /ca^ecrrTy/cet' aXXou 5 eV 
 rot? oi^jLtot? crefiziVj ouoeV rt rjcrcrov rr^v *A.0r)vav ayovcriv 
 eV Tt/LtT^ TO 8e a'ytwraro^ eV /cot^w TroXXot? Trporepov vo- 
 
 JJUCrBeV T(TLl> T! (TVVri\6oV O.7TO TO)V $TJfJL(t)V CCTTt^ A.VTf)VOL^ 
 
 ayaX/aa eV 717 ^Ov a/cpovroXet, rare 8e ovoyLta^o/xeVr^ TrdXet- 
 <j>TJfJL?) Se e? auro e^et Trecret^ e/c rov ovpavov. /cat rovro ^te*> 
 ov/c lireffeifju etre ourw? etre aXXoo? e^et, Xv^vo^ Se 717 $eoj 
 
 Erechtheus (Apollod. 3, 14, 8) or a son made of olive-wood (Schol. Dem. 22, 
 
 of Poseidon (Eustath. on Homer II. A, 1, 
 
 p. 13; Etymol. Magn. p. 209 sq., s.vv. 
 Eovrddai and Eovrtdrjs). The ancient 
 family of the Butads or Eteobutads 
 furnished both the priests of Poseidon 
 Erechtheus and the priestesses of 
 Athena Polias (Aeschin. 2, 147 ; liar- 
 pocr. and Phot. s.v.'Ereo/Soin-aScuetal.). 
 The statesman Lycurgus was of this 
 family. 
 
 55. 'AOi^vas a-yaXjia KT\.: this re- 
 mark is evidently intended to explain 
 the epithet Polias (from TroXts) which 
 was the regular title of the Athena 
 of the Erechtheum (see Frazer, II, 573 
 sqq., Appendix). The phraseology was 
 suggested by Time. 2, 15, who says 
 that in early times the word 71-6X1$ was 
 restricted to mean the Acropolis. Of. 
 C.I. A. I, 1, 4, 139. The image was 
 
 13, p. 597). As to the type, there is 
 some dispute whether the goddess was 
 represented seated or standing. 58. 
 \v\vov : the lamp with its perpetual 
 light in the Erechtheum is mentioned 
 by Strabo (9, p. 39G). During the siege 
 of Athens by Sulla it was allowed to 
 go out for lack of oil (Pint. Nuimi, 3; 
 Sulla, 13). The date of Callimachus is 
 not positively known, but he probably 
 belongs to the close of the fifth cen- 
 tury. To him is attributed the inven- 
 tion of the Corinthian capital (Vitruv. 
 4, 1, 9). He made a seated image of 
 Hera at Plataea (9, 2, 7). Pliny (N. II. 
 34, 92) says that the epithet *.-a>af6- 
 rexfos, " Kefmer away of Art," was 
 applied to him because of his excessive 
 fastidiousness; Vitruvius (4, 1, 9) that 
 it was on account of "the elegance and
 
 134 THE ATTICA OF PAUSAXIAS 
 
 Ch.2C, 7 
 
 Xpvcrovv KaXXi/xa^o 1 ? eVot^crev e'^.TrX^o'az'Tes Se e'Xatou 7 
 GO TOV Xv^ *' rrjv avrrjv TOV jue'XXovTos erov? dva/xeVovo-ti' 17/^6- 
 />av, eXatov Se e'/cetvo TOV pera^v, eVap/cet ^povov rw Xv^i^w 
 /cara ra avra eV rj/jLepa /cat VVKTI fyalvovn. /cat ot \ivov 
 0pvaX\l<s eVecrTtv, o ST) 7Tf/3t \ivo>v \LQVQV OVK 
 dXaxrifJiOv fyoivLJ; Se vvre/a rov Xv^vou ^aX/cou? dvTJKO)i> 
 05 e? rov opcxf)ov dvacnra rrjv dr/xtSa. 6 Se KaXXt)u,a^O5 6 rov 
 Xv^vov 77oi7^cra5, cx.TroSe'wv rwv Trpwrwv e? avTrjv TTJV 
 OVTOJ (TO<f>ia Trd.vTb)v ecrrlv aptcrro? wcrre /cat \i0ovs 
 ' /cat 6Vo/xa eOf.ro /cararT/^tre^vov, 17 
 
 27 Ketrat Se eV TW vaw r^5 TloXiaSos e Ep/x^9 fvXou, Ke'/cpo- l 
 TTO<? etvat Xeydjaevov dvaOrj/jLa, VTTO /cXaSajv fjivpcrivrjs ov crvvo- 
 TTTOV. dvaOijiJiaTa. Se OTrocra a^ta Xoyov, ra>z/ /xev ayo^atwv 
 6/cXaSta? e'crrt AatSaXov 770117 jLta ? \d(f)vpa Se airo 
 Mao"tcrrtov Ocopa^, o? clYev eV ITXaratat? TT^V T7ye- 
 r^5 LTTTTOV, Kal a/avct/o^? MapSovtou Xeyd/xe^o? etvat. 
 Mao~to"Ttov jaev Si) reXevr^o'avra UTTO rwv 'A^vatwv otSa 
 t7T7re / wv MapSovtou Se ^a^ecrafjievov Aa/ceSat/xovtot? Ivavria 
 /cat VTTO dvSpo? ^TrapTtarov Trecrdvro? ovS' aV VTreSe^avro 
 10 apxyv ovSe to~aj<? ' A.0r)vaioi<5 TraprJKav (frepecrOai Aa/ceSatjito- 
 vtot TOV aKivdKf]v. rrepl Se rrj<? e'Xata? ovSev e^ovcrtv aXXo 2 
 
 subtlety " of his work in marble. See 11. irepl 8e TTIS tXaias: I'ausanias 
 
 Furtwiingler, Meisterw. pp. 200-20G. does not tell the site of the sacred olive, 
 
 27. Offerings in the Temple of Athena but from other sources we learn that 
 
 Polias T/te O/ive Tree T/ie Arre- it was in the Fandrosium to the west 
 
 phoric Maidens Statue of the Priest- of the Erechtheum (see Dion. Hal. de 
 
 ess Lysimache Group of Erechtheus Dinarcho judicium, 3 ; A polled, o, 14, 
 
 and Eumolpus Statues of Tolmides 1). Herodotus (8, 55) speaks of it 
 
 ojui 7i/s son Athena statues- Boar as within the precincts of the Erech- 
 
 II tint Fight of Heracles with Cycnus theum. Pliny (X. II. 1(5, 240) and Hy- 
 
 Heracles and Theseus Minos and ginus (Fab. 104) speak of this sacred 
 
 the Minotaur. olive as existing in their time. He- 
 
 1. tv TU> va rfjs IToXidSos : on the rodotus's account of the burning and 
 
 Old Athena Temple, see Excursus XII. sprouting again is not so marvelous
 
 ARKKPHOltOI 135 
 
 Ch. 27, 4 
 
 ei7ru> 17 7-77 6ta> fJLapTvpiov ytvecrOai TOVTO e? rov dyoW rov 
 
 eVt rff ^a>pa- Xeyoucrt Se /cat ra8e, /cara/cav^z'at 
 
 eXatav, rjviKa 6 Mr^So? TI)I> TrdXti/ eVeVpTjcrei/ ' 
 
 15 KaraKavBelcrav Se av6r)p.6pbv ocrov re eVt Suo ySXacrrTjcrat 
 
 /cal ecrri Ila^Spocro? e? r^ 7rapa.KaTa6iJKr)v ai>amo<? rail/ 
 dSeX^w^ (j.6vr). a Se /xot Oavpacrai /xaXtcrra Trapecr^er, ecrrt 3 
 
 20 jae^ ou/c e? aTravra? yvwptjna 7 ypai//w 8e ofa crv/x/Sat^et. Trap- 
 Oevoi 8vo rov i^aov rrj? IToXtctSo? ot/covcrti' ou Trdppa;, KaXovo"t 
 Se 'A^Ty^atot cn^a? dpp~r)<j>6povs O.VTO.L ^povov /xeV rti^a 8tat- 
 e^ovcrt irapa rfj ^ew, Trapayei^o/xeVr;? 8e 7779 eopr^5 Spai- 
 eV z^v/crt roidSe. avaBela'ai (T^icriv eVt ra? /cec^aXag a 
 
 25 17 XT)? 'A^T/^dg lepeca 8tSaj(rt ^>epet^, cure 17 8i8ovcra OTrotd^ 
 rt 8t'8acrt^ etSvia oure rat? (^epova'at? eVtcrra^eVat? ecrrt 
 Se Trept^SoXo? eV r^ TrdXet T7^5 /caXou/xeV^s eV KT^TTOI? 'A^>po- 
 817175 ov Troppct) Kal 8t' avrov /cci^oSo? vTroycuog avrofjidrr) 
 ravrr) /cariacrtj/ at TrapOevoi. /cciraj ^tei/ 817 ret c^epd/xe^a Xet- 
 
 30 Trovcrt^, Xa/3ovcrat 8e dXXo rt /co/xt^ovcrtv lyKtKaXv ^^ivov 
 /cat rag /xe> d^tdcrt^ 17817 TO eVreu^ei/, ere pas Se e? T^V d/cpd- 
 ayovcrtv dvr' O.VTWV. Trpos 8e r<p z^acp r^5 4 
 
 (8, 55). 17. rTav8p6o-ov vaos: as to birth, between the ages of seven and 
 
 Pandrosus, see 1, 18,2. The temple was eleven, chosen by the king archon to 
 
 situated just east of the Erechtheum. perform the service described by Pau- 
 
 The Epheboi sacrificed to Athena Po- sanias. They wore white robes, and 
 
 lias arid to Paudrosus (C.I. A. Ill, 481). gold ornaments if worn by them be- 
 
 The pedestal of a statue to one of the came sacred. Two of the Arrephoroi 
 
 girls called Arrephoroi bears an inscrip- began the weaving of the sacred robe 
 
 tion that she had served Athena Polias presented periodically to Athena. The 
 
 and Pandrosus (C.I. A. Ill, 887; cf. festival here described was called Arrc- 
 
 C.I.A. II, 1390). Thallo, one of the pAorta, and was held in the month of Sci- 
 
 seasons, was worshiped along with Pan- rophorion (June-July). (Cf. Ar. Lys. 
 
 drosus (0, 35, 2). G41 sq., and Schol.; Etymol. Magn. 
 
 20. irapOc'voi 8vio . . . dppr|4>6povs : the p. 149, s.vv. appri^bpot and dpprjfiopfTv ; 
 
 Arrephoroi were four girls of noble Hesych. and Suid. s.v. dppTifapla, etc.)
 
 13G THE ATTICA OF PAUSANIAS 
 
 Ch. 27, 5 
 
 'A.0r)va<s ecrrt /xeV . . . evifpt? rrpecrfivTis ocrov re Tnf^eo? 
 jadXtcrra, <a/AeV7 Std/coi'O'? etvat Avcripd^r/., eart Se dydX- 
 
 35 /xara /xeydXa ^aX/cov StecrraJTes dz/Spe? e's /aa^i/- /cat rov 
 yu,eV 'Epe^e'a /caXoucrt, roi^ Se RvfAoXnov /catrot XeXrjOe ye 
 ouSe 'AOyvaudV OCTOL ra clp^ata Icracriv, 'I/x/xa/ 
 TratSa Eu/xdXTrov [roSrov] rov aTro^a^dvra VTTO 
 eVt Se rov (3d0pov KOL d^Spta^re? eicrl eaiVero? og epav- 5 
 
 40 reuero ToX/xtSr^ /<at avro? ToX^tSr^?, 05 *A0r}vaui)V va.va\v 
 aXXou? re eK-a/cwcre Kal 
 
 ia) TO. vewpia eve-rrprjcre /cat rwi^ Treptot/caj^ Bota? etXe /cat 
 
 r^ Kv0r)pt(DV vrjcrov e? Se r^ ^IKVOIVIOLV TroLrj&dfjievos OLTTO- 
 45 fiacnv, w? ot Sr^ov^rt TT)I^ y^ e'? jjLoi-^rjp /care'crrrycrav, Tpe^id- 
 
 ju,e^o? (T<f>d<; /careStw^e Tryao? r^v TrdXtv. vcrrepov Se w? 
 
 .ira.vri\6ev e'? 'AOijvas, ecn^yaye jaev e's Ev/8otav /cat 
 
 ' A.6f)va.i(i)v K\7jpov^ov<; 7 e'cre)8aXe Se e'? Botwrov? 
 
 7Top0TJcras Se T^? y^? rr)^ 77oXXir)i/ /cat Trapacrr^cra/xe^o? TTO- 
 50 Xtop/cta Xatpcoveta^, w? e'? r^ 'AXtaprta^ TrpofjXOev., avro<? 
 
 re jota^d/xe^o? dneOave /cat TO 770,1^ ^'S^ crr/aarev/xa ^rraro. 
 
 TO, /xej' e'? ToXjLttSr;^ rotaura e7rvvOa.v6^r]v 6Vra, ecrrt Se 'Adrj- t 
 dydX/xara dp^ala /cat cr(^t<rtv aTrerd/c^ yu.ei' ovSeV, 
 
 33. tv^jpis irpta ports . . . Avo-ijidxti : figures of priestesses of Athena, which 
 
 this is probably the statue, made by stood near the Krechtheum. Inscribed 
 
 Demetrius, of Lysimache who was bases of some have been found (C.I. A. 
 
 priestess of Athena for sixty-four II, 1J577, 1378, 1386, 1302 B, 350) and 
 
 years (Pliny, N. II. 34, 70). Plutarch perhaps the archaic female statues in the 
 
 (de vitioso pudore, 14) tells an anec- Acropolis Museum were of this group. 
 dote of her. Demetrius was a realist 40. To\p.C8T| : with the following ac- 
 
 who cared more to produce a good count of Tolmides cf. Time. 1, 108 and 
 
 likeness than a beautiful work of art 113; Diod. 9, 84; 12, G; Plutarch, 
 
 (Lucian, Philops. 18-20; Quint. 12, 10, Pericles, 18. The battle of Coronea 
 
 0). He probably flourished in the first in which Tolmides fell was fought in 
 half of the fourth century n.c. This . 447 B.C. He and his men were buried 
 
 statue was doubtless one of a series of in the outer Ceramicus (1, 29, 14).
 
 THESEUS 137 
 
 Ch. 27, 9 
 
 a Se /cat TrXrjyrjv eveyiceiv CO~TIV dcr6evo~T.pa.- eVe- 
 55 Xa/3e yap KOI raura rj </>Xd, ore eV/Se/fy/coYajz/ e? ra.9 ^aCs 
 
 5 Kdf]va(.(DV /3ao"tXeu<? etXe*/ eprjfjLOv TUV ev ^Xt/a'a Trjv TTO\LV. 
 O~TL Se crvo5 re Or/po., TTtpl ov craves ovSeV otSa et rot) KaXu- 
 
 tov, /cat KVKVOS 'HpaKXel yu.a^o/Aet'o? rovro^ rov 
 lv dXXof? re ^>o^vcrat /cat Au/cov Hpa/ca Trpor 
 60 <T<uri jaot'o/xa^ta? a.9\a)v, TTtpl Se TOJ/ 7TOTap.ov TOV 
 OLTreOavev u^>' 'Hpa/cXe'of 5. 
 
 Tait' 8e eV Tpot^i^i Xdywi/ oi?9 e'? Q^o'e'a Xeyoucriv ccrriv 7 
 tu? 'Hpa/cX^? e'? Tpot^^a 1X0 a)v Trapd IIrr$e'a Karadelro eVt 
 TW SetVva) TOI) Xe'oi^ro? TO 8ep/xa, e'cre'X^otev Se Trap' avrov 
 05 aXXot re Tpot^inwv vratSe? /cat B^crev? e'/^So/zoi' /u,aXtcrra 
 ero? rou? /xei^ S^ XOITTOU? TratSa?, w<? TO 
 vyovTds (f>ao'Li> oi^eo-^ai, Br^cre'a Se V 
 OVK dyav a~vi> <f)6(Ba) Trapa rwv Siafco^wv dpTrdcrai 
 /cat avrt/ca eVteVat crTrovSry, Xeovra tivai TO Sep/xa r)yovp.- 
 70 I'oi/. 6'Se /xev Tail/ Xdyaiv TrpaJTO? e'? OLVTOV e'erTt Tpot^i^iot? 8 
 
 6 Se eVt TOT/TW, /cp^TrtSa? Atye'a UTTO frerpa /cat ^i'< 
 yva}pL(7fJ.aTa eivai TCO TratSt /cat TOZ^ ^tei/ e? 'A 
 
 Br/^e'a Se', w? ZKTOV /cat Se/caToi/ ero? e'yeyd^et, TT)*/ irerpav 
 dvaxravTa oc^ecrOai rrfv 7rapaKaTa0TJKr)i> Trjv Atye r a)? (fre 
 75 TOVTOV Se et/can/ eV d/cpo7rdXet TrerroLrjrai TOV Xdyov, ^a 
 
 a)*; TT\r)v T^? Trerpas dveOeo-av Se /cat dXXo (^17- '. 
 epyoi^, /cat 6 Xoyos OVTOJ? e'? avTo e^et. 
 
 58. KVKVOS 'HpaicXei (i.a\6|jicvos : cf. ens and on other ancient monuments. 
 
 Ilesiod, Scutum Herculis, 345 sqq.; See Baumeister, Deukmaler, p. 178(3; 
 
 Eur. Here. Fur. 389 sqq.; Apollod. 2, Imhoof-Blumer and Gardner, Num. 
 
 7, 7 ; Diod. 4, 37. Comm. on Pans. p. 140, with pi. 1)1), ii. 
 
 71. KprjiriSas A^ta : cf. 2, 32, 7; 70. aAAo 0-qo-e'ws ?p-yov : on Theseus's 
 
 Pint. Thes. 3, 6 ; Diod. 4, 50. The sub- capture of the Marathonian bull, see 
 
 ject of Theseus lifting the rock and Pint. Thes. 14; Diod. 4, 59; Hygi- 
 
 finding under it the tokens of his mis, Fab. 38. Pau.sanias says Theseus 
 
 birth is I'epresented on coins of Ath- sacrificed the bull to Athena; the other
 
 138 THE ATTICA OF PAUSANIAS 
 
 Ch. 27, 10 
 
 d\\7)v yr\v /cat rr]v eVt Trorayaw Te$/3tVt ravpo? e'Xv^tat^ero. 
 TrctXat Se apa ra Brjpia <^o/3epwrepa 77^ Totg dv6 pw-rrois o$<? o 
 80 r' eV Ne/xea Xecu^ /cat 6 Hap^acrios /cat S^a/covres r^5 'EXXa- 
 805 TToXXa^ov /cat vg Trept re KaXuSwva /cat 'Etpv^avOov /cat 
 7775 KopivOias eV Kpofj,va>vL, o>crre /cat eXeyero ra /xev di^etvat 
 y^v, TO, 8e w? tepa etr; 9ewv, ra 8e /cat e? Tt/xw/ata^ av0pa>- 
 a<etcr$ai. /cat rourov ot Kp-^re? rof ravpov e? r^v y^ 
 85 7re]ai/;at cr^>tcrt IIocret8a>^a ^>ao"t^, ort Ba\dcro"rj<; dp^a)v Mt- 
 va5 r^9 'EXX'^t't/c^? ouSe^o? ITo(Tet8w^a r^yev aXXou ^eoi) 
 jjid\\oi> eV TL/jirj. KOfjLL(T0r)i>aL JJLI> orj rov ravpov TOVTOV 10 
 (j)a(TLv e? rieXoTrd^^cro^ e'/c KpT^rry? /cat 'Hpa/cXet rai^ Sw- 
 Se/ca /caXov/xeVw^ eVa /cat TOUTO^ yet'ecr^at rov dO\ov aj? 8e 
 90 e? TO Treoiov d(j)ei0r) TO 'Apyetwt'., (^euyet 8ta roO KopivOiov 
 ^evyet Se e? y^v T^ 'Arrt/c^v /cat r^s 'Arrt/c^? e? 
 TOV ^AapaBoivlitiv, /cat aXXov? re oTrocrot? CTTCTVYC /cat 
 TiatSa 'AvS^oyewi' aTre/creti^e. MtVw? 8e leaver tj^ evr' ' 
 TrXevcra? ov ya/3 IweiOero dvairiovs eivai <r 
 05 'A^Spdyew reXevrTj? es TOCTOVTOV e/cct/ccocre^, e? o 
 
 pyjOrj ot Trap9evov<; e<? Kp^r^^ eTrra /cat TratSa? to-ov? dyeiv 
 ra> Xeyojutei^oj Mtva; ravpa) TOV iv K^aio~o~a Aa/3vpiv0ov 
 crat roi^ 8e eV ra> Mapa^aivt Tavpov vcrTepov ( H )i^o"eu? e? 
 a,/cpo7roXtf eXcto~at /cat 9vo~ai Xeyerat rr^ ^ew, /cat TO 
 100 e'o~Tt TOV 8'Ltou TOI) 
 
 authorities, to Apollo. This exploit was excavated by Mr. Arthur Evans. See 
 
 represented on one of the metopes of Annual of the British School at Athens, 
 
 the so-called "Theseum"; and on a Nos. vi-xi (1899-1905); Roland M. Bur- 
 
 fine red-figured vase in the British Mu- rows, The Discoveries in Crete, Lon- 
 
 seum (J. U.S. II, 1881, 64, with pi. X). don, 1907. The excavations brought to 
 
 97. TOV Iv Kvoxro-u) Ao.pvpiv0ov: on light numerous clay tablets, sculptures, 
 
 the story of the Cretan Labyrinth, see frescoes, and the like, and have made 
 
 Roscher, Lexikon, II, 1778 ff. The known a pre-Mycenaean civilization, 
 
 Labyrinth has in recent years been called the Minoan, which will probably 
 
 identified as the palace of King Minos prove to be the connecting link be- 
 
 in Cnossus, and has been thoroughly tween the arts of Egypt and of Greece.
 
 BRONZE ATHENA 
 
 139 
 
 Ch. 28, 2 
 
 28 KvXaiva Se o 
 <rav Tvpavvi>a 
 
 Se 
 
 /3ovXevo~ai' ra 
 
 eW/ca, on eiSos KaXXtcrro? /ecu ra e? a^ cyeero ov/c 
 
 ^5 di'eXo/xez'O'? StavXou V(.K-T]V 'OXvfJLTTLKrjv KCU ot Ovyarepa 
 
 5 vTTVJp^e y^/xat BeayeVov?, 09 Meyapwv IrvpOLW^crf.. yoipls 2 
 
 Se 17 ocra Kare'Xe^a Suo /xeV 'A^ry^atot? etcrt Se/carat TroXe- 
 
 [JiTJcrcKTLv, aya\p.a 'A0r)va<; ^a\Kovi> airo M^'Soo^ TWI/ e? Ma- 
 
 pa9a>i>a a.7ro/3a.i'T(t)i> re^vrj ^ecoiov /cai ot r^ CTTI r^5 
 
 dcTTTi'So? nd)(7)v Aa7TL0a)v Trpo? Kej^rav^ov? /cat ocra dXXa 
 
 10 ecrrlv e7retpyacryu,eVa Xe'yovcrt ropevcrat M vi^, rw 8e Mut ravrd 
 
 28. CyZon Athena of Phidias 
 Reliefs on the shield of the Promachos 
 
 Bronze chariot and Lentnian Athena 
 of Phidias Walls of the Acropolis 
 Clepsydra Caves of Apollo and Pan 
 
 The Areopagus Sanctuary of the 
 Semnai Statues of Pluto, of Hertne.i, 
 and of Ge Grave of Odysseus Ex- 
 cursus on the Athenian courts. 
 
 1. KvXuva: Pausanias's explanations 
 are hardly right. In all probability the 
 statue was set up as an expiatory offer- 
 ing for the massacre of Cylon's follow- 
 ers in violation of promises given to 
 them when in sanctuary on the Acropo- 
 lis. See Ildt. 5, 71; Time. 1, 120; 
 Pint. Solon, 12. Cylon's Olympic vic- 
 tory was won in Ol. 35, 040 B.C. (See 
 J. H. Wright, Ilarv. Stud, in Class. 
 Phil. Ill, 1 ff.) 
 
 7. a-yaX)xa 'AOiivas x a ^ K0 ^ v : this is 
 the image styled by Demosthenes (19, 
 272) "the great bronze Athena." and 
 usually known as the Promachos or 
 champion, though this epithet was first 
 applied to it in Schol. Dem. 22, 13. p. 
 597. (Cf. C.I. A. 111,038.) It was prob- 
 ably set up at the close of the Persian 
 war. Observe that Pausanias does not 
 
 say the point of the spear and the crest 
 of the helmet were visible from Sunium, 
 but on the voyage from Sunium to Ath- 
 ens. The Acropolis can be seen only 
 after Cape Zoster is passed. The mis- 
 conception of this passage has led to the 
 false calculation formerly given as to 
 the height of the statue, namely seventy 
 feet or thereabout. Michaelis (A.M. 
 II (1877), 89 sq.) calculates that it was 
 about twenty-five feet, or with the ped- 
 estal thirty feet high. W. Gurlitt(Ana- 
 lecta Graeciensia, Grax, 1893, pp. 101- 
 121) presents an interesting argument to 
 the effect that the bronze Athena was 
 preserved at Constantinople down to 
 1 205 A . i). and has been described in detail 
 by a Byzantine author. A quadrangular 
 platform, suitable for a pedestal .about 
 eighteen feet in diameter, which is cut 
 in the Acropolis rock about thirty feet 
 from the Propylaea, is usually identi- 
 fied as the site of the statue. 10. TO- 
 peCo-cu Mvv : Athenaeus (11, p. 782 H) 
 speaks of Mys as famous for chasing or 
 working in relief on metal, and men- 
 tions a cup representing in relief the 
 sack of Troy with an inscription attrib- 
 uting the design to Parrhasius and the
 
 THE ATTICA OF PAUSANIAS 
 
 Ch.28, 3 
 U TOV 
 
 re KOLL ra Xoi7ra Tii)v pya)i> TIappdcrLov 
 
 rauTrj? rrjs 'A^i'ag rj TOV Sdparos at^/z-j) KCU 6 
 TOV Kpdvovs 0,770 ^OVVLOV TTpoo~TT\ovo~iv eVrtv 17817 
 
 (TVVOTTTCL KOI dpJJLa KeiTOU ^a\KOVl> O.TTO BottoToij/ 
 
 15 /cat XaX/a8eW TO>V Iv Ev/3oia. Svo Se aXXa ecrriv d 
 
 /xara, TleptK'X-^g 6 ^avOi-mrov /ecu TO)V epywv ru>v <I>ei8iot> 
 OtaLS yuaXtcrra d^iov 'A^va? ayaXyaa avro rco^ a.vaBivTOiv KCL- 
 Xov^teVry? Ar^/x^tag. rry 8e afcpoTroXei, 77X7)^ ocrov Kt/xwi' w/co- 3 
 avr^? 6 MtXriaSou, TrepiftaXeiv TO \OITTOV Xeyerat 
 
 nes, 4, 6) speaks of this statue in ex- 
 travagant terms as the most praise- 
 worthy of Phidias's works, and for his 
 ideal of feminine beauty selects from 
 the Lemnian Athena "the outline of 
 the whole face, and the tenderness 
 of the cheeks, and the shapely nose." 
 For similar exalted praise cf. Aristi- 
 des, Or. 1, Vol. II, 554, ed. Dindorf ; 
 Pliny, N. II. 34, 54; Himerius, Or. 21, 
 5; Anthol. Append. Planud. 169 and 
 170. Furtwangler (Meisterw. pp. 3sqq., 
 with pis. i, ii, iii, xxxii, 2) argues that 
 copies of the Lemnian Athena are to 
 be seen in two marble statues of Athena 
 in Dresden, another at Cassel, and a 
 head in Bologna. The Dresden statues 
 and the Bologna head are in the style 
 of Phidias, he argues, and copies of a 
 bronze original. He thinks the statue 
 was dedicated by the Athenian colo- 
 nists in Lemnos before they set out 
 from Athens, between 451 and 447 B.C. 
 18. TTJ 8e dicpoiroXei : the southern 
 wall of the Acropolis was built out 
 of the produce of the spoils won from 
 the Persians by Cimon, especially at 
 the great victory of the Eurymedon 
 (Plut. Cimon, 13; de glor. Ath. 7; 
 Corn. Nepos, Cimon, 2). The ancient 
 
 workmanship to Mys. Mys is men- 
 tioned as a famous artist in his line by 
 Pliny (N. H. 33, 155), by Propertius 
 (4, 9, 14, ed. Paley), and by Martial 
 (8, 34 and 51 ; 14, 95). He doubtless 
 flourished in the latter part of the 
 fifth century. Cf. H. Brunn, Gesch. 
 d. griech. Kiinstler, II, 97, 409 sq. 
 14. apfj.a. : the victory over the Boeo- 
 tians and Chalcidians occurred about 
 507 B.C. The prisoners were kept in 
 chains until ransomed, when their fet- 
 ters were hung on the Acropolis. Out 
 of the tithe of the ransom the Athe- 
 nians made the four-horse chariot of 
 bronze. Herodotus (5, 77) says it stood 
 on the left as one entered the Propy- 
 laea, and quotes the inscription in 
 elegiac couplets. From fragments of 
 the inscription that have been found 
 (C.I.A. IV, 334A, 78; I, 334) Frazer 
 infers that the original chariot set up 
 about 507 i$.c. was carried off by the 
 Persians, and that a new chariot was 
 set up in its place after 450 B.C. The 
 chariot must have been moved between 
 the time of Herodotus and that of Pausa- 
 nias from outside to within the Acropo- 
 lis precinct. 16. IlepiicX.^: see on 1, 
 25, 1. 18. AiNivCas: Lucian (Imagi-
 
 ACROPOLIS FORTIFICATIONS 
 
 141 
 
 Ch. 28, 4 
 20 TOV 
 
 IleXacryov? ot/oycra^ra? TTOTC viro T-TJV aKpoiro- 
 Xiv <f>ao~l yap ' AypoXav /cat 'TrrepfiLov . . . irvv6a.v6iJif.vos 
 oe OLTLves rjcrav ovoev aXXo eovvdfjirjv iJ.a9e.lv 77 -U/ceXov<? TO 
 % apxys 6Wa? e<? 'AKapvavCav //.erot/cr^crai. 
 
 KaraySatrt Se ov/c e? r^f Kara) TrdXtv dXX' oaov viro TO. 4 
 25 irpoirvXaLa irrjyTJ re vSard? eVrt /cat irXrjcriov ' 
 
 masonry of the circuit wall is still 
 standing, though in some parts ob- 
 scured by a mediaeval or modern cas- 
 ing. At the southeast corner a piece 
 of Cimon's wall is visible, forty-five 
 feet in height. Westward of this point 
 it is pretty well hidden by the later 
 casing and buttresses. The north wall 
 is ancient Greek work, probably of 
 Themistocles's or Cimon's time ; pieces 
 of the colonnade of the old Athena 
 temple, destroyed 480 B.C., are built 
 into it. The eastern wall seems to 
 have been entirely rebuilt on the old 
 foundations in the Middle Ages. Be- 
 sides these extensive remains of Ci- 
 mon's wall, there exist at various points 
 pieces of a much older fortification 
 wall. Tims a well-preserved section, 
 twenty feet thick, extends from the 
 Propylaea to the southern wall. Other 
 pieces have been uncovered at the south- 
 east corner of the Acropolis and to the 
 southwest of the Parthenon. This 
 primitive wall is built of polygonal, 
 almost unhewn blocks, measuring from 
 three to four and one half feet in 
 length. It probably ran originally all 
 round the edge of the Acropolis. This 
 prehistoric fortification is doubtless the 
 Pelasgic wall here mentioned by Pau- 
 sanias. Other writers speak of this 
 Pelasgic or Pelargic wall (Ildt. 6, 137 ; 
 Dion. Hal. Antiq. Rom. 1, 28; Photius 
 
 s.v. TIe\apyiK6v ; Schol. Ar. Aves, 832, 
 1139; Ktymol. Magn. p. 650, s.v. Re- 
 XapyiKov; Bekker, Anecd. Grace, p. 290, 
 1. IGsqq.). This Pelasgic wall appears 
 to have had nine gates (Suidas, s.v. 
 &irt5a ; Bekker, Anecd. Graec. p. 410, 
 1. 27 sqq.; Schol. Soph. Oed. Col. 480). 
 These were probably arranged within 
 each other at the western entrance of 
 the Acropolis, where the wall may have 
 been trebled or quadrupled. It seems 
 to have subsisted as a fortress as late 
 as 510 B.C., when Ilippias was besieged 
 "in the Pelasgic fortress" (Ildt. 5, 04 ; 
 Arist. Resp. Ath. 10). If not already 
 pulled down by the Athenians, it was 
 doubtless dismantled by the Persians in 
 480 B.C. (Hdt, 8, 53 ; 0, 13). Yet a pre- 
 cinct to the northwest of the Acropolis 
 continued to bear down to Roman 
 times the name of Pelasgicum or 
 Pelargicum (Time. 2. 17; Lucian, Pis- 
 cator, 42, 47). 20. IltXao-yovs olKT|- 
 (ravras irore viro TTJV aKpoiroXiv : both 
 Herodotus (6, 137)and Strabo(0, p. 401) 
 state that the Pelasgians dwelt at the 
 foot of Mt. Hymettus. 
 
 25. irnyfj: Pausanias, passing through 
 the Propylaea, turns to the right and 
 descends by a stairway to the spring 
 called the Clepsydra. The spring is 
 still to be seen, situated on the north- 
 west face of the Acropolis rock and 
 reached by a narrow flight of steps
 
 142 
 
 THE ATTICA OF PAUSAXIAS 
 
 iepbv eV 0*7717 Xat'oj Kpeovcrrj Se Ovyarpl 
 Xwva evravBa crvyyevecrOaL i;o/Atovo"t. . 
 ^tXt7777t8i7? eg Aa/ceSat/xoi'a ayyeXo? atro/, 
 Se Aa/ceSat/xoz/tovg v 
 
 Ch. 28, 5 
 
 cs 
 
 30 
 
 o~# 
 
 at 
 
 ', eu/at yap Sr) vo^ov avTots /x^ Trporepov 
 e'l'tevat 77/311' 17 77X17/317 roz/ K^/cXo^ r^9 c 
 rov 8e Ila^a 6 <l>tXi7777tSi7s eXeye 77ept TO 
 
 ot TO LLapueviov <pa*>at re a>? 
 /cat 6Vt es Mapa^ai^a TJ^CI (Tv^^ac^rfa 
 Bebs eVt ravrrj rfj dyyeXta TeTt/xi7Tat 
 77ayo?.] ecTTt Se "Apetos 77ayo<? 
 
 back of the pedestal of Agrippa. For 
 ancient references to it, see Ar. Lys. 
 911 sq. and Schol., and Hesychius, s.v. 
 K.\e\l;vdpa ; Schol. Ar. Aves, 1694 ; Plut. 
 Antonius, 34. 'AiroXXtovos Upov : for 
 the tale of Apollo, Creusa, and the 
 infant Ion, see Eur. Ion, 10 sqq., 283 
 sqq., 492 sqq., 936 sqq., 1398 sqq., 
 1482 sqq. After the mention of Apol- 
 lo's cave there is a lacuna, but the 
 subsequent account of Pan leaves no 
 doubt that Pausanias had mentioned 
 Pan's cave, which was adjacent. Cf. 
 Eur. Ion, 938: evOa Ilapos &dvra /ecu /3a>,uoi 
 n-Aas. The two caverns which are side 
 by side at the northwest corner of the 
 Acropolis just beyond the Clepsydra 
 are usually identified as the caves of 
 Apollo and Pan. On the sanctuary of 
 Apollo, see Excursus III and Miss Har- 
 rison, Primitive Athens, pp. 66-83. He- 
 rodotus (6, 105) tells the story of the 
 institution of the worship of Pan in 
 Athens. Lucian (Bis Ace. 9) locates 
 the cave of Pan a little above the 
 Pelargicum. Aristophanes (Lys. 911) 
 couples it with the Clepsydra. 
 
 35. "Apeios iraYos : the site of the 
 
 ^. OUTO? 
 \_Kcn9o /cat 6 
 6Vt 
 
 yeve- 
 eVrv- 
 
 ov^ 
 
 Apetos 
 
 Areopagus or Mars' Hill is determined 
 by Herodotus (8, 52), who says that it 
 was opposite the Acropolis, occupied 
 by the Persians when they laid siege to 
 Athens; by Aeschylus (Eum. 685 sq.), 
 who says the Amazqns occupied it in 
 their contest with Theseus; and by 
 Lucian, who represents Pan sitting in 
 his cave and listening to the speeches 
 in the court of the Areopagus (Bis 
 Ace. 12). Hence it is the rocky height, 
 three hundred and seventy-seven feet 
 high, west of the Acropolis, from which 
 it is separated by a depression. On 
 the top of the hill are the remains of 
 some rock-hewn seats where assembled 
 the court of the Areopagus in the open 
 air (Pollux, 8, 118). E. Curtius thinks 
 that the apostle Paul was taken not to 
 the Areopagus hill, but before a com- 
 mittee of the council seated before the 
 Royal Colonnade (Ges. Abh. II, 527 
 sqq.). 36. on irpooTos "Api]s evravOa 
 Kpi0T) : Euripides (Electra, 1258 sqq.) 
 agrees with Pausanias in saying that 
 Ares was the first to be tried on this 
 hill. Cf. Dem. 23, 66, p. 641 ; Bekker, 
 Anecd. Gr. I, 444, 1. 7 sqq. According
 
 AREOPAGUS 
 
 143 
 
 Ch.28, 6 
 
 eKpiOr), /cat /xot /cat ravra SeSTyXw/ce^ 6 Xdyos a>s 
 aWXot /cat e<' OTOJ /cretVete. Kpidrjvai Se /cat 
 v \eyov(Tiv eVt r<w (j>6v(t) Trj<; /u/^rpos- /cat 
 40 /Sw/AO? icniv 'A.07)vas 'Apetag, 6V av0r)Kv a.7ro(f)vyu)v r~qv 
 Toug Se dpyov? Xt#ov9, e'<' aj/ etrracrt^ ocrot St/cas 
 /cat ot Stw/cofres, TOJ/ /u,eV 'T/Spew? ro^ 8e 'A^at- 
 oeta? a.vTO)v ot'o^ta^oucrt. 
 
 nX-^crto^ 8e lepov 0a)v ecrnv a? /caXoucrtt' 'Affrjvcuoi, Se- 6 
 
 45 fj-vd^., 'HtrtoSo? 8e 'E^t^v? eV Heoyo^ia. Trpwros Se cr^Lcnv 
 
 Atcr^vXos Spa/covTas eTrot^cret' oynov rat? eV rry Ke<f)a\f) 0pilv 
 
 etvat rot? Se aydk^acriv ovre rovrot? eirecmv ovSei> <^o/3e- 
 
 poi' cure ocra aXXa /cetrat ^eaij/ TWI/ vTroyaLaiv . /cetrat 8e /cat 
 
 IlXouraj^ /cat 'EpjjLTJs /cat F^9 cxyaX^aa- eVrav^a BVOVCTL fjitv 
 
 50 ocrot? eV 'Apeiw Trayw r^ alriav e^eyeVero avroXucracr^at, 
 
 represents Orestes as occupying one 
 seat, while the eldest of the Furies took 
 the other. 
 
 44. Zefivds : on this euphemistic 
 name, cf. 2, 11, 4 : wds 6f&v as' A^vatot 
 Zf/ufas, ^.iKvtbvioi 8e Ei)/ui'i'oas 6vofj.doi'ffi. 
 The situation is determined by Aesch. 
 Eum. 804 sqq.; Eur. Electra, 1270; 
 Iph. Taur. 061 ; Orest. C50 et al. See 
 Milchh. S.Q. XXIX, 10 sqq. The place 
 is doubtless the deep chasm at the foot 
 of the low precipice on the northeast 
 side of the hill. On the names, wor- 
 ship, and sanctuaries of the Furies, see 
 Reseller's Lexikon, I, 13;)0 sqq. Ac- 
 cording to Schol. Acschin. 1, 188; 
 Schol. Soph. O.C. 30 ; Clem. Al. Protr. 
 47, p. 13(Sylb.), there were three stat- 
 ues of the Furies, two by Scopas of 
 Parian marble, the third an older work 
 by Calamis. On a votive relief from 
 Argos they appear as three maidens of 
 mild aspect clad in long robes, each 
 
 to Hellanicus (cited by Schol. Eur. Or. 
 1648, 1051) Ares was the first to be 
 tried on the Areopagus ; next, three 
 generations afterwards, Cephalus for 
 the murder of his wife Procris; then, 
 after three more generations, Daedalus 
 for the murder of his nephew Talus; 
 then, after three more generations, 
 Orestes for the murder of his mother 
 Clytaemnestra. It has been suggested 
 that Areopagus means " the hill of 
 cursing," the first part of the com- 
 pound being from dpd "a curse," with 
 reference to the Furies, who had a 
 sanctuary on the hill, and were some- 
 times known as "Arai." The deriva- 
 tion is possible. 42. TOV (icv "Ypp*s 
 TOV 8 'Avai8as : according to Zenob. 
 4, 30, Theophrastus wrote of the altars 
 of Injury and Kuthlessness. Cicero, 
 de leg. 2, 11, 28, speaks of a Con- 
 tumeliae fanum et Impudi- 
 citiae. Euripides (Iph. Taur. OG1)
 
 144 
 
 THE ATTICA OF PAUSANIAS 
 
 Ch. 28, 7 
 
 0vovo~L Se Kat aXXw? ^eVot T6 o/xotw? Kat ao~ToL ICTTI Se Kat 7 
 eWo<? TOV 7rept/3dXov /JLvrjfJia OtStVoSo?, 77oXv7rpay/xo^a)^ Se 
 evpio~Kov TO. 6o~Ta eK %ri^wv KO/jLLO'dei'Ta TO. yap e'? TOV 
 6a.va.Tov ]o(oKXet TreTroirjfjLeva TOV OtStVoSo? 'Ofjirjpos OVK eta 
 p,ot Sd^at 7Tto"Ta, 09 (^17 MT7Kto~Te'a TeXevT^Va^TO? OtStVoSo? 
 
 *Ecrrt Se ' 
 80^17? rjKovra. TO 
 ytovov, TO fMv iv 
 
 60 (rv^tot'TCt)^ e' 1 ? avrd, TO Se aTro row 
 v^ 8e /cat ^ot^t/ctoi)^ avro 
 
 6vo/xae(r#ai. TO 8e 
 crvvia.a'iv., 'HXtatai^ KaXovo~t^. O77oo"a 
 
 KOL aXXa StKacrrT/pta ov/c e? TOCTOVTO 8 
 ovv KaXov^vov \\apdfivcrTov KOL Tpt- 
 7179 TrdXew? oz^ Kat eV eXa^tcrroi? 
 e^et ra ot'd/xara 
 Kat e<? rd8e 8ta- 
 Kat eg o TtXetcrTot 
 eVt Tot? 
 
 8e 
 
 with a serpent in her right hand and a 
 flower in her left. See A.M. IV, PL 0. 
 
 52. (Avii|ia Ol8iiro8os : according to 
 Val. Max. 5, 3, ext. 3, it was situated 
 inter ipsum Arium pagum . . . 
 et . . . Minervae arcem. After 
 the Areopagus was included in the 
 city through the building of the wall 
 of Themistocles, the grave of Oedipus 
 with the entrance to the lower world 
 and the Semnai was transferred to the 
 Colonus Hippius. See v. Wilainowitz, 
 Aus Kydathen, p. 103. 
 
 57. o\\a SiKaa-TTJpia : the excursus 
 on the Athenian law courts is occa- 
 sioned by the mention of the Areopa- 
 gus. The term diKaa-Tripiov is applied 
 both to the aggregate judges sitting in 
 court and to the place in which they 
 held their sittings. Pausanias's refer- 
 ence is primarily to the latter. He 
 enumerates ten courts : 1. Areopagus; 
 2. Parabystum ; 3. Trigonum ; 4. Ba- 
 trachium; 5. Phoenicium ; 6. Heliaea; 
 7. Palladium ; 8. Delphinium ; 9. Pry- 
 
 taneum ; 10. Phreattys. Kalkmann, 
 pp. 65 sq., seeks to prove that the source 
 of Pausanias was the same as that of 
 Pollux, book 8, namely a manual origi- 
 nating from Caecilius. Gurlitt, p. 274, 
 also recognizes the use of a literary 
 source. 58. Ilapdpwo-Tov: said to have 
 received its name from its position in a 
 re mote quarter of the city. Cf. Etyrnol. 
 Magn. p. 651, 50. It is mentioned also 
 in Poll. 8, 121, and Schol. Ar. Vesp. 120, 
 etc., who also name the Tpiyuvov. 
 61. BaTpa\iovv 8e Kai 4>oivi.Kiovv : the 
 Green Court and the lied Court, not 
 elsewhere mentioned. Arist. Kesp. Ath. 
 p. 33 confirms the distinction of cer- 
 tain Athenian courts by color. Possi- 
 bly these designations have obscured 
 their real names, and these two are 
 identical with the Metichion and the 
 court iirl XijKy mentioned in Pollux's 
 list, as the other eight in the two lists 
 are the same. 63. 'HXiaCav : this, the 
 greatest court of Athens, which fre- 
 quently gave its name to all the courts
 
 COURTS OF JUSTICE 145 
 
 Ch.28, 10 
 
 ecmv dXXa- /cat eVt ITaXXaStw /caXovo~ti>, rj TOt<? aTro/cretVa- 
 
 65 <jiv aKovcriajs /cpio~t<? /ca^eVr^Ke. /cat 6Vt pef ATJ/AO^WI' vrpw- 
 TO9 tvTdvOa vnecr^e 8i/ca<?, dfjLffricrfBrjTovo'iv ovSeWs <' ora> 
 Se, Stcu^opa e? TOVTO et/a^rat. AiOfju/jorjv <^ao-\v dXova"r)<s ( .i 
 
 rat? vav(T\v OTTICTW /cop,teo-$at, /cat 17817 re ^u/CTa eVe- 
 cos /card <&dXr)pov TrXe'o^res yivovTan /cat rov<? 'Apyeiov? 
 
 70 tJ? e? TroXe/Atai' dTrofiyvcu. rr^v yrjv, dXXrjv TTOV Sd^a^ra? eV 
 rrj vv/crt /cat ov r^ 'ATTIKT)^ eti^at. IvravOa. Ary/xof^ai^Ta 
 Xeyovcrt^ e/cySo^^cra^Ta, ov/c eVicrra/ze^oz' ovSe roOro^ TOU? 
 (XTTO rail/ vewr/ a5? eta"t^ 'Apyetot, /cat aVSpa 1 ? O.VTWV OLTTO- 
 /cret^at /cat TO IlaXXaSto^ dpiroicravTa. ot^eo~^at, ' 
 
 75 re avopa ov Trpoi.ooyif.vov VTTO rov LTTTTOV TOV 
 
 dva.Tpa.TT'rjva.L /cat crvfjiTraTTjOevTa aTroOavelv CTU rovrw 
 p,O(f>(i)VTa vnocr^elv ot/ca? ot /xez^ rot) crv/JiTTaTrjOevTO^ rots 
 
 , ot 8e 'Apyetaw ^>ao~t rw /cotvw. eVt AeX^tz^iw Se 10 
 ecrTrjKev epyao~ao~$at <$>6vov crvv rw 8t/catw ^>a/xe- 
 
 80 vot?, oTTolov rt /cat BTyo'et'"? Trape^d/xe^o? cxTre'^vyev, ore II aX- 
 Xai'ra l-rravacrTavra /cat rou? TratSas e/cret^e irporepov 8e 
 7T/ot^ 17 Hi7O"ev5 d(f)L0rf : /ca^eto"T7//cet Tracrt (^evyet 
 17 /caret raurd 9vT]o~K.iv fjievovra. TO 8e eVt 
 
 collectively, lay probably in the neigh- and the killing of a slave, a resident 
 
 borhood of the Areopagus, to the east alien, or a foreigner." 
 
 side of the political agora between the 78. rl Ac\<t>iv(w : on the site of this 
 
 upper part of the Theseuin precinct sanctuary, see 1, 19. 1 and note. C'f. 
 
 and the gymnasium of Ptolemy. See Arist. Kesp. Ath. 57 : " If a man con- 
 
 Judeich, Topog. p. 315. The deriva- fesses a homicide but asserts that it 
 
 tion of the word is uncertain. See was legal, . . . he is tried in the court 
 
 Wachsmuth, II, 361 ff. 64. lirl IlaX- of the Delphinium." Dem. 23, 74, and 
 
 XaSiiu : the Palladium, a sacred place Poll. 8, 119, tell the same legend as 
 
 in the southeastern part of Athens Pausanias with regard to the found- 
 
 (drrd IlaXXoSt'ou Kal ' ApS-rjrrov Kal \viceiov, ing of the court. 83. TO 8t 4irl IIpvTa- 
 
 Plut. Thes. 27). According to Aristotle vtlta : as to the Prytaneum, see 1, 18, 
 
 (Resp. Ath. 57) cases tried in the court 3 and note, and cf. Dem. 23, 76 : "If 
 
 of the Palladium were "involuntary a stone or a piece of iron or any such 
 
 homicide, and conspiracy (against life), thing fall and strike a man, and the
 
 146 THE ATTICA OF PAUSANIAS 
 
 Ch.28, 11 
 
 Ka\ov[Jievov, evBa rw cr^TJpa) KOL TTCLO-LV 6/xotwg rotg 
 
 85 8i/cdou<riz', eVt rw8e ap^acrdai VO/AIO>. *A$i7va,Moi> ^ 
 
 OVTOS 'Epe^^eco?, rare Trpa)Tov fiovv eKTavev 6 fiovtfrovos eVt 
 TOV /3(t)/Jiov TOV IloXtea)? Atdg- /cat 6 jae> a.Tro\nr(i)v ravrrj TOV 
 TreXtKvv a,7rrjX0ev IK T^<? ^ajpa? (frevyajv, 6 Se Tre'Xe/cix; Trapav- 
 rt/ca d<et$T7 <e9 ^aXacrcra^) KpiOeis /cat e'<? rdSe d^a TTCIV era? 
 
 90 K.piveTa.1. Xeyerat jite^ 8-^ /cat d'XXa rwi^ di//v^wt' aurd/xara n 
 eVt^ett'at crut' ra> St/catw Ti^wpiav av6 ] pa)iroLS epyov Se /cdX- 
 Xtcrro^ /cat 80^17 c^a^epwraToi' 6 KaiAJSvcrov Trapea^eTo d/ct- 
 . ecrrt 8e rou Iletpatwg 77/30? BaXdcrarr) 
 ot Tre^evydre?, 171^ dTreX^d^rag ertpov 
 
 95 ey/cXi^/xa, Trpo? d/cpoco/xeVov? e'/c r^s y^? aTro veai? aTroXo- 
 yovvrai Teu/cpo^ irpwrov Xdyo? e^et TeXa/xwt't ourcog a,7ro- 
 Xoyi^cracr^at jot^Se^ e TOI^ Atai'To? Ba.va.Tov elpydcrBai. rd8e 
 yae^ out> elpTjcrOa) (JLOL rw^8e eVe/ca, OTrdcrots jaereo'Tt 
 
 29 yvai^at rd e? rd 8t/cacm7/)ia. rov 8e 'Apetov Trdyou 
 Set/c^vrat ^ai? Trotry^etcra es r^ rajf Hava07)vauav 
 
 person who threw the thing is not the ship while his accusers listened 
 
 known, but they do know and are in from the shore ; if convicted he was 
 
 possession of the thing which killed the punished with death, if acquitted he 
 
 man, then the thing is brought to trial returned into banishment. Cf. Arist. 
 
 at the court of the Prytaneum." Resp. Ath. 57. 
 
 93. <i>paTTvs : Milchhoefer (Karten 29. 77te Panathenaic Skip The 
 
 v. Att. Text i, 50 f.) locates Phre- Academy Grove of Artemis with im- 
 
 attys at the extreme point of the a#es w/ Artemis, Artemis Ariste, and 
 
 peninsula which bounds the entrance Artemis Kallistc, Temple of Diony- 
 
 of the harbor of Zea on the east, con- sus Elculhercus Tombs in the outer 
 
 trary to the earlier view of Ulrichs, Ceramicus on the street from the Dipy- 
 
 Reisen und Forschungen, 1, 173 ff., who lum to the Academy. 
 
 puts it at a point on the shore a little 2. vavs : the ship was moved on 
 
 to the southeast of the entrance to Zea. wheels, and to its mast was fastened 
 
 Dem. 24, 77 ff . states that before this the new robe, embroidered with scenes 
 
 court were tried men who, banished from the battles of the Gods and Giants, 
 
 for an involuntary homicide, were ac- which was presented to Athena every 
 
 cused of another and voluntary homi- fourth year at the great Panathenaic 
 
 cide, and that the accused spoke from festival. The crew of the ship consisted
 
 ROAD TO ACADEMY 
 
 147 
 
 Ch. 29, 2 
 
 /cat ravTrjv /xeV 17817 rrov rt9 vTrepe/SaXcro TO Se eV 
 77X0101; ouoeVa TTO; ft/CT^crat'Ta otSa, KaBrjKov e<? Ivvea < 
 5 a?7o TOW /caTao"T/3a/xaTG>^. 
 
 'ABrfvaiois Se /cat ea TrdXew? eV Tot? S^'/xot? /cat /caret ra? 2 
 6oov9 uetov itjTiv itpa /cat f)pa>a)i' /cat av^pwv Tai<f>oi eyyv- 
 Tara> Se 'A/ca8i7/xia, ^wptov Trore ai>S^o<? tStcurov, 
 Se eV e/xov. /caTtovo~t S' eg avrr^v Trept/SoXd? ICTTIV \ 
 10 Sos /cat 6ava 'AptcrTry? /cat KaXXtcrT^?- cu? |nei> eyai SOKW 
 /cat 6/xoXoyet TO. 67717 TO, na^t^a;, TI^? 'ApTe/xtSd? etcrt^ eVt- 
 avTat, Xeyd/xei'ot' Se /cat aXXoi^ e? auTct? Xdyoi^ etSw? 
 /cat ^ao? ov ^teya? earw'j e? ot' TOU Atofvcrou 
 of priests and priestesses wearing gold- Athens by the Dipylum (Livy, 31, 24; 
 
 en crowns and garlands of flowers. 
 According to Philostr. Vit. Soph. 2, 1, 
 7, the route followed by the procession 
 with the ship was from the Ceramicus 
 to the Eleusinium, then round the Eleu- 
 sinium to the Pythium, identified by 
 Diirpfeld with the Cave of Apollo, 
 where the ship was moored. Cf. A. G. 
 Leacock, de pompis graecis, in Ilarv. 
 Studies, XI, 1 ff., and the derivation 
 of carnival there given (p. G, note). 
 
 6. I|w TroXeios : 1'ausanias has now 
 completed his account of the city itself, 
 and, quitting Athens by the Dipylum, 
 he describes the monuments of the 
 Ceramicus. Of important omissions 
 made by him, perhaps the most note- 
 worthy is that of the I'nyx, or place of 
 public assembly, the site of which is in 
 all probability determined, being on the 
 northeast slope of the low rocky hill 
 lying between the Museum hill, the 
 Areopagus, and the Hill of the Nymphs. 
 Here are extensive remains indicating 
 the use of the site as a meeting-place. 
 8 'AKoStjpCa : the road to the Acad- 
 emy, which Pausanias now follows, left 
 
 Cic. De fin. 5, 1,1; Lucian, Scytha, 
 2). So Pausanias quitted Athens by 
 the same gate by which he had entered. 
 Three roads started from the Dipylum 
 gate ; one northwest to the Academy ; 
 one west to Eleusis ; and one south- 
 west to Piraeus. The suburb outside 
 the Dipylum was called the Ceramicus, 
 or Potters' Quarter. As the adjoining 
 quarter, inside the walls, bore the same 
 name, modern writers call the one the 
 Outer Ceramicus, the other the Inner 
 Ceramicus. In the former the remains 
 of the Athenians who fell in battle were 
 buried by the state. Public graves 
 lined the road on both sides, and in- 
 scriptions bore the names of the dead 
 and told where they had fallen. 
 D. "AprtjiiSos : this Artemis appears 
 to have been identified with Hecate. 
 Cf. Ilesych. s.V. KaXXiVrTj- ?; (v rf Ke- 
 pafjifiKif idpvfj.^vrj 'EfC^TTj, r)v t VIOL' \prefjiiv 
 \tyovffi. 13. vaos ov jit'-yas : as to the 
 image of Eleutherian Dionysus, see 1, 
 20, 3, note. This procession seems to 
 have taken place at the city Dionysiac 
 festival in the month of Elaphebolion
 
 148 THE ATTICA OF PAUSANIAS 
 
 Ch. 29, 3 
 
 TOV 'EXev^epe'ws TO dyaXjaa di>d trav eros Kop.it > ov<riv eV 
 15 reray/aeVats i^ftcpats. tepa /xeV o"<tcrt ravrr) rocravra eVrt, 3 
 T(i<f>OL 8e pacrv/3ovXov /xeV TtpwTov TOV AVKOV, dv8po<? rwv 
 re vcrrepov /cat ocrot Trpo avrov yeyoVacrti' 'A^paioi? Xdyt- 
 /txot TO, TrdVra a.pio~Tov rrapcvTi Se yaot ret vrXetco roo~d8e eg 
 TrtaTtr dp/ce'o~et TOT) Xdyov Tvpavv&a yap eVavfre rwi> rpid- 
 
 20 KOVTOi KO\OVll.V<DV (TVV OLV^pdcTlV e^TJKOVTa TO KCLT* dp^Ct? 
 
 opfJLrj0el<; e'/c r)f3a>i>, KOI * A0r)vaCov<i (Tracrid^oi'Ta? StaXXa- 
 yrjvai /cat (Tvv6^^4vov<^ eVetcre pelvou TrpwTos /aeV (TTIV 
 ovro? rd^)os, eirt Se avrw nept/cXe'ov? re /cat Xa^Sptou /cat 
 3>opiJii.wvo<;. ecrrt 8e /cat vrctcrt ^tv^/xara 'A^i/atot? OTrdcrot? 4 
 25 diroOaveiv crv^eVecre^ eV re ^av/xa^tat? /cat eV /xct^ats 7reats 
 ocroi MapaOwvi O.VTWV r)yiovio~avTo rovrot? yap /caret 
 etcrtv ot TOLUOL St' av^payaBLav., ot 8e dXXot /caret rxp 
 686i/ /cetvrat r^ e'? 'A/ca8i7jLtta^, /cat (Tffrwv ecrrdcrti/ eVt rots 
 rctc^ot? o~r^Xat ra oi'd/xara /cat rot' Srjfjiov e/cdo"rou Xeyovo~at. 
 
 (March-April). Cf. Mom m sen, Feste Munychia, and overthrew the Thirty 
 
 der Stadt Athen, pp. 394ff. The return (403 B.C.). He brought about an alli- 
 
 procession took place in the evening ; ance between Athens and Thebes (395 
 
 and the epheboi after sacrificing at the B.C.), and, after doing good service 
 
 shrine escorted the image by the light for Athens at Byzantium, Chalcedon, 
 
 of torches to the theatre (C.I. A. II, and Lesbos, was killed at Aspendos 
 
 470, 471). A gay troop of dancers, (389 B.C.). Pausanias seems to have 
 
 disguised as Seasons, Nymphs, and been ignorant of, or ignored, the trea- 
 
 Bacchanals, appear to have attended sonable charges brought against Thra- 
 
 the image, moving to the music of sybulus. Cf. Lysias, 28 and 29. 
 
 flutes (Philostr. Vit. Apollon. 1, 21). 23. IlepiKXtous TC KO\ XappCov ical 
 
 10. 0pa<rvpov\ov : Thrasybulus took ^opiitavos : according to Cic. de fin. 
 
 part in the victory of Cynossema (411 5, 2, 5, the tomb of Pericles lay to the 
 
 B.C.), reduced the revolted cities of right of the road. Pericles died in 
 
 Thrace (407 B.C.), was superseded after 429 B.C. Chabrias defeated the Spar- 
 
 the battle of Notium (407 B.C.), but tans in Aegina (388 B.C.) and the 
 
 took part in the victory of Arginusae Spartan fleet off Xaxos (376 B.C.); 
 
 (406 B.C.). He was banished by the he was killed at the siege of Chios 
 
 Thirty Tyrants, but, collecting a small (3- r )7 B.C.). Phormio won the naval 
 
 band at Thebes, took Phyle, then with victory off Naupactus (429 B.C.), and 
 
 a larger force gained the Piraeus and died shortly after.
 
 30 
 
 GRAVES OF HEROES 149 
 
 Ch.29, 6 
 
 TT/aojrot 8e Ta.<j)r)O'av ov<? lv WpaKY) vrore eVt/cparowras ^XP L 
 Apaftr)(rKov rr/9 ^wpa? 'HSo^ot (f)ovevovcrLi> aWXTTtcrrot eVt- 
 0jjii>oi, Xe'yerat Se /cat a5? Kepavvol Tre'trote^ e's ai/rov?. 
 
 8e aXXot re rj(ra.v /cat Ae'aypo9, w juaXtcrra eVc- 5 
 17 Swayutt?, /cat Ae/ceXeu? Sc^aVr}?, 05 ro^ 
 
 40 
 
 e? 
 
 35 
 
 fiaTyv fioridovvra Atyt^rat?. crrparo^ 8e e^w TT^? 'EXXa- 
 805 'AOrjvaloi rpirov TOVTOV ecrretXa^- IIpta/xa> /xei' ya/3 /cat 
 Tpwcrt Travre? 'EXXr^^e? ctTro /coti'oO Xoyov /carecrT^cra^ e? 
 ? 'A^vatot 8e tSta /u,r' 'loXaov re e's SapScij Kat Sevre- 
 Ci/ 'lotvlav ecrr par ever av /cat rpirov 817 rare e'? r^v 
 eVrt 8e fj.Trpocr0ev TOV /x^^/xaro? 0^77X77 /xa^oymeVov? o 
 tTTTret?- MeXdV&>7ro<? crfyicriv eVrt /cat Ma/cay3raro? 
 
 ou? /care'Xa/3e^ a-noBaveiv evavria 
 /cat Botwrw^ rerayjaeVou?, eV^a rrj? 'EXeai^ta? etcrt 
 45 Tr/ao? Ta^ay/oatou? opot. /cat ^)e<TO"aXa>^ rcuo<? e'crrt^ i- 
 
 /caret TraXatai' <tXt'av e\06vTa)i>, ore crvv 'At8ayu.a> IleXo- 
 
 crrparta, /cat 
 
 ro^orat? 
 
 KXetfr^eVov?, a> ra e'? ra? 
 50 evpeOr), /cat tTTTrevo'ti' aTToBavovcnv 
 
 30. irpwroi Sc Ta<j>T|<rav . . . (j-f'xpt. 
 Apapt]o-Kov KT\. : about 465 B.C. ten 
 thousand of the Athenians and their 
 allies, who had been sent to colonize 
 Araphipolis, were cut to pieces by the 
 Edouians at Drabescus or Datum 
 (Thuc. 1, 100 ; 4, 102 ; Hdt. 9, 75 ; Isoc. 
 8,86). Leagrus and Sophanes were the 
 leaders of this expedition. Eurybates, 
 the pentathlete, who led a thousand 
 Argive volunteers to aid the Aegine- 
 tans against Athens, killed three adver- 
 saries in single combat, but was himself 
 slain by Sophanes, a bhallenge to mor- 
 
 8e' 
 
 amv 
 
 at 
 
 ot 
 
 tal combat having been given anil ac- 
 ceptecl (Hdt. (5, 9'2 ; !>, 75). 
 
