PICTURESQUE CHICAGO I' CJ. r' AND j # BREAKWATER LIGHTS. There are two lights on the old breakwater, both established in 1876 ; one of these, the south light, is a fifth order light, and the north is a lens lantern. At the new breakwater there are three lights, tubular lanterns, tended by two laborers. The light on the old north pier is a sixth order light, and has a fog bell struck by machinery. Calumet light, at South Chicago, is on the outer end of the pier north of Calumet river, eleven miles southeast of Chicago breakwater. It is a fourth order light, red, thirty-three feet above lake level, and is visible about twelve miles. It was established in 1873. Formerly it was in a tower rising above a structure on shore, but was in 1876 removed to its present quarters, which is fully a mile out on the pier. A beacon light is established at the old Crib. This light-house is provided and maintained by the city of Chicago. GROSSE POINT LIGHT The best light and light-house near Chicago is that at Grosse Point, just north of Evanston. It was es- tablished in 1873, and as it now stands complete has probably cost the Government more than $100,000, in addition to the expense of maintenance. Grosse Point light is a second order, fixed white coast light, varied by a red flash every three minutes, the regularity of the flashes being controlled by clock-work. The "lantern" is a pris- matic lens, equaling in power 163 candles, and this feature of the outfit alone cost $15,000. The tower, from the water's level to the centre of the lens, is 120 feet, being built of brick and having ninety- nine piles placed beneath the stone foundation. THE PUBLIC LIBRARY. The Public Library occupies the* entire fourth floor of the City Hall (excepting council chamber). Was founded in 1872. The library contained on January ist, 1892, 171,709 volumes, and the collection is increasing by purchase and 96 PICTURESQUE CHICAGO AND GUIDE TO THE WORLD'S FAIR. donation at the rate of somewhat over 10,000 volumes annually. Its literary treasures, many of which can not be duplicated at any cost, are at the lowest estimate valued at $275,000. With an annual cir- culation and consultation of over 1,500,000 volumes, it leads the cir- culation of the free public libraries of the country. At the Paris Ex- position of 1889 it received the distinguished honor of an award of a gold medal, on an exhibit consisting of the annual report, finding lists and a volume showing in detail the administration of the library in every department. A reading-room is maintained, which last year was patronized by 500,000 visitors, 450,000 periodicals being given out across the counter. There are also reference departments, including general, patent and medical, which are consulted by thou- sands of people in search of special knowledge, annually. HOTELS. There are at present between fourteen and fifteen hun- dred hotels in the city of Chicago, including small and large, and houses of all grades, but excluding lodging houses, boarding houses and distinctively family hotels, where no transients are received. The united capacity of these hotels is estimated at 175,000. It is believed that they could, if pressed, accommodate 100,000 additional guests. But this will not be necessary. Numerous immense hotels are either projected or being constructed at the present time. The spring of 1893 will find Chicago ready with ample hotel accommodations for 500,- ooo guests. Neither the boarding houses, nor houses where furnished rooms may be rented, nor lodging houses, are considered here. Outside of the hotels there are eating houses or restaurants and cafes, with an estimated feeding capacity at the present time of 25,000 per- sons daily. CHICAGO ATHENAEUM. In the summer of 1890 this honored institution, which has justly been called "The People's College," entered upon the most promising period of its history, at the opening of its twentieth year. At that time the Board of Directors, composed of some of the best known and most influential citizens, with Ferd. W. Peck, Esq., as president, secured a valuable property 91 X97 feet at 1 8 to 26 Van Buren street, one of the choicest locations in the city, IMPORTANT BUILDINGS AND POINTS OF INTEREST. 97 which has been enlarged to a seven-story building and fitted up in the most attractive style, with all desirable conveniences. The property was purchased for $200,000, besides which $90,000 have been ex- pended in the improvements. Situated in the very heart of the city r close to the Art Institute, and in the same grand square on which the Auditorium stands, it is destined to become a recognized educational center, and one of Chicago's most beneficent institutions. The Athe- JACKSON PARK PAVILION. naeum entered its new home in March, 1891. From the date of its organization in October, 1871, its animating spirit has been philan- thropic. Though a private corporation, it has always maintained the Athenaeum solely for the public good, having been chartered as an institution not for pecuniary profit. The benefits that it has bestowed upon this city cannot be over-estimated. Open daily throughout the year, and five evenings a week for nine months of the year, with an 7 93 PICTURESQUE CHICAGO AXD GUIDE TO THE WORLD'S FAIR. able corps of twenty-nine teachers and a large list of studies all elec- tive young men and women may enter at any time, without exam- ination, and receive the desired instruction at moderate cost. COOK COUNTY HOSPITAL. Situated between Wood, Harri- son, Lincoln and Polk streets, West Side. Take Ogden Avenue, Taylor street, or Van Buren street car. One of the largest public hospitals in'the world. It is conducted under the management of a WORLDS FAIR GLOBE. Warden, appointed by the County Commissioners. The visitors will be much interested by a walk through the spacious wards and corri- dors of this immense institution. The Cook County Hospital was established in 1865, though it did not begin its work until January, 1866. Previous to that time the city had been accustomed to board its sick at Mercy Hospital. But in January, 1866, it fitted up two wards in the old City Hospital, at the corner of Eighteenth and 100 PICTURESQUE CHICAGO AND GUIDE TO THE WORLD'S FAIR. Arnold streets, and moved to them twelve patients from Mercy Hos- pital. These wards were soon filled and additions to the building were erected. But very soon these also were overcrowded, and in 1876 the institution was removed to its present location, at the corner of West Harrison and Wood streets. The new buildings, which were not all erected at the same time, consist now of a long administration build- ing of imposing appearance, and a pavilion of four wards, and a wing of three wards on each side of it, with generous spaces between all these buildings, conducing greatly not only to their appearance, but to the light, ventilation and comfort of the wards. They are situated on a lot containing twelve acres of ground. During the six months ending January I, 1889, there were received and treated 3,255 cases, and during the six months ending July i, 1889, 3,903 cases, showing an increase of 648. As there were 435 patients present on January i, 1889, and 488 on July i, 1889, the number in the hospital during the two periods respectively was 3, 690 and 4, 39 1 . So that, as large as the institution is, it is only a matter of time when its vast accommodations will have to be increased to keep pace with the growing wants of the city. FIRST REGIMENT I. N. G. Organized in August, 1874. At the first meeting held in behalf of the undertaking forty-eight men enrolled themselves. In January, 1875, having grown into seven companies, the regiment took quarters on Lake street, adopted its uniform the same it wears to-day and received its equipment of arms from Springfield. In February of that year the regiment was assembled and bivouacked in the armory during the Relief and Aid Society riotous demonstration. On May 13111 it made its first public appearance with 520 men in line. Since that day its popularity has never waned. In 1877, during the railroad riots, the regiment twice dispersed mobs at the point of the bayonet without firing a shot. In 1878 the First removed to its armory on Jackson street. During the riots of November, 1886, at the Union Stock Yards and other points in the city, the regiment was called into service to quell dis- order. Since then its history has been one of peace and continued IMPORTANT BUILDINGS AXD POINTS Ob INTEREST. 101 prosperity. The enrollment at present is 650 men. Upon the rolls of the regiment is no small number of names which have won renown on bloody fields. PRAIRIE AVEXUE. Prairie avenue is the avenue of avenues in Chicago. There are people, and very nice people, and very wealthy people, and I might add very exclusive people, living on other avenues, but on no avenue in the city are there to be found SCENE IN LINCOLN PARK. the homes of as many people whose names are so closely allied to the enterprise, the progress and the culture of Chicago. The Sweenie residence is on our left as we move south, and we pass the homes of Josiah H. Boyer, Joseph L. McBirney, Walter H. Wilson and John H. Hamline, on the same side of the avenue. On the other side are the handsome residences of John O. Shortall, Henry L. Frank and of P. E. Studebaker, the wagon and carriage manufacturer. Next CHURCH OF THE MESSIAH. \ IMPORTANT BL'JLDINGS AND POINTS OF INTEREST. 103 door to him lives William R. Sterling. A little further down is Mr. Granger Farwell's place, and opposite is the home of the great coal merchant, Robert A. Law. South of Mr. Farwell's are the homes of Hugh J. McBirney and Isaac M. Linville, and the residence of George M. Pullman is a noble mansion, but far from being the home which you supposed Pullman lived in. Mr. Marshall Field's is an elegant, but unostentatious mansion. Like the homes of the SOL'S CLOCK (Lincoln Park). neighboring millionaires, there is nothing about P. D. Armour's residence suggestive of the great wealth of its owner. It is a hand- some dwelling as to exterior; as to interior, it is fitted up with a regard to comfort principally, but at the same time an air of genteel refinement and elegant luxury pervades every part of it. From this point south we pass, on either side of the avenue, the homes of many of the leading people of Chicago. As a rule the dwellings are mod- 104 PICTURESQUE CHICAGO AND GUIDE TO 7 HE WORLDS FAIR. est. The new fads in architecture, or what Joe Gargery might have called architectitooralooralism, have not found their way into favor along here to any great extent as yet. The street is as quiet as a country lane. Even the banana man's voice is hushed. No noise breaks the dignified stillness of Prairie avenue, save the occasional whirr of an Illinois Central suburban train as it flies by the back yards of the buildings on the east side. Although close to the busi- ness center, the numerous annoyances of city life are practically left behind by the busy men who make their homes here when they enter its secluded and sedate precincts. FARWELL HALL. A celebrated assembly room, and the Young Men's Christian Association. Farwell Hall in its time has held many notable gatherings. It was here that P. P. Bliss, the composer of sacred music and sweet singer, delighted vast audiences day after day for months during the great Moody & Sankey revival period. Yes, he's dead. Went down with his wife and a score of others in the horrible Ashtabula railway accident. Here Moody and Sankey have held forth frequently, and here also, Francis Murphy has preached gospel temperance to multitudes. Others equally well- known have been heard from the platform, among them no less a personage than George Francis Train. It was in Farwell Hall that the bolt occurred among Republicans which resulted in the defeat of Grant and the nomination of Garfield in 1880. The Young Men's Christian Association uses this hall frequently for large gatherings, noonday prayer meetings, etc. Passing over La Salle street we come upon the fronts of two blocks of buildings which will probably be transformed during the next three years. This part of Madison street is not up with the twines. Restaurants, billiard halls, saloons, second-hand book stores, news-stands, etc., monopolize it. MeCORMICK HARVESTING MACHINE COMPANY. Cyrus H. McCormick, president ; Eldridge M. Fowler, vice-president ; E. K. Butler, general manager. Offices, corner Wabash avenue and Congress street ; works four miles southwest, on the south branch of Io6 PICTURESQUE CHICAGO AXD GUIDE TO THE WORLD'S FAIR. the Chicago river, at the corner of Blue Island avenue, accessible from the business center of the city, via Blue Island avenue street-car line. This immense establishment is of such magnitude in itself, and of such world-wide scope in its influences, as to make it the paragon of the nineteenth century business enterprise. SOUTH PARK FLAG. NEWSPAPERS. There are published in Chicago 24 dailies, 260 weeklies, 36 semi-monthlies, 5 bi-monthlies, and 14 quarterlies, making a total of 531 daily and periodical newspapers. The fact was disclosed in the last report of the postmaster general that the quan- tity of newspapers mailed by the publishers at the Chicago post-office equalled the amount mailed at Boston, Cincinnati, New Orleans, IMPORTANT BUILDINGS AND POINTS OF INTEREST. 107 Buffalo and Baltimore combined, or at St. Louis, Cincinnati, San Francisco, New Orleans and Baltimore combined, and also at Phila- delphia, New Orleans, Baltimore and Cincinnati combined, or in the entire thirteen Southern States, with St. Louis combined, amount- ing to 20,000,000 pounds of serial matter. The newspapers of Chicago have contributed wonderfully to the growth, to the prosper- GATES AJAR (Washington Pa ity and to the fame of the city. To her great dailies is Chicago par- ticularly indebted for the intelligent and wide-spread publicity they have given her at home and abroad. TRIBUNE. Location of publication office, southeast corner of Madison and Dearborn Sts. The Chicago Tribune Company, pro- prietors. Joseph Medill, editor-in-chief. The Chicago Tribune is a daily newspaper, with every equipment necessary to the successful loS DEARBORN STRKKT DI-I'OT. IMPORTANT BUILDINGS AND POINTS OF INTEREST. 109 conduct of a great journal. It has the advantages of age and experi- ence, and the means to present to the public the fullest and most reliable information of events transpiring in the world. Its building, erected after the great fire of 1871, on the site of the former structure, was planned and completed for the home of a great newspaper. There is no facility lacking. Its presses, manufactured to order, com- bine the very latest improvements, and have the speed necessary to supply any demand that may arise. In every department where mechanics are important, the Tribune is unsurpassed. In its arrange- ments for the collection of news the Chicago Tribune acknowledges no superior in its profession. Its correspondents, many of whom have a national reputation for their intimate knowledge of, and prominence in, political and social affairs, are under instruction to deliver to the Tribune, up to the latest hour in every morning of the year, impar- tial and full reports of every event, regardless of expense. Its finan- cial reports are relied upon by bankers, capitalists and operators ; its record of occurrences at home makes it a family daily ; its political and literary features are among the ablest and most discriminating in the country. COLUMBIAN ASSOCIATION. Principal object the improve- ment of the home through the enlightenment of housekeeping as to scientific sanitation, relative value of various foods, and the most hygienic and economical method yet discovered of preparing them. There has been some concern lest women should, as their horizon widened, rush as a mighty, one-minded multitude out from their homes and leave the hearthside deserted. The widespread and enthu- siastic interest which has been awakened by the proposition of the founders of this association to afford housekeepers reliable scientific information which will enable them to conduct their households more successfully shows that women first of all are anxious to improve their homes and that with all their gettings they greatly desire to get the understanding which will enable them to do so. The association numbers about one hundred members and is really the outgrowth of the committee on household economics of 110 PICTURESQUE CHICAGO AND GUIDE TO THE WORLD" S FAIR. the world's congress auxiliary, of which Mrs. John Wilkinson is chairman and Mrs. Thomas F. Gane vice-chairman. The members of the committee on household economics are elected by the general committee of the world's congress auxiliary and its meetings are open only to its members. The meetings of the Columbian Housekeepers' Association are open to any one interested in their work. SOUTH PARK LAKE. GERMAN SOCIETY OF CHICAGO. The German Society of Chicago (Deutsche Gesellschaft von Chicago, 111.) was established in the month of May, 1854, under the name of Society for the Protec- tion and aid of German Immigrants (Huelfs-Verein fuer Deutsche Einwanderer), and owed its origin to the fact that both the vast increase and the growing importance of German immigration to this country called for some means of protection to those immigrants who 112 PICTURESQUE CHICAGO AND GUIDE TO THE WORLD'S FAIR. were ignorant of our language and the peculiar conditions of this country, and who, on that account, might easily be taken advantage of by the dishonest and unscrupulous in our community. OGONTZ ASSOCIATION. Founded by the Chicago Alumnae of the Ogontz School in 1891, who conceived the idea, in the name of their alma mater, of a lunch room for self-supporting women. The following plan was adopted: each active member subscribed $10 in annual dues, and each associate member subscribed $15, while many added their gifts of furniture, table furnishings and books. In addi- tion friends and well-wishers added greatly to their contributions by placing their names upon the guarantee fund. In February, 1891, all arrangements were finally completed. Two sunny rooms were selected on the thirteenth floor of the new Pontiac building, which stands in the midst of the printing district, on the corner of Dear- born and Harrison Streets. One room was tastefully fitted for a reading and reception room, and provided with an excellent assort- ment of books, magazines and games ; also tables, comfortable chairs and a piano. Over this room three or more members of the Ogontz Association preside daily ; one to attend to the books, which may be taken from the library if returned within two weeks, and one to act as cashier. Others play, sing, or assist in making the lunch hour pleasant, and become acquainted with the members of the Lunch Club. A monthly payment of ten cents entitles any wage-earning girl or woman to full membership, and enables her to obtain a wholesome lunch at small expense. Tea, coffee or milk is sold for two cents, home- made sandwiches or rolls or cake for five cents. During the summer ice cream and iced tea are served, and through the winter hot bouillon is furnished. The light and pleasant lunch-room, which opens from the read- ing room, is well supplied with neat tables and chairs, muslin cur- tains and a cupboard for china. At one end stands the lunch-counter, behind which gleam tea and coffee urns. Here each member re- ceives from the matron, assisted by one of the members of the Ogontz IMPORTANT BUILDINGS AND POINTS OF INTEREST. 113 Association, her order, accompanied by a check, and is at liberty to seat herself at any table. Many prefer to bring their own luncheon, and desire only a cup of tea or coffee. BAPTIST MISSIONARY TRAINING SCHOOL. Located at 2411 Indiana Ave. The first school established in this country de- voted to the training of young women for missionary work is the one located in Chicago, conducted by the Women's Baptist Home Mission Society. The society itself is exceptional in being the first organ- ization of the kind composed wholly of women, and was the result of a pressing demand from all parts of the country for missionary work, which only women could do, among women and children. Thirteen years ago so urgently was this need set forth by Miss Joanna P. Moore, who had been a nurse during the war, and remained in New Orleans on her own responsibility to work among the colored people ; also by Mrs. C. R. Blackall, who had spent some time, in the Indian Territory, and who declared that the need there was epito- mized by an Indian woman, who said to her, "We want to live like Christian women, but we don't know how : " and others, who saw in different parts of the country the necessity of work among the women and children of the foreigners, who were then, as now, pouring into this country at the rate of seven and eight hundred thousand per annum, that the ladies of the several Baptist churches in the city decided to organize a society for this work. The representatives of the different churches throughout the country, excepting those from Boston, were in favor of making Chicago the headquarters of the organization, not only because it had its inception here, but be- cause of the central location. The New England women, however, decided to organize a separate society. The society organized here now has between thirty and forty thousand regular members, and was last year in receipt, from all sources, of between $60,000 and $70,000. WATER TRANSPORTATION. A large number of steamers ply between this city v and points on all of the lakes, and on the St. Lawrence river during the summer season. These in many instances carry passengers. IMPORTANT BUILDINGS AND POINTS OS INTEREST. 115 Although Chicago is termed an inland city, because it is nearly a thousand miles from the ocean, it possesses vast marine interest through its location on Lake Michigan, one of the chain of great lakes stretching along our northern frontier. The 'magnitude of the lake traffic is shown by the statistics collected by the government. A limited means of water communication in a southern direction is enjoyed in the Illinois and Michigan canal, extending from Chicago FLORAL DESIGN" IN T SOUTH PARK. to the Illinois river, navigable for light craft thence to the Mississippi river. The freight transported over this route in 1889 aggregated 917,047 tons. An ambitious scheme in this direction, which has been undertaken by the city of Chicago, contemplates the construc- tion of a grand water-way not less than 160 feet wide and not less than eighteen feet deep from Lake Michigan to Lockport, 111., for the improvement of low-water navigation of the Illinois and Mississippi 116 PICTURESQUE CHICAGO AXD GUIDE TO THE WORLD'S FAIR. rivers as well as to afford sanitary relief to Chicago. It is expected that the United States government will co-operate in making the connecting rivers navigable for large vessels, so that the lake and the Mississippi river traffic may interchange. Another water-way, called the Hennepin canal, is projected across the upper part of the State of Illinois, also to connect with the Mississippi river. The Goodrich Line is the pioneer and leading line of the lake steamers, comprising the most elegant, most modern, as well as the safest steamships which ply Lake Michigan. Founded in 1856 by Capt. A. E. Goodrich, and ten years later incorporated under the laws of Wisconsin. Docks foot of Michigan Avenue. The steamers of the Goodrich Transportation Company ply between Chicago and all ports on Lake Michigan and Green Bay, forming regular lines during the navigation season. RAILROAD TRANSPORTATION. The railroads, however, are the chief factor in conducting the trade and commerce of Chicago. No other city in the world is so well supplied with railroad lines. Twenty-six independent roads run out of the city, diverging to all parts of the United States, Canada and Mexico. These railroads, with their branches and immediate connections, have a total length of over half of the total mileage of the railroads of the country. A belt railroad encircling the city connects with all lines, enabling freight to be easily transferred from one to another without breaking bulk. The immense traffic of this character, however, has so far outgrown the facilities afforded by the belt road referred to that two other intercepting lines have sprung into existence, one of which en- circles the city at a distance of twenty-five to forty miles from it. This line is known as the "Joliet Cut-Off. " The third belt road, which is known as the Chicago and Calumet Terminal, traverses part of the intermediate territory, intersects a number of important rail- roads, and will ultimately connect with all lines. To still further facilitate the interchange of freight cars among the various railroad lines, a great union transfer yard is being constructed on the west side of the city. These railroads and their belt-line connections have 118 PICTURESQUE CHICAGO AXD GUIDE TO THE WORLD'S I-AIR. established a multitude of junction points in the immediate vicinity of Chicago, possessing transportation facilities of the most complete character for industrial enterprises. Raw materials originating on the route of any railroad are thus easily delivered to a factory on any other line by a short transfer, practically taking every Chicago rail- road to the doors of every Chicago factory. Manufacturing products are likewise distributed without difficulty over the region traversed by every railroad line. These facilities have stimulated the growth of an unusually large number of manufacturing towns as suburbs of Chicago. Among such suburbs the town of Pullman has become famous by reason of its having been built with a special view to pro- viding workmen with comfortable homes, pleasant surroundings, and everything necessary for their convenience and social enjoyment. RAILROADS. Chicago is practically the terminal point of all the great trunk lines of railway, North, South, East and West, in the United States, the Dominion of Canada and the Republic of Mexico. Nearly all the railway systems of the continent have, either directly or by proprietary connections, sought and obtained an entrance to this city and a share in the immense traffic which centers here. Over ninety thousand miles of railway center in Chicago at the present time, and it is conceded to be the greatest railway depot in the universe ; more passengers arrive and depart ; more mer- chandise is received and shipped here daily than in any other city on the globe. Illinois, of which Chicago is the metropolis, has the greatest railway mileage of any State in the Union 14,017 miles. ST. CLAIR TUNNEL. This is the greatest submarine tunnel in the world. It extends from Port Huron, Michigan, under the St. Clair river to Sarnia, in the Canadian Province of Ontario, and con- nects the Grand Trunk Railway system of Canada with the Chicago & Grand Trunk Railway and its connecting and associate lines. The tunnel proper is a continuous iron tube, nineteen feet and ten inches in diameter, and 6025 feet in length (or a trifle over one mile). The approaches, in addition to the tunnel proper, are 5,603 feet in length, making all told a little over two miles. This great inter- IMPORTANT BUILDINGS-AND POINTS OF INTEREST. 119 national undertaking was completed at a cost of $2,700,000, and opened for freight traffic October 27th, and for passenger traffic De- cember 7, 1891. The tunnel is lighted by incandescent electric lamps, placed at suitable intervals. By reason of the method of con- struction employed, and the material (iron) used therein, the tunnel is absolutely water-tight. As illustrating the accuracy of engineering SCENE IN LINCOLN PARK. skill, and without entering into lengthy details, suffice it to say that the construction of the tunnel was begun and carried on from both the American and Canadian sides of the river simultaneously, and when the edges of the tunnel shields met midway under the river bed, the total errors in lines were found to be too small for measure ment. Trains of the Chicago & Grand Trunk Railway are hauled through the tunnel by coke-burning engines especially constructed for the purpose. They are said to be the largest engines in the 120 PICTURESQUE CHICAGO AXD GUIDE TO THE WORLD'S FAIR. world. The entire weight of the engine and tender rests upon ten drive-wheels. The weight of one of these monster engines in actual service is found to be approximately one hundred tons. ILLINOIS CENTRAL RAILROAD. The great and only rail artery connecting Lake Michigan with the Gulf of Mexico ; one of the principal and one of the most ably managed lines in the United States. Miles of railroad operated during the year ending June 30, 1891, 2,875; cost of operation, $11,890,366.21 ; gross earnings, $17,- 881,554.77; net earnings, without deducting rentals or taxes, $5,- 991,188.56. The history of this road is identical with that of the State of Illinois, to the prosperity of whose people it has contributed in a very large measure. The charter under which the corpora- tion was organized exempts the company's property from taxa- tion in this State, but requires a payment to the State, in lieu thereof, of 7 per cent, of the gross receipts of the original railroad, 705.53 miles in length, or the lines from Chicago to Cairo (364.90 miles and from Centralia, 111., to Dubuque, Iowa, 340.63 miles). The sum so paid during the years from 1855 to 1890 amounted to $12,365.618. In this period the stockholders of the company received, in cash dividends, $64,782,357. The vast amount of money which the Illinois Central Railroad Company has turned into the State treasury very materially assisted the latter in liquidating the indebtedness contracted during the War of the Rebel- lion, and in meeting the regular annual expenditures of the com- monwealth for educational, charitable and other purposes. The Governor of the State of Illinois is, ex officio, one of its di- rectors. WISCONSIN CENTRAL LINES. Although forming the con- necting link between the Northern Pacific railroad system and Chicago, and although operated by the latter company as lessee, the Wisconsin Central lines, familiarly but incorrectly regarded by the public as the Wisconsin Central Railroad, must be referred to separ- ately. In April, 1890, a contract lease was made by and between the Wisconsin Central Company, the Wisconsin Central Railroad Com- H. f -j* teli L 'r 122 PICTURESQUE CHICAGO AXD GUIDE TO THE WORLD'S FAIR. pauy, and the Northern Pacific Railroad Company, whereby the lat- ter company obtained a lease of all the lines of railroad owned and controlled by the Wisconsin Central lines between the cities of Chicago and St. Paul and Ashland, including the lines of railroad, real estate and terminal facilities of the Chicago & Northern Pacific Railroad Company in the city of Chicago, thus giving to the North- ern Pacific Company a complete line from St. Paul to Chicago, with ample terminal facilities in the latter city. This combination of interests was deemed by the directors of the Northern Pacific of the utmost importance, as giving access to the city of Chicago by a line of its own ownership and possession, with unsurpassed terminal facil- ities. While the terms of the lease relieve the Wisconsin Central from operating details, it leaves the building of branches, feeders, and all extensions of, and permanent improvements upon, the Wis- consin Central lines, to be jointly agreed upon by the lessor and lessee, and to be actually constructed by the Wisconsin Central com- panies. The development of the land grant and management of the iron properties remain in the exclusive control of the Wisconsin Cen- tral Railroad Company. The Wisconsin Central, from its inception, has been peculiarly identified with Wisconsin, its growth and pro- gress. Almost nine-tenths of the mileage of the system is within the borders of that State, and its principal offices are located at Milwaukee. GRAND CENTRAL DEPOT. No visitor to Chicago can escape having pointed out to him among the greatest attractions of the city, the magnificent Grand Central Depot, located at the corner of Fifth avenue and Harrison street. It is one of the best specimens of the highest type of modern architecture to be found in the world. Where this grand pile rises to-day the Bridewell or City Prison stood years ago. The site was long given up to stone and coal yards ; it was for years one of the most uninviting spots in the city. The erec- tion of the Grand Central Depot has made it one of the most attrac- tive, and gradually the old buildings, which still stand in the vicinity, are giving place to structures which comport with the dig- IMPORTANT BUILDINGS AND POINTS OF INTEREST. 123 nity and grandeur of the great railroad station. It is more familiarly known as the Wisconsin Central Depot than by any other name. THE UNION DEPOT. The ground covered by this railway station extends from Madison street on the north to Van Buren street on the south, and covers about a block in width along the river front. This depot has been frequently referred to before, and it only remains to be said here that, it is one of the handsomest in the coun- SOl'TH PARK SCENERY. try, and that its train shed is the largest in existence. On the west side of Canal street, and particularly in the vicinity of Madison, is a block of buildings which has long been not only a disgrace to the west division of the city, but to all Chicago. It is covered in part by tumble-down frame buildings, and in part by lodging houses of the lowest description, and the vicinity is the resort of idlers, thieves and vagabonds generally. The lodging houses have frequently been the scene of crimes which have shocked the community, and they have been as well a menace to the general peace of the city in times of 124 PICTURESQUE CHICAGO AND GUIDE TO THE WORLD'S FAIR. riot and disorder. In these lodging houses, also, have been colo- nized at various times men who have been hired to do disreputable work at the polls. To our right is the old Washington Hotel, a landmark which will shortly disappear to make room for an elegant block of buildings. Beyond this, at the northwest corner of Canal street, is a handsome European hotel, and further on is the Gault House, one of the oldest and best known hotels in the city. From this point to Union street there is not much to be seen that reflects credit on the west side, or that will interest the visitor. PULLMAN. Pullman to-day presents the most advanced and improved example of city construction which the world has seen, and it is carefully studied for its suggestive value by men of science, capitalists, economists, and students of social science throughout the world. Pullman is unquestionably one of the greatest attractions Chicago has to offer her visitors. It is situated on the west shore of Lake Calumet, fourteen miles south of the Court-house. The extreme length of the town is about two miles in a north and south direction, and it is half a mile in average width. The surface of the streets around the arcade is about nine feet above the lake level, permitting good basements for building. The land rises to the north and west, and the surface at the foundry is fifteen feet above the lake level. All improvements in the way of draining, paving, sewerage, gas and water preceded the population, or were put in when the houses were built. Pullman has a population of 11,783, and 6,000 operatives are employed in ail the industries here, and their average earnings are $2 a day, or over $600 a year each. These earnings averaged $610.73 each in the Pullman industries for the fiscal year ending July 31, 1891. In no other place are all workmen so well provided for as here. This beautiful town is the "pet" of Mr. Pullman; it is his "hobby," if the complete realization of an ideal can be so termed. As long as it was merely an idea it received scanty approval, but now that it is a. fact there are none to be found who ever had the slightest doubt of the ultimate success of the undertaking. ST. JAMES' CHURCH, 125 126 PICTURESQUE CHICAGO AND GUIDE TO THE WORLD'S FAIR. The idea was not a new one to Mr. Pullman, but it was not until 1880 that it began to take physical shape, architectural, mechanical, commercial, industrial and sociological detail. The perfect success of the plan is no doubt largely due to the fact, first, that Mr. Pullman was working out his own plan, and second, it was his privilege to work out that plan with no one to meddle and object. No doubt if some of our larger cities had been planned on a similar basis it would be better for those cities ; this may not be a democratic idea, but study the history of this model village and draw your own conclu- sions. Mr. Pullman is a man of strong character and broad views. He welcomes knowledge from every source, but in his own affairs he proposes to be his own master. "So, having ample power, though little sympathy or encouragement, he managed even" detail, and ever since success has crowned the work there is no man who disputes with him the credit of devising it, or arranging its details down to the smallest particulars." The tract of land now "Pullman," at the beginning of 1880, was a lonely waste of low, nearly level, grassy prairie on the west shore of Lake Calumet, fourteen miles south of the center of Chicago. The principal advantage it has was that it was crossed lengthwise by the Illinois Central and Michigan Central Railways. It has taken just ten years to change this unpromising plain into the most exquisite, best regulated manufacturing town in the world. It has nearly eight miles of paved drained streets, including a grand boulevard 100 feet wide, abutting on the lake ; twenty-five blocks of brick dwellings along these streets, capable of housing 1,750 families ; an arcade building 256x164 feet in size, containing all the stores of the place, the bank and post-office. The second story is used for offices, the library and theater ; and the third floor holds lodge-rooms for societies ; it is heated throughout by steam ; a handsome and well- kept hotel, that can accommodate TOO guests; school-houses, where 1,000 pupils a day can be taught ; a water-tower 195 feet high, on top of which is a large boiler iron tank which holds half a million gal- lons ; this is always kept filled for use in case of fire, and only for fire IMPORTANT Bi'ILDINGS AND POINTS OF INTEREST. 127 use. A market HOXIOO feet in size, with stalls for meat, vegetables, fish, poultry, etc. ; and in its upper story a public hall with a capacity of 600 ; gas works connecting with every house in town ; green-houses for furnishing the town, its parks and gardens with flowers and shrubs. Brick-yards with a capacity for turning out 30,00x5,000 bricks a year ; the clay for them is dredged from the bottom of the lake ; the bricks are all machine-made. Ice-houses, holding 24,000 LINCOLN PARK LAKE. tons of ice ; lumber yards covering eighty acres ; about fifty different- kinds of lumber are used here, and nearly half a million dollars' worth is always kept on hand ; this lumber is obtained from South America, Central America, Mexico and from half the States of the Union. Finally, the soul of the whole and the reason of its existence, the great Pullman Car Works, the Union Foundry, the Drop Forge and Foundry, the Street Car Works, the Terra-Cotta Works, the Standard PICTURESQUE CHICAGO AND GUIDE 7V THE WORLDS FAIR. Knitting-mills, the Columbia Screw Factory, the Allen Paper Car- wheel Works, the Calumet Paint Manufacturing Works, the Pullman Iron and Steel Works, and other enterprises. It is perhaps too much to say that any one mind could grasp in advance each of these details ; but the idea contained the plan and potentiality of them all, and laid the broad and deep foundations on which they could rise, have risen and are constantly growing. Then, too, Mr. Pullman's designing mind has seized each position and made it a stepping-stone for each further advance. It has been his daily thought and nightly dream, and nothing has seemed to him too good and great for his model town. The car shops furnish cars of every description, and have a capacity of turning out each week 3 sleepers, 1 2 passenger cars, 240 freight cars and several street cars, the number depending upon the value of the cars (making about 4 cars an hour during working hours). The other industries furnish, with the exception of glass, blankets, car springs and plushes used in upholstery, even-thing used in the construction of the best cars ; all marble work, glass embossing, mirror-making and electro-plating are done here. The total value of the finished product from all the manufactories at Pull- man is about $15,000,000 a year. This comes by the labor of about 5250 operators, whose average earnings are $2 a day. Of these only a few are children (perhaps 200 in all), and still fewer women, of whom only 150 are employed. Some of the latter hold clerkships ; some work in the upholstering rooms, and some in the knitting-mill. In selecting the architectural style to be followed at Pullman, it was deemed necessary to choose one that could be adapted to the great variety of buildings devoted to different uses. In general terms the style employed might be designated the round arched or Romanesque, without the Byzantine details of the great shops and principal buildings. It may be said that the buildings suggest a simplified modification of the Queen Ann style of architecture. Turning now to the less obvious features, one finds still more to admire. The sewerage and surface drainage preceded the popula- 130 PICTURESQUE CHICAGO AND GUIDE TO THE WORLD'S FAIR. tion, being established at the same time when the dwellings were building. The surface drainage carries the rainfall into Lake Calu- met. The sewerage proper is a separate system, connecting with every sink and cesspool, and taking the entire sewage from the houses and shops. Each house is supplied with sanitary plumbing. The sewage is conducted below the surface to a huge tank beneath the water tower, whence it is pumped and piped (1,800,000 gallons WORLD'S FAIR GLOBE. a day) to the Pullman farm, three miles away to the southwest, to be used as a fertilizer. The sewage tank is thoroughly ventilated through pipes debouching above the top of the water tower, and has, besides, a connection with the tall chimney of the boiler house, which outlets combined produce a down draught in all the sewer openings. The town has no evil odors. The water supply does not come from the water tower, as many IMPORTANT BUILDINGS AND POINTS OF INTEREST. 