o 7* Q A SYSTEM OF MINERALOGY DESCRIPTIVE MINERALOGY, COMPRISING THE MOST RECENT DISCOVERIES. BY JAMES D WIGHT DANA, / S ^ 8ILLIMAN PROFESSOR OF GEOLOGY AND MINERALOGY IN YALE COLLEGE. AUTHOR OF A MANUAL OF GEOLOGY J OF RBPORTS OF WILKES'S TJ. 8. EXPLORING EXPEDITION ON GEOLOGY; ON ZOOPHYTES; AND ON CRUSTACEA, ETC. AIDED BY GEORGE JARVIS BRUSH, PROFE880E OF MINHRALOGY AND METALLURGY IN THE SHEFFIELD SCIENTIFIC SCHOOL OF YALE COLLEGE. ''Size studio, nobisQum peregrinantur rusticantur.' 1 ' 1 FIFTH EDITION. REWRITTEN AND ENLARGED, AND ILLUSTRATED WITH UPWARDS OF SIX HUNDRED WOODCUTS. NEW YORK: JOHN WILEY & SON, PUBLISHERS, NO. 2 CLINTON PLACE. 1868. Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year 1868, by JOHN WILEY & SON, In the Clerk's Office of the District Court of the United States for the Southern District of New York. THE NEW YORK PRINTING COMPANV, 8 1, 83, and 85 Centre Street^ NEW YORK, Bancroft Ubnif PREFACE. THE large size of this volume on Descriptive Mineralogy, exceeding by one-half the corresponding part of the preceding edition, is not without good reason. In the first place, the long interval of fourteen years has elapsed since the last edition was published, and during this period the science has made great progress. Chemical researches have been carried forward in connection with almost every spe- cies, and analyses have been largely multiplied ; and it is the plan of the work to be complete in this department, so far as to include all analyses. Crystallographic investigations also have been numerous and important. Moreover, the number of species has been much enlarged, and every part of the science has had accessions of facts. In addition, a new feature has been given the work, in the systematic recognition and description of the varieties of species. The first edition of this Treatise, that of 1837, was written in the spirit of the school of MOHS. The multitudes of subdivi- sions into subspecies, varieties, and subvarieties, based largely on unimportant cha- racters, which had encumbered the science through the earlier years of this century, and were nearly smothering the species, were thrown almost out of sight by MOHS, in his philosophic purpose to give prominence and precision to the idea of the species. Much rubbish was cleared away, and the science elevated thereby ; but much that was necessary to a full comprehension of minerals in their diversified states was lost sight of. In the present edition an endeavor is made to give varieties their true place ; and to insure greater exactness with regard to them, the original locality of each is stated with the description. Further, the work has received another new feature in its historical synonymy. A list of synonyms has hitherto been mainly an index to works or papers on the species, and often without any regard to the original describer or description. HAUSMANN'S admirable Handbuch (1847) is partly an exception. LEONHARD'S " Oryktognosie " (1821, 1826), following the method of REUSS of the opening cen- tury, contains a full catalogue of references to publications on each species ; but it fails of half its value because the references have no connection in any way with the synonymy. In most recent works, an author who has merely adopted a name is often quoted as if the original authority. The present work is no longer open to this criticism. As now issued, the first author and first place of publication of each species, and of each name it has borne, and of the names of all its varieties, are stated in chronological order, with the dates of all publications cited ; and, besides, remarks are added in the text when the subject is one of special interest. The facts and con- clusions have been derived in almost all cases from the study of the original works themselves ; and this Treatise has become thereby, to some extent, an account of ancient as well as modern minerals. These historical researches added a third to the labor of preparing the edition for the press, thereby delaying the publication of the work about a year. But such studies are endless, especially when they relate to past centuries, and the work, however long continued, must be incomplete. As an example : the word schorl, which figured largely in the mineralogy of the last PREFACE. century and the earlier part of the present, is traced by some writers to the Swedish, and is cited from CRONSTEDT (1758). From Dr. NAUMANN, of Leipsic, I learned of the occurrence of the word' in the Magnalia Dei of BRUCKMANN (1727). After- ward I found it in BROKER'S Aula Subterranea (1595); and later in GESNER on Fossils (1565), and in the Sarepta of MATTHESIUS (1562), which contains a detailed description of it. In what earlier works the word occurs, and what was its origin, are among the questions unanswered. (See further p. 205.) The introduction of formulas on the basis of the new system of chemistry, with the necessary explanations, constitutes another addition. The formulas, it will be observed, while in principle those of the leaders of the system, have some peculiar features, serving to give them greater compactness on the page, and make them more easy of comparison, and bringing out well the unity and simplicity of type among inorganic compounds. In these and other ways the volume has unavoidably become enlarged. Not a page, and scarcely a paragraph, of the preceding edition remains unaltered, and full five-sixths of the volume have been printed from manuscript copy. I may here add, that, notwithstanding the impaired state of my health, this manuscript the para- graphs on the pyrognostic characters excepted was almost solely in the handwri- ting of the author, or in that of a copyist from it. Neither the consultation of original authorities, the drawing of conclusions, nor the putting of the results on paper, has been delegated to another. And being now but half way between the fifties and sixties, it is my hope that the future will afford another opportunity for similar work. The optical qualities of minerals have been but briefly stated, and in general for those species alone which seemed to require this addition to their distinctive charac- ters, as a full presentation of them would have added much more to the size of the volume. The best work on the subject, and one containing many original observa- tions, is the excellent Mineralogy of DESCLOIZEAUX, the first volume of which, on the Silicates, was published in 1862. The second, unfortunately for the science, has not yet appeared. Other works in this department are BROOKE & MILLER'S Mineralogy (1852) ; GRAILICH'S Vienna edition of MILLER'S Crystallography (1856), and his own Krystallographisch-optische Untersuchungen (1858). In classification, the general system remains unaltered. It is based on a compre- hensive view of the characters of minerals as species in the inorganic kingdom of nature, the preeminence being given to chemical, the next place to crystallographic, the third to the different physical characters. The author believes (after having tried the so-called natural history system of MOHS for two editions) that light from no source should be shut out where the relations of species and groups in nature are to be determined. As in the preceding edition, the method avoids almost entirely the distinction, in most cases wrong, founded on the fact of the base in oxygen ternaries or salts being in the protoxyd state, or in the sesquioxyd, or in both combined, and proceeds on the ground that the basic elements in these and the other different states are mutually replaceable in certain proportions determined by their combining power with oxygen. ^ But while the progress of chemistry and the kindred sciences requires no modification of the general plan of the classification, but gives it new support, it has rendered many minor changes necessary, and some that are of much importance. The historical inquiries above alluded to were prompted by a desire to place the nomenclature of mineralogy on a permanent basis. They were incident to a search after a reason for choosing one name rather than another from among the number that stand as claimants. Part of the existing diversity is due to national partiality, and much of it to indifference. It has become somewhat common for authors to select the name they like best without reference to authority, or to reject an old for PEEFACE. V a new one on no other ground than that of their preference. Increasing confusion in nomenclature has consequently attended the recent progress of the science ; and in view of this fact the novel expedient has been tried of endeavoring to escape the confusion by adding one more to the number of names. The right method is mani- festly that which has proved so successful in the other natural sciences, viz., the recognition, under proper restrictions, of the law of priority ; and this method the author has aimed to carry out. Moreover, it has seemed best that the science should not only have a system of nomenclature, but should also stand by it; that, accordingly, the termination ine, which is prominently chemical, should be left to the chemists, and that other miscellaneous endings should, as far as possible, be set aside, or be made to conform to the system. With this in view, changes have been made in accordance with the principles explained in the course of the remarks beyond on Nomenclature. In the preparation of this volume, the author owes much to the cooperation of his friend, Prof. GEORGE J. BRUSH. Prof. BRUSH has had sole charge of the blowpipe department. The pyrognostic characters have been entirely rewritten by him ; and while he has had the works of PLATTNER and VON KOBELL always at hand, he has, for much the larger part of the species, made personal trials of the reactions before writing them out ; so that, although the facts stated are not generally new, they still are mostly from his own observations. His skill also in analytical chemistry, and his thorough knowledge of minerals, have enabled him to remove doubts, afford aid and advice, and furnish new facts, on various points throughout the progress of the work. Prof. BRUSH has also given the proofs, while the work was in the press, the benefit of his revision. I take pleasure also in acknowledging the assistance of Prof. GEORGE F. BARKER of this city, an excellent chemist in both the old and new systems, during the last six months before the book went to press ; and later, that of SYDNEY H. SMITH, assistant in the zoological department of Yale College. The author is under obligations to many men of science for their kind response to his inquiries, and for much information in their letters ; among whom he would mention, with gratitude, Dr. CARL F. NAUMANN of Leipzig, W. HAIDINGER of Vienna, Prof. VON KOBELL of Munich, FRIEDRICH HESSENBERG of Frankfort-on-the-Main, Dr. G. VOM RATH of Bonn, Dr. G. A. KENNGOTT of Zurich, Dr. HANNS BRUNO GEINITZ of Dresden, Dr. A. KUNTH of Berlin, Dr. A. KRANTZ of Bonn ; Prof. FORCHHAMMER of Copenhagen, Dr. A. E. NORDENSKIOLD of Stockholm, Prof. C. W. BLOMSTRAND of Lund, Sweden, Mr. L. J. IGELSTROM of Filipstad, Sweden, Prof. A. E. ARPPE of Christiania, Norway; Louis S^EMANN of Paris, whose letters were numerous and always valuable, and whose death, in 1866, was a misfortune to this work as well as to the sciences he cultivated ; Prof. A. DESCLOIZEAUX of Paris, A. DAMOUR of Paris, F. PISANI of Paris, Mr. GUYERDET of Paris ; DAVID FORBES, Esq., of London, N. S. MASKELYNE, Esq., of the British Museum ; Dr. F. A. GENTH of Philadelphia, Prof. C. U. SHEPARD of Amherst, Prof. J. P. COOKE of Cambridge, Mass., Prof. C. M. WARREN of the Technological Institute, Boston, Prof. T. S. HUNT of Montreal, Prof. JAS. C. BOOTH of the U. S. Mint, Philadelphia, Prof. H. How of Windsor, Nova Scotia, Profs. SILLIMAN, 0. C. MARSH, A. E. VERRILL, and W. H. BREWER, of New Haven, Ct., W. W. JEFFERIS, Esq., of Westchester, Pa., and Prof. A. WINCHELL of Ann Arbor, Michigan. In addition, the book has received private contributions to the text of analyses and other information from P. COLLIER, B. S. BURTON, C. S. RODMAN, C. A. GOESS- MANN, C. S. SHARPLES, G. F. BARKER, G. C. WHEELER, and E. W. ROOT. Among works consulted, the publications on chemical mineralogy of RAMMELSBERG of Berlin, and especially his Mineralchemie, have afforded great assistance. The very full and able Annual Reports (or Uebersichte) of Dr. KENNGOTT of Zurich, on VI PEEFACE. the progress of mineralogy f;om 1844 to 1861, and those of the Giessen Jahresbe- richt, have been freely and constantly consulted. Much use has been made also of the mineralogical works of DESCLOIZEAUX, DUFRENOY, HAUSMANN, BREITHAUPT, NAUMANN, HAIDINGER, VON KOBELL, KOKSCHAROF, HESSENBERG, QUENSTEDT, BROOKE & MILLER, GREG & LETTSOM, and SHEPARD ; also the valuable History (Geschichte) of Mineralogy of VON KOBELL ; the classical work on the Precious Stones and Gems of the Ancients by KING ; and the various recent American Geological Reports. Among these Reports, the volume of the Canadian survey for the year 1863, containing extended mineralogical contributions by Prof. T. S. HUNT, deserves special mention. A full list of the works consulted in studying up the history of the species, and the later progress of the science, is to be found on pages xxxv to xlv of the Introduction. In Crystallography, the sources of recent information have been mainly KOKSCHA- ROF'S Mineralogie Russlands, and his Memoirs in the Bulletin of the St. Petersburg Academy ; DESCLOIZEAUX'S Mineralogie, and various Memoirs ; the Mineralogische Notizen of F. HESSENBERG, of which eight parts have appeared ; NAUMANN'S and QUENSTEDT' s works on Mineralogy ; the Memoirs of ZIPPE, VON ZEPHAROVICH, GRAI- LICH, A. SCHRAUF, v. LANG, ZIRKEL, and KENNGOTT, in the Berichte and Denkschrif- ten (mostly the former) of the Vienna Academy ; of DAUBER, G. ROSE, VOM RATH, SCHRODER, SCHABUS, in Poggendorff's Annalen ; of WEBSKY and VOM RATH, in the Zeitschrift of the German Geological Society at Berlin ; of A. E. NORDENSKIOLD, in the (Efversigt of the Swedish Academy ; of QUINTINO SELLA, in his Studii, and in the publications of the Turin Academy ; of MILLER, v. LANG, MASKELYNE, and GREG, in the Philosophical Magazine ; of Prof. J. P. COOKE, in the American Journal of Science. The Mineralogy of BROOKE & MILLER (1852) has been freely used again, as in the preparation of the preceding edition. This volume would probably be more acceptable to some chemists if the formulas on the old system were rejected altogether. But chemistry has not advanced so far on the new road, but that most mineralogical papers are still written as if there were no new system, and a large part of chemists would understand the constitution of the species better from the old formulas than from the new. Moreover, the great majority of the persons who consult a Mineralogy would find the new formulas and new ter- minology quite unintelligible. It has seemed reasonable therefore that both systems should be presented. The new formulas will be more easily understood or learned from their association with the old, and thus the book may help forward the views it only partially adopts. The past history of the work evinces no aversion to change where the progress of science requires it. This work has been posted up, as far as was possible, to the date of publication. The^ facts which have come to hand too late for their proper place in the volume, are inserted in a Supplement. And it is proposed to make this the first of a series of supplements to appear from time to time in the American Journal of Science. April 30, 1868. J AME S D. DANA. From the Preface to the First Edition (1837). The classification of the mineral species, which is here adopted, strictly a Natural Arrangement. The superiority of this method is exhibited in s body of the work, and hi connection with the remarks on Chemical Classifica- tions, in Appendix B. Although founded by MOHS on the external characters of amerals, it exhibits, in a considerable degree, the chemical relations of the species ; who are accustomed to prefer a chemical arrangement will probably per- ieive that, in addition to such qualities as appear to recommend the chemical method, it possesses other advantages not less important. PREFACE. Vll The changes which have been made in the nomenclature of minerals appear to be demanded by the state of the Science. The present names, excepting those pro- posed by MOHS, are utterly devoid of system, unless we may consider such the addition of the syllable ite to words of various languages ; and even this glimmering of system has been capriciously infringed by a French mineralogist of much celebrity ; they seldom designate any quality or character peculiar to the mineral ; neither do they exhibit any of the general relations of the species, by which the mind may, at a glance, discover their natural associations, and be assisted in obtaining a com- prehensive view of the science. On the contrary, they are wholly independent, and often worse than unmeaning, appellatives, and are only tolerable in a very unadvanced state of the Science. As a necessary consequence of this looseness of nomenclature, most of the species are embarrassed with a large number of synonyms, a fertile source of confusion and difficulty. As a remedy for this undesirable state of things, a system of nomenclature, con- structed on the plan so advantageously pursued in Botany and Zoology, was proposed by the author in the fourth volume of the Annals of the New York Lyceum. The necessity for something of the kind is very apparent, and the author trusts that it will not be considered a needless innovation. ****** From the Preface to the Second Edition * (1844). The natural system adopted in this Treatise has received such modifications in the present edition as were demanded by the advanced state of the Science ; and the systematic nomenclature has required some corresponding changes. Besides the natural classification, another, placing the minerals under the princi- pal element in their composition, has been given in Part VII. ; and various improve- ments on the usual chemical methods have been introduced, which may render it acceptable to those that prefer that mode of arrangement. * * * * From the Preface to the Third Edition (1850). This Treatise, in the present edition, has undergone so various and extensive alter- ations, that few of its original features will be recognized. The science of Mineralogy has made rapid progress in the past six years ; chemistry has opened to us a better knowledge of the nature and relations of compounds ; and philosophy has thrown new light on the principles of classification. To change is always seeming fickleness. But not to change with the advance of science, is worse ; it is persistence in error ; and, therefore, notwithstanding the former adoption of what has been called the Natural History System, and the pledge to its support given by the author in sup- plying it with a Latin nomenclature, the whole system, its classes, orders, genera, and Latin names, have been rejected ; and even the trace of it which the synonymy might perhaps rightly bear has been discarded. The system has subserved its pur- pose in giving precision to the science, and displaying many of the natural group- ings which chemistry was slow to recognize. But there are errors in its very foun- dation, which make it false to nature in its most essential points ; and, in view of the character of these errors, we are willing it should be considered a relic of the past. Yet Science is far fipm being ready with an acceptable substitute. Most chemical systems have been more artificial than the " natural" system ; and doubts now hang * This edition, failing to find a publisher in New York, was printed at the expense of the author. viii PREFACE. over some of the principles of chemistry that are widest in their influence on classi- fication. In view of the difficulties on either side, it was a point long questioned, whether to venture upon a classification that might be deemed most accordant with truth among the many doubts that surround the subject; or to adopt one less strict to science, that might serve the convenience of the student for easy reference, and for the study of mineralogy in its economical bearings, while, at the same time, it should exhibit many natural relations, and inculcate no false affiliations or distinc- tions of species. The latter alternative has been adopted ; the classification is offered simply as a convenient arrangement, and not an exhibition of the true affini- ties of species in the highest sense of the term. Among the Silicates, however, it will be perceived that the groupings in the main are natural groupings ; and, through- out the work, special care has been taken to inculcate, as far as possible, the true relations of species, both by remarks, and by an exhibition of them in tables. From the Preface to the Fourth Edition (1854). In the Preface to foe last edition of this Treatise, the classification of minerals then adopted was announced as only a temporary expedient. The system of MOHS, valuable in its day, had subserved its end ; and in throwing off its shackles for the more consistent principles flowing from recent views in Chemistry, the many diffi- culties in the way of perfecting a new classification led the author to an arrange- ment which should " serve the convenience of the student without pretending to strict science." A classification on chemical principles was however proposed in the latter part of the volume, in which the Berzelian method was coupled with crystallography in a manner calculated to display the relations of species in composition as well as form, and prominently "exhibit the various cases of isomorphism and pleomorphism among minerals." The progress of Science has afforded the means of giving greater precision and simplicity to this arrangement, until now it seems entitled to become the authorized method of a System of Mineralogy. Whether regarded from a> phy- sical or chemical point of view, the groupings appear in general to be a faithful exhibition of the true affinities of the species. The mind uneducated in Science may revolt at seeing a metallic mineral, as galena, side by side with one of unmetallic lustre, as blende ; and some systems, in accordance with this prejudice, place these species in separate orders. Like the jeweller, without as good reason, the same works have the diamond and sapphire in a common group. But it is one of the sublime lessons taught in the very por- tals of Chemistry, that nature rests no grand distinctions on lustre, hardness, or color, which are mere externals, and this truth should be acknowledged by the min- eralogist rather than defied. Others, while recognizing the close relations of the carbonates of lime, iron, zinc, and manganese (calcite, spathic iron, smithsonite, and dialogite), or of the silicates of lime, iron, manganese (wollastonite, augite, rhodo- nite), are somewhat startled by finding silicate of zinc, or silicate of copper, among the silicates of the earths, or of other oxyds. But the distinction of " useful " and "useless," or of "ores" and "stones," although bearing on "economy" is not Science. ******** J ' TABLE OF CONTENTS. Introduction. Descriptive Mineralogy : General Subdivisions 1 I. NATIVE ELEMENTS 2 II. SULPHIDS, TELLURIDS, SELENEOS, ARSENIDS, ANTIMONDDS, BISMUTHIDS 26 1. Simple Sulphids and Tellurids of Metals of the Sulphur and Arsenic Groups. ... 26 2. Simple Sulphids, Tellurids, Selenids, Arsenids, Antimonids, Bismuthids, Phosphids of Metals of the Gold, Iron, and Tin Groups 33 3. Sulpharsenites, Sulphantimonites, Sulphobismuthites 84 III. COMPOUNDS OF CHLOEINE, BROMINE, IODINE 110 IY. FLUORINE COMPOUNDS 123 Y. OXYGEN COMPOUNDS 131 I. Oxyds, or Binary Oxygen Compounds 131 I. Oxyds of Elements of Series 1 131 A. Anhydrous Oxyds 131 B. Hydrous Oxyds 167 II. Oxyds of Elements of the Arsenic and Sulphur Groups, Series II 183 in. Oxyds of Elements of the Carbon-Silicon Group, Series II 189 II. Ternary Oxygen Compounds 202 1. Silicates 202 A. Anhydrous Silicates 202 I. Bisilicates 207 II. Unisilicates 250 III. Subsilicates 362 B. Hydrous Silicates 393 I. General Section of Hydrous Silicates 394 II. Zeolite Section 421 III. Margarophyllite Section 447 Appendix to Hydrous Silicates 509 2. Tantalates, Columbates 512 3. Phosphates, Arsenates, Antimonates, Nitrates 526 A. Phosphates, Arsenates, Antimonates 526 I. Anhydrous 527 II. Hydrous 548 B. Nitrates. . .591 X CONTENTS. 4. Borates 593 5. Tungstates, Molybdates, Yauadates 601 6. Sulphates, Chromates, Tellurates 612 I. Anhydrous 613 H. Hydrous 632 7. Carbonates 669 I. Anhydrous 669 IL Hydrous , 704 8. Oxalates 718 VI. HYDROCARBON COMPOUNDS 720 Species of uncertain place in the System 761 Catalogue of American Localities 765 Supplement 793 Index... . 807 INTRODUCTION. The object of this introduction is to supply such tables and information as will make the work convenient for use ; and, toward this end, some explanations of an elementary character are included, with special reference to readers not familiar with chemistry and other collateral sciences. 1. GENERAL SCHEME OF ARRANGEMENT IN THE DESCRIPTIONS. In the Descriptions of Species, the characteristics are mentioned in the following order : 1, Crystalline Form and Structure ; 2, Hardness, Specific Gravity, Lustre, Color, Diaphaneity, etc. ; 3, Varieties, Chemical Composition ; 4, Pyrognostic and other Chemical characters ; 5, under the head of Observations, Geological position, Localities, Mineral associates, etc. ; 6, Altered forms ; 7, Artificial and Furnace products. 2. CHEMISTRY. 1. A barred letter in a symbol of an element, in the table of atomic weights which follows, and also throughout the work (except in formulas after the new system, see p. xv), signifies two atoms of the element : e. g., Al=2 Al or AP. 2. Dots over a symbol stand each for an atom of oxygen in the compound referred to : e. g., 1=2 Al-j-3 O, or AP O 3 ; and a=BaO. 3. The atomic weight of a compound equals the sum of the atomic weights of its constituents : e. g., for 1, the atomic weight=2 x 13-75 + 3 x 8=51-5 ; for a,= 68-5 + 8=76-5 ; for 1 Si, the atomic weight=51'5 + 30=81-5. 4. The atomic ratio for the constituents of a compound is the ratio between the number of atoms of the same : e. #., for the aluminum and oxygen in 3tl, it is 2 : 3 ; for the alumina and silica in 1 Si it is 1 : 1, there being 1 of alumina to 1 of silica ; for the aluminum, silicon, and oxygen in 1 Si, it is 2:1:5, there being in the compound 2 of aluminum, 1 of silicon, and 5 of oxygen (5 dots). 5. The oxygen ratio for the constituents of an oxygen compound is the ratio between the number of atoms of oxygen in the different oxygen compounds present : e. g,, the 0. ratio for the alumina and silica in 1 Si is 3 : 2, alumina containing 3 O and silica 2 ; for the magnesia and silica in Mg Si, the O. ratio is 1 : 2. 6. The percentage ratio (or number of parts in 100) for the constituents of a compound is deduced from the ratio between the atomic weight of the compound and that of each constituent: e. g., as 51-5 of alumina contain 24 of oxygen, so 100 will contain 46-6 ; or, for the percentage of aluminum, 51*5 : 27-5 : : 100 : 53-4 ; again, as 81-5 1 Si contain 30 of silica, hence 81'5 : 30 : : 100 : the silica in the compound, etc. ; or since XI Si contain 27-5 Al + 14-0 Si+40'0 O, making in all as before 81-5, hence 81-5 : 27-5 : : 100 : the p. c. of aluminum ; or 81-5 : 40 : : 100 : the p. c. of oxygen ; etc. Xll TABLE OF ATOMIC WEIGHTS. ALUMINUM, Al 13'75 Alumina, l 51'5 (0 46'6) ANTIMONY (Stibium), Sb 122 Antimonious acid, Sb 146 Antimonic acid, Sb 162 Sulph. Antim., Sb S 3 170 (S 28-24) Oxyd of Cobalt, Co 37-5 (0 21-34) COLUMBIUM, Cb (Niobium) 94 Columbia acid, Cb 134 (0 29'85) COPPER (Cuprum), Cu 31-7 Suboxyd of Copper, u 71-4 (011-20) Oxyd of Copper, Cu 39-7 (0 20-15) ARGENTUM, Ag (Silver) 108 DlDYMIUM, D 48 e /j.o ARSENIC, As 75 Arsenous acid, A*s 99 ERBIUM, E FERRUM, Fe (Iron) 28 Arsenic acid, Is 115 (0 34-78) Protoxyd of Iron, Fe 36 (0 22*22) Sulphid of A, As S 8 123 (S 39-02) Sesquioxyd of Iron, Fe 80 (0 30) AURUM, Au (Gold) 196 BARIUM, Ba 68-5 FLUORINE, F 19 Hydrofluoric acid, H F 20 (F 95) Baryta, Ba 16'5 (010-45) GLUCINUM (Beryllium), Be 4*7 BERYLLIUM, Be (Glucinum) 4-7 Glucina, Be 12*7 (0 63) Be 12-7 (0 63) GOLD (Aurum), Au 196 BISMUTH, Bi 210 HYDRARGYRUM, Hg (Mercury) 100 Oxyd of Bismuth, Bi 234 (0 10-24) HYDROGEN, H 1 BORON, B 11 Water, H 9 (0 88*89) Boric acid, B 35 (0 68-57) INDIUM, In 35-9 BROMINE, Br 80 IODINE, I 127 CADMIUM, Cd 56 IRIDIUM, Ir 99 OESIUM, Cs 133 IRON (Ferrum), Fe 28 CALCIUM, Ca 20 Protoxyd of Iron, Fe 36 (022-22) Lime, Ca 28 (0 28-57) Sesquioxyd of Iron, Pe 80 (0 30) CARBON, 6 KALIUM, K (Potassium) 39*11 Carbonic acid, 22 Potassa, K, 47-11 (0 16'98) CERIUM, Ce 46 LANTHANUM, La 46-4 Protoxyd of C., Ce 54 (014-81) Protoxyd of L., La 54-4 (014-7) CHLORINE, Cl 35-46 LEAD (Plumbum), Pb 103-5 , Hydrochlor. acid, H Cl 36-46 Oxyd of Lead, Pb 111-5 (0 717) CHROMIUM, Cr 26-24 LIME, see CALCIUM. Oxyd of Chromium, r 76-48 (0 31-38) LITHIUM, Li 7 Chromic acid, Cr 50-24 (0 47-77) Lithia, Li 15 (0 53-33) COBALT, Co 29-5 MAGNESIUM, Mg 12 123456789 l 0-4660 0-9320 T3980 1*8640 2'3301 2-7961 3*2621 3'7281 41941 Is 0-3478 0-6956 1-0434 1-3913 1'7391 2'0869 2'4347 2*7826 31304 Ba 0-1046 0-2091 0-3137 0-4183 0'5228 0'6274 0'7320 0*8366 0'9411 Be 0-63 1-26 1-89 2'52 815 3'78 4'41 5'04 5-67 Ca 0-2857 0-5714 0-8571 1-1428 1*4285 1*7142 1*9999 2*2857 2'5714 C 0-7273 1-4546 2-1819 2*9092 3-6365 4'3638 5'0911 5*8184 6'5457 r 0-3138 0-6276 0-9414 . 1'2552 1-5690 1-8828 21967 2'5105 2*8243 Cr 0-4777 0-9654 1-4331 1-9008 2-3885 2'8662 3'3339 3-8216 4*2993 Co 0*2133 0-4266 0-6400 0*8533 1-0667 1-2800 1*4933 1-7066 1-9200 u 0*1120 0-2240 0-3360 0-4480 0*5600 0'6720 0-7840 0-8960 1-0080 Cu 0-2015 0*4030 0-6045 0'8060 1*0075 1*2090 1*4105 1'6120 1-8136 Fe 0-2222 0-4444 0-6666 0'8888 MHO 1'3332 1-5554 1-7776 1-9998 1 'ABLE OF ATOMIC WEIGHTS. xiii Magnesia, Mg 20 (0 40) Soda, Na 31 (0 25-81) MANGANESE, Mn 27-5 STANNUM, Sn (Tin) 59 Protoxyd of M., Mn 35-5 (0 22-53) Oxyd of Tin, Sn 75 (0 21-22) Sesquioxyd of M., Mn 70 (0 30-38) STIBIUM, Sb (Antimony) 122 MERCURY (Hydrargyrum), Hg 100 Antimonious acid, Sb 146 MOLYBDENUM, Mo 46 Antimonic acid, Sb 162 Molybdic acid, Mo 70 (0 34-28) Sulph. Antim., Sb S 3 170 (S 28-24 NATRIUM, Na (Sodium) 23 STRONTIUM, Sr 43-75 Soda, Na 31 (0 25-81) Strontia, Sr 51-75 (0 15-46) NICKEL, Ni 29-5 SULPHUR, S 16 Protoxyd of Nickel, Ni 37-5 (0 21-33) Sulphuric acid, S 40 (0 60) NIOBIUM (Columbium), Cb 94 TANTALUM, Ta 182 Columbic acid, Ob 134 (0 29-85) Tantalic acid, fa 222 (0 18-01) NITROGEN, N 14 TELLURIUM, Te 64-14 Nitric acid, ft 54 (0 74-07) THALLIUM, TI 203 NH 4 26 THORIUM, Th 119 OSMIUM, Os 99-5 Thoria, Th 135 (0 11-84) OXYGEN, 8 TIN (Stannum), Sn 59 PALLADIUM, Pd 53 Oxyd of Tin, Sn 75 (0 21-33) PHOSPHORUS, P 31 TITANIUM, Ti 25 Phosphoric acid, P~ 71 (0 56-34) Titanic acid, Ti 41 (0 39-02) PLATINUM, Pt 98-94 TUNGSTEN (Wolframium), W 92 PLUMBUM, Pb (Lead) 103-5 Tungstic acid, W 116 (0 20-69) Oxyd of Lead, Pb 111-5 (0 7-17) URANIUM, U 59-4 POTASSIUM (Kalium), K 39-11 Protoxyd of U., U 67-4 (0 11-87) Potassa, K 47-11 (0 16-98) Sesquioxyd of U., 6 142-8 (016-8) QUICKSILVER (Hydrargyrum) Hg 100 VANADIUM, V 68-5 RHODIUM, Rh 52-16 WOLFRAMIUM, W (Tungsten) 92 RUBIDIUM, Rb 85-4 Tungstic acid, W 116 (0 20-69) RUTHENIUM, Ru 52-16 YTTRIUM, Y 32-18 SELENIUM, Se 39-5 Yttria, Y 40-18 (0 19-16) SILICIUM, Si 14 ZINC, Zn 32-53 Silica, Si 30 (0 53-33) Oxyd of Zinc, 2n 40-53 (0 19-74) SILVER (Argentum), Ag 108 ZIRCONIUM, Zr 44-80 SODIUM (Natrium), Na 23 Zirconia, Zr 60-80 (0 26-31) 1 2 34567 8 9 H 0-8889 1-7778 2-6667 3-5556 4'4445 5'3334 6'2223 71112 8-0001 K 0-1698 0-3396 0-5094 0-6792 0'8491 1-0189 1-1887 1-3585 1-5283 Li 0-5333 1-0666 1-5999 2-1332 2'6665 31998 3'7331 4-2664 4-7997 Mg 0-40 0-80 1-20 1-60 2-00 2-40 2'80 3-20 3-60 Mn 0-2253 0-4507 0-6760 0-9014 1-1267 1-3521 1-5774 1-8028 2-0281 Mn 0-3038 0-6076 0-9113 1-2151 1-5190 1'8227 21265 2-4304 2-7341 ft 0-7407 1-4814 2-2221 2-9628 3'7035 4'4442 5'1849 5-9256 6-6663 Na 0-2581 0-5162 0-7743 1-0324 1'2905 1-5486 T8067 2-0648 2-3229 $ 0-5634 1-1268 1-6902 2-2536 2'8170 3-3804 3'9438 4-5072 5-0706 b 0-0717 0-1435 0-2152 0-2870 0'3587 0'4304 0-5022 0-6740 0-6457 Si 0-5333 1-0666 1-6000 2-1333 2-6666 3*2000 3'7333 4-2666 4-8000 Sr 0-1545 0-3091 0-4637 0-6183 0'7729 0'9275 1'0821 1-2367 1-39J3 XIV INTRODUCTION. The percentage of oxygen in each of the oxygen compounds enumerated in the preceding table of atomic weights is stated in parentheses after the atomic weight of the compound ; and the percentage of sulphur, in the same manner, after the atomic weight of many of the sulphids. 7. The atomic ratio is calculated from the percentage ratio, by dividing each number by the atomic weight of the constituent : the percentage ratio of Al and O in alumina being 53-4 : 46-6, 53-4^13-75 gives 3-93, and 46-9^-8=5-85 ; whence the ratio 3-93 : 5-85, which, by dividing the larger by the smaller, is found to equal 1 : 1-5 or 2 : 3, which is the atomic ratio of the aluminum to the oxygen. For the compound 1 Si, the percentage of silica and alumina is 36 -8, 6 3 -2 ; whence, dividing the former by 30 (at. w. of silica), and the latter by 51-5 (at. w. of alumina), the ratio obtained is 1 : 1, the compound consisting of 1 of each alumina and silica ; or taking the percentage for the silicon, aluminum, and oxygen in the same, and dividing them, respectively, by 14, 13-75, 8, the ratio deduced would be 1 : 2 : 5. 8. The ratio of alumina and silica in a compound may also be obtained by com- paring the amounts of oxygen in the percentages of the constituents. Take, e. g., a silicate of alumina consisting of Si 36-8, 1 63-2=100. If 100 of silica contain 53-33 of oxygen (see table) then 36-8 will contain 36-8 X '5333 or 19-625 (since 100 : 36*8 : : 53*33 : the required percentage) ; so if 100 of alumina contain 46-6 of oxygen, 63-2 will contain 46-6 X '632 or 29-45; now 19-625 : 29-45 (the ratio obtained)=2 : 3 ; and since silica contains 2 of oxygen and alumina 3, it follows from the result of the calculation that the compound contains 1 of silica to 1 of alumina, or has the formula '&\ Si. This is the usual method of calculating the ratio of the constituents in the case of oxyds. It involves multiplications of the percent- ,age of each of the constituents by the percentage of oxygen for that constituent ; and in order to facilitate these multiplications a table is given below the table of .atomic weights, containing multiples of these oxygen percentages for each of the digits 1 to 9. 9. The letter R is used as a general symbol for any element ; E, for protoxyds in general ; B, for sesquioxyds in general. 10. In the formula 3 Ca 2 Si + &l 2 Si 3 , the prefix 3 applies to the whole Ca 2 Si (or, in genera], to all before the first comma, or first + or ) ; but the small a only to Ca, it signifying 2 Ca; and, in the second part, the small 2 signifies that there are 2 3tl, and the small 3 , 3 Si. The oxygen ratio for the Ca and Si in the first part is 1 : 1, there being 2 Ca to 1 Si, 2 Ca as well as 1 Si containing 2 ; and in the second part it is 1 : 1, there being 2 &1 to 3 Si. The oxygen ratio for the whole Ca, 1, Si in the formula is 6 : 6 : 12=1 : 1 : 2 ; and for the Ca+ XI, Si it is 1 -f 1 : 2 or 1 : 1. In the formula (1 Ca 3 -f XI) 2 Si 3 , the index a signifies 2 of all within the paren- thesis. The oxygen ratio of the part in the parenthesis is 1 : 1, there being i Ca 3 to i 1 ; the 0. ratio for Ca, 1, Si, in the formula, is 1 : 1 : 2 ; and for Ca+Xl, Si, it is 1 : 1. Thus the two formulas here explained express identically the same consti- tution. There are many compounds allied to the above, for example : (l-Mg 3 +4- XI) 2 Si 3 $ Fe 8 + 1)' si 3 , ( Mg 3 -hi Fe) 2 Si 3 , etc. The symbol R is used, in the manner above explained, in writing a general formula for the group containing these and other re- lated compounds ; as (| R'-f-J- &) 2 Si 3 . So is a general symbol for any carbonate of a protoxyd whether of lime, magnesia, oxyd of zinc, or any other base. 11. In the preceding table, and throughout this volume, except under the sulphur compounds, As, Sb, Bi, Ni, P, in formulas under the old system, would be more -correctly written As 2 , Sb 2 , Bi 2 , Ni a , P 2 , or As, Sb, Bi, 5*i, P. The atomic weights of these elements in the table are double the value which is often given them in the .old system. INTRODUCTION. XV 12. Binary compounds are those consisting of elements of two kinds, those of one kind negative to the other : e. g., magnesia, Mg O, consisting of magnesium and oxygen ; water, H O ; silicic acid, or silica, Si O 2 ; p yrite, Fe S 2 . Ternary compounds (called also salts and double binaries) consist of elements of three kinds, (l) basic, (2) acidic, (3) acidific. Thus a silicate of lime and magnesia (or calcium and magnesium) contains (1) calcium and magnesium, (2) silicon, (3) oxyg'en ; sulphate of lead contains (1) lead, (2) sulphur, (3) oxygen; the sulphanti- monite, jamesonite, contains (1) lead and iron, (2) antimony, (3) sulphur. 13. Polymeres are distinct substances that are atomically multiples of a common type. Thus the compounds 2 O H a , 3 H 2 , 4 O H 2 (generally written O 2 H 4 , O 3 H 6 , O 4 H 8 ), are polymeres of O H 2 . 14. The following principle is of great importance in connection with the chemical constitution of inorganic compounds, and although explained briefly elsewhere (pp. 1-3 and 202), deserves to be formally stated in this place : The replacing power of the elements is in proportion to their combining power, this combining power being reckoned in number of atoms of oxygen (or sulphur, or the acidific element, whatever it may be). The line A, below, contains the formulas of the different kinds of oxyds ; B, the same, divided each by its number of atoms of oxygen (that is, severally, for the suc- cessive members, by 1, 3, 2, 5, 3, 7, 4), by which division they are reduced to the protoxyd form ; C, the basic elements without the oxygen : A. RO R 2 3 RO 2 R 2 5 EO 3 R 2 7 RO 4 B. RO RtO RiO RlO RaQ R^O RJO C. R Rf Ri Rl Ri Rf Ri According to the above law, the R, R*, R*, etc., in the last line are mutually replace- able, 1 for 1, although in atomic weight there is a variation from 1 to \. They represent different states in which elements may exist, and have, to a certain extent, independent element-like relations. In some cases, as in iron, four of these states are represented in a single element, the compounds (1) Fe O, Fe S, (2) Fe 2 3 , (3) Fe S 2 , (4) Fe O 3 , containing this metal in the four states Fe, Fe f , Fe*, Fe*. These different states of elements are best designated in the symbol by the letters of the Greek alphabet, as thus the confusion arising from the conflicting numbers for atomic weights and combining relations are avoided. The above lines A, B, C, thus written, will become : A. aRO 3/JRO 2 y RO 5<5RO 3 RO 7RO 4RO B. aRO 0RO yRO <5RO eRO RO >?RO C. aR /?R y R <3R R R ^R In each table the line B is like C, except in the addition of O ; and the line A is equivalent to B multiplied for the successive members by the number of atoms of oxygen in the oxyds, that is, severally, by 1, 3, 2, 5, 3, 7, 4. Examples of the use of these symbols are unnecessary here, as they occur on the pages referred to, and throughout the volume. 15. lu the statements of analyses throughout this volume, the use of brackets enclosing figures implies that the substance referred to was determined by the loss. New System of Chemistry. In the new system of Chemistry many of the elements have their atomic weights of double the value given in the preceding table, and their symbols are accordingly written with a barred letter, as follows : XVI INTRODUCTION. 16. Table of Atomic Weights according to the New System. Aluminum, Al 27-5 Glucinum, Be 9-4 Antimony, Sb 122 Gold, Au 196 Argentum, Ag 108 Hydrargyrum, Hg 200 Arsenic, As 75 Hydrogen, H 1 Aurum, Au 196 Iodine, I 127 Barium, Ba 137 Iridium, Ir 198 Beryllium, Be 9-4 Iron, Fe 56 Bismuth, Bi 210 Lanthanum, a 92-8 Boron, Bo 11-0 Lead, Pb 207 Bromine, Br 80 Lithium, Li 7 Cadmium, Od 112 Magnesium, Mg 24 Cassium, Cs 133 Manganese, Mn 55 Calcium, a 40 Mercury, Hg 200 Carbon, 12 Molybdenum, Mo 92 Cerium, -e 92 Nickel, m 59 Chlorine, Cl 35-40 Nitrogen, Ni 14 Chromium, <3r 52-48 Osmium, 0s 199 Cobalt, o 59 Oxygen, 16 Columbium, 01 188 Palladium, Pd 106 Copper, u 63-4 Phosphorus, P 31 Erbium, Eb 112-6 Platinum, Pt 197-88 Ferrum, Fe 56 Plumbum, Pb 207 Fluorine, F 19 Potassium, K 39-1 Khodium, Kh Rubidium, Bb Ruthenium, Bu Selenium, Se Silicon, Si Silver, Ag Sodium, Na Stannum, Sn Stibium, Sb Strontium, Sr Sulphur, S Tantalum, Ta Tellurium, Te Thallium, Tl Tin, Sn Titanium, Ti Tungsten, W Uranium, F Vanadium, Yttrium, Zinc, Zn Zirconium, Zr 104-32 110-8 104-32 79 28 108 23 118 122 87-5 32 182 128-28 203 118 50 184 118-8 137 64-36 65 89-6 The elements in the preceding table whose atomic weights are not doubled (or which have not barred letters in the symbols), are hydrogen ; gold, silver ; the alkali metals, potassium, etc. ; the arsenic group, arsenic, antimony, bismuth, nitrogen, phosphorus, with boron ; the chlorine group, chlorine, bromine, iodine. 17. In the combinations between elements of the former series occur, hydrogen being taken as the unit, the ratios 1 : 1, 1 : 3, 1 : 5 ; and, with reference to the odd numbers I, 3, 5, these elements are called perissads. While in the combinations between elements of the latter series occur, taking the same unit, the ratios 2 : 2, 2 : 4, 2 : 6 ; and these, in view of the even numbers, are called artiads. The words tfspiSe, etc. Series III. A. Perissads. Chlorine, Bromine, Iodine. B. Perissad (or Artiad). Fluorine. C. Artiad. Oxygen. This classification assumes that the metal iron, for example, when in the $eutoxyd state, is of the same group with titanium or tin in the deutoxyd state ; that chromium, molybdenum, etc., in the tritoxyd state, belong to the same group with sulphur, sele- nium, boron, etc., in the tritoxyd state ; and further, that while silicon and the ele- ments of the tin group are unquestionably allied, the latter are basic to the former in all combinations of the two. In the earlier part of the volume, the formulas on the new system are not given. Examples of the several kinds under each of the subdivisions are here presented, and from them the student will easily supply those here omitted. 26. Sulphids, Tellurids, Selenids, Arsenide, Antimonids, Bismuthids. The fol- lowing are the formulas of species from the lists on pages 26, 34, 84, 85, each being indicated by its number instead of its name. The atomic weights of the sulphur and arsenic groups in the new system are relatively the same with those that are used in the sections beyond on the Sulphids, those of the arsenic series employed in these sections being half less than are given in the table on pages xii, xiii. 1. 2, L 2,11. 26. As 2 S 2 35. Ag 4 Sb 40. Ag a S 41. (Ag 2 ,Pb)S 44. P-bS 45. PbSe 27. Ae a S 3 36. Ag 12 Bi 46. (Pb, u) Se 47. (Pb, fig) Se 48. P-bTe 49. (u, Fe)S 34. MoS 2 37. -eu 3 A 56. ZnS 58. Ag 2 .T 61. 62. INTRODUCTION. XIX 2, III. 75. Fe S a , or yFe 2 S a 86. Wi (S, As) 2 , or yNi a (S, As) a 81. 2 0o S+0o S 2 , or (-Bo, y Co) 2 S 2 94. Fe (S, As) 2 , or yFe 2 (S, As) 2 83. (60, Fe, M) As 2 , or yR 2 S 2 98. (Ag 2 Au 2 ) Te 3 85. -Go (S, As) 2 , or 7602 (S, As) 2 100. 0u S 8. 101. Sb 2 S,||S 2 |6u 113. As 2 S|S 4 |Pb 2 125. (0u, etc., S||S 6 ||(Sb 2 , As 2 ) 102. Bi 2 S 2 ||S 2 ||0u 117. Sb 2 ||S 6 ||(Ag 2 ) 3 127. (0u, Fe) 4 S||S 6 ||As 2 104. Sb a S 2 lS 2 ||Fe 118. Aso||S 6 |(Ag a ) 3 128. (Pb 4 S||S 6 ||Sb 2 105. As 2 S 2 |S 2 |Pb 119. Sbo||S 6 ||(0u, Pb) 3 129. Pb 6 S 2 j|S 6 ||(Sb 2 , As a ) 108. Sb 2 S 2 ||S 2 flAg a 121. Bi 2 ||S 6 10u 3 130. (Ag 2 ) 6 S 2 fS 6 ||Sb 2 110. As 2 S|||S 3 |eu| 122. Sb 2 ||S 6 |]Pb 3 131. (Ag 2 ,0u) 10 S 7 lS 6 j|(Sb 2 + As 2 ) 111. Sb 2 SlS 4 ||(Pb, Ag 2 ) 2 123. (Bi 2 ,Sb)|S 6 ||Pb 3 132. As 2 S 2 ||S 6 |0u 27. ChloridSj Bromids y lodids. For the Chlorids, Bromids, lodids, p. 110, the following are examples of the new formulas : 136. Hg 2 Cl 2 142. AgBr 147. (K 2 , Mg) Cl 2 +4 aq 137. KC1 143. Agl 148. (0a, Mg)Cl 2 +4aq 138. NaCl 144 Hg 2 I 3 150. Pb(iCl 2 +|0) 139. N H 4 Cl 145. Pb C1 3 151. Pb (i C1 2 +| O) 140. Ag Cl 146. Fe 2 C1 6 28. Fluorids. Under the Fluorids, if fluorine is taken as a perissad, among the formulas of p. 123, Ca F=in the new system, Oa F 2 ; Ce F=Oe F 2 ; 3 Na F-f- Al a F 3 =Na 6 Al F 12 ; (Ca, Na) 2 F+ Al 2 F s =(ea, Na 2 ) 2 Al, F 8 . 29. Oxyds. A. For the Anhydrous Oxyds,*pp. 131, 132, examples of the formulas 1. 173. MgO 175. H 2 O 176. ZnO 2. 179. Al 2 O 3 .or/?Al 3 O 3 181. (Fe, tfFe, yTi) 3 3 180. Fe 2 3 , or 5Fe 3 S 182. (a, yi) 3 O 3 3. 1. 183. (iMg+f(/?Al,iffFe))4O4 187. (irMg+f /?Fe) 4 O 4 184. (iFe+f/?Al) 4 O 4 188. (i (Zn, Fe, Mn) + f (/3Fe, /?Mn)) 4 O 4 186. (^Fe + f/?Fe) 4 4 189. (i (Fe, Mg, 3, 2. 191. 4. 192. Sn O a , or ySn 2 a 195. (^Mn+-J yMn) 2 O 2 193. Ti O 2 , or yi a O 2 1 97. (| Pb + 1 yPb) 2 2 The general formula for the Spinel group is (jR-f f j8R) 4 O 4 . The spinel formula written, as ordinarily done under the new system, without the Greek symbol, would be (R+ft 2 )O 4 . But this formula contains the fiction of 2R in R 2 03 ; when, in fact, while there are 2 R in atomic weight, there are actually 3R in replacing power, as already explained (p. xv). Some additional sign is therefore required to make the formula tell the truth, and this is afforded either by adding other numbers to the barred letters, or by the use of the Greek letters as here adopted. 30. B. For the Hydrous Oxyds, p. 167, the formulas become, if the species are regarded as only oxyds : 202. (}H a +$#Fe) 8 e, 204. (iH a +f #Fe) 3 3 206. ( H a 3 3 203. (iH a + |/?A-l) s 3 205. ( H a + f /?Mn) 3 3 207. (f H a +f /?Fe) 3 3 XX INTRODUCTION. 208. (| H a + (/?Fe, 0A1)), O 3 212. (i H,+i 0A1), O 3 215. (i H 2 +| (i ^Fe+f Mg)), 209. (H 2 +|(F,/?Fe)) 3 3 213. (| H 2 + 1 0Fe), O 3 O 3 +3aq 210. (iH 2 + }Mg) 3 3 214. (|H 2 +i(i/?&l + fMg)) 3 216. (* H 2 +|(/?F, /?Fe)) 3 O 3 211. (iH 2 +iMn) 3 8 #3 + 2 aq But if ternaries (or salts), as generally admitted, the formulas are : 202. /?Fe,0.|e a |H, 207. /?Fe 3 e|e 4 |H 4 211. 203. /?A1 S 2 |0 2 fiH 2 208. /?(A1, Fe) 3 Oie 4 ||H 4 212. /?Al 8 |e e |H. 204. /?Fe e a |e a IH a 209. /?(F, Fe) 3 O|O 4 ||H 4 213. /?Fe 3 ||0 6 ||H 6 205. 0Mn 8 e a |e a |H a 210. Mg|O 2 |H 2 214. (^1, Mg) 3 ||O 6 fiH 6 206 /?Fe 6 e 3 ie 6 ||H 6 or Mg s ||e B lH 8 215. (0Fe, Mg) 3 ||e 6 ||H 6 or /?Fe 2 |e,|H, or 3 (Mg|e,|H,) 216. /?(&, Fe) 3 ie 6 ||H 6 31. C. For the Oxyds of Elements of the Arsenic Group, etc., p. 138, the formulas are: 219. As 2 O 3 222. Bi 2 O 3 224. MoO 3 (or, Mo 3 O 3 ) 220. Sb 2 O 3 223. Bi 2 O 3 + Q 226. Sb 2 (O, S) a The hydrated species are properly ternaries ; but there is still some doubt over their composition. 3. PHYSICAL AND BLOWPIPE CHARACTERS. 1. In the descriptions of the physical characters of minerals, H. stands for hard- ness, and G. for specific gravity. 2. The scale of hardness is as follows, crystallized varieties of the minerals men- tioned being meant : 1, TALC ; 2, GYPSUM ; 3, CALCITE ; 4, FLUORITE ; 5, APATITE ; 6, ORTHOCLASE; 7, QUARTZ ; 8, TOPAZ ; 9, CORUNDUM ; 10, DIAMOND. 3. In crystallized minerals of the Isometric system, the physical characters are the same in the directions of the three axes, and in the directions of lines situated sym- metrically with reference to these axes. In the Tetragonal and Hexagonal systems, these characters in a vertical direction differ from those in a horizontal or transverse. The optical axis has the direction of the vertical axis. 4. In crystals of the remaining systems there are two axes of polarization. A line bisecting the acute, or the obtuse, angle between these optical axes is called a bisec- trix ; that bisecting the acute angle is the acute bisectrix, or the bisectrix, as the term is employed in the descriptions beyond ; that bisecting the obtuse angle (and which is at right angles to the acute) is the obtuse or conjugate bisectrix. 5. In the Orthorhombic system, the two bisectrices are parallel to the crystallo- graphic axes ; and, consequently, the plane of the optical axes (the optic-axial plane) is parallel to one of the diametric sections of the crystal, and is at right angles to the other two. By a diametric plane or section, as here used, is meant a plane passing through any two of the crystallographic axes ; that is, one through each a and b, a and c, or b and c. 6. In mineral species, the position of the bisectrix is constant, or nearly so, while the optic-axial angle often varies widely. The angles mentioned in the descriptions are those taken in the air, unless it is otherwise stated. 7. Under Blowpipe characters, B.B. stands for before the blowpipe; O.F. for oxydizing flame ; R.F. for reducing flame. A closed tube is a small glass tube closed at one end. INTRODUCTION. XXI The following is the scale of fusibility adopted (that of von Kobell) : 1, GRA? ANTIMONY ; 2, SATROLITE ; 3, ALMANDINE (var. of garnet) ; 4, GREEN ACTINOLITE o, ORTHOCLASE ; 6, BRONZITE. 4. CRYSTALLOGRAPHY. 1 . The systems of crystallization are as follows : 1. Having the axes equal. The ISOMETRIC system. 2. Having only the lateral axes equal. The TETRAGONAL and HEXAGONAL. 3. Having the axes unequal. The ORTHORHOMBIC, MONOCLINIC, and TRICLINIC. The names Monoraetric, Diraetric, and Trimetric, used in former editions of this work, have been set aside for the above for two reasons : (1) the fact that the names want precision, the XX11 INTRODUCTION. hexagonal system being as much dimetric as the tetragonal, and the monoclinic and triclinia as much trimetric as the orthorhombic ; (2) the desire to promote uniformity in the language of science. The names employed appear to be the best that have been proposed, and those most generally used ; and hence those that have the best claim for universal adoption. A. Isometric System. 2. Some of the simpler isometric forms are represented in figures 1 to 50. Fig. 1, a cube (with three equal axes) ; 2, an octahedron (or regu- lar octahedron) ; 3, a dodecahedron (or rhombic dodecahedron) ; 4, 5, combination of cube and dodecahedron ; 6, 7, cubo-octahedron ; 8, combination of octahedron and dodecahedron (by noting the lettering, like planes being lettered alike through- out, the several combinations are easily read off); 10, a trapezohedron (24-faced solid); 15, id., another variety; 31, a tetrahedron; 47, 48, the pentagonal dodeca- hedron in different positions. 3. The following are some of the angles among isometric forms ; adjacent planes are to be understood, unless it is stated otherwise : 0A 0=90, f. 1. A 1 = 125 16', f. 6,7. A 3= 135, f. 4, 5. A 3-f f = A 3-f =140 11 A 3-f =141 20 A 3-f =146 19 A 3-2 = 153 26, f. 16, 17. A 34=156 48 0A3-=158 12 A 3-3= 161 34 A 3-4= 165 58 A 3-5=168 41 A 3-40=178 34 A |4=133 19 0Af-f=136 45 A 2-2 = 144 44, f. 9, 10. 0Af-f=150 30 A 3-3 = 154 46, f. 15. 0Af-|=147 15 0A I, ov. 1,=115 14 0A2, " =109 28, f. 23. 0A3, " =103 16 0A 2-|=164 46 O A 3-| =143 18, f. 26,27. A 4-2= 150 48 A 5-|= 147 41 A 74=155 42 0A V"V-=152 4 1 A 1 = 109 28, f. 2. 1 A 1, top, =70 32 1 A 3= 144 44. f. 8. A 3-f =144 15 A 3-f =143 56 A 3-f =143 11 A 3-2= 140 16, f. 12. A 3-|= 138 58 A 3-3=136 54 1 A 3-4= 134 26 1 A 3-5=132 48 1 Af-l = 168 41 1 A 2-2=160 32', f. 11. 1 A K=157 25 1 A 3-3 = 150 30, f. 20. 1 Af=169 49 1 A 2=164 12, f. 24. 1 A 3=158 1 A 34= 157 45 1 A 4-2=151 52 1 A 5-^=151 25 1 A 7-|=145 46 1 A V"-=151 47 3 A 3= 120, f. 3. i A i, ov. top, =90 *A3-=173 39 3A3'4=171 52 eA3-f=167 42 3 A 3-2= 161 34, f. 21. 3 A 3-f =156 48 t A -3=153 26 i A 3-4= 149 2 i A 3-5=146 18 i A 2-2=150 * A 3-f =160 54 i A 3-3= 148 31 i A 4-f= 166 6 3 A 5-f=162 58-J *A V-3=150 45 2-2 A 2-2, B,=131 49, f. 10. 2-2 A 2-2, C,=146 27 .2-2 A 2-2, ov. top, = 109 28 A, B, = 135 48 f Af, C, = 119 38 3-3 A 3-3, B,=144 54, f. 15. 3-3 A 3-3, C, = 129 31 WAW,Xa=121 43 Hf A<4|, 0, = 177 3f ff Afji A, = 127 34 3- A3-f, C, = 167 19 *4A 34, A, =129 47 4 AH, C, = 163 44 3-1 A 3-f, A, = 133 49 , C, = 157 23 J-2 A 3-2, A, =143 8', f. 17. 3-2 A .2, C, = 143 8 3-2 A 3-2, ov. top, = 126 52 3-2 A 3-3=171 52 1-2 A 2-2=155 54 3-3 A z-3, A, = 154 9, f. 18. 3-3 Ai-3, C, = 126 52 2 A 2, A, = 152 44, f. 25. 2 A 2, B, = 141 3| 3 A3, A, = 142 8 8 A3, B, = 153 28 3-f, A, = 158 13 3-|, B, = 149 3-f, C, = 158 13 4-2, A, = 162 15 4-2, B, = 154 47- 4-2, C, = 144 3 2-f, A, = 164 54^ 2-f, B, = 136 24 24, C, = 164 54J 5-f, A, = 152 20 5-f, B, = 160 32 5-f, C, = 152 20 74, A, = 158 47 7-J, B, = 165 2 74, C, = 136 47 f-l, A, = 163 49 H, B, = 157 3^ f-f, C, = 138 48 V-V-, A, =166 57 V-, B,=152 7 V-V, C, = 140 9 4-f, A, = 147 48 44, B, = 157 23 44, 0, = 164 3i 5-f, A, = 152 20 54, B,=160 32 54, C, = 152 20 V-3, A, = 172 51 V-3, B, = 154 33 V-3, C, = 128 16 The angles A, B, C, above, are those over the edges so lettered in the figure referred to, or over the corresponding edges in related forms. 4. Figures 29 to 49 represent hemihedral forms, or those having for some or all the INTRODUCTION. XX111 planes half the number which complete symmetry requires. In f. 29 the plane 1 occurs on only half the 8 solid angles, and 31, the tetrahedron, results from the extension of these planes ; and so for the rest. Figures 29 to 40 are of inclined hemihedrons ; and 41-49 of parallel hemihedrons. Some of the angles are as fol- lows ; many are the same as for the preceding forms. 29 30 31 1 U 32 1 A 1=70 32', f. 31, 3U. | A |, A, = 162 39 |Af,B,=82 10 2A2, A, = 15244 2A2, B, = 90,f. 37A. 3 A 3, A,=142 8 3 A 3, B,=99 5 HAH, B, = 93 22 HAf-l, C, = 160 15 2-2 A 2-2, B, = 109 28, f. 34. 2-2 A 2-2, C, = 146 26^ 3-3 A 3-3, B,=124 7 3-3 A 3-3, C, = 134 2' 3-| A 3-|, A, = 158 13, f. 39. 3-f A 3-|, B, = 110 65 3-f A3-|, 0, = 158 13 4-2 A 4-2, A, = 162 15 4-2A4-2, B, = 124 51 4-2 A 4-2, C, = 144 3 i-f At-f, A, = 112 37 -|A-|, 0,=117 29 i-2At-2, A, = 126 52, f. 47, 48. i-2A*-2, C, = 113 35 t-3A-3, A, = 143 8 i-SAi-3, C, = 107 27|' i-4A-4, A, = 151 56 *-4A-4, C, = 103 36| 4-2 A 4-2, A, = 128 15 4-2 A4-2, B, = 154 47 4-2 A 4-2, C, = 131 49 3-f A 8-|, A,=115 23, f.45A. 8-|A3-f, B, = 149 8-| A 3-|, C, = 141 47 5-f A5-f, A, = 119 8i 5-f A5-f, B, = 160 32 5-^A5-f, C, = 131 5 In the forms i-|, i-2 (f. 47),.z-3, e-4, A is the angle at the longer edge, and C that at either of the others. XXIV INTEODTJCTION. 50A Fig. 50 represents a common twin or compound crystal in the isometric system ; and 50A illustrates that it corresponds to an octa- hedron cut across the middle parallel to an octahedral face, with one half revolved 60 or 180 degrees. B. Tetragonal System. (Also called Quadratic, Pyramidal, Monodi- metric, Dimetric, Zwei-und-einaxige.) 5. In the Tetragonal system the lateral axes (b) are equal, being the diameters or diagonals of a square, while the vertical (a) is either longer or shorter than the lateral. 6. Owing to the square form, the planes of a kind are in fours or eights. The like planes'on the four solid angles make a 4-sided pyramid, and those of the two extremities combined a square octahedron. For any species one such octahedron may be assumed to have the vertical axis la ; and then the other octahedral planes on the same angles, with shorter or longer vertical axes, have the vertical axis a mul- tiple or submultiple of a ; as %a, |a, etc., 2a, fa, 3a, etc. ; and the planes of such octahedrons are accordingly lettered I, fa fa 2, f, 3, etc. 7. So again like planes on the four edges of each base make an octahedron, but of an intermediate series, called the diametric, the planes being parallel to a lateral axis or diagonal. The vertical axis varies by simple ratios, as in the other series ; but in the lettering, as the planes are parallel to a lateral axis (and would therefore meet it only at an infinite distance), this parallelism is expressed by adding the letter i, initial of infinity. Thus fai, l-i, 2-i, 3-i, etc. 8. With the lengthening of the octahedron in each series, the numeral becomes larger and larger, until the octahedron is merged in a vertical square prism, its planes parallel to the vertical axis. This parallelism, expressed by the letter i again, as just explained, gives for the lettering of the square prism of the first or fundamental series, ioi /; and for that of the second or diametric, i-i. The figures on pages 277, 273, are examples of these forms, and also of the double 8-sided pyramids and 8-sided prisms which occur in this system. 9. The angles between the planes on the vertical edges and /, or i-i, are the same as those having similar symbols in the isometric system, noting only this difference in the lettering, that in the cube is i-i in the square prism ; thus A i-2 in the cube or other isometric form is the same with i-i A i-2 in the tetragonal system ; and so on. 10. The length of the vertical axis a is calculated from the supplement (S) of the angle A l-i. A line drawn vertically on the plane 1-i (f. 260, p. 277), that is, at right angles to the lower or upper side, is the hypothenuse of a right-angled triangle, the basal side of which triangle is parallel to a lateral axis b, and the vertical parallel to the vertical axis a. These sides have the ratios, therefore, of the two axes ; and taking =unity, a tan A (or angle of triangle at base, or opposite a). This angle A equals the supplement of A 1-i ; and therefore, calling this supplement S, a=tan S. 11. The value of the axis may also be obtained from the supplement (S') of the angle A i, by the equation : a=tan /S"-Hsec 45 ; whence log a=log tan S' 10-1505150. C. Hexagonal System. 12. This system differs from the Tetragonal in having three equal lateral axes (b) instead of two; the vertical (a) is at right angles to the lateral (fig. A). 13. In the Hexagonal section of the system the symmetry of the crystals is by sixes and twelves, as in figs. A to D ; f. 440, p. 530 ; 'f. 527, p. 627. In f. B, 1 cor- responds to a hexagonal pyramid of the fundamental series, and 1-2, f-2, 2-2, to similar pyramids of the intermediate series ; J is the hexagonal prism of the former series, and i-2 that of the intermediate prism. /A/ 120, /A ^-2=150 i-2 /\i-2 ov. /,=120. 14. In the Rhombohedral section of the system, 'the planes 1, 2, 3, fa etc., are INTRODUCTION. XXV planes of rhombohedrons, having for the vertical axis la, 2a, 3a, Ja, etc., la being the value of the axis in the fundamental rhombohedron, (R) (figs., p. 6). The angle of a rhombohedron mentioned is always that over a terminal edge, as that between the upper planes R of figure 141, p. 141. On gradually shortening the rhom- bohedron in fig. 141, it may become %R, %R, and so on, till the length becomes 0, A B D C and the rhombohedron is reduced to a flat plane. Hence, starting from this plane (which corresponds to the basal plane of the rhombohedron or hexagonal prism), the rhombohedron as it elongates reaches the form of fig. 141 ; and continuing the elongation, the vertical axis doubles, trebles, and so on, till finally it becomes infinite, and the rhombohedron is then a six-sided prism. If a diminution in length now commences by planes inclined to the opposite extremities of the vertical axis, these planes correspond to another series of rhombohedrons which are distinguished by a minus ( ). The planes i..l..2...7 (or oo) 2.. 1.. 0, lie in a single vertical zone. Figs. 550, 551, p. 679, represent the forms R, J-, -2, -|, 4, 13. 15. The value of the vertical axis a is obtained from the supplement : Of (Ml-2 (S) by the equation a=tan S. Of (Ml (') by the equation a=tan ^-i-sec 30. The latter gives log a=log tan S' 10'0624694. D. Orthorhombic System. (Also called Eectangular, Prismatic, Trimetric, Ein und-einaxige.) 16. In the Orthorhombic system the three axes are unequal and inter sect at right angles ; and the three diametric planes, or those containing the axes, are consequently rectangular in intersection. The annexed figure represents a rectangular prism with replaced edges and angles. 17. a, 6, c, are the axes, of which a is the vertical, b the shorter lateral or brachydiagonal, c the longer lateral or macrodiagonal. is the basal plane of the prism ; i-l the larger lateral plane, parallel to the longer lateral axis ; i-i the smaller lateral plane, parallel to the shorter lateral axis. 1 8. / are planes on the edges of the rectangular prism, which when extended would form a vertical rhombic prism, having its axes b and c in the ratio of 16 : Ic. It is therefore the unit or fundamental vertical prism. 19. 1-1 are planes parallel to the longer lateral axis, and having for the axes a, 6, the ratio la : 16 ; extended upwards they form a dome (so named from domus, a house), which is called the macrodome. The planes l-l E 1,-f IT m -' r i ! j i .J ...-c; 7 \ / *"' ii i Vr U../1 ill rnTKODUCTION. lt a similar manner form what is called a brachydome, they being parallel to the shorter lateral axis; its axes a, c, have the ratio la : Ic, that is, the two diagonals of this horizontal prism have this ratio. These two domes are therefore the unit domes. Their summit angles are of course supplements of their basal angles (or those over the vertical planes i-l, i-i). i7i/*i 20. If the axis 6=1 ; half the obtuse angle of the prism / be called X ; halt the summit angle of the macrodome 14, Y, and half the basal of the same Z; then we have for the values of the other axes a and c : a=cot ]T=tan Z. c=tan X. Further, X=i-l A / 90 ; Y= A 14-90 ; Z=i-l A 1490. 20. The planes 1 on the eight angles are planes of an octahedron, having for the axes a, b, c, the ratio la : 16 : Ic. It is therefore the unit or fundamental octahe- dron (1). Its pyramidal edges, if the octahedron were completed (as^in f. 55, p. 20), would be of two kinds, two at each extremity opposite to ^ the axis c, the longer lateral axis, and two opposite to 6, the shorter lateral axis. The former is the macrodiagonal edge, the latter the brachy diagonal. 21. By doubling the length of the vertical axis, the lateral being fixed, we form, the octahedron 2 ; by trebling it, the octahedron 3 ; by halving it, the octahedron ; and so for the domes, doubling the vertical axis we have the dome 24 or 24 ; by halving the same, the dome 4 or 4, and so on. The letter i, as before explained, stands for infinity, and means that the plane is parallel to one of the axes ; I, that it is parallel to the longer lateral axis; i, that it is parallel to the shorteHateral axis : i or / alone, or as the initial letter in a symbol, signifies that the plane is parallel to the vertical axis. A plane i-l is parallel both to the vertical and longer lateral ; to, both to the vertical and shorter lateral. 22. The octahedrons alluded to above have for the axes 6, c, the ratio 16 : Ic, and belong to what is called the fundamental series. But others may exist with different ratios for 6 and c, and any value for a. If the ratio for 6, c, is 16 : 2c, then, as c is the longer lateral axis, if the vertical axis is la, the octahedron is 1-2 ; or if the vertical axis is 3a, the plane is 3-2 ; or if Ja, it is |-2. So for the ratio 36 : Ic ; if the vertical axis is la, the octahedron is 1-3 ; or if 2a, it is 2-3 ; and if the vertical axis is infinite, the plane is parallel to the vertical axis, and the sym- bol is e-s. The first figure or letter in these symbols always refers to the vertical axis, and the second to one of the lateral axes. 23. The planes may thus be viewed as lying in vertical zones, a different zone for every ratio of the lateral axes 6 : c. Each series, or zone, terminates above in the basal plane of the prism, for which a=0, and below in a vertical prism, for which a is infinite. By taking the planes i-l, i-i, successively, for the basal plane 0, there may be similar series of zones for each. The planes of a zone have their mutual intersections parallel to one another; and wherever a series of planes exists having such parallel intersections, the series is called a zone. The small tables inserted in connection with the crystalline forms of some of the species of this and other systems of crystallization (pp. 27, 35, 338) consist of the vertical zones of occurring planes. The planes of a vertical zone have mutual hori- zontal intersections in the crystal. Consequently in a crystal not oblique the inclina- tion of the basal plane, 0, on any plane in a zone, subtracted from 270, gives the inclination of the prismatic plane of the same zone on that plane, and the tangents of the supplemental angles of on the planes of a zone vary as the coefficient of the vertical axis for each plane. Thus, suppose there are the planes 14, 24, 34, take the supplement of 0A14 (which, if O^l-l is 124, equals 180 124=56); then the tangent of this angle, doubled, will be the tangent of the supplement of A 24, and trebled, of the supplement of the angle of A 34. The same for the INTRODUCTION. XX VU planes 1, 2, 3, or 1-2, 2-2, 3-2, and so on ; and if i-l be made the base, then in the same manner the angles may be calculated for similar zones of planes terminating in i-l ; or if i-i be made the base, for zones of planes terminating similarly in ii. So if the angles are given, the relations of the axes may be calculated by reversing the process. 24. Making the brachy diagonal 6=unity : a=tan. suppl. A l-l ; and calling the angle /A/, over i-l, X\ c=tan %X. E. Monoclinic System. (Also called Hemiprismatic, Clinorhombic, Monoclinohe- dral, Zwei-und-eingliederige.) 25. In this system two of the axial intersections are rectangular, and one is oblique. In other words, the lateral axes are at right angles to one another ; but one is oblique to the vertical axis, and the other at right angles to it. 26. If figure E on page xxv be taken as representing a monoclinic form in its usual position, then a will be the vertical axis ; 6 the inclined lateral, called the clino- diagonal', c the other lateral, called the orthodiagonal. The angle a^b, or the inclination of the vertical axis, is called the angle C. 27. The section of the crystal in which b, the clinodiagonal, and a lie is the clino- diagonal section ; and that in which c and a lie is the orthodiagonal section. The vertical plane i-l, of f. E, is parallel to the orthodiagonal section, and is lettered simply i-i ; and the plane i-i, of the same figure, is parallel to the clinodiagonal section, and is lettered i-l. The angle O^i-iC, or the inclination of the vertical axis; while 0/\ i-l 90, and i-i A ^4=90. The clinodiagonal section is the plane of symmetry. 28. The domes having the planes parallel to the clinodiagonal are called clinodomes, and are lettered with an accent over the I, thus, l-l (1-2 in f. E), 2-1. 29. The domes parallel to the orthodiagonal are hemidomes, the planes in front at top being unlike in inclination those in front below, each being a hemidome ; one series is opposite the acute intersection of the axes, and is the plus series, lettered 1-i, 2-i, etc. ; the other is opposite the obtuse, and is lettered \-i, 2-i, etc. 30. The octahedral planes are all hemioctahedral, and -f and are used in the symbols in the same manner as in the symbols of the hemidomes. Thus in fig. E, if the angle between the upper and the front plane i-i is obtuse, then the upper planes 1, 1, in front would be 1, 1, and the corresponding planes below, -f-1, -j-1, written usually 1, 1. 31. If the clinodiagonal 5=1 ; half the front angle of the prism / (over iri) be called X, half the. summit angle of the clinodome l-l, X' ; the supplement of i-i A \4 (=0Ai4 C) be called /*; and supplement of O^l-i be v; and C be used as above explained ; then, c=sin C tan X. a=c-r sin C tan JT / =sin v -r- sin fx=sin ( C /x) -f- sin fx. F. Triclinic System. (Also called Doubly Oblique, Tetartoprismatic, Anorthic, Ein- und-emgliederige.) 32. The three axes are unequal, and obliquely and unequally inclined. Angles of 90 and 135 are not met with in Triclinic crystals. Examples, figures on pp. 297, 338, 349. 33. The crystallographic symbols used in this work are essentially those of Nau- mann, the author of the system of crystallography which is followed. The only dif- ference is that i, the initial of infinity, is substituted for the symbol oo, and the P is dropped,_it being in almost all cases unessential. Thus, P, 2P, 4P2, ooPco , ooP, ooP2, 3p2, of Naumann, are P or 1, 2, 4-2, i-i, i (or /), *-2, 3-2, of this work. And in the rhombohedral section of the hexagonal system, for ft, 2ft, 3ft, ft 3 , 2ft 3 , of Naumann, are here written, ft, 2, 3, I 3 , 2 3 . Moreover or o is written for the basal plane. The distinction of capital or small letter in the symbols is mathemati- cally of no importance. 34. In the orthorhombic system the shorter lateral axis is made the unit in this work. The axes are lettered a, b, c, in different systems, except in that of Miller (or INTRODUCTION. properly Whewell's), who uses the letters h, I, k, as " indices " referring to the axes, in the order here written : Vertical. Brachydiagonal. Macrodiagonal. In this work a b c In Naumann a c b In Weiss and Rose c a b In Miller Tc I h For the tetragonal system the axes are the same, except that b=c. In the mono- clinic : Vertical Clinodiagonal. Orthodiagonal. Naumann and this work a b c Weiss and Rose c a b Miller Jc I h The following are convenient simple rules for use in connection with crystallo- graphic measurements and calculations : 35. If a plane, p, replaces the edge between any other two, s, , making parallel intersections, the sum of the angles between p and the two planes s, t, equals 180 plus the inclination of s on t. If the planes $, Z, meet at 90, the sum of these angles equals 180 -f-90=270 ; and if the angles are equal, each is 135 ; if the planes s, , meet at 110, the sum of the two angles equals 180 + 110=290 ; and if one is 130, the other will be 160. 36. On p. xxvi, the relation between the symbols and the tangents of the inclina- tions of planes lying in zones between rectangular axes (which zones can be made to be vertical zones in one position or another of the crystal) is pointed out. The same method holds for ail vertical zones in the tetragonal system, and for those that be- come vertical on putting the crystal on its plane i-i ; also for all the zones which are made vertical by placing a monoclinic prism on its face i-i, that is the zone of clino- domes, the zone of vertical prisms, and all zones, then vertical, of hemioctahedrons ; also for all the vertical zones of the hexagonal prism, and hence for the zone of rhoin- bohedrons of any species, or vertical zones of scalenohedral planes. 37. For the transfer of h I Jc of Miller's system into the system of this work, take the reciprocals. Thus if symbol is 212, the reciprocals are , 1, -J-, the last % refer- ring to the vertical axis. As the relation of the lateral axes should be in whole numbers, double the whole and it gives 1:2:1; whence the plane is that which would be here designated 1-2. So 1 : 1 : 3 becomes 1 : 1 : J, whence the symbol % ; or 315 becomes , 1, J, or 1, 3, f ; whence f-3 ; and in the orthorhombic system the 3 in 1-3 would have the short mark, or be written f-3 ; while 135 would give the symbol f-3. 38. In hexagonal forms the change is less simple, and the method for it is hardly intelligible to one not knowing something of both systems. The axes of Miller, in- stead of being those of fig. A, p. xxv, are lines drawn through the centre normal to (that is, at right angles to) the alternate faces of the pyramid ; they are therefore three in number, and the planes are thus referred to axes parallel to the rhombohedral edge. The planes in fig. A, according to Naumann's system, are all of one kind in the hexagonal section of the hexagonal system, but of two kinds, R and -R (or 1 and -1) in the rhombohedral section. In Miller's system they are of two kinds in both sec- tions, the distinction between the two sections not being entertained. The axes a, b, c, of any plane in the hexagonal system of Naumann, have the fol- lowing values in terms of h k I of Miller :* * Furnished the author for this place by Prof. J. P. Cooke, of Harvard. INTRODUCTION. XXIX """"" 7 i 7 I 7 \f Ct /I \ C/ 7 7 C - 2 (1 cos 7) ~ I k ~ lh But in using these equations strict attention must be paid to the signs, as is illus- trated in the examples below. The angle 7 is the angle between the axes in Miller's system, which equals the facial angle of the rhomb face at the vertex of the rhonibo- hedron R. The equations give the true ratios of Naumann's axes ; but these ratios often have to be reduced to whole numbers, or otherwise modified, to obtain precisely the values used in Naumann's symbol. The second member in the equation for a gives the length of the axis ma in any form ; the first member in it is all that is required for the value of m in the symbol, while the second is the value of a. The following are some examples : In f. 564 (p. 672), plane R, which is 100 of Miller, gives, on substituting the values ofhJcl, and working the equations, a : b : c=l : i (infinity) : -1. The parameters of the plane in Naumann's system for the vertical and threejateral axes are 1 : 1 : 1 : t. The plane *', to the right, is 2 1 1 of Miller ; whence a : b : c=i : i : -3, which, since a and b are each infinity, is equivalent to i : i :_-!. The plane -2, to the right, is ITi o f MiUer; whence a : b : c=l : - : =2 : 1 : i ; the Nau- mann ratio for this plane is 2 : 1 : 1 : i. Plane - is 332 of Miller ; whence a : b : c= : i : -= : -1 : -1. The left upper plane I 3 is 20 1 in Miller; whence a : b : c=l : -1 : -=3 : -3 : -1, giving the Naumann symbol 3-8, from which comes its equivalent scalenohedral symbol I 3 . The left upper plane J 3 is Miller's 310 ; whence a : b : c= % : -1 : J-=f : -3 : -1 ; giving the Naumann symbol f-3, and its equivalent 3 . The right upper of the two adjoining planes, J 3 in f. 564, is 301 of Miller; whence a : b : c= i : 1 : . This is apparently a different result from the last. But calculating the length of the fourth of Naumann's parameters, it gives h=n+(n l)=i-*-(-i l)=i. from which it follows that the parameters of the plane are : 1 : ^ : ; and on calculating the fourth parameter in the preceding, - would be obtained, proving that both are really the same plane. 5. NOMENCLATURE. 1. The termination ites or it is (the original of ite) was used, according to system, among the Greeks, and from them among the Romans, in the names of stones, it being one of the regular Greek suffixes. It was added (as ite in these recent times) to the word signifying a quality, constituent, use, or locality of the stone. Some of the examples are: Haematites, from the red color of the powder; Chloritis, from the green color ; Steatites, from the greasy feel ; Dendritis, from a resemblance to a tree or branch ; Alabastritis, for the stone out of which a vase called an alabastron was made ; Basanites, from the word for touchstone ; Siderites, from the word for iron; Argyritis, from the Greek for silver; Syenitis, from the locality, Syene in Egypt ; Memphitis, for a marble from Memphis in Egypt. 