 42. McXdvuiros . . . iced MaKapraros : 
 Melanopus and Macartatus probably 
 fell in the battle (457 n.< .) in which the 
 Peloponnesians and Boeotians were en- 
 gaged against the Athenians, Argives, 
 and Thessalian cavalry. The Thessa- 
 lians deserted early in the action. 
 45. 0t<r<raX<iv ra<j>os : see Thuc. 2, 18- 
 22. The first invasion of Attica by the 
 Peloponnesian army under Archida- 
 mns took place in 431 n.r. 49. KXn 
 <r6^vovs: (Meisthenes increased the Attic
 
 150 THE ATTICA OF PAUSANIAS 
 
 Ch. 29, 7 
 
 ecrcraXot TOV KLVOVVOV. eVrav^a Kal KXea>i>atot /ceti'Tai, 7 
 
 TOV \6yov JJLOL /careXt96Vro<? e? rovs 'Apyetovg. /cat 
 
 8' eo~Tt rcu^o?, ot TT/JI^ 17 (TTparevcraL TOV M^So 
 
 55 Trpo? AtyiK>7Ta<?. T)I^ Se apa /cat OTJ^OV St/catoi' /3oi>Xev/xa, ei 
 
 17 /cat, 'AOrjvaloL ^ereSocra^ SovXot? Srjfj.oo'La Toufrfjvai /cat 
 
 ra ovo/xara eyy^a^^at (TTijXr]- 817X01 Se dya^ov? cr<^a5 eV 
 
 rw TToXe/xa) yevecrOai Trepl rou? SecrTrora?. ecrrt 8e /cat af 8^wv 
 
 OVO^OLTOL aXXwz^, 8ta^>opa 8e cr^tcrt ra ^wpta 
 
 60 /cat ya/3 rw^ eV *Q\vv9ov ikOovTow ot 8o/ctyLtojTarot /cat 
 
 e? r^ ai/w Kaptai^ vavcrti' avaTrXevcra? 8ta TOT) 
 f <eYa<i7<Tai'.> Ird^rjcrav Se /cat ot reXevr^cra^Te? 8 
 Kao"cra^8^)ov /cat ot (rvjU-jaa^^cra^re? TTOTC 'Ap- 
 Orfvai 8e ot'ra) o"<^to~t r^v 7rpo<? 'Apyetov? Xe- 
 65 yovo"t crvjLtjLta^ta^ Aa/ceSat/xovtot? r^ vroXtv rov $eoG o~eto~a^- 
 To? ot etXwre? e? 'Wco/jirji' aTrtcrTrjo'a.v, dfao'TrjKOTwi' 8e ot 
 
 tribes from four to ten. See licit. 5, aid, consisting of two thousand infantry 
 
 66, 69; Aristot. Resp. Ath. 21. and three hundred cavalry. This was 
 
 61. KXewvatoi : these men took sides probably in the year 349 B.C. See Dem. 
 
 with the Athenians at the battle of 21, 197, p. 578 ; Philochorus, Frag. 132 
 
 Tanagra (457 n.c.). There exists an in Frag. Hist. Gr. , ed. Mu'ller, I, 405 
 
 inscription (C.I.A. I, 441) which is sq. McXrjaravSpos : on Melesander see 
 
 conjectured to be a list of the Cleonae- Thuc. 2, 69. During the winter of 430- 
 
 ans who fell in this battle. 56. 8ov- 429 n.c. he was sent to the coasts of 
 
 Xois : in great emergencies, as toward Caria and Lycia with six ships to levy 
 
 the close of the Peloponnesian War and contributions and put down the ene- 
 
 before the battle of Chaeronea, the my's privateers. He landed in Lycia, 
 
 Athenians appear to have freed and but was defeated and slain with some 
 
 armed their slaves (Lye. c. Leocr. 41 ; of his men. 
 
 Justin, 5, 6). 60. iir "OXvvOov: the 63. 'Ap-ytCwv : at the battle of Tana- 
 
 Athenians sent three expeditions to gra (457 B.C.) one thousand Argives 
 
 the relief of Olynthus when hard fought with the Athenians against the 
 
 pressed by Philip. The first two had Lacedaemonians (Thuc. 1, 107 sq. ; 
 
 only mercenary soldiers. On the third Diod. 11, 80). Pausanias here follows 
 
 occasion, at the special request of the Time. 1, 101 sq., who tells the occa- 
 
 Olynthians, a native Athenian force sion of the alliance between Athens 
 
 commanded by Chares went to their and Argos.
 
 GRAVES OF HEROES 151 
 
 Ch.29, 11 
 
 Aa/ceSat/xdvtot fBor)0ov<; /cat dXXou<? /cat Trapa 'A $77 vat aw /u,T- 
 ol oe o~(f)io-Li> eVtXe'/CTous dVSpas dirocrreXXovo't /cat 
 Kt/x&j^a TOI> MtXrtaSov. TovYous a.TTOTT^Trovo~Lv 
 70 ot Aa/ceSat/xdvtot 7rpo< viro^iav 'A^r/^atot? Se ou/c aVe/cra 1) 
 
 liroiijcravTO 'Apyetotg Aa/ceSat/xovttoi' e^0pol<; TOV avra^ra 
 overt xpovov. v(TTpov 8e fjie\\ov(rrj<; ' \0y]va.ia)v iv 
 yi.v.(r6ai irpo<; Botwrou? /cat Aa/ce8at/Lto^iov5 /xa^r^?. 
 75 'A^^atot? 'A^yetot fiorjOovvTts Kat Trapavrt/ca /xe 
 
 TT\.OV TOVS 'Ayayetou? vu eVeX^ovcra d^etXero TO crac^e? 
 VI/CT/?, e? Se r^ vcrTepo.ia.v virrjp^e Kparrjaai Aa/ceSat/xovtot? 
 
 tov?. /caraXe^at Se /xot /cat 10 
 
 80 /xei/ ^, 6KiT[j.(f)6els Se VTTO 'Apcrtrov crar/actTrou r^s e</>' ' 
 
 pvyta? 8te^>vXae Ilept^^tat? r^ TrdXti/ eV^Se 
 e? rr)^ Hepiv0Lav OtXtTTTrou <rrpara> ot>rd? re 
 a T0aTTTai Kat EuySovXo? 6 ^TrivBdpov /cat ai^Spe? ot? 
 dya^ot? ovo-i^ ou/c eVry/coXov^cre Tu^T7 ^pTycrrr/, rot? /xe^ eVt- 
 85 ^exteVot? rvpavvovvTi Aa^dpet, ot 8e roi) Ilet/mtwg /cardXryi|ti/ 
 efiovXtvcrav Ma/ceSdi^aj^ (frpovpovvrcov, Trplv 8e elpydcrOai TO 
 <ipyov VTTO TWV o~vi>LOOT(t)v fjLr)vv0VT6<; d.TT(ii\ovTo. /cetirat 8e 
 /cat ot Trept KopLV0ov Trecrd^re? e'S^Xwae 8e ov^ i7/cto~ra 6 
 ^eo? tvTavBa /cat aii^t? eV Aeu/crpot? TOV<? VTTO 'EXX^Vwv 
 90 /caXov/xeVov? dVSpet'ot"? TO fj.rjoi> dvev Tv^rj<; eii'ai, et 817 
 Aa/ceSatjU.dt'tot, Koptv^tw^ ToYe /cat 'A^ijvawui', ert Se /cat 
 'Apyetiwi' /cat BotwTwv /cpaTifcra^Te?, vo~Tepov VTTO BotwTaii/ 
 
 82. s TT^V npiv0(av : see Diod. 10, supplies. The next year Philip was 
 
 75-77. Perinthus was besieged by obliged to raise the siege. 83. E\i- 
 
 Philip in 340 u.c. The Persian king, (JouXos : Eubulus, the adversary of 
 
 alarmed at the growth of Philip's Demosthenes, was an able demagogue 
 
 power, commanded his satraps to aid and orator (Dem. 18, 21, p. 233; 21, 
 
 the city. Accordingly they threw into 207, p. 581 ; Aeschin. 2, 8 and 184; 3, 
 
 Perinthus a force of mercenaries, with 25; Din. 1, 90; Pint. Phooion, 7).
 
 152 
 
 THE ATTICA OF PAUSANIAS 
 
 Ch. 29, 12 
 
 jjiovcov eV Aeu/crpot? e'<? TOCTOVTQV eKaKtoOrjcrav. ^tera Se row? 
 airoBavovTCLS eV KoptV$co a"Tr\\-r}v eVt roto~Se ecrrdVat TTIV 
 
 I t, i i I 
 
 95 avTr)v o~77/xau>et ra eXeyeta, rot? jue> eV Ev/3ota /cat Xtw 
 reXevr^Vacrt, rovg Se eVt rot? eV^arot? 7775 'Acrtai^g T^Tret- 
 $ia<j)0aprjvaL 877X0!, rot"? Se eV ^t/ceXta. yeypa/utjiteVot Se' 12 
 
 ot re a"rpa.T"f]yo\ 77X77^ Nt/ctov, /cat rwr trrpartwrco^ ojutoC 
 rot? do"rot5 IlXaratet?- Nt/cta? Se eVt rwSe irapeiOr), ypa^>a> 
 100 Se ovSej; Sta<^opa 77 ^tXtcrro?, 6? etj)rj krm,ocr9.vriv n*ev CTTTOV- 
 Sa<? 77ot77 / crao'^at rot? aXXot? 77X77^ OLVTOV /cat w? 77X10" /cero av- 
 roi; e77t^etpetf a.77o/cret^at 7 Nt/cta Se r^v 77apaSoo~t^ e0\ovTr) 
 , TOVTWV eVe/ca ou/c Vypd(f>r) Nt/cta? r^ crTTJXr)., /cara- 
 :i? at^jLtaXwro? l0e\ovTr)<; et^at /cat ov/c dvrjp 77oXe'jiiaj 
 105 irpeTTcov. eto~t Se eV d\\r) (rn/jXy /cat ot /aa^eo'a/xep'ot 77ept 13 
 
 94. vKopiv6u>: the Lacedaemonians 
 defeated the allied army of Athenians, 
 Argives, Boeotians, and Corinthians at 
 Corinth in 394 B.C. The Athenian force 
 numbered six thousand foot and six 
 hundred horse ; their losses were heavy. 
 See Xen. Hell. 4, 2, 9-13. Demosthe- 
 nes (20, 52, p. 472) spoke of this fight 
 as "the great battle" at Corinth. 
 C.I.A. II, 1(573, gives a partial list of 
 Athenians engaged. Among them was 
 Dexileus, whose private monument is 
 preserved in its original position, with 
 an inscription (C.I.A. II, 2084). 
 95. v Ev(3oia icalXia>: the reference to 
 Euboeaisprobably to the subjugation of 
 the whole island by Pericles in 445 B.C. 
 (Time. 1, 114). Upon the revolt of 
 Chios from Athens in 412 B.C. an ex- 
 pedition was sent by the Athenians 
 which landed in Chios, defeated the 
 rebels, besieged them in the capital, 
 and ravaged the island (Time. 8, 14 sq., 
 24, 55, etc.). The reference is doubt- 
 less to those who fell in this expedition 
 
 rather than to the second revolt of 
 Chios in the Social War (357-355 B.C.), 
 when the force dispatched probably 
 consisted of mercenaries (Diod. 16, 7 ; 
 Corn. Nep. Chabrias, 4). 
 
 98. ir\T]v NIKIOV : the account of the 
 conduct of Nicias during the last terri- 
 ble days in Sicily, as given by Thu- 
 cydides (7, 7(>-85), does not justify the 
 harsh criticism of Pausanias. It is true, 
 however, that the responsibility of the 
 disaster rested mainly on him, and if 
 he had listened to Demosthenes the 
 Athenian force would probably have 
 escaped destruction. Tliis apparently 
 the Athenians had in mind in omitting 
 his name from the roll of honor. 
 
 105. irepl paKTjv KO.I v Me-yapois : 
 as to the fallen in Thrace, cf. C.I.A. 
 IV, 2, 440 a. In 445 B.C. the Megarians 
 revolted from Athens and put the gar- 
 rison to the sword (Time. 1, 114). 
 107. 'A\Ki|3ia8T]s: in 420 B.C. Alcibiades 
 effected an alliance between Athens, 
 Argos, Mantinea, and Elis. In the
 
 GRAVES OF HEROES 
 
 153 
 
 Ch.29, 13 
 
 Kal tv Meyayaot? /cat rjvuca 'A/D/caSa<? TOV<? Iv Mav- 
 nveia Kal 'HXetov? eneLcrev 'AX/ci/StaSTj? 
 
 Kal oi irpiv e? 2u/ceXtai> d<t/cecr#at 
 
 KpaTTJ(TavT6S. eT(i(j)rjcTai> Se /cat ot 
 110 Toy 'EXXi7(77rovTO^ vav[jLa)(TJcravTS Kal OCTOL Ma/ceSoVaj*' 
 evavTia ^yamo-airo iv Xatpwi'eia /cat ot /xera, KXeWo? e<? 
 
 ot re ei> AiXta) TOJ 
 
 /cat ocrov? e? e<r<raXiaj> Aewo~$eV)7<? 
 /cat ot 7rXevo"a^re? e? Kvnpov 6/xov Kt/Ltcop't, rail/ re 
 
 summer of 418 B.C. the Lacedaemo- 
 nians defeated the allies in the battle 
 of Mantinea. See Time. 5, 43-47, 03- 
 74. A fragment of the treaty of al- 
 liance, of which Thucydides gives us 
 the complete text, was found engraved 
 on a slab of Pentelic marble between 
 the theatre of Dionysus and the ( Kleum 
 of Herodes Atticus (C.I. A. IV, 4Gb, 
 14 sq.). Thucydides's copy may be 
 from this very stone. 109. KparVjo-av- 
 TCS: before the arrival of Demosthenes 
 (413 u.c.) with large reinforcements 
 the Athenians had been successful in 
 several engagements with the enemy 
 (Time. 6, 67-71, 08-102; 7, f>, 22 sq.). 
 irpl TOV 'EXXfyrirovTov : a tomb- 
 stone, found in Athens about 1882, in 
 all probability stood over the grave of 
 these men in the Ceramicus. It is a 
 slab of Pentelic marble, five feet high 
 and twenty inches wide. The inscrip- 
 tion contains a list of men, arranged 
 according to tribes, who fell in the 
 Chersonese, in Byzantium, and "in 
 other wars," and underneath it is an 
 epigram to the effect that they perished 
 in the flower of their youth. They 
 probably fell in the campaign of 409 
 B.C. when Alcibiades captured Sclym- 
 
 bria and Byzantium, laid siege to Chal- 
 cedon, and levied contributions about 
 the Hellespont. See Xen. Hell. 1, ^ ; 
 Diod. 13, 00 sq.; Pint. Aloib. 29-31; 
 for the inscription, C.I.A. IV, 44fla, 
 108 sqq. 110. ooroi MaiccSovwv tvav- 
 ra T|'ya>vi(ravTO tv Xaipcoveia : Lycur- 
 gus (c. Leocr. 142) says that one thou- 
 sand Athenians fell in the battle, and 
 that they received a public burial ; he 
 also speaks of the inscriptions carved 
 on their tombstones at the entrance of 
 the city. 111. 4s 'A(i<|>iTroXiv : see 
 Time. 5, 7-11. The Athenians lost six 
 hundred men ; the enemy only seven. 
 Both generals were slain, C'leon from a 
 stab in the back as he was fleeing, 
 Brasidas while charging at the head of 
 his men. 112. cvA^Xiw: see Time. 4, 
 91, 101. The Athenians were defeated 
 by the Boeotians, with the loss of about 
 one thousand regular infantry. 113. 
 A<r8'vT 1 s : see 1, 1, 3; 1, 25, 3-5. 
 114. Is Kvirpov : Cimon sailed with a 
 fleet to Cyprus, where, after defeating 
 the Persians and capturing a number 
 of cities, he died. After his death the 
 Athenian fleet and army won another 
 great victory by sea and land over the 
 Persians at Salamis in Cyprus. See
 
 154 THE ATTICA OF PAUSANIAS 
 
 Cb. 29, 14 
 
 115 'OXu/ATrtoSwpw TTJV (^povpav eKfiaXovTtov rpiav /cat 8e'/ca av- 
 8^69 ov TrXetov?. <^>acrt Se 'A^i/atot /cat 'Pa>/xaiois ofjiopov 14 
 rtva TroXe^ovcrt TrdXe^toz/ 0Tpa.Tiav ov TroXXrjv 7re)ou//ai, /cat 
 vcrTepov ^atyxa^tas 'Paj/xatai^ Trpos Kap^Soi'tou? yivo^evr]^ 
 rptr/pet? irewe 'Arrt/cat irapeyevovro- ecrrtz> ovv /cat rourots 
 120 IvravOa rot? av&pda'iv 6 rcu^os. ToXjat'Sov 8e /cat raw 
 avrw SeS^Xairat /xe^ -^817 jitot ra epya /cat 6V rporrov e 
 
 tcrraj Se OTW <$>i\ov /cet^iteVov? cr^a? /caret rr)^ 6861^ Ta.vr~qv. 
 8e /cat ot crvt' Kt/UKOft ro jiteya epyov vre^ /cat vavcrt^ 
 w /cpar^cravre? redairrai 8e /cat KoVco*> /cat Tt/xd- 15 
 125 $eo5, Seurepot /xera MtXrtaSi^^ Kat Kt/AWfa ovrot vrar^/j /cat 
 77at? epya aTroSet^ajae^ot Xayu-Trpa. /cetrat 8e /cat Tir^vuv 
 6 M^acreou /cat XpvcrtTrrro? 6 SoXev?, Nt/cta? re 6 
 ov ^wa aptcrro? ypcu^at raiv e'^>' avrov, /cat 'Ap/xd- 
 8109 /cat ' KpicrroyeiTdiv ot rot' Iletcrto~rparov vratSa '\Tnra.p- 
 130 ^of aTro/cretVa^re?, piJTopes re 'E^taXr^?, 05 ra vo/ju/jLa 
 ra eV 'Apetw Trdyco ^taXto~ra e'Xv^^aro, /cat Av/covpyo? 6 
 
 Thuc. 1, 112; Diod. 12, 3 sq.; Plut. for him in the Ceramicus at the public 
 
 Cimon, 18 sq.; Corn. Nep. Cimon, 3. expense; in this tomb the philosopher 
 
 115. 'OXvfiirioSwpu): see 1, 26, 1 sq. was afterwards laid." 127. NIKO.S T 
 
 120. To\(x(8ou : see 1, 27, 5. 123. TO 6 NIKO^SOV : the expression here used, 
 |j.-ya i'p-yov : on the great victory over f<jJa fipicrros ypd-fiai rCiv t<f> avrov, is com- 
 the Persians at the mouth of the Eury- nionly understood to mean " the great- 
 medon inPamphylia, see Thuc. 1, 100; est figure-painter of his time," 
 Diod. 11, 61 ; Plutarch, Cimon, 12 sq. meaning either human or animal fig- 
 As a monument of this victory, the ures. See Brunn, Gesch. d. gr. Kiinst- 
 Athenians dedicated a bronze palm- ler, II, 194-200. Pliny (X. H. 35, 
 tree at Delphi (10, 15, 4). The date 130-133) gives a list of his subjects, 
 assigned this victory varies among his- most of which are mythological, and 
 torians from 469 to 465 is.c. says also that he painted dogs very suc- 
 
 126. Z^jvwv: Diog. Laert. 7, 11 and cessfully. 131. AvKovp-yos : the par- 
 
 20, gives a decree of the Athenians "in ticulars as to the public services of 
 
 which the thanks of the state are ren- Lycurgus are probably derived from 
 
 dered to Zeno in his lifetime for his the decree of the Athenians in his 
 
 services in the cause of virtue, and it honor, proposed by Stratocles in the 
 
 is provided that a tomb shall be built archonship of Anaxicrates (307-306
 
 ACADEMY 
 
 155 
 
 Ob. 30, 1 
 
 s. AvKovpya) Se eiropurOi) /xej/ rdXavra e<? TO 817/010- 16 
 o~to;f Trei'Ta/coo'iot? TrXetWa /cat e^a/cto^Xtotg 17 ocra Ilept/cXry? 
 
 /cat 
 
 eV TTet- 
 
 6 KavBiTTirov (TWTJ'ya'ye, /caTecr/cevacre Se Tro/MTreta rrj 
 135 Nt/ca? xpucras /cat 7rap#eVot9 KOO-^OV e/caToV, e? Se 
 
 07rXa /cat /3e'Xi7 /cat rerpa/coo-ta? vavpayovcrw eivou 
 
 ot/coSo/x^/xaTa Se eVereXecre /u.e> TO Bearpov trepan/ 
 
 fjii>ct)v, TO, Se eVt TT?? avTOu TroXtTeta? a 
 
 patet ^ews etcrtv ol/cot /cat TO 77/30? TO> Av/cetw 
 140 yvfjLvdcnov. ocra /JLCV ovv dpyvpov 7r7rotT7jaeVa 7 
 
 croG, Aa^dpr)<; Kal ravra ecrvXycre Tvpawujcras rd 8e ot/co- 
 
 3ofj.~ijfj(.aTa Kal e's y^a 
 30 IIpo 8e T^? eo~o8ov 
 
 /cat 
 
 ert 
 
 B.C.). For a copy, perhaps condensed, 
 see Ps.-Plut. Vit. x. Or. pp. 844, 852. 
 After enumerating his many services, 
 the decree concludes with a list of hon- 
 ors to be conferred on the memory of 
 Lycurgus, and a provision that all de- 
 crees in his honor should be engraved 
 on stone tablets and set up on the 
 Acropolis. For extant fragments, see 
 C.I.A. II, 240. The various buildings 
 of Lycurgus here mentioned have been 
 already noticed by Pausanias (1, 1, 2; 
 1,19,3; 1,10,0; 1, 21, 1), or referred 
 to in the notes. 
 
 30. Alturs of Eros, of Anteros, and 
 of Prometheus The Torch-Race 
 Other altars in the Academy Plato's 
 tomb Tower of Timon A Itar of 
 Poseidon Hippins and of Athena Ilip- 
 pia Heroums of Theseus and Piri- 
 thous, of Oedipus and Adrastus. 
 
 1. is *AicaSt|p(av: tradition assigns 
 the name of Academy to a place three 
 quarters of a mile northwest of the 
 Dipylum, in the broad belt of olive 
 wood bordering the banks of the Ce- 
 
 eo~Tt 
 
 phisus. The exact spot is just south of 
 the rocky knoll, identified as Colonus 
 Ilippius, on which are the graves of 
 Charles Lenormaut and K. O. Miiller. 
 The testimony of ancient writers ac- 
 cords well with tradition (Paus. 1, 30, 
 4 ; Cic. De fin. 5, 1, 1 ; Livy, 31, 24). 
 No remains of buildings once upon this 
 site have been discovered. The Acad- 
 emy derived its name from one Acade- 
 mus or Hecademus, whose shrine, as a 
 hero, was in the Academy (see 1, 29, 2 ; 
 Schol. Dem. 24. 114, p. 73(5 ; Schol. Ar. 
 Nub. 1005, etc.). The first mention of 
 it in historical times is when Hip- 
 parchus, son of Pisistratus, built a wall 
 around it at, great expense, which he 
 compelled the Athenians to pay (Suidas 
 S.v. rb 'Iwirdpxov reixiov). Cimon first 
 converted it from a dry and dusty 
 place into a well-watered grove with 
 trim avenues and shady walks (Pint. 
 Cimon, 13 ; cf. id. Sulla, 13 ; Diog. 
 Laert. 3, 7). lU'iid the beautiful de- 
 scription of it in Aristophanes, who 
 mentions the gymnasium it contains
 
 156 THE ATTICA OF PAUSANIAS 
 
 Ch.30, 2 
 
 c^cov eiriypa/JifJia o$9 Xctp^to? A.u'Tjva.uav Tr/awro? ^E^oairt dva- 
 TOV Se eV TrdXet {3tofj,ov KaXovpevov 'A^repwro? 
 eivai Xcyovcn /xeroi/cw^, 6Vt Me'Xi^s 'A^r^ 
 5 dvSpa Tifjiayopav epacrOevTa drt/xa^a)^ d(f>elvai Kara T??g 
 avTov tKeXevcrev e's TO infrrjXoTaTov avr^? dve\06vTa- 
 8e a/aa /cat ^fvX'l^ e ^X e ^ <*-<f> 6L ^ <:; Ka ^ L vdvTa o/xotw? 
 j^eXe ^a,>iecr$ai TOJ /jitipaKLO) /cat 01^ Kctt (f>epa>i> 
 eavrov d<f>rJKe- MeXrjra Se, w? OLiroOavovTa. etSe 
 10 e? rocrovro /jteravota? e'X^etv w? Trecrer^ re aTro 
 
 rfjs avTrjs /cat ourw? a^>et<? CLVTOV ereXeurr^cre. /cat TO eVrev- 
 SaifjLOva 'AvrepaiTa TOV akdcrropa. TOV Tc^ayopov /caTe- 
 Tot? /xeTot/cot? vo^i^iv. Iv 'A/caS^/xtct 8e ecrTt Ilpo/xi^^ea;? 2 
 
 /cat BeovcrLv a.7r' auTov Trpbs Trjv TTO\IV e^o^Te? /cato- 
 15 /zeVa? Xa/xTraoa? TO oe dyaWcr^ta O/JLOV TO) Spo/JLco <j)v\dai 
 TTJV 8aoa ert KaiOfjLCvrjv eo~TtV, 0,7700" /3ecr$etcn7? 8e ovoev ert 
 TO) TrpoJTw, oevTepa) 8e <X^T' CLVTOV ^T^CTTIV et 8e 
 
 (Nub. 1002 sqq.). Here Plato held his 13. IIpo|ii]9(os PWJIOS : Apollodorus, 
 
 school, which became known in consc- quoted in Schol. Soph. Oed. Col. 50, 
 
 quence as the Academy (Diog. Laert. gives a fuller description of this altar. 
 
 3, 7; 4, 1, 1 ; Cic. De fin. 5, 1, 2; Suidas Restates that it was dedicated jointly to 
 
 s.v. ' AKaSrifjLia, etc.). After his death, Prometheus and Hephaestus. The altar 
 
 the Academy continued to be the was at the entrance to the Academy, 
 
 headquarters of his school (Pint. De and from this altar the torch-race ap- 
 
 exilio, 10; Diog. Laert. 4, 2, (i ; 4, 3, pears to have started. 15. XapirdSas : 
 
 19; 4, 8, 60). When Sulla laid siege torch-races were held at eight Athenian 
 
 to Athens, he cut down the trees of the festivals at least, namely the Panath- 
 
 Academy to make siege engines (Pint. enaea, the festivals of Prometheus, 
 
 Sulla, 12; Appian, Bellum Mithrid. Hephaestus, Pan, Bendis, Hermes, The- 
 
 30). PUJIOS "Epouros . . . 'Avrt'pwTos: seus, and the festival in honor of the 
 
 according to Ath. 13, p. 009 1>, Charmus, dead. See Frazer's' note. The course 
 
 who dedicated the altar of Eros, was a in the Ceramicus, probably that here 
 
 friend of the tyrant Hippias. Athe- mentioned, was followed in the first 
 
 naeus also gives the metrical inscrip- three. Pausanias mentions one way of 
 
 tion. Suidas (s.v. MAijros) tells the running the race ; the other way was 
 
 story of the altar of Anteros, with to have lines of runners posted at inter- 
 
 some variations from the account of vals, and the first man after lighting 
 
 Pausanias. his torch at the altar ran with it at full
 
 TOMB OF PLATO 157 
 
 Ch. 30, 4 
 
 rovTfi) /catotTO, 6 TptYo<? Icrriv o Kparuv el Se /cat irafriv 
 eiT7, ovSet<? icrnv 6Va> /caraXeiVerai 17 m'/cr;. cart Se 
 20 Movcrwv re /3w/zos /cat erepos 'ftpfjLov /cat eVSoi> ' 
 Se 'Hpa/cXe'ovs eirooycrctt' /cat (frvTov ivriv e'Xatag, 
 rovro Xeydjitet'o^ (^az^vat. 
 
 'A/caSi7/xtag Se ov Troppa) nXarwt'o? /a^/za eVrt^, w Trpo- 3 
 ecrrfp-aivev o 6cos apujrov TO. eg ^>tXoo"o^)ta^ ecrecr^at 
 25 (nrjp.aLve 8e ovrco. Sco/cpar^? r>J irpoTtpa vvKri rj 
 
 ecrtcr^at ot /xa^rr)? icr-mr^va.i ot /cv/c^ov e'? ro^ /coX- 
 ei8ei^ ovtipov ecrrt Se KVKVW TOJ opviOi ^tovcrt/c^? So^a, ort 
 raii> 'HptSa^ov Trepan VTrep y^g r^g KeXrt/c^? Kv/ci^o^ 
 a^-Spa fjLOV(TLKov yevecrOai ySacrtXe'a ^>a<rt, reXeuT^Vafra 8e 
 30 'AvroXXai^o? yvw/x^ /Ltera/SaXet^ Xe'yovcrt^ avrov e'g ro^ opvi,6a. 
 e'yco Se ySacrtXeticrat /xet' Tret^o^tat Atyvcrtv aV8pa 
 
 8e yutot aTncrrov opviOa OLT^ d^Spdg. /cara rovro 
 (^atVerat irvpyos Tt/xoovo?, 09 /xdi'og etSe jiiTjSeVa rpd- 
 ev8at)ao^a eti^at yevecrOai TrXrjv rovg aXXov? 
 35 avOpcoirovs. Set/c^urat Se /cat ^aipog /caXov/u,e^o9 
 
 speed and passed it on to the second, it was situated ef TT) 'A/caST;^?. 
 
 he to the third, etc. 21. \a(as : Hie 27. ovcipov : this story is told more 
 
 sacred olive trees called /xop/cu grew in fully by Diog. Laert. 3, 5; Bioirr. Gr., 
 
 the Academy ; their number was at ffrst ed. Westennann, p. 389 ; Apuleius, ])e 
 
 twelve, and they were believed to be dogmate Platonis, 1,1. 
 offshoots of the original olive tree on 03. irvp-yos TIH.WVOS : cf. Biogr. Or., 
 
 the Acropolis (1, 27, 2 ; Ar. Nub. 1005; ed. Westennann, p. 093, where it is 
 
 Schol. Soph. Oed. Col. 701 ; Suidas and said that Tlato established a school 
 
 Photius, Lexicon, s.v. ^opian}. The near the abode of Timon the misan- 
 
 penalty for injuring one of the sacred thrope, who, though he was embittered 
 
 olives was originally death, later ban- againstallmen, bore the society of Plato 
 
 ishment ; the case was tried by the with much benignity. 05. KoXwvos 
 
 court of the Areopagus (Lysias, 7, 41 ; Viririos : Thucydides (8, (57) locates Co- 
 
 Ar. Kesp. Ath. 00). The penalty was lonus about ten furlongs outside of 
 
 not enforced in Aristotle's time. Athens. Hence it has been identified 
 
 23. nXdrwyos jjLVTJ(ia: according to with a rocky knoll about fifty feet high, 
 
 Pausanias it was not far from the Acad- about a mile and a quarter north-nort h- 
 
 einy ; according to Diog. Laert. 3, 41, west of the Dipylum. Here Sophocles
 
 158 
 
 THE ATTICA OF PAUSANIAS 
 
 Ch.31, 1 
 
 tTTTTtos, ei't/a Ti7<? ATTtKi^g Trpwrov At7et^ \tyovcTLV OtSt'- 
 TroSa Stcu^opa /otev Kat ravra r^ 'O^pov TrotT^cret, Xeyou crt 
 8' ow Kat ^8a)ju,o5 noo"eiSa>i>os 'ITTTTIOV Kat 'A^^a? 'ivrTTta?, 
 rfpwov 8e TleipiOov KOL i^cre&js OtStTroSos re Kat ASpacrrov. 
 40 TO 8e aXcro? TOV IlocretSaivog Kat TOI^ ^aot' eVeVpTycre^ 'Az^Tt- 
 wi>, Kat cxXXoTe crrpana. KaKcocra? 'A^vatot? 
 
 31 Ar^tot Se ot piKpol rrjs 'ArrtK^s, co<? erv^ev e/cacrros 1 
 
 placed the scene of the Oedipus at 
 Colonus. He describes its luxuriant 
 vegetation (Oed. Col. 0(58 sqq.); he 
 himself belonged to the township of 
 Colonus (Suidas s.v. Zo^o/cXiys). lie 
 speaks of the spot as sacred ground, the 
 possession of Poseidon, and inhabited 
 also by Prometheus; here also was a 
 sanctuary of the Furies (Soph. Oed. Col. 
 37 sqq.). 
 
 31. Objects of interest in the smaller 
 denies of Attica The Hyperboreans 
 Artemis Colaenis and Amarysla. 
 
 1. Afj(AOL : leaving Athens and its sub- 
 urbs to the northwest, Pausanias now 
 takes up the description of the rest of 
 Attica embraced in cc. 31, 1 39, 3; 
 the rest of the book (1, 39, 4 1, 44, 10) 
 is devoted to Megara, the city and its 
 territory. lie first mentions the chief 
 points of interest in the small Attic 
 demes(l,31,l 1,32, 1); hethennames 
 the Attic mountains (1, 32, 2); then de- 
 scribes more denies (1, 32, 3 1, 33, 8); 
 then Oropus (1, 34); then the islands 
 of Attica (1, 35, 1 1, 30, 2); then 
 the road from Athens to Eleusis (1, 
 36, 31, 38, 5); next Eleusis itself 
 (1, 30, 0-7); then the road from Eleu- 
 sis to Boeotia (1, 38, 8-9); finally the 
 road from Eleusis to the borders of 
 
 Megara (1, 39, 1-3). Thus the order is 
 not strictly topographical (see Intro- 
 duction, pp. 0, 7). The system of denies 
 or townships in Attica, local divisions 
 with independent municipal govern- 
 ment, was first organized or at least 
 fully developed by Cleisthenes in 508 
 B.C. (Aristot. Resp. Ath. 21). Thenum- 
 ber instituted by him is uncertain ; it 
 is inferred from Hdt. 5, 09, to have been 
 one hundred. At a later time we hear 
 of one hundred and seventy-four denies 
 (Strabo, 9, p. 390). The names of one 
 hundred and forty-five are authentica- 
 ted by inscriptions or the testimony of 
 ancient writers. Out of these one hun- 
 dred and forty-five denies, we know the 
 location of twenty-eight with tolerable 
 exactness, and of thirty-seven more 
 approximately ; while the sites of the 
 remaining eighty are still undetermined 
 (see A. Milchhoefer, Sitzungsb. 1'reuss. 
 Akad., Berlin (1887), p. 42; Pauly-Wis- 
 sowa, s.v. Attika). Pausanias mentions 
 about twelve in this and following chap- 
 ters. Elsewhere he names a few more, 
 namely Sunium (1, 1, 1), Piraeus (1, 1, 
 2), Phalerum (1, 1, 2), Ceramicus (1, 
 3, 1), Aphidna (1, 17, 5), Colonus 
 (1, 30, 4), Laciadae (1, 37, 2), Scambo- 
 nidae (1, 38, 2), Anaphlystus (2, 30, 9),
 
 DEMKS OF ATTICA 
 
 159 
 
 Oh. 31, 1 
 
 ot/cto-#et9, raSe e9 
 
 TrapeL^omo- 'AXt/xouo'ioi'j p-^v 
 v &TJfj,r)Tpo<; /cat K 0/317 9 IOTIV tepoV, eV Zajcrr^pt Se 
 eVt #aXao~(n7<? /cat /3a>/xo9 'A^z/a? /cat 'AvroXXw^o? /cat *Apre- 
 5 ^11809 /cat Ai7Tou9- re/ceu' jaei> ow AT^TW rou? ?rat8a9 evravOa 
 ov <acri, Xvo~ao~#at 8e TOI> ^axTTrjpa 0)9 re^o/xeV^i/, /cat rw 
 X&>pt&) Sta rovro ytvecrdai TO oVo/xa. HpocrTraXTtot? 8e cart 
 /cat Tourot9 KopTy? /cat A^/x^rpos itpov, 'Afayvpacrtot? 8e 
 MTjrpo 1 ? ^eaii' iepov Ke^aX^crt Se ot Atdcr/covpot 
 10 ^taXtOTa, MeyaXoug yap cr^a? ot ravrr) 0eov<; o 
 
 Sphettus (ib.), Decelea (.3,8,0), and 
 Stiria (10, 35, 8). 2. ' AXijiovo-fois : 
 Halimus was a deme of the tribe Leon- 
 tis. According to Strabo, 9, 308, it lay 
 between Phalerum and Aixone, at a 
 distance of thirty-five stadia from Ath- 
 ens (Dem. 57, 10, p. 370). In accord- 
 ance with our location of I'halerum, 
 Halimus must be along the coast be- 
 tween St. George (Trispyrgi) and St. 
 Cosmas (see Excursus I). The histo- 
 rian Thucydides belonged to Halimus 
 (Biogr. Gr., ed. Westermann, pp. 109, 
 203). 3. Zwo-Tfjpi : according to 
 Strabo, 9, p. 398, Zoster was the name 
 of a cape on the south coast of Attica, 
 to the south of Aixone, the deme south 
 of Halimus; and he adds that off the 
 cape there is an island called Phabra. 
 7. npoo-iraXrfois: Prospaltawasademe 
 of the tribe Acamis (Dem. 43, 04, 
 p. 1071 ; Harpocr. and Suid. s.v. ITpo<r- 
 irdXnoi). Eupolis named one of his 
 comedies The Prospaltians, after the 
 inhabitants who had the reputation of 
 being litigious (Athen. 7, p. 320 A). 
 This deme was doubtless on or near 
 the site of the modern village of Kaly- 
 via Kuvara, which is in the interior of 
 Attica about midway between Athens 
 
 and Sunium. To the west of this vil- 
 lage ancient blocks and vestiges of 
 walls have been found, and also in- 
 scriptions bearing the names of men of 
 Prospalta. See Milchboefer, A.M. XII 
 (1887), 281-280; Kartell von Attika, 
 Text iii-vi, 12.^ 8. 'Ava-yvpao-iois : 
 Anagyrus wasademe of the tribe Erech- 
 theis (Harpocr. and Suid. s.v."Awyiipd- 
 <rtos). Strabo (7, p. 398) locates it on the 
 south coast of A ttica, between the denies 
 of Halae Aexionicae and Thorae. It is 
 commonly placed at Vari, a small vil- 
 lage to the east of Cape Zoster. See 
 Milchhoefer, A.M. XIII (1888), 300- 
 302 ; Karten von Attika, Text iii-vi, 
 15. 9. K4>aXfj<ri: Cephale was a 
 deme of the tribe Acamis (Schol. Ar. 
 Aves, 470; Harpocr. and Suid. s.v. 
 Ke<^aX^ev). Cephale is located near 
 Keratea, a village in the interior of 
 Attica eleven or twelve miles north of 
 Sunium. Here sepulchral inscriptions 
 have been found containing the names 
 of natives of Cephale (C.I. A. II, 
 2151, 2154); also a stone bearing the 
 inscription "boundary of Aphrodite 
 at Cephale." See Milchhoefer, A.M. 
 XII (1887), 280-291; Karten von At- 
 tika, Text iii-vi, 12, 19.
 
 160 
 
 THE ATTICA OF PAUSANIAS 
 
 Ch.31, 2 
 
 eV Se Hpacnevo'Li' 'ATrdXX&Ji'dg eon j'adg evravBa ras 'Tvrep- 2 
 fiopeatv aTrapxas leVcu Xe'yercu, TrapaSiSdi'cu Se auras 'Tnep- 
 ftopeovs p,ev 'Api/AacrTrois, 'Apt/xacrTrovg 8' 'Icrcr^Sdcri, Trapa 
 
 Se TOVT&J^ ^KvOaS eg ^IVWTTTjV KOjLtl^Ct^, tVTtvBeV Se (f>p6(T0aL 
 
 15 Sia 'EXX^^wz/ eg Hpacriag, 'A^i^aiovg Se etvai rovg e'g 
 ayo^rag rag Se dVapxag KKpv(f)0ai fJiev eV KaXdfJir) 
 
 8e VTT' ov&evutv. eicrrt Se fjivrj^a eVt Ilpaa"tat9 
 , cos Ko/jLii^eTO OTTICTW /xerci r^v OecopLav IK A^- 
 Xov, yevo^vir]^ ol Kara rov TrXovt' r^5 reXevr^?. Kpavabv 3 
 20 8e TOI^ ^SacrtXevcra^Ta ' AOrjva.iwi' OTL pev i^efiaXev 'AjJi(f)L- 
 
 KTVCOV 
 
 Se 
 
 ^ ra, en TrpoTepov eiprjTai JAOL 
 
 avrv (ivv rots crracrtwrat? eg ro^ 
 
 Aa/xTrrpe'a 
 
 11. v 8e Ilpao-ievo-iv : Prasiae was a 
 deme of the tribe Pandionis (Steph. Byz. 
 s.v. Ilpaa-tat). It was situated on the 
 east coast of Attica, on the spacious 
 bay now called Porto Raphti, about 
 sixteen miles northeast of Sunium, be- 
 tween the demes of Potamus on the 
 south and Stiria on the north. It was 
 in ancient times a port of Attica (Schol. 
 Ar. Pac. 242 ; Thuc. 8, 95 ; Livy, 31, 
 45). 'Yirtppope'wv : Herodotus (4,33) 
 gives, on the authority of the Delians, 
 an entirely different route by which the 
 offerings of the Hyperboreans were for- 
 warded to Delos. He has them con- 
 veyed first to the Scythians ; thence 
 westward from people to people until 
 they reached the Adriatic sea ; thence 
 southward to the people of Dodona 
 who transmitted them over to the 
 gulf of Malea and across to Euboea ; 
 thenfce from city to city to Carystus, 
 and finally by the Carystians to Tenos, 
 whence the Tenians took them to De- 
 los. Frazer thinks Herodotus gives us 
 the original Delian version, Pausanias 
 
 the revised Athenian version of the 
 fifth century B.C. 18. |MTO. TT^V 0<o- 
 pCav K ArjXov : the " sacred embassy " 
 referred to is the one which the Athe- 
 nians sent annually to Delos. The 
 ship in which Theseus was believed to 
 have sailed to Crete conveyed the eti- 
 voy to Delos ; in the ship were also the 
 chorus that was to sing the hymn to 
 Apollo, and the victims for sacrifice. 
 Before the sailing of the ship the priest 
 of Apollo crowned its stern ; and from 
 that moment till the ship returned no 
 one might be put to death in Athens. 
 This gave a respite to Socrates. See 
 Plato, Phaedo, 58 A-C, 59 n; Xen. Mem. 
 4, 8, 2 ; Plut. Thes. 23 ; id. Nicias, 3. 
 
 22. AojurTpe'a : this deme belonged 
 to the tribe Erechtheis ; it included two 
 villages, Upper Lamptrae and Lower 
 (or Seaside) Lamptrae (Harpocr,.Suid., 
 and Phot. Lex. s.v. Aa/uTrrpets; Hesych. 
 s.v. \afjLTpa). It was on the southern 
 coast of Attica, between the demes of 
 Thorae and Aegilia (Strabo, 9, p. 398). 
 Upper Lamptrae has been identified
 
 Ch31, 5 
 
 PHLYA MYRRHINUS 
 
 re avrov /cat Ta<f>r)vai (f>acri, /cat cart Kal 9 e'/xe 
 [/cat] eV rot? AajLtTrr/aeucrt Kpai/aoG fjLvfj[j.a. V lto*>o9 Se roi) Hou- 
 25 0ou Kat yap ovro? w/c^cre vrapa ' ABrjvaCoLs /cat * A.0Trjva.ui)v 
 eVt row iroXep.ov TOV irpbs 'EXevcrtvtov9 eVoXe/xapx 7 ? " 6 ra- 
 (09 eV IlorajLtot? e'crrt rry? ^wpas. Tavra jtxev Sr) ovrw Xeye- 4 
 rat, 4>XveCcrt Se' etcrt /cat MvppLi>ovcrioi<; rot? /xe^ 'ATroAXwf 05 
 Atot'vcroSorof /cat 'Apre]at8o9 SeXacr^opov ^Sco/xot Ato^ucrou 
 30 re 'Av0LOv /cat vv[Ji<f)(t)v 'icr/AT/i/tSaji' /cat F^9, i^V 
 ovofJid^ovo'L i^aos 8e erepo? e^et y8a/xov9 
 
 /cat Ato9 Kr^crtou /cat Tt^pa>^9 'A^i7t ; a9 /cat 
 
 TO Se 
 
 t9 Se rt/xai- 
 35 crtf xavtrtav reatv. 7rv^a^xei/o9 e cra<e9 ovSe^ e'9 5 
 
 /cat 
 eVrt 
 
 with the modern Lambrika, a deserted 
 village about four miles northeast of 
 Vari. 27. fvIToTajiois: Potamiwasa 
 deme of the tribe Leontis (Ilarpocr. s. v. 
 Ilora/iis; Suid. s.v. Spuaxa^i'ei'). It lay 
 o^i the east coast of Attica between Tho- 
 ricus and Prasiae (Strabo, 9, p. 308 ; 
 Pliny, N. II. 4, 24). It comprised three 
 1'otami, known as Upper, Lower, and 
 Diradiotian (Schol. Horn. II. ft, 545; 
 C.I. A. II, 864. See A.M. X (1885), 
 105 sqq.). It is commonly identified 
 with some ruins bordering on the bay 
 of Daskalio,southof Prasiae. Pausanias 
 fails to mention the deme of Thoricus. 
 28. 4>Xvai : this deme belonged 
 originally to the tribe Cecropis, and was 
 afterwards transferred to the new tribe 
 Ptolemais (Steph. Byz. s.v. 4>Xue?s ; 
 Suid. s.v. 4>Xue/a ; Ilarpocr. s.v. <I>Xi^a). 
 Euripides was a native of Phlya (Ilar- 
 pocr. I.e.). Phlya is identified on the 
 authority of inscriptions with the mod- 
 ern Chalandri, a thriving village about 
 five miles northeast of Athens, and 
 
 about three and one fourth miles south 
 of Cephisia. It bordered on the deme 
 Athmonia, which was certainly on the 
 site of the modern Marusi, two miles 
 north of Chalandri. (See C.I. A. Ill, 
 Girt, col. 2, 1. 13; II, '204(5; II. 1113.) 
 
 MvppivoxierCois : this deme belonged 
 to the tribe Pamlionis (Steph. Byz. 
 and Phot. Lex. s.v. Mup/nvoCs). It 
 was on the site of Merenda, a ruined 
 village in the interior of Attica, east of 
 Mt. Ilymettus, about one and three 
 fourths miles southeast of the large 
 village of Markopoulo. (See C.I. A. 
 II, 575; A.M. XII (1887), 277 s<|.). 
 
 34. 'AOfxovcis : Athmonia or Athmo- 
 num was a township of the tribe Ce- 
 cropis (Ilarpocr. s.v. "Afl/xojw?; Suid. 
 s.v. 'A6fj.ovia ; Steph. Byz. s.v. "A.0fj.oi>ov). 
 At a later time, apparently, it was 
 transferred to the new tribe Attalis 
 (Schol. Ar. Pac. 1!>0; cf. 1, 5, 5). In- 
 scriptions prove that Athmonia was on 
 or nearthesiteof Marusi, avillage in the 
 Athenian plain, seven miles northeast,
 
 162 
 
 TUP: ATTICA OF TAUSANIAS 
 
 Ch. 31, 6 
 
 aura? eVio~ra^teVovs rov? e^y^ra? evpo^, avTos Se 
 Xojuat TrySe. ecrrt^ 'Ajaapw^o? eV Eu/3oia /cat yap ot ravrrj 
 TifJiMcriv 'AfjLapvcrLav., eopTrjv Se /cat 'A^ry^atot r^5 'j 
 ayovcrw ovSeV rt Eu/8oeiwi> d<f>avcrTepoi> ravrr) 
 
 40 TO OVOJJLOL eVt TOUTGJ TTapoi ' A0[j.ovvo~Li> rjyovfjiai., Trji> Se ei^ 
 ^J\.vppivovvTi KoXati^tSa 0,770 KoXat^ov /caXeto~^at. yeypa- 
 TTTat S' 17817 /xot TOJt' ei/ Tot? S-^jaotg <^>dvai TroXXou? cu? /cat 
 Trpo T7^5 dpxfjs e/3a<Ti\vovTO T^5 Ke'/cpo77O9 - eo~Tt Se 6 Ko- 
 Xatvo? di^Spo? 6Vo/xa irporepov rj Ke'/cpor/; e'ySacrt'Xevcre^ w? 
 
 45 ot Mvpptt'ovo'tot Xeyovcrti^ ap^avTog. eo~Tt Se 'A^ap^at 6 
 ST^/XO? OVTOL 6twv 'A7rdXXctj/a TI^MCTIV 'Ayute'a /cat 'Hpa- 
 /cXe'a. /cat t A0 i rjva<s /3cu/xo5 ianv 'Tytetas T^ 8' 'iTTTrtai^ 
 ovo/jLa^ovcri /cat Ato^uo~o^ MeXTro/nei'oi' /cat Kto~o~6^ 
 O.VTOV Oeov, rov KKJ&OV TO <J)VTOV IvravOa irpwTov (fravf)- 
 
 50 z^at Xeyoi^Te?. 
 
 the Athenian army at the beginning of 
 the Peloponnesian War no less than 
 three thousand infantry (Thuc. 2, 20). 
 It was situated sixty stadia from Ath- 
 ens (id. 2, 21), in a fertile and well- 
 cultivated district (Luc. Icarom. 18). 
 The people dealt in charcoal (Ar. Ach. 
 34 and 332, and Schol. Ach. 34); they 
 were regarded as stout soldiers (Ar. 
 Ach. 180 sq.). .From Thuc. 2, 1, 20, 
 and Diod. 14, 32, it follows that Achar- 
 nae was seven miles northwest of Ath- 
 ens at the foot of Mt. Parties. It 
 doubtless occupied with its suburbs the 
 territory embraced by the villages of 
 Menidi and Epano-Liossia, one and one 
 half miles from each other, where traces 
 of an ancient township and ruins have 
 been found. On Acharnae see Leake, 
 Athens, II, 35-38; Bursian, Geogr. I, 
 334; Milchh. Karten von Attika, Text 
 ii, 42; and A.M. XIII (1888), 337 ff. 
 
 of Athens, and one and one half miles 
 south of Cephisia. Marusi obviously 
 preserves the surname of Amarysian 
 Artemis. See C.I.A. II, 1722, 1723, 
 1724. 
 
 37. 'A(j,dpvv6os v E^POIIJ : Amaryn- 
 thus was a village distant seven stadia 
 from Eretria (Strabo, 10, p. 448), where 
 an annual festival was held by the 
 Carystians as well as the Eretrians in 
 honor of the Amarynthian Artemis 
 (Livy, 35, 38). Cf. Strabo I.e. on the 
 part of the Eretrians in this festival. 
 The site of the sanctuary has been iden- 
 tified, with some probability, in the 
 foundations of some buildings to the 
 east of Eretria (see Lolling, A.M. X 
 (1885), p. 354). 
 
 45. 'A^apval Stapes : Acharnae be- 
 longed to the tribe Oeneis (Steph. Byz. 
 s.v. 'Axdpva). It was the largest of all 
 the denies of Attica, and furnished to
 
 PENTELICUS PARNES HYMETTUS 
 
 163 
 
 Ch. 32, 1 
 
 32 '0/377 Se ' 
 Tla.pvr)<s 
 
 09 
 
 ear i Ilei'TeXt/cof tvOa. Xt^oro/xtat, /cat 1 
 dypav <rvo)v ayplwv /cat 
 /xeXtcrcrat? 
 
 32. Mountains of Attica with their 
 images and altars Marathon and its 
 objects of interest The spring Maca- 
 ria The marsh. 
 
 1. IIcvTcXiKov: the correct ancient 
 name for Pentelicus was Brilessus 
 (Thuc. 2, 23; Strabo, 9, p. 399, etc.), 
 but it was sometimes called Pentelicus, 
 as by Pausanias and Vitruvius (2, 8, 9), 
 a name derived from Pen tele, an At- 
 tic deme (Steph. Byz. s.v. IlevrAr;) on 
 the southern slope of the mountain, 
 near which were the quarries (Strabo, 
 I.e.; Theoph. De lapid. 1, G; cf. Xen. 
 De vectig. 1, 4; Livy, 31, 2(5). Mt. 
 Pentelicus is the pyramid-like moun- 
 tain, at the northeast extremity of the 
 Athenian plain, ten miles from Athens. 
 The white surface of the ancient quar- 
 ries can be clearly seen from the Acrop- 
 olis. Its height is three thousand six 
 hundred and thirty-live feet. The mon- 
 astery of Mendeli borders on the site 
 of the ancient deme Pentele. The 
 quarries are in the gullies above the 
 monasteries. 2. Ildpvqs : Parnes 
 was one of the three chief ranges of 
 mountains in Attica, the other two be- 
 ing Hymettus and Brilessus or Pente- 
 licus (Theoph. De sign. temp. 3, 43). 
 As the location of these two is known, 
 it follows that Parnes is the still loftier 
 range (four thousand six hundred and 
 thirty-five feet) which bounds the plain 
 of Athens on the north, forming with 
 its offshoots the great mountain bar- 
 rier between Attica and Boeotia. This 
 is confirmed by ancient authorities. 
 Cf. Plato, Critias, p. llOu, with Schol. ; 
 
 Thuc. 4, 9C; Athen. 5, p. 210,\, etc. 
 On the west Parnes joins Mt. Cithae- 
 ron. The modern name of the range 
 is Ozca. See also Thuc. 2, 23; Ar. 
 Nub. 324 ; Aristot. Kesp. Ath. 19 ; 
 Strabo, 9, p. 399 ; Lucian, Bis ace. 8 ; 
 id. Icarom. 11 ; Stat. Theb. 12, G20sq.; 
 Steph. Byz. s.v. lldpvijs. 3. 'YHTVT- 
 TOS : Hymettus is the regular, flat- 
 topped chain of hills which bounds the 
 plain of Athens on the east. It rises 
 south of Mt. Pentelicus, from which it 
 is divided by a valley about three miles 
 wide, and extends southward almost 
 in a straight line until it ends at Cape 
 Zoster. The higher portion of the 
 range (three thousand three hundred 
 and seventy feet) north of the glen of 
 Pirnari, which divides the chain into 
 two, was called in ancient times the 
 Great Hymettus ; the lower part to the 
 south of the glen was called the Les- 
 ser or Waterless (Anydrus) Hymettus 
 (Theoph. De sign. temp. 1, 20). The 
 honey of Hymettus was renowned (Hor. 
 Odes, 2, G, 13 sqq. ; id. Sat. 2, 2, lf>; Cic. 
 De fin. 2, 34, 112 ; Ovid, Met. 10, 284 sq. ; 
 Strabo, 9, p. 399, etc.). The story goes 
 that when Plato was a babe the bees 
 of Hymettus filled his mouth with 
 honey (Aelian,Var. Hist. 10, 21 ; Biogr. 
 Gr., ed. Westermann, pp. 382, 390). 
 Poets spoke of the flowery and fragrant 
 Hymettus (Ovid, Met. 7, 72; Stat. 
 Theb. 12, 622). Hymettus was also 
 famous for its marble, which is a bluish- 
 gray streaky marble, far inferior to 
 Pentelic in quality (Strabo, 9, p. 399; 
 Hor. Odes, 2, 18, 3 sq. Pliny, N. H.
 
 164 THE ATTICA OF PAUSANIAS 
 
 Ch. 32, 2 
 
 i)V(t)v. 'AXacocrt yap (rvvij0ei,<s O/JLOV rot9 dXXot9 e*9 
 iovcnv eitrlv d^erot /cat /xe'Xtcrcrai, otSe <r<f)d<; e'9 
 /3Xov9 Ka0LpavTe<s e^ovcrtv at Se Ipyd^ovrai re <U9 
 7779 ^cuyoa9 /cat o"v/a^>ve9 TO epyov aurat9 e'crrti^, tSta Se oure 
 ovre /xe x Xt aTr' aurou Trotr^cretg. rovro yLtei^ rotoOrdt' 
 ^, 'A^i/atoig Se rd 0^17 /cat ^ew^ dydX^aara e^et llei^re- 2 
 10 X^crt /xet 'A^i7^a9, ei^ 'Tjar^TTO) Se ayaX/xd eo~rtv 'T^TTLOV 
 Ato9, fiw/jLol Se Kat 'O/x^8ptov Ato9 /cat 'ATroXXai^dg etcri 
 IIpooi|/tou. /cat eV Yldpvr)0i HapvTjffios Zev9 ^aX/cov9 e'crri 
 /cat y8w/xo9 ^ry/xaXe'ov Ato9 ecrrt Se eV r^ HdpvrjOi /cat dXXog 
 y8wjao9 ? 6vov<ri Se eV avrov rore /xe^ "O/jifipLov rore Se 'ATTT;- 
 15 jatot' /caXovt'reg Ata. /cat 'Ay^ecrjito? opo? e'crrtz/ ou /xeya /cat 
 A to 9 dyaX^aa 'Ay^ecr/xtov. 
 
 Se 17 raiv vrjcrutv e'g d^tTJyrjO'ii' TpaTrccrffai, ra e'9 rov9 3 
 e^o^ra av0i$ eTre'^et/xt. Sr^ju-dg e'crrt 
 
 17,6; 36,7,114). Hymettus is still, as 
 of old (Ovid, Ars Am. 3, 687), remark- 
 able for the wonderful purple glow 
 which comes over it as seen from Ath- 
 ens by evening light. Socrates drained 
 the cup of hemlock at the hour when 
 the sunset glow was on Hymettus 
 (Plato, Phaedo, 116 1$, c). 
 
 15. > A'YX<'"H's : this mountain, not 
 elsewhere mentioned in ancient writ- 
 ers, is probably the range of hills now 
 known as Tourko-Vouni, extending 
 northward from Athens in the direc- 
 tion of Cephisia, which forms the water- 
 shed of the Athenian plain. The chain 
 terminates in the conical rocky hill 
 which towers aloft northeast of Ath- 
 ens, nine hundred and ten feet above 
 the sea, and is doubtless the ancient 
 Lycabettus (cf. Plato, Critias, p. 112 A ; 
 Antig. Histor. Mirab. 12 ; Phot. Lex. 
 s.v. lldpvrjs, etc.). Pausanias fails to 
 
 mention Mt. Aegaleus, a chain of hills, 
 extending southwest from Mt. Parnes 
 to the strait of Salamis. It forms the 
 western boundary of the Athenian 
 plain, dividing it from the Thriasian 
 plain, in which is Eleusis. 
 
 18. Sfjfxos *<TTI Mapa6<6v : Marathon 
 was a member of an ancient confeder- 
 acy called the Tetrapolis, consisting of 
 Marathon, Oenoe, Probalinthus, and 
 Tricorythus (Strabo, 8, p. 383; Steph. 
 Byz. s.v. TerpciTroXis ; Plut. Theseus, 
 14 ; Diod. 4, 57), four towns said to 
 have been founded by Deucalion and 
 later merged by Theseus into a single 
 state with the other petty communities 
 of Attica. Three of these towns were 
 situated between Prasiae and Rham- 
 nus on the east coast of Attica, in the 
 following order from south to north : 
 Probalinthus, Marathon, Tricorythus 
 (Strabo, 9, p. 399). Oenoe was near
 
 MARATHON 
 
 165 
 
 Ch.32,4 
 
 TTJS 7rdXea><? TMV A.8v)vaia)V aire^on* /cat Kapvcrrov rrjs eV 
 
 20 Ev/3ota- ravrr) r^9 'Arrt/c^s eitr^o^ ot ftdpftapoi, /cat 
 
 re 6Kpa,T"rj0r)O'av Kat rt^a? w? avriyovro aTrajXecra^ rwi 
 
 ra<^)O5 Se ev ra> vreSta) 'A^vatait' e'crrtV, eVt Se aurw crr^Xat 
 
 ra ovofjiaTa raw a.Tro9av6vT(i)v /cara (^vXa? e/cacrra)^ e^ovcrat, 
 
 /cat erepog IlXaratevcrt Boia)rai^ /cat SovXot? 
 
 25 yap /cat SouXot rore Trpwrov. /cat ai/Spo? e'crrti/ tSta 
 
 MtXrtaSov rov Ki^aj^o?, c 
 
 re dfjiaprovTi /cat St' avro 
 
 vcrrepov o rs 
 
 KP'UTLV 'A^vatot? /cara- 
 
 crra^rt. erav 
 
 v^a 
 
 ava TTOLCTO.V VVKTO. /cat 
 
 /cat a^pcur/ ju.a^o/aea>i/ ecrrt^ ai<r 
 
 #e'cr$ 
 
 at /caracrrvat e e? 
 
 Se 
 
 the others, but somewhat inland. The 
 plain of Marathon, in which occurred 
 the famous contest in 490 H.O. between 
 Athenians and the Persians, is a cres- 
 cent-shaped stretch of flat land curving 
 round the shore of a spacious bay, and 
 bounded westward by a semicircle of 
 steep mountains rising abruptly from 
 the plain. The northeast corner is a 
 narrow rocky promontory running 
 southward far into the sea, now known 
 as Cape Stomi or Cape Marathon ; the 
 southern end of the plain is terminated 
 by Mt. Agrieliki, an eastern spur of 
 Mt. Pentelicus. The length of the plain 
 from northeast to southwest is about 
 six miles ; its breadth varies from one 
 and one half to two and one half miles. 
 The shore is a shelving, sandy beach, 
 well suited for the disembarkation of 
 troops. A great swamp occupies most 
 of the northern end of the plain. 
 22. To.4>os : this is to be recognized in 
 a mound conical in shape, of light red- 
 dish mold, about thirty feet high and 
 two hundred paces in circumference, 
 situated in the southern part of the 
 plain, about half a mile from the sea 
 
 and about three fourths of a mile north 
 of the marsh. It is now popularly called 
 Soros. It was excavated by the Greek 
 government in April-June, 1890. At 
 a depth of about nine feet below the 
 present surface of the plain was found 
 an artificial floor about eighty -five feet 
 long and twenty feet broad, upon which 
 rested a layer of ashes, charcoal, and 
 human bones. Also later a trench was 
 discovered containing the remains of 
 the victims sacrificed to the heroic 
 dead. The black-figured vases found 
 with the bones and ashes of the dead 
 belong to the period of the Persian 
 wars ; hence there is no doubt- that the 
 human remains are those of the one 
 hundred and ninety-two Athenians who 
 fell at Marathon (Hdt. G, 117). No 
 traces have been found of the mound 
 over the remains of the fallen Platae- 
 ans and slaves. 
 
 2(3. MiXridSov: Hdt. G, 132-13G, and 
 Corn. Nep. Miltiades, 7sq., narrate the 
 events which led to the trial and death 
 of Miltiades. .'50. OVK to-riv OTW <rvv^j- 
 ve-yiccv: cf. Hdt.0, 11 7, where it is related 
 that in one instance blindness was the
 
 16G THE ATTICA OF PAUSANIAS 
 
 Oh. 32, 5 
 
 30 evapyrj 0av eVtr^Ses /xeV OVK ecrnv orw (TvvrjveyKev, 
 Koa) Se 6Wt /cat aXXcos o~vp-^av OVK ecrrw IK TMV 
 opyrj. crefiovTai Se ot Mapa$covtot rovrou? re ot napd 
 
 /cat Maa6a)va d<' ou 
 
 TOJ TUCO TO ovofji ecrrt /cat patfea, tfjievoi Trpcorot? 
 
 35 vo>v cr^Lcriv 'Hpa/cXea ^eov vofjLLO'6'rjva.L. arvvc^T) Se cos Xe- 5 
 yovcriv dv^pa eV rrj f^o-XD Trapei.va.1 TO elSog /cat 717^ cr/cev^ 
 aypoiKOv ovTo? raiz/ fiapftdpoiv TroXXovs /cara^oi^evo'as dpo- 
 co ^tera ro epyov r^v d^avrjs epo/>teVots Se 'A^iyvatbts aXXo 
 6 #eo<? e? avrov exprjcrev ovSeV, n^av Se 'E^erXatoi^ e'/ce- 
 
 40 Xeucrei' ^'pwd. TreTrot^rat Se /cat rpoiraLov \L0ov Xev/cov. rov? 
 Se MT^SOU? 'A^i/atot ^te^ Bdi^jai \4yovo~iv ws 7ra^r&J9 ocriov 
 d.v9 paiirov vtKpov yy /cpvx//at, rct^ov Se ovSeVa evpelv eSvvd- 
 fjirjv ovre yap ^ai/xa ovre aXXo O~TI^IOV ^v tSett*, e? opvy^a 
 Se <f>povT<; <r<d<? w? rv^oiev ecreftaXov. ecrrt Se eV rw Ma/oa- c 
 
 45 $am Trrjyr) /caXov/xeV^ Ma/capta, /cat rotaSe e? avTrjv \eyov- 
 criv. *Hpa/cX^9 co? e/c Ttpvi^^o? efyevyev l^ypvcrOea, Trapd 
 KTJVKOL fyi\ov ovrcn /xerot/ct^erat /SacrtXevo^ra Tpa^ti^o?. eVet 
 Se a7reX^o^ro9 e'f dvBponrwv 'Hpa/cXe / ov9 e^ret rot9 TratSa? 
 Evpucr^ev?, e'? *A0ijva$ TrefAirei crc^a? 6 Tpa^t^to? 
 
 50 re Xeycov r^ avrov /cat T^crea ov/c dSv^arov etvat 
 d(f)LKOfJLevoL Se ot TratSe? t/ceVat Trpwrov Tore 
 7rotovo~t TToXefJLOv 7T/3O9 'A^z/atovs, ^cre'cos erects ov/c 
 ro? OLLTOVVTI Evpvcr^et. Xeyovcrt Se "A^vatois ye 
 
 result of meeting a hero ; cf. Schol. the prizes were silver cups (Find. 
 
 Ar. Av. 1490. 32. o-povrai . . . 'Hpa- Olymp. 0, 134 sqq., and Schol.). 
 
 K\a: cf. 1,15, 3. This was one of the 45. Maxapia: the story of Eurys- 
 
 two most revered shrines of that hero theus's defeat and death in Attica, 
 
 in Attica ; the other was at Cynosarges whither he had marched against the 
 
 (Ilarpocr. s.v. 'HpdicXeia). Hdt. 6, 108, children of Heracles who had found a 
 
 110, tells how, before the battle, the refuge in the Tetrn polls, is told also by 
 
 Athenians encamped in the precinct of Strabo, 8, p. 377; Diod. 4, 57; and is 
 
 Heracles at Marathon. Here games' the theme of Euripides's Ilcraclidae. 
 
 were celebrated in honor of the hero; Cf. Thuc. 1, 9; Isoc. Paneg. 58 sq.
 