131 suppose, but from the Chicago water system. The town has fifteen miles of water mains. The Pullman farm consists of 140 acres, thoroughly piped and underdrained for the reception, purification and utilization of the Pullman village sewage. Hydrants are so placed that the distri- bution can be conveniently done. All organic matter in the sew- age is taken up by the soil and the growing vegetation, and the SOL'S CLOCK (Lincoln Park). water (which is, of course, by far the greater mass) runs off through underdrains to the ditches, and they deliver it pure and clear as spring water, into the Calumet river. In winter the sewage runs upon one field or one filter-bed, and then on another, the filtering process appearing as perfect as in summer. Thus are the waste products largely transmuted by vital chemistry into luxurious vege- table forms. The most profitable crops have been found to be 132 PICTURESQUE CHICAGO AND GUIDE TO THE WORLDS FAIR. onions, cabbage, potatoes and celery. One acre takes care of the sewage of one hundred of the population. This solution answers one of the problems so often propounded in relation to the sewage of Chicago, namely : "Why not utilize it for fertilization?" At one acre to the hundred of population, it would require twelve thousand acres to dispose of the sewage of Chicago, twenty square miles from which settlers would have to be excluded. At some future time, when lands naturally fertile and spontaneously productive shall have grown more scarce and distant, this may be effective ; but now it is a manifest impossibility. Even in old Europe, where there are at least 150 sewage farms, there is scarcely one which pays expenses of handling, instead of the large profit which might be expected from a free gift of unlimited manure. The difficulty seems to be in the impossibility of rotting or properly composting the crude elements of the sewage. The Pullman farm pays a reasonable profit. One of the most admirable features of the town true it is a negative one is that there are no saloons, no gambling houses and no almshouse, and as a natural sequence I suppose, though I do not know posi- tively, no jail. They have a cemetery ; but it is not a paying invest- ment. The growth of the ' ' City of the Dead ' ' is very, very slow. Now, some people who have no doctor friends, who are not inter- ested in some cemetery company, or in a coffin or tombstone estab- lishment will think this a great advantage ; but to most of us com- mon mortals (we are a race of vampires) it is a great defect. The absence of drinking shops is due to the fact that the Com- pany has not parted with its realty ; in fact, this policy was adopted to prevent just such evils. Whenever and wherever public senti- ment is up to it, they can exclude any evil by popular consent ; but in this case the promoters preferred to take no chances, and "prohibition prohibits" in Pullman, however it may struggle, prevail, triumph and fail elsewhere. Do not misunderstand me ; no one is prevented from drinking, only they must go elsewhere -for it. Just outside of the town limits there are drinking places by 134 PICTURESQUE CHICAGO AXD GUIDE TO THE WORLD'S FAIR. the scores, with plenty of customers ; so drunkenness is not un- known ; but it is marked, exceptional and disgraceful. The oper- ators know which of them are drinkers and which are not, and form their likes and dislikes accordingly ; but the management leaves it all to them, taking no cognizance of the matter. Free- dom is held to be the only condition for a healthy, stable growth of morals, intelligence and wealth. FLORAL DKSIGN (Lincoln Park). At Pullman personal liberty of thought is associated with that of action. Religion is not assailed and dwarfed by patronage certainly not by opposition. There are eight places of worship in town, representing as many shades of sectarian belief. Bach is entirely sustained by the voluntary contributions of its members. The company built, at the outset, a beautiful green-stone church, but it is rented to a congregation like any other edifice or tenement. Good order in the community is always maintained, without in- IMPORTANT BUILDINGS AND POINTS OF INTEREST. 135 terfering with the freedom of the individual, so long as his freedom does not trespass on the liberty of another. There has never been any attempt (by the founders) to set up any religious denomination in the town. There was a church building constructed at the outset, but it was rented to a society which represented the majority in the town. Within a stone's throw of the green-stone Presbyterian Church is a new building put up by the Catholics. In addition to this the Swedish Lutheran and other denominations have rooms where ser- vices are held. There is no artificial stimulus anywhere. There are no lectures given to the workmen. Neither politics nor religion has any part in the administration ; that is left to the individual. Sun- day is a day of relaxation ; many go to church ; many go to the lake- shore and take part in the out-door games. The town gave a small 136 IN THE ZOO. IMPORTAXT BL'ILDL\GS AND POINTS OF INTEREST. 137 Democratic majority at the last election. The men know that they are perfectly free from criticism on the part of the management, whatever result is declared at the polls. The Pullman Loan and Savings Bank is the local financial de- pository of the Company, and also the custodian of the voluntary hoards of the citizens. Its savings deposits in 1891 amount to $467,981.45, in the names of 1,828 depositors. The average sum held by each savings depositor in 1884 was $145.43. In 1890 it had grown to $243.97, and in 1891 is $256. By purchases in the immediate vicinity, 885 of the operatives are freeholders in their own right. In all 2,297 live outside the town. All employed are free to live where they please, but Pullman town is always full. No reserve or "hospital money" or " insurance fund " is exacted by the Company, nor are any store accounts collected on the wages pay-roll. (The Company is not interested in the shops except as landlord of the shop-keepers.) The only deductions from the earned wages are rents due by those who occupy Company houses or flats. The position of the city already built is about half a mile in width, and is two miles from the north to the south end of the town. The successive blocks are unlike, giving pleasing changes to the views along any street. There are now about seven miles of paved streets and twelve miles of sidewalks. At intervals of thirty feet shade trees are planted along both sides of the streets, and on the main streets flowers are grown around the trees. Open places planted with shrubbery and flowers really constitute a long park, in the midst of which the homes of the people stand. The monumental buildings and vast shops in the long stretches of meadow, walks and shrubbery emphasize the park features of Pullman. There is one style of flats having from two to four rooms each, which rent for from six to nine dollars a month. Of these there are now six buildings, each containing twelve families, one building con- taining twenty-four families, two containing thirty-six families, and one containing forty-eight families. There is not a room in these build- ings which has not one or more windows, giving residents abundance of 138 PICTURESQUE CHICAGO AND GUIDE TO THE WORLD'S FAIR. fresh air and light. These flats and their surroundings are kept in order by the Company. Blocks 14 by 27 and 30 contain 300 flats, each apartment containing from two to five good rooms and its pro- per proportion of basement. Still another style of flats is seen where every family has a separate entrance, and is accommodated with five good rooms and a basement. These flats rent for from $14.00 to $16.00 a month. There is now a tendency in cities to build flats, LINCOLN PARK FLOWERS. and the advantages in them are usually set forth as follows : The tenant secures a home for a lower rent, and is brought nearer his place of work and business. In case of sickness and trouble he has help close at hand ; the common hallway is lighted and the whole building cared for by a janitor, services which cannot be rendered in single houses. By accommodating many families upon a small tract of land, men are able to reduce their living expenses to a minimum, while all have the advantage of living upon improved streets and in LINCOLN MONUMENT (Lincoln Park). 139 140 PICTURESQUE CHICAGO AND GUIDE TO THE WORLD'S FAIR. close proximity to parks and gardens. Of course separate sinks, water-taps and closets, all inside the houses, are provided for every family. There is a variety of single houses with rents ranging all the way from $16 to $50 a monthf. These houses are adapted to the needs of men receiving from $2 a day to $5,000 a year. The average rental of all the tenements in Pullman is only $14 a month. ' ' The connection of the Pullman Company with the so-called labor riots was short but full of interest for the moment, and sugges- tive for the future. Pullman industries were a shining mark, and the elements of destruction would score a brilliant victory if they could lay them low. Therefore the attack was expected, and it came from the outside, of course. With a shrewdness worthy of them, the assailants chose as the weakest point in the industrial cita- del, the cabinet shop, which was largely filled with foreigners, not yet imbued with the ' American Idea. ' "The foreign idea of irresponsible conflict between labor and capital, and of ' Internationalism ' as the only refuge of the former from the oppression of the latter, these men had either brought over with them or readily absorbed from the plausible talkers sent among them. The mass of other workmen, not so much convinced by argu- ment as moved by brotherly feeling, consented to join in the demand for an eight-hour day and other proposed changes, and at an ap- pointed time a committee called on Mr. Pullman to lay that demand before him. The committee, as usual in such cases, was chosen mainly from the men known to, and respected by their employers ; but contained also some of the ' walking delegate ' element, men who had entered the employment on purpose to interfere with it. Mr. Pullman, recognizing easily the 'outsiders,' invited a statement of their position. They had free scope to ask what they had determined on, and to enforce the demands by such arguments as they thought best. When they had entirely covered the ground he expressed him- self thus : " That they evidently entertained the deliberate purpose of either IMPORTANT BL'ILDIXGS AND POINTS OF INTEREST. 141 controlling the works or stopping them. The latter they might do, but to what purpose ? When work stopped wages stopped. How would their families fare ? The Company would live, doing its work elsewhere or not doing it at all. As to the former, the Company was satisfied with its present management and proposed to be as free in its actions as were its employes in theirs. ' ' This was all. Mr. Pullman was kind, but firm. After their interview he refused to discuss the matter again. They knew his decision ; it was unalterable. The men ' ' went out, ' ' stayed two weeks and returned to their work. Since then things have gone smoothly ; differences there are frequently, but they are settled in free discussion between the management and the operatives. These conferences are carried on in a friendly not servile spirit, and sometimes result in convincing the one party, sometimes the other ; oftenest in a com- promise of conflicting interests and claims. "The historian is not the prophet, but it may be said without undue presumption that if if the path in front of Pullman proves as fair to the foot as its vista appears to the eye, then the enterprise sounds the key-note for the full and final chorus of concord between labor and capital. In that case its founder has, single-handed, built the enduring monument of the passing nineteenth century ; a pyra- mid, the broad, deep ground course whereof is human nature, while its sunlit cap-stone is peace. ' ' PULLMAN PALACE CAR COMPANY. Main office, Pullman building. President, George M. Pullman. Directors, George M. Pullman, Marshall Field, J. W. Doane, Norman Williams and O. S. A. Sprague, of Chicago ; Henry C. Hulbert, of New York, and Henry R. Read, of Boston. One of the greatest corporations in the world. DOUGLAS MONUMENT. PART III. PARK SYSTEM. ^E splendid park system of Chicago, constituting (with its connecting boulevards), one of the most extended in the world, took its rise in the construction of Lincoln Park, and this in its turn was the offspring of the cemetery established in 1835, IN THE ZOO (Uncoln Park). north of and adjoining what is now North avenue. In all, this burial place included sixty acres of what was once sand hill and pine forest, but became, by the care of lot owners, a fine and well-ordered graveyard. The city also owned sixty acres north of and adjoining the burial place. In 1860 the council passed an ordinance forbidding the sale of lots and the interment of dead in the last named tract, 143 144 PICTURESQUE CHICAGO AND GUIDE TO THE WORLDS FAIR. and in 1864, another ordinance setting apart the same for a public park. The latter ordinance also forbade the sale of more lots in the first plot, and the interment of bodies on the part not sold the Potter's field. To-day in the appearance of the magnificent park, with its statues, fountains, hills, dells, lakes, streams, flower-beds, palm-house, menagerie, and miles of roads and paths, there is almost nothing to indicate that it was once the burial place of uncounted thousands of our fellow-citizens, many of whom, no doubt, accidentally LINCOLN PARK LILY-BEDS. omitted in the removal, still sleep beneath its surface. Nothing, ex cept a single tomb, that of the old Couch estate, to which, for certain reasons, the Park Commissioners never obtained title ; this remains silent and grim, as if to remind the pleasure-seekers that ' in the midst of life we are in death. ' This park besides having the advan- tage of being the first, has also the peculiar and inestimable advan- tage of a Lake Shore drive. The Lincoln Park Commissioners were shrewd enough to see and profit by this opportunity at once ; almost the first outlay they made was in preparing a drive-way along the Park BARTLETTIC RESIDENCE. J46 PICTURESQUE CHICAGO AND GUIDE TO THE WORLDS FAIR. front. This served a double purpose; it reconciled the people to the increase in taxes, and it shut out and made forever impossible the alternative of the Lake Shore for a railway entrance to the city. "It is easy to perceive that a range of wind-swept sand hills is an unpromising place for a park, but hard to conceive of the im- mensity of the task of subduing it to verdure and beauty. On the other hand, there are some compensatory features ; the sand is easy to move by plow and scraper, and is a self-draining material when re- duced to the desired form. On the whole, one would rather attack for park purposes warm sand than cold, refractory soaked clay or hardpan. A design once fixed on, with a pond here and there to be excavated, a hill or two or three to be brought low, a mound to be raised, a slope to be graded, a ridge to be ranged, numberless flower beds to be started, a hot-house, a conservatory, a green-house, a palm-house, a boat house, a tool and machinery house, a keeper's dwelling and barn to be built all these things and a thousand others being laid out for deliberate achievement, the thing goes on step by step, and the change, to an occasional visitor, seems almost magi- cal. 100,000 cubic yards or more of clay make a substratum to the grass plots ; ten thousands of loads of black soil and the fertilizing city street sweepings make the top dressing; thousands of trees, home grown and imported, . soon stand in orderly confusion, and be- hold ! ' The wilderness blossoms as the rose. ' ' ' There are 2,236 miles of streets, and some fifty miles of boule- vards in Chicago, the latter connecting the surrounding cordon of attractive parks. The city is proud, of the chief streets, which are 60 to loo feet wide, with State street 125 feet wide. They are straight, cross at right angles, are mathematically as nearly level as drainage will permit, are generally well lighted and paved, and in the busi- ness section are bordered by solidly constructed buildings ; while the residential section displays very fine dwellings, and Michigan avenue, at the lake front, is one of the handsomest foliage bordered streets of residences in the world. The outskirts are beautified by twenty parks, making with the miles of connecting boulevards a semi-circle PARK SYSTEM. 147 around the city, having each end resting upon the shore of the lake. Nature gave to the monotonously flat prairie around Chicago no scenic charms excepting the glorious view over Lake Michigan. It has been a most admirable thing for the city that somebody has been able to pause in the universal and engrossing chase after the almighty dollar long enough to design these pleasant parks. The broad expanse of prairie was low, level, and treeless originally, but abundant foliage has been planted, and art has made little lakes and AMONG THE LILIES. miniature hills ornamented by attractive flower gardens and shrub- bery. There are nearly 2,000 acres of these parks, the system begin- ning on the northern verge, with Lincoln Park on the lake front, covering 250 acres, and stretching around to the South Park, and thence down to Washington and Jackson Parks, the latter fronting for almost two miles on the lake shore in the southern part of the city. Large sums have been spent in their care and development, and about $2,000,000 additional will be spent on these parks in anticipa- tion of the fair. The Drexel Boulevard, which is the favorite drive- 148 PICTURESQUE CHICAGO AND GUIDE TO THE WORLDS FAIR. way to the South Park, 200 feet wide, is the most handsome of the connecting roadways, and is among the celebrated avenues of Amer- ica. A magnificent fountain, surmounted by a bronze statue of the late Francis M. Drexel, the founder of the noted Drexel banking firm, adorns its entrance. This broad parkway has a fine carriage road on either side of a central walk for pedestrians, the latter wind- ing among picturesque gardens, and the whole boulevard being well shaded, though the trees are still young. Washington Park, beyond , IN THE ZOO (Lincoln Park). the South Park, contains 371 acres, Jackson Park 586 acres, and the broad midway plaisance, connecting them, 80 acres. These three are the grounds devoted to the World's Fair, and, combined, cover 1,037 acres ? the chief buildings being located in Jackson Park. The park system proper is under control of the commissioners, elected by the courts. The parks under the supervision of these commissioners are maintained by direct tax upon the respective divi- sions of the city. Under the control of the city government are a number of small parks, squares and "places" which are maintained 150 PICTURESQUE CHICAGO AND GUIDE TO THE WORLD'S FAIR. at the expense of the city treasury. This chain of parks and boule- vards gives one of the finest drives in the world, and there is no reason in the world why it should not be, for no expense was spared in its construction and no expense is spared in keeping it up. Besides it is as autocratic as the private park of an English noble- man ; no vehicle that would injure its surface or mar its beauty is allowed upon it "Under the provisions of the park acts, any street boulevard is placed under the control of the Park Board, as to its care, govern- ment and use, and the Board can assess adjacent property for its re- imbursements. The Board thereupon forbids the use of the roadway for business travel, and even for funerals except so far as absolutely necessary to the residents on the street itself. The Board must be applied to for permission by any railway which desires to cross its boulevards ; in short, the whole length of each is treated as part of the park. This is not looked upon with favor by the residents on the parallel streets near by, as it not only gives the favored avenue a cer- tain glory and distinction, but also throws on the other roadways more than their share of the public business, the traffic which is heavy, dirty, noisy, unsightly, undesirable and pavement wearing. Still, they submit, perforce with as good a grace as may be, 'it is for the city's good.' " Only a very few years ago, complaint to the effect that the great parks of the city were too far removed from the people, and practi- cally inaccessible to the very class whom they were intended to serve was general. Now, however, they are becoming the nuclei around which the populous districts are growing. In a few years, instead of being on the outskirts of the city, they will be breathing places in its interior. 4 'It is unquestionable that the park and boulevard system of Chicago was planned and carried out far ahead of the city's actual needs. In truth, even at the present time, they are beyond all pro- portion to the use made of them. Large expanses of park are lonely solitudes, except on some special feast day. Long stretches of boule- PARK SYSTEM. 151 vards are as inappropriate to their respective neighborhoods as would be a cathedral in a country village. This being so when the city has long passed the million mark, how almost absurd must they have seemed when they were laid out encircling, though far away from a town of only 300, ooo souls ! But, all this being true, it only proves the projectors to have had the gift of second sight. If it had not been done when it was it would have been impossible ever after- SOUTH PARK LILY PONDS. wards. In spite of the loudly-blamed greed of the property owners, (who in general, though not invariably, got every penny they could,) land was bought at prices far below present values. The limit of permitted rates of assessment (between one and two cents on the hun- dred dollars of value) gave, at first, very scanty means for improve- ments and sinking-funds; but as surrounding lands and lots rise, (partly by aid of the parks and boulevards themselves,) the same old rates gave generous yearly sums to successive Boards, while the less- 452 PICTURESQUE CHICAGO AND GLIDE TO THE WORLD'S FAIR. ening of the debt, by calling in bonds for the sinking-funds, reduced year by year the interest charges, so that in the Columbian year the whole system will be substantially clear of incumbrance, while the available funds will authorize expenditures not less than magnificent. Not only has this generation planned for the next and its successors a princely pleasure ground, it has bought it and paid for it, and devises it to the future free of the usual purchase money mortgage. ' ' CONSERVATORIES. Winter visitors will find the conserva- tories of the different parks among the most attractive sights in the THE CONSERVATORY. city. These conservatories are open during all seasons, and are in charge of a skilful corps of gardeners chosen by the several park boards. The new greenhouse, propagating house, and palm house at Lincoln Park will attract the attention of the visitor. Among the curious things to be seen within its walls is a sago palm 100 years old that came from Mexico many years ago ; a tree fern 15 feet high ; a very large date palm, and a Carludonica palmata in bloom. Mr. Stromback, the chief gardener, gives some interesting facts in refer- 154 PICTURESQUE CHICAGO AND GUIDE TO THE WORLD'S FAIR. ence to the water-lilies that have proven so attractive outdoors during the past summer. The large lily with the tub-like leaves, Victoria Regia, is annually raised from seeds, a single pod having been known to contain 435 seeds. It is a night bloomer, and the blossom is quite fragrant. Some of the other water lilies are also night bloomers, while some open in day-time. The water in the basins in which they are grown flows from the engine house near by, after being heated to something like 90 degrees Fahrenheit. The managers of Lincoln Park have the honor of being the first to bring these wonderful lilies to Chicago. The greenhouse at Lincoln Park is now one of the largest and most beautiful in the country. The new palm house, re- ferred to elsewhere, is completed. The propagating departments are themselves worthy of the attention of all lovers of plants and plant culture. Some magnificent chrysanthemums, ferns, and orchids are seen here. More people visit Lincoln Park greenhouses than any of the others. Nothing could excel the delicious sense of refined taste pervading the conservatory at Washington Park, with its bank of chrysanthe- mums presenting a symphony in color, its aquarium half hidden be- neath the delicately traced fern fronds that spring from the margin and gracefully bend and reflect in the mirrored surface, and its giant palms forming leafy frescades suggestive of tropical luxuriance and love-making. That remarkable aquatic production, the water hya- cinth, is cultivated here extensively, and the round balls are seen like Limniades, or, what are more generally known, ducks, swimming about in the basins on top of the water. Upon entering the green- house the large stock of diminutive variegated-leaved plants intended for next summer's lawn decorations are observed in a room by them- selves, laid off systematically in designs, so as to make a pretty dis- play, thus utilizing a hitherto neglected agent for indoor ornamenta- tion. In the cactus-room is a great assortment of that peculiar plant. A striking novelty in the palm-room is a plant from the West Indies bearing an edible fruit. The fruit is said to be like honey, quite palatable and much sought by natives of the islands, but owing to the PARK SYSTEM. 155 frailty of its rind it cannot be successfully transported to this country. The outside covering resembles that of the American custard apple or pawpaw. One of the most popular conservatories in the public parks is that at Garfield. Here is to be found one of the largest assortments of orchids in the city. The greenhouse contains a date palm of SCENE IN LINCOLN PARK. extraordinary dimensions probably the largest specimen of that par- ticular variety of palm in all Chicago. The stock of agaves or cen- tury plants is very full, and one of these plants, the gardener asserts, is known to be thirty-two years old. Decidedly the handsomest and costliest conservatory at any of the parks is the new $ 5 0,000 edifice recently erected by the West Chicago Board of Commissioners at Douglas Park. The new build- 156 PICTURESQUE CHICAGO AND GUIDE TO THE WORLDS FAIR. ing is filled with an immense quantity of rare plants. In the east wing is a large circular basin of water, in which are grown aquatic productions, including the Victoria Regia lily. Last summer this plant flourished in the basin in a way it has never been known to do before in the city, its leaves having reached the remarkable size of 7> feet. Above the basin and ranged in a circle around the margin LINCOLN PARK SCENERY. are suspended in baskets a splendid collection of that unique exotic, the pitcher plant, nearly all of them in bloom and no two alike. A eucalyptus, growing in free ground indoors, measuring 47 feet in height, is one of the numerous attractive sights to be witnessed in the famous Humboldt Park conservatory. The greenhouses at Hum- boldt are among the largest and handsomest to be found anywhere. At the threshold are caught glimpses of banks of color and vistas of verdure of the most entrancing character, and the air is richly per- 158 PICTURESQUE CHICAGO AA'D GUIDE TO THE WORLD'S FAIR. fumed by heliotrope, tuberose, and orange blossoms a veritable para- dise. In the palm-room, the central plateau resembles a miniature tropical forest, and ranged around this are fern-covered and vine-clad rockeries calculated to revive memories of dense woodlands. The fernery, a separate room, is, without doubt, one of the most artistic creations of the conservatory, being arranged to show to the best ad- vantage those lovely contrasts which are a prominent peculiarity in the foliage of this class of plants. SOUTH PARKS. Washington Park, Jackson Park and Mid- way Plaisance are known collectively and familiarly as "The South Parks." The cost to the city of the ground which they cover was $3,208,000. They are as yet in their infancy, but even now they rank among the finest parks in the world. DOUGLAS PARK. Area, 179.79 acres; situated four miles southwest of the Court-house ; bounded on the north by West Twelfth street, on the south by West Nineteenth street, on the east by Cali- fornia avenue and on the west by Albany avenue. The district in the vicinity of this park was almost entirely destitute of residences ten years ago. Within a decade it has been built up, however, until those who have not visited the section for four or five years, or even two years, would hardly recognize it as the same. The popularity of the park, which has always been a beautiful piece of ground, has in- creased with the growth of the neighborhood and the improvement of the streets and drives in the vicinity. Douglas Park is beautifully laid out, well wooded and admirably situated. It has been cared for nicely of late years, and its lawns and flower beds bear evidence of skillful attention. Some of the avenues through this park are not surpassed by any in the city. The lake covers an area of seventeen acres. There is a handsome boat-house and refectory here. Douglas Park also has a medicinal artesian well with properties similar to those at Garfield and Humboldt Parks. The conservatories and propagating houses are among the largest of the system. Vast im- provements are promised for Douglas Park within the next two years. DREXEL BOULEVARD. The eastern entrance to Washing- PARK SYSTEM. 159 ton Park commences at Oakwood boulevard and the junction of Cot- tage Grove avenue and Thirty-ninth street. It is a double driveway, 200 feet wide for its entire length, running south to Drexel avenue and southwest from that point to the park. Through the centre is a wide strip of sward, covered here and there with beautiful shrubs, rose bushes and mounds. Upon the latter, which are interspersed LINCOLN PARK FLOWER BEDS. with flower-beds of beautiful design appear, during the summer sea- son, unique figures wrought from flowers and foliage, and which attract thousands of sight-seers annually. At the intersection of Drexel avenue is a magnificent bronze fountain, presented by the Messrs. Drexel of Philadelphia, in memory of their father, after whom the boulevard was named. On either side of the driveways are to be seen some of the handsomest mansions and prettiest villas of Chicaeo. 100 PICTURESQUE CHICAGO AXD (JUJDE TO THE WORLD'S EAIR. GARFIELD PARK. Area 185.87 acres, situated four miles di- rectly west of the Court-house ; bounded by Madison street on the south, Lake street on the north, and running a mile and a half west from the head of Washington boulevard. This was formerly known as Central Park. The name was changed in memory of President Gar- field. The lake in the centre of the park covers an area of 17 acres. 8 IN GARFIEU5 PARK. The park is extremely picturesque, the drives and promenades being laid out in the most enchanting manner. The boat-house is one of the finest to be seen in the park system. There is a handsome foun- tain here, the gift of Mrs. Mancel Talcott, and an artesian well which furnishes half the city with medicinal mineral water. It is 2,200 feet deep, and discharges at the rate of 150 gallons per minute. The water is recommended for anaemia, diseases of the stomach and kid- neys, and rheumatic disorders. Garfield Park is beautiful as it is, but 162 PICTURESQUE CHICAGO AND GUIDE TO THE WORLD'S FAIR. just at present it is receiving the attention of West Side citizens, who contemplate making many improvements. JACKSON PARK. Area 586 acres ; about eight miles from the Court-house ; bounded by Lake Michigan on the east ; Stony Island avenue on the west ; Fifty -sixth street on the north, and Sixty- seventh street on the south. This beautiful park has been brought into great prominence of late by reason of its selection as the site for a portion of the Columbian Exposition. About one-third of the park has been improved up to the present year, although immense works have been in progress for some time in preparing the unimproved portion for the public. These works include excavating and dredg- ing for the chain of lakes which are to have connection with Lake Michigan ; bridge and breakwater construction ; leveling and em- banking, and landscape gardening on an extensive scale, the im- proved portion of the park at the northern end. Here there is a broad stretch of sward which has been used frequently as a parade ground by the militia, and by large picnic parties. This is sur- rounded or hemmed in by a wooded avenue of great beauty, which opens upon a sea-wall and a beautiful view of Lake Michigan. There is erected here an immense shelter, of great architectural beauty, where thousands may, on occasion, be protected either from the heat of the sun or from a sudden rainfall. The trees and shrub- bery in the improved part of the park, as well as the flowers, are very attractive, although the variety which one finds in some of the other parks is lacking. The number of trees and shrubs in the unimproved portion is comparatively small. About Sixty -first street there is one clump of oaks and maple, shot here and there with bunches of fiery sumac. There is another and a larger grove west and north of this. Beyond there, except for a few small bunches and a fringe along the west fence, the unimproved portion is unbroken by wood. LAKE SHORE DRIVE. This is the grandest boulevard drive in Chicago. Beginning at North Side Water- Works on Pine street, its skirts the lake to the northern extremities of Lincoln Park, where it connects with Sheridan road, which is nearly completed for 25 PA RK S YS TEM. 163 miles along the north shore. Before reaching the park some of the most magnificent mansions in the city are passed on the left. On the right is a fringe of sward, dotted with flower-beds and covered with beautiful foliage in the summer months. The lake beats against an embankment to the right, and frequently the spray is dashed across the flower-beds when the sea is high. Reaching the park you pass through beautiful avenues until you strike the drive again. Here vast improvements are being made. Some years ago the State Legislature gave the Lincoln Park Commissioners the right to issue bonds for $300,000 with which to defend the shore line against the encroachments of storm-tossed Lake Michigan. With that sum as a nucleus the commissioners designed and began work on a system of improvements which, when completed, will have cost a sum many times that raised from the original issue of bonds. Enough has now been finished to give a general idea of the work as it will appear when a continuous sea-wall will extend from Ohio street to almost the ex- treme northern limit of the city. The work was commenced in the Spring of 1888 at the foot of North avenue. Several hundred feet out in the lake a line of piles was driven. Powerful dredging-ma- chines were placed in position and slowly but surely acre after acre was reclaimed from the lake. It is at this point that the Lake Shore Drive joins the boulevard now in course of construction. It will be finished this year. The breakwater proper rests on piles driven thirty- five feet into the sand. On this foundation granite blocks are laid and securely cemented. Back of this starts the paved beach, forty feet in width, slanting at an angle of about twenty degrees until it meets the granilethic promenade. This promenade is the most at- tractive feature of the improvement and is destined to become famous. Imagine a twenty-foot promenade, smooth as glass, three miles in length, with Lake Michigan vainly striving to scale the paved beach to the east of it, and a grand boulevard lined with carriages to the west of it ; a promenade commanding on one side a magnificent view of the lake, and on the other a prospective of Lincoln Park with all its natural and acquired beauties. There is nothing rigid in the lines of 164 PICTURESQUE CHICAGO AXD GUIDE TO THE WORLD'S FAIR. the promenade or boulevard. Without detracting from the attractive- ness of the sweeping crescent described by the sea-wall at Jackson Park, it must be said that the sinnous curves marking the contour of the Lincoln Park beach, promenade, boulevard and canal, are more artistic and pleasing. The old shore-line has been followed as nearly as possible. It is hard to improve on nature. With the shifting sands as the only obstacle to cheer their course, the waves have drawn along the beach curves such as would delight a follower of Hogarth. When they planned the outlines of the drive- way the com- missioners wisely decided to follow nature. They have made no mistake. The objective point is Diversey avenue, the northern limit of the park. Here the regatta course will end, but the sea-wall and boulevard will be continued by the people of Lake View, who propose to make the Sheridan Road and the Lake Shore Drive continuous. The sea-wall will be extended to Byron avenue, opposite Graceland Cemetery. It is thought that the patk commissioners will be able to complete their part of the work by the commencement of next winter. They will then have added 100 acres to the area of the park, and have given to Chicago a boulevard and regatta course unequaled in the world. Between the new boulevard and the park there will be three connecting points. There will be land connection at the north and south ends of the park and a bridge at a point opposite Webster avenue. The canal will connect with the lake at two points, one opposite Wisconsin street and the other at Fulton avenue. The boulevard will cross these connections on steel swinging bridges of a special construc- tion. It will be several years before the dreams of the designer will be fully realized. Rows of shade trees will be planted to the east of the boulevard, and between the trees and the edge of the regatta course the sloping lawn will be beautified in the highest style of the landscape gardener's art. Between the west shore of the regatta course and the present Lake Shore Drive is a tract of land now piled high with stone and pine bark. This will be made one of the finest features of the park. Planked thus on either side by verdure-decked banks, the canal will wind its sinuous course towards what was Fisher's garden. At f.--fl B-1 -imn .^i.rwrrjr^ ABSTRACT BUILDING, 16=; 166 PICTURESQUE CHICAGO AND GUIDE TO THE WORLDS FAIR. no point will this placid stretch of water be less than 150 feet in width, while the average is nearer 200. At the ends it is widened to 350 feet, so as to permit boats to make a sweeping turn. Hardly less important is the improvement contemplated by the Lincoln Park Commissioners and the property owners who own the land fronting the lake between Elm and Oak streets. The sea-wall ends at Elm street on the south. With it the Lake Shore Drive practically comes to an end. The problem which has ever confronted the boards of park commissioners is to connect the North and South Side boulevard systems. In a recent message to the city council, Mayor Cregier suggested that Michigan boulevard be connected with a viaduct ex- tending over the Illinois Central tracks and crossing the river at some point between Rush street and the lake. An expensive plan ; there seems to be no other available. It is proposed to swing the boulevard out into the lake, starting at Elm street. It will curve out 1,000 feet from the present line and strike the existing beach at the foot of Ohio street. The Lake Shore Drive has for years been the fashionable rendezvous of the North Side. Thousands of carriages line the beau- tiful embankment on summer afternoons. LINCOLN PARK. Area, 250 acres, two and a half miles in width by one and a half miles in length ; bounded by Lake Michigan on the east ; Clark street on the west ; North avenue on the north, and Diversey street on the south. The southern portion was formerly a cemetery tomb of the Couch family remains ; all others were long since removed. First board of commissioners appointed in 1869, since which time it has been under State supervision. There is embraced within this small piece of territory perhaps more attractions than can be found in any park of the country. Where nature left off art began, and the two have contributed toward making Lincoln Park the most charming in the city. The visitor will be delighted with the undu- lating character of the ground, the gracefully winding and curving avenues, which stretch out in every direction ; the beautiful lakes, the handsome bridges, the splendid foliage, the magnificent statuary, the gorgeous banks, beds and avenues of choicest flowers, the rare and PARK: SYSTEM, 167 wonderful shrubbery, the pretty little dells, knolls and nooks, that lie half concealed beneath the noble trees, and last, though not least, with the zoological collection, which has contributed in no small de- gree toward making Lincoln Park famous. Here we find the Grant monument, facing Lake Michigan on the Lake Shore drive. This magnificent work of art was presented by the citizens of Chicago, and cost $100,000. Here, also, is the Lincoln statue, by St. Gaudieur, facing the main entrance, a splendid likeness of the great president, IN LINCOLN PARK. and pronounced one of the finest pieces of sculpture in the world. This statue cost $50,000, and was presented, together with a drinking fountain, by the late Eli Bates. Here, also, are the "Indian Group" in bronze, presented by the late Martin Ryerson ; the La Salle monu- ment, presented by Lambert Tree, and the Schiller monument, pre- sented by German residents of Chicago. An entire day may be spent pleasantly by the visitor in Lincoln Park. The great conservatories, 168 PICTURESQUE CHICAGO AND GUIDE TO THE WORLD'S FAIR. flower-beds and zoological collection, can hardly be seen in less time. There is a comfortable refectory in the boat-house on the main lake. LINCOLN PARK PALM-HOUSE. The plan of the palm-house just erected at Lincoln Park, drawn by Architect Silsbee, shows a beautiful structure of steel and glass, light, airy and picturesque, sixty feet high, resting upon a bowlder foundation of split granite. The main building is 168x70 feet, with a rear extension of seventy feet, making the entire length of the structure 238 feet. In front of the main building there is to be a lobby 25x60 feet, which is ap- proached by a vestibule twenty feet square. The interior of the main building shows an unbroken stretch, save a few light support- ing iron columns for the glass roof. The conservatory is in the rear of the palm-house. It is thirty feet wide. At the extreme north end is a room 30x60 feet, which will be exclusively devoted to the cul- ture of orchids. This room will be further beautified by a sort of observatory tower built of pressed brick and terra-cotta trimmings. The building will be erected on two terraces northeast of the present canal vista and the animal's summer quarters. The terraces occupy the space due north of the present green-houses. The latter struc- ture will be removed as soon as the new palm-house is completed. The main approach to the palm-house will be from the floral gardens. The new house will cost $60,000. MICHIGAN AVENUE BOULEVARD. Michigan avenue, from Jackson street on the north to Thirty-fifth street on the south, a distance of three and a quarter miles. It is loo feet wide from curb to curb, and skirts the Lake Front Park, the site for a portion of the Columbian Exposition. Formerly the ultra fashionable residence street of the city. Now undergoing a transformation. OAKWOOD BOULEVARD. Connects Drexel and Grand boulevards ; 100 feet wide and half a mile long. It enters Grand boulevard at Thirty-ninth street, and touches Drexel boulevard at its intersection with Cottage Grove avenue. WASHINGTON BOULEVARD. The continuation of West Washington street, west from Halsted street to Garfield Park, and 170 PICTURESQUE CHICAGO AND GUIDE TO THE WORLD'S FAIR. the driveway from the center of the city to the parks and boulevards of the West Park System. Passes through Union Park, a beautiful square. This boulevard is lined for the entire distance of nearly three miles with handsome residences. Large shade trees and a con- tinuous strip of green sward fringe either side of the avenue. On Washington boulevard are many fine churches. The Chicago Theo- SCENE IN LINCOLN PARK. logical Seminary is passed at Union Park and Warren avenues, the Episcopalian Seminary on the north side, west of California avenue. WASHINGTON PARK. Area, 371 acres; situated about one and a quarter miles west of Lake Michigan and about six and a half miles southeast of the Court-house ; bounded on the east by Kanka- kee avenue, on the west by Cottage Grove avenue, on the North by Fifty-first street and on the south by Sixtieth street. The finest of Chicago's parks, more by reason of its magnificent entrances, Drexel PARK SYSTEM. 