2. The only modern kind of name not in vogue in Pliny's time is that after persons. Werner appears to have been the first to introduce personal names into mineralogy. The earliest example, as far as ascertained, was his naming what von Born had called Green Mica (Mica viridis), Torbttite, after its investigator, the chemist Torber Bergmann (more correctly written Torbernite by some mineralogists of last century, as Bergmann wrote his name in Latin, the language of his scientific works. Torbernus Bergmann). The name encountered objections ; and Werner, in view of Bergmann's announcement (after some incorrect trials) that the mineral was a copper ore, substituted in 1789 the name Chalcolite. He, however, immediately afterward (early in 1790) showed that he saw nothing bad in the style of name by designating other new species Prehnite and Wiiherite, the former after Col. Prehn, the discoverer, and the latter after Dr. Withering, the discoverer and analyst of the species. The same year Bstner, a mineralogist of Vienna, issued a pamphlet against the Werner school with the title " Freymiithige Gedanken XXX INTRODUCTION. iiber Herrn Inspector Werner's Verbessernngen in der Mineralogie," etc. (64 pp. 16mo, 1790), in which he makes light of Werner's labors in the science, and under the head of Prehmte ridiculed this method of creating a paternity, and providing the childless with children to hand down their names to posterity (p. 25). Such names were, however, too easily made, too pleasant, as a general thing, to give and receive, and withal too free from real objection, to be thus stopped off, and they have since become numerous, even Vienna contributing her full share toward their multiplication. As a part of the history of mineralogical nomenclature, it may be here added that Werner, when it was proved that his chalcolite was an ore of uranium with but little copper, instead of a true ore of copper, dropped the name entirely, and called the mineral simply Uranglimmer (Uranium mica); and Karsten, in his reply to Abbe Estner (Berlin, 1793, 80 pp. l'2mo), makes out of the necessary rejection of chalcolite an argument against chemical names, and in favor of names after persons, as the latter could never turn out erroneous in signification. Werner, in an article written in defence of his introduction of this class of names (Bergm. J., i. 103, 1790), mentions the case of Obsidian (more properly Obsian) as a precedent from Pliny, Obsian being, as Pliny states, the reported discoverer of the substance in Ethiopia. But this is not strictly an example. For Pliny uses Obsian not as a substantive, but as an adjective ; the mineral was not Obsian, but Obsian glass or Obsian stone; vitrum obsianum, lapis obsianus, and obsiana [vitra], occurring in the course of the paragraph. The addition of the termination ite to Obsian would, according to mineralogical method, make a name equivalent to Pliny's lapis obsianus. Names of persons ending in an (as Octavian, Tertullian) were common among the Romans ; and this is so far reason for avoiding the termination in names of stones. Some critics question the existence of the reputed Obsius, and reject Pliny's explanation. 3. The ancient origin of this termination ite, its adoption for most of the names in modern mineralogy, its distinctive character and convenient application, make it evidently the true basis for uniformity in the nomenclature of the science. 4. If any other termination in addition is to be used, it should be so only under system ; that is, it should be made characteristic of a particular natural group of species, and be invariably employed for the names in that group ; and its use should not be a matter of choice or fancy with describers of species. As a matter of fact, several other terminations are in use, but wholly without reference to any such system. The most common of them is ine ; but it has not been employed for any particular division of minerals, and it could not now be so restricted ; it belongs by adoption and long usage to chemistry, and should be left to that science. 5. In order then that the acquired uniformity may be attained, changes should be made in existing names, when it can be done without great inconvenience. Names like Quartz, Garnet, Gypsum, Realgar, Orpiment, with the names of the metals and gems, which are part of general literature, must remain unaltered. Mica and Feldspar, equally old with Quartz, have become the names of groups of minerals, and are no longer applied to particular species. Fluor was written Jluorite last century by Napione. Blende, although one of the number that might be allowed to stand among the exceptions, has already given place with some mineralogists to Sphalerite, a name proposed by Haidinger (because blende was applied also to other species) in 1845, and signifying deception, like Blende. Galena was written Galenite by von Kobell some years since. Orthoclase, Loxoclase, Oligoclase might be rightly lengthened to Orthoclasite, etc. But the termination clase (from the Greek for fracture) is peculiar to names of minerals, and the abbreviated form in use may be allowed to stand for species of the Feldspar group. It seems better that it be avoided elsewhere. Many other examples will be found by the reader in the pages of this volume. In the course of the last century, when the science of minerals was taking shape, and progress in chemistry was helping it forward, there was an effort on one side to introduce, under the influence of Linnaeus, the double names of Botany and Zoology ; and on the other, under the influence of Cronstedt and Bergmann, names expressive of chemical composition, as far as it was ascertained ; and the two methods have had their advocates till late in the present century. But, INTRODUCTION. XXXI at the same time, the necessity of single names was recognized by most of the early mineralo- gists ; and in the spirit of the system which had made its appearance among the Greeks and Eomans out of the genius of the Greek language, they almost uniformly adopted for the new names the termination ite. Thus we have from "Werner the names Torberite, Chalcolite, Graphite, Prehnite, Witherite, Bora- cite, Augite, Pistacite, Pinite, Aragonite. Apatite, Leucite, Cyanite (Kyanite) ; and from other sources in the same century, Zeolite, Actinolite, Tremolite, Coccolite, Arendalite, Baikalite, Melanite, Staurolite, Lepidolite, Cryolite, Chiastolite, Collyrite, Agalmatolite, Sommite, Moroxite, Pharmaco- lite, Strontianite, Delphinite, Titanite, Ceylanite, Gadolinite, Eubellite, Sahlite, Wernerite, Scapo- lite, Mellite, etc. The termination ine was also adopted for a few names, as Tourmaline, Olivine, Mascagnine, Serpentine ; and an in Vesuvian ; but the great bulk of the names were systematically termi- nated in ite. With the opening of the present century (in 1801), Haiiy came forward with his great work on Crystallography, and in it he brought out a variety of new names that defy all system, having nothing of the system of the earlier science, and no substitute of his own. Forgetting that the unity of law which he had found in nature should be a feature of scientific language, he gave to his names the following terminations : ane, in Cymophane : ase, in Euclase, Idocrase, Anatase, Dioptase ; aste, in Pleonaste ; age, in Diallage ; ene, in Disthene, Sphene ; gene, in Amphigene ; ide, in Staurotide ; ime, in Analcime ; ole, in Amphibole ; ome, in Aplome, Harmotome ; ose, in Orthose ; ote, in Actinote, Epidote ; yre, in Dipyre ; ype, in Mesotype. And the true mineralogical termination ite he admitted only in the few following : Aximte, Meionite, Pycnite, Stilbite, Grammatite. Haiiy had commanded so great and so general admiration by his brilliant discoveries in crys- tallography, and by the benefits which he had thus conferred on mineralogical science, that his names with their innovations were for the most part immediately accepted even beyond the limits of France, although a number of them were substitutes for those of other authors. Some of "Werner's names were among the rejected ; and a break was thus occasioned between German and French mineralogy, which will not be wholly removed until the rule of priority, properly restricted, shall be allowed to have sway. The substitutes among Haiiy's names in the 1st edition of his Crystallography (1801) are the fol- lowing : Amphibole, for Hornblende of last century and earlier. Orthose. for Feldspar. Pyroxene, for Augite of Werner, and Vokanite of Delametherie. [Delametherie was a contem- porary of Haiiy at Paris, the author in 1792 of an edition of Mongez's Manuel du Mi.neralogiste (after Bergmann's Sciagraphia) ; in 1797, of an ambitious speculative work entitled Theorie de la Terre, the first two volumes of which consisted of a Treatise on Mineralogy; in 1811, 1812, of Lemons de Mineralogie, in 2 vols., and for a number of years principal editor of the Journal de Phy- sique. He gave offence to Haiiy by some of his early publications. Haiiy's mineral Euclase is described in full by Delametherie in the Journal de Physique for 1792 (some years in advance of Haiiy's description of it), without crediting the name or anything else to Haiiy ; but five years later, in his Theorie de la Terre, he inserts the species with full credit to Haiiy.] Cymophane, for Chrysoberyl of Werner. Idocrase, for Vesuvian of Werner. Pleonaste, for Ceylanite of Delametherie. Disthene, for Cyanite of Werner. Anatase, for Octahedrite of de Saussure, and Oisanite of Delametherie. Sphene, for Titanite of Klaproth. Nepheline, for Sommite of Delametherie. Triphane, for Spodumene of d'Andrada. Amphigene, for Leucite of Werner. Actinote, for Actinolite of Kirwan, and Zillerthite of Delametherie. Epidote, for Thallite of Delametherie, Delphinite of de Saussure, and Arendalite of Karsten. Axiuite, for Tanolite of Delametherie. Harmotome, for Andreolite of Delametherie. Grammatite, for Tremolite of Pini. Staurotide, for Staurolite of Delametherie, and Grenatite of de Saussure. And, later, Paranthine, for Scapolite of d'Andrada, and Rapidolite of Abildgaard. Part of the changes were made with good reason ; but others were wholly unnecessary. Haiiy was opposed to names from localities, and hence several of the displacements. He objected also to names based on variable characters, and characters not confined to the species. Moreover, as his pupil, Lucas, observes (in giving reasons for rejecting the name Scapolite and substituting Paranthine}, " le vice du mot lite, qui s'applique a toutes les pierres, ne pouvoient plus convenir & cette substance du moment ou elle seroit reconnue pour un espece." Haiiy's own names are XXX11 INTRODUCTION. remarkable, in general, for their indefiuiteness of signification, which makes them etymologically nearly as good for one mineral as another, and very bad for almost none ; as, for example, Dial- lage, which is from the Greek for difference] Analcime, from weakness in Greek; Orthose, from straight in Greek ; Epidote. from increase in Greek ; Anatase, from erection in Greek, interpreted by him as equivalent to length; Idocrase, from / see mixture in Greek, etc. His name Pyroxene, which he defines hote ou etranger dans le domaine du feu, is an unfortunate exception, as often remarked, the mineral being the most common and universal constituent of igneous rocks. Beudant succeeded Haiiy, and had the same want of system in his ideas of nomenclature. Find- ing occasion to name various mineral species which till then had only chemical names, he adopted Haiiy's method of miscellaneous terminations, but indulged in it with less taste and judgment, and with little knowledge of the rules of etymology. In his work we find the termination ese, in Apherese, Aphanese, Neoctese, Acerdese, Mimetese ; ise. in Leberkise, Sperkise, Harkise (only German words Gallicized) ; Melaconise, Zinconise, Crocoise, Stibiconise, Uraconise ; ose, in Argy- rose, Argyrythrose, Psaturose, Aphthalose, Khodalose, Siderose, Elasmose, Exanthalose, Cyanose, Melinose, Disomose ; ase, in Neoptase, Discrase ; me, in Ypoleime ; ele, in Bxitele ; while names ending in ine are greatly multiplied. In Germany, the tendency has always been to uniformity through the adoption of the termina- tion He. Breithaupt has been somewhat lawless, giving the science his Plinian, Alumian, Sardi- nian, Asbolan, etc. ; his Castor and Pollux; Glaucodot, Homichlin, Orthoclase, Xanthocon, etc. ; still, far the larger part of his numerous names are rightly terminated. Haidinger's many names are always right and good. 6. In forming names from the Greek or Latin the termination ite is added to the genitive form after dropping the vowel or vowels of the last syllable, and any follow- ing letters. Thus, pzXa$ makes ims'Xavog- (melanos) in the genitive, and gives the name melanite. The Greek language is the most approved source of names. Y. In compounding Greek words the same elision of the Greek genitive is made for the first word in the compound, provided the second word begins with a vowel ; if not, the letter o is inserted. Thus, from ^up, genitive tfupo's (puros), and op0o (orthos), comes pyrorthite ; and from the same and fs'voc (xenos) comes pyroxene. 8. The liberty is sometimes taken in the case of long compounds to drop a sylla- ble, and when done with judgment it is not objectionable ; thus melaconite has been accepted in place of melanoconite. But magnoferrite (as if from the Latin magnus, great, and ferrum, iron), for a compound of magnesia andiron, or calcimangite for one containing lime and manganese, are bad. 9. In the transfer of Greek words into Latin or English, the x (k) becomes c, and the u (u) becomes y. 10. In the formation of the names of minerals, the addition of the termination ite to proper names in modern languages (names of places, persons, etc.), or names of characteristic chemical constituents, is allowable ; but making this or any other sylla- ble a suffix to common words in such languages is barbarous. 11. Names made half of Greek and half Latin are objectionable ; but names that are half of Greek or Latin and half of a modern language are intolerable. 12. Law of Priority. The law of priority has the same claim to recognition in mineralogy as in the other natural sciences. Its purpose is primarily to secure the stability, purity, and perfection of science, and not to insure credit to authors. 13. Limitations of the Law of Priority. The following are cases in which a name having priority may properly be set aside : a. When the name is identical with the accepted name of another mineral of earlier date. 6. When it is glaringly false in signification ; as when a red mineral is declared in its name to be black ; e. g., Melanochroite (p. 630) ; or when a honey-yellow mine- ral is made to be ashen ; e. g., Melinophane (p. 263). c. When it is put forth without a description. d. When published with a description so incorrect that a recognition of the mine- ral by means of it is impossible ; and in consequence, and because also of the rarity of specimens, the same species is described under another name without the INTRODUCTION. xxxiii describer's knowledge of the mineral bearing the former name. When, on the con- trary, a badly described but well-known old mineral is redescribed correctly, there is no propriety in the new : describer changing the old name. According to this canon it might seem right that the name Emeryliie should have been substi- tuted for Margarite (p. 506). Yet margarite, though incorrectly described, was a species well known in cabinets, and Dr. Smith manifested his appreciation of the true interests of science the end of all canon s in adopting the old name so soon as he had ascertained by further research the identity of his species with margarite. e. When the name is based on an uncharacteristic variety of the species. Thus Sagenite was properly set aside for Rutile (p. 159). /. When the name is based upon a variety so important that the variety is best left to rotain its original name ; particularly where this and other varieties of the species, introduced originally as separate species, are afterwards shown by investiga- tion to belong to a common species. Thus, the earlier name Augite is properly retained as the name of a variety, and Haiiy's later name Pyroxene accepted for the group, as explained on p. 214. g. When a name becomes the designation of a group of species : as Mica, Chlorite. h. When the name is badly formed, or the parts are badly put together : as when the terminal s of a Greek word is retained in the derivative ; e. g., aphanese from 0av'/j-; Melaconise from the Greek for black and xovi? ; Rhodalose from the Greek for rose-colored and a\o (halos), the genitive of j Ruberite; and so on. Chapman's names have ever since remained unknown orforgolten; while Haidinger's have had general acceptance among the mineralogists of Europe, and are now the current names. It has seemed that, after so long a period of oblivion, it would be doing LO good to science, to dis- XXXIV INTRODUCTION. place the latter, and a useless endeavor to attempt it. The later English Mineralogies of Nicoll (1849), Brooke & Miller (1852), and Greg & Lettsom (1858), contain none of Chapman's names. k. Where the adopted system of nomenclature in the science is not conformed to. In accordance with this last principle, the author, believing that the system demands that the names of species should have as far as possible, as above explained, the common termination ite, has changed, accordingly, a number of the names in the course of this volume. 14. It has appeared desirable that the names of rocks should have some difference of form from those of minerals. To secure this end, the author has written the final syllable ite of such names with ay; thus Diorite, Eurite, Tonalite, etc., are written Dioryte, Euryte, Tonalyte. The y is already in the name Trachyte. The author has allowed Granite and Syenite to remain as they are ordinarily written, since they are familiar names in common as well as in scientific literature. See further, on Nomenclature, the excellent Mineral-Namen of v. Kobell. 6. BlBLIOGEAPHY. The following catalogue contains the titles of the works which are referred to in the following pages, with their abbreviated titles. As the value of these references, .and of the various historical conclusions deduced, depends on their having been derived from the original publications themselves, the abbreviated titles of the Jour- nals and other works which the author has had by him for consultation are put in black letter ; while the rest, that is of those he has not seen, are in small capitals. .Some titles also are added of works consulted, but not referred to. Many other titles might have been inserted, a considerable number from the author's library ; but they would swell the list without increasing much its value. The abbreviations of the more important words in the abbreviated titles, and of the names of the States in the United States (some of which are in the titles and others in the observations on minerals), are as follows : Abbreviated words. Am., American ; Can., Canada ; Ch., Chemistry, Chemical, 'Chemie, Chimie ; Fr., French ; G., Geological, Geology, Geologie, Geologischen ; Germ., German ; J., Journal ; M., Mines ; Min., Mineralogy, Mineralogie, Mineralo- gical ; pt., in part ; Q., Quarterly ; Sc., Sci., Science ; Soc., Society ; ZS., Zeitschrift. Abbreviated names of the United States. Ala., Alabama ; Ark., Arkansas ; CaL, California ; Ct., Conn., Connecticut ; Del., Delaware ; Ga., Georgia ; III., Illinois ; Ind., Indiana; Kan., Kansas; Ky., Kentucky ; Me., Maine; Mass., Massachusetts; Md., Maryland ; Mich., Michigan ; Minn., Minnesota ; Miss., Mississippi ; Mo., Missouri ; JV. Car., North Carolina ; N. If., N". Hamp., New Hampshire ; N. J., JNew Jersey; N. Y., New York; 0., Ohio; Penn., Pennsylvania; R. I., Rhode Island ; 8. Car., South Carolina ; Tenn., Tennessee ; Va., Virginia ; Vt., Vermont. Other abbreviations are explained below. The catalogue is divided into three parts: 1. Periodicals not issued by Scientific Societies ; 2. Publications of Scientific Societies ; 3. Independent works or publications. In giving abbreviations of the publications of Societies, the name of the place where the Society is established is in all cases stated, and, for the sake of uniformity, it is made the last word in the abbreviated title, a method which it were well if always followed. For the prominent journals, and the serials of some societies, the time of publication of the successive volumes, or of the volumes of every successive five years, is stated.* * A very useful table, giving the date of publication of each volume of the journals here referred ito, might easily be constructed from the facts stated. It may be made on paper ruled in squares, INTRODUCTION. XXXV 1. Periodicals not issued by Scientific Societies. Af handlingar i Fisik, Kemi och Mineralogie, etc., utgifne af Hisinger & Berzelius. Vol. 1, 1806; 2, '07; 3, '10; 4, '15; 5, 6, '18. Am. J. Sci. American Journal of Science and Arts. 1st series, 50 vols., 8vo ; conducted by B. Silliman, 1818-1839 ; with B. Silliman, Jr., from 1840. Four numbers to vol. 1, and two to subsequent vols. Vol. 1, No. 1, Aug., 1818; No. 2, Jan., '19; No. 3, Mar., ' 1 9 ; No. 4, June, '19 ; vol. 2, Ap., Nov., '20 : 3, Feb., Ma.y, '21 ; 4, Oct., Feb., '21, '22 ; 5, June, Sept., '22; 6, Jan., May, '23; 7, Nov., Feb., '23, '24; 8, May, Aug., '24; 9, Feb., June, '25; 10, Oct., Feb., '25, ? 26 ; 11, June, Oct., '26; 12, 13, Mar., June, Sept., Dec., '27; afterward regularly on the first of April, July, Oct., Jan. ; vols. 14, 15, in '28, '28-'29 ; 24, 25, in '33,' '33-'34; 34, 85, in '38, '38-'39 ; then regularly, Jan., May, July, Oct., 36, 37, in '39 ; 38, 39, in '40 ; 48, 49, in '50 ; 50, Index volume. 2d ser., by the same and James D. Dana, until 1865, after which, by B. Silliman and James D. Dana; from 1851, aided by A. G-ray and "W. Gibbs; '53 to '66, by L. Agassiz; from '63, by G. J. Brush and S. "W. Johnson ; from '64, by H. A. Newton. 2 vols. aim. : 1, 2, 1846; 11, 12, '51; 21, 22, '56; 81, 32, '61; 41, 42, '66; whence, 49, 50, 1870. An index to 10 vols. in each vols. 10, 20, 30, etc. Ann. Ch. Anuales de Chemie. 8vo, Paris, vols. 1-3, 1789 ; 4-7. '90 ; 8-11, '91 ; 12-15, '92 ; 16- 18, '93; 19-24, '97; 25-27, '98; 28-31, '99; then regularly 4 v. ann.; 32-35, 1800; 52- 55, '05; 72-75, '10 ; 92-95, 96, '15, an Index to vols. 31 to 60 inclusive. Continued in the Ann. Ch. Phys. (q. v.). Ann. Ch. Pharm. Annalen der Chemie und Pharmacie; by Wohler and Liebig; from vol. 77, by Wohler, Liebig, and Kopp, and called new series. 8vo, Leipzig and Heidelberg, 4 vols. ann. Vol. 1-4, 1832; 13-1 H, '35; 38-36, '40; 53-56, '45; 73-76. '50; 93-96, '55; 113- 116, '60; 133-136, 't>5 ; 153-156, '70. Supplementband, 1, 1861; 2, '62, '63; 3, '64; 4, '65, '66. Ann. Ch. Phys. Annales de Chemie et de Physique ; at first by Gay Lussac et Arago. 8vo, Paris; 3 vols. ann. ; 1-3, 1816; 16-18, '21; 31-33, '26; 46-48, '31; 61-63, '36; 73-75, '40. Vols. 67-75 made 2d ser., and numbered 1-9. 3d ser.. 1-3, '41; 16-18, '46; 31- 33, '51; 46-48, '56; 61-63, '61; 67-69, '63. 4th ser., 1-3, 1864; 16-18, '69. Ann. d. M. Annales des Mines. 8vo, Paris. Begun in 1816 as sequel to Journal des Mines; 1 vol. a year until 1825, and subsequently 2 vols. a year. Vol 1, 1816; 6, '21; 10, 11, '25; 12, 13, '26. 2d ser., 1, 2, '27; 9, 10, '31. 3d ser., 1, 2, '32; 19, 20, '41. 4th ser., , 1, 2 V '42; 19, 20, '51. 5th ser., 1, 2, '52; 19, 20, '61. 6th ser., 1, 2, '62. ANX. Mus." D'HIST. NAT. Annales du Museum d'histoire naturelle par les Professeurs de cet etablissement, MM. Haiiy, Fourcroy, Vauquelin, Desfontaines, A. L. de Jussieu, Geoffrey, Lacepede, -etc. 4to, Paris; vols. 1-20, 2 a year, 1803-1815. Ann. Phil. Annals of Philosophy. 2 vols. ann., 8vo, Edinburgh. 1st ser. by Thos. Thomson; vols. 1, 2, 1813; 11, 12, '18; 15, 16, '20. 2d ser., vols. 1, 2, 1821; 11, 12, '26. Then merged in Phil. Mag. (q. v.). B. H. Ztg. Berg- und hiittenmannische Zeitung. 4to, Liepzig, 1 vol. ann. Begun by Hartmann, and sometimes called Hartmann's Zeitung. Now edited by B. Kerl and F. Wimmer. Vol. 1, 1842; 4, '45; 9, '50; 14, '55; 19, '60; 24, '65; 29, '7o. BAUMG. ZS. Zeitschrift f. Physik und Mathematik ; edited by Baumgartner and Ettingshausen. 10 vols, Svo, 1826-1832, Wien. Bergm. J. Bergmanuisches Journal ; ed. by A. W. Kohler. 12mo, Freyberg, Sax. 1,2,1788;!, 2, '89 ; so to '92; 1, 2, '93, by Kohler and Hoffmann. Afterward, Neues Bergm. J., of K. & H. ; 1, 1795 ; 2, '98 ; 3, 1802 ; 4, '16. Contains papers by Werner, Hoffmann, Klaproth, and much on mineralogy. Bibl. Univ. Bibliotheque Universelle de Geneve. Begun in 1816. In 1846, 4th series of 36 vols. commenced, and the scientific part of the Review takes the title, Archives des Sci- ences physiques et Naturelles. 5th series commenced in 1858. Bruce Am. Min. J. The American Miueralogical Journal ; conducted by Archibald Bruce, M.D. Only 1 vol., Svo. Begun Jan., 1810; No. 1, 62pp., 1810, and 2, top. 126, '10; 3, top. 190, '11 ; 4, to end, p. 270, '13. Can. Nat. Canadian Naturalist and Geologist. Svo, Montreal. Vol. 1, 1856; 5, '61 : 8, '63 ; 2d ser., vol. 1, '64; 2, '65; 3, '66. having the years in succession, beginning with 1770, at the top of the columns of squares, the titles of the several journals to the left, and the number of the volume or volumes of each issued each year in the column for that year. Such a table was constructed by the author, with refe- rence to the preparation of this edition. It would be a vast benefit to science if a series of such tables, containing all journals of importance, and also the publications of societies, could be made out and engraved, and thus placed within the reach of students in science. XXXVI INTRODUCTION. Can. J. Canadian Journal of Industry, Science, and Art. Toronto, Canada ; 2d ser., vol. 1, 1856; 5, '60; 10, '65; 11, '66, '67. Ch. Gaz. Chemical Gazette, by W. Francis. 8vo, London; 1 vol. ann. after vol. 1, of 1842, 3. Ch. News. Chemical News ; edited by W. Crookes. Sm. 4to, London, 2 v. ann ; vols. 1, 2, 1860; 11, 12, '65; 21, 22, '70. Crell's Ann. Chemische Annalen : by L. Crell. 40 vols., 1 2mo, Helmstadt u. Liepzig ; vols. num- bered 1, 2, for each year, from 1784 to 1803 inclusive. Dingier J. Polytechnisches Journal ; by J. G. & E. M. Dingier. 3 vols. ann., 8vo, Augsburg. Begun in 1820; vol. 187, in 1868. Dublin Q. J. Sci. Dublin Quarterly Journal of Science ; edited by Eev. S. Haughton. 6 vols, 8vo, 1861-'66, Dublin. Ed. J. Sci. Edinburgh Journal of Science ; edited by D. Brewster (often called Brewster's J.). 8vo, Edinburgh, 2 vols. ann. 1st ser., voL 1, 1824; 2, 3, '25; 6, 7, '27 ; 10, '29. 2d ser., vol. 1, 1829 ; 2, 3, '30 ; 4, 5, '31 ; 6, '32. Merged in Phil. Mag. Ed. Phil. J. Edinburgh Philosophical Journal ; edited by Brewster and Jameson. 8vo, 2 vols. ann.; vol. 1, 1819; 2, 3, '20; 6, 7, '22; 10, '24; edited by Jameson alone, 11, 1824; 12, 13, '25 ; 14, '26. Becomes Ed. N. Phil. J. (q. v.). Ed. N. Phil. J. Edinburgh New Philosophical Journal ; edited by Prof. Jameson (often called Jameson's Journal). 8vo, 2 vols. ann. 1st ser., vol. 1, 1826; 2, 3, '27; 12, 13, '32; 22, 23, '37; 32, 33. '42; 42, 43, '47; 52, 53, '52; 56, 57, '54. 2d ser., vols. 1, 2, 1855; 11, 12, '60; 19, 20, '64. Here ends. ERMAN'S AECH. Archiv fiir wissenschaffcliche Russland. Begun in 1841 ; 1 vol. ann. Yol. 1, 1841; 11, '51; 21, '61, etc. Gehlen's J. Neues allg. Journal der Chemie ; by A. F. Gehlen. 6 vols., Berlin ; 1, 1803 ; 2, 3, '04; 6, '06. 2d ser., under the title Journal fiir die Chemie und Physik und Mineralogie, 9 vols., Berlin; 1, 2, 1806; 5, 6, '08; 9, '10. Afterward, Schweigger's Journal (q. v.) begau at Nuremberg. Gilb. Ann. Annalen der Physik; conducted by L. "W. Gilbert. 8vo, Leipzig, 30 vols.; 1st series, 1799-1808; then 30 vols., 2d ser., 1809-18; then Annalen d. Phys. und der Phy- sikalischen Chemie, 16 vols., 3d ser., 1819-'23. The vols. of the several series usually counted consecutively ; 1, 2, 1799; afterward 3 vols. a year, 3-6, 1800; 13-15, '03; 28- 30, '08; 43-5, '13; 58-60, '18; 73-5, '23; 76, '24. Afterward continued as Poggendorff's Aimalen (q. v.). J. D. M. Journal des Mines. 8vo, Paris. In monthly nos. 2 v. ann. ; 1, 2, 1797 ; 11, 12, 1802 ; 21, 22, '07 ; 31, 32, '12; 37, 38, '15. Continued after in Annales des Mines (q..v.). J. de Phys. Journal de Physique. 4to, Paris, 2 vols. ann. Edited by Abbe Rozier (and hence called Rozier's J.), for vols. 1-43 (for a time with also Mongez, Jr.); by Delametherie for vols. 44-84; and afterward by Blainville. Two introductory vols., 1771, 1772 ; vols. 1, 2, 1773; 11, 12, '78; 22, 23, '83; 32, 33, '88; 42, 43, '93; 44, 45, '94 (French Revolu- tion); 46, 47, '98; 69, 57, 1803; 66, 67, '08 ; 76, 77, '13; 86, 87, '18; 94, 95, '22; 96,1823. J. pr. Ch. Journal fiir praktische Chemie. 8vo, Leipzig, 3 vols. ann. Begun in 1834; first edited by Erdmann & Schweigger-Seidel (see Schweigger J.) ; from 1838 by E. & Marchaud; from 1852, by E. & Werther. Vols. 1-3, 1834; 19-21, '40; 34-36, '45; 49-51, '50; 64- 66, '55; 79-81, '60; 94-96, '65; 109-111, '70. Preceded by J. f. pr. und (Ekonomische Chemie, 18 vols. 8vo, 3 vols. ann., begun in 1828. Jahrb. Min. Jahrbuch fiir Mineralogie, Geognosie, Geologie, und Petrefakteukunde : edited by K. C. v. Leonhard & H. G. Bronn. 8vo, Heidelberg, 1 vol. ann. 1830-32, 4 Nos. a year; after '32, 6 Nos., and called Neues Jahrbuch etc. Vol. 1, 1830; 6, '35 ; 11, '40; 16, '45; 21, '50; 26, '55; 31, '60; 36, '65; 41, '70. Arsb. ) Arsberattelser om framstegen i Kemi och Mineralogi, af Jac. Berzelius. In German, Jahresb. J Jahresbericht u'ber die Fortschritte der Chemie und Mineralogie. 8vo ; usually designated by the year. Commenced with 1820. VoL 1, 1820; 11, '30; 21, '40; 29, 1848 ; the last three vols by Svanberg. Continued in the Giessen Jahresbericht, issued by Liebig & Kopp, from 1847 to '56 ; by F. Zamminer, '57 ; Kopp & Will, in '58 ; and Will alone from '63 on. The first vol. covers the years 1847, '48. Karst. Arch. Min, Archiv fiir Mineralogie, Geognosie, Bergbau und Hiittenkunde. 26 vols. 8vo, 1829-1855, Berlin. Edited for vols. 1-10 by 0. J. B. Karsten; later by Karsten & v. Dechen. KASTN. ARCH. NAT. Archiv. fiir die gesammte Naturlehre; edited by K. W. G. Kastner. 8vo, Nuremberg. 27 vols., 3 vols. ann., 1824-'35. Kell. & Tiedm. Nordamerikauischer Monatsbericht fur Natur- und Heilkunde ; edited by Dr. W. Keller & Dr. H. Tiedemann. 4 vols., 8vo, Philadelphia. Vol. 1, 1-850; 2, 3, '51; 4, '52. Lempe's Mag. Magazin fiir die Bergbaukunde, by J. F. Lempe. Dresden, vols., 8vo, 1, 1785 ; 2, 3, '86; 4, '87; then 1 vol. ann. till 11, '94; 12, '98 ; 13. '99. INTRODUCTION. XXXVi] L'Institut. L'Institut, a weekly journal in small fol., Paris, 1 vol. ann. ; begun in 1832. 36th year or vol. in 1868. MAG. NAT. HELVET. Magazin fur die Naturkunde Helvetiens; herausg. A. Hopfner, Zurich. Begun in 1787. Moll's Efem. Efemeriden der Berg- und Hiittenkunde ; edited by C. E. von Moll. 5 vols. ; 1, 1805, at Munchen; afterward at Nurnberg, 2, '06; 3, '07; 4, '08; 5, '09. Preceded by v. Moll's Jahrb. f. B. H., Salzburg, 5 vols., 1797-1801; and Annalen id., Salzburg, 8 vols., 1802-'04. Nicholson's J. Journal of Natural Philosophy, Chemistry, and the Arts ; by Wm. Nicholson. London, 1st ser., 5 vols., 4to, vol. 1, 1797; 5, 1801. 2d ser., 36 vols. 8vo, vol. 1, 18o2; 36, 1813. NYT MAG. Nyt Magazin for Naturvidenskaberne ; by C. Langberg. 8vo, Christiania. Phil. Mag, Philosophical Magazine. 8vo, London. 1st ser. by Tilloch, 2 or 3 vols. a year; 1, 2, 1798; 3-5, '99; 6-8, 1800; 21-23, '05 ; 30-32, '08; 33, 34, '09 (thence 2 v. ann.); 35- 36, '10; 45, 46, '15; 55, 56, '20; 65, 66, '25; 67, 68, '26. 2d ser., or Philosophical Maga- zine and Annals of Philosophy, 2 v. ann.; 1, 2, 1827 ; 11, '32. 3d ser., London & Edin- burgh Phil. Mag.; 1, 1832; 2, 3, '33; 12, 13, '38; 22, 23, '43; 32, 33, '48; 36, 37, '50. 4th ser., L., E. & Dublin Phil. Mag., 1, 2, 1851 ; 11, 12, '56 ; 21, 22, '61 ; 81, 32, '66. Pogg. or Pogg. Ann. Annalen der Physik und Chemie ; edited by J. C. Poggendorff. 8vo, Leipzig, 3 vols. ann. Preceded by Gilbert's Annalen (q. v.). Vols. 1, 2, 1824; 3-5, '25 ; 18-20, '30; 27-29, '33; 30, Index vol.; 31-33, '34; 34-36, '35; 49-51, '40; 63-66, '45; 79-81, '50; 94-96, '55; 109-111, '60; 124-126, '65; 139-141, '70. Q. J. Sci. Brandes' Quarterly Journal of Science. 8vo, 2 vols. ann. after 1819. Published by the Royal Institution. Vol. 1, 1816; 2, 3, '17, '17-'18; 4, 5, '18; 6. 7, 8, '19; 9, 10, '20; 19, 20, '25; 27, 28, '29. Rec. Gen. Sci. Records of General Science ; by Thos. Thomson. 4 vols., 8vo, Edinburgh. Vols. 1, 2, 1835 ; 3, 4, '36. Revista Minera. Revista Minera, Periodico cientifico e industrial redactado por una Sociedad de Ingenieros. 2 vols., 8vo, Madrid. Vol. 1, 1850; 2, '51. Scherer's J. Allgemeines Journal der Chemie ; conducted by A. N. Scherer. 10 vols., Leip- zig und Berlin; 1, 1798; 2, 3, 1799; 6, 7, 1801; 10, '03. Continued as Gehlen's Jour- nal (q. v.). Schweigg. J. Journal fiir Chemie und Physik ; conducted by J. S. C. Schweigger. Nurnberg, 8vo. Also under the title Jahrbuch der Chemie und Physik. 3 vols. a year; 1-3, 1811 ; 16-18, '16; 28-30, '20; afterward issued by Schweigger & Meinecke ; then by J. S. C. Schweigger & Fr. W. Schweigger-Seidel; then by FT. W. Schweigger-Seidel ; 31-33, 1821; 46-48, '26; 61-63, '31; 67-69, '33. The next year began the J. pr. Ch. (q. v.), by Erdmann & Schweigger-Seidel. Tasch. Min. Taschenbuch fiir die gesammte Mineralogie, von C. C. Leonhard. 18 vols., 12mo, Frankfurt a. M., 1 vol. ann. Vol. 1, 1807 ; 4, '10; 9, '15 ; 14, '20 ; 18, '24. 2. Transactions, etc., of Scientific Societies. Abh. Ak. Berlin. Abhandlungen der koniglichen Preuss. Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin. 4to, Berlin. Vol. 1 (for 1804-1811) issued in 1815. ABHANDL. SENK. GES. FRANKFURT. Abhandlungen von d. Senkenbergischen naturforschenden Gesellschaft zu Frankfurt. Begun in 1854. Vol. vii. in 1868. Ak. H. Stockholm. K. Vet.-Academinens Handlingar, Stockholm. Arner. Assoc. Proceedings of the American Association for the Advancement of Science. 8vo. VoL 1, meeting at Philadelphia in 1848 ; 2, at Cambridge in '49; 3, at Charleston in '50; 4, at N. Haven, '50; 5, at Cincinnati, '51; 6, at Albany, '51 ; 7, at Cleveland, '53; 8, at Washington, '54; 9, at Providence, '55; 10, at Albany, '56; 11, at Montreal, '57; 12, at Baltimore, '58; 13, at Springfield, '59; 14, at Newport, '60; 15, at Buffalo, '66; 16, at Burlington, '67. Ann. Lye. N. Hist. N.Y. Annals of the Lyceum of Natural History of New York. Begun in 1824. Vol. 8 unfinished in 1868. Anzeig. Ak. Wien. Auzeiger der K. K. Akad. d. Wissenschaften. 8vo, Wien. Begun in 1864. 1 vol. ann. Ber. Ak. Munchen. Sitzungsberichte der K. bayerischen Akad. der Wiss. zu Miinchen (Munich). 8vo. Ber. Ak. Wien. Sitzungsberichte der K. K. Akad. der Wiss., Wien (Vienna). Commenced in 1848, 8vo. Ber, Ak. Berlin. Monatsberichte der. K. Preuss. Akad. der Wissenschaften zu Berlin. 8vo. Begun in 1836. XXXV111 INTRODUCTION. Ber. nied. Ges. Bonn. Sitzungsberichte der niederrheinischen Gesellschaft in Bonn. Issued with Verb. nat. Ver. Bonn. BER. SACHS GES. LEIPSIC. Berichte der K. sachs. Gesellschaft der Wiss., Leipsic. Bull. Ac. St. Pet. Bulletin Scientifique de 1'Acad. Imperiale des Sciences de St. Petersb. 4to, St. Petersburg. Vol. 1, 1858; 10, 1867. Preceded by the two Bulletins, B. physico- mathematique, 17 vols., 4to, and B. historico-philologique, 16 vols., 4to: and these two preceded by the one Bull. Scientifique, 10 vols., 4to. Bull. Soc. Ch. Bulletin mensuel de la Societe Chemique de Paris. 8vo, 1 vol. ann. 2d ser. begun in 1860. Vol. 9 in 1868. Bull. Soc. G. Bulletin de la Societe Geologique de France. 8vo, Paris. 1st ser., vol. 1, 1830- '31; 2, '31-'32; 3, '32-'33 ; 4, '33-'34; 5, '34; 6, '34-'35; 7, '35-'36; 12, '40-'41 ; 14, '42-'43. 2d ser., vol. 1, '43-'44; 6, '48-'49; 11, '53-'54; 16, '58-'59; 21, '63-'64; 26, '68-'69. Bull. Soc. Imp. Nat. Moscou. Bulletin de la Soc. Imperiale des Naturalistes de Moscou. 8vo. C. R. Comptes Rendus des Seances de 1'Academie des Sciences. 4to, 2 vols. ann. ; vol. 1, 1835 ; 2, 3, '36; 12, 13, '41; 22, 23, '46; 32, 33, '51; 42, 43, '56; 52, 53, '61; 62, 63, '66. Denkschr. Ak. Wien. Denkschriften der Kais. Akademie d. Wiss. in Wien. ; Math.-Naturwiss. Classe. 4to, Wien. Begun in 1850; vol. 25 in 1866. Forh. Vid. Selsk. Christiania. Forhandlingar i Videnskabs-Selskabet i Christiania. 8vo. Haid. Ber. Berichte iiber die Mittheilungen von Freunden der Wiss. in Wien; edited by W. Haidinger. 8vo. 7 vols., 1846-'ol. Gel. Anz. Munch. Gelehrte Anzeige der K. bayerischen Akad. der. Wiss. zu Miinchen. 4to. Vol. 1, 1835 ; 39, '54. J. Ac. Philad. Journal of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia. 1st. ser., 8vo, 7 vols., 1817-42. 2d ser., 4to, begun in 1847 ; vol. 6 finished in 1868. J. Nat. Hist. Boat. Boston Journal of Natural History. 8vo, 7 vols., 1834-'63. J. Ch. Soc. Journal of the Chemical Society. 1st ser., called Quarterly Journal, etc. 15 vols. ; one vol. (of 4 Nos.) a year; voL 1, 1848; 6, '53; 11, '58; 15, '62. 2d ser., monthly; vol. 1, 1863 ; 6, '68. Jahrb. G. Reichs. Jahrbuch der Kaiserlich-Koniglichen geologischen Reichsanstalt, Wien. Begun in 1850, 1 vol. ann. JAHRESB. WETT. GES. HANAU. Jahresbericht der wetterau'schen Gesellschaft fur die gesammte Naturkunde. 8vo, Hauau, 1850-53. MAG. GES. NAT. FR. BERLIN. Magazin der Gesellschaft naturforschender Freunde. 8 vols. 4to ; 1, 1807; 2, '08; 3, '09; 4, '10; 5, '11 ; 6, '14; 7, '16; 8, '18. Afterward Verhandl. ib. Mem. Ace. Torino. Memorie della reale Accademia delle Scienze di Torino. 4to, Turin; 1st ser., 40 vols., 1864,-'38 ; 2d ser. begun in 1839, and vol. 22, in '65. Mem. Am. Ac. Bost. Memoirs of the Americat Academy of Arts and Sciences. 4to, Boston. MEM. Soc. NAT. Moscou. Begun in 1811. CEfv. Ak. Stockh. (Efversigt af K. Vet- Akad. Forhandlingar, Stockholm. Commenced in 1844, I vol. ann., 8vo. Overs. Vid. Selsk. Copenh. Oversigt over det Kongelige danske Videnskabernes Selskabs Forhandlingar. Copenhagen, 8vo. Phil. Trans. Transactions of the Royal Society of London. 4to. Vol. 1 contains transactions for 1665. '66. Proc. Ac. Philad. Proceedings of the Acad. Nat. Sci., Philadelphia. 8vo. Begun in 1841. Proc. Am. Phil. Soc. Philad. Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society, Philadelphia. Proc. N. Hist. Soc. Bost. Proceedings of the Nat. Hist. Society of Boston. 8vo. Begun in 1841. Proc. Roy. Soc. Edinb. Proceedings of the E. Soc. of Edinburgh. 8vo. Phys. Arb. Fr. Wien. Physikalische Arbeiten der eiutrachtigen Freunde in Wien ; published in Quartals ; 1 qu., 1783 ; 2 qu., '84; 3, 4 qu., '85; 2d vol., 1 qu., '86; 2 qu., '87 ; 3 qu, '88. Q. J. G. Soc. Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society. 8vo, London. Begun in 1845 ; 1 vol. ann. Q. J. Oh. Soc. See J. Ch. Soc. Rep. Brit. Assoc. Eeports of the British Association. Begun in 1831. SCHRIFT. GES. NAT. FR. BERLIN. Schriftcn der Gesellschaft naturforschender Freunde in Berlin. II vols. 8vo, the first 1 v. ann.; 1, 1780; 5, '84; 8, '86-7; 8, '88; 9, '89; 10, '92; Il,'y4 (vols. 7-11, also as 1-5 of Beobachtungen und Entdeckungen, etc.). Next, Neue Schriften, etc., 4 vols., 4to; 1, 1795 ; 2, '99 ; 3, 1801; 4, 1803-4. Afterward Magazin, etc. (q. v.). Schriften Min. Ges. St. Pet. Schriften der russisch-kaiserlichen Gesellschaft fur die gesammte Mineralogie. 1842. For continuation see Verh. Soo. Sci. FENN. Acta Societatis Scientiarum Fennica3, Christiania, Norway. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. Philad. Transactions of the American Philosophical Society. 4to, Philadelphia. Trans. Soc. Roy. Edinb. Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh. 4to. INTRODUCTION. XXXIX Verb. Min. Ges. St. Pet. Verhandlungen d. russisch-kaiserlichen mineralogischen Gesellschafb zu St. Petersburg. Verh. nat. Ges. Basel. Verhandlungen der naturforschenden Gesellschaft in Basel. Begun in 1854 . Verh. nat. Ver. Bonn. Verhandlungen des naturhistorischeii Vereines der preuss. Rhein- lande und Westphalens. Begun in 1844. ZS. G., or ZS. G. Ges. Zeitschrift der deutschen geol. Gesellschaft. 8vo, Berlin ; a quarterly ; 1 vol. ann. ; vol. 1, 1849; 11, '59; 21, '69. ZS. Nat. Ver. Halle. Zeitschrift fur die gesammten Naturwissenschaften, von dem nat. Verein f. Sachsen und Thiiringen in Halle. Begun hi 1853. 3. Independent Works. Agric., Ort. Cans. Subt. Georgius Agricola, de Ortu et Causis subterraneorum ; preface dated 1543. Agric., Foss. Id., de natura fossiliura; pref. dated 1546; and De veteribus et no vis metallis; pref., 1546. Agric., Berm. Bermannus, sive De re metallica Diallogus; pref., 1529. Agric., Interpr. Interpretatio Germanica vocum rei metallic*; pref., 1546. The edition of Agricola's works, cited beyond, including the four preceding parts, is one in folio, 1 voL, Basilead (Basle), 1558. Agric., Metall. De re Metallica; by id. Preface dated 1550. Fol., Basiled, 1557. Aikin, Min. Manual of Mineralogy; by A. Aikin. 2d ed., 8vo, London, 1815. The 1st ed. appeared in 1814. Albert. Magnus, Min. Albertus Magnus. De Mineralibus. Written after 1262. Alger, Min. Treatise on Min. by Wm. Phillips ; 5th ed. by R. Allan, with numerous additions ; by F. Alger. 8vo, Boston, 1 844. Allan, Min. Manual of Mineralogy ; by E. Allan. 8vo, Edinburgh, 1 834. See also PHILLIPS. Allan, Min. Nomencl. Mineralogical Nomenclature ; by T. Allan. 8vo, Edinburgh, 1814. Argenville, Oryct. L'Mistoire Naturelle, etc. ; by D. d'Argenville. 4to, Paris, 1755. Arppe, Finsk. Min. Analyser af Fin ska Mineralier; by A. E. Arppe. Part I., 1855, from the Act. Soc. Fenn., iv. 561-578; II., 1857, ib., v. 467 (paged 1-51) ; III., 1859-186 l,ib.vi. 580. Aristotle. Aristotle's works ; particularly the MTwpo\:>yiKd, or " Meteorology," and Tlepl Qav^affiwi. dKovandrw, or " Wonderful Things Heard of." Works written about the middle of the 4th century B.C. A. born about 384 B.C. and d. 322 B.C. B. de Boot. Lap. Gemmarum et Lapidum Historia. 4to, Jena, 1647 ; the 1st edit, published at Jena in 16o9 ; the 2d, enlarged by A. Toll, Lugduni Bat., 8vo, 1636. Beck, Min. N. Y. See Rep. Min. K Y., beyond. Beud., Tr., 1824, 1832. Traite elementaire de Min.; by F. S. Beudant. 8vo, Paris, 1824; 2d ed., 2 vols., 1832. Bergm., Opusc. Opuscula of Torbernus Bergmann. 1780. Bergm., Sciagr. SSciagraphia Regni Mineralis (in Latin); by T. Bergmann. 8vo, 1782 ; reprint in London, 1783. BERZ N. SYST. Mix. Neues System der Mineralogie ; translated from the Swedish by Drs. Gmelin and Pfaff. Nurnberg, 1816. Berz. N. Syst. Min. Nouveau Systeme de Mineralogie ; by J. J. Berzelius. 8 vo, Paris, 1819; translated from the Swedish. Berz. Lothr. Die Anwendung des Lothrohrs, etc. Germ. Transl. by II. Rose. Niirnberg, 1821 ; 4th od., 1844. American ed. by Whitney, 1845. BLUMENBACH HANDB. Handbuch der Naturgeschichte. 8vo, 8fch ed., Gottingen, 1807. Born, Brief. Walschl. Briefe aus Walschland (Italy); by I. v. Born. 8vo, Prague, 1773. Born, Lithoph. Lythophylacium Borniauum; Index Fossilium qua3 coUigit, etc., Ignatius S. R. I. Eques a Born. 2 parts, Prague; part 1, 1772; 2, '75. A descriptive catalogue, but without' notes. Born, Cat. Foss. de Raab. Catalogue methodique et raisonne de la collection des Fossiles de Mile. Eleonore de Raab; by id. 4 vols., 8vo, Vienna, 1790. BOUEX. CAT. Catalogue de la Collection mineralogique particuliere du Roi ; by Comte de Bournon. 8vo, mit Atlas in fol.. Paris, 1817. Bourn. Min. Traite de Mineralogie; by Comte de Bournon. 3 vols., 4to, 1808. Breith., Char. 1820. Kurze Charakteristik des Mineral-Systems ; by A. Breithaupt. STO, Frei- berg, 1820. Breith., uhar. 1823, 1832. VoUstandige Char., etc.: by id. 8vo, Dresden, 1823; 2d ed., 1832. X INTRODUCTION. Breith., Uib, 1830. Uibersicht des Mineral-System's; by A. Breithaupt. 8vo, Freiberg. 1830. Breith., Handb. Vollstandiges Handbueh der Mineralogie ; by id. 8vo, Dresden and Leipzig ; vol 1, introduct, 1836; 2, '41 ; 3, '47. Brochant, Min. Traite de Mineralogie; by A. J. M. Brochant. Paris, 1808 ; an earlier edition iu 1800. Brcmell, Min. Herr Magni von Bromells Miueralogia. 2d ed., 16mo, Stockholm, 1739. 1st ed. pub'd in 1730. Brongn., Min. Traite elementaire de Mineralogie ; by A. Brongniart. 2 vols., 8vo, Paris, 1 807. Brongn., TabL Tableau des Especes Minerales; by id. 48 pp., Svo, Paris, 1833. Brooke, Cryst. Familiar Introduction to Crystallography ; by J. Brooke. Svo, London, 1 823. B. & M., Min. Introduction to Mineralogy, by the late Wm. Phillips ; new edition, with exten- sive alterations and additions, by II. J. Brooke and W. H. Miller, 8vo, London, 1852. Prof. Miller is the author also of a Treatise on Crystallography, Svo, Cambridge, 1839, giv- ing the elements of the system adopted in the above work, a system first proposed by Whewell, in PhU. Trans, for 1825. Briickmann, Magnalia Dei in locis subterraneis. 2 parts, fol. ; part 1, 1727 ; 2, '30. Caesius, Min. De Mineralibus; by Bernardius Caasius. 056 pp., fol., Lugduni, 1636. CAPPELLER, CRIST. Prodromus -Cristallographiae ; Marc. Ant. Cappeller. 4to, Lucerne, 1723. Cat. de Dree. Catalogue des huit Collections qui composent le Musee mineralogique de Et. de Dree. 4to, Paris, 1811. Dufrenoy speaks of it as the work of M. Leman. Chapman, Min. Practical Mineralogy; by E. J. Chapman. 8vo, London, 1843. Chapman, Char. Min. Brief Description of the Characters of Minerals; by id. 12mo, London, 1844. Cleaveland, Min., 1816, 1822. Treatise on Mineralogy and Geology. Svo, Boston, 1816 ; 2d ed., 2 vols., Svo, Boston, 1822. Cronst., or Cronst. Min., 1758, 1781. Mineralogie, eller Mineral-Blkets Upstallniug; by A. Cronstedt (but issued anonymously). 12mo, Stockholm, 1758; Brimnich's edit, in Danish, Copenhagen, hvo, 1770; 2d Swedish ed., Stockholm, 1781; MageUan's edit, in English, 2 vols., 8vo, London, 1788. Dana, Min. Boston. Outlines of the Mineralogy and Geology of Boston and its vicinity : by J. Freeman & S. L. Dana. Svo, Boston, 1818. Dana Min. This work. Editions of 1837, 1844, 1850, 1854. Supplements 1 to 10 to last edi- tion in the Am. J. Sci., 1855-1862, the last three by G. J. Brush. Daubenton, Tabl. Tableaux inethodique des Mineraux. Paris, 1784. Only a classified cata^gue. Several subsequent editions were issued, the 6th in 1799. Davila, Cab. Catalogue syst. et raisonue des Curiosites de la Nature et de 1'Art qui composent le Cabinet de M. Davila. 3 vols., 8vo, Paris, 1767. Delameth., Sciagr. New edition of Mougez's Sciagraphie (Fr. trl. of Bergmann's Sciagr., with additions); by J. C. Delametherie. 2 vols., Svo, Paris, 1792. Delameth., T. T. The'orie de la Terre; by id. 2d ed., 5 vols., Paris, 1797 ; vols. 1, 2, of this edition contain his Mineralogy. Delameth., Min. Legons de Mineralogie; by id. Svo, vol. 1, 1811; 2, '12, Paris. DE LISLE, CRIST., 1772. Essai de Cristallographie ; by Home de Flsle. Svo, Paris, 1772. De Lisle, Crist., 1783. Cristallographie, ou Description des formes propres a tous les corps du Regne mineral; by id. Called 2d edition of the preceding. 4 vols., Svo, Paris, 1783. Demeste Lettres. Lettres sur la Mineralogie; by Dr. Demeste. 2 vols., 16mo, 1779. Descl., Min. Manuel de Mineralogie; by A. DesCloizeaux. 8vo, Paris, vol. 1, 1862. Descl. Quartz. Memoire sur la Cristallisation et la Structure interieure du Quartz ; by A. Des- cloizeaux. 212 pp., 4to, with 5 folded plates, Paris, 1858. Dioscor. Dioscorides LLspi vA/?s iarptiois (Materia Medica), written about A.D. 50. In the mineral part treats especially of the medical virtues of minerals, but often gives also short descrip- tions. Not alluded to among the many references in Pliny, but evidently cited from. Domeyko, Min., 1845, 1860. Mementos de Mineralogia ; by I. Domeyko. Svo, Chili, 1st ed., Serena, 1845; 2d ed., Santiago, 1860. Domeyko, Tratado de Ensayes; by id. 2d ed., Svo, Valparaiso, 1858. Dufr., Min., 1844, 1856-1860. Traite de Mineralogie; by A. Dufreuoy. 4 vols., Svo (the last of plates), Paris, 1844; 2d ed., 5 vols.; 1, 2, 3, '56; 4, '59; 5, '60. Emmerling, Min. Lehrbuch der Mineralogie; by L. A. Emmerling. 8vo, Giessen, 1st ed., !793-'97; 2d ed., '99, 1802. Ercker, Aula Subt. Aula Subterranea (on Ores, Mining, and Metallurgy); by L. Ercker. Written in 1574, published in 1595. Erdmann, Min. Larobok i Mineral ogien ; by A. Erdmann. 8vo, Stockh., 1853. Erdmann, Dannemora Jernm. Dannemora Jernmalmsfalt, etc. ; by A! Erdmann. 12mo, Stockholm, 1851. Also Uto Jernm., 1856. Estner, Min. Versuch einer Mineralogie. 3 vols. in 5 parts, Svo, Wien, 1794-1804. INTRODUCTION. x li Estner, iiber Werner's Verbess, in Min. Freymiithige Gedanken liber Herrn Inspector Werner's Verbesserungen in der Mineralogie, nebst einigen Bemerkuugen iiber Herrn Assessor Karstens Beschreibimg des vom sel. Leske Mineralien-Cabinetts ; by Abbe Estner. G4 pp., 18mo, Wien, 1790. Fabricius, Met. De rebus metallicis ac nominibus observationes varia3, etc., ex schedis Georgii Fabricii. Tiguri, 1566. Issued with an edition of Gesner's Foss. Faujas, Vole. Viv. Eecherches sur les Volcans eteints du Vivarais et du Velay ; by Faujas de St. Fond. Fol., Grenoble et Paris, 1778. By the same, Mineralogie des Volcans, 8vo, Paris, 1784. Fors., Min. Minerographia ; by Sigfrid Avon Forsius. IGmo, Stockholm, 1643. Gallitzin, Diet. Min. Eecueil de noms par order alphabetique apropries en Mineralogie ; by D. de Gallitzin. Sm. 4to, Brunswick, 1801. Gesner, Foss. De omni rerum fossilium genere, Gemmis, Lapidibus, Metallis, etc.; opera Conradi Gesneri. Tiguri, 1565. Glocker, Handb., 1831, 1839. Handbuch der Mineralogie; by B. F. Glocker. 8vo, Niirnberg, 1831; 2dedit., 1839. Glocker, Syn. Generum et Specierum Mineralium secundum Ordines Naturales digestorum Synopsis; by id. 8vo, Halle, 1847. GMELIN, Mix. Einleitung in die Miueralogie ; by J. F. Gmelin. 8vo, Niirnberg, 1780. By the same, Grundriss einer Min. 8vo, Gottingen, 1790. Greg & Lettsom, Min. Manual of the Mineralogy of Great Britain and Ireland ; by E. P. Greg and W. G. Lettsom. 8vo, London, 1858. Gurlt, Kunstl. Min. Uebersicht der pyrogenneten kiinstlichen Mineralien, namentlich der krystallisirten Hiittenerzeugnisso ; by Dr. A. Gurlt. 8vo, Freiberg, 1857. H., Tr., 1801, 1822. Traite de Mineralogie ; by C. Haiiy. A 4to ed. of 4 vols., with atlas in fol. ; also an 8vo ed., Paris: 1801 ; 2d ed., 4 vols., 8vo, with fol. atlas, 18X2. H., Crist. Haiiy Traite de Cristallographie; by id. 2 vols., Svo, in 1822. H., TABL. COMP. Tableau Comparatif des resultats de la Cristallographie et de 1'analyse chimique relativement a la classification des Mineraux; by id. Svo, Paris, 1809. Haid., Min. Mohs. Treatise on Mineralogy, by F. Mohs ; trl., with considerable additions, by Wm. Haidiuger. 3 vols., Svo, Edinburgh, 1825. Haid., Min. Anfangsgriinde d. Min. ; by id. Svo, Leipz., 1829. Haid., Handb. Handbuch d. bestimmenden Mineralogie ; by id. Svo, Wien, 1845. Haid., Ueb. Uebersicht der Resultate Mineralogischer Forschungen irn Jahre 1843; by id. Erlangen, 1845. Hausm., Versuch. Versuch eines Entwurfs zu eines Einleitung in die Oryktognosie ; by J. F. L. Hausmann. Svo, Braunschweig, 1805; Cassel, '09. Hausm., Handb., 1813, 1847. Han dbuch der Mineralogie ; by id. 3 vols., 12 mo, Gottingen, 1813 ; 2d ed., 1st vol., introductory, '28 ; 2d, in two parts, "'47. Henckel, Py rit, Pyritologia, oder Kiess-Historie ; by J. Fr. Heuckel (of Saxony). Svo, Leipzig, 1725. Hessenberg, Min. Not. Mineralogische Notizen ; by Fr. Hessenberg. 4to. with plates, Nos. 1-8, 1S54-'6S. (From the Abhandl. d. senkenbergischen naturforschenden Gesellschaft in Frankfurt a. M., vols. ii to vii.) No. 7 contains an index to the first seven. HIAERNB, ANLEDN. Kort Anledning til askallige Malm och Bergarters, Mineraliers, etc. ; by Urban Hiaerne. Stockholm, 1694. His., Min. Geogr. Swed. Mineralogisk Geografi ofver Sverige; by W. af. Hisinger. Svo, Stockholm, 1808. Also His. Min. Geogr. Wohler. Versuch einer mineralogischen Geographie von Schweden, iiber- setzt von F. Wohler. Svo, Liepzig, 1826. His. Handbok. Handbok for Mineraloger under Resor i Sverige ; by W. Hisinger. Svo, Stock- holm, 1843. Hill, Foss. Fossils arranged according to their obvious characters ; by John Hill. Svo, Lon- don, 1771. (De Lisle says it was not issued till 1772.) Hoff, Mag. Magazin fur die gesamrate Min., etc. ; by K. E. A. v. Hoff. 1 vol., Svo, Leipzig, 1801. Hofmann, Min. Handb. d. Mineralogie ; by C. A. S. Hofmann. 4 vols., Svo, Freiberg. Vol. 1, 1811; 2, part a, '12, 6, '15; 3, parts a, 6, '16; 4, part a, '17, 6, '18. Work, after 2d vol., part a, issued by Breithaupt, Hofmann having died March, 1813. Vol. 4, part b, con- sists of notes and additions by Breithaupt, and includes also the Letztes Min. Syst. of Werner (1817). Huot, Min. Manuel de Mineralogie ; by J. J. N. Huot. 2 vols., 16mo, Paris, 1841. Jameson, Min., 1804, 1816, 1820. A System of Mineralogy; by E. Jameson. Svo, Edin- burgh; 1st ed., 2 vols., 1804; 2d, 3 vols., '16; 3d, 3 vols, 1820. Published also a Manual of Min., Svo, in 1831 ; and Mineralogy according to the Natural System (from Encycl. Brit.), in 1837. Also, in 1805, a Treatise on the External Characters of Minerals, Svo, Edinburgh. INTRODUCTION. Jasche, Kl. Schrift. Kleine min. Schriften; by C. F. Jasche. 12mo, Sondershausen, 1817. John, Untersuch. Chemische Untersuchungen mineralischer, etc., Substanzen ; by J. Fr. John, 8vo, Berlin, Fortsotzung d. chem. Laboratoriums, Berlin, which makes vol. 1 of series ; vol. 2, 1810; 3, 1813; 4, 1816; 6, 1821. Karsten, Mus. Lesk. Museum Leskeanum, Regnum minerale ; by D. L. G. Karsten. 2 vols, Svo, Leipzig, 1789. Karst., Tab., 1791. Tabellarische Uebersicht der mineralogisch-einfachen Fossilien ; by id. Fol., Berlin, 1791. Karst., Tab., 1800, 1808. Mineralogische Tabellen ; by id. Fol., Berlin, 1800; 2d ed., fol., Berlin, 1708. Karst., Wern. Verbess. Min. Ueber Herrn Werners Verbesserungen in der Mineralogie auf Yeranlassuug der freimiithigen Gedauken, etc., des Herrn Abbe Estner ; by id. 80 pp., 12mo, Berlin, 1793. Kenng., Ueb. Uebersichte der Resultate mineralogischer Forschungen ; by G. Ad. Kenngott. For the years 1844-'49, Wieu, 1852 ; for years 1850-'51, Wien, 1853; for '54, Wien, 1854; for '53, Liepzig, 1855; for '54, ib.. 1856; for '55, ib., 1856; for '56, : 57, ib., 1858; for '58, ib., 1860; for '59, ib., 1860; for '60, ib., 1862; for '61, ib., 1862; for '62-'65, ib., 1868. [The last was received just as this volume was leaving the press.] Kenng., Min., 1853. Das Mohs'sche Mineralsystem ; by id. Svo, Wien, 1853. Kirwan, Min. Elements of Mineralogy; by R. Kirwan. 2 vols., Svo, London, 2d edition, 1794. 1st ed. was issued in 1784, Svo. Klapr., Beitr. Beitrage zur chemischen Kenntniss d. Mineralkorpers ; by M. H. Klaproth. Svo, vol. 1, 1795; 2, '97; H, 1802 ; 4, '07; 5, '10; 6, '15. Kob., Char. Charakteristik d. Miueralien; by Fr. von Kobell. Svo, Niirnberg, Abth. 1, 1830: 2, 1831. Kob., Min. Grundziige d. Mineralogie; by id. Svo, Niirnberg, 1838. Kob., Taf., 1853. Tafeln zur Bestimmung d. Mineralien ; by id. 5th ed., Miinchen, 1853. The 8th edit, appeared hi 1864. Kob. Min.-Namen. Die Mineral Namen; by id. Svo, Miinchen, 1853. Kob., Gesch. Min. Geschichte d. Min. ; by id. Svo, Miinchen, 1864. Koksch., Min. Russl. Materialen zur Mineralogie Russlands ; by N. v. Kokscharof. Svo, St. Petersburg, vol. 1, 1853, '54; 2, '54-'57 ; 3, '58; 4, '61-'6t>; 5, stiU incomplete. Also by same author, Vorlesungen iiber Mineralogie. Vol. 1, 4to, St. Petersburg, 1865. Kopp, Gesch. Ch. Geschichte d. Chemie; by H. Kopp. 4 parts, Svo, Braunschweig, 1843-'47. KROXSTEDT. See Cronstedt. Lampadius, Samml. Sammlung practisch-chernischer Abhandlungen ; by W. A. Lampadius. 3 vols., 8vo, Dresden; vol. 1, 1795 ; 2, 1797 ; 3, 1800. Lenz, Min. Versuch einer vollstandigen Anleitung zur Kenntniss der Mineralien ; by D. G. J. Lenz. 2 vols., Svo, Leipzig, 1794. By the same, Tabellen, 1781 ; Handbuch, 1791; Grund- riss, 1793; Mustertafeln, 1794; Tabellen, fol., 1806; System, 1800, 1809; Handbuch, 1822. Leonh., Syst.-Tab. Systematisch-tabellarische Uebersicht und Char. d. Mineralkorper ; by C. Leonhard, K. F. Merz. and J. H. Kopp. Fol., Frankfurt a. M., 1806. Leonh., Orykt. Handbuch der Oryktogonosie ; by K. C. Leonhard. Svo, Heidelberg, 1821. Also 2d ed., Svo, Heidelberg, 1826. Leonh., topogr. Min. Handworterbuch d. topographischen Mineralogie; by G. Leonhard. Heidelberg, 1843. Levy's Heuland. Description d'une collection de Mineraux, formee par M. Henri Heuland, et appartenant a M. Ch. H. Turner, de Rooksnest, dans le comte de Surrey en Angleterre ; by A. Levy. 3 vols., Svo, with an atlas of 83 pi., London, 1837. Libavius, Alchem. Alchemia, A. Libavi*. Frankfurt, 1597. LIXN., STST. NAT. Systema Nature of Linnasus. 1st edit., 1735 ; 10th ed., T. 3, 1770. Lucas, Tabl. Tableau methodique des Especes Mineraux ; by J. A. H. Lucas. Part 1, Svo, 1806: 2, 1813, Paris. The first part contains brief descriptions taken from Haiiy's work, and also from his subsequent lectures and published announcements of his courses. The second includes in the main Haiiy's Tabl., with many additional notes. Ludwig's Min, or Ludwig's Wern. Handbuch d. Mineralogie nach A. G. Werner ; by C. F. Ludwig. 2 vols., Svo, Leipzig, 1803, '04. Marx, Crystallkunde. Geschichte der Crystallkunde ; by Dr. C. M. Marx. Svo, Carlsruhe and Baden, 1825. Matthesius, Sarepta. Berg Postilla, oder Sarepta ; by J. Matthesius. Fol., Niirnberg, 1562. Mohs, Null Kab. Des Herrn J. F. Null Mineralien-Kabinet, nach einem, durchaus auf aussere Kennzeicheu gegriindeten Systeme geordnet ; by F. Mohs. 3 Abthl, Svo, Wien, 1804. Mohs, Char. Characteristic of the Natural History System of Mineralogy ; by id. Svo, Edin- burgh, 1820. INTRODUCTION. xliil Mohs, Min., 1822. Grund-Riss der Mineralogie ; by id. 8vo, vols. 1, 2, 1822, '24, Dresden. (Translated into English by W. Haidinger. See HAID.) Mohs, Min., 1839. Anfangsgriinde der Naturgeschichte des Mineralreichs ; by F. Mohs. Zweiter Theil bearbeitet von F. X. M. Xippe; 8vo, Wien, 1839 (Erster Theil, introductory, published in 1836). A first edition of this work in 1832. Mont. & Cov., Min. Prodrome della Mineralogia Vesuviana ; vol. 1, Orittognosia. 8vo, Napoli, .1825. NAPIONE, MIN. Elementi di Mineralogia; by Napione. 8vo, Turin, 1779. Naumann, Kryst. Lehrbuch der Krystallographie ; by C. F. Naumann. 2 vols.. 8vo, with numerous figs., Leipzig, 1829. Nauniann has since published the smaller works, Anfangs- griinde der Kryst., 8vo, 1854; Elemente der Theoretischen Kryst., 8vo, 1856. Naumann, Min. Elemente der Mineralogie. 8vo, Liepzig, 1st ed., 1846; 2d., 50; 3d ed., '52 ; 4th, '55 ; 5th, '59 ; 6th, '64. Naumann published Lehrbuch der Min., 8vo, Berlin 1828. NECKER MIN. Le regne mineral ramene aux methodes de 1'histoire naturelle ; by L. A. Necker 2 vols., 8vo, Paris, 1835. Nicol, Min. Manual of Mineralogy; by J. NicoL 8vo, Edinb., 1849. Noggerath, Min. Stud. Geb. Nederrhein. Mineralogische iStudien iiber die Gebirge am Nie derrhein ; by J. J. Noggerath. 8vo, Frankfurt a. M., 1 808. A. E. Nordensk., Finl. Min. Beskrifning dfver de i Finland funna Mineralier ; by A. E. Nor denskiold. 8vo, Helsingfors, 1855. Also 2d ed., ib., 18b3. N. Nordensk., Finl. Min. Bidrag till narmare Kannedom af Finlands Mineralier och Geog- nosie ; by Nils Nordensk iold. 8 vo, Stockholm, 1820. N. NORDENSK VERZ. Verzeichn. d. in Finland gef. Min. ; by id. Helsingfors, 1852. Piattner, Probirk. Die Probirkunst mit dem Lothrohr ; by C. F. Plattner. Last ed. by T. Kichter, 8vo, 1865. Plin. Historia Naturalis C. Plinii Secundi. First published A.D. 77. Latin ed. consulted, Sillig's, in 8 vols., ]851-'58 ; and English, that of Bostock & Riley, 5 vols., 12mo, London, 1855. Pliny's Natural History is divided into xxxvii Books ; and these into short chapters. The numbering of the chapters differs somewhat in different editions; that stated in the references is from the English edition. The last five books are those that particularly treat of metals, ores, stones, and gems. . Phillips, Min., 1823, 1837. Elementary Introduction to Mineralogy. 8vo, 3d ed., London, 1823. 4th ed. by R. Allan, 8vo, 1837. The 1st ed. appeared in 1816; and this was re published in New York, in 1 S 1 8. For Alger's Phillips, see Alger. Quenstedt, Min. Handbuch der Mineralogie ; by F. A. Quenstedt. 8vo, Tubingen, 1853. Also 2d ed., ib., 1863. Ramm., Handw. Handworterbuch des chemischen Theils der Miueralogie ; by C. F. Rammels- berg. 8vo, Berlin, 1841. Supplement 1, '43; 2, '45; 3, '47; 4, '49; 5, '53. Ramm., Min. J. J. Berzelius's neues chemisches Mineralsystem ; by id. 8vo, Niirnberg, 1847. Ramm., Min. Ch. Handb. d. Mineralchemie ; by id. 8vo, Leipzig, 1860. Rashleigh, Brit. Min. Specimens of British Minerals selected from the cabinet of Philip Rash- leigh (descriptions and colored plates). 4to, London. Parti, 1797; 2, 1802. Rep. G. Cal. Report on the Geology of California ; by J. D. Whitney. Large 8vo, San Fran- cisco, 1865. Rep. G. Can. Annual Reports on the Progress of the Geological Survey of Canada ; by Sir "Wm. E. Logan. Containing reports on mineralogy by T. S. Hunt. 8vo, 1845-'59. In 1863 a General Report for the years 1843-'63. Rep. G. Mass. Report on the Geology of Massachusetts ; by E. Hitchcock. 1st Rep., 1833, 8vo; 2d ed., 1835. 2d Rep., 1841, 4to. Rep. G. N. Y. Reports on the Geological Survey of New York. Annual Reports inSvo, 1837 -'41 ; final in 4to. Rep. Min, N. Y. Report on the Mineralogy of the State of New York ; by L. 0. Beck. 4to, 1842. Reuss, Min. Lehrbuch d. Mineralogie; by F. A. Reuss. 8vo, 1 80 1-'05, Leipzig. Divided into parts, and the parts into vols. Pt. 1 and pt. 2, vol. 1, 1801; vol. 2, '02; vol. 3, 4, '03; 3d pt., vol. 1, 2, '05 ; 4th pt., including index, '06. Rio, Orykt. Elementos de Oryktognosia, 6 del Conocimiento de los Fossiles, dispuestos segun los principios de A. G. Werner; by A. M. del Rio. 4to, Mexico, 1795. Rio, MIN. Nuevo Sisteina Minerale ; by id. Mexico, 1827. Rio, Tabl. Min. Tablas mineralogicas por D. L. G. Karsten ; by A. M. del Rio. 4to, Mexico, 1804. Robinson, Cat. Catalogue of American Minerals, with their Localities ; by S. Robinson. 8vo, Boston, 1825. INTRODUCTION. Rose, Reis. Ural. Eeise nach dem Ural, dem Altai, und dem Kaspischen Meere ; by Gustav Kose. 8vo, Berlin; vol. 1, 1837 ; 2, '42. Rose, Kryst.-Ch. Min. Das Krystallo-chemischen Mineral- System ; by G-. Rose. 8vo, Leip- zig, 1852. Sage, Min. Siemens de Mineralogie docimastique ; by B. G. Sage. 2d ed., 2 vols., 1777. 1st ed. appeared in 1772. SAUSSUEB, VOY. ALPES. Voyages dans les Alpes, par H. B. Saussure. 4 vols., 4to. Vols. 1, 2, 1779, '80: 3, 4, '96. Scacchi, Mem. Min. e Geol. Memorie mineralogiche e geologiche ; by A. Scacchi. Svo, Napoli, 1841. Scacchi, Crist. Quadri Cristallografici, e Distribuzione sistematica dei minerale ; by id. Svo, Napoli, 1842. Scacchi, Mem. Geol. Campania. Meinorie geologiche sulla Campania ; by id. 4to, Napoli, 1849. By the same, Memoria sulla Incendio Vesuviano, 1855. Napoli, 1855. Polisim- metria dei Cristalli. 4to, 1864. Schrauf. Atlas Kryst. Atlas der Krystall-Formen des Mineralreichs ; by Dr. A. Schrauf. 4to, 1 Lief., Wien, 1865. Schumacher, Verz. Versuch eines Verzeichnisses der in den Danisch-Nordischen Staaten sich findenden einfachen Mineralien. 4to, Copenhagen, 1801. Schutz, Nordamer. Foss. Beschreibung einiger Nordamerikanischen Fossilien ; by A. G. Schiitz, of Freyberg. 16mo, Liepzig, 1791. Contains the first notice of celestine, a mine- ral named by Werner from Schiitz's American specimens. Sella, Min. Sarda. Studii sulla Mineralogia Sarua; by Quintino Sella. 4to, Turin, 1856. Shep., Min., 1832-1835, 1844, 1852, 1857. Treatise on Mineralogy; by C. U. Shepard. 1st part, 1 vol., 12mo, New Haven, 1832; 2d part, 2 vols., New Haven, 1835. Also, 2d ed. (with only the 1st part revised), New Haven, 1844. Also, 3d ed., Svo, New Haven, No. 1, 1852 ; No. 2, '57. Shep., Min. Conn. Eeport on the Geological Survey of Connecticut ; by id. Svo, N. Haven, 1837. Steffens, Handb. Handb. d. Oryktognosie ; by H. Steflfens. 3 vols., 18mo, Halle ; vol. 1, 1811; 2, '15; 3, '19. STROMEYER, UNT. Untersuchungen iiber die Mischung der Mineralkorper, etc. ; by Fr. Stro- meyer. Svo, Gottingen, 1821. Theophr. Theophrastus Ilept \idwv (on Stones); written about 315 B.C. Only a portion of the whole work is extant, but sufficient to show that the author was precise in his knowledge of minerals and careful in the statement of facts. T. born about 371 BC., and d. 286 B.C. Thomson, Min., 1802, 1836. Outlines of Mineralogy, Geology, and Mineral Analysis ; by T. Thomson. 2 vols., Svo, London, 1836. A treatise on Mineralogy published also with pre- ceding editions of his Chemistry, the earliest in 1802. ULLmann, Syst.-tab. Ueb. Systematisch-tabellarische Uebersicht der min. -einfachen Fossilien; by J. C. Ullmann. Small 4to, Cassel and Marburg, 1814. Volger, Studien, etc. Studien zur Entwicklungsgeschichte der Mineralien ; by G. H. 0. Vol- ger. Svo, Zurich, 1854. Other works : Entwickl. der Min. d. Talk-Glimmer Familie, 1855 ; Arragonit und Kalcit, 1855; Monographie des Borazites, Hannover, 1855; Epidot und Granat, Beobachtungen iiber das gegenseitige Verhaltniss dieser Krystalle, Zurich, 1855 ; KrystaUographie, Stuttgart, 1854. Vogl's Joach. Gaugverhaltnisse und Mineralreichthum Joachimsthals ; by J. Fl. Vogl. Svo, Teplitz, 1857. Wall., or Wall., Min. Mineralogia, eller Mineralriket ; by J. G. Wallerius. 12mo, Stockholm, 1747. Wall., Fr. Trl. French edition of Wallerius's Min. of 1747. 2 vols., Svo, Paris, 1753. Pub- lished anonymously. Wall., Min., 1772, '75. Systema Mineralogicum. Svo, Holmue, vol. 1, 1772 ; 2, '75. Wall., Min., 1778. Syst. Min. 2 vols., 8vo, Vienna, 1778. Waltersh., Vulk. Gest. Ueber die vulkanischen Gesteine in Sicilien und Island (Iceland), und ihre submarine Umbilduug; by W. Sartorius v. Waltershausen. 8vo, Gottingen, 1853. Watts Diet. Ch. Dictionary of Chemistry ; by H. Watts. 4 vols., 1863, '64, '65, '66 ; a fifth yet to be issued. Wern., Auss. Kennz. Foss. Von d. ausserlichen Kennzeichen d. Fossilien ; by A. G. Werner. Svo, Leipzig, 1774. Wern., Ueb. Cronst. Kronstedt's Versuch einer Min. iibersetzt und vermehrt von A. G. Wer- ner. Vol. 1, part 1. Leipzig, 1780. Wern., Min.-Kab. Fabst. Verzeichniss des Mineralien Kabinets des Herrn K. E. Pabst VOD Ohain; by A. G. Werner. 2 vols., Freiberg, 1791, '93. INTRODUCTION. xlv Wern., Letzt. Min. Syst. Letztes Mineral-System. 8vo, Freiberg & Wien, 1817. A Catalogue with notes. Werner or his scholars issued, from time to time, a tabular synopsis of his Mineral system revised to the time of publication, on folio sheets, or published them in other works. The earliest after that of Werner's Cronstedt was issued by Hofmann in Bergm. J., 1789, vol. 1, p. 369. Emmerling's Min., i. 1799, contains the synopsis of 1798, and Ludwig's Min. contains that of 1800 and 1803. Leonhard's Tasch., iii. 261, that of 1809. Westrumb, Kl. Phys.-Ch. Abh. Kleine physikalisch-chemische Abhandlungen ; by J. F. West- rumb. 8vo, Leipzig, vol. 1, 1785; 2, '87; 3, '88; 4, '89; Hannover, 5, 6, '93 ; 7, '95 ; 8, '97. Withering, Trl. Bergm. Sciagr. Outlines of Mineralogy, trl. from the original of Bergmann; by Wm. Withering. 8vo, 1783 (Reprinted in vol. 2 of Mem. and Tracts of the late Dr. Withering, London, 1822). Whitney, Lake Sup. Report on the Geology of the Lake Superior Land District; by J. W. Foster and J. D. Whitney. 8vo, Part 1, 1850; 2, '51. Whitney, Met. Wealth. The Metallic Wealth of the United States, described and compared with that of other countries ; by J. D. Whitney. 8vo, Philadelphia, 1854. Whitney, Miss. Lead Region. Report of a Geological Survey of the Upper Mississippi Lead Region ; by id. (Made by authority of the State of Wisconsin.) 8vo, 1862. Whitney, Rep. G. Cal. See Rep. G-. Cal. Whitney, Berz. Blowpipe. Berzelius on the Blowpipe ; translated by J. D. Whitney. 8vo, Boston, 1845. WOODWARD, Foss. Fossils of all kinds digested into a Method suitable to their mutual Relation and Affinity. 8vo, London, 1728. Zepharovich, Min. Lex. Mineralogisches Lexicon fur das Kaiserthum Oesterreich ; by V. R. v. Zepharovich. 8vo, Wien, 1859. The works in the above catalogue which are most important for the study of the history of mineral species are the following, the order cited being that of time : Theophrastus ; Dioscorides ; Pliny's Natural History ; Agricola's works ; Linnaeus' s Systema Nature, 1st ed., 1735; Wallerius's Mineralogy in the original Swedish, 1747 (the first systematic, descriptive work, following in its system of classification mainly the 1st edition of Linnaeus, which the author alludes to in his preface, among other Swedish works by Forsius, Hiaerne, Bromell, and Swedenborg) ; Cronstedt's Mineralogy, 1757 (a new chemical system); Linnaeus' s Systema Naturae, 10th ed., 1768; Rome de Lisle's Crystallographie, 1772, 1783 (the first systematic effort to apply the principles of crystallography to the science) ; Wallerius's Min. of 1772, 1778 (the system and facts are little changed from the earlier edition) ; Wer- ner on the External Characters of Minerals, 1774, and his Cronstedt, 1780; Berg- inann's Opuscula, 1780, and Sciagraphia, 1782; Hotmann's exposition of Werner's system in the Bergm. J., 1789 ; Emmerling's Mineralogy, l793-'97, and 1799-1802 ; Lenz's Mineralogy, 1794; Klaproth's Beitrage, 1795-1810; Karsten's Tabellen, 1800; Haiiy's Treatise on Mineralogy, 1801; Reuss's Mineralogy, 1801-1806; Ludwig r s Werner, 1803, 1804; Mohs's Null Kab., 1804; Karsten's Tabellen, 1808; Lucas's Tableau, part 1, 1806 (giving views of Haiiy of 1801 and 1801 to 1806) ; Brongniart's Mineralogy, 1807; Hatty's Tableau comparatif, 1809; Hausmann's Handbuch, 1813 ; Hoffmann's Mineralogie, 1811-1817 ; Ullmann's Uebersicht, 1814; Jameson's Mineralogy, 1816, 1820; Werner's Last Mineral System (Letztes, etc.), 1817; Cleaveland's Mineralogy, 1816, 1822; Berzelius's Nouv. Systeme, 1819; Leonhard's Handbuch, 1821, 1826; Mohs's Mineralogy, 1822; Ilaidinger's transla- tion of Mohs, 1824 ; Breithaupt's Charakteristik, 1820, 1823, 1832 ; Beudant's Trea- tise, 1824, 1832 ; Phillips's Min., 1823, 1837 ; Glocker's Min., 1831, 1839 ; Shepard's Min., 1832-'35, and later editions; von KobelPs Grundziige, 1838; Mohs's Min., 1839; Breithaupt's Min., 1836-1847; Haidingers Handbuch, 1845; Hausmann's Handbuch, 1847 ; Dufrenoy's Min., 1844-1847 (also 1856-1859) ; Glocker's Synop- sis, 1847; Brooke & Miller, 1852; von Kobell's Tafeln, 1853; Rammelsberg's Handworterbuch and Supplements, 1841-1853; Kenngott's Uebersicht, 1844-1865; DesCloizeaux's Mineralogy, 1862 ; von Kobell's Geschichte, 1864. INTRODUCTION. 7. ANNOTATED INDEX TO THE USEFUL METALS AND METALLIC ORES. GOLD. Native Gold (1).* Distinguished from all minerals it resembles by its flattening under a hammer; its cutting like lead, although considerably harder; its resisting the action of nitric acid, hot or cold ; its high specific gravity. Gold also occurs in Gold Amalgam (11), Sylvanite (98), Nagyagite (99), Petziie (58A), and Gala- verite (Supplement). Also sometimes in traces in Pyrite, Galenite, Chalcopyrite, Native Tellurium. PLATINUM. IRIDIUM. PALLADIUM. Native Platinum (3), the source of the platinum of commerce, is distinguished by the same tests as gold ; and it is mainly on account of its mal- leability that it occurs in flattened grains or scales. Platiniridiam (4) is another ore somewhat harder. Iridosmine (7) resembles platinum ; but it scratches glass, and gives the reaction of osmium, besides being rather brittle. Native Palladium (5). SILVER. The important Silver minerals are: Native Silver (2), sectile and malleable like gold, the only one that has a white color; Argentite or Sulphuret of Silver (40), blackish lead-gray, cutting (unlike the following) nearly like pure lead, cubic in crystallization; Pyrargyrite and Proustite or Ruby Silver ore (117, 118), ruby red to black, always giving a bright red powder; Freieslebenite or Gray Silver ore (114), steel-gray, rather brittle, and powder stel-gray ; Stephanite or Brittle or Black Silver ore (130), iron-black, and giving an iron-black powder; Cerargyrite or Horn Silver (140), resembling a dark-colored gray or greenish wax, and cutting like wax ; Embo- lite or Chloro-bromid of Silver (141), like the last, but more greenish. These ores yield silver easily, when heated on charcoal. Besides these, Tetrahedrite or Gray Copper (125) is often a valuable silver ore ; Galenite (44), which, although seldom yielding over seventy-five ounces to the ton, affords a considerable part of the silver of commerce. For other rarer silver minerals, see 35, 86, 41, 42, 58-60, 62, 63, 98, 99, 108, 111, 115, 116, 120, 131, 133, 142, 143. COPPER. The more valuable species are : Native Copper (\1}\ Chalcopyrite or Copper pyrites (78), of a brass-yellow color, scratched easily with the point of a knife-blade, and giving a greenish- black powder; Barnhardtite (79) and Cubanite (77), which are similar to the last, but paler; Somite or Purple Copper (49), pale yellowish, with a slight coppery tinge, but tarnishing exter- nally to purple, blue, and reddish tints, easily scratched with a knife-blade, and powder grayish ; Chalcocite or Vitreous Copper (61), of a dark lead-gray color, and powder similar, resembling some silver ores, but yielding copper and not silver when heated on charcoal ; Tetrahedrite or Gray Copper (125), of a somewhat paler steel-gray color and powder; Red Copper (172) ; Black Copper (178) ; Malachite or Green Carbonate of Copper (751), of a bright green color, sometimes earthy in the fracture and sometimes silky; Azurite or Blue Malachite (752), of a rich deep blue color, either earthy or vitreous iu lustre. All the above are acted on by nitric acid, and the solution deposits a red coating of copper on a strip of polished iron ; Chrysocolla (346), a silicate of copper, resem- bling the Green Carbonate, but paler green, and usually having a close texture (never fibrous), a smoother surface and somewhat waxy lustre, although occurring usually as an incrustation; Atacamite or Chlorid of Copper (153), of deeper green than Malachite; Sulphate of Copper (669). For rarer minerals containing copper, see 37, 38, 39, 42, 43, 46, 50, 51, 62, 80, 82, 100-103, 110, 119, 121, 124, 126, 154 (sulphids, arsenids, etc.); 218, 345 (silicates); 533-536, 538-548, 567, 583, 615, 622, 623, 636, 639, 644, 665, 670. 700, 705, 706, 708 (phosphates, arsenates, sulphates); 750, 755 (carbonates). QUICKSILVER. The only valuable ore is Cinnabar (64) of a bright red to brownish-black color, with a red powder, and affording quicksilver when heated in an open tube. There are also Native Quicksilver (8) ; Amalgam (9) ; Selenid(65); Chlorid and lodid (136, 144). Tetrahedrite (125) sometimes contains this metal. LEAD. Galenite (44) is the only abundant lead ore ; it is a lead-gray, brittle ore, yielding lead when heated with charcoal. The carbonate (cerussite, 729), phosphate (pyromorphite, 493), arse- nate (mimetite, 494), and sulphate (anglesite. 633), are rarely worked as ores. For other lead minerals, see 41, 45, 46, 47, 99, 105-107, 111-114, 119, 122-124, 126, 128, 129 (sulphids, antimo- nids, etc.); 145, 150-152 (chlorids) ; 177, 197 (oxyds); 502, 539 (arsenates); 605 (antimonate) ; 556 (phosphate); 616 (tungstate); 617 (molybdate); 619-621, 623 (vanadates); 635, 636, 638, 641, 700 (sulphates); 642-645 (chromates) ; 712 (selenate); 715, 733 (carbonates).. * The numbers refer to the number of the species. INTRODUCTION. ZINC. The most important ores are: 1, Smitlisonite or Carbonate of Zinc (723), and 2, Gala- mine or Silicate of Zinc (361) ; they are alike in a white, grayish- white, or greenish- white color, commonly a slight waxy lustre and smooth look (often stalactitic or mammillary), yet sometimes earthy ; and a hardness such that the surface is scratched with a knife-blade with some little difficulty. They differ in their action with muriatic acid ; when the surface is drusy, the silicate shows projections of minute rectangular prisms. Zincite or Red Zinc Ore (176) is also important ; it is bright red and very distinctly foliated. Blende or Sulphid of Zinc (5d) is a common ore, hav- ing a yellow to black color and resinous lustre, and distinctly cleavable ; the black varieties are sometimes a little metallic in lustre, but the powder is nearly or quite white. For other Zinc minerals, see 185, 188 (oxyds); 70 (sulphid) ; 57 (oxysulphid) ; 238, 241, 266. 