 BRAURON 167 
 
 Ch. 33, 1 
 
 rotv TratSo)^ aTToBavtiv ^prjvaL TUV 'Hpa/cXe'ov; 
 
 55 IQeXovrrjv, eVel aXXcos ye ou/c eivai viK-r]v d^Lcnv 
 
 Ma/capta A^ta^etpas KOLL 'Hpa/cXe'ov? Ovydrr^p a,7roo~(aacra 
 avrr)i> eSw/cei> 'A^vatots re KpaTrjcraL TO* rroXefMO) /cat rrj 
 TTfjyr) TO oVo/xa d^> avrfjs. eon Se eV TOJ Mapa$cozn 
 ra TroXXa eXcoSTyg- e'<? ravrrjv aireLpia. TO>V 68wi/ 
 
 GO ecTTTiTTrovfTiv ot /8apy8apot, /cat cr^>tcrt ro^ fyovov TOV TTO\VV 
 eVt TOWTW (TVfJLpfjvai \eyov(TLv vnep Se TT)^ Xi[j.vr)v (jxtrvaL 
 etcrt \i6ov TO>V ITTTTWV TO>V 'Aprac^epfov? /cat (T^jaeta ei/ ?re- 
 rpats o-Kyvfjs. pel Se /cat Trora/txo? e'/c r^9 Xt/xf^?. ra p,eV 
 Trpo? avrrj r^ \ifjivr) /Socr/c^/uacrti' vSwp eVtr^'Setov 
 
 05 /x,e^09, /cara Se r>)^ eK/3o\r)v TTJV e'? TO Tre'Xayo? a'Xp,upo? 
 yt^erat /cat iyjDvaiv rwv $aXacrcrt&>z' TrX^pi^?. oXtyoi^ Se 0.7700- 
 repaj TOV TreStov ITa^d? e'crrtv opos /cat tnnfXaiov ^e'a? a^ioi^ 
 eVoSo? juej/ eg avro crre^, TrapeX^ovcrt Se' etcrtt' ot/cot /cat 
 Xovrpa /cat KoXovyi^vov Tlavos atTrdXtoi/, TreVpat ra TroXXa 
 
 70 al^lv et/cacrp,eVat. 
 
 33 Mapa^wi/o? Se aTre^et rrj p,ev . . . Bpavpo>i/, eV^a ' 
 'Ayajae'^tvo^o? e'/c Tavpwv <evyovcraj> TO 
 TO 'ApTe/xtSo? diro/3r)i f a.i Xeyovo"t, /caTaXt7roOo~a^ Se 
 
 58. XCpvt) : cf. 1,15,3. This swamp Different Peoples of Ethiopia 
 
 occupies most of the northern end of Nemesis without wings. 
 
 the plain. It is now covered with reed- 1. Bpavpwv : Brauron was one of 
 
 grass, and is separated from the sea the twelve confederate towns of Attica 
 
 by a narrow strip of sandy beach. Be- bef ore Theseus's time (Strabo,0, p.3!>7). 
 
 tween the marsh and the mountain Strabo (9, p. 399) locates it on the east 
 
 slopes is the modern village of Kato- coast of Attica between the demes of 
 
 Souli. Herodotus, in his account of Prasiae and Stiria to the south, and 
 
 the battle, does not mention the marsh, Myrrhinus, Probalinthus, and Mara- 
 
 but it was represented in the painting thon to the north of it. Its position on 
 
 of the Painted Porch (1, 15, 3) and is the coast is known from Ildt. 4, 145; 
 
 mentioned Schol. Plat. Menex. 358, and 6, 138 ; and there was a river Erasmus 
 
 Aristid. Panath. p. 203. at Brauron (Strabo, 8, p. 371). This 
 
 33. Brauron Image of Artemis leads to its identification with Vraona, 
 
 lihamnus and Nemesis Rhamnusia a village which meets the conditions
 
 168 
 
 THE ATTICA OF PAUSANIAS 
 
 Ch. 33, 2 
 
 TO .ctyaXjaa ravrrj /cat e? 'Afli/jvas KOI varepov e? 
 
 5 Kecrfldi ^oavov pev Sr) /cat avroOi t&riv 'Apre/xtSog a 
 
 TO Se e/c rai^ ftapj3dpa)v omve? Kara yv(^^.y]v e^oucrt 
 
 e/A7?;f, ei> Tpa> \6yco S^Xaxraj MapaOwvos Se araStovs 
 
 Xtcrra e^/coz^ra arre^ei 'Pa/Jivovs TT)V Trapa daXao'a'av l 
 
 e<? 'Qpoiirov. /cat at juez' ot/o^crets eVt OaXacTcrr) rot? avOpar 
 
 10 7rot<? etcrt, jjiiKpov 8e avro ^aXacrcr^? aVw Ne/xecrew? e'crrtv lepov, 
 
 - 2 
 
 and the name of which appears to be 
 the modern equivalent of lirauron. 
 5. 6avov: see 1, 23, 7 ; 3, 10, 7-11 ; 8, 
 40, 3, with Frazer's notes. 
 
 8. 'Pafivovs : Rhamnus was a deme 
 of the tribe Aiantis (Steph. Byz. s.v. 
 'Pa/xj/oGs), situated on the northeast coast 
 of Attica, north of Tricorythus (Strabo, 
 9, p. 399). It was one of the fortresses 
 of Attica into which the people col- 
 lected their property when in dread of 
 Philip of Macedon (Dem. 18,38, p. 238). 
 The place was chiefly famous for its 
 temple and image of Nemesis (Strabo, 
 9, pp. 396, 399; Pliny, N. H. 30, 17; 
 Hesych., Suid., and Phot. Lex. s.v. 
 'Va.fj.vova la. N^/xecris, etc.). The orator 
 Antiphou belonged to Rhamnus (Suid. 
 s.vv. > A'Ti0tDj'and'Pa/(xi'oOs). It is about 
 six and one half miles north of Kato- 
 Souli, which agrees woll with the sixty 
 stadia estimated by Pausanias. The 
 site is an isolated rocky height of con- 
 siderable natural strength, jutting out 
 into the sea, and upon which are the 
 ruins of the fortress. Not far away 
 on a terrace at the head of a deep and 
 woody glen are the ruins of two tern- 
 pies, that of Nemesis and a smaller 
 one, probably of Themis. 10. Ncjit- 
 <rws . . . iepov : upon the terrace al- 
 ready mentioned, one hundred and 
 fifty feet wide and facing the sea, lie 
 
 the remains of the two temples. They 
 stand side by side, but not quite paral- 
 lel to each other, the larger being on 
 the north side toward the sea. The 
 larger temple is seventy-one feet long 
 by thirty-three feet broad on the stylo- 
 bate. It was a peripteral hexastyle 
 Doric temple, with twelve columns on 
 each of the long sides. The outer col- 
 umns are unfluted except for a very 
 small distance at the top and near the 
 bottom, which indicates that the tem- 
 ple was never finished. The interior 
 consisted of pronaos, cella, and opis- 
 thodomos, arranged in the usual way. 
 The lower portions of seven columns 
 on the south side and one in the pro- 
 naos are still standing. The architec- 
 tural features render it probable that 
 the temple was built about the middle 
 of the fifth century it.c. The discovery 
 of an inscription (C.I. A. Ill, 811) on a 
 statue dedicated to Nemesis, and of 
 fragments of the sculptures described 
 by Pausanias, prove that this was the 
 sanctuary of Nemesis. The smaller tem- 
 ple was a templum in antis, con- 
 sisting of cella and pronaos, thirty-five 
 feet long by twenty-five feet wide. In- 
 scriptions and statues found in the tem- 
 ple prove that it was in use at least 
 from the fifth to the second century B.C. 
 and was in all probability a temple of
 
 RHAMNUS 169 
 
 CU. 33, 4 
 
 77 6t<*)v /xaXtcrra avOpatTrois v/3pto-rat9 icmv aTrapair^ro?. 
 So/cet 8e /cat rot? d-7ro/3acrti> e? MapaOwva rwv (3ap(3dpa)i> 
 OLTravTrjcrcu, fJLTJVLfJia e'/c TTJS $eou TavTrjs /cara^poi'^craz'Tes 
 yap ^rjSeV) (T^ICTIV e'/x7roSa>i/ et^at rag 'A.0ijva,s eXeu>, \i9ov 
 
 15 Hdpiov to? eV e'^etpyacTjueVots r^yoz' e's rpoiraiov Troirjcriv. 
 TOVTOV <i>etSta<; TOI> \i9ov etpycicraro ayaX^ta /xe^ etvat Ne/xe- 3 
 crew?, T]^ K6(f>a\fj Se eTrecrrt r>7? ^eov crre^a^o? e'Xa<ou<? 
 /cat NtKi79 dydX/jiOLTa ov /xeyaXa- rat? Se ^epcrt^ e^et T 
 /cXaSot' jLti^Xea?, rrj Septet Se ^>taXi^i/, At^tOTre? Se eVt 
 
 20 (f)id\r) TreTron^rai. crv/xySaXe'cr^at Se TO e'? rou? 
 oCre auro? et^oi/ ovre aTreSe^o/z^^ TWI/ crvi'teVat 7r 
 ot 7T7roir)cr0aL (r^a? eVt r^ <f>t,d\r) (f>acrl Sta TTOTap-ov 'O/cea- 
 ot/ceti/ yap At^ioTra? eV' avrw, Ne/xeVet Se eti^at Trarepa 
 'n/ceat'oj yap ot> Trora/xa), ^aXa<rcr^ Se e'cr^ar^ 4 
 
 25 T77<? VTTO di>0pu>7ra)i> 7rXeo/u,eVi75 Trpocrot/covcrtv V l/3i7pe? /cat 
 KeXrot, /cat v^(rov 'fl/cea^o? e^et r^ Bperra^ait' AidioTraiv 
 Se rail/ v?rep ^,vrji^r)<; eVt OaXaa'cra.v ecr^arot 77)^ *\Lpv6pav KO.- 
 
 TOLKOVCTLV 'l^^VO(^>ayOt, /Cat 6 /CoXTTO? 6V TTepiOLKOVCTlV ' 
 
 <^o.ya)v 6vo/u.a^erat. ot Se St/catdrarot Meporp vrdXt^ Kat 
 
 30 hlBiOTTLKov KaXovfjLtvov ot/covo"t^ ovxot /cat TT)^ rjXtov rpctTre- 
 
 ^ai' eto'ti' ot Set/c^wre?, ovSe' crfyicriv ecrrtt' ovre OdXao'o'a ovre 
 
 Themis. Some authorities hold that it (1-c.) it was the work of Agoracritus 
 was the original sanctuary of Nemesis ; of Paros, a pupil of Phidias. Probably 
 if so, it continued in use after the it was by the latter under the super- 
 larger temple was built. vision of Phidias. The story of the 
 16. N<|i&rc<i>s : the image of Nemesis block of marble is doubtless a popular 
 was ten cubits high (Zenob. v. 82 ; fable. Part of the colossal head of the 
 Hesych. s.v. 'Pa^vova-la N<fyie<ns), and statue is in the British Museum, and 
 was much admired for its beauty and fragments of reliefs from the pedestal 
 size (Strabo, 9, p. 30G ; Pliny, N. H. are in the National Museum at Athens. 
 36, 17). Ancient writers disagree as to Furtwangler conjectures that the Ceres 
 the sculptor of the image. According to of the Vatican is a copy of the Nemesis 
 Pausanias, Zenobius (I.e.), the lexicog- of Rhamnus (Meisterw. p. 119). 
 raphers, and others, the image was by oO. Tt]v tjXCov rpdirctav : cf. 6, 26, 2. 
 Phidias ; according to Pliny and Strabo The Table of the Sun was in the land
 
 170 THE ATTICA OF PAUSANIAS 
 
 Ch. 33, 5 
 
 aXXo? ye 77 NetXog. eto~t Se KOLL dXXot irpocroiKOi 5 
 At#to7res ^X/ 01 Nacra/xw^coi' TraprjKovT^. Nao~a/xai- 
 ap? OP? v ArXa^ra<> 'HpdSoTos, ot Se /xerpa <d/xei'ot 
 etSeVat At^tra? /caXovcrt, AtySvwi' ot ea^aTOL Trpos 
 otKovo-t o~TC.ipovT<s /xeV ovSeV, 0,776 Se djU,7reXa>^ ^wi^re? aypiwv. 
 7TOTa/JLO<; 8e ovSe rovrot? Tot? AlOto^iv ov8e rot? Nao~a/xa>o~iV 
 t? TO yap Trpo? rw v ArXai^rt uSa>/3, rpto"t 
 
 40 dXXa TTcti^ o^totw? cu/rtKa e^et crv\\a/3ovcra -rj i 
 
 At^tovre? Trora/xw ye ouSe^t irpocrou<ov(Tiv 'flKeavco. TO 8e 6 
 v'Swp TO e'/< TOV v ATXa^To? 0o\ep6v re ICTTL /cat 77/309 T^ TT*]Yfl 
 /cpo/cd8etXot 8t7ri7X ea) ^ ^crav ov/c e'Xdcrcrou?, Trpocriovrcov Se TO>^ 
 avB p^rroiv /caTeSvo^To e'? TT)^ TT^yTyv. Trapicrraro 8e ou/c 6Xt- 
 45 yot<? TO v'Scop TOUTO ava^>aiv6^vov av$tg e'/c TT^? 
 TOI> NetXov AtyvTTTtot?. 6 Se *ATXa<? <opo?> 
 eo~Ttv ovTwg wo~Te Kat Xe'yeTat Tat? Kopv(j>al<; \jjavtiv TOV 
 ovpavov, afio-Tov 8e VTTO v8aTo? Kat SeVSp&jj/ a 8ta 
 7T(f)VK6 TO. /xe^ 8^ 7rpo9 TOV? Nao"a/xwi/a9 avrov 
 50 TO, Se e'g TO Tre'Xayo? ovSeVa TTCO 7rapa.TT\evo~avTa Icr^nev. TaSe 7 
 /Aet e'? TOCTOVTOV eipTJo-0(D TTTepa S' exoi/ OVTC TOVTO TO 
 ayaX/xa Ne/xeVecu? ouTe aXXo Treirotr/Tat TCOJ^ dp^atwv, C'TTCI 
 fjivpvoLiOLS TO. ayia>Ta.Ta ^oava. e^et TTTepd' ot Se VCTTC- 
 eVt^>au>eo~$at yap T^ ^eoi^ ytxaXto~Ta evrt TW e'pd^ e'^e- 
 e?rt Tourw Ne/xeo~ei TTTepa atcnrep Ep&>Tt 7rotouo"t. 
 Gz/ Se r^'S^ Stet/xt O7rdo~a eVt TOJ ftdOpa) TOV dydX/xaTo? eo~TLv 
 
 of the long-lived Ethiopians, who dwelt taneously from the ground." According 
 
 on the Indian ocean. "It was said to be to Hdt. 3, 1 7 sq. , and others, King C.'am- 
 
 a meadow in the suburb of their city ; byses sent spies to see and report on it. 
 
 every night the rulers set forth great 33. Nao-ajiJives : cf. Hdt. 4, 184, 172 
 
 piles of the boiled flesh of all kinds of and 182, who says that the inhabitants 
 
 quadrupeds, and every day all who of Mt. Atlas were called Atlantes, but 
 
 chose came and partook of the meat, does not identify them with the Nasa- 
 
 in the belief that it was produced spon- monians, whom he describes separately.
 
 OKOPUS 
 
 171 
 
 Ch. 34, 1 
 
 eipyao~/ueVa, rocroi'Se e? TO crac^e? 7rpo$-r)\a>cra<;. 'EXeV^ Ne- 
 p,ecnv p.rfTpa eivai Xe'youo'ii' "EXX^^e?, A^'Sa^ Se 
 eVtcr^et^ auri^ /cat #pe'i//at irarepa Se /cat ourot /cat 
 
 60 /cara TOLVTO. 'EXeV^g Ata /cat ou Tvi'Sapewi' etvat 
 
 ravra d/ci7/coa>5 <J>et8ta? TreiroL'rjKei' 'fiXeV^^ UTTO ArjSa? dyo- 8 
 p.tvr]v Trapa rr)v Ne/xeo't^, Trevrot'rj/ce 8e Tv^Sapeaji^ re /cat rov? 
 TratSa? /cat dv$pa crvv LTTTTO) Trap ear?) KOTO. 
 ecrrt Se 'Aya/xe/xi'cui' /cat MeveXao? /cat ITvpyoo? 6 
 
 65 Tr/aojTo? ouro? 'QpfjLLOvrjv Tr]i> 'EXeVr;? yvvaiKa. \af$(*)v 
 0^7179 8e 8ta TO e? TT^V p,r)Tpa TdX/xry/Aa 
 0*175 TC e? diTav 'Ep/xto^? avT&j /cat reKovcrr)*; vratSa. 
 8e eVt T&) j3d0p(*) /cat ^Evro^o? /caXou/xei^o? /cat z^eavta? t 
 ere/305 ' e'5 TOVTOV5 cxXXo /xe^ -^/covcra ovSeV, aSeX<ov5 Se elvat 
 
 70 O"(^)a5 011/0175, a</>' 775 e'o~Tt TO ovo/Jia rco STJ/JLCO. 
 
 34 TT)^ Se y^i/ T^I/ UpajTrtav /LteTa^v T^5 'ATTt/c^5 /cat Tava- l 
 BotwTtai/ TO e'^ d^5 ovcrav, '' 
 
 57. 'EXc'vTj Nt'fito-iv (XT]T^pa : for the 
 story that Nemesis, and not Le'da, was 
 the mother of Helen, see Apollod. 3, 
 10, 7; Tzetzes, Schol. Lycophr. 88. 
 
 70. OlvoTjs, A4>' ifs <O-TI TO 6vo|ia T 
 5^|i<? : there were two denies in Attica 
 called Oenoe, one near Marathon, which 
 is probably here referred to, and one 
 on the Boeotian frontier, four miles 
 southeast of Eleutherae (see 1, 15, 1, 
 note; Ildt. 5, 74 ; Time. 2, 18). 
 
 34. Oropus Temple of Amphiaraus 
 The Dream Oracle. 
 
 1. TTJV "iipoiiriav: the district of Oro- 
 pus was long a bone of contention be- 
 tween Attica and Boeotia (Strabo, 0, 
 p. 390). Originally it was Boeotian. It 
 fell into the hands of the Athenians 
 probably at the end of the sixth cen- 
 tury (Ildt. 5, 77), and continued under 
 
 their control until the fortification of 
 Deeelea (Thuc. 8, 60), when the Boeo- 
 liana recovered it. Probably in 383 
 n.c. the Oropians voluntarily surren- 
 dered their land to the Athenians (Isoc. 
 14, 20), but in 360 n.c. the Boeotians 
 regained possession (l)iod. 15, 76; Xen. 
 Hell. 7, 4, 1 ; Aesch. 2, 8f>); but in 338 
 H.C., after his conquest of Thebes, 
 Philip restored Oropus to Athens. 
 There were further changes of control, 
 as in Strabo's time, when it was Boeo- 
 tian (Strabo, 0, pp. 391, 403), but after- 
 wards it became and continued Athe- 
 nian, as in Pansanias's day. The plain 
 of Oropus extends along the shore for 
 about five miles ; inland it narrows to 
 a point two or three miles from the 
 shore where the Asopus issues from a 
 beautiful defile. The site of the town
 
 172 THE ATTICA OF PAUSANIAS 
 
 Ch.34, 2 
 
 *A.0r)valoL, TroXe/r^ (retire? [JLtv rov Trdvra virep avTrjs 
 
 Se ov TrpoTtpov /3e/3ato><? Trpiv rj $1X177770? 
 eSaj/ce <r(f)icnv. rj ^ev ovv 770X15 IOTIV eVt 6aXdcro"r)s 
 ouSeV e? crvyypa(j)rjv Trape^ofj^evrj aTTCj^ct Se SwSe/ca 
 oXe&j<? o~TaStous ^taXto"ra iepov rov 'A^t<tapaou. Xe'ye- 2 
 rat Se 'Aja^tapaw tfrevyovTi e/c Srj/3(Joi> Stacrr^at T7p y^i/ /cat 
 w? avTov ofjiov /cat TO dpfjia VTreSe^aTO 7r\rjv ov ravrr) (TVfjL- 
 10 fl'fjva.i (f)a(TLi>, aXXa <>)> eVrti^ e/c r)fiu>v IOVCTLV e? XaX/ct8a 
 
 Oeov 8e ' AfJiffridpao 
 vcrrepov Se /cat ot 77a^re? 
 
 rat. /caraXe^at 8e /cat aXXov? e^w yevo/xeVov? rdre dvOpa)- 
 77OV5, ot ^eait' 77ap' 'EXX7]O"t rt/xa? e^ouo~t, rot? Se /cat dm/ceii>rai 
 , 'EXeov? eV Xeppovi^crw rTy3coreo"tXaaj, Ae^SaSeta Botai- 
 ia) /cat 'Iij0oj77tot5 i^ao? re' e'ortt' 'A/x^tapaov /cat 
 Xev/cov \i6ov. 77a/)e^erat Se 6 ySw/xo? /xep-^ TO jiieV 3 
 ovg /cat Ato? /cat 'A77oXXa)vo? e'o~Tt Ilat&i^o?, TO Se 
 /cat ^pwaiv az^etTat yvz/atft, rpirov Se "Ecrrtia? /cat 'Ep- 
 20 yu,ov /cat 'Aju,^)ta/Daov /cat TWI/ 77atS&j^ 'A/x^tXo^ov ' A\Kp,auav 
 Se Sta TO es 'Ept^vX^v epyov ovre eV 'A/^t^tayoaov Ttva, ov 
 
 of Oropus is now occupied by Skala wide, consisting of a cella, fronted by 
 
 Oropou, a hamlet on the shore of a bay a portico of six columns between two 
 
 within sight of Eretria, from which it antae ; it was not peripteral. In front 
 
 is separated by a strait forty stadia in of the temple, about thirty feet from 
 
 width. 7. ipov TOV 'Aji4>iapdou : the it, are the foundations, twenty-eight 
 
 sanctuary of Amphiaraus is distant feet by fourteen feet, of the large altars 
 
 about four miles southeast of Oropus. here described by Pausanias. Amphi- 
 
 The distance is greatly understated by araus, the seer and hero, took part in 
 
 Pausanias. The place is now called the Calydonian boar hunt, the Argo- 
 
 Mavrodkilissi. The ruins of the sane- nautic voyage, and the expedition of 
 
 tuary were excavated by the Greek the Seven against Thebes. 
 
 Archaeological Society in 1884-1887. 17. 6 Pcofxos : the great altar was di- 
 
 The remains of the temple are in the vided into five parts, dedicated to vari- 
 
 western end of the precinct. It appears ous gods and heroes here enumerated. 
 
 to have been a Doric temple, about The existing remains seem to show 
 
 ninety -five feet long by forty-three feet that it was formed by uniting several
 
 SANCTUARY OF AMPIIIARAUS 173 
 
 Ch. 34, 5 
 
 fjLr)v ovSe irapa rw ' AfjL<j)L\6^a) Ti[Jir)i> e^et. TtTdprr) Se' e'ort 
 TOV fiajfjiov fjiolpa 'A^poStT^? /cat Ila^a/ccta?, en Se 'lacrovs 
 /cat 'Tyeta<? /cat 'A#7pa<? Ilattoi>ta<j TT^TTTT] Se 
 25 vvp,<f>ai<; /cat IIai>i /cat Trora/Aot? 'A^eXww /cat K^^tcrw. 
 Se 'A/x<^tXd^a> /cat Trap' 'A^rpatots eVrt^ eV rrj TroXet 
 /cat KtXt/cta? eV MaXXw yotai/reto^ di//ev8e(7Taro^ rwi/ eV e'^tov. 
 ecrrt Se 'llpwTrtot? Trrj-yr) TrX^a'tov rou vaov, 7]V 'A/x^tapaou 4 
 /caXovcrti', otre Oyovres ouSei^ e? avTTjv our' eVt /ca^apcrtot? rj 
 30 -^ipvi^L xprja-dai vopi^ovrf.** v6(Tov 8e d/cecr^etcr^s 
 ye^o^teVov /ca^ecrrT^/ce^ apyvpov d(^et^at 
 eg T^t* mpyijv, Tavrr) yap av^XOeiv TOV 
 Xeyoucrti' -^817 ^eov. 'Io^>w^ Se Kj/cocrcrto<? rail 
 crfjLovs iv e'^ayaerpw Tra/aet^ero, ' Afjiffridpaov ^prjaai. 
 35 rot? e'? H^^Sa? crraXetcrti/ 'Apyetwp'. ravra ra 7717 TO e'? rou? 
 7roXXou< eVaywyot' d/cparw? et^e- ^fopl<^ Se TrXrjv ocroi5 e'^ 
 /JLavrjvaL Xeyovcrt TO ap^aioVj ^.OLVT^V y ovSet? 
 ^, dya^ot Se ovetpaTa e'^y^Vacr^at /cat Sta- 
 7TT7/cret9 opvi6wv /cat crTrXdy^i^a tepet'ajiA So/cai Se 5 
 40. 'A/x^)tdpao^ oi/etpaTou^ Sta/cptVet /xctXto~Ta 7rpoo"/cetcr^at Sr;- 
 Xo? Se', rjvLKa IvopicrOr) ^ed?, St' oveipdraiv ^avTiKr^v /caTa- 
 /cat TrpwTOv ptv Ka9rjpa<jBa.i VO^L^OVCTLV oo"Tt? 
 
 Se /ca^ctcrto^ TOJ ^e<w 
 
 separate altars which stood side by side. Deor. concil. 12), while Ainphiaraus 
 
 Why the worship of the divinities men- at Oropus charged not less than nine 
 
 tioned should have been united at a sin- obols (C.I.G.G.S. 235). 
 gle altar can only be conjectured. 27. 28. mry'') : the custom of throwing 
 
 tv MaXXoi : according to Plutarch (I)e money, as a thank offering, into springs 
 
 defectu oraculorum, 45) and Dio Cas- and rivers is often mentioned in ancient 
 
 sins (72, 7), the oracles of Amphilochus writers. The younger 1'liny (Ep. 8, 8, 
 
 at Mallus, like those of his father at 2) speaks of coins at the bottom of the 
 
 Oropus, were imparted in dreams. The Clitumnian spring. Romans .threw 
 
 charge for one of these infallible com- money annually into the Lacus Cur- 
 
 munications of Amphilochus was only tins in fulfillment of a vow made for the 
 
 two obols (Lucian, Alexander, 19; id. health of Augustus (Suet. Augustus,
 
 174 
 
 TUP: ATTICA OF PAUSANIAS 
 
 ch. a r >, i 
 VOVCTL Se /cat avrw /cat TTOLCTLV ocrois earriv eVt rw 
 
 j ra ovo/xara Trpoe^etpyacr/aeVwt' Se TOVT(DI> xpibv Ov- 
 /cat TO Sep^aa vrrocrTpwcrd/jLevoL /ca$evSoua"ti> d 
 
 45 
 
 35 N^crot, Se 'A^i/atot? ov Trdppw r^s ^wpa? etcrtV, 17 /xeV 1 
 Ilarpo/cXov /caXou/xeV^ ra Se e'<? avrrjv 17817 jitot SeS^Xwrat 
 a\\r) Se vvrep ^OVVLOV TT)V 'Arrt/c^i/ eV aptcrrepa Trapa- 
 7T\ovcriv e'? ravrr/i/ a,7r 0^877 ral Xeyoucrtv 'EXeVi^v /xera TT^V 
 rr)^ 'iXtov, Kat Sta TOVTO 6Vo/xa e'crrtv 'EXeV^ TT) 
 ^aXa/xt? Se /caret 'EXeu<m>a /cet/xeV^ 7rapTJKL /cat e'? 2 
 Meyapt/CT^v. irpwTov Se r^ vrjaio . . . #e'cr$at rovro 
 /x^rpo? ^aXa/xtz/os T^5 'Ao"W77ou, /cat vcrrepov 
 
 57). The Egyptian priests, at a certain 
 festival, threw money into the Nile (Sen- 
 eca, Quaest. Nat. 4, 2, 7). 
 
 35. 27ie J.tttc islands: Fatrodus, 
 Helene, Salamis History ofSalamis 
 Objects of interest on the island Fast 
 size o/ ,/1/ax Geryones and llyllus. 
 
 1. Nfjwoi : on the island of Patro- 
 clus, see 1, 1, 1, note. The island be- 
 yond Suniuin is now called Makronisi, 
 and lies off the southeast coast of At- 
 tica. It is bare and rugged, nine hun- 
 dred and twenty feet above the sea at 
 its highest point, and about eight miles 
 long from south to north. Strabo (0, 
 p. 309) and Pausanias (8, 14, 12) speak 
 of it as desert. The isle of Cranae, 
 according to Homer (II. F, 445), was 
 the retreat of Paris and Helen. Pau- 
 sanias elsewhere (3, 22, 1) identified 
 Cranae with an island off Gytheum. 
 Others, however, identified it with this 
 island off Sunium (Eur. Helena, 1670 
 sqq.; Strabo, 9, p. 399; Schol. Horn. 
 II. T, 445). 
 
 6. SaXa^is : the island of Salamis is 
 
 in the shape of an irregular crescent, 
 with its horns facing westward. Its 
 length from north to south is about 
 nine miles ; its greatest breadth from 
 east to west is about ten miles; the 
 highest point is about twelve hundred 
 and fifty feet above the sea. In ancient 
 times the island produced honey and 
 olives (Eur. Troad. 794-799) and cheese 
 (Strabo, 9, p. 395). The town of Sala- 
 mis was on the Bay of Ambelaki, fac- 
 ing towards Piraeus. Strabo (9, p. 393) 
 says there was a still older city called 
 Salamis, facing towards Aegina. In 
 the agora of Salamis was a statue of 
 Solon, erected in the early part of the 
 fourth century B.C. (Aeschin. 1, 25; 
 Dem. 19, 251, p. 420). Some ruinson the 
 northwest promontory near the mon- 
 astery of the Panagia Phanarornene 
 have been identified as those of the 
 fort Budorurn, captured in 429 is.c. by 
 the Peloponnesians, who were, how- 
 ever, compelled to evacuate it the next 
 day (Thuc. 1, 93 sq.; Diod. 12, 49). 
 8. TTJS 'Ao-wirow: Diodorus (4, 72) says
 
 SALAMIS 
 
 175 
 
 Ch. 35, 3 
 
 o>9 crvv TeXa/Liwz/t eVot/07<Tat 4>iXaio*> Se TOV Etyju(rd/cov9 
 10 TOV Ata^ro9 ^apaSou^at Xeyoucrti> ' A.6r)VCLLOi<; rrjv vrjcrov, 
 yev6p,evov vrr' avraiv 'A0r)valov. aXa/uftou9 Se 'A.O'rjvaloi 
 TOVTWV vcrrepov 7roXXot9 erecnv dvacrrdTovs enoirjcrav, /cara- 
 '9eXo/ca/O7<rat o"^>a9 eV ra> TroXe/xw rw 77^69 Kacrcrav- 
 Kat rrjv TTO\LV yviofjirj TO TT\OV Ma/ceSocrti' eVSou^at 
 15 /cat Atcr^raSov re KaTtyvucrav 6dva.rov y 09 Tore yprjTO e*9 
 SaXa/Atva crTpaTyyos, /cat e*9 TOZ^ TTOLVTO. entojJLOcrav XP~ 
 SaXa/zti^tot9 a,7rofjivrjfjLov6vo~Lv Trpoooo~Lav. ecrrt Se dyo- 3 
 re ert e'petVta Kat ^ao9 Ata^ro9, dvaXua Se e'^ 
 
 I ' / I 
 
 Sta/aeVov<7t Se /cat e'9 rdSe rw Atairt irapd 'j 
 20 rt/xat avrw re /cat Evpvtrd/cet, /cat yap Eupucrd/coi;9 
 
 that Salamis, one of the twelve daugh- 
 ters of Asopus, was carried off by Po- 
 seidon to the island which afterwards 
 bore her name, where she bore to the 
 god a son Cychreus, who became king 
 of the island. The island is said to have 
 been once called Sciras and Cychrea 
 after the heroes Scirus and Cychreus 
 (Strabo, 9, p. 393; Steph. Byz. s.v. 
 Kvxpetos 7rct7os). Aeschylus (Pers. 570) 
 speaks of -'the Cychrean shores." 
 9. 4>CXaiov : when the Lacedaemo- 
 nians acted as arbitrators between Ath- 
 ens and Megara for the possession of 
 Salamis, Solon is said to have alleged 
 that Philaeus and Eurysaces, two sons 
 of Ajax, received the Athenian citizen- 
 ship and surrendered the island to Ath- 
 ens (Plut. Solon, 10). Pausanias makes 
 Philaeus a son of Eurysaces and grand- 
 son of Ajax. But Pherecydes (quoted 
 Biogr. Gr., ed. Westermann, p. 187) 
 and Herodotus (6, 35), with whom later 
 writers agree, make Philaeus a son 
 of Ajax. Cf. J. Tiipffer, Attische Ge- 
 nealogie, pp. 269 sqq. 12. dvao-rd- 
 
 TOVS : the surrender of Salamis to Cas- 
 sander seems to have happened in 318 
 H.C. (Polyaen. 4, 11; Droysen, Gesch. 
 d. Hell. H, 1, 230). For the next 
 ninety years it was probably held by a 
 Macedonian garrison. In 229 n.c. Ara- 
 tus restored it to Athens (Plut. Aratus, 
 34 ; Pans. 2, 8, G ; Droysen, III, 2, 57). 
 At this time the punishment here al- 
 luded to may have been inflicted. 
 
 19. T Atavn : the Athenian eplie- 
 boi regularly took part in the annual 
 festival of Ajax on the island of Sala- 
 mis, when the features were a proces- 
 sion, a sacrifice to Ajax, athletic sports, 
 and a regatta. (Hesych. s.v. \lavrtia; 
 C.I. A. II, 467-471.) See Pauly-WLs- 
 sowa, Real-Encycl. I, 926 sqq. s.v. 
 Aianteia. 20. Evpvo-aKovs f3b>|x6s 
 t<rTiv cv "A0T|vais : the Wyuevos of Eu- 
 rysaces, named EvpvirdKfiov, was in the 
 quarter of Melite, in the neighborhood 
 of the Colonus Agoraeus, beside or in 
 the agora. (Harpocr. s.vv. Evpv<rdKftoi> 
 and KoXwi^rcis ; Suid. s.v. 
 etc.)
 
 176 THE ATTICA OF PAUSANIAS 
 
 Ch. 35, 4 
 
 <JTLV eV *A.6tjvcLis. oeLKwrai oe Xt$og eV SaXa/zti't ov Troppaj 
 TOV Xt/xeVog eVt TOVTOV Ka0TJiJievoi' TeXa/xawa opdv Xeyovcrtv 
 eg TT)^ vavi' ctTTOTrXeoi'Tcoi' ot rw^ TratSwi' eg AvXtSa eVt roz^ 
 KOLVOV rwv 'Et\X7Jva>v crrdXo^. Xe'yovcrt Se ot irept TI^Z/ SaXa- 4 
 25 fjuva ot/covi'Teg a.TTo6a.v6vTo<$ Ataz^Tog TO av0o<; cr<j)icrii> iv rr) 
 yfj rdre (^avT^cu Trpwrov \VKOV ecrrtv, VTrepvOpov, Kptvov 
 /cat avro eXacrcroi' Kat ra ^vXXa- ypdfjLfjiara Se eVecrrti/ ola 
 rot? va.i<iv6oLS KOL TOVTOJ. Xoyoz^ oe ra^ ^iiei' AtoXe'ct)^ rwi/ 
 vcrrepov otK^cra^rw^ iXto^ eg 717^ Kpicriv rr\v eVi rot? 077X019 
 30 rJKOvcra, ot r^9 ^avaytag 'O8vo-o~et crv[Ji/3do"Y]<; e^ei^e^OrjvaL 
 TOV Tciffrov TOV Ata^ro? ra 6VXa Xeyovcrt TO Se eg TO 
 
 CUJTOV Mvcrog eXeyez^ dvijp. TOV yap TOL^OV TOL Trpos 
 TOI^ atytaXoi' e^)acr/cei/ eVtKXuo~at T^ OaXaa'crav /cat T^V ecroSov 
 e'g TO /x^/xa ov ^aXe?r^ 7rot^o"at., /cat /xe TOV veKpov TO /xeye- 
 35 ^o? TtKfjLaipecrfJai TrjSe e'/ce'Xeve Tre^Ta^Xov ya/3 TratSog eti^at 
 ot /caTa 8tV/co^ jLtaXtcrTa TO, eVt TOtg yot'ao'tv 6o"Ta., /caXov/ne- 
 8e VTTO TWI^ iaTpwv /xvXag. e'ycu Se', OTTOCTOI fi,ev OLKOVCTIV 
 o^opov TTJ 8ta Kpv^ov IpijfjLa), ovg 
 VTWI^ /aei^ ov/c 0avfjLao~a TO /x^/cog, 
 40 ot v.Kp<t)v ov8eV Tt 8ta<^)opojg eyovcnv AtyvTrTtco^ O7roo"a 8e 
 a^ta e'^>at^To ett'at /tot ^e'ag, St^y^'cro^at. May^i7o~t Totg 6 
 eVt A.f]6aL(t) HpwTO<j)dvr)s TWV a.o~TOiv d^etXeTO eV 'OXv/aTTta 
 
 25. airoOavovTOs At'avros : the usual p.-ye6os : the story of the discovery of 
 
 legend is to the effect that when Ajax Ajax's bones is told also by Philostra- 
 
 fell on his sword at Troy the purple tus (Ileroica, 2, 3), who states that the 
 
 hyacinth sprang from his blood in- bones were those of a man eleven cu- 
 
 scribed with the letters A I A I, the first bits tall. The grave of Ajax was at 
 
 syllable of his name twice repeated Rhoeteum in the Troad (Apollod. Epit. 
 
 (Ovid, Met. 10, 210 sqq. ; 13, 391 sqq.; Vat., ed. Wagner, p.G7; Quint. Sniyrn. 
 
 Pliny, N. II. 21, 66 ; Schol. Theoc. 10, 5, 653 sqq.), where there was beside the 
 
 28; Knstath. on Horn. II. B, 557, p. 285). tomb a sanctuary, with a statue of the 
 
 The legend given by Pausanias differs hero, which Mark Antony carried off 
 
 in that the flower sprouted in Salamis, and Augustus restored (Strabo, 13, p. 
 
 and was not the hyacinth. 31. s TO 595),
 
 SALAMIS 177 
 
 Ch. 36, 1 
 
 i>t/ca? T^xepa iita 77ay/cpariov /cat 7701X17? TOVTOV Xrjcrral 
 Kepoavtiv TTOV rt So/covVre? eo~f)X0oi> e'? TOV Td<f>ov, eVt Se 
 
 45 rot? Xi^crrat? lo"fjO'a.v 17817 #eao~d/xei'ot ro^ vtKpov ra? 77Xew 
 pa? ov/c e^o^ra Stecrrwcra?, dXXct ot cru/x^ve? i)V ocro*> 
 aV tofjiuv e'? TO,? eXa^tcrra? TrXevpa?, /caXov^eVa? Se UTTO 
 iaTpwv v66a<;. ecrrt 8e M 1X170" tot? TT/DO T^? TrdXeco? A 0x817 
 ireppatyafri 8e ctTr' aurij? ^i7o~t8e?- 'Acrreptov 7171' 
 
 50 erepav oi^o/xa^ovcrt /cat rov 'Acrreptoi^ eV aurrj rac^^at Xe'- 
 yovcnv, et^at 8e 'Ao'Teptot' /xe/ "Ai/a/cro?, v Ai^a/cra 8e F^? 
 TratSa e^et 8' out' 6 ^e/cpo? ovSeV rt \LZLOV rrr])(<*>v Se/ca. TO 7 
 8' e/xot davfJia napaa^ov., AvSta? T7j? a^w TrdXt? eo~rtv ov 
 ju.yaXi7 Trjfjievov 6vpa.L ivTavBa. irepippayevTos X6(f>ov Sta 
 . 55 ^et/xai^a 6o"ra e^dvir] TO o~^^tta Trap^ovra. e? TTLCTTLV w? 
 &JTIV dvOpanrov, eyret 8ta /Lxeye^o? ov/c ecrrtj^ OTTO*? aV e8o^e^. 
 aurt/ca 8e Xdyo? 77X^6^ e? rov? TroXXov? ri7^)td^ou rov \pv- 
 o~aopo? eivai, /Jiev TOV vKp6v 7 tivaL Se Kat roi^ 9povov /cat 
 yap 0povo<; cx^Spd? f.o~Tiv eVetpyacr/xeVo? opov? Xt#wSe 
 
 60 ftoXrj /cat ^i^appov re Trora/xoi/ 'n/cea^o^ tKokovv /cat 
 
 17817 Kfpacrii' er^acrdV rt^a? eVrv^et^ dpou^ra?, Stdrt e)(et Xd- 
 yo? ^8ov? dptcrra? Ope^ai TOV Tifjpvovrjv. eVet 8e crfyicriv ivav- 8 
 rtou/xei'o? a.7r(f)ai.vov Iv FaSetpot? eti^at TirjpvovrjVj ov 
 /xev ov, 8eV8poi/ Se 7rape^6fj.evov 8ta<^>dpou? /xop^d?, I 
 
 65 ot rail/ AvSwi/ e^yryrat ro^ wra e'8et/ci/uo^ Xdyoi/, w? 117 
 6 ve/cpo? TXXov, ?rat? 8e 'TXXo? 117 F^?, 0.770 rourou 8e 6 770- 
 ra/xo? (j^vofjido'O'rj 'Hpa/cXea 8e Sta Tr)^ 77ap' 'O/x^)dXi7 77ore 
 <j>ao~av Statraz^ "TXXoi/ a77O rou 77oratiov KaXeVat rov 77atSa. 
 
 36 'Ev SaXa/xti't 8e eVcti/et/xt yap e? rov irpoKei^vov Xd- l 
 yoi/ rovro /xev 'Apre/xtSd? e&Tiv itpov, TOVTO Se Tporraiov 
 
 36. OWtcr antiquities on Ralatiiis )rr of Athenians with Philip, son 
 
 Psyttalia Monuments on the sacred of Demetrius. 
 
 way to Elcnxis yl nthemocritus 3fo- 2. rpoiraiov . . . diro Ttis VKT]S iiv 
 
 Zottns The seer Scirus Ccphisodonis 0jiKrTOK\fjs KT\. : during the festival
 
 178 
 
 THE ATTICA OF PAUSANIAS 
 
 dvro rrjs 
 
 Ch.36, 2 
 
 6 Neo/cXe'ov? atrtos 
 
 eyeVero yez-'e'cr^ai rot? EXXrycri /cat Kv^pews etrriz' iepov. 
 8e t A0r)vauov Trpos M^'Sovs Spd/co^ra eV rats 
 rt Xeyerat (f)avrj^ai- TOVTOV 6 $eos e^prjcrei' 'A^ry^atots 
 eu'at roi> -rjpwa. z^cros Se vrpo SaXa/zu'ds e'crrt Ka- 2 
 "^vrrdXeta e's ravr^i/ ra)z/ fiapfidpaiv ocrov rerpa/co- 
 o"tovs diroftrjvaL Xeyovo"tv, ^rrai/zeVov 8e rov Hep^ 
 10 /cat rovrovs aTroXeV^at <$>acrlv eVtSta^dz/rw^ es 
 
 ouSeV, ITavos 8e ws fxa&TOV erv^e 6a.va. 
 'louo~t oe C'TT EXevo"tz^a eg Aurjvwv ~qi> AufjvcuoL /caXov- 3 
 6801^ tepdz/, 'Ai/^e/xo/cptrou TreTrotr^rat fjifrj/jia. e's rovrov 
 
 conclusion that in the original myth 
 Cychreus was himself the serpent. 
 
 8. ^vrrdXeia: Psyttalia, now called 
 Leipsokoutali, is a rocky island about 
 a mile long, but low and narrow, at 
 the southern entrance to the strait of 
 Salamis. Cf. Strabo, 9, p. 395, who 
 calls it "the eyesore of Piraeus." See 
 Aesch. Persae, 447 sqq.; Hdt. 8, 70 and 
 95 ; Plut. Aristides, 9, for accounts of 
 the massacre of the Persians on the 
 island. Pausanias alone mentions the 
 number of the Persians who landed on 
 the island. 
 
 14. 680 v Updv : after treating the 
 islands, Pausanias returns to Athens 
 and proceeds thence to Eleusis along 
 the Sacred Way. This is the road 
 by which the initiates in the Mys- 
 teries went from Athens to Eleusis 
 (Harpocr. s.v. lepa 656s; Athen. 13, 
 p. 594). The distance is about twelve 
 miles. The present highroad from Ath- 
 ens to Eleusis follows closely the Sacred 
 Way. It starts from the Dipylum, run- 
 ning in a northwesterly direction, and 
 
 of Ajax at Salami.s the epheboi would 
 row to the trophy and offer sacrifice to 
 Zeus of the Trophy. For ancient ac- 
 counts of the battle of Salamis see 
 Aesch. Persae, 350 sqq. ; Hdt. 8, 78sqq. ; 
 Diod. 11, 15 sqq. 4. Kwxptws : Cy- 
 chreus enjoyed divine honors at Athens 
 (Plut. Thes. 10). There are various 
 forms of the legend connecting Cy- 
 chreus with the serpent. According to 
 Apollod. 3, 12, 7, and Diod. 4, 72, he 
 slew an enormous serpent which devas- 
 tated Salamis ; according to Hesiod, 
 cited by Strabo, 9, p. 393, the serpent 
 was bred by Cychreus, and called the 
 serpent of Cychreus, but it was expelled 
 by Eurylochus because it ravaged the 
 island ; Demeter, however, received it 
 at Eleusis. A later explanation, found 
 in Steph. Byz. s.v. Kvxpeios irdyos and 
 elsewhere, is that Cychreus was him- 
 self surnamed Serpent (Ophis) on ac- 
 count of his cruelty, for which he was 
 expelled by Eurylochus. Pausanias' 
 story of his appearance as a serpent in 
 the battle, with these tales, point to the
 
 THE SACKED WAY 
 
 179 
 
 Ch. 36, 4 
 
 15 MeyapevcrtV CCTTLV dvocrLorraTov epyov, ot KTJpvKa e'X^oWa, o>9 
 p.r) TOV XotTToG TTJV ^lopav eVepydoii>To, KTZLVOVO'LV 'Av0jji6- 
 KpiTOv /cat cr^Hcri ravra Spdo~ao~i Tra/aa/xeVet /cat e'<? rdSe 
 fjLTfjvifJLa e/c rot^ Oeolv, ots ovSe 'ASpta^o? [6] /3ao-tXeu< ajcrre 
 /cat Trav^rjdrjvaL jaoVotg TnjpK6(Tev 'EXXyvatv. /ACTO, Se TOV 4 
 
 20 'Av0fJiOKpL,TOV TTjV (TTTJXrjV MoXoTTOV T TCt^O? e'cTTtl/ d^ttO- 
 
 0VTos ' A0rjva.L(t)v /cat TOUTOU crrparT^yet^, ore UXovrap^w 
 (3or)0ovi>T<; Ste/S^crat' eg Ev^ota^, /cat yjiiplov S/ 
 'EXevcrti/t'otg TroXe^tovcrt Trpog 
 
 ovo^a 2/ctpog, o? /cat 
 aXr) pai TO ap^alov lepov 
 phisus, which Pausanias does not reach 
 
 et 
 
 e/c 
 
 TOttoSe KO.XoVfJ.6VOV. 
 > \ / T\ /) 
 
 avrjp JJLO.VTLS i)\uev 
 25 S/ctpdSo? tS/3uo~aTo 
 
 after passing the deserted monastery 
 of Daphni, descends rapidly towards 
 the shore, which, after entering the 
 Thriasian plain, it skirts the rest of 
 the way to Eleusis. 
 
 20. 'AvOc^iOKpiTou : Antheinocritus 
 was sent by Pericles, shortly before 
 the outbreak of the Peloponnesian 
 War, to Megara and Sparta to com- 
 plain that the Megarians were en- 
 croaching on the sacred land. He died 
 on the embassy and the Athenians, 
 charging that the Megarians had mur- 
 dered him, declared war against Me- 
 gara, and voted that Antheinocritus 
 should be buried beside the Thriasian 
 Gate, that is, the Dipylum. See Plat. 
 Pericles, 30; Harpocr. s.v. 'A.i>0t/j.oKpi- 
 ros. MoXoTTOv T TO.<|>OS : according 
 to Plutarch, Phocion, 12-14, Phocion, 
 who was sent to the relief of Plutarch 
 tyrant of Eretria when the latter was 
 threatened by Philip in 350 H.C., was 
 superseded by Molottus, who fell into 
 the hands of the enemy. 22. Zicipov : 
 Scirum is manifestly located beside a 
 torrent at some point on the Sacred 
 Way between the Dipylum and the Ce- 
 
 et 
 
 till 1, 37, 3. There are some traces of a 
 stream which crossed the Eleusis road 
 about one and one half miles from the 
 Dipylum, the probable site of Scirum. 
 See Milchh. Kart. IA and Text ii, 15. 
 The place had a bad reputation as the 
 haunt of prostitutes and gamblers 
 (Steph. Byz. s.v. Sia'pos ; Alciphr. 
 Epist. 3, 8, 25 ; Harpocr. o-/apct<ia). At 
 the festival of Scira, on the twelfth day 
 of Scirophorion, the priestess of Ath- 
 ena, the priest of Poseidon-Erechtheus, 
 and the priest of Helios went in proces- 
 sion from Athens to Scirum (Harpocr. 
 and Suid. s.v. 'Zuipov; Schol. Ar. Kccles. 
 18). 24. KAw8wvr]s: that Scirus was 
 from Dodona is stated only here. 
 Philochorus, frag. 42, speaks of him as 
 an Eleusinian seer named after Athene 
 Sciras. The Megarians, on the other 
 hand, contended that the imme of the 
 seer was from their notorious hero Sci- 
 ron (cf. !,;<(), (5; l,44,(!and 8; Harpocr. 
 s.v. Z/a'poi'). Suidas and Pliotius, Lex. 
 s.v. U/ci'pos, derived the name from the 
 Salaminiaii hero Scirus. 25. ^Kipd- 
 Sos . . . 'AOrjvas : already mentioned, 1,
 
 180 THE ATTICA OF PAUSANIAS 
 
 Ch. 3fi, 5 
 
 irecrovra Se avrov iv rrj f^a-Xl) @Q'irTovo'w 'EXcuo'U'tot 
 
 ^etjutctppov, Kal r<w re ^cuptw TO 6Voyu,a 0,770 rov 
 os eVrt /cat rw Trorajuw. TT^CTIOV Se TreTroiTyrat K-TJ^LCTO- 5 
 
 /Aa ^yjfjiov Trpocrravrog /cat 3>L\iTnr(o rw AT^/X^T^IOU 
 SO Ma/ceSoVwi' /3ao"tXevovrt eg rd ^utdXtcrra eVazma>#eWog o~v/x- 
 ^aa^ov? Se eTn^yero Ki7^)to"d8&>/)O9 'A^vatots ycvecr^cu /3ao~t- 
 Xet? /u,ei^ ^ArraXo^ rot' Mvo~o*> /cat TTroXe^atov ro^ AtyuT 
 $^17 8e avrovojAa AtrooXov? /cat vrfcriMTwv e Po8tou9 /cat 
 rag. wg Se /cat e^ Atyvvrrou /cat Mvo~tag /cat rrapa TMV 6 
 35 KpfjTwv ra TroXXa vcrTepi^ov at ^8o^^etat, 'PoStot 8e ^toVai? 
 ^vo^re? Trpo? OTrXtra? rou? Ma/ce8dva? ov yiteyaXa 
 IvravBa Krj^LcroSajpos e'g 'iraXtat' crvv dXXots ' 
 va.i(av vrXevcras t/cerevev d^tvvat 'Pw^aatov? ot 8e' o~<to~t 
 ju.tt' /cat crrpaTriyov 7re//,7rouo"tz', ot ra ^tXtTTTrov /cat Ma/ce8oV&;i> 
 40 e'? TOO~OVTO /ca^etXo^ cog vcrrepov Hepcrea TOV QiXiTnrov TTJV re 
 dpXrjv aTro^aXetv /cat avrov at^jLtdXwro^ e'g 'iraXta^ d^^- 
 i/at. <I>tXt777rog 8e ^v ourog 6 A^yLtryrpiov Trpwrog yap rau- 
 TT^g r^g ot/ctag ecr^e A^jLtr/rptog r^ Ma/ce8d^a>z^ ap^rjv 
 aTTo/cretvag 'AXe'^a^Spoi^ roy Kao"o~d^oyoov Tratoa, tug rd 77/30- 
 45 Ttpov e^et /u,ot rov Xdyou. 
 37 Merd Se rov Kry^tcroSwpou ro /jLvrj^a re'^aTrrat 
 
 1, 4 and note. Some late writers (Pol- shortly before the battle of Cynosce- 
 
 lux, 9, 96, etal.) speak of a sanctuary of phalae, in which Philip V of Macedo- 
 
 Sciradian Athena at Scirum, but they nia was defeated by the Romans under 
 
 probably confused Scirum with the Flamininus. We have no information 
 
 Phalerum temple. If one had been concerning Cephisodorus beyond what 
 
 here, Pausanias would probably have Pausanias tells us here. On the death 
 
 mentioned it; other geographical writ- of Alexander, see 1, 10, 1. 
 
 ers are equally silent (Strabo, 9, p. 39,3 ; 37. Other monuments of distinguished 
 
 Steph. Byz. s.v. SK//OOJ). men on the Sacred Way Acestium 
 
 28. Kr|(jncro8copou |ivTJ|ia KT\. : cf. Phytalus Antiquities across the Ce- 
 
 Polyb. 17, 10, who speaks of the em- phisus Temple of Cyamites 7/err- 
 
 bassy of Cephisodorus to Rome as tak- pains Temple of Apollo Cephalus 
 
 ing place in Ol. 145, 3 (198-197 H.C.), and his descendants.
 
 THE SACKED WAY 181 
 
 CL. 37, 2 
 
 'HXtdSwpo? *AXt? TOVTOV ypaufrrjv iSct^ eo~Tt /cat eV ru> vaa) rco 
 /aeyaXw r^9 'A^i/as* re^aTrrat 8e He/xtoTO/cXT/s IlcXta/a^ov, 
 rpiro9 aVdyoi'os BeyMto-TO/cXe'ovg TOV Eep^ /cat Mr/Sot? tvav- 
 
 5 Tta voLV^a^qcroLvro^. rov? Se Karairepo) rov yeVov? rrXrjv 
 'A/cecrrtou Traptjcro) TOV<? aXXovs 'A/ceortw Se T^ Ee^o- 
 /cXeou? rou ^oc^o/cXeov? rov Aeb^ro? TOVTOU? re "c? rot' rerap- 
 roi/ Trpoyovov Aeovra SaSov^ov? vra^ra? v 
 /cat Trapa rov fiiov rov avrrjs Trp^rov p,ev rov d 
 
 10 /cXea etSe SaSov^ovp'Ta, eVt Se rovrw ro^ avopa @/u.tcrroKXea, 
 T\evTij(ravTo<; 8e /cat rovrou ( H )e6(f)pacrrov rov TratSa. ravrr] 
 JJLCV rv^v roiavrrjv crv/JiftrjvaL Xeyov(rt rrpoekdova'i Se 6Xt- 2 
 Aa/ctov rejaei'os eVnv -^pa)o<; /cat S^yito? 6V Aa/ctaSa? 6^0- 
 ovcriv arro TOVTOV, /cat Nt/co/cXeov? ^apavrivov ecrri fjLvrjp-a^ 
 05 eVt neyicrrov 80^179 KL0apa)$(i)v drravraiv rj\9tv. eicrTt Se 
 /cat Zec^vpov T ^w/xo? /cat AT^u^TpO"? iepov /cat T^? vratSos 
 o"v^ Se' O~<$>LO~IV AvVjva /cat IIoo"etS&)^ e^ovo~t Tt/xa?. eV TOVTW 
 TO) ^(opM <I>vTaXo^ <j>a(n.v ot/cw ^TJ^rfTpa 8e / ^ r ao"^at, /cat 
 
 
 2. 'HXioSwpos : nothing further is %os) was the secoiyl most important in 
 
 known of this man. Pausanias's ex- the Klcusinian mysteries, the first be- 
 
 pression leaves it uncertain whether ing the hierophant. It was hereditary 
 
 the picture was a portrait of Ileliodo- in the family of the Ceryces (1, 38. 3). 
 
 rus or a painting by him. Michaelis 13. AaKidSas : the aeme Laciaclae 
 
 (Parthenon, 41 A), Preller (Ausg. Aufs. belonged to the tribe Oeneis (Steph. 
 
 p. 120), and Schubart (Jb. f. IMi. Byz. and Photius, Lex. s.v. AaKtddat). 
 
 LXXXVII, 301) took the latter view. Among its members were Miltiades 
 
 C. 'AKco-rCw: Acestium is also men- and Cimon (Plut. Cimon, 4 ; id. Alcib. 
 
 tioned in a list of noble women pre- 22). 18. 4>vraXov : the spot where 
 
 served, C.I. A. II, 950 ('AicfoTiov Sei/o- Phytalus was believed to have received 
 
 *cX6>vj 'Axapvtws). Another inscription the first fig-tree from Demeter was 
 
 (C.I.A. II, 1414), found in the precinct called Iliera Syce (lepa <rfK??, cf. s.vv. 
 
 of Demeter at Eleusis, mentions a Photius, Etymol. Magn., Athen. 3, 
 
 statue of Sophocles, brother of Aces- p. 74 i>, etc.). Here the processions 
 
 tium, set up there by his wife. Aces- rested on their return fromEleusis; and 
 
 tium and her brother probably lived here Apollonius the sophist was buried 
 
 about the beginning of the first century (Philostr. Vit. Soph. 2, 20, 3). The 
 
 B.C. The office of torchbearer (SaSov- incorrect form A^/iT/rpac in the second
 
 182 THE ATTICA OF PAUSANIAS 
 
 Cli. 37 
 
 9f.ov avTi TovTO)i> oowai oi TO fyvTov T77<? crvKr)<; /zaprupei Se 
 20 /xot TO) Xdyo) rb eViy/aa/x/xo. TO eVi TOJ <f>vrdXov rcu/>a>- 
 
 avat; TJpats ^vraXd? Trore Se'^a/ro 
 , ore irpioTOv onaipas KapTrov 
 lepdv crvK'fjv Bvr]i^v yeVog 
 ou Sr) ri/xas <>vTaXov yeVos 
 
 25 IT^)i^ Se T^ 8ta/8^at rov Kr^^icro^ eowpou /x/xa eori ,'5 
 rpayajStav V7ro/<pi^a/xeVou raiv /ca#' OLVTOV apicrTa. dyaX/jtara 
 Se eVt TO) Trora/xo) MvYjcrLfjid^rj^, TO Se erepov dvdOrjfjLa /cet- 
 yoo/u,eVov ot r^ KO^V TOV 77atSo5 eVrt TOJ K^^tcrw /ca^e- 
 oTcu'ai Se eV TraXatoC /cat rot? Tracrt rovro r/ EXX-^crt r^ ' 
 
 30 pov rt9 a^ re/c/xat/aotro Trotiyorct, o? rov Il^Xe'a, ev^acrOai 
 w Kepelv dvacrw^eWo? e'/c Tpota? 'A^tXXe'w? 
 
 Ata^8ao~t Se rov K^^tcrot' /3a^u,o5 ICTTLV dp^alo^ MeiX't^iou 4 
 Aid? 67Tt TOVTOJ Tcreus VTTO TWI^ cxTrod^ajv TO>^ <S>vrdXoi; 
 
 line of the epitaph quoted by Pausa- 0o8c6pou : Theodorus lived in the first 
 
 nias proves that the inscription was of half of the fourth century n.c. He 
 
 late origin. often played the Antigone of Sopho- 
 
 25. IIplv Se T] Siap-qvai TOV Kri4)i<r6v : cles ; Aeschines in his youth acted 
 
 the sources of the Cephisus are at the with him, taking inferior parts (Dem. 
 
 south foot of Mt. 1'arnes and the west 19, 24(5, p. 418). His pathetic playing 
 
 foot of Mt. Pentelicus. Thence it flows brought to tears the cruel tyrant Alex- 
 
 southwest through the green stretches anderof Pherae (Aelian, Var. Hist. 14, 
 
 of olive groves the length of the Athe- 40). His voice was renowned for its 
 
 nian plain. At the point where the naturalness, and its adaptation to the 
 
 road to Eleusis crosses it probably stood character he was representing (Arist. 
 
 the ancient bridge built for the conven- Khet. 3, 2, 22sqq. p. 1404 H). 27. Mvi}- 
 
 ience of the pilgrims by Xenocles of cri(xdxiis : see Apoll. 2, 5, 5, who tells 
 
 Lindus (Anthol. Palat. 9, 147). As the of her delivery by Heracles from the 
 
 procession was filing over this bridge centaur Eurytion, whom she was being 
 
 occurred the fire of jeers and jibes, often forced to marry. 
 
 mentioned as one of its characteristic 33. Bio^os : the site of this ancient 
 
 features (Ar. Han. 384 sqq. ; Strabo, altar, according to Milchh. Kart. II, 
 
 9, p. 400 ; Ilesych. s.v. y<f>vpiffrai). 1(5, is to the west of the Cephisus,
 
 THE SACRED WAY 183 
 
 Ch.37,5 
 
 35 Ka0ap(Tia)i> erv^e, X^crras /cat aXXovs a7ro/CTiVa<? /cat 
 ra 7T/3O? Iltr^etus cruyyei'T?. ra^o? Se etrrt /u,e> avrd#t 
 /crou roC (fcao'TjXiTou, eicrrt Se MvrjoriOeov rovrov Xeyowiv 
 larpov re ayaBov yve(T0ai Kal dvaBelvai dydX/xara, eV of<? 
 /cal 6 v IaK^o5 TTtiToi'YjTaL. Gj/coSd/rrjTat Se Kara Trp 6Soi^ 1/0,69 
 
 40 ov jiteyas /caXov/xevo? Kva/xtrou craves Se ouSeV e^w \4ytiv 
 etre Tr/awro? /cva^tou? ecnreLpev ouro? etre rt^a 
 7)pa)a, on T(t)v Kvap-aii' oivevtyKeiv OVK ecrrt (T^LCTLV e's 
 rpa T^ tvpecTLv. ocrrt? Se -^S^ reXer^v 'EXeutrt^t etSei/ 17 ra 
 KaXovfjitva *Op(j)iKa eVeXe'^aro oTSei^ o Xeyai. /x^/zarwj/ Se 5 
 
 45 a /xaXicrra e'? /xeye^o? /cat /cdcr/u,oi> 7^/cet, ro yu,ej^ aVSpo? ea"rt 
 'PoStov /xerot/c^cra^TO? e'? 'A^vas, TO Se ^ApTraXo? Ma/ceSa>^ 
 o? 'AXe'^a^Spof aTroSpa? e'/c r^? 'Atrtag Stey8i7 vav- 
 e's r^i/ EvpwTn]^, d^t/co/xe^o? Se Trap' 'A^i'atov? VTT' av- 
 crv^eX^^, Sta^)^etpa? Se ^pTJjj.acrLi' aXXou? re /cat rov<? 
 
 50 'AXe^ciz/Spou <^)tXoi5 aTre'Spa, irporepov Se ert 
 
 where now stands the church of St. tragedies (Suid. s.v. OeoS^TTjs). 40. 
 
 Sabas. As to Zeus Meilichius, see 2, 0, Kvap.irov: nothing is known of the hero 
 
 6 ; 2, 20, 1. He was especially appealed Cyamites beyond what 1'ausanias tells 
 
 to in expiatory and purificatory cere- us here (cf. Ps.-I'lut. vit. x Or. p. 8o7c ; 
 
 monies. When Xenophon returned Hesych. Phot. Lex. s.v. KUO/X/TTJS). The 
 
 from the expedition of the ten thou- site of this shrine may be that of a 
 
 sand, he offered burnt offerings to Zeus small chapel of St. George, at the west- 
 
 Meilichios (Anab. 7, 8, 3-5). The fes- ernedge of the olive wood on the north 
 
 tival of the Diasia in his honor was side of the road to Eleusis. 
 
 annually celebrated outside Athens on 50. II\>0ovKiiv : Athenaeus (13, p. 
 
 the 23d of Anthesterion (February- 595 A, u, c) tells at length of the infatu- 
 
 March) (Thuc. 1, 120; Schol. Ar. Nub. ation of Alexander's treasurer Harpa- 
 
 408). See Preller-Robert, Gr. Myth. lusfor the Athenian hetaera Pythonice, 
 
 I, 130; Miss Harrison, Prolegomena to and of thetwosumptuoustombserected 
 
 the Study of Greek Religion, pp. 13 ff. by him to her memory, one at Babylon, 
 
 3G. 0eoSc'KTov : the tomb of Theodectes the other on the Sacred Way to Eleu- 
 
 is also mentioned, Ps.-Plut. vit. x Or. sis. Cf. Diod. 17, 108. Plutarch (Pho- 
 
 p. 837 r, according to which the altar cion, 22) mentions the cost of the latter 
 
 had fallen into ruins at the time of the tomb as thirty talents (about 832,500). 
 
 writer. He was a rhetorician, a pupil Dicaearchus, quoted Athen. 13, pp. 
 
 of Isocrates, who afterwards wrote 594 K-595 A, describes the exact site of
 
 184 THE ATTICA OF PAUSANIAS 
 
 Ch. 37, G 
 
 yeVo? ^ev OVK otSa OTroOev, traipovcrav Se ev re 'A^if- 
 /cat eV KopivBw- raur^s e's TOCTOVTOV eyoajrog irporjXOev 
 wg /cat /ZV^/AO, d7ro9avovo"r)s Trot^crat TTOLVTU>V otrocra 'EXXi^crtv 
 icniv dp^aia Oeas /zaXtora a.^iov. 
 