171 and Grand boulevards, than by any great natural or artificial attrac- tion of its own, although its flower beds are the most beautiful of any. It lacks many of the advantages which are enjoyed by Lincoln and Jackson Parks, the contiguity of the lake being of itself one of the greatest charms of the two last named. It can not boast of a zoo- logical garden that will compare with Lincoln Park, nor of the magnificent monuments that are making the north shore park classi- cal ground. But South Park has statelier trees, grander avenues, more sweeping perspectives, more charming drives than any other park in the city. It has the famous "Meadow," a stretch of velvety sward that covers 100 acres and the "Mere," with its thirteen acres of water, picturesquely sparkling behind long lines of ancient oaks and elms, and bathing the emerald banks of the mounds and knolls which almost conceal it from the view of the passing visitor. It has also its great conservatory and its splendid stables, which cover 325 x 200 feet. It has its delightful refectory, known as the ' ' Retreat, ' ' where refreshments are served for man and beast, but its flower gar- dens are its greatest boast. During the months between May and November, the best exhibition of the landscape gardening art in the world are seen. Flowers and foliage are made to do, in the hands of the gardener, what the brush and palette accomplish for the artist. The designs are changed annually, and are always original, always interesting and always lovely. 172 BOARD OF TRADE. THE WORLD'S COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION. 173 174 PART IV. THE WORLD'S COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION. THE idea of holding a World's Fair at some point in the United States, in celebration of the four hundreth anniversary of the discovery of America by Columbus, was first seriously consid- ered in the summer of 1889, and it quickly received popular approval. As soon as it seemed probable that such a Fair would be held, several cities, notably New York, Chicago, St. Louis and Washington, en- tered into a spirited rivalry to be designated as the place of its loca- tion, and urged their respective claims before Congress with all the force and influence they could command. It was apparent from the start, almost, that either New York or Chicago, would be selected. Chicago, with characteristic energy, formed an organization The World's Fair Columbian Exposition, embracing the most substantial business men, raised more than $5,000,000 by subscription, and pledged itself to increase the amount to $10,000,000 to be expended in behalf of the fair. Chicago's superiority in many respects as a place for holding the Exposition was admitted, and after some discussion she was selected. The buildings of The World's Columbian Exposition, as pro- vided by Act of Congress, were to be dedicated on October 2ist, 1892, the recognized anniversary of the discovery of America by Christopher Columbus. The Exposition, which will be the greatest universal fair the world has ever seen, will be formally opened to the public on May i, 1893. The gates will be closed October 26, 1893. Everything will be in readiness for each of these events. The pre- paration for the dedicatory ceremonies have been made upon an elaborate scale, and the great buildings of the exposition will be com- pleted and opened for the reception of the exhibits at the time named. From October 2ist, 1892 to May ist, 1893, the work of re- ceiving and placing exhibits, and in making ready generally for the opening of the display will be carried on without intermission. The management of the Exposition includes four organizations ; i. NATIONAL COMMISSION (authorized by Act of Congress). 175 176 PICTURESQUE CHICAGO AXD GUIDE TO THE WORLD'S FAIR. 2. WORLD'S COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION (organized under laws of State of Illinois). 3. BOARD OF LADY MANAGERS (authorized by Act of Congress). 4. WORLD'S CONGRESS AUXILIARY. The National Commission, which is a supervisory body is com- posed of eight commissioners at large, with alternates, appointed by the President, and two commissioners and two alternates from each State and Territory and the District of Columbia, appointed by the President on nomination of their respective Governors. This com- mission has held four sessions, and has now practically delegated its authority to eight of its members who constitute a Board of Refer- ence and Control, and who act with a similar number selected from the World's Columbian Exposition. , The World's Columbian Exposition, as its corporate name reads, is composed of forty-five citizens of Chicago, elected annually by the stockholders of the organization. To this body falls the duty of raising the necessary funds and of the active management of the Exposition. Its committees supervise the various departments into which the work has been divided. The Board of Lady Managers is composed of two members, with alternates, from each State and Territory, and nine from the city of Chicago. It has supervision of woman's participation in the Exposi- tion and of whatever exhibits of woman's work may be made. The participation of women in the Exposition promises to be one of its most interesting as well as novel features. With a commodious and imposing building, designed by a young lady architect, and with abundance of money, and with full recognition, indorsement and aid by the United States Government, and the Exposition Directory, the women have an opportunity of showing in the most signal manner, the condition of their sex throughout the world, what are the achieve- ments of woman in the various branches of human endeavor, and what is her adaptability to different occupations and lines of indus- trial and charitable work. Under the direction of the Board's Presi- dent, Mrs. Potter Palmer, the work of organization, and of enlisting the interest of women throughout the United States and in foreign countries, has progressed to a most satisfactory stage. The World's Congress Auxiliary is an authorized adjunct of the World's Fair, and aims to supplement the exposition which that will make of the material progress of the world by a portrayal of the THE WORLD'S COLUMBIA* EXPOSITION. 177 " wonderful achievements of the new age in science, literature, edu- cation, government, jurisprudence, morals, charity, religion and other departments of human activity, as the most effective means of increas- ing the fraternity, progress, prosperity and peace of mankind." This constitutes the intellectual and moral branch of the Exposition. Its motto is, " Not matter, but mind," and it is organized to provide for the presentation, by papers, addresses and discussion, of the mental and moral status and achievements of the human race. Under its auspices, a series of congresses will be held in Chicago during the progress of the Exposition, in which, it is already assured, will par- ticipate a great many of the ablest living representatives in the vari- ous fields of intellectual effort and moral endeavor. The auxiliary embraces between fifteen and twenty main departments, such as literature, government, education, music, science, art, engineering, etc., in each of which are subdivisions. A program is being arranged for congress in each of these departments and divisions, in which specialists and advanced thinkers may participate in discussing the vital and important questions, and presenting the best and latest achieve- ments of the human mind in each. During the Exposition, the aux- iliary will have the use of a magnificent permanent art palace, which the Chicago Art Institute, aided by the Exposition Directory, erects on the lake front. This will have two large audience rooms, each of 3, 500 capacity, and from twenty to thirty smaller rooms, of capacity ranging from 300 to 750. The great Auditorium will also be utilized for the larger congresses, and numerous other halls are available when required. Each congress will be supervised by a committee of persons actively interested in its particular field, acceptance of such responsibility having already been given. The prospects are that fully 100 congresses altogether will be held. It is the intention to publish their proceedings in enduring form. I. The grounds of fraternal union in the language, literature, domestic life, religion, science, art, and civil institutions of different peoples. II. The economic, industrial and financial problems of the age. III. Educational systems, their advantages and their defects ; and the means by which they may be adapted to the recent enormous increase in all departments of knowledge. IV. The practicability of a common language, for use in the commercial relations of the civilized world. 12 178 PICTURESQUE CHICAGO AND GUIDE TO THE WORLDS FAIR. V. International copyright and the laws of intellectual property and commerce. VI. Immigration and naturalization laws, and the proper inter- national privileges of alien governments, and their subjects, or citizens. VII. The most efficient and advisable means of preventing or decreasing pauperism, insanity and crime ; and of increasing produc- tive ability, prosperity and virtue throughout the world. VIII. International law as a bond of union and a means of mutual protection ; and how it may best be enlarged, perfected and authoritatively expressed. IX. The establishment of the principles of judicial justice, as the supreme law of international relations, and the general substitu- tion of arbitration for war in the settlement of international contro- versies. The Director General is the chief executive officer of the Ex- position, and the work is divided into the following great departments: A. Agriculture, Food and Food Products. Farming Machinery and Appliances. B. Viticulture, Horticulture, and Floriculture. C. Live-stock, Domestic and Wild Animals. D. Fish, Fisheries, Fish Products and Apparatus of Fishing. E. Mines, Mining and Metallurgy. F. Machinery. G. Transportation Exhibit : Railways, Vessels, Vehicles. If. Manufactures. J. Electricity and Electrical Appliances. K. Fine Arts : Pictorial, Plastic and Decorative. L. Liberal Arts, Education, Engineering, Public Works, Archi- tecture, Music and the Drama. M. Ethnology, Archaeology, Progress of Labor and Invention, and Collective Exhibits. N. Forestry and Forest Products. O. Publicity and Promotion. P. Foreign Affairs'. It is hard to realize the magnitude and magnificence x of this dis- play because there has never been anything of the kind that can be compared to it. Looking over the list of great international fairs, we see at once 180 PICTURESQUE CHICAGO AND GUIDE TO THE WORLD'S FAIR. that the Paris Exposition of 1889 was the largest in every way ever held ; and while (even this being the case) no comparison can be made, yet the figures of the one and the plans of the other will be of interest. The figures showing receipts and expenditures of the Paris Ex- position are briefly: Receipts, $9,900,000; expenses, $8,300,000; profit, $1,600,000. The Champ de Mars was selected as the site of the fair. The total space occupied was 173 acres. The Machinery Palace, the largest structure on the ground, measured 1,378 feet in length, 406 feet in width and 166 feet in height. This building alone cost $i,- 500,000 and covered eleven acres. The Palace of Arts cost $1,350,- ooo, the Palace of the French Section $1,150,000, and the improve- ments in the parks and gardens, $16,500,000. Besides the buildings and ornaments devised and provided by the Exposition management, nearly all nations contributed to the architecture. The Indian dwellings, street in Algiers, houses of New Caledonia, Tunisian Min- aret, Turkish village, English dairies, Dutch bakeries, etc., which were scattered over the park were very attractive. It is hardly necessary to mention the Eiffel Tower, of which so much has been written. The structure is 984 feet high, and has occupied a more prominent place than any other attraction in Paris for the past three years. The number of exhibitors was 55,000, the largest number that has ever contributed to the success of an art and industrial ex- position before. The United States was represented by no less than 1,750, and received 941 awards. It was estimated that Americans alone emptied 350,000,000 francs into the lap of Paris during the Exposition. The gold revenue in the Bank of France rose enor- mously. Police estimates gave the total number of strangers in Paris during the Exposition at 1,500,000. The various railroads reported an increase over the six months of the preceding year of 1,878,747 in the number of passengers car- ried, and in receipts an increase of 66,000,000 francs. The City of Paris Omnibus Company reported an increase of 14,000,000 francs. The Cab Company transported 29,097,111 persons from Jan. i to Nov. i, 1889, the same period in the previous year only 12,000,000, with an increase in revenue of 1,558,000 francs. All other lines of business in Paris are known to have increased in revenue at a corres- ponding rate. Among the interesting things discovered was that THE WORLD'S COLUM&lAN EXPOSITION. 181 the consumption of meat increased 3,278,871 pounds and of wine 3, 162,227 gallons. The total excess of the receipts of the theatres over the corresponding six months of the previous year was 10,867,- 555 francs. It was estimated that the total gain to Paris must have exceeded 500,000,000 francs. The Exposition of 1889 gave very gen- eral satisfaction to visitors from all countries. Paris never looked better. The republic positively outshone the empire. There was not so much glare and brilliancy as during the Exposition of '67 ; there was less of tinsel and less of surface display, but the Parisians were evidently more contented, a spirit of patriotic regard for the government pervaded 'the masses, and strangers felt whatever appear- ance of prosperity they witnessed was genuine. It was found in the spring of 1892 that the practical develop- ment of the World's Columbian Exposition had expanded .away be- yond the calculations of the public and the managers of the enter- prise. This was the natural result of the determined effort made on all sides to eclipse everything that had been attempted before in the way of an international fair. The preparations for the greatest event of the nineteenth century were carried out upon a scale commen- surate with this determination. Everything was to be better, greater and grander than the world had ever seen before, and as the grounds were laid out and the mammoth buildings began to assume form, it was seen that the management, instead of falling short in its prom- ises and pretensions, had in every particular exceeded them. The plan and scope determined by the National Commission involved an expenditure upon the part of the local directory of about $10,000,000. It was soon evident that $20,000,600 would be nearer the amount which Chicago would be called upon to lay out on this gigantic en- terprise, and that this latter sum would quite likely represent only fifty per cent, of the whole amount to be spent before the gates of the Exposition would be thrown open. The government outlay upon the federal exhibit easily exceeds $2,000,000, and additional appropri- ations it is thought will be necessary. The States of the Union (begin- ning with Illinois, which appropriated $800,000, and which was fol- lowed by Pennsylvania and New York with $300,000 each, and by a number of less wealthy commonwealths by sums ranging from $100,- ooo to $150,000) have added not less than $3,000,000 to the outlay. The appropriation of foreign nations aggregates about $200,000. The international character and importance of the World's Fair will be 182 MONADNOCK BUILDING THE WORLD'S COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION. 183 understood clearly when it is learned that the first sums set aside for their exhibits by such nations as Japan, Mexico and Brazil amounted to $630,000, $750,000 and $300,000 respectively. . . . The Exposi- tion grounds cover an area of 633 acres, having a frontage of two miles on Lake Michigan. The largest building is about one mile in circumference, and its central aisle has a clean span of 368 feet and is 206 feet high. The Machinery Hall of the Paris Exposition, if placed within this aisle, would have a space 6 feet wide on each side and 1 1 feet on each end, with 50 feet clear for ventilation above its roof. There were used in the construction of this building 6,000 tons of iron and steel. These figures may mean much or little to the visitor, but for the purpose of comparison it may be stated that the Eiffel Tower required but 7,000 tons, and only 3,600 tons were used in the Brooklyn Bridge, and 5,600 tons in the great railroad bridge at St. Louis. The heroic dimensions of all the buildings have only lately been realized as they have appeared in their finished state and perfect outlines. The Exhibition buildings, including annexes, required a consumption of 18,000 tons of iron and steel. The buildings pri- marily projected, including landscape improvements, were contracted for at a saving of about $2,500,000 from the architects' estimates, but the growing necessities of the enterprise required the erection of others not at first contemplated at a cost of about $1,900,000. The total floor space of the great Exposition buildings (not including the foreign, State or special buildings) is 6,320,000 square feet or 155 acres. For the protection of these buildings and their contents, and to supply fountains and all the daily requirements within the grounds, the management provided for a possible supply of 64,000,000 gallons of water daily, which is carried through twenty miles of mains from six inches to three feet in diameter. For supplying power for ma- chinery, etc., the management provided for boilers having a water evaporating capacity equal to 25,000 horse-power and engines for gene- rating electricity, 18,000 horse-power; for driving line shafting and isolated exhibits, 2,000 horse-power ; for compressed air, 3,000 horse- power, and for pumps 2,000 horse-power. Electrical force is supplied as power to the amount of 3,000 horse-power. The system of sewage projected is extensive and complete. The arrangements are made for the treatment of 6,000,000 gallons of sewage every twenty-four hours, the precipitated matter of which is burned and only clear water allowed to escape. 184 PICTURESQUE CHICAGO AND GUIDE TO THE WORLDS FAIR. The estimated cost of the completed structures, including land- scape, statuary, fountains, terminal facilities, police and fire stations, and all that may be necessary for the comfort and convenience of visitors, is $15,117,500, exclusive of the cost of administration, which is estimated at $2,770,000, up to the opening of the Exposition, May i, 1893. The honor of designing these great structures and of displaying to the world our progress in architecture, as well as in construction, was wisely distributed among the leading architects of the United States. Three were selected from New York City, one from Boston, one from Kansas City, and five from Chicago, making a board of ten, by whom the general arrangement and character of the grounds and buildings were determined, in conference with the distinguished landscape architects, Messrs. Olmsted & Co. , of Boston, and Chief of Construction D. H. Burnham, on the Committee on Grounds and Buildings. The Paris Exposition cost about $9,500,000. The Chi- cago Exposition, including administration and all other expenses, will probably be from $17,000,000 to $18,000,000. In addition to this there will be perhaps from $3,000,000 to $4,000,000 expended by the General Government and by the various States. A reason- able estimate of the amount of money that will be spent for all pur- poses may be fairly stated to be $22,000,000 to $23,000,000. The chief buildings of the Fair are located in Jackson Park. Many of the minor buildings, special exhibits, etc., were pro- vided for with space in Washington Park and on Midway Plaisance. Jackson Park is beautifully situated on the lake shore seven miles southeast of the City Hall, and embraces 586 acres. Washington Park is a mile or more nearer and has 37 1 acres. Midway Plaisance has 80 acres. Thus a total of 1,037 acres is available for the Exposi- tion. The spacious grounds of the Washington Driving Park Asso- ciation, adjoining Washington Park on the south, may be used for certain stock exhibits. To supply the Exposition buildings and grounds with water two plants were put in, one with capacity of 24,000,000 gallons a 'day, and the other of 40,000,000 gallons. Thus 64,000,000 gallons a day are available. A system for drainage, believed to be adequate and perfect, was adopted. Plans adopted for lighting the build- ings and grounds provided for 138,218 electric lamps, of which 6,766 are arc lamps of 2,000 candle-power each, and 131,452 incandescent, CHAMBER OF COMMERCE. 185 186 PICTURESQUE CHICAGO AND GUIDE TO THE WORLD'S FAIR. 16 candle-power each. The electric lighting cost something 1 like $1,500,000 and is ten times as extensive as was employed at the Paris Exposition. The light and motive plant at the Exposition require 26,000 horse-power, of which 22,000 is required for the electric plant. Before going into a general description of the Exposition build- ings and grounds it is necessary that the visitor should learn some- thing of the details. The dimensions and cost of the magnificent structures which rear their beautiful domes on all sides of you will be interesting. The following condensed table will convey this infor- mation in a compact and intelligible form : OTIMIN c, ----- AREA IN ACRES. COST. Manufactures and Liberal Arts 787 xi687 Administration 262 x 262 30-5 i 6 $1,500,000 Mines . 350 x 700 c 6 265 ooo Electricity 345 x 690 c e 401,000 Transportation - - 256 x 963 Annex 425 x 900 Woman's 199 x 388 5-6} 8.8 j i 8 370,000 138 ooo Art Galleries .... ... 3^0 x 500 -, 7 ) Annexes (2) 120 x 200 Fisheries 165 x 365 ' t i.i f I A 1 670,000 " Annexes (2) ., .. . ..';' | 135 diam'r Horticulture 250 x 998 .8/ 57 224,000 300 ooo " Greenhouses (8) 24 x 100 25 ooo Machinery ' 492 x 846 9-6} 6 2 I 1,200,000 ' Power House . ico x 461 ) Pumping Works 77 x 84 ' Machine Shop 146 x 250 Agriculture 500 x 800 Annex 300 x 550 Assembly Hall, etc 125 x 450 Forestry 2:8 x 528 - in i-3 ** ^ 35,000 618,000 100,000 IOO OOO Dairy i 100 x 200 Live Stock (3) 65 x 200 " Pavilion . 280 x 440 5 30,000 Sheds 40 Music Hall ! i^o x 250 7 *2IO,OOO i U. S. Government ; . 345 x 415 ic-i 8 " Imitation Battle-ship 69.25x348 Illinois State 160 x 450 3-3 . 400,000 Wings j 7 * 250,000 159-4 $7,791,000 Including connecting peristyle. THE WORLD'S COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION. 187 Two of the last named buildings were erected at the expense of the United States Government, and one at the expense of the State of Illinois, but these must be classed among the great Exposition structures. The Exposition buildings, not including those of the Government and Illinois, have also a total gallery area of 45.9 acres, thus making their total floor space 199.7 acres - The Fine Arts building has 7,885 lineal feet, or 145,852 square feet of wall space. All of the annexes are scarcely less imposing and architecturally beautiful than the main buildings themselves. The live-stock sheds \vliich cover an immense area as indicated, are constructed as inex- pensively as possible without marring the general architectural effect. The power houses, pumping works, etc., are exhibits in themselves. There are several Exposition buildings in addition to those named, but these are mentioned in another connection. Among them are a Press building, in which every possible convenience and accommoda- tion for the press representatives of the world is provided ; and a re- production of the Spanish convent, La Rabida, in which a wonder- fully complete collection df Columbus relics and allied exhibits are gathered. The total cost of the Exposition structures alone is esti- mated at $8,000,000. Of course, it is understood, no reference is made here either to the numerous State or foreign buildings or to structures for the accommodation of special exhibits. These of themselves form a very important part of the Exposition. The visitor will naturally be desirous of taking in the entire Exposition at one journey, if possible, before entering upon special views. The most delightful means by which the visitor may reach the Exposition grounds will be by steamboat on Lake Michigan. A ride of six miles from the embarking point on the Lake Front Park, with the towers and gilded domes of the Fair buildings constantly in sight, will take him there. In the western part of the group stands the ILLINOIS BUILDING costing $350,000. Just south of the foreign and State buildings stands the FISH AND FISHERIES BUILDING, 700 feet in length, and flanked at each end by a curved arcade connecting it with two octag- onal pavilions, in which is seen the aquaria and the tackle exhibit. The total length is 1,100 feet, and the width 200 feet. This build- ing, designed by Henry Ives Cobb, of Chicago, is in the Spanish style, and conspicuous because of a liberal use of color. A little further south across an area of the lagoon is the UNITED THE WORLD'S COLUMBIAN KXrosiT/OK. STATES GOVERNMENT BUILDING, measuring 350 x 420 feet, and hav- ing a dome 120 feet in diameter and 150 feet high. It is constructed of stone, iron and glass, classic in style, covers four acres, and cost $400,000. On the lake shore east of this building and in part in the inter- vening space, the government has a gun battery, a life-saving station complete with apparatus, a lighthouse, war balloons, and a full-size model of a $3,000,000 battle ship of the first class. Steaming by the Government exhibits the visitor will come abreast of the largest building of the Exposition that of MANU- FACTURES AND LIBERAL ARTS. It measures i , 700 x 800 feet, with two interior courts. This building, which is of the French renais- sance style, was designed by George S. Post, of New York. Extending westward across the park, is a long avenue or court, several hundred feet wide. To the right, at the entrance of this grand avenue, is the great building of Manufactures and Liberal Arts, and farther back the other attractions already referred to. To the left is the AGRICULTURAL BUILDING, measuring 800 by 500 feet, designed by Architect McKim, of New York. Passing the Agricultural building, the visitor will come to the great MACHINERY HALL, which lies to the westward of it, and which is connected with it by a horseshoe arcade, doubling a branch of the lagoon. It is nearly identical with it in size and cost, but differs from it considerably in appearance, being serious, impressive and rich in architectural line and detail, and the best work of its design- ers, Peabody & Stearns, of Boston. Opposite Machinery Hall, and north of it in the centre of the "Long Walk," stands the EXPOSITION ADMINISTRATION BUILDING. This is one of the most imposing, and, in proportion to its size, by far the most inexpensive one of the large structures. Richard M. Hunt, of New York, President of the American Institute of Architects, is its designer. It is adorned with scores of statuary figures, and sur- mounted by a gilded dome rising 250 feet, or about the height of the Auditorium tower. In it are the offices of the National Commission and Local Directory, and the headquarters of all the numerous offi- cials connected with the management and administration of the Ex- position. To the northward of the Administration building, on either side and facing the grand avenue, are two more immense buildings, one 190 PICTURESQUE CHICAGO AND GUIDE TO THE WORLD'S FAIR. for the ELECTRICAL and the other for the MINING exhibit. These are about equal in size, covering each a little more than five acres and a half. Both are of French renaissance. The former was de- signed by Van Brunt & Howe, of Kansas City, the latter by S. S. Beman, of Chicago. North of these buildings in the main lagoon is an island of twenty or thirty acres in area. To the southward of the line of buildings which are arranged along the south side of the grand avenue is a vast open expanse which is devoted to the live stock exhibit. Here immense stock buildings, a show ring and whatever else will contribute to the suc- cess of the live stock feature of the Exposition are to be found. Jackson Park resembles a right-angled triangle in shape. The visitor has thus far, on his tour of inspection, traversed the lake shore or hypothenuse of the triangle, and across the southern end or base. It remains only to turn towards the north and note the struc- tures ranged along the perpendicular. The first one arrived at is the TRANSPORTATION BUILDING. This is Romanesque in style and one of the largest of all, measuring 960 by 256 feet, exclusive of a great annex in the rear, which covers nine acres. North of this is the HORTICULTURAL BUILDING, another immense structure, 1,000 by 250 feet, with three domes, one at each end and a large one at the center. Still farther north and directly opposite the park entrance of Midway Plaisance stands the WOMAN'S BUILDING, which is one of the chief objects of interest on the grounds. The exterior design was furnished by a woman architect, Miss S. G'. Hayden, of Boston. Here the lady managers have their headquarters, and here is coU lected a wonderful exhibit illustrating the progress and attainments of women in the various branches of industry. Passing the Woman's Building the visitor can turn toward the northeast and inspect the Foreign and State buildings in the northern portion of the park. BIRD'S EYE VIEW. The power of the pen is proverbial, but how inadequate and feeble an instrument it is to describe the picture presented by a bird's eye view of the Exposition Grounds and Buildings. Such beauty, such grace, such coloring ! Does there exist to-day, has there ever existed, either on the canvas of the painter or in the brain of the poet, an ideal paradise that will compare with this reality? Spread out beneath him lie more than six ///A' IVORLD'S COLL'MBIAX EXPOSITION. hundred acres, upon which has been expended all the wealth of experience in art and science. The very essence of all that is elegant and unique in landscape gardening, grouped here and there are scores of graceful and imposing edifices, making a magnificent array of struc- tures, which embody the best conceptions of America's greatest architects. Bordering this scene, and adding not a little to it, is Lake Michigan, one of the grandest of inland lakes. There is nothing to add, nothing to wipe out. Could a picture be more perfect? To the north one sees a village of palaces ; these are the buildings of Foreign Nations and some of all states of the Union. It is pictur- esque in the extreme because here are embodied the different tastes and characteristics of the world, national and provincial. This group is one of the most interesting parts of the exposition. These buildings are ranged on wide curving avenues, connected by numerous walks ; they occupy about 100 acres of the park beautifully laid out ; each building has ample grounds of its own, with lawns, flower-beds and shrubbery. In front of the park, extending eastward into the Lake 1200 feet we see the great pier with its enclosed harbor dotted here and there by the picturesque little pleasure boats of all epochs and nations. The harbor bounded on the east, far out into the lake, by the long columned facade of the Casino, in whose free space crowds of men, women and children, in holiday attire, protected by its ceiling of gay awnings, look east to the lake and west to the long vista between the main edifices as far as the gilded dome of the Administration build- ing. The first notable object of this vista is the colossal statue of Liberty rising out of the lagoon at the point where it enters the land, protected by moles which carry sculptured columns emblematic of the thirteen original States of our Union. Beyond this, beyond the first of many bridges, lies a broad basin, from which grassy terraces and broad walks lead on the north, to the south elevation of the enormous Main Building, and on the south to the structure dedicate'l to agriculture. This Main Building, devoted to manufactures and liberal arts, stretches northwest one-third of a mile, The long, low lines of its sloping roof, supported by rows of arches, is relieved by the central dome over the great main entrance ; and emblematic statuary and floating banners will add to its festive character. The north elevation of the classic edifice devoted to agriculture, PICTURESQUE CHICAGO AXD GUIDE TO THE WORLD'S FA IK. shows a long arcade behind Corinthian columns, supporting a series of triple arches and three low graceful domes. Liberally adorned with sculpture and enriched with color, this building, by its simplicity, refinement and grace, is ideally expressive of pastoral serenity and peace. At its noble entrance a statue of Ceres offers hospitality to the fruits of the earth. The lofty octagonal dome of the Administration Building forms the central point of the architectural scheme. Rising from the columned stones of its square base 250 feet into the air it stands in the centre of a spacious open plaza, adorned with statuary and fountains, with flower-beds and terraces sloping at the east down to the main lagoons. North of the plaza stand the two buildings devoted to mines and electricity ; the latter bristling with points and pinnacles, as if to entrap from the air the intangible element whose achievements it will display. South of the plaza is the machinery stall with its power-house at the southeast corner. West of this and along the western limit of the park is the Transportation Building. Still further north, lying west of the north branch of the lagoon extends the long shining sur- faces and the gracefully curving roof of the Crystal Palace of Horticulture. Following the lagoon northward, you see the Woman's Building, and eastward, the island devoted to the novel and interest- ing aquaria, in which the spectator can look upward through the clear waters and study the creatures of ocean and river. THE ADMINISTRATION BUILDING. The Administration Building is the finest at the Fair, it being generally conceded that this structure is the gem and crown of the Exposition Buildings. Its location is at the west end of the great court in the southern part of the site, looking eastward, across the open space and the Lagoon outwards, the Casino and the Pier. Its great gilded dome forms one of the most conspicuous objects of the Exposition. This edifice cost $450,000. The architect is Richard M. Hunt of New York, Presi- dent of the American Institute of Architects, to whose established reputation it is a notable contribution. The building covers an area of 250 feet square and consists of four pavilions 84 feet square, stand- ing at each angle of its square ground plan, and connected by a great central dome 120 feet in diameter and 260 feet high. The center of each facade has a recess 93 feet wide, within which is a grand en- trance to the building. The general design is in the style of the -3 193 194 PICTURESQUE CHICAGO AND GUIDE TO THE WORLDS FAIR. French renaissance. The lower story, comprising the pavilions, is Doric in order of architecture, 65 feet high, of heroic proportions, surrounded by a lofty balustrade, and having the great tiers of the angle of each pavilion crowned with sculpture. The second story with its lofty and spacious colonnade is of the Ionic order, 65 feet high, being a continuation of the central rotunda, which is 175 feet square. Above is the octagonal base, 40 feet high, upon which rises tiie great dome. This building out-tops all the others. There are four entrances, one on each side of the edifice, which are 50 feet wide and 50 feet high, deeply recessed and covered by semi- circular arched vaults, richly coffered. In the rear of these arches are entrance doors, and above them great screens of glass, giving light to the central rotunda. Across the face of these screens, at the level of the office floor, are galleries communicating with the different pavilions. The interior effects of this great building will be fine, and its in- ternal features will even exceed in beauty and splendor those of the exterior. A hall or logia 30 feet square is between every two entrances, connecting the intervening pavilion with the rotunda, and giving access to offices, being provided with broad circular stairways and swift running elevators. Within the rotunda is octagonal in form, the first story being composed of eight enormous arched openings, corresponding in size to the arches of the great entrances. Above these arches is a frieze 207 feet in width, the panels of which are filled with tablets, borne by figures carved in low relief and covered with commemorative inscriptions. The second story, . 