270 (silicate); 634, 666 (sulphate) ; 500 (phosphate) ; 53u, 537 (arsenate) ; 749, 750 (carbonate). COBALT, NICKEL. The ores of cobalt: Smaltite (83) and Cobaltite (85), both of nearly a tin- white color, with the powder grayish-black, color sometimes verging slightly to gray. The Black Oxyd of Cobalt (218), a kind of bog ore and very impure, is sometimes sufficiently abundant to be valuable. The useful ores of nickel are Chloanthite or the niccoliferous smaltite (83), Gersdorffite or Nickel Glance (86), Niccolite or Copper Nickel (71), distinguished by a pale copper-red color, and Niccoliferous Pyrrhotite (68), from which the larger portion of the nickel of commerce is extracted. For other ores of Cobalt, see 53, 81, 82, 84, 95, 97 (sulphids andarsenids) ; 618 (molybdate) ; 667 (sulphate); 526, 529, 530 (arsenate); 748 (carbonate); of Nickel, 54, 66 (sulphid); 74, 87, 88 (arsenical or antimonial); 416 (silicate); 668 (sulphate); 527, 529, 530 (arsenate) ; 747 (carbo- nate). MANGANESE. Common, as Pyrolusite (199) and Psilomelane (217), both black or grayish- black ores, and having little lustre, and a blackish streak or powder, in which last particular they are distinct from the iron ore called Limonite, with which they are often associated, and also from Hematite or Specular Iron. Wad (218) is an earthy bog manganese, sometimes abundant and valuable. Manganite (205) is abundant in certain mines, but is of little value in the arts, because of its containing so little oxygen (one-third less than Pyrolusite), to which fact Beudant alludes in his name for the species, Acerdese; it differs from pyrclusite in its reddish-brown powder. For other manganese ores, see 52, 76 (sulphid); 73 (arsenid) ; 195, 196 (oxyds); 241, 262, 263 261), 491 (silicates); 498, 499, 531 (phosphates); 532 (arsenate); 663, 679, 680 (sulphates); 717, 721, 722, 725 (carbonates). CHROMIUM. Chromic Iron (189), a grayish-black, little lustrous ore, occurring mostly in Ser- pentine, is the source of chrome in the arts. For different chromates, see p. 614. IRON. The important iron ores are : Hematite or Specular Iron (the aifiuTtr^ or bloods/one of Theophrastus) (180), characterized by its blood-red powder, and occurring either earthy and red, or metallic and dark steel-gray ; in the latter condition very hard, a knife-point making no impres- sion ; Magnetite or magnetic iron ore (18tf), as hard as the preceding, but having a black powder, and being attractable by a magnet; Fsank'inite, an allied species, containing zinc and manganese (188); L/,monite, called also brown hematite (206), a softer hydrous ore, affording a brownish- yellow powder, earthy or semi-metallic in appearance, and often in mammillary or stalactitic forms; nearly related to limonite are gothite (204), turgite (202), and limnite (213); Siderite or Spathic Iron (721), a sparry ore, of grayish, grayish-brown, and brown colors, very distinctly clea- vable, turning brown to black on exposure. The common clayey iron ores are impure ores, either of Spathic Iron, Limonite, or Hematite ; when the last they are red ; when brown, reddish-brown, or yellowish-brown to black, they may be either of the two former. One of the most common iron minerals is Pyrite or sulphid of iron (75), a pale yellow, brass-like ore, hard enough to strike fire with steel, and thus unlike any copper ore, and all similar ores of other metals. It is fre- quently mined and utilized for the sulphur it contains. Marcasite (90) is similar, but is prismatic and often crested in its forms. Pyrrhotite or Magnetic Pyrites (68) is less hard and paler, or more grayish in color. Leucopyrite and Mispickel (91, 93, 94) are white, metallic, arsenical ores, some- what resembling ores of cobalt. Menaccanite or Titanic Iron (181) resembles specular iron closely, but has not a red powder ; it is abundant in some regions. For other iron minerals, see 260, 284,334, 369, 435, 436, 467, 469 (silicates); 473-475 (columbates, tautalates); 498, 499, 524, 525, 553, 557, 558, 560, 567-570, 576 (phosphates, arsenates) ; 605 (borate) ; 610 (tungstate) ; 646, 662, 664, 665, 672, 675, 682-687, 692, 696 (sulphates); 717,719,720 (carbonates); 768 (oxalate). TIN. The only valuable ore is the Oxyd of Tin or Cassiterite (192), a very hard and heavy mineral of a dark brown to black color, aometimes gray or grayish-brown, without any metallic appearance ; the crystals usually have a very brilliant lustre. Tin also occurs as a sulphid (80), and is sparingly found in ores of tantalum and some other mineral species. INTRODUCTION. TITANIUM. The only ore of this metal of any value is Eutile (193). ARSENIC. Native Arsenic (17) is one source of arsenic, but it is too rare to be of much avail ; also Orpiment (27), a sulphur-yellow, foliaceous, and somewhat pearly mineral, and Realgar (26), bright red and vitreous. Arsenic is mostly derived for the arts from the arsenical ores of iron, cobalt, and nickel. ANTIMONY. Stibnite or Gray Antimony (29) is the source of the antimony of commerce. It is a lead-gray ore, usually fibrous or in prismatic crystals, and distinguished from a similar ore of manganese by its perfect diagonal cleavage and its easy fusibility. Native antimony (18), senar- montite (220), valentinite (221), are sometimes found in sufficient abundance to be mined. Anti- mony occurs also in numerous ores of lead, silver, and nickel; also as oxj^sulphid (226). BISMUTH. Native Bismuth (20), the source of the metal in the arts, is whitish, with a faint reddish tinge, has a perfect cleavage, and is very fusible. For other bismuth ores, see 30-33. 36, 102, 103, 121, 123, 124 (sulphids, teUurids); 222, 223 (oxyds) ; 336-338 (silicates); 753 (car- bonate). 8. ABBREVIATIONS. For explanations of the abbreviations Var., Oomp., Obs., Alt., Artif., as headings of sections in the descriptions of species, see p xi ; of chemical symbols, pp. xi-xviii ; of H., G-., B.B., O.F., R.F., p. xx ; of other abbreviations, p. xxxiv. The fractional expression f , before the statement of an analysis signifies a mean of two analy- ses ; f , a mean of three ; and so on. Q in a formula after the new system stands for an accessory ingredient in the compound, and the nature of this ingredient is to be learned from the formula after the old system in the same line. In the statements of the angles of crystals, abbreviations are used as follows: pyr., angle over a pyramidal edge. bas., angle over a basal edge. mac., angle over a macrodiagonal edge. brack,, angle over a brachydiagonal edge. top, angle between opposite planes over the summit. term., angle over terminal edge in a rhombohedroa adj., angle between adjacent planes, oi'., over; brachyd., brachydiagonal; macrod., macrodiagonaL DESCEIPTIVE IIIEMLOGY. The following are the general subdivisions in the classification of mine- rals adopted in this treatise : GENERAL SUBDIVISIONS. I. NATIVE ELEMENTS. II. COMPOUNDS : THE MOEE NEGATIVE ELEMENT AN ELEMENT or SERIES II. (See next page.) 1. Binary: SULPHIDS, TELLURIDS, OF METALS OF THE SULPHUR AND ARSENIC GROUPS (p. 26). 2. Binary : SULPHIDS, TELLURIDS, SELENIDS, ARSENIDS, ANTIMONTDS, BISMUTHIDS, PHOSPHIDS, OF METALS OF THE GOLD, IRON, AND TIN GROUPS (p. 33). 3. Ternary : SULPHARSENITES, SULPHANTIMONITES, SULPHOBISMUTH- ITES (p. 84). III. COMPOUNDS : THE MORE NEGATIVE ELEMENT AN ELEMENT OF SERIES III., GROUP I. (See page 3.) 1. CHLORIDS, BROMIDS, IODIDS (p. 110). IY. COMPOUNDS : THE MORE NEGATIVE ELEMENT AN ELEMENT OF SERIES III., GROUP II. 1. FLUORIDS (p. 123). Y. COMPOUNDS : THE MORE NEGATIVE ELEMENT AN ELEMENT OF SERIES III., GROUP III. Oxygen Compounds. 1. Binary : OXYDS (p. 131). 2. Ternary ; the basic element an element of Series I. ; the acidic of Series II. (as silicon, columbiuin, phosphorus, etc.) ; the acidific of Series III. (oxygen) : 1, SILICATES (p. 202) ; 2, COLUMBATES, TANTALATES (p. 512) ; 3, PHOSPHATES, ARSENATES, ANTIMONATES, NITRATES (p. 526) ; 4, BORATES (p. 593) ; 5, TUNGSTATES, MOLTB- DATES, VANADATES (p. 601) ; 6, SULPHATES, CHROMATES, TELLU- RATES (p. 612) ; 7, CARBONATES (p. 669) ; 8, OXALATES (p. 718). VI. HYDRO-CARBON COMPOUNDS : MINERALS OF ORGANIC ORIGIN (p. 720). DESCRIPTIVE MINERALOGY. I. NATIVE ELEMENTS. ABBANGEMENT OF THE SPECIES. Series I. 1. GOLD GROUP. 1. GOLD. 2. SILVER. 2. IKON GROUP. Series IE. 1. ARSENIC GROUP. 17. ARSENIC. 18. ANTIMONY. 19. ALLEMONTITE. 20. BISMUTH. 2. SULPHUR GROUP. 3. PLATINUM. 4. PLATTNIRIDIUM. 5. PALLADIUM. 6. ALLOPALLADIUM. 7. IRIDOSMINE. (1). Newjarskite. (2). Sisserskite. 8. QUICKSILVER. 9. AMALGAM. 10. ARQUERITE. 11. GOLD- AMALGAM. 12. COPPER. 13. IRON. 14. ZINC. 15. LEAD. 3. TIN GROUP. 16. TIN. 21. TELLURIUM. 22. SULPHUR. 23. SELENSFLPHUR. 3. CARBON-SILICON GROUP. 24. DIAMOND. 25. GRAPHITE. Two series of elements are here recognized; the first containing the more basic, and, the second, one division of the more negative. These two series are parallel in their subdivisions, so that the arrangement is a natural one, whether read across, or up and down, the page. The first group of each contains elements whose compounds have an odd number of atoms of the negative element, as 1, 3, 5, or the perissads (p. xviii); the other two of each, an even number, as 2, 4, 6, or the artiads. (I). To the Gold group of elements belong also hydrogen, potassium, sodium, lithium, rubidium, azsium, thallium ; the atomic ratio for the oxyds is 1 : 1, and the general formula of the same RO, or R 2 0, in the new system of chemistry. To the Arsenic group belong the elements phosphorus, nitrogen, columbium, tantalum, and proba- bly boron. In all but boron, there are oxyds containing 3 and 5 atoms of oxygen ; in boron, 3, but not 5. (2). To the Iron group of elements belong calcium, magnesium, aluminum, "beryllium, copper, cobalt, nickel, zinc, chromium (in part), manganese (in part), lead (in part), etc. Among the oxyds, the atomic ratio 2 : 2 occurs in the ordinary protoxyds, having the formula RO, as ordinarily writ- ten (and so written in this work), but ftO, in the new style of chemistry. The ratio 4 : 6 is repre- sented in the sesquioxyds, R 2 3 (ft 2 s in the new system). To the Sulphur group of elements belong also selenium, vanadium, and probably molybdenum, in which the more prominent acid has the atomic ratio 2 : 6. Here also may be included that state of the metal chromium which exists in chromic acid (CrO 3 , or <3r0 3 ), that of manganese in man- ganic acid, and that of molybdenum in molybdic acid. (3). To the Tin group belong also titanium, zirconium, thorium. The prominent oxyd has the atomic ratio 2:4 (RO 2 , or in the new system RO 7 ). This group may contain also that state of lead which exists in the oxyd PbO 2 (or PbO 2 ) ; and the same also of manganese existing in MnO 2 ; of platinum and palladium in the deutoxyd State.* * The three states of a basic metal, corresponding to the protoxyd, sesquioxyd, and deutoxyd of the same (in which 1 part of metal balances, in its affinity, 1, 1, and 2 parts of oxygen), may be GOLD. The Carbon-Silicon Group contains Carbon and Silicon. They are related to one another in the atomic ratio of their prominent acids (SiO 2 , CO 2 ), but they are very widely unlike in many respects, and very strikingly so in the mineral compounds of the two acids.* Series III. Besides the above two series of elements, there is a third, consisting of the emi- nently negative elements (for the most part exclusively negative). The three groups of this Series III. are : (1). CHLORINE, BROMINE, IODINE. (2). FLUORINE. (3). OXYGEN. The first of these groups (like the same in Series I. and II.) includes elements of the odd divi- sion ; the third of the even ; while fluorine is of either. 1. GOLD. Sol. Alchem. Gediegen Gold Germ. Ornatifj&V. Isometric. Observed planes 0, /, 1, 2, 3-3, 4-2. Figs. 1 to 8, 15, 17, and the following : the octahedron and dodecahedron (f. 2, 3), most com- mon. Crystals sometimes acicular through elongation of octahedral or other forms ; also passing into filiform, reticulated, and arborescent shapes ; and occasionally spongiform from an aggregation of filaments ; edges 51 52 53 of crystals often salient (f. 51). Cleavage none. Twins : composition face octahedral, as in f. 50 ; and occurring also in trapezohedral and other forms. Also massive and in thin laminae. Often in flattened grains or scales, and rolled masses in sand or gravel. H.^2-5 3. G.=15-6 -19-5 ; 19-30 19-34, when quite pure, G. Eose. Lustre metallic. Color and streak various shades of gold-yellow, some- times inclining to silver-white. Very ductile and malleable. Composition, Varieties. Gold, but containing silver in different proportions, and sometimes also traces of copper, iron, palladium, rhodium. Var. 1. Ordinary. Containing O'lG to 16 p. c. of silver; or, the atomic ratio of gold to sil- ver varying from 150 : 1 to 3:1. Color varying, accordingly, from deep gold-yellow to pale yellow; G. 19 15*5. Ratio for the gold and silver of 3 : 1 corresponds to 15'1 p. c. of silver; 4 : 1, 12 p. c. ; 6:1, 84 p. c. ; 10 : 1, 5'3 p. c. (a) In distinct crystals or groups of crystals; (6) arborescent or reticulated ; (c) filiform ; (d) spongy ; (e) in lamina? ; (/) rolled masses ; (g) .scales or grains. 2. Argentiferous; Eledrum. (Aswifj v""A2=108 20'. Cleavage : basal, highly perfect ;- J- distinct. Generally massive, lamellar ; sometimes botryoidal or reniform with a granular texture. H.=3 3-5 G. =6-646 6-72,; 6'65 6'62, crystals, Kenngott. Lustre metallic. Color and streak tin-white. Very brittle. Comp. Antimony, containing sometimes silver, iron, or arsenic. Analysis by Klaproth (Beitr., iii. 169): from Andreasberg, Antimony 98, silver 1, iron 025=99'25. Pyr. B.B., on charcoal fuses, gives a white coating in both 0. and R. F. ; if the blowing be inter- mitted, the globule continues to glow, giving off white fumes, until it is finally crusted over with prismatic crystals of oxyd of antimony. The white coating tinges the R. F. bluish-green. Crys- tallizes readily from fusion. Occurs in lamellar concretions in limestone at Sahlberg, near Sahl, in Sweden ; at Andreasberg in the Harz ; in argentiferous veins in gneiss at Allemont in Dauphiny ; at Przibram in Bohemia ; in Mexico; Huasco, Chili; Sarawak -in Borneo; in argillite at South Ham, Canada; at Warren, N. J. ; at Prince William antimony mine, N. Brunswick, rare. Alt. Oxydizes on exposure and forms Valentinite (Sb). 19. ALLEMONTITE. Antimoine natif arsenifere H., Tr. iv. 281, 1822. Arsenikspiessglanz Zippe, Verb.. Ges. Mus. Bohmen, 1824, 102. Arsenik-Antimon Hausm. Arseniure d' Anti- moine Fr. Antimon-Arsen Naum. Arsenical Antimony, Allemontit, Haid., Handb., 557, 1845. Ehombohedral. In reniform masses and amorphous ; structure curved lamellar ; also fine granular. TELLURIUM. ^g JI.=:3-5. G.= 6-13, Thomson; 6-203, Eammelsberg. Lustre metallic occasionally splendent ; sometimes dull. Color tin- white, or reddish-o-ray often tarnished brownish-black. Comp. Sb As 3 Arsenic 65'22, antimony 34'78 Analysis by Rammelsberg of the Allemont ore (1st Supp. 18) : Arsenic 62'] 5, antimony 37'85 100, giving 1 Sb to 2*6 As. Pyr. B.B. emits fumes of arsenic and antimony, and fuses to a metallic globule, which takes fire and burns away, leaving oxyd of antimony on the charcoal. Obs. Occurs sparingly at Allemont ; Przibram in Bohemia, associated with blende, antimony spathic iron, etc. ; Schladmig in Styria ; Andreasberg in the Harz. 20. BISMUTH. Bisemutum, Plumbum cinereuni, Agric., Foss., 439, Interpr. 467. Antimo- nium femininum, Tectum Argenti, Alcliem. Gediegen Wismuth Germ. Hexagonal. 72 A 72=87 40', G. Rose; 6>A72=123 36'; a=l-3035. Observed planes, 72, 72, 0, 2, and 2 ; 2 A 2=69 28'. Cleavage : basal, perfect, 2, 2, less so. Also in reticulated and arborescent shapes ; foliated and granular. H.=2 2-5. G. = 9-727. Lustre metallic. Streak and color silver- white, with a reddish hue; subject to tarnish. Opaque. Fracture not observable. Sectile. Brittle when cold, but when heated somewhat mal- leable. Comp. Var. Pure bismuth, with occasional traces of arsenic, sulphur, tellurium. (1) A specimen from a gold mine of the Peak of Sorata gave G-enth (Am. J. ScL, II. xxvii. 247), Bi 99*914, Te OC42, Fe $r=99'956; and (2) Forbes (Phil. Mag., IV. xxix. 3), Bi 94*46, Te 5'09, As 0'38, S 0'07, Au tr=WQ. Forbes's mineral is much like tetradymite in foliation, and probably contains 12 to 15 p. c. of that species. (3) A fine scaly variety from Bispberg in Dalecarlia, analyzed by Clene and Feilitzen (CEfv. Ak. Stockh.,1861, Io9), contains as mixture 3 to 7 p. c. of sulphid of iron. Pyr., etc. B.B. on charcoal fuses and entirely volatilizes, giving a coating orange-yellow while hot, and lemon-yellow on cooling. Fuses at 476 F. Dissolves in nitric acid; subsequent dilution causes a white precipitate. Crystallizes readily from fusion. Obs. Bismuth occurs in veins in gneiss and other crystalline rocks and clay slate, accompany- ing various ores of silver, cobalt, lead, and zinc. It is most abundant at the silver and cobalt mines of Saxony and Bohemia, Schneeberg, Altenberg, Joachimsthal, Johanngeorgenstadt, etc. It has also been found at Modum and Gjellebak in Norway, and Fahlun in Sweden. At Schnee- berg it forms arborescent delineations in brown jasper. At Wheal Sparnon, near Redruth, and elsewhere in Cornwall, and at Carrack Fell in Cumberland, it is associated with ores of cobalt; formerly from near Alva in Stirlingshire ; in a large and rich vein at the Atlas mine, Devonshire ; at San Antonio, near Copiapo, Chili; -Mt. Illampa (Sorata), in Bolivia. At Lane's mine in Monroe, Conn., it is associated in small quantities with wolfram, scheelite, galena, blende, etc., in quartz ; occurs also at Brewer's mine, Chesterfield district, South Carolina. 21. TELLURIUM. Aurum paradoxum vel problematicum Mailer v. Reictenstein, Phys. Arb. Wien, i. 1782. Sylvanite Kirwan, Min., ii. 324, 1796. Gediegen-Tellur Zlapr., Beitr., iii. 2, 1802. Gediegen Sylvan Germ. Tellure natif auro-ferrifere H. Hexagonal. 72 A 72=86 57', G. Kose; A 72=123 4', a 1*3302. Observed planes, 72, -72, 7, ; 72 A -72, over base, =113 52'. In s sided prisms, with basal edges replaced. Cleavage : lateral perfect, basal imperfect. Commonly massive and granular. 1L=2 2-5. G.=6-l 6-3. Lustre metallic. Color and streak tin- white. Brittle. NATIVE ELEMENTS. Comp According to Klaproth (1. c.), Tellurium 92-55, iron 7 "20 and gold 0*2 5 A specimen from Vgyag afforded Petz (Pogg, ML 447), Tellurium 97-215, and gold 2'78o, with a trace of ir pyrl!ln P the r open tube fuses, giving a white sublimate of tellurous acid which B. B fuses to colorless transparent drops. On charcoal fuses, volatilizes almost entirely, tinges the flame green and gives a white coating of tellurous acid. Obs.-Nltive tellurium occurs at the mine of Maria Loretto, near Zalathna, in Transylvania (whence the name Sylvan and Sylvanite), in sandstone, accompanying quartz, iron pyrites, and gold. About forty years since it was found in considerable abundance, and was melted to extract the small quantity of gold it contains. 22. NATIVE SULPHUR. Natiirlicher Schwefel Germ. Soufre Fr. Orthorhombic. /A 7=101 46', A 1-*=1 13 6/ 5 <* : *> : ^ 2 ' 344 : 1 : 1-23. Observed planes : ; vertical, /, i-i, i-\ i-%, *-3 ; domes, 3U, -J-z, \-i, H 4"* 5 octahedral, 1, J-, , \, 1-8, f 8. 0Aj==i8447' #A=123 30 A 1=108 19 A 1-3=115 53' 0Al-*=117 41 0A4=128 12 lAl, mac.,=106 25' 1 A 1, brack, =85 07 lAl, bas.,=14:3 23 Cleavage: /, and 1, imperfect. Twins, composition-face, /, some- times producing cruciform crystals. Also massive, sometimes consisting of concentric coats. H.=1'5 2-5. G.=2-072, of crys- tals from Spain. Lustre resinous. Streak sulphur-yellow, sometimes reddish or greenish. Transparent subtranslucent. Fracture conchoidal, more or less perfect. Sectile. Comp. Pure sulphur; but often contami- nated with clay or bitumen. Pyr., etc. Burns at a low temperature with a bluish flame, with the strong odor of sulphurous acid. Becomes resinously electrified by friction Insoluble in water, and not acted on by the acids. Obs. Sulphur is dimorphous, the crystals being obtuse oblique rhombic prisms, of 90 32', and inclination of the vertical axis=95 46', when formed at a moderately high temperature (125 C., according to Frankeuheim). The great repositories of sulphur are either beds of gypsum and the associate rocks, or the regions of active and extinct volcanoes. In the valley of Noto and Mazzaro, in Sicily ; at Conil, near Cadiz, in Spain ; Bex, in Switzerland ; Cracow, in Poland, it occurs in the former situation ; near Bologna, Italy, in fine crystals, imbedded in bitumen. Sicily and the neighboring volcanic isles ; the Solfatara, near Naples ; the volcanoes of the Pacific ocean, etc., are localities of the latter kind. The crystals from Sicily are sometimes two or three inches in diameter. It is also deposited from hot springs in Iceland; and in Savoy, Switzerland, Hanover, and other countries, it is met with in certain metallic veins ; near Cracow and in Upper Egypt there are large deposits. A fibrous variety is found near Siena, in Tuscany. Abundant in the Chilian Andes. Sulphur is found near the sulphur springs of New York, Virginia, etc., sparingly ; in many coal deposits and elsewhere, where sulphid of iron is undergoing decomposition ; in microscopic crystals at some of the gold mines of Virginia and North Carolina ; as a powder and in crystals in the Western lead regions, in cavities in the limestone ; in minute crystals on cleavage surfaces of galena, Wheatley mine, Phenixville, Pa. ; in small masses in limestone on the Potomac, twenty-five miles above Washington ; in California, at the geysers of Napa valley, Sonoma Co. ; in Santa Barbara in good crystals ; near Clear lake, Lake Co., a large deposit, with a vein of cinnabar (now worked) cutting through it; in Nevada, in Humboldt Co., in large beds; Nye and Esmeralda Cos.. 12 m N. of Silver Peak; Washoe Co. DIAMOND. 21 The sulphur mines of Sicily, the crater of Tulcano, the Solfatara near Naples, and the beds of California, afford large quantities of sulphur for commerce. It is also obtained in roasting the sulphids of iron and copper. This species is homceomorphous with barytes and marcasite if H be taken as the unit macro- dome. The above figure, 57, is by Scacchi of Naples. 23. SELENSULPHUR. Selenschwefel Strmneyer, Schw. J., xliil 453. Resembling sulphur, but of an orange or brownish color. B.B. no charcoal burns readily, yields fumes of selenium and sulphurous acid. From Vulcano, one of the Lipari islands, mixed with sulphur. Also observed by the author at Kilauea, Hawaii. 24. DIAMOND. Adamas, punctum lapidis, pretiosior auro, Manilius, Astron., iv. 1. 926 (the earliest distinct mention of true Diamond). Adamas, in part, Plin., xxxvii. 15. Demant Germ. Diamant Fr. Isometric. Observed planes, 1, 2, /, 0, 3-f, ^-f , i-% ; often tetrahedral in planes 1, 2, and 3-f. Figs 1, 2, 3, 5, 6, 8, 24, 25, 2T; also i$, similar to f. 16 and 17 ; also f. 40, all usually with curved faces, as in f. 58 (=27), 59 (=39), 60, the planes of which are 3-J-; 60 is a distorted form of 58, Cleavage : octahedral, highly perfect. Twins ; composition- 59. face, octahedral, as in fig. 50, but with curved faces; f. 61, which is an elliptic twin of 58, the middle portion between two opposite sets ot six planes being wanting ; f. 63, in which composition is parallel to the oci hedral faces, but the form corresponds to two interpenetrating tetrahe- drons, as illustrated in f. 62. Karely massive. 22 NATIVE ELEMENTS. H.=10. GK=3-5295, Thomson; 3-55, Pelouze. Lustre brilliant ada- mantine. Color white or colorless : occasionally tinged yellow, red, orange, green, blue, brown, sometimes black. Transparent; translucent when dark colored. Fracture conchoidal. Index of refraction 2'439. Exhibits vitreous electricity when rubbed. Comp. Pure carbon, isometric in crystallization. Var. 1. Ordinary, or crystallized. The crystals often contain numerous microscopic cavities, as detected by Brewster, and some are rendered nearly black by their number; and around these cavities the diamond shows evidence, by polarized light, of compression, as if from pressure in the included gas when the diamond was crystallized. Sometimes crystals bear impressions of other crystals. The back planes of diamonds reflect all the light that strikes them at an angle exceeding 24 13', and hence comes the peculiar brilliancy of the gem. The refraction of light by the diamond is often irregular, probably arising from the cause which has produced the convex forms. "In some plates from crystals, Descloiseaux has observed a fixed star of six symmetrical rays, and in others, allied in character, the rays were replaced by three large elliptical areas. Descloiseaux shows that the rays are symmetrical with reference to the faces of the octahedron. 2. Massive. In black pebbles or masses, called carbonado, occasionally 1,000 carats in weight. H,=:10 ; G. =3*01.2 3 '4 16. Consist of pure carbon, excepting '2 7 to 2 '0 1 p. c. 3. Anthracitic; Carbon diamantaire, Count de Douhet, Les Mondes, Ap. 11, 1867. Like anthra- cite, but hard enough to scratch even the diamond. In globules or mammillary masses, consisting partly of concentric layers ; fragile; G. = 1'66; composition, Carbon 97, hydrogen 0'5, oxygen 1-5. Cut in facets and polished, it refracts and disperses light, with the white lustre peculiar to the diamond. Locality unknown, but supposed to come from Brazil. C. Mene has observed that an anthracite from Creuzot, consisting of C 98'2, 0'04, ash 0'12, long heated in pieces in a crucible, takes a metallic lustre, and will then cut glass like a diamond. As anthracite is derived from bituminous coal, by subjection to more or less heat under pressure, it is possible that the degree or condition of heating may produce an anthracite with its particles partly or wholly of the nature of the diamond, and still have the low specific gravity of anthracite. Pyr., etc. Burns, and is wholly consumed at a temperature of 14 "Wedgewood, producing carbonic acid gas. It is not acted on by acids or alkah'es. Obs. The diamond appears generally to occur in regions that afford a laminated granular quartz rock, called itacolumite, which pertains to the talcose series, and which in thin slabs is more or less flexible. This rock is found at the mines of Brazil and the Urals ; and also in Georgia and North Carolina, where a few diamonds have been found. It has also been detected in a species of conglomerate, composed of rounded siliceous pebbles, quartz, chalcedony, etc., cemented by a kind of ferruginous clay. Diamonds are usually, however, washed out from the soil. According to M. Denis (Ann. des M., III. xix. 602) the diamond in Minas Geraes, Brazil, is found in two different deposits ; one called gurgulho, consisting of broken quartz, and covered by a thin bed of sand or earth ; the other, ca-scalho, of rolled quartz pebbles, united by a ferruginous clay, resting usually on talcose clays, the whole the debris from talcose rocks. The first deposit affords the finest diamonds, and both contain also gold, platinum, magnetic iron, rutile, etc. The most celebrated mines are on the rivers Jequitinhonha and Pardo, north of Rio Janeiro, where the sands (the waters being turned off) are washed by slaves. It has lately been found in Bahia, on the river Cachoeira, at the mines of Surua and Sincora ; and Damour has recognized in the sand of the locality, quartz, feldspar, rutile, brookite, anatase, zircon, diaspore, magnetic iron, gold in grains, anhydrous phosphate of alumina and lime, a silicate of yttria, and a hydro-phosphate of yttria. At Bogagem, Minas Geraes, an enormous diamond of 254 carats has been found ; it was ,1 dodecahedron, with beveled edges, in which there were impressions of other diamond crystals, showing that it was originally one of a cluster; it weighs, since cutting, 122 to 125 carats, and is called the " Star of the South." The Brazilian mines were first opened in 1727, and it is estimated that since then they have yielded two tons of diamonds. The Ural diamonds occur in the detritus along the Adolfskoi rivulet, where worked for gold, and also at other places. In India the diamond is met with at Purteal, between Hyderabad and Masulipatam, where the famous Kohinoor was found ; but there are now only two places of exploration, and these are let to some of the natives for less than 25 francs a year; and if the hands find a stone worth four or five rupees ($2 to $2|) a month, they consider themselves fortunate. To such a state are the famous mines of Golconda now reduced. They are obtained also near Parma in Bundelcuud, where some of the most magnificent specimens have been found ; also on the Mahanuddy near Ellore. The locality on Borneo is at Pontiana, on the west side of the Eatoos mountain. The river Gunil, in the province of Constantine in Africa, is reported to have afforded some diamonds. In the United States a few crystals have been met with in Rutherford Co., N. C., and Hall Co. DIAMOND. 23 Ga. (Am. J. Sci. II. ii. 253, and xv. 373); they occur also at Portis mine, Franklin Co N C (Genth); one handsome one, over in. in diameter, in the village of Manchester opposite Richmond, Va. In California, at Cherokee ravine, in Butte Co. ; also in N. San Juan, Nevada Co in French Corral, one of l carats; at Forest Hill, El Dorado Co., of l carats; Fiddletown, Amador Co near Placerville. Eeported from Idaho. In Australia, in the valley of the Turon ; in the bed of the Macquarie ; mouth of Pyramid Creek ; on Calcula Creek ; and also in Victoria; also in West Australia, at Freernantle. In Brazil the diamond has been found massive, in small black pebbles, called carbonado, bavin" the specific gravity 3*012 3'416. They proved on trial to be pure carbon excepting 2*07 to 0-27 per cent. This compact diamond is sold in the region at 75 cents the carat of three and one-sixth grains troy, and the masses are sometimes 1,000 carats in weight. Brewster finds that diamonds contain generally numerous microscopic cavities, and some are rendered nearly black by their number ; and around these cavities the diamond shows evidence of compression, as if from pressure in the included gas when the diamond was crystallizing. Diamonds have been observed having impressions of other crystals. The largest diamond of which we have any knowledge is mentioned by Tavernier as hi posses- sion of the Great Mogul. It weighed originally 900 carats, or 27t>9'3 grains, but was reduced by cutting to 861 grains. It has the form and size of half a hen's egg. It was found in 1550 in the mine of Colone. The Pitt or Regent diamond weighs but 186-25 carats, or 419^ grains; but is of unblemished transparency and color. It is cut in the form of a brilliant, and is estimated at 125,000. The Kohinoor measured, on its arrival in England, about If inches in its greatest diameter, over of an inch in thickness, and weighed 186^- carats, and was cut with many facets. It has since been recut, and reduced to a diameter of 1-fa by If nearly, and thus diminished over one-third in weight. It is supposed by Mr. Tennant to have been originally a dodecahedron, and he suggests that the great Russian diamond and another large slab weighing 130 carats were actually cut from the original dodecahedron. Tavernier gives the original weight at 787^- carats. The Rajah of Mattan has in his possession a diamond from Borneo, weighing 367 carats. The mines of Brazil were not known to afford diamonds till the commencement of the 18th century. Colorless diamonds are in general most highly esteemed. "When cut and polished, a diamond of the purest water in England, weighing one carat, is valued at 12 ; and the value of others is calculated by multiplying the square of the weight in carats by 1 2, except for those exceeding 20 carats, the value of which increases at a much more rapid rate. This rule is scarely regarded in market, as the standard of purity and taste for different countries differs, and the slightest tinge of color affects greatly the commercial value. Blue is an exceedingly rare color ; and one of this shade, the Hope diamond, weighing only 4|- carats, but of peculiar beauty and brilliancy, is valued at 25,000. A yellowish diamond of large size (value 12,000) has been found by Fremy to take a rose-red color when heated, which color it retains for two or three days, and then resumes* the original yellow. An emerald-green diamond in the Dresden Treasury weighs 31 carats. The ancient Romans had rings set with the diamond, and used the chippiugs for arming gravers' tools. Pliny speaks of the six-angled form of the crystals of the adamas, and their resemblance to two pyramids or tops placed base to base, a description that would apply, perhaps, as well to a double hexagonal pyramid as to an octahedron ; yet it is probable, from the other characters men- tioned, the hardness, rarity, small size, use, and occurrence in gold regions, that the octahedral diamond was referred to. The adamas of the ancients included some corundum and other hard stones, and even hard metal. Theophrastus makes no mention of the true diamond. (See, on the adamas of the ancients, King on Precious Stones and Gems, p. 19.) The method of polishing diamonds was discovered in 1456, by Louis Berquen, a citizen of Bruges, previous to which time the diamond was known in Europe only in its uncut state. It appears to have been practised long before in India, the faceting of the Kohinoor dating far back into uncertain time. (See King, pp 30, 31.) The diamond has probably proceeded, like mineral coal and oil, from the slow decomposition oi vegetable material, or even from animal matters, either source affording the requisite carbon ; but it has been formed under those conditions as to heat that has produced the metamorpni argillaceous and arenaceous schists and their auriferous quartz veins ; since it is found exclusively in gold regions, or in the sands derived from gold-bearing rocks. The schists that were a at the time may have previously been shales impregnated with petroleum, or other carbonaceous substances (hydrocarburets) of organic origin. Chancourtois observes that the formation Ir hydrocarburetted vapor or gas is analogous to that of sulphur from hydrosulphuretted emana- tions. In the oxydation of the latter by the humid process, the hydrogen becomes oxydu only a part of the sulphur changes to sulphurous acid, the rest remaining as sulphur. , humid oxydation of a carburetted hydrogen, the hydrogen is oxydized, part< carbonic acid, and the rest remains as carbon and may form crystallized diamond. 24: NATIVE ELEMENTS. 25. GRAPHITE. Plumbago, Molybdena, Bly-Ertz, Bromell, Min., 58, 1739 [not Plumbago Agric., Gesner], Blyertz pt., Mica pictoria nigra, Molybdoena pt., Wall, 131, 1747. Mioa des Peintres, Crayon, Fr. Trl Wall, 1753. Black Lead. Reissbley (= Drawing-lead) Germ. Molyb- denum Zw?i., 1768. Plumbago Scheele (proving its carbon nature), Ak. H. Stockholm, 1779. Plombagine de Lisle, Crist., 1783. Graphit Wern., Bergm. J., 380, 1789, KarsL, Mus. Lesk., ii 339,1789. Carburet of Iron. Fer carbure Fr. Hexagonal. In flat six-sided tables. It, A R= 85 29', Kenngott, by cal- culation from Ticonderoga crystals, which have the planes 27?, -f-2 and 2-2, with, approximately, 0AJ- 2=137, A 2= 110, and O A 2=122. A plane, observed by Haidinger, is probably J- R, or ^-2 ; the angle measured, 40 56', was the basal angle of the pyramid. The basal planes (0) are often striated parallel to the alternate edges. Cleavage : basal, perfect. Commonly in imbedded, foliated, or granular masses. Barely in globular concretions radiated in structure. H.=l 2. G.=2-0891; of Ticonderoga, 2*229 Kenngott; 2'U Wun- siedel, Fuchs. Lustre metallic. Streak black and shining. Color iron- black dark steel-gray. Opaque. Sectile; soils paper, Thin laminae flexible. Feel greasy. Var. (a) Foliated; (&) columnar, and sometimes radiated; (c) scaly, massive, and slaty; (d) granular massive ; (e) earthy, amorphous, without metallic lustre except in the streak; (/) in radiated concretions. Comp. Pure carbon, with often a little oxyd of iron mechanically mixed. Scheele (1779, 1. c.) and some later chemists made the iron essential, and the species a carburet of iron. Vanuxem in 1825 (J. Ac. Philad., v. 21) showed that the iron was an oxyd, and unessential. He obtained from the graphite of Bustletown, Pa., Carbon 94-4, ox. iron and manganese 1-4, silica 2-6, H 0'6 99. Fuchs found (J. pr. Oh., vii. 253) only 0'33 p. c. of ash (or impurities) in that of Wunsiedel, a pure black, amorphous, unmetallic kind, metallic in streak, having G. = 2'14; Fritzsche (B. H. Ztg., 323, 1854) 0-9 in that of Ceylon. The following are analyses of different graphites by C. Mene (C. E., Ixiv. 1091, 1867) : Comp. of 100 parts of ash. G. Carbon Vol. Ash 1. Ural, Mt. Alibert 2. Cumberland, Eugland 3. Mugrau, Bohemia 4. Zaptau, Lower Austria ' 5. Swarbock, Bohemia 6. Fagerita, Sweden 7. Cumberland 8. Passau, Bavaria 9. Buckingham, Canada 10. Cumberland 11. Ceara, Brazil 12. Passau, Bavaria 13. Madagascar 14. Ceylon 15. Pissie, Hautes-Alpes her analyses: 16-19, V. Regnault (Ann. Ch. Phys., II. i. 202); 20, 21, C. G. Wheeler (priv 2-1759 94-03 0-72 5-25 2-3455 91-55 1-10 7-35 2-1197 91-05 4-10 4-85 2-2179 90-63 2-20 7-17 2-3438 88-05 1-05 10-90 2-1092 87-65 1 55 1080 2-5857 84-38 2-62 13-00 2-3032 81-08 7'30 11-62 2-2863 78-48 1-82 19-70 2-4092 78-10 6-10 15-80 2-3865 77-15 2-55 20-30 2-3108 73-65 4-20 22-15 2-4085 70-69 518 24-13 2-2659 68-30 5-20 26-50 2-4572 59-67 3-20 37-13 Alk. & Si XI Fe Mg,C i loss. 64-2 24-7 10-0 0-8 0-3 52'5 28-3 12-0 6-0 1-2 61-8 28-5 8-0 0-7 ro 55-0 30-0 14-3 0-7 620 28-5 6-3 1-5 1-7 58-6 31-5 7-2 0-5 2-2 62-0 25-0 lo-o 2-6 0-4 53-7 35-6 6-8 1-7 2-2 65'0 25-1 6-2 0-5 1-2 58-5 30-5 7-5 3-5 __ 79-0 11-7 7-8 1-5 69-5 21-1 5-5 2-0 1-9 59-6 31-8 6-8 1-2 0-6 50-3 41-5 8-2 _ __ 68-7 20-8 8-1 1-5 0-9 16. Canada (I.) 17. (II) 18. (III.) 19. Siberia 20. Albert mine, Siberia 21. C 86-8 7635 98-56 89-51 94-7 97-17 H 0-5 0-70 1-34 0-60 Ash 12-6=99-9 Regnault. 23-40=100-45 Regnault. 0-20=100-10 Regnault. 10-40 = 100-51 Regnault. 53=100 Wheeler. 2-83=100 Wheeler. GEAPHITE. 25 C ocr/oo, asn JO'in, waier u-s ; v. rusirevsfci round (Verh. Min. Ges. St. Pet 1857 1858) C 8408, Si 1098, H 3-77, with some e, Oa, Mn, and G. = 2-26-2'31. In G. of the Kirghis Steppe, Hermann found C 40-55, earthy matters 56'56, H 2'89=100. These results show that the variations arising from impurities are great. The material analyzed by Wheeler is that used by the firm of A. W. Faber. Tremenheerite, Piddington, appears to be impure graphite, or is between coal and graphite ; it is scaly in structure, and highly metallic in lustre. It afforded Piddington Carbon 85-70, water and sulphur 4'00, sesquioxyd of iron 2'50, earthy impurities, chiefly silica, 7 '50, water and loss 0'30= 100 ; the iron occurs as sulphuret. Tenasserim, Rev. F. Mason, Maulmam, 1852, p. 52. Pyr,, etc. At a high temperature it burns without flame or smoke, leaving usually some red oxyd of iron. B.B. infusible ; fused with nitre in a platinum spoon, deflagrates, converting the reagent into carbonate of potash, which effervesces with acids. Unaltered by acids. Obs. Graphite occurs in beds and imbedded masses, laminae, or scales, in granite, gneiss, mica schist, crystalline limestone. It is in some places a result of the alteration by heat of the coal of the coal formation. Sometimes met with in greenstone. It is a common furnace product. A fine variety of graphite occurs at Borrowdale in Cumberland, in nests in trap, which occurs in clay slate ; in Glenstiathfarrar in Invernesshire, forms nests in gneiss ; at Arendal in Norway, in quartz ; at Pargas in Finland ; in the Urals, Siberia, Finland ; in various parts of Austria ; Prus- sia ; France ; at Craigman in Ayrshire, it occurs in coal beds, which have been altered by contact with trap. In Irkutsk, in the Tunkinsk mts., at the very valuable Mariinskoi graphite mine, a large mass has been obtained, having the structure of the wood from which it was formed. Large quantities are brought from the East Indies. Forms beds in gneiss, at Sturbridge, Mass., where it presents a structure between scaly and fine granular, and an occasional approximation to distinct crystallizations ; also at North Brook- field, Brimfield, and Hinsdale, Mass. ; extensively in Cornwall, near the Housatonic, and in Ash- ford, Conn. ; also in Brandon, Vt. ; at Grenville, C. E., associated with sphene and tabular spar in granular limestone. Foliated graphite occurs in large quantities at Ticonderoga, on Lake George ; also upon Roger's Rock, associated with pyroxene and sphene. Near Amity, Orange Co., N. Y., it is met with in white limestone, accompanying spinel, chondrodite, hornblende, etc. ; at Rossie, St. Lawrence Co., N. Y., with iron ore, and in gneiss ; in Franklin, N. J., in rounded concre- tions radiated within ; in Wake, N. C. ; on Tyger River, and at Spartenburgh near the Cowpens Furnace, S. C. ; also hi Bucks Co., Penn., three miles from Attleboro', associated with tabular spar, pyroxene, and scapolite ; and one and a half miles from this locality, it occurs in abundance in syenite, at Mansell's black lead mine. There is a large deposit at St. John, New Brunswick. In the United States, the mines of Sturbridge, Mass., of Ticonderoga and Fishkill, N. Y., of Brandon, Vt., and of Wake, N. C., are worked ; and that of Ashford, Conn., formerly afforded a large amount of graphite. The name Uack kad, applied to this species, is inappropriate, as it contains no lead. The namo graphite, of Werner, is derived from ypac&w, I write. Nordenskiold makes the graphite of Ersby and Storga,rd monodmic, with the inclination of the vertical axis 88 14', i-i (cleavage face) on faces of oblique prism=l06 21', and angle of prism 122 24' (Pogg., xcvi. 110). 26 SFLPHIDS, TELLTJEIDS, ETC. II. SULPHIDS, TELLURIDS, SELENIDS, ARSENIDS, ANTIMONIDS, BISMUTHIDS. THERE are three natural divisions of the species of this section : 1. SIMPLE SULPHIDS AND TELLTJKIDS OF METALS OF THE SULPHUR OR ARSENIC GROUP. 2. SIMPLE SULPHIDS, TELLURIDS, SELENIDS, ARSENIDS, ANTIMONIDS, BIS- MUTHIDS, OF METALS OF THE GOLD, IRON, AND TIN GROUPS. Some of the species contain, along with sulphur, also arsenic, antimony, or bismuth ; but the arsenic, antimony, or bismuth, in such cases, replaces sulphur as its isomorph. 3. DOUBLE SULPHIDS : OR SULPHARSENITES, SULPHANTIMONITES, SULPHO- BISMUTHITES. In this section of Sulphids, etc., the atomic weights of arsenic, antimony and bismuth are taken at half the value given in the table on pagexvi, as it is in this state that they approximate to sul- phur in the forms and relations of their compounds. The atomic weights thus halved are, for arsenic 37'5, antimony 61, bismuth 105; that of sulphur being 16. 1. SIMPLE SULPHIDS AND TELLURIDS OF METALS OF THE SULPHUR AND ARSENIC GROUPS. 1. REALGAR GROUP. Composition AS. Crystallization Monoclinic. 26. REALGAR, AsS. 2. ORPIMENT GROUP. Composition R 2 S 3 . Crystallization Orthorhombic. 27. ORPIMENT, As 2 S 3 29. STIBNITE, Sb 2 S 3 28. DTMOEPHITE, ?As 4 S 3 30. BISMUTHINITE, Bi 2 S 3 3. TETRADYMITE GROUP. Containing Bi, Te. 31. TETRADYMITE, 33. WEHRLITE. 32. JOSEITE. 4. MOLYBDENITE GROUP. Containing Molybdenum. 34. MOLYBDENITE, MoS 2 . 26. REALGAR. ZavSa^KT, Theophr., 325 B.C. Zav3 a( >a X r, Dioscor., 50 A.D. Sandaracha Plin., xxxv. 6, 77 A.D. Sandaraca Germ. Reuschgeel, Rosgeel, Agric., 444, etc., 1529, Interpr., 468, 1546. Rauschgelb pt., Arsenicum sulphure mixtum, Risigallum pt., Realgar, Arsenicum rubrum, Watt., 224, 1747. Arsenic rouge Fr. Trl Wall., 406, 1753. Realgar natif, Rubine d' Arsenic, SULPHIDS, ETC. 27 efe Me, in. 333, 1783. RedSulphuret of Arsenic. Rothes Rauschgelb. Operment Germ Arsenic sulfure" rouge FT. Monoclinic. 0=66 5', /A 7=74 26', Marignac, Scacchi A 1-1=138 21'; a:b: c=0'6755 : 1 : 0-6943. A 7=104 12' A ^=113 55' a A 1=133 V 6>A1-^=139 38 2A.2=113 6 i4 A 1-2=115 1 Cleavage : *4, <9 rather perfect ; I, i-i in traces. Also granular, coarse or fine ; compact. i-i i-2 HMB 42 2-2 1-2 4-2 i-4 2-4 1-4 3-6 i-i 2-2 Observed planes. H.=1'5 2. Gr.=3'4 3*6. Lustre resinous. Color aurora-red or orange-yellow. Streak varying from orange-red to aurora-red. Trans- parent translucent. Fracture eonchoidal, .uneven. Comp. As S Sulphur 29 - 9, arsenic 70-1100. A specimen from Pola de Lena in Asturia, Spain, gave Hugo Miller (J. Ch. Soc., xi. 242) S SO'OO, As 70-25. Pyr., etc. In the closed tube melts, volatilizes, and gives a transparent red sublimate ; in the open tube, sulphurous fumes, and a white crystalline sublimate of arsenous acid. B.B. on char- coal burns with a blue flame, emitting arsenical and sulphurous odors. Soluble in caustic alkalies. Obs. Occurs with ores of silver and lead, at Felsobanya in Upper Hungary, at Kapnik and Nagyag in Transylvania, at Joachimsthal in Bohemia, at Schneeberg in Saxony, at Andreasberg in the Harz ; at Tajowa in Hungary, in beds of clay ; at Binnenthal, Switzerland, in dolomite ; at Wiesloch in Baden, in the Muschelkalk ; near Julamerk in Koordistan; in Yesuvian lavas, in minute crystals. Strabo speaks of a mine of sandaraca (the ancient name of this species) at Pompeiopolis in Paphlagonia. For recent crystallographic observations see Hessenberg's Min. Notizen, Nos. 1 and 3. The name realgar is of Arabic origin. Alt. Changes, on exposure, to orpiment (As 2 S 8 ) and arsenolite (As 2 O 3 ), 6 of As S becoming 2 As 2 S 3 , and 2 As being set free which changes to As 2 O 3 or arsenolite (Volger). A black crust sometimes forms on realgar, which Is supposed by Volger to be a sulphid containing less sulphur than realgar. 27. ORPIMENT. 'Appevt K 6v Theophr. ' A.^svix6v Dioscor. Auripigmentum, Arrhenicum, Plin., xxxiii. 22, xxxiv. 56. Auripigmentum, Germ. Operment, Agnc., Interpr., 463, 1546. Orpiment. Rauschgelb pt., Risigallum pt., Arsenicum flavum, Wall, 224, 1747. Arsenic jaune Fr. trl Wall., i. 406, 1753. Gelbes Rauschgelb Germ. Arsenic sulfure jaune Fr. Yellow sulphuret of Arsenic Orthorhombic. /A 7=100 40 r , A 14=126 3(X; a : I : c=l'3511 : 1 : 1*2059. Observed planes as in the annexed figure. 28 STJLPHIDS, ETC. Al-?=131 45' A 2-5=127 27 -2 A 2-2 adj. = 94: 49' 20 -2 A 2-2 ov. 1-E=131 36 Cleavage : i-i highly perfect, i-iiu traces. - longitudi nallj striated. Also, massive, foliated, or columnar ; sometimes reniform. H. = 1-5 2. G. = 3-48, Haidinger ; 3'4, Breithaupt. Lustre pearly upon the faces of perfect cleavage ; else- where resinous. Color several shades of lemon-yellow. Streak yellow, commonly a little paler than the color. Subtransparent subtranslucent. Sub-sectile. Thin lami- nae obtained by cleavage flexible but not elastic. Comp. As 2 S 3 =Sulphur 39, arsenic 61 = 100. Pyr., etc. In the closed tube, fuses, volatilizes, and gives a dark yel- low sublimate ; other reactions the same as under realgar. Dissolves in nitromuriatic acid and caustic alkalies. Obs. Orpiment in small crystals is imbedded in clay at Tajowa, near Neusohl in Upper Hun- gary. It is usually ia foliated and fibrous masses, and in this form is found at Kapnik in Tran- sylvania, at Moldawa in the Bannat, and at Felsobanya iri^ Upper Hungary, where it exists in metalliferous veins, associated with realgar and native arsenic ; at Hall in the Tyrol it is found in gypsum ; at St. Gothard in dolomite ; at the Solfatara near Naples, it is the result of volcanic sublimation ; in Fohnsdorf, Styria, found in brown coal. Near Julamerk in Koordistan, there is a large Turkish mine. Occurs also at Acobarnbillo, Peru. Small traces are met with in Edenville. Orange Co., N. Y., on arsenical iron. The name orpiment is a corruption of its Latin name auripigmentum, " golden paint," which was given in allusion to the color, and also because the substance was supposed to contain gold. The crystalline form is made monoclinic by Breithaupt (B. H. Ztg., xxv. 194). He makes i-l the clinodiagonal plane, and i-l the front or orthodiagonal, with the planes i-i, above and below i-i, hemidomes, inclined at unequal angles on i-i, that below at an angle 2 to 3 c the smaller,. Also, he makes '-2 the plane /. No definite measurements are given. GG 28. DIMORPHITE. Dimorfina Scacchi, Mem. G-eol. sulla Campania, Napoli, 116, 3849. Orthorhombic. Two types : (A), /A /= 98 6', A l-l = 127 50' ; a : I : c=l-2S76 : 1 : 1/1526 ; (B) common form, /A 7=100 32', Al-=127 1'; a : I : e= 1-3262 : 1 : 1-203. Observed planes as in the an- nexed figures. In A, A 1=120 23', 6>Al-z =131 50', 6>Af2 = 150 49', 1-fcAl-S over 0=83 40', lAl ov. 14=111 10'. In B, A -5=121 6', OM-i = 151 7', 0AfJ=11640 / ,*4 A f=112 45 '. Cleavage none. Crystals minute. H.=l*5. G.=3-58. Lustre splendent adamantine. Color orange-yel- low : powder saffron-yellow. Translucent and transparent. Fragile. Comp. From imperfect trials by Scacchi, perhaps As 4 S 3 =rSulphur 24-55, arsenic 75-45=100. Pyr., etc. Heated in a porcelain crucible with a spirit lamp, affords odorous fumes and be- comes red ; with more heat becomes brown, gives off yellow fumes, and evaporates, leaving no residue ; with soda a garlic odor. Completely soluble in nitric acid. . 1 bs ?--- :From a fumarole of the Solfatara^ Phlegraan fields. Crystals not over half a millimeter in their longest direction. SULPHIDS, ETC. 99 29. STIBNITE. Sn'^c', Er.'fc, IlAarvo^aA^, Dfoseor. Stimmi, Stibi, Stibium, PZm xxx *ii 33 34. Stibi, Spiessglas, Basil Valentine (who proved it to contain sulphur), 1430. Lupus metal- lorum Alchem. Spiess-Glass-Erz Bruckmann, Berkwerke, 1727. Spitsglasmalm, Minera Anti- monii, Antimonium Sulphure mineralisatum, Wall, 237, 1747. Grauspiessglaserz, Grauspiess- glauzerz, Antimonglanz, Germ. Antimoine sulfure Fr. Sulphuret of Antimony; Gray Anti- mony; Antimony Glance. Stibine Bead., Tr., ii. 421, 1832. Antimonit Raid. Handb 563 1845. Stibnite Dana, Min., 1854. Ortho-rhombic. /A/ 90 54', A 1-=134 16' ; a: I: c=l-0259 : 1 20 r . M-i=134: 4:2'%. 6>Al 124 45 i-z A -i-2, mac., =127 38 6>A2-5=rll3 49 14 A 14, top, =89 24 Lateral planes deeply striated longitudinally. Cleavage : i-i highly perfect. Often columnar, coarse or fine ; also granular to impalpable. H.=2. G.=4-516, Haiiy; 4-62, Mohs. Lustre metallic. Color and streak lead-gray, inclining to steel- gray : subject to blackish tarnish, sometimes iridescent. Fracture small sub-conchoidal. Sectile. Thin laminae a little flexible. A 1=124 45'. lAl,brach.,=108 40 1A1, bas.,=110 30 Comp. Sb 2 S 3 = Sulphur 28-2, antimony 7 1*8 =100. Bergmann, who made the first determination of the sulphur in the mineral (Opusc., ii. 167, 1782), obtained S 26, Sb 74=100. Eight analyses of stibnito from Arnsberg. Westphalia, gave Schneider a mean of Sb 71*48, S 28*52, excluding 0-33 p. c. of quartz; the results of the analyses varied from 71*441 to 71*519 (Pogg., xcviii. 293). Schnabel obtained for the same Sb 72*02, S 27*85, Fe 0*13 (Ramm. Min. Oh., 39). Pyr,, etc. In the open tube sulphurous and antimonous fumes, the latter condensing as a white sublimate which B.B. is non-volatile. On charcoal fuses, spreads out, gives sulphurous and antimonous fumes, coats the coal white with oxyd of antimony ; this coating treated in R.F. tinges the flame greenish-blue. Fus. = l. When pure perfectly soluble in muriatic acid. Obs. Occurs with spathic iron in beds, but generally in veins. Often associated with blende, heavy spar, and quartz. Met with in veins at Wolfsbcrg, in the Harz: at Braunsdorf, near Freiberg; at Przibram; Felsobanya, Schemnitz, and Kremmtz, in Hungary, where it often occurs in diverging prisms, several inches long, accompanied by crystals of heavy spar and other mineral species ; at Pereta, in Tuscany, in crystals : in Katharinenberg, in the Urals ; in Dumfriesshire, fibrous and laminated ; in Cornwall, abundant near Padstow and Tintagel ; also crystallized at Wheal Boys ; at Hare Hill, in Scotland ; in Perthshire. Also found at different Mexican mines. Also abundant in Borneo. In the United States, it occurs sparingly at Carmel, Penobscot Co., Me. ; at Cornish and Lyme, N. H. ; at " Soldier's Delight," Md. ; abundant in the granitic range, south side of Tulare valley, near pass of San Amedio ; in the Humboldt mining region in Nevada, and usually argentiferous ; also in the mines of Aurora, Esmeralda Co., Nevada. Also found in New Brunswick, 20 m. from Fredericton, S.W. side of St. John R. This ore affords nearly aU the antimony of commerce. The crude antimony of the shops is obtained by simple fusion, which separates the accompanying rock. From this product most oi the pharmaceutical preparations of antimony are made, and the pure metal extracted. ^ This ore was emloed by the ancients for coloring the hair, eyebrows, etc., to increase ployed by apparent size of the eye ; whence they called the ore i/, from TrAari?, broad, and ' 30 SULPHIDS, ETC. eye. According to Dioscorides, it was prepared for this purpose by enclosing it in a lump of dough, and then burning it in the coals till reduced to a cinder. It was then extinguished with milk and wine, and again placed upon coals and blown till ignition : after which the heat was discontinued, lest, as Pliny says, "plumbum fiat," it become lead. It hence appears that the metal antimony was occasionally seen by the ancients, though not distinguished from lead. On cryst. see Krenner, Ber. Ak. Wien, li. 1864, 436. Alt. Changes on exposure by partial oxydation to antimony blende (2 Sb 2 S 3 + Sb 2 O 3 ), and by further oxydation to valentinite (S 2 O 3 ). Antimony ochre (Sb 2 3 + Sb 2 O 5 ), and also Sb 2 5 +5H, are other results of alteration. 30. BISMUTHINITB. Visimutum Sulphure mineralisatum (fr. Riddarhyttan) CronsL, 193, 1758. Wismuthglanz Germ.; Bismuth sulfure Fr. Sulphuret of Bismuth. Bismuth Glance. Bismuthine Beud., Tr., iL 418, 1832. Bismutholamprite Glock., Syn., 27, 1847. Orthorhombic. /A 7=91 30'. Observed planes J, i-i, i-i, i-l, Brooke. Cleavage : brachy diagonal perfect ; macrodiagonal less so ; basal perfect. In acicular crystals. Also massive, with a foliated or fibrous structure. H.=2. G.=6-4:-6'459; T'2; 7'16, Bolivia, Forbes. Lustre metallic. Streak and color lead-gray, inclining to tin-white, with a yellowish or iri- descent tarnish. Opaque. Comp. Bi 2 S 8 =Sulphur 18*75, bismuth 81-25 100 ; isomorphous with stibnite. Analyses : 1, H. Eose (Gilb. Ann., Ixxii. 192); 2, Wehrle (Baumg. Ztg., x. 385); 3, Scheerer (Pogg., Ixv. 299); 4, Hubert (Haid. Ber., iii. 401); 5, Rammelsberg (5th SuppL, 261); 6, F. A. Genth (Am. J. ScL II. xxiiL 415); 7, D. Forbes (Phil. Mag., IV. xxix. 4) : S Bi 1. "Riddarhyttau 18-72 80-98=09-70 Rose. 2. Retzbanya 18"28 80'96=:99-24 Wehrle. 3. Gjellebak 19-12 79'77, Fe 015, Cu 0-14=99'18, Scheerer; G. 6'403. 4. Oravicza 19-46 74'55, Fe 0'40, Cu 3'13, Au 0'53, Pb 2-26=100-33 Hubert. 5. Cornwall 18-42 78'00, Fe 1*04, Cu 2'42=99'88 Rammelsberg. 6. Riddarhyttan 18-19 77'33, Fe 0'31, Cu 0*39, Te 0'30, Se tr., Actinolite 2'93=99'45 Geuth. 7. Bolivia 19-61 80-93=100-54 Forbes. Pyr., etc. In the open tube sulphurous fumes, and a white sublimate which B.B. fuses into drops, brown while hot and opaque yellow on cooling. On charcoal at first gives sulphurous fumes, then fuses with spirting, and coats the coal with yellow oxyd of bismuth. Fus.=l. Dis- solves readily in hot nitric acid, and a white precipitate falls on diluting with water. Obs. Accompanies molybdenite and apatite in quartz, at Brandy Gill, Carrock Fells, in Cum- berland, having a foliated structure; occurs near Redruth; at Botallack near Land's End; at Herland Mine, Gwennap ; with childrenite, near Callington ; at Lanescott mine, near St. Austell at Johanngeorgenstadt, Altenberg, Schneeberg, in limestone ; with cerium ore at Riddarhyttauj Sweden ; at the San Baldomero mine, near Sorata, Bolivia, foliated, massive, and acicular. Occurs with gold, pyrite, and chalcopyrite in Rowan Co., N. C., at the Earnhardt vein. Re- ported by Shepard to have been found with chrysoberyl at Haddam, Ct. G. Rose obtained from artificial crystals, /A/=90 40', i-2 A*-2=53*40' and 126 20' IM4= 20, fr4Afr4=23 23', - 4 AM=152 14'. G.=7'10 6'89, the variation depending on some bismuth present. Pogg., xci. 402. 31. TETRADYMITB. Ore of Tellurium (fr. Tellemark) EsmarJc, Trans. G. Soc., iii. 413, June 1, 1815. TeUurwismuth (fr. Riddarhyttan) Berz., Ac. H. Stoekh., 1823. Telluric Bismuth. Te- tradymite (fr. Schubkau) Haid., Baumg. ZS., ix. 129, 1831. Bismuth tellure, Telluro selenie bismuthifere Fr. Bornine Beud., Tr., ii. 538, 1832. Bismuthotellurites pt. Gloclcer, Syn. 19, 1847. Tellurbismuth Bakh, Am. J. ScL, II. xxxv. 99, 1863. Hexagonal. 0A#=118 38', E/\R = 81 2' ; a = 1-5865. -2A-2= 66 40', 6>A-2=105 16', Haid, from Schubkau crystals. Crystals often . Cleavage : basal, very perfect. Also massive, foliated, or granular. T5-2. G.=7-2 T-9, Lustre metallic, splendent. Color pale steel- gray. JNot very sectile. Laminse flexible. Soils paper. SULPHIDS, ETC. 31 Comp., Var. Consists of bismuth and tellurium, with sometimes sulphur and selenium If sulphur, when present, replaces part of the tellurium, the analyses for the most part afford the general formula Bi 2 (Te, S) 3 . from Yar. I. Free from sulphur. Bi 2 Te 3 Tellurium 48-1, bismuth 51-9 ; analyses 17. G=7'868 >m Dahlonega, Jackson; 7 '642, id., Balch. 2. Sulphurous. Bi 2 (| Te + S) 3 ; analyses 811. G.=7'500, crystals from Schubkau Wehrle- 7-514, id., Baumgartner ; 7'237, fr. Davidson Co., Genth. The name Bornine, after von Born was given by Beudaut in 1 832, and Wehrle's analysis of the Schubkau ore was the only one cited. 3. Seleniferous. The TeUemark ore, according to Berzelius, gives B.B. a strong odor of selenium. . 1. Fluvanna Co., Va 48-19 tr. 53-07 2. U li 47-07 tr. 53-78 3. U 49-79 tr. 51-56 4. Dahlonega 48-22 tr. tr. [50-83] 5. n 47-25 tr. tr. 50-97 6. u 48-26 51-46 7. u 48-73 51-57 8. Schubkau 34-6 4-8 tr. 60-0 9. u 36-05 4-32 58-30 10. II 35-8 4-6 59-2 11. Whitehall, Va. 35-05 3-65 58-80 12. Davidson Co., N.C. 33-84 5-27 tr. 61-35 Analyses: 13, Genth (Am. J. Sci., II. xix. 16); 4, 5, Genth (ib., xxxi. 368) ; 6 7 D M Balch (ib., xxxv. 99); 8, Wehrle (Schw. J., lix. 482, 1830); 9, Berzelius (Jahresb., xii. 178, 1831); 10, Hruschauer (J. pr. Ch., xlv. 456); 11, C. T. Jackson (This Min., 712, 1850); 12, Genth (Am. J. Sci., II. xvi. 81): Te S Se Bi Fe - =101-26 Genth. - =100-85 Genth. - =101-35 Genth. 7 Cu 0-06, Au, quartz, etc., 0'72 = 100 Genth. ) " 0-06, " 0-80=99-33 Genth. - = 99-72 Balch. - =100-30 Balch. - = 99-4 Wehrle. - gangue 0'75=99'42 Berz. - =99-6 Hruschauer. - Au, 3Pi, Si 2-70=100-20 Jackson. - =100-46 Genth. Fisher obtained in an analysis of the Fluvanna mineral, 6'81 p. c. of selenium. But Dr. Genth finds in it no selenium or sulphur. C. T. Jackson obtained (Am. J. Sci., II. xxvii. 366) the compo- sition of jose'Lte for the Dahlonega mineral ; but the later results of Genth and Balch havo shown this to be incorrect. Pyr. In the open tube a white sublimate of tellurous acid, which B.B. fuses to colorless drops. On charcoal fuses, gives white fumes, and entirely volatilizes; tinges the E.F. bluish-green; coats the coal at first white (tellurous acid), and finally orange-yellow (oxyd of bismuth) ; some varieties give sulphurous and selenous odors ; that from Fluvanna Co., Va., gave Fisher a red sublimate of selenium in the open tube. Obs. Occurs at Schubkau near Schemnitz ; at Eetzbanya ; at Tellemark hi Norway ; at Bast- naes mine, near Eiddarhyttan, Sweden. In the United States, in Virginia, at the Whitehall gold mines, Spotsylvania Co., at Monroe mine, Stafford Co., and Tellurium mine, Fluvanna Co., with native gold; in North Carolina, David- son Co., about 5 m. W. of Washington mine, in foliated scales and lamellar masses along with gold, chalcopyrite, magnetite, epidote, limonite, etc. ; it was partly altered to a combination of tellurous acid and oxyd of bismuth, with but little of carbonate of bismuth (Genth, L c.) ; in Georgia, Lumpkin Co., 4 m. E. of Dahlonega, and also in Cherokee and Polk counties. 32. JOSEITE. Tellurure de Bismuth Damour, Ann. Ch. Phys., III. xiii. 372, 1845. Bornine, Tellure bismuthifere du Bresil, Duf. [not Borniue Bsud.] Joseit Kenng., Min., 121, 1853. Hexagonal, with perfect basal cleavage, like tetradymite. Soft. Gr.= 7*924 7'936. Lustre submetallic. Color grayish-black, steel-gray. Fragile. Comp. From Damour's analyses, Bi 3 Te 2 (S, Se) 2 =Ei 3 (\ Te + i(S, Se)) 4 , or a tellurid of bis- muth, in which half of the tellurium is replaced by sulphur and selenium. Analyses by Damour 1. San Jose, Brazil 2 " " Te 15-93 15-68 S Se 3-15 1-48 4-58 Bi 79-15 =99-71 78-40 =98-66 Rammelsberg obtained from an allied mineral, from Cumberland, England (Mm. Ch., 5) : Tel- lurium 6-73, sulphur 6'43, bismuth 84-33=97-49 ; corresponding to Bi 4 , Te, S , making the = 1: 4. 32 SULPHIDS, ETC. An ore from Sorata, passing for native bismuth, an.d mentioned under that species, gave Forbes, as there cited, 5-09 p .0. of tellurium, with As 0-38, and S 0-07 ; while Genth found in another specimen only 0-042 Te. Forbes's specimen may have the formula Bi" Te. It is foliated nearly Pvr. S the Brazil ore acts nearly like tetradymite. In an open tube it gives off some sul- phur then white fumes of oxyd of tellurium, and then affords a decided odor of selenium ; and m the upper part of the tube a white coating with some brick-red over it, due to the selenium ; and a yellowish residue below due to the oxyd of bismuth. Obs. Found in granular limestone at San Jose, near Mariana, province of Mmas G-eraes, Brazil, and first brought to France by Mr. Claussen. 33. WEHRLITE. Argent molybdique de Born, Cat. de Eaab., ii. 419, 1790. Wasserblei- silber, Molybdan-silber, Wern., Letztes Min. Syst., 18, 48, 1817. Molybdic silver. Wismuth- rfanz Klapr., Beitr., i. 254, 1795. Tellurwismuth Berz., Ak. H. Stockh., 1823. Wismuthspiegel "Weiss. Spiegelglanz [= Mirror-glance] Bretih. Tetradymite pt. many authors. Wehrlite Huot, Min., i. 188, 1841. Pilsenit Kenng., Mhi., 121, 1853. Hexagonal. Like tetradymite in perfect basal cleavage. H.z=i 2. G.= 8-44, wehrle. Lustre very bright. Color light steel- gray. Thin folia a little elastic. Comp. Bi (Te, S), with Te: S=3: 1, from an imperfect analysis by Wchrle (Baumg. Ztg., ix. 144): Deutsch-Pilsen Te 29'74 S 2'33 Bi 61'15 Ag 2'07 =95'29 Pyr,, etc. Like tetradymite. Obs. From Doutsch Pilsen, in Hungary. First reported as an ore of silver and molybdenum. Distinguished from tetradymite by its high specific gravity. Breithaupt obtained Gr.r=8'00 with a specimen not wholly free from the gangue. 34. MOLYBDENITE. Not Molybdana [=product fr. partial reduct. and oxyd. of 'Galena] Dioscor., Plin., Agric. Blyertz, Molybdena pt. [rest graphite] Wall, 131, 1747, Linn., 1748, 1768. Sulphur ferro et stanno saturatum (fr. Bastnaes, etc.), Wasserbley pt., Molybdena pt., Cronst., 139, 1758. MolybdaBna (with discov. of metal) Hielm, Ak. H. Stockh., 1782, 1788-1793. Was- serblei Wern. Molybdanglanz Germ. Molybdena Kirw., Min., 1796 (calls the metal Molybden- ite). Sulphuret of Molybdena. Molybdenite Brongn., ii. 92, 1807, citing Kirwan as authority. Monoclinic ? Hexagonal ? In short or tabular hexagonal prisms. Twins: consisting of three combined crystals, sometimes indicated by striae on the base of the hexagonal prisms, at right angles to its sides, hav- ing occasionally replaced terminal edges. Cleavage : eminent, parallel to base of hexagonal prisms. Commonly foliated, massive, or in scales ; also fine granular. H.=l 1'5, being easily impressed by the nail. G.=4*44 4*8. Lustre metallic. Color pure lead-gray. Streak similar to color, slightly inclined to green. Opaque. Laminae very flexible, not elastic. Sectile, and almost malleable. Gray trace on paper. Comp. Mo S 2 -Sulphur 41'0, molybdenum 59-0=100. Analyses: 1, Brandea (Schw. J., xxix. 325); 2, Seybert (Am. J. Sci., iv. 1822, 320); 3, 4, Svanberg & Struve (J. pr. Ch., xliv. 257); 5, Wetherill(Am. J. Sci., II. xv. 443): Mo S 1. Altenberg 59'6 40-4=100 Brandes. 2. Chester, Pa. G.=4'444 59'42 39'68=99'10 Seybert. 3. Smoaland 58*627 40-573, gangue 0'800 S & S. 4. Bohiislau 57'154 39'7lO, " 3'136 S & S. 5. Reading, Pa. 55-727 38-198, e 3*495, Si 2-283, H. 0-297 Wetherill SULPHIDS, ETC. 03 Pyr., etc. In the open tube sulphurous fumes. B.B. in the forceps infusible, imparts a vel lo wish-green color to the flame; on charcoal the pulverized mineral gives in O.F. a stron^ odor of sulphur, and coats the coal with crystals of molybdic acid, which appear yellow while hot and white on cooling ; near the assay the coating is copper-red, and if the white coating be touched with an intermittent R.F., it assumes a beautiful azure-blue color. Decomposed by nitric acid leaving a white or grayish residue (molybdic acid). Obs. Molybdenite generally occurs imbedded in, or disseminated through, granite, gneiss zircon-syenite, granular limestone, and other crystalline rocks. At Numedal in Sweden, Arendal' Selba, and Tellemarken in Norway, Nertsehinsk in Russia, and Auerbach in Saxony, it has been observed in hexagonal prisms. Pound also at Altenberg and Ehrenfriedersdorf 'in Saxony Schlackenwald and Ziunwald in Bohemia ; Rathausberg in Austria ; near Miask, Urals ; Bastuaes' etc., Sweden; in Finland; Laurvig in Norway; Chessy in France; Peru; Brazil; Calbeck Fell' Carrock Fells, and near the source of the Caldew iii Cumberland, associated with tungstate of lime and apatite ; several of the Cornish mines ; in Scotland at East Tulloch, south of Loch Tay; at Mount Cory by on Loch Creran, etc. In Maine, at Blue Hill Bay and Camdage farm, in large crystallizations ; also at Brunswick, Bowdoinham, and San ford, but less interesting. In Conn., at Haddam. and the adjoining towns on the Connecticut river, in gneiss in crystals and large plates ; also at Saybrook. In Vermont, at Newport, with crystals of white apatite. In N. Hampshire, at Westmoreland, four miles south of the north village meeting-house, in a vein of mica slate, abundant ; at Llaudaff in regular tabu- lar crystals ; at Franconia. In Mass., at Shutesbury, east of Locke's pond ; at Brimfteld, with iolite. In N. York, two miles southeast of Warwick, in irregular plates associated with rutile, zircon, and pyrite. In Penn., in Chester, on Chester Creek, near Reading ; near Concord, Cabarrus Co., N. C., with pyrite in quartz. In California, at Excelsior gold mine, in Excelsior district. In Canada, at Balsam Lake, Terrace Cove, Lake Superior ; north of Balsam Lake, on a small island in Big Turtle Lake, with scapolite, pyroxene, etc., in a vein of quartz intersecting crystalline limestone; at St. Jerome, 0. E. ; at Seabeach Bay, near Black River, N. W. of L. Superior (48 46' N., 87 17' W.). Distinguished from plumbago by its lustre and streak, and also by its behavior before the blow- pipe and with acids. 2. SIMPLE SULPHIDS, TELLUBIDS, SELENIDS, AKSEOTDS, ANTIMOOTDS, BISMUTHIDS, PHOSPHIDS, OF METALS OF THE GOLD, IKOST, AND TIN GEOUPS. Three divisions of these Sulphids, Arsenids, etc., are here recognized : (1) a basic division, in which the atomic ratio between the sulphur or arsenic metal and the others is 1 to more than one ; (2) a proto division, with the ratio 1:1; (3) a deuto division, with the ratio 1:2. In these ratios, and in stating the formulas beyond, the halved atomic weights of arsenic, antimony, and bismuth are in view, as stated on p. 26. In the third division, some species are included which appear to be combinations of deuto and proto compounds. The mineral chalcopyrite is sometimes referred to the double-binary sulphids, on tha ground of its containing, along with a protosulphid, the sulphid Fe 2 S 3 ; but as the existence of a sesqui- sulphid Fe 2 S 3 is not established, while Fe S 2 is the one of common occurrence, the more probable view of the sulphid is that it consists of two sulphids Fe S and Fe S 2 in combination. This view is sustained by the near isomorphism of pyrite and chalcopyrite. The above remark applies also to bornite and pyrrhotite, in which Fe 2 S 3 has been supposed to be present. Fe 2 S s ; it should be noted, equals Fe S + Fe S 2 . Linnaite and carrolite come into the same category. In an article in the American Journal of Science, vol. xliv. 1867, the author gives reasons for believing that the compounds crystallizing in hexagonal forms have the number of atoms of the negative element 8, or a multiple of 3, and in tetragonal forms, a multiple of 4 ; whence it foUows, that while ordinary isometric blende, or sulphid of zinc, for example, may be Zn S, the hexagonal, 3 34: STJLPHEDS, ETC. or wurtzite, is probably Zn 3 S 3 . The principle, if real, has a very wide application among chemical and mineral species. I. BASIC OR DYSCRASITE DIVISION. Ag 2 Sb 37. DOMEYKITE "Gil Ag 3 Sb 38. ALGODONITE <3u ( AgflBi 39. WHITNEYITE u ! II. PROTO OR GALENA DIVISION. 1. GALENA GROUP. Isometric, holohedral. 35. DYSCRASITB (B) 36. As 3 As 3 As 2 40. 41. 42. 43. 44. ARGENTITE AgS 48. ALTAITE NAUMANNITE (Ag, Pb) Se 49. BOKNITE EUCAIBITE (-Gu, Ag) Se CROOKESITE (6u, Tl) Se 50. BERZELIANITE GALBNITB Pb 8 51. CASTILLITE 44 A. HUASOOLITE (Pb, Zn) S 52. ALABANDITE 45. OLAUSTHALITE Pb Se 53. SYEPOORITE 46. ZORGITE ?(Pb, u) Se 54. PEXTLANDTTE 47. LEHRBACHITE (Pb, Hg) Se 55. GRUNAUITE 2. BLENDE GROUP. Isometric, tetrahedral. 56. SPHALERITE Zn S [PRZIBRAMITE] [MARMATITE (Zn, Fe) S 57. VOLTZITE 3. CHALCOOITE GROUP. Orthorhombic. 58. HESSITE Ag Te 59. DALEMINZITE Ag S 60. ACANTHITE Ag S 4. PTRRHOTITE GROUP. Hexagonal 64. CINNABAR 65. TIEMANNITE 66. MlLLERITE 67. TROILITE 68. PYRRHOTITE Hg S Hg Se ? Ni S Fe S Fe 61. CHALCOCTTE 62. STROMEYERITE 63. STERNBERGITB 69. GREENOCKITE 70. WURTZITB 71. NlCCOLITE 72. BREITHAUPTITE 73. KANEITE Fe, Ni, P III. DEUTO OR PTRITE DIVISION. Fe S 3 74. SCHREIBERSITE 1. PTRITE GROUP. Isometric. 75. PYBITE Fe S 3 76. HAUERITE Mn S 2 77. CUBANITE ^(Fej-G^S + FeS^ 78. CHALCOPYRITE 2 (6u, Fe) S + Fe S 2 79. BARNHARDTITE [2(eu,Fe)S + FeS 2 ] + [O 80. STANNITE 2 (6u, Fe, Zn) S + Sn S 2 81. LINN^EITE 2CoS + CoS 2 83. SMALTITE, 84. 85. 86. 87. 88. 82. CARROLLITE 2(6u, Co)S + Co S 2 + [2Co S 2 ] 89. 2. MARCASITE GROUP. Orthorhombic. 90. MARCASITE Fe S 2 * 94. 91. LEUCOPYRITE Fe As 2 95. 92. RAMMELSBERGITE Ni As 2 96. 93. MOHSITE FeAs 2 +FeAs 97. [98. SYLVANITE SKUTTERUDITE COBALTITE GERSDORFFITE ULLMANNITE CORYNITE LAURITE ARSENOPYRITE GLAUCODOT PACITE ALLOCLASITE (Ag, Au) Te 9 PbTe (611, Fe) S (hi, F OuSe (Ou, Zn, MnS CoS (Ni, Fe) S (Zn, Cd) S Zn S + iZnO (u, Ag) S (Fe, Ag)S+iFeS 3 CdS ZnS Ni As NiSb Mn As (Co, Fe, Ni) As 3 R As + R As 2 Co As 3 Co (S, As) 2 Ni (S, As) 2 Ni (S, Sb, As) 2 Ni (S, As, Sb) 2 Fe (S, As) 3 (Co, Fe) (S, As) 2 Fe(iS + f As) 3 Co(S, As) 2 +nBi As STJLPHIDS, ETC. 35 3. NAGYAGITE GROUP. Tetragonal. 99. NAGYAGITE 4. COVELLITE GROUP. Hexagonal. 100. GOVELLITB Cu S, or I. BASIC OK DYSCEASITE DIVISION. 35. DYSCRASITE. Argentum nativum antimonio adunatura Bergm., Sciagr., 159, 1782. Spiesglanz-Silber Sell, Lempe Mag., iii. 5, 1786. Silberspiessglanz, Spiesglas-Silber, Antimon- Silber, Germ. Antimonial Silver. Argent Antimonial Fr. Discrase Send., ii. 613, 1832. Dis- crasit Frobel, ? Prodr. Stochiolith, 1837. 1 A l,brach.,=92 ( i-2 A 2= 98 13J -3 A -8 =120 1 Orthorhombic. /A 7=119 59'; A \-l 130 41'; a : I : c=M633 1 : 1-7315. A =146 7' 6>Al-2 = 146 6>A 1=126 40 0A2-* = 126 6> A 1-5=142 12 1 A 1, mac., 132 42 Cleavage : basal distinct : 1-2 also distinct ; I imperfect. Twins : stellate forms and hexagonal prisms. Also massive, granular ; particles of various sizes, weakly coherent. H.=3-5 4. G.=9-44 9-82; 9*4406, Haiiy. Lustre metallic. Color and streak silver-white, inclining to tin- white ; sometimes tarnished yel- low or blackish. Opaque. Fracture uneven. * l-l 1 1-3 l-l 2-i i-i I i-2 a i-b i-i Oomp. (A) Ag 2 Sb= Antimony 22, silver 78=100. Also Observed planes. (B) Ag 3 Sb= Antimony 15 '66, silver 84*34. Also Ag 3 Sb 2 = Silver 72-92, antimony 27-08. Analyses: 1, 2, 7, Klaproth (Beitr., ii. 298, iii. 173); 3, Vauquelin (Haiiy's Min., iii. 392); 4, Abich (Crell's Ann., 1798, ii. 3); 5, Plattner (Ramm. Min. Ch., 30); 6, 8, 9, Rammelsberg (ZS. G-., xvi. 620) : 1. "Wolfach, coarse granular 2. Andreasberg, foliated granular, Gr.=9'82 3. " 4. " 5. " 6. " 7. Wolfach, fine granular 8. " 9. " Antimony [24 [23] [22] [24-75] 15-0 [27-08] [IB] 15-81 [17-81] Silver 78 Klaproth. 77 Klaproth. 78 Vauquelin. 75-25 Abich. 84-7 = 99-7 Plattner. 72-72 Rarara. 84 Klaproth. 83-85, As *r=99-66 Ramm. 82-19 Ramm. Pyr., etc. B.B. on charcoal fuses to a globule, coating the coal with white oxyd of antimony, and finally giving a globule of almost pure silver. Soluble in nitric acid, leaving oxyd antimony. Obs. Occurs in veins near Wolfach in Baden, Wittichen in Suabia, and at Andreasberg in Harz, associated with several ores of silver, native arsenic, and galena, and other species ; also at AUemont in Dauphine, Casalla in Spain, and in Bolivia, S. A. If less rare, this would be a valuable ore of silver. Named from J u pa?, a bad alloy. Arsenic Silver (Arseniksilber), from Andreasberg, analyzed by Klaproth (Beitr., i. 183), and 36 SULPHIDS, ETC. Dumenil (Scliweig. J., xxxiv. 357), has been shown by Rammelsberg to be probably a mixture of arsenopyrite. arsenical iron, and dyscrasite (Pogg., Ixxvii. 262, and Miu. Ch., 28). 35C. Domeyko found a mass of ore from Chanarcillo, Chili, which was mainly impure chloro- broinid of silver externally, to contain within (Tr. do Ensayes, 238, 1858) 55'9 p. c. of chlorid of silver, 15-1 of an antimonid of silver, with 14-5 of carbonates and 14'2 ochreous clay; and this antimouid, he says, consists of Sb 36, Ag 64, and "appears to constitute a distinct species." The formula would be Ag Sb. This species is not mentioned in his Mineralogy of 1860. Domeyko states (Miu. 190, 1860) that at Chanarcillo a finely granular grayish- white silver ore, disseminated in grains, taking the lustre of silver when rubbed, afforded him 4 to 6 p. c. of anti- mony; that of the Descubridora mine 4-1 Ag; that of the Rosario mine 5-8 p. c. He also states that "the filamentous silver of Bolivia contains Sb 3 -7, As 2 -3 p. c. 35D. CUANARCILLITB Dana. Re describes further (ib.) a silver-white, shining arsenio-anti- monial ore from Chanarcillo, disseminated through calcite, which afforded him Sb 19'6 21*4, As 23-322-3, Ag 53'6 53'3, Fe 3-03-0. Regarding the iron as arsenical iron, he deduces the formula Ag 2 (As, Sb) 3 . Rammelsberg points out the isomorphism of dyscrasite and the antimonid of zinc, Zn 2 Sb, described by Cooke (Am. J. ScL, II. xviii. 229, xx. 222). 36. OHILENITE. Aleacion de plata con bismuto Domeyko, Min., 187, 1845. Plata Bismutal id., ib. 185, 1860. Chilenite Dana. Amorphous ; granular. Soft. Silver-white, but tarnishing easily to yellowish. Comp. Ag 6 Bi=Bismuth 13-8, silver 86-2. Domeyko obtained (Min., 185, 1860) Bi 101, Ag GO-1, Cu 6-8, As 2-8, gangue 19'0, corresponding to Bi 14'4, silver 85'6. Also (Ann. d. M., IV. v. 456) Bi 15-3, Ag 84*7. For the last the material was separated from a mass containing 8 to 10 p. c. of it disseminated in small points. Obs. From the mine of San Antonio in Copiapo. 36A. BISMUTH SILVER OF SCHAPBACH, SCHAPBACHITE. (Bisrnuthisch.es Silber Selb, CrelTa Ann., 179^, i. 10, Schapbachite Kenng., Min., 118, 1853). According to F. Sandberger, this bis- muth-silver, analyzed by Klaproth, is a mixture of bismuthiue in needles, argentite, and galena (Jahresb., 1863, 797, 1864). Klaproth obtained (Beitr., ii. 291) Bi 27, Ag 15, Pb33, Fe4'3, Cu 0'9, S 16*3. Sandberger gives an analysis by von Muth, who obtained Bi 8'22, Ag 4'05, Pb 45-30, Fe 0-07, S 9-72, quartz 32-33 = 99-69; which, after separating the iron as Fe S 2 , affords for the rest 1 Bi S 3 , 12 R S. D. Forbes remarks with regard to Klaproth's analysis (Phil. Mag., IV. xxv. 105) that the sulphur is sufficient to make sulphids of the metals, and suggests the same conclusion. 37. DOMEYKITE. Arsenikkupfer (fr. Copiapo) Zinken, Pogg., xli. 659, 1837. Arseniure de cuivre Domeyko, Ann. d. M., IV. hi. 3, 1843 ; Cobre Blanco id., Min. 138, 1 845. Weisskupfer Hausm. Cuivre arsenical Fr. Arsenical Copper. Domeykite Haid., Handb., 562, 1845. Coudurrite W. PhiUips, Phil. Mag., ii. 286, 1827. Reniform and botryoidal ; also massive and disseminated. H.=3 3-5. G.=7 7-50, Portage Lake, Genth. Lustre metallic, but dull on exposure. Color tin-white to steel-gray, with a yellowish to pinch- beck-brown, and, afterward, an iridescent tarnish. Fracture uneven. Comp, Ou 3 As 2 = Arsenic 28'3, copper 71-7 = 100. Analyses : 1, 2, Domeyko (Ann. d. M., IV. iii. 5) ; 3, 4, F. Field (J. Ch. Soc., x. 289) ; 5, D. Forbes (2 J. G. Soc., xvii. 44); 6, 7, F. A. Genth (Am. J. Sci., II. xxxiii. 193); 8, 9, Rammelsberg (Pogg., Ixxi. 305); 10, Blythe (J. Ch. Soc., L 213) : 1. Calabozo, Chili As 28-36 Cu 71-64=100 Domeyko. 