 55 v Eo~rt Se iepov eV a> /cetrat ATJ/jLrjTpos /cat r^<; TraiSog ayaX- 6 
 jaara /cat *A0r)va<; re /cat 'ATroXXajvo? 'A-n-oXXam 8e 
 fj,6va.> TO t dpxfjs- Ken^aXpv yap rov A^tqvo? crv^ 
 \eyovcriv 'A/x^trpvww T-^Xe/Soas TT^V v"f]crov ot/c^crat 
 7y t'vv 0,77' K6ivov Ke^aXXi^^ta /caXetrat /xerot/cetz^ oe avTov 
 
 60 Tews eV Bi7/3at<? ^evyo^ra e' *A.0r)vu)v 8ta TOJ/ npo/cptSo? TT^S 
 yvi^at/co? (f}6i>ov. oeKctrry oe v&Tepov yevea XaX/ct^o? /cat 
 Aatro? aTToyo^ot Ke^ctXou TrXeuo-a^re? e? AeX^ov? JJTOVV rov 
 ov e? *A0i]va$ 6 Se (T^>tcrt /ceXevet Oixrai 
 IvTavOa r^? 'Arrt/c^9, ej^^a a^ tSajcrti' eVt 
 
 65 rpiTJpr) Oeovcrav. ye^o/xeVot? Se avrot? /caret TO irou<.i\ov Ka- 
 Xovfjievov opo<> 8pa/ca)^ (j)di>rj o~7rovS^ /caret ro^ (f)a>\ebi> iu>v 
 /cat 'ATToXX&W re dvovcriv eV ra> ^aiptoj rovrw /cat vcrrepov 
 o~(^a? e'X$oWa<? e'? ri^v vrdXt^ do-rov? eVot^Va^ro ' 
 /xera Se roGro 'A^poStr^? i^ad? eVrt /cat vrpo avrov 
 
 70 
 
 the tomb, showing it must have stood this legendary connection of the Attic 
 
 in the pass of Daphni. The site be- hero Cephalus with the island of Ce- 
 
 longed to the deme Hermus, of the phallenia is as old as Aristotle, who 
 
 tribe Acamantis(IIarpocr. Suid.; Steph. spoke of Cephalus as residing in the 
 
 Byz. s.v. "Ep/xos). islands called Cephallenian after him 
 
 55. Up6v : the site of this sanctuary (Arist. frag. 507, ed.Vd. Rose). Strabo 
 
 of Apollo is probably occupied by the (10, p. 450) also tells the story of the 
 
 picturesque mediaeval monastery of joint expedition of Cephalus and'Am- 
 
 Daphni, which stands at the middle phitryo, and the subsequent settlement 
 
 of the pass over Mt. Aegaleus, on the of Cephalus in Cephallenia. The legend 
 
 south side of the road. The monas- is probably based merely on the siini- 
 
 tery was probably founded in the larity of the names. 
 
 thirteenth century by the Burgundian 00. 'A4>po8lTTjs vaos : the remains of 
 
 dukes of Athens, and is renowned for this temple of Aphrodite are to be seen 
 
 its Byzantine mosaics. 57. Kc'cjmXov : in the pass of Daphni about a mile west
 
 THE SACRED WAY 
 
 185 
 
 Ch.38, 2 
 
 38 Ot Se 'PetTOt /caXov/xe^ot pevfj.a povov Trape^ovrai TTOTO.- \ 
 P.(DV, eVet TO ye voaip 0aXao~o~a eort o~^)to"t 7rei$otTO Se aV 
 Tt? /cat a>9 aTTO TOV XaX/ctSe'ajv EvpiTrov peovcrus VTTO TT?? y>Js 
 e's 6d\a<T<ra.v Koikorepav efJiTTLTTTovTes. Xe'yo^Tat Se ot 'PetTot 
 5 Kept}? tepot /cat AT^A^T^O? etvat, /cat TOV? t^^v? e'^ OLVTOIV 
 Tot? tepevo~tv ecrTtz^ alpelv n.6voi<s. ovTOt TO ap^atot', co? e'yai 
 TTUpOdvofJiaL, Trpos 'A^fatov? TOV? aXXov? opot T>J? y>)< . 
 'EXevo"t^tot9 r)<Ta.v, /cat Sta/3ao~i TOV? 'PetTov? irpwros a>/cet 2 
 Kpd/cct)^, eV^a /cat i/vi^ ert /SacrtXeta /caXetTat Kpd/cw^o?. TOV- 
 
 10 TO*> 'A^ryi/atot TOI^ Kpd/c&jt'a KeXeov OvyaTpl o"wot/c^o"at Sat- 
 crdpa Xe'yovcrt Xeyovo~t Se ov TraVTes, aXX' oo~ot TOV Sr^/xov 
 TOV 3*KaiJL/S(t)VL$(i)i> dcriv e'yw Se Kpo/ccovo? /xet' dvtvptiv 
 
 of the monastery, on the north side of 
 the road. Many inscriptions are cut in 
 niches in a rugged wall of rock to the 
 rear of the sacred precinct, containing 
 dedications to Aphrodite (C.I.G. 507- 
 509; C.I. A. Ill, 3823). The precinct 
 was excavated in 1891 and 1892 by the 
 Greek Archaeological Society. Outside 
 the precinct at its southeast corner are 
 the foundations of a large quadrangu- 
 lar building, eighty-two feet by thirty- 
 eight feet, composed of rude masses of 
 stone, as at Tiryns, doubtless "the wall 
 of unwrought stones" mentioned by 
 Pausanias. 
 
 38. The Khiti Crocon Eumol- 
 pus The daughters of Celeus Ceryx 
 
 Zarex The Cephisus at Eleusis 
 The Rharian plain The hero Eleusis 
 
 Attic boundaries toward Boeotia 
 Eleutherae A ntiope and her children. 
 
 1. Ol S< TITOI: the Rhiti at the 
 present time consist of a large pond 
 of clear salt water fed by a number of 
 copious salt springs, formed by dam- 
 ming up the water of these springs by 
 
 means of a stone dike. It is probable 
 that in ancient times the water of the 
 salt springs was not dammed up, but 
 was allowed to flow directly into the 
 sea in brooks. Here took place the 
 first skirmish of the Peloponnesian war, 
 resulting in the defeat of the Athenian 
 cavalry (Thuc. 2, 19). 
 
 9. KpoKwvos : Crocon was the leg- 
 endary ancestor of the priestly family 
 of the Croconids at Athens. He is here 
 spoken of as husband of a daughter of 
 Celeus, which is inconsistent with the 
 tradition that Crocon was son of Trip- 
 tolemus, who was a son of Celeus 
 (Paus. 1, 14, 2). See Bekker's Anec. I, 
 21'.} ; Harpocr. s.v. KoipwviSai ; Suid. 
 s.v. KvpuviSai. Cf. .1. Tcipffer, Attische 
 Genealogie, pp. 101 sqq. 11. TOV 5t|- 
 JJLOV TOV SKaiifSwviSuv : Scambon idae was 
 the principal demc of the tribe Leontis 
 (Harpocr. and Steph. By/., s.v. Z,-a/ii/3a>- 
 W5at). Its site has been much disputed. 
 Hitzig-Bluemner, following K. <). Miil- 
 ler, Attika, 223, locates it in the Eleu- 
 sinian plain, directly behind the Khiti.
 
 186 
 
 THE ATTICA OF PAUSANIAS 
 
 Ch.38, 3 
 
 /caret ravra 
 
 fy olds re eyevoyu,^^, ro Se Eu/xdX7 
 
 Treffraivov /cat 'A^^atot. rovroi> 
 15 d<t/cecr$ai Xeyovcnv IK (s^oa/a^s Ilocretoai^o? vratSa oVra /cat 
 rrfv Se Xto^^ Bope'ov Bvyarepa TOV aVe'/Aov Kal 
 <acrtf etvat. 'OjjL-rjpo) Se e's yae> ro yeVos e'crrti' 
 ovSeV avrov TTTroi'r)[JLvov, eVoi>o/zaet Se ayrjvopcn eV rot? 
 e7reo"t rov EvjLtoXTrov. ye^o/xeV^s Se 'EXevcrti'totg /xa^Ty? Trpo? 3 
 20 'A^Tpcuou? aTreOave i*,ev 'E^e^^ev? * A.0t]vai(av ^SacrtXev?, aTre- 
 8e 'I/xjaapaSo? Ev/xdXTrov. KaraXvovrctt 8e eVi rotcrSe 
 rdXe^ov, o5? 'EXevcrti/ioi'5 eg ra aXXa ' Adyvauav /carry- 
 o^ra? tSta reXetv ri)^ reXerr^. ra 8e te^oa rott' $e- 
 otv EvytxoXTro? /cat at Ovyarepts SpaxrLv at KeXeov, /caXovcrt 
 25 Se cr^>a? Ilaja^w? re /caret ravra /cat "O/zr/po? AtoyeVeta^ 
 /cat HafJLfJLeponrjv /cat rpiTrjv ^aacrdpav reXevrr^cra^ro? Se 
 
 See Milchh. Text ii, 48. By others it 
 was regarded as a city-deme, located 
 either to the northwest of Athens, per- 
 haps at the beginning of the Sacred 
 Way (so Frazer, I.e.; Milchh. Demen- 
 ordnung des Kleisthenes, p. 19 ; v. 
 Wilamowitz, Hermes, XXII (1887), 
 120 sq.), or south or southeast of the 
 city (Lolling, Topogr. 308, 3, and Loe- 
 per, A.M. XVII, 376 f.). Judeich puts 
 it directly north of the Acropolis, just 
 beyond Cydathenaion at the south- 
 west foot of Mt. Lycabettus. See 
 Topogr. 160. 14. Ev(xo\irov . . . CK 
 OpaKT|s IlocreiScovos irouSa ovra Kal 
 XIOVTIS : for a similar tradition, see 
 Lye. c. Leocr. 98 ; Apollod. 3, 15, 4 ; 
 and Schol. Eur. Phoen. 854. Others 
 say simply that he was a son of Posei- 
 don (Isoc. 4, 68 ; 12, 193 ; Hyg. Fab. 
 46). See J. Tiipffer, Attische Gene- 
 alogie, pp. 24 sqq. 19. TOV EfyoX- 
 irov : Pausanias doubtless refers to the 
 
 Homeric hymn to Demeter, v. 154, 
 where we read in our texts d/j.v[j.oi>os 
 Eii/j.6\Trov, but the epithet mentioned by 
 Pausanias occurs in the following line, 
 being there applied to Celeus, TTOT/JOJ 
 dyr/vopos. In the text used by Pausa- 
 nias the epithets were perhaps trans- 
 posed. Eumolpus is not mentioned at 
 all in the Iliad or the Odyssey. 
 
 19. 'E\urivois |xaxT]s: the legend- 
 ary war between Athens and Eleusis 
 probably had its basis in fact. The 
 usual tradition is that the general of 
 the Eleusinians was Eumolpus (Time. 
 2, 19 ; Plat. Menex. p. 239 u ; Isoc. 4, 
 G8; 12, 193; Lye. c. Leocr. 98) and 
 that he was slain by Erechtheus (Apol- 
 lod. 3, 15, 4 ; Schol. Eur. Phoen. 854). 
 Pausanias asserts here and elsewhere 
 (1, 5, 2; 1, 27, 4) that not Eumolpus 
 but his sen Immaradus was slain by 
 Erechtheus. 25. "O^pos : our text 
 of the hymn to Demeter mentions
 
 ELEUSIS 
 
 is: 
 
 Ch.38, 5 
 
 Ev/xoXTTov K>7pv j>eo/repo<? XeiVerat TO>V TratSwv, 6V avrot 
 K77pv/c9 $vyarpo<; Ke'/cpoTrog 'AyXavpov /cat 'Ep/xov TratSa 
 eu>at Xeyovo'ti', dXX ov/c Ev/xdXTrov. 
 
 30 "Ecrrt oe ' \TTTT 06 oan/Tos iypa)oi>, d<^)'ov r^ <^v\r^v ovo/jLoH^ovcrL, 4 
 /cat Tr\f]criov Zdpr^/co?. TOVTOV fiaOelv vrapa. 'ATrdXXwvt /xov- 
 (^ao"tv, eya oe evov ^.tv d<^t/cd/xe^o^ e? r^ y^ Aa/ce- 
 ' re eivoLL ooKOi /cat Zdpa/ca eV 717 Aa/cw^t/cry TrdXti' 
 rovrov 7rp6<? BaXda-orrj /caXetcr^at et Se' rtg r Z,dpr) eVt- 
 35 ^tupto? *A(h)vaioi$ T7pcu5, ovSei/ e'? avrov e^w Xeyetv. pet Se 5 
 K^^>to~o<? Trpo? 'EXevo~ti/t yStaiorepoi' Trape^d/xei/o? rov vrpore'- 
 pov pev/u,a Kat Trap' avrw /caXovo~ti> 'Eptt'ed^, Xe'yo^re? 
 nXovraji/a ore i^pTracre r^ Koprjv /cara/S^.at ravr^. 
 TOVTW TO) Ki7^>to"aj Xr)(TTir}i> HoXvmjfJLOva ovofjia., TIpoKpovcrTrjit 
 
 four daughters of Celeus, as follows : 
 KoXXiSi'/cr; Ka2 K\ec(T(5t/crj Ar;/xw T fpbeffffa 
 Ka\\id6-r) 0' , ri r&v Trpoyevecrrdrr] jjev 
 dirdffewv (vv. 106 sqq.). Various expla- 
 nations have been given of the utter 
 inconsistency. It would seem that Pau- 
 sanias's text differed from ours, or 
 that the text of Pausanias is errone- 
 ous, or that Pausanias through inad- 
 vertence said Homer when he meant 
 possibly Orpheus or some other poet. 
 27. Kr|pxi: other traditions are to 
 the effect that Ceryx was by Hermes 
 a son of Herse (C.I.G. 6280) or Pan- 
 drosus (Pollux, 8, 103; Schol. Horn. II. 
 A, 334), the other daughters of Cecrops. 
 See J. Topffer, Attische Genealogie, 
 pp. 80-92. 
 
 30. 'IiriroOowvTOS T|ptpov : cf. 1, 5, 2 ; 
 1, 39, 3. His shrine is mentioned by 
 Hesychius (s.v. '\irvoOodivreiov) and by 
 Steph. Byz. (s.v. Zdp7;), who here cop- 
 ies Pausanias. 
 
 36. Kr|4>icr6s irpos 'EXtvtrtvi : the 
 EleusinianCepliisus risesin Alt. Cithae- 
 
 ron, near Eleutherae, and flows into 
 the sea a little to the east of Eleu.sis. 
 For most of the year the bed of the 
 stream is almost dry, but occasionally 
 it is filled with a violent torrent, which 
 overflows its banks and devastates the 
 plain. Dem. 54, 28, p. 1279, speaks of 
 the havoc wrought by these destruc- 
 tive floods. Hadrian caused an embank- 
 ment to be raised for the protection of 
 Eleusis (Eusebius, Chron. 2. p. 166, 
 ed. Schone). 37. "Epivsov : see Plat. 
 Theaet. p. 143 n, where Euclides escorts 
 the sick and wounded Theaetetus from 
 the port of Megara as far as Erineus 
 on the road to Athens, a distance of 
 about fourteen miles. 39. X^o-r^v Ho- 
 Xvir^fiova ovofia. npoKpov(TTT|v : Ovid 
 (Afet. 7, 438) also names the C'ephisus 
 as the dwelling-place of Procrustes, but 
 Plutarch (Thes. 11) and Diodorus (4, 
 59) locate the hold of the robber at 
 Hermes or Heiinus on Mt. Corydal- 
 lus. The famous story of the beds of 
 Procrustes is given by Apollodorus
 
 188 
 
 THE ATTICA OF PAUSAXIAS 
 
 Ch. 38, 6 
 
 40 Se eVt/cXryo'ti', tyrjcrevs a.TTKTivv. 'EXeucrti^tot? oe ecrrt /xef 6 
 TptTTToXe/zov I'ads, ecrrt Se IIpoTnAaias 'Apre/xtSo? /cat II o- 
 riarpos (frpeap re Ka\ov/Jii>ov KaXXt^opoi^, eif^a 
 'EXevcrtvtcuv at yv^at/ce? ^opov ecrr^frav /cat rja-av e? 
 n}*' ^ed^. rd 8e TreSto^ TO 'Pdpiov cnraprjvaL Trpwrov Xeyoucrt 
 45 /cat rrpwTov av^crat /capTrov?, /cat Sta TOVTO ovXat? e^ avrov 
 ,t cr^tcrt /cat TTOtetcr^at TrejuyuaTa e? TO.? Overlap Ko.de- 
 evTavOa a'Xco? /caXou/xeVi7 TptTTToXejotoi; /cat 
 
 (Epitoma Vat., ed. R. Wagner, pp. 
 54 sq.). 
 
 40. 'EXtucriviois: Eleusis, now known 
 as Levsina, a town of about twelve thou- 
 sand inhabitants, is situated near the 
 south west corner of the Thriasian plain, 
 at the east end of a low rocky hill a 
 mile long, which runs parallel to the 
 seashore at a distance of a few hun- 
 dred yards. The ridge of the hill was 
 the acropolis of Eleusis; the town lay 
 on the level ground at its foot. The 
 remains of the sanctuary of Demeter 
 are at the eastern foot of the hill. Here 
 the rock has been leveled to form an 
 artificial terrace, on which the group 
 of buildings which composed the sanc- 
 tuary was placed. The site has been 
 completely excavated by the Greek 
 Archaeological Society, 1882-1887. In 
 the Homeric hymn to Demeter (vv. 270 
 sqq.) the goddess bids the people of 
 Eleusis build her a great temple and al- 
 tar. The old temple was burned by the 
 Persians in 480 or 479 B. c. (Hdt. 9, 65) . 
 The new sanctuary was built or at 
 least begun under Pericles, and Strabo 
 (9, p. 395) and Vitruvius (7, praef . 10) 
 name Ictinus as the architect. Plu- 
 tarch (Pericles, 13) mentions Pericles's 
 part, but ascribes the work to other 
 
 architects. The building ranked in 
 antiquity among the finest examples 
 of temple architecture. The site of the 
 temple of Triptolemus mentioned by 
 Pausanias is altogether uncertain. 
 41. vaos: this is, with great probabil- 
 ity, conjectured to be the small temple 
 whose foundations are preserved about 
 thirty paces northeast of the Great 
 Propylaea. It consists of a cella with 
 two porticoes, having two Doric col- 
 umns between antae. 42. <|>pc'ap T 
 Ka.Xoiip.evov KaX\i)(opov : the well, Cal- 
 lichorum, is mentioned in the Homeric 
 hymn to Demeter (vv. 270 sqq.). It 
 was discovered in 1892 just south of the 
 Great Propylaea. Solemn oaths were 
 sworn by women beside the well (see 
 Alciphr. 3, 09). 44. TO Si irtStov TO 
 'Po.pi.ov: see Homeric hymn to De- 
 meter (vv. 450 sqq.) concerning the 
 Rharian plain, which lay waste and 
 leafless while Persephone was under 
 ground, but became abundantly fertile 
 with the return of spring. The exact 
 situation is not known. The name of 
 the plain is from Rharus, father or 
 grandfather of Triptolemus, who had 
 received Demeter hospitably on her 
 wanderings in search of Persephone. 
 Cf. Suidas s.v. 'Paplas.
 
 ELEUTHERAE 189 
 
 Ch. 38, 9 
 
 TO, Se eWos rou rei^ou? rov tepov TO re ovupov 1 
 ypa.<j>.iv, /cat roi? ov TeXeo'^eto-ti', OTTOCTCO^ $e'a9 tlpyov- 
 50 rat, Sr^Xa STJTTOV ju/^Se Trv0(T0ai jaeret^at <r<rii/. 'EXevcrt^a 
 Se TJpaia, d<' oi> TT)I> TrdXtz/ ovo^d/^ovcr^v^ ol /xeV 'Epynou TratSa 
 eu>at /cat Aaetpas 'fl/ceai'ou Ovyarpos Xe'youcrt, rot? Se ecrrt 
 vyov eu>ai trarepa 'EXeucrip't- ot yap dp^atot 
 are ov Trpo&ovTojv cr<f>icnv ITTWV aXXa re TrXdcra- 
 55 cr^at SeSaj/cacrt Kat ^idXuTTa e'? ra yeVry rai^ rjpa>a)v. 
 
 'E/c Se 'EXeucrti^o? r/oaTro/zeVots eVt Botwrwv ecrrti^ ofj.opos 8 
 'A^i^atot? 17 FlXaratt?. Trporepov /xe*> yap 'EXev^epevcrt^ opot 
 Trpo? TTp 'ArTtK^ rf(rav TrpO(rya>pri(Ta.vT<v Se 
 TOUTCOI^, ouTw? ^817 Botojrta? 6 Kt#atpwi/ eVrtv opo?. 
 60 ^coprjcrav Se 'EXev^epet? ov TroXe/xw ^Stacr^eVre'?., dXXa TroXt- 
 reta? re eVt^iyA^Vai'Tes Trapa *A0i)vai(DV /cat /car' ^9o<^ TO 
 <dr)j3aia>v. iv TOVTOJ TW TreStw j'ads e'o~Tt Atowcrov, /cat TO 
 v 'A^T^atot? CKOficcrOrj TO dp^ato^ TO Se eV 
 <TO> e^>' rj/jian' e? /xtyu.i^o'tv e'/cet^ou TreTrotryTat. 
 65 avrajTepa) Se o\iyov crTn^XatoV tcmv ov jLte'ya, /cat Trap' ar/ro '. 
 
 48. rdSitvTos TOV retxovs TOV Upov : gray walls and towers of Eleuthorae 
 
 Tx*as usual designatesafortification- are at the entrance of the pass over 
 
 wall, which, as the excavations have Mt. Cithaeron. The ruins of Eleuthe- 
 
 shown, surrounded the sacred precinct. rae are important as one of the finest 
 
 50. 'EXtvo-iva Se tipwa: another form extantspecimens of Greek fortification, 
 
 of the name is Eleusinns (Harpocr. and Both Straho (0, pp. 411 sqq.) and 1'au- 
 
 Suid. s.v.'EXeuo-iwa). According to one sanias (here, and 0, 1, 1, 6) represent 
 
 legend Eleusis, or Eleusinus, was the Eleutherae as the frontier town of At- 
 
 king who received Demeter when she tica and immecliatelj* adjoining Plataea 
 
 came to the city in search of her daugh- in Boeotia. Eleutherae claimed to he 
 
 ter, but in the common legend it was Ce- the birthplace of Dionysus and to 
 
 leus who received Demeter. See Horn. have been founded and named by 
 
 Hymn to Dem. vv. 96 sqq.; Paus. 1, ,30, him (Diod. 3, 66, 1; 4, 2, 6). Here 
 
 6; Schol. Ar. Eq. 698. tradition placed the graves of Argives 
 
 57. Spot: from Eleusis the road to slain in the war of the Seven against 
 
 Eleutherae, which is at the same time Thebes (Eur. Suppl. 756-759 ; Pint, 
 
 the highroad from Athens to Thebes, Thes. 29). 62. vads . . . Aiovvo-ou : 
 
 goes northwest across the plain. The see 1, 20, 3 and note.
 
 190 
 
 Ch.39, 1 
 
 THE ATTICA OF PAUSANIAS 
 
 Trrjyr) i^v^pov Xeyercu Se e? /xeV TO (nrrj\(uov wg ' 
 07777 re/cover a Ko.ra.6oi.ro eg avro rov? TrcuSa?, Trept Se r^? 7777- 
 y77$ rov TTOLfjitva evpovra TOV<? TrcuSas IvravBa cr^a? Xoucrai 
 rrpwrov diroXvcravra rav (rrrapydvaiv. 'EXeu^epwv Se 771; /xe> 
 
 70 en rov rei^ov?, 77*' Se KCU oi/aa>t> e'peiTTia, 877X77 Se rovrot? ecrri 
 7rdX<,<? oXiyov vTrep rov TT6OLOV Trpo? TO) Kt^atpwi't otACtcT^etcra. 
 
 39 'Erepa Se 686? e'^ 'EXevcrtvo? 77/369 Meya/m ayet- ravrrjv l 
 e'p^o^eVot? TT)^ 686v (frpdap ecrriv " KvOiov Ka\ovfj.evov. 
 7roLrj(T Se Ila/x^aj? eVt rovrw rw (frpearL KaOrjcr0ai, ^tjfJLfjrpa 
 /xera T7)i/ a.p7rayr)v TT^g TratSog y/oat et/cacr '^vr]v evrevBev Se 
 5 avrrjv are yvvalKa. 'Apyeta^ VTTO TWI^ Ovyarepajv rwv KeXeov 
 KOfjacrdrjpaL rrapa rrjv p/rfrepa KO.I ol rrjv Mercti/etpa^ ovrw 
 TrtcrreGcrat rou TratSog TT)^ dvarpoffiTJv. 6Xtya> Se aTrcurepaj 2 
 rov (frpearos iepov Meraz^etpa? e'crrt /cat /xer' avro ra^>ot 
 
 66. irii'yn : a copious spring at the 
 western foot of the hill of Eleutherae 
 is usually identified as this spring, in 
 which the twin babes Amphion and 
 Zethus were washed by the shepherd 
 who had found them in the neighbor- 
 ing cave. For the legend of Antiope, 
 see Pans. 2, 6, 1-4 ; Apollod. 3, 5, 5 ; 
 Dio Chrys. Or. 15, p. 261. 
 
 39. Antiquities on the road from 
 Eleusis to Megara The spring An- 
 thius Sanctuary of Metanira 
 Graves of those slain before Thebes 
 Alope and Cercyon Theseus Myth- 
 ical history of Megara. 
 
 1. 'Erepa 8e 686s: the distance from 
 Eleusis to Megara by road or railway 
 is about fourteen miles. After passing 
 along the low ridge which terminated 
 in the acropolis of Eleusis, the road 
 skirts the shore for the rest of the way. 
 From two pointed summits of Mt. Ci- 
 thaeron known as Mt. Cerata, or "the 
 horns," a chain of hills advancing 
 
 southward one third of the way from 
 Eleusis formed the boundary between 
 Attica and the territory of Megara 
 (Strabo, 9, p. 305 ; Diod. 13, 65 ; Plut. 
 Them. 1). 2. 4>pe'ap . . . "AvOiov KO,- 
 Xov|ivov : this is perhaps the spring 
 now called Vlika, one and one half 
 miles west of Eleusis. The Flowery 
 Well is doubtless the Hapdtviov tpptap 
 (Horn. Hymn to Dem. vv. 98 sqq.), be- 
 side which the goddess sat, sad at heart, 
 underneath an olive-tree. The stone 
 on which Demeter sat was known as 
 dy<l\a<rTos Trerpa (Schol. Ar. Eq. 785; 
 Apollod. 1, 5, 1 ; Hesych. s.v.). Pau- 
 sanias places the meeting of the god- 
 dess outside the city, not at the well 
 Callichorum in the city, as some wri- 
 ters supposed (see 1, 38, 6, note). 
 
 8. Upov Meraveipas : on Metanira 
 see Horn. Hymn to Dem. 101 and 206; 
 Noun. 19, 82 ; Apollod. 1, 5, ]. ra<j>oi 
 TU>V Is tjpas : the common soldiers 
 of the Argive army under the Seven
 
 ROAD TO MEGARA 191 
 
 Ch. 39, 3 
 
 e's TJ(3as <o-TaXeVro)i>> . KpeW yap, 09 e'Sv^acrreve Tore eV 
 
 10 T^ySats AaoSa/aa^ra eVtTpoTrevW roi/ 'Ereo/cXeovs, ov vra- 
 
 prj/ce rot? TrpocnJKovcni> aVeXo/aeVots Od^ai- t/cerevcrai/To? Se 
 
 'ASpcujTov rjcrca /cat fjid^rj^ 'A0i)va.u0v yeyo/xeV^s TT/OOS 
 
 BotwTovs, Tjcrev? cJs e'/cpdYrjo-e Trj fta^ K0 ^ a ' a -^ & 
 
 'EXevo'tz'tai' TOVS i>e/cpov<j eWav#a e#av//e. Brj/Satot 8e 
 
 15 avaipecnv rwv vtKpuv Xeyawrw f.6e\ovrai 8ovi/at /cat crvi^a- 
 
 v//at pdfflv ov <j)ao"L. /xera Se rai^ 'Apyetwv TOV? ra<^ov? 3 
 
 ecrrtv 'AXoTTT/s (JLvfjpa, >)V re/coucra^ 'iTTTro^ow^ra e'/< ITocretSai- 
 
 vo? oiTro^ai'eu' evravOd (ftacriv VTTO TOV Trarpos Kep/cvd^o?. et^at 
 
 8e 6 Ke/DKuan/ Xeyerat /cat ra aXXa aSt/cos 5 roug ^eVou? /cat 
 
 20 vraXatet^ ov /3ovXoju,eVot? /cat 6 TOTTO? ovro? 7raXato~r/oa /cat 
 
 e's e'^Lte e/caXetro Kep/cuo^o?, oXtyoz/ rov ra^>ou 
 
 >. Xeyerat Se 6 Kep/cvai^ TOV? /caTao~TaVTa5 e? 
 /3at 7r\r)v @rj<r(u<; 7 rycrev? Se 
 (j)La TO TT\OV TraXatcrTt/c^i/ yap TtyyT}v evpe 
 25 /cat 7701X7/5 /caTe'cTTT/ vcrrtpov O.TT e'/cetVov 8t8ao~/caXta TryooYe- 
 
 8e IXP>VTO /xeye'^et H.OVQV /cat /owyotr; Trpo? Ta.9 
 Too~avTa /caTa yv<j*\Lr\v Tr)v e/xr)i/ 
 
 ' eV TC Xdyot? /cat ^e&>pr^^tao~t^, aTre'/cyot^e oe a.7ro TOJI/ TroX- 
 6 Xdyo? ^tot Ta e'? crvyypa^v dviJ 
 
 against Thebes were buried at Eleuthe- 'AX6n-7;). Hippothoon gave his name 
 
 rae (Eur. Suppl. 75C-759 ; Pint. Thes. to an Attic tribe (1, 5, 2 ; 1, 38, 4). Po- 
 
 29), but the generals were buried near seidon turned A lope at her death into 
 
 Eleusis (Pint. Thes. 29). Euripides a spring named for her (Hyg. I.e.), 
 
 (Suppl. 634 sqq.) tells the story of The- which was at Eleusis (Ilesych. s.v. 
 
 seus compelling the Thebans by force *AX67ri7). 24. iraXaio-TiKTjv -yap T^XVTJV 
 
 of arms to give up the Argive dead for evpt tjo-tvs : according to Polemo the 
 
 burial, but Plutarch (I.e.) follows the Athenian Phorbas, the trainer of The- 
 
 story acceptable to the Thebans, that it seus, invented the art of wrestling; 
 
 was by persuasion. but Ister, whom Fausanias perhaps 
 
 17. 'AX6irt]s fiviifxa : see Hyg. Fab. followed, ascribed the invention to The- 
 
 187 for the story of Alope and Hippo- seus himself (Schol. Pind. Nein. 5, 89). 
 
 thoon. It was the theme of one of 27. Too-avra . . . avfycovra: at this 
 
 Euripides's tragedies (Ilarpocr. s.v. point ends the description of Attica,
 
 192 THE ATTICA OF PAUSANIAS 
 
 Ch. 39, 4 
 
 'EXevcrti't Se 17817 TrXiycrtd^w/ao? (i?) /caXov/AeVi? Meyapt's 4 
 ' Affrfvauav rjv /cat avrrj TO dp^a-lov, ITuXa rov /3ao"tXe'ws 
 TrdfTos Ilai'Stoj't. jaaprvpta Se' poi rcu^o? re Ilai'Sto- 
 vo<s eV rfj yf) /cat Ntcros Atyet /xe> Trpetr/^vTctTft) rov TTO.VTOS 
 yeVovs Trapa^wpi/o'a's Auyvaicov ap^eti^, avro? Se Meyctpwz' 
 
 35 /cat TI?S tt^pt ^Ppiv0ov /SacrtXevet^ cl^tw^et? Ntcrata re en 
 /cat vCt* Meyapeua't^ eVt^eto^ aTr' aurov /caXetrat. KdSpov 8e 
 vcrrepov /3acrtXevo^ro5 (TTpaTtvovcriv ITT' 'A^Va? ITeXoTrot'^i;- 
 crtot /cat 019 ovoei' aTrooet^a/xevot XafJiTrpov e/co/xt^o^ro ovrtcra), 
 Meyapa ' A.0rji>aL(t)i> eXd^re? KopwOiajv /cat rait' aXXwi^ cruynjua- 
 
 40 X^^ To '' < e04\QV<Tiv e8a>/cai> ot/ciycrat. Meya^oets' />tei/ ovrw? 5 
 $17 /cat <f>a)vr)V ^tera/3aXd^re? Aajptetg yeydi/acrt, K\rj0rjvaL Se 
 ourto rip TrdXtv tfracrlv eVt Kapo? rou <$>opa}i>ea)S Iv rrj yfj 
 ravrrj /8ao"tXevovTO5 rdre Trpwrov Xeyoucrtz/ tepa 
 Aiy/xi^rpo? aurot?, rdre dv^pcuTrov? 6vo/>tdcrat Meyapa. 
 
 45 /xet' avrot Tiept cr^>wi/ Meyapet? Xeyovcrt Botwrot 8e eV 
 'Oy^crrw Meyape'a rov HocretSco^o"; ot/cov^ra d^t/ceV^at 
 crrparta Botwrwi/ <^a<rt Ntcrw roz^ Trpo? MtVw iroXe/jiov crvv- 
 Stotcro^ra, Trecrd^ra 8e avrov eV r^ ^XV Tcufrrfvai re avrov 
 
 and there follows up to the close of the gara originally belonged together, but 
 
 book the description of Megara (^ Me7a- he presents better evidence than Pausa- 
 
 PIKT; ffvyypa<f>ri, 2, 19, 8 ; -^ ffvy-ypa.^ rj nias. 32. rd<{>os . . . IlavSiovos : see 
 
 Meyapis, 9, 19, 2). 1, 5, 3; 1, 41, 6. 30. KoSpov . . . 0a- 
 
 31. TTJS 'A0i]vai(ov ^v Kal aiirr] KT\. : o-iXtvovros o-Tparevovo-iv tir* 'AOrjvas 
 
 cf. 1, 42, 2. Pausanias here sides with IleXoirovv^o-ioi : Hdt. 5, 70, and Stra- 
 
 the Attic tradition, so that the whole bo, 9, p. 393, agree with Pausanias's 
 
 section is a polemic against the domes- account of the conquest of Megara by 
 
 tic Megarian tradition. The proof that the Dorians. 
 
 Megara originally belonged to Attica 46. Me-yapea : the paternity of Me- 
 
 is not given, for the statement that the gareus is in dispute. Hyg. Fab. 157 
 
 Megarian king Pylas left the land to says he was a son of Poseidon by ()e- 
 
 the Athenian Pandion merely indi- nope, daughter of Epopeus; A polled. 
 
 cates that Megara was for a time gov- 3, 15, 8, that he was a son of Ilippo- 
 
 erned by Attic princes. Strabo (9, p. manes and came from Onchestus to 
 
 392) also maintains that Attica and Me- help Nisus, but was killed by Minos ;
 
 MEGARA 
 
 193 
 
 Ch. 40, 1 
 
 l rrj vrdXet Meyapa ovofj,a ano TOVTOV yevecrffcu., irportpov 
 50 Ntcra /caXou/xeVrj. SwSe/caTT} Se vcTTtpov /a,era, Kapa roi^ fJ>o/3w- 
 
 1/eiws yevea Xe'yovcrti> ot Meyapet<? AeXeya a^LKo^vov e 
 
 AiyvTiTou /3acrtXeu0'ai /cat rovg a.v6 PMTTOVS K\r)0r)vat, Ae'Xe- 
 
 yas eVt T% ap^s avrov- KX^Vwi/os 8e rou AcXcyo? 
 
 cr9<j.i IluXai/, TOU ITvXa 8e ^Kipaiva. TOVTOV 
 55 ria^Sto^o? Ovyarpi, /cat vcrTtpov NtVw TOJ 
 
 d(ji(f>L(T(3TJTr)(Tiv l\0tiv TTf.pl r^s ap^rj^ [2,K(,pa)i>a] /cat 
 
 ov 8t/cacrat, /SacrtXctaf /xet' StSdi/ra Ntcrw /cat rot? a 
 
 /ctpaji/t 8e 'fjyep.oviai' eivou, TroXe/xov. Meyape'a 8e 
 
 TOJ^ ITocretSai^o? ffvyaTpl Ntcrou (rvvoiK^cravTa *l<j)Lv6r) 8taSe- 
 60 a<r#at r^ roO Ntcrov <acrt*> apxyv TOV 8e KprjTiKov TrdXe- 
 
 /AOt' /cat TT)J^ 7rt NtVov ySacrtXevo^ro? aXwcrt^ 7179 
 
 ov/c e^e'Xoucrti/ etSeVat. 
 40 ^Ecrrt Se eV r^ TrdXet Kprjvt] rfv crfyicriv w/ 
 
 Steph. Byz. s.v. M^apo, that he was 
 a son of Apollo ; Plut. Quaest. Gr. 10, 
 that lie was a son of Onchestus. 
 
 51. A*\YO- dcjuKOfitvov 4| Al-yvirrou 
 pacriXevo-ai : cf. 1, 44, 3. Hence Ovid 
 speaks of "the Lelegian Walls" and 
 "the Lelegian shores " of Megaris(Met. 
 7, 443 ; 8, <>). A colony of Leleges from 
 Megara, led by Pylus son of Cleson, 
 was said to have founded Pylus in Mes- 
 senia(4,36,l). 54. SKtpwva: the Athe- 
 nians represented Sciron as a murderer 
 and robber slain by Theseus (1, 3, 1 ; 
 1, 44, 8). Megarian writers, on the 
 contrary, assert that he was an excel- 
 lent man, the friend of the good and 
 the foe of the bad (Plut. Thes. 10). 
 He made the highroad from Megara to 
 the Isthmus of Corinth (1, 44, 0). The 
 Athenians distinguished between Sci- 
 ron the robber and Scirus an early set- 
 tler of Salamis, but the Megarians 
 
 identified them (see 1, 35, 2, note ; 
 Plut. I.e.; Harpocr. s.v. 2<ctp ")- The 
 Megarians admitted that he was slain 
 by Theseus, not however when he was 
 robber-hunting, but when he wrested 
 Eleusis from the Megarians (Plut. I.e.; 
 Paus. 1, 3ti, 4). 
 
 40. tipriny of Thvaycnes Hithni- 
 dian Nyinjihs Inutycs of Roman Em- 
 perors, of Artemis Soteira, and of the 
 Twelve Gods Olympieum with temple 
 of Zeus Statue of Zeus by Theocosmus 
 Contests of Megarians and Atheni- 
 ans over Salamis Antiquities on the 
 Acropolis Caria. 
 
 1 . "Eo-ri 6 4v TTJ iroXa KpT)VTj : the 
 modern town of Megara occupies the 
 site and preserves the name of the an- 
 cient city. It is on the slopes of a hill 
 with a double summit, about one and 
 one half miles from the sea. The plain 
 about Megara is six or seven miles long
 
 194 
 
 THE ATTICA OF PAUSANIAS 
 
 , ov /cat irporepov TovTatv ire[j,vijo'07)v Ovyarepa av- 
 TOV crwoi/ctcrat KuXwi't 'AOrjvaLO). ouro? 6 WeayeV^s Tvpawij- 
 o"a<? to/coSd/A^cre TT)Z> Kpr)Vf]v /jieyeOovs eW/ca /cat /cdo~/xov /cat 
 5 e's TO 77X^05 Tfoij' KIOVMV $eas a^Lav /cat v'Sojp e 's avTrjv pel 
 Ka\ov^vov ^iQvi&wv vv[j,<j)<av. ra? 8e ^t^z'tSas vv^a.^ Xe- 
 yovcrt Meya/3t9 eu>at jaeV cr^icnv eTTt^wptas, /xta Se avrwj/ 
 [^vyarpt] crvyye^ecr^at Ata, Meyapdv re TratSa 6Vra Ato? 
 /cat raur^s 817 TT)? vv/Ji(^rj<; eK(f)vyelv rrjv evrt Aev/caXtwvd? TTOTC 
 
 10 eTrojJL/Spiav, e/C(^vyet^ 8e Trpo? ra a/cpa r^9 Fepavta?, ov/c e^ov- 
 ro5 TTOJ TOU opov? TO 6Vo/m TouTo, dXXa vTJ\ecr9o.L yap Tre- 
 ro/xeVaj^ yepdvuv irpos rrjv ySo^ TOJ^ opviOwv avrov Sta 
 TOVTO Tepaviav TO opo? oz^o^tacr^^at. T^? 8e Kprjvrjs ov 2 
 Troppa) Tavrrjs dp^atdv e'crrtz' tepd^, etKoi^e? 8e e'<^)' rjfjLOJv 
 
 15 eo"Tacrt^ eV avTw /^acrtXeW 'Pw^atcu^ Kat ayaX^xa [TC] /cetTat 
 
 by as many wide, and is inclosed by 
 hills except toward the sea. Of the 
 two citadels mentioned by Pausanias 
 (1, 40, ; 1, 42, 1), the eastern and 
 lower hill was doubtless the acropolis 
 called Caria, the higher western hill was 
 the Acropolis of Alcathous. The an- 
 cient remains are extremely scanty. 
 Megara was noted in antiquity for the 
 size of its private houses and the 
 massive style of its public buildings 
 (Lsocr. de Pace, 117). 2. QcaYs'vTjs 
 . . . 0vya.T'pa . . . KvXwvi : see 1, 28, 
 1. 5. vScop . . . 2i6v(8cov vv|x<j>u>v : 
 an aqueduct, half a mile north of 
 the western hill, furnishing a copious 
 supply of water, may be the water of 
 the Sithnidian nymphs. (Baedeker, 
 Greece^, p. 153.) 10. irpos rd o.Kpa rfjs 
 Fepavias : see for similar explanation 
 of the name Gerania, Etymol. Magn. 
 p. 228, s.v. Tepdveia. It probably origi- 
 nated in the work of a native Mega- 
 
 rian named Dieuchidas, who began his 
 history of Megara at the point where 
 Hellanicus's work on Deucalion's flood 
 left off. (See Frag. Hist. Gr., ed. Miil- 
 ler, IV, 388.) Mt. Gerania is the 
 range of mountains traversing Mega- 
 ris from sea 'to sea, and forming a 
 natural boundary between Central 
 Greece and Peloponnesus, The high- 
 est summit is four thousand five hun- 
 dred feet above the sea-level. The 
 region is very wild, with only three 
 passes across the mountain, all of which 
 are difficult. The railway passes over 
 the third along the sea-cliffs of the 
 southern coast. 
 
 14. ttKoves: many of the inscriptions 
 carved on the pedestals have been 
 found, with the names of Julius Cae- 
 sar, Augustus, Tiberius, Nero, Hadrian, 
 Marcus Aurelius, Caracalla, and Galli- 
 enus; Hadrian, as a benefactor of Me- 
 gara, was especially popular. See
 
 MEGARA 105 
 
 Ch.40, 4 
 
 ' 
 
 Apre/uSos eVt/cXi^o'ti' Swreipa?. <acrt Se 
 TO> MapSoj/tou crrpaTov /caTaSpa^dfTas TT)^ MeyapiSa ciTro- 
 e? ( M )77/8as oTTtcrw irapa MapSoVtoz' lOeXtWj yvM^ Se 
 ^v/cra re oSotTropovcrti' eVtyeve'cr^at /cat T^? 6Sou 
 20 <r<f>a<; a/xaprot'ra? e's Tr)^ optiv^v T/3a7re'cr#at r^9 ^wpa? 7m- 
 p(t)p,vov<; 8e t crr/aarev/xa e'yyv? 117 ITO\[JLLOV d^teVat rwi' 
 ySeXai^, /cat r^ TrXrycrtot' Trerpav <rrivf.iv (3a.XXofj.vr]v, TOU? 
 Se OLvdis rofeuei^ rrpoOv^ia TrXe'ovt. re'Xo? Se avrot? a^aXar 3 
 Orjvai TOU? otarov? e'? ai/Spa? TroXe^ttov? ro^evet^ vojJii^ovaiv 
 25 r)p.pa re v7re<^atVero Kal ot Meyapet? eV^ecrav., /xa^oyne^ot Se 
 ovrXtrat TT/SO? d^ovrXovs /cat ouSe ^SeXaj^ eviropovvTa.^ ert fyovtv- 
 o\KTiv avrajv rov? TroXXov? /cat eVt rwSe ^a>ret/3a<? ayaX/xa 
 TTonrj(rai>TO ApTf/juoos. eVrau^a /cal rwv SwSe/ca o 
 peixtiv Oewv cr.Tiv dydX/xara e/aya etp'at Xeyo/xe^a 
 30 Xov? T^f Se "Apre/xi^ airryv ^rpoyyv\ioiv CT 
 
 Mera ravra e'? TO roi) Aio? re^xe^o? e'creX^ovcrt /caXov/xe^o^ 4 
 
 vao? eVrt ^e'a? a^io? TO Se ayaX/xa ou/c e'^etp- 
 TOV Ato?, eVtXa/8op > TO9 TOU IleXoTrot'^crta;^ TroXe'/xov 
 7T/3OS A^vaiovs, eV a /cat vav<riv ava TTOLV ero? /cat 
 
 C.I.G.G.S. 62, 63, 65-81, 3491. 17. rt'Xovs : archaeologists who believe in 
 
 KaraSpojiovTas ri]v Mc-yapCSa : this took two sculptors named Praxiteles (see 1, 
 
 place near Pagae (1, 44, 4). Herodotus 2, 4, note) attribute these images to the 
 
 (9, 14) tells how Mardonius advanced elder Praxiteles. This .seems to Fra- 
 
 against Megara and his army ravaged /er (note I.e.) and others a gratuitous 
 
 the Megarian territory. Theognis (v. and baseless assumption. Pausanias 
 
 775) attributed to Apollo the deliver- mentions other statues by Praxiteles 
 
 ance of the city. at Megara (1, 43, 5 and 6 ; 1, 44, 2). 
 
 27. SwTtCpas a-yaXjAa: this image was If there were two sculptors of this 
 
 by Strongylion ( 3), and a replica of name and works of both were here, 
 
 it was at Pagae (1, 44, 4). Coins of the why did not Pausanias distinguish be- 
 
 two cities give an identical type of tween them as between the elder and 
 
 Artemis, which may therefore be that the younger Polyclitus (6, 0, 2)? 
 of this statue. Seelmhoof-Blumerand 31. is TO TOV Aios T^ACVOS : this pre- 
 
 Gardner, Numism. Comm. on Pans. cinctwassituated in the saddle between 
 
 pp. 4, 8 sq., with pi. A, i. 30. IIpai- the two hills, near the northwest foot
 
 196 
 
 TUP: ATTICA OF PAUSANIAS 
 
 vo~Tpv 
 
 Ch.40, 5 
 
 35 (f>0ipovTes Meyapevo-ti; 'A^fcuoi rrjv ^a>pai> ra re KOIVCL 
 e'/cd/ca>crav /cat tSta TOV<? oucovg rjyayof e? TO eo~^a.Tov acrOe- 
 ra) Se dyaX/xart TOT) Ato<? TrpocrcuTrov eXe^avTO? /cat 
 v, TO, Se Xotrra Tr^Xov Te e'o~Tt /cat yuv|/ov TTOi-fjcraL Se 
 avTO eo/coo-jotoz' Xe'yovcrtj' eVt^&j/otov, o-vvepya.o-a.o~9 an. Se' 
 40 ot cfretStat'. VTrep Se TT/S K<f>a\fj<; TOV Ato? eto~t^ 'Ilpat /cat 
 Motpat- SrjXa 8e Tratrt T^V TleirpojfjLevrjv fjiova) ot 7ret^eo"^at 
 /cat TCXS wpas TOV 9eov rovrov vi^eiv e? TO Seoi/. oVtcr^e Se 
 TOV i^aov /cetTat ^vXa Ty/xtepya TavTa e/xeXXe^ 6 eo/coo~/oto5 
 e'Xe'^ai/Tt /cat ^pvcra) Kocr^rjcra.^ TO ayaXyuta e'/CTeXe'cretz^ TOV 
 45 AtoV eV 8e avTW TW ^aw Tpir/pov^ az^a/cetTat ^aX/cov^ e/x/^o- 
 Xoi>- TavTrjv TrfV vavv Xa^Set^ ^>ao"t 7re/5t SaXaja 
 
 77/30? 'A^z/atovg 6jaoXoyovo"t Se /cat ' 
 
 Se 
 
 , /caTa- 
 
 50 (TTT^at e eVt TovT.ot? e'g xtcr^r/o't^ Xe'yovo~t, KpaTTj- 
 
 av^t? e^et^. Meyapet? Se 
 ^>vydSa?, ov? Aopv/cXetov? 
 
 in the attitude of the Zeus at Olympia, 
 grasping a sceptre in his raised left 
 hand and holding an eagle or a Victory 
 in his outstretched right hand. See 
 Imhoof-Bluiner and Gardner, Numistn. 
 Comin. onPaus. pp. 4sq. , with pi. A, iii. 
 48. SoXwva: this is an allusion to 
 the story that Solon, to arouse the 
 Athenians from their lethargy, com- 
 posed verses inciting them to engage 
 in the struggle once more for the pos- 
 session of Salamis, and, feigning mad- 
 ness, rushed into the market-place and 
 recited his verses. The people were 
 stirred, once more fought with Megara, 
 and conquered Salamis. See Plut. 
 Solon, 8; Dem. 19, 252; Diog. Laert. 
 1, 2, 40 sq. 
 
 e'Xeyeta 
 
 Se eVt TovT.ot? e'g d/x 
 o~avTS Se TToXejaw SaXa/ittz'a 
 Trapa <T(j)(ov Xe'yovcrti/ ai'Spa? 
 
 of the eastern acropolis. Here many 
 inscriptions have been found mention- 
 ing the Olympieuni. See C.I.G.G.S. 
 1-14; Mitth. VIII, 183 sq. 35. 4>6e- 
 povTes Mt-yapevo-iv 'A0i]vatot rtjv \w- 
 pav: cf. Time. 2, 31; Plut. Pericles, 
 30. 37. TO) Se d-yd\(iaTi : as to Theo- 
 cosmus, see also G, 7, 2 ; 10, 9, 8. The 
 remark about the collaboration of Phi- 
 dias was probably due to the similarity 
 of this statue with the gold and ivory 
 Zeus at Olympia, on which it was 
 closely modeled. The passage is of 
 interest as throwing some light on the 
 process of making a gold and ivory 
 statue. See A. S. Murray, History of 
 Greek Sculpture, II, 117. On coins of 
 Megara Zeus is represented as sitting
 
 197 
 
 Ch.41, 1 
 
 MEGARA 
 
 d<^>t/co//,eVou9 Trapa. TOU<? eV ^ 
 Trpo&ovvai SaXa/xti^a 'A^Tii'atot?. 
 
 MeTot Se TOV Atog TO TeyLtevo? e'? TT^ d/cpo77oXt^ di/eX^ovo't 
 KaXovfMevrjv 0.770 Kapo? TOT) <&opa)vea><; /cat e'g T^yLtd? ert Ka- 
 
 ecrTt p,eV Atovvcrou i^ao? Nv/cTeXtav, TreTTOL-YjTaL Se '^ 
 'E77to"Tpo(^)ta9 iepov /cat NU/CTO? /caXov/xe^ot' e'o~Tt 
 /cat Ato? Kovt'ov i^ao? ov/c e^wv opofyov. rov Se '. 
 60 TO a.ya\fj.a Bpva^t? /cat ai/7o /cat ryv 'Tyetaz^ 
 
 evTavOa /cat T^? Ai^TyTpog TO KaXov^vov Meyapo^- 770177- 
 o~at Se ai^ro ^Sao~fXeuo^Ta Kdpa eXeyov. 
 41 'E/c Se T77? d/cpo77oXeco<? /caTtoi)o~t^, T^ 77po5 dp/CTOv TeVpa77Tat 
 
 55. s TTJV aKpoiroXiv . . . Kapiav : sculptured the frieze on the north side 
 Steph. Byz. s.v. Kapi'a makes a similar of the Mausoleum at Halicarnassus 
 
 statement, perhaps copied from Pau- 
 sanias. 57. NWKT\IOU : see Verg. 
 Aen. 4, 303; Ovid, Met. 4, 15. In the 
 nocturnal rites of Dionysus the mys- 
 tery of the death and resurrection of 
 the god seems to have been set forth. 
 Licentious orgies under the cloak of 
 these rites were put down by the 
 Romans. See Servius on Virgil I.e. 
 'A}>po8CTr]s *Eiri<rTpo4>(as : Preller- 
 Robert, Gr. Myth. I, 308, interprets 
 'Eirio-Tpo<f>ia (from liriffrptyeiv, to turn 
 towards) as meaning "she who turns 
 the hearts of man to love." The con- 
 verse of Epistrophian Aphrodite was 
 Apostrophian Aphrodite (9, 16, 3sq.). 
 There was another sanctuary of Aphro- 
 dite at Megara (1, 43,>). 58. NWKTOS: 
 Rohde, Psyche, 342, rein. 1, brings this 
 in close connection with Dionysus 
 Nyctelius, and recalls that Dionysus 
 was established at Delphi before Apol- 
 lo. See also Bouche"-Leclercq, Histoire 
 de la divination dans 1'antiquite", II, 
 256. 60. Bpvois: Bryaxis was a con- 
 temporary and rival of Scopas. He 
 
 (Pliny, N. II. 36, 30 sq.). Columella 
 (de re rustica, 1, praef. 31) mentions 
 him as one of the great mastersof sculp- 
 ture, along with Lysippus, Praxiteles. 
 and Polyclitus. A considerable num- 
 ber of his works are known to us by 
 name. See Brunn, Gesch. d. gr. Kiinsl- 
 ler, I, 383 sqq. An Asclepius by Bry- 
 axis is mentioned also by Pliny (X. II. 
 34, 73). Both Asclepius and Hygieia, 
 separately and jointly, appear on coins 
 of Megara, and the types were prob- 
 ably modeled after these statues of 
 Bryaxis. See Imhoof-Blumer and Gard- 
 ner, Numism. Oomm. on Paus. pi. A, 
 vi, vii; Wroth, Jour. Hell. Stud. V, 
 
 t>0. 01. T^S A'/jfXtlTpOS TO KO.XoVp.C- 
 
 vov Mryapov: for Megarian coins with 
 image of Demeter, see Imhoof-Blumer 
 and Gardner, pi. A, xii. 
 
 41. Monument of Akmcna Wins 
 Tomb of Ifyllus Temples of Isis, 
 of Apollo, and <>f Artemis Alcatlious 
 and the Lion of Cithneron Jlcroum 
 of I'andion Ilippolyte Tereus, 
 Procne, and Philomela.
 
 198 THE ATTICA OF PAUSANIAS 
 
 Ch. 41, 2 
 
 TO ywpiov, jjivrj/Jid ICTTIV 'AX/cp, 77^779 TrX^crtoi' rov 
 Ttteiov. /3aStovcraj> yap e? <Sb7/3a<? e "Apyovs 
 /ca#' 6So;f Xeyoutrw' avrr^v ev rot? Meyapois, /cat rov<? 'Hpa- 
 5 /cXetSas e? d/A^tcryS^T^crt^ eX0eu>, rov? p,e> e<? v Apyo<? I0\ov- 
 ras O77tcra> /co/ucrai TOV veKpov r^g 'AX/cyon^^"?, rov? 8' avYa>z> 
 e? i7/3as icat yap rot? 'Hpa/cXeov? Tratcrt rot? e/c Meyapa? 
 Tci<f)ov eli^at /cat 'A/A^trpvwvo? eV i^Jats. 6 Se eV 
 ^eo? eyprjcre ^ai//at * AXKfJLTrjvijv ev rot? Meyapois 
 10 eTvat <r<$>i(Tiv. evrevOev 6 raiv eVt^wpiw^ T^/xtv e 
 rjyelro e? "^capiov 'Povv cJ? et^acrKe^ o^o/xa^o/xe^ov, 
 yap vSwp Trore e/c rwv opaiv rCov virep r^v TroXiv 
 
 8e, 09 rdre Irvpavvei, TO vftcop erepcucre rpei//a? y8w- 
 IvravOa 'A^eXwoj eVot^cre. /cat TXXov TrXi^crtov TOU 
 15 'Hpa/cXeov? /x^/xa ecmv di^Spt 'Ap/ca8t 'E^ejaaj rw 'Aepo- 
 TTOU jjiovo/jLa^yjcrai'TO 1 ; /cat ocrrt? /xev v E^e/xo? cSi^ aTre/cretve^ 
 'TXXoi^, erepw^t row Xoyov S^Xwcroj, TeOanrai Se Kat 'TXXo? 
 eV rot-? Meyapot?. avrr; /caXotro av op^w? crrpareta 
 e? ITeXoTrdz/^cro^ eVt 'Opecrrov 
 
 2. (j-v-ii^a . . . 'A\K|x^vT]s: the story sanias (1, 41, 7). 14. 'AxtXw'w : the 
 
 of the death of Alcmena in the terri- river god Achelous was worshiped also 
 
 tory of Megara and of the contest of at Oropus. Ephorus, quoted by Macro- 
 
 the Heraclidae occurs only in Pausa- bius, Saturn. 5, 18, G sqq., says that 
 
 nias. According to Pherecydes in An- Achelous is the only river-god wor- 
 
 ton. Lib. 33 (fr. 39), she died in Thebes, shiped by all men, as the proper name 
 
 where, however, there was no grave of Achelous is used in a general sense to 
 
 her (9, 16, 7). According to another designate water. This designation was 
 
 legend, her grave was at Haliartus in given by the oracles of Dodona (Schol. 
 
 Boeotia (cf. 9, 32, 5; Plut. Lys. 28; II. 0, 616). There was a sanctuary 
 
 de genio Socr. 5, p. 578 A). of Achelous near the Ilissus at Ath- 
 
 11. sxp'ov'Povv:cf. Plut.Thes.27, ens (Plato, Phaedrus, p. 230 u). 
 
 who says that the Megarians pointed out "Y\\ov: cf. 1, 44, 10, and see 8, 5, 
 
 a grave of the Amazons in their city, on 1, where Pausanias corrects his pres- 
 
 the way from the agora to the place called ent statement by saying that this inva- 
 
 Rhus. The grave of the Amazons here sion took place in the reign of Echemus, 
 
 mentioned by Plutarch is probably the not of Orestes. So Herodotus (9, 26) 
 
 tomb of Hippolyte mentioned by Pau- represents Echemus, the conqueror of
 
 MEGARA 199 
 
 Ch.4l, 5 
 
 20 ov TTOppa) Se TOV *TXXov /x^T^xaros v Io~tSo<? z>ao<? /cat nap' av- 3 
 TOV 'ATroXXwi/d? ccrrt /cat 'Apre/xiSos 'AX/ca^ow Se' <acrt 
 Troojcrat ct77OKTetVai>Ta XCOVTO, TOV KaXovp-evov Ki6aipa)viov. 
 VTTO TOVTOV row Xebiros Sta<#a/3?7i>at /cat aXXou<? /cat Meya- 
 pe'ws (f>acri TOV o~(f>Tpov /3acrtXe'w<? vratSa EUITTTTOI', ro^ 8e 
 
 25 Trpecrflvrepov TCOV iraiocuv avrw Tt/xaX/cov ert TrpoTtpov O.TTO- 
 Oavtlv VTTO B^creiw?, (jT/aareuo^ra e? v A^>t8^a^ crw rot? Atocr- 
 KOvpoLS' Meyapea Se yd^.ov re VTrocr^eo-^ai ^vyarpo? /cat 
 tu? StaSo^oi/ e^et TT^? ap^rj<? ocrrt? ro^ Kt^atpw^tov Xeo^ra 
 ctTro/cretVat 8ta ravra 'AX/ca^ow TOI^ ITeXoTro? eTrt^etp^'- 
 
 30 cravra rw OrjpLO) /cpar^crat re /cat o;? e/8acrtXevcrc TO iepov 
 7Toir)o~a.L TOVTO, 'AypoTepav "ApTefJLiv /cat ' A7roXXa>^a ' Aypatoi/ 
 eVo^o^acravTa. ratira /xei/ [out'] oirrcu ye^eo-^at Xeyoucrtt' 4 
 eyw 8e ypa^eti' jLtez/ e'^e'Xw Meyapevo'tt' o/xoXoyovt'Ta, ov/c e)^a 
 Se OTTO)? evpa>ju,at Travra o~^>to~t^, cxXXa aLTTodaveiv p.ei> Xe'o^ra 
 
 35 eV TW Kt^atpwi/t V7TO 'AX/ca^ou 77ei'$o^iat, Meyape'tu? 8e Tt- 
 TratSa rt? /u,ei/ e? v A^>t8t'a^ eXBelv /xera rait' 
 ai//e ; TTW? 8' ai' a,<^)t/co/xet'O5 dvaipe0rji>a.L 
 e r 6J9, OTTOV /cat 'AX/c/xaz; 7roir^o"a5 ao~/u,a e? rou? At- 
 oo"/covpov5, w? 'A^t'a? eXotei> /cat TT)^ B-^are'aj? dyayotev 
 
 40 jJL-rjTepa at^/xaXwroz/, o/xw? (D^cre'a <f>r)orlv OLVTOV a.Treiva.1 ; Hti/- 5 
 Sapos Se rovrot? re /caret raura eVotTycre /cat ya^-^pov rot? 
 Atocr/coupot? (&rjcra eivai /SouXo/xe^ov e'? o aTreX^ett' OLVTOV 
 ifla) TOV \6y6fji6vov ydfiov crv/JLTrpd^ovTa. oo~rt9 Se e'ye- 
 , S^Xov tu? troXXrjv rot? Meyapevo~t 
 
 Hyllus, as king of Tegea. According Megarian tradition as given by Patisa- 
 
 to Diod. 4, 58, Hyllus challenged Eche- nias, Timalcus was a contemporary 
 
 mus, not Echemus Hyllus. both of Theseus, who slew him, and 
 
 28. TOV KiOaipwviov Xfcvra : thescho- of Alcathous, who married his sister. 
 
 liast to Apoll. Khod. 1, 517 supple- This, Pausanias argues, was impossible, 
 
 inents Pausanias's version of the story since Alcathous was the son, and The- 
 
 of Alcathous and the lion of Cithaeron. sens the great-grandson, of Pelops 
 
 33. Mfyapcvo-iv : according to the through his mother Aethra.
 
 200 THE ATTICA OF PAUSANIAS 
 
 Oh. 41, C 
 
 45 evrfBeiav, et ye ^crevs r^v array ovos HeXoTro? dXXd yap TOV 
 \6yov ol Meyapets etSdres iTriKpvTiTovcrLv, ov /3ovXd/ze^ ot 
 ^ dXtoi/at cn^tcrti' eVt rrj? dp^f)*? TT^S Ntcrov rr)^ TrdXtf, 
 SiaSe'acr$at Se XT)^ /3acrtXetai' yapfipov Nurov re Meyape'a 
 /cat avOiS 'AX/cd$ow Meyape'w?. (^at^erat Se reXevri^cra^TO? 6 
 50 Nurov /cat raiv Trpay^d-TOiv Meya/oevcrti/ e^Oap/jLevcov VTTO 
 TOVTOV 'AXKa^ov? dc^t/cdjaet'o? TOJ> KaLpov e HXtoo?- /Aaprv- 
 pioi> Se jitof TO yap ret^o? WKoSd/Ai^cre^ e^ ap^fj^ are TOV 
 Trepi(36\ov TOV dp^aiov Ka0aipe0ei>TO<; viro TWV Kp^raj^ . 
 
 'AX/cct^ou /xez^ /cat rov Xeo^ro?, etre eV rw KiOaipwvi avrov 
 
 55 etre /cat erepcaOi aTro/creiva? i^ao^ 'Ayporepag 'Apre^ttSo? /cat 
 
 'ATrdXXw^og iTroLrjcrev 'Aypatov, e'? rocrd^Se eVrw fjivrj/jirj e'/c 
 
 rovrou 8e rov lepov /cartovcrt IlavSto^d? ICTTLV rjputov. /cat 
 
 ort jixet' rd(f)rj IlavStojj/ eV At^ut'a? 'A^vd? /caXov/xeVw cr/co- 
 
 Tre'Xoj, SeSi^Xw/ce^ 6 Xdyo? 1^817 ^tot rt^td? Se /cat eV TT^ TrdXet 
 
 60 irapd Meyape'aji' e^et. 
 