50 feet in height, rises above the balcony. The interior dome rising from the top of the cornice of this story towers 200 feet from the floor below, and in the center is an opening, 50 feet in diameter, transmitting a flood of light from the exterior dome overhead. The under side of the dome is enriched with deep panelings, richly moulded, and the panels are filled with sculpture, in low relief and immense paintings, representing the arts and sciences. In size this rotunda rivals, if it does not surpass, the most celebrated domes of a similar character in the world. The corner pavilions are four stories in height, and are each divided into large and small offices, for the various Departments of Administration, and into lobbies and toilet rooms. The ground floor contains, in one pavilion, the Fire and Police Departments, with cells THE WORLD'S COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION, 195 for the detention of prisoners ; in the second pavilion are the offices of the Ambulance Service, the Physician and Pharmacy, the Foreign Department and the Information Bureau ; in the third pavilion, the Post-Office and a Bank, and in the fourth the offices of Public Com- fort and a restaurant. The second, third and fourth stories contain the Board rooms, the Committee rooms, the rooms of the Director-Gen- eral, the Department of Publicity and Promotion, and of the United States Columbian Commission. THE GOVERNMENT BUILDING. This building is erected by the United States Government at a cost of $400,000, for its own use and exhibits. One-half of the building on the south is devoted to the exhibits of the Post-office Department, War De- partment, Treasury Department and the Department of Agricul- ture, the Smithsonian Institute, the Fishery Commission and the Interior Department. The exhibit of the Department of Justice extends from the rotunda to the west end of the building, and that of the State Department, from the rotunda to the east end of the structure. Assistant Secretary Nettleton, of the United States Treasury, has charge of the Treasury Department Exhibit, and has arranged for exhibits of the Mint, the Coast and Geodetic Survey, the Super- vising Architect of the Treasury, the Bureau of Engraving and Printing, the Bureau of Statistics, the Life-saving Board, the Light- house Board and the Marine Hospital. Some of the most interesting exhibits among these are by the Mint. A complete group of the coins made by the United States, and a collection of coins of foreign countries ; by the Supervising Architect of the Treasury, a number of photographs all of the public buildings of the Capital, including some of the original designs of Capitol dome and extension by the distinguished architect, Thomas U. Walter, L,L. D. ; by the Bureau of Engraving and Printing, new bills under framing, including samples of every bill of every denomi- nation that the United States Government now authorizes as money ; a life-saving station built and equipped with every appliance and a regular crew who will go through all the life-saving manceuvers ; and by the Coast Survey, of a huge map of the United States, about 400 feet square, or about the size of a square of city property, "accu- rately constructed of plaster of Paris and placed horizontally on the Exposition grounds with a covering over it, with galleries and path- I 9 6 THE WORLD'S COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION. 197 ways on the inside to allow visitors to walk over the whole United States without touching it, and built on a scale showing the exact height of the mountains, the depth of the rivers and the curvature of the earth. ' ' The War Department will exhibit lay-figures of officers and men of the United States Army, of all grades, mounted, on foot, fully equipped in the uniform of their rank and service ; besides will show the uniforms worn during the Revolutionary War and the War of 1812, and thirty-one figures showing the uniform of the Mexican War. There will be also shown the use of the telephone on battle- fields ; the heliograph which annihilates distance ; and all means of army signalling with the batteries, lines, cables, bombs, torches, and every other contrivance now in use in the army. By the arrange- ment of Col. Whipple, of the Ordnance Department, huge guns and explosives will be exhibited, and at special times daily there will be regular battery drills and loading and firing of pieces ; many of the guns used being the finest of their kind in the world. For the use of the Medical Bureau a hospital tent will be provided, operated by a corps of hospital nurses and doctors. THE GOVERNMENT BUILDING is classical in style, bears a strong resemblance to the National Museum and other Government build- ings at Washington, was designed by Architect Windrim, is con- structed of iron and glass, and covers an area of 350 by 420 feet. Its most prominent feature is a central octagonal dome, 120 feet in diam- eter and 150 feet high. The building fronts west and is approached on the north by a bridge over the lagoon. Its location is near the lake shore, south of the main lagoon and of the area reserved for the foreign nations and the several States, and east of the WOMAN'S BUILDING and of Midway Plaisance. The allotment of space to the several departments' exhibits of the Government are as follows: War Department, 23,000 square feet; Treasury, 10,500 square feet ; Agricultural, 23,250 square feet ; Inte- rior, 24,000 square feet; Post-office, 9,000 square feet; Fishery, 20,000 square feet, and the Smithsonian Institute, balance of space. The treasures of the latter are so numerous that it will be a task for its officers to select articles for exhibition for the world's great fair. THE NAVAL EXHIBIT. For the NAVAL EXHIBIT a protect- ing pier and breakwater have been extended into the lake, above the landing pier, behind which the United States will make a naval ex- 198 PICTL'RESQUE CHICAGO AND GUIDE TO THE WORLD'S FAIR. hibit. A model of a coast defense battle-ship is being constructed upon a stone and concrete foundation for this part of the show, so as to observe the treaty with England which forbids a naval force or vessel of either England or the United States to be on the great lakes. This causes much comment and has given rise to the inven- tion of the following bon mot about it, that, ' ' the United States is not content with a war vessel in the abstract, but must have it in the concrete. ' ' A naval training ship is also to be brought here with a full complement of boys. It is also stated that the model of the Vic- tory from the Chelsea Exhibition is to come to Chicago. A fac- simile has been built in Spain of the little caravel Santa Maria, in which Columbus sailed on the fateful voyage that discovered Amer- ica. She will first appear at the naval review in New York Harbor, in October, 1892, and be afterwards taken up the lakes to Chicago. The final resting place of this little vessel will be Washington. In coming to this country, after leaving the port of Palos from which Columbus sailed, with imposing ceremonies, the vessel will sail over the route taken by the discoverer of America upon his voyage in the original Santa Maria four centuries ago. Unique among the other exhibits is that made by the United States Navy Department. It is in a structure which, to all outward appearance, is a faithful, full-sized model of one of the new coast-line battle-ships, the designs being planned by the United States Bureau of Construction and Repairs of the Navy Department, and now in course of construction at a cost of nearly $3, 000,000 each by Cramp & Son, Philadelphia, and the Union Iron Works, San Francisco. This imitation battle-ship of 1893 is erected on piling on the lake front in the northeast portion of Jackson Park. It is surrounded by water and has the appearance of being moored to a wharf. The structure has all the fittings that belong to the actual ship, such as guns, tur- rets, torpedo tubes, torpedo nets and booms, with boats, anchors, chain cables, davits, awnings, deck fittings, etc., etc., together with all appliances for working the same. Officers, seamen, mechanics and marines are detailed by the Navy Department during the Exhi- bition, and the discipline and mode of life on our naval vessels are completely shown. The detail of men is not, however, as great as the complement of the actual ship. The crew give certain drills, especially boat, torpedo and gun drills, as in a vessel of war. The dimensions of the structure are those of the actual battle-ship, 200 PICTURESQUE CHICAGO AND GUIDE TO THE WORLD'S FAIR. to wit : length, 348 feet, and width, midships, 69 feet 3 inches ; from water-line to the top of the main deck, 12 feet. Centrally placed on this deck is a superstructure 8 feet high, with a hammock berthing on the same 7 feet high, and above these are the bridge, chart-house and the boats. At the forward end of the superstructure there is a cone-shaped tower, called the "military mast," near the top of which are placed two circular "tops" as receptacles for sharpshooters. Rapid-firing guns are mounted in each of these tops. The height from the water-line to the summit of this military mast is 75 feet, and above is placed a flagstaff for signaling. The battery mounted comprises four 1 3-inch breech-loading rifle-cannon ; eight 8-inch breech-loading rifle-cannon ; four 6-inch breech-loading rifle-cannon ; twenty 6-pounder rapid-firing guns ; six i -pounder rapid-firing guns; two Gatling-guns and six torpedo tubes or torpedo guns. All of these are placed and mounted respec- tively as in the genuine battle-ship. The superstructure contains the cabins, staterooms, lavatories, lactrines, mess-rooms, galley and fittings, mess-table for crew, lockers, berthings, and also shows the manner in which officers and enlisted men live, according to the rules of the United States Navy. On the deck and bridge of the superstructure the manner in which the rapid-firing guns, search- lights, beats, etc., are handled, is shown. The entrance to the conning tower is from the deck of the vessel, in which are all the appliances that the captain has at his command when taking the ship into action and during the progress of a battle at sea. An electric light plant is provided and arrangements made for heating with steam. On the berth deck are the various articles usual to the hull, machinery and ordnance ; ordnance implements, including electrical machines, gun-carriage, motors and range-finders ; models showing typical warships of the past and present ; samples of the provisions, clothing, bunting, flags, and naval stores in general in short, all the supplies that go to make up the outfit of a man-of-war. The costumes of the sailors of the Navy from 1775 to 1848 are exhibited by janitors dressed in those suits of clothing. On the star- board side of the ship is shown the torpedo protection net, stretching the entire length of the vessel. Steam launches and cutters ride at the booms, and all the outward appearance of a real ship of war is imitated. This imitation battle-ship was designed by Frank W. Grogan, THE WORLD'S COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION. 201 architect of the U. S. Naval Exhibit, under the direction of Capt. Meade, U. S. Navy, and Lieut. Tussing, U. S. N. The idea of having a structure to represent a man-of-war, manned with all appli- ances in position is new, and was conceived by Capt. R. W. Meade. Nothing of the kind has ever been attempted before, and the cost of this curious and original structure is about $ 100,000. THE WOMAN'S BUILDING. The Woman's Building is de- scribed as a new project upon an extended scale in exhibitions, and is a spacious structure designed to display woman's special achieve- ments and work. A committee of ladies presided over most capably by Mrs. Potter Palmer, the wife of one of Chicago's most prominent citizens, has this in charge, and they propose organizing similar committees of ladies abroad and soliciting foreign exhibits. The design is to show the best things done by women. The building has a central gallery for the special display of the brilliant and artis- tic things done by women in art, authorship and handicraft. In other rooms there will be exemplified the charitable and industrial work carried on by women, where they labor for the benefit of hu- manity, in hospital service, kindergartens and schools, as housewives, and in cookery. The great achievements of famous women will have full representation, and as exhibition within this building will be upon special invitation based upon merit, this is expected to be a most attractive part of the Fair. At any rate, the ladies are enthu- siastic about its prospective success, and they only fear that their building, which covers nearly two acres, may be found far too small for what they will have to put into it. ' ' Encompassed by luxuriant shrubs and beds of fragrant flowers, like a white silhouette against a background of old stately oaks, is seen the Woman's Building, situated in the northwestern part of the Park, separated by a generous distance from the HORTICULTURAL BUILDING on the one side, and the Illinois State Building on the other, and facing the great lagoon with Wooded Island as a vista. A more beautiful site could not have been selected for this daintily designed building. ' ' There was a large number of designs for the building prepared by women architects from all parts of the land. The President of the Board of Lady Managers selected from them all the sketch by Miss Sophia G. Hayden, whose sketch showed harmony of grouping and gracefulness of details, which indicated the architectural scholar. THE WORLD'S COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION. 203 and to whom was awarded the first prize of one thousand dollars and also the execution of the design. The second prize was given to Miss Lois L. Howe, of Boston, and the third to Miss Laura Hayes, of Chicago. Miss Hayden, who is a graduate, with high honors, of the School of Technology, in Boston, went from there to Chicago, and personally made the plans and elevations for the building. The lagoon, directly in front of the structure, takes the form of a bay about 400 feet in width, from the centre of which a grand land- ing and staircase leads to a terrace six feet above the water. Cross- ing this terrace other staircases give access to the ground, four feet above, on which, about 100 feet back, the building is situated. Flower beds, in artistic designs and low shrubs, cover the first ter- race, forming, together with the creamy white balustrades rising from the water's edge, and also in front of the second terrace, a charming foreground for the fine edifice. Four hundred feet is the extreme length of the principal facade, the depth of the building being two hundred feet. Italian renaissance is the style selected. This large edifice consist of a center pavilion flanked at either end with corner pavilions connected in the first story by open arcades, forming a shady promenade the whole length of the building. The first story is raised about ten feet from the ground line, and a wide staircase leads to the center pavilion. This pavilion, forming the main triple arched entrance with open colonnade in the second story, is finished with low and beautiful proportioned pediment enriched with a highly elaborate bas-relief. The corner pavilions being like the rest of the building, two stories high, with a total elevation of 60 feet, have each an open colonnade added above the main cornice. Here are located the Hanging Gardens, and also the Committee rooms for the use of the Board of Lady Managers. The structure is adorned with an open rotunda 70 by 65 feet reaching to the full height of the building and covered by a richly ornamented skylight. A lobby 40 feet wide leads into this rotunda, which is surrounded by a two-story open arcade, as delicate and chaste in design as the exterior, the whole having a thoroughly Italian court-yard effect, admitting abundance of light to all rooms facing this interior space. On each side of the main entrance and occupying the entire space of the curtains and on the first floor, are located on the left hand a model hospital, on the right a model kin- dergarten, each occupying 80 by 60 feet. On the floor of the south 204 PICTURESQUE CHICAGO AND GUIDE TO THE WORLD'S FAIR. pavilion is the retrospective exhibit, the one on the north, to reform works and charity organization, and each of these floors is 80 by 200 feet. The curtain opposite the main front contains the library, bureau of information, records, etc. Ladies' parlors, committee rooms and dressing rooms are located on the second story above the main entrance and curtains, and all leading to the open balcony in front, and commanding a splendid panorama of almost the entire ground. The great Assembly-room and Club-room is on the second floor of the north pavilion. The Assembly-room is provided with an elevated stage. A model kitchen, refreshment rooms, reception rooms, etc. , are in the south pavilion. The building is encased with "staff," the same material used on the rest of the buildings, and as it stands with its mellow decorated walls bathed in the bright sunshine the women of the country are justly proud of the result. The Board of Lady Managers was not created without some mis- givings, nor encouraged without some fears. Established prejudices had to be overcome, numerous barriers removed and countless ob- structions swept away before the necessary recognition was secured. The election of Mrs. Potter Palmer, of Chicago, a beautiful, an in- tellectual, and above all, an energetic woman, has contributed from the outset to establish the character of the undertaking and to insure its success. Mrs. Palmer infused life into the movement, inspired the women of the world with her own enthusiasm, planned a sys- tematic campaign, and conducted the executive department of the board with a degree of judgment that marked her as a person of won- derful administrative ability. The woman of fashion, the leader of society, the devoted wife of one of the most prominent and wealthiest citizens of Chicago, her conduct of the great responsibility which was placed upon her shoulders not only surprised but amazed those who were actively employed in other departments of the Exposition, and who for that reason could understand and appreciate the magnitude of the task which she was called upon to perform. The women of every country on earth were invited to take part in this exhibit ; Mrs. Palmer communicated with the female sover- eigns and with the consorts of sovereigns in foreign countries, asking for their assistance ; the women of every State and territory in the North American republic were organized into Boards ; the women of Canada, of Mexico, and of the South American Republics were brought into correspondence ; not a moment nor an opportunity was 206 PICTURESQUE CHICAGO AND GUIDE TO THE WORLD'S FAIR. lost in creating an interest in the Women's department everywhere, and the result is before us now. Regarding application for space in the Woman's building, exhib- its could only be entered there by invitation from the Board of Lady Managers. The space at its disposal was comparatively small and the Board wished to reserve it for the most select and distinguished things. The general design of the Women's exhibit, as outlined by Mrs. Palmer, was as follows : The Board wished to mark the first participation of women in an important national enterprise by pre- paring an object lesson to show their progress made in every country of the world during the century in which educational and other privi- leges have been granted them and to show the increased usefulness that has resulted from the enlargement of their opportunities. The Board decided that in the general Exposition buildings, where the competitive exhibits were placed, it would not separate the exhibit of women's work from that of men, for the reason that as women are working side by side with men in all the factories of the world it would be practically impossible, in most cases, to divide the finished result of their combined work ; nor would women be satisfied with prizes unless they were awarded without distinction as to sex and as the result of fair competition with the best work shown. They are striving for excellence, and desire recognition only for demon- strated merit. In order, however, that the enormous amount of work being done by women might be appreciated, a tabulated statement was procured and shown with every exhibit, stating the proportion of woman's work that enters into it. The application blanks sent out to manufacturers contained this inquiry. Besides the foregoing extensive exhibit women had another op- portunity of displaying work of superior excellence in an advan- tageous way in the Woman's building, over which the Board of Lady Managers exercised complete control. In its central gallery is grouped the most brilliant achievements of women from every country and in every line of work. Exhibits here were admitted only by invitation, which was considered the equivalent of a prize. No sen- timental sympathy for women caused the admission of second-rate objects, for the highest standard of excellence was here strictly main- tained. Commissions of women organized in all countries as auxilia- ries to the Board of Lady Managers were asked to recommend objects of special excellence produced by women, and producers of such sue- THE WORLD'S COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION. 207 cessful work were invited to place specimens in the gallery of the Woman's Building. The platform for the guidance of commissions and organizations throughout the world who desired to cooperate with the Board of Lady Managers was laid down as follows : 1. To procure, for competition in the main buildings, a representative exhibit showing the work of women in all the varied occupations in which they engage. 2. To procure as far as possible statistics as to the amount of woman's work that enters into every exhibit, and interesting data connected with the same. 3. To recommend to the Board work of such supreme excellence as to be worthy of admission to the gallery of the Woman's Building. 4. To recommend to the Board such women as have the requisite expert knowledge to serve on various juries of award. 5. To see that the educational work being carried on by women, from the primary to the highest branches of education, is exhibited when possible, and when not possible that it be illustrated by means of maps, charts, photographs, monographs, relief models, etc. 6. To see that the charitable and philanthropic work, as well as that to promote recreation, health fulness, reform, etc., inaugurated by women, is either exhibited or made matter of record as above. 7. To aid in giving suitable publicity to the plans of the Board of Lady Managers in all the leading papers, through the agency of press women when possible. 8. To aid in the collection of a loan exhibit of old lace, embroideries, fans, etc. 9. To secure books written by women for the woman's library, especially such as relate to the exact sciences, philosophy, art, etc. 10. To secure from every country a chronological exhibit, showing the evo- lution and progress of woman's industries from the earliest time to the present. THE MACHINERY HALL. Machinery Hall is second only to the ADMINISTRATION BUILDING in the magnificence of its appear- ance. It is 850 by 500 feet. It presents the appearance of a grand church and palace of the old world combined and on the largest scale, and was designed, with the other buildings on the great plaza where it stands, with a view to making a grand background for display, and in order to conform to the general richness of the court and add to the strik- ing appearance, the two facades of the Machinery Hall in the court are rich with colonnades and other features. The design follows classical models throughout, the detail being followed from the renaissance of Seville and other Spanish towns, as being appropriate to a Colum- bian celebration. An arcade in the first story admits passage around 208 THE WORLD'S COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION. 209 the buildings under cover, and as in all other buildings, the front is formed of ' ' staff* 5 colored to an attractive tone ; the ceilings are en- riched with strong color. A colonnade with a cafe at either end forms the length between MACHINERY and AGRICULTURAL HALLS, and in the center of this colonnade is an archway leading to the Cattle Exhibit. From this portico there extends a view nearly a mile in length down the lagoon, and an obelisk and fountain in the lagoon for the southern point of view. Machinery Hall with the Machinery Annex, somewhat smaller but of similar construction, and the Power House cost nearly one million and a quarter dollars. Machinery Annex is on the west of Machinery Hall, and is an annex in fact and not a detached edifice. The Annex covers between four and five acres and increases the length of the machinery building to nearly 1,400 feet, making it the second largest of all the EXPOSITION BUILDINGS, the great manufac- tures structure alone exceeding it in size. It is spanned by three arched trusses and the interior presents the appearance of three railroad train houses side by side, surrounded on all sides by a gallery fifty feet wide. An elevated traveling train runs the entire length of the long naves for moving machinery. The location of the Hall is at the extreme south end of the Park, midway between Lake Michigan and the west line of the Park. It is west across the lagoon from the AGRICULTURAL BUILDING, and just south of the ADMINISTRATION BUILDING. Peabody & Stearns, of Boston, are the architects. All the power for running the machinery is supplied from the separate Power House, adjoining Machinery Hall, which will contain the steam-boilers, the engines and the dynamos, provision being made to supply the largest amount of electrical power ever made. A number of steam-engines of various types will furnish 16,000 horse- power, operating the dynamos for light and power, and driving the shafting. It is only in Machinery Hall and Annex that steam-power will be used. All the power elsewhere will be required here con- trasts with the 6,000 at the Paris Exposition, and the 1,456 horse- power Corliss engine driving the machinery at the Philadelphia Cen- tennial Exposition. The display of. machinery is large and more interesting than any ever made before in an International Exposition. The electrical machines are confined, of course, to the electrical department, and 14 210 PICTURESQUE CHICAGO AND GUIDE TO THE WORLD S FAIR. some of the mining machinery to the mines and mining department, but nevertheless every inch of space is taken up in the machinery building and the scene is one of the greatest animation from one end of the great hall to the other. Everything from the smallest to the most ponderous machines of the age is to be seen in the building and its annexes, and everything is in motion. The visitor is struck at once with the great diversity shown in the construction of engines, some of which exhibit movements that he little dreamed of. The nations of the earth are in competition here. England, Germany, France, Holland, Belgium and other European countries have sent the best examples of their machinery, and the United States makes an exhibit which alongside of the best any of the other nations has to offer is creditable. This is the land of invention, and the applica- tion of steam to all sorts of purposes was never before so fully illus- trated. Machinery is doing everything, and more than the hands of man were employed in doing a century ago. Some of the ingenious contrivances one would imagine almost think, so thoroughly do they perform the task assigned them. Here the machinery used in every branch of manufacture is in operation. The arrangement is perfect, and from the trains which move around the building above, the visitor can take a splendid observation of the entire exhibit. The enormous extent of space under roof in the buildings devoted to machinery, in round numbers nearly eighteen acres, is proof of the appreciation of the importance of this branch of the Exposition by the management. THE MANUFACTURES AND LIBERAL ARTS BUILDING. The mammoth structure of the Great Columbian Exposition is the MANUFACTURES AND LIBERAL ARTS BUILDING. It is symmetrical throughout in its proportions. It is the largest exposition building ever constructed, being 1,688 feet long by 788 feet wide, and cover- ing nearly thirty-one acres. A gallery fifty feet wide extends around the entire building inside, on all four sides, by which is added more than eight acres to the floor space available for exhibits, and making the total floor area of the building forty acres in all. In addition to this there are eighty-six smaller galleries, twelve feet wide, project- ing from the great gallery, from which can be seen the vast array of exhibits and the throng of people on the floor below. An avenue fifty feet wide extends throughout the length of the building, on the main floor, called " Columbia Avenue ;" and this is crossed at right 212 PICTURESQUE CHICAGO AND GUIDE TO THE WORLD'S FAIR. angles at the center by another avenue of the same width. The roof covering this immense edifice is of iron and glass, and arches an area of 385 by 1400 feet, and has its ridge one hundred and fifty feet from the ground. The steel trusses for the roof will contain more metal by 50 per cent, than the Brooklyn bridge. This gigantic edifice, with all its elaborate ornamentation, cost one million five hundred thousand dollars. It occupies a most ad- vantageous position, facing the lake, with lawns and promenades between ; and relatively to the other exposition buildings, on the west is the ELECTRICAL BUILDING and the lagoon separating it from Wooded Island ; on the south the harbor and in-jutting lagoon ; and on the north the UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT BUILDING. Its own vastness and its location make it the most conspicuous building on the grounds. In exterior appearance the building is covered with " staff," and so treated as to be made to represent marble. The great fluted col- umns and immense arches are apparently of this substantial and beautiful material. There are many fine entrances to the building ; but those at the corners and midway at the sides of the structure are grand, with their lofty arches and piers of elaborate design and orna- mentation. THE MANUFACTURES AND LIBERAL ARTS BUILDING is in the Corinthian style of architecture, and in point of being severely classic excels nearly all of the other edifices. The long array of columns and arches which its facades present is relieved from monotony by very elaborate ornamentation. In this ornamentation female figures, symbolical of the various arts and sciences, play a conspicuous and very attractive part. Designs showing in relief the seals of the dif- ferent States of the Union and of various foreign nations also appear in the ornamentation. These, of course, are gigantic in their pro- portions. THE AGRICULTURAL BUILDING perhaps is the only one which has a more elaborately ornamental exterior than has this co- lossal structure. This building is regarded as one of the marvels of the Exposi- tion, for its architectural success. George B. Post, of New York, is the architect. It is no exaggeration to say that one might spend an entire month in the Manufactures and Liberal Arts building, giving ten hours a day to the inspection of exhibits without seeing all that is displayed THE WORLD'S COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION. 213 here. The term "World's Fair" maybe appropriately applied to this department alone, for here are the evidences of the progress of mankind in every section of the habitable globe. Whatever ma- chinery or inventions may have accomplished ; whatever the soil may have produced or the produce of the soil nourished, the results are here. Science, art and industry have their special departments ; steam and electricity are represented fully ; but these may be denominated causes ; the effects of all our knowledge in science, art and industry, of the inventions in electrical and steam force, in navigation, in transportation, in culture, are made manifest in the Manufactures and Liberal Arts building. Here are the higher products of the age, the necessaries and luxuries of the civilized world. If the visitor, after passing through the Art, Agricultural, Machinery, Forestry, Horticultural and all the other departments and sections, is desirous of obtaining an insight into the results of man's achievements in all these branches of intellectual development and refinement, he will find it in the Manufactures and Liberal Arts building. The Liberal Arts department alone covers an immense space, and here the educa- tional institutes and all that enters into educational systems of the various countries are fully represented. THE ELECTRICAL BUILDING. The Electrical Building has all the imposing appearance to qualify it to stand among the noble structures about it devoted to older arts and sciences. There will be represented in it a wonderful growth in a very short period of time. This structure has an open portico running along the whole of the south facade, the lower or Ionic order of architecture forming an open screen in front of it. Its various pavilions are furnished with windows and balconies. The exterior orders are richly decorated in details, and friezes, pediments, panels and spandrils have received a decoration of figures in relief with architectural motifs ; the general tendency of which is to illustrate the purposes of the building. The architects have designed the building in its details and gen- eral outlines so that they might be capable of producing an illumina- tion by night on a scale hitherto unknown, the flag-staffs, the open porticos, all being arranged with this in view. By day a fine effect is produced by the color of the exterior which is like marble, but the walls of the hemicycle and of the various porticoes and loggia are highly enriched with color, the pilasters in these places being decor- ated with scagliola and the capitals with metallic effects in bronze. . 214 THE WORLD'S COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION. 215 This building is 351 feet wide and 769 feet long, the major axis running north and south. It fronts south on the great quadrangle or court, north on the lagoon, east opposite the MANUFACTURES BUILDING, and west the MINES BUILDING. The general plan is as follows : A longitudinal nave 115 feet wide and 114 feet high, crossed in the middle by a transept of the same width and height. The nave and the transept have a pitched roof with a range of skylights at the bottom of the pitch and clerestory windows. A flat roof covers the rest of the building, averaging 62 feet in height and provided with skylights. The second story is composed of a series of galleries connected across the nave by two bridges, with access by four grand staircases. The area of the galleries in the second story is 118,546 square feet, or 2.7 acres. The exterior walls of this building are composed of a continuous Corinthian order of pilasters 3 feet 6 inches wide and 42 feet high, supporting a full entablature, and resting upon a sylobale 3 feet 6 inches. Thus it is seen that these columns extend throughout the first and second stories. The total height of the walls from the grade outside is 68 feet 6 inches. There are two great semi-circular projections to the structure, flanked by two towers 195 feet high, and the north pavilion is placed between these two projecting portions of the building. The great semi-circular window is the central feature of the edifice, and above it 102 feet from the ground, is a colonnade forming an open loggia or gallery, commanding a view over the lagoon and all the north por- tion of the grounds. There are central pavilions on the east and west which are com- posed of towers 168 feet high. In front of these two pavilions is a great portico composed of the Corinthian order with full columns. On the south there is a a pavilion semi-circular in form, 78 feet in diameter and 103 feet high. The opening of this niche is framed by a semi-circular arch, which is crowned by a gable or pediment with smaller gables on the returns and surmounted by an attic, the whole reaching the height of 142 feet. In the center of this niche, upon a lofty pedestal, is very appropriately placed, a colossal statue of FRANKLIN, "whose illustrious name intimately connects the early history of the Republic with one of the most important discoveries in the phenomena of electricity. ' ' Van Brunt & Howe, of Kansas City, are the architects. The cost of this structure is $375,000. 216 PICTURESQUE CHICAGO AND GUIDE TO THE WORLD'S FAIR. The Electrical Department of the Columbian Exposition will be a revelation to even those who attribute almost miraculous powers to the great force. A hundred thousand incandescent lamps placed harmoniously about the grounds and buildings, and 10,000 arc lamps distributed advantageously to light up the beautiful architec- ture and pleasing landscape, would alone furnish almost a fairy spec- tacle ; but combine with these, electric fountains, pointing rainbow sprays toward the sky, glittering lamps of many colors sparkling under the clear waters of the lagoons and at night setting out in all their dainty colorings the floral beauties and the most brilliant kaleid- oscope will fade in an every-day dull contrast. The Electrical Building itself is beautiful beyond description. Beside general ornamentation made under the direction of the chief of that department each exhibitor has been on his mettle to outdo his neighbor in uniqueness of design and grandeur in result. The lay- ing out of arbitrary aisles in the building resulted in leaving a circu- lar space thirty feet in diameter in precisely the center of the building. This space was the most desirable of course, and upon designs for it nearly twenty firms set at work. One firm, engaged in the business of artistic lighting, undertook to construct a great tower reaching to the dome of the building, 160 feet in height, the whole to be made of Bohemian crystal, vari-colored and in hundreds of dainty designs, all lighted from within by opalescent and tinted incandescent globes wrought into figures, designed to contrast pleasingly with the shim- mering exterior. Other exhibitors designed evanescent arches of incandescent lamps to span the main aisles of the building, the designs being so constructed that the figures could be changed instantaneously from a switch board hidden from view at the exhibitor's space. The best talent was secured by the larger electrical companies for the work of preparation of the department exhibit, and $2,000,000 were appropri- ated for the purpose. A model house has been built to demonstrate in actual operation every economic application of electricity for use in the home. Thomas A. Edison, the greatest of living electrical inventors, has been deeply interested in this department. His company it is be- lieved has invested half a million dollars in its display. All of the great electrical companies, telegraph and telephone companies, street railway and lighting and machinery companies of 218 PICTURESQUE CHICAGO AA'D GUIDE TO THE WORLD'S I- AIR. the United States and the world at large are represented in the Elec- trical Building. An especially good display of engines and dynamos comes from England, and in fact the leading features of the electrical exhibition held in London in 1892 are all here. Eugene and Paul Champion, of Neuilly-sur-Seine, France, have a series of electrical fireworks for the Exposition. Neither gunpowder, dynamite, nor other explosive material is used in producing the dazzling effects. Among the novelties is a model light house prepared for the World's Fair by Sauter, Harle & Co., of Paris. The German electrical firm of Shuckertt & Co. , of Nuremberg, makes a general exhibit in the electrical department, and, at the same time, gave one of the Shuckertt ground glass reflectors for the ser- vices of the Exposition, and asked that it be given a prominent loca- tion in a convenient point to light the lake shore and the harbor of the Exposition. A complete system, demonstrating the European idea of long-distance transmission, is exhibited. A large multiphase dynamo of the five- wire system is also among the European exhibits. A 1,500 horse-power direct current dynamo, a 500 horse-power alter- nating current dynamo, and a 1,000 horse-power motor are features of the exhibition of the Siemens & Halske Company. A new street- car motor for conduit operation, developed by Herr Hasselwander, of Germany, the Buda-Pesth conduit railway of Siemens & Halske, and a number of storage battery systems of different European firms are likewise exhibited. The electrical display made by Siemens & Halske, of German)-, is probably the most extensive and costly ever witnessed. In this connection it might be well to say that the following is the arrangement of electric lights : Arc lights Machinery Hall, 600 ; Agricultural, 600 ; Electricity Building, 400 ; Mines and Mining Building, 400 ; Transportation Building, 450 ; Horticultural Hall, 400; Forestry Building, 150; Manufactures Building 2,000. The Fine Arts Building is completely lined with incandescent lamps, and one mile of wall space, on which pictures are hung, is lighted. The number of lamps is 12,000. There are no arc lights in this building. The Woman's Building is lighted by both systems. It was decided to place in it 180 arc lights and 2,700 incandescent lamps. The re- ception and dressing rooms are furnished with the incandescent lamps. The Administration Building is supplied with 1,000 incandescent lamps. The Machinery and Agricultural Annexes are supplied with THE WORLD'S COLUMBIA*' EXPOSITION. 