2. Copiapo 23-29 70'70, Fe 0'52, S 3'87 =98-38 Domeyko. 3. 28-44 71-56=100 Field. * 4. Coquimbo, " 28-26 7l'48 = 99'74 Field. 5. Coracoro, Bolivia 28-41 71-13, Ag 0-46=100 Forbes 6. Portage Lake 29'25 70-68=96-93 Genth. 29-48 70-01=99-59 Genth. 8. Cornwall, Condurrite 18'70 70 51, Fe 0'66 Rammelsberg 17-84 70-02, gangue TO 7 Rammelsberg 19-51 60-21, Fe 0-25, S 2'33, H 2-41, C T62. H 0'44, N 0'06, 013-17 = 100 Blythe. SULPHID6, ETC. 3f (A) Condurrite is a result of the alteration of other ores. It is black and soft soiling the fingers. It appears, sometimes, at least, to be a mixture of arsenite of copper with doinevkite and some sulphid of copper. Rammelsberg treated one specimen with muriatic acid and analyzed the soluble and insoluble portions separately, obtaining 1. Insoluble As 13-89 Cu 12'81 S 2*20 gangue 0-70=29-60 2. Soluble A"s 3'70 Cu 62'29 fi 5-83=7182. The insoluble portion contains, therefore, As 4'16, Cu 13-89, with 10-85 of sulphid of copper corresponding, the last excluded, to arsenic 23-04, copper 76*96=100. Von Kobell ( J. pr. Ch., xxxix. 204), with the same treatment of another specimen, found the composition of the soluble part, As 8*03, Cu 79*00, 3Pe 3*47, H 9'50=100, and the insoluble con- sisted of arsenic and some sulphid of copper in grains. Blythe concludes, as a mean of many analyses, that the arsenid of copper contained in condur- rite consists of arsenic 28'85, copper 71-15, which corresponds with the domeykite ; and Faraday's analysis (Phil. Mag., 1827, 286) leads to the same result, or arsenic 29-88, copper 70*11 ; but Rammelsberg's analysis gives a larger proportion of copper. Pyr., etc, In the open tube fuses and gives a white crystalline sublimate of arsenous acid. B.B. on charcoal arsenical fames and a malleable metallic globule, which, on treatment with soda,' gives a globule of pure copper. Not dissolved in muriatic acid, but soluble hi nitric acid. Obs, From the Chilian mines of Algodones in Coquimbo, in Illapel, San Antonio in Copiapo, etc. In K America, found on the Sheldon location, Portage Lake ; and mixed with copper-nickel at Michipicoten Island, in L. Superior. Condurrite is from the Condurrow mine, near Helstone, and Wheal Druid mine at Cambrae, near Redruth, Cornwall. 38. ALGODONITE. F. Field, J. Ch. Soc., x. 289, 1857. In incrustations minutely crystalline. Commonly massive and distinctly granular. H.:=4. G.=7'62, from Chili, Gentli. Lustre metallic and bright, but becoming dull on exposure. Color steel-gray to silver-white, the latter on a polished surface. Opaque. Fracture sub-conchoidal, affording a granular surface. Comp, eu 8 As 2 =-Gu 9 As-As 16-50, Cu 83-50=100. Analyses: 1, F. Field (I a); 24, Genth (Am. J. Sci. II. xxxiii. 192) : As Cu Ag 1. Chili () 16-23 83'30 0-31 =99'84 Field. 2. " (H) 16-95 82-42 tr. =99-37 Genth. 3. L. Superior 15'30 84-22 0-32 =99-84 Genth. 4. " 16-72 82-35 0'30 Genth. In analysis 3, a little whitneyite was mixed with the ore, and hence the higher percentage of copper (Genth). Pyr, The same as with domeykite, but less fusible. Obs. In Chili, at the silver mine of Algodones, near Coquimbo, in the Cerro de los Seguas, Department of Eaucagua ; in the United States, in the Lake Superior region. A transported mass of mixed whitneyite and algodonite, weighing 95100 Ibs.. was found on St. Louis R. The color is grayer, and the texture more granular and less malleable, than in whitneyite. 39. WHITNEYITE, Genth, Am. J. Sci., II. xxvii. 400, 1859, xxxiii. 191, 1862. Darwmite D. Forbes, Phil. Mag., IV. xx. 423, 1860. Massive. Crystalline ; very fine granular. H.=3-5. G. = 8-246 8-471, from Lake Superior, varying probably on account of porosity, Genth ; 8*64 from Chili, Forbes. Lustre dull and sub- metallic on surface of fresh fracture, but strong metallic where scratched or rubbed, but soon tarnishing. Color pale reddish to grayish-white, pale red- dish-white on a rubbed surface ; becoming yellowish-bronze, brown, and brownish-black on exposure. Sometimes iridescent. Opaque. Malleable, 38 SULPHIDS, ETC. Comp. 6u 9 As a =Arsenic 11-64, copper 88-36=100. Analyses : 14, F. A. G-enth (L c.) ; 5, id. (priv. contrib.) ; 6, D. Forbes (1. c.) : As Cu Ag & insol. 1. Michigan 2. 3. 4. " 5. Sonora 6. Chili Pyr, Less fusible than algodonite ; otherwise as in domeykite. Obs. In Houghton Co., Michigan, coated with red copper. A loose mass, weighing about 15 Ibs., and consisting partly of algodonite, was found on the Pewabic location, 1 m. from Hancock village, Portage Lake ; recently found in place on the Sheldon location, near Houghton, Mich. ; stated to occur at the Albion location, about a mile from the Cliff mine, in a vein 4 inches wide ; also at the Minnesota mine ; also in Souora (Genth), near La Lagoona, a ranch on the road to Libertad, Gulf of California, 35m. fr. Saric. Named after J. D. Whitney. (|)11-61 88-13 12-28 87-48 12-28 87-37 10-92 (?) 87-64 11-46 88-54 (A) 11-58 88-14 0-40 0-04 0-03 0-19 tr. 0-28 100-14 Genth. = 99-80 Genth. = 99-68 Genth. = 98-75 Genth. = 100 Genth. = 100 Forbes. II. GALEKA DIVISION. [For list of species see page 34.] 40. ARGENTITE, Argentum rude plumbei coloris et Galenas simile, cultro diffinditur, dentibus compressum dilatatur, Agric., 438, 1529; Germ. Glaserz, Agric-., Interpr., 463, 1546; Henckel, Min., 1734 (proving it a sulphur compound). Silfverglas, Minera argenti vitrea, Argeritum sul- phure mineralisatum, Wall., 308, 1746; Sage, Ann. Ch., ii. 250, 1776 (with earliest anal.) Glanzerz, Silberglas, Silberglanz, Schwefel-Silber, "Weichgewachs, Germ. Yitreous Silver, Sul- phuret of Silver, Silver Glance. Argent sulfure Fr. Argyrose Send., Tr., ii. 392, 1832. Ar- gentit Raid., Handb., 565, 1845. Argyrit GlocJc., Syn., 23, 1847. Isometric. Observed planes 0, I, 1, 2, 2-2. Figs. 1 to 11, 23. Cleav- e : dodecahedral in traces. Also reticulated, arborescent, and filiform ; so amorphous. H.=2 2-5. G.r=7-196 7-365. Lustre metallic. Streak and color blackish lead-gray ; streak shining. Opaque. Fracture small sub-conchoi- dal, uneven. Perfectly sectile. Comp. Ag S=Sulphur 12'9, silver 87-1=100, Analyses: 1. 2, Klaproth (Beitr.. i. 158); 3, Lindaker (Vogl's Min. Joach., 78): S Ag 1. Joachimsthal [15] 85 =100 Klaproth. 2. Himmelsfurst [14-7] 85 -3 = 100 Klaproth. 3. Joachimsthal 14-46 77'58 Pb 3'68, Cu 1-53, Fe 2*02=99-27 Lind. Pyr., etc. In the open tube gives off sulphurous acid. B.B. on charcoal fuses with intu- mescence hi O.F., emitting sulphurous fumes, and yielding a globule of silver. Obs, This important ore of silver is found at Freiberg, Aunaberg, Joachimsthal of the Erzge- birge ; at Schemnitz and Kremnitz in Hungary ; in Norway near Kongsberg ; in the Altai at the Smeinogorsk mine ; in the Urals at the Blagodat mine ; in Cornwall ; in Bolivia ; Peru ; Chili ; Mexico at Guanajuato, Zacatecas, Catorce, San Pedro del Potosi, etc. Occurs in Nevada, at the Comstock lode, at different mines, along with stephanite, native gold, etc. ; in the vein at Gold Hill; common in the ores of Reese River; probably the chief ore cf silver in the Cortez district ; in the Kearsarge district, Silver-Sprout vein. SULPHIDS, ETC. 39 A mass of sulphid of silver is stated by Troost to have been found in Sparta, Tennessee occurs with native silver and copper in northern Michigan. [A silver ore not yet analyzed ' occurs according to Jackson, with gray antimony, at Cornish, N. H.] Alt. Native silver, at Joachimsthal. Also a mixture called silver-black (Silberschwarze Germ.}. 40 A. ARGENTOPYRITE (Silberkies). This mineral from Joachimsthal, made a species by v. Wai- tershausen (Ges. Wiss. G-ottingen, 1866, No. 2), is shown by Tschermak (Ber. Ak. Wien, liv. 342) to be a pseudomorph consisting of the minerals argentite, marcasite, pyrrhotite, pyrargyrite! It occurs in small hexagonal crystals, which were probably pyrrhotite originally. Yon Walters- liausen obtained in his analysis, Sulphur 34'2, iron 39-3, silver 26*5. 40B. JALPAITE Breithaupt(B. H. Ztg., xv. 85, 1858). Jalpaite is a cupriferous silver-glance from Jalpa, Mexico. It is isometric in cleavage, and malleable like ordinary argentite ; color blackish lead-gray; G. = 6'877 6'89(). Composition according to E. Eichter (1. c.) S 14'36, Ag 71-51 Cu 13-12, Fe 0-79, affording the formula 3 Ag S + -6u S or (f Ag + Ou) S. massive, granu- 41. NAUMANNITE. Selensilber Q-. Rose, Pogg., xiv. 471, 1828. Selensilberglanz. Seleni- ure d'argent Fr. Seleniuret of Silver. Naumannit Haid., Handb., 565, 1845. Isometric. In cubes. Cleavage: cubic, perfect. Also lar, and in thin plates. H. = 2*5. G. = 8-0. Lustre metallic, splendent. Color and streak iron- black. Comp. (Ag, Pb) Se. Pure, AgSe=Selenium 26-8, silver 73'2. Analyses: 1, Eose(L c.); 2. Eammelsberg (2d. Suppl., 127, and Min. Ch., 34) : 1. Tilkerode Selenium [29'53] Silver 65'56 Lead 4*91=100 Eose. " 60-15=98-34 Eamm. 2. 26-52 11-67 In No. 1, Ag : Pb=13 ; 1, in 2, 1 : 5. Pyr., etc. B.I3. on charcoal it melt 3 easily in the outer flame ; in the inner, with some intu- mescence. With soda and borax it yields a bead of silver. Obs, Occurs at Tilkerode in the Harz. Named after the crj-stallographer Naumann. According to Del Eio, another selenid of silver occurs at Tasco in Mexico, crystallized in hexag- onal tables. (Beud. Tr., ii. 535.) 42. EUCAIRITE. Eukairit Berz., Afh. vi. 42, 1818. Cuivre selenie argental H. Seleniuret of silver and copper. Selenkupfersilber Qerm. Massive and granular ; also in black metallic films, staining the calcite in which it is contained. Soft ; easily cut by the knife. Lustre metallic. Color between silver- white and lead-gray. Streak shining. Comp. -u Se + Ag Se=(-Gu, Ag) Se=Selenium 31-6, copper 25-3, silver 43-1=100. Analy- ses: 1-3, Berzelius (1. c.); 4-6, Nordenskiold (Bull. Soc. Ch., II. vii. 411): 1. Skrikerum Selenium 28'54 Copper 25'30 2. ' 26-00 " 23-05 - 3. 28-63 " 25-39 4 ' 32-01 " 23-83 5. ' [31-97] " 25-30 6. ' [32-22] " 24-86 Silver 42-73=96-57. 1 42-73, gangue 8-90=96'88. ' 42-86=96-88. 1 44-21, thallium fr-.=100'41 Nord. ' 42-73, " " =100Nord. ' 42-57= 100 Nord. Pyr,, etc. B B. gives copious fumes of selenium, and on charcoal fuses readily to a gray me- tallic globule, leaving a bead of selenid of silver. With borax a copper reaction. Dissolves in boiling nitric acid. Obs. Occurs in small quantities in the Skrikerum copper mine in Smoaland, Sweden, in a kind of serpentine rock, imbedded in calcite ; in Chili at Aguas Blancas, near Copiapo (this variety affording Domeyko (Min., 206) Se 32-2, Cu 28-0, Ag. 39-8), and at the mines of Flamenco, a few leagues north of Trespuntas, in the desert of Ataeama. Also a similar ore (Ann. d. M., VI. v. 458, and C. E, Iviii. 556) on the east side of the Andes of Chili, in the province of San Juan, where it occurs in a narrow vein (10-12 mm. broad), and has a lead-gray color, tarnishes easily, and is partly granular, and partly very imperfectly lamellar ; at the Cacheuta mine, in the prov- ince of Mendoza, with other selenids. SULPHIDS, ETC. Named by Berzelius from ev, Ktnp6 s , opportunely, because found by him soon after the discovery of the metal selenium. 43. OROOKESITE. A. E. Nordenskiold, CEfv. Ak. Stockh., 1866, Bull Soc. Ch., II. vii. 413. Massive, compact ; no trace of crystallization. H.=2-5 3. G.=6-90. Lustre metallic. Color lead-gray. Brittle. Oomp. (^u, Tl, Ag) Se=Selenium 33*28. copper 45'76, thalh'um 17-25, silver 3-71 = 100. Analyses : Nordenskiold (1. c.) : Se Cu Ag Fe Tl 1. [33-27] 46-11 1-44 0'63 18-55 100. 2. 30-86 46-55 5*04 0'36 16"27=99'OS. 3. 32-10 44-21 5-09 1-28 16-89=99'57. Pyr., etc. B.B. fuses very easily to a greenish-black shining enamel, coloring the flame strongly green. Insoluble in muriatic acid ; completely soluble in nitric. Obs. From the mine of Skrikerum in Norway. Formerly regarded as selenid of copper or berzelianite. Named after "Wm. Crookes, the discoverer of the metal thalh'um. 44. GALENITE. Galena Plin., xxxiii. 31 [not Galena or Molybdasna (= litharge-like product from the ore), Plin., xxxiv. 47, 53]. Molybdsena pt., Plumbago pt., Galena, Pleiertz, Plei-Glanz, Agric., 1546. Plumbago pt, Blyglants, Galena, Plumbum sulphure et argento mineralisatum, Wall, 292, 1747, Cronst., 167, 168, 1758. Sulphuret of Lead. Plomb sulfure Fr. Galenit von Kob., Min., 201, 1858. Plumbago, Pleischweis ? Agric., Interpr., 467, 1546. Bleischveif, Plumbago, Plumbum sulphure et arsenico mineralisatum, Wall., 294, 1746. Steinmannite Zippe, Verh. Ges. Mus. Boh men., 1833, 39. Targionite BecU, Am. J. Sci., II. xiv. 60, 1852. Supersulphuretted Lead Johnston, Eep. Brit. Assoc., 572, 1833; Thomson, Min., i. 552, 1836; Johnston-is Greg & Lettsom, Alin., 448, 1858. Isometric. Observed planes : 0, 1, I; 2, 3 ; 3-3, 2-2, f-f . Figs. 1 to 8, 23 with planes 1, 70, 71, the last a distorted form. Cleavage, cubic, 71 Rossie, N. Y. perfect ; octahedral in traces. Twins, like f. 50 ; the same kind of composi- tion repeated, f. 72, and flattened parallel to 1. Also reticulated, tabular ; coarse or fine granular ; sometimes impalpable ; occasionally fibrous. H.=2-5 2-75. G.=7'25 7'7. Lustre metallic. Color and streak pure lead-gray. Surface of crystals occasionally tarnished. Fracture flat subconchoidal, or even. Frangible. Comp., Var. Pb S=Sulphur 13-4, lead 86'6=100. Contains silver, and occasionally selenium B fr. Fahlun, Berz.), zinc, cadmium, antimony, copper, as sulphids; besides, also, sometimes native silver and gold; and even platinum has been reported as occurring in a galeuite from the Dept. of Charente, France. Var. 1. Ordinary, (a) Well crystallized; (6) somewhat fibrous and plumose- (c) granular coarse or fine ; (d) crypto-crystalline. Pb Sb Fe Cu Zn Ag 80-700 3-307 1-377 0-440 0-024 0-325= 99-013 78-238 4-431 1-828 tr. 0-485 = 200-227 78-284 2-452 2-811 0-560= 99-610 72-440 4-308 1-855 4-251 0-65o = 100-284 72-90 5-77 1-77 I'll 1-33 0-72 = 99-220 SULPHIDS, ETC. 41 2. Argentiferous. All galenite is more or less argentiferous, and no external characters serve to distinguish the kinds that are much so from those that are not. 3. Containing arsenic, or antimony, or an ore of these metals, as impurity. Here belong the lleiscliweifi td'rgionite, and steinmannite, which appear to he merely impure galenite 4. Containing an excess of sulphur, through mixture. Supersulphuretted lead of Johnston and others (or Johnstouite) is here included. The excess of sulphur is owing to a decomposition of a portion of the mass, setting part of the sulphur free. Analyses : 1, Thomson (Ed. Phil. J., 1829, 256) ; 2, 3, Lerch (Ann. Ch. Pharm., xlv. 325): I.Durham - S 13'02 Pb 85-13 Fe 0-50=98-65 Thomson. 2. Przibram G.= 7'252 14-41 81-80 Zn 3-59 = 99-80 L. Pb S to Zn S as 6-1 3. GL=7-324 14-18 83'6l 2'18=99'97 L. Pb S to Zn S as 12 ': 1 Schwartz found 6-02 p. c. of cadmium in a galena from Altenberg. The silver present is detected easily by cupellation. The galenite of the Harz affords -03 to 05 p. c. of silver ; the English '02 to '08 ; that of Leadhills, Scotland, '03 to '06 ; of Monroe, Ct. 3 p. a; of Roxbury, Ct., assayed by P. Collier, 1-85 p. c. silver; Eaton. K H., O'l, C. T. Jackson; Shelburne, N. H., 0'15; of Missouri, '0012 to 0027, Litton; Arkansas, 0'03 to '05, Sillimau Jr Middletown, Ct., 0-15 to 0'2() p. c.; Pike's Peak, Colorado, 0'05 to 0-06 p. c. The following, from Tuscany, contain antimony and silver (E. Bechi, Am. J. Sci., IT. xiv. 60) : S 1. Bottino 12-840 2. " 15-245 3. " 15-503 4. Argentiera 16-780 5. " 15-62 No 5 is the targionite of Bechi, occurring in octahedrons with G. = 6'932. The Ueischweif from Clausthal in the Harz, G. = 7'53 7 -55, analyzed by Rammelsberg (Mm. Chem., 49) afforded, Pb S 95'85, Zn S 3'34, Fe S 2 0'54, Sb S 3 0'30=100-03. Schwarz (Ber. Ak, Wien, xxv. 561) found in one specimen of ateinmannite, Pb S 76'48, with As 2 S 3 9'25, Sb 2 S 3 0-77, Zn S 11-38, Fe S 2-10 = 99'88 ; and in another, less lead, only a trace of zinc, very little arsenic, and much antimony ; and he concluded that the sulphid of lead was the only constant constituent. The supersulphuretted lead gave Johnston, Pb S 90'38, S 8-71. R. Hofmann found 8*7 p. c. of sulphur in a galenite from Now-Sinka, Transylvania, along with 51-30 of sulphate of lead. Pyr. In the open tube gives sulphurous fumes. B.B. on charcoal fuses, emits sulphurous fumes, coats the coal yellow, and yields a globule of metallic lead. Soluble in nitric acid. Obs. Occurs in beds and veins, both in crystalline and uncrystallirie rocks. It is often asso- ciated with pyrite, marcasite, blende, chalcopyrite, arsenopyrite, etc., in a gangue of quartz, calcite, barite or fluor, etc. ; also with cerussite, anglesite, and other salts of lead, which are frequent results of its alteration. It is also common with gold, and in veins of silver ores. E. J. Chapman remarks that galenite is seldom much argentiferous except when it is associated with mispickel or some other arsenical ore. At Freiberg in Saxony it occupies veins in gneiss ; in Spain, in granite at Linares, and also in Catalonia, Grenada, and elsewhere; at Clausthal and Neudorf in the Harz, and at Przibram in Bohemia, it forms veins in clay slate ; in Styria it occurs in the same kind of rock in beds ; at Sala in Sweden it forms veins in granular limestone ; through the gray wacke of Leadhills and the killas of Cornwall, in veins; in mountain limestone in Derbyshire, Cumberland, and the northern districts of England, and also in Bleiberg, and the neighboring localities of Carinthia. In the English mines it is associated with calcite, pearl spar, fluor, barite, witherite, calamine, and blende. Other localities are Joachimsthal, where it is worked principally for the silver ; Przibram in Bohemia; in Nertschinsk, East Siberia; in Algeria; near Cape of Good Hope; in Australia; Chili; Bolivia, etc. Extensive deposits of this ore in the United States exist in Missouri, Illinois, Iowa, and Wis- consin. The ore occurs in stratified limestone, of different periods of the Lower Silurian era, especially the Trenton, associated with blende, smithsonite (" dry-bone " of the miners), calcite, pyrite, and often an ore of copper and cobalt. The mines of Missouri were discovered in 172a by Francis Renault and Mr. la Motte ; they are situated in the counties of Washington, Jefferson, and Madison. Of the Upper Mississippi lead region, five-sixths, says Whitney (Rep. Up. Miss, region, 1862), belong to Wisconsin, and the richest portion is in that part of the State adjoining Illinois and Iowa. The productive lead district is bounded on the west, north, and east by the Mississippi, Wisconsin, and Rock rivers. The occurrence of calc spar in the soil, or sink holes in lines, are considered indications of lead. From a single spot, not exceeding fifty yards square, 1,500 tons of ore have been raised. Occurs also in Illinois, at Cave-in-Rock, associated with fluorite. In New York, at Rossie, fet 42 8ULPHIDS, ETC. Lawrence Co., in veins from one to three or four feet in width, the crystals often very large (like f 70 without t), with calcite, iron and copper pyrites, and some blende and celestme; near n -,-,' /~i- _ i ~-.:~ ,-v, ;iiat,~>Tia n-rif. with blfiTide. iron and Conner nvrites : like 70, except that the edges . where the ore is associated with chalcopyrite and blende; also less extensively at Blue Hill Bav Bino-ham and Parsonsville. In New Hampshire, at Eaton, with blende and chalcopyrite ; and 'also at Haverhill, Bath, and Tamworth. In Vermont, at Thetford. In Connecticut, at Middle- and at Haysboro, near Nashville, with blende and heavy spar. In Michigan, in the region of Chocolate river and elsewhere, and Lake Superior copper districts; on the N. shore of L. Superior, in Neebing on Thunder Bay, and around Black Bay. In California, at many of the gold mines. In Nevada, abundant on Walker's river, and at Steamboat Springs, Galena district. In Arizona, in the Castle Dome, Eureka, and other districts. In Colorado, at Pike's Peak, etc. Alt. Minium, anglesite, cerussite, pyromorphite, wulfenite, tetrahedrite, chalcocite, diallogite, quartz, limonifce, pyrite, pistomesite (pistopyrite Breith.), calamine, occur as pseudomorphs after galenite, partly from alteration, and partly through removal and substitution. A change to the carbonate (cerussite), with the setting free of sulphur, is the most common. The specimens regarded as pseudomorphs after pyromorphite, from Bernkastel on the Mosel, Breithaupt makes into a new species (B. H. Ztg., xxi. 99, 1862, xxii. 36, 183), which he calls plumbeine, or one species of his Sexangulites, regarding this sulphid of lead as crystallized in hexagonal prisms, and not a pseudomorph. It has G.= 6-7296-87, and hexagonal cleavage. He places with it the stalactitic galena of Cornwall, Freiberg, and Przibram. A galenite occurs in Lebanon Co., Pa., which has an easy octahedral cleavage, as first observed by Dr. John Torrey. It is regarded by some as proof of dimorphism of the sulphid of lead, and by others as a result of pseudomorphism after a mineral with octahedral cleavage. See Am. J. Sci., II. xxxv. 126. Dr. Torrey observes that on moderate heating the cleavage becomes cubic. In specitic gravity it does not diner from ordinary galenite. Fournetite of Ch. Mene (C. R., li. 463), supposed to be near tetrahedrite, is pronounced by Fouruet (C. R., liv. 1096) a mixture of galenite with copper ore. , Artif. Galenite is sometimes a furnace product. It has been made in crystals by heating oxyd or silicate of lead with vapor of sulphur (Wurtz) ; also by suspending sulphate of lead in a bag in water saturated with carbonic acid, and in which putrid fermentation is kept up (as by an byster in the water), there resulting an incrustation of galenite upon the shells (Gages, Brit. Assoc., 206. 1863). 44A. HUASCOLITE Dana. (Galena blendosa Domeyko, Min., 168, 1860. Sulphid of lead and zinc D. Forbes, Phil. Mag., IY. xxv. 110.) The characters are mostly those of galenite. It has a granular or saccharoidal texture, a lead-gray color rather paler than ordinary galenite, but little lustre, and is apparently homogeneous and without any mixture of blende. Domeyko obtained (1. c.) S 19-2, Pb 48-6, Zn 25'6, gangue 3' 1; which corresponds nearly to Pb S + l Zn S. It comes from Ingahuas, in the province of Huasco, where it forms large aggregated masses or nodules in the lower part of the vein. 44B. CUPROPLUMBITE Breith. (Kupferbleispath of the Germans, Galena cobriza Domeyko), from Chili, where it is not rare, appears to be, as Domeyko's name for it and his description implies (Min., 1860, 168), a mere mixture of galenite and chalcocite. The structure, color, and lustre vary from those of galenite to those nearly of chalcocite and covellite : the color a little darker, and passing to iron-gray and indigo-blue ; the lustre generally feeble and sometimes almost want- ing, and looking, says Domeyko, " as if sulphuret of copper were distributed through it." The specimens contain disseminated ores of copper, and come from a mine in Catemo (Aconcagua). Analyses: 1, Plattner (Pogg., Ixi. 671) ; 2, Field (Am. J. Sci., II. xxvii. 387) : 1. S [15-1] Pb 64-9 Cu 19-5 Ag 0'5 =100 Plattner. G. = 6'4 6'43 2. Algodones 17 '00 28'25 53-63 = 98-88 Field. G. = 6'10. Field has named the variety analyzed by him Alisonite ; it was from Mina Grande, near Co- quimbo. According to G. Ulrich, a similar mineral occurs at M'lvor in Victoria, Australia. Geuth suggests that this mineral may have resulted from the alteration of galenite, which is prob- ably true in some cases. 45. CLAUSTHALITB. Selenblei Zinken, 1823, Pogg., ii. 415, 1824, iii. 271 ; H. Rose, ib., ii. 415, iiL 281. Seleniuret of Lead. Plomb seleuiure Fr. Clausthalie Bead., Tr., il 531. Claus- thalite. SULPHIDS, ETC. 4.3 Kobalt-BleigJanz [=Cobaltic Galena] ffausm., Nordd. Beitr. B. H., iii. 120. Kobaltbleierz Hausm., Handb., 183, 1813 ; id. Strom. & Hausm,, Gott. gel. Anz., 1825, 329. Selenkobaltblei H. Rose Fogg., iii. 288, 290. Tilkerodite Haid., Handb., 566, 1845. Isometric. Occurs commonly in fine granular masses ; some specimens foliated. Cleavage cubic. H.=2'5 3. G.=7'6 8-8. Lustre metallic. Color lead-gray, somewhat bluish. Streak darker. Opaque. Fracture granular and shining. Comp., Var. Pb Se=Selenium 27-6, lead 72-4=100. Besides (1) the pure selenid of lead, there are others, often arranged as distinct species, which contain cobalt, copper, or mercury, in place of part of the lead, and sometimes a little silver or iron. The proportions of these ingredients vary so much and so irregularly, that the true chemical constitution of the ores, as Rammelsberg states, is yet doubtful. (2) The cobaltic ore (anal. 3), Tilkerodite Haid., is here retained as a va- riety of clausthalite. It affords the formula 6 Pb Se + Co S 2 , according to Rose, who makes the loss mainly selenium ; but taking the results as they stand, 6 Pb Se + Co Se. Analyses : 1, H. Rose (L c.) ; 2, Stromeyer (Fogg., ii. 403) ; 3, H. Rose (Fogg., iii 288) : Se Pb Co Fe 1. Clausthalite 27'59 .71-81 = 99-40 Rose. 2. 28-11 70-98 0-83 =99'92 Strom. G.=7'697. 3. Tilkerodite 31-42 63'92 3'14 0'45 =98-93 Rose. Pyr. Decrepitates in the closed tube. In the open tube gives selenous fumes and a red sub- limate. B.B. on charcoal a strong selenous odor ; partially fuses. Coats the coal near the assay at first gray, with a reddish border (selenium), and later yellow (oxydof lead) ; when pure entirely- volatile ; with soda gives a globule of metallic lead. The tilkerodite yields a black residue, and gives a cobalt-blue bead with borax. Obs. Much resembles a granular galeuite ; but the faint tinge of blue and the B.B. selenium fumes serve to distinguish it. Found with the following selenic ores : first by Zinken, near Harzgerode in the Harz with hematite, at Clausthal, Tilkerode, Zorge, and Lehrbach; at Reinsberg, near Freiberg, in Saxony ; at the Rio Tinto mines near Seville, Spain ; Cacheuta mine, Mendoza, S. A. 46. ZORGITE. Selenblei mit Selenkupfer H. Pose, Pogg., ii. 415, 1824. Selenkupferblei, Selen- bleikupfer, Hose, ib., iii. 293, 294, 296. Seleniuret of Lead and Copper. Zorgite B. & M, 153, 1852. Raphanosmit v. Kol., Taf., 6, 1853. Massive, granular, like Clausthalite. H.=2'5. G.=7 T'5. Lustre metallic. Color dark or light lead-gray, sometimes inclining to reddish, and often with a brass-yellow or blue tar- nish. Streak darker. Brittle. Comp. Pb Se + Cu and Se in varying amounts ; and perhaps only a mixture of clausthalite with the other ingredients. Analyses : 1, 2, H. Rose (Pogg., iii. 288) ; 3, 4, Kersten (ib., xlvi. 265): Se Pb Cu Ag 1. Tilkerode 34-26 47-43 15-15 1-29 e Pb 2-08 = 100-51 Rose. 2. " 29-96 59.67 7'86 Fe Pb 0'44 undec. 1 -00=99-26 Rose. 3. Glasbach SO'OO 53.74 8'02 0'05 e 2'00 S tr., quartz 4'5 =98-31 Kerst. 4. " 29-35 63-82 4'00 0'07 Fe S tr., quartz 2'06=99'30 Kerst. (1) No. 1 is Rose's Selenbkikupfer=4 : Pb + 4 Cu + 7 Se, or wanting i Se of Pb Se + Cu So; and (2) No. 2 his SelenkupferNei=9 Pb + 4 Cu+ 12 Se, which is near 2 Pb Se + Cu Se, the formula Oi No. 3 ; (3) No. 4=5 Pb Se + Cu Se. The deficiency of Se in Nos. 1 and 2 may be a result of partial alteration. Pyr. Like clausthalite, but yielding a black residue and a globule of copper, with usually, when cupelled, a trace of silver. Obs, Occurs under similar circumstances with clausthalite at Tilkerode and Zorge m the Harz ; at Glasbach near Gabel in Thuringia, in argillaceous schist with galenite, chalcopynte, malachite, in a gangue of calcite, siderite, fluorite, and quartz. 44 SULPHIDS, ETC. 47. LEHRBACHITE. Selenblei mit Selenquecksilber H. Rose, ii. 418, 1824, iii. 297. Selen- Quecksilberblei Leonh., Handb., 592, 1826. Seleniuret of Lead and Mercury. Lehrbachite B. & M., Mm., 153, 1852. Massive, granular. G.=7-804 7'876. Color lead-gray, steel-gray, iron-black. Brittle. Comp. Pb Se with Hg Se. Analyses : 1, Kose (1. c.); 2, 3, Schultz (Eamm. Min. Ch., 1011): 1. Tilkerode Se 24'97 Pb 55-84 Hg 16-94=97-75. 2. " 27-68 61-70 8'33, S 0'8, e 0'64=99'15 S., G.=7'OS9. 3. " 24-41 16-93 55-52, S 1'1=97'96 S., G.=8'104. Pyr. In the closed tube gives a lustrous metallic gray sublimate of selenid of mercury ; with soda, a sublimate consisting of globules of mercury. In the open tube gives reactions for selen- ium, and a sublimate of selenate of mercury condensing in drops. On charcoal like clausthalite. Obs. From Tilkerode and Lehrbach, in the Harz, like clausthalite. 48. ALTAITE, Tellurblei G. Rose, Pogg., xviii.68, 1830. Tellurid of Lead. Elasmose HuoL, Min., i. 1841 ; 0. d'Halloy, Introd. & la Geol., 1833 (not of Beud. Tr., 1832), etc. Altait Haid., Handb., 556, 1845. Isometric. Usually massive ; rarely in cubes. Cleavage : cubic. H.:=3 3-5. G. = 8-159, G. Eose. Lustre metallic. Color tin-white, resembling that of native antimony, with a yellow tarnish. Sectile. Comp. Pb Te Tellurium 38*3, lead 61-7. Analysis by G-. Eose (Pogg., xviii. 68) gave silver 1*28 p. c. ; and from an imperfect approximative determination of the lead and tellurium Rose assumed them to have the same relation as in hessite, or Tellurium 38-37, lead 60*35. Pyr. In the open tube fuses, gives fumes of tellurous acid, forming a white sublimate, which B.B. fuses into colorless drops. On charcoal in R.F. colors the flame bluish, fuses to a globule, coats the coal near the assay with a lustrous metallic ring of tellurid of lead, outside of which it is brownish-yellow, and in O.F. still more yellow. Entirely volatile, except a trace of silver. Obs. From Savodinski near Siranovski, in the Altai, with hessite. Huot says that Beudant in his lectures changed his first use of the name Elasmose ; and the later use Huot adopts in his Mineralogy, and Omalius d'Halloy in his Introduction to Geology. The confusion thus occasioned, and the unallowable form of the name, are reasons enough for set- ting it aside altogether, and adoptiug Altaite. 49. BORNITE. Kupferkies pt., Kupfer-Lazul HencM, Pyrit., 1725. Lefverslag, Brun Kopparmalm, MineraCupri Hepatica, Cuprum sulfure et ferro mineralisatum, Wall, 283, 1747. Cuivre vitreuse violette Fr. Trl Wall., 1753. Koppar-Lazur, Minera Cupri Lazurea, Cronst., 175, 1758. Buntkupfererz Wern. Purple Copper Ore Kirw. Variegated Copper Ore. Cui- vre pyriteux hepatique, H. Phillipsite Beud., ii., Tr., ii. 411. 1832. Pyrites erubescens Dana, Min., 408, 1837; Poikilopyrites Glock., Grundr., 328, 1839. Bornit Haul, Handb., 562, 1845. Poikilit Breith. Erubescite Dana, Min., 510, 1850. Cobre abigarrado, Cobre panaceo, Do- meyJco. Isometric. Observed planes 0, 7, 1, 2-2. Figs. 1, 2, 3, 11, 14. Cleav- age : octahedral in traces. Twins : f. 50. Massive, structure granular or compact. H. 3. G.=4:-4: 5-5. Lustre metallic. Color between copper-red and pinchbeck-brown ; speedily tarnishes. Streak pale grayish-black, slightly shining. Fracture small conchoidal, uneven. Brittle. Comp., Var. (-Gu, Fe) S, the proportion of u to Fe varying; and sometimes (there being an excess of sulphur above the ratio of unity) united to Fe S 2 (pyrite), either as an impurity or a chemical compound; at times also mixed with chalcopyrite. As it is a result of the alteration of other ores, occurring only sparingly at great depths in veins, such compounds, or mixtures, are not improbable. SULPHIDS, ETC. 45 22-li', ' U = : L near1 ^ whence the s P edal form " * ( * <* + 4 Fe) S= Sulphur (2).' per 62 '5, Fe 13*8 = 100. mate i], copper firics, j-e r0 Schnabel. 4-36 = 100 Schnabel. The sulphur is to the metals present as 4 : 3. No probable formula has beon deduced. Pyr., etc. Fuses to a gray, brittle, magnetic globule, coloring the charcoal greenish-yellow Dissolves iu nitric acid, excepting the sulphur. Obs. Found at G-riinau, in Sayn Altenkirchen, with quartz and chalcopynte. 56. SPHALERITE or BLENDE. Galena inanis, Germ. Blende, Agric., Interpr., 465, 1546 Bliiude, Pseudo-galena, Zincum S, As, et Fe minoralisatum, Wall, Min., 248, 1747. Zincum, cum Fe, S mineralisatum Bergm., Sciagr., 1782. Sulphuret of zinc. Zinc sulfure Fr. Zinc- Blende. Sphalerit Glock., Syn., 17, 1847. Black-Jack Engl Miners. Cleiophane Nuttal Marmatite (fr. Marmato) Boussingault, Pogg., xvii. 399, 1829. Przibramite Huot, Min., 298, 1841. ' Marasmolite Shep., Am. J. ScL, II. xii. 210, 1851, Christophit Breith , B. H. Ztg.' xxii. 27. Rahtite Shep., Am. J. Sci., II. xli. 209, 1866. Isometric : tetrahedral, Observed planes, ; /; 1 ; 2 ; *-f , i-2 ; 2-2, 3-3, 4-4, 5-5. Figs. 3, 29 to 33; also 73, 74. Cleavage: dodecahedral, highly perfect. Twins : composition-face 1, as in f. 75 ; also 76, of which 73is the simple form. Also botryoidal, and other imitative shapes; some- times fibrous and radiated ; also massive, compact. H.=3-5 4. G.=3'9 4-2. 4-063, white, New Jersey. Lustre resinous to adamantine. Color brown, yellow, black, red, green ; white or yellow when pure. Streak white reddish-brown. Trans- parent translucent. Fracture conchoidal. Brit- tle. Comp., Var. Zn S Sulphur 33, zinc 67 = 100. But often having part of the zinc replaced by iron, and sometimes by cad- mium. Var. 1. Ordinary. Containing little or no iron; colors white to yellowish-brown, sometimes black; G. = 3'9 4-1. The pure white blende of Frankliu, N. J., is the cleiophane (anal. 5). 2. Ferriferous; Marmatite. Containing 10 p. c. or more of iron; dark-brown to black; G-.=r3-9 4-2. The proportion of sulphid of iron to- sulphid of zinc varies from 1:5 to 1:2, and the last ratio is that of the christophite of Breithaupt (1. c.), a brilliant-black blende from St. Chris tophe mine, at Breitenbrunn, near Johanngeorgenstadt, having G. 3-91 3-923 (1. c.). 3. Cadmiferous ; Przibramite. The amount of cadmium present in any blende thus far analyzed is less than 5 per cent. Each of the above varieties may occur (a) in crystals ; (&) firm, fibrous, or columnar, at times radiated or plumose ; (c) cleavable, massive, or foliated ;. (d) granular, or compact massive. 8ULPHIDS, ETC. The brass-ore (Messingerz Germ.) of early mineralogists is a mixture of blende and chalconvrite Shepard's marasmolite (1. c.) is a partially decomposed blende containing some free sulphur Analyses: 1, Arfvedson (Ac. H. Stockh., 1822, 438, Pogg., i. 62); 2, Lowe (Pogg xxxviii 161V 3, Kersten (Pogg., Ixiii. 132); 4, C. Kuhlemaun (ZS. nat. Ver. Halle, viii. 499); 5, T H Henri (Phil. Mag., IV. i. 23); 6, J. L. Smith (Am. J. Sci., II. xx. 250); 7, 8, 9, Jackson (G- Rep N Hampshire, 208); 10, Scheerer (Pogg., Ixv. 300); 11, 12, Bechi (Am. J. Sci., II. xiv. 61)- 13* Scheerer (B. H. Ztg., xix., No. 15) ; 14, Heinichen (B. H. Ztg., xxii. 27) ; 15, Lecanu (J de Pharm ' ix. 457); 16, 17, 18, Berthier (Ann. d. M., ix. 419); 19, 20, Boussingault (Pogg., xvii. 399): Zn Fe 1. 2. Przibram, fibrous 3. Carinthia, Raibel, rli. yw. 4. Clausthal, Hack 5. N. Jersey, white 6. Phenixville, Pa. 7. Eaton, N. PL, ywh. bn. 8. Lyman, N. H. 9. Shelburne, N. H. 10. Christiania, fibrous 11. Tuscany, marmatite 12. " 13. Titiribi, N. G., bkh. bn. 14. Christophite, black 15. Charente 16. England, gray 17. Caguliu, brown 18. Luchon 19. Marmato, Marmatite 20 " 33-66 66-34 33-15 61-40 2-29 32-10 64-22 1-82 33-04 65-39 1-18 32-22 67-46 33-82 64-39 33-22 63-62 3-10 33-4 55-6 8-4 32-6 52-0 10-0 33-73 53-17 11-79 32-12 50-90 11-44 33-65 48-11 16-23 33-82 54-17 11-19 33-57 44-67 18-25 ZnS 82-76 91-8 75-5 94-4 77-5 76-8 Cd - =100 Arfvedson. 1-50=98-34 Lowe. tr. t Sb and Pb 0'72, H 0-80=99-16 Kersten. 0-79, Cu 0-13, Sb 0-63 = 101-06 Kuhlemann. tr.= 99-68 Henry. 0-98, Cu 0-32, Pb 0-78 = 100-29 Smith. 0*6 including loss =100 Jackson. 2-3=99-7 Jackson. 3-2, Mn 1-3=99-1 Jackson. - , Mn 0-74, Cu r.=99-43 Scheerer. 1-23, Fe S 2 0-75=96-44 Bechi. tr., Cu /r.=97'99 Bochi. 0-82, Mn 0-88=100-88 Scheerer. 0-28, Mn 2-66, Sn.fr. =99-43 Heinichen. FeS 13-71=96-47 Lecanu. 6-4=98-2 Berthier. 17-2 = 92-7 Berthier. 5-4=99-8 Berthier. 22-5 = 100 Boussingault 23-2=100 Boussiiigault. The marmatite of anal. 19 affords the formula 3 ZnS + FeS=77 Zn S and 23 FeS; of anal. 12, 5 Zn S + 2 FeS ; another, of brown color, from near Burbach in Siegen, afforded Schnabel (Pogg., cv. 144) 5 ZnS + FeS; Breithaupt's christophite=2 ZnS + FeS. Pyr., etc. In the open tube sulphurous fumes, and generally changes color. B.B. on char- coal, in R.F., some varieties give at first a reddish-brown coating of oxyd of cadmium, and later a coating of oxyd of zinc, which is yellow while hot and white after cooling. With cobalt solution the zinc coating gives a green color when heated in O.F. Most varieties, after roasting, give with borax a reaction for iron. With soda on charcoal in R.F. a strong green zinc flame. Diffi- cultly fusible. Dissolves in muriatic acid, during which sulphuretted hydrogen is disengaged. Some specimens phosphoresce when struck with a steel or by friction. Obs, Occurs in both crystalline and sedimentary rocks, and is usually associated with galena ; also with barite, chalcopyrite, fluorite, siderite, and frequently in silver mines. Derbyshire, Cumberland, and Cornwall, afford different varieties ; also Transylvania ; Hungary ; the Harz ; Sahla in Sweden ; Ratieborzitz in Bohemia ; many Saxon localities. Splendid crystals are found in Binnenthal. A variety having a divergent fibrous structure and presenting botry- oidal forms is met with in Cornwall ; at Raibel ; and at G-eroldseck in Baden. Abounds with the lead ore of Missouri, Wisconsin, Iowa, and Illinois. In N. York, Sullivan Co., near Wurtzboro', it constitutes a large part of a lead vein in millstone grit, and is occasionally in octahedrons ; in St. Lawrence Co., brown blende occurs at Cooper's falls, in a vein of carbonate of lime; at Mineral Point with galena, and in Fowler, on the farm of Mr. Belmont, in a vein with iron and copper pyrites traversing serpentine; at the Ancram lead mine in Columbia Co., of yellow and brown colors ; in limestone at Lockport and other places, in honey and wax-yellow crystals often transparent ; with galena on Flat Creek, two miles south-west of Spraker's Basin. In Mass., at Sterling of a cherry-red color, with galena ; also yellowish-brown at the Southampton lead mines ; at Hatfield, with galena. In N. Hamp., at the Eaton lead mine ; at Warren, a large vein of black blende, In Maine, at the Lubec lead mines ; also at Bingham, Dexter, and Parsons- field. In Conn., yellowish-green at Brookfield; at Berlin, of a yellow color; brownish-black Roxbury, and yellowish-brown at Lane's mine, Monroe. In N. Jersey, a white variety (dewphane of Nuttall) at Franklin. In Penn., at the Wheatley and Perkiomen lead mines, in handsome crystallizations; near Friedeusville, Lehigh Co., a white waxy var. In Virginia, at Walton s gold mine, Louisa Co., and more abundantly at Austin's lead mines, Wythe Co., where it o< 4 50 STJLPHIDS, ETC. crystallized, or in radiated crystallizations. In Michigan, at Prince vein, Lake Superior, abundant. In Illinois, near Kosiclare, with galenite and calcite; at Marsden's diggings, near Galena, in stalactites, some 6 in. or more through, and covered with cryst. pyrite, and galenite. In Wisconsin, at Mineral Point, in fine crystals, and many of large size (3 in. through, or so), altered to smith- sonite. In Tennessee, at Haysboro', near Nashville. Named blende because, while often resembling galena, it yielded no lead, the word in German meaning blind or deceiving. Sphalerite is from 36 , and /- Alt -89 40': while in stromeyerite these angles are 119 35' and t* A l- =91 44 ; and twins are compounded paraUel to / in each. On cryst., see H. Dauber, Ber. Ak Wien xxxix. 685. The prisms 1-1 and I, correspond nearly in angle to the twining form |4 of chalcocite. The ore analyzed by W. C. Taylor, and referred by him to stromeyerite, may belong to acan- thite, as suggested by Kenngott; but this can be made certain only by ascertaining its crystal- line form. 61. CHALCOCITE. Ms rude plumbei coloris pt, Germ. Kupferglaserz, Agric., Interpr., 461, 1546. Koppar-Glas pt., Cuprum vitreum, Wall, 282, 1147. Cuivre vitreux Fr. Trl Wall., i. 509, 1753. Kopparmalm, Cuprum sulphure mineralisatum pt., Cronst., 174, 1758. Vitreous Copper Sulphuret of Copper. Cuivre sulfure Fr. Kupferglanz Germ. Copper Glance. Chal- cosine Jfeud,, Tr., ii. 408, 1832. Cyprit Glock., Syn., 1847. Eedruthite Nicol, Min., 1849. Kuprein Broth., B. H. Ztg., xxii. 35, 1863. Digenit Breifft., Fogg., Ixi. 673, 1844. Carmenite H. Hahn, B. H. Ztg., xxiv. 86, 1865. d: Orthorhombic. 7 A 7-119 35', A 1-*=120 57' : 1*7176. Observed planes: 0', vertical, 7, i-1, ^^, ^, 1-?, f-?, $4 ; octahedral, , J, 1, 4. 6^ A 4-147 16' A fS=147 6' 6^ A 14-135 52 r (9 A 1=136 24 (9 A 2-1=117 16 i-8 A *-8=120 25 A 1=117 24 A ffcl24 30 1 A 1, mac.,=126 56 J- 0=1-6676 domes > \ Bristol, Ct. Bristol, Ct. Bristol, Ct. Cleavage : /, indistinct. Twins : (1) composition-face 7, producing hex- agonal, or stellate forms (left half of f. 80) ; (2) composition-face -f-, a cruci- form twin (f. 80), crossing at angles of 111 and 69 ; (3) (f. 81), a cruciform twin, having and 7 of one crystal parallel respectively to i4 and of the other ; (4) c.-face ^-. Also massive, structure granular, or compact and im- palpable. H.-2-5-3. G.=5-5-5'8; 5-7022 Thomson. Lustre metallic. Color and streak blackish lead-gray ; often tarnished blue or green ; streak some- times shining. Fracture conchoidal. Comp. Ou S=Sulphur 20*2, copper 79'8=100. Analyses : 1, Ullmann (Syst. tab. Uebers., 243); 2, 3, Scheerer (Pogg., Ixv. 290); 4, Schnabel (Ramm, 4th Supp., 121); 5, C. Bechi (Am. J. Sci., II. xvi. 61); 6, 7, Wilczynsky (Ramm., 5th Suppl., 151, and Min. Oh., 997); 8, P. Collier (private contrib.): S Cu Fe 1. Siegen 19-00 79'50 0'75, Si l'00=100-25 Ullmann 2. Tellemark, Norway, G.=5'795 20-43 77'76 0-91=99-10 Scheerer. STTLPHIDS, ETC. 53 S Cu Fe 3. Tellemark, Norway, G. = 5-521 20-36 79*12 0-28=99-76 Scheerer 4. Siegen, massive 21-50 74'73 1-26, Si 2-00=99-49 Schnabel 5. Mt. Catini 20-50 76'54 1 -75=98-79 Bechi 6- Chili 21-81 74-71 8'33=9-85 Wilczynsky 7. Montagone, Tuscany 21-90 71-31 6-49=99-70 Raimnelsbere 8. Bristol, Ct. 20-26 79-42 33, Ag 0'11 = 100-12 Collier. Pyr., etc. Yields nothing volatile in the closed tube. In the open tube gives off sulphurous fumes. B.B. on charcoal melts to a globule, which boils with spirting ; with soda is reduced to metallic copper. > oluble in nitric acid. Obs. Cornwall affords splendid crystals where it occurs in veins and beds with other ores of copper, and especially near St. Just. It occurs also at Fassnetburn in Haddingtonshire in Ayr- shire, and in Fair Island, Scotland. The compact and massive varieties occur in Siberia, Hesse Saxony, the Bannat, etc.; Mt. Catini mines in Tuscany; Mexico, Peru, Bolivia, Chili. Near- Angina, Tuscany, a crystal has been obtained, weighing half a pound. In the United States, compact varieties occur in the red sandstone formation at Simsbury and Cheshire, Conn.; also at Schuyler's mines, N. J. Bristol, Conn., affords large and brilliant crystals, f. 79-81; fig. 80, a crystal, with its strias and irregularities, compounded by two different methods. Another crystal has a small octahedral plane situated obliquely upon the intersection of 1, |, and adjoining the brachy diagonal section, which is probably the plane f-2. 2-? A 24 in the Bristol crystals = 125 43'. In Virginia, in the United States copper mine district,' Blue Ridge, Orange Co. Between Newmarket and Taneytown, Maryland, east of the Monocacey] with chalcopyrite. In Arizona, near La Paz ; in N. W. Sonora. In Nevada, in Washoe Hum- boldt, Churchill and Nye Cos. The Argent en epis or Cuivre spidforme of Haiiy, which is merely vegetable matter impregnated with this ore, occurs at Frankenberg in Hessia, and also Mahoopeny, Penn. Under the name Oupreine, Breithaupt separates the larger part of the specimens, referred to chalcocite, on the ground alleged that they are hexagonal instead of orthorhombic, and have a lower specific gravity. He gives for the angle between the base and a pyramidal face 117 53' approxi- mately, and G.=5'5 5-586 of the mineral from 12 different localities. He cites Scheerer's two analyses above of the Tellemark mineral. Other localities mentioned are Kongsberg in Norway ; near Freiberg, Sadisdorf, Deutsch-Neudorf, in Saxony ; Schmiedeberg in Silesia ; Hettstedt and Sangerhausen in Thuringia; near Siegen; Mt. Catini in Tuscany; Bosgolovsk in Siberia; Karga- liusk Steppes in Orenberg ; Cornwall ; Eleonora and Ulrique in Mexico ; West Coast of Africa. Breithaupt is certainly in error with regard to the Cornwall mineral, as the measurements of Phillips and others, and recently of Maskelyne (in a letter to the author), conclusively prove ; and probably in error throughout. Beudant's name, clialcosine, has priority. We change the termination ine, which ought to be out of the science, and substitute c for s. Chalcite ( X a\ K LT^ in Greek), Aristotle's name for the common ore of Cyprus, cannot be employed in modern mineralogy, because it has the same pro- nunciation with calcite. But with the added syllable, used above, this objection does not hold. Moreover, the word thus altered does not imply an identity of the species with that of Cyprus, about which there is yet much doubt. Alt Occurs altered to chalcopyrite, bornite, covellite, melaconite. Specimens are often penetrated with the covellite, or indigo-copper, resulting from the altera- tion. (A) Digenite of Breithaupt (1. c.) is probably a mineral of this kind. Plattner obtained B.B., 7(J'2 of copper and 0'24 of silver, whence the formula -Gu S + 2 -Gu S 2 , making it a compound of 1 chalcocite + 2 covellite. Localities mentioned are Sangerhausen in Thuringia; Szaska in Tran- sylvania; in the Government of Orenburg; Platten in Bohemia; Angola, W. Coast of Africa; Chili, with cuproplumbite. (B) Carmeniie of Hahn (1. c.). from Carmen island, in the Gulf of California, approaches digenite. It is an impure chalcocite, containing visibly, as the author finds after personal examination, much covellite. Hahn analyzed the mass by first separating into two parts, one soluble in muriatic acid, and the other not ; and the former was then analyzed, and the composition obtained given as that of carmenite; it was S 26*22, Sb 0'97, Cu 71'30, Fe 1-37, Ag 0-05, gangue 0-77 = 100-68, corresponding to 1 chalcocite + 1 covellite. (C) HARKISITE of Shepard (Rep. on Canton Mine, cited in Am. J. ScL, II. xxii. 256 and Pratt Am. J. Sci. II. xxiii. 409), from Canton mine, Georgia, and later found at the Polk Co. copper mines in East Tennessee, is chalcocite with the cleavage of galena, and, as Genth has proved, is pseudomorphous after galena. Genth's many analyses of the Tennessee mineral (Am. J. Sci. II. xxxiii. 194) show a variation in composition from that of chalcocite to that of a mixture with 27 p. c. of galena. Unaltered galena has been observed within crystals of harrisite both at the Georgia and Tennessee localities. Its color is dark lead-gray and bluish-black. As Geutb observes, it is related to the so-callef! cuproplumUt* (p. 42). 54 STJLPHTDS, ETC. Artif. The double sulphate of copper and iron, in carbonated water containing putreseibla animal matter, afforded Gages malachite, selenite, and some chalcocite. 62. STROMEYBRITE. Silberkupferglanz Hausm. & Strom., G-eL Anz. G-ott, ii. 1249, 1816 Argent et cuivre sulfure Bournon, Cat., 212, 1817. Sulphuret of Silver and Copper. Argentif- erous Sulphuret of Copper. Cuivre sulfure argentifere Fr. Stromeyerine Beud., Tr., ii. 410, 1832. Stromeyerite Shep., ii. 211, 1835. Orthorhombic hus with chalcocite. /A/ 11935 / . Observed planes 0, i-i, % compact. H.=2'5 3. Streak shining. Comp __ (Agu)S, orAgS + -euS=Sulphurl5-8, sUver 53-1, copper 31'1 = 100. Analyses: 1. W J. Taylor (Proc. Ac. Philad., Nov., 1859); 2, Stromeyer (Schw. J., xix. 325); 3, Sander (Fogg., xL 313) ; 47, Domeyko (Ann. d. M., IV. iii. 9) ; 8, 9, P. Collier (private contrib.) : isomorphous with chalcocite. \ i; 6^=154 16', <9 A-=155 7'. Also massive, GT 6.26-3. Lustre metallic. Color dark steel-gray. Fracture subconchoidal. 1. Copiapo 2. Schlangenberg, Siberia 3. Eudelstadt, Silesia 4. S. Pedro, Chili 5. Catemo, " 6 " " 7. 8. Arizona 9. " S Ag Cu Fe 16-35 69-59 11-12 2'86=99'92 Taylor. 15-782 52-272 30*478 0'333=98'865 Stromeyer. 15-92 52-71 30-95 0'24=99'82 Sander. 17-83 28-79 53'38 =100 Domeyko. 19-93 24-04 53-94 2'09 100 Domeyko. 20-53 16-58 6058 2'3 1 = 100 Domeyko. 21-41 12-08 63-98 2-53 = 100 Domeyko. 19-44 14-05 64-02 0'48, Hg 1'30=99'29 Collier. 19-41 7-42 72-73 0'33=99'89 Collier. Domeyko's analyses indicate a large proportion of the copper sulphid, No. 4 containing, along with Ag S, as Rammelsberg shows (Min. Chem., 54), 9 u S ; 5, 6 u S ; 6, 4 u S ; 7, 3 u & Taylor's analysis corresponds to (Ag, -Gu, Fe) S. Pyr., etc. Fuses, but gives no sublimate in the closed tube. In the open tube sulphurous fumes. B.B. on charcoal in O.F. fuses to a semi-malleable globule, which, treated with the fluxes, reacts strongly for copper, and cupelled with lead gives a silver globule. Soluble in nitric acid. Obs. Found associated with chalcopyrite at Schlangenberg, near Kolyvan in Siberia ; at Ru- delstadt, Silesia ; also in Chili ; at Combavalla in Peru ; at Heintzelman mine in Arizona. Named after Stromeyer, by whom the mineral was first analyzed and established. 63. STERNBERGITE. Haid., Trans. Roy. Soc., Ed., 1827, and Brewst. J., vii. 242. Orthorhombic. 7X7=119 30', O A 1-*=124 49', B. & M. ; a: I :c=l'4379 :1 : 1'7145. 6>Al = 121, A 2=106 43', <9 A 2-2=120 48'. Stria of macrodiagonal, of sides horizontal. Cleavage : basal highly eminent. Commonly in implanted crystals, forming rose-like or fan-like aggregations. Sometimes compound parallel to 7. H.=l 1-5. G.=4-215. Lustre of brightly metallic. Color pinch- beck-brown, occasionally a violet-blue tarnish on 1 and 2. Streak black. Opaque. Thin laminae flexible ; may be smoothed down by the nail when bent, like tin foil. Leaves traces on paper like plumbago. Comp. Ag S + 3 Fe S + Fe S 2 4 ( Ag + f Fe) S + Fe S 2 =Sulphur 30-4, silver 34*2, iron 35'4 = 100. Ratio of sulphur, iron, and silver more exactly 6:4:1. Analysis by Zippe (Pogg., xxviL 690): Sulphur 30-0 Silver 33'2 Iron 36-0=99-2. Pyr., etc. In the open tube sulphurous fumes. B.B. on charcoal gives off sulphur and fuses to a magnetic globule, the surface of which shows separated metallic silver. The washed nun- SULPHIDS, ETC. 55 eral, treated with the fluxes, gives reaction for iron ; on charcoal yields a globule of metallic ail Soluble ID aqua-regia with separation of sulphur and chlorid of sliver. Obs. Occurs with ores of silver, particularly pyrargyrite and stephanite, at Joachimsthal in Bohemia, and Johanngeorgenstadt m Saxony. Named after Count Casper Sternbere of Prague The Flexible silver ore (Argent mlfure flexibk Bourn., Biegsam&r Silberglanz) from HiinmelsY iirst mine, near Freiberg, is referred here. According to Brooke & Miller the figure bv Phil distorted figure of argentite. The angles of sternbergite, above given, are from very perfect crystals in Mr. Brooke's collec tion, which were formerly in the possession of Count Bournon (B. & M., p. 180). The plane 2-tia on the edge of A*4; and besides this, there is another 10-1 represented by these authors with also the macrodome G-i, and the pyramid 2-2. 64. CINNABAR. Kwdfiapts (fr. Spain) Theophr. v A^ t o V Vioscor. Minium Vitruv., Plin. Minium nativum, Germ. Bergzinober, Agric., Interpr., 466, 1546. Cinnabar; Sulphuret of Mercury. Zinnober, Schwefelquecksilber, Merkur-Blende, Germ. Khombohedral. E A ^=92 36', E A 0=127 6' planes : rhombohedrons, & J, f, f , 1, f , , E, , ; a= 1-144:8. Observed 2, ^, 4, , 8, -f , -2, -V-, - -f, -i, -f, -fr, -4-; pyramids, 22, 62; scalenohedron and also coatings. <9 A = 0, Z Also granular, massive; sometimes forming superficial =10158 / 83 =110 6 r =90 /A/=:120 Twins: composition- 32' 36 24 43 6>A2.= 71 48 Cleavage : 1^ very perfect, face 0. H.=2 2.5. G. = 8-99S, a cleavable variety from N"eumarktel. Lustre adamantine, inclining to metal- lic when dark colored, and to dull in friable varieties. Color cochineal-red, often inclining to brownish-red and lead-gray. Streak scarlet, subtransparent, opaque. Fracture subcon- choidal, uneven. Sectile. Polarization circular. Ordinary refraction 2-854, extraordinary 3 '201, Descl. Var. 1. Ch'dinary: either (a) crystallized; (b) massive, granular, or compact; bright red to reddish-brown in color ; (c) earthy and bright red. 2. Hepatic (Quecksilberlebererz and Quecksilberbranderz, Germ., Inflammable cinnabar), of a liver-brown color, with sometimes a brownish streak, occasionally slaty in structure, though com- monly granular or compact. Cinnabar mixed with an organic substance called idrialine (q. v.) occurs at Idria. The corallinerz of Idria is a curved lamellar variety of hepatic cinnabar. Comp. Hg S (or Hg 3 S 3 )= Sulphur 13-8, quicksilver 86'2 = 100. Sometimes impure from clay, oxyd of iron, bitumen. Analyses : 1, 2, Klaproth (Beitr., iv. 14) ; 3, John (John's Ch. Unt, i. 252); 4, 5, Schnabel (Ramm., 4th Suppl., 269); 6, A. Bealey (J. Ch. Soc., iv.); 7, Klaproth (Beitr., iv. 24) : Hg 85-00=99-25 Klaproth. 84-50=99*25 Klaproth. 78-4, e 1-7, 10-7, Ca 1'3, 86-79=100-46 Schnabel. 84-55, gangue 1'02=99'35 Schnabel. 69-36, Fe 1'23, Ca 1'40, &1 0-61, Mg 0'49, Si 14'30 Bealey. 81-80, 3Pe 0-2, l 0-55, Cu 0'02, Si 0'65, C 3'3=99^7 Klaproth. Pyr. In the closed tube a black sublimate. Carefully heated in the open tube gives sulphur- ous fumes and metallic mercury, condensing in minute globules on the cold walls of the tube. B.B. on charcoal wholly volatile if pure. Obs. Cinnabar occurs in beds in slate rocks and shales, and rarely in granite or porphyry. IV 1. Neumarktel 2. Japan 3. " 4. Westphalia 5. Wetzlar 6. California 7. Idria, hepatic S 14-25 14-75 17-5 13-67 18-78 11-38 13-75 0'2 = 100 John. 56 SULPHIDS, ETC, has been observed in veins, with ores of iron. The Idria mines are in the Carboniferous forma- tion ; those of New Almaden, California, in partially altered Cretaceous or Tertiary beds. Good crystals occur in the coal formations of Moschellandsberg and Wolfstein in the Palatinate ; also in Japan, Mexico, and Brazil. The most important European beds of this ore are at Almaden in Spain, and at Idria in Carniola, where it is usually massive. It occurs at Reichenau in Upper Carinthia ; in beds traversing gneiss at Dunbrawa in Transylvania ; in graywacke at Windisch Kappel in Carinthia ; at Neumarktel in Carniola ; at Kipa in Tuscany ; at Schemnitz in Hungary ; in the Urals and Altai ; in China abundantly, and in Japan ; San Onofre and elsewhere in Mexico ; at Huanca Velica in Southern Peru, abundant ; in the Provinces of Coquimbo ; Copiapo in Chili ; forming extensive mines in California, in the coast ranges at different points from Clear lake in the north (near which there is a vein in a bed of sulphur) to San Luis Obispo in the south, the prin- cipal mines in which region are at New Almaden and the vicinity, in Santa Clara Co., about 60 m. S.S.E. of San Francisco. Also in Idaho, in limestone, abundant. This ore is the source of the mercury of commerce, from which it is obtained by sublimation. "When pure it is identical with the manufactured vermilion of commerce. The above figure is from an elaborate paper by Schabus, Ber. Ak. Wien, vi. 63. The name Cinnabar is supposed to come from India, where it is applied to the red resin, drag- on's blood. The native cinnabar of Theophrastus is true cinnabar ; he speaks of its affording quicksilver. The Latin name of cinnabar, minium, is now given to red lead, a substance which was early used for adulterating cinnabar, and so got at last the name. It has been said (King on Precious Stones) that the word mine (miniera, Hal.} and mineral come from the Latin for quicksilver mine, miniaria (Fodina miniaria). 65. TIEMANNITE. Selenquecksilber Marx, Schw. J. liv. 223, 1828. Selenid of Mercury. Selenmercur, Tiemannit, Naumann, Min., 425, 1855. Massive ; compact granular. Cleavage none. H.=2-5. G. = 7-1-7-37, Clausthal; 7'274, fr. Tilkerode. Lustre metallic. Color steel-gray to blackish lead-gray. Comp. Selenid of mercury. Perhaps Hg Se=Selenium 28'4, mercury 71-6=100; but the analyses correspond mostly to Hg 6 Se 5 =Selenium 24'8, mercury 75*2 = 100. Anal. 4 gives Hg 11 Se 10 . Analyses: 1, 2, Kerl (B. H. Ztg., 1852); 3, Eammelsberg (Pogg., Ixxxviii. 39); 4, Schultz (Ramm. Min. Ch., 1010): Se S Hg 1. Zorge 21-27 0'36 65-52, quartz 10-2^=99-57 KerL 2. " 24-05 0-12 72-26, " 2'86 = 99'74 Kerl. 3. " 25-5 74-5 = 100 (quartz excluded) Ramm. 4. Tilkerode 23-61 0'70 74-02 = 98'33 Schultz. Pyr. Decrepitates in the closed tube, and, when pure, entirely sublimes, giving a black sub- limate, with the upper edge reddish-brown ; with soda a sublimate of metallic mercury. In the open tube emits the odor of selenium, and forms a black to reddish-brown sublimate, with a border of white selenate of mercury, the latter sometimes fusing into drops. On charcoal volatilizes, coloring the outer flame azure-blue, and giving a lustrous metallic coating. Obs. Occurs with chalcopyrite near Zorge in the Harz; at Tilkerode; near Clausthal; in California, in the vicinity of Clear lake. Named after the discoverer, Tiemann. A. ONOFRITE of Haidinger (SelenschwefelquecksHber H. Rose, Merkurglanz Breith., Char., ]832), from San Onofre, Mexico, first made known by Del Rio, is either a compound or mixture of selenid and sulphid of copper. H. Rose obtained (Pogg., xlvi. 315, 1839) !-e 6'49, S 10-30, Hg 81-63 = 98- I 2, corresponding to Hg Se + 4 Hg S. It is a fine granular ore, of a dark lead-gray color, shin- ing when rubbed. Gr.=5'56, Del Rio ; powder soils. 66. MILLERITE, Haarkies (as a^var. of Schwefelkies) Wern., Bergm. J., 383, 1789; (fr. Johanng.) Hoffmann, id., 175, 1791. Fer sulfure capiUaire (as a var. of Pyrite) H., Tr., iv. 1801. Capillary Pyrites. Gediegen Nickel Klapr., Beitr., v. 231, 1810. Schwefelnickel Ben.; Arf- vedson,Ac. H. Stockh., 1822, 427. Nickelkies Germ. Sulphuret of Nickel Nickel sulfure Fr. Harkise Beud., Tr., ii. 400, 1832. Capillose Chapman, Min., 135, 1843. MiUerit Haid., Handb., 561, 1845. Trichopyrit Glock,, Syn,, 43, 1847. Bhombohedral. R A R=14A S', Miller. a=0'32955. Observed planes : rhombohedral R, -1, , -|, -3; prismatic /, i-2, 4; ^ A/= 110 50', 7A3=138 47', iAi=161 22', 6>A^=159 10'. SULPHIDS, ETC. 57 Cleavage : rhombohedral, perfect. Usual in capillary crystals. Barely in columnar tufted coatings, partly semi-globular and radiated H. = 33-5. G.= 4--6 5-65; 5'65 fr. Saalfeld, Ramm.; 4-601, fr. J - achimsthal, Kenngott. Lustre metallic. Color brass yellow, inclining to bronze-yellow, with often a gray iridescent tarnish. Streak bright Brittle. Comp. Nl S= Sulphur 35'1, nickel 64-9=100. Analyses: 1, Arfvedson (Ac. H. Stockh 18->2 427); 2, Rammelsberg (1st Suppl., 67) ; 3, Genth (Am. J. Sci., II. xxxiii. 195): S 2STi Co Fe Cu 1. 34-26 64-35 =98-61 Arfvedson. 2. Saalfeld 35 -7 9 61*34 1-73 1 14 =100 Ramm. 3. Gap mine, Pa. 35-14 63-08 0'58 0'40 0'87, gaugue 0-28=100-35 G. A partly altered millerite afforded Genth (1. c.) S 33*60, Ni, Co 59'96, Fe 1-32, Cu 4-63 gangue 0-54=100-05. Pyr.j etc. In the open tube sulphurous fumes. B.B. on charcoal fuses to a globule. When roasted, gives with borax and salt of phosphorus a violet bead in O.F., becoming gray in R.F. from reduced metallic nickel. On charcoal in R.F. the roasted mineral gives a coherent metallic mass, attractable by the magnet. Most varieties also show traces of copper, cobalt, and iron with the fluxes. Obs. Occurs in capillary crystals, in the cavities and among crystals of other minerals. Found at Joachimsthal in Bohemia ; Johaungeorgenstadt ; Przibram; Riechelsdorf; Andreasburg; Him- melfahrt mine near Freiberg; Marienberg in Saxony; Cornwall, and other places. Near Mer- thyr Tydvil, at Dowlais, it is found in regular crystals, occupying cavities in nodules of spathic iron. Occurs at the Sterling mine, Antwerp, N. Y., in capillary crystals with spathic iron ; the largest crystal yet observed was about a fifth of a line in diameter, and in some cases crystals of spathic iron are transfixed loy the needles of millerite (Am. J. Sci. II. ix. 287); in Lancaster Co., Pa., at Gap mine, with pyrrhotite, where it occurs in coatings of a radiated fibrous structure, from a line to a third of an inch thick, often with a velvety surface of crystals, or tufts of radiated needles. The capillary pyrites (Haarkies) of Werner was true millerite, from Johanngeorgenstadt, accord- ing to Hoffman (Min., iv. 168, 1817). But capillary pyrite and marcasite have sometimes gone by the same name. 67. TROILITE. Pyrrhotite pt. Protosulphid of iron. Sulphid of iron of Meteorites. Troilit Said., Ber. Ak. Wien, xlvii. 283, 1863. Resembles pyrrhotite. Observed only massive. H. 4-0. G.=4-75-4-82 ; 4-787, fr. Seelasgen, Ramm. ; 4-817, fr. Sevier Co., Ramm. ; 4*75, fr. Knoxville, Smith. Color tomback-brown. Streak black. Comp. Fe S (or Fe 3 S 3 )=Sulphur 36-36. iron 63*64= 100. It thus differs from pyrrhotite in being a true protosulphid. Analyses: 1, J. L. Smith (Am. J. Sci., II. xix. 156); 2, Rammelsberg (Pogg., Ixxiv. 62); 3, 4, id. (ib., cxxi. 365): S Fe Ni Cu 1. Knoxville, Tenn. 35-67 62'38 0'32 1r., Si 0'56, Cu 0-08=98-91 Smith. 2. Seelasgen 37-16 62-84 =100 a Ramm. 3. Sevier Co., Tenn. 35'39 62'65 l'96 b =100 Ramm. 4 " " 36-64 61-80 l'56 b =100 Ramm. a Excluding impurities. b With some cobalt. Pyr., etc. Same as for pyrrhotite. Obs. Almost all iron meteorites contain this sulphid of iron in nodules dissemmatec less sparingly through the mass. Named after Dominico Troili, who, in 1766, described a meteorite that fell that year at Alb* in Modona, and which contains this species. The meteorite resembles much that of \V ei x>n, Conn., in general appearance. 58 SULPHIDS, ETC. 68. PYRRHOTITE. Vattenkies, Pyrites fusca> Minera hepatica, pt., Watt., Min., 209, 212, 1747. Pyrites en prismes hexagonales ForsL, Cat. ; 1772 ; Bourn, de Lisle's Crist., iii. 243, 1783. Magnetischer-Kies Wern., Bergm. J., 383, 1789. Magnetic Pyrites Kirwan, 1796. Magnetic Sulphuret of iron. Magnetkies Germ. Fer sulfure magnetique Fr. Leberkies pt. Germ. Leberkies Leonh., Handb., 665, 1826. Leberkise Beud., Tr., ii. 404, 1832. Magnetopyrite Glocker, Grundr., 1839. Pyrrotin pt., Magnetischer Pyrrotin, Breith., J. pr. Ch., iv. 265, 1835. Hexagonal. A 1=135 8'; a=0'862. Observed planes: 0, /, , 1, 1-2, 2-2, i-2. A 1=90. A 2=116 28 r . A 2-2=119 53'. 2 A 2=126 52'. 1 A 1 = 138 48'. If\ 7=120. 84 Cleavage : 0, perfect ; /, less so. Commonly massive and amorphous ; structure granular. H.=3-5 4-5. G.=4-4: 4-68. Lustre metal- lic. Color between bronze-yellow and copper- red, and subject to speedv tarnish. Streak dark grayish-black. Brittle. ^Magnetic, being attract able in fine powder by a magnet, even when not affecting an ordinary needle. Var. 1. Ordinary. G-. fr. Kongsberg, 4'584 Kenngott; fr. Bodenmais, 4*546 Sehaffgotsch ; fr. Harzburg, 4*580 Eamm. ; fr. Xalastoc, Mexico, 4*564 Ramm. ; fr. Trumbull, Ct, 4'640 Ramm. 2. N'iccoliferous. G. of Klefva, 4-674 Berz ; of Hilsen, 4'577 Ramm ; of Gap mine 4*543 Ramm. Comp. (1) Mostly Fe 7 S 8 =:6 Fe S + Fe S 2 =Sulphur 39'5, iron 60-5=100; but varying to Fe 8 S"=7 Fe S+Fe S 2 , Fe 9 S 10 =8 Fe S4-Fe S 2 , Fe 10 S u =9 Fe 8 + Fe S 2 . The species is iso- morphous with Cd S (greenockite), and Frankenheim wrote the formula Fe S ; yet no native pyrrhotite, except that of meteorites (troilite), gives this composition. Berzelius foun,d that on heating pyrite it was reduced to Fe 7 S 8 , and not to Fe S. Rammelsberg obtained in the same way Fe 7 S 8 , and the other ratios of pyrrhotite. Analyses: 1, Stromeyer (Gilb. Ann., xviii. 183, 209); 2, 3, Plattner (Pogg., xlvii. 369); 4, 5, Berthier (Ann. d. M., III. xi. 499) ; 6, H. Rose (Pogg., xlvii.) ; 7, Sehaffgotsch (Pogg., 1. 533) ; 8, Stromeyer (1. c.) : 1. Harz Iron 40-15 Sulphur 59-85 2. Brazil 40-43 59-63 3. Fahlun 40-22 59-72 4. Sitten 39-0 61-0 5. Sitten 4'i-2 59-8 100-00 St. 100-06 P. 99-94 P. lOO'O B. lOO'O B. With 0-82 silca=100-12. 6. Bodenm. 38-78 60-52 R. 7. Bavaria [39-41] 60-59 100 Sch. 8. Bareges 43-63 56-37 100 St. Rammelsberg found (Pogg., cxxi. 337) in the P. of Harzburg, Fe 60-00 60 83, G.=4'58; of Trumbull, Ct., 61-03 (mean of 3 anal.), G.=4'64; Harz (Treseburg, same as anal. 1 above), Fe 59-21, G. =4-5 13. For other analyses, see Middleton, Phil. Mag., III. xxviii. 352; Baumert, Verh. nat. Ver., Bonn, xiv. Ixxxv. ; N. de Leuchtenberg, Bull. Ac. St. Pet., vii. 403. Analyses of niccoliferous pyrrhotites: 1, Berzelius (Jahresb., xxi, 184); 2, Scheerer (Pogg., Iviii. 318); 3, Rammelsberg (Min. Ch., 113); 4, 5, 6, id. (Pogg., cxxi. 361): S Fe Ni Co 1. Klefva 2. Modum 3. ? 4. Horbach 5. Hilsen 38-09 40-46 39-95 40-03 Fe .57-64 56-03 58-90 55-96 6. Gap Mine, Pa. [40-27] 56-57 [38-59] 55-82 Ni 3-04 2-80 2-60 3-86 3-16 5-59 0-09, Mn 0-22, Cu 0'45=99'53 Berz. , Cu 0-40, = 99-69 Scheerer. =101-45 Ramm. =99-85 Ramm., G.=about 4-7. =100 Ramm. =100 Ramm. Strecker found nickel in a hexagonal pyrrhotite from Snarum in Norway (B. H. Ztg., xvii. 304), Pyr., etc.-*-Unchanged in the closed tube. In the open tube gives sulphurous acid. On char- coal in R.F. fuses to a black magnetic mass ; in O.F. is converted into red oxyd, which with fluxes gives only an iron reaction when pure, but many varieties yield small amounts of nickel arid Decomposed by muriatic acid, with evolution of sulphuretted hydrogen. cobalt. SULPHIDS, ETC. 59 Obs. Occurs at Kongsberg, Modum, Snarum Hilsen, in Norway ; Klefva in Sweden Andreas- berg and Treseburg, Harz ; Bodenmais in Bavaria ; Breitenbrunn, Fahlun, Joachims thai, N. Ta- gilsk ; Minas Geraes in Spain, in large tabular crystals ; the lavas of Vesuvius ; Cornwall ; Appin in Argyleshire. In N. America, in Vermont, at Stafford, Corinth, and Shrewsbury; in many parts of Massachu- setts ; in Connecticut, in Trumbull with topaz, in Monroe, and elsewhere ; in N. York, 1| m. N. of Port Henry, Essex Co. ; near Natural Bridge in Diana, Lewis Co. ; at O'Neil mine and else- where in Orange Co. In N. Jersey, Morris Co., at Hurdstown, cleavable massive. In Pennsyl- vania, at the Gap mine, Lancaster Co., niccoliferous. In Tennessee, at Ducktown mines, abun- dant. In Canada, in large veins at St. Jerome, etc. The niccoliferous pyrrhotite is the ore that affords the most of the nickel of commerce. At the Camden nickel works (N. Jersey) this ore (from the Gap mine) is the principal one used, but along with niccoliferous pyrite and some millerite. Prior to 1864, the whole amount of pure nickel made in the country was not over 100,000 Ibs. Since then, up to May, 1867, the Camden works have turned out 105,000 Ibs. ; and now they produce at the rate of 150,000 Ibs. a year (letter from J. Wharton, Esq.). Named from jru/jpdrijj, reddish. Alt. Occurs altered to pyrite (G. Rose, ZS. G., x. 98) ; also to limonite and siderite. (A) KRCEBERITE D. Forbes (Phil. Mag., IV. xxix. 9, 1865). Krceberite is a strongly magnetic pyrite, in copper-colored crystals, not yet analyzed, which Forbes says "appears to be principally a subsulphid of iron." The reasons for this opinion are not stated. Named after P. Krceber. It was from between La Paz and Yungas, on the eastern slope of the Andes. 69. GREENOCKITE. Greenockite Jameson, Ed. N. Phil. J., xxviii. 390, 1840. Sulphuret of Cadmium Connel, ib., 392. Cadmium-blende. Cadmium sulfure Fr. Hexagonal ; hemihedral, with the opposite extremes dissimilar. A 1 =136 24' ; a- 0-8247. Observed planes as in the annexed figure, with also 4 and i-2. A i=154 32' /A 1=133 36' 1 A 1, pyr.,=139 39' A 2=117 42 /A 2=152 18 2 A 2, " =127 26 Cleavage : /, distinct ; 0, imperfect. 84A H.=3-3-5. G.=4-S, Brooke; 4-9-4-999, Breit- haupt ; 4*5, the artificial, Sochting. Lustre adaman- tine. Color honey-yellow ; citron-yellow ; orange- yellow veined parallel with the axis ; bronze-yellow. Streak-powder between orange-yellow and brick-red. Nearly transparent. Strong double refraction. Not thermoelectric, Breithaupt. Comp. Cd S (or Cd 3 S^Sulphur 22-3, cadmium 77*7. Analysis by Connel (loc. cit.) : Sulphur 22-56, and cadmium 77-30=99'86. Pyr., etc. In the closed tube assumes a carmine-red color while hot. fading to the origina' yellow on cooling. In the open tube gives sulphurous acid. B.B. on charcoal, either alone or with soda, gives in R.F. a reddish-brown coating. Soluble in muriatic acid, affording sulphuretted hydrogen. Obs. Occurs in short hexagonal crystals at Bishoptown, in Renfrewshire, Scotland, in a por phyritic trap and amygdaloid, associated with prehnite ; also at Przibram in Bohemia, on bl< at the Ueberoth zinc mine, near Friedensville, Lehigh Co., Pa. This species is related in form to niccolite and breithauptite. It has been found as a furm product (Ann. Ch. Pharm., Ixxxvii. 34, and Halle Zeitschr., i. 346, 1853). Named after Lord Greenock (later Earl Cathcart). The first crystal was found near 60 yea since by Mr. Brown of Lanfyne, and was taken by him for blende. It was over half an across. 70. WURTZITE. G. Friedel, C. R., lii. 983, 1861. Spiauterit Breith., B. H. Ztg., XXL 98, 1862, xxv. 193. Hexagonal. Isomorphous with greenockite. A 1=129 (approxi- mately). Occurring form a quartzoid, with occasionally planes ot the c CO STJLPHTDS, ETC. responding hexagonal prism; the latter planes horizontally striated Cleavage : basal and prismatic. II.=3'5 4. G.=3'98. Lustre vitreous. Color brownish-black. Streak brown. Comp. Zn S, or perhaps more correctly Zu 3 S 3 . Analysis by C. Friedel (1. c.) : S Zn Fe Pb Sb Cu 32-6 55-6 8-0 2'7 0*2 2-f Figs. 1, 2, 3, 41-49, 85-88. The cube (f. 1) most common; the pyritohedron, f. 47, and related forms, f. 41, 46, very 85 Cornwall, Pa. Schoharie. common. Cubic faces often striated, with striations of adjoining faces at right angles, and due to oscillatory combination of the cube and pyritohe- dron, the striae having the direction of the edges between and i-2 in f. 46. 63 Crystals sometimes acicular through elongation of cubic and other forms. Cleavage : cubic and octahedral, more or less distinct. Twins : 1, com- position-face // this composition either (a) single, or (5) repeated parallel to each /, producing thus forms like f. 90, consisting of combined pyritohe- drons, also a cube, having striations on each face parallel to its sides and meeting at an angle in the diagonals. 2, C.-face 0, fig. 89. Also reni- form, globular, stalactitic, with a crystalline surface; sometimes radiated subfibrous. Also amorphous. H. = 6 6-5. G.=:4:-83 5-2; 5'185, polished crystals, Zepharovich. Lustre metallic, splendent to glistening. Color a pale brass-yellow, nearly uniform. Streak greenish or brownish-black. Opaque. Fracture con- choidal, uneven. Brittle. Strikes fire with steel. Comp., Var. Fe S Q =Sulphur 53'3, iron 46-7=100. Nickel, cobalt, and thallium, and also copper, sometimes replace a little of the iron, or else occur as mixtures ; and gold is sometimes present, distributed invisibly through it. Thallium occurs in traces in much pyrite, it showing its presence often in the chimneys of furnaces where pyrite, or ores containing it, are roasted. Yar. 1. Ordinary, (a) In distinct crystals ; (&) nodular, or concretionary, often radiated within; (c) stalactitic ; (d) amorphous. 2. Niccoliferous. Schnabel found 0*168 of nickel in a kind from a silver mine near Eckerhagen. A pyrite from the Kearney ore-bed, G-ouverneur, N. Y., is similar; it is pale bronze in color, and radiated botryoidal; H.=5'5; G-.=4'863 (Am. J. Sci., II. xv. 444). 3. Cobaltiferous. Specimens from Cornwall, Lebanon Co., Pa. (f. 88), afforded J. M. Blake 2 p. c. of cobalt. Fig. 88, by Mr. Blake, represents the planes about an angle of the cube, one of which, 2-|, has not been before observed in pyrite, though known in cobaltite (p. 71). The crystals are much distorted. 4. Cupriferous. A variety from Cornwall, Lebanon Co., Pa., gave J. C. Booth (Dana's Min., 1854, 55) 2-39 p. c. of copper, affording the formula (Fe, Cu) S 2 . The analysis gave S 53'37, Fe 44 - 47, Cu 2 '3 9. It tarnishes readily, assuming the bluish tarnish of steel. 5. Stanniferous ; Ballesterosiie Schulz & Paillette (Bull. G-. Fr., II. vii., 1 6). A kind in cubes, containing tin and zinc, occurring in argillite, 6 m. S. of Eibadeo, hi Galicia. Named after Lopez Ballesteros. 6. Auriferous. Containing native gold. See under GOLD. The pyrite of most gold regions is auriferous. The fact is not apparent in any of the external characters. 7. Argentiferous. From Hungary. 8. Thalliferous. The pyrite of the Eammelsberg mine, near Goslar, Prussia, is especially rich in thallium ; and also that of Saalfeld. Thallium occurs in the furnaces of the Bethlehem (Pa.) iron works, which W. T. Roepper attributes to the pyrite of the Pennsylvania coal used. Pyr., etc. In the closed tube a sublimate of sulphur and a magnetic residue. B.B. on char- coal gives off sulphur, burning with a blue flame, leaving a residue which reacts like pyrrhotite. Insoluble in muriatic acid, but decomposed by nitric acid. Obs. Pyrite occurs abundantly in rocks of all ages, from the oldest crystalline to the most recent alluvial deposits. It usually occurs in small cubes, but often modified as above described ; also hi irregular spheroidal nodules and in veins, in clay slate, argillaceous sandstones, the coal formation, etc. Cubes of gigantic dimensions have been found in some of the Cornish mines ; pentagonal dodecahedrons and other forms occur on the island of Elba, sometimes five to six inches in diameter. Large octahedral crystals are found at Persberg in Sweden. Magnificent crystals come from Peru; also from Traversella in Piedmont, twins of which locality are figured by Q. Sella, one of them a large pyritohedron (f. 47) with a small converse pyritohedron (f. 48) astride of each of the six cubic edges. Alston-Moor, Derbyshire, Fahlun in Sweden, Kongs- berg in Norway, are well-known localities. The clay at Miinden in Hanover, and the chalk at Lewes in Surrey, have afforded some remarkable compound crystals. It has also been met with in the Vesuvian lavas in small irregular crystals. In Maine, at Corinna, Peru, Waterville, and Farmington, in crystals ; at Bingham (saw mills), Brooksville, and Jewell's Id., massive. In tf. Hampshire, at Unity, massive. In Mass., at Heath, m cryst. ; at Hawley and Hubbardston, massive. In Vermont, at Shoreham, in limestone, crystals abu dant ; Hartford, in cubes 2-4 in. In Conn., at Lane's mine, Monroe, in octahedrons ; Orange J Milford, hi cubes in chlorite slate; Middletown lead mine, sometimes acicular, and also scatte over quartz, like f. 89 ; at Stafford, in mica slate ; massive at Colchester, Ashford, Tolland, bt and Union. In N. York, at Rossie, fine crystals (f. 85, 87) occur at the lead mine in gre< at Schoharie, a mile west of the court-house, in single and compound crystals, often highly pott 64: STJLPHIDS, ETC. and abundant ; in interesting crystals at Johnsburgh and Chester, Warren Co. ; in gneiss near Youkers in Orange Co., at Warwick and Deerpark ; in Jefferson Co., in Champion and near Oxbow on the banks of Vrooman's lake, in modified octahedrons (f. 7); massive in Franklin, Putnam, and Orange Cos., etc. In Pennsylvania, in crystals at Little Britain, Lancaster Co. ; at Chester, Delaware Co. ; in Carbon and York Cos.' ; at Knauertown, Chester Co. ; in Cornwall, Lebanon Co., in lustrous cubo-octahedrons, and with an elegant steel tarnish, sometimes an inch through ; at Pottstown. near French Creek, in large yellow octahedrons. In Wisconsin, near Mineral Point. In Illinois', near Galena, at Marsdeu's Diggings, in stalactites of great beauty with a surface of crystals In N. Car., near Greensboro', Guilford Co., in crystals. Auriferous pyrite is common at the mines of Colorado, and many of those of California, as well as in Virginia and the States south. In Canada 2 miles N. W. of Brockville, a cobaltiferous var., in the Laurentian ; on the river Assumption, seignory of Daillebout, and at Escott, a niccoliferous var., containing also some This species affords the greater part of the sulphate of iron and sulphuric acid of commerce, and also a considerable portion of the sulphur and alum. The auriferous variety is worked for gold in many gold regions. The name pyrite is derived from -Co, fire, and alludes to the sparks from friction. Pliny men- tions several things as included under the name (xxxvi. 