 Se' e'crrt rou ria^Stovo? -fjpcoov fJLvrjfJia 'iTnroXvrr) $ 7 
 Se /cat rd e'? avTrjv OTTO t a Meyapet? Xeyovcrt^. ore 
 i/e5 eV "A^yatous orpareucracrat St' 'AvrtoTrr;^ e'/cpa- 
 
 VTTO B^cre'w?, rd? /xeV TroXXd? (rvvefi 
 05 O.VTWV aTToOaveLVj ' \Tnro\vTrjv 8e doe\(f)r)i> ovcrav ' 
 
 58. Alfluias *A9T]vas: cf. 1, 5, 3. 61. fivfjfia 'IiriroXvTTis : the tomb 
 
 Hesych. s.v. ^v 5' AWuca says that seems to have been called the Rhoni- 
 
 Athena was worshiped by the Megari- boid (Plut. Thes. 27), but Bursian, 
 
 ans under the title AWwa," diver-bird," p. 376A, 1, would here translate po/x- 
 
 because, transforming herself into a poeidts kreiselformig. The Amazonian 
 
 diver and hiding Cecrops under her shield is represented as a crescent in 
 
 wings, she had carried him to Megara. shape on some works of art. See Bau- 
 
 Lycophron (Alexandra, v. 359) refers meister, Denkm. pp. 62, 369, 2015. It 
 
 to Athena under this title. The bluff also appears in art as an oval shield 
 
 of Athena Aithuia is perhaps the spit with two notches, one on each side 
 
 of land now called Skala, jutting into (Baum op.cit.p. 59), or as an unbroken 
 
 the sea on the south side of the hill oval. See also Baum. p. 2038 ; Ro- 
 
 of Nisaea. seller's Lexikon, I, 272.
 
 MEGARA 201 
 
 Ch.42, 1. 
 
 /cat rare ^yovp.eviqv TMV yvvanKwv diro^vyelv crvv 6Xtyat<? e's 
 Me'yapa, are Se /ca/ca>9 OUTCU npa^aaav TW crrpara) rot? re 
 irapovcriv d#vtiajs e^ovcrai/ /cat ?rept r^s ot/caSe e's rr)i/ ettt- 
 (TKvpav crcoTT/pta*? p.aXXov ert aTropovcrav VTTO XVTT^S reXevr)?- 
 
 70 crat /cat #di//at avrrjv aTTO0avovcra.v, /cat ot rov 
 
 (T^rjfj.d ecmv 'AfJia^ovLKr) acnrtSt e/x^epe?. TOVTOV Se' e 
 ov iroppo) ra^)O? T^pea)? rov npd/cv^v yi^/xa^rog 
 oj/o?. e^acrtXevcre Se 6 T^pev?, a>9 ^teV Xeyofcrt^ ot Meya- 
 pet?, Trept ra? Flaya? ra? /caXov/xeVa? r^? MeyaptSo?, w? Se 
 
 75 e'yoj re So/cw /cat re/c/xi^pta e'<? rdSe XetTrerat, AavXtSog ^PX 
 T7j? VTrep Xatpwveta? TraXat yap r^5 i^w /caXov/aeV^g 'EXXa- 
 So<? fidp/Bapoi TO, TToXXa w/cr^crav. eVet Se ^v /cat T^pet ra 
 e'? ^tXo/x^Xav e'^eipyacTjiieVa /cat TO, Trept roi^ "irvv VTTO rtav 
 yvvQ.iK.tov . . . eXeti^ cr^a? 6 Ti^pev? ov/c e'Sui^aro- /cat 6 /xep- 9 
 
 80 eVeXevr^cret' ej/ rot? Meyapot? avro^etpta, /cat ot rdfyov av- 
 rt/ca e\d)O~a.v /cat Ovowiv dva. trav ero<? \jjrj(f>icnv iv rfj OVCTLO. 
 OLVTL ovXwv ^pWjLte^ot /cat roi^ e7ro7ra roi^ opviOo. VTav0a 
 ff>avfjv(u Trp<i)TOv \<lyov(Tiv at Se ywat/ce? e'? /xe^ "A^i/as 
 d<f)LKovTO, Oprjvova'ai Se ola tiraOov /cat ofa di/re'Spacra^ UTTO 
 
 85 oaiKpvMV Sta^^etpovrat, /cat o"(^to"t TT)^ e'? di^SoVa /cat 
 Sdi^a /xeraySoX^ eVe^/uuo'ai' ort ot/xat /cat avrai at o 
 e'Xeet^o^ /cat Oprjvoi o^oiov aSovcrti^. 
 
 42 v Eo~rt Se /cat aXX^ Meyapeuo"t^ d/cpoTroXt? a77o ' 
 
 TO ovofjLa e^ovcra- e'? ravrr^v TTJV d/cpo77oXt^ dvioixriv icrnv 
 eV Se^ta Meyape'w? ^tv^/xa, 09 /caret r^ eVto"rpareta^ 
 
 ^vtt/xa^d? o-ffricnv rf\0v e'^ 'Oy^T7o~ro{. Se 
 /cat eorta ^eaii' npoSo/xe'cuv /caXov/xeVwi^ Bvcrai Se' 
 
 72. T(x4>os Tt]p('(os: on the story of Image of Mentnon Council House 
 
 Tereus, Procne, and Philomela, see 1, The temple of Athena Temple and 
 
 5, 4 and note. images of Apollo Nature of ebony 
 
 42. The Acropolis of Alcathovs and End of the sons of Alcathous Ileroum 
 
 its antiquities Alcathoitis and Apollo oj Ino.
 
 202 
 
 THE ATTICA OF PAUSANIAS 
 
 Cli.42, 2 
 
 'AX/ca$ow Xe'youo-t Trpwrov, ore TT^S ot/co8o/xtag TOV 
 e/jieXXev dp^ecrOai. TVJS Se ecrrta? e'yyv? ravTif]^ ear! 
 e'<' ou Kara^ttvat Xeyovcrtv 'AvroXXw^a rr)^ KiBdpav 'AX/ca#<y 2 
 TO ret^o? (Tvvepya.t,6^f.vov. . . . 817X01 re /xot /cat rd8e w? 
 
 10 o"wereXow e? 'A^iyvatous Meyapet?- <au>Tat yap TT^V $v- 
 yarepa 'AX/ca#ous IIept/3otav d/jia Wr/crel ire^ai Kara rov 
 Sao~/xo^ eg Kpi^rj^. Tore 8e avTW Tet^t^o^ri, a>? <$>a.(Tiv ol 
 Meyapet?, o"v^epya^erat TC 'ATrdXXwv /cat TT)I^ KL0dpav Kare- 
 6rjK6v evrt TOI^ \i6ov ' rfv 8e TU^T^ fla\a)v rt9 v//i7^)t8t 7 /caret 
 
 15 TavTa OUTO? TC ^170-6 /cat KiOdpa. KpovcrQelcra. e'/xot 8e 3 
 Trapecr^e /xei^ /cat TOVTO ^av/xao~at ? Trapecr^e Se TroXXw yLta- 
 Xto~Ta AiyvTTTLtov 6 /coXoo-Q-d?. eV H^at? Tatg AtyvTTTtat?, 
 Sta/3ao~t TOV NetXoi^ Trpo? TO,? Svptyya? /caXou/xeVa?, etSo^ 
 
 8. 'AiroXXwva: see 1, 41, 0, on the 
 building of the walls of Megara by 
 Alcathous. Theognis (vv. 773 sq.) rep- 
 resents Apollo himself as fortifying the 
 acropolis in honor of Alcathous. Ps.- 
 Verg. Ciris, vv. 105 sqq., has Megara 
 fortified by the joint labor of Alcathous 
 and Apollo and tells how one of the 
 stones, when struck, gave forth a mu- 
 sical tone like the note of a lyre. Ovid 
 (Met. 8, 14 sqq.) calls the walls of Me- 
 gara "vocal," due to Apollo's laying 
 down his gilded lyre upon them ; and 
 he elsewhere (Tristia, 1, 10, 39) speaks 
 of " the walls of Alcathons." 
 
 17. At-yvirriwv 6 KoXooxros KT\.: what 
 the Greeks called the statue of Mem- 
 non was a colossal statue, carved out 
 of a single block of hard breccia, which 
 with a companion statue stood in front 
 of a temple of Amenophis III at Thebes. 
 The temple is gone, but the statues 
 still remain. Each is about sixty feet 
 high. Strabo (17, p. 210) says one was 
 complete, but of the other the upper 
 
 part had been thrown down by an 
 earthquake, and that once a day, at 
 sunrise, a sound proceeded from the 
 part of the broken statue which re- 
 mained in its chair ; he himself visited 
 the statue and heard it. The explana- 
 tion usually given is that the sound 
 was caused by the expansion of the 
 air in the crevices at sunrise, due to 
 the increase of temperature. 18. irpos 
 rds 2vpi-yY a s KaXovjitvas : the Greeks 
 gave the name of <?vpi.yyes or "pipes" 
 to the great necropolis which is hewn 
 out of the rock in the range of lime- 
 stone hills to the west of Thebes. 
 Each sepulchral chamber is approached 
 through a series of passages, all subter- 
 ranean and hewn out of the rock. The 
 Theban kings of the eighteenth and 
 nineteenth dynasties are buried there. 
 See Strabo (17, p. 81G), Aelian (Nat. 
 Anim. 6, 43), Ammianus Marcellinus 
 (22, 15, 30), and Perrot et Chipiez, 
 Histoire de 1'Art dans PAntiquite", I, 
 2GO sqq.
 
 MEGARA 203 
 
 Ch. 42, 5 
 
 eYi Ka6tjfJL6voi> dyaX/xa rj^ovi' Me/iPOPa 6*>o/Ltdoucrti> ot 
 
 20 TroXXoi, TOVTOV yap fyacriv e At$to7rtag 6pp.r)6rjvai e'<? Atyu- 
 
 TTTOI/ /cat T>)I> ax/ 31 2oiKTtoi>- dXXa yap ov Me'/xfoi'a ot BTJ- 
 
 /Satot Xeyoucri, 4>atteVaj<a Se et^at TW^ ey^ajpiajv ov rovro TO 
 
 dyaXtta i)i>, rj/covo-a Se 17817 /cat 'Zea'axTTpiv <^a|u,eVa>^ eti^at 
 
 TOVTO TO ayaXyna o Ka/A^8vc7i7? 8te'/coi//e- /cat vi)v orrocrov e/c 
 
 25 K6(j>a\rj<; e? pecrov <rai/xa eVrtt' a7reppt/x/xeVo^, TO 8e XOITTOI/ 
 
 Ka.0rjTai TC /cat aVa vracra^ r)p,pav avicr^ovTos rjXiov /8oa, 
 
 /cai TOP' T7X OI; / Ltc ^Xto~Ta et/cao~et Tt; KiBdpa.^ r} 
 
 Meya/3vo"t Se eb"Tt /xev (BovXevrr) piov , Ti/u,aX/cov Se 
 30 TTOTC cJ? Xeyovo"t Tct(^)O5, 6V Trporepov oXtyov TOVTWI^ ov/c 6( 
 VTTO T7o~ea)5 dvro^ai'et^. w/co8dju,i7Tat 8e eVt T^ Kopv(f>fj 
 
 ao<? 'A^^a?, ayaX/xa 8e e 
 
 /cat OLKpwv TTO&WV TCLVTCL Se /cat TO irpocrajTrov ICTTLV 
 /cat ertpov ivTavda iepov 'AOrjvds TreTrot^Tat 
 35 /caXou/LteV^? Nt/ci7? Kat aXXo AtavTt'Sos Ta 8e e? avro Meya- 
 /xe^ TrapetTat Tot? e^y^Tat?, eyai 8e oTrota ^o/xt^aj ye^e- 
 ypdi|/a>. TeXa^iaii^ 6 Ata/cov dvyarpi 'AX/cd^ov ITept/3ota 
 A lavTa ovv TTjv dp^qv Tyv 'AX/cd^ov 8ta8efd- 
 TTOirjcrai TO dyaXjtxa rjyovfjiaL rrjs 'A^i'd?. 
 40 Tov 8e 'ATrdXXwi'O? 7rXiV$ov /xe^ 17^ 6 dpyalos vao? vcrre- 5 
 pov 8e ySao~tXev? w/co8o/ai70"ei' 'ASptai^o? XiBov Xeu/cov. 6 /aei^ 
 87) ITv^to? /caXov/xe^os /cat 6 Ae/caTi^^opo? Tot? Atyv77Ttot? 
 eot/cao"t odz^ot?, 6V Se * 
 
 40. irXivOov : as to the use of the un- 'ASpiavos : Hadrian was a lavish patron 
 
 burnt brick in ancient Greek archi- of Megara (ef. 1,44, (i) and in return 
 
 tecture, see Frazer's note on 5, 1C, 1. the Megarians named a tribe after him 
 
 An inscription (C.I.G.G.S. 42) dating (C.I.G.G.S. 72, 74, 101) and erected 
 
 between 242 B.C. and 223 B.C. speaks many statues in his honor (note on 
 
 of the repair of the temple of Apollo 1,40,2). 6 . . . ITvOios . . . KO! 6 Ac- 
 
 at Megara. Here was also another Kari]<{>6pos rots Al-yvirriois . . . coUao-i 
 
 sanctuary of Apollo (1, 44, 2). 41. godvois: this passage has been cited,
 
 204 THE ATTICA OF PAUSAXIAS 
 
 Ch. 42, 6 
 
 Atytv^Tt/cotg e/>yot<? eVrtv o/xotos eftcvov Se TTOLVTCL o/xoiw? 
 
 45 7T7Toi,rjTaL. TJKOvcra 8e dvSpo? Kvirptov 8ta/cpiWt vrda? e'<? 
 a.v6 p(iiiT(DV tacrtv tSoTO<?, 05 Tr}^ eflevov <vXXa OVK e(f>r) <f)veiv 
 ouSe eu>at Kapnov ouSeVa aV' avr^? ovSe opacr9a.i TO irapd- 
 Trav avrr)v viro rjXiov, pt^a? 8e vTroyatov? etvat, ravra? Se 
 opvcrcreiv row? At^ioTra? /cat aVSpa? eivat o~(f>LcrLv ot r^ 
 
 50 tfievov icracTLv evpicrKtiv. eicrrt Se K-at /\tj/j.'Y)Tpo<; iepov Be- 6 
 (TfjLO(j)6pov. KaTLOvcn 8e ivrevOev KaXXtTrdXtSo? fj.vrj /j,d icrnv 
 'A\Koi0ov TratSdg. eyeWro 8e /cat aXXo? 'AX/cct^w Trpecrftv- 
 repo? vto? 'ifr^eVoXt?. 6V aTrearetXei' 6 Trarrjp MeXeaypw TO 
 eV AtraiXta Orjpiov crvve^aLpijcrovTa. aTroSavovTos oe ivTa.v9a 
 
 55 TT/awro? re^vea)Ta eVv^ero 6 KaXXtVoXt?, d^aS/aa/xaJi/ Se e'<? 
 r^ a.KpoTTo\iv TrjvLKavTa Se 6 TraTtjp ot TO) 'ATrdXXw^t 
 
 VKCLV - aTTOppLTTTeL TO, ^uXtt aTTO TOU f3<i)[JiOV ' 'AX/cd$OV<? 
 
 Se avrjKoo^ a)i> ert r^5 'icr^eTrdXtSo? reXevr^? 
 ou Trotetv 6Vta ro^ KaXXtVoXtz^ /cat ev^ew? co? 
 
 60 -rreKTeive 7rat<ra<? e? r Kca-v T0)v 
 
 Kara 8e r^ e? TO irpvTavfiov 68ov 'I^o9 tcrriv rjpuiov, 7 
 irepl 8e auTO #pty/co<? \i0Mv 7re^v/cao~t Se eV avTW /cat 
 eXatat. /JLOVOL 8e eicnv 'EXX^^wt' Meyapet? ot Xeyo^Te? 
 65 veKpov TrjS 'Ivov? e? TO. 77apa^aXdcro~td crfyicriv 
 KXi7o~w 8e /cat Tau/DoVoXtz' tvpelv re /cat 
 
 on very insufficient grounds, to prove modeled, directly or indirectly, on 
 
 the direct dependence of early Greek Egyptian statues. See Collignon, Ilis- 
 
 art on the art of Egypt. SeeOverbeck, toirede la Sculpture Greccjue, 1, 117sq. ; 
 
 Gesch. d. gr. Plastik 4 , I, 37 sq. ; A. S. Furtwaiigler, Meistervv. d. gr. Plastik, 
 
 Murray, History of Greek Sculpture 2 , pp. 712 sqq. 4(i. <{>v\XaovK e$r\ 4>viv: 
 
 I, 76 sq. This dependence, however, this absurd belief was not shared by 
 
 has been maintained on other grounds Theophrastus (Hist. Plant. 4, 4, 6) or 
 
 by some writers. Thus the archaic Pliny (N. II. 12, 17 sqq.). Cf. Pans. 
 
 male figures known as the Apollos 2, 19, 3 ; 4, 32, 1 ; 7. 5, 5. 
 of Orchomenos, Tenea, etc., are be- 64. TOV veKpov rfjs 'Ivovs : cf. 1, 44, 
 
 lieved by these authorities to have been 7 sq. ; 4, 34, 7.
 
 MEGARA 205 
 
 Ch. 43, 2 
 
 0vya.Tpa<; Se aura? etmt KX^'crtofos TOV Ae'Xeyo? Kai Aeu- 
 Ko0av re ovop,a(T0'fjvat, Trapa cr^t'crt TrpaVrots c^acrt^ avrrjv 
 Kal Bvo~iav ayeti> oVa TTOLV erog. 
 
 43 Aeyovtrt Se eu>at /cat 'l^tyeveta? 17/30)01' diroBavtiv yap 
 Kat Tavrrjv eV Meyapot<. e'yai Se TjKovcra /JLCV Kal dXXov e'<? 
 'l<tyeVetai> Xoyov VTTO 'ApKaSa)*> Xeyd/xei'oi', otSa 8e ' 
 TronrjcravTa eV KaraXdya) yvvaiKuv '\fyiyevtiav OVK d- 
 5 yvai^-Q 8e 'Aprc/u/tSos 'E^aTT^ eti'at rovrot? 8e 'HpoSoro? 
 6/xoXoyovi>ra eypai// Tavpov? row? Trpo? 
 7rap0ei>(p TOV? t'avayov?, <^a^at Se aurou? 
 yeVetai^ etvat TT)^ 'Aya/ae]u,z/o^o?. e^et Se irapa. Meyapevcri 
 /cat v ASpao"TO5 rt/xa? ^>acrt Se aTroOavelv Trapa cr^tcrt /cat 
 
 10 TOVTOV, ore eXcoi/ T]/3a<; airriyzv OTTLCTOJ TOV arpaTov, atrta Se' 
 ot row Bavdrov yfjpas Kat r^ AtytaXe'w? ye^eV^at 
 Kat 'Apre/xtSo? lepov 6 'Aya/ze'/Avwi' eVotr^cre^, rjvLKa 
 KaX^a^ra otKovtra eV Meyapot? e'? *lXto^ eVecr$at 
 eV Se rw Trpvra^eta) T60d<j)0aL (JLCV EVITTTTOV Meyape'w? TratSa, 2 
 
 15 T0d<f)0ai Se TOJ> 'AXKa^ov Xeyovcrti/ 'ifr^e'TroXt^. eVrt Se rov 
 
 43. Iphigenia Adrastus Graves was a temple with an image of her. 
 
 in t/ie Prytaneum T/e rocfc Anacle- Herodotus does not mention the iden- 
 
 ^/tra Graves in the city TheAesym- tification of Iphigenia with Hecate. 
 
 niuni Worship of Iphinoc Temples 9. "ASpac-ros : Dieuchidas, the native 
 
 o/ Aphrodite and of Dionysus with their historian of Megara, (juoted by Schol. 
 
 images Temple of Tyche with image I'ind. Nem. !), 30, says that the ac- 
 
 by Praxiteles Temple with statues by tual grave of Adrastus was in Megara, 
 
 Lysippus Coroebus and his tomb in while a cenotaph of him was at Sicyon. 
 
 the market-place. 12. 'ApWjiiSos Upov: not identical 
 
 1. '14>ry<v(as T)pwov : on the Iphi- with the temi)le of Artemis Soteira 
 
 genia legend, consult Roscher, Lexi- mentioned above, but situated prob- 
 
 kon s.v. Ildt. 4, 103 relates the story ably in the neighborhood of the Pryta- 
 
 here referred to him. Strabo, 7, p. 308, neum. 
 
 mentions a sanctuary of the Virgin in 14. lv 8e TW irpvravtCw : it is per- 
 
 the city of Tauric Chersonese, and says haps to be inferred that when a hero 
 
 that on a cape called Parthcnium, enjoyed especial honor, his grave also 
 
 about eleven miles from the city, there was placed in a prominent position.
 
 206 THE ATTICA OF PAUSANIAS 
 
 Ch.43, 3 
 
 irerpa TrXfjcrLOv 'Am/cXi^ptSa rrjv Trerpav ovo- 
 , cos Ar)(j.TJTr)p, el rco mcrra, ore rrjv TratSa eVXa^aro 
 , /cat IvravOa at>e/caXeo~ev avTrfv. e'ot/cdra Se rc3 
 Xdyco $po)cnv eg 17/xas ert at Meyape'aif ywat/ces- 
 20 Etcrt Se rcu^ot Meyapevcrty eV rr) TidXet /cat ro^ /aeV rot? 3 
 diTo0avovcni> eTrofycrav /caret r^ eTTtcrrpareiat' rou Mi^Sov, 
 ro 8e Atcrv/xt'tot' KaXov^evov /xv^^ta ^z/ /cat rovro ypaxov. 
 'TTrepto^og 8e rov 'Aya/xe'/xi^o^o? ouros yap Meyape'wi/ e'ySa- 
 crtXeticr/ ucrraros rovrou row a^Spo? airoOavovTos VTTO 
 25 Sa^Sto^o? Sta TT\eoi>e^Lai> /cat v/3/otv, ^acrtXevecr^at /xe^ ou- 
 /cert UTTO e^o? e'ooKet cr^t'crti', etrat oe ap^o^ra? atperov? /cat 
 /xepo? a/covets aXXTyXwi/. ivravOa. Alcrv^vos ot8e^o? ra 
 o^a^ Meyape'wi^ Seurepo? trapa TOV 9tov rj\.9ev e? AeX- 
 (*)v Se r)pa>Ta rpoTrov rtVa evSat^toi^crovcrt /cat ot 
 30 /cat aXXa 6 ^eo? ^prjcre /cat Meyape'a? eu vrpa^et^, 
 rail/ TrXetd^ojv ySovXevfrcovrat. rouro ro CTTO? e'? 
 ra<? e)(t^ vo/xt^ot're? /SovXevTTJpLov eVrav^a oj/co 
 crfyicriv 6 ra^>o5 rail/ rjpaiwv eVro? rou jSovXevrrjpiov yeVr/rat. 
 'Ei^rev^ez^ Trpo? ro 'AX/ca^ov /3aSi / owti' rjpaiov, w Meyapet? 4 
 
 16. 'Ava.K\T]0pi8a: in theEtymol. Magn. Euphron in that of Sicyon (Xen. Hell, 
 
 p. 96, s-v/Ava/cX^pfs, this rock is called 7, 3, 12) ; Philopoemen in that of Mega- 
 
 Anaclethris, and a similar story is told lopolis (C.I.G. 1536); and Brasidas in 
 
 of the origin of the name. f rout of the agora of Amphipolis(Thuc. 
 
 20. Ta<j>oi MeY^pcvo-iv : only the he- 5,11). 22. TO SeAlo-vjiviov: according 
 
 roic and worshiped dead were buried to Pausanias the Aesynmiuin, which 
 
 within the walls of a city. The account was the grave of the heroes, must have 
 
 shows that the men who fell in the bat- been within the Council House. It was 
 
 ties against the Persians were regarded probably a chamber in which the offi- 
 
 as heroes in the religious sense. The cials called Aiffv/j.vijrai (C.I.G.G.S. 15) 
 
 epitaph composed by Simonides on the met. Here was probably a tomb of 
 
 Megarian dead is preserved (C.T. G. Aesymnus, a mythical personage in- 
 
 G.S. 53). Of other great Greeks, Co- vented to explain the name. See Pauly- 
 
 roebus and Orsippus were buried in the Wissowa, I, 1090, s.v. Aisymnetes; 
 
 agora of Megara (1, 43, 8; 1, 44, 1); Busolt, Griech. Staats-undKechtsalter- 
 
 Thersander in that of Elaea (9, 5, 14); turner 2 , pp. 46 ft'.
 
 MEGARA 207 
 
 Ch. 43, 6 
 
 35 e's ypap,fjia.T(Di> <j)v\a.Kr)i> i%jp5nrrQ eV e/xoi), fjn>rjfj.a 
 
 TO fJief Tlvpyovs elvai yvz/ai/co9 'AX/ca#ov Trpiv rj TT)I> Meya- 
 /3e'a>9 avrov Xa/3eti> Euat^/xT/v, TO Se 'l^ifOTj? *AX/ca#ou Ovya- 
 T/3O9* aTro^a^ett' Se avr^v <j>a.<riv ert irapOevov. /c 
 Se Tat? KopaLS xoa9 77/369 TO T7?9 '1^)1^0179 /xi/^/xa 
 
 40 peti' Trpo ya/xov /cat aTrdp^ecrOai roiv T/Dt^aii/, KaBa /cat TrJ 
 /cat V fi7rt8t at 0vyaTpes TTOTC OLTreKeipovro at Ary- 
 irapa Se TT)I> ecroSoi/ T^ 69 TO Atoi/vo"toi/ TCt(^>o9 eo"Ttv 5 
 'Ao"TU/cpaTta9 /cat Ma*rou9 Bvyarcpes 8e rfcrav IloXveiSou 
 TOV Kotpat'ov TOV *A(3avTo<; TOV MeXayu, 770809 e*9 Meyapa 
 
 45 eX#dWo9 'AX/ca^oui' eVt TOJ <f>6va> TW KaXXt7rdXt8o9 Ka^pat 
 TOU 7ratSo9. w/coSd/x^cre 817 /cat TW Atowo~GJ TO itpov FloXuet- 
 809 /cat 6avov dve0r)Kev a7ro/ce/cpv/w,/aeVoi/ e'(^>' ^^.wv ir\r)v 
 TOU 7T/3oo~a>7rou TOVTO Se e'crTt TO (fravepov. 'S.a.Tvpos Se irape- 
 CTTrjKei' atTw npa^tTe'Xou9 epyov HapLov \L9ov. TOVTOV 
 
 50 /Aei^ ST^ IlaTpwoi^ /caXouo'tt' trepov Se Atdt'i'O'o^ Aao~vXXtOf 
 TTovofjia.^ovT<; RvxTJvopa TOV Kotpat/ou TOU IToXuet'Sou TO 
 ayaX/xa a^a^et^at Xeyovort. jueTa Se TOV Ato^ucrof TO iepov 6 
 
 ao9, ayaXyu,a Se e'Xe'^)a^TO9 'A^poStV^ TTC- 
 IIpat9 f.TTLK\rjcnv. TouTo e'cTTi^ ap^atoTaToj' eV 
 
 55 TW t'aw IIet#a> Se /cat erepa ^09, T^V Hapyyopoit 6i/o^a^ 
 
 40. rfi 'Eicat>yi) KaVflwiBi: cf. 5, 7, Ol. 13, 105, with Schol.). Echenor is 
 
 8, ^/c TWJ< 'irfp(iop{ui> Kai O.VTO.I . . . d(pi- called son of Polyidus in Ilom. I.e. and 
 
 KOITO e's A^\o^, Hyperborean maidens Schol. Find. Ol. 13, 78. 
 
 perhaps identical with Artemis herself. 53. 'A}>po8TT)s vaos : named Aphro- 
 
 See Roscher, Lexikon, I, 2810 sqq. ; disium in Plut. Agesilaus, 27; Xen. 
 
 Preller-Robert, p. 299. Hell. 5, 4, 58 mentions this temple, 
 
 46. IIoXvciSos . . . Ev\^vopa : here and says that once when Agesilaus 
 
 two descendants of Melampus, Polyi- was in Megara a vein in his leg burst 
 
 dus and Echenor, are named as found- as he was ascending from the sanctuary 
 
 era of sanctuaries of Dionysus. Melam- of Aphrodite to the government office. 
 
 pus himself was an important patron 55. Ilf iOw : Peitho is the personili- 
 
 of Dionysus worship. Polyidus was an cation of persuasion to love, and Pare- 
 
 illustrious seer (II. N, 603 sqq. ; Pind. gorus of consolation in unfortunate
 
 208 THf: ATTICA OF PAUSANIAS 
 
 Ch. 43, 7 
 
 epya TT^a^treXou? ^/COTTO, Se v Epa? /cat "l/utepos /cat 
 II d#o9, et Sir) $i.d(f)Opd e'crrt /car a ravro rot? o^d/xacrt /cat ra 
 epya crc^tcrt. TrXrjo'LOv 8e rov TT^? ' Ac^ooStrx/s vaov 
 eVrtv iepov., npa^tre'Xous /cat aur>7 re^vr) /cat eV TOJ 
 60 rcjj TrXrjcriov Movo-as /cat ^aX/cow Ata eVot^cre AvcrtTTTro?. 
 
 *Eo~rt Se MeyapevVt /cat Kopoi/3ov ra^>o? ra 8e e? avrov l 
 67717 /cotz/a o/j.a>5 ot'Ta rot? 'Apyetwv IvravOa Si^Xwcrco. eVt 
 \eyovaiv Iv "Apyet ySacrtXevo^ro? "^a/ 
 re/ceti^ TratSa e^ 'ATroAAajj/o?, 4^op,V7)V Se tc 
 65 rov 7rar/DO9 Set/xart rot' vratSa e/c^et^at /cat TOI^ /xev Sia<jf0t- 
 povo'Lv eTrtru^d^re? e/c r^5 vrot/x^? /cvi^e? TT^? Kporcuvrov, 
 'ATrdXXwt' Se 'A/oyetot? e's T^V woXti' Tre/xTret Ilot^^V. ravrr^i/ 
 row? vratSa? aTTO rai^ /x^repaj^ <^>acri^ a'^vra^et^, e? 6 Kdpot- 
 /8o? e? ^dpiv 'Apyetots ^>o^evet TT)^ Ilot^V. (^oi/evcra? Se 
 70 ov yct/o d^tet (T^a? Sevrepa eVtTrecrovcra macros Xot/xwS-^g 
 e/cwi/ rj\6ev e? AeX^ov? V(j)^a)V Si/cas ra> ^ew rov 
 IToti>77<?. e? /aei^ ST) ro v Apyo<? d^acrrpe^et^ ov/c eta 8 
 Kopot/3o*> 17 Ilv^ta, r/3tVo8a 8e apd^vov tftepeiv e'/ce'Xeve^ e'/c 
 
 love. Peitlio is frequently portrayed her left, may be copied from Praxitr- 
 
 in art, especially on vases, but Part - les' statue. See Imhoof-Blumer and 
 
 gorus is not elsewhere mentioned. Gardner, Nuniisrn.Ccmmi.onPaus. p. 7, 
 
 56. "Epcos Kal "Ifitpos Kal IIoBos : see with pi. A, xiv. 60. Avcrnnros : prob- 
 
 Preller-Kobert, p. 502, concerning these ably a pedestal found in Megara, con- 
 
 personifications of Love, of Desire, sisting of a number of ancient blocks 
 
 and of Yearning. Urlichs, Skopas, of gray marble, and bearing the inscrip- 
 
 p. 89, conjectured that these three tion GT/pa/x^pqs Ti/Ao^evou di^07;/ce, Ai/- 
 
 images of Scopas stood facing the old own-os ewoiei, supported this group of 
 
 ivory image of Aphrodite and the two statuary. The inscription seems to 
 
 images of Peitho and Paregorus by date from the end of the fourth century 
 
 Praxiteles, each triplet of images being B.C. See A.M.. X (1885), 145-150. 
 
 placed on a single pedestal. 58. TV- 61. Kopo(|3ov TOCOS' TO, Sc ts avrov 
 
 XTJS : the type of Fortune on coins of tirr\ KT\. . Statius, Theb. 1, 579 sqq., and 
 
 Megara, representing the goddess as a Conon, Narrat. 19, tell the story of 
 
 draped woman standing with a cup in Coroebus and Psamathe, with more 
 
 her right hand and a horn of plenty in picturesque details.
 
 MEGARA 209 
 
 Ch.44, 2 
 
 TOV iepov, /cat evOa av eicirearg ol (frfpovri 6 rpiVov?, IvravBa. 
 
 75 'ATToXXaivo? olKO&ofjLTJcrai vaov /cat O.VTOV ot/crycrat. /cat 6 
 T/317TOV9 /cara TO 0^009 TJ)V Ytpaviav a.Tro\(.ad<tiv eXaOev avrov 
 e/C7recrwi>- /cat TptTToSur/coi^ K(t>fj.r)v evravSa. ot/ct'crai. Ko- 
 poi/3(t) Se' eVrt ra^>o5 eV TT^ Meyape'a>i> dyopa yeypanrai 
 Se e'Xeyeta ra e? ^a/xa^i/ /cat ra e? OLVTOV e^oi/ra Kdpot/3oj^, 
 
 80 /cat ST) /cat eVt^/xa eVrt rw ra^w KopotySo? (ftovtvwv 
 Hounjv. ravra ayaX^tara TraXatdrara, OTidcra \i0ov 
 p.eva I(TT\V "EXXTjcrtr, tSc^t' oi8a. 
 
 44 Kopoifiov Se re'^aTrrat TrXrjcrLov "Opcmnro*;, 09 
 i^w^ eV rot? cxyaicrt /cara ST^ vraXato^ e^o<? rail/ 
 TTta <7rpwro9> eVt/ca crraSto^ 8pa/xaiv yv/xvd?. <^>a<Tt Se /cat 
 (TTpaT-rjyovi'Ta vcrrepov TOV "Opcnmrov a.7roTe/JLO'0ai 
 5 TO>I/ Trpocrot/caif oo/ceo oe ot /cat eV 'OXv/oiTTta ro 
 e/coVrt Trepippvrjvai, yvovn cJ9 dvopos Trepte^ 
 pawis ecrriv dvrjp yvjJivos. e/c Se rr^9 dyopa9 /cartoucrt 
 
 77. Tpiiro8o-Kovs KWJITIV : Thucydi- player Telephones Thetic.ironianWriy 
 
 des (4, 70) speaks of this as a village awZ Me rocfc Moluris /HO a?ui 3/e//- 
 
 in the territory of Megaris at the foot cent's TAe robber Sciron Temjile 
 
 of Mt. Gerania. The remains of the of Zeus Aphesius Images of Aphrn- 
 
 village are to be seen about six miles (Me, of Apollo, and of Pan Tomb <>f 
 
 northwest of Megara, at the entrance Eurystheus Temple of Latoan Apollo. 
 
 to the pass which leads through the 1. "Opcrnriros : a copy of the epitaph 
 
 mountains to the Isthmus of Corinth. on Orsippus's grave was found in Me- 
 
 Three forms of the name occur, Tripo- gara in 1700 engraved on a block of 
 
 discus (Thuc. I.e.), Tripodiscium (Stra- stone, in the Megarian dialect (C.I.G. 
 
 bo, 0, p. 304), and Tripodisci (Paus.). 1050; C.I.G. G.S. 52). This epitaph 
 
 78. yfypa-n-Tai 8i iXtytia. KT\. : these was manifestly the source of Pausa- 
 
 verses are preserved in Anthol. Palat. 7, nias's information. The victory of Or- 
 
 154. sippus was won in Ol. 15 (720 B.C.). 
 
 44. Orsippus Temple of Apollo See Euseb. Chron. vol. 1, p. 105, ed. 
 
 Prostrtterius with statues A Gymna- Schone. The war in which Orsippus 
 
 shun with antiquities Antiquities of gained distinction was probably waged 
 
 Nisaca and of Pagae Worship of against Corinth, which claimed, under 
 
 Melanthns in Aegosthena Grove of the Racchid dynasty, suzerainty over 
 
 Autonoe in Erenia, ami of the flute- Megara, till the Megarians revolted and
 
 210 
 
 THE ATTICA OF TACSANIAS 
 
 6Sov r^5 uetas /caou/xe^? vrow^o? epov 
 Se^ta Upoo'TaTrjpiov TOVTO o\Lyov e/crpaTreVra 
 
 10 oSov oivtvptlv. 'ATrdXXa;^ oe eV aura) /cetrat $eas a^ios /cat 
 * A.pTjjLL$ /cat AT^TW /cat aXXa ayaX/xara ecrrt . . . Ilpa^tre- 
 Xous TToirjcravTos AT^TCO /cat ot Tratoe<?. eon oe eV TOJ 
 crta> TW dp^ato) TrXi^crtot' 77fXa)^ /caXov/xeVw^ Nv/jt<^aoa 
 Trape^o/xe^os 77iy?a/xt'So9 cr^fj/Jia ov /xeydX^? TOVTOV 'A?7oX- 
 
 15 Xco^a d^o/xa^of crt Kapt^ot', /cat EtXet^viwi' e'crrti^ IvravOa tepov. 
 
 Tocravrd cr^tcrt^ e? eVtSet^tv Trapet^ero ^ TroXts e? 8e TO 
 
 lirivtiov, KaXovjJievov /cat e? ^jaa? ert Ntcratai^, e? rovro /ca- 
 
 Te\Bov(riv iepov Aiy/x^T/jds ecrrt MaXo^d/Dou- Xeyerat 8e Kat 
 
 40, 4) was probably the new one. 14. 
 irvpapCSos orxfjua : on some coins of Me- 
 gara an obelisk appears between two 
 dolphins, probably a copy of the pyram- 
 idal image of Apollo. See Imhoof- 
 Blumer and Gardner, Numism. Comm. 
 on Paus. p. 0, with pi. A, viii. 15. El- 
 \i6vib>v . . . Upov : Homer (II. A, 270) 
 mentions these goddesses in the plural. 
 10. s Si TO t-irCviov: Time. 4, G6 says 
 the distance from Nisaea to Megara 
 was about eight stadia. When Megara 
 joined the Athenian alliance about 459 
 B.C., the Athenians constructed and 
 garrisoned two long walls between Me- 
 gara and Nisaea (Time. 1, 103). But 
 in 424 B.C. the Megarians seized the 
 walls and razed them to the ground. 
 Phocion rebuilt them in the following 
 century (Plut. Phocion, 15); and Stra- 
 bo speaks as if they still existed in his 
 time. At present hardly any remains 
 of these walls can be pointed out. The 
 hill of St. George on the eastern side of 
 the harbor appears to have been the 
 acropolis of Nisaea, mentioned by Pau- 
 sanias. Ruins of the fortifications may 
 
 threw off the yoke (Schol. Find. Nem. 
 7, 155). 
 
 8. 'AuoXXwvos Upov : two inscrip- 
 tions, dating from the third century 
 B.C., with dedications to Tutelary 
 Apollo have been found at Megara 
 (C.I.G.G.S. 39, 40). 12. ATJTW al oi 
 -rraiSes : there were also images of La- 
 tona and her children by Praxiteles in 
 a temple at Man tinea (8, 9, 1). The 
 one group was perhaps a replica of the 
 other. Coins of Megara present a group 
 of Apollo standing between Latona and 
 Artemis, probably a copy of the Praxi- 
 telian group. See Imhoof-Blumer and 
 Gardner, Nurnism. Comm. on Paus. pp. 
 7, 154, with pis. A, x, FF, ii. 13. Nvji- 
 4>dSwv : since Pausanias, after mention- 
 ing the old gymnasium, quits Megara 
 and proceeds to the port, the Gate of the 
 Nymphs must have been on the south 
 side of Megara, and probably through 
 this the road to the port passed. An in- 
 scription (C.I.G.G.S. 31) mentions a 
 certain Matroxenus, who was "master 
 of the gymnasium in the Olympieum." 
 This gymnasium in the Olympieum (1,
 
 NISAEA 
 
 211 
 
 Ch.44, 4 
 
 ctXXa es 
 
 /cat TOIXJ TrpcoTous 7rpd/3aTa eV TTJ y^ 
 20 Bpe^tavro.^ Ar^uTjTpa ovop,dcrat, MaXo(dpoi>, KaTappvfjvat, Se 
 T<U tepaj TOI> opofyov re/c/xatpotro dj> rt? VTTO row ^povov. /cat 
 d/cpoTToXt's <TTLV eWau^a di>o/xao/xeVi7 /cat aur^ NtVata 
 /caraySdcrt Se e/c XT? 9 d/cpoTrdXew? ytx^/xd eo~Tt rrpos 6a\dcrcrrj 
 Ae'Xeyos, 6V d^t/cd/xei/oi' /SacrtXevcrat Xe'youcrtv e AtyvTrrov, 
 25 TratSa Se et^at IlocretSait'os /cat At/8uT75 TTys 'Evrd^c 
 /cet Se Trapd T^f Nt'crata^ vfjcros ov /xeydXry Mti'wa 
 eV rw TroXettw TW Trpos Ntcroz/ Trapwpttet TO VCIVTLKOV TWV 
 
 r\ Se opeivr) TTJS MeyaptSo? TT^S BOIWTWV eo"Tt^ 4 
 j, eV 17 Meyapeuo"t Ilayat TrdXts, eYepa Se Atydo"6 
 30 wKtcTTat. tovo~t Se e? TO,? Ilaydg e/cTpaTro/xeVot? dXtyoz^ 
 \axf)6pov vreVpa Set/ci/vrat Std Trctcr^? e^ovcra e/ 
 
 be traced. 26. viiros ov p.e-yd\T| Mi- 
 vwa : the lower hill on the western side 
 of the harbor appears to have been 
 what Thuc. 3, 51, and Pausanias call 
 the island of Minoa. Thucydides (I.e.) 
 speaks of it as an island off Megara, 
 not far from the shore, to which it was 
 united by a bridge built over a shoal. 
 The Megarians used the island as a 
 fort, but in 427 B.C. it was captured by 
 the Athenians and fortified by them, 
 with a view to blockading Megara. In 
 424 they captured Nisaea also (Thuc. 
 4, 69). In the treaty of 423 they re- 
 tained Minoa and Nisaea but under 
 rigid restrictions (Thuc. 4, 118). 
 
 29. Ila-yaC : Pagae or Pegae (so, Attic 
 writers and others, Thuc. 1, 103, 107, 
 111, 115 ; Plut. Pericles, 19) was a port 
 on the west coast of Megaris,on the Gulf 
 of Corinth. The distance from Pagae 
 to Nisaea was one hundred and twenty 
 stadia (Strabo, 8, p. 334). When Me- 
 gara joined Athens in 459 B.C., the 
 Athenians took and held Pagae for 
 
 some years, but evacuated it in 445 B.C., 
 when they concluded the Thirty Years' 
 Peace with Sparta (Thuc. I.e.). Al- 
 Yoo-Otva: the ruins of Aegosthena are 
 to be found on the west shore of Mega- 
 ris, at the head of a bay now called 
 Porto Germane, formed by a western 
 projection of Mt. Cithaeron on the 
 north and by the mountains of Megara 
 on the south. The walls of the town are 
 amongst the finest and best preserved 
 of ancient Greek fortifications. The 
 place is rarely mentioned by ancient 
 writers. Xen. Hell. 5, 4, 17 sq. tells of 
 a storm which in 378 B.C. wrought 
 havoc in a Lacedaemonian army under 
 Cleombrotus as they were approaching 
 Aegosthena; and Xen. Hell. 6, 4, 25 sq. 
 tells how the Lacedaemonian army, 
 retreating after the disaster at Leuctra, 
 were met at Aegosthena by reinforce- 
 ments under Archidamus. 31. ir^rpa: 
 Pausanias has now turned northward 
 and is following the road to Pagae, 
 a port on the Gulf of Corinth. In the
 
 212 THE ATTICA OF PAUSANIAS 
 
 Ch. 44, 5 
 
 6to"Tov9, e's i)V ot M^Sot Trore ero^evov eV rfj VVKTL. iv Se 
 Tats Ilayats #e'a9 UTreXetTreTO d^iov 'ApTe'/ztSos 2wTetpa<? eVt- 
 K\J](TIV ^aX/couf ayaXyuta, p,eye'$et rw Trapa Meyapevo'tz' tcrof 
 
 35 /cat cr^rj/JLa ouSeV Stac^opa;? ^X v ' Ka ^ L AtytaXew? IvTavBd 
 -f)pa)ov TOV ' ASpaoTou TOUTOV yap, ore 'Apyetot TO 
 e's r^/Sas ecrrparevcra^, UTTO r^ Trpwr^v pd^v 
 7rpo9 rXtcraj^ri aTroOavovra ot TrpocnJKOvTes e'? ITaya? r^5 
 Meyapt'So? /co/xto~a^re? doLTrrovcri, Kal AtytaXetov ert /caXetrat 
 
 40 TO ypaJov. iv Atyoo~$eVois Se MeXa/A7ro8o? TOU 'A/xv^aoz^o? 5 
 <TTLV izpov /cat d^p ou joteya? eVetpyacr^eVo? eV (TTTJXrj /cat 
 Ovovcri TGJ MeXa/XTroSt /cat dz/a Tia^ ero? lopTrjv ayovo"t. /xav- 
 Teveo~^at Se OWTC St' o^etpaTcuv avrov ovre aXXws Xeyoucrt. 
 /cat ToSe Se aXXo rfKovcra iv 'Epe^eta TT^ Meyape'wi/ /COJ/AT^, 
 
 45 Avrovorjv TTJV KaS/aou TW TC 'A/cTataivo? Oavdra), <TVfJL(3dvTL 
 to? XeyeTat, /cat T^ irda"r) TOV OLKOV TOV TraTpwov Tv^y rreptcr- 
 croTepov dXyovaav IvTavOa e'/c T^^OJZ/ ^teTOt/c^o~at /cat At>- 
 
 TOVOT^? fJLVrjjJid (TTLV Iv TTj KWfJLr) TaVTV). 
 
 'lovo"t Se e/c Meyapw^ e'? KopwOov aXXot TC eto"t Ta^ot /cat 6 
 
 50 avXrjTov Sa/xtou Tr^Xe^a^ov? 7rot^o~at Se TOV Tafyov KXeo- 
 
 iraTpav Trjv ^tXtTTTrov TOV 'A/xvz^Tou Xeyovcrt. /cat Kapo? TOV 
 
 ^opcu^e'a)? /Jivrjfjid e'o~Tt, TO p.ei/ e'^ ap^s ^w/xa y^5, vcrrepov 
 
 Se TOU ^eov ^pT/cra^To? iKocr^rfOri \L0a) /coy^tTi^. /xd^ot<? Se 
 
 neighborhood of Tripodisci there rises and railway, along the southern shore 
 
 on the south of the road a height now close to the sea. lie therefore passed 
 
 called Karydi ("walnut-tree"), on the through the necropolis now to be seen 
 
 rocky summit of which there are many a little to the southwest of Megara. 
 
 holes. These holes gave rise to the fable 50. Tr]\e<j)dvovs : Telephanes, the 
 
 which is cited here by Pausanias. Samian .flute-player, was a contempo- 
 
 40. MeXdfxiroSos : Mr. A. B. Cook, rary of Demosthenes, who speaks well 
 
 Cl. Rev. VIII (1894), 381 sqq., presents of him (21, 17, p. 520). He is men- 
 
 some specious reasons for holding that tioned also in Athen. 8, p. 351 E. The 
 
 Melampus was originally a goat deity. epitaph on his tomb by Nicarchus is pre- 
 
 49. IK Mcydpuv : from Megara Pau- served in Anthol. Palat. 7, 159. 53. 
 
 sanias proceeded to Corinth by the XCOw Ko-yx^ni : Dodwell (Tour, II, 178) 
 
 route now followed by the highroad thus describes this stone : "A soft and
 
 SCIRONIAN ROAD 213 
 
 Ch. 44, 8 
 
 EiX\T/jv<Dv Meyapevcrti; 6 /coy^Y??"? ovrd? eon, /cat a<io~t*> 
 55 [/ecu] eV T77 TrdXet TTCTrot^rat TroXXa e' avroC. eon Se dyav 
 Xeu/cog /cat aXXou \L6ov p,aXa/ca/repo<? /cdy^ot Se at daXdcr- 
 crtat Sta, TravTO? eVeuru> ot. OVTO<? /xeV rotouro? i&Tiv 6 Xt#o<? 
 Se ovojJLa^ofjiev'rjv OLTTO S/ctpoj^os /cat e'<? ToSe <686i/> 2/ct- 
 >, rjviKa Meyapevcriv eVoXe/u,ap^et, Trpwro? cJ? 
 60 eVotT^crez/ av^pacnv 68eveti/ ev^w^ot? ' ASpta^o? Se [6] 
 crtXeu? /cat ourco? w? /cat ap^ara ivavTia eXawi^rat 
 crtv evpv^coprj re /cat eVtr^Seta^ eti^at. 
 
 Adyot 8e etcrtj' e? ra? Trerpa? at /caret TO crrevov Tr)s 68oi) 7 
 /xaXtcrra cl^e^oucrt^, e<? yu,e^ r^ MoXov/atSa, w? 0,770 ravr^? 
 65 aurir)v 9 OdXacrcrav 'li^a> ptyaL MeXiKeprrjv e^ovcra rwv TTOLL- 
 ^>u>v TOV vewrepov TOV yap 8^ Trpeo'^vrepoi' avTa)i> Aeap^ov 
 direKTeLvtv 6 TrarTjp. Xeyerat ^tet/ 817 /cat jjiavevra Spacrat 
 ravra 'A0dfj.ci.vTa, Xeyfrat 8e /cat w<? e? r^ 'l^ai /cat rov? e^ 
 aur^5 TratSa? xp^'cratro a/cparet ra> Ovp.a> TOV crvfji(3dvTa 'Op- 
 
 70 ^OfJLVLOi^ \LfJLOV /Cat TO^ So/COVfTtt <l>pl^OV BdvCLTOV al(T06fJLe- 
 
 v 09, ot TO Belov atTLOv ov yeveo~^at, fiovXevcrai Se eVt TouTot? 
 Ivw fjLrjTpvtdv ovcTav TOT Se (f)vyovcra e? OdXacrcrav 8 
 
 porous compound of petrified shells built a fortification-wall across the isth- 
 
 and marine substances, that are easily inus (Ildt. 8, 71). 
 
 decomposed and crumbled into dust." 64. Is (x*" "l v MoXovpiSa . . . 'Ivw 
 
 Cf. Curtius, Peloponnesus, I, 8. ... Me\ii'pTTjv : Schol. Pind. Isthin. 
 
 58. rt]v 8e 6vo|xa^o|iVT]v diro 2K(pw- Introd. p. 515, ed. Boeckh, and Schol. 
 
 vos Kal s To8 KT\. : Strabo (9, p. :}9 1) Lycophron, 229, agree in saying that 
 
 describes the difficulties and dangers Inofled with the infant Melicertes over 
 
 of this famous pass along the sea-cliffs, Mt. Gerania and flung herself and him 
 
 known in antiquity as the Scironian from the Molurian rock into the sea. 
 
 road (Ildt. 8, 71). Alciphron (3, 70) Cf. Xcnob. 4, :)8 ; Lucian, Dialog! M Mr- 
 
 speaks of the robbers who here lay in ini, 8, 1. 68. Xtytrai: this is the well- 
 
 wait for travelers. It was easy to make known story of Helle and Phrixus, who 
 
 such a pass impassable. Hence, after were on the point of being killed through 
 
 the annihilation of Leonidas and his the wiles of their stepmother Ino. and 
 
 men at Thermopylae, the Peloponne- who were carried away through the air 
 
 sians blocked the Scironian road and on the ram with the golden Heece. It is
 
 214 THE ATTICA OF PAUSANIAS 
 
 Ch.44, 9 
 
 avrrjv Kal rov iraloa duo rrjs TreYpag rr/g MoXovptSog 0,^)117- 
 crii', e'^et'e^eVrog Se eg rov KopwOicov IcrB^ov vno SeXc/>u>og 
 
 75 cog Xeyercu rov TratSdg, Tt^aat /cat aXXat TCO MeXt/ce'pr^ StSov- 
 rai jjLerovoiJiao~0VTi IlaXaijLiovt /cat rcoz/ 'lcr$ju,tcoi> ITT' avrco 
 rov dywva ayoucrt. rrjv JJLCV or) MoXovptSa rrerpav ACVKO- 
 0eag /cat IIaXat)aot>og lepav rjyrjvro rag Se /xerd ravrr)v 
 VOJJLL^OVCTLV et'ayetg, cm rrapoiK^v cr<f>io~Lv o S/cipajv, OTrdcrotg 
 
 80 TWI^ ^va)v lirervy^avev, T^c/uet crc/)ag eg TT)^ 0d\ao~o~av. ^e- 
 \a>vr) oe virevrj^ero ratg Trerpaig rovg eV^X^^eVrag dpTrd^eiv 
 etcrt 8e at ^aXacrcrtat TrXrjv /xeye'^ovg /cat vroSait' o/xotat ratg 
 ^epcratatg, TrdSag Se e'ot/cdrag e^oticrt ratg <^w/catg. rovrcov 
 7Tpirj\0v rj 8t/ci7 'S.KLpcova dffreBevra e'g Od\ao~o~av rrjv avrrjv 
 
 85 VTTO T^cre'cog. eVt Se rov opovg T^ a/cpa Atdg tcrriv 'Ac^ecrtov 9 
 
 vadg c^acrt Se eVt row o-vfj.(3dvros rrore rotg 
 av^/JLOv Ovo-avros Ata/cov /cara 817 rt Xdyto^ rc3 
 IlaveXX^vtco Att eV Aiywr) . . . /co/xtcravra Se d(f>.lvai /cat Sta 
 TOVTO y A(f>eo~iov /caXetcr^at ro^ Ata. IvravOa /cat 'Ac^poStrr^g 
 
 90 ayaX/xa /cat 'AvroXXajvog eVrt /cat Ilaj'og. 7rpoe\0ovo-L Se e'g 10 
 
 told at greater length by Zenobius (4, XWVT) : hence Sciron was said to feed the 
 38) and Hyginus (Fab. 2). tortoise (Schol. Kur. Hippol. 979). The 
 76. TWV 'I<r6(xwv : cf. 2, 1, 0. Schol. death of Sciron is depicted on vase- 
 Pind. Istlun. Introd. p. 514, ed. Boeckh, paintings, and in some of them the tor- 
 explains that when the corpse of Meli- toise is represented as waiting below 
 certes was washed ashore on the Isth- for its prey. It is also the subject of 
 mus, a famine befell Corinth, and an one of the sculptured metopes of the 
 oracle declared it would not cease until so-called Theseum at Athens, 
 the people paid the due obsequies to 85. Aids . . . 'A<j>criou KaXovfxcvov 
 Melicertes and honored him with fu- vaos: thesiteof this sanctuary, about an 
 neral games. When they afterwards hour and a half southwest of Megara, 
 omitted the games, the famine came on an eminence above the road to Cor- 
 again, and the oracle told them that inth,was excavated in 1889. The temple 
 the honors paid to Melicertes must be was a tiny building, about twenty feet 
 eternal. All the most famous Greek long and fourteen feet wide, consisting 
 games the Isthmian, Nemean, Olym- merely of a cella with a portico facing 
 pic, and Pythian appear to have southeast. See A.M. XIV (1889), 3'27; 
 been originally funeral games. 80. \t- 'E0. 'Apx- 1890, pp. 35 sqq., 03 sq.
 
 215 
 
 'ATTI- 
 
 LATOAN APOLLO 
 
 Oh. 44, 10 
 
 TO Tr/Docro) nvfjiJia. fcrnv Evpv(r00)<; favyovra. Se e/c 
 CS fjiera TJJV 77/309 'Hpa/cXei'Sa? /za^z' IvravOa 
 avrov VTTO 'loXaou \eyovcriv. e/c ravr^? r^? 68ov 
 'ATToXXcu^o? iepov 6O"rt Aarwov Kal yu,eT' avro 
 95 opot 7T/3O5 TTJV KopivBiav, v0a 'TXXo^ TOI^ 'Hpa/cXeov? JJLOVO- 
 7T/30? TOV 'A/OKaSa 
 
 91. EupvcrOe'cos : according to Apol- 
 lod. 2, 8, 1, Eurystheus, after his de- 
 feat in Attica, fled in his chariot, but 
 was overtaken at the Scironian rocks 
 and slain by Hyllus, who cut off his 
 head and brought it back to Alcmena. 
 According to Eur. Heracl. 859 sqq., 
 lolaus took Eurystheus prisoner at the 
 Scironian rocks, and brought him back 
 
 to Alcmena, who had him put to death. 
 94. 'AiroXXwvos Upov : after passing 
 the long line of the Scironian cliffs the 
 road descends into a little plain beside 
 the sea, where at present is a small 
 settlement named Kineta. The sane- 
 tuary of Latoan Apollo was probably in 
 this neighborhood. 95. Zv6a "YXXov : 
 see 1, 41, 2, note.
 
 APPENDIX 
 
 A. MANUSCKIPTS 
 
 The text of Pausanias has been handed down to us in wretched condi- 
 tion. It contains a number of bad faults and a great many lacunae for which 
 the author is not to blame. The extant manuscripts are without exception 
 of late date and were not transcribed by the best copyists. Schubart, to 
 whom we are indebted for the first careful collation of the manuscripts, 
 has shown that they go back to one archetype, but that there already 
 existed in the archetype a raria lectio, introduced above the lines and on 
 the margin, so that the copyists had really two recensions to choose from. 
 In some instances they preferred the reading of the text ; in others they 
 chose the marginal reading; and at times they even took both, either by 
 noting the variation on the margin or by embodying the two ideas in the 
 text. The manuscripts are more than twenty in number and date chiefly 
 from the loth century. Ilitzig has brought the critical apparatus of the 
 Schubart-Walz edition up to date and has revised the text in the light of 
 forty years of modern scholarship. For a full discussion of the manu- 
 scripts consult the prefaces of Schubart, Hit/.ig, and Spiro. The princi- 
 pal manuscripts are divided by Hit/ig into three classes, in order of 
 excellence as follows : 
 
 CLASS I. : Codex Leidensis 1C K, La, of the loth and 16th centuries; 
 in five parts by four different hands. 
 
 Codex Pari sinus 1410, PC, written by Michael Suliardus in 
 1491 ; closely related to La. 
 
 Codex Parisinus 1411, Pd, of the loth century; closely re- 
 lated to PC. 
 
 Codex Angelicus 2 c ii, Ag, of the 14th or the beginning 
 of the loth century; akin to La and Pd. 
 
 Codex Laurentianus Plut. LVI 10, Fa, of the loth century, 
 with marginal glosses; it accords very frequently with Ag. 
 
 Codex Laurentianus Plut. LVI 11, Fl>, of the loth century; 
 it is perhaps copied from Fa. 
 216
 
 APPENDIX 
 
 217 
 
 CLASS II. Codex Vaticanus 50, Vt, of the 16th century. 
 
 Codex Mosquensis, M, probably of the 14th century. 
 Codex Monacensis 404, Mo, of the Kith century; it is al- 
 most identical with M. 
 
 Codex Venetus 413, Vn, of the loth century. 
 Codex Leidensis 1(5 L, Lb, of the loth century. 
 CLASS III. Codex Paris! mis 1:509, Pa, of the loth century. 
 
 Codex Xeapolitanus iii A 10, N, of the loth century. 
 Codex Vindobonensis Hist. Gr. XXIII, Va, of the 10th 
 
 century. 
 Codex Vindobonensis Hist. (Jr. LI, Vb,of the 10th century. 
 
 B. EDITIONS 
 
 EDITOR 
 
 PLACE 
 
 Pl'BLISHER 
 
 DATE 
 
 Editio Princeps (M. Muslims) 
 
 Venice 
 
 Aldus 
 
 1516 
 
 Xylaiider-Sylburgius 
 
 Frankfort 
 
 Ilered. A. Wecheli 
 
 1583 
 
 Xylauder-Sylburgius 
 
 Hanover 
 
 Typis Wechelianis 
 
 1013 
 
 Kuhnius 
 
 Leipzig 
 
 Fritsch 
 
 1690 
 
 Facius 
 
 Leipzig 
 
 Weigel 
 
 1794 
 
 Clavier 
 
 Paris 
 
 Eberhart 
 
 1814 
 
 Siebelis 
 
 Leipzig 
 
 Weidmann 
 
 1822-1828 
 
 Bekker 
 
 Berlin 
 
 Reiiuer 
 
 1820-1827 
 
 Schubart and Walz 
 
 Leipzig 
 
 Ilahn 
 
 1838-1839 
 
 Dindorf 
 
 Paris 
 
 Ditlot 
 
 1845 
 
 Schubart 
 
 Leipzig 
 
 Teubuer 
 
 1853-1854 
 
 Schubart 
 
 Leipzig 
 
 Teubner 
 
 1875 
 
 Weise 
 
 Leipzig 
 
 Tauchnitz 
 
 1877 
 
 Hitzig and Bluemner 
 
 Leipzig 
 
 Keisland 
 
 1890 
 
 Spiro 
 
 Leipzig 
 
 Teubner 
 
 1903 
 
 For a full description of the early editions and translations, see DIMin, 
 T. F., An Introduction to the Knowledge of Rare and Valuable Editions 
 of the Greek and Latin Classics, London 1827; Moxs, J. W. , Manual of 
 Classical Bibliography, London 18'Jo; Sclinvif/er, F. L. A., Ilandbuch der 
 klassischeu Bibliographie, Leipzig 1830-1834.
 
 218 
 
 THE ATTICA OF PAUSANIAS 
 
 C. TRANSLATIONS 
 
 LANGUAGE 
 
 TRANSLATOR 
 
 PLACE 
 
 PUBLISHER 
 
 DATE 
 
 Latin 
 Latin 
 Latin 
 
 Calderinus 
 Arnasaeus 
 Loescher 
 
 Venice 
 Rome 
 Basle 
 
 Bernardin 
 
 1498 
 1547 
 1550 
 
 Oporinus 
 
 Latin 
 
 Amasaeus 
 
 Florence 
 
 Torrentinus 
 
 1551 
 
 Latin 
 
 Amasaens (with 
 Sylburg ed.) 
 
 Frankfort 
 
 Wechel 
 
 f 1624 
 1 1070 
 
 Italian 
 
 Bonnaccinoli 
 
 Mantua 
 
 Osanna 
 
 1593 
 
 Italian 
 
 Nibby 
 
 Koine 
 
 Poggioli 
 
 1817 
 
 German 
 
 Goldhagen 
 
 Berlin 
 
 Eeimer 
 
 f 1705-1706 
 \1 798-1799 
 
 German 
 
 Wiedasch 
 
 Munich 
 
 Fleischmann 
 
 1820-1833 
 
 German 
 
 Siebelis-Reichardt 
 
 Stuttgart 
 
 Metzler 
 
 J1827 
 \1858 
 
 German 
 
 Schubart 
 
 Stuttgart 
 
 Hoffmann 
 
 1857-1803 
 
 
 
 
 
 f 1731 
 
 French 
 
 Gedoyn 
 
 Paris 
 
 Nyon 
 
 J 1733 
 
 
 
 
 
 L 1797 
 
 French 
 
 Clavier 
 
 Paris 
 
 Eberhart 
 
 1822-1828 
 
 English 
 
 V. Price 
 
 London 
 
 Evans 
 
 1780 
 
 English 
 
 Thomas Taylor 
 
 London 
 
 Jeft'ry 
 
 f 1793 
 \1824 
 
 English 
 
 Frazer 
 
 f London 
 \Xew York 
 
 Macuiillan 
 
 1890 
 
 D. COMMENTARIES AND WORKS BEARING ON 
 PAUSANIAS 
 
 1. WHOLE BOOKS AND LARGER TREATISES 
 
 Harrison, Jane E., and Verrall, Margaret de G.: Mythology and Monu- 
 ments of Ancient Athens, being a translation of a portion of the Attica of 
 Pausanias by Mrs. Verrall with introductory essay and archaeological com- 
 mentary by Miss Harrison, London and New York, Macrnillan, 1890; 
 Hitzig, //. , and Bluemner, II.: Pausaniae Graeciae Descriptio, edited with 
 apparatus criticus by Ilitzig, with commentary etc.. by Hitzig and Bluein- 
 ner, Leipzig, Reisland, 1896; Frazer, J. G.: Pausanias 's Description of 
 Greece, translated with a commentary. Six volumes, London and New 
 York, Macmillan, 1898; Imhoof-Blumcr, F., and Gardner, P.: Numismatic 
 Commentary on Pausanias (J. II. S. vi, 1885, 50-101; vii, 1886, 57-113;
 
 APPENDIX 219 
 
 viii, 1887, 6-63); Kalkmann , A . : Pausanias der Perieget, Untersuchungen 
 uber seine Schriftstellerei und seine Quellen, Berlin 188(3; Gurlilt, IT. : 
 Ueber Pausanias, Gra/ 1890; Bencker, M. : Der Anteil der Periegese an 
 derKunstschriftstellerei der Alien, Munich 1890; Heberdey, R.: Die Reisen 
 des Pausanias in Griechenland (Abh. d. arch, epigr. Seminars der Uni- 
 versitat Wieu x, Vienna 1894). 
 
 2. IMPORTANT ARTICLES 
 
 r. Wilamowitz, Hermes xii (1878), 365 if . ; Schoell, Hermes xiii (1879), 
 432 ff.; BrunH, Jb. f. Kl. Philol. xxx (1884), 23 ff.; Ennutim, ibid. 497 ff.; 
 r. Sybel, ibid, xxxi (1885), 177 ff.; Lolling, Gott. Gel. Anz. 1890, 627 ff.; 
 Weil, Berl. Philol. Woch. 1890, 1101 ff.; Fachbach, Wien. Stud, xv (1893), 
 161 ff.; Kalkmann, Arch. Am. 1895, 12 ff.; Wachsmuth in Pauly-Wisso\va, 
 Realencycl. Supplem. i, 200 ff., 1903; Carroll, George Washington Univer- 
 sity Bulletin vi (1907), Xo. 3, 61 ff. 
 