219 arc lights. Each building is furnished with wires for incandescent lighting in order to accommodate the exhibitors. The saw mills are run by electricity. The Manufactures Build- ing is supplied with electric power, and the saw mill employed there is worked by that force. At the Paris Exposition but three build- ings were furnished with electric light. Each structure at the World's Columbian Exposition has a plant which may be used night and day. In all there are used, approximately, 127,000 electric lamps, of which 7,000 are arc, of 2,000 candle power each, and 120,000 in- candescent sixteen candle power lamps. To run the plant 22.000 horse-power is required. The World's Fair directors spent $i,- 000,000 for these electric plants. Exhibitors are not required to pay anything for light, except in cases where they call for more lamps than are furnished by the construction department. It was the aim of the management to make the World's Fair site and the buildings one grand exemplification of the progress that has been made in electricity. The electrical exhibits are con- fined to a few of the buildings, but on every hand there is a dis- play of electricity. The grounds, including the water-ways, the wooded island, the streets and avenues, and boulevards approach- ing the World's Fair site, are all lighted by electricity, and in harmony with the general effect which it is desired to produce. The great structures of the Exposition are turned into a panoramic view at night by the aid of powerful electric search lights. On the gilded dome of the Administration building, on the centre pavilion of the Casino, and at other suitable points these search lights are placed. During the evenings on which the Exposition is open, the lights are turned on the several main buildings and water-ways so as to flood them with a sudden burst of electric splendor. Glimpses of the outlines of woods, water and buildings suddenly flash before the eye. And this panoramic view may be had from different points of observation. THE TRANSPORTATION BUILDING. The Transportation Building is a long structure and is much of the Romanesque in its style of architecture. It is exquisitely refined and simple in archi- tectural treatment, although it is very rich and elaborate in detail. Its interior is treated much after the manner of a Roman Basilica, with broad nave and side aisles. The roof is in three divisions, the THE WORLD'S COLUMBIA* EXPOSITION. *221 middle one rising much higher than the sides, with a beautiful arcaded clerestory. The cupola, exactly in the centre of the build- ing, rises 165 feet from the ground. The main entrance is an im- mense single arch, enriched to an extraordinary degree with carv- ings, bas-reliefs and mural paintings, the entire feature forming a rich and beautiful, yet quiet color climax, treated entirely in leaf, and called the ' ' Golden Door. ' ' There are numerous other entrances and with them are grouped terraces, seats, drinking fountains and statues. This leads to the central open space, surmounted by a cu- pola rising 165 feet, and reached by eight "lifts" which will be themselves exhibits. These carry visitors to the galleries running along the sides of the building. The remainder of the architectural composition falls into harmony with the highly-wrought entrance, and is duly quiet and modest in treatment. The main building of the Transportation Exhibits is 960 feet front by 256 feet deep, and will ex- tend westward to Stony Island avenue. Adjoining on the west is the Transportation Annex, a triangle of nine acres, consisting of one-story buildings, each 64 feet wide, set side by side. These will contain in spaces 1 6 feet wide, long railway lines, to exhibit trains of both freight and passenger cars and engines. This display is expected to be stupendous, and hence the large space devoted to it. There will be at least 100 locomotives arranged so that each will face a central avenue, making a fine perspective effect. Everything in the way of transportation is expected to be exhibited, ranging from a baby car- riage to a huge "Mogul" engine. Technically this exhibit will in- clude everything comprised in class G of the official classification. It forms, with other buildings, the northern or picturesque quad- rangle. It is situated between the HORTICULTURAL HALL and the MINES BUILDING. Its arcial relation is with the MANUFACTURERS' BUILDING on the east side of the quadrangle ; the central feature of each of the two buildings being on the same east and west line. The cupola of the TRANSPORTATION BUILDING, viewed from the lagoon, will form the effective southwest accent of the quadrangle, while from the cupola itself, reached by eight elevators, the Northern Court, the most beautiful effect on the entire Exposition, may be seen in all its glory. These elevators of themselves will natur- ally form a part of the TRANSPORTATION EXHIBIT, and as they will also carry passengers to galleries at various stages of height, a fine view of the interior of the building may be easily obtained. The 222 PICTURESQUE CHICAGO AXD GUIDE TO THE WORLD'S FAIR. main galleries of this building will prove quite accessible to visitors because of the abundant placing of passenger elevators. If we add to the effect of the exhibits the architectural impres- sion given by the long vista of richly ornamental colonnades, it may he easily imagined that the interior of the Transportation Building will be one of the most impressive of the Exposition. A transfer railway with 75 foot tables will run the entire length of the structure and immediately west of the main building, to assist in the placing of exhibits. Adler & Sullivan, of Chicago, are the architects. The Transportation Building cost about $300,000. For the first time in the history of world's fairs it was decided to give the science of transportation in its broadest meaning that atten- tion to which its importance entitles it. Every method of transpor- tation, except the back of the mule and the foot of man, is shown. The development of modern transportation has been so recent and rapid that its significance has hardly been understood. Already its early history is in many instances fading away or utterly lost. Judged by their relations to the every day life of the world, no other industry surpasses it in utility or equals it as a power in the progress of civilization. Considered from the stand-point of the amount of capital invested, it overshadows every other industry. Prof. Arthur T. Hadley of Yale College says : "The railroads of to-day are worth from $25,000,000,000 to $30,- 000,000,000. This probably represents one-tenth of the total wealth of civilized nations, and one-quarter, if not one-third, of their in- vested capital. It is doubtful whether the aggregate plant in all manufacturing industries can equal it in value. The capital engaged in banking is a trifle beside it. The world's whole stock in money of every kind gold, silver and paper would purchase only a third of its railroads." If to the railroads be added the shipping of the world and all means of conveyance on common roads, the magnitude of the in- terests represented in this department of the World's Columbian Ex- position may be fairly estimated. It was the intent of this department that it should fully and fairly present the origin, growth and development of the various methods of transportation used in all ages and in all parts of the world. As far as possible the means and appliances of the barbarous and semi-civilized tribes are shown by specimen vehicles, trappings and THE WORLD'S COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION. craft. Past history is illustrated by relics of the earlier days. The development of water craft, from the crudest forms to the modern ocean steamship ; of the wheeled vehicles from the first inception of the idea of the wheel to their present seeming perfection ; and of that greatest of all means of transportation the railway is also further illustrated by accurate models, drawings, plans, and designs, in case -. where the actual apparatus, appliance or machine itself could not be exhibited. It was the aim of this department to keep the historical feature clearly in view, and even to magnify it. By so doing the greatest exhibition of the actual means of transportation employed throughout the world to-day stands out in high relief by contrast, and the wonderful achievements of recent years bear more weighty testimony to the genius of the age in which we live. Exhibits in this department are divided into six general classes railways, intramural transit, carriages and other vehicles for com- mon roads, bicycles, aerial and pneumatic machines, and marine transportation. Of these the railways, as most important, demand most space. A space of over eight acres is devoted to this interest. The plan adopted provides for the best possible utilization of space. Exhibitors have every opportunity for showing their appliances and devices to the best advantage. As far as possible, arrangements were made by joint agreement for showing everything in its proper place and relations. Locomotive appliances are best shown on locomo- tives and the appurtenances and furnishings of cars on cars. It is believed that nearly all of the establishments engaged in locomotive, car and bridge building are represented. A large number of the leading railways of the world also make exhibits of their standard roadbed, track, and equipment. Street railways surface, underground, and elevated are shown very completely in this de- partment. A large portion of the floor space of the Transportation building proper is devoted to the display of carriages and vehicles for common roads. Bicycles, the most. recent of all road vehicles, receive the atten- tion to which their popularity and rapidly increasing use entitle them. Transportation through the air and by means of air is yet in a comparatively undeveloped condition. Whatever is worthy in past achievements is sent here, and whatever there is of present success or future promise. Whether or not this realm is ever conquered by 224 THE WORLD'S COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION. human ingenuity, the subject will ever be a fascinating one. Mont- golfier's early attempts in this field are exemplified, and the modern schools for the training of aeronauts have space allotted to them. Every known method of transportation on water is shown in this division. Small craft of all kinds are exhibited in full size ; ves- sels, from the nature of the case, must be shown by models. For fuller illustration, drawings, plans and paintings are shown. Much attention is given to the merchant marine. The navigation of the inland waters of the world, especially the great lakes and rivers, is illustrated more fully than in any previous exposition. THE HALL OF MINES AND MINING. THE MlNES AND MINING BUILDING is of classic architecture. The architect, S. S. Beman, of Chicago, has followed mainly the early Italian renais- sance, with which he has taken sufficient liberty to adapt it to its place in a great general Exposition. A decided French spirit per- vades the exterior design ; but it is kept subordinate. Its plan is simple and straightforward, embracing on the ground floor spacious vestibules, restaurants, toilet rooms, etc. This building is 700 feet long by 350 feet wide, and its location is at the southern extremity of the Western I^agoon or lake, and between the ELECTRICITY and TRANSPORTATION BUILDINGS. There are entrances at the sides ; but two grand entrances are placed at the ends, north and south, each no feet high, their enor- mous arched ways richly embellished with sculptural decorations, emblematic of mining and its allied industries, and opening into a vestibule 88 feet high. To the right and left of each entrance inside start spacious flights of stairs leading to the galleries, which are 60 feet wide, 25 feet from the ground floor, and lighted on all sides by large windows, and from above by a high clerestory extending around the structure. The main front south looks out on the great Central Court, and the north front on the western and middle lakes and a beautiful thickly wooded island. Each corner of the building is a spacious square pavilion, each being surmounted by a dome, and the entire roof is of glass, elevated 100 feet above the floor, and all lighted by arched windows extending through the galleries. The cantilever system applied to the roof is the only one used in the Exposition buildings excepting the laxedomes, and not been used before for the support of roofs as in the Mines Building. PICTURESQUE CHICAGO AND GUIDE TO THE WORLD'S FAIR. Between the main entrance and the pavilions are richly deco- rated arcades forming an open loggia on the ground floor and a deeply recessed promenade on the gallery floor level, which com- mands a fine view of the lakes and islands to the northward and the great Central Court on the south. These covered promenades are each 25 feet wide and 230 feet long, and from them is had access to the building at numerous points. The loggias on the first floor are faced with marbles of different kinds and hues, which will be con- sidered part of the Mining Exhibit, and so utilized as to have mar- ketable value at the close of the Exposition. The loggia ceilings will be heavily coffered and richly decorated in plaster and color. The ornamentation is massed at the prominent points of the facade. The exterior presents a massive, though graceful appearance. The great space of the interior is one story high and 630 feet long by 230 feet wide, with an extreme height of 100 feet at the cen- ter and 47 at the sides. This is spanned by steel cantilever roof trusses supported on steel columns placed 65 feet apart longitudinally and 115 feet and 57 feet 6 inches transversely, thus leaving clear space encumbered with only 16 supporting steel posts. The canti-levers are of pin connection to facilitate erection. The inner and higher ends of the cantilevers are 46 feet apart, and the space between them is spanned by riveted steel trusses with an elliptical chord. The exterior of this structure, like that of all the others, will be made of "staff," similar to that used in facing the recent Paris Ex- position buildings. The cost of the MINES BUILDING is $250,000. This large building is to contain a most interesting exhibition of the minerals and metals of this country, with the methods and appliances for mining and working them. In no other department of the World's Columbian Exposition, perhaps, is seen a greater diversity of exhibits than that of Mines and Mining. Not only is there a dazzling array of diamonds, opals, emer- alds and other gems, and of the precious metals, but a most exten- sive collection of iron, copper, lead, and other ores, and of their product ; of coal, granite, marble, sandstone and other building stone ; of soils, salt, petroleum, and, indeed, of almost everything useful or beautiful belonging to the mineral kingdom. The mineral resources and products, not only of this country as a whole, but of each State and section as well as of foreign countries is of the most complete and representative description. THE ART INSTITUTE. 227 228 PICTURESQUE CHICAGO AND GUIDE TO THE WORLD'S FAIR. The exhibit of coal at the Exposition, of course, is qualitative rather than quantitative. Not only are the different varieties of coal, which the different localities produce, shown, but chemical analyses of each and the results of tests determining economic value and adap- tability to various uses. The coal resources of the different States and sections are shown by geological maps and drawings giving con- figuration, stratification, etc., which render apparent the extent and accessibility of the coal beds and veins. So, too, as regards iron. The most strenuous efforts were made to have an exibit worthy of that great branch of industry. This country is now the first nation in the world in iron production, hav- ing recently forged ahead of Great Britain, its only real competitor. Our production of pig iron now exceeds 10,000,000 tons annually, or nearly four times what it was ten years ago, and the production of steel now aggregates about 5,000,000 tons a year, a growth of nearly 300 per cent, in the decade. The development of the iron resources of the Southern States has been especially great and rapid. Another exhibit which is very extensive and varied is that of building stone. Granite, limestone, marble, sandstone and bluestone in scores of colors, are shown by the finest specimens procurable. Nearly every State has quarries of native material of excellent qual- ity. From one to half a dozen of twenty or more recognized varieties of granite, for example, are quarried in twenty-eight states, Massa- chusetts, Maine, California and Connecticut being the largest pro- ducers. The value of the granite output in 1889 was $14,464,095, an increase of more than $9,000,000 over that of 1880. Limestone is quarried in almost every State, Pennsylvania and Illinois taking the lead. The value of the output in 1889 was $19,095,179. This is ex- clusive of the output of marble, which, as is well known, is a species of limestone, the quarrying of which in a numbe/ of the States is an important and extensive industry. Sandstone, including bluestone, was quarried in 1889, to the value of $11,758,081. One of the greatest attractions of the mines department of the Exposition is the remarkable collection of minerals owned by Profes- sor A. E. Foote, of Philadelphia. It is the finest private collection in the world, a complete history of mineralogy, and is so arranged that the mineralogy of the States is shown. This collection was shown at the Centennial, at London, and at Paris, and in each in- stance received the highest award. THE WORLD'S COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION. 229 The Canadian Copper Company, of Sndbury, Canada, makes a mineral exhibit which includes the Canadian Company's exhibit In its exhibit the government geological survey places on view a sort of synoptic picture of the mineral resources of this country. Big chunks of native gold and silver are shown just as they were dug out of the earth, together with remarkable ores of all sorts, particularly those of what are called " economic minerals, " such as iron, copper and tin. Accompanying these are maps drawn for the purpose of assisting the illustration. Professor Clarke, the distinguished chem- ist and mineralogist, was given charge of the whole matter, and lie collected a wonderfully fine assemblage of precious and semi-precious stones also, which form part of the display. This collection, although it is largely composed of gems found in the United States, is not lim- ited to those. Dozens of big boxes and trays full of such jewels of all sorts were sent from the National Museum. Henry A. Ward, of Rochester, N. Y., whose display of minerals was one of the features of the Louisville Exposition, consumes 5,000 square feet of space for his mineral cases, and sends enough to fill 10,000 feet in a geological display. The exhibit of coal, iron ore, building stone and clays from Indiana is very extensive. There is also a special cabinet exhibit of what may be called commercial min- erals. Gov. J. V. Aycardi, of Panama, tendered for exhibition at the World's Fair a beautiful piece of carved marble, a bas relief repre- senting the landing of Columbus, which was presented to the State of Panama, nearly ninety years ago, by the Empress Josephine, who, at the same time, gave the colossal bronze statue of Columbus which now stands in Aspinwall. Pueblo, Col., makes a special exhibit. The celebrated Westerman and Briggle collection of gold specimens is seen, among other things. The Columbian Exposition 'appropriately and properly yields a conspicuous place to the mining display. Interest centers in the Mining building as a museum of those metals and minerals that were such an incentive to the enterprise of the great Spanish voyager. More especially because here is placed an historical exhibit, illustrat- ing by means of models, drawings, or original tools and appliances themselves, the successive advances made in the metallurgical art from the primitive methods in vogue among the natives of the nexv world at the time Columbus landed. The evolution of the metallurgical industry is illustrated by THE MASONIC TEMPI, K. THE WORLD'S COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION. 231 relics of early days. Mexico furnishes some of the old-fashioned Catalan forges for ironmaking with their crude hammers and water blasts. Catalonia was a province in Spain where this antique imple- ment was first employed and from which skilled ironmongers were exported to the new world. This primitive affair will make a strong contrast with the modern improved forging press of 4,000 tons worked by 2,000 horse-power engines and commanded by traveling cranes capable of lifting 150 tons. The iron industry of the United States has much to show for its development since the days of Columbus. It was as early as 1619 that a London Company sent over to Virginia 100 persons skilled in the manufacture of iron. On the banks of the James River they established the first works for the smelting of ores in America, and erected one of the Catalan forges. Unfortunately the colony was, within a few years, annihilated by Indians and the works demolished. The first blast furnace in Maryland dates back to 1724, and was christened the "Principle." Some years ago two pigs of iron bearing the lettering " Principio, 1751," were raised by fishermen from the Patapsco river. One of the pigs is exhibited at the fair. The growth of Bessemer steel operations is the most stupendous fact in the development of the metallurgical industries. In 1865 two Bessemer converters combined gave a total annual product of 500 pounds. In 1890 there were eighty-two and the product over 4,000,000 tons. This great expansion is to be accounted for largely through the perfection of the machinery used in these processes. The most striking illustration of this is seen in the iron and steel section of the Mining building. In a conspicuous place is exhibited the original steel converter, upon which, in 1857, Mr. Kelly, of Ken- tucky, obtained his patent. In comparison with this relic is placed the ponderous equipment of a steel plant, presented either by a model or by a working apparatus. There are blast and puddling furnaces, open-hearth furnaces, rolls, steel trains, and every conceivable pro- cess of manufacture together, flanked by artistically arranged stacks of the product in its various forms of bars, rods, sheets, wire, etc. The mineral exhibit from Michigan is sure to attract much at- tention. This includes, besides extensive collections from museums, etc., granites, marble, and other building material of rare and beautiful qualities, but which have not yet been marketed to any great extent ; raw material from the iron mines, in plates 69 to 70 232 PICTURESQUE CHICAGO AXD GUIDE TO THE WORLD'S FAIR. per cent, pure, as taken from the mines ; and especially, specimens of copper, which, in its pure state, is found only in the Michigan mines A copper exhibit, the "largest and most extensive ever attempted," is made by the Calumet and Hecla mines. It includes "obelisks of pure copper ranging in weight from fifty to five hundred pounds,, also quantities of wire and sheet copper that has been drawn and rolled from the native metal just as it was taken from the mines ; rods of copper bent into different shapes, and even tied into knots, as one would tie a cravat, without breaking or splintering, as would be the result of such an operation on the copper produced by other mines and containing an alloy which renders it less ductile. A curious fact concerning the silver deposits sometimes found in the copper, is, that nature has welded the silver and copper together without mixing them, whereas no process has ever been discovered by mineralogists by which the same thing can be done artificially. Examples of this phenomena are included in the exhibit." Nearly all the mineral-producing states of the Union make large exhibits. Geological societies at home and abroad are well repre- sented. THE AGRICULTURAL, BUILDING. Standing very near the shore of Lake Michigan and almost surrounded by the lagoons that lead from the lake into the Park is the magnificent structure known as THE AGRICULTURAL BUILDING. It is classic renaissance in its style of architecture, and is 600 feet wide, and 800 feet long, its longest dimensions being east and west The north side of the structure is almost on a line south of the Pier extending into the lake, on which stand the heroic columns emblematic of the Thirteen Ori- ginal States. The front of the building runs for its entire length along the lagoon. On the east the building faces a harbor for plea- sure boats. On the west is a continuation of the lagoons, for the whole length of the front. For a single story building the design is bold and heroic. The general cornice line is 65 feet above grade, while on both sides of the main entrance are mammoth Corinthian pillars 50 feet high and 5 feet in diameter. There is a pavilion on each corner and in the center of the building, the center one being 144 feet square. The corner pavilions are connected by curtains, forming a continuous arcade around the top of the building. The main entrance is 64 feet wide, and its vestibule leads to the rotunda 100 feet in diameter. The dome is mammoth in its proportions, 233 234 PICTURESQUE CHICAGO AND GUIDE TO THE WORLD'S FAIR. being 130 feet high and 100 feet in diameter, and mads of glass. In the main vestibule statuary is placed, having for design the illustra- tion of the Agricultural industry. And about all the entrances similar designs are grouped in the most elaborate manner. The corner pavilions are surmounted by domes 96 feet high and above these tower groups of statuary. The design for these domes is that of three women, of herculean proportions, supporting a mammoth globe. This immense structure covers more than nine acres of ground, and together with the DAIRY and FORESTRY BUILDINGS, which cover 7 and 4.5 acres respectively, costs about $1,000,000. The idea is new as agricultural interests are promoted by this Exposition. A large building stands on the south of the Agricultural Building, de- voted to a Live Stock and Agricultural Assembly Hall. It is near the Elevated Railroad. Like the other important buildings of the great Exposition it is a very handsome structure. On the first floor are located A Bureau of Information ; suitable Committee and other rooms for different live stock associations of every character ; two large and handsomely equipped waiting-rooms for ladies, lounging- rooms for gentlemen, and ample toilet facilities. From this floor broad stairways lead to the Assembly room in the second story, which has a seating capacity of 1,500. Lectures will be provided by quali- fied persons upon Agricultural subjects. Here will be set forth the theories to be illustrated in the other buildings. The building and annexes devoted to the Agricultural exhibit, which include the products of the soil, agricultural implements, machinery, etc., will attract great attention from those visitors who are interested in this branch of industry. The history of no previous Exposition attested such general interest among all classes of people as to the general character, extent, the benefit it is believed will follow, and the possibilities for good awaiting agricultnrists from the exhibit in the Agricultural Department of the Exposition. A great advancement has been made since the Philadelphia Centennial Expo- sition in all branches of farm work. Since that time the Depart- ment of Agriculture has been given a position in the Cabinet ; has attained a firm foothold in the estimation of the people, and has not only become one of the most prominent of the government depart- ments, but has been productive of most beneficial results to the commerce of our country, and every one engaged in farm work. Another advance in agricultural work is the Experiment Stations THE WORLD'S COLL'MIUAX EXPOSITION. that are now connected with the Agricultural Colleges of the country-, supported by the Government, with trained scientists and educators at their head, their work reaching out into all the fields of scientific research, seeking to assist in a practical way those engaged in farm- work and to advance the standard of excellence in this great industry to a foremost place in the estimation of mankind. The subject of irrigation and its possibilities has, within a few years, become one of intense interest, and this Exposition presents the subject in such a way that it will attract very great attention. The great advance made in the study of dairying and the successful breeding of live stock has been one of the marvels of the past decade, and with the impetus that will be given these industries by the Dairy School and the immense Live Stock exhibit at the Exposition, the good result likely to follow cannot be estimated. The interest throughout the country in beautifying road -ways by tree planting, the setting aside by several of the State legislatures of one day in the year to be devoted to this purpose, known as Arbor Day, and the encouragement given this excellent practice in the com- mon schools ; the popularity of and interest taken in Farmers' Insti- tutes throughout the country by the farming community, are all indicative of the rapid advancement that has been made in agricul- tural pursuits since the Philadelphia Centennial Exposition. The present Exposition is the focusing point at which all the best results, the thought, intelligence, and energy of those interested in the great problems connected with the agricultural life is centered. As an instance : the question of the production of sugar from sorghum and the sugar beet is one that is attracting great interest in many sections of the country, notably in the west. The Experiment Stations in connection with the Agricultural Department at Washington are devoting time and attention to this work and the results that are shown in the Exposition, as to what can be done with an acre of ground devoted to producing sugar from these products is a source of wonder and amazement to the visitor. It attracts attention to the localities adapted to this industry, and is the means of building fac- tories and their industries connected with the production of sugar in this manner. The South is represented at the Exposition by so great a variety of products that one ceases to wonder at the great material advance- ment made by that part of the agricultural area of the country. One THE WORLD'S COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION. 237 purpose of the Exposition of 1893 was to show to the assembled world such a magnificent result of the energy, advancement and cul- ture of our agricultural population. For the first time in the history of Expositions, a magnificent building is devoted entirely to the use of agricultural organizations, with a splendid auditorium or lecture-room in which to meet and deliberate. The products of every State in the American Union and of nearly every colony and country on earth are collected here. The arrangement of the exhibits will excite the wonder and compel the admiration of the visitor. Taste of the highest order has been dis- played in every section, and the interior of the great agricultural building is a scene of enchanting beauty. Illinois makes a magnifi- cent display in this department. In the Agricultural implement and machinery section Chicago takes first place. Here are produced the greatest harvesters known. The McCormick Harvester Company has made the leading exhibit at many international expositions, and has eclipsed itself at this one. The State Board of Agriculture of Illinois has offered the prizes to exhibitors in this form : All samples shown in this class are to become the property of the Board of Agriculture, from which selections will be made for the purpose of exhibition at the World's Fair. For the best and largest display from any county in each of the grand divisions of the State of Illinois, $200 ; second prize, $150 ; third prize, $100. All counties competing, but failing to receive one of the foregoing prizes, will each be paid $50 by an award of that amount to the best and largest display sent from them respectively. There were expended on the display of farm products of the State of Illinois the sum of $20,000. The exhibit of the agricultural experiment stations of the United States is not one of the least interesting features of the Chicago Ex- position. One portion of the proposed exhibit, which is to attract general attention, is an experiment station in operation, with its office, laboratories, etc. , illustrating how the indoor work of a station is actually carried on. In another portion of the exhibit each station presents, by means of maps, diagrams, pictures, sets of publications, etc., a full statement of its location, equipment, lines of work, etc., so that the visitor can, if he desires, follow out in detail the history and the work of any particular station. The main feature, however, is a tepical exhibit of the work of the stations as a whole. In this is PICTURESQUE CHICAGO AND GUIDE TO THE WORLD'S FAIR. made not the full showing of the work of any single station, but a unified exhibit showing the kind of work done by the stations, the way in which they do it, and some of the more important results which they have reached. The preparation of the exhibit was in the hands of the Committee of the Association of American Agricultural Colleges and Experiment Stations co-operating with the United States Department of Agriculture. LIVE STOCK. The Live Stock Exhibit will open upon June 2, 1893, with the kennel show, which will undoubtedly comprise the largest and finest collections of dogs ever seen. The rules adopted by the Live Stock Department provide only for dogs of unquestioned pedigree, and even in such cases applications will be considered strictly upon their own merits, by a committee of three experts. The kennel clubs and dog fanciers of both Europe and America are deeply interested in the exhibition, and those best informed say not less than 3,000 dogs will be exhibited. The various kennel clubs propose to sup- plement the already handsome premium list by a number of very hand- some medals. Lord Bute, reputed to be the biggest dog in the world, and the winner of twenty-six first prizes in cups at various bench shows, will be placed on exhibition. Lord Bute is a pure-blooded St. Bernard and is owned by Knowles Croskey, proprietor of the Menthon Kennels, Phoenixville, Pa. He is a noble dog, bred in England, and cost the present owner $3,750. He is thirty-six inches high and weighs 247 pounds. Members of the Mascoutah Kennel Club, of Chicago, expect to play the part of host to the various kennel clubs of the country which may visit the Exposition. The club passed resolutions calling upon similar clubs in all parts of the world to make a special effort to create an interest in the World's Fair. The period devoted to the exhibition of animals for awards is as follows : Cattle, Sept. 11 to 27 ; horses, jacks and jennets, Aug. 24 to Sept. 27; sheep and swine, Oct. 2 to Oct. 14; kennel show of dogs, June 12 to 17; poultry, pigeons, pet stock, etc., Oct. 18 to 30. Ex- hibitors of horses and cattle must accompany their application with pedigree of animals offered for entry. This written evidence implies a description or pedigree in the standard live stock records. Animals imregistered, but which have some peculiar value, historical or other- wise, may be exhibited, but may not compete for prizes. The exhibit of blooded and fat cattle, sheep, swine, horses, etc., L A SA I.I.I-: STKKKT. 240 PICTURESQUE CHICAGO AND GUIDE TO THE WORLDS FAiR. it is expected, will be the greatest ever held in this country. Cattle and horses will be here from England, France and Germany, at least. Some magnificent Normans are expected. Every State in the Union will send contributions. Prizes will be given, sometimes by the State boards and sometimes by private people for the best exhibits. The great stables of trotting hoises in France and many famous English racers will be here. England, Ireland and Scotland will send over larger exhibits than they have ever made at a foreign exposition before. FORESTRY. The Forestry Building is in appearance the most unique of all the Exposition structures. Its dimensions are 200 by 500 feet. To a remarkable degree its architecture is of the rustic order. On all four sides of the building is a veranda, supporting the roof of which is a colonnade consisting of a series of columns com- posed of three tree-trunks each 25 feet in length, one of them from 16 to 20 inches in diameter and others smaller. All of these trunks are left in their natural state, with bark undisturbed. They are contri- buted by the different States and by foreign countries, each furnish- ing specimens of its most characteristic trees. The sides of the building are constructed of slabs with the bark removed. The win- dow frames are treated in the same rustic manner as is the rest of the building. The main entrances are elaborately finished in different kinds of wood, the material and workmanship being contributed by several prominent lumber associations. The roof is thatched with tan and other barks. The visitor can make no mistake as to the kind of tree-trunks which form the colonnade, for he will see upon each a tablet upon which is inscribed the common and scientific name, the State or country from which the trunk was contributed, and other pertinent information, such as the approximate quantity of such timber in the region whence it came. Surmounting the cornice of the veranda and extending all around the building are numerous flagstaff's bearing the colors, coat of arms, etc., of the nations and States represented in the exhibits inside. The forestry display, like the Forestry Building, is one of the most unique of the Exposition. It is likewise comprehensive and instructive. Forestry is rapidly becoming a vital subject of study, both for the States of the Union and the nation at large. As a science it is perhaps more feebly developed in the United States than in any other civilized nation. The depletion of our natural forests is THE WORLD'S COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION. 241 alarming to those who have made this subject a study, and a rational forest management is becoming a necessity in our civil governments. The forestry exhibit at the Fair will probably give more instruction and arouse more interest in this vital question than anything else possibly could. The plan followed out in this department is simple. The government makes the exhibit which treats of forestry as a science, while the States make exhibits which have for their object the illustration of existing forestry conditions. The plan of the ex- hibit is the work of Dr. B. E. Fernon, Chief of the Forestry Division of the Government Department of Agriculture, and one of the highest authorities on the question. By his plan the States make an exhibit showing the forestry resources of the country, and methods of forestry development, wood-working and all industries relying on forest products and the work necessary to forest management. The government exhibit is calculated to give the student of forestry a comprehensive view of the subject. The government shows all the trees native to the United States about four hundred and twenty- five species and the most important of these trees about one hun- dred species are elaborately exhibited. This exhibit also shows the nature of raw wood materials, the difference of structure and quality of woods grown in different sections. There is shown a collection of fruits and seeds, planting tools, illustrations of planting methods and statistics of forest management. In the construction of the Forestry Building, the idea of exhibit- ing the woods of the different States was beautifully carried out. Many foreign nations have contributed to this picturesque ex- hibit. There are trees from Asia, Australia and all parts of South America among these specimens of growth of which people read but never see. The orange, lemon, banana, fig, rubber, palm, cork, date, calisaya, tar, and every species known is represented here. As in the Agricultural and Horticultural departments, the exhibits of the different States and countries are grouped. THE DAIRY. The Dairy Building, by reason of the exception- ally novel and interesting exhibits it will contain, is quite sure to be regarded with great favor by World's Fair visitors in general, while by agriculturists it will be considered one of the most useful and at- tractive features of the whole Exposition. It was designed to contain not only a complete exhibit of dairy products but also a Dairy School, in connection with which will be conducted a series of tests for 16 THE WORLD'S COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION 243 determining the relative merits of different breeds of dairy cattle as milk and butter producers. The building stands near the lake shore in the southeastern part of the park, and close by the general live stock exhibit. It covers approximately half an acre, measuring 95x200 feet, is two stories high and cost $30,000. In design it is of quiet exterior. On the first floor, beside office headquarters, there is in front a large open space devoted to exhibits of butter, and farther back an operating room 25x100 feet, in which the Model Dairy will be conducted. On two sides of this room are amphitheatre seats capable of accommodat- ing 400 spectators. Under these seats are refrigerators and cold storage rooms for the care of the dairy products. The operating- room, which extends to the roof, has on three sides a gallery where the cheese exhibits will be placed. The rest of the second story is devoted to a cafe, which opens on a balcony overlooking the lake. The Dairy School, it is believed, will be most instructive and valuable to agriculturists. This department belongs properly to the agricultural exhibit, but it has been deemed advisable to separate them. No feature of the Exposition, probably, possesses greater interest or value to the agriculturist than the Dairy School. The school includes a contest between both herds and individuals of the chief breeds of dairy cattle with a view of ascertaining 'the respective merits of each in milk giving and butter and cheese producing. Each herd is charged each day with food consumed accurately weighed, and is credited with the milk, butter and cheese produced. Manufacturers of dairy utensils and appliances gladly furnish all that is required in their line. Ac- commodations are provided so that spectators may view the processes of butter and cheese-making. The tests and all details of management are under rules prepared by a committee composed of one member from each of the dairy cattle associations in the United States, three from the Columbian Dairy Association, three from the Agricultural Colleges and U. S. Experi- mental Stations, and one from the manufacturers of dairy utensils. The manufacture of the product takes place in the Dairy build- ing, in an operating space 25x100 feet, above which on either side is a gallery which accommodates fully 500 spectators. The school in all probability will continue through four months, and each partici- pating herd is represented by a given number of cows. The results of 244 PICTURESQUE CHICAGO AND GUIDE TO THE WORLD'S FAIR. this test and of the exhibition which will be made of the latest and most advanced scientific methods known in connection with the feeding and care of cattle, the treatment of milk and the production of butter and cheese, cannot fail to be of very great value to the dairy interests of this country. These interests, it is scarcely necessary to state, are of enormous importance and extent and, indeed are scarcely surpassed by any other branch of industry in respect of the amount of money invested. It cannot be doubted that the Exposition Dairy School will cause a more economic and scientific management of the dairy interests of the entire country and consequently a greater return from the capital and labor invested. Representatives of seven breeds of dairy cattle have furnished herds for the test which will be the longest in duration, and the most thorough and exhaustive so far as cows are concerned that has ever been held. From twenty-five to fifty gilt-edge cows of each of the dairy breeds of Devons, Brown-swiss, Short-horn, Guernseys, Red- polled and Jerseys will contest with each other for the prizes which will be awarded both to herds and individual cows. THE HORTICULTURAL BUILDING. The HORTICULTURAL HALL faces east upon the largest lagoon, immediately south of the entrance to Jackson Park from the Midway Plaisance, and has in front a flower terrace for an outside display, including tanks for nym- pheas and the Victoria Regia. The structure is 1,000 feet long with a width of 286 feet, and cost $400,000. The front of this terrace, having a low parapet between large vases, borders the water, and has a boat landing at the center. The plan of this fine hall included a central pavilion, with two end pavilions, each connected to the cen- ter by front and rear curtains, thus forming two interior courts. These courts, each a parallelogram of a half-acre, will be decorated in colors and planted with ornamental shrubs and flowers. A crystal dome surmounts the central pavilion 187 feet in diameter and 113 feet high, and under this will be the palm house. The curtains will contain the hot-houses and the plants under glass. There are gal- leries in the end pavilions, designed for cafes, being surrounded by arcades giving charming views over the grounds and the interior, which will present an attractive floral and horticultural display. The exhibits in this building consist of all the varieties of plants, vines, seeds, horticultural implements, etc. The roof will be of glass not far removed from the plants, so that those plants requiring sun- 245 246 PICTURESQUE CHICAGO AND GUIDE TO THE WORLD'S FAIR. shine light will be provided for, while provision is made to heat such parts as need it. The front curtains and space under the galleries are designed for exhibits that require only the ordinary amount of light. The exterior of the building is in "staff," tinted in a soft warm buff, color being reserved for the interior of the courts. The cost of this building was about $300,000, and W. L. B. Jenny, of Chicago, is the architect. The horticultural display is greater and grander than anything ever attempted before. The description already given of the magni- ficent HORTICULTURAL BUILDING indicates in itself the great atten- tion which the management has given to this branch of the Fair. While only portions of buildings or small structures have been devo- ted to horticultural displays heretofore, the World's Columbian Ex- position has created an immense, beautiful and cosy structure, and dedicated it to this purpose. To the Horticultural Department belongs the distinction of the first installed exhibit of the Exposition. This consists of three great trees, an elm, an ash, and a sugar maple, which were planted near the HORTICULTURAL HALL. The elm is seventy-five feet high, two feet in diameter and weighs ten tons. Mr. Peterson, the Rose 'Hill nurseryman, planted these trees as a permanent exhibit, the planting and transferring requiring 22 men, 12 horses and the expenditure of $600, all of which was at Mr. Peterson's individual expense. The States of the Union have contributed some wondrous ex- hibits to the Horticultural display, such a collection of fruit as perhaps has never been seen before. The great fruit-bearing states from New York to California and from Michigan to Louisiana have rivaled each other in the extent and costliness of their exhibits. California as was to be expected takes the lead. Missouri, New York, Delaware, Indiana, Iowa, Nebraska, Virginia, Florida, in fact, every state in the Union, has exhibited its specialties in fruit growing magnificently. The immense oranges of Louisiana, Florida and southern California are brought into contrast with the beautiful grapes of Missouri, the big red apples of Michigan, the mammoth watermelons of Mississippi and Georgia, and the luscious strawberries of southern Illinois. The Citizens' Association of California alone occupies two and a half acres and makes a wonderful exhibit. The Southern California World's Fair Association has a space 88 by 270 feet in which an ex- THE WORLD'S COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION. 247 hibition of oranges trees in full bloom is to be seen. Five acres out doors for oranges, lemons, limes, etc., and 3,000 square feet of table space for an exhibition of fruits were also granted this association. England, France, Germany, Switzerland, Austra, Russia, Turkey, Italy, Spain, Portugal, and in fact every country in Europe, as well as portions of Asia, Africa, Australia and all the Latin-American Republics and the numerous colonies are represented here. The Michigan peach orchard in full bearing is not the least attractive fea- ture. The exhibits are changed frequently, and the odor of the tropics mingles with that of the temperate zones. FLORICULTURE. The floral exhibit is to be found in the HORTI- CULTURAL BUILDING also and it passes description. Not only the republics and colonies of the American continents, but the nations and colonies of the earth, have contributed toward making this the most gorgeous display ever beheld by man. All of the State horti- cultural societies, the royal and imperial horticultural societies of European nations, the associations of nurserymen every where, and the owners of private conservatories and hot-houses in every part of the world, have taken an active interest in this beautiful display. It re- quired five acres in addition to the original allotment of space to accommodate the floral exhibits. The space at first intended for the Indian exhibit on the Wooded Island was given over to a rose garden ; 20,000 feet of space are given to an exhibit of flower seeds alone ; five acres are given over to a nursery exhibit ; two beautiful greenhouses, one of them 1,000 feet long and 24 wide and the other 500 by 600 were added to the space in the summer of 1892. Half a million pan- sies, one hundred thousand roses, and millions of other flowers, including ever} 7 known variety and species, are seen at the Exposi- tion. The horticultural exhibit is on a scale never before attempted in the history of the world. Mr. Thorp, of the floricultural division, estimated that the equipment of the Horticultural Building, including the purchase price of plants, would be $350,000, and the total ex- pense of the display $750,000. The floriculturists of the country donated a large share of the plants. Ten of the sixteen acres of ground on the wooded island are planted in flowers. The shores are left wild for scenic effect, and the waters around the margin are bright with water lilies and other aquatic vegetation, while the in- terior is planted with roses, rhododendrons, and lilies, besides a variety of wild flowers, preserved in a nursery. 