30): (1) a stone used for grindstones ; (2) a kind which so readily fires punk or sulphur that he distinguishes it as pyrites vivus, and which may have been flint or a related variety of quartz, as has been supposed, but more proba- bly was emery, since he describes it as the heaviest of all; (3) a kind resembling brass or copper: (4) a porous stone, perhaps a sandstone or buhrstone. The brassy kind was in all probability our pyrite. But with it were confounded copper pyrites (chalcopyrite), besides marcasite and pyrrho- tite, although these three kinds of pyrites fail of the scintillations. In fact. Dioscorides calls pyrite an ore of copper, yet in the next sentence admits that some kinds contain no copper ; and. moreover, he states that the mineral gives sparks. This confounding of iron and copper pyrites is apparent also in the descriptions of the vitriols (sulphates of iron and copper) by Pliny and other ancient writers, and equally so in the mineralogy of the world for more than fifteen cen- turies after Pliny, as is even now apparent in the principal languages of Europe. Kupferwasser (copper-water) of the Germans being the copperas of the English and couperose of the French. It is quite probable that copperas and couperose are in fact corruptions of the German word, instead of derivatives from cuprosa or cuprirosa, as usually stated, for the Latin u would not have become ou in French. Under the name marc-asite or marchasite, of Spanish or Arabic origin, the older mineralogists Henckel, Wallerius, Linna3us, etc., included distinctively crystallized pyrite, the cubic preemi- nently ; the nodular and other varieties being called pyrites, and the less yellow or brownish and softer kinds, wasserkies, this last including our marcasite and pyrrhotite, and some true pyrite. Werner first made pyrrhotite a distinct species. Alt. Pyrite readily changes to a sulphate of iron by osydation, some sulphur being set free. Also to limonite on its surface, and afterward throughout, by the action of a solution of bicar- bonate of lime carrying off the sulphuric acid as change proceeds, and from limonite to red oxyd of iron. Green vitriol, limonite, gothite, hematite, quartz, graphite, ochreous clay, occur as pseu- domorphs after pyrite. Artif. May be made by the slow reduction of sulphate of sesquioxyd of iron in presence of some carbonate. 76. HAUERITE. Hauerit Haid., Nat. Abh. Wien, i. 101, 107, 4to, 1847. Isometric; pyritohedral, figs. 2, 7, 6, 8, 44 (0, 3-f), 41 (0, *-3) ; the octahedral form most common. Cleavage: cubic imperfect. Crystals sometimes globularly clustered. H.=4. Gr.:=3'463, v. Hauer. Lustre metallic-adamantine. Color red- dish-brown, brownish-black. Streak brownish-red. Comp. Mn S 2 =Sulphur 53'7, manganese 46-3 = 100. Analysis by Patera (1. c., Pogg., Ixx. 148) : S 53-64 Mn 42-97 Fe 1'30 Si 1-20=99-11. Pyr. In the closed tube a sublimate of sulphur ; in the open tube sulphurous acid, and becomes green. On charcoal gives sulphur ; the roasted mineral reacts for manganese with the fluxes. Obs. From Kalinka, Hungary, in clay with gypsum and sulphur, in a region something like a solfatara, trachytic, and other eruptive rocks decomposing and adding to the clay, and the sulphur given off at the same time making depositions of sulphur and sulphids. One crystal found meas- ures 1 inches through. SULPHIDS, ETC. 65 77. CUBANTTE. Cuban Bretih., Pogg., lix. 325, 1843. Cubanite Chapman. Isometric. Massive. Cleavage cubic, and rather more distinct than in ordinary pyrites, Breith. Color between bronze and brass-yellow. Streak dark reddish-bronze, black. H.=4. G.=4'026 4*042 Br.; 4'169 Booth- 4-18 Smith. Comp. 2 Fe, 1 Cu, 4 S=4 Fe, 1 u, 8 S^-Gu S + Fe S + 3 Fe S 2 = 2 pyrite + 1 chakopyrite. Cu S + Fe 2 S 3 , Booth, which is the same with the preceding in its atomic proportions. Analyses: 1, Eastwick (communicated by J. C. Booth); 2, Magee (ib.); 3, Stevens (ib.); 4, Sclieidauer (Pogg., Lxiv. 280); 5, J. L. Smith (Am. J. Sci., II. xviii. 381): S Cu Fe Si 1. 39-01 19-80 38-01 2-30=99-12 Eastwick. 2. 39-35 21-05 38'80 1-90=10MO Magee. 3. 39-05 20-12 38'29 2'85=100-31 Stevens. 4. 34-78 22-96 42-51 Pb ir.^100'25 Scheidauer. 5. 39-57 18-23 37'10 Si Fe 4'23=99'13 Smith. Breithaupt obtained in repeated trials 19 per cent, of copper. Smith hi two other incomplete analyses found sulphur 39*20, 39'30, and copper 19-10, 19-00. Pyr. In the closed tube a sulphur sublimate ; in the open, sulphurous acid. B.B. on charcoal gives sulphur fumes and fuses to a magnetic globule. The roasted ore re cats for copper and iron with the fluxes ; with soda on charcoal gives a globule of metallic iron with copper. Obs. From Barracanao. Cuba. 78. OHALCOPYRITE. ? XaAns (fr. Cyprus) Aristotle. ? XaA'r?, TLvpins pt., Dioscor., ? Chal- citis pt., Pyrites pt., Plin. Pyrites aerosus pt., Pyrites aureo colore, Germ. G-eelkis o. Kupferkis Agric., 212, Interpr., 467, 1546. Pyrites pt., Germ. Kupferkies, Gesner, Foss., 1565. Pyrites flavus, Chalco pyrites, Henckel, Pyrit., 1725. Gul Kopparmalm, Cuprum sulphure et ferro min- eralisatum, Chalcopyrites, Wall, 284, 1747. Cuivre jaune, Pyrite cuivreuse, Fr. Trl. WalL, iL 514, 1753. Copper Pyrites. Pyritous Copper. Cuivre pyriteux Fr. Towanite B. & M., Min., 182, 1852. Tetragonal; tetrahedral. OM-i=135 25 r ; a = 0*98556. Observed planes : ; vertical, /, i-i, i-3 ; octahedral or tetrahedral, J-, -|-, %, 1, f , 2, 1-^, |-^, %-i ; other planes, -|-3, 5-5. A 1=125 40 A 2=109 44 A 2^=116 54 X A f-^=124 5 1 Al,pyr.,=10953 5 2A2,pyr.,=96 33' fAf pyr.,=10044 lAl,f 92,=T120andT07 STJLPHIDS, ETC. 94 Cleavage: %4 sometimes distinct; 0, indistinct. Twins: composition- face (1) 1-1, f. 93, 94 ; in 93 repeated parallel to 4 terminal edges of a pyramid ; also similar to fig. 39, through combinations of sphenoids ; (2) the plane 1, similar to f. 50, also similar to f. 62, p. 21, but with the interpenetrating tetrahedrons of the forms in fig. 92 ; also somewhat similar to fig. 119, under tetrahedrite. Often massive and impalpable. H.=3-5 4. G.=4-l 4-3. Lustre metallic. Color brass-yellow ; subject to tarnish, and often iridescent. Streak greenish-black a little shin- ing. Opaque. Fracture conchoidal, uneven. Oomp. A sulphid of copper and iron, containing 2 of cop- per, 2 of iron, and 4 of sulphur= Sulphur 34'9, copper 34"6, iron 30-5=1 00. Formula u S + Fe S + Fe S 2 = 2 (\ -Gu + Fe) S + Fe S 2 , usually written -Gu S + Fe 2 S 3 , the objection to which has already been mentioned (p. 33). Some analyses give other proportions ; but probably from mixture with pyrite. These are indefinite mixtures of the two, and with the increase of the latter the color becomes This species, although tetragonal, is very closely isomorphous with pyrite, the variation from the cubic form being slight, the vertical axis being 0*98556 instead of 1. Analyses: 1, H. Rose (Gilb., Ixxii. 185); 2, Hartwall (Leonh. Handb., 646); 3, 4, E. Bechi (Am. J. Sci., II. xiv. 161); 5, D. Forbes (Ed. N. Phil. J., L 278); 6, J. L. Smith (Am. J. Sci., II. xx. 249); 7, Joy (Lye. N. H. N. York, viii. 125): Fe 30-47 quartz 0-27=100-01 Rose. 30-03 2-23=100-79 Hartwall. 30-29 =100*00 Bechi. 29-75 0*86=99-56 Bechi. 32-77 Mn tr., Si 0*32 = 99-62 Forbes. 29-93 Pb 0-35 = 99-23 Smith. 31-25 " 0-30, Si 0-20=100-83 Joy. Traces of selenium have been noticed by Kersten in an ore from Reinsberg near Freiberg ; and that from Rammelsberg near Goslar must contain the same, it being one of the furnace products (Rammelsberg, Mm. Chem., 1'20). Thallium is also present in some kinds, and more frequently present in this ore than in pyrite. Other analyses : Malaguti and Durocher (Ann. des M., IV. xvii. 229). Pyr., etc. In the closed tube decrepitates, and gives a sulphur sublimate ; in other reactions like cubanite. Dissolves in nitric acid, excepting the sulphur, and forms a green solution ; am- monia in excess changes the green color to a deep blue. Obs. Chalcopyrite is the principal ore of copper at the Cornwall mines, and 10,000 to 12,000 tons of pure copper are smelted annually from 150,000 to 160,000 tons of ore. It is there associated with tin ore, galenite, bornite, chalcocite, tetrahedrite, and blende. The copper beds of Fah- lun in Sweden, are composed principally of this ore, which occurs in large masses, surrounded by a coating of serpentine, and imbedded in gneiss. At Rammelsberg, near Goslar in the Harz, it forms a bed in argillaceous schist, and is associated with pyrite, galenite, blende, and minute portions of silver and gold. The Kurprinz mine at Freiberg affords well-defined crystals. It occurs also in the Bannat. Hungary, and Thuringia ; in Scotland in Kirkcudbrightshire, Perth- shire and elsewhere ; in Tuscany (analyses 3, 4) ; in South Australia ; in fine crystals at Cerro Blanco, near Copiapo, Chili. In Maine, at the Lubec lead mines ; at Dexter. In N. Hamp., at Franconia, in gneiss ; at Unity, on the estate of Jas. Neal; Warren, on Davis's farm; at Eaton, 2 m! N.E. of Atkins's tavern ; Lyme, E. of E. Village ; HaverliiU, etc. In Vermont, at Stafford, Corinth, Waterbury, Shrewsbury. In Mass., at the Southampton lead mines ; at Turner's falls on the Connecticut, near Deerfield, and at Hatfield and Sterling. In Connecticut, at Bristol and Middletown, some- times in crystals. In New York, at the Ancram lead mine ; five miles from Rossie, beyond De Long's mills at the Rossie lead mines, in crystals ; in crystals and massive near Wurtzboro', Sullivan Co. : very large crystals and massive at Ellenville, Ulster Co. In Pennsylvania, at Phenixville; at Pottstown, Chester Co. (Elizabeth mine). In Maryland, in the Catoctin mts. ; between New- 1. Sayn S 35'87 2. Finland 36-33 3. Val Castrucci 35'62 4. Mt. Catini 36'16 5. Jemtel'd, Sweden 33*88 6. Phenixville 36*10 7. Ellenville 36-65 Cu 34-40 32-20 34-09 32-79 32-65 32-85 32-43 SULPHIDS, ETC. 67 market and Taneytown ; near Finksbury, Carroll Co., abundant (Patapsco and other mines), with bornite, carrollite, and malachite. In Virginia, at the Phenix copper mines, Fauquier Co., and the Walton gold mine, Louisa Co. In N. Carolina, near Greensboro', abundant massive (Fenress or North Carolina, and Macculloch mines), along with spathic iron in a quartz gangue. In Ten- nessee,. 30 miles from Cleveland, in Polk Co. (Hiwassee mines), with black copper and pyrites. In Cal, in different mines along a belt between Mariposa Co. and Del Norte Co., on west side of, and parallel to, the chief gold belt ; occurring massive in Calaveras Co., at Union, Keystone, Empire, Napoleon, Campo Seco, and Lancha Plana mines, and in crystals on Domingo Creek ; in Mariposa Co., at the La Yictoire and Haskell claims, and on the Chowchillas river ; in Amador Co., at the Newton mine ; in El Dorado Co., at the Cosumues, Hope Valley, Bunker Hill, El Dorado, Excelsior mines ; in Plumas Co., at the Genesee and Cosmopolitan mines. In Canada, in Perth and near Sherbrooke ; extensively mined at Bruce mines, on Lake Huron. The Cornwall chalcopyrite is not a rich ore ; what is picked for sale at Redruth rarely yielding 12, generally only 7 or 8, and occasionally but 3 or 4 per cent, of metal. Its richness may in general be judged of by the color; if of a fine yellow hue, and readily yielding to the hammer, it may be considered a good ore; but if hard, and pale-yellow, it is poor from admixture with pyrite. Eeadily distinguished from pyrite, which it somewhat resembles, by its inferior hardness ; it may be cut by the knife, while pyrite will strike fire with steel. The effects of nitric acid are also different. Differs from gold in being brittle, on which account it cannot be cut off in slices, like the latter metal ; and, moreover, gold is not attacked by nitric acid. Occurs as a furnace product near Goslar. Alt, Changes on exposure with moisture, especially if heated, to a sulphate. Malachite, covellite, chrysocolla, black copper, chalcocite, and oxyd of iron, are other forms into which it is sometimes altered. Named from x, a ^ K6g i brass, and pyrites, by Henckel, who observes in his Pyritology (1725) that chalcopyrite is a good distinctive name for the ore. Aristotle calls the copper ore of Cyprus chalcitis ; and Dioscorides uses the same word ; but what ore was intended is doubtful. There is no question that copper-pyrites was included by Greek and Latin authors under the name pyrites (q. v., p. 64). 79. BARNHARDTITE, Genth, Am. J. Sea., II. xix. 17, 1855, xxviil 248. Compact massive. H.:=3-5. G.=4-521. Lustre metallic. Color bronze-yellow. Streak rayish-black, slightly shining. Fracture conchoidal, uneven. Brittle, amishes easily, giving pavonine tints, or becoming pinchbeck-brown. Oomp. 2 u S + Fe S + Fe S 2 =l chalcopyrite +1 chalcocite = Sulphur 30'5, copper 48% iron 21-3. Analyses: 1-3, W. J. Taylor, F. A. Genth, and P. Keyser (1. c.); 4, Genth (priv. contrib.): S Fe Cu 1. Earnhardt's Land 29'40 22'23 47'61, Ag ir. Taylor. 2. Pioneer Mills 29*76 22*41 46'69 Genth. 3. 30-50 21-08 48-40 Keyser. 4. Bill Williams' Fork 28-96 20'44 50'41 Genth. In another ore from Earnhardt's land, Taylor found (1- c.) S 32'9, Fe 28-4, Cu 40'2, correspond- ing to 8 S + 4Fe + 2^-6u. Pyr., etc. B.B. gives sulphurous fumes, and fuses easily to a magnetic globule. With borax reactions for copper and iron. Obs, Occurs in N. Carolina with other copper ores, at Dan Earnhardt's land, Pioneer Mills, Phenix mine, and Vanderburg mine, in Cabarrus Co. ; also near Charlotte, Mecklenburg Go. ; a! Bill Williams' Fork, in California, with chalcopyrite, etc. It may be a chalcopyrite, partly altered to copper-glance (chalcocite), as would b Dr. Geuth's later observations. (A) HOMICHLIN Breithaupt (B. H. Ztg., xvii. 385, 424, 1858, xviii. 65, 321) is closely the preceding, and may be chalcopyrite partly altered to bornite. Occurs in tetragonal A 1 =11512 6>A 3 =9855 O A 3-|=99 37 100 Franconia, N.H., and Kent, N.T. Danaite. A H=158 23 ; O A |4=149 16 A 14=130 4 O A 34=105 40 14 A 14, bas.,=120 46' 14 A 14, bas.,=99 52 a4A34, ib.,=14840 i, top,=118 32 Cleavage : / rather distinct ; 0, faint traces. Twins : composition-face 7. and 14. Also columnar, straight, and divergent ; granular, or compact. SULPHIDS. ETC. 79 H.=5'5-6. G.=6-0 6-4; 6'269, Franconia, Kenngott. Lustre metal- lic. Color silver- white, inclining to steel-gray. Streak dark grayish-black. Fracture uneven. Brittle. Comp., Var. Fe S 2 + Fe As 2 =Fe (As, S) 2 =Arsenic 46-0, sulphur 19-6, iron 34-4=100. Part of the iron sometimes replaced by cobalt. Var. 1. Ordinary. Containing little or no cobalt. Breithaupt makes /A 7=111 1' and l-tAl-=120 52' for cryst. fr. Dalarne, Sweden (his dalarnite) and G.=5'66 5-69; 111 27' for id. fr. Freiberg, Chemnitz, Munzig, Villarica, Brazil, Riesengebirge, Zinnwald, Altenberg, with G.=5'839 6'053; 112 4' and 120 30', for id. fr. Thal- heim near Stolberg in the Erzgebirge, Schlackenwald, Cornwall, with G.=6'155 6*221 (giftkies and ihalheimite, Breith.). For M. of Mt. Sorata, G. = 6-256 D. Forbes. 2. Cobaltic S) 2 . /A/ Teschemacher : Skutterud, /A 7=111 40' 112 2', 14 A 1-1=121 30', Scheerer. Vermontite and akontite are cobaltiferous (Breith.). The vermontite is supposed to be from Vermont [Franconia?] ; it gave him 7A 7=111 38', and G.=6'207. The akoutite is from Hokansbo and Vena, in Sweden, and gave 7 A 7=110 29', with G. = 6*008 and 6'059. For D. from Mt. Sorata, fibrous, G. = 6'94, granular 5*86, D. Forbes. The danaite was named after J. Freeman Dana, who first made known the Franconia locality. 3. Niccoliferous. Containing nickel. 4. Argentiferous. Containing a little silver, and occurring in acicular crystals (Weisserz pt. Wern.; Fer arsenical argeutifere 77. From Braiiusdorf, in Saxony. Analyses : 1, Stromeyer (Schw. J., x. 404) ; % 2, Chevreul (Gill. Ann., xvii. 84) ; 3, Thomson (Ann. Lye., N. York, iii. 85) ; 4, Baldo(Jahrb. Min., 1866, 594) ; 5, Weidenbusch (Rose's Kryst. Ch., 56); 6, v. Hauer (Jahrb. G. Reichs , iv. 400) ; 7, Freitag (Ramm. Min. Ch., 58) ; 811, Behncke (Pogg., xcviii. 184); 12, Potyka (Pogg., cvii. 304); 13, D. Forbes (Phil. Mag., IV. xxix. 6); 14, Kroeber (ib., xxix. ft); 15 16, Winkler (B. H. Ztg., xxv. 167); 17, D. Forbes (1. c.); 18, Scheerer (Pogg., xlii. 546) ; 19, Wohler (Pogg., xliii. 591) ; 20, A. A. Hayes (Am. J. ScL, xxiv. 386) ; 21, J. L. Smith (Gillis's Exped., ii. 102) ; 22, D. Forbes (I c.) : As S Fe Co 1. Freiberg 2. " 3. " 4. Orawicza 5. Reichenstein 6. Muhlbach 7. Johannisberg 8. Sahla, Swed. 9. Altenberg, Sil. 10. Freiberg, Sax. 11. Landeshuth, Sil. 12. Sahla 13. Inquisivi 14. Bolivia 15. Thalheim 16. Ehrenfriedersdorf 17. Mt. Sorata 18. Skutterud, CdbaMf. 19. " " 20. Franconia, Danaite 21. Copiapo 22. Mt. Sorata 42-88 21-08 36-04 43-418 20-132 34-938 45-74 19-60 33-98 = 43-85 2060 35-59 45-92 19-26 33-08 ? 45-00 21-36 33-52 41-91 21-14 36-95 = 42-05 18-52 37-65 ~ 43-78 20-25 34-35 44-83 20-38 34-32 =: 44-02 19-71 34-83 j 43-26 19-13 34-78 , 46-95 18-12 34-93 tr.= 43-68 16-76 34-93 0-09, 44-00 19-77 34-02 44-97 19-89 33-75 1-03,' 45-46 19-53 34-47 0-44, 46-76 17-34 26-36 9-01 = 47-45 17-48 30-91 4-75 = 41-44 17-84 32-94 6-45=: 44-30 20-25 30-21 5-84r 42-83 18-27 29-22 3-11, =100 Stromeyer. =98-488 Chevreul. =99-32 Thomson. = 100-04 Baldo. gangue 1-97 = 100-23 "Weid. =99-88 Hauer. = 1 00 Freitag. Sb 1-10=99-32 B. Gk = 5-82. Sb 1-05=99-43 B. G.=6'042. =99-53 B. G. = 6-046. Sb 0-92=99-54 B. G.=6*067. Sb 1-29, Bi 0-14=98-60 Potyka. G. = 6'095. 100 D. Forbes. Ni 4-74, Ag 0-09, Au 0'002, Sb tr. = 100-202 Kroeber. gangue 0-92=98-71 Winkler. gangue 0'22=r99-86 Winkler. Ni 0-03, Mn 0-14=100-07 Forbes. = 100-47 Scheerer. = 100-59 Wohler. =98-67 Hayes. = 100-60 Smith. Ni 0-81, Mn 512, Bi 0'64=100 Forbes. Jordan has analyzed arseuopyrite from near Andreasberg (J. pr. Chem., x. 436) and obtained As 55-000, 88-344, Fe 36-437, AgO'011 = 99'792, giving nearly the formula 2 Fe S + 3Fe As =Arse 56-7, sulphur 8-0, iron 35-2 = 100. Jordan made out 3 As, S, 3 Fe, which requires arsenic 2'9, sulphur 7-5 iron 39'6=100. Basntsch obtained from an ore from the coal formation of Merseburg (Z8. Ver. Halle, vu. 3, As 38-23, S 21-70, Fe 35'97, Si 3'27, Mg, Ca trace=99'l1 ; G.=5'36-5'66; giving the formula 80 SULPHIDS, ETC. 2 Fe As 2 +3 Fe S 2 . Analysis 11, by Behncke, corresponds to 7 Fe, 6 S, 6 As. The discrepancy in these cases may be owing to impurities. Pyr,, etc. In the closed tube at first gives a red sublimate of sulphid of arsenic, then a black lustrous sublimate of metallic arsenic. In the open tube gives sulphurous fumes and a white sub- limate of arsenous acid. B.B. on charcoal reacts like leucopyrite. The varieties containing cobalt give a blue color with borax-glass when fused in O.F. with successive portions of flux until all the iron is oxydized. Gives fire with steel, emitting an alliaceous odor. Decomposed by nitric acid with separation of arsenous acid and sulphur. Obs. Found principally in crystalline rocks, and its usual mineral associates are ores of silver, lead, and tin, pyrite, chalcopyrite, and blende. Occurs also in serpentine. Abundant at Freiberg and Munzig, where it occurs in veins ; at Reichenstein in Silesia, in ser- pentine ; in beds at Breitenbrunn and Raschau, Andreasberg, and Joachimsthal ; at Tunaberg in Sweden; at Skutterud in Norway; at Wheal Mawdlin and Unanimity, Cornwall, and at other localities ; in Devonshire at the Tamar mines. In New Hampshire, in fine crystallizations in gneiss, at Franconia (danaite) associated with chal- copyrite ; also at Jackson, and at Haverhill. In Maine, at Blue Hill, Corinna ; Newfield (Bond's mountain), and Thomaston (Owl's head). In Vermont, at Brookfield, Waterbury, and Stock- bridge. In Mass., at Worcester and Sterling. In Conn., at Chatham, with smaltite and niccolite ; at Monroe with wolfram and pyrite ; at Derby in an old mine, associated with quartz ; at Mine Hill, Roxbury, in fine crystals with siderite. In New Jersey, at Franklin. In N. York, massive, in Lewis, ten miles south of Keeseville, Essex Co., with hornblende ; in crystals and massive, near Edenville, on Hopkins's farm, and elsewhere in Orange Co., with scorodite, iron sinter, and thin scales of gypsum ; also in fine crystals at two localities a few rods apart, four or five miles north-west of Carmel, near Brown's serpentine quarry in Kent, Putnam Co. In California, Nevada Co., Grass valley, at the Betsey mine, and also at Meadow lake, with gold, the danaite in crystals sometimes penetrated by gold. In S. America, in the San Baldomero mine of Mt. Sorata in Bolivia, both the mispickel and danaite, the former having crystallized out of the latter and the most abundant ore ; also both at Inquisivi in Bolivia ; also, niccoliferous var., between La Paz and Yungas in Bolivia (anal, by Kroeber). Alt. Pseudomorphs consisting of pyrite. 94A. PLINIAN. Plinian Breifh., Pogg., Ixix. 430, 1846, B. H. Ztg., xxv. 168, 1866. Yar. of Mis- pickel G. Rose, Pogg., Ixxvi. 84. Monoclinic, according to Breithaupt, who figures the planes, P (1-t), M (i-l\ I, with h between P and I, and o below /, in the same zone with P, h, I. 1^1=61 30 2 , P to vertical axis 51 S6'=PhM, PAA=146 0', JfA^=134 20', o A7&=fL5 55', 0Aa=ll7 33', o/\M=W3 15', ^A^=1190',Pon edge hh=\Ql 12', Jfon edge hh=ll 12'. Cleavage: P and M distinct. Also massive. H.r=5-5 6. G.=6'272 6-292, fr. St. Gothard; 6-299 6 '307. fr. Ehronfried. Lustre metallic. Color tin-white ; streak black. Composition : Fe S 2 + Fe As 2 , or Fe (S, As) 2 , like arseuopyrite. Analysis by Plattner (Pogg., Ixix. 430): As 45-46, S 20'07, Fe 34-46=99-99. From Ehrenfriedersdorf hi crystals, also from St. Gothard, according to Breithaupt. 95, GLAUCODOT. Glaucodot Breith. & Plattn., Pogg., Ixvii. 127, 1849. Orthorhombic. /A /=112 36' ; form like that of arsenopyrite. Cleav- basal perfect ; prismatic less so. Also massive. H.=:5. G.=5-975-6'003. Lustre metallic. Color grayish tin-white. Streak black. Oomp. (Co, Fe) S 2 + (Co, Fe) As 2 , with Co to Fe as 2 : 1 (or Co, Fe) (S, As) 2 Sulphur 19'4, arsenic 45 -5, cobalt 23'8, iron 1 1-3=100. Anal- ysis : Plattner (L c.) : As S Co a Fe Chili 43-20 20'21 24'77 1 1 -90 { 100'OS Plattner. With trace of nickel Py*. In the closed tube gives a faint sublimate of arsenous acid. In the open tube sulphurous fumes and a sublimate of arsenous acid. B.B. on charcoal in R.F. givesjaff sulphur and arsenic, fusing to a feebly magnetic globule, which is black on the surface, but on the fracture has a light bronze color and a metallic lustre. Treated with borax in R.F. until the globule has a bright metallic surface, the flux shows a strong reaction for iron ; if the remaining globule is treated with a fresh portion of borax in O.F., the flux becomes colored smalt-blue from oxydized cobalt. Obs. Occurs in chlorite slate with cobaltite, in the province of Huasco, Chili. The supposed glaucodot of Orawicza is allodasite (p. 81.) ETC. g-^ 96. PACITE. Rhombites Pacites, Pazit (fr. La Paz), Breith., B. II. Ztg., xxv. 167, 1866. Orthorhombic. 7A 7=115 24'. 1-5 A 1-5, over <9, 119 56'. Occurring planes 6>, 7, 1-i Measurements only approximative. Cleavage : / rather- indistinct. Also massive. H.=4-4'5. G.=6-297-6-303, Weisbach. Lustre metallic. Colortin- white, inclining to steel-gray ; streak black. Oomp re S 2 + 4 Fe As 2 = Arsenic 63'56, sulphur 6*78, iron 29-66= 100. Analysis by Winkler (L ex): As 64-84 S 7-01 Fe 24'35 Co 0'13 Cu O'll Bi 0-10 Au, Ag 0'006 gangue 2-88=99-426. Obs. From La Paz in Bolivia, in masses and thin plates in the gangue, with native gold and bismuth. Named from the locality, or its Latin signification, pax, peace. 97. ALLOCLASITE. Alloklas Tschermak, Ber. Ak. Wien, liiL 220, 1866, Glaucodot pt. Breith. Orthorhombic. /A 7= 106; A 1-5=118 ; 1-5 A 1-5=58. Cleavage: and /perfect. H.=4-5. Gr. = 6'6. Color steel-gray. Streak nearly black. Comp. 2 Co S 2 + Co As 2 + 4 Bi As, or a compound related to glaucodot and cobaltite + 4 Bi As; or 3 Co S + 3 Co As + 2 As S 3 , Tschermak. Analyses : 1, Hein (1. c.) ; 2, 3, Hubert & Patera (Jahrb. Min., 1848, 325) : S As Bi Au Fe Zn Co Ni 1. Orawicza 16-22 32'69 30'15 0'68 5'58 2'4l 10'17 1'55=99'45 Hein. 2. " 16-60 37-20 18*40 tr. 4'85 25-60 =102*65 Hubert. 3*. " 19-78 43-63 4-56 32-02 =99'99 Patera. a After subtracting gold, silica, and bismuth. Pyr., etc. B.B. on charcoal gives arsenic fumes, and a bismuth coating. Fuses to a dull globule. Soluble in nitric acid, leaving a residue of gold. Obs. Occurs at Orawicza, Hungary. Named from aAAos, *Aaw, because its cleavage differs from that of arsenopyrite and marcasite, which it resembles. 98. SYLVANITE. Weissgolderz Matter v. Reichenstein, Ph. Arb. eintr. Fr. Wien, Qu. 3, 48. Or blanc d'Offenbanya, ou graphique, Aurum graphicum, v. Born, Cat. de Raab, ii. 467, 1790. Prismatisches weisses G-olderz v. Fichtel, Min. Bemerk. Carpathen, ii. 108, 1791, Min., 124, 1794; Aurum bismuticum Schmeisser, Min., ii. 28, 1795. Schrifterz Esmark, N. Bergm. J., ii. 10, 1798 Wern., 1800. Sylvane graphique BrocJi., 1800. Tellure ferrifere et aurifere H., 1801. Schrift- Tellur Hausm., 1813. Graphic Tellurium Aikin, 1814. Goldtellur. Tellure auro-argentifere H., 1822. Sylvane Beud., Tr., 1832. Sylvanit Necker, Min., 1835. Aurotellurite Dana, Mia., 390, 1837. Or gris jaunatre v. Born, 1. c., 1790. Gelberz Karsten, Tab., 56, 1800. Sylvane blanc Broch., 1800. Tellure aurifere etplombifere pt. K, 1801. Weiss-Sylvanerz Wern., 1800, Ludwig, i. 55, 1803. Weisstellur Hausm., 1813. Yellow TeUurium Aikin, 1814. Miillerine Beud., Tr., iL 541, 1832. Mullerite. JVlonoclinic, Eose, Koksch. 67=55 21J-', /A 7=94 26', ^ A 14=121 21' ', a:b: c=I'W32 : 1 : 0-889, Koksch. Observed planes : 0; vertical, 7, i-i, i-l. i-% ; domes, 1-^, |-4, 14 ; octahedral, ^--2, 1-2, 1-7. OM-i=124: 39f i^ A 7=137 13 r ^Al-J=128 24' 0/\ 14=144 ' *4A^=151 37 i-*A^4=107 12 6>A1 =132 26 ^Al=141 54 i4 A 1-7= 99 44J- 82 SULPHIDS, ETC. Cleavage: i-l distinct. Twins: composition- face i4, as in the figure. Also massive ; imper- fectly columnar to granular. H.=l'5-2. G.=5-732; 8-28, Petz. Lustre metallic. Streak and color pure steel-gray to sil- ver-white, and sometimes nearly brass-yellow. Fracture uneven. Comp., Var. (Ag, Au) Te 3 = (if Ag:Au=l : 1) Tellurium 55-8, gold 28-5, silver 15'7 = 100. Antimony sometimes replaces part of the tellurium, and lead part of the other metals. Var 1. Sylvanite. (Schrifterz Wern., etc., 1 st par. Syn.) Con- taining little or no lead. G. =7 -5 8-5. Anal. 1-7. The angles given above are of this variety, and are from Kokscharof. 2. MuUerite. Gelberz Karsten, Weisstellur Wem., etc., 2d par.' Syn.) Containing much lead. Anal. 8-10. Haidinger gives the annexed figure and angles for 103. the weisstellur, making it different in dimensions from the preceding. MAM=105 30', OAa=10830', OAa=143 5'. It is from Nag- yag. G.=7-99-8-33. The yel- low color does not distinguish the two varieties, and the propriety of separating them is doubtful. Much of the so-called gelberz (yel- low ore) is not mullerite, as shown by Petz's analyses. Analyses: 1, Klaproth (Beitr.. iii. 16); 2, Berzelius (Jahresb., xiii. 162, analysis imperfect); 3-9, Petz (Pogg., Mi. 472); 10, Klaproth (Beitr., iii. 20): li Te Sb Au 1. Offenbanya 60' 30- 2. 52- tr. 24-0 8. " Gk=8'28 59-97 0'58 26'97 4. " 58-81 0-66 26-47 5. White cryst. G.=8'27 55'39 2'50 24'89 6. " G.=7-99 48-40 8'42 28'98 7. Yellow cryst. G.=8'33 51-52 5'75 27-10 8. " massive 44'54 8*54 25'31 9. " " 49-96 3'82 29*62 10. Mullerite, Gelberz 44-75 26'75 Ag Pb 10- =100 Klaproth. 11-3 1-5, Cu, Fe, S, As tr. B. 11-47 0-25, Cu 0-76=100 P. 11-31 2-75 = 100 Petz. 14-68 2-54=100 Petz. 10-69 3-51 = 100 Petz. 7-47 8-16=100 Petz. 10-40 11-21=100 Petz. 2-78 13-82 = 100 Petz. 8-50 19-50, S 0-5=100 K. Pyr., etc. In the open tube gives a white sublimate, which near the assay is gray ; when treated with the blowpipe flame the sublimate fuses to clear transparent drops. B.B. on charcoal fuses to a dark-gray globule, covering the coal with a white coating, which treated in R.F. disap- pears, giving a bluish-green color to the flame ; after long blowing a yellow, malleable metallic globule is obtained. Most varieties give a faint coating of oxyd of lead and antimony on charcoal. Obs. With gold, at Offenbanya in Transylvania, in narrow veins, which traverse porphyry ; also at Nagyag in the same country. In California, Calaveras Co., at the Melones and Stanislaus mines. Named from Transylvania, the country in which it occurs, and in allusion to sylvanium, one of the names at first proposed for the metal tellurium. Called graphic because of a resemblance in the arrangement of the crystals to writing characters. For KokscharoPs paper on cryst., see Bull. Ac. St. Pet., ix. 192. His &, c, a are c, a, in of Brooke and Miller. 99. NAGYAGITB. Aurum Galena, Ferro. et particulis volatilibus mineralisatum, Scopoh, Ann. Hist. Nat., iii. 107 ; v. Born, Lithoph., i. 68, 1772. Nagiakererz Wern. Bergra. J., 1789. Or gris lamelleux v. Born, Cat. de Raab, 1790. Blattererz Karst., Tab., 56, 1800. Foliated Tellurium; Black Tellurium. Elasmose Beud., Tr., ii. 539, 1832. Elasmosine Huot, Min., i 185, 1841. Nagyagite Raid., Handb., 566, 1845. STJLPHIDS, ETC. 83 Tetragonal. A 1^=127 37' ; =l-298. Observed planes as in the J1 .* _ _ . /~\ A -t -i -i r> O r* .*? / -f . - -j ^ *-* r\ _i ^ * ^ * 104 Te S Pb Au Ag 1. 32-2 3-0 54-0 9-0 0-5 2. 31-96 3-07 55-49 8-44 tr. 3. 30-52 8-07 50-78 9-11 0-53 4. 17-22 9-76 60-83 5-84 5. 18-04 9-68 60-27 5-98 6. 15-11 8-56 60-10 12-75 1-82 annexed figure. <9 A 1=118 37', 1 A 1=103 H', A 2-*=lll c 2-i A 2-i, bas.,=137 52'. Cleavage: basal. Also granularly massive, particles of various sizes ; gener- ally foliated. H. = l 1-5. G.=6-85 7-2. Lustre metallic, splendent. Streak and color blackish lead-gray. Opaque. Sectile. Flexible in thin laminae. Comp. Analyses: 1, Klaproth (Beitr., iii. 32); 2, Brandes (Schw. J., xxxv. 409); 3, P. Schon- lein (J. pr. Ch., Ix. 166); 4, 5, Folbert (Yerh. Sieb. Ver. Nat. Hermannstadt, viii. 99. and Kennjr Ueb., 1856); 6, S. J. Kappel (Jahresb., 1859, 770): Cu 1-3=100 Klaproth. M4=100-10 Brandes. 0-99 = 100 Schonlein. Sb 3-69, Se Al=m 28y, calc. 105 A 1=126 40, raeas. A l-i= 130 15, meas. A 24=128 56. 1 A 1, brack, =91 22 1A1, macrod.,=135 46 1A1, bas.,=105 3 1 A 14=135 41 1 A 14= 157 53 Crystals slender. Cleavage : quite distinct. H.=3. G.=5-393. Lustre metallic. Color dark lead-gray; streak reddish-brown. Opaque. Brittle. Comp. Fb S + As 2 S 3 =Sulphur 26-39, arsenic 30-93, lead 42-68=100. Analyses: 1, Walters- hausen (Pogg., xcvii. 124); 2, 3, Stockar-Escher (Kenng. Ueb., 56-57, 176): 1. Binnen 2. S 25-91 25-30 25-77 As 28-56 26-33 26-82 Pb 44-56 46-83 47-39 Ag 0-42 1-62 Fe 0-45=99-90 Walt. =100-08 S.-E. =99-98 S.-E. Yon Waltershausen states that his analysis (No. 1) was made on striated crystals, which proves it to pertain to this species as defined by v. Rath (1. c.). The other two analyses by Stockar- 88 6ULPHAKSENITES, ETC. Escher may have been made on material containing portions of the other prismatic species of the locality ; yet in the sulphur and arsenic they agree with the other analysis, and diverge but little in the lead. Pyr,, etc. Nearly the same as for dufrenoysite, but differing in strong decrepitation. Obs. From the Binnin valley with dufrenoysite and binnite. As the name Scleroclase is inapplicable, and the mineral was first announced by Sartorius v. Waltershausen, the species may be appropriately called Sariorite. 106. ZINKENITE. Zinkenit G. Pose, Pogg., vii. 91, 1826. Orthorhombic. /A 1= 120 39', Rose; 120 34', Kenngott. Usual in twins, as hexagonal prisms, with a low hexagonal pyramid at summit ; angle at pyramidal edge=165' 26' ; / on face of pyramidal 04 42'. Lateral faces longitudinally striated. Sometimes columnar, fibrous, or massive. Cleavage not distinct. H.=3 3'5. G.=5'30 5'35. Lustre metallic. Color and streak steel- gray. Opaque. Fracture slightly uneven. Comp. PbS-t-Sb 2 S 3 =Sulphur 22'1, antimony 42-6, lead 35-3=100. Analyses : 1, 2, H. Eose Pogg., viii. 99); 3, Kerl (B. H. Ztg., 1853, No. 2) : 1. Wolfsberg S 22-58 Sb 44'39 Pb 31-84 Cu 0-42=99-23 Rose. 2. " undet. 44-11 31-97 undet. Rose. 3. 21-22 43-98 30-84 Ag 0'12, Fe 1-45=97-61 K. Pyr., etc. Decrepitates and fuses very easily ; in the closed tube gives a faint sublimate of sulphur, and sulphid of antimony ; in the open tube sulphurous fumes and a white sublimate of oxyd of antimony. B.B. on charcoal is almost entirely volatilized, giving a coating which on the outer edge is white, and near the assay dark yellow; with soda in R.F. yields globules of lead. Soluble in hot muriatic acid with evolution of sulphuretted hydrogen and separation of chlorid of lead on cooling. Obs. Occurs in the antimony mine of Wolfsberg in the Harz ; the groups of columnar crystals occur on a massive variety in quartz ; the crystals sometimes over half" an inch long, and two or three lines broad, frequently extremely thin and forming fibrous masses. Has been reported from St. Trudpert in the Schwarzwald. Named in honor of Mr. Zinken, the director of the Anhalt mines, by G-. Rose. Resembles stibnite and bournonite, but may be distinguished by its superior hardness and specific gravity. Kenngott makes the crystallization monoclinic, and the pyramidal planes oblique basal planes ; but such twins with pyramids so formed are not known among monoclinic species. 107. JORDANITE. Jordanit v. Rath, Verh. Nat. Yer. Bonn, March, 1864, Pogg., cxxii. 387, 1864. Orthorhombic. /A/=123 29' ; A 14=128 27'; a: b: c= 1-2595:1:1 -8604. Observed planes : 0; in zone i-i, f-f, K -*, f-i- ^4, 24, 3-?, 6-?; in zone 1, f, $, J, f, |, f, 1, f, 7. Planes all narrow, except ; crystals hexagonal in general form. A 2-2=126 27' 0AV-*='13045' 0Af=115 0' 0Af-t=134 34 OAl-i =124 58 CM =144 26 Twins : composition-face J; forms hexagonal, arragonite-like. Cleavage : i-l distinct. Streak pure black. COMP. Undetermined. PYR., ETC. Nearly as for sartorite. OBS. From the Binnen valley, with sartorite (q. v.). Approaches closely sartorite in its planes and angles, but differs in occurring in twin crystals, and in its black streak. Named after Dr. Jordan of Saarbruck, who furnished vom Rath with his specimens. 108. MIARGYRITB. Hemiprismatische Rubin-Blende (fr. Braunsdorf) Mohs, Grundr., 606, 1824. Miargyrit #. Rose, Pogg., xv. 469, 1829. Hypargyrite, Hypargyron-Blende (fr. Clausthal), Sreith., Char., 286, 333, 1832. Kenngottite (fr. Felsobanya) Raid., Ber. Ak. Wien, xxii. 236 1856. Monoclinic. 67=48 14', /A 7=106 31', A 14=136 8'; a:~b:c= 1-2883 : 1 : 0*9991, Naumann. Observed planes : O ; vertical, /, i4, i4, i-2, i-% ; domes -^, octahedral,^ 5 SULPHAHSENITES, ETC. i, l-i, *, 14, 34 ; HhA-t,H;H, 89 6> A ^=131 46' O A f=139 58' #A/=122 16 OM-i= 98 24: 6>A j- =109 16 ^'Al-^=129 50 Observed angles by Weisbach, from Braiinsdorf crystals: /A 7=104 36' -105 50'; <9 A ^=132 28', 134 15', 127 II 7 , 131 35' ; i-i A 1^=129 17' 129, 49'. Crystals thick tabular, or stout, or short prismatic, pyramidal. Lateral planes deeply striated. Cleavage: f&, 1-i imperfect. H.=2-2-5. G.=5-2-5-4 ; mostly 5'22-5'24. Lustre submetallic-ada- mantine. Color iron-black. Streak dark cherry-red. Opaque, except in thin splinters, which, by transmitted light, are deep blood-red. Fracture subconchoidal. Comp. Ag S + Sb a S 3 = Sulphur 21-8, antimony 41-5, silver 36-7=100. Analysis by H. Rose (Pogg., xv. 469): S 21-95 Sb 39.14 Ag 36-40 Cu 1-06 Fe 0'62=99-17. The kenngottite (1. c.) which Weisbach refers here (Pogg., cxxv. 457), has not been analyzed; von Hauer found in it (Pogg., xcviii. 165) about 30 p. c. of silver; G-.=6'06. Hypargyrite is a massive variety; Gr.=4'779 4-890, Breith.; it afforded Plattner (1. c.) 35 p. c. of silver. For Weisbach's measurements see Pogg., 1. c. Pyr., etc. In the closed tube decrepitates, fuses easily, and gives a sublimate of sulphid of antimony ; in the open tube sulphurous and antimonous fumes, the latter as a white sublimate. B.B. on charcoal fuses quietly with emission of sulphur and antimony fumes to a gray bead, which after continued treatment in O.F. leaves a bright globule of silver. If the silver globule be treated with phosphorus salt in O.F., the green glass thus obtained shows traces of copper when fused with tin in R.F. Decomposed by nitric acid, with separation of sulphur and oxyd of antimony. Obs. At Braunsdorf, near Freiberg in Saxony, associated with tetrahedrite, pyrargyrite, etc. ; Felsobanya (kenngottite} with pyrite, galenite, blende, barite; Przibram in Bohemia; Clausthal (hypargyrite) ; Guadalajara in Spain ; at Parenos, and the mine Sta. M. de Catorce, near Potosi ; also at Molinares, Mexico, with diallogite. Named from /*wr, less, apyupor, silver, because it contains less silver than some kindred ores. 109. PLAGIONITE. Plagionit a. Rose, Pogg., xxviii. 421, 1833. Monoclinic. (7=72 28', /A 7=85 158 9', Eose ; a : ~b : c = 0-37015 : 1 served planes as in f. 107. A 1=154 20' O A 2=138 52 1 A 1=142 3 A -1=149 2 A 2=120 49 25 ; , 0-8802. -1 A>7O OO/ U ( oZi 10Y Crystals thick tabular; the plane shining and smooth ; others striated. Cleavage : 2, perfect, but seldom affording smooth surfaces. Also massive, granular. H.=2'5. G.=5'4. Lustre metallic. Color black- ish lead-gray. Opaque. Brittle. 90 SULPHAKSENTTES, ETC. Oomp. Pb S + Sb 2 S 3 + Pb S=Sulphur 21-3, antimony 38'2, lead 40'5. Analyses : 1, H. Rose (Pogg., xxviii. 428); 2, Kudernatsch (Pogg., xxxvii. 588); 3, Scbultz (Ramm. Min. Cb., 1006): 1. Wolfsberg S 21-53 Sb 37-94 Pb 40-52=99-99 Rose. 2. " 21-49 37-53 40-98 = 100 Kudernatsch. 3. " 21-10 37-84 39-36, Cu 1'27=99'53 Schultz. Pyr. Same as in zinkenite. Obs, At Wolfsberg in geodes and druses of crystals in massive plagionite, or crystallized on quartz, and was discovered by Zincken. Named, in allusion to its unusually oblique crystalliza- tion, from TrX$, oblique. Taking the planes 2, 2, as the lateral faces of the fundamental prism, the lateral angle is nearly the same as in freieslebenite. 110. BINNITB. Dufrenoysite v. Waltershausen, Pogg., xciv. 119, 1855; 0. Heusser, Pogg., xciv. 334, xcvii. 115. Binnito Descl, Ann. d. M., V. viii. 389, 1855. Isometric. Figures 3, 14, and others : observed planes : 0, I, 2-2, with 1, f, and 6-6, on some crystals. Cleavage not distinct. fi.=4'5. G. =4*4:77'. Lustre metallic. Color on fresh fracture black, sometimes brownish or greenish. Streak cherry-red. Brittle. Comp. From anal. 1, f -Gu S + As a S 3 =Sulphur 29*7, arsenic 31-1, copper 39-2 = 100. From anal. 2, -Gu S + As 2 S 5 , or like enargite. Analyses: 1, Uhrlaub (Pogg., xciv. 117); 2, Stockar- Escher (Kenng. Uebers., 1856-57, 174): S As Cu Pb Ag Fe 1. 27-55 30-06 37-74 2*75 1-23 0'82 = 1 00-15 Uhr. 2. 32-73 18-98 46'24 - 1'91 - -99'86 S.-E. Pyr. In the closed tube, gives a sublimate of sulphid of arsenic ; in the open tube a crystal- line sublimate of arsenous acid, with sulphurous fumes. B.B. on charcoal gives an arsenical odor and a faint white coating, fuses with intumescence to a duh 1 iron-black, magnetic globule, which, according to Wiser, is surrounded by a coating of oxyd of zinc. The globule yields metal- lic copper with soda. Obs In dolomite, in the valley of Bremen, with realgar, orpiment, blende, pyrite, sartorite, and dufrenoysite. 111. BRONGNIARDITE. Damour, Ann. d. M., IY. xvi. 227, 1849. ^Isometric. In octahedrons with truncated edges (1, 1), Damour. Massive, without cleavage. H. above 3. G.=5'950. Lustre like that of bournonite. Color and streak grayish-black. Comp. Pb S + Ag S + Sb 2 S 3 , or 2 (Pb, Ag) S + Sb 2 S 3 =Sulphur 19-4, antimony 29-5, silver 26'1, lead 25-0=100. Analyses: Damour (1. c.) : S Sb Ag Pb Ou Fe Zn 1. 19-38 29-95 25-03 24'74 0'54 0'30 0-40=100-34. 2. 19-21 29-60 24-46 25'05 0'61 0'26 0'32=99-51. 3. 19-14 29-75 24-81 24'94 0'70 0'22 0'37 = 99-93. Pyr., etc. In the closed tube a feeble orange sublimate with a white one above ; in the open tube fuses, affords an odor of sulphur and a white sublimate of oxyd of antimony. B.B. on char- coal decrepitates, fuses easily, giving off an odor of sulphur and white vapors ; after roasting, yields a globule of silver, with a yellow coating of oxyd of lead. Rapidly attacked by concentrated nitric acid. Obs. From Mexico. 112. JAMESONTTE, Grey antimony pt. Jam., Syst., iii. 390, 1820. Axotomous Antimony- Glance Jam., Man., 285. Axotomer Antimon-Glanz Mohs, Grundr., 586, 1824. Jamesonite Haid., TrL Mohs's Min., i. 451 (iii. 26), 1825. SULPHARSENITES, ETC. 9| Bleischimmer Pfaff, Schw. J., xxvii. 1. Pfaffite Huot, i. 192, 1841. AntimoniaUsk Fadererz pt., Minora antimonii plumosa pt., Wall, 1747 ; Federerz G&rm Mine d'antimoine au plumes Fr. ; Feather ore, Plumose Antimonial Ore, pt. (rest mostly Stibnite)' through last cent. Antimoine sulfure capillaire pt. [or var. of Stibnite] K, Tr., 1801 ; Haarfor- miges Grauspiessglanzerz pt. Karst., Tab., 52, 1800 ; Haarf. Antimonglanz Mohs, 1824, Leonh., 1826. Federerz of Wolfsberg H. Rose, Pogg., xv. 471, 1829 ; Beud., Tr., ii. 425, 1832. Feder- erz, var. of Jamesonite, v. Kob., Char., ii. 175, 1831. Wolfsbergite ffwt., Miu., i. 193. Plumo- sit Raid., Handb., 569, 1845. Plumites Glock., Syn., 30, 1847. Heteromorpb.it Ramm., Pogg., Ixxvii. 240, 1849. Federerz, var. of Jamesonite, Ramm., Min. Ch M 71, 1860. '' Orthorhombic. 7 A 7=101 20' and Y8 40'. Observed planes 7, i-i. Cleavage basal, highly perfect; 7 and i-i less perfect. Usually in acicular crystals. Also fibrous massive, parallel or divergent; also in capillary forms ; also amorphous massive. H.=2-3. G.=5-5-5-8; 5'564, from Cornwall, Haidinger; 5-616, from Estremadura, SchaiFgotsch ; 5'601, from Arany Idka, Lowe; 5'6T88, massive, Ramm. VAR. a, well crystallized ; 5, fibrous or columnar, sometimes diverging ; c, capillary, or cobweb- like ; d, granular or compact. The capillary is feather ore (Federerz Germ.) regarded as a species by nearly all the min- eralogists of last century, but including capillary stibnite ; made a variety of Stibnite by v. Born, Karsten, Haiiy, Mohs, Leonhard, and other authors, until' 1829; and a distinct species again by most authors after the analysis by Eose in 1829 ; but referred to Jamesonite by v. Kobell in 1830, and Rammelsberg in 1860. An amorphous variety occurs with the feather ore at Wolfsberg (anal. 7), for which Rammelsberg gives the hardness 3-0, and 0-.= 5 -67 88. Comp. 2 (Pb, Fe) S + Sb 2 S 3 =(if Fe : Pb=l : 4) Sulphur 21-1, antimony 32-2, lead 43-7, iron 3-0 = 100. But excluding the iron as sulphid, Rose makes the formula f Pb S + Sb 2 S 3 = Sulphur 20'7, antimony 34'8, lead 4-45 = 100. Yon Zepharovich sustains the first formula (Sitz. Ak. Wien, 1867, 169). Analyses 5 to 10 of feather ore agree well with the preceding, whence Rammela- berg's reference to Jamesonite. Analyses: 1, 2, H. Rose (Pogg., viii. 101); 3, Schaffgotsch (Pogg., xxxviii. 403); 4, A. Lowe (Haid. Ber., L 62); 5, H. Rose (Pogg., xv. 471); 6, Rammelsberg (Pogg., Ann., Ixxvii. 241; 7, Poselger (ib., Ramm., Min. Oh., 71); 8-10, 0. Bechi (Am. J. Sci., II. xiv. 60): S Sb Pb Fe Cu Zn 1. Cornwall 22-15 S4'40 40-75 2-.30 0'13 =99'73 Rose. 2. " 22-53 34-90 38'71 2'65 0'19 0'74=99'72 Rose. 3. Estremadura 21'78 32-62 39-97 3-63 0'42, Bi 1-06=99-48 Sch. 4. Arany Idka 18'59 33-10 40'82 2'99 1-78 0'35, Ag 1'48, Bi 0'22=99'33L6we. 5. Wolfsberg, feather ore 19'72 31-04 46-87 1*30 0'08=99'01 Rose. 6. " " 20-23 [31-96] 44*32 2'93 0'56 =100 Ramm. 7. Wolfsberg, massive 20-52 [31-54] 44'0 2'91 1-03 =100 Poselger. 8. Tuscany, capil 18-39 30-19 47-68 0'26 I'll 1-08=98-7 1 Bechi. 9. " acic. 19-25 29'24 49'31 '2'00 0'21= 100-01 Bechi. 10. " capil. 20-53 32-16 43'38 0'94 1'25 1-74=100 BechL Pyr. Same as for zinkenite. Obs. Jamesonite occurs principally in Cornwall, associated with quartz and minute crystj bournonite ; occasionally also in Siberia, Hungary, at Valentia d' Alcantara in Spain, and Brazil Its perfect cleavage at right angles with the vertical axis is sufficient to distinguish it from the species it resembles. Named after Prof. Jameson of Edinburgh. The feather ore occurs at Wolfsborg in the Eastern Harz ; also at Andreasberg and < at Freiberg and Schemnitz; in the Anhalt at Pfafienberg and Meiseberg; in Tuscany, n< tino ; at Chonta in Peru. Zundererz, or Bergzunderz [=Tinder Ore] of G. Lehmann (Mem. Ac. Berlin, 20, 1758), which is soft like tinder and dark dirty red in color, has been referred to kermesite, but proves jamesouite or feather ore mixed with red silver and arsenopyrite. Borntrager obt analysis (J. pr. Oh., xxxvi. 40) S 19-57, As 12-60, Sb 16-88, Pb 4A2=10236 / , 1 A 1-1=14:1 20|, 1 A 1-5=138 15', V. Rath. Usual in thick rectangular tables. Cleavage : O perfect. Also massive. H.=3. G.=5-549, Damour; 5-5616, Landolt; 5*569, v.Rath. Lustre metallic. Color blackish lead-gray ; streak reddish-brown. Opaque. Brittle. Comp. 2 Pb S + As 2 S 8 =Sulphur 22-10, arsenic 20*72, lead 57-18=100. Analyses: 1, 2, Damour (L c.) ; 3, 4, Landolt & Berendies (Dissert, de Dufrenoysite, 18 64, Pogg., cxxii. 374) : Cu 0-31 = 99-54 Damour. 0-22=101-03 Damour. =99-0 L. & B. L. &B. Analyses of dufrenoysite have been published by Uhrlaub and Nason (Pogg., c. 537), and by Stockar Escher (Kenng. Forsch., '56, '57, 176) ; but as they were made without discriminating the species, and give intermediate results, they are not cited here in detail. Peterson has also pub- lished two analyses (1. c.), and gives the following as the mean of 1 7 anal, by the chemists just mentioned and himself : S As Pb Ag Fe Cu 1. 24-31 24-25 50'86 0'41 ? =99'83 Peterson in one analysis obtained S 23-22, As 25-83, Pb 50-74, Ag 0-21 ; and in the other S 25*00, As 23-93, Pb 51-32, Ag O'l 2. He makes the formula [2 Pb S + As 2 S 3 ] + [Pb S + As 2 S 3 ] =Pb S + f As 2 S 3 . Pyr., etc. Easily fuses and gives a sublimate of sulphur and sulphuret of arsenic ; in the open tube a smell of sulphur only, with a sublimate of sulphur in upper part of tube, and of arsenous acid below. On charcoal decrepitates, melts, yields fumes of arsenic and a globule of lead, which on cupellation yields silver. Obs. From the valley of Binnen in the St. Gothard Alps, in crystalline dolomite, along with sartorite, jordanite, binnite, realgar, orpiment, blende, pyrite. The crystals are sometimes an inch across. Damour, who first studied the arsenio-sulphids of Binnen, analyzed the massive ore and named it dufrenoysite. He inferred that the crystallization was monometric from some associated crystals, and so published it. This led von Waltershausen and Heusser to call the monometric mineral dufrenoysite. and the latter to name the trimetric binnite. Von Waltershausen, after studying the prismatic mineral, made out of the species arsenomelan and sderoclase, yet partly on hypothetical grounds. Recently it has been found that three orthorhombic minerals exist at the locality, as an- nounced by voui Rath, who identifies one, by specific gravity and composition, with Damour's dnfrenoysite-; another he makes scleroclase of von Waltershausen (sartorite, p. 87) ; and the other he names jordaniie (p. 88). S As Pb Ag Fe 1. Binnen 22-49 20-69 55-40 0-21 0-44 2. 22-30 20-87 56-61 0-71 0-32 3. " 23-27 21-76 53-62 0-05 0-30 4. 23-11 21-35 52-02 una !* 6ULPHARSENITES, ETC. 93 114, FREIESLEBENITE. Mine d'antimoine grise tenant argent (fr. Himmelsfurst) 'dt Lisle, Descr. de Min., 35, 1773, Crist, iii. 54, 1783. Dunkles Weissgultigerz (id. loc., known since 1720) Klapr., Beitr., i. 173, 1795. Schilf-Glaserz Freieskben, Geogn. Arb., vi. 97, 1817 Antimonial Sulphuret of Silver, Sulphuret of Silver and Antimony. Argent sulfur^ antimoni- fere et cuprifere Levy, Descr. Min. Heuland, 1838. Donacargyrite Chapm., Min 128 1843~ Freieslebenit Haid., 569, 1845. a Monoclinic. 67=87 46', I A 7=119 12', A 14=137 10' (B & M V : b : c=l-5802 : 1 : 1-7032. Observed planes : O; vertical, 7, U i-l U 3, 'i/o 120 7-?, 8-2, 1-S; octahedral, , 1-3, f S, 3-5, f 2, 4-2, , -J-, , f, 1, 2, > 5-f, |-|, 6-| n, 3-~, J-7, S 3-5. A 1=147 14'. A 1=127 51. O A 2=111 14. 6> A 1-2= M5 34:. <9 A 2-2=126 6. 1-2 A 1-2, ov. ^-2, =68 52'. 2-2 A 2-2, ov. i-i, =107 4-8. 1A1, mac., = 131 16. lAl, brach.,=96 8. Cleavage : 2-2 and i-i imperfect. Twins : composition- face /; forms like those of aragonite frequent. Also massive, compact, and disseminated. H.=2 2-5. G. = 6-269, Przibram. Lustre metallic. Color and streak iron-black. Fracture uneven. Comp. 5 AgS + Sb 2 S 3 =Sulphur 16-2, antimony 15-3, silver 68-5=100. Analyses: 1, H. Eose- (Fogg., xv. 474); Kerl (B. H. Ztg., 1853, No. 2): 1. Scheranitz 2. Andreasberg S 16-42 16-51 Sb 14-68 15-79 68-54 68-38 Fe 0-14 Cu 0-64=100-28 Eose. =100-82 Kerl. Considered an arsenical mineral until Klaproth's analysis in 1793 (Beitr., i. 162). Pyr. In the closed tube decrepitates, fuses, and after long heating gives a faint sublimate of sulphid of antimony. In the open tube fuses, giving off antimonial fumes and sulphurous acid. B.B. on charcoal fuses with projection of small particles, coats the coal with antimonous acid, which after long blowing is colored red from oxydized silver, and a globule of metallic silver is obtained. Soluble in dilute heated nitric acid, sulphur and oxyd of antimony being deposited. Obs, In veins, with other silver ores, at Freiberg, Schneeberg, and Johanngeorgenstadt in Saxony ; at Przibram and Eatieborzitz in Bohemia ; at Schemnitz and Kremnitz hi Hungary ; at Andreasberg in the Harz ; at Zacatecas in Mexico ; and in Peru. In Nevada, an abundant silver ore in the Comstock lode ; at Ophir and Mexican mines in fine crystals ; in the Eeese river and Humboldt and other regions. In Idaho, at the silver mines Named after the Archduke Stephan, Mining Director of Austria. A valuable ore of silver. The species is homceomorphous with aragonite. See on cryst., F. H. Schroeder, Pogg., xcv. 257. Alt. Crystals occur altered to silver, and also to argentopyrite (p. 39). SULPHARSENITES, ETC. 107 131. POLYBASITE. Sprodglaserz pt. Wern. Polybasit H. Bose, Pogg., xv. 573, 1829. Eu, genglanz Breith., Char.. 266, 1832. Orthorhombic, Descl. /A I nearly 120, A 1121 30' Observed planes 0, 7,1. 1 A 1, pyr., = 129 32', 1 A 1, bas.,=117. Crystals usually short tabular prisms, with the bases triangularly striated parallel to alter- nate edges. Cleavage : basal imperfect. Also massive and disseminated. H. 2 3. G.=:6-214. Lustre metallic. Color iron-black; in thin crystals cherry-red by transmitted light. Streak iron-black. Opaque except when quite thin. Fracture uneven. Oomp. 9 (Ag, Ou) S + (Sb, As) 2 S 3 , if containing silver without copper or arsenic, Sulphur 14-8, antimony 9-7, silver 75-5 = 100. More probably 10 (Ag, -Gu) S + (Sb, As) 2 S 3 , in which the second member is half what it is in the preceding species, and the at. ratio (Ag, -Gu) and (S, Sb, As) is 2 : 3. Analyses: 1-3, H. Rose (1. c.); 4, C. A. Joy (Inaug. Diss., 24): 5, Tomier (Lotos, 1859, 85, Jahrb. Min., 1860, 716): Cu 9-93 3-04 4-11 3-36 3-36 Fe 0-06 0-33 0-29 0-34 0-14 Zn =100-15 Rose. 0*59=99-70 Rose. =100-30 Rose. =100-45 Joy. =99-13 Tonner. 1. Durango, Mexico 17'04 5*09 3'74 64 29 2. Schemnitz . 16 '83 0*25 6'23 72'43 3 Freiberg 16'35 8'39 1-17 69'99 4. Cornwall 15 -87 5 "46 3 -41 72*01 5. Przibram, G.=6'03 15*55 11*53 68*55 D. Forbes found in crystallized specimens from Tres Puntos, Chili, 67-47 and 66*94 p. c. of silver, and in a massive ore from Romero, S. of Copiapo, 66-14 p. c. (Private communication.) Pyr., etc. In the open tube fuses, gives sulphurous acid and antimouial fumes, the latter forming a white sublimate, sometimes mixed with crystalline arsenous acid. B.B. fuses with spirting to a globule, gives off sulphur (sometimes arsenic), and coats the coal with antimonous acid ; with long-continued blowing some varieties give a faint yellowish-white coating of oxyd of zinc, and a metallic globule, which with salt of phosphorus reacts for copper, and cupelled with lead gives pure silver. Decomposed by nitric acid. Obs. Occurs in the mines of Guanaxuato and Gaudalupe y Calvo in Mexico ; also at Guarisamez in Durango, with chalcopyrite and calcite ; at Tres Puntos, desert of Atacama, Chili : at Freiberg and Przibram. In Nevada, at the Reese mines ; in Idaho, at the silver mines of the Owhyhee district. Named from Xi5c, mmy, and /?Al-fcl29 4'; a=l-232. Observed planes: vertical, 7, i-l, i- ; octahedral, J, -J-, 1 ; f -i, %-i ; zirconoid, 2-2, 2-f , |-2. 6> A 2-4=112 5' A 1=119 51' 2-*A2-pyr = 98 8' 36 6>A=149 51 lAl, pyr.,^104 20 Pyramid 2-& when ^ alone gives a very acute termination to the prism. Cleavage : 7, indistinct. Twins compounded so as to have the vertical axis in one line, but the edges of the pyramid of one in the same plane with the faces of the pyramid of the other. H. = l 2. Q.= 6-4:82, Haidinger. Lustre adamantine. Color white, yellowish-gray, or ash-gray, also grayish, and yellowish-white, brown. Streak pale yellowish-white. Translucent subtraiislucent. Fracture con- choidal. Sectile. Comp. Hg 2 Cl=Chlorine 15-1, mercury 84-9 = 100. Pyr,, etc, In the closed tube volatilizes without fusion, condensing in the cold part of the tube as a white sublimate ; with soda gives a sublimate of metallic mercury. B.B. on charcoal volati- lizes, coating the coal white. Insoluble in water, but dissolved by nitro-inuriatic acid ; blackens when treated with alkalies. Obs, At Moschellandsberg in the Palatinate, coating the cavities of a ferruginous gangue, associated with cinnabar crystals often large and well-defined ; also at the quicksilver mines of Idria in Carniola ; Almaden in Spain ; Horzowitz in Bohemia. According to Hessenberg, crystals from Moschellandsberg afford A 1-^=129 40', /\2-i= 112 35'. Named from Ka\6g, beautiful, and ptXi, honey, the taste being sweet, and the compound the Mer- curius dulcis of early chemistry. 137. SYLVITE. Muriate of Potash (fr. Vesuvius) Smilhson, Ann. Phil., II. vi. 258, 1823. Chlorid of Potassium. Kali Salzsaures, Chlorkalium, Germ. Sylvine Beud., Tr., ii. 511, 1832. Hoevelit H. Girard, Jahrb. Min. 1863, 568. Leopoldit E. Eeichardt, Jahrb. Min. 1866, 331. Schatzellit and Hdvellit (fr. Stassfurt), B. H. Ztg., xxiv. 276, Ann. Ch. Phys.. IV. v. 318, 324. Isometric. Figs 1, 6, 2. Cleavage cubic. Also compact. H.=2. G.=l-9 2. White or colorless. Yitreous. Soluble; taste like that of common salt. Comp. K Cl Potassium 52'5, chlorine 47-5 = 100. That of Vesuvius, according to A. Muller (Verh. Ges. Basel, 1854, 113), is pure, affording no trace of lime, magnesia, or alumina, and only a trace of soda. The sylvite of the Anhalt salt mine, Leopoldshall, afforded Reichardt (1. c.) K 52 '4, Cl 47-4. Pyr., etc. B.B. in the platinum loop fuses, and gives a violet color to the outer flame. Added to a salt of phosphorus bead, which has been previously saturated with oxyd of copper, colors the O.F. deep azure. Water completely dissolves it, 100 parts taking up 34*5 at 18'75 C. Heated with sulphuric acid gives off muriatic acid gas. Obs, Occurs at Vesuvius, about the fumaroles of the volcano. Also at Stassfurt, in the carnallite beds of the salt formation ; at Leopoldshall (leopoldite). The compound is the Sal digestivus Sylvii of early chemistry, whence Beudant's name for the species. There is no reason for changing it in the fact that the earlier known mineral was of volcanic origin. 112 COMPOUNDS OF CHLORINE, BROMINE, IODINE. 138. HALITE. COMMON SALT. Rock Salt, Muriate of Soda, Chlorid of Sodium. Kochsalz, Steinsalz, Bergsalz, Germ. Soude muriatee, Chlorure de sodium, Sal gemme, Fr. Salmare Send., Tr., 1832. Halites Glock., Syn., 290, 1847. Isometric. Observed planes, 6>, 1, 7, *-2. Figs. 1, 2, 6, 16, and 6 + 16 ; usually in cubes ; rarely in octa- hedrons; faces of crystals sometimes cavernous, as in f. 122. Cleavage : cubic, perfect. Massive and granu- lar, rarely columnar. H.=2 ; 5. G.=2-l 2-257 ; of pure crystals, 2-135, Hunt. Lustre vitreous. Streak white. Color white, also sometimes yellowish, reddish, bluish, purplish ; often colorless. Transparent translucent. Fracture conchoidal. Bather brittle. Soluble ; taste purely saline. Comp. ISTa Cl= Chlorine 60-7, sodium 39-3=100. Commonly mixed with some sulphate of lime, chlorid of calcium, and chlorid of magnesium, and sometimes sulphate of magnesia, which render it liable to deliquesce. Analyses: 1-8, Berthier (Ann. d M., x. 259): 9, Fournet (ib., IV ix. 551); 10, Rammelsberg (Min. Ch'., 1014); 11, 12, C. A. Goessmann (Rep. on Petit Anse Salt Mine, Bureau of Mines, New York, 18t>7, 17): 1. Vic, white 2. " grayish 3. " gray 4. " red NaCl 99-3 97-8 90-3 99-8 5. Marennes, whitish 97*2 6. " yellow 96-70 7. " red 96-78 8. " green 96-27 9. Algiers 9 7 -8 10. Stassfurt 97 '35 11. Petit Anse, white 98'88 MgCl 0-4 0-23 0-68 0-27 1-1 tr. CaS 0-5 0-3 5-0 1-2 1-21 1-09 1-09 1-01 0-79 12. St. Domingo 98-33 0-04 1-48 NaS MgS Clay 0-2=100 B. 1-9 = 100 B. 2-0 2-0 H 0-7 = 100 B. H 0-2=100 B. 0-5 . 0-7 = 100 B. 0-66 1-20=100 B. 0-60 0-85= 100 B. 0-80 1-57 = 100 B. Si 1'5, H 0-6 = 100 P. 0-43 0-23, H 0-30=99-32 Ramm. CaCl tr., H 0*33 = 100 Goessmann. 0'06, H 0'07,insol. 0'01=99'99 Goessmann. Other analyses: Salt from Stassfurt, by Heiutz, ZS. nat. Ver. Halle, xi. 345; from Algiers, by de Marigny and Simon, Ann. d. M., xii. 674; from Wieliczka, Berchtesgaden, Hall in the Tyrol, Hallstadt, Schwabisch-Hall, by G. Bischof, Geol., ii. 1069, 1675 ; from Erfurt and Cardona, by Sochting, ZS. nat. Ver. Halle, vii. 404; from Vesuvius, 1822, by Laugier, Pogg., iii. 79; from Vesuvius, 1850, by Bischof ; from Vesuvius, 1850, by Scacchi, Ann. d. M., IV. xvii. 323; from Vesuvius, 1855, by Deville, Bull. G. Pr. II. xiii. 620. Dissolves in three parts of water. Some varieties attract moisture, but are unchanged in a dry atmosphere. The martinsite of Karsten (J. pr. Ch., xxxvi. 127) contains 9*02 per cent, of sulphate of magnesia, which is equivalent to 1 parts of common salt to 1 of sulphate of magnesia. It is from Stass- furt. In Rammelsberg's analysis the water was hygroscopic, and the specimen contained 0'48 of mixed karstenito. In a dirty reddish salt from Abingdon, Washington Co., Va., E. Stieren found (Jahresb., 1862, 766) NaCl 90-55, gypsum 45, clay and carb. lime 9-00= 100.^ The bluish and indigo-colored salt of Stassfurt, etc., possibly owes its color, according to Prof. S. TV. Johnson, to the presence of subchlorid of sodium. Pyr., etc. In the closed tube fuses, often with decrepitation ; when fused on the platinum loop colors the flame deep yellow. Other reactions like those given under sylvite. Obs. Common salt occurs in extensive but irregular beds in rocks of various ages, associ- ated with gypsum, polyhalite, clay, sandstone, and calcite; also dissolved, and forming salt springs. In Europe and England it occurs in the Triassic, associated with red marl or sandstone, but it is not confined to these rocks. At Durham, Northumberland, and Leicestershire, England, salt springs rise from the Carboniferous series ; in the Alps, some salt works are supplied from Oolitic rocks ; the famous mines of Cardona and Wieliczka are referred, the former to the Green Sand formation, CHLORIDS. 113 and the latter to Tertiary rocks. Salt springs also occur in volcanic regions. In the United States the brines of New York come from Upper Silurian strata ; those of Ohio, Pennsylvania, and Vir- ginia, mostly from Devonian and Subcarboniferous beds; those of Michigan, mainly from the Subcarbouiferous and Carboniferous ; while in Louisiana, at Petit Anse, there is a thick bed of pure salt in the Post-tertiary or more recent deposits of the coast ; recent explorations there have proved that it underlies 144 acres, and it has been penetrated to a depth of 38 feet without showing any change in its structure or purity. Salt also occurs as efflorescences over the drv prairies and shallow ponds or lakes of the Rocky Mountains, California, Atacama ; and in most desert or semi-desert regions there are numerous salt lakes. The principal mines of Europe are at Wieliczka, in Poland ; at Hall, in the Tyrol ; Stassfurt, in Prussian Saxony; and along the range through Reichenthal in Bavaria, Hallein in Salzburg, Hallstadt, Ischl, and Ebensee, in Upper Austria, and Aussee in Styria; in Hungary, at Marmoros and elsewhere ; in Transylvania ; Wallachia, Gallicia, and Upper Silesia ; Vic and Dieuze in France ; Valley of Cardona and elsewhere in Spain, forming hills 300 to 400 feet high ; Bex in Switzerland; and Northwich in Cheshire, England. At Cheshire it occurs in a basin-shaped deposit, and is arranged in spheroidal masses, from 5 to 8 feet in diameter, which are composed of concentric coats, and present polygonal figures. It is but little contaminated with impurities, and is prepared for use by merely crushing it between iron rollers. At the Austrian mines, where it contains much clay, the salt is dissolved in large chambers, and the clay thus precipitated. After a time the water, fully saturated with the salt, is conveyed by aqueducts to evaporating houses, and the chambers, after being cleared out, are again filled ; at Berchtesgaden, the water is saturated in a month, at Hall it takes nearly a year. It also occurs, forming hills and covering extended plains, near Lake Oroomiah, the Caspian Lake, etc. In Algeria ; in Abyssinia; in India in the province of Lahore, and in the valley of Cashmere; in China and Asiatic Russia; in South America, in Peru, and at Zipaquera and Nemocon, the former a large mine long explored in the Cordilleras of Granada. Occasionally formed at the eruptions of Vesuvius, as in 1855, when it was found in cubes, incrustations, and stalactites. In the United States, salt has been found forming beds with gypsum, in Virginia, "Washington Co., 18 m. from Abingdon ; in the Salmon River Mts. of Oregon; in Louisiana, as already men- tioned. Brine springs are very numerous in the Middle and Western States. These springs are worked at Salina and Syracuse, N. Y. ; in the Kanawha Valley, Va. ; Muskingum, Ohio ; Michi* gan, at Saginaw and elsewhere ; and in Kentucky. The salt water is obtained by boring, and raised by means of machinery, and thence conveyed by troughs to the boilers, where it is evapo- rated by artificial heat ; or to basins for evaporation by exposure to the heat of the sun. The following table by Prof. Beck (Mineralogy of New York, p. 112), gives the amount of brine required for a bushel of salt at the principal salt springs in the United States : Galls. Boone's Lick, Missouri 450 Conemaugh, Penn. 300 Shawneetown, 111. 280 Jackson, Ohio 213 Lockhart's, Miss. 180 St. Catherines, Upper Canada 120 Zanesville, Ohio 95 Kanawha, Va. Grand River, Ark. Illinois River, Ark. Montezuma, N. Y. Grand Rapids, Mich. Muskingum, Ohio Salina Old wells New wells Galls. 75 80 80 70 50-60 50 40-45 30-35 Sea water at Nantucket gives a bushel of salt for every 350 gallons. Composition of Syracuse brines, according to analyses by Dr. C. A. Goessmann (private com- munication) : I. II. III. IV. 16-7503 15-5317 18-2465 13-3767 0-5673 0-5772 0'5117 0-5234 0-1594 0-1533 0'1984 0'1037 0-1464 0-1444 0'178 0'1336 0-0022 0-0024 0'0025 0-0110 0-0109 0-0119 0-0034 0-0044 0*0036 82-8600 83-5757 80*8470 85-8508 Chlorid of sodium Sulphate of lime Chlorid of calcium Chlorid of magnesium Bromid of magnesium Chlorid of potassium Carbonate of protoxyd of iron Water 100 100 100 100 No. I. has G.=M300 at 16 Banine", and 20 C. No. II. has G.=1'1225 at 15 Baume, and 21 C. The Saginaw brines, Michigan, afford about 19-250 of salt. 8 COMPOUNDS OF CHLOKINE, BROMINE, IODINE. Vast lakes of salt water exist in many parts of the world. Lake Timpanogos in the Rocky mountains, 4,200 feet above the level of the sea, now called the Great Salt Lake, is 2,000 square miles in area L. Gale found in this water 20-1 96 per cent, of chlorid of sodium (Stansb. Exped. cited in Am. J. ScL II. xvii. 129). The Dead and Caspian Seas are salt, and the waters of the former contain 20 to 26 parts of solid matter in 100 parts. Prof. Gmelin, who analyzed a portion of these waters of specific gravity 1'212, found them to contain chlorid of calcium 3'336, chlorid of magnesium 12-167, chlorid of sodium 7'039, sulphate of lime 0"052, bromid of magnesium 0-443, chlorid of potassium 1'086, chlorid of aluminum 0-144, chlorid of ammonium 0'007, chlorid of manganese 0-161 = 24-435, with 75-565 water=100'000. This result is given as corrected by Alt Anhydrite gypsum, polyhalite, occur as pseud omorphs after this species ; also celestine, dolomite quartz hematite, pyrite ; the removal of the salt cubes by their solution, leaves a cavity which any mineral may then occupy. The hopper-shaped crystals often leave an impression of their form on clays. 139. SAL AMMONIAC. Naturliches Salmiak (fr. Bucharia) J. G. Model, Yersuch iiber ein nat. Salmiak, Leipzig, 1758. Muriate of Ammonia; Chlorid of Ammonium. Salmiak Germ. Ammoniaque muriatee Fr. Salmiac Beud., Tr., 1832. Isometric. Observed planes, 0, 1, /, 2-2. Figs. 1, 2, 3, 6, 10, 14. Cleavage octahedral. Also stalactitic, and in globular masses ; in crusts, or as an efflorescence. H.=1'5 2. G.=1'528. Lustre vitreous. Color white; often yellow- ish or grayish. Streak white. Translucent opaque. Fracture conchoidal. Soluble ; taste saline and pungent ; not deliquescent. Comp. NH 4 Cl=Am Cl= Ammonium 33-7, chlorine 66-3=100. Klaproth obtained (Beitr., Hi. 89): Vesuvius. Bucharia. Chlorid of ammonium 99'5 97-50 Sulphate of ammonia 0'5 2'50 B. Silliman, Jr., obtained (Dana's G. Rep. Expl. Exp., 202) for a specimen from Kilauea, Hawaii, Chlorid of ammonium 65'53, chlorid of iron 12-14, sesquioxyd of iron 8'10, chlorid of aluminum 13-00, insoluble matter and loss 1-23=100. For an analysis of an impure Stromboli specimen, see C. Schmidt, in ZS. G., ix. 403. Pyr., etc. Sublimes in the closed tube without fusion. Pulverized with hydrate of lime, or heated with a solution of caustic alkali, gives off pungent ammoniacal vapors. Soluble in three times its weight of water. Obs. Occurs about volcanoes, as at Etna, the island of Yulcano, Vesuvius, Stromboli, Sand- wich Islands, and near Hecla after the eruption of 1845, as observed by Bunsen. Observed after the eruption of Vesuvius in 1855, in rhombic dodecahedrons with cavernous faces ; and as u^ual it occurred where the lavas had spread over soil and vegetation. Also found in small quantities in the vicinity of ignited coal seams, as at St. Etienne in France, and also at Newcastle, and in Scotland ; crystallized near Duttweiler in Prussia, where a coal seam has been burning for more than a hundred years. It occurs also in Bucharia ; at Kilauea in Hawaii, a variety which con- tains largely of iron (see above), and becomes rusty yellow on exposure ; in guano from the Chiu- cha Islands. The a\s Sfifji(oviaK6^ sal-ammoniac of Dioscorides, Celsius, and Pliny, is proved by Beckmann (Hist, of Inventions, iv. 360) to be common rock salt, dug in Egypt, near the oracle of Ammon. The name was afterward transferred to the muriate of ammonia, when subsequently manufactured in Egypt. Sal-ammoniac is supposed to have been included by the ancients, with one or two other species, under the name of nitrum, which, according to Pliny, gave the test of ammonia when mingled with quicklime. 140. OERARGYRITE. Argentum cornu pellucido simile (fr. Marienberg), Germ. Hornfarbs- Silber, Gesner, Foss., 63, 1565. Argentum rude jecoris colore, lucem corneam habens (fr. Frei- berg, etc.) G. Fdbricius, De Rebus Met., 1566. Glaserz, dursichtig wie ein Horn in einer Lan- tern, Matthesius, Sarept., 1585. Horn-Silfver, Minera argenti cornea, A. sulphure et arsenico mineralisatum, Watt., 310, 1747. Argento acido salis mineralisatum, Hornerz, Oronst., 159, 1758. CHLOKIDS, BROMIDS. Silberhornerz, Silberkerat, Hornsilber, Chlor-Silber, Germ. Horn Silver; Corneous Silver Argent muriate, Argent corne, Chlorure d'argent Fr. Buttermilcherz (first mentioned early in 17th century). Kerargyre Seud., Tr.,ii. 501, 1832. Kerat Raid., Handb., 506, 1845. Argyro- ceratite Gtock., Syn., 249, 1847. Plata cornea blanca Domeyko, Min., 200, 1845. Kerargyrite Isometric. Observed forms, 0, I, 1, 2, 2-2 ; f. 1, 2, 3, 5, 6, T ; also 5 with planes 1, 2, 2-2. Cleavage none. Twins: composition-face octa- hedral. Usually massive and looking like wax ; sometimes columnar, or bent columnar ; often in crusts. H.=l 1*5. G. 5*552; 5-31 5-43, Domeyko. Lustre resinous, pass- ing into adamantine. Color pearl-gray, grayish-green, whitish, rarely violet-blue, colorless sometimes when perfectly pure ; brown or violet- brown on exposure. Streak shining. Transparent feebly subtranslucent. Fracture somewhat conchoidal. Sectile. Comp. Ag 01= Chlorine 24'7, silver 75-3 = 100. This constitution corresponds with Klap- roth's analyses (Boitr., i. 134, and iv. 10) ; also F. Field's of a specimen from Chailarcillo, Chili (Q. J. Ch. Soc., x. 239). Pyr., etc. In the closed tube fuses without decomposition. B.B. on charcoal gives a globule of metallic silver. Added to a bead of salt of phosphorus, previously saturated with oxyd of copper, and heated in O.F., imparts an intense azure-blue to the flame. A fragment placed on a strip of zinc, and moistened with a drop of water, swells up, turns black, and finally is entirely reduced to metallic silver, which shows the metallic lustre on being pressed with the point of a knife. Insoluble in nitric acid, but soluble in ammonia. Obs. Occurs in veins of clay slate, accompanying other ores of silver, and usually only in the higher parts of these veins. It has also been observed with ochreous varieties of brown iron ore ; also with several copper ores, calcite, barite, etc. The largest masses, and particularly those of a green color, are brought from Peru, Chili, and Mexico, where it occurs with native silver. In Chili, at some mines, it is a much less common ore than the chlorobromid ; often contains, intimately mixed with it, native silver in very minute grains ; it occurs at Tres Puntos, Atacama, Chailarcillo near Copiapo, and elsewhere in Chili. Also in Nicaragua near Ocotal ; in Dept. of G-racias, Honduras. It was formerly obtained in the Saxon mining districts of Johanngeorgenstadt and Freiberg, but is now rare ; a mass weighing six and three-quarter pounds, from this region, is in the Zwinger collection at Dresden. It also occurs in the Altai, at the mines of Smeinogorsk and Krukovskoi ; at Konigsberg hi Norway ; in Alsace ; rarely in Cornwall, and at Huelgoet in Brittany. In Nevada, about Austin, Lander Co., abun- dant ; at mines of Comstock lode. In Arizona, in the Willow Springs disk, veins of El Dorado canon, and San Francisco dist. In Idaho, at the Poorman mine, in crystals some half an inch across, mostly cubes and cubo-octahedrons, but occasionally with other planes, and in twins con- sisting of two interpenetrating cubes, the angles of one projecting from the faces of the other. At Andreasberg in the Harz, an earthy variety is met with, called by the Germans Buttermilk ore (Buttermilcherz, Thonige Hornsilber\ which, according to Klaproth (Beitr., i. 137), contains silver 24'64, chlorine 8-28, alumina 67'08. Funckens describes it as " weiss uud diinn wie cine" Buttermilch " (Lenz Min., ii. 101, 1794). Named from Ktpa^ horn, and apyvp>s, silver Geratargyrite, the proper derivative, being contracted to Cerargyrite. The Greek k becomes c, as in other cases. 141. EMBOLITE. Chlorobromure d'argent Domeyko, Ann. d. M., IV. vi. 153, 1844; Berthier, ib., IV. ii. 540, 1842. Plata cornea verde Domeyko, Min., 202, 1845. Embolit Breith., Pogg., Ixxvii. 134, 1849. Chlorobromid of Silver. Chlorbromsilber. Megabromite, Microbromit, Breith., B. H. Ztg., xviii. 449, 1859. Isometric. Figs. 1, 4, 6, 7, 6 4- 7, 11. Also massive ; sometimes stalactitic or concretionary at surface. H.=l-l-5. ' GL=5-31-5-43, Domeyko: 5-53, Yorke; 5-79-5-81, Breith. Lustre resinous and somewhat adamantine. Color grayish-green and asparagus-green to pistachio or yellowish-green, and yellow, often dark ; becoming darker externally on exposure. 116 COMPOUNDS OF CHLOKINE, BROMINE, IODINE. Comp. Ag (01, Br), the ratio of the chlorine to the bromine varying indefinitely, the yellowish varieties and those of deeper green colors containing the largest proportion of bromine. Analyses : 1, 2, Domeyko (Min., 1845, 203, and 1860, 212); 3, Miiller (B. H. Ztg., xviii. 449); 4, 5, Domeyko (L c.) ; 6, 7, F. Field (Q. J. Oh. Soc., x. 239) ; 8, Yorke (Q. J. Oh. Soc., iv. 149) ; 9, Plattner (Pogg., Ixxvii. 134); 10, 11, Domeyko (1. c.); 12, Eichter (B. H. Ztg., xviii. 449); 13, F. Field (1. c.); ar- ranged in the order of the proportion of bromid to chlorid (mentioned in column Br : 01), commenc- ing with those having the least of the bromid: 1. Chafiarcillo, pearly green 2. 3. Copiapo, microbromite 4. Quillota, pearly green 5. Chanarcillo " " 6. " light geeen 7. " embolite 8. Chili, Greenish yettow 9. Chafiarcillo, embolite 10. " 11. " yellow 12. Megabromite 13. Chafiarcillo, dark green. The megabromite and microbromite of Breithaupt are only varieties of embolite based on the pro- portion of bromid to chlorid, and are even indistinct as varieties, these extremes being connected by indefinite shadings. The above numbers for Domeyko's and Yorke's analyses are calculated from their statements of the proportion of chlorid and bromid, which they give as follows : Ag Br Cl Br Cl 71-94 7-92 20-14 1 5-67 Domeyko. 70-44 11-53 18-03 1 3-5 (i 69-84 12-39 17-77 1 3 Miiller. 69-28 14-30 16-42 1 2-75 Domeyko 69-14 14-63 16-23 1 2-5 H 68-22 16-84 14-92 1 2 Field. 66-94 19-82 13-18 1 1-5 u 66-95 19-90 13-15 1 1-5 Yorke. 66-86 20-08 13-05 Plattner. 66-84 20.09 13-07 1 1-5 Domeyko. 66-53 20-85 12-62 1 1-33 it 64-19 26-49 9-32 1 0-8 Richter. 61-07 33-82 5-00 1 0-33 Field. Chlorid of silver Bromid of silver 1 81-4 18-6 D. 2 72-9 27-1 D. 4 66-4 33-6 D. 65-6 34-4 D. 53-2 46-8 Y. 10 52-8 47-2 D. 11 51-0 49-0 Obs. Abundant in Chili, constituting the principal silver ore of the mines of Chafiarcillo, and found also at Agua-Amarga, Tres-Puntas, Rosilla, and at all the new openings in the province of Copiapo ; found also at Eulalia in Chihuahua., Mexico ; at the mine of Ooloal in G-racias, Honduras. Named from e/*/?<5Aioi/, an intermediate, because between the chlorid and bromid of silver. 142. BROMYRITB. Bromure d' Argent, Plata Yerde Mex., (fr. Mexico and Huelgoet), Berth., Ann. d. M., III. xix. 734, 742, 1841, IT. ii. 526. Bromid of Silver; Brom'c Silver. Bromsilber Germ. Bromit Haid., Handb., 506, 1845. Bromyrite Dana, Min., 93, 1854. Bromargyrit TJaram., Min. Ch., 196, 1860. Plata cornea amarilla melada Domeyko, Min., 214, I860. Isometric. Figs. 1, 2, 4, 6. Occurs usually in small concretions ; rarely in crystals. H.=2 3. G.=5*8 6. Lustre splendent, Color when pure bright- yellow to amber-colored, slightly greenish ; often grass-green or olive-green externally. Little altered in color on exposure. Sectile. Comp. Ag Br=Bromine 42-6, silver 57-4=100. 526) ; 2, F. Field (Q. J. Ch. Soc., x. 241) : Analyses : 1, Berthier (Ann. d. M., IY. ii. 1. Mexico 2. ChanarciUo Bromine 42-44 42-57 Silver 57-56 100 Berthier. 57-43 = 100 Field. In the Chilian ore Domeyko found 57'1 of silver, Pyr., etc. In the closed tube and with metallic zinc reacts like cerargyrite. B.B. on charcoal emits pungent bromine vapors and yields a globule of metallic silver. Fused with bi-sulphate of potash in a matrass gives off yellowish-brown vapors of bromine. Insoluble in nitric acid. Diffi- cultly soluble in ammonia. Obs. With other silver ores in the district of Plateros, Mexico, and at the mine of San Onofre. seventeen leagues from Zacatecas, associated with chlorid of silver and carbonate of lead ; also in crystals at Chanarcillo, Chili, with chlorid of silver, sometimes imbedded in calcite ; also at Huel- goet in Brittany, with cerargyrite. CHLOKIDS, IODIDS. 143. IODYRITE. lodure d'Argent Vauquelin, Ann. Ch. Phys., xxix. 99, 1825; Lonuyko, Ann. d. M., IV. vi. 158, 1844. Plata cornea amariUa Domeyko, Min., 205, 1845. lodic Silver.' lod- silber Germ. lodit Said., Handb., 506, 1845. lodyrite Dana, Min., 95, 1854. lodimrrrit Ramm., Min. Ch., 197, 1860. Hexagonal. A 1=138 46'; a=O81438. Observed planes- (9/4 2, f Angles: A 2=118 6>Ai =154 49' 1 A 2, pyr., =127 36' A 4=104 53' i Ai, pyr.,=155 26 4A4 " =122 12 Cleavage : basal perfect. Also massive, and in thin plates with a lamel- lar structure. Soft. G.