 3. SELECT DISSERTATIONS 
 
 Biickh : De Pausaniae stilo Asiano, 1824; Braux? : Commentationes cri- 
 ticae de quibusdam locis Pausaniae Periegetae, 1851 ; Krueyer : Theologu- 
 mena Pausaniae, 1860; Hitzig : Beitr. /.. Texteskritik d. Pausanias, 1873; 
 Hitziy : Weitere Beitr. z. Texteskritik d. Pausanias, 1876; Koeniy : De 
 Pausaniae fide et auctoritate in historia mythologia artibusque Graecorum 
 tradendis praestita, 1832; Ffnndtner: Pausanias Periegeta imitator Ilero- 
 doti, 1866 ; Pfundlner: Des Reisebeschreibers Pausanias Lebens- und Glau- 
 bensanschauungen, 1868; Sclieffler : Ueber die Personlichkeit des Periegeten 
 Pausanias, 1880; Slorch: Syntaxeos Pausanianae part. I de anacoluthis, 
 1869; Storch : Syntaxeos Pausanianae capp. viii, 1872; Wtntii-ke : De. 
 Pausaniae Periegetae studiis Herodoteis, 1884 ; Rueyer: Die Priipositionen 
 bei Pausanias. Beitrag zur historischen Syntax der griechischen Sprache, 
 1889. 
 
 E. ATHENS AND ATTICA 
 
 1. GENERAL WORKS 
 
 On the older literature pertaining to Athenian topography, consult Ze'ww, 
 Comtc tie Laborde, Athenes aux xv e , \\i e et xvii e siecles, Paris 1854, 
 and Jwleich, Topographic von Athen, pp. 14 ff. We give below the more 
 important works that have appeared since the beginning of the seven- 
 teenth century.
 
 220 THE ATTICA OF PAUSANIAS 
 
 Span, J., and Wheler, G.: Voyage d'ltalie, de Dahnatie, de Grece et du 
 Levant, fait aux amides 1675 et 1676. Vols. i, ii, iii, Lyons 1678; vols. i, 
 ii, Amsterdam 1679 and The Hague 1724; Whaler, G.: A Journey into 
 Greece by George Wheler, Esq., in company with Dr. Spon of Lyons, etc., 
 London 1682 ; Stuart, J. and Revett, N. : The Antiquities of Athens, 4 vols. 
 London, i 1762, ii 1789, iii 1794, iv 1816 ; new edition 1825-1830; Chan- 
 dler, R.: Travels in Greece; or an account of a tour made at the expense 
 of the Society of Dilettanti, Oxford 1776; Clarke, E. D.: Travels in Vari- 
 ous Countries of Europe, Asia, and Africa, London 1814 : Athens in ii, 
 462-596 ; Dodirell, E. : A Classical and Topographical Tour through Greece 
 during the years 1801, 1805, 1806. Vols. i, ii, London 1819 ; Miiller, K. 0.: 
 "Attika," Erschand Gruber's Realencyklopadie Sekt. l,Bd. vi, 1820, 228 ff.; 
 Hawkins, J.: On the Topography of Athens. Walpole's Memoirs relating 
 to European and Asiatic Turkey, etc., London 1817, 2d ed. 1818, 480 ff.; 
 Gell, W.: Itinerary of Greece, containing one hundred routes in Attica, 
 Boeotia, Phocis, Locris, and Thessaly, London 1819; Unedited Antiquities 
 of Attica, by the Society of Dilettanti, London 1817; 2d ed. 1833 ; Leake, 
 W. M.: The Topography of Athens, London 1821 ; Topography of Athens 
 and the Demi of Attica, 2 vols., London 1841; Leake, W. M.: Travels 
 in Northern Greece, vols. i-iv, London 1835; Pittakis, K.: L'Ancienne 
 Athenes, Athenes 1835; Wordsworth, Chr.: Athens and Attica, London 
 1836; 4th ed. 1869; Wordsworth, Chr.: Greece, a Descriptive, Historical, 
 and Pictorial Account, London 1839 ; 2d ed. 1859; revised by II. F. Tozer 
 1882 ; Mure, W.: Journal of a Tour in Greece and the Ionian Islands, with 
 remarks on the recent history, present state, and classical antiquities of 
 those countries. Vols. i, ii, Edinburgh and London 1842; Ross, L.: Wan- 
 derungen in Griechenland, Halle 1851 ; Ross, L.: Archiiologische Aufsiitze 
 (i Leipzig 1855, ii hrsg. v. K. Keil 1861); Rochette, R.: Sur la topogra- 
 phic d'Athenes, Paris 1852 ; Breton, E. : Athenes dcrite et dessin^e, Paris 
 1862; 2d ed. 1868: Welcker, F. G.: Tagebuch einer griechischen Reise, 
 vols. i, ii, Berlin 1865; Gottling, C. W.: Ges. Abhandlungen a. d. klas.si- 
 schen Alteriime, vol. i Halle 1854, vol. ii Munich 1863 ; Forchhammer, P. W.: 
 Topographic von Athen, Kiel 1841 ; Penrose, F. C. : Principles of Athenian 
 Architecture, London 1851 ; De Laborde, L. : Athenes aux xv e , xvi e , et xvn e 
 siecles, Paris 1854 ; Vischer, W, : Erinnerungen und Eindrticke aus Grie- 
 chenland, Basel 1857, 103-216 ; Bursian, K.: Geographic von Griechenland, 
 Leipzig 1862-1868: Attica in i, 264-325; Ulrlchs, II. N.: Reisen und 
 Forschungen, Berlin 1863 : ii, 133 ft'.; Di/er, T. II.: Ancient Athens, its His- 
 
 O / ' 
 
 tory, Topography, and Remains, London 1873 ; Milchhoefer, A.: "Athen,"
 
 APPENDIX 221 
 
 Baumeister's Denkmiiler, Munich 1885: i, lit ff.; ^[U(hh<>l>fft, A.: Die. 
 attischen Demen, Berlin 1887 ; Milchhoefer, A.: Schriftquellen x.ur Topo- 
 graphie von Athen (published with Curtius' Stadtgeschichte von Athen, 
 Berlin 1891); hertzberg, G. F. : Athen, Halle 1885 ; Mahaffy, J. P.: Ram- 
 bles and Studies in Greece, 3d ed. revised, London 1887; Curtius, E.: 
 Attische Studien, Gottingen, vol. i 1862, vol. ii 1865 ; Curtius, E. : Die Stadt- 
 geschichte von Athen, niit einer Uebersicht der Schriftquellen /.ur Topo- 
 graphie von Athen von A. Milchhoefer, Berlin 1891 ; Curtius, E. : Ges. 
 Abhandlungen, Berlin 1894; Wachs-muth, C.: Die Stadt Athen iiu Alter- 
 tum, vol. i 1874, first half vol. ii 1890, Leipzig; Wachsmuth, C.: Neue 
 Beitrage zur Topographic von Athen (Abh. d. K. S. Ges. d. AViss. xli); 
 Lolling, II. G.: Topographic von Athen, Miiller's Handbuch d. kl. Alt., 1st 
 ed., iii, 290 ff. ; John, O., and Michael!*, A.: Arx Athenarum a Pausania 
 descripta, Leipzig 1901 ; Michael ix, A.: Tabulae arcem Athenarum illus- 
 trantes, Leipzig 1901 ; Gardner, E. A.: Ancient Athens, Xew York 1902 ; 
 Butler, II. C.: The Story of Athens, Xew York 1902; Kaorpwms : Ta 
 (jivrj/Jieia TOIV 'A^r/vwv, 3d ed., Athens 1895; Ambrosoli, X. : Atene, brevi 
 cenni sulla citta antica e moderna, Milan 1901 ; Baedeker, K.: Greece, 4th 
 ed., Leipzig 1904; Meyer: Turkei und Griechenland, 5th ed., 1901; 
 Murray: Handbook for Travellers in Greece, 7th ed. revised, London 
 1900; Guides Joanne : Athenes et ses Environs, Paris 1890; Wachsmuth: 
 " Athenai," Pauly-Wissowa, Realencycl. Supplem. i, 159 ff. , Stuttgart 
 1903; Harrison, Jane E.: Primitive Athens as described by Thucydides, 
 Cambridge 1906. 
 
 2. PERIODICALS 
 
 American Journal of Archaeolof/?/, founded 1885: Series i, vols. i-xi 
 (1885-1896) ; Series ii, since 1897. (A. J. A.) 
 
 Annual of the British School at Athens, since 1894-1895. 
 
 Antike Denkmaler, a collection of valuable plates published at irregular 
 intervals. (Ant. Denkrn.) 
 
 Archdologische Zeitung, vols. i-xliii (1843-1885). (Arch. Zeit.) 
 
 Archaologischer A nzeiycr : appendix to the Jahrbuch, but paged sepa- 
 rately. (Arch. Anz.) 
 
 Bulletin de Correspondence hcllcnique, since 1877. (B. C. II.) 
 
 'E<^>7;/u.epts 'Ap^aioXoyt/cT/, published at irregular intervals from 1837 to 
 1883, and since then annually. ('E<. 'Ap^.) 
 
 Jahrbuch des Kaiserlich-Deutschen Archaologischen Institute, since 1880. 
 (A. Jb.)
 
 222 THE ATTICA OF PAUSANIAS 
 
 Jahreshefte des OesterreichischenArchciologischen Instituts in Wicn, mil Beiblatt, 
 since 1898. (Jh. Oesterr. Arch. Inst.) 
 
 Journal of Hellenic Studies, since 1880. ( J. II. S.) 
 
 Mittheilungen des Kaiserlich-Deutschen Archaologischen Instituts, Athenische 
 AbtheUung, founded 1876, since 1886 with slight change of title. (A. M.) 
 
 Papers of the American School of Classical Studies at Athens: vols. i-vi 
 (to 1897). 
 
 HpaKTiKo. rrjs lv 'A^vats 'Ap^atoAoyiK^s 'ETaipais, vol. i published in 
 1871. (Up.) 
 
 Revue arckeologique: Series i, 1844-1860 ; Series ii, 1860-1882 ; Series iii, 
 1883-1902 ; Series iv, 1903- . (Rev. Arch.) 
 
 Revue des Etudes grecques, since 1888. (R. Et. Gr.) 
 
 3. ATLASES, MAPS, PLANS, VIEWS 
 
 Atlases. Curtius, E.: Sieben Karten von Attika, Gotha 1868; Cur- 
 tius, E., and Kaupert, J. A.: Atlas von Athen, Berlin 1878, 12 large folio 
 plates ; Curtius and Kaupeii : Karten von Attika, mit erlauterndem Text, 
 Berlin 1881 ff. 
 
 Wall Maps. Relnhard, If.: Athenae in us. scholarum, Stuttgart 1868; 
 Curtius and Kaupert: Vienna 1900; Locper, R.: Cybulski's Tabulae xiv, 
 a. b., Leipzig 1903. 
 
 Views. The photographs of Rhomaides, the English Photograph Co., 
 and the collection of the German Archaeological Institute; Earth's Book- 
 store's "'EAAas, a collection of views of Athens and Greece" all in 
 Athens ; Reconstruction of Ancient Athens by Joseph Hoffmann, Ed. 
 Holzel's Kunstverlag in Vienna, 1880 ; Paul Acker, Les Vijles antiques, 
 Athenes. Restauration arche"ologique, Paris 1899 ; Model of Ancient 
 Athens, after Curtius and Kaupert, H. Walger, Berlin 1880. 
 
 4. SELECT BIBLIOGRAPHY FOR EXCURSUSES 
 (1) WALLS AND FORTIFICATIONS 
 
 For the earlier literature, consult Wachsmuth, Curtius, Frazer, and 
 Hitzig-Bluemner (11. cc.). 
 
 Leake: Topography of Athens, 300-375 ; Wachsmuth: Stadt Athen, ii, 
 1-50; Curtius : Stadtgeschichte, 104 ff. : Milchhocfer : "Peiraieus," Bau- 
 meister's Denkm., ii, 1195ff.; Karten von Attika, Text i, 24 ff.; ii, Iff.; von 
 Alien: Karten von Attika, Text i, 10-22 ; Angelopoulos: Utpi Hupaiws Kal
 
 APPENDIX 223 
 
 TWV A.i/u.e'vwv avrov, Athens 1898 ; Carroll: The Site of Ancient Phalerum, 
 George Washington University Bulletin iii, 1904, No. 3, 82 ff . ; Frazer : 
 on Paus. 1,1,2; 1, 2, 2 ; 1, 2, 4 ; 1, 28, 3 ; Hitzig-Bluemner : on Pans. 1, 
 1, 2 ; 1, 2, 2; 1, 2, 4; 1, 28, 3 ; Gardner: Ancient Athens, 36-72, 542-563; 
 Judeich: Topographic von Athen, 107-154. 
 
 (2) THE MARKET-PLACE OK ATHENS 
 
 The literature on the Agora is most fully given by Wachsmuth, ii, 
 305, note 1, and Hitzig-Bluemner, note on Paus. 3, 1. The most impor- 
 tant references are : 
 
 Wachsmuth: Die Stadt Athen, i, 152-172, 180-182, 199-212 ; ii, 305 ff.; 
 Pauly-Wissowa Supplem. 1, 181 ff.; Curtius: Attische Studien, ii, Der 
 Kerameikos und die Geschichte der Agora von Athen ; Stadtgeschichte, 
 169 ff. ; Ges. Abhandlungen, i, 339 ff.; Leake: Topography of Athens, 
 98-134; Kaupert: Die Rekonstruktion der Agora des Kerameikos, Berl. 
 Philol. Woch. vii (1887), 571 ff.; Lan<je: Haus u. Halle, 1885, 60 ff.; 
 Weizsacker: Jahrb. f. kl. Philol. 1887, 577 ff.; Verh. d. 39. Philologen- 
 vers. in Zurich 1888, 210 ff.; Miss Harrison: Ancient Athens, 14 ff.; 
 Fallis : Pausanias auf der Agora von Athen, Munich 1895 ; Ddrjrfeld: Ant. 
 Denkm. ii, Taf. 37, Text p. 1; Milchhnefer : Berl. Philol. Woch. 1900, 
 351 f., 379 ff.; Frazer: Pausanias ii, pp. 55 ff., etc.; Hitziy-Bluemner : on 
 Paus. 1, 3, 1, etc.; Gardner: Ancient Athens, 126 ff. , 381, 455 ; Judeich: 
 Topographie von Athen, 293-339. 
 
 (3 a) " THE EXXEACUUXUS EPISODE " 
 
 For a more complete statement of the literature on the Enneacrunus 
 question, consult Hitzig-Bluemner, i, 166 ff., and Frazer, Pausanias. ii, 
 114, 117 f. Here follow the more important titles: 
 
 Leakc : Topography of Athens, i, 127 ff.; Curtius: Attische Studien, ii, 
 15 ff.; Stadtgesch. 88-294; Ges. Abhandl. ii, 401-408; Waclistmit/i : Stadt 
 Athen, i, 272-284 ; Rh. Mus. xxiii, 35 ff.; Unger: Sit/ungsber. d. Akad. 
 Miinch. phil. hist. Cl. (1874), 263 ff.; Liisclik'f. : Die Enneakrunos-episode 
 bei Pausanias, Progr. Dorpat (1883), 9 ff.; Diirpfeld : A. M. xvi (1891), 
 444 ff.; xvii (1892), 92 ff., 439-445 ; xix (1893), 143 if.; Miss Harrison: 
 Ancient Athens (1890), 88 ff.; Gardner: Ancient Athens, 18-23, 149-151, 
 535-538; Graber: Die Enneakrunos, A. M. xxxi (1906), 1-64; Judeich: 
 Topographie (1905), 180 ff.; Watzinaer: A. M. xxvi (1901), 305 ff.; Miss 
 Harrison: Primitive Athens as described by Thucydides, Cambridge 1906.
 
 224 THE ATTICA OF PAUSANIAS 
 
 (3) THE DIONYSIUM IN LIMNIS 
 
 Curtius : Stadtgesch. 76 ff.; Wilamowitz: Hermes, xxi (1886), 615 if.; 
 Oehmichen: Sitzungsber. Akad. Miinch. phil.-hist. Kl. ii (1889), 122 ff.; 
 v. Maass: De Lenaeo et Delphinio, Progr. Greifswald, 1891/1892, 111 ff. ; 
 Pickard: A-. J. A. viii (1893), 56 ff.; Dorpfeld: A. M. xvii (1892), 439; 
 xix (1894), 506 ff.; xx (1895), 161 ff., 368 ff.; MUchhoefcr: Philol. Iv 
 (1896), 171 ff.; Wachsmuth: Abh. Gesellschaft d. W. Leipz. (1897), 33 ff. ; 
 v. Pratt: A. M. xxiii (1898), 205 ff.; Bates: Trans. Am. Philol. Assoc. xxx 
 (1899), 97 ff.; Carroll: Class. Rev. xix (1905), 325 ff.; Gardner: Ancient 
 Athens, 111 ff., 123 ff., 148 ff.; Judeich: Topographic, 261 ff.; Miss Harri- 
 son: Primitive Athens, 83-100; Schrader : A. M. xxi (1896), 265 ff. ; 
 Capps: Class. Philol. ii (1907), 25 ff. 
 
 (4) THE SO-CALLED THESEUM 
 
 Wachsmuth: Die Stadt Athen, i, 357-365 ; Leake: Athens, i, 498-512; 
 Curtius: Stadtgeschichte, 120-136, 294-296; Dorpfeld: A. M. ix (1884), 
 326 ff.; Miss Harrison : Ancient Athens, 112-122, 146-149 ; Gardner: An- 
 cient Athens, 410 ff.; Graef and Baumeister : Baumeister's Denkm. 1774- 
 1786 ; Ross : Das Theseion und der Tempel des Ares in Athen, Halle 1852 ; 
 Pervanoglu: Philologus, xxvii (1868), 660-672; Sauer: Das sogenannte 
 Theseion und sein plastischer Schmuck, Leipzig and Berlin 1899 ; Bates: 
 A. J. A. v (1901), 37 f.; Lolling: Nadir, der Gott. Ges. d. Wissensch. 1874, 
 17 ff.; Judeich: Topographic, 325 ff. 
 
 (5) THE OLYMPIEUM 
 
 Stuart and Revett: The Antiquities of Athens, London 1794, 11-17; 
 DodweU: Travels in Greece, i, 387 ff. ; Leake: Athens, i, 513-516 ; Dyer: 
 Ancient Athens, 272-279; MUchhoefcr: Athen, 177 f.; Berier: Papers of 
 Am. School at Athens, i (1882-1883), 183-212; Guide Joanne: i, 98 f.; 
 Baedeker: 49 f.; Lolling: Athen, 321 f.; Miss Harrison: Ancient Athens, 
 188 ff.; Penrose: J. II. S. viii (1887), 272 ff.; Penrose : Principles of 
 Athenian Architecture (ed. of 1888), with pi. xxxvii, xxxviii, xxxix ; 
 'E<. 'A/a X ., 1883, 195 f.; Berl. Philol. Woch. vii (1887), 702; Frazer: 
 Pausanias, ii, 178 f.; Gardner: Ancient Athens, 116-119, 498-499, etc.; 
 Judeich : Topographic, 340 ff.
 
 APPENDIX 225 
 
 (6) THK THKATRK OF DIONYSUS 
 
 Dyer: Ancient Athens, 307-343 ; Julius: Zeitschr. f. bild. Kunst, xiii 
 (1878), 193-204, 236, 242 ; UpaKTiKa nys 'Ap X aLoXvyiKJ<i 'Ercupws for 1877, 
 6 if.; ibid, for 1878, 8 ff.; Wheeler: Papers of Am. School at Athens, i 
 (1882-1883), 123-179 ; Milchhoefer : Athen, 190-102 ; Mttll,>r: Die griech. 
 Biihnenalterthunier, 82-101; DUrpfcld : ibid. 41") ff.; Kmreran : Bauniei- 
 ster's Denkm. 1734-1738; (jutde Joanne: i, 09-72; Baedeker: 53-55; 
 Botticher: Die Akropolis von Athen, 23(5-255 ; Haiyh : The Attic Theatre, 
 Oxford 1898; J/m Harrison: Ancient Athens, 271-295; Frazer : Pau- 
 sanias, ii, 222 ff.; Gardner: Ancient Athens, 123-125, 398-399, 453-451, 
 etc.; Dorpfeld and Rcisch: Das griechische Theater, Athen 1890 ; Dorpfeld: 
 A. M. xxii (1897), 439 ff.; xxiii (1898), 320 ff.; xxiv (1899), 310 ff.; xxviii 
 (1903), 383 if.; Puchstein: Die griechische Biihne : eine architektonisclie 
 Untersnchung, Berlin 1901; Judeich: Topographic, 27G ff. ; Capps : Uni- 
 versity of Chicago Studies in Class. Philol. i (1893), 93 ff . ; Class. Rev. 
 viii (1894), 318 ff.; A. J. A. x (1890), 287 ff. 
 
 (7) THE ACROPOLIS OF ATHENS 
 
 Beidc: L'Acropole d'Athenes, 2 vols. 1853-1854 (2d ed. 1802); De 
 Latiordc: Athenes aux xv e , xvi e , xvn e siecles, 1854; Wachsmuth: Die 
 Stadt Athen im Altertum, 1874 ; Burnouf: La Ville et 1'Acropole d'Athenes, 
 1877; Biitticher : Die Akropolis von Athen, Berlin 1888; Gregorovius: 
 Geschichte der Stadt Athen im Mittelalter, 1889; Curlitts : Die Stadt- 
 geschichte von Athen, 1891 ; Miller: History of the Acropolis of Athens, 
 A. J. A. viii (1893), 473 ff.; Luckenbach: Die Akropolis von Athen, 1896 ; 
 dross: Die Akropolis von Athen und ihre Kunstdenkmaler, Progr. Kron- 
 stadt, 1900; Michaelis: Arx Atlienarum a Pausania descripta, with atlas, 
 1901; Hachtmann: Die Akropolis von Athen im Zeitalter des Perikles, 
 Gymnasialbibl. Heft 35, Giitersloh 1903 ; J/m Harrison: Ancient Athens, 
 343 ff.; Primitive Athens, 5-05 ; (fardne.r: Ancient Athens, 208 ff.; Judeich: 
 Tojwgraphie, 190-255 ; Dorpfeld, Pctersen, Walters: Die Ausgrabungen der 
 Akropolis, A. M. xi (1886) -xiv (1890). 
 
 (8) THE PKOPYLAEA 
 
 Wheler : Journey in Greece, 358 f.; Stuart and Rerelt : ii (1787), 37 ff., 
 with pi. i-xiii ; Leake: Athens, i, 527 f.; Beulc: L'Acropole d'Athenes, i, 
 162 ff.; Ivanoff: Sulla grande Scalinata de'}>ropilei dell* Acropoli d'Atene, 
 Annali dell' Instituto, xxiii (1861), 275-293; Dyer: Ancient Athens,
 
 226 THE ATTICA OF PAUSANIAS 
 
 862 if.; Julius: A. M. i (1876), 216-228 ; ii (1877), 192-194 ; Robert: Aus 
 Kydathen, 172-194; Bohn: Die Propylaeen der Akropolis zu Athen (Ber- 
 lin and Stuttgart 1882); Milchhoefer: Athen, 200-202; Dorpfdd : A. M. x 
 (1885), 38-56, 131-144; White: 'E<J>. 'A px . 1894, 1 ff. ; Boetticher: Die 
 Akropolis von Athen, 175-187 ; Lolling: Athen, 339-341 ; Baumeister's 
 Denkm., 1414-1422; Afiss Harrison: Ancient Athens, 350-367; Curtius : 
 Stadtgesch. 130 ff.; Welter: A. J. A. [N. S.J viii (1904), 33-70; Judeich: 
 Topographic, 207 ff. 
 
 (9) THE TEMPLE OF ATHENA NIKE 
 
 Michael : Arch. Zeit. xx (1862), 249-267; Botticher : Philologus xxi 
 (1864), 41-72; Percanoglu, Bulletino dell' Institute, 1868, 162-164; 
 Julius: A. M. i (1876), 224 ff.; Michaelis, ibid. 279 ff.; Curtius: Arch. Zeit. 
 xxxvii (1879), 97 f.; Bohn: Arch. Zeit. xxxviii (1880), 85-91; A. M. v 
 (1880), 259-267, 309-316 ; Kekulc: Die Reliefs an der Balustrade der 
 Athena Nike (Stuttgart 1881); Petersen : Zeit. f. d. oest. Gym. xxxii 
 (1881), 261-282; Baumeister's Denkm., 1021-1027; Walters: Bonner 
 Studien, 1890, 92-101; Frieder ichs-W oilers : Gipsabgiisse, Xos. 747-804, 
 pp. 281-290 ; Yorke : J. H. S. xiii (1892-1893), 272-280; Kaiwadias : 'E<. 
 'Ap X - 1897, 174 ff.; Dorpfdd: A. M. xxii (1897), 227 ff. ; v. Wilamowitz: 
 Deutsch. Lit. Zeit. 1898, 383 ff.; Furtwangler : Meisterw. 207-222 ; Judeich: 
 Topographic, 204 ff. 
 
 (10) THE PARTHENON 
 
 The literature on the Parthenon is given fully in Jahn-Michaelis, Arx, 
 53 ff. 1 AVe give only the principal titles: 
 
 1. Architecture. Michaelis : Der Parthenon, Leipzig 1871; Ferguason, 
 The Parthenon, London 1882; Penrose: Principles of Athenian Archi- 
 tecture, new ed., London 1888 ; Magne : Le Parthenon : Etudes faites 
 au cours de deux missions en Grece 1894-1895, Paris 1895; Dorpfdd: 
 A. M. vi (1881), 283-302; xix (1894), 529-531 ; xxvii (1902), 379 ff.; 
 v. Sybel: Baumeister's Denkm. ii, 1171-1188; Boetticher: Akropolis, 110 ff.; 
 Furtwdngler : Meisterw. 162ff.; Miss Harrison : Ancient Athens, 430-480 ; 
 Gardner: Ancient Athens, 257-352; Judeich: Topographie, 225-237. 
 
 2. Sculpture. Petersen: Die Kunst des Pheidias, Berlin 1873; Wald- 
 stein: Essays on the Art of Phidias, Cambridge 1885 ; Puchstein: A. Jb., 
 v (1890), 79-117 ; Sauer: A. M. xv (1891), 59-94 ; Furtwangler: Meisterw. 
 184 ff., 223-250 ; Six: A. Jb., ix (1894), 83-87 ; Pernice: A. Jb., x (1895), 
 
 1 For subsequent literature see Frazer, ii, 310 f.; Hitzig-Bluemner, i, 271-273; 
 Judeich, 225-237, 1-7.
 
 APPENDIX 227 
 
 93-103; Wizemann : Die Giebelgruppen des Parthenon, Stuttgart 1895. 
 Schwerzek : Erlauterungen zu der Reconstruction des Westgiebels des Par- 
 thenon, Vienna 1896; Michadis: A. Jl>., xi (189(5), 300-304; Malenbery. 
 A. Jb.,xii (1897), 92-96; Treu: A. Jb., xii (1897), 101 ff. ; Omont : Des- 
 sins des sculptures du Parthenon, Paris 1898 ; Murray: The Sculptures of 
 the Parthenon, London 1903. 
 
 (11) THE EKECHTHEUM 
 
 For literature on the Erechtheum,cf. Frazer, ii, 338 f.; Hitzig-Bluemner, 
 i, 284 f.; Judeich, Topographic, 243-245. 
 
 Fergusson: The Erechtheuin and the Temple of Athena Polias, Trans. 
 Royal Institute British Architects, 1876-1879, and J. H. S. xi (1882), 
 83 ff.; Fowler: Papers of Am. School at Athens, i (1885), 215-236; 
 Michaelis: A. M. ii (1877), 15-37; Borrmann : A. M. vi (1881), 372 ff.; 
 Rhangare: A. M. vii (1882), 258 ff., 321 ff.; Peternen : A. M. x (1885), 1 ff.; 
 Dorpfeld: A. M. xxviii (1903), 465 ff.; xxix (1904), 101 ff.; Schnllz and 
 Gardner: J. II. S. xii (1891), 1 ff.; Barnsley : ibid. 381 ft'.; Middleton: 
 J. II. S. Supplem. iii, pi. 9-17 ; Stevenson: A. J. A. [X. S.] x (1906), 47- 
 71 [pi. vi-ix] ; Washburn and Frickenhaus : ibid. 1-17 [pi. i-iv] ; Mi*s Har- 
 rison: Ancient Athens, 483-496 ; Primitive Athens, 37-48 ; Furtw&ngler : 
 Meisterw. 192-200 ; Gardner: Ancient Athens, 353-372; Judeich: Topog- 
 raphic, 243-255. 
 
 (12) THK OLD ATHENA TKMI-LK 
 
 For literature on the Old Athena Temple, cf. Judeich, Topographic, 
 238-240, 2, 3. 
 
 Dorpfeld: A. M. x (1885), 275 ff.; xi (1886), 337-351; xii (1887), 
 25-61, 190-211 ; xv (1890), 420-439 ; xxii(1897), 159-178 ; xxviii (1903), 
 468 f.; xxix (1904), 106-107; Petcrsen : A. M. xii (1887), 62-72; Wer- 
 nicke: ibid. 184-189; Schroder: A. M. xxii (1897), 59-112; Frazer : 
 J. II. S. xiii (1892-1893), 153-187, reprinted with a few slight changes 
 as App. Pans, ii, 553-582; Fowler: A. J. A. viii (1893), 1-17; Miller: 
 ibid. 473 ff.; White: Harvard Studies vi (1895), 1-54 ; Belyer : fieri. Philol. 
 Woch. xvii (1867), 1372 ff., 1405 ff., 1438 ff.; Cinleij : A. J. A. [X. S.] iii 
 (1899), 355 ff.; 3/ixs HarrLwn: Ancient Athens, 496-513; Gardner: An- 
 cient Athens, 78-81, 209-210, 363-364 ; Judeich: Topographic, 237-242 ; 
 Wiegand: Die archaische Poros-Architektur der Akropolis -/A\ Athen, 
 Leipzig 1904; Lcchat : La Sculpture attique avant Phidias, Paris 1904; 
 Schroder : A. M. xxx (1905), 305-322.
 
 EXCURSUSES 
 
 [For Bibliography see Appendix E] 
 
 EXCURSUS I. THE HARBORS AND FORTIFICATIONS OF 
 GREATER ATHENS 
 
 In this discussion it may be said that I accept the following : 
 
 (1) The site of Old Phalerum is to the west of the Bay of Phalerum, on 
 the eastern slope of the hill of Munychia and extends eastward along the 
 Bay, the view held by Leake and Gardner. Other topographers locate it 
 either (rc) at Trispyrgi, crowned by the chapel of St. George at the south- 
 east corner of the Bay, as Ulrichs and Frazer, or (ft) on a conspicuous 
 rocky elevation about one and one fourth miles north of St. George and 
 1400 yards from the sea, near the chapel of the Savior, as Milchhoefer 
 and Judeich. 
 
 (2) Where Thucydides and Pausanias refer to the three harbors of 
 the Piraeus, they always mean () the greater harbor, (7/) the oval basin 
 southwest of the hill of Munychia, now known as the harbor of Zea or 
 Pashaliinani, and (c) the small harbor, southeast of Munychia and west of 
 the Bay, the old harbor of Phalerum now known as Munychia or Fanari. 
 
 (3) Cape Colias was what is now known as the promontory of St. George, 
 at the southeast corner of the Bay, frequently falsely called the site of Old 
 Phalerum. 
 
 (4) The so-called Third Long Wall of Athens, usually called the Pha- 
 leric Wall, has never existed except in the fancy of certain topogra- 
 phers, notably Wachsmuth, Curtius, Frazer, and Judeich. In this I 
 agree with Leake, Angelopoulos, and Gardner. 
 
 For a complete discussion of these views and of the passages in an- 
 cient authors involved, see my paper, " The Site of Ancient Phalerum," 
 The George Washington University Bulletin, Vol. Ill, no. iii, pp. 82-00, 
 October, 1904. 
 
 A. History. Three periods are to be distinguished in the history 
 of the fortifications of Athens: (1) The period of the Acropolis fortifica- 
 tions, dating from prehistoric times; (2) that of a pre-Persian city wall in 
 
 228
 
 HARBORS AND FORTIFICATIONS 229 
 
 addition to the Acropolis fortifications ; and (3) that of the fortifications 
 of Greater Athens, including Piraeus, dating from the rebuilding of the 
 city after the Persian Wars. 
 
 1. The fortifications of the Acropolis date from prehistoric times, but 
 were not of any practical importance after the Persian Wars, when the 
 Acropolis ceased to be a citadel and became the sacred precinct of Athena. 
 The primitive wall about the hill was similar to the walls about the cita- 
 dels of Mycenae and Tiryns, and the story goes that the Athenians em- 
 ployed the Pelasgians to fortify the Acropolis. The wall was known as 
 the TleXapyiKov ra^os, or HtXapyiKov, later HeAacryiKov. It followed the 
 natural contours of the rock, and its course may be traced on plans of the 
 Acropolis, where remains are indicated on the south, east, and west sides. 
 At the west end was a kind of terraced outwork, known as the Ennea- 
 pylon, or the Nine Gates, to which the name Pelargikon was given par 
 excellence. The exact arrangement of the gates is not known, but they 
 were doubtless set within one another in a series of bastions or terraces. 
 
 The Pelargikon doubtless existed intact up to the sixth century B.C. 
 The Pisistratidae made use of the Acropolis with its fortifications as their 
 citadel. After their occupation the Pelargikon was held to be under a curse 
 and was no longer used for profane purposes. It was either demolished by 
 the Persians or was removed for the embellishment of the Acropolis as 
 a sacred precinct. It was never restored, but considerable portions of the 
 outworks doubtless survived to imperial times. 
 
 2. The Pelargikon was for a long time the only fortification of Athens. 
 It is probable that in the seventh century, certainly not later than the time 
 of Solon, the enlarged city was surrounded with a wall. The course and 
 extent of this wall cannot be determined in detail, as actual remains 
 fail us, but we can in general identify its course. We infer that it was 
 of narrower compass than the Themistoclean Wall (Time. 1, 93), that 
 the older city developed round the Acropolis (Herod. 7, 140), and that the 
 rivers, the Ilissus and the Eridanus, were recognized as boundaries to the 
 south and north respectively (Plat. Critias, p. 112 A). An important factor 
 for the course of the earlier wall is the gate of Hadrian with its inscrip- 
 tions, which distinguish "the city of Theseus" from "the city of 
 Hadrian." A similar landmark to the north is seen by some topogra- 
 phers in the gate mentioned by Pans. 1, 15, 1, at the north entrance of 
 the market. (Judeich.) 
 
 Assuming these two points as fixed, on the northeast and southwest 
 sides, we can conjecture the course of the wall from the configuration of
 
 230 THE ATTICA OF PAUSANIAS 
 
 the land. Thus the wall probably ran from where the arch of Hadrian was 
 built later, westward to the Philopappus hill, thence northwest over the 
 Pnyx to the Hill of the Nymphs, thence over Market hill to the north- 
 west gate. From there it ran in semicircular fashion, first eastward, then 
 southeast, then southwest, to the Arch of Hadrian. Thus could originate 
 very well the oracle's observation regarding the wheel -formed city, with 
 the Acropolis as the hub. The entire course was about three miles. Others 
 regard the Dipylum as the site of the northwest gate of the early city wall 
 as well as of the later, basing their argument on Thucydides's (6, 57) narra- 
 tive of the assassination of Hipparchus. Hippias is superintending the ar- 
 rangements for the Panathenaic festival " outside in the Ceramicus (!o> 
 fv TO) Kepu^eiKO) KuAoiyxtVa)) . " The conspirators, fearing they have been 
 betrayed, rush within the gates (e<ro) TU>V irv\>v) and slay Hipparchus near 
 the Leocorium. This would make the circuit somewhat greater. Concern- 
 ing the material and the style of building we can only conjecture, but 
 probably they were much the same as in the later wall. This wall was 
 probably neglected in the sixth and early part of the fifth centuries, as it 
 seems to have afforded no protection whatever against the Persians. After 
 the Persian War very little of it was left standing. Cf. Thuc. 1, 89, 3, rryv 
 TrdAtv cLVOLKooo/mtLV Trupfcr Kevd^ovTO Kal TO. Tf.L^r] TOV T yap TTtpi/^dAou ftpa^ta 
 
 eiO-TrJKU KT\. 
 
 3. The first strong fortification of Athens falls in the time when the 
 enthusiasm of the Athenians was stirred over the victories of Salamis and 
 Plataea, and is coincident with the expansion of the city which began 
 soon after those battles. We have an account of the rebuilding in Thuc. 
 1, 93 : TOT/TO) TW rpoTTw ol ' AOr/voLOL Trfv vrdAiv eret^t'^ovTO tv oAi'yw xpovw' 
 
 Kal 8r)\.r) T/ OlKOOOaia Tl KOL VVV fCTTLV OTL KU.TO. O~TrOVOr)V Eye'vCTO. Ol yap 9{.Ue\lOL 
 
 TravTOitav \L0<i)v viroKf.ivTu.1 Kal ov crvvtipyacr /j.tvu>v Icrriv r), dAA a>s tKucrrot TTOTC 
 Trpocreffrepov, TroAAat re crr^Aat airo arj/Jidrtav KOL XiOoi etpyuo-yacVot t'yKareAe'yr;- 
 crav, (Jif.i<av yap u 7Tpi/3oXo<; Travra^fj f^r/^Of] T^S TroAews, KOI 8ta TOVTO iravra 
 o//,ot'a>s /avowres r/ireiyovro. tirticrf. Se Kal TOV Hetpuiws TO. AOITTO. 6 e/xioroKArJ? 
 
 OlKOOOfJ.eLV. VTTrjpKTO S' aVTOV TTpOTCpOV 7Tt Trj<i KCtVoU (Ip^l^S r)S KttT* tVLUVTOV 
 
 'AOrjvaiois ryp^e Kai wKoSd/A^crav rfj CKetVou yv<i>/JL7] TO Traces TOV Tefypvs oTrep 
 vvv CTL &r)\6v IO-TL irepl TOV Hetpaia KT\. 
 
 The date of Themistocles's archonship during which he induced the 
 Athenians to begin the fortification of the Piraeus was 493-492 B.C. It 
 is likely, however, that the work was not prosecuted in earnest until after 
 the Persian Wars, when the city walls were being built and brought to a 
 finish. The work of fortification was inaugurated under Themistocles,
 
 HARBORS AND FORTIFICATIONS 231 
 
 continued under Ciinon, and completed under Pericles. Similarly the north 
 wall of the Acropolis dates from the time of Themistocles. The south and 
 east walls were built by Ciinon out of the spoils won by him from the 
 Persians at the battle of the Eurymedon in 408 B.C. 
 
 The construction of the Long Walls was a later work. According to 
 Thuc. 1, 107, the Athenians began to build the Long Walls to the sea, 
 namely the wall to Phalerum and the wall to Piraeus, about 400 B*.C. 
 The walls were completed within four years, apparently soon after the 
 battle of Oenophyta in 450 B.C. (Thuc. 1, 108 ; Pint. Cimon, 1:5). Those 
 who hold to the construction of a Middle Wall, usually known as the 
 South Piraeic Wall, date its construction in 445 B.C. on the untrustworthy 
 evidence of Andocides (3, 7) and Aeschines (2, 174). For a full discus- 
 sion of the so-called Third Long Wall, see the paper already mentioned, 
 pp. 88-90. At the beginning of the Peloponnesian War the fortifications 
 were still intact (Thuc. 2, 13). The Piraeus fortifications and the Long 
 Walls were demolished by^he Lacedaemonians after the defeat at Aegos- 
 potami in 404 B.C. (Pint. Lysander, 14 ; Diod. 13, 107 ; 14, 85). The walls 
 of Athens were apparently spared. 
 
 During 394-392 B.C. the Piraeus fortifications and the Long Walls were 
 restored, chiefly under Conon (Xen. Hell. 4, 8, 9-10, Diod. 14, 85). The 
 Long Walls may have been destroyed again in 25G B.C. by Antigonus when 
 he withdrew his garrison from Athens (Pans. 3, 0, 0) : at any rate they were 
 half in ruins in 200 B.C. when Philip V of Macedon attacked Athens 
 (Livy, 31, 20). During this time the city wall had undergone extensive 
 improvements after the battle of Chaeronea, 338 B.C. (Aeschin. 3, 27, 31 ; 
 Liban. ad Dem. 30, 221, 1), and had been restored, according to inscrip- 
 tions, under Habron, the son of Lycurgus, in 307/300 B.C. (C.I. A. II, 107), 
 and under Euryclides and Micion (C.I. A. II, 379). The final ruin occurred 
 when Sulla in 87-80 B.C. assailed Athens. He raxed the fortifications of the 
 Piraeus and burnt the arsenal and the docks ; he utilized what was left of 
 the Long Walls in building the mound against the city close to the Dipy- 
 lum ; and he destroyed the city wall from the Dipylum to the Piraeus 
 gate (Plut. Sulla, 14 ; Appian, Mithrid. 41 ; Strabo, 9, p. 390). Probably 
 from that time the Piraeus fortifications and the Long Walls were a 
 memory only. The extension of the 'city circuit occurred under the Em- 
 peror Hadrian. This enlargement of the city to the south and southeast 
 is confirmed by the inscription on the gate of Hadrian, and by actual 
 remains of the wall, which enable us to trace its course. The extension 
 measured nearly 1} miles. With the Hadrian Wall, the story of the ancient
 
 232 THE ATTICA OF PAUSANIAS 
 
 fortifications is completed. Not to antiquity but to the later Middle Ages 
 belongs what has been usually known as the " Valerian Wall," which con- 
 nected the northern part of the city with the Acropolis (see W. Vischer, 
 Kl. Schr. II, 385 Amn. 1, and Judeich, Topographic, 103 and 154). 
 
 B. Description. The fortifications of Greater Athens naturally fall 
 into three sections, which we shall treat in the following order : (1) The 
 Extent and Course of the City Wall ; (2) Fortifications of the Piraeus 
 and its Harbors ; (3) The Construction of the Long Walls uniting the 
 city with its port. 
 
 1. To determine the line of the wall, we must rely partly on the liter- 
 ary evidence, partly on the study of the configuration of the land and of 
 extant remains. We naturally begin at the Dipylum, where substantial 
 remains of the Themistoclean wall, with later additions, were excavated 
 in 1872-1874. The Dipylum was a double gate, that is, there was an outer 
 and an inner entrance, separated by an inclosed court about 133 feet long ; 
 and each of these entrances consists of two gatfes, each about 11 feet wide, 
 hinging on a pillar in the middle. The outer gate stands about 25 feet 
 back from the outer surface of the city wall, and the approach to it is 
 flanked by towers on both sides. So strong a defense was doubtless con- 
 structed because the low land about this gate made it the most vulnerable 
 spot of the city. Here Philip V of Macedon in 200 H.C. made his unsuccess- 
 ful assault (Livy, 31, 24) ; with a body of cavalry Philip forced his way 
 through the outer gate into the court, where the missiles of the enemy 
 poured down upon him, and he had great difficulty in extricating himself ; 
 beside this gate Sulla built the mound by which he captured the city 
 (Plut. Sulla, 14). 
 
 The same excavations brought to light what was taken to be another 
 gate, southwest of the Dipylum at a distance of 60 yards. Some have 
 named it the Sacred Gate, but Dorpfeld believes it was merely an open- 
 ing in the wall for the passage of the Eridanus, and that the term " Sacred 
 Gate " is merely another name for the Dipylum, as through it the sacred 
 processions passed on their way to Eleusis. (A. M. XIII, 1888, p. 214; 
 XIV, 1889, pp. 414 f.) 
 
 Between the Dipylum and the so-called Sacred Gate there are consid- 
 erable remains of the old city walls-, consisting of an inner wall of polygo- 
 nal limestone blocks nearly 8 feet thick, and an outer wall, built at a 
 later time to strengthen the inner, about 14 feet thick, composed of an 
 outer and inner facing of conglomerate blocks with the space between 
 filled with earth. Beyond the Sacred Gate to the southwest both walls are
 
 HARBORS AND FORTIFICATIONS 233 
 
 prolonged for about 40 yards to the rocky slope of the Athanasius hill, where 
 they come to an end. Here the inner wall, mostly of limestone, reaches at 
 times the height of 13 feet. The outer wall is about 30 feet distant from the 
 inner ; it consists of quadrangular blocks of conglomerate, and is preserved 
 in part to a height of sixteen courses. Northeast of the Dipylum the inner 
 and the outer wall may be traced for about 55 and 40 yards respectively ; 
 the inner wall is well preserved, but the outer is in a ruinous condition. 
 Of these walls and gates, the lower polygonal part of the inner wall dates 
 from Themistocles's fortifications. The Dipylum was probably built by 
 Pericles. The outer wall probably dates from the Macedonian period. 
 
 From the Athanasius hill, the course of the w r all up to the Hill of the 
 Nymphs is clearly marked. Thence it ran in a southeasterly direction, 
 following the configuration of the land, over the Hill of the Nymphs, 
 along the ridge of the Pnyx to the Hill of the Muses. Beyond this point 
 we can conjecture its course partly from certain landmarks, partly from 
 literary evidence. Thus the wall continued eastward from the summit of 
 the Hill of the Muses, and probably included the terrace of the Olym- 
 pieum, the southeast corner of which seems to have formed the angle 
 whence the wall turned northward (see Strabo, 9, 404, and Judeich I.e.). 
 Its course northward probably extended in the direction of the present 
 English Church, thence northwestward on the line of the present Stadion 
 Street as far as the Police Court on the 'OSos Nofucr/juaTOKoirfiov, where 
 there was unmistakable evidence of its presence. Thence, making a turn, 
 it proceeded in a southwesterly direction in a line parallel with the Piraeus 
 Street, until it met the double wall extending northeast from the Dipylum. 
 
 2. In spite of the ruin effected by time and the hand of man, enough 
 has been preserved to enable one to trace the line of fortification-wall 
 almost entirely round the peninsula of Piraeus. The sea-wall skirts the 
 shore at a distance of about 20 to 40 yards. It is from 9 to 12 feet thick 
 and consists of carefully cut blocks of native limestone without mortar ; 
 in some parts the wall is still standing to a height of 9 feet, and is flanked 
 by towers at intervals of 55 to 66 yards. 
 
 The mouths of the harbors were contracted by moles which ran out to 
 meet each other and left only a narrow entrance between their extremi- 
 ties. Thus the harbor of Cantharus, which has a mouth 336 yards wide, 
 was protected by moles each 141 yards in length, narrowing the entrance 
 to about 54 yards. As Zea consisted of a circular basin extending inland 
 with a mouth only about 108 yards broad, it needed less elaborate fortifi- 
 cations. Walls ran along the channel leading to the basin on each side,
 
 234 THE ATTICA OF PAUSANIAS 
 
 and at the inner end of the channel on either side were towers of solid 
 masonry built out into the water. Munychia, being semi-elliptical in shape, 
 was originally altogether too accessible, and required extensive construc- 
 tions to convert it into a harbor that was safe in time of war. Its moles 
 have been regarded as the most magnificent specimen of ancient Greek 
 fortification that has survived. The southern mole built on a reef is 
 about 206 yards long ; the northern mole, resting partly on a spit of land, 
 partly in the sea, is about 31 feet wide and 184 yards long. The entrance 
 to the harbor, between towers terminating each mole, was 40 yards in 
 width. In times of danger heavy chains, coated with tar, were stretched 
 across the entrances of the harbors from tower to tower. The wall run- 
 ning round the peninsula joined the harbor fortifications. 
 
 On the landward side, the wall started from the northeast corner of the 
 Munychia harbor, ran along the coast a short distance northward, ascended 
 the hill and followed the plateau first westward and then northward, con- 
 nected with the Long Walls, then turned westward across a bight of the 
 harbor, and then followed the rocky promontory of Eetionia southwest- 
 ward to the sea. Four gates can be distinguished on the landward side, 
 the principal one being just outside the northern Long Wall. 
 
 The hill of Munychia was from early times the acropolis of Piraeus. 
 In the latter part of the sixth century a strong fortress was here con- 
 structed by the tyrant Hippias (Arist. Resp. Ath. 38). After the Spartan 
 occupation it was seized by Thrasybulus and his band of patriots who 
 restored the democracy. Demetrius Poliorcetes (294 B.C.) demolished the 
 Munychian fortress, and built a fortress on the Museum hill at Athens. 
 
 3. Though but scant traces of the Long Walls can now be detected, 
 remains were visible to seventeenth and eighteenth century travelers. In 
 1676 Wheler noticed the foundations in many places (Journey, p. 420). A 
 century later Stuart (Wachsmuth, Stadt Athen, II, 188) saw remains of 
 the walls 12 feet thick, with square towers at intervals. Leake (I, 295 ff.) 
 traced the foundations of the northern Long Wall for a mile and a half, 
 beginning half a mile from the head of the great harbor, and running in 
 the direction of the entrance to the Acropolis. These foundations, 12 feet 
 thick, consisted of large quadrangular blocks of stone. The southern Long 
 Wall was not so easily traceable, except at its junction with the wall about 
 Munychia, and for half a mile thence toward Athens. See Leake, I, 
 417 ff. The modern highroad from Athens to Piraeus, constructed in 
 1835, is largely laid on the foundations of the northern Long Wall 
 (Wachsmuth, II, 188).
 
 THE AGORA 235 
 
 The southern Long Wall joined the landward Piraeus Wall directly north 
 of the summit of the Munychia hill, and west of the Bay of Phalerum ; 
 the northern, where the Piraeus Wall turned westward, toward the north 
 of the harbor. Starting northeastward, they first converged, then ran 
 parallel to each other at a distance of 550 feet until they approached 
 Athens, when they again diverged. " The northern wall seems to have 
 joined the ring-wall of Athens on the west side of the Xymphaeum hill 
 near the modern Observatory ; while the southern wall joined the city 
 wall on the summit of the Museum hill. At the point where the Long 
 Walls began to diverge as they approached Athens, they were joined by a 
 cross-wall in which there was a gate." 
 
 Thucydides's estimate (2, 13) of the extent of the fortifications of Greater 
 Athens is as follows : Circuit of city (exclusive of space between Long 
 Walls), 43 stades ; Piraeus Wall, 40 stades ; Phaleric Wall, 35 stades ; circuit 
 of Piraeus peninsula, CO stades, of which 30 were guarded. Gardner (p. 71) 
 shows that, as judged by extant remains and geographic conditions, the 
 circuit of the city wall as stated by Thucydides is far too great; the length 
 of both the Long Walls is too short ; the figures given for the circuit of 
 Piraeus is about correct. He says the discrepancy may be adjusted by tak- 
 ing the figure for the city walls to include the portions of the Long Walls 
 down to where they became parallel, and where a cross-wall is marked in 
 Curtius's map. Roughly measured, the circuit of the old city wall was 
 28 stades ; the additional piece thus added is about 15 stades, making a 
 total of 43 stades. This enables the two Long Walls to diverge more widely 
 at the Piraeus so that about half the wall might be left undefended, as 
 Thucydides states. 
 
 By the completion of the Long Walls the city of Athens and its port 
 were converted, as the orator Aristides says (13, vol. I, 305, ed. Dindorf) 
 into one vast fortress a day's journey in circumference. Taking Thucy- 
 dides's figures the total was 178 stades or nearly 20 miles. 
 
 EXCURSUS II. THE AGORA OF ATHENS 
 
 The determination of the site of the ancient Agora of Athens and its 
 monuments is the turning-point of almost the whole study of Athenian 
 topography. Yet it is this section of the city which presents the most diffi- 
 cult problems to the archaeologist, and about which there exists the most 
 uncertainty. This is due to a number of causes. Of all parts of the city, 
 the market-place and its neighborhood have been most sensitive to changes
 
 236 THE ATTICA OF PAUSANIAS 
 
 of population, most subject to growth and decay, and thus its appearance 
 has changed with every important epoch of Athenian history Greek, 
 Roman, Byzantine, Venetian, Frank, and Turkish. Of the many build- 
 ings in and about the Agora of the fifth century only one remains, an evi- 
 dence of the destruction and decay that have here taken place. Again, 
 with the passing centuries the lie of the land has changed, and relief-maps 
 of Athens of the fifth century and of the twentieth century would show 
 decided differences of level. Furthermore, while literary references to the 
 market-place are numerous, they tell us of its life, of its frequenters and 
 their occupations, but give scant information as to its site, its extent, and 
 the relative location of its buildings and monuments. Even Pausanias's 
 hints as to direction are indefinite and obscure, and throw little light on 
 many questions of the utmost importance to modern scholars. 
 
 Finally, archaeologists and topographers differ among themselves in 
 their interpretation of the testimony of antiquity. Basing their conclusions 
 \ipon the description of the one authority, Pausanias, they have so differed 
 in their interpretations of the same statements that we have eight or more 
 ground-plans meant to show the relative location of the various buildings. 
 
 The topography of the Agora is accordingly uncertain, and it will re- 
 quire further excavations to put it on a basis of sound knowledge. In the 
 meantime we shall follow the lead of Dr. Dorpfeld. 
 
 A. Historical Development of the Agora The Agora of Athens, like the 
 
 Roman Forum, was at all periods the centre of the political and commer- 
 cial life of the city. There are likewise many analogies in the historical 
 and topographical development of the Agora and the Forum. 
 
 When the Greeks first established communities they were in danger of 
 robbers by land and of pirates by sea. Hence they built their settlements 
 upon a rock which they fortified against the attacks of their enemies. 
 
 Thus originated the citadels, or 'A/cpOTroAets, of primitive Greece, of 
 which the Acropolis of Athens became the most celebrated. The low 
 ground nearest to the citadel became the place of parley and of barter 
 with neighboring tribes. And this constituted the primitive 'Ayopa, a 
 term first used to denote a gathering of the people at the call of the king 
 or chief, then the place of such gatherings, and later the general place of 
 meeting for commercial and political purposes. 
 
 Thucydides (2, 15) says that before the centralization under Theseus 
 the Acropolis constituted the primitive city, together with the ground 
 lying under it, especially to the south. In proof of this statement lie cites 
 the location of a number of ancient sanctuaries, and of the spring which
 
 - -''. 
 
 ^ 
 
 FIG. 1. THE ATHENIAN AGOHA (A)itike Denkmaler, II, 37)
 
 THE AGORA 237 
 
 furnished water for the early inhabitants. From this it seems clear that 
 the hollow ground to the southwest of the Acropolis, bounded by the Are- 
 opagus, Pnyx, and Museum hills, was the site of the original Agora. The 
 Roman Forum presents a striking analogy. The hollow ground between 
 the Palatine and Capitoline hills, with its spring of Juturna and its primi- 
 tive cults, there became the place of parley and of barter, the embryo centre 
 of the later political and commercial life of Rome. 
 
 Thus the Agora, at first a place of truce-making and of buying and 
 selling, became with the growth of the city the place for law courts, for 
 shrines of the gods, for business centres for in ancient times law and 
 religion and commerce went hand in hand. But as society became more 
 highly organized, the Agora for business would gradually separate from the 
 Agora of politics and religion, and thus the territory covered by the vari- 
 ous activities of the market-place would gradually spread. 
 
 B. Course and Extent of the Agora. We can trace in general terms the 
 course of the Athenian Agora. The centre of the growing city gradually 
 shifted northward and westward. Hence, as law and politics and business 
 demanded greater accommodations, the Areopagus became the centre round 
 which the market spread, chiefly round its western slope, until the dis- 
 trict lying north and northwest of it was entirely devoted to public build- 
 ings. The political Agora naturally kept as much as possible to its old 
 haunts, while the business Agora spread in a northwesterly direction, toward 
 the principal gate of the city the Dipylum. 
 
 Hence the Agora is not to be regarded as a rectangular space carefully 
 laid off, as in the plans of Curtius and of others, but rather as a long 
 rambling quarter of the town, approached by the avenue from the Dipylum, 
 with the Colonus Agoraeus as its northwest limit ; east of this hill and 
 north of the Areopagus was its principal section, but it stretched round 
 the western slope of the Areopagus and embraced the older sites between 
 the Areopagus and the Pnyx and extending toward the Acropolis. 
 
 C. Site of 'Ilniblinffs antl Monuments mentioned />>/ Pausanias. We shall now 
 endeavor to locate the buildings and monuments mentioned by Pausanias. 
 
 Pausanias entered Athens at the Dipylum, and proceeded along the Dro- 
 mos, a broad avenue extending in a southeasterly direction, until he entered 
 the Ceramicus at the foot of the Colonus Agoraeus. He then mentions as the 
 first building on the right-hand side the Royal Colonnade, and in its imme- 
 diate neighborhood the Colonnade of Zeus the Deliverer and the temple of 
 Apollo the Paternal. These three buildings were doubtless in a line just be- 
 neath the Colonus hill, as indicated on the plan. (See Fig. 1 , facing p. 236.)
 
 238 THE ATTICA OF PAUSANIAS 
 
 The next group, which Pausanias expressly says were near each other, 
 the Metroum or sanctuary of the Mother of the Gods, the Buleuterium or 
 Council House of the 500, and the Tholos or Rotunda, appear to have 
 stood at the southern end of the market-place, just at the northern foot 
 of the slope of the Areopagus, for reasons given in the Xotes. Above this 
 group of buildings on the northern slope of the Areopagus stood the statues 
 of the Eponymi. Pausanias now follows the main thoroughfare round the 
 western slope of the Areopagus, with these buildings to his left, while oppo- 
 site, on his right, in a conspicuous spot known as the "orchestra," were 
 the statues of Harmodius and Aristogiton. 
 
 The next group the Odeum, the fountain Enneacrunus, the temples 
 of Demeter, Persephone, and Triptolemus or the Eleusinium, and the 
 temple of Eucleia are discussed in Excursus III. As is there argued 
 (p. 251), the Enneacrunus is at the foot of the Pnyx hill, the Odeum near 
 i't on the traveler's right, the temples of the Eleusinian deities to the south 
 of the Areopagus, and the temple of Eucleia a little farther on. 
 
 After visiting the Eucleia shrine, Pausanias turns directly back and 
 gives us a clew to his movements by stating that the monuments he next 
 visits are above the Ceramicus and the Royal Colonnade. These are the 
 temple of Hephaestus, and the shrine of Aphrodite Urania located on the 
 Colonus hill, as shown in Excursus IV, the former being identical with 
 the so-called Theseum. 
 
 After describing these temples to the west of the Agora, Pausanias 
 once more enters the market-place and describes three objects whose site 
 has aroused considerable discussion the Painted Colonnade, the Hermes 
 Agoraeus, and a market-gate with a trophy upon it. 
 
 The exact site of the three depends upon (1) the site of the buildings 
 earlier mentioned, (2) the point at which Pausanias again entered the 
 market-place, and (3) whether we assume that the Agora was single in its 
 form or double, consisting of a business and a political section. 
 
 Another factor to be taken into consideration is one not mentioned by 
 Pausanias, namely a row of Hermae noted in Harpocration s.v. 'Ep/Mu: 
 atro yap 7775 TroiKiA^s KOL TT/S TOV /3ucriAews o-roas tiariv 01 'Epfjuu KaXovfifvoi. 
 In what direction, then, did these Hermae run? Other important passages 
 for the solution of this important topographical question are Xen. Hip- 
 parch. 3,2, where the Hermae are mentioned as the starting and conclud- 
 ing point for the sacred processions ; Schol. Aristophanes, Eq. 297, which 
 says that the Hermes Agoraeus stood lv pear) rfj dyopu ; and Lucian Jupp. 
 Trag. 33, which locates the Hermes as 6 ayopalos 6 trapa rrjv
 
 THE AGORA 239 
 
 The Harpocration passage has been variously interpreted, and the theo- 
 ries as to the site of the Painted Colonnade, and in fact as to the form of 
 the market-place, have turned largely on the direction given the row 
 of Hermae. 
 
 1. Some take it to mean that the row of Hermae connected the Royal 
 with the Painted Colonnade. So Curtius(Att. Stud. 1 1, 2~>, Stadtgesch. p. 170), 
 who locates the latter on the east side of the market, just below the Colon- 
 nade of Attains. The market-gate he locates between the Painted and 
 the Attains Colonnades, with the Hermes Agoraeus just before it. 
 
 2. Many topographers, however, set the Painted Colonnade on the west 
 border of the market, north of the Royal Colonnade, the gate between the 
 two halls, with the Agoraeus close by, and the row of Hermae extending 
 across the market from the two colonnades. See Waclismuth, J, 201 ff., 
 Lange, Hans und Halle, p. 64, Bursian, De Foro, p. 12. 
 
 3. Lolling (p. 314) and Miss Harrison (p. 12(i) locate the Painted Col- 
 onnade on the northern boundary of the market ; the former has the 
 Hermae running from the market-gate right and left to the two Colon- 
 nades ; Miss Harrison, however, has it meet at its right corner the north 
 side of the Colonnade of Attains, while west of this is the gate with the 
 Hermes Agoraeus, but she has the Ilermae extending in two rows from 
 the northwest corner of the market, one eastward to the Painted Colon- 
 nade, the other southward to the Royal Colonnade. 
 
 Thus there is considerable doubt as to the site of this celebrated Colon- 
 nade. The choice seems to lie between the north side and the southern 
 half of the east side, just below the Colonnade of Attains. The advantage 
 of the latter hypothesis is that it permits the row of Ilermae to run from 
 west to east, dividing the market into a political and a commercial section, 
 the Colonnade of Attains being at the southeast corner of the latter. This 
 would account for Pausanias's failure to mention this Colonnade, and this 
 view is perhaps open to fewest objections. But the whole question is prob- 
 lematical, and can only be settled, if at all, by excavations. 
 
 D. Sites in the Neighborhood of lite Ar/om, mentioned fit/ I'dtixanidx. 
 Pausanias now fairly leaves the Agora, and passes to the description of two 
 buildings not far distant to the east the gymnasium of Ptolemy and the 
 sanctuary of Theseus. All we know as to their site from Pausanias is that 
 they were near each other and " not far from the Agora." Further on 
 he comes to the Anaceum or sanctuary of the Dioscuri, while near at hand 
 just above the Anaceum lay the precinct of Aglaurus, the site of which can 
 be approximately determined, and which serves as a fixed point for the
 
 240 THE ATTICA OF PAUSANIAS 
 
 determination of all the monuments mentioned as in its vicinity. About 
 65 yards west of the northern porch of the Erechtheum is the staircase used 
 by the Arrephori in descending to the precinct of Aglaurus on the northern 
 slope of the Acropolis. Hence the monuments previously mentioned were 
 at intervals north of the Acropolis and east of the Agora. Hard by was 
 the Prytaneum, the centre and hearth of the state. As Pausanias is mov- 
 ing regularly eastward, it probably lay a little to the east of the Aglaurus 
 precinct, and it doubtless stood somewhat high on the Acropolis slope, 
 since when Pausanias leaves it to go to the Serapeum he speaks of de- 
 scending to the lower parts of the city. 
 
 E. Sites and Monuments of the Agora, not mentioned by Pausanias, It is 
 natural that Pausanias should not mention every building and statue in the 
 region of the Agora, especially as he leaves the commercial market alto- 
 gether out of consideration. We append therefore a brief list of objects 
 known from other topographical and literary sources as being in or near 
 the Agora at the time of his visit : 
 
 i. The Colonnade of Attalus, to the east of the market, of which exten- 
 sive remains still exist. 
 
 ii. The Colonnade of Hadrian, east of the Attalus Colonnade and north 
 of the Acropolis the northern side of the western fagade of which is still 
 in good condition, consisting of a wall before which stand a row of de- 
 tached Corinthian columns, originally eighteen in number. 
 
 iii. A Propylaeum of four columns, known as the Propylaeum of Athena 
 Arc hegetis, regarded as the entrance to a Roman market-place. The gate and 
 broken columns of the market still stand south of the Hadrian Colonnade. 
 
 iv. The Tower of the Winds, or the Horologium of Andronicus Cyr- 
 rhestes, one of the most conspicuous extant monuments of Athens, east 
 of the Roman market-place. 
 
 v. The Altar of the Twelve Gods, erected by Pisistratus in the market- 
 place, to which the various roads of Attica converged and from which miles 
 were measured. Of this there are no remains and the site is uncertain. 
 
 vi. The Leocorium, in the neighborhood of which Ilarmodius and 
 Aristogiton slew Hipparchus. Its site, though it cannot be definitely 
 fixed, was certainly in the Agora. 
 
 F. The Commercial Agora. The commercial market surrounded the 
 political Agora on all sides excepting the south, as we conclude from Pau- 
 sanias 's description, from certain approximately determined limits of the 
 market, and from the site of the Colonnade of Attalus. More accurate 
 boundaries cannot be determined. We must regard the whole commercial
 
 THE AGORA 241 
 
 market, in the manner of oriental bazaars, as a quarter of the city inter- 
 sected by narrow streets, lined with stalls or booths. At least in classical 
 times it had this form, and preserved it in large measure in Hellenistic and 
 Roman times. The sections for shops were called KVK\OI (Harpocr., Hesych., 
 s.v. KwcAos, Suid. s.v. KuxAot, Schol. Ar. Eq. 137, Poll. 10, 18, 82, etc.), or 
 a-Krjvai (Harpocr., Suid., s.v. O-KTJVITT/S, Isoc. 19, 33, Dem. 18, 1(59, 54, 7, etc.), 
 or K\IVGLI (Theophr. Char. 23, 8). In them stood the counters (rpd-rr^ai, 
 Plat. Apol. p. 17 c, Hipp. Min. p. 3(58 B, Theoph. Char. 9, 4), with the wares 
 of the merchants. The market-halls came relatively late, chiefly after the 
 middle of the fourth century (Xen. de Vect. 3, 13), and previously to that 
 time were used only for flour and grain. 
 