2 4 8 THE WORLD'S COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION. 249 Iii addition to all this the roof of the WOMAN'S BUILDING, the interior of nearly all the department, State and foreign buildings, the grounds surrounding them, the beautiful terraces along the lagoon, etc., are all decorated with flowers. THE FISHERIES BUILDING. The Fisheries Building is, as far as the exterior of the structure is concerned, in the Spanish Romanesque style of architecture contrasting agreeably with the classic architecture of the neighboring buildings. The length of the building is 1,100 feet and the width 200 and cost about $200,000. There are two smaller polygonal buildings or wings connected with the main or middle structure and curving outward at either end. This gives a concave curve to the group which has a most pleasing effect It is built on a banana-shaped island, and subdivided into three parts to conform to the curved shape of the island on which it stands. The general Fisheries Exhibit is in the central part of the building. In one of the polygonal buildings is the exhibit of the angling paraphernalia, and in the other is the water pool and aquaria, in which live fish are displayed and which constitute a wonderful ex- hibit. Marine fishes are transported to Chicago from the coast in sea water. An addition of 3,000 gallons of pure sea water was required for the supply on each trip. The building for the display of live fish is circular, 134 feet in diameter, standing near one extremity of the Marine Fisheries Build- ing and in a great curved corridor connecting the two. A rotunda 60 feet in diameter is in the center of this building, and under this rotunda, and in the middle of it, is a basin or pool 20 feet wide, from which rises a towering mass of rocks covered with moss, lichens and other aquatic plants. Crystal streams of water gush from the clefts and crevices in the rocks and fall upon the reeds, rushes, and orna- mental semi-aquatic plants in the basin below. Gorgeous gold fishes, golden ides, golden tench and others swim in this pool. Here also are ten large aquaria and a number of smaller ones. From the rotunda one side of the large series of aquaria may be viewed, which are ten in number and have a capacity of 7,000 to 27,000 gallons of water each. Passing out of the rotunda and into a great corridor or arcade, the opposite sides of this series of great tanks, another line of tanks somewhat smaller, ranging from 700 to 1,000 gallons each in capacity, can be viewed by passing through a great corridor about 15 feet in 250 PICTURESQUE CHICAGO AXD GUIDE TO THE WORLD'S FAIR. width and reached from the rotunda through the entrance. The glass fronts of the aquaria are in length about 575 feet, through which the fish may be seen swimming in their native element, and have 3,000 square feet of surface. They make a panorama never before seen in any exhibition, being the finest exhibition of the kind ever seen in the u nited States, and rival the great permanent aquariums of the world, not only in size but in all other respects. The United States Govern- ment Fish Commission will provide much of this display. These aquaria have a capacity of 18,725 cubic feet of water, or 140,000 gallons, which weighs 1,192,425 pounds or about 600 tons. Of this large quantity 40,000 gallons is, including reservoirs, used for the Marine Exhibit. In the entire salt water circulation, including reser- voirs, there are 80,000 gallons. The pumping and distributing plant for the marine aquaria is constructed of vulcanite. The pumps are in duplicate and each has a capacity of 3,000 gallons per hour. The sea water is supplied by the United States Fish Commission from Wood's Hall Station, and the fresh water supply is secured from Lake Michi- gan. The sea-water supply is obtained by evaporating the necessary quantity to about one-fifth its bulk, thus reducing both quantity and weight for transportation about 80 per cent. The fresh water to restore it to its proper density is supplied from Lake Michigan. To the close observer the exterior of the building cannot fail to be exceedingly interesting, for the architect, Henry Ives Cobb, exerted all his ingenuity in arranging innumerable forms of capitals, modil- lions, brackets, cornices and other ornamental details, using only fish and other sea forms for his motif of design. The roof of the build- ing is of old Spanish tile, and the side walls of pleasing color. One of the most interesting exhibits at the World's Columbian Exposition is that of FISH and FISHERIES. Therein not only will visitors of piscatorial inclinations find much to engage their atten- tion, but others who have been wont to regard "fishy" and "incred- ible" as synonymous and equally inconsequential terms will un- doubtedly have reason to change their minds as to the interesting features of a fish display after visiting this department of the Expo- sition. The Fisheries Building is a corner where the public will wish to linger, a spot where it will be possible to realize the words of John Bunyan when he wrote : You see the way the fisherman doth take To catch the fish, what engines doth he make ! 252 PICTURESQUE CHICAGO AND GUIDE TO THE WORLDS FAIR. Behold how he engageth all his wits, Also his snares, lines, angles, hooks and nets. Much has been said and written of. the magnificence of the World's Columbian Exposition, by way of comparison with previous expositions, which it is proposed to eclipse. Ilie immense strides made in every department of art, science and industry during the second half of the present centiiry have been fittingly illustrated at the various international expositions held since the late Prince Con- sort of England inaugurated the great London Exposition of 1851. Everything that science has rescued from the depths of ocean, sea, lake or river, is displayed at the fisheries exhibit. Inhabitants of deep-sea grottoes ; the coral animal builder of islands and conti- tinents ; sea anemones, that blossom miles below the surface of the ocean ; monstrous devil-fish, sharks and other terrors of the deep are seen, beside the speckled beauties of stream or lake, the plebeian catfish, perch and sucker, suggestive of the boyish angler and the shallow stream. From ocean depths are brought specimens of sub- aqueous life so marvellously delicate and so richly beautiful that the microscope will only reveal in part their wondrous beauty and film- like tracery. The methods, too, by which the mysteries of the deep are penetrated, the paraphernalia of the United States Fish Commis- sion, the inventions by which the finny tribe is cultured, the won- derful progress made in the art of fish farming, in addition to the implements of commercial fishing and the latest tackle for angling all these are displayed to their fullest extent. Not the least interesting portion of the exhibit is the Aquarial or Live Fish Display. This is contained in a circular building, 135 feet in diameter, standing near one extremity of the main Fisheries building, and in a great curved corridor connecting the two in the center of the circular building is a rotunda sixty feet in diameter, in the middle of which is a basin or pool about twenty-six feet wide, from which arises a towering mass of rocks covered with moss and lichens. From clefts and crevices in the rocks crystal streams of water gush and drop to the masses of reeds, rushes and ornamental semi-aquatic plants in the basin below. In this pool gorgeous gold fishes, golden ides, golden tench and other fishes disport. From the rotunda one side of the larger series of aquaria may be viewed. These are ten in number, an^ have a capacity of seven thousand to THE WORLD'S COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION. 2o3 twenty-seven thousand gallons of water. Passing out of the rotunda by the entrances, a great corridor or gallery is reached, where on one hand may be viewed the opposite side of the series of great tanks, and on the other a line of tanks somewhat smaller, ranging from 750 to 1503 gallons each in capacity. The corridor or gallery is about fifteen feet wide. The entire length of the glass fronts of the aqua- ria is about 575 feet or over 3,0x30 square feet of surface. They make a panorama never before seen in any exhibition, and rival the great permanent aquariums of the world not only in size, but in all other respects. The total water capacity of the aquaria, exclusive of reservoirs, is 18,725 cubic feet, or 140,000 gallons. This weighs 1,192,425 pounds, or almost 600 tons. Of this amount about 40,000 gallons are devoted to the marine exhibit. In the entire salt water circula- tion, including reservoirs, there are about 80,000 gallons. The pumping and distributing plant for the marine aquaria is constructed of vulcanite. The pumps are in duplicate, and each have a capacity of 3,000 gallons per hour. The supply of sea water is secured by evaporating the necessary quantity at the Woods Hall station of the United States Fish Commission to about one-fifth its bulk, thus re- ducing both quantity and weight for transportation about 80 per cent. The fresh water required to restore it to its proper density is supplied from Lake Michigan. In transporting the marine fishes to Chicago from the coast there was an addition of probably 3,000 gal- lons of pure sea water to the supply on each trip. It is a matter of importance that provision was made in the upper part of the building for an eating saloon in which a specialty is made of supplying food composed of fish and other animals taken from the water. This is a practicable and most excellent illustration of our fisheries,' and this special work is so conducted as to give those who patronize fish dinners at the Exposition a better conception than the majority of them now have of the value of fish as food. Under the direction of Henry Elliott, the only artist who has ever drawn and painted the seal and walrus in their native haunts, an interesting exhibit for the World's Fair was prepared by the Smithsonian Institution. This exhibit consists of models in papier mache representing the fur seal and walrus fisheries on the Alaskan coast. The animals represented, as well as the men who catch them, are modeled in clay. One of the models shows a seal "drive." This 254 PICTURESQUE CHICAGO AND GUIDE TO THE WORLD'S FAIR. model includes hundreds of mimic seals which Aleuts are driving along to the killing grounds by waving cloths and shouting. Another illustrates a "rookery" on which the full grown seals, bellowing and pugnacious, have hauled up out of the surf upon the islands to breed. Another model shows a hauling ground of bachelor seals. The kill- ing of seals is also shown, a group of Aleuts being represented in the act of smashing their heads with clubs. There is also represented a number of hair seals, which are not useful for their fur, but merely for food supply to the natives of that region. The walruses, now rapidly becoming extinct, are also reproduced in material that gives them a remarkably life-like appearance. Hundreds of models in clay are made of these animals, in order to represent the different species and sizes of each. They are cast in papier mache and painted. THE ART PALACE. The FINE ART GALLERY is intended to be a perfectly safe depository for the art collection, and it and the UNITED STATES BUILDING will be, considering size, the costliest structures of the Fair. Many of the art exhibits herein contained will probably be bought for the permanent gallery Chicago intends establishing after the Fair is over, as its memento. Among the paintings already here is Moro's picture of Columbus, executed in 1540, and bought in London to exhibit at the Fair. The ART BUILDING is in reality a group of galleries. The chief structure is cruciform with a nave 320 feet long by 96 feet wide, and transepts stretching 500 feet. The four exterior angles are filled in with lower constructions, thus making it a parallelogram or oblong, 500 feet by 320 feet, with a wide projecting portico in the middle of each side, the roof extending from all the cornices back to a central dome, and intersected north, east, south and west by a great nave and transept 100 feet wide and 70 feet high, and at the intersection of which is the great dome 69 feet in diameter. This magnificent structure is in the Grecian-Ionic style of architecture and is a pure type of the most refined classic architecture. It is 125 feet to the top of the dome, which is surmounted by a colossal statue of the type of famous fig- ur s of winged Victory. The transept has a clear space through the center of 60 feet being lighted entirely from above. On either side are art galleries 20 feet wide and 24 feet above the floor. The cost of this ART PALACE is between $500,000 and $600,000 and was planned in the World's Fair Construction Department, under the eyes of Sup- ervising Architect D. H. Burnham and Chief Designer P. B. Atwood. 2.S5 256 PICTURESQUE CHICAGO A&D GUIDE TO THE WORLD'S FAIR. On the main floor of the nave and transept the collections of sculptures are displayed, and on the walls of both the ground floors of the galleries are ample areas for displaying the paintings and sculptured panels in relief. The corners made by the crossing of the nave and transept are filled up with small picture galleries. And around the entire building are galleries 40 feet wide forming a con- tinuous promenade around the classic structure. Separated from the main gallery, and 100 feet distant on the east and west sides, are two annexes, each 320 feet by 120 feet. These . annexes are one-storied and divided into large and small galleries. The annexes are brought forward so that the whole group surrounds three sides of a court 300 feet by 700 feet, which will be made an attractive feature. The architect of the annexes in its facade at least, is George W. Root. The entrance to the main building is by four great portals, richly ornamented with architectural sculpture, and approached by broad flights of steps. The walls of the loggia of the colonnades are highly decorated with mural paintings, illustrating the history and progress of the arts. The frieze of the eastern walls and the ped- iments of the principal entrances are ornamented with the sculptures and portraits in bas-relief of the masters of ancient art The general tone or color is light gray stone. The building, though of a tempo- rary character, is necessarily fire-proof. The main walls are of solid brick covered with "staff," architecturally ornamented, while the roof, floors and galleries are of iron. This palatial structure is beautifully located in the northern portion of the Park, with the south front facing the lagoon. Beauti- ful terraces separated the structure from the lagoon. They are orna- mented with balustrades, with an immense flght of steps leading clown from the main portal to the lagoon, where there is a landing for boats. The north front faces the wide lawn and the group of State buildings. Groups of statues, replica ornaments of classic art, such as the Choriagic monument, the "Cave of the Winds," and other beautiful examples of Grecian art, ornament the immediate neighborhood of the building. The ornamentation also includes statues of heroic and life-size proportions. It was the general impression for some time after the holding of the Columbian Exposition at Chicago had been decided upon that the department of Fine Arts would be the weakest. The point was THE WORLD'S COLUMBIA* EXPOSITION. 257 raised that Europe would not contribute its art collections or any considerable portion of them for the reason that Chicago was gener- ally believed abroad to be a city far removed from the centre of edu- cation and culture in the United States. This point was raised, however, by persons who under-rated European knowledge with re- gard to Chicago. It very soon became evident that the choice of Chicago as the location of the World's Fair was not only received favorably abroad, but with more satisfaction than if New York had been selected, and by no class was the selection of Chicago received with more satisfaction than by that interested in the development of art. Scarcely had the invitations to foreign governments been sent out by the State department before applications for space began to pour in. The amount of wall space asked by England, France, Ger- many, Austria, Italy, Belgium, Switzerland, Russia and other Euro- pean States was greater than they had consumed at the last Paris Exposition, and was a pleasant surprise to the Exposition manage- ment. In 1892 Halsey C. Ives, chief of department, made a six months' tour through Europe. He visited every important art cen- ter on the Continent, and returned convinced that England, France, Germany, Belgium, Holland and Italy would make magnificent dis- plays. The Art Building, as planned, had approximately 125,000 square feet of space for pictures. This was exclusive of the space allotted to Sculpture and Statuary. Mr. Ives found that 200,000 square feet would be necessary for pictures. He based his opinion upon the fact that early in 1892 all the available space had been practically con- signed, while a. dozen foreign countries at least were still to be heard from. France alone had asked for 82,000 square feet. Eighty-two thousand square feet for an art exhibit was more than twice the com- bined amount asked for by England and Germany. The former secured 20,000 square feet and the latter a like amount. Belgium asked for 8,000 square feet ; Holland, 3,000; Denmark, 3,000; and Japan 2,000, making a total of 56,000 square feet. It became neces- sary, therefore, that the two annexes to the building should be con- siderably enlarged. Even with the additional space the visitor will find that the walls and floors of the magnificent building are crowded. No one thing exhibited at the Centennial attracted more general attention, or was more distinctly remembered than the "Sleeping lolanthe," in butter, by Mrs. Caroline S. Brooks. Since that won- 258 THE WORLD'S COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION. 259 derful success, the artist has done several notable bits in a character- istic vein, the best known being "Lady Godiva," a bas-relief which was also in butter. The World's Columbian Exposition, however, lias another, and a full length "Sleeping lolanthe " in marble. Mrs. Brooks worked upon the exquisite creation for several years, and found difficulty in securing a block of marble, flawless in quality, which should also be large enough. The statue of Shakespeare,, by William Ordway Partridge, in- tended for Lincoln Park, and the statue of Alexander Hamilton, intended for Boston, by the same sculptor ; a life-size portrait of Columbus, by Sallus, the celebrated painter of Ecuador ; two ancient Greek vases made of baked clay and which are twenty-two centuries old ; a marble tablet representing the landing of Columbus, from Colon, United States of Colombia ; the Spitzar art collection, the most comprehensive collection of European art in the world, and valued above $4,000,000 ; an immense display of ceramics from many nations ; the $10,000 portrait of Columbus, executed by the famous Moro in 1540; the display of the American Society of Wood En- gravers which attracted so much attention at the last Paris Exposi- tion ; displays by the etchers of the United States and foreign coun- tries ; the display of the National Lithographers' Association ; an im- mense exhibit by the photographers of this and other countries ; the paintings of G. A. P. Healy, the famous American artist ; the large and valuable collection of Rudolph Crenan, of Leipsic, representing scenes and incidents in the life of Columbus ; the greatest paintings of France, Germany, England, Belgium, Holland, Italy, Spain, Switzerland and other European nations ; the choicest specimens of art from Asiatic, Australian, African and South American centers ; the rarest and most costly sculptures, statues, arts, etc., from the greatest galleries in the world, and the most impressive collection of the works of American artists, will be among the attractions of the Art Building. Architecture is represented strongly in the Art Building. The American Institute of Architects took a decided stand in favor of making the exhibit a prominent and a worthy one. This Institute in- cludes in its membership all the well-known names, in different parts of the country, of men to whom the growth of American architecture, as distinguished from mere building and construction, is due, and of which thev are to-day the honored representatives. 260 THE WORLD'S COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION. The rules governing the Art exhibit may be briefly stated as fol- lows : ''All work to be admitted must be originals, with the excep- tion that casts from original works by modern artists are placed in the same class with original figures and groups in marble. There will be three sections in the department an American section, a sec- tion for foreign countries that are represented by a commission, a section comprising private collections and the works of artists from countries not represented by a commission. All works must be ex- amined by the official jury before they can be admitted. Progress in American art and architecture is to be a special feature of the ex- hibit." THE CASINO AND PIER. The Pier, extending out into Lake Michigan from the eastern extremity of the Grand Court or avenue running from the ADMINISTRATION BUILDING to the lake, is one thousand feet long and eighty feet wide. At the extremity of the Pier is the beautiful Casino. Along the shore from which the Pier projects runs a beautiful promenade large enough to hold the thousands of visitors that will throng it during the fair. From the Pier will be in full view tne entire line of Exhibition Build- ings. Passenger steamers will ply to and fro from the Pier and the City. The architecture of the Casino is of the Venetian order, and was planned by Architects Burling and Whitehouse, of Chicago. It is a composite structure embracing nine pavilions, and is meant to be a repre- sentation, on a small scale, of Venice in the waters of Lake Michigan. It is built on piles, and is 1 80 bv 400 feet. It has nine pavilions two stories high, except in the middle, where the central pavilion rises to the height of 1 80 feet. The communication between the nine pavilions, separated as they are by water, is by means of gondolas and bridges, in imitation, as far as possible of the way of getting about in Venice. The aspect is truly Venetian, with its gondolas, bridges and water. In front of the Casino is the harbor for small pleasure boats. At night this harbor is lighted by incandescent lamps sunk beneath the surface of the water. A gallery fifty-six feet wide surrounds the central pavilion, while at the west end of the Pier stands thirteen columns de- signed by sculptor St. Gaudens to represent the THIRTEEN Original States of the UNION. The material of the Casino is of wood, and the walls are covered with "Staff," in resemblance of marble, highly and variously colored, At the Casino the visitor will be furnished with excellent music and light refreshments, as well as permitted a view of water, city and exposi- tion palaces while enjoying the cool breezes. 262 PICTURESQUE CHICAGO AND GUIDE TO THE WORLDS FAIR. THE STATE BUILDINGS AND EXHIBITS. Sites for buildings or space for special exhibits were allotted by the Exposition management to every State and Territory of the American Union. Every one of them is represented in some manner on the Exposition grounds ; most of them creditably, some of them magnificently. The foreign visitor must under- stand that each of the States and Territories is perfectly independent in all such matters, and that it is only by a vote of the respective State or Territorial Legislatures, involving the appropriation of funds to meet the expenses of the exhibit, that action could be taken. It is a matter in which neither the Federal government nor a neighboring state or territory can interfere. Some of the State legislatures were generous in their appropriations ; some delayed action until the last moment. As a rule, when the legislatures failed to act, or when their action was considered inadequate to the importance of the event, private citizens contributed, in order that their States should not be left out in the cold or misrepresented by a poor display. Chicago being the chief city of the State of Illinois' the latter commonwealth very naturally takes the lead among her sisters. The Illinois building is one of the grandest on the grounds, and the Illinois exhibit ranks among the first. For convenience sake the State buildings and State exhibits are arranged alphabetically rather than with regard to their prominence, politically or otherwise. The following is a description of some of the State buildings . ALABAMA. Provision was made for a state building for Alabama. The state is represented in miniature at the Exposition by a series of comprehensive relief maps. It is proposed to show the mineral deposits, cotton belt, vegetable farms and everything else of interest in the state on a series of maps covering 20,000 square feet. Besides this an exhibit of the state's industries and products will be found grouped in the Department buildings. Alabama likewise con- tributed to the general display. ARKANSAS. Arkansas has no special state building, but she makes an ex- hibit of her industries and products that will be representative and worthy. While the legislature did nothing toward furthering the exhibit of the state, the citizens organized and the result is apparent to the visitor. Arkansas also contributed to the general Exposition. In the forestry display there are some noted specimens of her pine trees. In the agricultural building also she has made a creditable showing. CALIFORNIA. The California building is characteristic of the great Pacific Coast State, picturing in its exterior the California of the Padres, and in its interior the California of to-day. While the architect has closely followed the old mission style, he has interjected enough of the more ornate Moorish to relieve the somewhat somber effect of the old churches, and he gives the required light and roominess. Therefore there is a charming simplicity of detail. Outside there is a clear story with a great, flat central dome as the crowning feature and a roof-garden to heighten the semi-tropical appearance. From the ground to RANDOLPH vSTREET. 264 PICTURESQUE CHICAGO AND GUIDE TO THE WORLDS FAIR. the eaves is fifty feet and to the highest point of the roof proper sixty-five feet, while the elevation of the dome is eighty feet. Those portions of the roof not devoted to the garden are closely copied after the quaint adobe buildings of the early Spanish settlements, with genuine earthen-ware tiles, deep red in color, semi-cylindrical and overlapping. The dome and middle portions are tiled with iron plates curled and shaped like the original roofing. The material of the walls is wood, treated with some sort of cement and worked into a close imita- tion of the yellowish -gray adobe of the old days. On the four corners and flank- ing the dome are towers designed after the mission belfries, and in them are swung some of the old Spanish bells which have outlived the Padres and their crumbling churches. The interior carries a gallery giving an area equal to two- thirds of the ground floor. This is set apart for offices, which are grouped so as to command a clear view of the main floor. The ground-plan is one vast exhi- bition hall, the arrangement of compartments conforming to the extent of the displays as decided upon by the Commissioners. The total floor space is 100,000 square feet, of which the gallery affords 40,000, the extreme measurements of the building being 500 feet by 1 10 feet main width. The cost of the building is #75,000. A wonderful exhibit is presented by California. The state has long been famous for the size of its trees, some of which are the largest in the world. This exhibit is nothing more nor less than a complete railway car, excepting only the trucks, fashioned and carved from the trunk of a "Sequoia Giganta," 0r big tree of Tulare county. The originators of the idea are Messrs. Doyle, Meyers and Bachman, of the county named. The tree used is about twenty-eight feet in diameter and something more than four hundred feet long. The immense log was cut down to the size of a car, or about eleven feet square and fifty-five feet in length. All this had to be done by hand with long saws made expressly for this purpose. It was then hollowed out inside by first cutting doors at each end, working out the insides and polishing the inside surface ; the roof is the natural bark of the tree. The material taken from the inside and cut off in squaring the log was manufactured into useful little souvenirs of this wonderful produc- tion. A full-sized railway car made-of but a single piece of wood will surely be a feature of great interest. California will show as a part of its exhibit the finest collection of minerals in the United States. Instead of making a special collection, as was done for the New Orleans, Philadelphia and Paris expositions the state sends the magnificent collections belonging to the State Mining Bureau Museum. The State University had the collection of the State Geological Sur- vey, the Voy collection, Hanks collection, Keene collection, and several others. These are all classified, arranged, identified and labeled. Each county and dis- trict in the state is properly represented. Every department of the mining in- dustry has its separate place with locality indicated. No other state or territory of the Union has any such collection as belongs to California now. Among the exhibits from Southern California is a model constructed to illustrate irrigation. Of course the California exhibit is one of the greatest and grandest on the grounds. The state appropriated $300,000, and every cent of this, and a great deal more, has been spent in securing ,an exhibit worthy of the golden state. The wine and fruit exhibits alone are superb. Besides California's special dis- ILLINOIS. CALIFORNIA. 7 HE WORLD'S COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION. 267 play she has contributed largely to every other department of the Exposition, and the visitor will be amazed at the extent of her resources. The state's vari- ous exhibits are mentioned in connection with the different departments. COLORADO. This young state has a granite and marble palace. The Colo- rado Marble and Mining Company contributed the material for the building. Besides the mineral, agricultural and educational exhibits, the flora and fauna of the state are shown in great completeness. More than 1,000 specimen plants were pressed ; nearly 200 varieties of fruit were duplicated perfectly in wax and more than 2,000 species of insects were mounted long before the Exposition was opened. Colorado contributed largely to every department of the Exposition* The women of Colorado subscribed $10,000 for the purchase of Powers' famous statue " The last of his race," which appears in connection with the Colorado exhibit. The statue represents a dying buffalo with an Indian standing by its side with uplifted spear. This state makes a specially fine mineral exhibit. The exhibit of Colorado is both technical and economic in its character, and forms a popular and massive display of the state's resources in ores, building stone, coal, iron, commercial clays, gold and silver. CONNECTICUT. The state of Connecticut made no appropriation for the World's Fair, but $50,000 was raised by general subscriptions, the city of Hart- ford contributing alone $10,000. This money has been spent in a manner that insures Connecticut a favorable representation in the several departments, and also a special exhibit. DELAWARE. The little state of Delaware lost no time in subscribing its loyal adherence to the World's Columbian Exposition, and considering the ex- tent of its area opened its coffers with a liberality which is highly compliment- ary to its citizens. The first donation was $10,000, which was to be followed by a further sum of $15,000. It occupies a position in the Exhibition buildings, but its headquarters will be in the space allotted in Jackson Park to the different states. The building which is constructed wholly of native woods and mate- rials of the state of Delaware, is very picturesque and elaborately finished, measuring 58 feet by 60 feet. The cost was $7, 500. A room in the building is fitted up in Colonial style, with hangings, pictures, and furniture all in repre- sentation of Colonial days. There are figures in clay of the old Swedes' Church in Wilmington, Barratt's Chapel, near Frederica, the home-of Methodism, and Christ Church, near Laurel. Old Swedes' Church was founded in 1699 at a cost of ^800. Barratt's Chapel, located in Kent county, near Frederica, and eleven. miles south of Dover, was founded in 1780. Christ Church, Broad Creek, about two miles east of Laurel, Sussex county, was built more than a hundred years ago of heart pine. It is without a particle of paint. It has the high-backed pews, the chancel at one end, the servants' gallery at the opposite end, while midway on the east side is the lofty pulpit, and immediately below are the read- ing-desk and the clerk's desk. The first consignment of Delaware's exhibit comprised six cars loaded with native woods, three cars from Sussex, two from Kent, and one from New ,Castle counties. The consignment was placarded " From the World's Fair Commissioners of 'Delaware to the Columbian Exposi- tion, Chicago." This was one of the earliest consignments received. FLORIDA. The design of the Florida state building is modeled after old GREAT NORTHERN HOTEL THE WORLD'S COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION. Fort Marion, which is one of the most picturesque as we'l as the oldest structure in North America, and an interesting relic of Spanish conquest in the new world. Begun in 1620, when the Pilgrim Fathers were landing at Plymouth Rock, this curious four-bastioned fortress was ancient long before the white man reared his cabin on the spot on the shores of Lake Michigan which is now a center of in- terest throughout the civilized world. The form of the building renders it pecu- liarly well adapted for the display of Florida's varied resources, the mast and ramparts affording opportunity for a series of sunken and hanging gardens of remarkable interest. The cost of building and exhibit was $100,000. In addi- tion to her special exhibit, Florida occupies three acres of space in the exhibition of flowers. GEORGIA. Georgia has a handsome building and a creditable display, the cost of which was provided by private subscription. The sum of $100,000 was raised by the citizens of the state. The state is represented in nearly every de- partment of the Exposition. IDAHO. Idaho has a state building peculiar to herself. Recognizing the folly of attempting to compete with the older states in the erection of an elabo- rate building, she constructed one somewhat rustic in appearance and costing $15,000. In its exhibit Idaho pays special attention to the mining industry. It may not be generally understood, but the fact remains that the state has con- tributed $175,000,000 of money in gold and silver to increase the wealth and en- rich the commerce of the land. It produces one-half the lead product of the United States. In consideration of these facts a special effort was made to have a mining exhibit commensurate with the importance of the state as a valuable mineral producer. The state legislature appropriated $20,000. Private citizens contributed $100,000 additional. ILLINOIS. The state of which Chicago is the chief city very naturally takes the lead among her sisters, both as regards her special building and her special exhibit. Aside from private contributions, wkich were numerous, the state legislature appropriated $800,000 to defray the expenses, to begin with. The Illinois building has come to be looked upon as one of the main structures of the Exposition. It occupies one of the most favored spots on the grounds, in the northern or " improved " portion of Jackson Park, where on the south for nearly one mile there is a view of a beautiful water-way, and on the north and east are the unique buildings of other states and foreign nations. Illinois was the first state to be ready with its building, and in its construction there was expended $250,000. The building, with its dome 200 feet high, is located near where the boat-house formerly stood on the artificial lake. A broad channel about sixty feet wide was extended from the southeast portion of the park up to this lake. The grand entrance to the building faces this water-way, and pas- sengers up this channel discover the Illinois state building looming up at the end of the route. The structure is placed on a terrace four feet high, and in front of the entrances there are stone terraces with railings, statues, and stone steps leading down to the roadway. The main features are the terraces north and south, the south the more important of the two, as from this point may be viewed the panorama of all the magnificent Fair buildings, as well as the water- way. The building is embellished with fine carving and statuary, the material 270 PICTURESQUE CHICAGO AND GUIDE TO THE WORLDS FAIR. being cast blocks of approved composition. It is .thoroughly lighted, first from the side windows, whicn are placed about fourteen feet above the floor to permit cases to be placed against the walls ; second, with skylights placed in the flat roof of the side aisles ; and third with continuous skylights on the ridge of a pitched roof or nave. Ventilation is provided for through windows placed a story above the flat aisle roof and the foot of the sloping roof over the nave. The building is constructed of'Illinois stone, brick and steel. The Memorial hall and school were formerly designed to be separate buildings, but it was decided to incorporate them in the main structure. Fountains and flowers decorate the adjacent grounds, and allegorical statuary finds a place in the decorative features of the building. The interior of the structure is appro- priately ornamented. There are no competitive exhibits in the Illinois state building. It is " a collective, departmental exhibit for the state, which