=5-5 5-71 ; 5-707, Damour ; 5-504, Domeyko ; 5-64-5-67, Breith. Lustre resinous to adamantine. Color citron and sulphur-yellow to yellowish-green, sometimes brownish. Streak yellow. Translucent. Plates flexible, sectile. Comp. Ag 1= Iodine 54, silver 46=100. Analyses: 1, Domeyko (1. c.); 5, Damour (Ann d. M., Y. iv. 329) ; 3, 4, J. L. Smith (Am. J. Sol, II. xviii. 374) ; 5, F. Field (J. Ch. Soc., x. 241) : Ag I 1. Algodones 46'25 [5 3 -7 5] = 100 Domeyko. 2. " (|) 45-72 54-03=99-75 Damour. 3. " 46-52 52-93 = 99'45 a Smith. 4. 46-38 53-ll 99-49 a Smith. 5. Chanarcillo 45-98 54-02=100 Field. a With traces of chlorine and copper. Pyr., etc. In the closed tube fuses and assumes a deep orange color, but resumes its yellow color on cooling. B.B. on charcoal gives fumes of iodine and a globule of metallic silver. With zinc reacts like cerargyrite and bromyrite. Fused with bisulphate of potash in a matrass, yields violet vapors of iodine. Obs. Occurs in thin veins or seams in hornstone at Albarradon, near Mazapil ; in Mexico ; at Algodones, 12 leagues from Coquimbo ; less abundantly at Delirio mines of Chanarcillo, Chili, where the crystals are sometimes half an inch broad (Breith., B. H. Ztg., xviii. 450) ; also at Gua- dalajara in Spain. In Arizona at Cerro Colorado mine. Descloizeaux has pointed out its ho- mosomorphism with greenockite (Ann. Ch. Phys., III. xl.). 144. COCCINITE. lodure de Mercure Del Rio; Beud., Tr., ii. 515, 1832. Coccinit Haid., Handb., 572,1845. Mercure iodure Fr. lodquecksilber Germ. In particles of a reddish-brown color on selenid of mercury, adamantine in lustre, at Casas Viejas, Mexico; and supposed by Del Kio to be an iodid of mercury. But Castillo says (Colegio de Min. Mexico, 1865) that specimens labelled by Del Eio contain no iodine, and appear to be largely chlorine and mercury, yet are not calomel. Castillo describes it from Zimapan and Cule- bras, both massive and in acute, acicular, rhombic pyramids, 2-6 mm. long; color fine red to yel- low, and sometimes yellowish-green, changing to greenish-gray and dark green on exposure transparent to translucent. In a closed tube affords a sublimate, white when cold, of Hg 01, ai leaves a residuum which is dull red while hot, orange-yellow when cold, and which B.B. turns aurora-red, and is dissipated with an odor like that of selenium. 145. COTUNNITE. Cotunnia Mont & Cw., Prodr. Oritt. Vesuv. Cotunnite. Chlorid of Lead. acicular crystals. 118 COMPOUNDS OF CHLORINE, BROMINE, IODINE. May be scratched by the nail. G.=5'238. Lustre adamantine ; inclin- ing to silky or pearly. Color white. Streak white. Oomp. Pb Cl=Chlorine 25-5, lead 74-5=100. Pyr., etc. B.B. on charcoal fuses readily, spreading out on the coal and volatilizing, gives a white coating, the inner edge of which is tinged yellow from oxyd of lead; the coating m K.F. disappears, tinging the flame azure ; with soda gives metallic lead. Added to a salt of phosphorus bead, previously saturated with oxyd of copper, gives the reaction for chlorine (see cerargyrite). Soluble in about 22 parts of hot water. Obs. Found by Monticelli and Covelli, in the crater of Vesuvius, after the eruption of 1 822, accompanied by chlorid of sodium, and chlorid and sulphate of copper ; also by Scacchi and Guis- cardi on the lava of 1855. Named after Dr. Cotugno of Naples. Angles very near those of haidmgerite. 146. MOLYSITE. Eisenchlorid Hausm., 1819, Handb., 1463, 1847. Chlorid of Iron. Moly- site Dana. Incrusting. Color brownish-red, light or dark, and yellow. Oomp. Fe 2 Cl 3 =Chlorine 65'5, iron 34'5=100. Obs. Noticed by Hausmann at Vesuvius in 1819, forming a brownish-red incrustation on lavas ; and by Scacchi in the same region, as a result of recent eruptions (Eruz. Vesuv., 1850-55), who attributes the yellow color of the lavas about the fumaroles or steam-holes partly to this species. The existence of a protochlorid of iron (Fe Cl) at Vesuvius was announced by Monticelli ana Covelli ; but this is not confirmed by Scacchi. Named from p6\vAl= FLUORIDS. 127 11T : 30'. Prisms often a little tapering, and marked with striae parallel to the edges //!-, and sometimes also to edges J/l-2, and I/I as i i . -i-i-i. , i -i /-_. ~ ~ r * j ^ dicated by dotted lines mno in fig. 130. Twins : composition-face /, reenter- ing angle /A 7=177, f. 131 ; noreen- tering angle or apparent suture on plane 0. Cleavage: basal perfect; diagonal less so. Massive, cleavable. H. = 2-5. G. = 2-9 3-077, fr. Greenland; 2'95 2'96, fr. Miask, Durnef. Lustre vitreous; slightly pearly on O. Color snow-white ; sometimes reddish or brownish to brick-red and even black. Subtrans- parent translucent. Immersion Brittle. 130 in water increases the transparency. Comp. 3 Na F+A1 2 F 3 = Aluminum 13-0, sodium 32*8, fluorine 54-2=100. Analyses: 1, Klaproth (1. c.) ; 2, Berzelius (Ak. H. Stockh., 315, 1823); 3, Chodnef ( Verb. Ges. Min. St. Pet, 1845-46, 219); 4, Durnef (Pogg., Ixxxiii., 588): F Al Ca Na 1. Greenland 12'8 26'8 Klaproth. 2. [54-07] 13-00 32-93 Berzelius. 3. [53-23] 13-23 32'71, Mn, Mg 0'83 Chodnef. 4. Miask [53-38] 13'41 0'35 32-31, Mn, e 0'55 Durnef. Pyr., etc. Fusible in the flame of a candle. B.B. in the open tube heated so that the flame enters the tube, gives off hydrofluoric acid, etching the glass ; the water which condenses at the upper end of the tube reacts for fluorine with Brazil-wood paper. In the forceps fuses very easily, coloring the flame yellow. On charcoal fuses easily to a clear bead, which on cooling becomes opaque ; after long blowing, the assay spreads out, the fluorid of sodium is absorbed by the coal, a suffocating odor of fluorine is given off, and a crust of alumina remains, which, when heated with cobalt solution in O.F., gives a blue color. Soluble in sulphuric acid, with evolution of hydrofluoric acid. Obs. Occurs in a bay in Arksut-fiord, in West Greenland, at Evigtok, about 12m. from the Danish settlement of Arksut, where it constitutes a large bed or vein in gneiss, and contains galenite, sphalerite, siderite, pyrite, arsenopyrite, fluorite, columbite, cassiterite, all often in fine crystals. The exposure of the cryolite is about 300 feet in length. It is shipped in large quantities to Europe, and to the United States (Pennsylvania), where it is used for making soda, and soda and alumina salts ; also of late, in Pennsylvania, for the manufacture of a white glass which is a very good imitation of porcelain. It has also been used for the manufacture of aluminum. The first specimens of cryolite came through Denmark from Greenland, and the earliest notice of it was by Schumacher in the Abh. Nat. Ges. Copenhagen, iv. 1795. The locality was described from personal observation by Giesecke in Ed. Eucyc., x. 97, and Ed. Phil. J., vi. 141, 1822 ; and re- ceatly by J. W. Taylor in the Q. J. G. Soc., xii. 140. Taylor states that the cryolite is not white, except within 10 to 15 feet from the surface, and that below this it becomes dark-colored, and even black. He attributes the bleaching above to the heat of two trap-dykes; but as the dykes are not in contact with the cryolite, and the evidence is not clear that they ever overlaid it, this cause may be questioned. The contained ores and other minerals are most abundant near the junction with the gneiss. Dr. Hagemann described the crystals (Am. J. Sci., II. xlii. 268) as orthorhombic. The author obtained the above figures from specimens kindly furnished by Dr. H. They occur implanted on the massive cryolite. The twin, by the absence of a reentering angle on plane 0, appears prove that the form is orthorhombic and not oblique. Yet Descloizeaux states that the optic characters, as observed by him, indicate a monoclinic form. Owing to the striations of the crys- tals and their minuteness, the measurements of the author were not very satisfactory. O A l-J in front, gave 126 40' (5 measurements 126 30' 126 40', and three of them 126 ), CM 1-1 back, 125 10'-125 37', M-l about 126, 1-i A 2-2 about 159 40, (Ml about 115 30, H front, A 1-3, back, - 71 25'. The angles obtained point to a monoclinic form, and but for 128 FLUORINE COMPOUNDS. the twin, would have been regarded as decisive. The angle /A / varied from 89 30' to 85. The planes 2-2 and 1 were not observed on the back of the crystal. Hagemann found 1-5 A M 70 30'. 165. ARKSUTITE. Arksudite G. Hagemann, Am. J. Sci., II. xlii. 94, 1866. Granular massive. Cleavage : one quite distinct. H. 2*5. G. =3*029 3*175. Lustre vitreous, somewhat pearly on a cleavage face. Color white. Translucent. Brittle. Comp. (Ca. Na) 2 F + A1 2 F 3 , with Ca : Na=l : 3, Aluminum 18-6, sodium 23'3, calcium 6'8, fluorine 5 1-3 100. Analysis: Hagemann (1. c.) : F Al Ca Na H Insol. 51-03 17-87 7-01 23-00 0'57 0-74=100-22 Pyr., etc. Fuses at a red heat, yielding no water. Obs. From the cryolite vein of Iviktok, near Arksut-fiord, in South Greenland. The specific gravity 3-175, it is said, may have owed its excess above that of the other trials to the presence of a little pyrite. 166. CHIOLITE. Chiolith (fr. Miask) Hermann & Auerbach, J. pr. Ch., xxxvii. 188, 1846. 131A Tetragonal. A l-tl33 49J'; 0=1-04184. Observed form f. 13U. 1 A 1, pyr.,=108 23' ; 1 A 1, basal, = 111 40' ; 1 A 1, over summit, = 68 20'. Cleavage indistinct. Twins : composition-face 1, as in f. 50. Occurs massive granular, resembling cry- olite ; structure crystalline. H.=4 GK = 2-72, Hermann; 2*842 2*898, Bainm. Color snow-white. Lustre somewhat re- sinous. Translucent. Ilmen Mts. Comp. 3 NaF + 2 Al a F 3 r= Fluorine 58-0, aluminum 18-6, sodium 23'4=100. Analyses: 1, Hermann (1. c.); 2, Eammelsberg (Pogg., Ixxiv. 315, 1848): Al Na F 1. Miask 18-69 23-78 [57'53] Hermann. 2. " (f) 18-44 24-05 [57'5l] Ramm. Pyr. Like cryolite. Obs. From the Ilmen Mts., near Miask, where it occurs in granite, with topaz, fluorite, pheua- cite, and cryolite. For Kokscharof on cryst, see Verh. Min. G-es. St. Pet, 1850, '51, and Min. Russl., iv. 393. Kenngott makes crystals from the topaz mine of Mursinsk orthorhombic (Ber. Ak. Wien, xi. 980), with the prismatic angle 124 22', and having the acute edge of the prism truncated, and =117 49'. 167. CHODNEFFITE. Chiolith (fr. Miask) v. Worth & Chodnef, Verh. Russ. Min. Ges., 1845-46, 208, 216, 1846. Chodneffite Dana, Min., 234, 1850; Cryolite, ib., 97, 1854. Nipho- lith Nawm., Min.. 219, 1864. G.=2*62 2*77, v. Worth; 3*00, Kamm. Like chiolite in physical characters. Comp. 2 Na F + A1 2 F 8 =Fluorine 56-4, aluminum 16'3, sodium 27-3=100. Analyses: 1, A Chodnef (L c.); 2, Rammelsberg (Pogg., Ixxiv. 314): FLUORIDS. 129 1. Miask F I [56-82] t [56-57] Al 16-48 15-75 Na 26-70 Chodnef. 27-68 Ramm. Obs. Rammelsberg by his analyses appears to show that besides cryolite there are two other related compounds at Miask, one of his analyses sustaining the chiolite of Hermann, and the other the chiolite of Worth and Chodnef; and on the basis of his results this species is made distinct from the others. 168. PACHNOLITE. Pachnolit Knop., Ann. Ch. Pharm., cxxvii. 61, 1866. Monoclinic. 7A 7=98 34', % A =108 15', 7A =153 37', A 7=90 20', front edge of pyr. on front edge of prism 146 45', Descl. Twins : composition -face i-l (f. 132) ; crys- tals always twins ; % A f adjacent 94 13'. Cleavage : and 7, unequal. Lustre vitreous. Colorless to white. Trans- parent to subtransparent. Optic-axial plane and one bi- sectrix normal to i-l ; and inclined 10 15 to a normal to i-i, and 23 15' 18 15' to a normal to the front edge of the pyramid. Comp. 3 (Ca, Na) F + AP F 8 +2 H", with Ca : Na=3 : 2=Fluorine 51-12, aluminum 12-29, calcium 16*14, sodium 12-38, water 8-07=100. Analyses: 1, Knop (L c.); 2, G-. Hagemann (Am. ,T. ScL, ILxli. 119): F Al Ca Na H 50-79 51-15 13-14 10-37 17-25 17-44 Na 12-16 12-04 9-f>0=102-94 Knop. 8-63=99-63 Hagemann. Pyr., etc. In the closed tube, heated gently, yields water which is neutral ; at a higher heat, that which is acid. Heated rapidly it is decomposed with crackling, and the formation of a white cloud which condenses on the walls of the tube. Decomposed by sulphuric acid, giving out fluohydric acid. Obs. Incrusts the cryolite of Greenland, being a result of its alteration. The pyramidal planes sometimes have a stair-like appearance, from interrupted combination. 169. THOMSENOLITE. Dimetric Pachnolite G. Hagemann, Am. J. Sci., II. xliL 93, 1866. Thomsenolite Dana. Monoclinic. 7A7 about 89 ; Ol\I approx. 92 and 88 ; A 1=121 124, Dana. Prisms slender, a little tapering ; I horizontally striated. Cleavage : basal very perfect. Also massive, opal, or chalcedony-like. H.i=2'5 4. G.=2-74: 2'76, of crystals. Lustre vitreous, of a cleavage-face a little pearly, of massive waxy. Color white, or with a reddish tinge. Transparent to translucent. Comp. 2 (Ca, Na) F + Al 2 F 3 +2 H", with Ca : Na=7 : 3=Fluorine 52-2, alumi- num 15-0, calcium 15-4, sodium 7'6, water 9'8= 100. Analysis : Hagemann (L c.) : Crystals F 50-08 Al 14-27 Ca 14-51 Na 7-15 a 9-70 Si 2-0=97-71 The compact afforded Dr. Hagemann a similar result. Pyr., etc. Fuses more easily than cryolite to a clear glass. The massive decrepitates remark- ably in the flame of a candle. In powder easily decomposed by sulphuric acid. Obs. Found with pachnolite on the cryolite of Greenland, and a result of the alteration of cry- olite. The crystals often have an ochre-colored coating, especially the terminal portion ; and on this account, and the striated tapering sides, the measurements ar^ only approximations. The mineral 130 FLTJOKINE COMPOUNDS. was first noticed by Dr. Julius Thomsen of Copenhagen, the originator of the cryolite industry, after whom it is here named. It differs strikingly from pachnolite in its pearly basal cleavage and its nearly square prisms ; and from cryolite in the horizontal strias of the same and the facility of cleavage. The compact variety, first observed by Dr. Hagemann (to whom the author is indebted for his acquaintance with it), has much of the aspect of chalcedony ; it incrusts cryolite or occu- pies seams or cavities in it, and is covered by the chalky gearksutite ; the incrustations are some- times half an inch or more thick. 169A. HAGEMANNITE. Hagemannite Shepard, Am. J. ScL, II. xlii. 246, 1866. Closely resem- bles in aspect and condition the compact thomsenolite, but passes sometimes into a yellow, opaque, jaspery variety. It incrusts the cryolite, and also constitutes seams to - in. thick. It sometimes traverses a drusy ferruginous pachnolite. It is ochre-yellow to wax-yellow in color, rarely faint greenish, dull, or with only a faintly glimmering lustre, and looks like an iron flint, or the yellow chloropal of Alar, Bavaria. H.=3 3'5. G. = 2'59 2'GO. Adheres but feebly to the tongue. Hagemann obtained in an analysis F 40-30, Al 12-06, Fe 5-96, Mg 2*30, Ca 11-18, Na 8'45, Si 7*79, H 10-44. Decrepitates surprisingly in the flame of a candle. The analysis corresponds to the atomic ratio for F, Si, (Al, Fe), (Mg, Ca, Na), 4:1:1:2. Tak- ing 2 F for the Si, to make Si F 2 , it leaves only 2 F for the bases. No probable formula can be deduced. Excluding the Si, Mg, Fe, the composition is that of thomsenolite. 170. GEARKSUTITE. Earthy, kaolin-like in aspect. H.=2. Lustre dull. Color white, opaque. Comp. Ca 2 F-f Al 2 F 3 +4 H, or essentially like that of arksutite, excepting the water and the presence of but little soda. Analysis : G-. Hagemann (private contrib.) : F 41-18 Al 15-52 Ca 19-25 Na 2-46 H 20-22. Obs. Occurs with the Greenland cryolite, and is one of the results of its alteration. The authoi is indebted for his knowledge of the mineral to Dr. Hagemaun. The underlying material is com- pact thomsenolite. At the request of Dr. Hagemann, it is named by the author from y>], earth, and arksutite, alluding to its earthy aspect. 171. PROSOPITE. 134 Prosopit Scheerer, Pogg., xc. 315, 1853, xcii., 612, ci. 361. Monoclinic. I A 7=115 14'; -2Ai-2-76 15',-2A-2=133 30', 24 A 24=116 30',2-8 A 2-5=120 56'. Only in imbedded crystals. H.=4:-5. G.=2-890 2'898. Lustre weak. Colorless, white, or grayish. Oomp. Analysis by Scheerer (Pogg., ci. 361, 385) : Altenberg SiF 2 10-71 42-68 Mn 0-31 Mg 0-25 Ca 22'98 K 0'15 H 15-50=92-58. The loss of 7-42 p. c. is regarded by Scheerer as proving that 5-50 p. c. of the Altenberg. oxygen is replaced by fluorine ; the mineral is thence regarded by him as consist - ing of f Si F 2 , 6 3tl, 1 Ca, 5 Ca F, 12 H, or, differently arranged, f Si F 2 , 1 Al F b , Pyr., etc. In the glass tube affords water and fluorid of silicon. Decomposable by sulphuric acid. Obs. Occurs at the tin mines of Altenberg, in crystals, part of which are a kind of kaolin, and others, according to observations by G-. J. Brush (Am. J. ScL, II. xxv. 411), cleavable violet fluor, and others still fluor partly kaolinized. Also found at the Schlackenwald tin mines ; but Scheerer infers, without an analysis, that the crystals from this place (Pogg., xciL 612) are a, phosphate with fluorid, and he gives the hypothet. ical formula (R 3 P, R F) Al F 3 + yH. The crystals are closely like datolite in form, as shown by the author in the last edition of this work (p. 502). Descloizeaux has stated that optically they are triclinic. It is yet doubtful whether unaltered prosopite has been described or seen. Named from vpovwsslo^ a mask, in allusion to the deceptive character of the mineral. OXYDS. 131 V. OXYGEN COMPOUNDS. The grand divisions of Oxygen Compounds among minerals are men- tioned on page 1. I. OXYDS. General Arrangement. 1. OXYDS OF ELEMENTS OF SERIES I. a. Anhydrous. 5. Hydrous. 2. OXYDS OF ELEMENTS OF THE ARSENIC AND SULPHUR GROUPS, SERIES II. 3. OXYDS OF ELEMENTS OF THE CARBON-SILICON GROUP, SERIES II. 1. OXYDS OF ELEMENTS OF SEEIES I. A. ANHYDROUS OXYDS. The elements of Series I. whose oxyds are here included are those of the iron and tin groups, none of the gold group occurring native. The oxyds have, with few exceptions, the general formulas RO, E 0, E 2 O 8 , R O+E a O 3 , and BO 2 . Isometric forms occur under the formulas BO; E ; E O -f-E 2 O 8 . Hexagonal " EO;E 2 8 . Tetragonal " " EO 2 ; 2EO+E0 2 . Orthorhombic " EO; EO+E'O 2 ; EO'. The following are the groups of Anhydrous Oxyds : 1. PROTOXYDS R 0, R 0. 1. CUPRITE AND PERICLASITE GROUPS. Isometric. 172. CUPRITE u 174. BUNSENITB #i 173. PEKICLASITE Mg 132 OXYGEN COMPOUNDS. 2. ZINCITE GROUP. Hexagonal 175. WATER & 176. ZINCITE 2n 3. MASSICOT GROUP. Isometric and orthorhombic. 177. MASSICOT Pb 178. MELACONITE Cu 2. SESQUIOXYDS R 2 O 3 . 1. CORUNDUM GROUP. Hexagonal 179. CORUNDUM l 181. MENAOOANITE (Fe, Ti) 2 3 or (Fe, Ti) 2 3 + n$Q 180. HEMATITE e 182. PEROFSKTFE (Ca, Ti) 2 O 3 3. COMPOUNDS OF PROTOXYDS AND SESQUIOXYDS In the ratio 1 : 1, or R0 + R 2 3 . 1. SPINEL GROUP. Isometric. 183. SPINEL Mg (3tl, Fe) 187. MAGNESIOFERRITE Mg 3Pe 184. HERCTNITE Fe il 188. FRANKLINITE (Zn, Fe, Mn) (Fe, Mn) 185. GAHNITE (Zn, Fe, Mg) (1, Fe) 189. CHROMITE (Fe, Mg, Cr) (l, 3Pe, r) 186. MAGNETITE Fe Fe 190. URANINITB ?U$ 2. CHRYSOBERYL GROUP. Orthorhombic. 191. CHRYSOBERYL Be s l 4. DEUTOXYDS R O 2 . 1. RUTILE GROUP. Tetragonal 192. CASSITERITE Sn 195. HAUSMANNITE Mn 2 Mn 193. RUTILE Ti 196. BRAUNTTE 2Mn 2 Mn+MnSi 194. OCTAHEDRTTE Ti 197. ? MINIUM Pb 2 Pb 2. BROOKITE GROUP. Orthorhombic. 198. BROOKJTE Ti 199. PYROLUSITE Mn 5. COMPOUNDS OF PROTOXYDS AND SESQUIOXYDS In the ratio 3: n, or 3 RO + nR 2 3 . 200. CREDNERITE (Monoclinic) Cu 3 Mn 2 Appendix. 201. PLATTNERITE. Some points in the above table require explanation. Admitting the principle stated on page 33, that in oxyds crystallizing in the hexagonal system the number of atoms of the negative element, oxygen, is 3, or a multiple of 3 ; and that in those crystallizing in the tetragonal system this number is 2 or 4, or a multiple of 4 ; and that the sesquioxyds Fe 2 O 3 , Al 2 O 3 are hexagonal species in accordance with this principle, and the deutoxyds Ti O 2 , Sn O 2 are tetragonal in exemplification of it,* we have reasons for the following conclusions. In the Zincite group, since water (ice) and zincite are hexagonal, these species, when thus crystallized (whatever be true in other states), may have the formulas H 3 O 3 , and Zn 3 O 3 . In the Massicot group, since the two species mentioned occur both hi isometric and orthorhombic forms ; and since the orthorhombic form is in angle * The principle does not require that when the number of atoms of oxygen is 2 or 4, or a multiple of 4, that the forms should be necessarily tetragonal, but recognizes that tetragonal forms are then possible. The oxyd Ti O 2 crystallizes not only in tetragonal forms, but also in orthorhombic. ANHYDROUS OXYDS. 133 closely like that of orthorhombic Ti O 2 (brookite), the angles /A /and /A -J being 99 89', 126 29' in cuprite, and 99 50, 126 15' in brookite, it would seem to be true that while the isometric kinds have the formulas Pb and Cu 0, as ordinarily written, the orthorhombic have the formulas Pb 2 J and Cu 2 O 2 (or Ou O 2 ) ; and that the latter ought to be arranged with the deutoxyds, in the same group with brookite, which also has 2 of oxygen. (This arrangement would have been adopted above, if distinct orthorhombic forms of the species had been observed in nature.) Again, under the Rutile group are arranged the species hausmannite and braunite, ores of man- ganese. The formula of hausmannite is 9ommonly written Mn Mn, making it analogous to species of the Spinel group. But it accords better with its tetragonal crystallization and its rela- tions to Ti O 2 , to write it Mn 2 Mn. Braunite has been shown by Bammelsberg to have a compo- sition that may be represented by the formula (Mn Si) 2 O 3 , in which Mn and Si appear as replacing one another. The constituents, as deduced by analysts, are 3 Mn + Mn + Si, which include 8 of Mn and Si to 12 of oxygen, in accordance with the above formula. But braunite has closely the crystallization of Ti O 2 in rutile ; and this relation is brought out in the formula 2 Mn a Mn+Mn Si, above given, which represents it as corresponding to 2 of hausmaunite and 2 of a silicate analo- gous to zircon, with which silicate also it is isomorphous. The close relation and isomorphism- of Mn and Si assumed hi the formula (Mn, Si) 2 O 3 is unsustained by facts. 1. PROTOXYDS. 172. CUPRITE. Aes caldarium rubro-fuscum, Germ. Lebererzkupfer, Agric., FOBS., 834, In- terpr., 462, 1 546. Minera cupri calciformis pura et indurata, colore rubro, vulgo Kupferglas, Kupfer Lebererz., Cronst., Min., 173, 1758. Cuprum tessulatum nudum Linn., Syst, 172, tab. viii., 1756; Cuprum cryst. octaedrum #., 1768. Octahedral Copper Ore, Bed Glassy Copper Ore, Hill, Foss., 1771. Mine rouge de cuivre Sage, Min., 1772. Mine de cuivre vitreuse rouge de Lisk, Crist., 1772, 1783. Eothkupfererz. Cuivre oxidule. Oxydulated copper. Zigueline Send., Tr., ii. 713, 1832. Ruberite Chapm., Pract. Min., 63, 1843. Cuprit Said., Handb., 548, 1845. Ziegelerz=Tile Ore ; Kupferlebererz ; Hepatinerz. Haarformiges Kothkupfererz ; Cuivre oxidule capillaire, H. ; Kupferbliithe Hausm. ;. Capillary Red Oxyd of Copper. Chalkotrichit Gkck., Grundr., 369, 1889. Isometric. Observed planes, 0, 1, i, -2 (e'), 5, 2 (a"), 3, 2-2 (a 7 ), 3-f (o). Figs. 1 to 8, and f. 135. Cleavage: octahedral. Sometimes cubes lengthened into capillary forms. Also massive, granular ; sometimes earthy. H.=3-5-4. G.=5-85-6-15 ; 5'992, Haid- inger. Lustre adamantine or submetallic to earthy. Color red, of various shades, particu- larly cochineal-red ; occasionally crimson-red by transmitted light. Streak several shade? of brownish-red, shining. Subtransparent subtranslucent. Fracture conchoidal, uneven. Brittle. Oomp,, Var. Oxyd of copper, u=0xygen 11% copper 88-8=100. Sometimes affords traces Var. 1. Ordinary, (a) Crystallized; commonly in octahedrons, dodecahedrons, cubes, and inter- mediate forms : the crystals often with a crust of malachite ; (6) massive. 2. Capillary; Chakotrichite. In capillary or acicular crystallizations, supposed f orthorhombic, but, according to Brooke and A. Knop, really cubes elongated in the direction of octahedral axis (Knop, Jahrb. Min., 521, 1861). 134 OXYGEN COMPOUNDS. 3. Earthy; Tile Ore (Ziegelerz Germ.}. Brick-red or reddish-brown and earthy, often mixed with red oxyd of iron ; sometimes nearly black. The hepatin&rz, or liver-ore, of Breithaupt has a liver-brown color. Von Bibra found (J. pr. Ch., xcvi. 203) the tile-ore of Algodon bay, Bolivia, to contain chlorine, and to be a mixture of ataca- mite, cuprite, hematite, and other earthy material; he obtained for one, atacamite 31*32, cuprite 10-85, sesquioxyd of iron 20*50, gangue 34'42, water, antimony, and loss 2'87. In two others, atacamite 2840, 33-25, cuprite 12-77, 13'02, limonite 25'00, 19'07, gangue 30'81, 32-57, water, an- timony and loss 3-02, 2-09. Pyr., etc. Unaltered in the closed tube. B.B. in the forceps fuses and colors the flame eme- rald-green ; if previously moistened with muriatic acid, the color imparted to the flame is momen- tarily azure-blue from chlorid of copper. On charcoal first blackens, then fuses, and is reduced to metallic copper. With the fluxes gives reactions for oxyd of copper. Soluble in concentrated muriatic acid. Obs. Occurs at Camsdorf and Saalfield in Thuringia, at Les Capanne Yecchie in Tuscany ; on Elba, in cubes ; in Cornwall, in fine translucent crystals with native copper and quartz, at Wheal Gorland and other Cornish mines ; in Devonshire near Tavistock ; in isolated crystals, sometimes an inch in diameter, in lithomarge, at Chessy, near Lyons, which are generally coated with mala- chite ; at Katherinenberg in Siberia ; in South Australia ; also abundant in Chili, Peru, Bolivia, the crystals in which regions, as far as examined by D. Forbes, are simple cubes (private commu- nication) ; very fine crystals from Andacollo near Coquimbo. It has been observed at Schuyler's, Somerville, and Flemington copper mines, N. J., crystallized and massive, associated with chrysocolla and native copper ; also near New Brunswick, N. J., in red shale ; 2 m. from Ladenton, Kockland Co., N. Y., with green malachite in trap ; at Cornwall, Lebanon Co., Pa. ; in the Lake Superior region. When found in large quantities this species is valuable as an ore of copper. Named cuprite by Haidinger from the Latin cuprum, copper. Chapman's name ruberite (from the Latin ruber, red) is prior in date (1. c.) ; but the laws of derivation would change it to rubrite ; and instead of introducing this altered name, that next in priority, already long used, is here adopted. Alt, A deoxydation of this oxyd of copper sometimes takes place, producing native copper. It also becomes carbonated and green, by means of carbonated waters, changing to malachite or azurite ; or through a silicate in solution it is changed to chrysocolla ; or by taking oxygen it be- comes melaconite. Limonite occurs as a pseudomorph by substitution after cuprite. 173. PERICLASITE. Periclasia Scacchi, Mem. Min., Naples, 1841. Periklas Germ. Isometric. Figs. 1, 2. Cleavage : cubic, perfect. Also in grains. H.= nearly 6. G. = 3 '674, JJamour. Color grayish to dark-green. Transparent to translucent. Comp. Mg; or magnesia, with 1 part in 25 of protoxyd of iron. Analyses : 1, Scacchi (L c.); 2, 3, Damour (Ann. d. M., IV. iii. 360, and Bull. Soc. G-. Fr., 1849, 313): 1. Mg 89-04 Fe 8-56=97-60 Scacchi. 2. 93-86 5-97=99-83 Damour. 3. 93-38 6-01=99-39 Damour. Pyr., etc. B.B. unaltered and infusible. With cobalt solution after long blowing assumes a faint flesh-red color. The pulverized mineral shows an alkaline reaction when moistened, and dissolves in mineral acids without effervescence. Obs. Occurs disseminated through ejected masses of a white limestone, and in spots of small clustered crystals, on Mt. Somma, sometimes with forsterite and earthy magnesite. Named from ^pi, about, aud -A 176; Hallstrom 39-38; Blagden and Gilpin 39 ; Hope 39-5 ; Muncke 38-804. Below this temperature it expands as it approaches 32, owing to incipient crystallization. Water as it occurs in nature is seldom pure. It ordinarily contains some atmospheric air, often pure oxygen and carbonic acid, besides various saline ingredients, as salts of magnesia, lime, iron, soda, potash, and sometimes traces of zinc, arsenic, lead, copper, antimony, and even tin, these ingredients being derived from the rocks or soil of the region. For citation of numerous recent analyses of waters, see Kenngott's Uebersicht, 1844-1862 ; also the Jahresbericht f. Ch., etc. Obs. See on the Crystallization of Ice, Leydolt, Ber. Ak. Wien., vii. 477. Also A. E. Norden- skidld, who states that it is dimorphous ; one form probably orthorhomhic (J. pr. Ch., Ixxxv. 431). 176. ZINCITE. Eed Oxyd of Zinc A. Bruce, Bruce's Min. J., L, No. 2, 96, 1810. Zinkoxyd, Eothzinkerz, Germ. Zinc oxyde Fr. Bed Zinc Ore. Zinkit ffaid., Handb., 548, 1845. Spar- talite B. & M., 218, 1852. Hexagonal. A 1=118 T ; #=1-6208. In quartzoids with truncated summits, and prismatic faces /. 1 A 1=127 40' (to 43'), Rose; /A 1= 151 53' ; 152 20', Levy. Cleavage : basal, eminent ; prismatic. Some- times distinct. Usual in foliated grains or coarse particles and masses ; also granular. H.=4r 4-5. G.=5-43 5-7. 5-684, orange-yellow crystals, W. P. Blake. Lustre subadamantine. Streak orange-yellow. Color deep red, also orange-yellow. Translucent subtranslucent. Fracture subconchoi- dal. Brittle. Comp. Zn- Oxygen 19-74, zinc 80'26=100 ; containing oxyd of manganese as an unessential ingredient. Analyses: 1, Bruce (1. c.); 2, Berthier (Ann. d. M., iv. 483); 3, 4, Whitney (Fogg., bud. 169); 5, A. A. Hayes (Am. J. ScL, xlviii. 261); 6, W. P. Blake (Mining Mag., II. 11. 94, 18 Zn Mn Mn Fe 1. Eed 92 - 8 100 Bruce. 2 " 88 12 - =100 Berthier. 3' 94-45 _ tr. - ,Frankl. 4-49, ign. 1'09= 100-03 Whit 4* 96-19 _ 3-70 - , undec. 0-10=99-99 Whitney. 5' 93-48 5-50 - 0-36, scales e 0'44=99'78 Hayes. 6. Yellow 99-47 - 0'68 - , ign. 0-23 = 100-38 Blake. 136 OXYGEN COMPOUNDS. Thin scales magnified and viewed by transmitted light are deep yellow. The author finds by means of a high magnifying power that this ore is free from foreign scales of red oxyd of iron or other substances ; and consequently the color is probably due, as held by G-. Rose and J. D. Whitney, to the presence of Mn. The crystals analyzed by Blake (anal. 6), which contain less than 1 p. c. of Mn, were orange-yellow in color. Pyr., etc. Heated in the closed tube blackens, but on cooling resumes the original color. B.B. infusible ; with the fluxes, on the platinum wire, gives reactions for manganese, and on char- coal in R.F. gives a coating of oxyd of zinc, yellow while hot, and white on cooling. The coating, moistened with cobalt solution and treated hi R.F., assumes a green color. Soluble in acids without effervescence. On exposure to the air it suffers a partial decomposition at the surface, and becomes invested with a white coating, which is carbonate of zinc. Obs. Occurs with Franklinite and also with calcite at Stirling Hill and Mine Hill, Sussex Co., N. J., sometimes in lamellar masses in pink calcite. It was first noticed, described, and analyzed, by Dr. Bruce. Reported as forming pseudomorphs after blende at Schneeberg. An oxyd of zinc, mixed with hydrate of iron, occurs on marmatite at Bottino hi Tuscany, which afforded C. Bechi (Am. J. ScL, II. xiv. 62) 2n 3] '725, e 47-450, H 20'825. Artif. Mitscherlich has observed minute six-sided prisms in the iron furnaces of Konigshutte, in Silesia. Similar crystals have been met with in the zinc furnaces near Siegen ; also in the furnaces and roast-heaps at the New Jersey zinc mines ; surface drusy, color white to amber- yellow (Am. J. Sci., II. xiii. 417); in hexagonal prisms in the zinc furnaces at Bethlehem, Pa., and Newark, N. J. ; by L. Stadtmuller at the iron furnace of Van Deusenville, Mass. ; also at other furnaces in Europe and America. 177. MASSICOT. Bleiglatte. Lead-ochre. Plumbic Ochre. Oxyd of Lead. Plomb oxide. Massicot Huot, Min., 346, 1841. Orthorhombic and isometric (artif.). Massive ; structure scaly crystalline, or earthy. H.=2. G.=8-0; 7'83 T'98, from Mexico, Pugh; 9'2 9*36 when pure. Lustre dull. Color between sulphur and orpiment-yellow, some- times reddish. Streak lighter than the color. Opaque. Does not soil. Comp. Pb=0xygen 7*17, lead 92-83=100; more or less impure. Analyses : 1, John (Schw. J., iv. 219, xxxii. 106) ; 2, 3, Pugh (Ann. Ch. Pharm.. c. 128): Pb C 3Pe, Ca Si 1. 89-10 3-84 0-48 2'40=95'82 John. 2. Mexico 92-91 1-88 Pe 5'57 tr., S and loss 0'14 Pugh. 3. 92-40 1 38 " 4-85 0'14, " 1-23 Pugh. The specimens analyzed by Pugh were from the mine of Guillermo, near Perote, in the district of Vera Cruz, where native lead also is reported to occur in galena. Pyr., etc. B.B. fuses readily to a yellow glass, and on charcoal is easily reduced to metallic lead. Obs. It is said to occur at Badenweiler hi Baden, in quartz. Gerolt states that it has been ejected from the volcanoes of Popocatapetl and Jztaccituall, in Mexico. It is found in many places in the provinces of Chihuahua and Cohahuila in considerable quantities, having been col- lected along the streams between Ceralvo and Monterey, being supposed to come from the range of mountains running nearly north of Monterey. The specimens (often 2 or more cubic inches in size) are between orpiment and sulphur-yellow in color, and glisten like a granular mica of a nearly golden color. The natural surface is slightly crystalline and shining, and when broken it shows a scaly texture (Bailey in Am. J. Sci., II. viii. 420). Occurs also at Austin's mines, Wythe Co., Va, Artif. Artificial crystals have been obtained among furnace products and by direct chemical methods, as well as from fusion, which were orthorhombic (rhombic octahedrons, etc.); and others that were isometric (cubes, dodecahedrons, etc.). 178. MEL ACONITE. Kupferschwarze Wem., Bergm. J., 1789. Black Oxyd of Copper; Black Copper. Melaconite ffuot, Min., 326, 1841. Tenorite S&mmola, Opere Minori, 45, Napoli, 1841, Bull G-. FT., xiii. 206, 1841-42. Melaconisa A. Scacchi, Distrib. Sist. Min., 40, Napoli, 1842. Melaconite Dana, Min., 518, 1850. ANHYDROUS OXYDS. 137 Isometric ^and orthorhombic (artif.). Earthy ; massive ; pulverulent also in shining flexible scales. Karely in cubes with truncated (pseudomorphous ?). H.=3. G.=6-25, massive, Whitney ; 5-952, ib., Joy. Lustre metallic and color steel or iron-gray when in thin scales ; dull and earthy, with a black or grayish-black color, and ordinarily soiling the fingers when'massive or pulverulent. Var. 1. Earthy-black, sometimes under the forms of crystals. 2. In scales, with a metallic lustre. Comp. Cu 0, or u O 2 (the latter for the orthorhombic)= Oxygen 20-15, copper 79-85=100. Analyses : 1, 2, Joy (Pogg., Ixxx. 281) ; 3, id. (Ann. Lye. N. T., viii. 121) : Cu Fe Ca Si 1. Copper Harbor 99-45 - - - =99-45 Joy. 2. " [95-20] 1-19 0-23 3'38=.100 Joy. 3. " 93-06 1-07 0-22 3'08= 97 '43 Joy. Pyr., etc. B.B. in O.F. infusible ; other reactions as for cuprite (p. 134). Soluble in muriatic and nitric acids. Obs. Found on lava at Yesuvius in scales from a twentieth to a third of an inch across, often hexagonal and sometimes triangular (Semmola) ; and also pulverulent (Sacchi, who uses the name melaconise for the mineral). Common in the earthy form about copper mines, as a result of the decomposition of chalcopyrite and other copper ores. Abundant thus at the Ducktowu mines in Tennessee, and also formerly at Copper Harbor, Keweenaw Point, L. Superior. At the latter place a vein afforded, some years since, 40,000 Ibs. of this ore. Imbedded in its mass there were numerous perfect crystals, having the form of cubes with truncated angles. These crystals have been regarded as pseudomorphs after cuprite by Teschemacher, Hayes, and others. J. D. Whitney has pronounced them (Rep. L. Sup., ii. 99) original crystals of the species, on the ground that the red copper now in the vein occurs only in octahedrons. Artif. Becquerel obtained tetrahedral crystals by fusing oxyd of copper with potash (Ann. Ch. Phys., li. 102); and Jenzsch has described (Pogg., cvii. 647) orthorhombic crystals, found in the hearth of a calcining furnace at Freiberg, having /A/=99 39', /A -=126 29', I A 1-1=122 58', /A 1-2113 58', approaching the angles of brookite, and showing a relation of this oxyd of copper to the deutoxyds ; /A /in brookite being 99 50', and /A|=126 15'. Marcylite Shepard (Marcy's Expl. Red River, 135, 1854, Shep. Min., 1857, 405) is an uncertain mixture from the Red River, near the Wachita Mts., Arkansas. Shepard made it (1. c.) a mixed hydrous chlorid and oxyd of copper, as if containing atacamite. Specimens put by him into the hands of S. W. Tyler for analysis were found to contain (Am. J. Sci., II. xli. Ill) 63'42 p. c. of copper and 17 '2 2 of sulphur, with a " supposed " amount of oxygen and water set down at 8 of oxygen and 9 of water, whence it is supposed to consist of oxyd of copper (Cu 0) 39*70, sulphid of copper (Cu S) 47-70, with 9 of water. It is evidently a result of the alteration of a sulphid of copper. 2. SESQUIOXYDS. 179. CORUNDUM. Corindon (= Sapphire, Corundum, and Emery united) K, Gilb. Ann., xx. 187, 1805, Lucas Tabl., i. 257, 1806. Ehombohedral. E A 7^=86 4', A 1(72)=122 26'; (122 25', Kok- scharof); a=l'363. Observed planes: rhombohedrons, , , 1(J?>, --2, -1 ; pyramids, f 2 (f. 137, 139, 140, and plane r in f. 138), V~ 2 > 2 ' 2 > f % f-2, 4-2, Jf-2, 8-2, 9-2 ; scalenohedrons, f I, f 3 , i 5 (=^> H> H) J also A *-2 O. 138 OXYGEN COMPOUNDS. 0/\ i Of\ 2 A 2-2 6>Af2 (9 A 4-2 -2Af2,pyr 2-2 A 2-2, " 2 A -2 2 A2 =152 19' =141 48 =107 38 =110 9 =118 49 =100 24 =120 59 =121 58 -128 2 =124 =136 58 =151 11 = 78 45 Cleavage : basal, sometimes perfect, but interrupted, commonly imperfect in the blue variety ; also rhombohedral. Large crystals usually rough. Twins : composition-face jR. Also massive granular or impalpable ; often in layers from composition parallel to It. H.=9. G.=3*909 4*16. Lustre vitreous; sometimes pearly on the basal planes, and occasionally exhibiting a bright opalescent star of six rays in the direction of the axis. Color blue, red, yellow, brown, gray, and nearly white ; streak uncolored. Transparent translucent. Fracture conchoidal uneven. Exceedingly tough when compact. Comp., Var, Pure alumina 3tl= Oxygen 46'6, aluminum 53-4=100. There are three subdivisions of the species prominently recognized in the arts, and until early in this century regarded as distinct species ; but which actually differ only in purity and state of crystallization or structure. Haiiy first (in 1805) formally united them under the name here ac- cepted for the species, though the fact that adamantine spar and sapphire were alike in crystalliza- tion did not escape the early crystallographer Rome de Lisle, and led him to suggest their identity. YAR. 1. SAPPHIRE. 'YoKivflos (bluish S.) Gr.; Hyacinthos (id.) PUn., xxxvii. 44; Asteria (the asteriated) id., xxxvii. 49. Jacut Arab. [fr. name in India, and thence Hyacinthus Vet. (?) King]. *Avdpa% (red S., the Greek meaning burning coal) pt, Theophr. Carbunculus, Lychnis (red S.), pt., PUn., xxxvii. 25, 29. Saphir, Sapphirus, Wall, Min., 116; Orientalisk Rubin, id., lit, 1747. Telesie K, Tr., 1801. Corindon hyalin H., 1805. Includes the purer kinds of fine colors, transparent to translucent, useful as gems. Stones are named according to their colors; true Ruby, or Oriental Euby, red; 0. Topas, yellow; 0. Emerald, green ; 0. Amethyst, purple. A variety having a stellate opalescence when viewed in the direction of the vertical axis of the crystal, is the Asteriated Sapphire (Asteria of Pliny). The ruby sapphire was probably included under the avQpa^ of Theophrastus, and the Carbuncuhis and Lychnis of Pliny. 2. CORUNDUM. Adamas Siderites PUn., xxxvii. 15. Karund Hind. Corivindum, Corivendum (fr. India), Wbodw., Cat. Foss., 1714, 1725. Adamantine Spar (fr. India) Slack, 17 8-? according to G-reville and Klaproth (v. seq.). Bemantspath Klapr., Mem. Acad., Berlin, 1786-87, Berlin, 1792 ; Beitr., i. 47, 1795; Wern., Bergm. J., i. 375, 390, 1789. Spath adamantin Delameth., J. de Phys., xxx. 12, 1787; Haiiy, ib., 193. Corundum Greville, Phil. Trans., 1798. Corindon K, Tr., 1801. Corindon harmophane H. Corindon adamantin Brongn., Min., i. 429, 1807. Korurid Germ. Includes the kinds of dark or dull colors and not transparent, colors light blue to gray, brown, and black. The original adamantine spar from India has a dark grayish smoky-brown tint, but greenish or bluish by transmitted light, when translucent^ and either in distinct crystals often large, or cleavable-massive. It is ground and used as a polishing material, and being purer, is superior in this respect to emery. It was thus employed in ancient times, both in India and Europe. The " Armenian stone " below is supposed by King to have been corundum rather than emery. 3. EMERY. 'A Wall Min 26*7 1747 Schmirgel, Germ. Emeril IT., Tr., 1801; Corindou granuleux H., 1805 Includes granular corundum, of black or grayish-black color, and contains magnetite or hema, tite intimately mixed. Feels and looks much like a black fine-grained iron ore which it was lo considered. There are gradations from the evenly fine-grained emery to kinds in which tl corundum is in distinct crystals. This last is the case with part of that at Chester Massachusetts The following are analyses by J. Lawrence Smith, taken from elaborate papers in the Am J Sci ' II. x. 354, xi. 53, xlii. 83. The column of hardness gives the effective abrasive power of the pow- dered mineral, that of sapphire being 100 ; Mag. stands for Magnetite 1. Sapphire, India Ruby, India Corundum, Asia Minor " Nicaria Asia " India H. G. $1 Mag. Ca Si a 100 4-06 97-51 1-89 0-80 =100-20. 90 97-32 1-09 1-21 =99-62. 77 8-88 92-39 1-67 1-12 2-05 1-60 = 98-83. 65 392 87-52 7-50 0-82 2-01 0-68=99-53. 60 3-60 86-62 8-21 0-70 3-85 1-16=101-04. 58 3-89 93-12 0-91 1-02 0-96 2-86=98-87. 55 3-91 84-56 7-06 1-20 4-00 3-10=99-92. 8. Emery, Kulah 9. Samos 10. Nicaria 11. Kulah 12. Gumuch 13. Naxos 14. Nicaria 15. Gumuch 16. Kulah 17. Chester 18. <( 19. H 20. (4 21. ii 57 4-28 63-50 33-25 0-92 1-61 1-90 = 101-18. 56 3-98 70-10 22-21 0-62 4-00 2-10=99-03. 50 3-75 71-06 2032 1-40 4-12 2-53=99-43. 53 4-02 63-00 30-12 0-50 2-36 3-36=98-34. 47 3-82 77-82 8-62 1-80 8-13 3-11=99-48. 46 3-75 68-53 24-10 0-86 3-10 4-72 = 101-31. 46 3-74 75-12 13-06 0-72 6-88 3-10=98-88. 42 4-31 60-10 33-20 0-48 1-80 5-62 = 101-20. 40 3-89 61-05 27-15 1-30 9-63 2 00=101-13. 33 44-01 50-21 3-13 und. 40 50-02 44-11 3-25 n 39 51-92 42-25 5-46 ' 45 74-22 19-31 5-48 84-02 9-63 4-81 Dr. C. T. Jackson makes the formula of emery Fe A 1 !, and puts the mineral in the spinel family. But neither microscopic nor chemical investigations appear to sustain this view. Pyr., etc. B.B. unaltered ; slowly dissolved in borax and salt of phosphorus to a clear glass, which is colorless when free from iron ; not acted upon by soda. The finely pulverized mineral, after long heating with cobalt -solution, gives a beautiful blue color. Not acted upon by acids, but converted into a soluble compound by fusion with bisulphate of potash or soda. Friction excites electricity, and in polished specimens the electrical attraction continues for a considerable length of time. Obs, This species is associated with crystalline rocks, as granular limestone or dolomite, gneiss, granite, mica slate, chlorite slate. The fine sapphires are usually obtained from the beds of rivers, either in modified hexagonal prisms or in rolled masses, accompanied by grains of mag- netic iron ore, and several species of gems. The emery of Asia Minor, according to Dr. Smith, occurs in granular limestone. The best ruby sapphires occur in the Capelan mountains, near Syrian, a city of Pegu, and hi the kingdom of Ava ; smaller individuals occur near Bilin and Merowitz in Bohemia, and in the sand of the Expailly river in Auvergne. Blue sapphires are brought from Ceylon ; this variety was called Salamstein by "Werner. Corundum occurs in the Camatic on the Malabar coast, in the territories of Ava, and elsewhere in the East Indies ; also near Canton, China. _At St. Gothard, it occurs of a red or blue tinge in dolomite, and near Mozzo in Piedmont, in white compact feld- spar. Adamantine spar is met with in large coarse hexagonal pyramids on the Malabar coast, and in Gellivara, Sweden. Emery is found in large boulders at Naxos, Nicaria, and Samos of the Grecian islands ; also in Asia Minor, 12 m. E. of Ephesus, near Gumuch-dagh, where it was discovered in situ by Dr. J. Lawrence Smith, associated with margarite, chloritoid, pyrite, calcite, etc, ; and also at Kulah, Adula, and Manser, the last 24 m. N. of Smyrna; also with the nacrite (?) of Cum- berland, England. Other localities are in Bohemia near Petschau ; in the Ural, near Katharinen- burg ; and in the Ilmen mountains, not far from Miask ; Frederick Valley, Australia. In N. America^ in Maine, at Greenwood, in cryst. in mica schist, with beryl, zircon, lepidohte, rare. In Massachusetts, at Chester, corundum and emery in a large and valuable vein, consis mainly of emery and magnetite, associated with diaspore, ripidolite, margarite, etc. ; the corun- dum occasionally in blue bi-pyramidal crystals. In Connecticut, at W. Farms, near Litchneld, in pale blue crystals ; at Norwich, with siUimanite, rare. In New York, at Warwick, bluish and pink, with spinel, and often in its cavities ; Amity, white, blue, reddish crystals, with spinel and 140 OXYGEN COMPOUNDS. rutile in gran, limestone. In New Jersey, at Newton, blue crystals in gran, limestone, with grass- green hornblende, mica, tourmaline, rare ; at Vernon, near State line, red crystals, often several inches long. In Pennsylvania, in Delaware Co., in Aston, near Village Green, in large crystals ; at Mineral Hill, in loose cryst. ; in Chester Co., at Unionville, abundant in crystals, some masses weighing 4,000 Ibs., and crystals occasionally 4 in. long, with tourmaline, margarite, and albite. In N. Carolina, in Buncombe Co., blue massive, cleavable, in a boulder ; in G-aston Co., crystals and massive corundum. In Georgia, in Cherokee Co., red sapphire. In California, in Los Angeles Co., in the drift of San Francisqueto Pass. In Canada, at Burgess, red and blue crystals. A so- called emery from Arrowsic, Maine, ground and sold under this name, is nothing but massive garnet, much of it mixed with hornblende. Bed sapphire is the most highly esteemed. A crystal weighing four carats, perfect in trans- parency and color, has been valued at half the price of a diamond of the same size. They seldom exceed half an inch hi length. Two splendid red crystals, however, having the form of the pyramidal dodecahedron, and " de la longueur du petit doigt," with a diameter of about an inch, are said to be hi the possession of the king of Arracan. Transparent blue sapphires are some- times over three inches long. The sapphire of the Greek (ocmfctpos) was the lapis lazuli, which agrees with the character given it by Theophrastus, Pliny, Isidorus, and others. Pliny remarks, "Sapphirus cceruleus est cum purpura, habens pulveres aureos sparsos," particles of pyrite which are frequently dis- seminated through lapis lazuli, looking like gold. The ancient names applied to the species have already been given in the synonymy. See further on this subject, King on Precious Stones. C. U. Shepard, after showing (Descr. of Em. of Chester, Mass., London, 1865) that the Chester emery is identical crystallographically with corundum, takes the precaution to propose the name emerite for emery, in case it should hereafter be established as a distinct species. But a name thus given has no claim to recognition. Alt. Corundum under some circumstances absorbs water and changes to diaspore; and perhaps also to the mica-like mineral margarite. It is also replaced by silica, forming quartz pseudomorphs. Artif. Formed in crystals by exposing to a high heat 4 pts. of borax and 1 of alumina (Ebel- men) ; by decomposing potash alum by charcoal (Gaudin) ; by subjecting hi a carbon vessel fluorid of aluminum to the action of boric acid, the process yielding large rhombohedral plates (Deville & Caron) ; by addition to the last of fluorid of chromium, affording the red sapphire or ruby, or with less of the fluorid of chromium, blue sapphire, or with much of this chrome fluorid, a fine green kind j by action of chlorid of aluminum on lime (Daubree). 180. HEMATITE. 'Ai/iarfrijf [=Blood-stone] pt. Theophr., 325 B.C.; Dioscor., v. 1-43, A.D. 40. Haematites pt. Plin., xxxvi. 28, 38, A.D. 77. (1) Galenae genus tertium omnis metalli inanissimum, Germ. Eisenglanz, (2) Haematites ^i.= Germ. Blutstein, Glaskopf, Agric., Interpr., 465, 468, 1546. (1) Speglande Jernmalm, Minera ferri specularis, (2) Haematites ruber, (3) Ochra rubra, Wall, 259-266, 1747. Eotheisenstein. (1) Jarnmalm tritura rubra, Speglande Eisenglimmer, (2) Haematites ruber, (3) Ochra pt, Cronst., 178-185, 1758. Specular Iron; Bed Hematite, Red Ochre. Fer speculaire, (2) Hematite rouge, Sanguine, Fr. (1) Eisenglanz, (2) Both Eisenstein, Bother Glaskopf, Bother Eisenrahm, Wern., Bergm. J., 1789. Iron Glance, Bed Iron Ore, Bed Oxyd of Iron, Micaceous Iron Ore. (1) Fer oligiste, (2) Fer oxyde rouge, H., Tr., 1801. Hamatit Hausm., Haid. Handb., 552, 1845, Hausm. Handb., 232, 1847. Khombohedral. R A 72=86 10', A 72=122 30' ; a=l-3591. Ob- served planes : rhombohedrons, ^, J, , 4, , 1 (E\ f , 4, -5, -2, -f , -f , -1, -4, -fc -i, -i, -i, -i ; scalenohedrons, f, f 3 , I 3 , }', 4 2 , 4*, 4*, -*', - 5 , -2 s ; pyramids, -2, f-2, f-2, J^-2, 4-2; prisms /, *-2, f, i-\\ and the basal plane 0. A 2=107 40' 2 A 2=68 47' E A f 2=154 2' A f-2=137 49 5 A 5=61 34 E A 4=143 55 A |-2=118 53 I A J=143 7 E A ^2=136 55 A I 3 =103 32 J A |=115 22 I 3 A 2=162 41 Cleavage: parallel to It and 0: often indistinct. Twins: composition- face It / also (f. 145 A). Also columnar granular, botryoidal, and stalac- ANHYDROUS OXYD8. title shapes; also lamellar, laminae joined parallel to 0, and variously bent thick or thin ; also granular, friable or compact. H.=5-5 6-5. G.=4-5 5-3 ; of some compact varieties, as low as 4-2 Lustre metallic and occasionally splendent ; sometimes earthy. Color dark 14U 143 7~iT Vesuvius. 144 145A Elba. Elba. steel-gray or iron-black; in very thin particles blood-red by transmitted light ; when earthy, red. Streak cherry-red or reddish-brown. Opaque, except when in very thin laminae, which are faintly translucent and blood- red. Fracture subconchoidal, uneven. Sometimes attractable by the magnet, and occasionally even magnetipolar. Comp., Var. Sesquioxyd of iron, F"e=0xygen 30, iron 70=100. Sometimes containing tita- nium and magnesium. In a tabular crystalline hematite from Vesuvius, Bammelsberg found (Pogg., cvii. 453) Fe 8'11 and Mg 0'74 ; it was magnetic, and Gr.=5'303; the hematite may have contained some magnetite as impurity. Some hematite contains titanium. Crystals from Krageroe afforded Rammelsberg (Pogg., civ. 528) e 93'63, Ti 3'55, Fe 3'26=100'44=Fe Ti+13 3Pe, or (Fe Ti) 2 3 +13 e. The varieties depend on texture or state of aggregation, and in some cases the presence of im- purities. Var. 1. Specular. Lustre metallic, and crystals often splendent, whence the name specular iron. (&) When the structure is foliated or micaceous, the ore is called micaceous hematite. 2. Compact columnar; or fibrous. The masses often long radiating; lustre submetallic to metallic; color brownish-red to iron-black. Sometimes called red hematite, the name hematite among the older mineralogists including the fibrous, stalactitic, and other solid massive varieties of this species, limonite, and turgite. 3. Red Ochreous. Red and earthy. Often specimens of the preceding are red ochreous on some parts. Reddle and red chalk are red ochre, mixed with more or less clay. 4. Clay Iron-stone; Argillaceous hematite. Hard, brownish-black to reddish-brown, heavy stone; often in part deep-red; of submetallic to umnetallic lustre; and affording, like all the pre- ceding, a red streak. It consists of oxyd of iron with clay or sand, and sometimes other impur- ities. (6) When reddish in color and jasper-like in texture, often called jaspery clay iron-stone, (c) When oolitic in structure (consisting of minute flattened concretions), it is the lenticular iron ore. Itabiryte is a schist resembling mica-schist, but containing much specular ore in grains or scales, or in the micaceous form. Breithaupt states that some rhombohedrons of hematite have a magnetic axis crossing obliqued the vertical axis, passing between two opposite lateral angles (B. H. Ztg., xxv. 149) ; and further, that the three cleavages of the rhombohedron are not quite equal. Pyr., etc, B.B. infusible; on charcoal in R.F. becomes magnetic; with borax in O.F. gives bead, which is yellow while hot and colorless on cooling; if saturated, the bead appears red while 142 OXYGEN COMPOUNDS. hot and yellow on cooling ; in R.F. gives a bottle-green color, and if treated on charcoal with metallic tin, assumes a vitriol-green color. With soda on charcoal in R.F. is reduced to a gray magnetic metallic powder. Soluble in concentrated muriatic acid. Obs. This ore occurs in rooks of all ages, The specular variety is mostly confined to crystal- line or metamorphic rocks, but is also a result of igneous action about some volcanoes, as at Vesu- vius. Many of the geological formations contain the argillaceous variety or clay iron-stone, which is mostly a marsh-formation, or a deposit over the bottom of shallow, stagnant water ; but this , kind of clay iron-stone (that giving a red powder) is less common than the corresponding variety of limonite or siderite. The beds that occur in metamorphic rocks are sometimes of very great thickness, and, like those of magnetite in the same situation, have resulted from the alteration of stratified beds of ore, original!} 7 of marsh origin, which were formed at the same time with the enclos- ing rocks, and underwent metamorphism, or a change to the crystalline condition, at the same time. Beautiful crystallizations of this species are brought from the island of Elba, which has afforded it from a very remote period, and is described by Ovid as " Insula iuexhaustis chalybdum generosa metallis." The surfaces of the crystals often present an irised tarnish and brilliant lustre ; the faces and are usually destitute of this tarnish and lustre, and may therefore assist, when present, in determining the situation of other planes when the crystal is quite complex. St. Gothard affords beautiful specimens, composed of crystallized plates grouped in the form of rosettes (Eisenrose), and accompanying crystals of feldspar. Near Limoges, France, it occurs in large crystals. Fine crystals are the result of volcanic action at Etna and Vesuvius, and particularly in Fossa Cancharone, on Monte Somma, where it incrusts the ejected lavas ; also formed in most recent eruptions about the fumeroles; in that of 1855, in fine crystallizations about the fumaroles some so thin as to be blood-red by transmitted light (Scacchi). Arendal in Norway, Longban in Sweden, Framont in Lorraine, Dauphiny, and Switzerland, also Cleator Moor in Cumberland, afford splendid specimens. Red hematite occurs in reniform masses of a fibrous concentric structure, near Ulverstone in Lancashire, in Saxony, Bohemia, and the Harz. In Westphalia it occurs as pseudomorphs of calcite. In Brazil it is associated with quartz. In Chili there are immense beds. In N. America, widely distributed, and sometimes in beds of vast thickness in rocks of the Azoic age, as in the Marquette region in northern Michigan ; and in Missouri, at the Pilot Knob and the Iron Mtn. ; the former 650 feet high, consisting mainly of an Azoic quartz rock, and hav- ing specular iron in the upper part, the iron ore in heavy beds interlaminated with quartz ; the latter 200 feet high, and consisting at surface of massive hematite hi loose blocks, many 10 to 20 tons in weight ; in Arizona and New Mexico. Besides these regions of enormous beds, there are numerous others of workable value, either crystallized or argillaceous. Some of these localities, interesting for their specimens, are in northern New York, at Gouverneur, Antwerp, Hermon, Edwards, Fowler, Canton, etc. ; Woodstock and Aroostook, Me. ; at Hawley, Mass., a micaceous variety ; at Piermont, N. H., id. ; in New York, in Oneida, Herkimer, Madison, Wayne Cos., a lenticular argillaceous var., constituting one or two beds in the Upper Silurian ; the same in Pennsylvania, and as far south as Alabama ; and in Canada, and Wisconsin to the west ; in North and South Carolina a micaceous variety in schistose rocks, constituting the so-called specular schist, or itaUrite. This ore affords a considerable portion of the iron manufactured in different countries. The varieties, especially the specular, require a greater degree of heat to smelt than other ores, but the iron obtained is of good quality. Pulverized red hematite is employed in polishing metals, and also as a coloring material. This species is readily distinguished from magnetite by its red streak, and from turgite by its greater hardness and its not decrepitating before the blowpipe. Named hematite from aipa, blood, it seeming, says Theophrastus, as if formed of concreted blood. This old Greek author speaks afterwards of a second kind of hematites ('Ai/mn'r/y? favOri), which was of a yellowish- white color, probably a yellow ochre, an impure form of limonite, the species long called brown hematite. Alt. By deoxydation through organic matter forms magnetite or protoxyds ; and from the latter comes spathic iron by combination with carbonic acid ; or by further deoxydation through sul- phuretted hydrogen forms pyrite. By combination with water forms limonite. Limonite, mag- netite, and pyrite constitute occurring pseudomorphs after hematite. Artif, Formed in crystals by the action of steam on chlorid of iron, regarded as the probable method of origin of the hematite of lavas ; also by the action of perchlorid of iron on lime (Daubree); by the action of a stream of muriatic acid gas on e, the application being made very slowly, lest the 3Pe be all converted to chlorid. 180A. MARTITE. (Martit Breith., Char., 233, 1832). Martite is sesquioxyd of iron under an isometric form, occurring in octahedrons like magnetite (f. 2), and supposed to be pseudomor- phous, mostly after magnetite. H.=6 7. G.=4'809 4-832, Brazil, Breith.; 4-65, Puy de Dome; 4'35, Frassem, Devalque; 5'15, Brazil, Ramm. ; 5*33, Monroe, N. Y., Hunt. Lustre sub- metallic. Color iron-black, sometimes with a bronzed tarnish. Streak reddish-brown or purplish- brown. Fracture conchoidaL Not magnetic, or only feebly so. ANHYDROUS OXYDS. 143 The crystals are sometimes imbedded in the massive sesquioxyd. They are distinguished from magnetite by the red streak, and very feeble, if any, action on the magnetic needle. Found at the localities mentioned; also in Vermont at Chittenden ; in the Marquette iron rerion soutfh of L. Superior, where crystals are common in the ore, as if all of it, or the greater part were martite ; Bass lake, Canada West ; at Monroe. N. Y., in a rock containing quartz, feldspar, and hornblende, and imbedded in each of these minerals ; in Moravia, near Schonberg, in granite. The martite of Monroe contains some Fe, Brush. The octahedral crystals from Chittenden,' Vt. according to D. Olmstead, are part true magnetite, with a black powder ; part give a slightly red- dish streak, with little Fe ; and part give a red powder and contain no Fe. Whether the crystals of martite are original crystals or pseudomorphs is still questioned ; but the latter seems to be the most probable view. Pseudomorphism after magnetite would imply that the Marquette ore bed was once all magnetite in composition, Fe 3 O 4 , and has been changed to the sesquioxyd, Fe 2 O 3 , by an addition of oxygen. Rammelsberg found 1 *83 2*80 p. c. of prot- oxyd of iron in the Brazil crystals. The octahedrons from the fumeroles of Vesuvius afforded Rammelsberg (Min. Oh., 159) Pe 92*91, Fe 6'17, Mg 0-&2r=99'90. The crystals from Frassem, France, contain 0'2 p. c. of sulphur, which suggests that these may be pseudomorphs after pyrite 181. MENACCANITE. Specular Iron pt., Eisensand pt., of last cent. Menachanite (fr. Cornwall) Wm. McGregor, J. de Phys., 72, 152, 1791, Crell's Ann., 1791, and Kirwan's Min., 1796 (making it to consist of iron and an oxyd of a probably new metal). Eisenhaltige Titanerze, Menakanit (fr. Cornw.) Klapr., Beitr., ii. 226; (fr. Aschaffenberg) ib., 232, 235, 1797. Titane oxyde ferrifere H., Tr., 1801. Manaken Karst., Tab., 74, 1808. Titaneisen stein, Titan- eisen, Germ. Titanic or Titaniferous Iron. Crichtonite (spelt Craitonite) Bourn., Cat., 430 ? 1813. Axotomes Eisenerz (fr. Gastein) Molis, G-rundr., ii. 462, 1824.=Kibdelophan v. Kob., Schweig. J., Ixiv. 1832. Ilmenit (fr. L. Ilmen) A. T. Kupfer, Kastn. Arch., x. 1, 1827. Mohsite (fr. Dauphine) Levy, Phil. Mag., i. 221, 1827. Hystatisches Eisenerz, Hystatite (fr. Arendal), Breifh., Uib., 64, 1830, Char., 236, 1832. Basanomelan (fr. St. Gothard,=Eisenrose) v. Kob., Grundr., 318. 1838. Washingtonite (fr. Conn.) 8hep., Am. J. Sci., xliii. 364, 1842. Titaniofer- rite Ghapm., Min., 1843. Paracolumbite (fr. Taunton) Skep., ib., II. xii. 209, 1851. Bhombohedral ; tetartohedral to the hexagonal type. R A 72=: 85 40' 86 10', 86 5', Kose and Descloizeaux, 85 59', Mohs. Observed planes : rhombohedrons. f, 1(7?), -5, -f, -2, -\ ; pyra- mids, -f-2, f-2, J^-2, which are hemihedral ; also L fc-2, 0. Angles nearly as in hematite ; A It = 122 23', and R A f2=154 0' when E A R= 86. Often a cleavage parallel with the terminal plane, but properly due to planes of composition. Crystals usually tabular. Twins: composition- face ; sometimes producing, when repeated, a form resembling f. 144. Often in thin plates or laminae ; in loose grains as sand. H.=5 6. G.:=4-5 5. Lustre submetallic. Color iron -black. Streak submetallic, powder black to brownish-red. Opaque. Fracture conchoi- dal. Influences slightly the magnetic needle. Comp., Var. (Ti, Fe)' O 8 (or hematite, with part of the iron replaced by titanium), the pro- portion of Ti to Fe varying. Rammelsberg writes the formula Fe Ti + n Je, which is equivri to (i- Fe + i Ti) 2 3 +7i Fe 2 O 3 , the Fe 2 O 3 being in varying proportions Sometimes als< ing magnesia or manganese, whence the more general formula (Ti, Fe, Mn, Mg) U . The varieties recognized arise mainly from the proportions of iron^to titanium, been named as follows, commencing with that containing the most titanium. . external distinctions have yet been made out : 1. Kibdelophane. About 30 p. c. titanium (anal. 1). In crystals, but usuaUy massive, or in thm plates; R A ^=85 59'; G.=4'661, fr. Gastein, Mohs; 4'723-4;735 ib. Breith 2. Crichtonite Composition essentially like that of the preceding (anal. 2 and 23). . 144 OXYGEN COMPOUNDS. rhombohedrons, with basal cleavage; J?A7?=86 62|'; -5 A -5=61 27' ; G.=4'79, from St Cristophe (original); 4*689, same compound from Ingelsberg, Ramm. (anal. 23); lustre bright. 3. Ilmenite. 26 30 p. c. titanium, and near the preceding in composition, but containing more sesquioxyd of iron (anal. 3-6, 27). Crystallized and massive; J?A7?=85 43'; G.=4-895, fr. Ilmen Mts. (original), Breith. ; 4*81 4*873, ib., Ramm. For same compound fr. Egersund, 4-744 4-791, Ramm.; fr. Krageroe 4*701. 4. Menaccanite. About 25 p. c. of titanium, and with more sesquioxyd of iron than in the preceding (anal 7-10, 28, 29). Massive, and in grains or as a sand (Eisensand). G.--4-7 i*8, fr. near Menaccan, Cornwall (orig.). Similar compound from Iserwiese, 4*676 4-752, Ramm. (Iserine?) 5. Eystatiie. 15 20 p. c. titanium, and much Fe (anal. 11-14). R A 7?=86 10'; G.=5, fr. Arendal (orig.). Washingtonite belongs here (anal. 13, 14. SO). Occurs in large tabular rather dull crystals; R A J?=86 approximately; G.=4963, fr. Westerly, R. I., and 5*016, fr. Litchfield, Ct. (orig.), Shepard; for latter, 4*986, Ramm. 6. Uddevallite D. About 10 p. c. titanium and 70 p. c. of e (anal 15). The Aschaffenberg titanic iron is near this. It occurs massive and in plates, and has G.=4*78. 7. Basanomelan (Eisenrose of the Alps). 6 to 8 p. c. Ti, and 75 to 83 of Fe (anal. 17). G.= 4'95 5*21. It is properly a titaniferous hematite. 8. Krageroe hematite. Containing less than 3 p. c. of titanium (anal. 35). < 9. Magnesian Menaccanite; Picrotanite D. Contains 10 to 15 p. c. of magnesia, anal. 24 ; formula (Fe, Mg) Ti; G.=4*293 4-313. Named from r^poj, Utter, in allusion to the magnesia. The Mohsite is of uncertain locality and composition. The occurring rhombohedron affords the 73 45' (Levy); crystals tabular; in twins; no cleavage observable. The loose Iron-sand of Iserwiese, called iserine, is in part, at least, in isometric octahedrons ; and the trappisches Eisenerz, Breith., is similar. See ISERINE beyond. ParacolumUte is an iron-black mineral from 1 m. S.W. of Taunton, Mass., having H. about 5. Pisani has proved it to be of this species. He found G. =4*353, H. 4-5. Analyses : 1, v. Kobell (Schw. J., Ixiv. 59, 245) ; 2, Marignac (Ann. Ch. Phys., III. xiv. 50) ; 3, 4, Mosander (Ak. H. Stockh., 1829, 220, Pogg., xix. 211); 5, Delesse (These sur Tempi, de 1'anal., etc., p. 46); 6, H. Rose (Pogg., iii. 163); 7, v. Kobell (L c.); 8-12, Mosander (1. c.); 13, Kendall (This Min., 2d edit, 527); 14, Marignac (1. c.) ; 15, Plantamour (J. pr. Ch., xxiv. 302); 16-18, v. Kobell (1. c.) ; 19, T. S. Hunt (Rep. G. Can., 1849, 1850, 105, and 1863, 501); 20, J. Miiller (Jahrb., 1859, 775); 21, 22, Damour (Ann. Ch. Phys., li. 445); 23-35, Ram melsberg (Pogg., civ. 497, and Min. Ch., 406) : 1. Gastein, Kibdel 2. St. Christophe, Cricht. 3. Ilmen Mts., Ilmenite 4. " " 5. " " 6. Egersund " 7. " ' Menace. 8. " " 9. " 10. 11. Arendal, 32. " 13. Litchfield, 14. 15. Uddewalla, Titan. L 16. Aschaffenberg, " 17. Schweiz, Basanom. 18. " Titanic I. 19. St. Paul's, Canada 20. Maxhoven, Bav. 21. Antioquia, R. Chico 22. " Cienaga 23. Ingelsberg 24. Warwick, N. T. 4-313, 4'293 25. Ilmen Mts. 26. Egersund 4 Ti Fe Fe Mn Mg Ca 59*00 4-25 36-00 1-65 =100 KobeU. 52-27 1-20 46-53 =100 Marignac. 46-92 10-74 37-86 2-73 1-14 =99*39 Mosander. 46-67 14-71 35-37 2*39 0-60 0*25, r 0*38, Si 2-80=100*17 M. 45-4 40-7 14-1 0-5, Sn 0-5, Pb 0-2=101-4 Del. 43-73 42*70 13*57 =100 Rose. 43-24 28-66 27*91 ^___ ^___ =99-81 KobeU. 42-57 41-08 23-21 25-93 29*27 29-04 1-22 1-94 0*50, r 0-33, Si 1*65=98-75 K 0-49, Yt,e 0*58, Si 0-07 = 99-1 3 M. 39-04 29*16 27*23 0-21 2*30 0*90, r 0*12, Si 0-31 = 99*13 M. 24*19 53-01 19*91 0*68 0-33, Si 1-17 = 99*29 M. 28*59 58-51 13*90 1-10 0*86, r 0-44, Si 1-88=100'28 M. 25*28 51-84 22*86 =99-98 Kendall. 22-21 59*07 18-72 =100 Marignac. 15-56 71-25 11-32 , F, Si, loss 1*87 Plantamour. 14*16 75-00 10-04 0*80 =100 KobeU. 12*67 82:49 4-84 =100 KobeU. 10-0 88*5 1-5 tar. =100 KobeU. 48-60 10*42 37-06 3-60 =99*68 Hunt 51*60 41-79 0-30, l, Si 2-47 = 100*16 Miiller. 57-09 42-11 0-80 =100 Damour. 48-14 50-17 1-69 =100 Damour. gr- Ti Fe Fe Mn Mg Fe Ti : Fe 89 53*03 2-66 38-30 4-30 1-65=99-94 1 : 4-293 57-71 26-82 0*90 13-71=99-14 1 : 4-873 45-93 14-30 36-52 2-72 0-59=100-06 6 : 1 4-791 51-30 8-87 39*83 tr. 0-40=100-40 9 : 1 ANHYDROUS OXYDS. 145 Sp. gr. Ti 3Pe Fe Mn Mg Rat 'eti io. Fe 4-701 46-92 11-48 39-82 1-22=99-50 9 1 4-752 37-13 28-40 29-20 3-01 2-97 = 100-71 3 I 4-676 42-20 23-36 30-57 1-74 1-57=99-44 3 m 4-986 23-72 53-71 22-39 0-25 0-50=100-57 1 I 5-060 16-20 69-91 12-60 0-77 0-55 = 10003 1 2 4-943 10-02 77-17 8-52 1-33, l 1-46=98-50 1 4 5 127, 5-150(|) 9-18 81-92 8-60 =99-70 1 4 5 187, 5-209 9-10 83-41 7-63 0-44 tr. =100-58 1 4 5-2406 3-55 93-63 2-26 =100-44 1 13 27. Krageroe 28. Iserwiese 29. " 30. Litchfield, Ct. 31. Eisenach 32. Snarum 33. Binnen Yal. 34. St. Gothard 35. Krageroe With the analyses 23 to 35 the ratio of Fe Ti to 3Pe is given in the last column, from Rammelsberg who writes the formula for 23, 24, Fe Ti ; for 25, 6 Fe f i + e ; for 26, 9 Fe Ti+3Pe, and so on! But calculating the ratio between the metals combined and the oxygen, for these same analyses* we have : Metals. Oxygen. Ratio. Metals. Oxygen. Ratio. Anal. 23. 21-77 32-11 1 48 Anal. 30. 20*52 30-80 1 1-50 24. 22-71 34-64 1 52 " 31. 20-29 30-62 1 1-51 25. 20-67 31-55 1 50 " 32. 20-14 30-29 1 1-50 26. 20-09 32-11 1 60 " 33. 20-07 30-14 1 1-50 27. 20-58 31-48 1 53 " 34. 20-23 30-44 1 1-50 28. 21-17 31-67 1 50 " 35. 20-13 30-22 1 1-50 29. 20-62 31-64 1 54 These ratios are, with two or three exceptions, almost exactly 2 : 3, which shows still better that they correspond with the general formula R 2 O 3 . Analyses 1 to 22 afford this same ratio and formula. Rose made the formula mi + n 3Pe, assuming that the Fe obtained in the analyses arose from the oxydation of a supposed titanic oxyd (Ti 2 O 3 ) at the expense of the Fe. This view is not sustained, since it has been proved that the Fe exists as such in the ore. For other analyses : fr. Harzburg in Gabbro, Streng, B. H. Ztg., xxiii. 55 ; fr. Cape de Yerd Isles, Silva, C. R., Ixv. 1867 ; fr. Lobauer Berg, E.. Calberla, Ber. Iris Dresd., 1866, 136. Paracolumbite afforded Pisani Ti 35'66, F~e 3-48, Fe 39-08, M gl'94, Ca 2'06, Si and insoluble matters 10-66, &1 7'66 (Am. J. Sci., II. xxxvii. 359). It is so mixed with the gangue that it is ex- tremely difficult to obtain it pure. A menaccanite found at Rajamaki, Finland, contains some colum- bic acid replacing part of the titanic (Pogg., cxxii. 615). , Pyr., etc. B.B. infusible in F. although slightly rounded on the edges in R.F. With borax and salt of phosphorus reacts for iron in O.F., and with the latter flux assumes a more or less in- tense brownish-red color in R.F. ; this treated with tin on charcoal changes to a violet-red color when the amount of titanium is not too small. The pulverized mineral, heated with muriatic acid, is slowly dissolved to a yellow solution, which, filtered from the undecomposed mineral and boiled with the addition of tin-foil, assumes a beautiful blue or violet color. Decomposed by fusion with bisulphate of soda or potash. Obs, The principal European localities of this species have been enumerated above. One of the most remarkable is at Krageroe, Norway, where it occurs in veins or beds in diorite, which sometimes afford crystals weighing over 1 6 pounds. Fine crystals, sometimes an inch in diameter, occur in Warwick, Amity, and Monroe, Orange Co., N. Y. , imbedded in serpentine and white lime- stone, and associated with spinel, chondrodite, rutile, etc. ; also 4 m. west of Edenville, and near Greenwood furnace with spinel and chondrodite ; also at Chester and South Royalston, Mass. Yast deposits or beds of titanic ore occur at Bay St. Paul in Canada, in syenite ; one bed, 90 feet thick, continues on in view for 300 feet, and probably far beyond ; also in the Seignory of S Francis, Beauce, mixed with magnetite as a bed 45 feet thick in serpentine ; G.=4'56 4'66; also with labradorite at Chdteau Richer. Grains are found in the gold sand of California. 181A. ISERITE. (Titaneisenstein pt., Magnetischer Eisen-Sand pt., Wern. Iserin (fr. Iser) Wern., Letztes Min., 26, 52, 1817, Hoffm. Min., iv. 258, 1817. Oktaedrirches Titaneisen-Oxyd Wern. Iserin Breith., Char., 51, 1820. Hexaedrisches Eisen-Erz Mohs, Min., 436, 1839.) Iserite is supposed to be isometric titanic iron, and, like martite, to be pseudomorphous. Forms like f. 2, 5, 6, 8. Analyses : 1, Rammelsberg (Min. Ch., 419); 2, v. Hauer (Ber. Ak. Wien, xix. 350); 3, Edwards (Rep. Brit. Assoc., 1855); 4, Yogel and Rischauer (Jahresb., 1856, 840): Ti e Fe Mg 57-19 15-67 30-71 49-93 13-20 42-08 18-53 63-00 10 1. Iserwiese 2. Plattensee, Hung. 3. Mersey 4. Silberberg 26-00 1-94=100-60 Ramm. 18-88 3-79=103-31 Hauer. 31-10, 1 8-62, Si 4-02=99-02 Edwards. X7-79 =99-32 Y. & R. 146 OXYGEN COMPOUNDS. The locality of Iserwiese gave the name to this mineral. The titanic iron-sand is partly in octahedral forms, and this portion, if not all, is the is&rine. Yet it is still doubted whether the otahedrons are regular octahedrons, or whether they are acute rhombohedrons with truncated apices, and therefore true ilmenite. The Iserwiese crystals, as analyzed by Kammelsberg (anal. 1), give for the ratio between the metals and oxygen 2 : 2 "33, which is much more oxygen than the formula B a O 3 requires, and is still further remote from that of magnetite. The ore from Sio- Fok, on the Platensee, as analyzed by v. Hauer (anal. 2), affords the general formula (Fe, Ti) 2 O 3 + Pe 2 3 , equivalent to FeO Ti0 2 + Fe 2 3 (or Fe Ti + e). G.=4'817. The grains were in part octahedrons, and some with truncated angles. The sand on the Mersey comes from the shores nearly opposite Liverpool, and is mixed with magnetite. This is indicated in the analysis, which affords the formula 3 Fe 0, Ti O 2 (or 3 (Fe, Ti) 2 O 3 ) + 5 Fe e (or 5 of magnetite). Minute octahedrons occur at Ballycrogan, Mull of Cantyre, Sand from Miiggelsee, near Berlin, having Gr. = 5'075, afforded Rammelsberg a similar composi- tion, but with only 5'20 p. c. Ti, it giving him the formula Fe Ti 2 + 6 of magnetite. It is not stated that this sand is octahedral. The ore from Silberberg, near Bodenmais, in Bavaria, corre- sponds nearly to 4| (Fe, Ti) 2 3 -f8 Fe 2 O 3 , and therefore comes under the general formula R 2 O 3 . Waltershausen has obtained from octahedral crystals of an iron-sand from Etna (Vulk. Gest. 121), having Gr.=4-43, Ti 12 '3 8 and 3Pe 92- 18= 104-56. The analysis needs repetition, A. Knop obtained for a titanic iron-sand a composition corresponding to magnetite in atomic ratio, giving the ratio 1 : 1'25 between the metals and oxygen. See under MAGNETITE. Iserine is reported also from Bohemia, Saxony, Calabria, Puy-de-Dome in France. 182. PEROFSKITE. Perowskit G. Rose, Pogg., xlviii. 558, 1839, Eeis. Ural., ii. 128. Isometric, Eose (fr. Ural). (Khombohedral ?). Observed planes : 0, 1, 1, 2, ir\ , ir% , HJ 2 ' 2 > 3 ' 3 5 2 'i ' H- Habit Cllbic ; f - !> 5 > 16 ; also 1/r > except that the planes are *-. Khombohedral, Descl. (fr. Zermatt) ; with Rt\R nearly 90. Perhaps dimorphous. Cleavage : parallel to the cubic, or rhombohedral ; faces rather perfect. H.=5-5. G. =4-017, fr. Achmatovsk ; 4'03 4'039,fr. Zermatt, Damour; 4'02, fr. Schelingen, Seneca. Lustre metallic adamantine ; color pale yellow, honey-yellow, orange-yellow, reddish-brown, grayish-black to iron- black ; streak colorless, grayish. Transparent to opaque. Oomp. (Ca + Ti) 3 =R 2 3 =Titanic acid 59-4, lime 40'6= 100. Analyses : 1, Jacobson (Pogg., brii. 596); 2, Brooks (ib.); 3, 4, F. Seneca (Ann. Ch. Pharm., civ. 371); 5, Damour (Ann. d. M., V. vi. 512): Ti Ca Fe 1. Achmatovsk, Hack 58'96 39-20 2'06 Mg, Mn , 2, 3-3. Habit octahedral ; f. 2, 7, 8, 20. Faces of octahedron some- times convex. Cleavage : octahedral. Twins : f. 50 ; composition-face 1. H. = 8. G.=3-5-4:-9; 3*523, Haidinger; 3*575, red spinel. Lustre vitreous ; splendent nearly dull. Color red of various shades, passing into blue, green, yellow, brown and black ; occasionally almost white. Streak white. Transparent nearly opaque. Fracture con- choidal. Comp., Var. Consists of alumina and magnesia, Mg Si, with more or less of the magnesia (Mg) usually replaced by protoxyd of iron (Fe), and sometimes also in part by lime (Ca), protoxyd of manganese (Mn) ; and the alumina in part by sesquioxyd of iron (F"e). There is thence a gradation into kinds containing little or no magnesia, which stand as distinct species, viz. : Her- cynite and Gahnite. Mg Si Alumina 72, magnesia 28=100. Var. 1. Ruby, or Magnesia Spinel. 'AvBpat pt., 'Ai/fyava # Mi\riTov, Theophr. Carbunculus pt, Lychnis pt. [rest ruby sapphire], Plin., xxxvii. 25, 29. Spinella, Carbunculus pt., Rubinus pt., Garb, ruber parvus, Germ. Spinel, Ballagius (a pallido colore videtur appellasse), = Germ. Ballas, Lychnis, = Germ. Gelblichter Rubin, Agric., Foss., 293, Interpr., 463, 1546. Rubin ori- entales octaedrici, seu octo hedris comprehensi, quae modo triangula sunt, modo trapezia, aliquan- do hedrae oblongse angulos solidos occupant, etc., Cappekr, Prod. Crystallogr. Lucerne, 1723. Rubinus pt. (Spinell, Ballas, Rubicelle), Wall, Min., 115, 1447. Rubis spinelle octaedre (Spinelle, Balais), de Lisk, Crist., ii. 224, 1783 [by de L. first made distinct in species from Ruby Sapphire]. Clear red or reddish ; transparent to translucent ; sometimes sub translucent. G. = 3-52 3'58. Composition Mg Si, with little or no Fe, and sometimes oxyd of chrome as a source of the red color. Varieties are denominated as follows : (a) Spinel-Ruby, deep-red ; (b) Balas-Ruby, rose-red ; (c) Rubicelle, yellow or orange-red ; (d) Almandine, violet. 