 As in the bazaar of to-day, only certain goods were sold in certain KV- 
 K\OI, and the sections took the name of the goods offered for sale in them. 
 Unfortunately, we cannot determine the exact location of any of them, ex- 
 cept, perhaps of the metal and iron market (ra^oAKa, Bekk. Anecd. I, 31(5, 
 23, 6 0-1877/305 Xen. Hell. 3, 3, 7), on the Market hill, and the rag market, 
 KepKuJTrwv dyopa, near the Heliaea, apparently to the southeast of the 
 political Agora (Ilesych. s.v. KepKWTrwj/ dyopa). 
 
 The names of the KVK\OI preserved to us are very numerous. This is 
 especially true of provisions of all sorts. The general name for the pro- 
 vision market was probably TO o(j/ov (Aeschin. 1, 65 Schol.). Provisions 
 were sold in separate KikAoi, as e.g. meats (TO. Kpea, cf. Theophr. Char. 9, 4, 
 22, 7, Poll. 7, 25), birds (ol opvi&s, Dem. 19, 245, Ar. Av. 13 and Schol.), and 
 fish (ol ixOvts, Alciphr. Ep. 1, 3, 2). In the great fish market (t^voVwAis 
 sc. ayopa., Ps.-Plut. vit. x Or. p. 849 n), single groups were distinguished, 
 as that of salt fish (Tapi^oTrtoAis, Athen. 3, p. 120 A, Theophr. Char. 6, 9, 
 4, 15), and that for cheap sea fish (a! /xe^pciSes, Ar. Vesp. 493, etc.). 
 
 In the vegetable market (TO, Xd^ava, Ar. Lys. 557, etc.), were separate 
 stalls for garlic (TO, aKopoSa, Schol. Ar. Ran. 1008), onions (TO. Kp6fj.fj.va., 
 Eustath. Od. $, 200), etc. We might name also the KVK\OI for fresh cheese 
 (xAwpos riyjos, Lys. 23, 6), perfumeries (TO. apwfjja.ro., Schol. Ar. Pac. 1158), 
 pottery (at \vrpai, Ar. Lys. 557), clothing ( [/AaTioVwAis or oTreipoTrioAis 
 ayopa, Poll. 7, 78), etc. An especial place was assigned to the bankers 
 (at Tpa7rtat, Theophr. Char. 5). There was, finally, also a horse market 
 (01 TTTTTOI, Theophr. Char. 23. 7) and a slave market (TO. avftpdiroSa, Poll. 7, 
 11, 10, 19). 
 
 The great territory covered by the commercial market, apart from the 
 circles and rows of booths, was itself intersected by streets, dwellings, and 
 public buildings. Most prominent of all were the streets leading to the
 
 242 THE ATTICA OF PAUSANIAS 
 
 Thriasian gate and the great Dromos leading to the Dipylum . The buildings 
 along this are known especially from Pausanias 's description (1,2, 4-6). 
 Traces of single buildings mentioned by him are found, as for instance of 
 the Pompeium, near the gate, and of the monument of Eubulides. Another 
 fixed point is the northeast corner of the Market hill. The northern 
 boundary is uncertain. From the Dipylum to the Market, colonnades 
 lined the Dromos, before which were bronze statues of eminent men and 
 women (Pans. 1, 2, 4, cf. Himerius, 3, 12). They served as places of barter 
 and trade, which alternated with sanctuaries mentioned by Pausanias. Of the 
 places on the southern side of the Dromos we hear nothing from Pausanias, 
 but near the end of the Dromos we may with certainty set the Long Colon- 
 nade (Ma/cpa 2roa). This was doubtless the same as the Sloa AljMtojiolix, 
 the great grain-hall of Athens. On the Market hill directly behind the 
 Long Colonnade was the Hephaesteum. On the southwest corner of the hill 
 was located the Eurysaceum (C.I. A. IV, 2, 597 d 22), in which the son of 
 Salaminian Ajax was honored. 
 
 What we know of the territory north and east of the Dromos all 
 arranges itself apparently along the old street extending from the Thriasian 
 gate. 
 
 EXCURSUS III. THE ENNEACRUNUS AND ITS 
 NEIGHBORHOOD 
 
 There is great truth in Leake's statement (Topography, p. 45) that 
 " the fountain Enneacrunus is the most important point in Athens for the 
 elucidation of the topography of Pausanias." The discussion that has cen- 
 tred about the site of this fountain, mentioned by Pausanias in 1, 14, 1, 
 has involved many other important monuments and has occasioned so much 
 debate that the so-called " Enneacrunus Episode " has called forth a vast 
 amount of literature and a countless number of divergent views from 
 classical scholars and archaeologists. 
 
 Fortunately, the actual discovery of the original Callirrhoe and the in- 
 vestigation into the system of water-works installed by Pisistratus the 
 result of Dr. Dorpf eld's scientific w r ork have made possible the final 
 solution of the problem and have caused many other difficulties in Athenian 
 topography to disappear. With the greater light we now possess it seems 
 surprising how far afield the early topographers were. Yet they did not 
 have the benefit of those excavations which have made pre-Persian Athens 
 almost as well known to us as the Athens of the Periclean age.
 
 EXNEACRUNUS 243 
 
 The questions involved in the Enneacrunus investigation have been so 
 thoroughly discussed by Miss Harrison (who presents Dr. Dorp f eld's views) 
 in her latest work, Primitive Athens as Described by Thucydides, Cam- 
 bridge, 1906, that it will be necessary in this Excursus merely to state the 
 points at issue and the results attained, referring the reader to this work 
 for the arguments. As I agree with Dr. Dorpfeld and Miss Harrison in all 
 particulars, with one important exception, my statement is largely a sum- 
 mary of their views. 
 
 The problem that vexed the earlier topographers was this : The place 
 in the text devoted to Pausanias's description of the fountain Enneacrunus, 
 earlier called Callirrhoe, and the adjacent buildings, naturally demands that 
 the fountain and these monuments should be in close proximity to the 
 objects in the market-place described in adjoining chapters. Yet tradition 
 and classical authors locate a fountain Callirrhoe, called at times Ennea- 
 crunus, on the banks of the Ilissus, and Thucydides (1, 15) speaks of a 
 sanctuary of Olympian Zeus (and other shrines) as being in its neighbor- 
 hood naturally identified with the celebrated Olympieum and adjacent 
 sanctuaries. 
 
 The explanations that have been given may be classified as follows : 
 1. Leake, Curtius, and others, relying chiefly on Thucydides 1, 15, hold 
 that the Enneacrunus was certainly in the valley of the Ilissus, and believe 
 that the fountain and the other buildings mentioned as adjacent to it are 
 for some reason inserted here out of the topographical order. Various the- 
 ories are propounded to justify the break in the narrative. '2. Wachsmuth, 
 Frazer, and others who agree with Leake as to the position of the Ennea- 
 crunus, but who cannot accept so great a deviation from the topographical 
 order in Pausanias's description, think that Pausanias must have seen or 
 been shown some other spring close to the end of the Agora, which he mis- 
 took for Enneacrunus. 3. Dr. Dorpfeld, on the contrary, both insists on 
 the topographical order, and takes the testimonies of Thucydides and 
 Pausanias as evidence of the presence of the fountain called Enneacru- 
 nus within the limits of the Agora, adjacent to the Pnyx hill. Proving 
 his faith by his works, he made excavations to find it, and in so doing he 
 has not only discovered what he believes to be the fountain Callirrhoe- 
 Enneacrunus, but has also demonstrated the ancient system of water-works 
 installed by Pisistratus. 
 
 The difficulties involved'have been removed by showing that the nature 
 of the primitive city required the fountain to be not far from the Acropo- 
 lis ; that the statements of Thucydides and Pausanias are entirely in accord ;
 
 244 THE ATTICA OF PAUSANIAS 
 
 that there were really two fountains named Callirrhoe, one of which that 
 in the market-place changed its name, with its enlarged functions, to 
 Enneacrunus ; that there was a duplication of certain sanctuaries about the 
 Acropolis and adjacent to the Ilissus ; and finally that excavations have laid 
 bare and explained the Pisistratean water-system and proved the accuracy 
 of Pausanias. 
 
 In this Excursus it will suffice to notice, first, the statements of ancient 
 writers bearing on Enneacrunus ; second, the probable sites of adjacent 
 shrines; third, the results of excavations. 
 
 A. ANCIENT WRITERS ON ENNEACRUNUS 
 
 1. The famous passage in Thucydides, 2, 15, 3-6, 1 is to this effect : 
 Before the synoikismos under Theseus, " what is now the Acropolis 
 was the jwlis, together with what is below it, especially towards the 
 south " (TO of trpo TOVTOV r/ aK/ooVoAis r/ vvv ovo~a TrdAis yv, KU.L TO VTT' avTyv 
 Trpos VOTOV fJM\io-Ta TtT pauufvov) , the latter phrase being added evidently 
 as a detail or afterthought. Then follow many reasons in proof of this 
 statement. TCK/AT/^IOV Se TO. yap le.pa iv avTrj rfj aKpoiroXtt. Kai dAAtov 6f.wv 
 COTI, " The sanctuaries are on the Acropolis itself, those of other deities 
 as well (as of the Goddess)." Then proceeding : KCU TO. !o> TT/DO? TOVTO TO 
 fj.epo<; T^S TToAews //.uAAov topvTai TO re TOV Atos TOV 'O\vfj.7riov Kai TO Tlv6iov 
 Kat TO T^S F^5 Kul TO v Xtfivois Atovixrov, KTA. " And the sanctuaries out- 
 side are situated toward this part of the city more than elsewhere, as that 
 of Zeus Olympius, and the Pythium, and that of Ge, and that of Dionysus 
 in the Marshes, etc." The usual interpretation, making TT/SOS TOVTO TO /xepos 
 TJ}S TroAews refer exclusively to 77/305 VOTOV above, is obviously incorrect. 
 Thucydides is arguing that the ancient city was limited to a certain por- 
 tion of the later city, namely the Acropolis and its slopes especially south- 
 wards, and proves it by naming certain primitive shrines in or near this 
 section. "Furthermore," he proceeds, "other ancient sanctuaries are 
 situated here " (JopvTai Se KU.I oAAa lepa Tavrr] ap^aia). Then follows the 
 statement about the Enneacrunus : Kai Trj Kpr/vrj TTJ vvv p.v TWV Tvpavvwv 
 OWTW o"Kvao'avT<t>v 'EvveaKpoww Ka.Xovfji.fvr], TO of. TraAat <f>avtp)v TOV 
 ovcrtav KaAAippdr; wvo/Mio-fJifvr], eKeivoi TC eyyv? ovo-r) TO. TrAewrTOu aia f 
 KO.I vvv TL airo TOV ap^aiov Trpo TC ya/UKoiv Kat e? aAAa TWV icpwv vofu^tTau TO) 
 v&aTi xpfjo-6ai, " And the spring which is now called Enneacrunus, from 
 
 1 On the interpretation of this passage, see A. W. Verrall, CLiss. Rev. xiv (1900), 
 274 if. ; Mitchell Carroll ibid, xix (1905), 325 ff . ; Judeich, Topographic, 51-56 and n. 4 ; 
 Miss Harrison, Primitive Athens, 7 ff. ; Capps, Class. Philol. ii (1907), 25 ff.
 
 ENNEACRUXUS 245 
 
 the form given to it by the tyrants, but which formerly, when the wells 
 were visible, was named Callirrhoe this spring, being near [i.e. to the 
 Acropolis district], they used for the most important purposes, 'and even 
 now it is still the custom derived from the ancient (habit) to use the water 
 before weddings and for other sacred purposes." The concluding sentence 
 adds an argument from the local use of language : KoAttTat Se Sta TTJV 
 
 TTaAataV TCLVTT) KO.TOLKr)<TiV KCU T) aKpOTToXlS /A^/3l TOl'St Tl VTT ' AOr)VO.L(til> TToAl?, 
 
 "And furthermore the Acropolis is still to this day called by the Athenians, 
 because of the ancient settlement here, the jiolix." 
 
 Thus the whole argument was merely to prove that the primitive city 
 comprised the Acropolis together with such territory about it, especially 
 but not entirely towards the south, as could in a loose and popular way 
 be regarded as actually pertaining to and included iu the Acropolis. 
 Thucydides states that those ancient sanctuaries which are outside are 
 placed towards this part of the city more than elsewhere and that the 
 Enneacrunus is near. 
 
 It seems then, on the face of it, that a settlement stretching from the 
 Acropolis to the llissus, half a mile off, would be much too large for primi- 
 tive Athens. Hence this passage calls for the determination of ancient 
 sanctuaries of Zeus Olympius, of Pythian Apollo, of Ge, and of Dionysus 
 in the Marshes, on the slopes of the Acropolis, and of the Enneacrunus 
 fountain near at hand. 
 
 2. Pausanias, after his account of the statues of the Tyrannicides and 
 his mention of the Odeum, speaks thus of Enneacrunus (1, 14, 1) : TrX-ij- 
 criov 8f corn Kpyvt], KaXovat 8f. avTTjv 'Ei/vtaKpouvov, OVTW Koap.rjOticrav VTTO 
 TifunaTTpdrov <f>ptara pJev yap /cat 8ta Traces T^S TroAtais ecrrt, TT/yr/ 8e UVTY/ 
 p.6vr). He next speaks of temples above the fountain : vucii Sc \nrtp TT/V 
 
 KpYfVT^V O fJitV A?^TJT/3OS Trf.irOllJTO.1 KU.I Kop^?, tV Se TW TpLTTToXf/JiOV Kf.Lp.fVOV 
 
 f(mv aya\pM. After thus mentioning temples of Demeter and Kore, and 
 of Triptolemus, Pausanias continues (1, 14, 1-4) in a way that suggests, 
 though it does not assert, that these temples were in a precinct known as 
 the Eleusinium. In section 5 Pausanias remarks, " Still farther on is a 
 temple of Eucleia " (In Sc a7ra)T/oco i/aos EvKAetas). Hence the narrative 
 of Pausanias calls for evidence as to the site of (1) the Odeum, (2) the 
 temples of Demeter and Kore, and of Triptolemus, and ('5) the temple of 
 Eucleia all of which were in the Enneacrunus neighborhood. 1 
 
 1 Other important passages bearing on Callirrhoe are as follows: 
 Hdt. G, 137 : oi/roi AOyvaioi. \tyov<ri . . . <j>oiTa.v yap del rds fffartpas Ovyar^pas 
 fir vdwp tiri rr)v \Lvvf6.Kpovvov . . . SKOJS 5 t\6oiev aCrcu, Toys IIe\o<T7oi)s /carotKij/u^J'oi'S
 
 246 THE ATTICA OF PAUSANIAS 
 
 B. SITES OF MONUMENTS IN NEIGHBORHOOD OF ENNEACRUNTJS 
 
 1. The Olympieum. This is one of the sanctuaries mentioned in the 
 passage of Thncydides as being "outside " the Acropolis, but towards this 
 part of the city (TO. ^co TT/SOS TOVTO TO /xepos TT}S TroXcws /xSAAov /orA.), in 
 conjunction with the Pythium and the sanctuaries of Ge and of Dionysus 
 in the Marshes. Cf. Pans. 1, 18, 6-8, where the great precinct of Olympian 
 Zeus near the Ilissus is described in detail, with which also a Pythium is 
 associated. Till recently it was inferred that this was the sanctuary 
 Thucydides had in mind ; if this is too remote we must show there is 
 evidence for another Olympieum and another Pythium in Athens, adjacent 
 to the Acropolis. Dorpfeld cites, as proof of such a sanctuary northwest 
 of the Acropolis, Strabo, 9, p. 404, where we are told the Athenians 
 watched the Ilarma on Mt. Cithaeron for the lightning O.TTO Trjs eo-^a/aas TOV 
 axrTpa.Tra.iov Auk which is ev TW ret^ci [nf.Tav TOV TlvOiov KOL TOV 'OXvp.TTLOv. 
 There is convincing evidence of a Pythium on the Long Rocks northwest 
 of the Acropolis, and Dorpfeld interprets this passage as referring to the 
 Acropolis Wall. Though there are no certain remains of this Olympieum, 
 it must have been adjacent to the Pythimn, the exact site of which has 
 been determined. 
 
 ffcpeas. This naturally refers to a spring adjacent to 
 the primitive fortified settlement and gives the later name. 
 
 Ps-Plat. Axioch. p. 364 A: I^i6vri /J.QI es Tf^vvda apyes KCU yevo/j.ti><{j fj.oi Kara '\\icrabv 
 . . . KXeLviav 6/>u> rbi> 'A%i6x v Ofovra. eiri Ka\\ipp6r]v a manifest reference to the 
 spring by the Ilissus. 
 
 Etymol. Magn. s.v. 'JZvvfdKpovvos : xprivr) ' KOyvycn irapa Tbv 'IXiffcr&v y irpbrepov 
 KoXXip/)6rj fcrKfv. noXi/^Xos At]/ui.oTvv5dpfifi 52 (Com. Att. Frgm., ed. Kock, I, p. 790, 2) 
 " 'i^ei Trpfo 'EvvedKpovvov^ evvdpov rbirov.' 1 '' This and similar statements of late date 
 may result from a confusion of the Callirrhoe with the Enneacrunus tradition. By 
 the time this work was compiled, the old Callirrhoe at the Pnyx had been long for- 
 gotten. Over against this set the statement of another lexicographer, Suidas, s.v. 
 vv/j.(piKa \ovrpd : TO, els ydfjwvs IK rijs dyopas dirb Kprivrjs \a/j.^av6fjifvoi. 
 
 Cratinus, frgm. 186, in Schol. Ar. Eq. 526: "Aval; "ATroXXoj', rCiv {TTWV rwi> pev/j-drtav 
 Kavaxov<ri Il7;7ai dwSeKdxpovvov rb crr6/j.a^ 'IXicrcris fv rr/ <f>dpvyi. Frazer considers this 
 certainly an allusion to the Enneacrunus, though the poet speaks of twelve instead of 
 nine jets of water. 
 
 Hierocles Hippiatr. praef. : TapavTlvos de la-ropei rbv TOV Ai6s veiliv Kara.ffKtvdov- 
 ras ' A.0tjvaiov^ 'EvveaKpoiJvov Tr\7]ffiov el<Tf\a.6rjvai \^t)(f>icra<r0ai TO. K rrjs 'ATTIKT^S eis Tb 
 dcrrv e6yr) diravra- KT\., discussed by Miss Harrison, pp. 1H4-156, who shows that 
 Tarantinus, an author of uncertain date, tells of the Olympieum a story told by others 
 of the Parthenon ; he is not worthy of credence.
 
 EXNEACRUNUS 247 
 
 2. The Pythium. Tlie Pythium is the second sanctuary named by 
 Thucydides (2, 13, 4). Pausanias (1, 19, 1) speaks of at, image of Apollo 
 near the great temple of Olympian Zeus (Mtra & TOV vaov TOV Aios TOV 
 'O\vfj.iriov TT\TJ<TIOV ajaXfj.a. ecrriv ' ATrdAAeuyos llvOiov) and we know there 
 was a Pythium or sanctuary of Pythian Apollo in that quarter of Athens 
 (see note I.e.). 
 
 But literary evidence of itself proves that there was another Pytliium, 
 naturally that referred to by Thucydides, somewhere on the Long Rocks 
 at the northwest end of the Acroj>olis. Pausanias (1, 28, 4) speaks of <> a 
 sanctuary of Apollo in a cave " on the Acropolis slope, and another writer 
 applies to it the name of Pythium (cf. Philostr. Vit. Soph. 2, 1, 7, where it 
 is stated that the route followed by the ship in the Panathenaic procession 
 was from the Ceramicus to the Eleusinium, then round the Kleusiniimi 
 and past the Pelargicum to the Pythium, where the ship was moored). As 
 Pausanias (1, 29, 1) says the ship was kept near the Areopagus, this can- 
 not well be the Pythium on the Ilissus. Cf. also Eur. Ion, 7 ff., 283 ft'., 
 where the caves of the Long Rocks are made the scene of the nuptials of 
 Apollo and Creusa. 
 
 The actual cave of Apollo has also been found and thoroughly cleared 
 out, and numerous votive offerings with inscriptions have come to light 
 which make the identification certain. The Olympieum probably lay some 
 what east of the Pythium, but there is no archaeological evidence to prove it. 
 It stands or falls with the Pythium. See Miss Harrison, Primitive Athens, 
 pp. 67-82, for an extended description of the Pytliium. 
 
 3. The Sanctuary of (!e. This is the third sanctuary cited by Thu- 
 cydides (2, 13, 3). In 1, 18, 7 Pausanias mentions the temenos of Ge 
 Olympia within the peribolus of the great Olympieum ; and in 1, 22, 3 
 he speaks of the shrine of Ge Kourotrophos and Demeter Chloe, in de- 
 scribing his approach to the Propylaea along the southern slope of the 
 Acropolis. The sanctuary of Ge was probably at the southwest corner of 
 the Acropolis, presumably somewhere along the winding road followed by 
 Pausanias. It is doubtless to this latter sanctuary that Thucydides refers. 
 
 4. The Otlnim (Pans. 1,8,0; 1, 14, 1). This is the first object of interest 
 mentioned by Pausanias after leaving the statues of Harmodius and Aris- 
 togiton on the northwest slope of the Areopagus. Fra/er (note I.e.), Dorp- 
 feld in A. M. xvii (1892), 2322(50, and Judeich (Topographic, 312) agree 
 in concluding that " the theatre called Odeum " (Pans. 1, 8, G) was iden- 
 tical with the theatre in the Ceramicus called the Agrippeum mentioned by 
 Philostratus (Vit. Soph. 2, 3, 4 ; 8, 4). Dorpt'eld thinks it occupied the
 
 248 THE ATTICA OF PAUSAXIAS 
 
 site of the old market orchestra, southwest of the Areopagus and north of 
 the Hill of the Nymphs. Cf. Tim. Lex. Plat. 'Opxrjcrrpa TOTTOS 7n,<uv/s ei's 
 Travijyvpiv , Zvda 'Ap/xoSt'ou KO.I 'Apwrroyetroi/os eiKoves. Those who place Ennea- 
 crunus and adjacent structures along the Ilissus consider this a suburban 
 Odeum, situated in Agrae. There are 110 definite data as to such a site. 
 The two other well-known Odeums are the Odeum of Pericles near the 
 theatre (Pans. 1, 20, 4) and the Odeum of Ilerodes Atticus on the southern 
 slope of the Acropolis. " Xear the Odeum," says Pausanias, " is a foun- 
 tain called Khneacrunus " (1, 1-1, 1). 
 
 5. The Temples of Demeter and Persephone, anil of Triptolemus, " Above 
 the fountain," continues Pausanias, " are temples ; one of them is a temple 
 of Demeter and Kore, in the other is an image of Triptolemus" (1, 11, 
 1-3). He then proceeds to tell the story of Triptolemus and says he pur- 
 posed to describe all the objects "in the sanctuary at Athens called the 
 Eleusinium," but was prevented by a vision in a dream. 
 
 All who see in Enneacrunus the Callirrhoe on the Ilissus distinguish 
 the two temples from the Eleusinium, and locate them in Agrae where the 
 /j-iKpa /j.v(TTr/pia were celebrated (see Milchh. S. Q. xxiv). Dr. Dorpfeld and 
 Miss Harrison, on the contrary, believe that the two temples were com- 
 prised in the Eleusinium. Judeich, p. 257, locates the temples somewhere 
 south of the Areopagus, but asserts they were not in the Eleusinium. The 
 site of the Eleusinium is well attested as being south of the Areopagus 
 and west of the Acropolis. Cf. Clem. Alex. Protrept. p. 13, who speaks of 
 the Eleusinium " which was beneath the Acropolis " ; Philostr. Vit. Soph. 
 2, 1, 5, who in describing the Panathenaic procession says that "the ship, 
 starting from the Ceramicus with a thousand oars, sailed up to the Eleu- 
 sinium, and, having made the circuit of it, passed the Pelargicum." The 
 natural inference is that the two temples were comprised in the Eleusinium. 
 
 0. Temple of JZudcia. "Further on" (en 8k aTrwrepw), says Pausa- 
 nias, after his account of the Eleusinium, "is a temple of Eucleia " 
 (1,14,5). 
 
 The goddess Eucleia, or Good Fame, is identified with Artemis Eucleia by 
 Dr. Dorpfeld and Miss Harrison on the authority of Plutarch (Aristid. 20), 
 who think this temple is identical with a shrine of Artemis Aristoboule 
 dedicated by Themistocles and located " in Melite near to his own house 
 (Pint. Them. 15, 22)." Others deny the identification and locate the tem- 
 ple of Eucleia on the left bank of the Ilissus. Hitzig-Bluemner (note I.e.) 
 think the identification altogether uncertain, as in inscriptions Eucleia is 
 joined with Eunoniia (see S. Q. xxix). Judeich, pp. 355, 330, also regards
 
 EXXEACRUNUS 249 
 
 the identification as improvable and improbable, but locates the temple 
 somewhat distant from the Triptolemus temple, and certainly not far from 
 that of Arteinis Aristoboule. 
 
 7. The Dionyxium in Limnis. This is the last of the sanctuaries men- 
 tioned by Thucydides ('2, 15), as being ''outside" the Acropolis, but 
 within the limits set for the primitive city. 
 
 We observe that up to this point in the discussion there have developed 
 in different localities two Callirrhoes, two sanctuaries of Zeus, two of Apollo, 
 two of Ge, two or more of the Eleusinian deities, two or more Odeums, and 
 two Eucleias. Fortiuiately there is only one Dionysium in Limnis, and if 
 we can determine the site of this we have the key to the whole topograph- 
 ical situation. True, there have been many sites assigned to it. The early 
 topographers and the latest authority on the Dionysiac cult, Paul Foucart 
 (Le Culte de Dionysos en Attique, Paris, 1 905), locate it in the Dionysus pre- 
 cinct containing the theatre, on the southwest slope of the Acropolis. 
 Others located it in the Ilissus neighborhood or outside the city. Dr. Dorp- 
 feld, on the contrary, is firmly convinced that he has excavated its site and 
 determined the authenticity of it in the territory excavated by the German 
 school, between the Areopagus, Pnyx, and Acropolis. Miss Harrison de- 
 votes pp. 83-100 of Primitive Athens to proving this identification and to 
 describing the precinct. 
 
 The precinct in question is northwest of the ancient road laid bare by 
 Dr. Dorpfeld, just south of the western end of the Areopagus. It is tri- 
 angular in shape, being bounded by three streets, and is about GOO square 
 yards in area. It is surrounded by a limestone wall which shows several 
 styles of construction from the Cyclopean to the quadrangular. It consists 
 of two parts, divided by a wall with a door, the southern section being 
 the smaller. In the southern part is a small temple ; in the middle of the 
 northern part is a table-like altar, and in the northwest corner is a wine- 
 press. Above a considerable portion of the precinct are the foundations of 
 a building of Roman date, which contained a large hall with two rows of 
 columns, dividing it into a central nave and two aisles. Here was found 
 an altar decorated with scenes from the worship of Dionysus, and the drum 
 of a column on which is an inscription giving the statutes of a club of per- 
 sons calling themselves lobakchoi, and showing the name of the hall to be 
 the Bakcheion. Xo inscriptions of an earlier date were found anywhere 
 in the precinct, and no orchestra has come to light. The altar, the wine- 
 press, and the small temple of very early date are taken as sufficient evi- 
 dence that this is the Dionysium in Limnis.
 
 250 THE ATTICA OF PAUSANIAS 
 
 Dr. Dorpfeld and Miss Harrison present their arguments so cogently 
 that the reader feels impelled to accept their conclusions without hesita- 
 tion ; but when he reviews once more the literary evidence cited by them 
 he finds that what applies strictly to the Dionysium in Limnis does not 
 afford conclusive proof of this identification, any more than do the archae- 
 ological remains. If this precinct is not the Dionysium in Limnis, what 
 is it then ? This question I am not prepared to answer, but I shall sum- 
 marize the arguments to prove that the Dionysium in Limnis was embraced 
 in the Dionysiac precinct on the southwest slope of the Acropolis, referring 
 the reader to my paper in the Classical Review, xix (190-5), 325-328, for a 
 fuller statement. 
 
 1. The oft-quoted passage in Thucydides mentions four sanctuaries, 
 three of w r hich we have seen to be on the Acropolis slopes, namely, the 
 Olympieum to the northwest, the Pythium west of it, the sanctuary of Ge 
 on the southwest ; then follows the Dionysium in Limnis in regular order 
 from northwest to southeast, and here it is on the southeast slope. This 
 order suggests that Thucydides was thinking of the site of the Dionysiac 
 theatre, and not a locality some distance away southwest of the Areopagus. 
 Did not Thucydides add the phrase irpos VOTOV /xdAicrTa, -'chiefly to the 
 south," so as to include this site? 
 
 2. Pausanias (1, 20, 3) says : Tov Atovixrou 81 eo-ri Trpos rw Oedrpw TO 
 dpxaidruTov tepdV, KT\. The dp^atdre/aa Aiovwtaof the Thucydides passage 
 were celebrated cv rw dp^atoraro) [epa> TOV Aiovwrou Kai dyiamxrw ev At/xvat? 
 (Ps.-Dem. 59, 70), and Pausanias tells us that TOV Aiovixrou ... TO dp^atd- 
 TO.TOV tepdv was Trpos rw ^edrpo). Though Pausanias does not mention the 
 Dionysium in Limnis by name, he doubtless had the Thucydides passage in 
 mind, and the Pseudo-Demosthenes passage serves as a connecting link to 
 justify this interpretation. 
 
 3. I hold with M. Foucart (p. 109), in regard to the famous chorus of the 
 Frogs (2 18 if.), 
 
 rots cpo 
 KO.T 
 
 that the scene of the Frogs is the actual theatre itself, where the play was 
 celebrated, with the neighborhood. The word At/xvat probably denotes the 
 sacred pools, round which Xanthias runs instead of crossing in a ferry boat. 
 The statement that the sanctuary of Dionysus in the Marshes was 
 opened once only in each year on the 12th of the month Anthesterion, as
 
 ENNEACRUNUS 251 
 
 given in Ps. -Demosthenes I.e., is no conclusive objection to this interpre- 
 tation, as the primitive shrine was probably closed, not the whole sacred 
 precinct which contained also the orchestra and the temple of Dionysus 
 Eleuthereus. 
 
 C. EXCAVATIONS 
 
 Excavations made in the bed of the Ilissus on the traditional site of 
 Callirrhoe by the Greek Archaeological Society, in 1803, reveal artificial 
 methods of embellishment which, Frazer and others believe, may have 
 caused the water to issue from nine spouts in such a way as to justify the 
 name Enneacrunus. But, as Judeich (p. 18'J) and Miss Harrison (p. 153) 
 point out, these remains show conclusively that in classical times no con- 
 siderable fountain could have existed there ; and there are no traces of 
 an artistic treatment and no evidence whatever that the work was of an 
 early date. 
 
 Dr. Dorpfeld's excavations, however, have revealed the Pisistratean 
 system of water-works and have given the unanswerable solution to the 
 Enneacrunus problem. It is beside our purpose to describe in detail the 
 artificial water supply of ancient Athens. 1 Suffice it to say that in the Pnyx 
 rock, as indicated on the plan facing p. 230, is the spring Callirrhoe. It 
 has been reenforced by water from the district of the Ilissus, brought in a 
 conduit laid by Pisistratus. In front of the ancient Callirrhoe once stood 
 a fountain house called Enneacrunus, or Nine Spouts. Several stones have 
 been found which belonged to this artificial fountain. That these remains 
 belong to the Pisistratean epoch is indicated by the materials, the stamps, 
 and the similarity of construction with other Pisistratean buildings and 
 with the fountains of Megara and Corinth of similar date. The plan 
 gives the general disposition of the place of the Enneacrunus, showing 
 the spring Callirrhoe in the Pnyx rock, the large reservoir, immediately 
 in front of it the draw-well, and to the right of the reservoir, and equally 
 fed by it, the fountain house, Enneacrunus. In front of the fountain house 
 is a great open space, which was at one time the heart and centre of 
 the Agora. 
 
 Conclusion, On the whole the balance of evidence seems to justify the 
 following inferences : 
 
 1. Pausanias and Thucydides are in accord in locating the Enneacrunus 
 in the neighborhood of the Acropolis, and Pausanias did no violence to 
 the topographical order of his narrative. 
 
 1 See especially Fr. Griiber, Die Eimeakrunos, A.M. xxxi (1!MV>), 1-64.
 
 252 THE ATTICA OF PAUSANIAS 
 
 2. Of the sites mentioned by Pausanias and Thucydides in connection 
 with Enneacruuus, there were primitive sanctuaries of Olympian Zens, of 
 Pythian Apollo, and of Ge, on the Acropolis slopes as well as along the 
 Ilissus, and Thucydides doubtless referred to the former ; the Odeum was 
 doubtless in the Agora just southwest of the Areopagus ; there were sanc- 
 tuaries of the Eleusinian deities both west of the Acropolis, south of the 
 Areopagus, and in Agrae across the Ilissus, but the Eleusinium was in 
 the former locality ; if Eucleia is Artemis Eucleia, her sanctuary was in the 
 Areopagus region, but if the shrine mentioned by Pausanias was of Eucleia 
 merely, the site is uncertain ; the Dionysium in Limnis is either where 
 Dr. Dorpfeld locates it, south of the western end of the Areopagus, or 
 more probably it is identical with the theatre precinct where Pausanias 
 locates the most ancient sanctuary of Dionysus. 
 
 3. The excavations of Dr. Dorpfeld and the recent investigations into 
 the water supply of ancient Athens, together with the testimony of ancient 
 writers, afford conclusive evidence that the site of the Enneacrurius of Pisis- 
 tratus has been identified at the foot of the east slope of the Pnyx hill. 
 
 EXCURSUS IV. THE THESEUM 
 
 It has been already stated that the Royal Colonnade was doubtless situ- 
 ated at the eastern foot of the hill known as Colonus Agoraeus, on which 
 the Doric temple commonly known as the Theseum now stands. Now 
 Pausanias informs us : 'YTrep 8e TOV KepayueiKov teal (rroiiv rryv KaAou/xeVr/v 
 /Sao-t'Aeiov vads ecrrtv c H<aioTou (1, 14, 6). Hence it seems evident that the 
 temple of Hephaestus " above " the Agora and Royal Colonnade must have 
 been on this hill. Add the testimony of Harpocration (s.v. KoAwveVa?) 
 that the Hephaesteum and the Eurysaceum stood on the Colonus Agoraeus 
 near the Agora, and that the Eurysaceum was in the quarter Melite (s.v. 
 ~Evpv<raKtiov) , which we know from other sources lay to the west and south- 
 west of the market-place. 
 
 Since the evidence is strong that the temple of Hephaestus was on the 
 Colonus Agoraeus, it raises the interesting question whether the temple still 
 standing there, known as the Theseum, is not actually the Hephaesteum. 
 
 This temple, the best-preserved architectural relic of the ancient world, 
 has been the subject of an interesting controversy as to its identity. It 
 has been by varioiis writers at different times attributed respectively to 
 Ares, Apollo, Heracles, Aphrodite, the Amazons, Theseus, and Hephaestus. 
 But before entering upon this controversy let us briefly describe the temple.
 
 THE THESEUM 253 
 
 The so-called Theseum is a peripteral liexastyle in antix. It stands upon 
 a marble stylobate raised three steps from the ground, the lowest step being 
 of Piraeus limestone. The building is 104 feet long, and 4."> feet wide. 
 To front and rear are six Doric columns, and at the sides are thirteen, the 
 corner columns being twice counted. 
 
 The columns are 19 feet in height, varying in diameter from 3 feet 
 5 inches at the base to '2 feet 7 inches at the top ; they are accordingly 
 somewhat more slender than those of the Parthenon. The intercolunmia- 
 tion is 5} feet, at the corners 4^ feet. Above the architrave runs a Doric 
 frieze of triglyphs and metopes, encircling the whole building ; only a few 
 of these, however, are sculptured. Above the frieze is the usual cornice 
 and pediment. 
 
 The cella, which is about 40 feet in length by 120 feet in breadth, has a 
 fore-chamber (pronaos) at the east end and a back-chamber (opisthodomus) 
 at the west end, formed by the prolongation of the side walls terminating in 
 antae ; at each end a pair of columns occupied the space between the antae. 
 
 Of the sixty-eight metopes only eighteen were embellished with sculp- 
 tured reliefs, namely, the ten on the east front, and the four on the north 
 and south sides respectively at the eastern end. The metopes of the east 
 front represent the labors of Heracles. The scenes from left to right are 
 as follows : (1) Heracles and the Xemean lion ; (:?) Heracles and the Ler- 
 naean hydra ; (8) Heracles and the Cerynaean hind ; (4) Heracles and the 
 Erymanthian boar ; (f>) Heracles and the horses of Diomedes ; (0) Heracles 
 and Cerberus ; (7) Heracles and Hippolyta, queen of the Ama/ons ; (S) Hera- 
 cles and Eurytion ; (0) Heracles and Geryon ; (10) Heracles and one of the 
 Ilesperides. The eight reliefs on the side walls, which are better pre- 
 served, celebrate the achievements of Theseus. Those on the south side, 
 beginning from the east, are : (1) Theseus and the Minotaur ; (2) Theseus 
 and the bull of Marathon ; (o) Theseus and the robber Sinis ; (4) Theseus 
 and Procrustes. Those on the north, beginning from the east, are : 
 (1) Theseus and the robber Periphetes ; (->) Theseus and the Arcadian 
 Cercyon ; (3) Theseus and Sciron ; (4) Theseus and the Crommvonian sow. 
 
 There is also a sculptured frieze at each end of the cella, over the inner 
 columns, the western frie/.e extending merely from anta to anta, while the 
 eastern frie/.e extends beyond the antae to meet the epistyle. The west 
 frieze is about 25 feet long; the east frieze is about 37 feet long. The 
 subject of the former is the battle between the Centaurs and Lapiths ; of 
 the latter, a battle fought in the presence of six seated deities divided into 
 two groups of three each. The subject is uncertain.
 
 254 THE ATTICA OF PAUSANIAS 
 
 The date of the temple and its sculptures is agreed to be about the 
 middle of the fifth century B.C. ; but whether it falls soon before, or soon 
 after, or contemporaneous with, the Parthenon, is disputed. Dorpfeld and 
 other architects would place it later, because of its more advanced tenden- 
 cies to lonicisrn in architectural details. The sculptures, furthermore, 
 favor the later date, as for example the resemblances between the west 
 frieze of this temple and the metopes of the Parthenon. Similarly certain 
 Attic vase-paintings suggest the later date, as the metopes are frequently 
 imitated on Attic vases, but never of an earlier date than 430 B.C., whereas 
 the Parthenon dates from 447-432 B.C. It has been conjectured from the 
 style of the metopes that the sculptures were the work of Myron or of 
 pupils of Myron ; but the names of the sculptors are not known. 
 
 Frazer thus summarizes the arguments for and against the view that 
 this Doric temple is actually the Theseum, described by Pausanias (1, 17, 
 26), Trpos Se TO) ytyAvacriu> i^crews eartv iepov, KT\. 
 
 In favor of its being the Theseum are, (1) the tradition which for 
 some centuries at least has designated the temple as the Theseum ; (2) the 
 evidence of the sculptured metopes, representing the deeds of Theseus, and 
 of the west frieze, representing the contests of Centaurs and Lapiths, 
 in which Theseus took part ; (3) the fact that the inside walls are covered 
 \vith stucco, which suggests that they were once embellished with paint- 
 ings, as we know from Pausanias to have been true of the Theseum. 
 
 In regard to (1), the anonymous author of a Greek tract on the 
 topography of Athens, of the fifteenth century, preserved in the Paris 
 library, was the first writer in modern times to call the temple Theseum. 
 Henceforth the temple bore this name without question until the middle 
 of the nineteenth century, when Ross proposed to identify it with the 
 temple of Ares (Pans. 1, 8, 2), a name earlier suggested by the traveler 
 Cyriacus of Ancona. 
 
 The arguments against its being the Theseum are, (1) Theseus was 
 not a god but a hero. The hermim of the latter was always sharply dis- 
 tinguished from the naos of the former. The terms used by Pausanias 
 (1, 17, 2 and 6) for the Theseum and other memorials of Theseus better suit 
 a heroic shrine. Besides, this temple is a regular temple facing east with 
 three steps, whereas the heroum has two steps and faces west. (2) This 
 temple, as we have seen, is of the age of Pericles, while the Theseum was 
 built in the age of Cimon and seems to have been begun not later than 
 493 B.C. (see 1, 17, 6, note). (3) The evidence as to the site of the Theseum 
 derived from Aristotle, Plutarch, and Pausanias (note I.e.) is in favor of
 
 THE THESEUM 255 
 
 placing it to the east of the Agora, and north of the Acropolis. (4) The 
 argument based on the fact that eight of the metopes and at least one of 
 the friezes represented the exploits of Theseus is met by showing that the 
 subject of metopes and friezes had no necessary relation to the deities of 
 the temples, as e.g. the labors of Heracles on the metopes of the temple 
 of Zeus at Olympia, and the Centaurs on the Parthenon metopes. 
 
 On the whole the preponderance of evidence is against identifying the 
 temple with the Theseum. 
 
 If not, then, the Theseum, to what god was the temple dedicated? 
 Various have been the answers given : (1) Ross thought it was the temple 
 of Ares (see 1, 8, 4, note). (2) Wachsmuth and Curtius identified the temple 
 with the famous sanctuary of Heracles, Averter of Evil, in Melite (cf . Schol. 
 Ar. Ran. 501). But Pausanias makes no mention of a temple of Heracles. 
 (3) Kohler, Loeschke, and Milchhoefer make it a temple of Apollo the 
 Paternal. But that temple, as we have seen (see 1, 3, 4, note), was in the 
 Agora. (4) Lange would regard it as the sanctuary of Aphrodite Urania 
 (Pans. 1, 14, 7, note), and (5) Dr. Dyer conjectured it might have been 
 the sanctuary of the Amazons (see Plut. Theseus, 27). ((>) Finally, the 
 proposal first made by Pervanoglu, to identify the so-called Theseum 
 with the temple of Hephaestus described by Pausanias (1, 14, 6), lias been 
 accepted by Lolling, Dorpfeld, and Miss Harrison. 
 
 Arguments in favor of the temple being a Hephaesteum are as follows: 
 (1) It fits the topographical requirements. We know from Pausanias that 
 the temple of Hephaestus stood on high ground, above the market-place 
 and the Royal Colonnade, and from other sources that together with the 
 Eurysaceum it stood on the hill Colonus Agoraeus. The hill on which 
 the so-called Theseum stands has been identified as the Market hill. The 
 only objects mentioned as being on this hill are the naos of Hephaestus, 
 the hieron of Aphrodite Urania, and the Eurysaceum. As this temple is a 
 naos, this is strong evidence that it was the Hephaesteum. (2) There was 
 a natural fitness in having the temple of Hephaestus overlook the potter's 
 quarter. (3) An inscription of 440-410 B.C. speaks of the revival or insti- 
 tution of the worship of Hephaestus and Athena, and the setting up of an 
 altar or an image to Hephaestus. This would harmonize with the date 
 approximately assigned to this temple. (4) Tn answer to the objection that 
 in none of the sculptured metojtes nor in the frieze is there any reference 
 to Hephaestus, it may be said that, as we have seen, these sculptures appear 
 to have often had little or no relation to the god of the temple, while, the 
 pediment sculptures, which generally had a direct reference to the temple
 
 256 THE ATTICA OF PAUSANIAS 
 
 deity, have entirely disappeared ; Bruno Saner connects them with the 
 Hephaestus legend. 
 
 The balance of probabilities, therefore, seems in favor of identifying as 
 the temple of Hephaestus the temple popularly known as the Theseum, 
 and we shall provisionally accept this designation. 
 
 EXCURSUS V. THE OLYMP1EUM 
 
 Sixteen imposing Corinthian columns sixty feet in height, situated on a 
 broad plateau to the southeast of the Acropolis, form one of the most con- 
 spicuous features in the landscape of Athens. These columns form two 
 groups : eastward are thirteen surmounted by an architrave ; separated 
 from these by a gap of 100 feet are three others, two standing, one pros- 
 trate. During the Middle Ages the name given these remains of antiquity 
 was the palace of Hadrian ; among the modern Greeks the ruin is popularly 
 known as Stae.i Kolonnaes (ets rats KoAovmis, '-at the columns"). 
 
 The grounds for identifying these massive ruins with the Olympieum 
 are fortunately beyond doubt. (1) The great size of the columns and of 
 the foundation of the structure comports with the statements of Livy 
 (41, 20, 8, unum in terris inchoatum pro magnitudiiie dei) and of Aris- 
 totle (Pol. 5, 11), AY ho compares them with the works of the Cypselidae in 
 Corinth, the pyramids of Egypt, and the public buildings of Polycrates of 
 Samos. (2) Vitruvius says that the temple of Olympian Zeus was dipteral 
 of the Corinthian order (7, praef. 1">, 17) and octostyle (o, 1, 8), as is the 
 case here. (3) Pausanias states that the peribolus was full of statues of 
 Hadrian ; and among the ruins have been found many bases with dedi- 
 catory inscriptions to this emperor (C.I.A. Ill, 479-482, 484, 48(5, 487, 
 '491, 494). (4) The four sides of the peribolus are 608 m. in length, which 
 agrees roughly with Pausanias' statement (1, 18, 6) that the whole in- 
 closure was four stadia in circuit. And, finally, (.">) Vitruvius states that 
 the architect selected by Antiochus w : as named Cossutius, and the base of 
 a statue has been found with the inscription : Ae/c/xos Koo-o-ovrios IIoTrAiov 
 'Pw/Acuos (C.I.A. Ill, 561). 
 
 The site was hallowed from the earliest time, for here, as says Pausa- 
 nias, was the primitive sanctuary of Zeus founded by Deucalion in the 
 neighborhood of the cleft through which the water of the flood disap- 
 peared. This primitive sanctuary probably gave way in early times to a 
 temple in which was kept the bronze statue of Zeus mentioned by Pau- 
 sanias. But the work of building the massive temple we are considering
 
 THE OLYMPIEUM 257 
 
 belongs to three epochs separated by long intervals : (1) under Pisistratus 
 and his sons; (2) under Antiochus Epiphanes of Syria; (3) lyider the 
 Roman Emperor Hadrian. 
 
 About 530 B.C. the tyrant Pisistratus began on this site the erection of 
 a temple of such massive proportions as to rival the temples of Hera at 
 Samos and of Artemis at Ephesus. lie employed four architects, Antista- 
 tes, Callaeschrus, Antimachides, and Pormus (Vitruv. 7, praef. 15). The 
 original style employed was Doric, as is evident from its early date and its 
 colossal size. Aristotle charges (Pol. 5, 11, 8) that the building of the 
 temple was a device of the tyrant to keep the minds of the people diverted 
 from revolutionary projects. The work was stopped at the expulsion of 
 the Pisistratidae in 510 B.C., and it is impossible to determine how far it 
 had progressed. 
 
 The interval between the expulsion of the tyrants and the reign of 
 Antiochus IV, Epiphanes, of Syria (510-175 B.C.) is a blank in the history 
 of the Olympieuiii. During the acme of Athenian greatness the temple was 
 disregarded, and we have no mention of it whatever in classical literature. 
 At length, about 174 B.C., Antiochus determined to continue the work of 
 building the temple at his own expense. Vitruvius (I.e.) gives the par- 
 ticulars. A Roman Cossutius was the architect who planned and super- 
 intended the construction of the temple, cella, columns, epistyle, and 
 ornamentation ; he chose the Corinthian order and surrounded it with a 
 double row of columns. The death of Antiochus put an end to the work, 
 which must have been very far advanced. From the evidence of the earlier 
 Greek taste seen in the carving of the capitals and the curve of the abacus, 
 the extant columns belong to this period, and we may conclude that the 
 entire peristyle was set up by Antiochus. 
 
 Much, however, remained to be done certainly the roofing, the finish- 
 ing of the interior, the sculptural embellishment of the whole. Yet almost 
 three centuries passed by, leaving the half-finished temple substantially 
 unchanged. Strabo speaks of it (0, p. 396) as half-finished ; Plutarch 
 (Solon, 32) compares it to Plato's Critias as an unfinished work ; and 
 Lucian (Icarom. 24) represents Zeus as impatiently asking whether the 
 Athenians ever meant to complete his temple. Sulla in 80 B.C. carried off 
 some columns, probably from the cella, for use in building the temple of 
 Capitoline Jupiter in Rome (Pliny, N. II. 30, 45). 
 
 The temple was finally completed by the Emperor Hadrian at his own 
 expense (Philostr. Vit. Soph. 1, 25, ; Dio Cass. 09. 10 ; Schol. Lucian I.e.) 
 and was dedicated by him in person during his second visit in Athens in
 
 258 THE ATTICA OF PAUSANIAS 
 
 130 or 131 A.D. By command of the Emperor, the sophist Polemo, the 
 most popular orator of the day, delivered the inaugural address. The 
 temple was dedicated to the honor and worship of Hadrian as it was of 
 Zeus. Pausanias saw the temple in its full beauty, and it is unfortunate 
 that he gives so brief a description of it. 
 
 The later history of the temple is very obscure, nor do we know the 
 cause of its destruction. When Cyriacus of Ancona visited Athens about 
 1450 A.D., only 21 columns were standing with their architraves (Wachs- 
 muth, Die Stadt Athen, I, 127). These had been reduced to 17 in the 
 seventeenth century, and about 1700 the Turkish governor pulled down 
 one of these to make lime for building a mosque. Of the surviving sixteen, 
 the prostrate column w r as thrown down by a hurricane in 1852. 
 
 The temple rested on a platform of solid masonry, strengthened with 
 buttresses on the south side. This platform is 076 feet long by 420 feet 
 broad. The stylobate of the temple itself measured 354 feet in length by 
 135 feet in breadth. The temple was octostyle (Vitruv. 3, 2, 8), dipteral. 
 The peristyle comprised more than 100 Corinthian columns, with double 
 rows of 20 each on the northern and southern sides, and triple rows of 8 
 each at the east and west ends. The columns were 56 feet 7 inches in 
 height, and 5 feet 7 inches in diameter at the base, with 24 flutings. The 
 total height of the front is estimated to have been 91 feet. The existing 
 columns are of Pentelic marble. The thirteen surmounted by the architrave 
 are at the southeastern angle ; the remaining three, one of which has fallen, 
 are of the interior row of the southern side not far from the southwest cor- 
 ner, and are at a distance of about 100 feet from the thirteen mentioned. 
 
 The excavations of Mr. Penrose laid bare walls and pavement and a 
 number of unfluted drums of large columns of common stone. One of these 
 drums has a diameter of not less than 7 feet 6 inches. These are attrib- 
 uted to the temple begun by Pisistratus, of which the cella was esti- 
 mated to be 116 feet long and 50 feet wide. The orientation differed from 
 that of the later temple, which was exactly east and west. A rough wall 
 of still earlier date, of hard limestone, was attributed by Mr. Penrose to 
 the primitive temple ascribed to Deucalion.
 
 THE THEATRE OF DIONYSUS 259 
 
 EXCURSUS VI. THE THEATRE OF DIONYSUS 
 
 On the southeastern slope of the Acropolis, in the precinct sacred to 
 the wine-god, is the ancient theatre of Dionysus the cradle of the dra- 
 matic art of Hellas. The remains are not extensive, consisting merely of 
 the orchestra, a portion of the stone seats and retaining-walls of the audi- 
 torium, and the front of the late Roman stage and the foundations of the 
 stage buildings, but what is left is sufficient to enable us to determine with 
 considerable accuracy the historical development and the construction of 
 the best-known of all Greek theatres. For our knowledge of the theatre 
 we are most largely indebted to Dr. Dorpfeld. 
 
 Of all ancient theatres, the Dionysiac theatre at Athens has had the 
 most continuous history, going back almost to the very beginning of drama, 
 and continuing in use until late Roman times. We shall, therefore, first 
 notice the most important stages in its development, so that in studying 
 its architectural remains we may be prepared to attribute to the different 
 periods what properly belongs to each. 
 
 In the sixth century B.C., at the dawn of Athenian drama, there was 
 in the sacred precinct on the southeastern slope of the Acropolis a circu- 
 lar dancing-place, or orchestra, consisting of beaten earth surrounded by a 
 ring of stones, used for the chorus of the wine-god. Within the circle was 
 an altar on the platform of which stood the coryphaeus or leader of the 
 chorus. All arrangements for spectators or performers were of a purely 
 provisional character. 
 
 In the following century, when dramatic art reached its acme under 
 Aeschylus, Sophocles, Euripides, and Aristophanes, the theatre also under- 
 went great development and reached the form which obtained in its main 
 features during its subsequent history. According to a statement made 
 by Snidas (s.v. HpuTtVas) the first permanent theatre was erected in 
 consequence of an accident which occurred in Ol. 70 (.100-497 H.C.). 
 Aeschylus, Pratinas, and Choerilus were contending for the tragic pri/.e, 
 when the wooden benches (ucpia) on which the spectators were seated col- 
 lapsed. This led the Athenians to build a more substantial theatre. 
 
 Dr. Dorpfeld is of the opinion that this earliest theatron consisted of 
 a massive retaining- wall of stone and earth to support wooden seats, as 
 we have no evidence of the existence of stone seats in any fifth-century 
 theatre. In digging down into the foundations of the present auditorium 
 it has been found that there are two layers : the upper one, as shown 
 by the fragments of pottery buried in it, of the fourth century, and the
 
 260 THE ATTICA OF PAUSANIAS 
 
 lower, by the same evidence, of the fifth. In place of the provisional 
 arrangements for the actors, in the early part of the century a wooden 
 stage building was erected an innovation attributed by Dr. Dorpfeld 
 to Aeschylus. This consisted merely of a quadrangular chamber, whose 
 fagade represented a palace or a temple. It is manifest that the theatre of 
 the great period of Attic drama was a much less imposing structure than 
 is usually assumed. 
 
 In its third stage of development the theatre of Dionysus, from being a 
 simple structure with wooden seats and wooden xkene, became a magnificent 
 edifice with stone seats and an imposing stage building of the same mate- 
 rial. We have many references in Greek literature pointing to the fact 
 that about the middle of the fourth century or later a new theatre of un- 
 usual splendor was constructed. This building was completed under the 
 administration of the finance minister and orator Lycurgus. (Pans. 1, 29, 
 16; Ps.-riut.vit.xOr.pp.8-H r, 852n; C. LA. II, 240 ; Hyperides,ed.Blass, 
 Frag. 121). This must have occurred before 325 H.C., the year of the death 
 of Lycurgus. Dr. Dorpfeld shows on technical grounds that in the main 
 the existing theatre is that of Lycurgus. Most of its walls and founda- 
 tions, as shown by the material used and the character of the work, belong 
 to this epoch. The Piraeus limestone and Hyinettus and Pentelic marble 
 in use are combined in a manner customary in buildings of this period. 
 The technique of some of the work corresponds to that of the Choragic 
 Monument of Thrasyllus, whose date is known to be 321 B.C. The evi- 
 dence gathered from all sources indicates that the theatre was begun about 
 the year 350, and completed not later than 326 B.C. 
 
 After the fourth century the literary record is very imperfect, and our 
 knowledge of the development of the theatre rests largely on technical 
 grounds. In the time of Lycurgus and earlier, stage scenery was repre- 
 sented by movable proncenia, i.e. scenery painted on canvas on wooden 
 panels stretched between posts. In Hellenistic times, however, when the 
 New Comedy prevailed, a stone proscenium was built, i.e. a permanent 
 scene or background, adorned with columns about ten or twelve feet high, 
 in which the scene was varied by changing the pinakes, or panels of wood, 
 that were placed between the stone columns. 
 
 From certain walls of the foundation, the fragments of a fagade, and 
 an inscription extant on a piece of the architrave, it is evident that an 
 extensive reconstruction of the stage building and orchestra took place in 
 the first century A. p., at the command of the Roman Emperor, Nero. A 
 stage was built with its front adorned with reliefs after the manner of
 
 FIG. 2. THE THKATKE OF DIO.NYSCS 
 201
 
 262 THE ATTICA OF PAUSANIAS 
 
 Asia Minor and Roman theatres, the orchestra was paved, and other minor 
 changes were made. 
 
 Finally, about two centuries later, a certain archon Phaedrns lowered 
 and moved forward the stage of Nero, cutting down its fagade as shown 
 by the extant reliefs, and commemorating the fact by an inscription (C.I. A. 
 Ill, 239) to be seen on the highest of the five steps leadi ng from the orchestra 
 to the top of the stage, translated as follows : 
 
 Phaedrus, Zoilus' son, in life-giving Attica ruler, 
 Built in thine honor this beautiful stage, 
 Thou god of the orgy. 
 
 Here ends the ancient history of the theatre. For centuries all record 
 of it ceases. Buried under the deep accumulation of soil, the theatre of 
 Dionysus disappeared so completely from view that seventeenth -century 
 travelers were entirely in the dark as to its site. Even as late as 1748, 
 Stuart speaks of the Odeum of Ilerodes Atticus as "the theatre of Bac- 
 chus." Robert Chandler, in 1705, was the first to suspect the true site. 
 Leake, by calling attention to a coin in the Payne-Knight collection in the 
 British Museum, removed all doubt as to its identity, for the coin shows 
 the east front of the Parthenon above the theatre. In 1862 excavations 
 were begun by the German architect Strack, who exposed to view large 
 portions of the auditorium. Taking up his work, the Greek Archaeolog- 
 ical Society cleared the whole sacred precinct. Further excavations, as of 
 the western retaining-wall, were made in 1877. Finally, in 1880, 1889, 
 and 1895, Dr. Dorpfeld completed the work of excavation by laying bare 
 the foundations of the building in its various epochs. 
 
 We shall now briefly describe the theatre, considering first the actual 
 remains and then its three natural divisions the. auditorium, the orches- 
 tra, and the stage buildings. Observe Dr. Dorpfeld's plan, reproduced in 
 Fig. 2, p. 201. 
 
 The precinct of Dionysus is bounded on the north by the Acropolis 
 rock ; on the west by the precinct of Asclepius ; on the south by the modern 
 road; on the east the boundary is not definitely determined. Within the 
 precinct are the foundations of two temples. The older is near the stage 
 buildings of the theatre and limited the extent of the colonnade at the 
 rear ; the remains show that it dates from before the Persian AVar. The 
 later temple, to the south of this, is somewhat larger. Both consisted 
 merely of naos and pronaos. The later temple was probably erected at the 
 close of the fourth century (Pint. Nicias, 3).
 
 THE THEATRE OF DIONYSUS 263 
 
 The actual remains of the theatre consist of a confusing mass of 
 foundations and walls of various periods. Of the sixth century is the 
 section of a wall of hard limestone, forming part of the circular boundary 
 of the original orchestra, somewhat to the south of the later orchestra. 
 Of the fifth century is a portion of a straight wall, which was probably 
 part of the supporting wall of the earlier auditorium. The great bulk 
 of the foundations and walls belong to the Lycurgus theatre erected, 
 as we have seen, in the fourth century. The remains of the stone pro- 
 scenium are of Hellenistic times. Worthy of note, also, are the Roman 
 foundations under Xero and what survives of the stage erected under 
 Phaedrus. 
 
 The auditorium was built on the slope of the Acropolis, which served 
 as an elevation for the tiers of seats. Yet artificial substructions were 
 necessary. These retaining-walls consisted of two stout walls in parallel 
 lines, with cross-walls at intervals, the intervening space being filled in 
 with dirt. These walls are of considerable strength and thickness, the 
 outer being of Piraeus limestone, the inner of conglomerate. The two 
 wings of the auditorium are terminated by two walls of unequal length, 
 the eastern being about 111 feet, the western only 88 feet. The unsym- 
 metrical circumference of the auditorium is due to the conformation of 
 the ground. Side entrances or jKimxl'enia between the south walls of the 
 auditorium gave admittance to spectators and performers. 
 
 The inside boundary is a semicircle, with its two sides prolonged. The 
 distance between the inside corners is 72 feet. The interior consisted of 
 a series of stone seats, with marble chairs in the front row, rising tier 
 above tier to the bounding walls of the theatre. All that remain are from 
 twenty to thirty rows at the bottom and portions of a few rows at the top. 
 The curve of the seats did not correspond to the curve of the orchestra. 
 Fifty-eight of the sixty-seven marble seats originally in the front row 
 remain. Behind the line of marble seats, after an interval of about 
 three feet, began the first of the ordinary tiers of seats, which continued 
 in the same style to the limits of the auditorium. The seats were about 
 fifteen inches in height ; lines cut in the stone indicate the space devoted 
 to each person. Fourteen passages, running in divergent lines like the 
 spokes of a wheel from the orchestra to the outside boundary, two being 
 along the bounding walls, divided the auditorium into thirteen sections 
 called kfrki<1c.x. In addition to the vertical aisles, the auditorium was 
 divided into three parts by two curved longitudinal passages called iliazo- 
 ttiatd. Only the upper diaxoma is now recognizable ; it is about fifteen
 
 264 THE ATTICA OF PAUSANIAS 
 
 feet wide. Dr. Dorpfeld calculates that the theatre would comfortably 
 accommodate about 17,000 spectators. 
 
 The circular orchestra is not only the mathematical but also the ideal 
 centre of the Greek theatre. The present orchestra occupies the identical 
 site of the orchestra of Lycurgus, but it appears as it was after consid- 
 erable changes were made in the time of Xero, who limited its extent to 
 the south by erecting a stage the front of which was on a line connect- 
 ing the two corners of the auditorium. A marble pavement was put on the 
 orchestra, which was previously of solid earth. The gutter bounding the 
 orchestra, intended to drain off the water from the auditorium, dates from 
 Lycurgus. The pavement consists of slabs of Pentelic and Hyiuettus marble, 
 variegated with strips of a reddish marble. In the centre the marble is 
 arranged in a large rhomboidal figure, with a circular depression in the 
 centre, intended to receive the altar of Dionysus. A marble balustrade sur- 
 rounded the orchestra, and the gutter was covered over with slabs of marble. 
 The width of the orchestra is about 781 feet ; and its depth from the stage- 
 front of Phaedrus to the front row of spectators is about 58| feet. 
 
 The stage buildings constitute the third and last division of the Greek 
 theatre. The term for these was skene; originally the tent or booth in 
 which the single actor of the Thespian period prepared for the perform- 
 ance, the word continued in use to express the large and elaborate stage 
 buildings of later periods. 
 
 The skene" of Lycurgus had as the principal room a large rectangular 
 hall, the roof of which was perhaps borne by interior columns, with a 
 total length of about 152 feet, and depth of about 21 feet. At each end 
 were two projecting wings facing north, 23 feet by 161 feet, called pam- 
 skenia. The space between the wings was about 60 feet. The central part 
 and the wings were adorned with a fagade of Doric columns, of which 
 there are remains. The total height of the columns, architrave, triglyph 
 frieze, and cornice was about 13 feet. A provisional proscenium was put 
 up between the sken6 and the orchestra. In the Lycurgus theatre there 
 was no trace of a logeion. The orchestra drawn as a complete circle just 
 touched the front line of the paraskenia. For about three centuries the 
 stage buildings of Lycurgus remained unchanged. At length in Hellenistic 
 times a stone proscenium was erected, the foundations of which can be 
 traced ; its top formed a podium or platform about 13 feet high and 
 9 feet deep. Also the paraskenia were drawn in a few feet. 
 
 The foundations of the skene and proscenium of Nero's reconstruction 
 can be traced on the plan, as well as the paraskenia to right and left. He
 
 THE ACROPOLIS 265 
 
 also built a logeion extending forward from the skene 1 to the line indicated 
 on the plan. Of this the existing sculptured marble blocks formed the 
 facade. These have been cut down about five inches, so that the stage of 
 Nero was about five feet, the usual height of a Roman logeion. As stated, 
 this stage was in the third or fourth century moved forward about eight 
 yards and lowered by Phaedrus, so as to stretch across the orchestra between 
 the inner corners of the two wings of the auditorium. The western half of 
 the front of this stage, adorned with four groups of figures in high relief, 
 is preserved. 
 
 EXCURSUS VII. THE ACROPOLIS 
 
 The Athenian Plain is triangular in shape, extending in a southwesterly 
 direction from Mt. Pentelieus to the sea. ]\It. Panics and its spur Aega- 
 leus form the north and northwest side of the triangle, Pentelieus the apex, 
 Hymettus the south and southeast side, and the Saronic Gulf the base. 
 Down the centre of the plain there stretches a range of hills, now called 
 Tourko Youni, forming the watershed of the Cephisus and the Ilissus, and 
 terminating in the lofty peak of Lycabettus (900 feet). Nearly a mile to 
 the southwest, and separated from Lycabettus by a broad valley, lies a 
 precipitous rock, about 512 feet above the sea and 250 feet above the sur- 
 rounding plain. This rock is the Acropolis of Athens. 
 
 Geologically considered, the rock consists of a coarse semi-crystalline 
 limestone with which red schist is mixed. Its form is very irregular and 
 its surface jagged and broken. The surface of the rock is by no means a 
 flat table-land surrounded by precipitous sides. In its long axis from west 
 to east there is from the Propylaea to the Parthenon a rise of nearly forty 
 feet, so that the capitals of the columns of the one are about on a line 
 with the bases of the columns of the other. The conformation of the 
 surface is largely artificial. The seemingly level surface from north to 
 south is due to the numerous fillings-in that have been made from time 
 to time. The length from west to east is about 328 yards, the width from 
 north to south about 148 yards. 
 