shall illustrate its natural resources, together with the methods employed and results accomplished by the state in its municipal capacity through its several depart- ments, boards, commissions, bureaus and other agencies in the work of pro- moting the moral, educational and material welfare of its inhabitants, so far as such methods and results are susceptible of exhibition." A feature is a model common school-room of high grade, fully equipped and furnished, under the direction of the state superintendent of public instruction. This includes the following : An illustration of the methods and results of educational work as pursued in the normal universities, the public, technical and art schools and the high schools of the state ; an exhibit by the University of Illinois of the equipment, methods of instruction and achievements of that institution in its several departments ; an exhibit of the educational and industrial work as con- ducted in the state charitable institutions. There are also collections, correctly classified and labeled, illustrating the natural history and archaeology of the state ; an exhibit by the state fish commission of native and cultivated live fish, with hatchery and appliances and equipments for transportation, models offish- ways in use ; also a special collection of the cultivated products in the several branches of agriculture; architectural drawings (with elevations) of every public building erected and now used or maintained in whole or in part by the state ; also maps, charts, diagrams and tables for the state, and, so far as practicable, for each county. In the memorial hall, which is fire-proof, there are placed such relics and trophies belonging to the state as the governor has designated. The control and general management of the exhibit devolves upon the state board of agriculture. The board in turn invited the co-operation of Illinois members of the national commission and of the board of lady managers. There are three entrances the prominent one to the south, one to the west facing the Midway Plaisance, and the other on the north end of Memorial hall from the boat landing or the edge of the lagoon. The building in the main is 1 60 feet wide by 450 feet long, with the school-house, about 75x60 feet, taken out of the east end and within the building. The dome is 72 feet in diameter and about 200 feet high, with a lookout about 80 feet high and another in the lantern about 175 feet high. The side walls are 47 feet high, while the center wing on the south is 72 feet high, and both ends 54 feet, w r ith a still higher pro- jection in the center. On the north the Memorial hall forms a wing 50x75 feet, Til 1C ITU. MAX ii 271 272 PICTURESQUE CHICAGO AND GUIDE TO THE WORLDS FAIR. while on the south is placed the executive offices in a wing 75x123 feet, carried up three stories, with a public hall in the third story. In addition to these offices, there are others in each of the four corners for the departmental officers. The Memorial hall has a gallery. There is a gallery around, inside and outside of dome piers for viewing the exhibit hall. The figure which crowns the main entrance of the Illinois building is from the hands of the sculptor Taft. It is a draped figure with arms outstretched, and is called " Illinois Welcoming the Nations." Another allegorical group to be seen on this building is "The Birth of Chicago." Chicago, a rare and radiant maid of grace divine, garbed in trailing robes, is pictured coming from earth like a new Pallas Athene springing full-armed from the forehead of Zeus. Nymphs of the lake, the forest and the stream attend the nativity of fair Chicago, and all their unstinted offerings are poured out in glad profusion at the feet of the new queen and goddess. " La Salle and his Companions " and "Education" are other groups that will command attention and admiration. All are by Taft. There are twelve groups in all, and the cost was $12,500. One of the most interesting features of the Illinois exhibit is the Worthen collection of fossils and library. There is a splendid coal exhibit here showing the product of the Illinois mines. The state fish commission is well repre- sented among the exhibits ; there are exhibits of the state charitable and crimi- nal institutes ; of the various products, and mineral and industries ; a geological exhibit, an emergency hospital exhibit, a kindergarten exhibit, an educational exhibit, besides great displays of fruit and flowers. Illinois does not confine her exhibits to this building, however. Her competitive exhibits will be found in every department of the Exposition. The following was the apportionment of the funds at the disposal of the state commission : woman's exhibit, $^0,000; construction, $195,800; statuary, $17,700; architect's fees, $11,500; grounds and exterior ornamentation, $io,oco ; interior furnishing, $60,500; normal and com- mon schools, and university, $30,000; board of charities, $20,000; natural his- tory, geology, archaeology, $40,000; fish commission, $5,000; agriculture, etc., $25,000; live stock, $40,000; horticulture, $20,000; agricultural drawings, maps, etc., $27,000; state and county statistics, $8,000; printing and stationery, $30,000 ; administration, including cost of ceremonies, receptions, expenses of board, salaries, freight transportation, rents, care of buildings, contingencies, etc., $175,000. INDIANA. The World's Fair commissioners of Indiana offered prizes of $300, $200 and $100 respectively for the first, second and third best plans for the Indiana building. The building cost about $25,000, and it contains about 6.000 square feet of floor space. Instead of costing $25,000 the building when completed is said to have cost double this sum. Indiana is represented in every department of the Exposition, and everywhere creditably. IOWA. " The Blue Grass Palace" of Iowa is one of the attractive novelties of the Exposition. The state appropriated a preliminary sum of $50,000, which was greatty increased to meet the expenses of the Iowa building and exhibit. The Iowa building, a handsome structure, cost alone $25,000. The corn, educa- tional, horticultural, mechanical and industrial exhibits generally of the state are among the attractions of the Exposition. THE WORLD'S COLL'MBIAX EXPOSITION. KANSAS. The Kansas state building is cruciform in design, two stories high, and cost $20,000. It is constructed entirely of Kansas material. The building consists of 13,934 square feet. There are 4,058 square feet in the rear for the natural history exhibit of the state university ; 3,340 square feet in the front of the building for headquarters accommodations, leaving a balance of 6,336 square feet for odd bits in the center of the building. The second floor contains 3,840 square feet for exhibits and 3,340 square feet in the front of the building for further consideration. The building combines the idea of a club- house and a building for the state exhibit. Kansas contributes largely to the attractions of nearly every department of the Exposition. Aside from the state appropriation, her citizens raised by private subscription $150,000 to defray the expenses of a creditable exhibit. KENTUCKY. Kentucky is represented by a handsome building and a wor- thy exhibit. She contributes to every department of the Exposition. The legislature appropriated $100,000, and private citizens contributed generously. LOUISIANA. Louisiana is represented in many of the departments of the Exposition. Her exhibits are not as complete as they should be, but they are not unworthy of the great gulf state. MAINE. The Maine building is constructed entirely of native granite, and cost $10,000. The building is used principally as a club or reception house. Maine contributes exhibits to every department of the Exposition. MASSACHUSETTS. The designers took for their model the old Hancock house that stood for so long a time the most familiar structure on Beacon street, Boston, and which is an admirable representative of the old colonial residence, with such modifications only as the purposes of the structure demand. The reproduction of this type of our architecture is a happy idea, and will undoubt- edly meet with general appreciation. The cost of reproduction was about $40,000. The building is used exclusively as a -state headquarters and club house. Massachusetts contributes very largely to every department of the Ex- position, particularly to the art, educational, horticultural and mechanical dis- plays. The exhibit of the state cost $75,000. MARYLAND. The Maryland building, a reproduction of the state house, is constructed of granite, and cost $35,000. Maryland's canning and oyster inter- ests are represented on a large scale. The canned goods exchange of Baltimore has a canning house in which a practical illustration of the work done is given. . The exhibit of the state, aside from the building, cost $30,000. MICHIGAN. The legislature of Michigan appropriated $20,000 for the State Exposition building, but most of the material was contributed, so that the structure, as it stands, represents an outlay of about $50,000. Its dimensions are 100x140 feet. The building is constructed wholly of Michigan materials. MINNESOTA. The Minnesota building is one of the handsomest on the grounds, a prize of $500 having been awarded the successful architect. The legislature subscribed only $50,000, but this sum was increased to $150,000 by private subscription. Every county in the state contributed generously, and the result is a creditable building and a creditable exhibit in nearly every de- partment of the Exposition. MISSISSIPPI. Mississippi makes a very creditable showing, particularly in 18 THE WORLD'S COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION. 275 the agricultural and horticultural departments. The state and citizens sub- scribed generously toward the exhibit. MISSOURI. The exhibit of the state of Missouri is one of the most exten- sive at the Exposition. The state is rich in agricultural and mineral land, and besides, is one of the foremost of the manufacturing states of the Union. The state very early applied for 20,000 square feet of space in the horticultural de- partment alone. The Missouri building cost $50,000, and is one of the hand- somest structures of the state group. The state originally appropriated $250,000, but this was increased to $500,000, an appropriation equal to New York's. MONTANA. The legislature of this young but wealthy state appropriated originally $50,000 for the state's exhibits. Later on this amount was doubled. Montana's exhibits will be found principally in the department of mines and mining. One of the interesting exhibits from the state is a relief map of Butte, the greatest mining camp in the world. The state board set aside #5,000 for the woman's exhibit. NEBRASKA. The style of Nebraska building is Romanesque, and its arrangement combines to a remarkable degree the qualities of utility, beauty and small cost for construction. The building covers 9,652 square feet, not including a large veranda on the side adjoining the little lake. The agricul- tural and general exhibit is arranged in a hall 100x60 feet. Facing the exhibit hall on the first floor are offices, balconies and a lobby. The exhibit from this state is one of the grandest to be seen. Nebraska is represented particularly in the agricultural, horticultural and forestry departments. NEVADA. Nevada is represented almost wholly in the mines and mining department. NEW HAMPSHIRE. This state is represented in every department of the Exposition, notably in the geological and mining displays. New Hampshire also contributes valuable works of art and exhibits for the educational display. NEW JERSEY. The appropriation of this state was $70,000, a portion of which was set aside for the building of a state headquarters. The state has contributed exhibits to every department of the Exposition . NEW YORK. New York appropriated $300,000 to defray the cost of its building and exhibit at the World's Fair. This amount was increased later on, and greatly added to by private subscriptions. There was considerable delay on the part of New York, and active work did not begin until the spring of 1892. From that time on, however, New York's interest in the Exposition lacked nothing in enthusiasm. The building of the state of New York repre- sents, with very slight modifications, the historical old Van Rensselaer resi- dence, which was for so long a time one of the most familiar landmarks in Gotham. New York contributes, of course, to every department of the Fair, and more largely than any other American state excepting, perhaps, Illinois. Her exhibits are prominent in the art, agricultural, horticultural, musical, elec- tricity, mechanical and manufactures departments. NORTH CAROLINA. North Carolina has reproduced for its building what is known as the "Tyron Palace." This structure, constructed of material brought from England the middle of the eighteenth century, is a fine type of colonial architecture. A circular colonnade connects upon the right and left of the PICTURESQUE CHICAGO AND GUIDE TO THE WORLD'S FAIR. main building two similar structures ; and to reproduce it entire in full size, occupies the entire space allotted to North Carolina. This state is represented in every department of the Exposition. One of the oldest states of the Union, its contribution of art treasures and curios is very interesting. NORTH DAKOTA. The North Dakota building is 70x50 feet. A space 46x21 feet in front of the main assembly hall, between two committee-rooms, is used as a court-}*ard. From this court-yard the main assembly-room is entered through a large stone arch, above which on the exterior is an elaborately carved panel containing the coat of arms of North Dakota. The main feature of the interior is the assembly hall, which includes a space 24x56 feet. North Dakota of course pays great attention to the exhibit of her principal product, wheat, but, also, makes a good showing in several other departments. The educational advantages of the young state are fully presented, and her school exhibit is among the best. She makes contributions to the department of forestry. OHIO. The style of architecture of. the Ohio building is distinctive and much unlike that of any of the other state buildings. The original idea was to have the building constructed of material furnished gratis by contractors, and thus make it in itself an exhibit of the building materials of the state. How- ever, the contractors were slow in taking the matter up, and so many obstacles stood in the way that it was determined to build it of wood. The estimated cost was about $35,000. The building is two stories, the lower one being of more than the ordinary height. The state of Ohio sends exhibits to the Fair valued at between $5,000,000 and $6,000,000. The appropriation of the state was $100,000. OREGON. The state of Oregon is represented very fully in the agricultural, mining and other departments. It has also contributed to the forestry depart- ment. The real work of the state did not commence until late in 1892, but the exhibit is nevertheless creditable. PENNSYLVANIA. The Pennsylvania building, as is quite appropriate, is one of the costliest and handsomest of the group. One of the main attractions is the old "liberty bell" from Independence Hall, which hangs in the tower or rotunda directly opposite the gallery on the second floor. The entire height of the building is 165 feet. Over 800 electric lights are used to light it. Porches 20 feet wide surround the building. The whole structure is practically a repro- duction of Independence Hall, Philadelphia. Pennsylvania appropriated $300,- ooo to defray the cost of its building and exhibits, but this represented only a small portion of the state's contributions. RHODE ISLAND. The building of the little state of Rhode Island is a two- story structure, modeled after the Doric style of architecture, with towering pillars resting on porches at either end. The entrance at the front is through three circular arches into a circular porch twenty feet in diameter, which opens into a main hall 20 x 42 feet. The first cost was estimated to be $8,000. Rhode Island contributes largely to the manufactures and liberal arts department, as well as to every one of the great sections of the Exposition . SOUTH CAROLINA. South Carolina, owing to the defeat of an appropriation bill in the legislature, was late in securing a place among her sister states ; but the exhibit made, though small, comparatively, is creditable. 278 PICTURESQUE CHICAGO AXD GUIDE TO THE WORLD'S PAIR. SOUTH DAKOTA. The state building of South Dakota is in the style of an o!d French farm-house. The walls are of bricks. Its dimensions are 60 x 72 feet. On the first floor is an assembly hall with towering mantels and house fire- places at each end. The state raised between 580,000 and $100,000. The legis- lature was late in acting, but the energetic and enterprising people of the young vState made full amends for its neglect. South Dakota is well represented in the agricultural, horticultural, mineral and forestry departments. TENNESSEE. The private citizens and counties of the state of Tennessee subscribed liberally toward securing an adequate exhibit at the World's Fair, the legislature having failed to pass an appropriation bill. The funds raised were ample to provide for a very creditable display', and the state is represented in nearly every department. TEXAS. This great state has one of the most notable buildings of the group. The structure is 85 x 250 feet. The main height is 70 feet. Constructed entirely after the style of the old Spanish missions, it is a good example of Spanish renaissance architecture. The structure is built of Texas materials. Texas took unbounded interest in the Exposition from the very first. The city of Galveston alone raised over $150,000. There were over $300,000 raised by con- tributions throughout the state. Texas is represented, and represented well, in every department. VERMONT. One hundred of the substantial citizens of Vermont subscribed $100 each, and the building, costing $10,000, was erected without drawing upon the state treasury. Vermont is represented in the geological, agricultural, horti- cultural, mechanical and art departments, and quite fully in the mineral and forestry departments. A $6,000 monument of Barre granite is one of the ex- hibits from Vermont. VIRGINIA. The best exhibits of the Virginia State Fair of 1892 are offered the visitor at the Exposition of 1893. The state appropriated about $80,000, which was increased by private subscriptions. Virginia makes a good show- ing, but one hardly commensurate with her age or high position among the states of the Union. WASHINGTON. Washington's is a unique state building. It is constructed almost entirely of material brought from the state, and forms an illustration of the building materials and industries peculiar to that young but vigorous com- monwealth. The building is 220 x 140 feet. The exterior is of timber from Puget Sound region and all the lumber entering into it was donated by the state lumbermen's association. The main entrance is made one of the features of the building, and is of granite, marble and ore quarried in the state. In addition to what was contributed, the state expended $50,000 in constructing and elabo- rating the details of the building. It is surmounted by a flagstaff 175 feet high, and there are four towers of unique design. A peculiar incident in connection with the acceptance of the design for this building was that the one which at first was considered third in merit was adopted, and the architect who received the first prize in the competition was relegated to the rear. The state spent $100,000 on the collection of an exhibit, and contributes largely to the departments of agriculture, forestry, mines, fisheries, education, electricity, live stock, fine arts, woman's work and transportation. Her displays are very creditable. VIRGINIA. SOUTH DAKOTA. THE H'ORLD S COLI'MKIAX K WEST VIRGINIA. West Virginia has a beautiful little building which cost about #20,000. The state contributes very extensively to the departments of mines and mining, forestry, agriculture, floriculture, horticulture, manufactures and liberal arts, and machinery. WISCONSIN. The Wisconsin state building is a handsome structure. It is commodious, and the interior is arranged with special reference to the pro- ducts of this wealthy state, which in variety and character make the exhibit one of the most attractive and interesting to be seen at the Fair. It is two stories high, with not less than 10,000 feet of floor space exclusive of porches. The whole structure is built of Wisconsin material. The exterior walls are of stone, brick and terra cotta, and the roof of slate, tile or iron made in Wisconsin. The interior is ornamented and furnished with plate, beveled and mirror glass, Wisconsin pine and hardwood, and encaustic tile. The cost of the building was $30,000. Douglas county appropriated $2,000 to pay for a stained-glass window at the head of the main staircase. Wisconsin is represented in every depart- ment of the Exposition. \VYOMING. The Wyoming building is in style a model club house. The dimensions are 70 feet in length by 50 feet in width. The cost of the building was $20,000. Wyoming contributes to the agricultural, mines and mining and other departments of the Exposition displays, which show her to have made wonderful advancement. THE TERRITORIES. The territories of the Union are well represented. Be- ginning with far-away Alaska, each and every one of them makes a creditable exhibit. The government takes care of the Alaskan display, which is a novel and interesting one in many particulars. The seal industry is represented among others. Arizona contributes largely to the mines and mining depart- ments and to the Indian exhibit. New Mexico raised over $ 75,000 and in con- sequence the visitor sees a great many attractions from this wealthy territory, notably in the mines and mining department and Indian exhibit. Oklahoma, youngest of the territories, has made a splendid effort to bring herself properly before the world, and her efforts have been crowned with success. Utah ought not properly to be classed among the other territories, so much is she in advance of them. Her building is a " Salt Palace," and her exhibits are really deserving of a first place among those of the great agricultural and mining states. Dis- trict of Columbia. The display made by the district in which is located the seat of government includes pictures of the school buildings, views of the streets and avenues, and probably a fac-simile in miniature of the city and its public buildings. There is to be also a collection of historical relics. A GROUP OF STATE BUILDINGS. The four states of Wisconsin, Indiana. Michigan and Ohio, are grouped together on a triangular plat of ground near the western limit of Jackson Park, just north of Fifty-ninth street. How to arrange these four state buildings so that each would have a commanding view of the fine art galleries and the pretty little lake near by has been one of the problems for the construction department. The buildings are so placed that each commands a fine view of the art galleries, the picturesque lake and the buildings of a number of foreign nations. The Indiana building cost about $100,000, of which amount $70,000 was to be donated by lumber associations. THE WORLD'S COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION. The Michigan building represents an outlay of $40,000, most of which was donated from private sources. The Wisconsin and Ohio buildings cost about $50,000 each, and as in the case of Michigan and Indiana, most of the building material was donated. OTHER BUILDINGS. Notwithstanding the generous provision made for space by the management, the great size of the buildings as originally planned, and the number of them, exceeding that of any previous exposition, it was found in the spring of 1892 that others must be erected to meet the demands of exhibitors and the public. Some changes were also made in the original designs, more especially with relation to The Casino. No casino is to be seen as originally designed, at the end of the pier 1,000 feet from shore, and there is no curved mole bearing columns emblematical of the thirteen states. In place of the latter there is a peristyle, 60 feet wide and 500 feet long, extending north and south and spanning the lagoon entrance by a grand arch. Ranged along this peristyle are emblematic columns representing all of the states and terri- tories. At the north end of the peristyle is The Music Hall, which for a time it was thought would have to be put on the wooded island. It measures 140 by 200 feet, and has an auditorium large enough to seat 2,000 people, with an orches- tra of 75 pieces and a chorus of 300 persons. It also has a rehearsal hall 50 by 80 feet, capable of seating 600 people. This music hall is designed to be used by musical talent and connoisseurs of the art rather than by the mass of the people who will visit Jackson Park. It is intended that here shall gather the fine singers and instrumentalists who may wish to be heard and criticized by the best representatives of their art or profession. The grand choruses and band concerts the proper musical entertainments will be held in an amphitheatre accommodating 15,000 people or more. This is located in the extreme Southern part of the park, and after the close of the projected musical programme will be transformed into a live stock show ring. At the south end of the peristyle there is a restaurant and cafe, of the same size and style as Music Hall. This is constructed to supply the main features of the abandoned Casino. The cost was $206,000. The pier, extending 1,000 feet into the lake, is one of the greatest features. At its extremity, in place of the Casino, is erected a Tower 250 feet high. This is of iron, covered with staff, and resembles a lighthouse in appear- ance. From its summit electrical displays of exceeding brilliancy are made, and by means of electric "search-lights," the grounds, or any particular por- tion of them, can be flooded with light on fete nights. Department ttiiilding. The building, which is two stories high, cost $58,000. Its dimensions in feet are 165 by 310. In the center is an open court, and about this court are located four important departments of the Exposition management. The northeast section is devoted to general offices for the Chief of Construction and his assis- tants. The southeast quarter furnishes room for a hospital. In this hospital are three wards, 39x19 feet each. Two wards are for male patients ahd one for female patients. The hospital is complete in all appointments. The south end of the building, running west from the hospital, is devoted to the fire depart- ment. Here are located steam and chemical engines, police patrol-wagons, ambulances, fire and police alarm offices, stalls for horses, etc. Running east and west throu.\\ Fair his very remarkable historical and ethnological collection, which has been for some years in a museum connected with the bishop's palace. Australia contributes the most wonderful astronomical clock that has ever been exhibited. It was constructed in New South Wales. This clock is in man}' respects similar to the celebrated time piece at Strassburg, showing numerous figures during the hour and performing many marvellous mechanical feats. The case is forty feet high, by twenty-five feet square and is made of colonial cedar. Captive Balloon Ascensions may be made from the grounds or from grounds in the vicinity daily. The " Bazaar of all Nations " is established near Midway Plaisance. Persons having a concession to sell goods in the bazaar were allotted space in which to erect buildings suitable for the purpose. These buildings were expected to be erected in the style of architecture that prevails in the country in which the articles are produced. H. \V. Young, of Augusta, 111., sends a Bible printed in 1615, the ownership of which in this country he has traced back to 1660. Some novelties may be seen around the California and other buildings. The Monterey Cypress, a yel- low fir tree in feet high, a California " Big Tree," and others, are visible out- side the forestry exhibit. A continuous clam-bake is one of the attractions which epicurean visitors will find at the Exposition. One of the two old sunken vessels in Lake George is on exhibition as a relic. Van Houten & Zoon, the manufacturers of cocoa at Weesp, Holland, set apart $100,000 with which to make an exhibit. The Hercules Iron Company was granted the privilege of constructing and operating a cold storage warehouse on the Exposition grounds. It has a capacity of 600,000 cubic feet, and cost $150,000. The congregation of the little colored church at Haleyville, in Cumberland County, N. J., contributes an interesting historical relic. It is the bell that has for years called them to church. In the year 1445 the bell, it is said, hung in one of the towers of the famous mosque at the Alhambra. After the siege of Granada the bell was taken away by the Spanish soldiers and presented to Queen Isabella, who in turn- presented it to Columbus, who brought it to America on his fourth vo3 - age and presented it to a community of Spanish monks who placed it in the Cathedral of Carthagena, on the island of New Granada. In 1697 buccaneers looted Carthagena and carried the bell on board the French pirate ship, La Rochelle, but the ship was wrecked on the island of St. Andreas shortly afterward and the wreckers secured the bell as part of their salvage. Captain Newell, of Bridgeton, purchased it, brought it to this coun- try, and presented it to the colored congregation of the Haleyville church. The bell weighs sixty-four pounds and is of fine metal. Rudolph Cronau, the eminent author and scientist of Leipsic, Germany, has contributed his extensive collection of paintings, sketches and photographs, representing scenes in the life of Columbus, and places visited by Columbus during his voyages to the new world. W. L. Libby & Son Company, of Toledo, Ohio, were granted a concession for the operation of a big cut-glass factory. The Company iiu-ested between $50,000 and $75,000 on its plant, which is located at 5gth street, in the Midway Plaisance, on a plat of land 150 by 250 feet. One of the events of the Exposition will be a Cyclist's parade, in which many of the 24,000 members of the League 19 7//A U'ORLD'S COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION. of American Wheelmen will take part. The date will be announced in due season. Among the transportation exhibits are coaches used in the early days of railroading, formed after the style of stage coaches, and many other curiosi- ties, sent by the Old Colony railroad company. An East Indian village anJ exhibit occupies 200,000 square feet of space on Midway Plaisance. It is con- ducted by the East Indian Exhibit Co. A reproduction of the famous Eddy- stone Lighthouse may be found by the visitor on the lake shore, used as an ex- hibit and a beacon light. John W. Stiles & Co., of Spokane, Wash., was granted a concession for the reproduction of an Esquimaux village on the Expo- sition grounds. M. O. Jaensch, of \Vahoo, Neb., sends a valuable collection of arms. The collection includes 100 pieces, including swords, pistols, guns, etc. Not the least interesting feature of the government exhibit at the Fair is the fast flight of carrier pigeons. Captain R. E. Thompson, of the signal ser- vice, has this feature of the display in charge, and at frequent intervals he will liberate birds for flights to within 200 miles of Chicago. George W. Childs, the Philadelphia philanthropist, has taken a great interest in this feature of the government display, and offers a prize valued at $100, which will be on exhibi- tion at the Fair, to the owner of the bird making the greatest distance in one day. The first cotton gin made by Eli Whitney is exhibited by the New Orleans Machinery Company, which also makes an extensive exhibit of cotton gins, sugar mills and other machinery. Dr. West, a collector of curios at Antigonish. Nova Scotia, is entitled to the credit of having shipped to the Columbian Expo- sition the first exhibit from a foreign country. It consists of useful and orna- mental articles purchased from the Antigonish Mountain Indians. The first locomotive ever used is exhibited in the Transportation Department. Other curiosities connected with the early days of steam transportation are also to be found there. The first map of the world ever made is exhibited. Pope Leo consented to its loan from the Vatican library. It is known as the Diege Ribere map, and was begun in 1494 and finished in 1529. W. A. Alexander and Louis Gelder, representing the insurance associations of Chicago, were granted space, 50 by 100 feet, to construct a building to con- stitute an exhibit of the most improved methods of fireproof construction and the appliances used in saving goods from burning buildings. The building may be occupied by a salvage corps during the Fair. The Western Union Telegraph Company exhibit, handsomely framed, the first telegraph message ever sent, which was in May, 1844. The message was received by Prof. Morse at the Capitol in Washington, from an assistant in Annapolis. It is seen in the Elec- tricity Department. One of the exhibits that the Baltimore & Ohio road makes in the Electricity Building is a model of the first telegraph wire strung along that line by Morse. The line was nine miles long, and extended from Baltimore to Relay Station. The line was laid in a lead pipe. An eagle measuring almost 20 feet between wing tips perches above the main entrance of the Manufacturers' Building. The old gunboat "Niagara." which was sunk in Massasauga Bay, Erie Harbor, in 1812, is exhibited. The Manufacturers' Club, of Philadelphia, has a building constructed entirely of material made by members of the club, as headquarters for manufacturers. A building in the form of an iceberg in which to make a polar exhibit is projected. 292 PICTURESQUE CHICAGO AXD GUIDE TO THE WORLD'S FAIR. One of the novelties of the Fair is a building 200 feet square used as a skating rink. This rink is to be supplied with a i6-inch layer of ice summer and winter by artificial means. A Government Life Saving Station is on exhibition. A magnificent microscope was made by the Munich Poeller Physical and Optical Institute for the Chicago Exposition, at a cost of $8,750. It possesses a magni- fying power of 11,000 diameters. John McAdams & Co., of Brooklyn, exhibit on Lake Michigan a device to prevent boats from coming in collision. It is a marine brake, powerful enough to stop boats running at a high rate of speed. A genius at Muhlenberg, Pa., completed a marvellous clock for exhibition at the Fair. Around the dial is a railway track, on w r hich a miniature locomotive makes the round every five minutes. It requires a magnifying glass to see the delicate machinery. Sir Walker Bullard contributes the finest collection of native Maori curiosi- ties and paintings in the world. Maj. John Wilson, of Auckland, has brought a colony of Maoris to the Exposition. The United States Consul to Merida, Yucatan, sent to the Exposition a Maya house, with its native inmates and their belongings, and a Maya potter who makes native vessels in public. Meteoric stones of various sizes are exhibited. One of the finest specimens was sent from Marengo, 111. Charles P. Southard, of New Jersey, has erected a model home, valued at $2,060, built through the medium of a co-operative building loan association. Models of all the warships of the United States Navy are shown in the battle-ship Illinois, in which is made the naval exhibit of the government at the World's Fair. A concession was granted to M. Stepanni to erect the Moorish Palace. One of the many attractions which are exhibited in this palace is $1,000,000 in gold coin in one pile. A space 200 by 250 is used for the palace, which cost $400,000. There is a $60,000 natatorium in operation on the Expo- sition grounds. It includes bath-rooms, a swimming pool, a cafe, and a stand for the sale of cigars and flowers. This concession was granted to L. J. Kadish of Chicago. The most gruesome exhibit at the Exposition is that made by the National Prison Association. The exhibit is a comprehensive expose of the devices and methods employed for inflicting punishment from the beginning of history to the present time, and shows the progress which humanity has made in the quality of mercy. A special building is used for the exhibit, and in it is arranged cells of every description, many of them reproductions of places which have detained persons famous in history. Mr. Sell, the London advertising agent, exhibits specimens of all the leading newspapers of the world which have been printed during the last two centuries. The Clayden model of the ocean currents is exhibited by the Navy department. This is a kind of huge scientific tank show. Mrs. Lou Barnes, of Vicksburg, granddaughter of the late Col. J. W. Nailor, sends the samples of cotton which her grandfather ex- hibited at the World's Fair in London in 1851, and at the New York Crystal Palace in 1853, with the medals awarded him at each. The cotton is still well preserved. A panorama of the Volcano Killean, of Hawaii, is exhibited on the ground. The original volcano has a crater one-half mile in diameter, in which there is constant volcanic action. The exhibit is under the auspices of the Hawaiian Government. 294 PICTURESQUE CHICAGO A. YD GUIDE 7'6> THE WORLD'S FAIR. A full-sized model of the Parthenon of Athens is one of the most interest- ing of the Exposition buildings. It contains the World's Fair in miniature. A company embracing several very wealthy men will operate a permanent circus after the style of the Hippodrome in Paris. A building, with seating capacity of 5,000, and having a garden on the roof, has been erected, and the attraction will be in operation to entertain World's Fair crowds. Among the wonderful things to be seen is a petrified log from Oregon. This is probably the largest petrifaction ever exhibited. A business house in Chicago has established a physicians' bureau of service and information, which it proposes to make of great value to the medical profession who may visit the Exposition. A tribe of African Pigmies may be seen by the visitor at the midway plaisance. A chronometer, supposed to have been the property of one of Pizarro's men, recently found in Ecuador, is exhibited. A perfect reproduction of a street in Pompeii, the pavement of which is made of lava from Vesuvius, showing several houses as they appeared before the eruption which destroyed the place, together with relics, etc., is among the attractions. The visitor to the Exposition will have an opportunity of learning among other things, just how a first-rate post-office is managed. A working model of such an office is a part of the U. S. Government exhibit. It is a branch of the central Chicago Post-office so far as mails are concerned, but entirely independent in its exhibition features. It handles all mails of officials, exhibitors, and others to and from the Exposition grounds, and has a special delivery service of its own. In the model post-office building heretofore referred to is located the Government postal museum. Among this collection are the most interesting foreign exhibits. The building erected on the grounds by the publishers of Puck is one of the most interesting attractions of the Fair. It shows fully every detail of the process of editing and publishing a humorous paper. A miniature model of the town of Pullman, 30x80 feet, is a part of the exhibit made by the Pullman Palace Car Company. The State of Ohio sends a number of valuable and interesting relics of the Mound Builders. These are from 100 mounds in Ohio and are 20,000 in number. Saginaw, Mich., has a miniature reproduction of a Salt plant. The cottage in which George Fox, the founder of the Society of Friends or Quakers, was born, in Leicestershire, England, was brought over and appears on the Fair Grounds. A cast-iron slack trough w r hich was captured by General Sam Houston from Santa Anna, at the battle of San Jacinto, has been sent from Texas. The old locomotive " Sansom," built in England in "the thirties " by the celebrated Timothy Hackworth and brought to this country in 1838, is shown in the Transportation Building. When Columbus was made a prisoner in San Domingo, the governor who arrested him feared there might be an attempt at rescue. So he trained a big gun on the entrance of the citadel, or castle, in which Columbus was confined. That cannon laid in the same place until Mr. Ober, a World' s Fair representa- tive, recovered it, and with the permission of the Governor of San Domingo, brought it to the United States. It is on exhibition. A very novel feature of the Historical Exhibit at the Exposition is a fac- J_) .t I- A. W A i-C C, . NEW YORK NORTH DAKOTA. THE ll'OKLD'S COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION. simile reproduction of the little ship " Santa Maria," in which Columbus sailed. It is proposed that the vessel will be taken to Washington after the Exposition and there anchored in the park south of the White House. Shakspeare's historic home at Stratford-on-Avon is also reproduced here and is located on the space set apart for the British Government exhibit. No side shows are permitted within the Exposition grounds. The Directory decided that the entrance fee shall entitle the visitor to see everything within the inclosure. There are, however, several theatres built and kept running, at which the finest talent in the world appears, and visitors who choose to attend the performances have to pay an admission fee. Such sights as " A Street in Cairo" is free, but natives of oriental countries in a few cases are allowed to charge a small fee to special performances of a theatrical nature. A silversmith of Monterey, Mexico, sends a piece of silver which is an exact reproduction of the Agricultural building. It is eight feet wide, contains a quantity of silver valued as bullion at $10,000, and is valued at $20,000. A $10,000 model of a stamp mill for reducing copper, the property of the State Museum of Michigan, is shown at the Fair. This model was made and pre- sented by the Calumet and Hecla Copper Company. Some magnificent statues adorn the grounds. Notable among these is the statue of Franklin, at the main entrance to the Electricity building ; the statue of Columbus, belonging to the city of Baltimore ; and the statue of Columbus, by St. Gaudens, at the entrance to the Administration building. A colossal statue of the Republic rises from the basin in front of the Administration build- ing. This is by Daniel C. French, of New York. An immense wooden box, bound in iron, was recently found at Helsinfors, in Finland, by workmen engaged in excavating in the cellar of an old house. Upon opening the box the men found that it contained a large parchment and a quantity of pieces of iron of odd shapes. Being unable to make out the con- tents of the parchment, they carried it to Mr. Rizeff, the nearest magistrate, who found that it was written by Father Suger, one time minister to Louis VII., of France. It was an elaborately written treatise upon the use of steam as a mo- tive power, and further examination revealed that the bits of iron were numbered parts of a rudimental but complete steam engine. The pioneer steam engine has been put together, and is exhibited. The concession for the reproduction of " A Street in Cairo," was granted to George Panyolo, of Egypt. The space occupied is 600 by 300 feet. The location is the Midway Plaisance. The exhibition is open to visitors, free of cost, except upon occasions of a special street spectacle, as, for example, during the passing of the wedding procession, which will form one of the features of the display. One of the most novel buildings at the Paris Exposition was the tea house erected by the Palais Indian Tea House Company, of London. This same con- cern has constructed on the Exposition grounds a series of tea houses which are finer than anything seen at Paris. The leading theatrical managers of the country will probably erect a build- ing in which theatrical and musical entertainments may be given during the progress of the Fair. An exact reproduction of the Tower of London, costing $250,000, will probably be one of the attractions of the Fair. The North Ameri- ASHLAND BLOCK. THE WORLD'S COLUMBIA* EXPOS/7/u.Y. can Turner Bund displays gymnastic apparatus, literature on the subject of physical exercises and development, and representations of gymnastic organi- zations. Eight days during each month of the Exposition the Turners give gymnastic exhibitions. The Washington Park Club perfected arrangements for a most notable race meeting during the Fair. The stakes in the American Derby are $50,000 ; in the " Queen Isabella" one mile for three- year-old fillies, ?25,ooo : in the "Columbus Handicap " for three-year-olds upwards, $25,000 ; in a race for two-year-olds, $25,000 ; and large stakes are provided for a number of other races. The racing track is close by the World's Fair grounds. \Vaukesha mineral water is furnished to consumers on the Exposition grounds at one cent per glass. Space of 8,000 square feet was granted the White Star Steamship Co., for an exhibition of models of the "Greyhounds" of its line. Similar exhibits are made by other ocean steamship lines. A Wild West Show will be given near the Exposition grounds daily, but it will have no con- nection with the Exposition. The location of the show is south of the Exposi- tion grounds. One million signatures of people directly or indirectly connected with the Exposition are being collected by the \Vorld's Fair Mammoth Auto- graph Album Co. Copies of these collections of autographs will be bound in three volumes of 2,500 pages each, to be presented, respectively, to the President of the United States for the Smithsonian Institution, to the Governor of Illinois for the State Library, and to the Mayor of Chicago for the City Public Library. The names will be collected from all parts of the world. FOREIGN EXHIBITS.