2. Ceylonite, or Iron-Magnesia Spinel. Ceylanite (fr. the French spelling of Ceylon) Delameth., J. de Phys., xlii. 23, 1793. Zeylanit Karst., Tab., 28, 72, 1800. Pleonaste H., Tr., 1801. Ceylonit Ramm. Candite (fr. Candy, Ceylon) Bourn. Color dark-green, brown to black, mostly opaque or nearly so; G.=3-5 3-6. Composition (Mg, Fe) Si or (Mg, Fe) (Si, 3Pe). 3. Magnesia-Lime Spinel f Color green. From analyses of specimens of green spinel from Franklin, N. J., aud Amity, N. Y., by Thomson (Min. i. 214), about which it may be right to have doubts. 4. Chlorospinel, or Magnesia-Iron Spinel. Chlorospinel (fr. Slatoust) G. Rose, Pogg., 1. 652, 1850. G-ahnit B. de Marni, 1833. Color grass-green, owing to the presence of copper; G.= 3-591 3-594. Composition Mg (Si, F"e), the iron being in the state of sesquioxyd. 5. Picolite Charpentier, J. d. M., xxxii. 1812, G-ilb. Ann., xlvii., 205. Chrome-ceyhnite. Contains over 7 p. c. of oxyd of chrome, and has the formula (Mg, Fe) (Si, e, r). Color black; lustre brilliant ; G.=4'08. The original was from a rock occurring about L. Lherz, called Llierzo- lite by Delametherie (T. T., ii. 281, 1797), and earlier described by Picot de la Peyrouse (Mem. Ac. Toulouse, iii. 410). after whom picotite is named, the constituents of which rock are stated by Descloizeaux (Min., i. 65) to be chrysolite, a brown infusible pyroxene-mineral related to hyper sthene, a green fusible pyroxene, and disseminated grains (rarely octahedral crystals) ofpwol Analyses: ], 2, Abich (Pogg., xxiii. 305); 3, Berzelius (Gehlen's J., vl 304) ; 4, 5, 1 son (Min., i. 214); 6, C. Gmelin (Jahresb., iv. 156); 7-10, Abich (L c.); 11, Abich (Ak. L, Stockh., 1842, 6); 12, Scheerer (Pogg., Ixv. 294); 13, Erdmann (Ak. H., Stockh., 18- Pisani (C. R., Ixiii.) ; 15, 16, H. Rose (Pogg., 1, 652); 17, Damour (Bull. G-. Soc., II. xix. 4J 18, Hilger (Jahrb. Min., 1866, 399) : Si Fe Mg Ca Si I.Ceylon, red 69-01 0'71 26-21 2'02, r M0=9< 2. Aker, blue 68'94 3'49 25'72 2-25= 3. 72-25 4-26 14-63 5'48=96'62 B. and H. OXYGEN COMPOUNDS. Al Mg Ca 4. Franklin, N. J., green 5. Amity, N. Y. 6. Ceylon, Ceylonite 7. Ural, Pleonaste 8. Monzoni, " 9. Vesuvius, " 10. Iserwiese, " 11. Vesuvius, " 12. Arendal, " 13. Tunaberg, " 14. Auvergne, " 15. Ural, chlorospinel 16. " " 17. L. Lherz, Picotite 18. Hofheim, " 73-31 , 13-63 7-42 61-79 17-87 10-56 57-20 20-51 18-24 65-27 13-97 17-58 66-89 8-07 23-61 67-46 5-06 25-94 59-66 19-29 17-70 62-84 6-15 3-87 24-87 55-17 18-33 17-65 62-95 23-46 1303 59-06 10-72 13-60 17-20 64-13 8-70 26-77 0-27 57-34 14-77 27-49 55-34 24-60 10-18 53-93 11-40 3-85 23-59 Si 5-62=99-98 Thomson. CaC 2-80, H 0'98=99'60 T 3-1 5=99-11 Gmelin. 2-50=99-32 Abich. 1-23 = 99-80 Abich. 2-38=100-85 Abich. 1-79=99-17 Abich. 1-83=99-56 Abich. 5-09, Mn 2-71 = 98-95 S. =99-44 Erdmann. =100-58 Pisani. Cu 0-27=100-14 Rose. Cu 0*62=100-22 Rose. 1-98, s Dioscor., v. 147. Magnes, Sideritis, Herach'on, Plin., xxxvi. 25 ; Id., Germ. Siegelstein Agric., Foss., 243, 466. (1) Minera ferri nigricans, mag- neti arnica, (2) Magnet, (3) Jern Sand, Wall, 256, 262, 1746. Minera Ferri attractoria, Mag- net, Cronst., 184, 1758. Magnetischer Eisenstein (incl. Eisensand) Wern. Magneteisenstein, Magneteisenerz, Germ. Magnetic Iron Ore ; Octahedral Iron Ore. Fer oxydule H. Oxydulated Iron. Magnetite Haid., Handb., 551, 1845. 150 OXYGEN COMPOUNDS. Isometric. Observed planes, 0, 1, /, *-2, 2, 3-3, 10-10, 16-16, 3-f , 5-f, 2gL-3. Figs. 2 and 3, common, also 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 7+8, 19, 19 + 2; % 149 is a distorted dodecahedron. Cleavage : octahedral, perfect to imperfect. 147A 148 Haddam. Achmatovsk. 150 In mica, Pennsbury. shining. Brittle. Dodecahedral faces commonly striated par- allel to the longer diagonal (f. 149). Twins like f. 50 ; also in dendrites, branching at angles of 60 (f. 150), indicating composition parallel to a dodecahedral face. Massive, structure granular particles of various sizes, sometimes impalpable. H.=5'5-6-5. G.=4-9-5-2; 5-168 5-180, crystals, Kenngott, and 5*27 after long heating. Lustre metallic submetallic. Color iron-black; streak black. Opaque; but in very thin dendrites (f. 150) in mica sometimes transparent or nearly so ; and varying from almost colorless to pale srnoky- brown and black. Fracture subconchoidal, Strongly magnetic, sometimes possessing polarity. Comp., Var.Fe 3Pe= Oxygen 21-6, iron 72'4=100; or sesquioxyd of iron 68'97, protoxyd 3V03=100. The iron sometimes replaced in small part by magnesia. Also sometimes titanifer- ous. E. Sochting obtained from the magnetite of Pfitsch valley (Pogg., cxxvii. 172) 30*94 Fe; and D. Finkler, from the same, 30'75 Fe. Var. 1. Ordinary, (a) In crystals. (6) Granular, coarse or fine, (c) As loose sand. Koks- charof figures the above dodecahedral form modified by planes 0, 1, 3-3, 5-f; and another with the same, and alsp V-^, both from Achmatovsk, Urals. 2. Magnesian (Fe, Mg) 3Pe. (Talk-eisenerz Breiih., Schw. J., Ixviii. 287, 1833.) a. =4-41 4-42; lustre submetallic ; weak magnetic ; from Sparta, N. J., in crystals, Breifh. Prof. Andrews found in ore from the Mourne Mts., Ireland (Ch. Gaz., 379, 1852), F~e 71-41, Fe 21-59, Mg 6'45. An octahedron from Eisenach gave Eammelsberg (Min. Ch., 158) F~e 69-88, Fe 27*88, Mg 1*20, Ti O'lO. 3. Titaniferous. Octahedrons from Meiches, in the Vogelsberg, afforded A. Knop (Ann. Ch. Pharm., cxxiii. 348) 3Pe 21'75, Fe 51-29, Ti 24'95, Mn 1'75, which corresponds to (Fe, Mn) + |Fe Ti + i $e=(Fe, Mn) + (Fe, Ti) 2 3 , and hence differing from iserine in coming under the general formula of magnetite instead of that of hematite. Magnetite from Ytterby afforded J. A. Michael- son (J. pr. Ch., xc. 107) e 68-54, Fe 30-18, Ti 2-03 = 100-75. 4. Ochreous. (Eisenmulm Germ.) Black and earthy. A kind from near Siegen afforded F. A. Genth, as a mean of 3 anal. (Ann. Ch. Pharm., Ixvi. 277), 3?e 66'20. Fe 13-87, Mn 17'00, Ou 0'09, sand, etc., l'75=98-91=(Fe ? Mn) 3Pe. G.=3'76. ANHYDROUS OXYDS. ^5| 5. From the normal proportion of Fe to 3Pe, 1 : 1, there is occasionally a wide variation and thus a gradual passage to the sesquioxyd (Fe); and this fact may be regarded as evidence that the octahedral Fe, martite, is only an altered magnetite. Schwalbe has found (ZS nat Ver Halle, xx. 198) in two magnetites from Landu, hi Bengal, India: e Fe Mg Oa Si l e Fe 1. 69-27 29-48 0'49 0'05 0'28 0'03=99-60 3 I nearlv 2. 86-90 11-97 0-17 0'38 0'18 0'22=99'82 3 : 1 No. 1 was polar- magnetic and columnar; 2, granular, and not polar-magnetic. Yon Kobell has found in the cylindrical magnetite of Schwarzenstein, in the Zillerthal, the ratio 4:3; and the same in an ore from Arendal. G. Winkler found in a specimen from the Pfitsch valley, Fe 19-66, 3Pe 79-66, giving the ratio 2:1; but this is not confirmed by the later analyses given above. Pyr., etc. B.B. very difficultly fusible. In O.F. loses its influence on the magnet. With the fluxes reacts like hematite. Soluble in muriatic acid. Obs, Magnetite is mostly confined to crystalline rocks, and is most abundant in metamorphic rocks, though found also in grains in eruptive rocks. In the Azoic rocks the beds are of immense extent, and occur under the same conditions as those of hematite (see p. 142). It is an ingredient hi most of the massive variety of corundum called emery. The earthy magnetite is found in bogs like bog-iron ore. The beds of ore at Arendal, and nearly all the celebrated iron mines of Sweden, consist of massive magnetite; Dannemora and the Taberg in Smaoland are entirely formed of it. Still larger mountains of it exist at Kurunavara and Gelivara, in Lapland. Fahlun in Sweden, and Corsica, afford octahedral crystals (f. 2), imbedded in chlorite slate. Splendid dodecahedral crystals occur at Normark in Wermland. The most powerful native magnets are found in Siberia, and in the Harz ; they are also obtained on the island of Elba. In N. America, it constitutes vast beds (some scores of feet thick) in the Azoic, in the Adiron- dack region, Warren, Essex, and Clinton Cos., in Northern N. York, while hi St. Lawrence Co. the iron ore is mainly hematite ; also similarly in Canada, in Hull, Grenville, Madoc, etc, ; and at Corn- wall in Pennsylvania, and at Magnet Cove, Arkansas. It occurs also in N. York, in Saratoga, Herkimer, Orange, and Putnam Cos.; at O'Neil mine, Orange Co., in crystals (f. 1, 2, 3, 5, 6). In Maine, Raymond, Davis's Hill, in an epidotic rock ; at Marshall's island, masses strongly magnetic. In N. Hampshire, at Franconia, in epidote and quartz ; at Swanzey near Keeue, and Unity. In Vermont, at Marlboro', Rochester, Bethel, and Bridge water, hi crystals (f 11) in chlo- rite slate. In Conn., at Haddam, in crystals (f. 4, 8, 149), etc. In N. Jersey, at Hamburg, near Franklin furnace. In Penn., at Goshen, Chester Co. ; at Webb's mine, Columbia Co. ; in dendritic delineations (f. 150) forming hexagonal figures, in mica at Pennsbury and New Providence. In Maryland, at Deer Creek. In California, in Sierra Co., abundant, massive, and in crystals ; in Plumas Co. ; Mariposa Co., east of the Mariposa estate, on the trail to the Yosemite ; Placer Co., Utt's ranch ; Los Angeles Co., at Canada de las Uvas ; El Dorado Co., near the Boston copper mine, in oct., and at the El Dorado Excelsior copper mine. In Canada, at Sutton, in crystals ; Bromet, etc. In N. Scotia, Digby Co, Nichol's Mt., in fine crystals. No ore of iron is more generally diffused than the magnetic, and none superior for the manu- facture of iron. It is easily distinguished by its being attracted readily by the magnet, and also by means of the black color of its streak or powder, which is some shade of red or brown hi hematite and limonite. The ore when pulverized may be separated from earthy impurities by means of a magnet, and machines for this purpose are in use. Named from the loc. Magnesia, bordering on Macedonia. But Pliny favors Nicander's derivation from Magnes, who first discovered it, as the fable runs, by finding, on taking his herds to pasture, that the nails of his shoes and the iron ferrule of his staff adhered to the ground. Alt. By deoxydation through organic matter changed to protoxyd, which may become a car- bonate or siderite. By oxydation becomes sesquioxyd of iron or hematite. Artif. Formed in crystals by the action of chlorhydric acid on the sesquioxyd heated, produ. a partial deoxydation (Deville) ; by decomposition of the sesquioxyd with boracic acid and Caron, Ann. Ch. Phys., IV. v. 108). 1 85 A. Dimagnetite of Shepard (Am. J. Sci., II. xiii. 392) appears to be a magnetite pseudomorpn. The slender rhombic prisms occur upon a surface which is covered with small cut dodecahedrons, and cubo-dodecahedrons of magnetite, and some small irregular cavitu dimagnetite crystals contain similar crystals ; moreover no difference of lustr fractured surface of the magnetite and dimagnetite. The species imitated in the pse probably Lievrite. The angle of the prism varies between 110 3 and 115 , accc author's measurements (Shepard gives the angle 130). One crystal gave approxim and 70 C ; another 114 20' and 65 40' ; another 1 12 and 68, and the obtuse edge _ was bevelled in this last crystal by planes (z-2) inclined to the larger ones at an angle faces are even but not very bright. From Monroe, Orange Co., N. Y. 152 OXYGEN COMPOUNDS. 187. MAGNESIOFERRITE. Magnoferrit Eamm., Pogg., cvii. 451, 1859. Magneferrit Kenng., Ueb. J., 1859, 98, 1860. Isometric. In octahedrons, and octahedrons with truncated edges (f. 8). H.=6 6*5. G. = 4-568 i'654. Lustre, color, and streak as in mag- netite. Strongly magnetic. Comp. Mg J?e=Magnesia 20, oxyd of iron 80=100; but the crystals usually intersected by hematite in innumerable very thin lamina?, parallel to the octahedral faces. Analyses : 1-5, Rammelsberg (Pogg., cvii. 451, Min. Chem., 160): e Mg Cu 1. Vesuvius, erupt, of '55 86'96 12-58 99'54 2. " " 85*00 13-69 0'60 = 99'29 3. " " 85-05 13-95 1-01 = 100-01 4. " older erupt. 84-20 16-00 = 100'20 5. " " 84-35 15-65 =100 Regarding a fourth of the sesquioxyd of iron as a mixture, the results give Rammelsberg the above formula. For the purpose of analysis, the magnesioferrite was separated from the mixed hematite by means of a magnet. Pyr., etc. B.B. like hematite. Difficultly soluble in muriatic acid. Obs. Formed about the fumaroles of Vesuvius, and especially those of the eruption of 1855, as observed by Scacchi, who particularly described the crystals and their associations. The lamina? of hematite intersecting the octahedrons have rhombohedral planes on their edges. Crystals of hematite occur at the same fumaroles. Rammelsberg first detected the magnesian nature of the crystals, and, in allusion to it, named the species magnoferriie. But rtiagno has its own different signification in Latin ; and the word should be magnesioferrite. Artif. Formed in crystals by heating together 3Pe and Mg, and subjecting to the action of chlorhydric acid vapor (Deville). 188. FRANKLINITE. Berihier, Ann. d. M., iv. 489, 1819. Isometric. Observed planes: 1, /, 0, 2, 2-2. Figs. 2, 7, 8, common. Cleavage : octahedral, indistinct. Also massive, coarse or fine granular to compact. H.=5-5 6-5. G. =5-069, Thomson ; 5'091, Haidinger. Lustre metallic. Color iron-black. Streak dark reddish-brown. Opaque. Fracture con- choids!. Brittle. Acts slightly on the magnet. Comp. (Fe, 2n, Mn), (Pe, Mn). Analyses: 1, Berthier (L c.); 2, Thomson (Min., i. 438); 8, Abich (Pogg., xxiii. 342) ; 4, 5, G. J. Dickerson (C. T. Jackson's Rep. on N. J. zinc mines) ; 6, G-. J. Brush (Am. J. Sci., II. xxix. 371) ; 7, Steffens (B. H. Ztg., xix. 463) ; 8, J. A. Dahlgren (ib.) ; 9, Rammelsberg (Pogg., cvii. 312); 10, v. Kobell (J. pr. Ch., xcviii. 129): e Mn 2n 1. New Jersey 66 16 17=99 Berthier. 2. 66-10 ' 14-96 17-43, Si 0'20, fi 0-56=99-25 Thomson. 3. 68-88 18-17 10-81, " 0'40, l 0'73=98'99 Abich. 4. 66-OT 12-24 21-39, " 0'29=100 Dickerson. 5. 66-12 11-99 21-77, " 0-13=100 Dickerson. 6. 65-05 14-77 23'30, insol. 0-30=103-12 Brush. 7. 66-08 12-24 21*40, Si 0'28= 100 Steffens. 8. 66-11 11-99 21-77, " 0-13=100 Dahl. 9. 64-51 13-51 25-30=103-52 Ramm. 10. 66-20 12-42 21'00, l 0'80=100'42 Kobell. Von Kobell states that the magnetic character of the mineral shows that the iron is partly prpt- oxyd; and he deduces from his analysis (1. c.), for the most probable composition, Fe 58-36, 3fn ANHYDROUS OXYDS. 153 7-75 XI 0-80, Fe 7'06 Mn 3-48, 2n 21, with mixed &n 0-79=99-24, corresponding to the formula Mn Mn+2 Fe Fe + 5 Zn Fe=Sesquioxyd of iron 58-99, id. of manganese 8-32, protoxyd of iron 7-58, id. of manganese 3*74, oxyd of zinc 21-37 = 100. Rammelsberg, in his most recent paper (Pogg., cxxx. 146, 1867) adopts essentially the same view. The evolution of chlorine in the treatment of the mineral is attributed by v. Kobell to the presence of a little Mn (0-80 p. c.) as mixture which Rammelsberg observes may have come from the oxydation of some of the protoxyd of man- ganese. Pyr., etc. B.B. infusible. "With borax in O.P. gives a reddish amethystine bead (manganese), and in R.F. this becomes bottle-green (iron). With soda gives a bluish-green manganate, and on charcoal a faint coating of oxyd of zinc, which is much more marked when a mixture of borax and soda is used. Soluble in muriatic acid, with evolution of a small amount of chlorine. Obs. Occurs in cubic crystals near Eibach in Nassau ; in amorphous masses at Altenberg, near Aix la Chapelle. Abundant at Hamburg, N. J., near the Franklin furnace (whence the name of the species), with red oxyd of zinc and garnet, in granular limestone ; also at Stirling Hill, in the same region, where it is associated with willemite. in a large vein, in which cavities occasionally contain crystals from one to four inches in diameter. Artif. Formed in crystals by action of perchlorid of iron and chlorid of zinc on lime, with heat (Daubree). 189. CHROMITE. Fer chromate alumine (fr. Var) Vauq., Bull. Soc. Philom. 1800, 55, 57. Eisenchrom (fr. Ural) Meder, Crell's Ann., 1798, i. 500 ; Karst., Tab., 56. 79, 1800, 74, 1808. Fer chromate H., Tr., iv. 1801. Chromate of Iron, Chromic Iron, Chromiron. Chromsaures Eiseii, Chromeisenstein, Germ. Eisenchrome JBeud., 1832. Siderochrome Huot, L 287, 1841. Chro- moferrite Chapm., Min., 1843. Chromit Haid., Handb., 550, 1845. Isometric. In octahedrons (f. 2). Commonly massive; structure fine granular, or compact. EL 5-5. Gr.=4-321, crystals, Thomson; 4'498, a variety from Styria ; 4-568, Texas, Pa. Lustre submetallic. Streak brown. Color between iron-black and brownish-black. Opaque. Fracture uneven. Brittle. Sometimes magnetic. Comp. Fe r, or (Fe, Mg, Cr) (l, f e, r). Fe r=0xyd of iron 32, oxyd of chromium 68 ^-100. Analyses: 1, 2, Seybert (Am. J. ScL, iv. 321); 3, 4, Abieh (Pogg., xxiii. 335); 6, 6, Laugier (Ann. Mus. d'Hist. K, vi.); 7, 8, T. S. Hunt (Logan's Rep. G., Canada, 1849); 9, Moberg (J. pr. Oh., xliii. 119); 10, A. Rivot (Ann. Oh. Phys., III. xxx. 202); 11, C. Bechi (Am. J. ScL II. xiv. 62) ; 12, 13, Starr and Garrett (Am. J. ScL, II. xiv. 45) : Si 2-90=99-32 Seybert. 10-60=99-11 Seybert. 0-83=98-25 Abich. =99-45 Abich. 1- Mn 1 = 100 Laugier. 4-83=98-95 Laugier =99-81 Hunt. =100-46 Hunt. 0-91 = 101-01 Moberg 2-21 ft Ca 2-02=99-60 Rivot. 4-75=100-65 Bechi. 0-62, fti 0-10 Starr. " 2-28 Garrett. 1. Chester Co., Pa. 2. Baltimore 3. " massive 4. " crysL 5. Siberia 6. Roraas 7. Bolton, Canada 8. L. Memphramagog 9. Beresof 10. Baltimore 11. Volterra, Tuscany 12. Chester, Pa. 13. Texas, Pa. Fe Mg
** i" 5 but there is doubt as to some at least of these planes, as these unusual ratios were determined from measured angles alone and not through zones. Artif. Formed in crystals by the action of a stream of muriatic acid gas on Sn O a (Deville) ; by action of steam on chlorid or fluorid of tin (Daubree). 192A. AINALITB A. E. Nordenskiold (Finl. Min., 162, 1855, 26, 1863). A cassiterite containing nearly 9 p. c. of tantalic acid. Isomorphous with cassiterite, and presenting the planes 1, l-i. H. = 6 6*5 ; G.=6'6 6'8. Lustre vitreous to adamantine ; color black to grayish-black ; streak light-brown ; opaque. Analysis by Nordenskiold : Sn 88-95 fa 8-78 e 2'04 Cu 0-78=100-55 From Fennikoja in Somero, Finland, with tantalite and beryl in albite. 193. RUTILE. Schorl rouge de Lisle, Crist, ii. 421, 1783; v. Born. Cat. de Raab, i. 168, 1790. Kother Schorl pt, Titankalk, Klapr., Beitr., i. 233, 1795 (discov. of metal Titanium). Red Schorl Kirw., Min., i. 271, 1794; Titanite, id., ii. 329, 1796 [not Titanite Klapr., 1794=Sphene]. Schorl rouge,. Sagenite, Saussure, Alpes, iv. 1894, 1796. Crispite (fr. Crispalt, St. Gothard) Delameth., T. T., ii. 333, 1797. Rutil Wern., 1800, Ludwig's Wern, i. 55, 1803. Titane oxyd< H., Tr., 1801. Schwarzer Granat Lampadius, Samml., ii. 119, 1797. Eisenhaltiges Titanerz (fr. Ohlapian) Klapr., Beitr., ii., 235, l797=Nigrin Karst., Tab., 56, 79, 1800. Ilmenorutile Kokscliarof, Min. Russl., ii. 352, 1854. Tetragonal. A 1-^=147 12|', &= 0'6442. Observed planes : vertical prisms, /, ^'-f , *-2, ^'-3, *-4, *-7, i-i ; octahedrons, 1, 2, f, 1-^', 3-i ; zirconoids, 1-3, 1-|, 3-f ; base, 0, not common. 161 160 Graves Mtn., Ga. <9 A 1=137 40' A 3-|=113 18 A 1-3 =145 49 lAl, pyr.,=123 TJ /A 1=132 20 /A i- f=168 42 Z"Ai-2=161 34 7Vu-3=153 26' i-i A ^-2=153 26 i4 A 1=118 26 160 OXYGEN COMPOUNDS. Cleavage : 1 and i-i, distinct ; 1, in traces. Vertical planes usually stri- ated. Crystals often acicular. Twins : 1, composition-face 1-^', either (1) having a geniculation at the centre of origin of the crystal (nearly like f. 50, or f. 158 under cassiterite) ; or (2) having commenced as a simple crystal, and afterward become geniculated, as in f. 161. (A) Usually the successive geniculations take place in a common plane, that is by those faces \-i that lie in the direction of the same diagonal ; and (a) either the parts at the geniculations, at the opposite extremities, resume alternately a like direc- tion, as in f. 159, under cassiterite, p. 157 ; or the direction changes succes- sively (f. 161), the extremities finally bending into one another, and produc- ing at times when thus completed an inequilateral hexagonal prism (f. 162) ; but (B) occasionally the twinned commencement (as I, II, f. 163) is next geniculated at either end parallel to the transverse plane l-i< and a zig-zag Form is produced, and this in successive alternations, thence resulting, if the twinning begins nearly at, or at, the commencement of the crystal, in the scalenohedral form in f. 164, which consists of 8 united sectors. [Fig. 163 is ideal (from G-. Eose), being introduced to illustrate the form in f. 164.] 2. Composition-face 3-^, making a wedge-shaped crystal consisting of two individuals. 3. Composition-faces \-i and 3-i in the same crystal (fr. Mag- net Cove, Hessenberg). Occasionally compact, massive. H.=6 6*5. Gr. 4'18 4'25. Lustre metallic-adamantine. Color red- dish-brown, passing into red ; sometimes yellowish, bluish, violet, black ; rarely grass-green. Streak pale brown. Subtransparent opaque. Frac- ture subconchoidal, uneven. Brittle. Comp., Var. Titanic acid, Ti= Oxygen 39, titanium 61 = 100. Sometimes a little iron is present. Var. 1. Ordinary. Brownish-red and other shades, not black. GT. =4- 18 4*22. Transparent quartz is sometimes penetrated thickly with acicular or capillary crystals, and this variety is the Sagenite (fr. aa-y^n, a net), also named Crispite. Dark smoky quartz penetrated with the acicular rutile is apparently the Veneris crinis of Pliny (xxxvii. 69). 2. Ferriferous, (a) Nigrine. Color black, whence the name. Contains 2 to 3 p. c. of oxyd of iron. But as ordinary rutile has 1 to 2 p. c., the distinction is very small. Gk=4 249, fr. Ohla- pian ; 4'242 fr. Freiberg. (b) Ilmenorutile. A black variety from the Ilmen Mts, occurring in oc- tahedrons, containing over 10 p. c. of oxyd of iron, and having GT. 5'074 5*133. 3. Chromiferous (Titane oxyde chromifere H.). A grass-green variety, containing oxyd of chrome, which gives the color. Analyses: 1, Damour (Ann. Ch. Phys., III. x. 417); 2, H. Eose (Gilb. Ann., Ixiii. 67, Fogg., iii. 166); 3, Kersten (J. pr. Ch., xxxvii. 170); 4, 5, Demoly (Jahresb., 1849, 728): 1. St. Yrieix, reddish Ti 97'60 Pe 1-55=99-15 Damour. G.=4'209. 2. " " 98-47 1-53=10011. Rose. 3. Freiberg, nigrine 96-75 2'40 a =99'15 Kersten. G.=4-242. 4. Loc. unknown 96-41 1-63, Mn 0'13, Si 1'83 = 100 Demoly. 5. " 96-45 1-62, " 0'14, " 0'79= 100 Demoly. a In part at least magnetite, which may be separated by a magnet. The Ilmenorutile consists approximately, according to Hermann (1. c.), of Ti 89*3, 3?e 10'7. Pyr., etc. B.B. infusible. With salt of phosphorus gives a colorless bead, which in R.F. assumes a violet color on cooling. Most varieties contain iron, and give a brownish-yellow or red bead in R.F., the violet only appearing after treatment of the bead with metallic tin on charcoal. Insoluble in acids ; made soluble by fusion with an alkali or alkaline carbonate. The solution containing an excess of acid, with the addition of tin-foil, gives a beautiful violet-color when con- centrated. Obs. Rutile occurs in granite, gneiss, mica slate, and syenitic rocks, and sometimes in gran- ular limestone and dolomite. It is generally found in imbedded crystals, often in masses of quartz or feldspar, and frequently in acicular crystals penetrating quartz. It has also been met with in hematite and ilmenite. It is common in grains or fragments in many auriferous sands. Occurs in Arendal and Krageroe in Norway ; at Horrsjoberg, Finland, with lazulite and kyanite ; Saualpe, Carinthia ; in the Urals ; in the Tyrol ; at St. Gothard ; at Yrieix, in France ; Krummhenners- ANHYDROUS OXYDS. 161 dorf. near Freiberg ; in Castile, in geniculated crystals, often large ; at Ohlapian in Transylvania, nigrine in pebbles ; in large crystals in Perthshire, Scotland ; at Crianlarick, at Craig Calleachnear Killin, and on Benygloe ; in Donegal Co., Ireland, A variety from Karingsbricka in Sweden con- tains according to Ekeberg (Ak. H., Stockh., 1803, 46), 3 p. c. of chrome, and is the titane oxyde chromifre of Haiiy ; grass-green needles, supposed to be chromiferous, have been found in the Swiss Alps. The Ilmenorutile is from the phenacite and topaz mine of the Ilmen Mts., in the Urals. Rough octahedrons, reticulated within, from Brazil, are supposed to be pseudomorphs after anatase. In Maine, at Warren, along with tremolite and chalcopyrite. In N. Hamp., sparingly at Lyme, with tourmaline; near Hanover, acicular crystals in quartz, only in loose masses. In Vermont, at Waterbury, Bristol, Dummerston, and Putney ; also in loose boulders in middle and northern Vermont, acicular, some specimens of great beauty in transparent quartz. In Mass., at Barre, in gneiss, crystals occasionally an inch and a half in diameter ; at Windsor, in feldspar veins intersecting chlorite slate ; at Shelburne, in fine crystals in mica slate ; at Leyden, with scapolite ; at Conway, with gray epidote. In Conn., at Lane's mine, Monroe, and in the adjoin- ing town of Huntington. In N. York, in Orange Co., 1 m. E. of Edenville, with pargasite in limestone boulders ; 2 m. E. of Warwick, in granite with zircon ; 1 m. E. of Amity, in quartz with brown tourmaline, and 2 m. W., with spinel and corundum, and also 2 m. S.W., with red spinel and chondrodite ; near Warwick, in slender prisms penetrating quartz ; in N. York Co., at Kings- bridge, in veins of quartz, feldspar, and mica traversing granular limestone ; in the limestone of Essex Co. In Penn., in fine long crystals, at Sudsbury, Chester Co., and the adjoining district in Lancaster Co. ; at Parksburg, Concord, West Bradford, and Newlin, Chester Co. ; at the Poor House quarry, Chester Co., in delicate crystals, sometimes iridescent, on dolomite. In N. Jersey, at Newton, with spinel. In N. Car., at Crowder's Mountain. In Georgia, in Habersham Co. ; in Lincoln Co., at Graves' Mountain, with lazulite in large and splendent crystals, some 3-J- by 2j in. In Arkansas, at Magnet Cove. In Canada, small crystals, with specular iron at Sutton, C. E. ; in the ilmenite of Bay St. Paul, C. E., orange translucent grains, pure Ti, and probably rutile or brookite. The oxyd of titanium is employed for a yellow color in painting porcelain, and also for giving the requisite tint to artificial teeth. Recent art. on cryst., Kokscharof Min. Russl., i. ii. iii. iv. ; Pogg., xci. 1 54 (whence angles given); G. Rose, Pogg, cxv. 643; Hessenberg, Min. Not., I. II. V. Figs. 16^-1H4 by G. Rose. Artif, Formed in crystals by heating together to redness titanic acid and protoxyd of tin, and then heating the mass with silica to a cherry red heat (Deville) ; by the action of steam on fluorid or chlorid of titanium (Daubree, Hautefeuille). Hautefeuille observes that in this process crystals of rutile are formed when the heat used is red heat ; of brookite, when it is between that required for volatilizing cadmium and zinc ; and of anatase, when the heat is a little below that required for the volat. of cadmium. Has been observed in crystals as a furnace product by Scheerer. Oisanite Delameth., I. T., ii. 269, Dauphinit. Commonly octahedral or \ *, I, 194. OCTAHEDRITE. Schorl bleu indigo (fr. Oisans) Bourn., de Lisle's Crist, ii. 406, 1783; Schorl octaedre rectangulaire id., J. de Phys., xxx. 386, 1787. Octaedrite Sauss., Alpes, 1901, 1796. Oktaedrit Wern., 1803, Lud wig's Wern., ii. 218, 1804. 1797; H., J. d. M., v. 273, 1799. Anatase H., Tr., iii. 1801. Tetragonal. A 1-^=119 22' ; 0=1;77771. tabular. Observed planes : 0; prisms, '/,&-*; octahedrons, 1, -J-, jj-, 3-*, 2-*, 1-*, -J-&, ^ ; zirconoid, -^g-5. 1 A 1, bas.,=136 36' ^ 2-* A 2-* " =14828 1-i A \4 " =121 16 6> A 7=90. /A 1=158 18 A i=153 19' A 1=160 15 A 1=111 42 A 2-^=105 46 1 A 1, pyr.,=97 51 Cleavage : 1 and 0, perfect. H. = 5-5-4. G.=3-82-3-95 ; sometimes 4'11 4-16 after heating. Lustre metallic-adamantine. Color va- rious shades of brown, passing into indigo-blue, and black; greenish-yellow by transmitted light. C4 "~ uncolored. Fracture subconchoidal. Brittle. 11 Streak 162 OXYGEN COMPOUNDS. Comp. Like nitile and brookite, pure titanic acid. Rose found in crystals from Brazil 1-25 per cent, sesquioxyd of iron (Pogg., .1x1 516); and Damour obtained in an analysis (Ann. Oh. Phys., III. x. 417), Ti 98'36, Fe Ml, Sn 0'20=99'67. Pyr., etc. Same as for rutile. Obs. Most abundant at Bourg d'Oisans, in Dauphiny, with feldspar, axinite, and ilmenite. Found in mica slate in the Grisons ; in Bavaria ; near Hof in the Fichtelgebirge ; Norway ; the Urals ; in chlorite in Devonshire, near Tavistock ; with brookite at Tremadoc, in North Wales ; in Cornwall, near Liskeard and at Tintagel Cliffs ; in Brazil in quartz, and in detached crystals so splendent as to be sometimes mistaken for diamonds. In the U. States, at the Dexter lime rock, Smithfield, R. I., in dolomite. De Saussure's name octahedrite has the priority, and is particularly appropriate, the crystals being usually octahedrons. Haiiy's anatase is No. 3 in order of time, and was brought forward after he had once adopted for a while Delametherie's name oisanite; it is from avaraais, erection, and was intended to signify, as Haiiy says, that the common octahedron was longer than that of other tetragonal species ; but length is not in the meaning of the Greek word. Artif.. Formed in crystals by the action of steam on chlorid or fluorid of titanium (Daubree) ; by the action of a stream of muriatic acid gas on Ti O 2 (Deville) ; by fusing titanic acid with salt of phosphorus B.B. in R.F., and then exposing the bead to the point of the blue flame, when minute transparent crystals of octahedrite separate (G. Rose). 195. HAUSMANNITE. Schwarz Braunsteinerz pt. Wern., Bergm. J. ? 386, 1789. Schwarz Manganerz pt. Karst., Tab. 72, 100, 1808. Black Manganese. Blattricher Schwarz-Braunstein Hausm., Handb., 293, 1813. Manganese oxyde hydrate K, Tr., 1822. Pyramidal Manganese OreHaid., Mohs, Min., ii 416, 1824. Hausmannite Said., Trans. R. Soc. Ed., 1827. Glanz. braunstein Hausm., Handb., 405, 1847. Tetragonal. A 1-^=130 25'; 0=1-174:3. Observed planes: 1, -J-, l-i. Forms octahedral. A 1 = 121 3' $ A i pyr.,=139 57' 1 A 1, pyr.,=105 25 l-i A l-i, " =114: 52 A |=151 2 1 A 1-^=142 42 Cleavage : basal, nearly perfect. Twins, parallel to l-i ; the same kind of composition sometimes between four individuals, nearly like 93, p. 65. Also granular massive, particles strongly coherent. H.=5 5-5. G.=4'722. Lustre submetallic. Color brownish-black. Streak chestnut-brown. Opaque. Fracture uneven. Comp- Mn 2 Mn= Manganese 72'1, oxygen 27'9=Mn 69, Mn 31=100. Formula usually written Mn Mn. Analyses: 1, Turner (Trans. Roy. Soc. Edinb., xi.); 2, Rammelsberg (Fogg., xiv. 222); 3, id. (ib., cxxiv. 523); 4, L. J. Igelstrom (CEfv. Ak. Stockh., 1865, 606): Mn Mn a Si fl 1. Befeld 98-902 0'215 0-111 0'337 0'435=100 Turner. 2. Ilmenau 92-487 7'004 1-150 =99-641 Ramm. 3. Filipstad 92-12 6'95 0*13 0'34, Ca 0'14, Mg 0'41 = 100'09 Ramm. 4. Jakobsberg 28'78 71-27 =100 Igelstrom. Rammelsberg, in later examinations of the Ilmenau mineral (Pogg., cxxiv. 522), found Si 0"19, 0-91, 0-60, and Ba 015, 0'60, 14, with ign. 0-5, and 7-10. Pyr., etc. B.B. like manganite. Dissolves in heated muriatic acid, affording chlorine. Obs. Occurs with porphyry, along with other manganese ores, in fine crystals, near Ilmenau in Thuringia; Ilefeld in the Harz; Filipstad in Wermland. Reported also from Framont in Alsace. Observed at Lebanon, Penn. Dauber found for crystals from Ilmenau 1 A 1=105 30', and A =140 31' (Pogg., xciv. 406). The formula Mn 2 Mn, which makes the two members each to contain two of oxygen, accords with the approximate isomorphism of the species with octahedrite and rutile, the angle A 1 in it differing hardly 2 from A l-i in octahedrite, and about 2 from A 1 in rutile. Artif, Formed in crystals by subjecting Mn and Mg to heated muriatic acid gas (Deville). ANHYDROUS OXYDS. Igg 196. BRAUNITE. Braunite, Brachytypous Manganese-Ore, Haid., Ed. J. Sci., iv. 48, 1826 Hartbraunstein Hausm., Handb., 222, 1847. Marceline Beud., il 188, 1832. Heteroklin Shaft., Pogg., xlix. 204, 1840 (in art. by Evreinoff), Handb., 801, 1847. Tetragonal. A 1-^=135 26' ; a =098525. Observed planes : 0, 1, 2, 2-2 ' A 1 = 125 40' 2 A 2, pyr.,=96 33' A 2= 109 45 2 A 2, basal, =140 30 1 Al, pyr.,=109 53 2-2 A 2-2, pyr. axial, =128 17 1 A 1, bas.,=108 40 2-2 A 2-2, pyr. diag.,=144 4 1 A 1=109 46' and 108 53', Descloizeaux. Twins: forms consisting of three crystals, Keimgott. Also massive. H. = 6-6-5. G.=4-75-4-82 ; 4-752, fr. Elgersberg, Kamm. ; 4-818, ib., Haid. ; 4'77, fr. St. Marcel, Damour. Lustre submetallic. Streak and color dark brownish-black. Fracture uneven. Brittle. Comp. 2 Mn 2 Mn+Mn Si (see p. 133). Turner obtained no silica, and made the mineral sim- ply Stn. Analyses : 1, Turner (Edinb. Trans., xi.) ; 2-4, Kainmelsberg (Pogg., cxxiv. 515): Mn a Si fl 1. Elgersberg 86'95 9'85 2'25 tr. 0'95=100 Turner. 2. cryst. (|) undet. 0'24 7 -98 -- Ramm. 3. massive (f) " 0-54 8-32 - Earam. 4. [80*94] 8-08 0'44 8'63 I'OO, Oa 0'91 = 100 Kamm. The marceline (or heterocline) from St. Marcel in Piedmont, shown chemically by Damour, and crystallographically by Descloizeaux, to be impure braunite, was found by Damour (Ann. d. M., IV. i. 400) to consist of Mn 66-68, Pe 10-04, Mn 8't9, Fe 1'30, Ca 1'14, Mg 0'26, Si 10'24=98-45 Analyses of impure ore from Elba, by Bechi, in Am. J. Sci., II. xiv. 62 ; from Engadin, in serpentine, by Bukeisen, in Ber. Ak. Wien, xxiv. 287. Pyr., etc. B.B. infusible. "With borax and salt of phosphorus gives an amethystine bead in O.F., becoming colorless in R.F. With soda gives a bluish-green bead. Treated with muriatic acid evolves chlorine. Marceline gelatinizes with acids. Obs. Occurs both crystallized and massive, in veins traversing porphyry, at Oehrenstock, near Ilmenau ; at Elgersberg in Thuringia ; at Botnedalen, Upper Tellemark, in Norway ; near Ilefeld in the Harz ; at St. Marcel in Piedmont; at Elba (Bechi, Am. J. Sci., II. xiv. 62) ; at Vizianagram in India. Named after Mr. Braun of Gotha. To exhibit the true relations between the forms of braunite and cassiterite or rutile, the plane 1-i above should be 1, 0/\ 1 in cassiterite being 136 26'. Homologically this plane in all these re- lated species is !-, the plane corresponding to that truncating an edge of a cube which inclines to 135. 197. MINIUM. Mennige Germ. Plomb oxide rouge H. Pulverulent, occasionally exhibiting, under the microscope, crystalline scales. H.=2-3 G.=4'6. Lustre faint greasy, or dull. Color vivid red, mixed with yellow ; streak orange-yellow. Opaque. Comp. Pb s O 4 =b + 2 Pb= Oxygen 9-34, lead 90'66=100. Pyr. In the reduction flame of the blowpipe globules of lead are obtained. Obs. Usually associated with galenite, and also with calamiue, and sometimes constituting pseudomorphs after galenite and cerussite. 164 OXYGEN COMPOUNDS. Occurs at Bleialf in the Eifel ; in Badenweiler in Baden ; Brillon in "Westphalia ; island of Angle- ley ; G-rassington Moor and Weardale in Yorkshire ; Leadhills in Scotland ; Schlangenberg in sey Siberia. Found at Austin's mine, "Wythe Co., Va., along with cerussite. 198. BROOKITE. Jurinite Soret, 1822. Brookite Levy, Ann. Phil., II. ix. 140, 1825. Arkan- site Shep., Am. J. Sci., II. ii. 250, 1846. ? Eumanite Step., ib., xii. 211, 1851. Orthorhombic. /A 7= 99 50' (-100 50') : A 1-5=131 42' ; a : 1 : 6 =1-1620: 1:1: 1-1883. Observed planes: ; vertical, /, i-l, i-^i-^i-^ , -2 ; domes, |~2, -, 2-2 ; octahedral, J, 1, 2, -}, f-J, 1-2, 2-2, 168 Arkansas. Miask, Ural. ' if if A -H=150 42' 7A ^=139 55' 17 45 34 19 38 54 0A1 =124 0Ai =143 6> A 2-4=111 A 1-5=132 A 5-5=101 <9 A 2-2= 117 i-2 A 2, mac., =134 22 jAi " =135 14 lAl " =115 43 1-2 A 1-2 " =101 3 l-2Al-2,bracli.,=135 37 2-2 A 2-2, top, = 55 48 Cleavage : 7, indistinct ; 0, still more so. H.=5-5-6. G.=4-12-4-23, brookite ; 4-21 ^4-23, trp. Ural cryst. ; 4'03 4'085, arkansite, Ellenviile, N. Y. Whitney and Damour, 3-86-3'95, Kammelsberg , 3-81, a variety from the Ural, Hermann. Hair-brown, yellowish, or red- dish, with metallic adamantine -lustre, and translucent (brookite) ; also iron- black, opaque, and submetallic (arkansite). Streak uncolored grayish, yellowish. Brittle. Comp. Pure titanic acid, Ti, like rutile. Analyses : 1, Hermann (J. pr. Ch., xlvi. 404) ; 2, Romanovsky (B. H. Ztg., 1853, No. 26) ; 3, Damour (Ann. d. M., IV. xv. 447): 1. Urals 2. " 3. Arkansas Ti 94-09 94-31 e Si ign. 4-50 tr. 1-40=100-00 Hermann. 3-28 1-31=98-90 Eomanovsky. 1-36 0-73 =101-45 Damour. ANHYDROUS OXTDS. 165 Eammelsberg obtained 94*23 p. c. of titanic acid from the arkansite, and a corresponding low specific gravity, while Whitney and Damour found little impurity and a higher specific gravity. Pyr., etc. Same as for rutile. Obs. Brookite occurs at Bourg d'Oisans in Dauphiny ; at St. Gothard, with albite and quartz ; in the Urals, district of Slatoust, near Miask ; near Makirch in the Vosges, in pseudomorphs after sphene ; rarely at Yal del Bove, Etna, with rutile ; at Fronolen near Tremadoc, Wales ; in thick black crystals (arkansite, f. 166) at Magnet Cove, Ozark Mts., Arkansas, along with elaeolite, black garnet, and schorlamite ; in small crystals from the gold washings of North Carolina ; at the lead mine of Ellenville, Ulster Co., K Y., on quartz (f. 169), with chalcopyrite and galenite ; at Paris, Maine. /A /in arkansite 100 100 30', 1-2 A 1-2=101 30', and 135 15' to 135 50'. In brookite from the Urals, I A /=99 50', Kokscharof (Min. RussL). Named after the English crystallographer and mineralogist, H. J. Brooke. Artif. Formed in crystals by the action of steam on chlorid or fluorid of titanium (Daubree). 198A. EUMANITE. Eumanite occurs in minute crystals at the Chesterfield albite vein with rubellite and pyrochlore. Its chemical identity with brookite has not been ascertained. The annexed are figures, by the author, of two of the crystals. 170A il il it Some of the observed angles are /A 7=100 to 101, H A f *=^ 49', t-f A t-=140 140 15', A |-|=128 20' 128 30', i-l A t-f =108. Am. J. ScL, II. xiL 211, 397, xiii. 117. 199. PYROLUSITB. Lapis manganensis pt. Casalp., MetalL, 1596. Brunsten = Mag- nesia pt Wall, 268, 1747 ; Manganese pt. Fr. Trl WalL, i. 483, 1753. Manganaise grise pt. ForsL, Cat., 1772. Grau Braunstein pt. Wern., Bergm. J., 386, 1789; id., Hausm., Handb., 288, 1813. Gray Oxyd of Manganese pt.; Anhydrous Binoxyd of Manganese. Mangan Hy- peroxyd Leorih., Handb., 240, 1826. Pyrolusite, Prismatic Manganese-Ore, Said., Trans. Soc. Ed., 1827. Weichbraunstein, Weichmangan, Germ. Polianite (fr. Flatten) Breith., Pogg., Ixi. 191, 1844=Lichtes Graumangan-Erz &, Char., 231, 1832. Orthorhombic. /A 7=93 40', A 1-5=142 11' ; a : I : c=0'7T6 : 1 : 1-066. Observed planes as in the figure. A f*=160, /A ^=136 50' /A =13S 10', i- A -2, top, =140. Cleavage / and i-\ Also columnar, often divergent ; also granular massive, and frequently in reniform coats. Often soils. H.=2 5-5. G.=4-82, Turner; Lustre metallic. Color iron-black, dark steel-gray, sometimes bluish. Streak black or bluish-black, sometimes submetallic. Opaque. Katner brittle. Var,-l. Ordinary. In (a) crystala and (6) massive. H. =2-2*5; G.=4'819, Turner; 4'84, fr. Andalusia. Angles as above given. 166 OXYGEN COMPOUNDS. 2. Polianite. H. above 5. G.= 4'838 4-880, fr. Flatten, Breith. Color light steel-gray. Angles, 7 A 7=92 52', A 1-4=147 43'. It is a very pure pyrolusite. Pisani states that "polianite" from Cornwall has G-.=4'826. 3. Varvacite is impure pyrolusite. See under MANGANITE. Comp. Mn=Manganese 63'3, oxygen 36-7 = 100. Analyses: 1, Arfvedson (Schw. J., xlii. 210); 2, 3, Turner (Edinb. Trans., 1828); 4, Scheffler (Arch. Pharm., xxxv. 260); 5, Plattner (Pogg., Ixi. 192) : MnMn Ba Si H 1. Undenaes? 83'56 14'58 1-86=100 Arfvedson. 2. Elgersberg 84-05 11-78 0'53 0-51 1-12 = 100 Turner. 3. Ilefeld 85'62 11'60 0*66 0'55 1 '57 =100 Turner. 4. Bmenau 87*0 11'6 1'2 0'8 5'8, e 1'3, Ca 0'3, 3tl *, irZ ; domes, 1-2 ; octahedral, 1, 1-2, 3-5, f-f . O A 3-8=115 M' O A 1-2=148 48 r 1-2 A 1-2, mac.,=151 35' A 1-2=143 55 0Af}=121 8 i-SA*-2 =138 6 1A1, brach.,=121 4 te hi-$, ov.i-t,=122 52 170 OXYGEN COMPOUNDS. In prisms longitudinally striated, and often flattened into scales or tables parallel to the shorter diagonal. Cleavage : brachydiagonal, very perfect. Also fibrous ; foliated or in scales ; massive ; reniform ; stalactitic. H.=:5 5-5. G.=4-0 4-4; 4-37, crystals from Lostwithiel in Cornwall, Yorke. Lustre imperfect adamantine. Color yellowish, reddish, and blackish-brown. Often blood-red by transmitted light. Streak brownish-yellow ochre-yellow. Var. 3 . In thin scale-like or tabular crystals, usually attached by one edge. Such is the ori- ginal Gothite (Pyrrhosiderite or EuUnglimmer) of Siegen. 2. In acicular or capillary (not flexible) crystals, or slender prisms, often radiately grouped : the Needle- Ironstone (Nadeleisensteiri). It passes into (5) a variety with a velvety surface: the Przibramite (SammetUende] of Przibram is of this kind. (c) Onegite is acicular gothite penetrating quartz, like rutile, from an island in L. Onega, Russia, where it was found in loose stones, in 1800, by Mr. Armstrong, an Englishman. It has also been called Fullonite, after Mr. Fullou, a brother-in-law of Mr. A., who also possessed specimens. 3. Columnar or fibrous. 4. Scaly-fibrous, or feathery columnar, the lines consisting of more or less distinct scales, some- what like plumose mica ; the Lepidocrocite (fr. Ae^?, scale, and Kpoxis, fiber). 6. According to Hausmann, compact massive, with a flat conchoidal fracture, liver-brown to blackish-brown and rust-brown color ; and sometimes reniform or stalactitic. 6. Disseminated microscopic crystals of gothite are one source of the frequent aventurine and opalescent character of specimens of different feldspars (see p. Comp. 3Pe H=Sesquioxyd of iron 89-9, water 10'1 = 100. Analyses: 1-3, v. Kobell (J.pr.Ch., i. 181, 319) ; 4, Brandes (Ndgg. G-eb. in Rheinl. Westph., i. 358) ; 5, 6, v. Kobell (1. c.) ; 7, Plattner (J. pr. Ch., xix. 103) ; 8, Yorke (Phil. Mag., III. xxvii. 264) : 1. Eiserfeld, Gothite 2. H. Zug, Lepid. 3. " " 4 5. Amberg, mass. 6. Maryland, " 7. Chili, ChUeite 8. Lostwithiel, cryst. e &n fl Si 86-35 0-51 11-38 0'85, Cu 0'90=99'99 Kobell. 90-53 9-47 =100 Kobell. 85-65 2-50 11-50 0-35 = 100 Kobell. 88-00 0-50 10-75 0-50 = 99-75 Brandes. 86-24 10-68 2-00, Pb I -08 = 100 Kobell. 86-32 10-80 2 -88 =100 Kobell. 83-5 10-3 4-3, Cu 1-9 = 100 Plattner. 89-55 0-16 10-07 0'2S = 100-06 Yorke. Gothite from near Marquette gave G-. J. Brush 10'47 3 (Am. J. Sci., II. xxxvii. 271). Tho Amberg mineral (anal. 5) has been called stilpnosiderite ; but Ullmann, who gave this name, found for his mineral the composition of limonite (q. v.) Pyr., etc. In the closed tube gives off water and is converted into red sesquioxyd of iron. With the fluxes like hematite ; most varieties give a manganese reaction, and some, treated in the forceps in O.F., after moistening in sulphuric acid, impart a bluish-green color to the flame (phos- phoric acid). Soluble in muriatic acid. Obs. Found with the other oxyds of iron, especially hematite or limonite. Occurs at Eiserfeld near Siegen, in Nassau, in lamelliform and foliated crystallizations of a hyacinth-red color, with limonite ; at Zwickau in Saxony ; Oberkirchen in Westerwald, etc. ; near Clifton in Gloucester- shire, near Bristol, England ; in Cornwall, near Botallack and Lostwithiel, some of the crystals 1-J- 2 in. long and f in. across ; in Somersetshire, at the Providence iron mines. In the U. States, at the Jackson Iron Mtn., near Marquette, L. Superior, in lamelliform crystals ; in Penn., near Easton, the var. lepidocrocite with limonite ; in California, at Burns Creek, Mariposa Co., in quartz; in Oregon, 16 m. from Portland. Named Gothite after the poet philosopher Gothe ; and Pyrrhosiderite from P > S , fire-red, and (rtJ^pof, iron. The name Onegite has priority, but it was given without a proper description, and for 25 years the nature of the mineral was unknown. 205. MANGANITE. Manganaise cristallis6 de Lisle, Crist., 330, 1772, iii. 101, 1783. Man- ganese oxyde metalloide H., Tr., iv. 1801 (with figs.). Grau-Braunsteinerz pt. Wern,, 1789; Earsten, Tab., 1800. Graumanganerz pt. Karsten, Tab., 1808. Grau-Braunstein pt. Hausm., HYDROUS OX YDS. 171 Handb., 288, 1813, 390, 1847. Gray Oxyd of Manganese pt. Prismatoidisches Mangan-Erz Molis, Grundr., 488, 1824. Manganite Haid., Trans. R. Soc. Edinb., 1827. Acerdese Beud. Tr., ii. 678, 1832. Newkirkite Thorn., Min., i. 509, 1836. Orthorhombic. /A 7=99 40', A 1-=14T 1 vertical _,..,. , . 2,1-2; l-3,2-2,f2. a - I - c=O6455 roromc. = , -= ; a : : 0=0-6455 : : 1-185. Hemihedral, o in plane f-2. Observed planes, (uncommon) 3rtical, 7, i-i, i-i, i-2, i-%, i-Z, f, -2 ; domes, l-, 1-5 2-; octahedral, l! 1-2 : 1-3. 2-2, 4-2. A 24=127 46' A 1-3=146 9 A 1-5=144 59 A 1=139 49 A 2-2=128 18 A 14=151 25 1 A 1, mac.,=130 49' 1 A 1, braeh., = 120 54 -3 A 1-g, mac., =162 39 *-2 A a-2, mac., =134 14 i-S A 2, br., = 118 48 -3 A i-3, br.,=136 54 Twins : composition-face 14. Cleavage : i-i very perfect, / perfect. Crystals longitudinally striated, and often grouped in bundles. Also columnar ; seldom granular; stalactitic. H.=4. G.=4-2 4-4. Lustre submetallic. Color dark steel-gray iron-black. Streak reddish-brown, sometimes nearly black. Opaque ; minute splinters, sometimes brown by transmitted light, Fracture uneven. Comp. Mn fi=Sesquioxyd of manganese 89'8 (=Mn 62-5, 27'3), water 10-2=100. Anal- yses: 1, Arfvedson (Schw. J., xxvi. 262); 2, Gmelin (ib., xlii. 208); 3, 4, Turner (Edinb. Trans.. 1828); 5, How (Phil. Mag., IV. xxxi. 166): 1. West Gothland 2. Ilefeld 3. ' 4. " 5. Cheverie Mn 89-92 62-86 27-64 62-68 27-22 62-77 27-13 86-81 H lU'08 Arfvedson. 9-50 Gmelin. [10 10] Turner. [10-101 Turner. 10-00, gangue 1'14, 3Pe, Ba, loss 2-05 How. Pyr., etc. In the closed tube yields water ; otherwise like braunite. Obs. Occurs in veins traversing porphyry, associated with calcite and barite, at Ilefeld in the Harz ; Ilmenau and Oehrenstock in Thuringia ; Undenaes in Sweden ; Christiansand in Nor- way ; Cornwall, at various places, occurring crystallized at Botallack mine, St. Just ; Callington and at the Koyal iron mines ; also in Cumberland, Devonshire, Somerset ; Aberdeenshire, Scot- land ; near Ross and elsewhere in Ireland. In Nova Scotia, at Cheverie, Hants Co., and Walton; also 10 m. W. of Walton, where it forms a bed of conglomerate, along with quartz pebbles. In New Brunswick, at Shepody mountain, Albert Co. ; Tattagouche E., Gloucester Co. ; Upham, King's Co. ; and Dalhousie, Restigouche Co. Newkirkite of Thomson, from Newkirchen in Alsace, according to Lettsom, is nothing but manganite. Alt. By loss of water changes to pyrolusite, hausmannite, or braunite. Varvacite of_R. Phillips, from Warwickshire, is considered an altered manganite, consisting largely of pyrolusite. Breithaupt observed a crystal with nearly the angles of manganite, giving /A /=80 24' and 99 36'. H. = 2-5 3. G. 4-283 4-623. 172 OXYGEN COMPOUNDS. 206. LIMONITE. E^io-rds Ar0n? (fr. Iberia) Diosc. Schistus, Hematites, Plin., xxxvd. 37 38. Haematites pt, Blodsten pt. [rest red hematite], Wall., 260, 1747, Cronst., 178, 1758, Hematite pt., Fr. Trl. Wall., 469, 1753. Braun-Eisenstein (incl. Eisenrahm, Brauner Glaskopf) Wern., Bergm. J., 383, 1789. Brauneisenstein pt. [rest Gothite] Hausm., Handb., 268, 1813. Braun-Eisenstein, Stilpnosiderit, Ullmann, Ueb., 146, 305, 148, 313, 1814. Brown Iron Stone pt, Brown Hematite, Brown Ochre, Jameson, Min., 253, 261, 1816. Limonite pt. [rest Gothite, Bog Ore] Beud., Tr., ii. 702, 18S2 [not Limonit Hausm., 1813 (=Bog Ore only)]. Q?xpa [yellow and brown] Theophr. ? Sil Plin., xxxiii. 56. Ochra nativa, Germ. Berggeel, Agric., 466, 1546. 0. nativa, Sil, Berggelb, Ockergelb, Gesner, Foss., 8, 1565. Ochriger Brauneisenstein Wern., Karst. Brown Ochre pt, Yellow Ochre pt. Minera Ferri subaquosa, Min. F. lacustris, v. palustris, Sjoemalm, Myrmalm, Wall, 263, 1747. Mine de fer limoneuse Fr. Trl. WalL, 1753. Ferrum limosum, etc., Watt., ii. 256, 1775. Easeneisenstein (iucl. Morasterz, Sumpferz, Wiesenerz) Wern., Bergm. J., 383, 1789. Marsh Ore, Bog Ore, Meadow Ore pt., Kirwan, Jameson, etc. Limonit (=Raseneisensteiu or Bog Ore) Hausm., Handb., 283, 1813 [not Limonite of Beud., wh. incl. all hydrous ox. of iron]. Limnit Glock., Syn., 62, 1847. Usually in stalactitic and botryoidal or mammillary forms, having a fibrous or subfibrous structure ; also concretionary, massive ; and occasion- ally earthy. H. :5 5*5. G.=3'6 4. Lustre silky, often submetallic ; sometimes dull and earthy. Color of surface of fracture various shades of brown, commonly dark, and none bright ; sometimes with a nearly black varnish- like exterior ; when earthy, brownish-yellow, ochre-yellow. Streak yel- lowish-brown. Var. (1) Compact. Submetallic to silky in lustre; often stalactitic, botryoidal, etc. (2) Ochreous or earthy, brownish -yellow to ochre-yellow, often impure from the presence of clay, sand, etc. (3) Bog ore. The ore from marshy places, generally loose or porous in texture, often petrifying leaves, wood, nuts, etc. (4) Brown day-ironstone, in compact masses, often in concre- tionary nodules, having a brownish-yellow streak, and thus distinguishable from the clay-iron- stone of the species hematite and siderite ; it is sometimes (a) pisolitic, or an aggregation of con- cretions of the size of small peas (Bohnerz Germ.}', or (b) oolitic. Only part of stalactitic limonite, brown or yellow ochre, bog ore, and clay-ironstone belong here, the water present sometimes much exceeding that of limonite, so as to make them of the species xanthosiderite or limniie. But since in the determinations of the water analysts have not always separately estimated the organic ingredients, it is at present impossible to refer the analyses in all cases to their true places. Kaliphite of Ivauoff is a mixture of limonite, oxyd of manganese, silicate of zinc and lime, from Hungary. Comp. :Pe 2 H 3 =Sesquioxyd of iron 85*6, water 14*4100. In the bog ores and ochres, sand, clay, phosphates, oxyds of manganese, and humic or other acids of organic origin are very common impurities. Analyses: 1, Ulhnann (Ueb., 314, 1814); 2, 3, v. KobeU (J. pr. Ch., i. 181, 319); 4, Beck (Min. K Y., 33); 5, Amelung (Ramm. Min. Ch., 149); 6, Schonberg (J. pr. Ch., xix., 107); 7, C. Berge- mann (Yerh. nat Yer. Bonn. xvi. 127) ; 8, Litton (Rep. G. Mo., 1855) ; 9, C. S. Rodman (priv. con- trib.); 10-13, Schenck (Ann. Ch. Pharm., xc. 123) : 1. Westerwald, StiT/pn. 2. Perm, fibrous 3. Siegen, pitchy 4. Amenia, N. Y., stalact. Urn. 5. Rubelund, Harz 6. Horhausen 7. " G.=3-908 8. Buffalo, Mo. 9. Salisbury, Ct 5>e 80-50 83-38 82-87 82-90 86-77 82-27 82-63 84-80 81-13 Mn tr. tr. tr. 2-35 0-60 H 16-00 15-01 13-46 13-50 13-23 13-26 12-33 11-62 13-81 Si 2-25 1-61 0-67 3-60 a 4-50 2-27 2-88 3-68 With alumina. =98-75 Ullmann. =100Kob. 3-00, Cu, Ca tr. = lQQ Kob. =100 Beck. =100 Amelung. =100-03 Schonberg. = 99-58 Bergemann. , 10-64, S 0-12 = 100-06 Litton. tr., l 9-3, Co, Ca, S Zr. = 100-15 R. HYDROUS OXYDS. 173 e H Si l 10. Dist. of Kandern, pisolitic 71-71 8'23 13-00 6-71, Ca 0-60=100-25 Schenck T l. " T5-51 12-99 5-80 6-86=101-16 Schenck. 12. " 68-70 11-5311-80 7 '47 = 99'50 Schenck 13. " 70-46 11-12 13-04 6-88=100-50 Schenck. A concretionary ore from Staatswald Hardt, "Wurtemberg, afforded A. Miiller ( J. pr. Ch., ML 124) 0-05 p. c. of chromic acid, and 0'03 of vanadic; and traces of titanium, sulphur, and arsenic have been found in others. The organic acids sometimes amount- to 12 15 p. c., as in the following : 1, T. S. Hunt (Rep a. Can., 513, 1863); 2, 3, Wiegmann (Preischr. Torfes, 75, 76, 1837): e Mn H Si P" Humic acid. 1. Pointe du Lac, Ochre . 59-10 21-14 M5 15-01, sand 3-60=100 Hunt. 2. Braunschweig, Bog ore Fe 66 13 7 14=100 "Wiegmann. 3. " 68-5 1-5 10-5 7-0 12-5 = 100 Wiegmann. The ochre analyzed by Hunt M r as from a bed in the soil having an extent of many acres ; the color light brownish-yellow. It may be a mixture of limonite and a hydrous species containing oxyd of iron combined with organic acids. Hunt suggests that it should be made a distinct spe- cies ; and when the exact nature of the organic acids is determined, this may properly be done. In other analyses of bog ores from Vaudreuil and other places in Canada, Hunt found 16*50 to 23'65 p. c. of water and organic acids, but the proportion of the two was not determined. For other so-called limonite, bog ores, and ochres, see XANTHOSIDERITE and LIMNITB. Pyr., etc. Like gothite. Some varieties give a skeleton of silica when fused with salt of phosphorus, and leave a siliceous residue when attacked by acid.s. Obs. Limonite occurs in secondary or more recent deposits, in beds associated at times with barite, siderite, calcite, aragonite, and quartz ; and often with ores of manganese ; also as a modern marsh deposit. It is in all cases a result of the alteration of other ores, through exposure to moisture, air, and carbonic or organic acids ; and is derived largely from the change of pyrite, siderito, magnetite, and various mineral species (such as mica, augite, hornblende, etc.), which contain iron in the protoxyd state. It consequently occupies, as a bog ore, marshy places, over most countries of the globe, into which it has been borne by streamlets from the hills around ; and in the more compact form it occurs in stalactites as well as in tuberose and other concretionary forms, frequently mak- ing beds in the rocks which contain the minerals that have been altered into it. In moist places where a sluggish streamlet flows into a marsh or pool, a rust-yellow or brownish-yellow deposit often covers the bottom, and an iridescent film the surface of the water : the deposit is a growing bed of bog ore. The iron is transported in solution as a protoxyd carbonate in carbonated waters, a sulphate, or as a salt of an organic acid. The limonite beds of the Green Mountain region were shown by Percival (Eep. G-. Conn., 132, Am. J. Sci., II. ii. 268) to be altered beds of pyritiferous micaceous and argillaceous schist ; and the same is held by Lesley as true also of the other beds of the Atlantic border, from New England and New York, through Pennsylvania (Mt. Alto region and others), to Tennessee and Alabama (Proc. Am. Ac. Philad., 468, 1864, Am. J. Sci., II. xl. 119). Abundant in the United States. A few only of its localities are here mentioned ; reference may be made to the various geological reports for complete lists. Extensive beds exist at Salisbury and Kent, Conn., also in the neighboring towns of Beekman, Fishkill, Dover, and Amenia, N. Y., and in a similar situation north ; at Richmond and Leuox, Mass. ; at Hinsdale as the cement in a conglomerate quartz rock ; in Vermont, at Bennington, Monkton, Pittsford, Putney, and Ripton. Limonite is one of the most important ores of iron. The pig iron, from the purer varieties, ob- tained by smelting with charcoal, is of superior quality. That yielded by bog ore is what is termed cold short, owing to the phosphorus present, and cannot therefore be employed in the man- ufacture of wire, or even of sheet iron, but is valuable for casting. The hard and compact nodular varieties are employed in polishing metallic buttons, etc. Named Limonite from AEI//WI-, meadow. Ullmann's name, Stilpnosiderite, from mA*?, shining, has priority ; but the ore is characteristically riot a shining ore, although sometimes with a lus- trous, varnish-like exterior. The name limonite was first appropriated especially to the bog ores by Hausmann in 1813. But most bog ores are of the above species, and Beudant, recognizing this, in 1832 used limonite for the bog as well as other limonite. Alt. By deoxydation through organic matter, if carbonic acid is present, may form siderite (Fe C). By losing water becomes hematite (3Pe). Hematite occurs as pseudomorphs after limonite. This species forms numerous pseudomorphs of other species. 174 OXYGEN COMPOUNDS. 207. XANTHOSIDERITE. Gelbeisenstein (fr. Goslar) Hausm., Handb., 279, 1813. Xan- thosiderit (fr. Ilmenau) E. K Schmid, Pogg., Ixxxiv. 495, 1851. Yellow Ochre pt. Bog Ore pt. In fine needles or fibres, stellate and concentric. Also as an ochre. H.=:2'5 when in needles. Lustre silky or greasy; also pitch-like ; also earthy. Color in needles golden-yellowish, brown to brownish-red ; as an ochre, yellow of different shades, more or less brown, sometimes reddish. Streak ochre-yellow. Comp. ^e H 2 =Sesquioxyd of iron 81-6, water 18-4=100. Analyses: 1, Hausmann (GTilb. Ann., v. 21, 1811); 2, 3, Schmid (1. c.); 4, Murray (Ramm. Min. Oh., 150); 5, Haughton (Phil. Mag,IV.xxxii.220): 3?e Mn A-l H Si 1. Goslar, Harz 69'00 2-50 16'39 4'00, Fe S 8'05=99'84 Hausm. 2. Ilmeuau, yettow a 74*96 1'82 T32 15'67 2 '5 1 = 96*28 Schmid. 3. " brown a 75'00 1'33 1'51 14'10 5'02 = 96'96 Schmid. 4. Hiittenrode, brown 81-41 17-96 0-17, 0-46=100 Murray. 5. Kilbride, Ireland. 7 7 '15 tr. 20-43 0'30, P 1 '60 =99 -48 Haughton. a Loss due to undetermined lime, magnesia, alkalies, antimony, lead, and bismuth, present as imparities. Haughton found no organic matter, protoxyd of iron, or sulphur in his analyses. Half the water in Hausmann's analysis must have belonged to the sulphate of iron, or else the mineral analyzed by him could not have corresponded to the formula given. Pyr., etc. Like those of limonite. Obs. Associated with manganese ores at Ilmenau, in silky needles, etc. ; as an ochre near Goslar, Bruchberg, Elbingerode in the Harz ; as a pitchy ore at Kilbride, Wicklow Co., Ireland, along with limonite and psilomelane. Several analyses of bog ore apparently accord with those of xanthosiderite. But the amount of water given actually includes whatever was driven off on ignition, and no examination was made for organic acids. See_ under LIMONITE. Artif. The hydrate, 3Pe H 2 , is formed when oxyd of iron is precipitated from hot solutions of its salts ; and, according to Gmelin, also from cold solutions. 208. BEAUXITE. Alumine hydratee de Beaux Berthier, Ann. d. M., vi. 531, 1821. Beauxite JDufr., Min. (ii. 347), iii. 799, 1847. Bauxite DeviUe, Ann. Ch. Phys., III. Ixi. 309, 1861. Wochei- nite A. Ftechner, ZS. G., xviii. 181, 1866, Jahrb. G. Reichs., 1866. In round concretionary disseminated grains. Also massive oolitic ; and earthy, clay-like. G. 2'551, fr. Wochein, v. Lill. Color whitish, grayish, to ochre-yellow, brown, and red. Var. 1. In concretionary grains, or oolitic; beauxite. 2. Clay-like, wocheinite; the purer kind grayish, clay : like, containing very little oxyd of iron ; also red from the oxyd of iron present. Comp. -(^cl, e) H 2 j with A4 : 3Pe=3 : 1,= Alumina 50'4, sesquioxyd of iron 26'1, water 23-5 = 100; without e,=tl 74% water 25*9=100. Berthier considered the iron an impurity. Analyses : 1, Berthier (1. c.) ; 2, DeviUe (Ann. Ch. Phys., III. Ixi. 309) ; 3, Berthier (1. c., v. 133, 1S20); 4, v. Lill (Jahrb. G. Reichs., Yerh. 1866, 11): Si 3tl e H Ca Mg 1. Beaux 52-0 27'6 20'4 =100 Berthier. 2. " 55-4 44-6 =100 DeviUe. S.Senegal 2'0 40'0 33*60 24'7 , <3r A 4 ^=98 6', <9 A | 7?= Hessenberg. Crystals often broad tabular. Cleavage : basal, eminent, folia easily separable, nearly as in gypsum. Usually foliated massive. fibrous, fibres separable and elastic. Also Low's mine, Texas. Wood's mine, Texas. H.=2-5. G.=:2-35, Haidinger; 2'40 2*46 fr. "Wermland, Igelstrom ; 2*376, fr. Orenburg, Beck ; 2*44, nemalite, JSTuttall. Lustre pearly on a cleavage-face, elsewhere between waxy and vitreous ; the fibrous silky. Color white, inclining to gray, blue, or green. Streak white. Translucent subtranslucent. Sectile. Thin laminae flexible. Var. 1 . Foliated. 2. Fibrous ; called nemalite. Comp. Mg Ii= Magnesia 68'97, water 31-03 = 100. Analyses: 1, Bruce (Brace's J., i. 26); 2, Fyfe; 3, Stromeyer (Unters., 4H7); 4, Wurtz (This Min., 682, 1850); 5, Fyfe (Ed. N. Phil. J., viii. 352) ; 6, Thomson (Min., i. 157) ; 7, Stromeyer (1. c.) ; 8, Hermann (J. pr. Ch., Ixxxii. 368) ; 9, Smith & Brush (Am. J. ScL, ii. xv. 214); 10, Beck (Verh. Min. St. Pet., 1862, 87); 11, Igel- strom (Ak. H. Stockh., 1858, 187) ; 12, J. D. Whitney (J. Soc. N. H., Bost., vi. 36, 1849) ; 13, Wurtz (L c.); 14, Eammelsberg (Pogg., Imnr. 284): Fe Mil Oa E 1. Hoboken 2. 5. Swinaness 6. 7. 8. Wood's mine, Texas, 9. Low's mine " Mg 70 68-57 68-35 69-11 69-75 67-98 66-67 68-87 66-30 0-12 0-47 0-64 10. Orenburg (f) 67 '24 11. Wermland (f) 68 '04 12. Hoboken, Nemalite 62-89 13. " 66-05 14. " " 64-86 1-57 1-18 1-57 0-80 0-50 tr. 2-03 3-59 4-65 5-H3 4-05 0-19 30 31-43 30-90 30-42 30-25 30-96 30-39 30-33 [31-93] 30-29 28-66 28-36 80-13 C =100 Bruce. = 100 Fyfe. =100 Stromeyer. =100 Wurtz. = 100 Fyfe. =100-51 Thomson. =100 Stromeyer. = 100 Hermann. 1-27 = 1008 &B. 0-62 = 99-98 Beck. = 190-29 Igelstrom. 4-10=100 Whitney. : =101-81 Wurtz. 29-48, Si 0-27=98-65 Eamm. Pyr., etc. In the closed tube gives off water, becoming opaque and friable, sometimes turning gray to brown. B.B. infusible, glows with a bright light, and the ignited mineral reacts alkaline to test paper. With cobalt solution gives the violet-red color of magnesia. The pure mineral is soluble in acids without effervescence. Obs. Brucite accompanies other magnesian minerals in serpentine, and has also been found in limestone. Occurs in considerable veins traversing serpentine, at Swinaness in Unst, one of the Shetland Isles, where it is sometimes found in regular crystals ; at Pyschminsk in the Urals ; at G-oujot in France ; near Filipstadt in Wermland, in Sweden, in roundish masses in limestone. It occurs at Hoboken, N. J., opposite the city of New York, in seams in serpentine ; in Richmond Co., N. Y. ; on the peninsula east of New Rochelle, Westchester Co., N. Y. ; at Wood's mine, Texas, Pa., in large plates or masses, and often crystallizations several inches across ; at Low's mine, with hydromagnesite. The angles and f. 177 given above are from Texas crystals, as measured by Hessenberg (Min. Not, iv. 42). G. Rose obtained from the same, OA^=120, 0A#=149 40' 150 51', jRA JJ?=90. The author gave the following measurements of a minute crystal from Low's mine (f. 17 6) in his last edit. : OA7?=119 119 55, 0A2.K=105 30', R/\R (by calc.)=82 15'. HYDROUS OXYDS. The fibrous variety (nemalite) occurs at Hoboken, and Xettes in tho Vosges. Named after A. Bruce, an early American mineralogist, who first described the species. Alt, Becomes white, pulverulent, and carbonated on exposure, and also crystallized, constitut- ing then the mineral hydromagnesite ; the latter is sometimes in pscudomorphous crystals after brucite. 211. PYROCHROITE. Pyrochroit L. J. Igelstrom, Pogg., cxxii. 181, 1864, (Efv. Ak. Stockh., 1864, 205, 1865. Foliated, like brucite. H.=2-5. Lustre pearly. Color white ; but changing on exposure to bronze, and then to black. In thin pieces transparent, and having a flesh-red color by transmitted candle-light. Comp. Mn H, or (Mn, Mg) H. Mn H=Protoxyd of manganese 79-8, water 20-2=100. Analy- sis : Igelstrom (1. c.) : Mn 76-40 Mg 3-14 Ca 1'27 Fe O'Ol H 15-35 C [3'834] Pyr., etc. In a matrass a small piece becomes at surface verdigris-green, then dirty green, and finally brownish-black. Yields water. B.B. reactions of manganese. In muriatic acid forms easily a clear colorless solution. Obs. Occurs in veins 1 to 2 lines broad in magnetite at Paisberg in Filipstadt, Sweden. Kenngott refers here (Jahrb. Min., 1866, 440) a mineral which Wiser had announced as a hy- drous carbonate of manganese (Wasserhaltiges Kohlensaures Mangan), and which Haidinger (Handb., 493, 1845) named Wiserite. It is described as yellowish-white to gray in color, pearly to silky in lustre, fibrous in structure, and as coming from G-onzen near Sarganz, the Canton of St. GraU, in Switzerland, where it is found in seams in a granulitic hausmannite, with rhodochrosite. Even if identical with pyrochroite in composition, it was so imperfectly and incorrectly described that Igelstrom's name should stand for the species. 212. GIBBSITE. Wavellite (fr. Richmond) G. Dewey, Am. J.Sci., ii. 249, 1820;=Water and Alumina, id., ib., in. 239, 1821. G-ibbsite J. Torrey, N. Y. Med. Phys. J., i. No. 1, 68, April, 1822. Hydrargillite, Gibbsite of Torrey, Cleavel, 224, 782, 1822. Hydrargillite (fr. Ural) G. Hose, Pogg., xlviii. 564, 1839. Hexagonal, Koksch. ; monoclinic, Descl. In small hexagonal crystals with replaced lateral edges. A E=W 28', Ol\\R=$T 22', I\-\R 94 55', Koksch. Planes vertically striate. Cleavage : basal or emi- nent. Occasionally in lamello-radiate spheroidal concretions. Usually stalactitic, or small mammillary and incrusting, with smooth surface, and often a faint fibrous structure within. II. = 2-5-3-5. G.=2-3-2-4: ; 2'385, fr. Eichmond, B. Silliman, Jr. ; 2-287, Ural, Hermann. Color white, grayish, greenish, or reddish- white ; also reddish-yellow when impure. Lustre of pearly ; of other faces vitreous ; of surface of stalactites faint. Translucent ; sometimes transpa- rent in crystals. A strong argillaceous odor when breathed on. Tough. Var. 1. In crystals ; the original Tiydrargilliie. 2. Stalactitic; gibbsite. Comp.-^l Ii 3 = Alumina 65-6, water 34-4=100. Analyses: 1, Torrey (L c.); 2, B. Silliman, Jr. (Am. J. Sci., II. vii. 411); 3, 4, Smith & Brush (Am. J. ScL, II. xvi. 61, 1853); 5, Hermann (J. pr. Oh., xl. 11) ; 6, v Kobell (J. pr. Ch., xli., and 1. 491) ; 7, v. Hauer (Jahrb. G-. Reichs., iv. 397) : Si e Mg H Si 1. 2. Richmond, Gibbs. K It 64-8 (f) 64- 1 9 0-30 34-7 34-23 0-59, =99-5 Torrey. insol. 1-16=100-27 Silliman. 3. 11 (( 64-24 tr. o-io 33-76 1-33 0-57=100 S. & B. 4. <( (( 63-48 tr. 0'05 34-68 1-09 tr. =99-30 S. & B. 5. Ural, Hydrarg. 64-03 34-54 1-43 = 100 Hermann. 6. 7. Villa Rica, " 65-6 64-35 _____ 34-4 35-65 . =100 KobelL tr. =100 Hauer. 178 OXYGEN COMPOUNDS. Dewey found (L c.) 33-36 p. c. of water, with " little besides alumine left." Hermann states (J. pr. Ch., xl. 32, xlii. 1) that a " gibbsite " from Richmond, Mass , afforded him 37-62, Xl 26*66, H 35-72 = 100. But the true gibbsite has since been analyzed anew by Silliman, Jr., and by Smith & Brush, without finding more than a trace of phosphoric acid, sustain- ing the original analysis of Torrey. This at least is certain, that gibbsite is a hydrate, and if a phosphate occurs also at Richmond, that phosphate is not gibbsite. Rose's hydrargillite (found crystallized in the Urals) is identical in composition with gibbsite. Pyr., etc. In the closed tube becomes white and opaque, and yields water. B.B. infusible, whitens, and does not impart a green color to the flame. With cobalt solution gives a deep-blue color. Soluble in concentrated sulphuric acid. Obs. The crystallized gibbsite was discovered by Lissenko in the Schischimskian mountains near Slatoust in the Ural ; it occurs, according to Kokscharof, in cavities in a talcose schist con- taining much magnetite. The larger crystals were 1 to 2 in. long. With corundum at Gumuch- dagh, Asia Minor; also on corundum at Unionville, Pa. ; in Brazil, resembling wavellite. The stalactitic occurs at Richmond. Mass., in a bed of limonite ; also at Lenox, Mass. ; at the Clove mine, Union Vale, Duchess Co., N. Y., on limonite ; in Orange Co., N. Y. Named after Col. George Gibbs, the original owner (after extensive foreign travel) of the large Gibbs' cabinet of Yale College. Cleaveland calls the Richmond mineral hydrargillite on p. 224 of his mineralogy, but on p. 732 adopts Torrey's name gibbsite. Kokscharof states that the Ural crystals are optically uniaxial, and hence rhombohedral (Bull Ac. St. Pet., v. 372) ; Descloizeaux that they are optically monoclinic (C. R., Ixii. 987). 213. LIMNITE. Limonite pt. Yellow Ochre pt. Bog Ore pt. Brown Iron Ore (Brauneisen- stein) pt. Quellerz Herm., J. pr. Ch., xxvii 53. Massive. In stalactites or tuberose, resembling limonite. Also as an earthy yellow ochre. H., G., and other physical characters same nearly as for limonite. The darker colored kinds usually more yellowish-brown, the lighter rust-yellow. Var. 1. Submetallic or pitch-like in lustre, brownish-black in color. 2. Ochreous, yellow. Comp. 3?e H 3 =0xyd of iron 74-8, water 25-2=100. Analyses: 1, A. H. Church (J. Ch Soc., II. iii. 214); 2, 3, Hermann (1. c.); 4, Karsten (Karst. Arch., xv. 1): Fe Stn H P" Humicacid 1. Cornwall, stated. 73-73 24-40 , loss, etc., 1-87=100 Church. 2. Novgorod, % ore a 62-08 1-90 24'64 6'64 4-74=100 Herm. 3. " b 6114 8-10 27-74 5'86 2'16=100 Herm. 4. New York 66'33 0-75 26'40 C 012 , Fe 3-6, Si 2'80= 100 Karst. a After excl. 4T'50 sand. b After excl 50-28 sand. c Including humic acid. As the amount of organic acids in Karsten's analysis was not determined, its right to be included here is not certain. Obs. The Cornwall mineral is from the Botallack mine, and was stalactitic and of a rust-yellow color; G. = 2-69. That of Novgorod, Russia, was a bog ore. Named limnite from XIJH/IJ, marsh. Glocker proposed this name as a substitute for limonite, on the alleged ground that the word limonite was of French extraction. As his limonite, or limnite, was bog ore exclusively, the name is appropriately used here. Hermann's name Quellerz alludes to its water or marsh origin. 214. HYDROTALOITE. Hydfotalkit Hochstett&r., J. pr. Ch., xxvii. 376, 1842. Yolknerite Herm., J. pr. Ch., xl. 11, 1847, xlvi. 257, 1849. Hexagonal. Cleavage: basal, eminent; lateral, distinct. Also lamellar massive, or foliated, and somewhat fibrous. H.=2. G.=2'04r. Color white. Lustre pearly, and feel greasy. Translucent, or in thin folia transparent. Comp. lH 8 +6 MgH+6 H=(3tl+f Mg 8 ) H 8 +2 H=Alumina 16-8, magnesia 392, water 44-0=100. Corresponds to 1 of gibbsite+Q of brucite, with 6 H in addition. HYDROUS OXYDS. 1T9 Analyses : 1, Hermann (1. c.) ; 2, Hochstetter (1. c.) ; 3-6, Rammelsberg (Pogg., xcvii. 296) : C 1. Schischimsk 2. Snarum 3. " 4. " 5. " 6. " 16-95 12-00 19-25 17-78 18-00 18-87 6-90 Mg 37-07 36-30 37'27 38-18 37-30 37-04 & 46-87 32-06 41-59 [37-99] [37-38] 37-38 =100 Hermann. 10-54, insoL 1-20 = 99-60 Hochst 2-61 = 100-72 Ramm. 6-05 = 100 Ramm. 7-32 = 100 Ramm. 7-30= 100-59 Ramm. Pyr., etc. In the closed tube yields much water. B.B. infusible, but exfoliates somewhat, and gives out light. A weak rose-red with cobalt solution. With the fluxes intumesces and affords a clear colorless glass. The Snarum mineral reacts for iron.. Obs. Occurs at the mines of Schischimsk, district of Slatoust, implanted on talc schist ; at Snarum, Norway, in serpentine. Named Tiydrotalcite in allusion to its resembling talc, but containing much more water, and volknerite, after Captain Volkuer. HougMte of Shepard (Am. J. Sci., II. xii. 210), from near Oxbow, and near Somerville in Rossie, St. Lawrence Co., New York, is hydro- talcite, derived from the alteration of spinel. The color is white ; lustre faint, pearly. H. = 2'5. G.=2'0 2*1. The crystals are in all conditions, from the pure spinel to octahedrons with rounded edges and pitted or irregular surfaces, and it also occurs in flattened nodules. The surfaces are sometimes soft and altered, when the edges or angles have the hardness of spinel. S. W. Johnson, who has redescribed the mineral, obtained in one analysis (Am. J. Sci., H. xii. 361), 3tl 19-743, Mg 36"292, C 8'458, insoluble spinel, etc., 8-264, silica 3-020, water (by diff.) 24-223. The whole loss by igni- tion in one trial was 40*86 p. c. ; which would give 33 to 34 p. c. of water. It is associated with dolomite, spinel, phlogopite, graphite, and serpentine. 215. PYROAURITB. Pyroaurit Igkstrom, (Efv. Ak. Stockh., xxii. 608, 1865. Hexagonal. In six-sided tables. Color submetallic, gold-like. Subtranslucent. Comp. $eH 3 + 6MgH+6H=(Pe + f Mg 3 )S 3 + 2H=Sesquioxyd O f iron 23'9, magnesia 35-8, water 40-3 = 100. Corresponds to 1 oflimnite + Q of brucite, with 6 H in addition, differing from hydrotalcite in the presence of iron in place of aluminum. Analysis : Igelstrom (1. c.) : Pe 23-92 Mg 34-04 H 34'56 C 7'24. ., etc. Yields water. B.B. infusible. Perfectly soluble in muriatic acid. From the Longban iron-mine in "Wermland. 216. GUMMITE. Feste Uranokker pt. W&rn., Min. Syst.. 26, 1817, Hoffm. Min., iv. a, 279. Lichtes Uranpecherz Freiesleben. Uranisches Gummi-Erz Sreith., Uib., 60, 1830, Char., 218, 1832. Urangummi Eretth., Handb., 903, 1847. Phosphor-G-ummit Herm., J. pr. Ch., Ixxvi. 327, 1859. Amorphous. In rounded or flattened pieces, looking much like gum. H.=2'5 3. G.=3-9 4-20, Breith. Lustre greasy. Color reddish- yellow to hyacinth-red, reddish-brown. Streak yellow. Feebly trans- lucent. Comp. (, e) H 3 , with some opal silica, phosphate of lime, and other impurities. Hermann deduced the ratio for R 3 , , Si, H, 2 : 24 : 5 : 26, or 1 : 1 for oxyds and water. Hence analog to limnite, and sustaining the supposed close relation of uranium and iron. Analysis: Ken (Schw. J., Ixvi. 18) : 72-00 Mn 0-05 Ca 6-00 Si 4-26 2-30 14-75 F,As tr.= 99-36. 180 OXYGEN COMPOUNDS. Some specimens contain traces of vanadic acid. Pyr., etc. Yields much water and a bituminous odor. With salt of phosphorus hi O.F. gives a yellow bead, becoming green in R.F. (due to uranium), leaving an undissolved skeleton of silica. Obs. From Johanngeorgenstadt, with uraninite. 217. PSILOMELANE. Derb Brunsten pt. Wall, Min., 268, 1747. Magnesia indurata pt. Cronst., Min., 106, 1758. Schwarz Braunsteinerz pt. Wern., Bergm. J., 1789, 386. Verhartetes Schwarz-Braunsteinerz pt. Emmerling, Min., iv. 532, Karsten, Tab., 54, 1800. Yerh. Schwarz- Manganerz pt. Karst., Tab., 72, 1808. Schwarz-Eisenstein pt. Wern., v. Leanh., etc. Black Hematite, Black Iron Ore, Compact Black Manganese Ore. Hartmanganerz. Psilomelane Haid., Trans. R. Soc. Edinb., 1827. Massive and botryoidal. Renifornu Stalactitic. H.=5 6. G.=3'7 4r - 7. Lustre submetallic. Streak brownish-black, shining. Color iron-black, passing into dark steel-gray. Opaque. Comp. (Ba, fin) Mn+Mn + nH&n [ + aq]; or, for the anhydrous kinds, (Ba, Mn)Mn + !M-n. Each of these formulas is equivalent to simply R 2 O 3 . Rammelsberg writes for the mineral (Ba, Mn) Mn 2 + H, with some Sfu as mixture. For the Elgersburg ore (anal._ 7 ) e Schmid deduces the formula (]&a Mn) Mn 4 -f-6H, which may be written (Ba, Mn) Mn+ 3 HMn + 311, equivalent to R 2 3 + 3 R 2 3 +3H=R 2 3 + f H As the mineral occurs only massive, the true nature of the species is doubtful Analyses: 1, 2, Turner (Edinb. Trans., xi.); 3, Fuchs (Schw. J., Ixii. 255); 4, Rammelsberg (Handw., ii. 73) ; 5, K. List (J. pr. Oh., Ixxxiv. 60) ; 6, Scheffler (Arch. d. Pharm., xxxv. 260) ; 7-9, Schmid (Pogg., cxxvi. 151) : Ba K H 1. Schneeberg 2. Romaneche 3. Baireuth 4. Horhausen 5. Olpe 6. Ilmenau Mn Mn 69-80 7-36 70-97 7-26 81-8 81-36 9-5 9-18 85-17 4-49 83-3 9-8 16-36 16-69 5-8 7. Elgersburg (G.=4'307) 68'27 815 17'27 8. Oehrenstock (G.=4'134) 70-54 10'09 10-92 9. Nadabula (G.=4'332) 82-46 9'87 O'Ol 6-22, Si 0-26= 100 Turner. 4-13, Si 0-95 = 100 Turner. 4-5 4-2 = 100 Fuchs. 3-04 3-39, Si 0'53, Cu 0'96, 3Pe 1'43, Ca 0-38, Na, Mg 0-32=100-61 Ramm. 1-36 4-02, Cu 1-28, Co 0'31, Oa 0'37, insol. 2-51 List. 4-3 f Oa 1-8, ^12-1, 3Pe 0'3, Si 1-17 = 99-1 Scheffler. 4-84, Si 0-51, ^e O'lO, Xl U'31, Pb O'll, Mg 0-02, Ca 0-16, Na 0-08=99-82 Schmid. 0-21 5-86, Si 0-32, Pe 0'17, l 0'21, Cu 0'25. fig 0-13, Ca 1-26, Na 0-25 = 100-21 Schmid. 3-05 3-21,3Pe 0'30, 3tl 0'08, o 0'29, CuO'02, Mg 0-03, Ca 0-20, Na 0'22=99-74 Schmid. Other varieties of the so-called psilomelane contain little or no water. Analyses : 1 0, Glaus- bruch (Ramm. 1st SuppL, 121) ; 11, Ebelmen (Ann. d. M., III. xix. 155) ; 12, Rammelsberg (Pogg., Ixviii. 72); 13, Schultz (Ramm. Min. Ch., 1006) : Mn Ba K Mg fl 10. Ilmenau 77-23 15-82 0-12 5'29 , Ca 0'91, Cu 0-40, Si 0-52 = 100-29 C. 11. G-y. Haute Saone 70-60 14-18 6-55 4-05 1-05 1-67, 3Pe 0'77, Si 0-60=99-47 Ebelmen. 