 Grottoes and caverns and projecting cliffs abound on three precipitous 
 sides of the rock, while the fourth descends in a terraced slope. The north 
 side especially contains prominent cliffs and deep hollows. Starting from 
 the northeast corner and coming west there is a remarkable line of outly- 
 ing rocks containing numerous small grottoes used in antiquity as niches 
 for shrines and votive offerings. Further west is a long cavern, with under- 
 ground steps from the Erechtheum above, which has been identified as the
 
 266 THE ATTICA OF PAUSANIAS 
 
 Sanctuary of A glaums. Toward the northwest are the Long Cliffs, called 
 MaKoac. These form the scene of the early legends embodied in the Ion 
 of Euripides, and embrace the grotto of Pan, the grotto of Apollo, and 
 the ancient spring Clepsydra. 
 
 At the eastern side, the rock runs out in two bold projections like 
 natural bastions ; the space between has been in great part artificially 
 filled up. The largest of all the caves is to be found on this side; how it 
 was utilized has not been definitely determined. The southern side, pre- 
 cipitous at the east end, slopes gradually westward forming three terraces. 
 First are found the sacred precinct of Dionysus and the theatre, witli the 
 choregic monument of Thrasyllus above on a projecting rock. Westward, 
 on the lowest terrace, are the Odeum of Ilerodes Atticus and the Colonnade 
 of Eumenes ; on the middle terrace is the precinct of Asclepius* and still 
 higher is a small terrace with the shrines of Ge, Demeter, and perhaps 
 other deities. The west side slopes gradually toward the Areopagus, and 
 forms the natural approach to the Acropolis. 
 
 The history of the Acropolis falls naturally into eight periods : 
 
 A. Primitive Athena. Relics of the Stone Age indicate that the Acro- 
 polis was the abode of man from an inconceivably remote period. Myce- 
 naean remains are extensive ; the Acropolis takes rank as a Mycenaean 
 citadel along with Tiryns and Mycenae, and as Thucydides 1 states, "what 
 is now the citadel was the city." Cecrops is the first mythical king, who is 
 supposed to have migrated from Egypt and to have established himself on 
 the rock with his retainers. Erechtheiis is the next king of prominence, 
 who dwelt in his prehistoric palace, wherein was the shrine of Athena. 
 The worship of Zeus, Athena, and Poseidon was already established. 
 Finally came the lonians, Aegeus and his son Theseus ; the latter consoli- 
 dated the twelve Attic townships into his famous synoikismos, and the 
 Acropolis became the centre of the political life of Attica. 1 
 
 B. The Epoch of Pisistratus. With King Codrus (1068 B.C.) the his- 
 torical period of Athenian history is supposed to begin, but we hear almost 
 nothing of the Acropolis until the time of Pisistratus. The old pediment 
 reliefs in the Acropolis Museum prove conclusively that long before his 
 time there existed on the Acropolis temples of Athena and other deities. 
 The tyranny of Pisistratus and his sons is a most momentous period in 
 the history of the . Acropolis. Here they took lip their residence, and 
 strengthened the fortifications. The finds of archaic sculptures, and of the 
 
 1 Thucydides, ii, 15, discussed in Excursus III. Of. Miss Harrison, Primitive Athens 
 as described by Thucydides, Cambridge, 1906.
 
 THE ACROPOLIS 267 
 
 columns and pediment sculptures of the Old Athena Temple, embellished 
 by Pisistratus, indicate the attention paid to art under this enlightened 
 tyranny. Sculptors and architects were summoned from a distance to 
 assist the native artists in their work. This epoch naturally closes with 
 the sack by the Persians in 180 B.C., when temples were burnt, votive 
 sculptures were thrown down and broken, and general havoc was wrought 
 on the Acropolis. 
 
 C. The Periclean Age. After the victory of Salainis and the recogni- 
 tion of Athens as the foremost state of Hellas, the Athenians undertook 
 to rebuild their ruined city in a manner adequate to their increasing im- 
 portance. Cimon and Themistocles began the movement to make the 
 Acropolis a fit dwelling-place for the goddess Athena. The fortifications 
 of the citadel were extended and strengthened ; the surface was leveled 
 up by filling in the hollow spaces with the debris of the Persian sack. A 
 new portal or entrance-way was begun and the colossal bronze Athena 
 of Phidias was set up. Then followed the golden age of Athens under 
 Pericles (461-429 B.C.), who wished the Acropolis to become the con- 
 crete expression of the greatness of the Athenian empire. Phidias was his 
 chief adviser in carrying out his plans. The results were the building of 
 
 (1) the Parthenon (447-4:58 B.C.), by the architects Ictinus and Callicrates ; 
 
 (2) the Propylaea, with Mnesicles as architect (4:57-4:52 B.C.); (3) the temple 
 of Athena Xike, planned 450 B.C. but probably not built until after the 
 Propylaea; (4) the Erechtheum doubtless planned by Pericles, as his 
 building o]>erations were interrupted by the Peloponnesian War, but not 
 erected until 409-305 B.C. 
 
 D. The Acropolix in Hellenistic Time*. From the death of Pericles 
 (429 B.C.) to the battle of Chaeronea, (8:58 B.C.) the Acropolis underwent 
 no material change. From that date its history is involved in the history 
 of the foreign patrons and foes of Athens. From the close of the third 
 century the Acropolis profited greatly by the gifts of foreign benefactors. 
 King Attains I of Pergamum (241-197 B.C.) made many dedicatory gifts, 
 especially the groups commemorating his victory over the Gauls; Antio- 
 chus Epiphanes of Syria (175-164 B.C.), who began rebuilding the Olym- 
 pieum, hung a Gorgon's head as an apotropaion on the south wall ; and 
 Eumenes II (197-159 B.C.) of Pergamum erected the colonnade bearing 
 his name, between the two theatres on the southern slope. 
 
 E. The Acropolis umler the Romans and the Byzantines Rome, recog- 
 nizing the intellectual preeminence of Athens, took pride in adorning the 
 city. A circular temple of Rome and Augustus was built to the east of the
 
 268 THE ATTICA OF PAUSAXIAS 
 
 Parthenon about the beginning of the Christian era. M. Vipsanius Agrippa 
 was honored with an equestrian statue to the left of the approach to the 
 Propylaea, the pedestal of which is still standing. The marble steps leading 
 up to the Acropolis probably date from this time. Hadrian (117-188 A.D.), 
 the most generous of Athenian patrons, adorned the theatre with statues, 
 and completed the Olympieum, but does not seem to have devoted especial 
 attention to the Acropolis. The acceptance of Christianity by the Roman 
 emperors and their changed attitude toward paganism contributed largely 
 to the mutilation of the Acropolis. Theodosius II (408-450) is supposed 
 to have removed the gold and ivory image of Athena ; in 485 he issued a 
 decree commanding heathen temples to be torn down or converted into 
 churches. The Parthenon, in consequence of this policy, became in the 
 latter part of the fifth or the early part of the sixth century the church of 
 St. Sophia, and extensive changes were made in the interior. The name 
 was later changed to the church of the Mother of Cod. The Erechtheum 
 suffered a similar fate. Of the fortunes of Athens between the sixth and 
 twelfth centuries, very little is known. 
 
 F. The Acropolis under the Franks and Florentines. On the conquest of 
 Constantinople by the Crusaders in 1204, Boniface, Marquis of Mout- 
 ferrat, obtained the sovereignty of Hellas, with the title of King of Thes- 
 salonica. The following year he appeared in Athens with his victorious 
 Burgundians and Lombards, and his vassal, Otho'de la Roche, was installed 
 as Duke of Athens. The (Jreek churches on the Acropolis became Latin, 
 but we know nothing of other changes on the Acropolis made by Otho and 
 his descendants, who held the city from 1205 to 1811 ; nor under their suc- 
 cessors, the usurping Catalans, who were in power for the next twenty 
 years ; nor during the Sicilian domination, when the city was governed by 
 regents of Frederick of Aragon and his successors. 
 
 In 1387 Athens fell into the hands of the Florentine Nerio Acciajuoli, 
 Lord of Corinth. Xerio took up his residence in the Propylaea, which, 
 under him or his successor Antonio, was transformed into a castle. The 
 six Doric columns of the west portico were joined by a wall, with one 
 entrance, and the four side doors of the portal were walled up, thus 
 forming a large vestibule. The Pinacotheca was turned into executive 
 offices, and another story was built above the entablature. At the same 
 time the huge tower was built on the southwest wing from blocks of this 
 wing and from neighboring buildings a tower that long remained one of 
 the most picturesque features in the Acropolis. This period was, in conse- 
 quence, not favorable to the preservation of monuments.
 
 THE ACROPOLIS 269 
 
 (r. The Acropolis under the Turks. Tu 145G Franco, last duke of 
 Athens, after two years' heroic defense, surrendered the Acropolis to 
 Omar, general of Mohammed II, who had conquered Constantinople in 
 1453. The Propylaea became the residence of Dasdar Aga, the Turkish 
 governor. The Sultan Mohammed, who himself visited Athens in 1 !.">!), 
 at first treated Athens with great moderation, even letting the Parthenon 
 remain a Christian church, but after an insurrection against him he ruled 
 with great severity and in 14(iO had the Parthenon converted into a mosque. 
 The Turks made but few changes in the building, merely removing the 
 sacred image of the Virgin, whitewashing the walls, on which were pic- 
 tures of saints, and building a minaret in the southwest corner. For nearly 
 two centuries we hear almost nothing of the Acropolis. At length, in 10;">0, 
 lightning struck a heap of powder, stored by Isuf Aga the commander in 
 the east court of the Propylaea in preparation for cannonading a Christian 
 church on the morrow. A frightful explosion followed, killing Isuf, and 
 demolishing a large portion of the Propylaea. The architrave was shat- 
 tered, the rich ceiling fell, columns were thrown down, and the portal was 
 reduced almost to its present condition. 
 
 In 1074 the Marquis de Nointel, French Ambassador at Constantinople, 
 had drawings made of the pediment sculptures and frieze of the Parthe- 
 non, which are usually attributed to the artist, Jacques Carrey. About 
 1070 Spon, the antiquarian, and Wheler, the naturalist, visited Athens, and 
 the accounts of their journey, appearing in K!78 and 1082, are impor- 
 tant sources of information about the Acropolis at this period. In 1080 
 drawings of the Parthenon were made by French officers under Gravier 
 d'Ortieres. 
 
 In 1087 the Venetian commander, Francesco Morosini, laid siege to the 
 Acropolis, placing cannon on the Areopagus, the Museum hill, and the 
 Pnyx. A Turkish deserter gave information that the Parthenon was being 
 used by the Turks as a powder magazine. The guns were aimed at the 
 Parthenon : and on Friday, the 20th of September, 1087, at half past seven, 
 the Parthenon of Pericles was rent in twain. For two days and nights 
 a fearful conflagration continued. On October :} the Turkish garrison 
 capitulated, but the Acropolis was reoccupied in April, 1088, by the Turks, 
 who were not again dislodged from their possession of the citadel until 
 1822, when they were compelled to surrender to the (I reek insurgents. The 
 Greek garrison on the Acropolis was forced in 1827 to capitulate to tin- 
 Turks, who did not finally depart from it until 18:>:5, the year in which 
 Prince Otho of Bavaria was proclaimed King of Greece.
 
 270 THE ATTICA OF PAUSANIAS 
 
 A few important archaeological events occurred during this interval. In 
 1750 Stuart, the painter, and llevett, painter and architect, visited Athens, 
 under the auspices of the Society of the Dilettanti, and in 1762 appeared 
 the first volume of their " Antiquities of Athens," which marks the begin- 
 ning of the scientific study of Athenian monuments. In 1765 the second 
 expedition of the Society of the Dilettanti was sent out. In 1790 appeared 
 the second volume of the "Antiquities of Athens." In 1801 Lord Elgin, 
 British Ambassador to the Sublime Porte, removed to London almost all 
 the frieze, a number of metopes, and nearly all the extant pediment sculp- 
 tures of the Parthenon, a caryatid and column of the Erechtheum, and 
 various smaller marbles, which were finally placed in the British Museum 
 and are now universally known as " the Elgin Marbles." 
 
 II. The Acropolis and the New (Ircek Kingdom In 1835, upon the re- 
 moval of the Greek government from Nauplia to Athens, the Acropolis 
 was delivered over to King Otho, with appropriate ceremonies, and forever 
 ceased to be a citadel. The following dates are important for archaeolog- 
 ical work since done : 
 
 1833. First excavations, by private subscription. 
 
 1835. Ludwig-Ross, Conservator of Antiquities, removed the fortifications, 
 
 rebuilt the Nik^ temple, and cleared the west front of the Propylaea. 
 
 1836. Pittakis, Ross' successor, completed the clearing of the Propylaea, and 
 
 laid bare the foundations of the Erechtheum. 
 1853. The Beule" Gate and marble stairway were cleared. 
 1862. Excavations by a Prussian Expedition consisting of Botticher, Curtius, 
 
 and Strack. 
 
 1885. Excavations of the Greek Archaeological Society. 
 1899-1905. Partial restoration of the Parthenon and the Erechtheum. 
 
 EXCURSUS VIII. THE PROPYLAEA 1 
 
 The Propylaea, the great portal of the Acropolis, was built by the archi- 
 tect Mnesicles on the foundations of an earlier gateway; 2 it was begun in 
 the archonship of Euthymenes (437-436 B.C.), and was never completed, 
 as the work was interrupted by the Peloponnesian War. The sum ex- 
 pended on it was said to be 2012 talents, or something over $2,000,000 
 (see Ilarpocr. and Suid. s. v. TiyxwrvAaia ; Pint. Pericles, 13 ; Diod. 12, 40 ; 
 cf. Time. 2, 13). It was always regarded, along with the Parthenon, as 
 
 1 See DSrpfeld's restoration of the ground plan of the Propylaea, given in 
 Fig. -S, p. 273. 
 
 2 See Weller, C. H., "The Pre-Pericleau Propylaea on the Acropolis of Athens," 
 A. J. A. viii <1904), 33-70.
 
 THE PROPYLAEA 271 
 
 one of the glories of Athens (Dem. 22, 13 ; 23, 207 ; Pint, de glor. Ath. 
 7, 8 ; Aeschin. 2, 105 ; Dio Chrys. Or. 2, vol. T, 27, ed. Dindorf, etc.). 
 Fragments of inscriptions giving accounts of moneys expended are extant 
 (C.I.A. I, Nos. 314, 315 ; IV, Xo. 315 a, 1>, c ; Jalm-Michaelis, ]). 39). 
 
 The approach to the Propylaea is through an ancient gate between two 
 quadrangular towers. This gate is known as the Beul<S Gate, because it 
 was in 1853 discovered and excavated by the French archaeologist Beule 1 , 
 who freed it from the Turkish bastions that previously concealed it. 
 Dr. Dorpfeld has shown that materials for the gate were taken from a 
 choregic monument of Nicias, dating from the archonship of Neaechmus, 
 320-319 H.f. lie thinks the monument was removed from its original site 
 at the time of the building of the Odeum of 11 erodes Atticus, between 1(50 
 and 177 A.D., and that the gate was most probably built soon after. Pass- 
 ing through the gate, we observe the remains of a great marble staircase 
 72 feet in width. The staircase and the towers facing the gate date from 
 the first half of the first century after Christ. The staircase probably 
 replaced a winding approach going back to primitive times. On the left 
 is the pedestal of the statue of Agrippa ; 011 the right is the huge bastion, 
 on which rests the temple of Athena Nike. 
 
 To understand the plan of the Propylaea let us imagine first of all a 
 cross-wall running north and south between tw r o parallel walls, which it 
 meets at right angles. The cross-wall is 59 feet in length, and is pierced 
 by five gateways, the central of which is 24 feet 2 inches high by 13 feet 
 8 inches wide ; the two on either side of this are 17 feet 8 inches high 
 by 9J feet wide ; and the two extreme gateways are 11 feet 3 inches high 
 by 4 feet 9 inches wide. Through the middle gateway ran the road for 
 processions ; the four side gateways were approached by a flight of five 
 steps, four of marble, the fifth of black Eleusinian stone. 
 
 At their western and eastern extremities the cross-walls have placed 
 before them porticoes of six Doric columns. T he *o liter or western portico 
 is very deep, measuring 59 feet in width by 49 feet in depth. Besides the 
 six Doric columns along the front, \ve have at right angles to them two 
 rows of three Tonic columns each, flanking the central passage through the 
 portico to the middle gateway, and supporting originally the marble roof 
 ornamented with golden stars, the wonder of ancient travelers. The roof is 
 gone, and all the Ionic columns have lost their capitals. The inner portico 
 facing east is of the same width, but is very shallow, being only 19 feet 
 deep. Five of the six Doric columns fronting it retain their capitals, and 
 two are united by an architrave block.
 
 272 TUP: ATTICA OF PAUSAXIAS 
 
 This is the main portion of the structure. But the whole breadth of 
 rock here is 178 feet, whereas what we have already described takes up only 
 about 60 feet. Dr. Dorpfeld has reconstructed the ground plan of Mnesicles 
 to cover the field, though only a portion of the subordinate sections of the 
 Propylaea was completed. 
 
 Adjoining the main portico at right angles to it north and south, t\vo 
 wings were planned, only one of which, however, was completed. The 
 northwest wing consists of a chamber nearly square, being 35 feet 3 inches 
 wide by 29 feet 5 inches deep, with a portico on its southern side, 13 feet 
 deep, fronted by three Doric columns between antae. 
 
 Above the columns is an architrave with a plain frieze of triglyphs and 
 metopes. The main chamber was lighted by a door 11 feet high by 9| feet 
 wide and by two small windows. This chamber was the ancient Pinaco- 
 theca or picture gallery. 
 
 The southwest wing, as we have it, consists of merely a portico facing 
 north with no rear chamber. The front consisted of three Doric columns 
 between antae, corresponding exactly to the front of the northwest portico. 
 Yet the rear wall stops not opposite the northwest anta, but the third col- 
 umn, thus leaving the anta stranded. This is evidence that the architect 
 has made a change in his plans, and Dr. Dorpfeld has endeavored to re- 
 cover the original design by a study of the architectural details, especially 
 the antae. His conclusion is that Mnesicles contemplated for the south- 
 west wing a structure of the same dimensions as the opposite wing, but with 
 this difference : the chamber with its portico was to be entirely open to 
 the west facing the Nike temple, and instead of a wall as in the northwest 
 wing, four columns between two antae should face west. The difference of 
 plan was due to the fact that the Pinacotheca abutted on a precipice, while 
 the southwest wing could serve as a colonnade before the Xike temple. 
 
 Besides the two western wings Dr. Dorpfeld has shown from a study of 
 architectural details tl-ilit the original plan provided also for two eastern 
 wings. Thus, the anta at the northeast corner of the east portico is double, 
 thus calling for a row of columns running north, as well as the extant row 
 running south. The eastern wall of the northwest wing juts beyond the 
 rest of the building. If continued to the Acropolis wall it would furnish 
 the western wall of the northeast colonnade. 
 
 Similar arguments prove that a colonnade of like dimensions was pro- 
 jected as the southeast wing of the Propylaea. But these great ideas were 
 never carried out, most likely on account of the outbreak of the Pelopou- 
 nesian War, and the consequent lack of funds.
 
 273
 
 274 THE ATTICA OF PAUSANIAS 
 
 EXCURSUS IX. THE TEMPLE OF ATHENA NIKE 
 
 The temple which Pausanias (1, 22, 4 ; 3, 15, 7 ; 5, 26, 6) ascribes to 
 Wingless Victory is more appropriately styled the temple of Athena Nike, 
 that is, Athena in the character of Victory (Harpocr. and Suid. s.v. Nt'/c^ 
 'AOrjva; Soph. Philoct. 184; Eustath. on Horn. II. <J>, 410; C.I. A. I, 
 p. 88 f., No. 189 a; II, Nos. 168, 471). Victory was regularly personi- 
 fied with wings in Greek art. As Athena is always represented wingless 
 it is natural that here too, though under a special type, she should 
 be wingless. 
 
 The temple has had an interesting modern history. It was seen and 
 described by Wheler in 1(57(3. It was pulled down by the Turks, about 
 1687, and the material was used in making a battery on the site. In 1835 
 the temple was discovered by Ross, Schaubert, and Hansen, who rebuilt it 
 as it now stands. The roof is almost gone, and the gables are wanting. 
 Yet the temple is fairly well preserved. 
 
 The temple rests on a massive bastion 26 feet high to the south of the 
 staircase. The material is Pentelic marble. The temple is of the Ionic 
 order, amphiprostyle tetrastyle. It rests on a base of three steps, the stylo- 
 bate being 27 feet 2 inches long from east to west by 18 feet 3i inches 
 broad from north to south. The height of the columns including base and 
 capital is 13 feet 4 inches; the diameter, 1 foot 10 inches ; the shaft of 
 each column is of a single block of marble, with 24 flutes. The height of 
 the entablature is 3 feet S\ inches. The frieze, 86 feet in length and 
 1 foot 5i- inches high, sculptured in high relief, runs all round the temple. 
 The cella is 16 feet long ; the entrance was between two pillars connected 
 with the antae by a balustrade. 
 
 The date of the temple has been long disputed : some archaeologists 
 attributed it to the Cimonian period, others to the Age of Pericles, others 
 to the middle of the Peloponnesian War. An inscription discovered a few 
 years ago by Cavvadias, and dating probably about 450 B.C., calls for the 
 construction of a gate, a temple, and an altar of marble, according to the 
 specifications of the architect Callicrates. Both Dorpfeld and Cavvadias 
 think that the temple referred to can be no other than that of Nike. 
 They hold that this temple was actually built soon after the middle of the 
 century. The style of the sculptures and architectural refinements strongly 
 contradicts this view, as they point rather to the period after the Parthenon 
 and the Propylaea. It is likely that the decree of 450 B.C. was not imme- 
 diately carried out and that the temple was erected after the Propylaea had
 
 THE PARTHENON 275 
 
 been begun, if not completed. See 'E<. 'Apx- 1897, 174 if.; A. M. XXII 
 (1897), 226 ff.; Judeich, 200 ff. 
 
 The Ionic frieze was sculptured in high relief. The scene ]M>rtrayed on 
 the east front was an assembly of gods, with Athena in the midst ; on 
 the other three sides are scenes of battle, Greeks fighting with Persians 
 on the north and south sides, Greeks against Greeks on the west side. A 
 portion of the frieze was carried off by Lord Elgin, and is in the British 
 Museum ; it has been replaced by a terra-cotta replica. Within the temple, 
 says Pausanias (3, 15, 7), there was an ancient wooden image representing 
 Athena wingless, with a pomegranate in her right hand, and a helmet in 
 her left. Round the three precipitous sides of the temple along the edge 
 of the bastion ran a breast-high parapet of marble slabs, with reliefs on 
 the outer surface. A number of these slabs are preserved in the Acroj>olis 
 Museum. One represents a winged Victory kneeling upon an ox, about 
 to plunge a knife into its body ; another, two Victories leading a cow ; 
 a third, a Victory tying her sandal. The reliefs are reiiowned especially 
 for the graceful proportions of the figures, and the delicate treatment of 
 the drapery. 
 
 EXCURSUS X. THE PARTHENON 
 
 The Parthenon is situated on the highest part of the Acropolis, about 
 half way between its eastern and western limits, but much nearer the 
 southern than the northern wall. It has suffered much in the passing 
 centuries. There remain the stylobate complete ; the double rows of col- 
 umns at the two ends, and much of the colonnade on the northern and 
 southern sides, with the exception of the central portions ; the entablature 
 at the eastern and western ends ; most of the west pediment and a portion 
 of the east pediment ; and the walls of the west cella and portico, with 
 only portions of the rest of the walls. 
 
 The foundations, which are very deep at the southeast corner, are the 
 foundations of an earlier temple never erected, which have been extended 
 to meet the change of form adopted for the new temple. This substructure 
 is 250 feet long by 105 feet broad, while the stylobate of the Parthenon is 
 228 feet long by 101 feet broad, its proportions being as 4 to 9. Dr. Dor] if eld 
 at first ascribed this earlier construction to Cimon (A. M. XVII, 157 ft'.), 
 but at length after a closer study of the foundations he has carried back the 
 origin of the building to pre-Persian times, basing his theory on a study 
 of the marks of fire on the stones. These led him to the conclusion that 
 the .scaffolding was standing when the Persian sack of the Acropolis took
 
 276 THE ATTICA OF PAUSAXIAS 
 
 place, and he now ascribes the inauguration of the undertaking to the new 
 democracy founded by Cleisthenes shortly before the Persian War. This 
 theory well accords with the extension and embellishment of the Old 
 Temple of Athena. See A.M. XXVII (1902), 382 ff. The Pericleau 
 Parthenon took over the foundations of the earlier building, but adapted 
 them to its change of form and dimensions. 
 
 The Parthenon was built to be a concrete expression of the glory and 
 power of Athens incident to the rise in its fortunes as a result of its vic- 
 tories in the Persian Wars. Pericles was the father of the idea, and 
 Phidias was his counselor. Inscriptions show that the present Parthenon 
 was begun in 447 B.C. See A.M. XVII (1892), 158 ff. ; B.C.H. XIII (188!)), 
 174 ff. It was so far completed that the gold and ivory statue of Athena 
 was dedicated at the Panathenaic festival in 438 B.C. (Schol. Ar. Pax, 005). 
 The architects were Ictinus and Callicrates, but the general supervision 
 was exercised by Phidias, who made the gold and ivory statue (Pint. 
 Pericles, 13; Strabo, 9, pp. 395, 396; Pans. 8, 41, 9). 
 
 Although in inscriptions the name Parthenon was restricted to the west 
 chamber, it became in time the popular designation of the whole temple. 
 Demosthenes was the first who is known to have used it thus. See Dem. 
 22, 76. Cf. [Dicaearchus] Descriptio Graeciae, 1 (Geogr. Gr. Min., ed. 
 Miiller, 1, p. 98); Rhet. Gr., ed. Wai/. 7, p. 4 ; Strabo, 9, pp. 395, 396 ; 
 Pint. Pericles, 13 ; Demetrius, 23 ; Philostratus, Yit. Apollon. 2, 10. 
 
 The Parthenon is of the Doric order, octostyle peripteral. Three steps 
 run all round the building. Upon the stylobate rises the temple, with 
 eight columns to the front and rear and seventeen on the sides, the first 
 known example of this arrangement. The average height of the col- 
 umns is 34] feet ; their lower diameter, 6 feet 3 inches ; the upper, 4 feet 
 10 inches. The flutes of the columns are 20 in number. The capitals 
 of the columns consisted of the cushion-shaped echinus, and the abacus 
 or plinth. 
 
 The architrave consisted of a series of three blocks of marble placed 
 beside each other from the centre of one column to that of the next, about 
 4^ feet in height. The triglyph frie/e rose above this to a like height, the 
 metopes of which were adorned with sculptures in high relief. Above the 
 triglyph frieze at the east and west ends rose the pediments, the inclosing 
 lilies of which were at an angle of 13 with the hori/onal cornice. The 
 top and bottom members of the pediment project, framing the tympanum, 
 or field of the pediment, which recedes 3 feet from the inclosing cornice. 
 The tympanum is 93 feet long, and HI feet high in the centre.
 
 T --.: .(,W ',f./J> 
 
 FIG. 4. FOUNDATIONS OK THE PAKTHKNON 
 
 277
 
 2T8 THE ATTICA OF PAUSAXIAS 
 
 The temple proper, as distinguished from the peristyle, formed a hand- 
 some amphiprostyle temple of the Doric order, 194 feet long and 71 feet 
 wide, with 6 columns at each end, 33 feet in height. All round the top of 
 its outer walls, and above the architrave over these columns, ran a frieze, or 
 sculptured belt, nearly 3 feet 4 inches high. 
 
 The temple interior consisted of four parts, namely, the pronaos or 
 eastern portico ; the naos or cella, being the eastern chamber 96 feet long 
 and 63 feet wide ; the western chamber, called Parthenon in the restricted 
 sense ; and the western portico, probably called the opisthodomos. The naos 
 was also known as the Hekatompedos from the fact that its length, includ- 
 ing the thickness of the partition wall (5| feet), is exactly equal to 100 
 ancient Attic feet. 
 
 The cella was divided longitudinally into three aisles by two rows of 
 Doric columns. In the central aisle, on a spot marked by a quadrangular 
 space of Piraeus limestone, towards the west end of the chamber, stood 
 the chryselephantine statue of Athena. There was no door between the 
 cella and the western chamber. The great door at the eastern entrance 
 admitting to the cella was about 16 feet wide and 33 feet high, and afforded 
 sufficient light for the chamber. 
 
 The architectural features of the exterior of the temple invited sculp- 
 tural embellishment in three parts of the building, namely the metopes, 
 the pediments, and the frieze ; and when it was completed no other building 
 was comparable to it in the extent and variety of its sculptures. 
 
 The metopes are the flat slabs of marble between the triglyphs running 
 round the building above the architrave. In the Parthenon all the ninety- 
 two metopes were adorned with sculptures in high relief, representing 
 usually single combats. The subject on the metopes of the east front is 
 generally taken to be contests of Gods and Giants, on the west of Greeks 
 and Ama/ons. The metopes on the south side had suffered comparatively 
 little when Carrey drew them in 1674, and fifteen of the best of these 
 are among the Elgin marbles. The metopes toward each end represented 
 Lapiths and Centaurs, engaged in the struggle that ensued at the marriage 
 feast of Pirithous, while the metopes in the middle of the series contained 
 figures' of stately women. The metopes on the north side had the same 
 subject, but with the order of composition inverted. 
 
 The pediments were adorned with sculptures in the round. Pausanias 
 tells us that the scene represented on the eastern end was the birth of 
 Athena, on the western the contest of Athena and Poseidon for the 
 supremacy of Attica. The principle of composition in each case was a
 
 THP: PARTHENON 279 
 
 great central group, flanked on each side by secondary characters. The 
 west pediment group, though now the greater wreck, is better known 
 to us through the drawings ascribed to Carrey. The two contending 
 deities were conceived as present on the Acropolis beside the actual 
 olive tree and pool which they had created, and their charioteers and 
 chariots are also present. The groups of interested spectators in the 
 two wings have been variously interpreted, either as deified followers of 
 Athena and Poseidon respectively, or as local heroes, or as personifica- 
 tions of the mountains and coast of Attica. Of this group only one torso 
 remains, usually known as the river-god Cephisus. The two mutilated 
 figures still on the pediment are supposed to be Cecrops and one of his 
 daughters. 
 
 Of the east pediment we have no drawing to show what the great cen- 
 tral group, now missing, was like. The great void in the centre, doubt- 
 less, was occupied originally by the deities regarded as present at the 
 birth of the goddess Athena from the head of her father Zeus. The 
 two central figures are usually represented as Zeus seated, with Athena 
 standing beside him, full grown and full armed. The arrangement of the 
 two angle groups is known from Carrey's drawing, and fortunately they are 
 all preserved among the Elgin marbles. The scene is located on Mt. 
 Olympus, and the extreme figures are Helios rising from the sea in the left 
 angle and Selene descending behind the hills in the right. The reclining 
 male figure next to Helios, popularly known as Theseus, is now generally 
 regarded as the personification of Mt. Olympus. The three draped women 
 in the left angle are generally identified as Horae, or as two Horae and Iris, 
 the messenger goddess, and the three draped women in the right angle as 
 the three Fates, appropriately present at a birth, or as Hestia, Ge and 
 Thalassa (Waldstein), or as the three peculiarly Attic personifications of 
 morning dew, Aglaurus, Herse, and Pandrosus (Murray). 
 
 The frieze consisted of a band in low relief running along the walls of 
 the temple and over the inner rows of six columns of the east and west 
 ends, just beneath the roof of the peristyle. The total length was 522 feet 
 10 inches, of which 240 feet 6 inches are among the Elgin marbles. The 
 western frieze is still in situ. The height of the frie/.e was 3 feet 4 inches, 
 and the average depth of the relief is li inches. The subject portrayed 
 was the great Panathenaic procession. The west frieze represented the 
 stage of preparation ; the north and south portions that of progress ; and 
 the east frieze the culmination of the procession. The slab just over the 
 entrance to the temple represents the delivery of the sacred peplus to
 
 280 THE ATTICA OF PAUSANIAS 
 
 the high priest or chief magistrate, and on each side of this is a group of 
 slabs representing the Olympic deities present on the Acropolis to witness 
 the ceremony. 
 
 Winckelmann's characterization "noble naivete" and placid grandeur " 
 aptly describes the art of the Parthenon sculptures. All the external 
 decorations of the temple were intended to give honor to the goddess 
 Athena, sublimely represented by the colossal gold and ivory image within 
 the cella. 
 
 Pausanias describes the image of Athena Parthenos in great detail. 
 From him we learn that the goddess stood upright, clad in a tunic reach- 
 ing to the feet ; that on her breast was the head of Medusa and on her 
 head a helmet adorned with gryphons and a sphinx ; that she held in 
 one hand a Victory four cubits high, and in the other a spear, while at 
 her feet was set a shield, and beside her spear a snake ; and that the birth 
 of Pandora was represented on the pedestal. Pliny (N. II. 36, 18) adds 
 some important particulars : " lie wrought on the convex side of the 
 shield the Battle of the Amazons, on the concave the Battle of the Gods 
 and Giants, on the sandals the battle of the Lapiths and Centaurs. . . . 
 On the basis the subject carved is what they call ' the birth of Pandora,' 
 and the gods present at the birth are twenty in number." From other 
 passages and inscriptions (cf . Overbeck, Schriftquellen, pp. 645 ff .) we learn 
 that the height of the image was twenty-six cubits, that the face, feet, 
 and hands were of ivory, and the pupils of precious stones. In addition 
 to these literary sources the following works of art add to our knowledge 
 of the image, namely : the Varvakeion and Lenormant statuettes in the 
 National Museum at Athens ; the Strangford shield in the British Museum ; 
 the Hermitage medallion at St. Petersburg, and various Athenian coins. 
 
 EXCURSUS XI. THE ERECHTHEUM 
 
 The temple generally known as the Erechtheum is situated on the 
 northern side of the Acropolis, not far from the wall, in a slight depres- 
 sion about half way between the east and west ends. 
 
 As we observe from the study of the ground plan, the form of the 
 Erechtheum is unique. The main stnicture is a quadrangular edifice 65| 
 feet long and 37 feet wide, resting on a basis of three steps. This main 
 building has three vestibules (Trpooracreis), on the east, north, and south, 
 forming entrances to the temple. As the temple was on a slope, the stereo- 
 bate of the north and west sides is about 9 feet lower than that of the south
 
 THE ERECHTHEUM 
 
 281 
 
 and east sides. At the eastern end we have a portico lined with- six Ionic 
 columns; at the northwest corner is a portico, with four Ionic columns in 
 front, and one on each side behind the corner column ; and at the south- 
 west corner is a small porch with the roof supported by six Komi or Carya- 
 tides. The eastern portico, being fronted by six Ionic columns, gives the 
 building the appearance of an Ionic hexastyle temple. At present the 
 northernmost column is missing, having been carried off by Lord Elgin. 
 
 FIG. 5. ERECHTHEUM AND Ou> TKMTI.E OF ATIIKXA. 
 
 The Ionic columns of the east portico are about 2', feet in diameter, 
 and 22 feet high. The base consists of two convex moldings (tori), sep- 
 arated by a trocJtiliin or hollow molding. The upper torus is provided with 
 4 horizontal flutings. The shaft has 24 flutes separated by narrow fillets. 
 As to the capital, the neck has a beaded molding and a frieze of pal- 
 mettes; above this is an egg-and-tongue molding, and a plain band sup- 
 porting the echinus or central cushion of the capital, which is adorned with
 
 282 THE ATTICA OF PAUSANIAS 
 
 flutes and beads ; the volutes are strongly marked with a double channel, 
 and above this is a narrow abacus, enriched with an egg-and-tongue mold- 
 ing. The architrave consists of three horizontal members, as is usual in 
 Ionic buildings, the second projecting a little beyond the first, and the 
 third beyond the second. Above this is the frieze, about 2 feet in height, 
 which ran completely round the building. The background is of black 
 Eleusinian marble, to which were fastened figures sculptured in white 
 marble. Owing to the mutilated condition of the fragments, the subject of 
 the frieze has not been definitely determined. Stevenson, in A. J. A. X 
 (1906), 47-71 [pi. vi-ix], has shown that the east wall was provided 
 with windows, contrary to the usage of Greek temples. 
 
 The northwest portico is in the depression facing the north wall of the 
 Acropolis. It is approached from the east by a flight of twelve steps, lead- 
 ing down to a paved area. The porch is bordered by six Ionic columns, four 
 on the front, and one on each side between the corner column and the anta 
 of the wall. The columns are larger and more beautiful even than those 
 of the east front, exhibiting much more ornamental carving. On them 
 rested the architrave, the frieze, and the cornice. The beautiful doorway 
 has been frequently imitated. It narrows slightly as it approaches the top. 
 Noteworthy are the heavy door-jambs with their enriched moldings and 
 carved rosettes; the lintel of a similar ornamental nature with an addi- 
 tional molding on the top ; the cornice with a richly carved band of orna- 
 ment along its face ; two carved brackets or consoles, one of which is 
 now missing ; and finally, above two courses of plain marble, a band of 
 richly carved honeysuckle ornament and enriched molding forming a 
 continuation of the capitals of the antae, immediately below the heavy- 
 beamed and coffered ceiling. 
 
 Along the southern wall, at the southwest corner, is a third portico, 
 much smaller than the other two. The roof is supported by six figures of 
 maidens somewhat larger than life, standing on a parapet 8J feet high, 
 which incloses the porch. Inscriptions call these figures simply korai, 
 " maidens," and the portico is very properly styled " the portico of the 
 maidens.'" However, the term caryatid has come to be regularly applied 
 to female figures serving as supports in architecture (cf. Vitruv. 1, 1, 5). 
 The figures are arranged four in front, and two at the sides behind each 
 corner figure. Two of the figures have been restored ; one is a terra-cotta 
 copy of the original carried off by Lord Elgin ; the other three are the 
 original figures in situ. The arms and hands of all six are missing. The 
 figures form an admirable substitute for columns. The folds of the drapery
 
 THE ERECHTHEUM 283 
 
 correspond to the flutings of a column ; the rich masses of hair give an 
 architectural roundness of outline similar to the echinus, so that the 
 maidens seem fully equal to the burden they have to bear. 
 
 At the western end there is not an opisthodomos, as is usual in Greek 
 temples, but the facade consists of a parapet of considerable height, on 
 which rest four engaged columns, with rectangular windows in the inter- 
 columniations. A small door in the wall admits to the western hall of 
 the Erechtheum. 
 
 In the interior of the building we have the foundations of a cross-wall 
 running from north to south just east of the great doorway opening to the 
 north porch. Further, there are indications of the existence of the founda- 
 tions of a cross-wall, or, more probably, a row of columns, a little more 
 than half way between the first cross-wall and the west end of the temple. 
 Thus the building was divided into three parts which maybe conveniently 
 called the east cella, the west cella, and the west hall. The east cella was 
 entered from the east, the west cella and hall from the north portico. 
 There was also a door in the cross-wall, and a row of steps leading down 
 into the west cella from the east cella. 
 
 Under the north porch is a small crypt, entered from the interior of the 
 building through a small door in the foundations of the north wall. The 
 floor of the crypt is the native rock, and upon this are some irregular 
 fissures which are supposed to be the marks shown in antiquity as those 
 of Poseidon's trident (Pans. 1, 20, 5 ; Apollod. o, 14, 1 ; Strabo, 9, p. :59G). 
 Some think the crypt may possibly have been the abode of the sacred ser- 
 pent (Ar. Lysistr. 758; Hdt. 8, 41 ; Plut. Tliemistocles, 10). 
 
 In the west wall is a huge block of marble, 5 feet in thickness, one end of 
 which rests on the same foundations as the caryatid portico. Beneath the 
 middle of this block is a vacant space, later filled in with rough masonry 
 of mediaeval date. The purpose of the block was manifestly to support the 
 weight of the southwest corner of the Erechtheum, so as to keep intact some 
 object below it. The presumption is that here was the Cecropium proba- 
 bly a primitive vaulted tomb, mentioned in inscriptions (C.I. A. I, .'522, 2). 
 
 Under the west hall are remains of a cistern, which was probably the 
 0d\a(T(Ta formed by Poseidon when he struck the rock with his trident 
 (Hdt. 8, ;">). 
 
 West of the Erechtheum we have indications of the boundaries of a 
 sacred precinct, running westward about 100 feet. This inclosure was 
 doubtless the Panilroxium, or precinct of Pandrosus, mentioned by Pau- 
 sanias (cf. C.I. A. I, ;522, 11. 44, 45). In this precinct was the sacred
 
 284 THE ATTICA OF PAUSANIAS 
 
 olive-tree of Athena, which sprang up in her contest with Poseidon, and, 
 though burnt by the Persians, was found to have sprouted a cubit's length 
 on the following day. Cf. Hdt. 8, 55 ; Philochorus, frag. 146 (Dion. Hal. de 
 Din. 3) ; Apollod. 3, 14, 1, 2. 
 
 Pausanias is our chief authority as to the uses of the building and 
 the relative position of the various sacred objects which it contained. In 
 spite of the arguments of Dr. Dorpfeld and of Miss Harrison, it seems 
 certain that the Old Athena Temple did not exist in Pausanias's time 
 and that the whole of the text from 26, 6 to 27, 4 is a description of the 
 building now known as the Erechtheum. 
 
 It is altogether probable that by the phrase otKi//u,a 'Epe'^etoi/ KaAou/xevov 
 Pausanias referred merely to the west cella and hall, not to the whole 
 building. The word 'Ept^eiov occurs elsewhere only in Ps.-Plut. vit. x 
 Or. p. 843 E, where it refers apparently to the chamber dedicated to 
 Erechtheus. This is the view of Michaelis and Furtwangler. See also 
 Schubart (Philol. 15, 385), who discusses Pausanias's usage of the word 
 oLKrjiML. The designation 'Epe^eiov came to be used, however, for the whole 
 building, just as did the term Parthenon for the greater temple. 
 
 Pausanias's description falls, therefore, into two parts, (1) the Erech- 
 theum (1, 26, 5) or west cella and hall, (2) the naos of Athena Polias or the 
 east cella (1, 26. 6-1, 27, 1). Adjacent was the sanctuary of Pandrosus (1, 
 27, 2). Now Pausanias speaks of the Erechtlieum as double. In the west 
 cella were doubtless (1) the altars to Poseidon-Erechtheus, to Butes, and to 
 Hephaestus, and (2) the paintings of the Butadae ; in the west hall was 
 the salt well of Poseidon, or " the sea of Erechtheus " as it was also called 
 (Apollod. 3, 14, 1 ; Hdt. 8, 55 ; Paus. 8, 10, 4), and in the crypt beneath 
 were shown the marks of Poseidon's trident (cf. Strabo, 9, p. 396). Thence- 
 passing up the steps through the central door he entered the east cella, 
 which was known as the naos of Athena Polias, where he saw chief of all 
 (1) the old Athena agalma, (2) the lamp of Callimachus, and (3) various 
 votive offerings. 
 
 Such was the construction of the Erechtheum as it was left unfinished 
 by its architect, and as it exists to-day. Its plan has puzzled archaeologists 
 and architects of every period, for it is obviously anomalous. As in the 
 case of the Propylaea, so in the case of the Erechtheum, it has been Dr. 
 Dorpfeld's 1 good fortune to reconstruct the complete design as it was prob- 
 ably conceived in the mind of its architect. 
 
 1 See Dorpfeld, " Der urspriingliche Plan des Erechtheion," A.M. xxix (1904), 
 101 if. and Taf. 6, reproduced above, p. 281.
 
 THE ERECHTIIEUM 285 
 
 Dr. Dorpfeld holds that the temple was intended to consist of two cellas 
 each fronted by a pronaos. The east cella is styled on the plan " Athena- 
 Polias Temple," the west cella " opisthodomos." Between the east and west 
 cellas is a building consisting of three chambers, bearing the designation 
 " Poseidon-Erechtheua Temple." The middle chamber of this central por- 
 tion is approached by two porticoes the well-known northwest porch and 
 the caryatid porch to the south. Thus the temple is given a symmetrical 
 though somewhat complex form. 
 
 The complexity of form was occasioned by the fact that the temple 
 was designed to replace both the Old Athena Temple and the old temple 
 of Erechtheus with its manifold uses. Dr. Dorpfeld believes he has found 
 traces of the old Poseidon -Erechtheus temple running diagonally under 
 the western part of the new Erechtheum. The remains of the Old Athena 
 Temple just to the south are well known. In supplanting the earlier tem- 
 ples by a common sanctuary Pericles planned that the east cella of the 
 Old Athena Temple should be replaced by the east cella of the combined 
 structure, and the opisthodomos of the old temple by the opisthodomos of 
 the new. The old Erechtheum was reproduced in the building with three 
 chambers, between the two parts of the structure, that took the place of 
 the Old Athena Temple. The two porches to the north and south formed 
 entrances to the Erechtheum proper, and at the same time gave suitable 
 recognition to the mark of Poseidon's trident and the grave of Cecrops. 
 
 The sublime conception of the architect was not to be carried out. The 
 new temple was doubtless begun before the outbreak of the Peloponnesian 
 War. "When it was found to be impossible to carry out the plan in its 
 entirety a compromise was effected. The east cella was completed ; two 
 of the three chambers of the middle building were finished with the one 
 to the west slightly reduced in size, and the western wall with its win- 
 dows between engaged columns was given the form with which we are 
 familiar. 
 
 Such is the theory of Dr. Dorpfeld in regard to the building of the 
 Erechtheum. For historical evidence on this subject we are chiefly in- 
 debted to the famous Chandler inscription (C.I. A. I, 322), the date of 
 which is 409 B.C. This inscription tells of the appointment of a commis- 
 sion to examine into the state of the building in order to ascertain what 
 was still necessary for its completion. It shows that the work was already 
 far advanced, and in all probability the temple was completed during the 
 following year. The temple described is spoken of as that " in which is 
 the ancient image," referring primarily to the east cella.
 
 286 THE ATTICA OF PAUSANIAS 
 
 Xenophon (Hell. 1, 6, 1) states that the ancient temple on the Acro- 
 polis was set on fire, the date being 406 B.C. This probably referred to 
 the Erechtheum which had replaced the old temple. The damage was not 
 repaired immediately, as it appears to have been still incomplete in 395 B.C. 
 (C.T.A. II, No. 829), but it must have been finished by 376 B.C. (C.I.A. II, 
 No. 672). In Christian times the Erechtheum was turned into a church, 
 with the necessary changes in its internal arrangements. The Turks used 
 it as a dwelling-house, and to make an extra room the columns of the north 
 portico were walled up. The building underwent great damage during the 
 siege of the Acropolis by the Turks in 1827. It was repaired to some ex- 
 tent in 1838 and 1846, but in 1852 a storm blew down the engaged col- 
 umns and the wall between them on the west end. 
 
 Within the past few years extensive restorations have been made on 
 the Erechtheum, in order to preserve intact what has survived to us from 
 ancient times. 
 
 EXCURSUS XII. THE OLD ATHENA TEMPLE 
 
 In 1885-1886, during the excavations conducted by the Greek Archaeo- 
 logical Society, in the rectangular space long regarded as a sacred precinct 
 just south of the Erechtheum, the foundations of a large ancient temple 
 were discovered and excavated. Dr. Dorpfeld, who superintended the 
 excavations, soon identified these remains with the sanctuary of Athena 
 that had been burnt by the Persians when they sacked the Acropolis in 
 480 B.C., and styled it the " Old Athena Temple," which has become its 
 popular designation. Fortunately from time to time architrave blocks, 
 drums of columns, broken statues, and other architectural and sculptural 
 fragments, many of which were built into the north wall, have come to 
 light, and have been identified as belonging to this temple. As a result of 
 these discoveries, a rather complete reconstruction of the building in all 
 essential details has been made by Dr. Dorpfeld and his associates. The 
 first ground plan of the temple appeared in the Antike Denkmaler of 
 1886. The results of the study of the architectural remains and of the 
 fragments of sculpture preserved in the Acropolis Museum were given in 
 the Athenische Mittheilungen of 1886 and succeeding years ; and a com- 
 plete account of this pre-Persian Doric temple, with elaborate illustrations, 
 is given in Wiegand-Schrader-Dorpfeld, Poros-Architektur der Akropolis, 
 Liepzig 1904. In this excursus we sketch merely the results of nearly a 
 score of years of study as presented by the authors of this work.
 
 THE OLD ATHENA TEMPLE 287 
 
 The surface of the Acropolis where the temple was located was not 
 naturally level, but sloped from southeast to northwest. Hence the site 
 had to be artificially leveled. At the southeast corner the stylobate lay 
 directly on the rock ; on the northwest, however, foundation walls were 
 built to the height of about ten feet ; along the sides the height of the 
 foundation walls steadily decreases from the northwest to the south and 
 east, and their preservation is in proportion to their height. From a study 
 of the ground plan 1 determined by the actual remains, we observe that 
 there is a rectangular foundation wall surrounding the whole temple, on 
 which rested the peristyle. Within this is a somewhat smaller rectangle 
 which is divided by cross-walls into several compartments. At the east we 
 have a rather narrow portico leading into the cella of the temple which is 
 nearly square (33 ft. x 33 ft.); at the west, behind the portico, there is a 
 somewhat larger chamber (38.3 ft. x 33 ft.) which contains two smaller 
 rooms to the east, lying north and south of each other. The partition wall 
 between the cella and the west chamber was without a door, suggesting 
 that the former was for religious, the latter for secular purposes. From a 
 study of the remains it is evident that we have here a temple about 100 
 Attic feet in length and 41 feet in breadth, around which was built a colon- 
 nade of the Doric order, with six columns at each end and twelve at each 
 side, making it a hexastyle peripteral temple. Owing to its length the 
 sanctuary was known as the Hekatompedon. 
 
 The foundation walls of the temple are not all of the same material. 
 The foundations of the colonnade, including the stylobate, are of lime- 
 stone from Kara at the foot of Mount Hymettus ; those of the temple 
 proper, of the bluish limestone of the Acropolis. The remains of columns, 
 architrave blocks, and triglyphs are of poros ; the metopes and pediment 
 blocks are of a white coarse-grained marble. There are similar differences 
 in technique between the colonnade and the building it surrounds. Both 
 the material and the workmanship show that the naos was an early tem- 
 ple dating certainly not later than the seventh century, and that this 
 primitive sanctuary of Athena was enriched with a colonnade and its 
 marble embellishments during the supremacy of Pisistratus. 
 
 Thanks to the discovery of Athenian sculptures hidden away in the 
 debris of the Acropolis after the Persian Wars, we can speak with definite- 
 ness of the plastic adornment not only of the enlarged temple of Pisistratus 
 but also of the simpler amphiprostyle temple that existed long before his 
 time. We shall take up first sculptures of the pediments of the pre- 
 
 Pisistratean cella. 
 
 i See Fig. 5, p. 281.
 
 288 THE ATTICA OF PAUSANIAS 
 
 In the Acropolis Museum are several groups of highly colored poros 
 pediment sculptures that undoubtedly belonged to primitive temples on 
 the Acropolis. Certain of these are attributed by Wiegand and Schrader 
 on good grounds to this earlier temple. The design of the western pediment 
 fell into two parts. In one angle Heracles was represented as wrestling 
 with the huge serpent Triton ; the right-hand portion of the pediment was 
 occupied by the strange figure with three human heads and bodies uniting 
 in one snaky coil, extending to the end of the pediment, whose correct 
 mythological name is supposed to be " Typhon." Yet he was no protago- 
 nist, only an interested spectator. The centre of the pediment was doubt- 
 less occupied by accessories, as the stem of a tree on which hung the bows 
 and arrows and superfluous raiment of Heracles. 
 
 The eastern pediment was even more gorgeous in its embellishment. 
 It may be briefly described as follows: Athena was seated in the apex; 
 to her right was a seated and crowned figure which survives, and which 
 must be regarded as a king or a god. The balancing figure to the left 
 of the goddess is gone ; the extant figure is usually called Zeus, but it 
 was probably a subordinate god or a hero. Possibly Athena was repre- 
 sented as seated between Poseidon and Erechtheus. In each angle there 
 was a great snake, the one blue and orange, the other a vivid emerald 
 green, which were in all probability the two guardian snakes of the Acro- 
 polis, sometimes identified with Cecrops the snake king and his daughter 
 Pandrosus. 
 
 AVhen the colonnade was provided by Pisistratus, these rude poros sculp- 
 tures were replaced by more imposing works in marble, and of these several 
 figures of the group that were in the west pediment are in the Acropolis 
 Museum. These consist of a colossal statue of Athena, and three figures of 
 giants, besides other fragments, showing that the scene portrayed was the 
 Battle of the Gods and Giants. Schrader concludes that the composition 
 originally consisted of eight figures, of two of which we have no fragments 
 whatever preserved. In the centre Athena bends over a fallen giant with 
 the plume of his helmet grasped in her left hand. The two corners of the 
 triangle were each filled by a giant, leaning forward with body supported 
 on one knee and by one hand. As to the intervening parts between the 
 centre and the extremities of the pediment, Schrader supplies to the right 
 and left of Athena two groups consisting of a god standing and a giant 
 fallen on one knee. The gods, probably Zeus and Heracles, rush from the 
 centre against their adversaries who recoil toward the extremities. These 
 eight figures would fairly occupy the space of the pediment.
 
 THE OLD ATHENA TEMPLE 289 
 
 Herodotus, 8, 53-55 records the burning and mutilation of the < )ld 
 Athena Temple by the Persians. A sixth-century inscription (C.I. A. IV, 
 pp. 137 ff.) speaks of a temple known as the Hekatompedon, and contains 
 a provision that the chambers shall be opened by the treasurers. Dr. Dorp- 
 feld ho.lds that the reference here is to the compartments of the western 
 end of this temple, which in his opinion were used as a treasury, while 
 the naos contained the wooden image of Athena that fell from heaven. 
 After the Persian Wars the poros and marble blocks of the colonnade were 
 used in repairing the north wall, but the temple itself was restored and 
 was the principal sanctuary on the Acropolis until the completion of the 
 Parthenon in 438 B.C. We have already considered Dr. Dorpfeld's ground 
 plan of the great marble temple which Pericles intended should replace 
 the two poros temples of Athena and Erechtheus and embrace the holy 
 " signs " and the grave of Cecrops. It is not known when the Old Athena 
 Temple ceased to exist. Dr. Dbrpfeld holds that the temple without the 
 peristyle was restored shortly after the Persian War, serving as the princi- 
 pal temple on the Acropolis until the completion of the Parthenon, and 
 that it continued to exist until the Roman or Byzantine period.
 
 LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS USED IN NOTES, 
 INTRODUCTION, AND APPENDIX 
 
 PROPER NAMES AND TITLES 
 
 Aesch. = Aeschylus 
 
 Aeschin. = Aeschines 
 
 A. Jb. = Jahrbuch des Archaologi- 
 schen Instituts 
 
 A.M. = Athenische Mittheilungen 
 
 Anacr. = Anacreon's genuine frag- 
 ments 
 
 Anacreont. = Anacreontica (spurious) 
 
 Anth. P. = Anthologia Palatina 
 
 Anth. Plan. = Anthologia Planudea 
 
 Antiph. = Antiphanes 
 
 Apoll. Dysc. = Apollonius Dyscolus 
 
 Apollod. = Apollodorus 
 
 App. = Appianus 
 
 Ap. Rh. = Apollonius of Rhodes 
 
 Ar. =: Aristophanes 
 
 Arat. = Aratus 
 
 Arcad. = Arcadius 
 
 Archil. = Archilochus 
 
 Arist. = Aristoteles 
 
 Aristid. = Aristides 
 
 Arr. = Arrianus 
 
 Ath. = Athenaeus 
 
 Alt. = Attic 
 
 Ausg. Aufs. = Ausgewahlte Aufsatze 
 
 Babr. = Babrius 
 
 Bekk. Anec. = Bekker's Anecdota 
 Graeca 
 
 Berl. Philol. Woch. = Berliner Philo- 
 logische Wochenschrift 
 
 Biog. Gr. = Biographi Graeci 
 
 Call. = Callimachus 
 
 C.I. A. = Corpus Inscriptionum Atti- 
 
 carum 
 C.I.G. = Corpus Inscriptionum Grae- 
 
 carum 
 
 Clem. Al. = Clement of Alexandria 
 Dem. = Demosthenes 
 Dem. Phal. = Demetrius Phalereus 
 Dio C. = Dio Cassius 
 Diod. = Diodorus 
 Diog. L. = Diogenes Laertius 
 Dion. II. = Dionysiusof Ilalicarnassus 
 Droysen = Droysen's Geschichte des 
 
 Hellenismus 
 E.M. or Etym. Magn. = Etymologi- 
 
 cum Magnum 
 Eng. = English 
 Ep. = Epic 
 Eur. Euripides 
 Eust. = Eustathius 
 G. = Goodwin's Greek Grammar 
 GMT. = Goodwin's Moods and Tenses 
 Gr. = Greek 
 
 II. = Hadley's Greek Grammar 
 Harp. = Harpocratio 
 Hdn. = Ilerodianus 
 Hdt. = Herodotus 
 Ileliod. = Heliodorus 
 Hephaest. = Hephaestio 
 Hes. = Hesiodus 
 Hesych. Hesychius 
 h. Horn. = Homeric hymns 
 Hipp. = Hippocrates 
 
 200
 
 LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS 
 
 201 
 
 H.N. = Pliny, Historia Naturalis 
 
 Horn. = Homerus 
 
 II. = Homer's Iliad (A, B, T, etc., are 
 used in referring to the different 
 books) 
 
 Isocr. = Isocrates 
 
 Jb. f. Ph. = Jahrbiicher fiir Philologie 
 
 J.H.S. = Journal of Hellenic Studies 
 
 Lat. = Latin 
 
 Long. = Longus 
 
 Longin. = Longinus 
 
 Luc. = Lucianus 
 
 LXX = Septuagint 
 
 Lys. = Lysias 
 
 L. & S. = Liddell and Scott's Lexicon 
 
 Menand. = Menander 
 
 Od. = Homer's Odyssey (a, /3, 7, etc., 
 are used in referring to the differ- 
 ent books) 
 
 Paus. = Pausanias 
 
 Plat. = Plato 
 
 Plut. = Plutarch 
 
 Poet. Seen. Gr. = Poetae Scenici Graeci 
 
 Poll. = Pollux 
 
 Polyb. = Polybius 
 
 Kh. Mus. = Rheinisches Museum fiir 
 Philologie 
 
 Roscher = Ausfiihrliches Lexikon der 
 griech. und ro'm. Mythologie, ed- 
 ited by W. Roscher 
 
 Schol. = scholiast 
 
 Simon. = Simonides 
 
 Soph. = Sophocles 
 
 S.Q. = Schriftquellen zur Topographic 
 von Athen, by Milchhoefer, in Die 
 Stadtgeschichte von Athen, by E. 
 Curtius, pp. i-cxxiv 
 
 Steph. Byz. = Stephanusof Byzantium 
 
 Stesich. = Stesichorus 
 
 Stob. = Stobaeus 
 
 Suid. = Suidas 
 
 Theoc. = Theocritus 
 
 Theoph. = Theophrastus 
 
 Time. = Thucydides 
 
 Tyrt. = Tyrtaeus 
 
 Verg. = Vergilius 
 
 Vitruv. = Vitruvius 
 
 Xen. = Xenophon 
 
 Xenoph. = Xenophanes 
 
 In abbreviating the names of Greek 
 authors and of their works, Lid- 
 dell and Scott's List has been 
 generally followed. 
 
 OTHER ABBREVIATIONS 
 
 App. = Appendix 
 
 ch. or chap., chaps. = chapter, chap- 
 ters (when numerals follow) 
 
 etc. = and so forth 
 
 f., ff. = following (after numerical 
 statements) 
 
 gen. = genitive 
 
 ibid. = in the same place 
 
 id. = the same 
 
 i.e. = that is 
 
 imv. = imperative 
 
 intr. = intransitive, intransitively 
 
 KT\. KO.I TO. XoiTTCl 
 
 I.e. = loco citato 
 p., pp. =page, pages 
 Rein. = remark 
 sc. = scilicet 
 s.v. = sub voce 
 viz. = namely 
 v.l. = varia lectio 
 
 , = section, sections
 
 INDEX 
 
 This Index names only the principal places and temples. See the Topographical 
 Outline for detailed references to all the monuments cited by Pausanias. The num- 
 bers give chapter and section of the text of Pausanias, under which is the uote desired. 
 Reference is made also to the Excursuses. 
 
 Academy, 30 1-2 
 
 Acropolis, 224 283; Exc. VII 
 
 Aglaurus, Precinct of, 182 
 
 Agora of Athens, 3 1-18 :5; Exc. II 
 
 Agrae, 19(i 
 
 Aphrodite in the Gardens, Temple of, 
 
 192 
 
 Aphrodite Urania, Temple of, 14 7 
 Apollo, Cave of, 28 4 . 
 Apollo, the Paternal, Temple of, 3 4 
 Areopagus, 285-7 
 Ares, Shrine of, 8 4 
 Aristogiton, Harmodius and, 8 5 
 Artemis Agrotera, Temple of, 19 
 Artemis Brauronia, Sanctuary of, 23 7 
 Asclepius, Sanctuary of, 21 4 
 Athena Ergane, Temple of, 24 :'> 
 Athena Nike, Temple of, 22 5 ; Exc. IX 
 Attains, Digression on, 61 81 
 
 Buleuterinm, 3 5 
 
 Clepsydra, 284 
 Colias, Cape, 1 5 
 Colonus Hippius, 30 4 
 Cynosarges, 193 
 
 Denies of Attica, 31 - 33 
 Demeter, Temple of, 2 4 
 Demeter Cliloe, Sanctuary of, 22 3 
 Demeter and Kore, Temple of, 14 1-4 
 
 Dionysium in Limnis, Exc. Ill 
 Dionysus, Temples of, 20 3 
 Dionysus, Theatre of, 20 3, 21 1-2 ; 
 
 Exc. VI 
 
 Dioscuri, Shrine of, 181 
 Dipylum, 2 4 ; Exc. I 
 
 Eleusinium, 14 3 
 
 Eleusis, 38 <>-7 
 
 Enneacrunus, 141; Exc. Ill 
 
 Eponymi, Statues of, 5 5 
 
 Erechtheum, 26 5-27 1 ; Exc. XI 
 
 Eridanus, 195 
 
 Eucleia, Temple of, 145; Exc. Ill 
 
 Galatae, Digression on, 4 l-<; 
 
 Gardens, The, 192 
 
 Ge Kourotrophos, Sanctuary of, 22 3 
 
 Hadrian, Buildings of, 18 <) 
 Harbors and Fortifications, 1 2 ; Exc. I 
 Harmodius and Aristogiton, 8 5 
 Hephaestus, Temple of, 14 <> 
 Hermes Agoraeus, 151 
 Hymettus, 32 1 
 
 Ilissus, 19 5 
 
 Ilithyia, Temple of, 185 
 
 Laurium, 1 1 
 
 Law Courts, Athenian, 288-11 
 
 292
 
 INDEX 
 
 293 
 
 Long Walls, 2 1 ; Exc. I 
 
 Lyceum, 19 3 
 
 Lysimachus, Digression on, 9 5-10 
 
 Megara, 394-4410 
 Metroum, 3 5 
 Munychia, 1 4 
 
 Ptolemies, Digression on, 9 1-3 
 Ptolemy, Digression on, 5 < 8 1 
 Ptolemy, Gymnasium of, 17 2 
 Pyrrlms, Digression on, 11 13 
 Pythium, Exc. Ill 
 
 Royal Colonnade, 3 1 
 
 Nike, Temple of Athena, 22 5 ; Exc. IX Sacred Way, 36 3 - 38 7 
 
 Salainis, Island of, 35 1 36 2 
 Odeum of Pericles, 20 4 
 Odeum, Theatre called, 8 (i 
 Old Athena Temple, Exc. XII 
 Olympieum, 18(J; Exc. V 
 
 Seleucus, Digression on, 16 1-3 
 
 Serapeum, 184 
 
 Stadium, 19 (i 
 
 Sulla, Digression on, 20 4-7 
 
 Sunium, 1 1 
 
 Painted Colonnade, 15 1-4; Exc. II 
 
 Parnes, 32 1-2 
 
 Pan, Cave of, 284 
 
 Paudrosus, Temple of, 27 2 
 
 Parthenon, 24 5-7 ; Exc. X 
 
 Patroclus, Island of , 1 1 ; 35 1 
 
 Pentelicus, 32 1 
 
 Phalerum, J. 4 
 
 Picture Gallery, 22 C>-7 
 
 Piraeus, 1 2-3 
 
 Propylaea, 22 4 ; Exc. VIII 
 
 Prytaneum, 183 
 
 Themis, Temple of, 22 1-2 
 
 Theseum, Exc. IV 
 
 Theseus, Sanctuary of, 17 2-ti 
 
 Tholus, 3 5 
 
 Tombs, Street of, 29 3 30 
 
 Tripods, Street of, 20 1 
 
 Triptolemus, 141-4 
 
 Walls, Long, 2 1-3 ; Exc. I 
 
 Zeus Eleutherius, Colonnade of, 3 2
 
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