- The civilized world, sections of the semi- civilized and many portions of the uncivilized, are represented at the World's Columbian Exposition. The Chicago World's Fair of 1893 has a stronger claim upon the term Universal than any of its predecessors. For the first time in history the great nations of Europe are able to exhibit their progress in science, art, and industry, on what maybe justly termed neutral ground. The political and social rivalry which has ever been a menace to different nations in international expositions heretofore, finds no place here. While the United States comes into competition with all nations, in every department of human activity, the narrow environments and prejudices which exist abroad are unknown here, and every nation is certain to be treated fairly, impartially and justly, not only in the allot- ment of position and space, but in the distribution of honors. The foreign department of the Exposition, from the beginning, has been intelligently and wisely managed. The sending of a commission into the countries of Europe in 1891 was the most politic and judicious step that could have been taken. The effect of their mission was felt almost immediately. Europe was awakened to a sense of the importance and magnitude of the World's Fair, and upon the return of the commission two of the greatest empires on earth England and Germany sent representatives to inquire further into the status of the enterprise and to report to their respective governments the result. The reports of Sir Henry Wood and James 300 PICTURESQUE CHICAGO AND GUIDE TO THE WORLD'S FAIR. Dredge, on the part of England, and of Herr Wermuth, on the part of Germany, as well as the active interest these envoys have since taken in the success of the Exposition, are fresh in the minds of the public. Not only has their friendship and enthusiasm interested the exhibitors of the two empires named, but they have stimulated every European nation, many of which, for a time, at least, were inclined to be apathetic. The visit of the ambassadors of foreign nations accredited to Washington in 1891 also served to enlighten the Old World as to the magnitude of the preparations being made here. Later on, the sending of additional commissioners notably the departure of Mr. H. N. Higginbotham and T. B. Bryan for southern Europe served to renew the interest of foreign nations in the World '& Fair. The organization of a Latin-American Commission likewise resulted in bringing the Spanish- American republics into line, and the exhibits made by our neighbors on this continent demonstrate how well the bureau having this department in charge has been conducted by Mr. W. B. Curtis. Finally the appointment of Walker Fearn as chief of the foreign exhibits department gave an impulse to this branch of the executive service of the Exposition, the favorable effects of which have continued to be felt up to the present time. The passage of the McKinley bill by Congress for a time had a depressing effect upon the prospects of the Exposition. Foreign manufacturers were inclined to hold aloof, in the hope, perhaps, that by so doing the government might be influenced in the direction of more liberal customs laws ; but as our system of government can not be thus influenced, and as foreign governments and foreign manufacturers began to realize that outside pressure of this kind would probably have an effect quite contrary to that which was desired, they gradually accepted the situation and set about making the best of it. It has been decided that agents in this country of articles manufac- tured in foreign countries cannot have the same entered for exhibition as American products. Although the capital of residents of the United States may be employed in the manufacture of such goods, the exhibits will have to be entered as foreign ones and space be assigned for them by the World's Fair Commission of the country in which the articles are produced. The following are the nations and colonies represented at the World's Columbian Exposition, with all information concerning their respective exhibits in possession of the Exposition management : ALGIERS. The Governor of Algiers has taken a deep interest in the Expo- sition. It was the wish of exhibitors in that colony to have a distinct sub-sec- tion of the French exhibit. The Algiers display is novel and brilliant. It may be seen in the French section. FIRST NATIONAL HANK. 302 PICTURESQUE CHICAGO AND GUIDE 7V THE WORLD'S FAIR. ARGENTINE REPUBLIC. The President of the Argentine Republic appointed a World s Fair Commission early in 1891, and no time was lost in collecting and forwarding exhibits. The sum of $100,000 was placed at the disposal of the commission and visitors can readily see how judicious! \ this sum was expended. The Argentine display is a handsome one. AUSTRALIA. Australia is one of the most important exhibitors at the World's Fair. Not less than 1,000,000 feet of space were demanded by her exhibitors, and this was placed at their disposal. New South Wales took a lively interest in the Exposition from the first, as did New Zealand and Queen- land. The merchants and manufacturers of Sydney and Melbourne were enthusiastic, and the public of Australia in general determined upon making a display which should attract the attention of the world to the progress the great island is making. AUSTRIA. The Austro- Hungarian Empire was a little late in responding to the President's invitation, but finally decided to participate, although not offi- cially. The premier notified the U. S. minister that the Empire would give its utmost support to anything that private parties might do toward making an exhibit. Private interests at once took up the matter, and the exhibits from Austria and Hungary in the several departments of the Exposition are fully up to the standard established by the great powers of Europe. As a strong evidence of her friendship, Austria postponed the International Art Jubilee, which was to occur in 1893, until 1894, so that it should not interfere with the World's Fair. BELGIUM. Belgium from the first displayed the greatest interest in the World's Fair, and determined upon taking an active and conspicuous part in the Exposition. She made a grant of 600,000 francs, and has sent an art exhibit much more extensive than that displayed at the last Paris Exposition. Belgium is represented in all the leading departments. A supplementary grant of 300,000 francs was made to aid the private exhibitors. BOLIVIA. Bolivia has an excellent exhibit. It is among the best from the Latin -American Republics. Bolivia's appropriation for the Fair was $150,000. BRAZIL. The government of Brazil makes a magnificent display. The cost of the exhibit was over half a million dollars. The Brazil building is in itself a leading attraction. In addition to the $550,000 appropriated by the Federal government of Brazil, $250,000 were appropriated by the different states of the Republic. Brazil's exhibits will be found in the art, agricultural, forestry, horticultural, floricultural and other departments, and always occupying a con- spicuous and creditable position. BRITISH COLUMBIA. British Columbia is represented by a building which is a novelty in architecture, composed of every variety of wood known to the British Columbia forests. British Columbia is represented in nearly all of the principal departments. BRITISH GUIANA. British Guiana appropriated $20,000 for an exhibit and appointed a commission to collect and display the same. A space of 60x30 feet is allotted to the exhibit from this colony, close to the exhibit and building of the Dominion of Canada. The location was chosen by British Guiana so as to afford an opportunity for contrasting its exhibits with those of other British LOUISIANA. TEXAS. THE WORLD'S COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION. 305 American colonies. ' A local exhibition of the resources of British Guiana was held previous to the shipment of the exhibits to this country, so that the choicest might be selected. BRITISH HONDURAS. This colony makes an excellent exhibit, consisting principally of woods, plants, fruits, tropical flowers, native minerals, etc. BRITISH WEST INDIA. The display made by British India in various departments and sections is an interesting one. Exhibits from Burmah are particularly attractive. The commissioner for British West Indies was granted 25,000 square feet of space. Much of the exhibit from these colonies consist of tropical plants, etc., which are to be seen in the horticultural department. BULGARIA. Bulgaria has a surprisingly fine aft and industrial display. The kingdom is represented worthily for the first time at an International Exposition. CANADA. Canada early in 1892 asked for 96,000 square feet of space, but this did not represent the total space desired. In the fine arts and fisheries annexes additional room was necessary. Canada was granted in all about 100,000 square feet. CEYLON. Ceylon has a special building on the grounds. Among the attractions of its display is a large tea house. CHILE. The position of Chile as to its participation in the World's Colum- bian Exposition long remained in doubt. The impoverished condition of the country, and the stagnation of its trade due to the recent revolution, compelled the government to abandon its original design of appropriating $100,000 to defray the expenses of an exhibit, but it is believed she will be creditably represented. CHINA. Owing to certain diplomatic troubles between the United States and China, caused by the exclusion of Chinese immigrants, it was doubted for some time whether China would participate in any way in the Exposition. But the government of the Empire, while giving no official countenance to the Exposition, it was understood, would assist private exhibitors substantially. Later on it was announced that China would subscribe $200,000 and $50,000 to defray the expenses of a private exhibit. The Chinese government authorized Tao Tai, the representative of the custom service at Shanghai, to remove all export duties on exhibits intended for the World's Fair. Later still the Chi- nese government announced through its minister at Washington that its Em- bassy to this country would eventually be made a commission to represent China at the World's Fair and see that the rights of its citizens were thoroughly protected. The general indications are that China will be represented in many of the important departments of the Exposition and will probably erect a build- ing on the grounds. COLOMBIA. Colombia's display is particularly attractive. Its building is modeled after the capitol at Bogota. The exterior is in imitation of the sand- stone of which the capitol is built, while the interior is finished in the valuable hardwoods of the country, comprising more than a hundred varieties. COSTA RICA. Among the first exhibits received in Chicago for the World's Fair of 1893, were ten cases of curios and antiques collected in Costa Rica by the Latin-American bureau. Lieut. Scriven was specially detailed to make the 20 PICTURESQUE CHICAGO AND GUIDE TO THE WORLD'S FAIR. collection. It was valued at $500. This little Republic appropriated $50,000 to defray the expenses of her display. Her exhibits are to be found in nearly every one of the principal departments. CUBA. The exhibit from Cuba is principally remarkable for the wonderful floral and horticultural specimens which it includes. These are to be found in the proper departments. Cuba also contributes to other departments of the Exposition, particularly to the manufactures, where her display of tobaccos and cigars will attract general attention. DENMARK. The Danish exhibit comprises contributions to nearly all de- partments, and particularly to those of fine arts, agriculture and manufactures. The sum of $55,000 was set apart by Denmark in order to show as a leading feature of its exhibit a Danish dairy complete and in full operation. DUTCH WEST INDIES. The Dutch colonies of the West Indies, composed of the Islands of Curacoa, St. Martins, Bonaire, Aruba, St. Eustache and Saba, are represented by special exhibits in several departments. ECUADOR. The President of Ecuador early in 1892 decreed that the Gover- nor of each state of the Republic should collect and forward to Quito exhibits of all kinds illustrating the riches and the productions of the country. The Consul- General of the United States in Quito directed the Consuls and Vice-Consuls and Consular Agents at different points in Ecuador to assist the Governors of states in every way possible in the collection of articles relating to commerce with exterior countries. The best of these exhibits so collected and exhibited in Quito during the National Exposition held there in 1892, were forwarded to Chicago. The President of Ecuador also named Commissioners to Chicago, and a sufficient sum was appropriated to meet the expenses. The state of Esme- ralda makes a special exhibit of gold and gold ores from the mines of Ibarra, rubber, and other lowland products. The department of Guayaquil also has a special exhibit. Ecuador has her own building on the grounds. Ecuador is represented in many of the leading departments. ENGLAND. England made application for 200,000 square feet of floor space for exhibits, or nearly five square miles. This was equal to the space asked for by Germany, and indicated at an early day the international character of the Exposition. The exhibits from England are on a greater and grander scale than were ever seen before outside of London Expositions. England contributes to every department of the Fair. It is unsettled, at this date, whether the Irish exhibit shall be included in England's. The Scotch exhibit certainly will. Both of these kingdoms contribute very creditable displays. FRANCE. France asked for 25,000 square feet of space for its picture exhibits alone. The leading men of France became interested in the Columbian Expo- sition early in 1892, and from that time on the collections made in France and forwarded to this country gave every assurance that France would maintain her pre-eminent position among the industrial nations of the world. France occu- pies 100,000 square feet in the manufactures, 10,000 in the machinery, and 10,000 in the live stock departments. The first appropriation made by France for the expenses of the exhibit amounted to 3,250,000 francs, or about $650,000. GERMANY. The demand of Germany for 200,000 square feet of floor space early in 1892 indicated pretty clearly the intentions of that empire with regard MISSOURI. UTAH. THE WORLD'S COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION. 3Q9 to the Columbian Exposition. The interest of the people of Berlin. Dresden, Leipsig, Stuttgart, Nuremburg, Hamburg, and, in fact, of all the leading com- mercial, manufacturing, art and educational centers of Germany, has been cen- tered in the Columbian Exposition for over two years. The first appropriation made by the German government to defray the expenses of its exhibit amounted to 900,000 marks. This, however, was quickly swallowed up, and large addi- tional appropriations became necessary. GREECE. The financial situation in Greece prevented that kingdom from doing what it would have liked to do in the way of sending an art exhibit to the Columbian Exposition. It proposed a display of casts and models of the Greek art schools, the value of which, it is said, can scarcely be overestimated, and asked that the Columbian Exposition Company pay a sum ranging between $20,000 and $200,000 for this proposed exhibit. This proposition is referred to under the head of Art department. GUATEMALA. Guatemala started out by appropriating $100,000 in gold to defray the expenses of its exhibit at Chicago. Later on an appropriation of $20,000 was added to pay for the erection of a suitable building to be used as headquarters for this republic. The greatest interest in the Exposition \v s manifested in Guatemala from the first. This country contributes its national band to the Exposition. It will perform daily. This band is the third largest in the world, that of Austria being first and the Mexican National Band being second. It is composed of 200 performers. HAYTI. The congress of Hayti appropriated $25,000 for its exhibits. Frederic Douglas, the celebrated American negro, is in charge of the Haytian display, which is a very creditable one. HOLLAND. The Netherlands not only contribute one of the finest collec- tions of paintings from the Dutch masters, but are represented in the Liberal Arts and Mechanical departments quite fully. Some of the most unique and interesting exhibits displayed at the Exposition came from Holland. HONDURAS. The exhibits of Honduras are very attractive and interesting. One of the measures adopted in that country for raising the necessary funds was the establishment of a national lottery. The exhibits forwarded are clas^ i- fied under the heads Minerals, Wood, Agriculture, Drugs, Animal Kingdom, Ethnology, Industries and General Information, and include a geological col- lection showing the mineral wealth of Honduras in building stone as well as in such semi- precious stones as opals, etc. INDIA. No money was appropriated by the Indian government, but the viceroy declared he would encourage private exhibitors in every way possible. Indian exhibits began to arrive early in 1892. Several Indian princes will attend the Exposition. IRELAND. An effort was made by the Irish members of Parliament to sep- arate the Irish from the British exhibit, and to secure an independent subsidy from the crown. Before this question was determined the Countess of Aber- deen a patriotic Irish lady, took the matter of collecting an exhibit of Irish industries in hand, and raised between $15,000 and 20,000 i n this country, her object being to have an independent room in the Women's "building. ITALY. The United States was not on amicable diplomatic terms with 310 PICTURESQUE CHICAGO AND GUIDE TO THE WORLDS FAIR. Italy in 1891, and there was no resumption of relations until late in 1892. This was the result of the Italian massacre in New Orleans. Accordingly it was feared that Italy would take no part in the Exposition. Commissioners Hig- ginbotham and Bryan visited southern Europe in 1892 and paid particular attention to Italy. Before the} 7 returned an entente cordiale was established, and they brought back assurances that Italy would do her part toward giving an international complexion to the World's Fair. The king has officially rec- ognized the Exposition by the appointment of a World's Fair Commission. Although no appropriation will be made, the government will in all probability transport Italian exhibits without cost to exhibitors. JAPAN. Japan leads all foreign countries in the amount of its appropria- tion for the World's Fair. The empire of the Mikado was willing to spend more money in making an exhibit in 1893 than man}- of the countries of Europe, so far as their appropriations were first reported. Exposition officials were both surprised and pleased to receive authoritative information that the Japanese Parliament had set aside $630,765 for a display at the Fair. It is thorough and shows everything of interest which the ingenious people of Japan manufacture or otherwise produce. In appropriating the money the Parlia- ment took occasion to authorize its expenditure as follows : During the year 1891, #51,495 : ^92, $313.098 ; 1893, $241,536 ; 1894, $24,636. Japan made a novel proposition for the consideration of the World's Fair management. It offered, if a suitable location should be granted, to reproduce a building of the most ancient style of architecture of Japan, and make to the city of Chicago a gift of the structure at the close of the World's Fair. The offer to do this came from the Japanese government. The estimated cost, including the elaboration of the gardens about it, was figured at $100,000. This edifice, with all its surround- ings, will be tendered to the city of Chicago as a permanent monument of Japanese architecture and landscape gardening. Japan was given 40,000 square feet for the purpose indicated in the north end of the wooded island. In addition to this Japan consumes over 90,000 square feet ; in the Manufactures building, 35,000 ; Agricultural building, 4,000 ; Fine Arts, 2,000 ; Mines and Mining, 750 ; Forestry, 350 ; Bazaars, 42,000. Japan makes a magnificent display in all of the principal buildings, and has a Japanese tea house on the lake front and a bazaar on the Midway Plaisance. MADEIRA. The Governor of Madeira accepted the invitation to participate in the Exposition early in 1892, and the work of collecting an exhibit began at once. The display made by this province is worthy of attention. There are numerous Columbus relics in the exhibit. MEXICO. The nearest Republican neighbor of the United States makes one of the most prominent as well as one of the handsomest displays in each of the great departments of the Exposition. It was announced quite early that $2,000,000 would be expended upon the exhibit of this Republic, and the fact that the first appropriation amounted to $750,000, which was intended merely to be preliminary, justified this prediction. The Mexican exhibits are to be seen in nearly every department of the Ex- position. The floral display of the Republic is one of the handsomest to be seen in the Horticultural Building. THE WORLD'S COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION. 311 MOROCCO. The Moorish minister of foreign affairs communicated with the United States Consul at Tangier immediately on receipt of the invitation to participate in the Exposition and asked that space be reserved for Morocco. Hassan Ben Ali took charge of the exhibit. Morocco makes a very interesting showing in the transportation department, where some horses, saddles, -and other equestrian equipments from that country are displayed. NEWFOUNDLAND. The colony of Newfoundland participates in the Ex- position and makes an independent display close to that of the Dominion and other English colonies. It is also represented largely in the fisheries de- partment. NICARAGUA. Nicaragua set aside $30,000 for her display at the Exposition. It is the best exhibit the country has ever made. Senor Don Sallaverri, who had charge of Nicaragua's exhibit at Paris, arranged the country's display here. NORWAY AND SWEDEN. The amount raised in Norway and Sweden, in- cluding government and private subscriptions towards defraying the expenses of the exhibit, was about $150,000. It is understood that Norway and Sweden will each have a building on the grounds. PANAMA. The little government of Panama is well represented in the dif- ferent departments, especially in that of horticulture. The marble slab pre- sented by the Empress Josephine to Panama, and many other novel and curious articles are exhibited. PARAGUAY. The government of Paraguay very speedily accepted the in- vitation to participate, and the president of the republic was authorized to use whatever public funds he deemed necessary to enable Paraguay to make a proper exhibit. The republic makes an excellent display. PERSIA. The government of Persia as a first evidence of friendship toward the Exposition lifted the export duty on all goods sent to the World's Fair and all goods which might be purchased and returned to that country by visitors to the Exposition. This was looked upon at the time as a most liberal concession. The most important portion of the Persian exhibit is to be seen in the Manu- factures Building, where there is a magnificent display of carpets, rugs, shawls and fabrics from that country. Ivories, curios and contributions to the art and other departments are also numerous. The representative of the Shah of Persia is M. E. Spencer Pratt, formerly United States Minister to Persia. PERU. The exhibit made by Peru is certainly equal to that made by any of the Latin-American republics, with the exception, perhaps, of Mexico and Brazil. A national exposition was held at Lima in May, 1892. This was known as a " Congress of Producers." The exhibition continued several months, and when it closed the entire exhibits were shipped to Chicago. The first appropri- ation made by Peru amounted to $25,000. RUSSIA. Although one of the most dreadful famines of recent years pre- vailed throughout the Empire during the greater part of 1892, the interest of the Russian Government and people in the Columbian Exposition was not per- mitted to languish. The Imperial Government appointed a commission of which the famous Count Tolstoi, the novelist and statesman, was a member, and the work of preparation, though hindered by the depressed financial condition of the Empire, went steadily on. The Russian Government undertook to bear 312 PICTURESQUE CHICAGO AND GUIDE TO THE WORLD'S FAIR. all expenses for transportation and insurance of private exhibits. Every ex- hibitor, whether from European or Asiatic Russia, who had goods of historic, artistic or economic value to offer worthy of a place in the Exposition was encouraged to send them. Russia is represented in every one of the leading de- partments in a manner befitting the greatness of the Empire. ROUMANIA. Roumania contributes exhibits to the Art and several other departments. Her display is in every way more prominent than at the last Paris Exposition. SAN DOMINGO. Many interesting relics from this island are on exhibition. The most valuable and the most interesting perhaps is the first church bell that ever rang out in the New World. It was presented to the colonists of the first settlement of San Domingo by Queen Isabella in appreciation of the fact that the first settlement bore her name. There is also an exact reproduction of the cross which Columbus raised immediately upon landing. The material of the cross is the same exactly as that which Columbus nailed up, having been taken from the wood of a building erected in 1509. There are also in this col- lection fac-similes of the doors which close the cells in which the bones of Co- lumbus repose. The collection of relics is very extensive and is contained in a building erected for this special purpose. SANDWICH ISLANDS. A separate building is devoted to exhibits of the government of Hawaii. The collection in the department of agriculture, from' these islands, include rice, arrowroot, sugar cane, sugar models and machinery for making sugar, photographs of mills, coffee in the berry, in the shell, cleaned and growing. In the forestry department are shown trees of every description and in the horticultural department a great variety of fruit. In the floricul- tural department many beautiful palms are exhibited, and in the department of viticulture will be found a display of grapes, preserved fruits of eve^ descrip- tion, dried or in alcohol or in syrups. The Islands are also represented by fish, fish products and manufactures, including gold ornaments, palm leaf, bamboo, feather work, artificial flowers, seed work, etc. SERVIA. The kingdom of Servia sends a large and interesting display, a great portion of which was taken from the government museums and stores, and of articles such as ancient armor, tapestries. Si AM. The kingdom of Siam charged the commissioner of agriculture to charter one or more vessels and load them with the products of the farms, mines, forests and manufactories of that country and ship them to Chicago. The exhibit which is made here eclipses that made at the Paris Exposition, where it carried off the honors of the Oriental section. SOUTH AFRICA. The exhibits from South Africa include those of the British colonies, Orange Free States and other settlements. These are scattered through the various departments of the Exposition. Cape Colony alone appro- priated $25,000, and the De Beers Company a like amount. Zanzibar exhibits among other things a score of pigmies from the east coast of Africa. SOUTH AMERICA. The exhibits from South America include those from all of the so-called Latin -American republics, and are referred to here under the headings of the different countries represented. In the spring of 1892 commis- sioners had been appointed and appropriations made to pay the expenses of rep- GERMAN. THE WORLD'S COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION. 315 reservation of the South American republics which exceeded in the aggregate the sum of $2,000,000 more than had been provided up to that time by the United States, with Illinois excepted. SOUTH SEA ISLANDS. The South Sea Islands are represented at the Expo- sition. The nature of their display was not known to the Exposition manage- ment when this book went to press. SPAIN. It is but natural that Spain should have taken more than an ordi- nary interest in the World's Columbian Exposition, designed as it is to cele- brate the most glorious achievement in the history of that nation the discovery of America. For many reasons, however, but principally because the financial situation in Spain is depressed, the display made by that country does not compare favorably with that by other European nations. Spain is represented in nearly all of the principal departments. The Queen Regent of Spain sends a portrait of the youthful king. Many of the jewels and other possessions of Ferdinand and Isabella are exhibited in the Spanish collection. SWITZERLAND. There was considerable feeling manifested in Switzerland against the United States and the World's Fair, owing to the passage of the McKinley bill, which it was claimed would have the effect of depressing the trade of that country. Besides it was held that to exhibit the expensive and complicated pattern of embroideries would result in having the trade of Swiss manufacturers injured by cheap imitations, as had been the case at Paris. The sentiment in Switzerland, however, underwent a very decided change upon the arrival of the Columbian Commission. The importance of the World's Fair, and the gigantic nature of the enterprise having been laid before them, the manufacturers quickly decided to make an exhibit, and the government was called upon to make a suitable grant. Among the attractions of the Swiss exhibit is a magnificent display made by the watchmakers of that country. Switzerland is represented in nearly every department of the Exposition. TRINIDAD. Trinidad was the thirty-first nation to accept an invitation to participate in the Columbian Exposition. The display made by this little country is very interesting and creditable. TURKEY. Enthusiasm for the World's Columbian Exposition and material assistance in making it an international affair, strangely enough came at the beginning from nations that were not expected to participate to any great ex- tent. This fact was particularly exemplified in the cases of Japan and Turkey. The Turkish flag was the first foreign flag hoisted at the World's Fair grounds. This event occurred on September 20, 1891, with appropriate ceremonies. The flag was raised on the site which Robert Levy, of Constantinople, secured for his Turkish specialties. The Sultan took a great personal interest in the Ex- position, and gave orders concerning certain exhibits which make a showing of Turkish progress in science and education. He officially signified his con- sent to the erection of a mosque, to be used by Mussulmans for religious ser- vices during the Exposition. The supervision of the construction of the mosque was committed to the imperial Turkish commissioner and cost $3,000. The merchants of Smyrna occupy about 1,000 square feet of space in an ex- hibit of the finest Turkish rugs and carpets. Turkey is represented in nearly every one of the leading departments. The Turkish commissioner is Hakki 316 PICTURESQUE CHICAGO AND GUIDE TO THE WORLD'S FAIR. Bey, translator at the imperial palace, and Fahni Bey, of the general post-office, is sub-commissioner. In addition to these, other representatives of the Turkish government and Imperial Palace are daily on the grounds. URUGUAY. The display of the government of Uruguay is in charge of the rural association, and is one of the most interesting to be seen. The Rural As- sociation of Paraguay is an important national organization, and has spared no pains or expense in making the exhibit creditable. This association managed the Uruguay display at Paris. The republic is well represented in the agricul- ture, live-stock and educational departments. DEDICATION DAY PROGRAMME. The dedication of the World's Columbian Exposition took place October 21, 1892. The pro- gramme agreed upon for the first three days devoted to the festivities was as follows : 1. March for orchestra. Written for the occasion by John K. Payne. 2. Prayer by the Rt. Rev. Bishop Brooks, of Massachusetts. 3. Report of the World's Columbian Commission by the Director- General. 4. Presentation of the buildings, for dedication, by the President of the World's Fair Columbian Exposition to the President of the World's Columbian Commission. 5. Chorus, " The Heavens Are Telling " Haydn. 6. Presentation of the buildings, for dedication, by the President of World's Columbian Commission to the President of the United States. 7. March and chorus from " The Ruins of Athens" Beethoven. 8. Dedication of the buildings by the President of the United States. 9. Hallelujah chorus from the Messiah Handel. 10. Dedicatory Oration by the Hon. William C. P. Breckinridge, of Kentucky. 1 1 . Dedicatory Ode. Words by Miss Harriet Monroe ; music by E. A. McDowell. 12. " Star-Spangled-Banner " and "America," with full chorus and orchestral accompaniment. 13. National salute. DEDICATION OF THE BUILDINGS, ETC. In the dedicatory exercises on the i2th, the completed buildings were tendered by the Presi- dent of the Exposition to the National Commission. President T. W. Palmer accepted them on behalf of that body and at once presented them to the President of the United States, who fittingly responded. The dedicatory oration followed. Much attention was given to the musical portion of the programme. This included the dedicatory ode and or- chestra marches written for the occasion. These and other numbers, in- cluding "America " and " Star-Spangled Banner," were rendered with full choral and orchestral accompaniment. THE WORLD'S COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION. 317 In April, 1893, a grand international naval review, preliminary to the opening of the Exposition, as provided for by Act of Congress, will be held in New York harbor. FIRE WORKS. For a consideration of $25,000 Mr. James Payn, cf London, gave a display of fire- works at the dedicatory ceremonies, that excelled in magnificence anything of the kind ever attempted. There were three displays on as many nights. The first night's programme included a salute of 100 aerial maroons, four and one-half inches in diameter, fired from iron mortars. Following this was a grand device, re- presenting Chicago's welcome to all the nations of the earth. Then came Columbus and his departure from Spain, and a floating star-spangled banner, which remained in the air for hours. On the second night a grand device in honor of the army and navy was given. A scene from the battle of Lake Erie was selected. After this was shown a prismatic fountain, a reproduction of the Capitol at Washington and many other equally striking and beautiful pictures. On the third night was shown a reproduction of the facade of the Administration building and devices showing the portraits of the Exposi- tion officials. The grand display was closed with an illumination of the entire Lake Front from Van Buren Street to Jackson Park, together with the lagoons and the canal with a crowning device representing the Goddess of Peace surrounded by Science, Art and Literature, with glimpses of the Brooklyn bridge, the Eiffel Tower and other famous structures. MILITARY DISPLAY. Fifteen thousand troops at least, with all the crack artillery companies in the country, were present for the week of the World's Fair dedicatory ceremonies. The display of troops was par- ticularly impressive, and there was the greatest display of artillery here ever brought together in one place in the United States si ice the close of the Civil War. Ohio sent 1,000 men, Indiana 500, Illinois 3,000, Mis- souri 500, Iowa 500, Minnesota 500, Wisconsin 1,000, Michigan 1,000. This makes atotal of 8,500 troops specially invited. In addition there were 5,000 regulars of the United States army. The encampment lasted from Oct. 1 1 to Oct. 14 inclusive. The Ex- position management furnished quarters and subsistence during the encampment. Beyond the number of men of the National Guard of the United States army indicated, the Governors of many of the States were accompanied by their guards. The entire cost of the encampment is estimated at $30,000. The reasons for inviting the Governors of the States adjoining or near to Illinois to send the specified allotment of troops was because of their proximity. In the summer of 1893 there will be another encampment, PICTURESQUE CHICAGO AND GUIDE TO THE WORLD'S FAIR, when it is expected that troops from a distance will be present. Gen. Nelson A. Miles will have charge of the military display. PROCESSION OF CENTURIES. After months of deliberation the joint committee representing the National Commission and Board of Directors adopted twenty-four floats, which formed the procession of centuries. These floats were drawn around through the canals and lagoons of Jackson Park on dedication night. They were built at an average expense of $3,800 each, or a total cost of $91,200. Following is the list of floats : 1. The Stone Age; representing the cliff-dwellers and the Toltecs. 2. The Bronze Age ; representing the Aztecs and the mound-builders. 3. The Aboriginal Age ; representing the American Indians. 4. Columbus at the Court of Ferdinand and Isabella. 5. Departure of Columbus from Palos. 6. The discovery of America. 7. Columbus before the Court of Ferdinand and Isabella presenting natives and the strange products of the new country. 8. English Cavaliers and the Settlement of Jamestown. 9. Hendrick Hudson ; Discovery of the Hudson river ; Dutch Settle- ment at New Amsterdam. 10. Landing of the Pilgrams. 1 1 . Illustration of early Puritan L,ife. 12. Ferdinand de Soto ; Discovery of the Mississippi. 13. Pere Marquette, Chevalier L,a Salle, and the Northwest. 14. Washington and his Generals. 15. Signing the Declaration of Independence. 1 6. Union of the Colonies ; the thirteen original States ; the sister- hood of the great Republic ; welcoming the Territories to the constella- tion of States. 17. "Westward the course of empire takes its way." 1 8. The genius of invention ; application of steam, etc. 19. Electricity and electric appliances. 20. War; representing valor, sacrifice, power, death, devastation. 21. Peace; representing tranquillity, security, prosperity, happiness. 22. Agriculture. 23. Science, art and literature. 24. Universal freedom of man; equal rights; law and justice; lib- erty enlightening the world. SEP 2 6 University of California SOUTHERN REGIONAL LIBRARY FACILITY 305 De Neve Drive - Parking Lot 17 Box 951388 LOS ANGELES, CALIFORNIA 90095-1388 Return this material to the library from which it was borrowed. MAV 7 2004 SRLF 2 WEEK LOAN UC IRVINE LIBRARY