12. Heidelberg 70'17 15-16 8-08 2'62 0'21 [1'43], Ca 0-60, Cu 0'30, Co 0'54, Si 0-90 = 100 Ramm. 13. Schneeberg 80'27 14*10 4'35 [0'23], Ca 1-05=100 Schultz. Pyr., etc. In the closed tube most varieties yield water, and all lose oxygen on ignition ; with the fluxes reacts for manganese. Soluble in muriatic acid, with evolution of chlorine. Obs. This is a common ore of manganese. It is frequently in alternating layers with pyrolu- site. It occurs in botryoidal and Stalactitic shapes, in Devonshire and Cornwall ; at Ilefeld in the Harz; also at Johanngeorgenstadt, Schneeberg, Ilmenau, Siegen, etc.; at Elgersburg and Oehren* stock, Thunngia, and Nadabula, Hungary. It forms mammillary masses at Chittenden, Irasburg, and Brandon, Yt. Named from (//(Aft, smooth or naked, and /*!Aas, black. HYDKOUS OXYD8. 218. WAD. (A) BOG- MANGANESE. Magnesia friabilis terriformis Cronst., Min., 105, 1758. Earthy Ochre of Mang., Black Wad pt, Kirwan, Min., 1784, 1796. Schwarz Braunsteinerz. Manganschaum, Karst., Tab., 1808. Brauner Eisenrahm Wern. Bog Manganese. Ouatite Huot., Min., 241, 1841. Groroilite Berth., Ann. Oh. Phys., li. 19, 1832, Eeissacherit Haid., Jahrb. G. Keichs., vii. 609, 1856. (B) ASBOLITE. ? Cobaltum nigrum Agric., Bermann., 459, 1529. Svart Kobolt-Jord, MID Cob. terrea fuliginea, Wall, Min., 235, 1747. Kobalt-Mulm, Ochra Cob. nigra, Oranst, Min., 211,1768. Kobolt-Erde, Schwarzer Erdkobalt, Eusskobalt, Kobaltmanganerz, Germ. Earthy Cobalt, Black Cobalt Ochre. Cobalt oxyde noir H., Tr., iv. 1801. Kakochlor (fr. Lausitz) JBreith., Char., 240, 1832, Handb., 896, 1847. Asbolan (fr. Kamsdorf, etc.) Sreith., Handb., 332, 1847. (C) LAMPADITE. Kupfermangan Lampadius, Neue Erfahr. im Gebiete der Ch., etc., ii. 70. Kupfermangauerz Sreith., in Hoffm. Min., iv. b, 201, 1818. Cupreous Manganese. Pelo- konit G. F. Bichter, Pogg., xxi. 591, 1831. Lampadite ffwt., Min., 238, 1841. The manganese ores here included occur in amorphous and reniform masses, either earthy or compact, and sometimes incrusting or as stains. They are mixtures of different oxyds, and cannot be considered chemical compounds or distinct mineral species. H.=0*5 6. G.=3 4*26 ; often loosely aggregated, and feeling very light to the hands. Color dull black, bluish or brownish-black. Comp., Var. Rammelsberg considers them related essentially to psilomelane under the formula R, Mn-f-fi (or 2 H), but mixed with other ingredients. Varieties : (A) Manganesian ; (B) Cobaltiferous ; (C) Cupriferous. A. BOG MANGANESE. Consists mainly of oxyd of manganese and water, with some oxyd of iron, and often silica, alumina, baryta. The Derbyshire wad sometimes gives the angle of barite, 101 42', with which mineral it is in part impregnated. The wad of Leadhills is pseudomorphous after calcite. Groroilite occurs in roundish masses of a brownish-black color, and reddish-brown streak; with H. sometimes 6 6'5; it is from Groroi in Mayenne, Yicdessos, and Cautern, in France. Reissacherite is the ore analyzed by Hornig (anal. 14), which is remarkable for the amount of water. Huot's name ouatite is from the French spelling of wad. Wad is of English origin. The wad of the Cumberland miners is graphite, a wrong use of the word, says Mawe in his Mineralogy of Derbyshire. B. ASBOLITE, or Earthy Cobalt, is wad containing oxyd of cobalt, which sometimes amounts to 32 p. c. Named from dafoA/?, soot (or As'bolan t from do6t\aivu, to soil like soot). For anal. 15-17, Rammelsberg writes the formula (Co, Cu) Mn 2 +4 II. Breithaupt's cacochlor includes the ore from Rengersdorf in Lausitz (anal. 15), having H. = '2 2*5, G.=3'15 3'29. C. LAMPADITE, or Cupreous Manganese. A wad containing 4 to 18 p. c. of oxyd of copper, and often oxyd of cobalt also. It graduates into black copper (Melaconite or Kupferschwarze). G.=3'l 3'2. Peloconite is a brownish-black variety, having a liver-brown streak ; H.=3; G.= 2-5092-567 ; from Remolinos in Chili. Special formulas have been written for several of the following analyses ; but these bog miner- als are not simple species. Analyses: 1, Klaproth (Beitr., iii. 311); 2, 3, Turner (Edinb. J. Sci. K S., ii. 213); 4, 5, Ber- thier (Ann. Ch. Phys., li. 19); 6, Wackenroder (Kastn. Archiv., xiii. 302, xiv. 257); 7, Scheffler (Arch. d. Pharm./xxxv. 260): 8, Rammelsberg (Pogg., Ixii. 157); 9, Igelstrom (Jahresb., xxv. 342); 10, 11, Beck (Rep. Min. N. Y., 55); 12, Berthier; 13, Bahr (J. pr. Ch., liii. 308, fr. Oefv. Ak. Stockh., 240, 1850) ; 14, E. Hornig (Jahrb. G. Reichs., vii. 312) ; 15, Klaproth (Beitr., ii. 3C 16, Dobereiner (Gilb. Ann., Ixvii. 333); 17, Rammelsberg (Pogg., liv. 551); 18, Kersten (Schw. J., Ixvi. 1) ; 19, Rammelsberg (Pogg., liv. 545) ; 20, Bottger (ib.) : I. Wad. Mn Mn e Ba Cu fi 1. Clausthal 68- _ 6-5 TO - 17-5, Si 8-0, C 1-0 Klaproth. 2. Devonshire 7912 8'82 - 1'4 - 10-66=100 Turner. 3. Derbyshire - 38-59 - 52'34 5'4 - 10-29, insoL 2-74=109-36 T. 182 OXYGEN COMPOUNDS. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. Vicdessos Groroilite Baden Ilmenau Riibeland Westgothland Hillsdale, N. T, Austerlitz, " Siegen Skidberg Mn Mn 69-8 62-4 32-73 66-5 67-50 82-51 , 68-50 58-50 58-5 66-16 11-7 12-8 12-1 13-48 10-4 3Pe 6-0 9-33 1-0 0-77 16-75 22-00 5-7 2-70 Ba 8-1 0-36 15-34 14. Gastein 15. Lausitz 16. Kamsdorf 17 34-16 Mn 16-0 Cu H - 12-4, 17 -0=100-9 Berthier. - 15-8, clay 3-0 = 100 Berthier. 4'0 31'33, Pb 12'83, Pb8'0,e 0'33, Si 0'13 quartz 2 -60 W - 9-8, Si 2-5 = 100 Scheffler. - 10-30, Si 0-47, Ca4'22, K 3*66 = 100 R. - 5-58, Si 1-43, A-l 6-30, Ca 1-91, Mg 0-69 =99-2 llglst. - 11-50, insol. 3-25 = 100 Beck. -- 17-00, insol. 2-50=100 Beck. - 12-9 (with loss), 3tl 10-7, quartz 1-8 B. 0-02 12-07, Si 0'92, '&! 0'75, Ca 0'59, Mg 0-28, K 0-28=99-11 Bahr. 14*16 - - 16-90, Ca 7'59, sand 27'27 Hornig, II. Earthy Cobalt; Asbolite. Pe Ba Co Cu 19-4* 0-2 31'2l 40-05 6'78 9-47 4'56 0'50 17-0, Si 24-8, 2tl 20-4=97-8 KL 32-05 22-90=92-94 D. 19-45 4-35 21-24, K 0'37 = 99'94 Ramm. in. Cupreous Manganese ; Lampadite ; Kupferschwarze, or Black Copper, in part. fin Mn e Ba Co Cu S 18. Schlackenwald 19. Kamsdorf 20. " 74-10 0-12 4-80 20-10, Si 0-3, gypsum 1-05= 100-47 Kersten. 49-99 8-91 4-70 1'64 0'49 b 14*67 14-46, fig 0'69, K 0-52, Si 2'74, Ca 2-25 = 101-06 R. 53-22 9-14 1-88 1'70 0'14 b 16'85 16'94, KO'65, Ca 2'85= 103'44 B. a With oxyd of manganese. With oxyd of nickel. Pyr., etc. Wad reacts like psilomelane. Earthy cobalt gives a blue bead with salt of phos- phorus, and when heated in R.F. on charcoal with tin, some specimens yield a red opaque bead (copper). Cupreous manganese gives similar reactions, and three varieties give a strong man- ganese reaction with soda, and evolve chlorine when treated with muriatic acid. Obs. The above ores are results of the decomposition of other ores partly of oxyds, and partly of manganesian carbonates. They occur at the localities above mentioned, and many other places. "Wad or bog manganese is abundant in the counties of Columbia and Duchess, N. T., at Austerlitz, Canaan Centre, and elsewhere, where it occurs as a marsh deposit, and, according to Mather, has proceeded from the alteration of brown spar ; also in the south-west part of Martinsburg, Lewis Co., in a swamp. There are large deposits of bog manganese at Blue Hill Bay, Dover, and other places in Maine. Earthy cobalt occurs with cobalt pyrites at Riechelsdorf in Hesse ; Saalfeld in Thuringia ; at Nertschinsk in Siberia ; at Alderly Edge in Cheshire. An earthy cobalt occurs at Mine la Motte, Missouri, which contains 10 or 11 p. c. of oxyd of nickel, besides oxyd of cobalt and copper, with Iron, lead, and sulphur; also near Silver Bluff, South Carolina, affording 24 p. c. of oxyd of cobalt to 76 of oxyd of manganese. Cupreous manganese is found at Schlackenwald, and at Kamsdorf near Saalfeld ; at Lauterberg in the Harz. Peloconite is from Remohnos, Chili, where it occurs with chrysocolla, or malachite. VABVACITE. Yarvacite, referred to on p. 171 as an altered manganite, approaches a wad in composition. Phillips obtained (Phil: Mag., vi. 281, vii. 284) Mn 63'3, 31-7, H 5-0; or fin 81*7, 13-3, H 5'0. A similar compound from Ilefeld in the Harz (in part pseudomorphous after calcite) afforded Turner fin 80-79, 14-23, H 4-98=100, and Duflos (Schw. J., Ixiv. 81) fin 81-40, 13-47, H 5'13=100. ETC. 183 II. OXYDS OF ELEMENTS OF THE AKSENIC AND SULPHITE GKOUPS, SEKIES II. 1. ARSENOLITE GROUP. Comp. R O 3 . Isometric. 219. ARSENOLITE As O 3 220. SENABMONTITE Sb O 8 2. VALENTINITE GROUP. Comp. RO 3 . Orthorhombic. 221. VALENTINITE Sb O 3 224. MOLYBDITB MoO 3 222. (?)BiSMiTB BiO 3 225. TUNGSTITE WO 3 223. (?) KARELINTTE Bi0 3 +[BiS] 3. KERMESITE GROUP. Comp. R O 3 , with S replacing part of 0. Monodinic. 226. KERMESITE Sb (0, S) 3 4. CERVANTITE GROUP. Comp. R 3 + R O 5 . 227. CERVANTITE Sb0 3 +Sb0 5 . Appendix. 228. STIBICONITE Sb 4 +aq. 229. VOLGEEITE Sb O 6 + aq. 219. ARSENOLITE. Arsenicum nativum farinaceum, A. n. crystallinum, Wall, 224, 1747. A. calciforme Cronst., 207, 1758. A. cubicum, etc., Linn., 1768. White Arsenic Hill, 1771. Arsenic blanc natif P,\ Naturlicher Arsenikkalk. Arsenikbluthe Karst., Tab., 79, 1800. Arsenic oxide H. Acide arsenieux Fr. Oxyd of Arsenic, Arsenous acid. Arsenige Saure Germ. Arsenit Raid., Handb., 487, 1845. Arsenolite Dana, Min., 139, 1854. Isometric. In octahedrons (f. 2). Usually in minute capillary crystals, stellarly aggregated, or crusts investing other substances. Also botryoidal, stalactitic ; earthy. H.=l-5. G. = 3-698, Eoget & Dumas. Lustre vitreous or silky. Color white, occasionally with a yellowish or reddish tinge. Streak white, pale yellowish. Transparent opaque. Taste astringent, sweetish. Comp. Xs Oxygen 24-24, arsenic 75'76=100. Pyr., etc. Sublimes in the closed tube, condensing above in minute octahedrons. B.B. on charcoal volatilizes in white fumes, giving a white coating and an alliaceous odor. Slightly soluble hi hot water. Obs. Accompanies ores of silver, lead, arsenical iron, cobalt, nickel, antimony, etc., as a result of the decomposition of arsenical ores. Occurs at Andreasberg hi the Harz ; at Wheal Sparnon in Cornwall; Joachimsthal in Bohemia ; Kapnik in Hungary; the old mines of Biber m H the Ophir mine, Nevada ; the Armagosa mine, Great Basin, CaL Arsenolite has been observed as a furnace product in ortfwrhombic crystals, probably isomorpho with valentinite. A' s and Sb are known to be isodimorphous. The prismatic form is obtained from sublimation at a temperature above 200 C.. and the isometric at one much lower. 184 OXYGEN COMPOUNDS. As the name arsenite is used in chemistry for compounds of arsenous acid, the author in 1854 changed it to arsenolite. Alt. Native arsenic is often covered by a blackish crust or powder, which has been considered a suboxyd (As) ; but according to Suckow, it is a mixture of metallic arsenic and axsenous acid. 220. SENARMONTITE. Antimoine oxyde octaedrique H. de Senarmont, Ann. Ch. Phys., III. xxxi. .504, 1851. Senarmontite Dana, Am. J. ScL, II. xii. 209, 1851. Isometric ; in octahedrons (f. 2). Cleavage : octahedral, in traces. Also granular massive ; in crusts. H. 2 2'5. Gr.=5-22 5*3. Lustre resinous, inclining to subadaman- tine. Transparent translucent. Colorless or grayish. Streak white. Comp. Sb (like valentinite)=0xygen 16-44, antimony 83-56=100, with sometimes 1 p. c,of lead and 1 to 3 p. c. of grayish clay, Eivot (L c.). Pyr,, etc. In the closed tube fuses and partially sublimes. B.B. on charcoal fuses easily, and gives a white coating ; this treated in R.F. colors the outer flame greenish-blue. Soluble in muriatic acid. Obs. A result of the decomposition of stibnite and other ores of antimony. First found in the district of Haraclas in Algeria ; occurs also at Perneck near Malaczka in Hungary ; Endellion in Cornwall ; the antimony mine of S. Ham, dmada. The octahedrons from Algeria are some- times nearly in. in diameter. Named after H. de Senarmont, who first described the species. 221. VALENTINITE. Chaux d'antimoine native (fr. Chalanches) Mongez, J. dePhys., xxiii. 66, 1783; (fr. Przibram) Eossler, Crell's Ann., 1787, i. 334. Antimonium spatosum album Hoc- quet, ib., 1788, L 523. Weiss-Spiesglaserz Wern., Hoffm., Bergm. J., 385, 398, 1789. "Weiss- Spiessglanzerz Klapr., Crell's Ann., 1789, i. 9; Beitr., iii. 183, 1802. Antimoine oxyde H., Tr., iv. 1801. "White Antimonial Ore Kirwan, i. 251, 1796. "White Antimony, Oxyd of Antimony. Antimonbliithe v. Leorih., Handb., 160, 1821. Exitele Beud., Min., 615, 1832. Exitelite Chap- man, Min., 39, 1843. Yalentinit Raid., Handb., 506, 1845. 179 Orthorhombic. /A/=13658'; A 1-1=105 35' \ a \ I : c=3-586S : 1 : 2-5365. Observed planes : I, i-i, -J-E, 1-2, 4-*,, 2-2. l-2Al-2,adj.,=70 32 / ,^A|--fcl29 32', 1 l\i-i / \ 111 31'. Often in rectangular plates with the lateral edges bevelled, and in acicular rhombic prisms. Cleavage : /, highly perfect, easily obtained, Twins : composition- plane, *-, producing an aggregation of thin plates. Also massive ; structure lamellar, columnar, granular. / H. = 2-53. G. = 5-566, crystals from Braunsdorf. Lustre adamantine, i-l often pearly ; shining. Color snow- white, occasionally peach-blossom red, and ash-gray to brownish. Streak white. Translucent subtransparent. Comp. Sb=0xygen 16*44, antimony 83-56=100. Analysis: 1, Yauquelin (Haiiy's Min., iv. 274); 2, Suckow (Jahresb., 1849, 733): 1. Allemont Oxyd of antimony 86 Ibid, with Pe 3 Silica 8=97. 2. Wolfach 91-7 " Fe 1-2 " 0'8, Sb 6-3=100. Mongez, who makes the first mention of this mineral from a discovery of the acicular variety at Allemont, correctly regarded it as native oxyd of antimony, as afterward confirmed by Vauquelin, and by Eossler (1. c.) for the Bohemian variety. Prof. Hacquet and Klaproth annouunced in 1788, 1789, the probable presence in the latter of muriatic acid ; but in 1802 Klaproth pronounced this also pure oxyd of antimony. Pyr., etc. Same as for senarmontite. 185 Obs. Occurs with other antimonial ores, and results from their alteration. Found at Przi- bram in Bohemia, in veins traversing metamorphic rocks ; at Felsobanya in Hungary, with stibnito and arsenopyrite ; Malaczka in Hungary ; Braunsdorf near Freiberg in Saxony ; Allemont in Dauphiny. Also at the antimony mine of South Ham, Canada East. Antimonophyllite of Breithaupt, of unknown locality, occurring in thin angular six-sided prisms, is probably valentinite. The prismatic form of Sb is obtained from solutions at a temperature above 100C. Named after Basil Valentine, an alchemist of the 15th century, who discovered the properties of antimony. 222. BISMITE. Oxyd of Bismuth, Bismuth Ochre. Wismuthocker Germ. Bismuth oxyd Fr. Bismite Dana. Crystalline form not observed. Occurs massive and disseminated, pul- verulent, earthy ; also passing into foliated. G. =4*3611, Biisson. Lustre adamantine dull, earthy. Color greenish- yellow, straw-yellow, grayish-white. Fracture conchoidal earthy. Comp. Bi=0xygen 10'35, bismuth 89*65=100, along with some iron and other impurities. Analysis by Lampadius (Handb. ch. Anal., 286) : Oxyd of bismuth 86 P 4, oxyd of iron 5'1, carbonic acid 4*1, water 3*4=: 99. Suckow obtained for another from Fichtelgebirge, derived from the decomposition of aikinite (Die Verwitt. im Min., 14), Bi 96'5, A's T5, Pe 2 H 3 2-0 = 100. Pyr., etc. In the closed tube most specimens give off water. B.B. on charcoal fuses, and is easily reduced to metallic bismuth, which in O.F. gives a yellow coating of oxyd. Soluble in nitric acid. Obs. Occurs pulverulent at Schneeberg in Saxony, at Joachimsthal in Bohemia ; with native gold at Beresof in Siberia; in Cornwall, in St. Roach, and near Lostwithiel. Dr. Jackson reports an oxyd of bismuth not carbonated, as occurring with the tetradymite of Yirginia. See further, BISMUTITE, p 716. 223. KARELINITE. Karelinit Hermann, J. pr. Ch., Ixxv. 448, 1858. Massive. Structure crystalline. Cleavage in one direction rather dis- tinct. H.=2. G-.=6'60, Herm. Lustre strongly metallic within. Color lead- gray. Comp. Bi with Bi S. Analysis : Hermann (1. c.) : [5-21] S 3-53 ^ Bi 91'26=100 Pyr., etc. In tube gives sulphurous acid but no sulphur, yielding a gray slag with globules of bismuth. Obs. From the Savodinsk mine in the Altai, along with hessite (telluric silver). The mineral is not homogeneous, containing along with the metallic substance a gray, earthy mass of bismu- tite. By treating the powdered mass with muriatic acid, a metallic powder remains, which, ex- amined with a lens, and washed, proves to be entirely free from any native bismuth, and is the mineral karelinite. Named after Mr. Karelin, the discoverer. 224. MOLYBDITE. Molybdena or Molybdic Ochre, Molybdic Acid. Molybdanocker Germ. Molybdine Greg & Lettsom, This Min., 144, 1854, Brit. Min., 348, 1858. Molybdite Breith., B. H. Ztg., xvii 125, 1858. Orthorhombic. /A/=136 48', and isomorphous with valentinite, Breith. 186 OXYGEN COMPOUNDS. (fr. artif. cryst.). In capillary crystallizations tufted and radiated ; also subfibrous massive ; and as an earthy powder or incrustation. H.=l 2. G.=449 4-50, Weisbach. Lustre of crystals silky to ada- mantine ; earthy. Color straw-yellow, yellowish- white. Comp. Mo = Oxygen 34-29, molybdenum 65-71 = 100. Pyr., etc. B.B. on charcoal fuses and coats the charcoal with minute yellowish crystals of molybdic acid near the assay, becoming white near the outer edge of the coating. This coating treated for an instant in R.F. assumes a deep blue color, which changes to dark red on continued beating. "With borax gives in O.F. a yellow bead while hot, becoming colorless on cooling ; in R.F. a saturated bead becomes brown or black and opaque. With salt of phosphorus gives a yel- lowish bead hi O.F., becoming green when treated in R,F. and allowed to cool. Obs. Occurs with molybdenite, from which it is probably derived, at the foreign localities of that species ; at Adun Tschilou in Dauria, and at Pitkaranta on L. Ladoga, in silky tufts of cap- illary crystals. In N. Hamp., at "Westmoreland, earthy ; in Penn., at Chester, Delaware Co. ; Georgia, Heard Co., in silky fibrous tufts ; in the gold region, a few miles north of Virginia City, Nevada, in subfibrous masses, and tufted crystallizations of a deep yellow color (called molybdate of iron by D. D. Owen, in Proc. Ac. Philad., vi. 108, but shown by Genth to be this species mixed with limonite). Artificial crystals of molybdite afforded A. E. Nordenskiold the planes 0, i-l, i4, i-'^ f -I, \-l, $-i, and the following angles: 0A-i= 157 7', 0A J-t=148 5', OA|4=140 3', *At-=106 12'; and gave a : b : c=0'4792 : 1 : 0*3872. Doublingthe vertical axis, a : b : c=0'9584 : 1 : 0*3872, which is very closely the relation in the corresponding acid of vanadium, which has a: 1: c= 0-9590 : 1 : 0-3832. The above dimensions correspond to /A 7=137 40.' 225. TUNGSTCTB. Tungstic Ochre B. Silliman, Am. J. ScL, iv. 52, 1822. "Wolframocker, Scheelsaure Germ. "Wolframine Lettsom & Greg, This Min., 1854, Brit. Min., 349, 1853. Pulverulent and earthy. Color bright-yellow, or yellowish-green. Comp. W, or pure tungstic acid=0xygen 20-7, tungsten 79-3 = 100. Pyr., etc. B.B. on charcoal becomes black in the inner flame, but infusible. With salt of phosphorus gives in O.F. a colorless or yellowish bead, which treated in R.F. gives a blue glass on cooling. Soluble in alkalies, but not in acids. Obs. Occurs with wolfram in Cumberland, and Cornwall, England ; at Lane's mine, Monroe, Ct., filling small cavities in other ores of tungsten, or coating them, and has resulted from their decomposition ; in Cabarrus Co., N. C. ; at St. Leonard, near Limoges, rarely in distinct cubes of a sulphur-yellow color on wolfram and quartz, a fine specimen of which is contained in the cab- inet of Mr. Adam of Paris. Artificial crystals, according to A. E. Nordenskiold (Pogg., cxiv., 223), are orthorhombic, with /A 7=110, and a: b: c=0*4026 : 1 : 0*6966 ; Gr.=6'302 6'384. These axes approximate to those of molybdite, if for c, f c is substituted, find then this axis is made the vertical ; the axes becom- ing 0-4644 : 1 : 0-4026. The name Wolframine is changed to Tungsttye in order to get rid of the chemical termination ine. Wolframite has been used for another species. 226. KERMESITE. Rod Spitsglasmalm, Antimonium Sul. et Ars. mineralisatum, Minera Ant. colorata, Watt., 239, 1747 (fr. Braunsdorf), Oronst., 203, 1758. Antimonium plumosum v. Born, Lithoph., i. 137, 1772. Mine d'antimoine en plumes, ib. granuleuse,=Kermes mineral natif, Sage, Min., ii. 251, 1779, de Lisle, Crist, iii. 56, 60, 1783. Roth-Spiesglaserz Wern., 1789. Rothspiessglanzerz Emmerling, Min., 1793; Klapr., Beitr., iii. 132, 1802 (with anal., making it an oxysulphid). Antimoine oxyde sulfure 77, TabL, 1809. Red Antimony. Spiessglanzblende pt. Hausm. Handb., 225, 1813. Antimony Blende Jameson, Min. iii. 421, 1820. Antimonblende Leorih., Handb., 157, 1821. Kermes Beud., Tr., ii. 617, 1832. Kermesite Chapman, Min., 61, 1843. Pyrostibit Glock., Syn., 16, 1847. Pyrantimonite Bretih. Monoclinic. (7=77 51'; A ^=102 9', A !-&, plane on acute OXYDS OF ARSENIC, ANTIMONY, ETC. 187 edge, =115 36', A ^=149 57'. Cleavage: basal. Usually in tufts of capillary crystals, consisting of elongated, slender, six-sided prisms. H.=l 1'5. Gr.=4:-5 4-6. Lustre adamantine, inclining to metallic. Color cherry-red. Streak brownish-red. Feebly translucent. Sectile. Thin leaves slightly flexible. Comp. Sb 3 + 2 Sb S 8 =Antimony 75-3, sulphur 19-8, oxygen 4-9=100. Analyses: H. Rose (Pogg., iii. 453, the sulphur separately determined) : ' 1. Braunsdorf Antimony 74-45 Oxygen 5'29 Sulphur 20-49 2. 75-66 " 4-27 " 20'49 Pyr., etc. In the closed tube blackens, fuses, and at first gives a white sublimate of oxyd of antimony; with strong heat gives a black or dark-red sublimate. In the open tube and on charcoal reacts like stibnite. Obs. Results from the change of gray antimony. Occurs in veins in quartz, accompanying stibnite and valentinite, at Malaczka near Posing in Hungary ; at Braunsdorf near Freiberg in Saxony; at Allemont in Dauphiny; at New Cumnock in Ayrshire, Scotland; at South Ham Canada East. The Under ore (Zundererz) has been shown to be wholly distinct from red antimony. Artif. This species is the compound long known in chemistry under the name of kermes. 227. CERVANTITB, Spiesglanzokker pt. Karst., Mus.Lesk., i. 534, 1789, Tab., 54, 78, 1800. Antimony Ochre pt. Antimonocher pt. Germ. Gelbantimonerz (from Hungary) &reith., Char., 98, 1823, 224, 1832. Acide antimonieux Dujr., Min., ii. 654, 1845. Antimonous Acid, Anti. monoso-antimonic Oxyd. Cervantite Dana, Min., 1854. Orthorhombic. In acicular crystallizations. Also massive ; as a crust, or a powder. H. 4: 5. G.=4:'084:. Lustre greasy or pearly, bright or earthy. Color isabella-yellow, sulphur-yellow, or nearly white, sometimes reddish- white. Streak yellowish- white to white. Comp. Sb O 4 , or Sb 3 +Sb 5 = Oxygen 20-8, antimony 79*2=100. Analyses: 1, Dufrenoy (1. c.); 2, Bechi (Am. J. Sci., II. xiv. 61); 3, Phipson (C. R., Hi. 752): Sb 6aC e 1. Cervantes 16-85 67-50 11-45 1'50, gangue 2-70=99-80 Dufrenoy. 2. Pereta, Tusc. 19-47 78'83 1-25, gangue 0-75=100-30 Bechi. 3. Borneo 65-00 3?e, 1 10*00, Si, etc., 21-25, H 8-75=100 Phipson. The compound Sb 3 +Sb0 5 , free of water, is formed by different methods in chemistry, as by the roasting of sfcibnite, or of valentinite, etc. ; and when pure it is white. Pyr., etc. B.B. infusible and unaltered; on charcoal easily reduced. Soluble in muriatic acid. Obs. Occurs at various mines of stibnite, and results from the alteration of this and other antimonial ores. Found at Cervantes in Galicia, Spain; Chazelles in Auvergne; Felsobanya, Kremnitz, and elsewhere in Hungary; Pereta in Tuscany (anal. 2); near St. Minvers, at Wheal Lea, at Wheal Kine, and at Endellion, in Cornwall ; in Ayrshire, Scotland, at Hare Hill ; in Borneo, in rhombic prisms half an inch long, terminating in two planes, and also massive ; at the Carmen mine at Zacualpan in Mexico ; at South Ham, Canada East; in California, Tulare Co., at Pass of San Amedio, with stibnite. Phipson makes the Borneo mineral a hydrate, with the formula Sb O 4 4- H. But, as Brush observes (Am. J. Sci., II. xxxiv. 207), the oxyd of iron and silicate of alumina present as impuri- ties, in a pale yellowish or reddish-white mineral, would have had, in combination, at least 3 p. c. of the water, if in the states of limonite and kaolin. Moreover, the fact which Phipson states, that the mineral is unaltered when heated, is further evidence that it is not a lydrate. 188 OXYGEN COMPOUNDS. 228. STIBICONITE. Antimony Ochre pt. (Syn. under Cervantite). Stibiconise Seud., Tr., ii. 616, 1832. Stiblith Blum & Dd/s, J. pr. Ch., xL 318. Stibiconite Brush, Am. J. Sci., II. xxxiv. 207, 1862. Massive, compact. Also as a powder and in crusts. H.=4 5-5. G.=5-28, B. & D. Lustre pearly to earthy. Color pale yellow to yellowish- white, reddish-white. Formula given, Sb 4 +=0xygen 19-6, antimony 74-9, water 5'5=100. Analysis : Blum & Delflfs (L c.) : Sb As B Goldkronach 19'54 75-83 tr. 4*63=100 B. & D. Beudant states that stibiconite yields water, and he makes it in his formula antimonious acid with xH. Blum & Delffs say that the water they obtained was probably mechanically mixed, but no reason for this conclusion is given. Volger states (Entw. Min., 72, 1854) that the stibiconite is a mixture of the following hydrous species with cervautite and valentinite. The compound gb Q 4 + H has been formed artificially ; but its existence in nature appears still to be doubtful Beudant mentions no particular locality. Blum & Delffs enumerate others besides Goldkronach in Bavaria, but evidently aim to include all localities of antimony ochre. Partzite of A. Arents (Am. J. Sci., II. xliii. 362) appear to be a hydrous oxyd of antimony mixed with various metallic oxyds, as pronounced by Blake (ib., xliv. 119). It varies in color from yel- lowish-green to blackish-green and black; has G. = 3'8; H.=3 4; and an even conchoidal fracture. An analysis afforded Arents Sb 47'65, Cu 32-11, Ag 6-12, Pb 2-01, Fe 2'33, fi 8-29=98-51. It occurs in the Blind Spring Mts., Mono Co., California, with argentiferous galenite, and antimonial ores of lead and silver, from whose decomposition it has probably proceeded. Stetefeldtite of E. Kiotte (B. H. Ztg., xxvi. 253, July, 1866) appears to be very similar to the partzite. It occurs massive ; blackish and brown in color ; H.=3'5 4-5; G.=4'12 4*24, with a shining streak. Stetefeldt found as a mean of two analyses: Sb O 4 43*77, S 4-7, Ag 23-74, Cu 12-78, Fe > l'82, H 7-9; and thence deduces Sb O 6 4647, S 4-59, Ag 23*23, Cu 2-27, Fe 2-41, Cu 13-28, H 7-75 = 100. It comes from South-eastern Nevada, in the Empire district ; also in the Philadelphia district. 229. VOLGERITE. Antimony Ochre pt. Hydrous Antimonic Acid. Massive, or as a powder. Color white. Comp. Sb 5 +5 f[=0xygen 19*3, antimony 58-9, water 21*8=100, Volger (Entwickl. Min., 77). The analysis of Cumenge corresponds to Sb 5 +4 H. Analysis; Cumenge (Ann. d. M., IV., xx. 80): 17 Sb 62 H 15 3Pe 1 gangue 3=98. Sb O'-fS fi is easily obtained artificially. It is tasteless, insoluble in water and acids, and has G. 6-6, Boullay. It gives off its water at a heat below redness, and oxygen at a red heat. There is also a compound Sb 6 +4 H ; but this is much less stable (Watt's Diet. Chem.). Obs. The mineral analyzed by Cumenge was from the province of Constantino, Algeria. Vol ger remarks that this white antimony ochre is a common result of the alteration of stibnite. 230. TELLURITE. (Tellurige Saure ~Petz, Pogg., Ivii. 478, 1842 ; Tellurite Nicol, Min., 429.) Small yellowish or whitish spherical masses, radiated in structure, and a yellowish, earthy incrustation, occurring with the native tellurium of Facebay and Zalathna ; is said to afford the reactions of tellurous acid. 230 A. TANTALIC OCHEB. A tantalic ochre occurs on crystals of tantalite at Pennikoja in Somero, Finland; color brownish, lustre vitreous. A. E. Nordenskiold, Finl. Min., 27, 1855. QTJABTZ. 189 III. OXYDS OF THE CAKBON-SILICON GEOUP, SERIES 231. QUARTZ. Kpvora\\os Theophr., etc. Crystallus (with allusion to its hexagonal form and pyramidal terminations) Plin., xxxvii. 9, 10; Silex Plin., xxxvi. 371. Crystallus, Quartzum can- didissimum [auriferous], Germ. Quertze, Kiselstein, Agric., 276, etc., 444, 459, 465, 1546, 1529. Quartz, Kisel, Wall., 102, 1747. Quartz, Kiesel, Germ. Khombohedral, and for the most part hemihedral to the rhombohedron (or tetartohedral to the hexagonal prism). R A 72=94 15', A 72=128 13' ; a 1'0999. Observed planes : (a) 72, -R (or -1), a, most frequent, as in f. 180-182, R and -1 making up the ordinary pyramidal terminations, and the latter often distinguishable from R in being the smaller planes, and sometimes in having feebler lustre or less smoothness ; the pyramid sometimes consisting of R alone (f. 183) ; (b) planes 2-2, very common, but only hemihedrally, as in f. 186, and thus corresponding to the faces of a double three-sided pyramid ; (c) various rhombohedrons replacing the basal edges of the hexagonal pyramid (as 4 in f. 185, f , 3, and -7, -1, in f. 191, others in f. 192), 3, 4, being the most common ; also the rhombohedron ~J replac- ing the edges 72/72 (f. 191, 193, a rough plane, as usual) ; also, among other rhombohedrons, f , -J-, f , 2, 6, 7, 10, and the same in the negative series, besides 50 others ; (d) various trapezohedral forms, situated obliquely about the angles of the pyramids, like 6~- in f. 190, and others in f. 192, 193, the planes gyroidal or plagihedral in position, and inclining upward toward the right or left, and thus being either right-handed as in f. 192, or left- handed as in f. 190 ; and again occurring occasionally on each solid angle (as in f. 190), in which case they are hermhedral (12 out of the normal 24) ; or, as is generally the fact, only on the alternate solid angles (as in f. 192), when they are tetartohedral ; or, more rarely, right-handed on one solid angle, and left-handed on the next, another kind of hemihedral form ; among them, in the zone R : 2-2 : ^, or -1 : 2-2 : i, there are Mow 2-2 (f. 192) the forms 3-f , 4-f (o r f. 192), 6-jj- (f. 190, and o'" f. 192), 12-tf , etc., and many others ; above 2-2, f-f, f-f, f-f , f-f , f-f ( 193), etc. ; (e) other tra- pezohedrons bevelling the obtuse edges of the rhombohedron R, as -3, -3, -|-, 1-5, etc. ; also (/ ) many trapezohedrons in other positions ; the total number of different forms over 175. i A 72=141 47' ^ A 6-=167 59' 72 A -1, ov. ,=103 34'. Af=15443 * A 8-4= 171 8 R A -1, adj., =133 44. a A 2=158 31 ^A 13-if =174 39 R M, ov. 2-2,=113 8. i A 3=165 18 ^Af-f, ov. 2-2,=125 28 R A 2-2=151 6. i A 2-2=142 2 fcAf-f, ov. 2-2,=118 7 J?A 3=155 ? i A 3-f =154 i/\i=I%0 i A 4-f =161 31 i A i-f =171 33 Cleavage : R, -1, and i very indistinct : sometimes effected by plunging a heated crystal in cold water. Crystals either very short, or very much elongated, sometimes fine acicular ; usually implanted by one .extremity of the prism ; occasionally twisted or bent (f. 195). Prismatic faces i com- monly striated horizontally (f. 189, 195, 196), and thus distinguishable, in distorted crystals, from the pyramidal. Crystals often grouped by juxtapo- sition, not proper twins. Frequently in radiated masses with a surface of pyramids, or in druses having a surface of pyramids or short crystals. Twins : 1. Composition-face, the basal plane O ; sometimes (a) revolu- tion-twins, or such as correspond to a simple revolution of one-half (made by section parallel to the base), 60 or 180 to the right or left, bringing R above into the same vertical line with R below, and revolving other planes in a like manner (in f. 192 it would carry half the gyroidal planes to the next QUARTZ. 191 196 edge of the prism, and half the bevelled edge to the place of these planes). Yery generally (5) penetration-twins, the forms not corresponding to a reg- ular revolution, but to an irregular interpenetration of unlike parts of the crystal, making -1 to be distributed in irregular areas over R, and so also It over 1, with a similar irregular distribution of other planes, as illustrated in f. 196, in which the unshaded parts of the pyramidal faces are 7?, and the shaded parts are 1 ; crystals of quartz not thus compounded in some part are of very rare occur- rence. Other twins, mostly geniculating, as in f. 187, and very rarely cruciform (represented cruciform in f. 197, in order to exhibit the divergence of the vertical axes [axes a] of the combined crystals, and other relative characteristics) : 2. C.-face J?, or -1, f. 197s ; diverg- ence of axes a= 76 26' (because the angle between axis R, and a or -1, is 38 13') ; (a) simply geniculating, like either half of 197s ; (b) a three-rayed twin, con- sisting of a central crystal twinned to three others by each R of one extrem- ity, f. 198A, B. 3. Composition between R (or -1) and a face of the prism, i, f. 197A ; divergence of axes a=33 13'. 4. C.-face %R, f. 197c ; diverg- ence of axes 115 10' (angle between axis a and face of \ R being 57 35 ; 198A 198s observed only in simple twins. 5. C.-face 1-2, or plane truncating edge of pyramid between R and -1 (a mode of twinning that belongs rather to the true hexagonal system than to the rhombohedral, and showing that the rhombohedral character is often crystallogenically but feebly dominant in the species), illustrated in f. 187 and 197E ; divergence of axes #=84 44' (because the angle between axis a and the pyramidal edge is 42 17') ; observed in geniculating or juxtaposition twins like f. 187, and either halt of 195E ; there are two kinds, one (a) in which faces R are correspondent in position in the two parts ; (b) in which they are not so. 6. Composition between the plane truncating edge of pyramid (or 1-2) and that truncating edge of prism (or -2), f. 197o ; angle of divergence 42 17'. Massive ; coarse or fine granular to flint-like or crypto-crystalline. Some- times mammillary, stalactitic, and in concretionary forms. H.=7. G.=2-5 2-8; 2-6413 2'6541, Beudant; 2'663, Deville. Lustre vitreous, sometimes inclining to resinous ; splendent nearly dull. Color- less when pure ; often various shades of yellow, red, brown, green, blue, black. Streak white, of pure varieties ; if impure, often the same as the 192 OXYGEN COMPOUNDS. color, but much paler. Transparent opaque. Fracture perfect conchoi- dal subconchoidal. Tougli brittle friable. Polarization circular, there being a colored centre instead of a central cross, and the rings of color around enlarging as the analyzer is turned to the right in right-handed crys- tals (f. 192), or left in left-handed (f. 190) ; and colored spirals are seen, which rotate to the right or left, when the incident light and emergent light are polarized, one "circularly and the other plane. For observing the polarization, plates of the crystal are cut at right angles to the axis. In twins the component parts may be both right-handed or both left-handed (as in those of Dauphiny and the Swiss Alps) ; or one may be of one kind and the other of the other. Moreover, succes- sive layers of deposition (made as the crystal went on enlarging, and often exceedingly thin) are sometimes alternately right and left-handed, showing a constant oscillation of polarity in the course of its formation ; and, when this is the case, and the layers are regular, cross-sections, examined by polarized light, exhibit a division, more or less perfect, into sectors of 120, parallel to the plane R, or into sectors of 60. If the layers are of unequal thickness, there are broad areas of colors without sectors. In f. 199 (by Descloizeaux, from a crystal from the Dept. of the Aude), half of each sector of 60 is right-handed, and the other half left (as shown by the arrows), and the dark radii are neutral bands produced by the overlapping of layers of the two kinds. In f. 200, from a 199 200 -1 crystal of amethyst (also by Descloizeaux), the alternate white and black lines in each banded sector are due to alternate right and left-handed layers, parallel to R The fact of a structure in layers is easily made manifest by means of fluoric acid, it corroding successive layers unequally. The asteriated internal structure is often apparent in an asteriated arrangement of shades of color or of degrees of transparency. Biaxial polarization is sometimes a consequence of the composite structure (as in crystals from Euba, near Schemnitz). In crystals, the planes R and 1, when not distinguishable by different degrees of lustre, smoothness, or striation, may be by etching with fluoric acid, this process going on unequally in the two directions and producing a difference of surface, besides often developing the layers that were superimposed in the growth of the crystal, alluded to above. For papers on cryst. of quartz, see "Weiss, Mag. Ges. nat. Fr., Berlin, vii. 163; Haidinger, Brewster's J., i. 322, 1824; G. Rose, Ber. Ak. Miinchen, 1844, Pogg., Ixii. 325. Descloizeaux, Mem. Crist. Quartz, Ann. Ch. Phys., xlv. 129, 1855, and Mem. Acad. Sci., xv. 404, 4to, 1858; Q. Sella, R. Acad. Sci. Torino, 8vo, 1856, and Studii Min. Sarda^ 4to, Torino, 1856; Websky, Pogg., xcix. 296, 1856, ZS. G., xvii. 348, 1865; Lang, Pogg., c. 351, 1857; Hessenberg, Min. Not, i. 11, ii 3. Jenzsch, Pogg., cxxx. 597, from whom figs. 195 A F are taken. F. Leydolt on the struc- ture of quartz crystals as developed by means of fluoric acid, Ber. Ak. Wien, xv. 59, 1855. Comp. Pure silica, or Si=0xygen 53*33, silicon 46'67 = 100. In massive varieties. Often mixed with a little opal-silica. Impure varieties contain oxyd of iron, carbonate of lime, clay, sand and various minerals. Quartz-silica has been supposed to be insoluble in a hot solution of potash, and to be thus distinguishable from opal-silica. But since the investigations of Rammels- berg (Pogg., cxii. 1 77 ) it has been questioned whether in a very finely divided state, and especially such as constitutes the compact (cryptocrystalline) chalcedony or flint, it is not more or less soluble. Rammelsberg subjected a number of kinds of quartz tq^the action of a hot potash solution, and the following are part of his results ; under ign. and S the total loss is given, and then, in brackets, the part from drying over sulphuric acid : QUARTZ. 193 Loss by ign. and S. Dissolved by potash. Vitreous massive quartz, Querbach 0'27 5 7-75 p. c Gray hornstone, Schneeberg 2 '3 5 [0'45] 12-82 15 Agate, Saxony, G-. 2'661 0'39 0-13' 243 Chalcedony, Faroe, G. 2 624 0'59 [0*2 1" 7-2 20-1 " Hungary, G. 2-503 2 '60 1'17' 22 93'88 Chrysoprase, Silesia, G. 2*635 1-83 '0-59" 7-3650-59 Mint, G. 2-62, 2'63 1-40 [0-20J 20 2 73'4 From the high specific gravity of kinds affording a large percentage of soluble silica, it appears that the soluble silica is not all amorphous or opal-silica. Jenzsch has announced (Pogg., cxxvi. 497) that there is a second modification of amorphous silica, distinct from opal, and hitherto unrecognized (see under OPAL), having G. 2*6, like quartz. This suggests an explanation of the above. But the hyalite variety of opal, having G. = 2*185, gave Kammelsberg 9*6 to 19*9 p. c. of insoluble silica. To explain this fact by the same method still another modification of silica would be required an insoluble kind, having the low specific gravity of opal. Pyr., etc. B.B. alone unaltered. With soda dissolves with effervescence ; unacted upon by salt of phosphorus. Soluble only in fluohydric acid. Var. 1. Crystallized (phenocrystalline), vitreous in lustre. 2. Flint-like massive, or crypto- crystalline. The first division includes all ordinary vitreous quartz, whether having crystalline faces or not. The varieties under the second are in general acted upon somewhat more by attrition, and by chemical agents, as fluoric acid, than those of the first. In all kinds made up of layers, as agate, successive layers are unequally eroded. A. PHENOCRYSTALLTNE OB VITREOUS VARIETIES. 1. Ordinary Crystallized ; Rock Crystal. Colorless quartz, or nearly so, whether in distinct crys- tals or not. (a) Regular crystals, or limpid quartz ; (&) right-handed crystals ; (c) left-handed ; (d) cavernous crystals, having deep cavities parallel to the faces occasioned by the interference of impurities during their formation ; (e) cap-quartz, made up of separable layers or caps, due to the deposit of a little clayey material at intervals in the progress of the crystal ; (/) drusy quartz, a crust of small or minute quartz crystals ; (g) radiated quartz, often separable into radiated parts having pyramidal terminations ; (h) fibrous, rarely delicately so, as a kind from Orange river, near Cape of Good Hope. 2. Asteriated; Star-quartz (Stern-quartz Germ.}. Containing within the crystal whitish or colored radiations along the diametral planes. Part if not all asteriated quartz is asteriated in polarization, as above described. 3. Amethystine; Amethyst (A//0wroi> Theophr., etc.). Clear purple, or bluish-violet. The color is supposed to be due to manganese. But Heintz obtained in an analysis of a Brazilian specimen, besides silica, 0'0187 oxydof iron, 0*6236 lime, 0*0133 magnesia, and 0-0418 soda; and he con- siders the color owing to a compound of iron and soda. The structure is composite, as illustrated in f. 199, 200, and the shade of violet is usually deepest parallel to the planes R. 4. Rose. Rose-red or pink, but becoming paler on exposure. Common massive, and then usually much cracked. Lustre sometimes a little greasy. Fuchs states that the color is due to titanic acid; he found 1 to ! p. c. in specimens from Rabenstein, near Bodenmais. It may corne in part from manganese. 5. Yellow; False Topaz. Yellow and pellucid, or nearly so ; resembling somewhat yellow topaz, but very different in crystallization and in absence of cleavage. 6. Smoky, Cairngorm Stone (Mormorion Plin., xxxvii. 63). Smoky-yellow to smoky-brown, and often transparent ; but varying to brownish-black, and then nearly opaque in thick crystals. The color is probably due to titanic acid, as crystals containing rutile are usually smoky. Called cairngorms from the locality at Cairngorum, S.W. of Banff, in Scotland. 7. Milky. Milk-white and nearly opaque. Lustre often greasy, and then called greasy quartz. 8. Siderite, or Sapphire-quartz. Of indigo or Berlin-blue color; a variety occurring in an impure limestone at Golling in Saltzburg. 9. Sagenitic. Containing within acicular crystals of other minerals. These acicular crystals are most commonly (a) ruttte, the mineral called from such specimens sagenite (fr. aayrjvr), a nefy by de Saussure (see under RUTILE). They may also be (&) black tourmaline ; (c) gothite ; (d) stibnite ; (e)asbestus; (/) actinolite; (g) hornblende ; (h) epidote. 10. Cat's Eye (Katzenauge Germ., (Eil de Chat Fr.). Exhibiting opalescence, but without pris- matic colors, especially when cut en caboclwn, an effect due to fibres of asbestus. 1 1. Aventurine. Spangled with scales of mica or other mineral. 12. Impure from the presence of distinct minerals distributed densely through the mass. The more common kinds are those in which the impurities are : (a) ferruginous, either red or yellow oxyd of iron; (&) chloritic, some kind of chlorite; (c) actinolitic; (d) micaceous; (e) arenaceous, of sand. 13 194: OXYGEN COMPOUNDS. Quartz crystals also occur penetrated by various minerals, as topaz, corundum, chrysoberyl, garnet, different species of the hornblende and pyroxene groups, kyanite, zeolites, calcite and other carbonates, rutile, stibnite, hematite, gothite, magnetite, fluorite, gold, silver, anthracite, etc. As quartz has been crystallized through the aid of hot waters or of steam in all ages down to the present, and is the most common ingredient of rocks, there is good reason why it should be found thus the enveloper of other crystals. 13. Containing liquids in cavities. These liquids are seen to move with the change of position of the crystal, provided an air-bubble be present in the cavity ; they may be detected also by the refraction of light. The liquid is either water (pure, or a mineral solution), or some petroleum-like or other compound. (See p. 761.) B. CRYPTOCRYSTALLINE VARIETIES. 1. Chalcedony (Murrhina Plin., xxxvii. 7. Ia 2-2. Fig. 201 in the pyroxene or normal position, but with the edge 0/i-i the obtuse edge ; f. 202 in the position given the crystals by authors who make i-i the plane 0, and 24 the plane f. O A tf A l-fc!60 30' 3-fcl39 53 5-i= 130 42 fcl54 25 A 3-*'= 114 16 0A^'=110 12 201 i-i A l-fc!29 42' i-i A 3-^=150 19 i-i/\ 5-fcl59 30 ^ A 3-^=135 32 i-i A 1-^=95 23 i-i A 2=132 54 ^ A 2=93 52 plan< 1=111 48' \4W 56 i-i A -2-2 =120 50 =14:5 8 =115 34 ^ A 7=133 44 202 Vesuvius. Rarely in distinct tabular crystals. Cleavage : O most distinct ; i-i less so; \-i and -1-* in traces. Twins: composition-face i-i. Usually cleav- able massive, with the surface appearing long fibrous, fibres parallel or re- ticulated, rather strongly coherent. H.=4-5-5. G.=2-78-2-9; 2-785-2-895, United States, Thomson; 2*805, Haidinger. Lustre vitreous, inclining to pearly upon the faces of perfect cleavage. Color white, inclining to gray, yellow, red, or brown. Streak white. Subtransparent translucent. Fracture uneven, sometimes very tough. Optic-axial plane i-i ; divergence 70 40' for the red rays ; bisectrix of the acute angle negative ; inclined to a normal to i-i 57 48', and to a normal to 12, Descl. Comp. CaSi=Silica 51-7, lime 48-3 = 100. Analyses: 1, Stromeyer (Untersuch., 1, 356); 2, H. Rose (Gilb. Ann., Ixxii. 70) ; 3, v. Kobell(J. pr. Oh., xxx. 469) ; 4, Weidling((Ef. Ak. Stockh., 1844, 92); 5, Bonsdorff (Schw. J., xxxiii. 368); 6, Rammelsberg (Pogg., Ixxvii. 265); 7, Wiehage (Ramm. Min. Ch., 450); 8, M. F. Heddle (PhiL Mag., IV. ix. 452); 9, W. Hampe (B. H. Ztg., xx. 267); 10, Yanuxem (J. Ac. Philad., ii. 182); 11, Seybert (Am. J. Sci., iv. 320); 12, Morton (Ann. Phil., 1827); 13, Beck (Min. N. Y, 271); 14, 15, J. D. Whitney (J. Soc. N. H. Boston, v. 486) 16, Bunce (This Min., 3d ed., 696): Si Fe fig Ca ft 1. Cziklowa 51-45 0-40 47-41 0-08. Stn 0-26= Strom. 2. Perhoniemi 51-60 46-41 j gangue 1 -11=99-12 Rose. 3. 0. di Bove 51-50 0-55 45-45 2-00=99 50 Kobell. 4. G-ockum 50-72 0-85 0-88 43-80 , iS/Ln 0-33, Ca C 2*73 Weidl. 5. Skrabbole 52-58 PeO'13 0-68 44-45 0-99=99-83 Bonsdorff. 6. Harzburg 53-01 1-04 44-91 1-59=100-55 Ramm. 7. Vesuvius 51-90 FeO-96 a 0-65 46-44 =99-95 Wiehage. 8. Mourne Mts. 50-43 0-84 0-39 43-92 1-36, C 2-37 b =99-31 Heddle. a With Mn. b From mixed calcite. 212 OXYGEN COMPOUNDS. Si Fe fig Ca H 9. Auerbach 52-01 Pe 0-93 46'74 , l 1-87 = 101-55 Hampe. 10. Willsborough 51'67 " 1'35 47-00 =100-02 Vanuxem. 11. " 51-0 " 1-3 46-0 1-0=99-3 Seybert. 12. Bucks Co., Pa. 51-50 "1-00 44-10 0-75=97'35 Morton. 13. Diana 51-90 " 0-25 47'55 =99*70 Beck. 14. Cliff mine 49-09 0'14 46'38 2'96, fin 0'48, &1 0'23 Whitney. 15. " 49-06 44-87 [2-96], " 0'93 " 1'28 Whitney. 16. GrenviUe,Can. 53'05 Fe 1-20 45"74 = 99'99 Bunce. Pyr., etc. In the matrass no change. B.B. fuses easily on the edges ; with some soda, a blebby glass, with more, swells up and infusible. With muriatic acid gelatinizes; most varieties effervesce slightly from the presence of calcite. Obs. Wollastonito is found in regions of granite and granular limestone ; also in basalt and lavas. Occurs in the copper mines of Cziklowa in Hungary ; at Dognatzka and Nagyag ; accompanying garnet, fluorite, and native silver, in limestone, at Pargas in Finland, and Kougsberg in Norway ; occurs at Perhoniemi and Skrabbole, Finland; at Gockum in Sweden; at Vilna in Lithuania (vilnite) ; at Harzburg in the Harz ; at Auerbach, in granular limestone ; at Vesuvius, rarely in fine crystals ; of a greenish- white color in lava at Capo di Bove, near Rome ; in Ireland, at Dunmore Head, on the shores of the Mourne Mts. In the United States, in N. York, at Willsborough, forming the sides of a large vein of garnet, traversing gneiss; at Lewis, 10 m. south of Keeseville, with colophonite, abundant; $ m. N. of Lewis Corners, with garnet and quartz; at Roger's Rock, near the line between Essex and Warren Cos., with garnet and feldspar ; Diana, Lewis Co., about 1 m. from the Natural Bridge, in abundance, in large white crystals ; at Booneville, Oneida Co., in boulders, with garnet and pyroxene. In Penn., Bucks Co., 3 m. W. of Attleboro', associated with scapolite, pyroxene, and sphene. In Mich., of a red color at the Cliff Mine, Kewenaw Point, Lake Superior, and on Isle Royale, a very tough variety, but now exhausted. In Canada, at GTreiwille, with sphene and green coccolite ; at St. Jerome and Morin, C. E., with apatite, in large tabular masses of a fibrous structure. Scacchi obtained from Yesuvian crystals (f. 202) i-i A 3-*= 135 29', i-i A 1^=95 26', i-i A $-i = 78 2', i-i A 1=111 46'. The form 2-i is usually made the vertical prism I, with /A 7=95 36' (or 35'). But the crystals in the position above given exhibit the near isomorphism with pyroxene. Named after the English chemist, Wollaston ; also called tabular spar from its lamellar forms and structure. The soda-tabular spar of Thomson, from near Kilsyth, is pectolite. 237 A. EDELFOKSITE. (Kalksilikat fr. ^Edelfors, Kalktrisilikat, Hisinger, Ac. H. Stockh., 1838. 191,. 1839. Edelforsit v. Kob., Grundz., 202, 1838. ^Edelforsit Erdmann.} Forchhammer has shown (Danske Ac. Forh., Ap. 1864) that Hisinger's mineral is an impure wollastonite, containing some quartz and feldspar, with often carbonate of lime and garnet. It occurs compact, part feathery fibrous, and part without any distinct crystalline structure. H. of portions 4; yet in other parts giving sparks with the steel, showing a hardness of 6 7. G. = 2'584, Hisinger ; 3'0, v. Kobell. Color white, grayish-white, or with a tinge of yellow. Hisinger and v. Kobell have analyzed the mineral, and made it a distinct species ; yet their results are considerably dis- cordant, like their determinations of the sp. gr. They obtained: 1, Hisinger (1. c.) ; 2, v. Kobell (J. pr. Ch., xci. 344): Si 3tl 3Pe Fe fig Ca 1. 57-75 3-75 I'OO 4-75 30-16, Mn 0'68=98'06 Hisinger. 2. 61-36 7-00 . 2-70 8*63 20'00, fin Ai=16813 A 1=146 9 (9 A 2=130 6 6> A 1=137 49 A 2=114 28 Long Pond. A 14=150 20' A ^4=90 7A 1=121 14 7 A 2=144 35 7A -1=13448 7A -2=150 51 24 A 24, ov. 6>,=82 34 i-i A 14=130 10 i-i A 14= 105 24 i-i A ^-2=152 15 i-i A 7=133 33' i-i A ^'-2=115 25 ^^^-3=107^35 --2 A ^-2, ov. ^,=124 30 ^'-2 A ^-2, ov. ^'4,=50 50 1 A 1 = 120 32 2 A 2=95 30 -1 A -1=131 24 __2A-2=111 10 214: OXYGEN COMPOUNDS. Cleavage : /rather perfect, often interrupted ; i-i sometimes nearly perfect ; i-l imperfect ; sometimes easy. Crystals usually thick and stout. Twins : composition-face i-i (f. 214). Often coarse lamellar, in large masses, paral- lel to or i-i. Also granular, particles coarse or fine ; and fibrous, fibres often fine and long. H.=5 6. G.=3'23 3'5, Lustre vitreous, inclining to resinous ; some pearly. Color green of various shades, verging on one side to white or grayish- white, and on the other to brown and black. Streak white to gray and grayish-green. Transparent opaque. Fracture conchoidal uneven. Brittle. In crystals from Fassa, optic-axial plane i4 ; divergence 110 to 113 ; bisectrix of the acute angle positive, inclined 51 6' to a normal to i-i and 22 55' to a normal to (9, Descl. Oomp., Var. Bisilicate of different protoxyd bases, under^ the general formula R Si ; these bases (ft) being lime (6a), magnesia (Mg), protoxyd of iron (Fe), protoxyd of manganese (Mn), and sometimes potash (&), soda (Na), and oxyd of zinc (2n). Usually two or more of these bases are present. The first three, lime, magnesia, and protoxyd of iron, are most common ; but lime is the only one that is present always and in large percentage. Besides the substitutions of different protoxyd bases for one another, these same bases are at times replaced by sesquioxyd bases (3tl, 3?e, Mn), though sparingly; and the silica occasionally by alumina. The species has therefore the general formula (ft 3 , K) (Si, 2tl*) 8 , which may also be written (ft, &^) (Si, &!*). The varieties proceeding from these isomorphous substitutions are many and diverse ; and there are still others depending on the state of crystallization. The foliated and fibrous kinds early received separate names, and for a while were regarded as distinct species. Fibrous or columnar forms are very much less common than in hornblende, and lamellar or foliated kinds more com- mon. The crystals are rarely long and slender, or bladed, like those of that species. The name Pyroxene is from rip, fire, and &vo S , stranger, and records Haiiy's idea that the mine- ral was, as he expresses it, " a stranger in the domain of fire," whereas, in fact, it is, ne,xt to the feldspars, the most universal constituent of igneous rocks. This error, however, was more than counterbalanced by Haiiy's discovery of the true crystallographic distinction of the species, which led him to bring together, under this one name, what Werner and others had regarded as distinct species. The name, therefore, is properly the name of the species, while Augite is only entitled to be used for one of its varieties. The most prominent division of the species is into (A) the non-aluminous ; (B) the aluminous. But the former of these groups shades imperceptibly into the latter. These two groups are generally subdivided according to the prevalence of the magnesia, lime, protoxyd of iron, or protoxyd of manganese, or of two or three together of these protoxyd bases. Yet here, also, the gradation from one series to another is in general by almost insensible shades as to composition and chemical characters, as well as all physical qualities. I. CONTAINING LITTLE OB NO ALUMINA. 1. Lime-Magnesia Pyroxene; MALACOLITE. (Basaltes spatosus, y hwit., pt., Oronstedt, 68, 1758. Malacolit Abildgaard (Ann. Ch., xxxii. 1800); Delameth., J. de Phys., li. 249, 1800. Alalite, Mussite, Bonvoisin, ib., 409, May, 1806. Diopside (fr. Ala) H., J. d. M., xx. 65, 1806. White Coccolite. Traversellit Scheerer, Fogg., xciii. 109, 1854.) Color white, yellowish, grayish-white to pale green. In crystals : cleavable and granular massive. Sometimes transparent and color- less. Gr.=3'2 3 - 3 8. Contains lime and magnesia, with less than 4 p. c. of protoxyd of iron. Formula, (Ca, &g) Si. Anal. 1 corresponds to (JOa + fSlg) Si; anal. 2-7 to (i Ca + i&g) Si= Silica 55-7, magnesia 18'5, lime 25*8." a. Malacolite, as originally used, included a bluish-gray, grayish-green, and whitish translucent variety from Sala, Sweden. 6. Alalite occurs in broad right-angled prisms, colorless to faint greenish or clear green, usually striated longitudinally, and came originally from Mt. Ciarmetta, in the Mussa Alp. c. Traversellite, from Traversella, occurs in similar long glassy crystals, usually rectangular (planes i-i, i-i), much striated longitudinally, often clear green at one end and colorless at the other ; cleavage parallel to I, perfect. d. Mussite is white, grayish-white, and apple-green (according to Bonvoisin's original descrip- tion), and occurs in prismatic implanted crystals, and also in masses made up of aggregated crys- tals, the obtuse prismatic edge rounded, and with cleavage parallel to the base. Named from the locality, the Mussa Alp (or elevated plane of the Mussa). BISILICATES. 215 The optical characters of malacolite are as stated near top of the preceding page. Descloizeaux found the axial divergence in a crystal from Ala for the red rays as observed in the air, 111 40' for the yellow 111 20'; and Heusser obtained for the same 112 27', 112 12'. e. White Coccolite is a granular variety. The original coccolite was green. Named Malacolite from ^n\axo^ soft, because softer than feldspar, with which it was associated ; and Diopside from Sis, twice or double, and o'a/ ( ?, appearance. 2. Lime-Magnesia- Iron Pyroxene ; SAHLITE. (Malacolit pt. of authors. Diopside pt. H., L c. Sahlit (fr. Sala) d'Andrada, Scherer's J., iv. 31, 1800; J. de Phys., li., 241, 1800. Baicalit (fr. L. Baikal) Renovanz, dell's Ann., ii. 1793, 21 ; Baikalit Karst., Tab. 34, 74, 1800. Funkite, Duf. Min., iii. 761, 1847. Coccolit d'Andrada, Scherer's J., iv. 1800. Protheite (fr. Zillerthal) Ure. Asbestus pt.) Color grayish-green to deep green and black; sometimes grayish and yellowish- white. In crystals; also cleavable and granular massive. G.=3'25 3'4. Named from Sala in Sweden, one of its localities, where the mineral occurs in masses of a grayish-green color, having a perfect cleavage parallel to the basal plane ( 0). Formula (Ca, Mg, Fe) Si. In anal. 9, Ca : Mg : Fe=2 : 1 : 2 ; in 10, 11, this ratio=4 : 3 : 1, corresponding to Silica 53'7, magnesia 13'4, lime 24-9, prot. iron 8*0 =100. b. Baikalite is a dark dingy green variety, in crystals, cleavable like the preceding parallel to 0. Named from Lake Baikal, in Siberia, near which it occurs. c. Protheite is sombre-green, in crystals, and approaches fassaite ; from Zillerthal hi the Tyrol. d. Funkite^ is dark olive-green coccolite from Boksater in Gothland, having a larger percentage of Fe than Mg. It may be convenient to use this name for the pyroxene here included that con- tains 10 p. c. or more of protoxyd of iron. e. DIALLAGE. (Diallage pt. H., Tr., 89, 1801. Hypersthene pt. Bronzite pt.) Part of the so-called diailage, or thin-foliated pyroxene, belongs here, and the rest under the corresponding division of the aluminous pyroxenes. Color grayish-green to bright grass-green, and deep green ; lustre of cleavage surface pearly, sometimes metalloidal or brassy; H.=4; G.=3'2 3'35. Double refraction strong; bisectrix negative ; inclined about 38 to a normal to i-i, and showing therefore, when viewed through i-i. a single system of rings in the field of the polarizing instrument (Descl.); the angle 35 to 40, observed in the air (24 26 in oil) in the diailage of Knockdallian in Scotland, of Zobtenberg and Baumgarten in Silesia ; a grayish hypersthene-like mineral in large folia in the gabbro of the Ruben coal mine near Neurode ; the vanadiferous bronzite of Genoa. But the green diailage of Neurode, analyzed by v. Bath (No. 4, p. 219), has this angle about 49 50' ; and so also that of Bormio in Veltliu ; diverging thus from ordinary diallage and diopside. With this variety belongs part also of what has been called hypersthene and bronzite the part that is easily fusible. Common especially in serpentine rocks. Named from JmAAayr?, difference, in allusion to the dissimilar cleavages. The grass-green diallage-like mineral smaragdite, constituting, with saussurite, a rock, is in part, at least, amphibole (q. v). 3. Iron-Lime Pyroxene ; HEDENBERGITE. (Hedenbergite (fr. Tunaberg) Berz., Nouv. Syst. Min., 206, 269, 1819; Hedenberg, Afh., ii. 169. Lotalite (fr. Lotala) Severgin, before 1814. Bolophe- rit Breith., Handb., 582, 1847.) Color black. In crystals, and also lamellar massive; cleavage easy parallel t9 i-i. _ G.=3*5 8*58. Contains lime and 4 protoxyd of iron, with little or no magnesia ; formula (Ca, Fe) Si. Anal, correspond to (| Ca+i Fe) Si. Named after the Swedish chemist, Ludwig Hedenberg, who first analyzed and described the mineral. Lotalite, from Lotala in Fin- land, is in black lamellar masses. Beudaut gives for the angles of hedenbergite A 7=100 10' 12', /A /=87 15' ; and Breithaupt for the Taberg mineral (Pyroxenus diagonals Breith.) /A / =87 28', (7=73 51'. 4. Lime-Magnesia-Manganese Pyroxene; SCHEFFERITE (Schefferit J. A. Michaelson, J. pr. Ch., xc. 170). Color reddish-brown. G.=3'39. Contains lime, magnesia, and protoxyd of manganese, and in the absence of zinc differs from jeffersouite. Formula (Ca, Mg, Mn) Si ; from Longban. The Richtente of Breith. (B. H. Ztg., xxiv. 364, 1865) is near scheiferite in composition. ^ It occurs in acicular crystals, having /A 1= 133 38', which appears to be the angle /A i-i of pyroxene ( = 133 33'), with G. = 2'826; color isabella-yeUow, rarely pale yellowish-brown, and is easily fusible. If the prismatic angle is /A i-i of pyroxene, the mineral belongs here. But Igelstrom finds a very similar mineral in aspect and composition at Paisberg, with /A /=124 ; and the analyses are given under amphibole (see p. ). 5. Lime-Iron-Manganese Pyroxene. A variety from L. Laach, analyzed by Bischof, is here included. 6. Lime-Iron-Manganese-Zinc Pyroxene; JEFFERSONTTE (Keating & Vanuxem, J. Ac. Philad., ii. 194, 1822). Color greenish-black. Crystals often very large (3-4 in. thick), with the angles generally rounded, and the faces uneven, as if corroded. G.=3-36. Contains lime, magnesia, protoxyd of 216 OXYGEN COMPOUNDS. iron, and protoxyd of manganese, with oxyd of zinc ; formula (Ca, Fe, $[g, ]Sln, 2n) Si. Named after Mr. Jefferson. II. ALUMINOUS. 7. Aluminous Lime-Magnesia Pyroxene ; LEUCAUGITE (Dana). Color white or grayish. Con- tains alumina, with lime and magnesia, and little or no iron ; formula (Ca> fig) (Si, &!*), Looks like diopside. H. = 6-o; Gr.=3-19, Hunt. Named from At *, white. 8. Aluminous Lime-Magnesia-Iron Pyroxene; FASSAITE, AUGITE. (For syn. of Augite, see p. 212. Also: Basaltische Hornblende pt. Wern., Bergm. J., 1792; Basaltine Kirw., Min., i. 219, 1794. Fassait Wern., Hoffm. Min., iv. 2, 110, 1817. [Not Fassaite Dolomieu, which was a zeolite.] Maclureite Nuttal, Am. J. Sci., v. 246, 1822=Amphibole If. Seybert, J. Ac. Philad., ii. 139, 1821. Pyrgom Breith., Char., 140, 1832.) Color clear deep-green to greenish-black and black ; in crys- tals, and also massive; subtranslucent to opaque; GT.=3-25 3'5. Optical characters as for malacolite. Contain protoxyd of iron, with lime and magnesia; general formula (Ca, Mg, Fe)(Si, a. Fassaite (or Pyrgom). Includes the green kinds found in metamorphic rocks. Named from the locality at Fassa in Piedmont, which affords deep-green crystals, sometimes pistachio-green, like the epidote of the locality. Pyrgom was so named from nvpyupa, a tower. b. Augite. Includes the greenish or brownish-black and black kinds, occurring mostly in eruptive rocks, but also in metamorphic. Named from dvyf/, lustre. The Augite of Werner (and Volcanite Delameth.) included only the black mineral of igneous rocks the volcanic schorl of earlier authors. c. Aluminous Diallage. 9. Aluminous Iron-Lime Pyroxene; HUDSONITE (Beck, Min. N. Y., 405, 1842). Lamellar or cleav- able massive. Color black. Streak green. Often has a bronze tarnish. Gr.=3'5, Beck; 3 '43 3 '46, Brewer. Contains lime and protoxyd of iron, with but little magnesia; formula (Ca, Fe) (Si, A 1 !*). Named from the Hudson river, in the vicinity of which it occurs, in Cornwall Orange Co., N. Y. b. Polylite of Thomson (Min., i. 495, 1836) may be the same compound. It is described as cleavable massive ; G.=3"231 ; H.=6 6*5 ; color black; opaque; and is stated to come from a bed of magnetic iron ore at Hoboken, N. J., where no such bed of ore exists. Appendix. 10. ASBESTUS. Asbestus is a finely fibrous variety, with the fibres easily separable and usually flexible. But most asbestus belongs to the species hornblende, which tends more to run into fibrous forms. It is difficult to distinguish the hornblende asbestus from the pyroxene, except by noting its association with known varieties of one or the other species ; and this method is not free from doubt. See further under HORNBLENDE for description, analyses, and localities of asbestus. 11. Breislakite (Brocchi, Cat. di una raccolta di Rocce, 28, 60, 70, 192, 1817 ; Cyclopeite, in Descl. Min., 65, 1862). Occurs in wool-like forms at Vesuvius and Capo-di-Bove. Its crystal- lographic identity with pyroxene has been shown by Chapman (Phil. Mag., xxxvii. 444, 1850). The particular variety of pyroxene to which it belongs has not been ascertained, as no analysis of it has been made. Named after Breislak, an Italian geologist. Lavroffite (Lawrowit, Vanadin-Augit, Kokscharof, Bull. Ac. St. Pet., xi. 78, 1866) is an alumina pyroxene, colored green by vanadium, from the river Sludianka, beyond Lake Baikal, where it occurs coarse granular massive with quartz, and also in small imperfect crystals. Cleavage affords the prism 87 7' ; and there is the usual lamination, from compound structure parallel to 0. The color is fine emerald-green. It contains besides silica some alumina, iron, lime, mag- nesia, and a trace of manganese and vanadium ; but no analysis has been made, so that its exact place among the pyroxenes is not certain. I. CONTAINING LITTLE OR NO ALUMINA. 1. Lime-Magnesia Pyroxene ; Malachite. Analyses: 1, Nordenskiold (Schw. J., xxxi. 457); 2, H. Eose (ib., xxxv. 86); 3, T. Wachtmeister (ib., xxx. 334) ; 4, Hermann (J. pr. Ch., xxxvii. 190); 5, H. Rose (Schw. J. xxxv. 86,); 6, Rammelsberg (J. pr. Ch., Ixxxvi. 340); 7, F. J. Wiik (Arppe in Act. Soc. Fenn., vi.); 8, Bonsdorff (Schw. J., xxxi. 158); 9, Kussin (Ramm., 4th SuppL, 12); 10, Wackenroder (Kastn. Arch., xiii. 84); 11, Brunner (Jahrb. Min., 186, 1855)- 12 Range (Ramm ^, Ch -' t?^ ; 13 " 15 -' f' S ' Hunt (Rep ' G ' Can '' 1863 > 467 > 4ei8 )5 16 ' Bedner (ZS. G., xviii. 397) > 17, Merz (N. Ges. Zurich, 48, 1861): Si l Fe ]frn fig a H 1. Pargas, bh-gn. 55'40 - 2-50 2-88 22'57 15'70 - , Mn 0-43=99-43 N, 2. Longban, ywh. 55'32 - Fe2-16Mnl'59 16-99 23-01 _ =99-07 Eose. 3. Norway, wh. 4. Achmato'sk, wh. 5. Orrijarvi, w. 6. Gulsjo 7. Lupikko (f) 8. Tammare, wh. 9. Brazil 10. Zillerthal, wh. 11. Sassgrat, w. 12. Retzbanya 13. Ottawa, C., wh. 14. Calumet I., gnh. 15. High Falls, C., gy. 16. Grenville, C. 17. Zermatt Si 57-40 53-97 54*64 55-11 52*40 54-83 55-61 54-16 56-13 56*03 54-50 54-90 54-20 52*54 54*74 0-43 0-20 BISILICATES. Fe Mn Mg 16-74 2-00 0-57 17-86 1-08 2-00 18-00 0-54 18-39 2-29 17-93 0-99 18-55 1-20 17-82 2-51 M-nO-18 18-22 2-02 tr. 1620 1-38 17-36 1-98 18-14 16-76 3-24 17-02 3-06* 19-85 3-45 17-82 217 Ca H 23-10 =97*b7 Wacht. 25-60 =100 Herm. 24-94 =100-66 Rose. 25-63 =99-67 Ramm. 22-55, Na 1-20, K0*37=98'58 W. 24-76 H 0-32=99-73 Bonsd. 25-11 =99-74 Kussin. 24-74 = 100Wack. 25-78 =100-85 Brumier. 25-05 =99-82 Range. 25-87 0-40= 100-89 Hunt. 27-67 0-80=100-13 Hunt 25-65 0-45=100-56 Hunt. 24-64 = 100-09 Redner. 22-90 0-58 = 99-49 Merz. a With some alumina ; the specimen associated with Eozoon. No. 1, crystals, G.=3'267 ;. 2, fr. Longban hi Wermland; 3, fr. Tjotten in Norway ; 4, G.=3-28 ; 5, fr. Finland ; 7, ib., G.=3'215 ; 8, ib. ; 9, G.=3*37 ; 11, fr. the Alps; 13, fr. Canada, G.=3*26 3-27; 14, fr. Canada, with Eozoon; 15, ib., G.=3'273 3-275. 2. Lime-Magnesia-Iron Pyroxene; Sahlite; Funkite. 1, H. Rose (Schw. J., xxxv. 86); 2, Reu- terskiold (Jahresb., xxv. 362) ; 3, Hisinger (Afh., iii. 291); 4, Arppe (Anal. Finsk. Min., 22); 5, 6, A. Erdmann (Ak. H. Stockh., 1848); 7, Winchenbach (Ramm. Min. Ch., 452); 8, Rammels- berg(ib., 452); 9, G. T. Bo wen (Am. J. Sci., v. 344); 10, Erdmann (1. c.); 11, Payr (Ber. Ak. Wien, xxv. 560); 12, 13, H. Rose (1. c.); 14, v. Hauer (Ber. Ak. Wien, xii. 714); 15, Schultz (Act. Fenn., 1856); 16, Rammelsberg (J. pr. Ch., Ixxxvi. 351); 17, Funk (Jahresb., 1844, 362); 18, Seybert (Am. J. Sci., v. 116); 19, H. Rose (1. c.); 20, C. W. C. Fuchs (Jahresb. Min., '62, 802) : 1. Sala, Sahlite 2. Longban. ywh. 3. 4. Pargas, gyh.-g>< 5. Tunaberg, gn. 6. " gn. 7. Meseritz, gn. 8. Edenville, gnh. 10. Tunab., Cod., , 11. Oberrochlitz, i, 12. Dalecarlia, gn. 13. " " 14. Boksater, Funk 15. Finland, gn. 16. Kaiserst., d 17. Nordmark 18. L. Champl., gn. 19. Taberg, bk. Si Xl Fe Mn Mg Ca 54*86 0*21 4-44 16-49 23-57 . 53*56 0*25 4*48 1-87 16-27 23-86 " 54*18 1-45 2-18 17-81 22-72 m. 52-67 0-54 4-54 19-52 21-03 54*13 0-90 3-69 0-30 15-01 25-15 53-82 0*95 7-95 0-89 12-20 23-55 54-46 2-46 3-73 0-78 14-39 24*01 !.-&. 55*01 4-95 16*95 22-80 faft.53-12 1-06 6-01 0-60 14-50 23-62 gn. 53*50 0-76 9-74 1-90 13-59 2042 wh. 55-03 4-84 3-16 15-71 20-72 . 54*55 0-14 8-14MnO-73 15-25 20-21 54-08 10*02 0-61 11-49 23*47 v\\ov, leaf, in allusion to the odor when moistened. 15. PYRALLOLITE (Nordenxkiold, Schw. J., xxxi. 389, 1820). From Finland, where it occurs mostly in limestone, with pyroxene and scapolite. A pyrallolite from Sibbo in Finland has been named Vargasite, after Count Vargas, Huot Min., ii. 676, 1841; Wargasit Germ. Analyses: 5, Nordenskiold (1. c.), of the original mineral from Storgord, whitish or greenish- white, with H.=3-5 4, G.=2'53 2-73, for which the formula MgSi + H has been written; 6-14, later, BISILICATES. 221 by Arppe, Furuhjelm, Runeberg, and Selin (Anal. Finsk. Min., 35), from different Finland locali- ties 6, large whitish crystals from Storgard, G. = 2'53; 7-10, from Kulla quarry in Kiraito ; 8. whitish, augitic in structure, H.= 3 4; 9 and 10, whitish and earthy; 11, green and columnar Gr.=2-70, H.=3 4, from Takvedaholm; 12, similar, from Skrabbole; 13, greenish and granular, with G-. = 2'61, from Haapakyla; 14, brownish or grayish-yellow and columnar, H. = 3, Gk=2-66, from Frugard. The crystalline structure is that of pyroxene. Named from irty, fire, aAAo?, other. 16. SCHILLER SPAR in part (Schillerstein Wern., Bastile pt.) An impure serpentine, from Baste in the Harz, having often the cleavage and forms of pyroxene; H. = 3'5 4; G-.=2*5 2'7b; lustre metallic-pearly to subvitreous ; color dark -green to pinchbeck-brown. Analysis 15, by Kohler (Pogg., xi. 192) ; 16, Rammelsberg (Pogg., xlix. 387). See further SERPENTINE. 17. TRAVERSELLITE (Scheerer, Pogg., xciii. 109, 1854). A leek-green mineral, in crystals, hav- ing the form of pyroxene, from Traversella in Piedmont. Analysis : 17, R. Richter (1. a). 18. PITKARANDITE (Scheerer, Pogg., xciii. 100, 1854). Has a leek-green or dark-green color, and looks like unaltered pyroxene, having the crystal planes I, i-i, i-i, with cleavage parallel to i-i. It is from Pitkaranda in Finland. Analyses : 18, R. Richter (Pogg., xciii. 101) ; 19, Frank- enhauser. Scheerer refers here part of pyrallolite (anal. 20). 19. STRAKONITZITE (v. Zepharovich, Jahrb. geol. Reichs., iv. 695, 1853). Approaches steatite. It occurs in greenish-yellow crystals, soft and greasy in feel, with G-. = 1'91. Analysis: 21, v. Hauer (1. c.). 20. MONRADITE (Erdmann, Ac. H. Stockh., 1842, p. 103). Probably a slightly altered pyroxene or hornblende. Described as occurring granular massive, with two unequal cleavages mutually inclined about 130 ; with H. = 6, Gr.=3*2673 ; color yellowish, honey-yellow, and lustre vitreous. Analysis : 22, Erdmann (1. c.). Formula deduced (Mg, Fe) Si-f H. From Bergen in Norway. Named after Dr. Monrad. H 4-52=99-82 Rose. 3-12 = 97-44 Rose. 3-12=97-51 Rose. 9-83 = 98-48 Svaub. 3-58, bit. & loss 6'38 Nord. 7-10 = 100-05 Arppe. 8-5 = 100 Arppe. 12-33=99-41 Runeberg. 8-78=100-12 Selin. 6-48=99-66 Furuhjelm. 9-15 = 100-17 Arppe. 7-56=101-03 Arppe. 7-30 = 100-80 Arppe. 7-32=100-64 Arppe. 12-43, r 2'37 Kohler. 10-13 = 101-95 Ramm. 3-69=100-09 Richter. 2-52 = 100-19 Richter. 2-80=99-19 Frank. 4-62, e 0-67=99-83 Sch. 19-86=100 Hauer. 4-04=100-40 Erdm. T. S. Hunt has analyzed some altered pyroxenes (Logan's Rep., 1863, 490) from Canada, related closely in composition to his loganite (which is altered hornblende ; see under HORNBLENDE) ; and also 21. HYDROUS DIALLAGES (1. c., p. 469), that may be examples of other alterations of the species. The following are his analyses : No. 1, of a brittle cleavable-massive mineral, forming a bed in a deposit of apatite in North Elmsley, having the cleavages of pyroxene perfect; H.=3 ; G-.='2'538 2-539; color greenish-gray; powder unctuous. No. 2, a similar material from N. Burgess, having the cleavage of pyroxene; a waxy lustre; H.=2 3, and G. = 2'32 2-35; pale grayish- gieen color; an unctuous feel. No. 3, a coarse, cleavable, bronze-colored diallage, forming a rock at Ham. No. 4, a rock from Orford, consisting of small masses of pearly, translucent, celandine- green diallage, with H. = 5'0, and G-.=3'02 3*03: H 14-31 = 99-52 16-93 = 100-62 6-30=100-86 5-83 = 101-56 Si XI Fe Mn Mg Ca 1. Altd. augite 60-35 4-16 0-78 25-07 4-94 2. (i 56-27 0-45 5-13 21-58 10-89 3. 56-48 o-io 4-11 0-66 23-46 9-58 4. Picrophyll 49-80 1-11 6-86 30-10 0-78 5. Pyrallolite, Storg. 56-62 3-38 0-89 0-99 23-38 5-58 6. 44 (4 76-23 1-79 0-72 11-65 2-56 7. Kulla 56-9 1-4 0-6 [28-7] 3-9 8. 44 44 48-88 0-48 1-55 0-76 24-72 10-69 9. 44 44 58-87 1-79 0-57 18-39 11-72 10. <4 (4 66-18 0-87 1-83 18-77 5-53 11. " Takv. 55-17 1-13 1-45 0-09 26-85 6-33 12. " Skrab. 55-92 1-55 1-86 1-68 26-12 6-34 13. Haap. 67-49 1-11 1-26 0-69 30-05 2-90 14. Frug. 63-87 0-34 2-18 23-19 3-74 15. Schiller spar 43-08 1-73 10-91 0-57 26-16 2-75 16. 14 41-48 6-49 16-61 27-24 17. Traversellite 52-39 1-21 20-46 14-41 7-93 18. Pitkarandite 61-25 0-41 12-71 0-83 13-30 9-17 19. " 54-67 1-34 12-84 0-60 12-50 14-42 20. " Storg. 60-06 5-67 1-68 27-13 21. Slrakonitzite 53-42 7-00 15-41 . 2-94 1-37 22. Monradite 56-17 8-56 31-63 1. N. Elmsley, loganitic () 36-70 2. N. Burgess, " (f) 39-30 3. Ham, diallagic 50'00 4. Orford, " (I) 47-15 10-96 14-25 Fe 9-36 3-45 4-41 13-59 8-73 Mg 28-19 25-73 27-17 24-55 Ca 3-80 11-35 222 OXYGEN COMPOUNDS. A complete removal of the lime and iron produces steatite or talc, a common material of pseudo morphs. Rensselaerite is a variety of steatite (see TALC), having sometimes the cleavage of pyroxene. Pyrallolite is also in part talc or steatite (anal. 5, 13, 14). Saponite and serpentine (q. v.) are other results of the same kind of alteration, they consisting, like talc, of silica, magnesia, and water. Hortonite is a steatitic pseudomorph of pyroxene, found in Orange Co., K Y., with chondrodite. The following are other kinds of pseudomorphs : Hematite, Limonite, Magnetite, Palagonite (which see). In the pyroxenes containing much iron, especially the augitic varieties, the protoxyd of iron, when moisture and air are present, may pass to a higher state of oxydation, and the mineral take a red color (the color of anhydrous sesquioxyd of iron (hematite], or it may take up water as well as oxygen, and become of a brownish-yellow color, the color of the hydrous sesqui- oxyd, or limonite. Magnetite is another result, and probably through the alteration of one of these oxyds as an intermediate state. Palagonite, as Bunsen has observed, is one of the products arising in part from the change of the iron to a sesquioxyd ; it is the material of many tufas of volcanic regions, as those of Iceland and Etna, such tufas having been made from doleritic or basaltic lavas abounding in pyroxene. Bunsen remarks that palagonite may be made artificially by putting powdered basalt into a large excess of caustic potash in fusion and pouring on water ; the product, after washing, is hydrated, pulverulent, and gelatinizes with weak acids, and its composition is like that of the purest palagonite of Iceland. For analyses, see p. 483. Epidote is another mineral resulting from the kind of change here mentioned. In one variety of the diallage from the gabbro of Harzburg (see analyses of others on p. 219), A. Streng found (B. H. Ztg., xxiii. 54) Si 45'73, l 5-60, 3Pe 12-18, Fe 8-00, Mg 12;55, Ca 8-86, alkalies 0*55, H 4'68=98'15 a percentage of oxyd of iron and of water which indicates partial alteration. Cimolite. In the case of the aluminous pyroxene, when all the bases except the alumina are removed and water taken up, there may result cimolite (q. v.), a whitish clay-like earth, which has been observed constituting pseudomorphs of augite at Bilin in Bohemia. In the change to this aluminous silicate, alumina may possibly be added, to some extent, from an external source, as from feldspar decomposing in the same rock. Pisani gives the following composition of a greenish aluminous, although talc-like, pseudomorph having the angles of pyroxene (0. R., liv. 51): Si l Fe Mg Ca Na K H 56-52 20-49 2'67 5'94 0'93 3'32 3'88 7-40 Glauconite. Mica. Under the action of alkaline waters, alkalies may be introduced. Thus the hydrous mineral glauconite (q. v.) or green earth may result as a constituent of some augite pseu- domorphs ; or the essentiaUy anhydrous mineral mica, which has been observed by Kjerulf as a pseudomorph after augite, in the Eiffel. Kjerulf gives the following analyses (1) of an unaltered augite, and (2) the mica derived from it : Si l Fe Mg Ca Na & Ign. 1. Augite 50-21 6'94 7'59 13'66 19*86 0-33=98-58 2. Mica pseud. 43-10 15-05 23'25 10-82 0-81 0'82 4'62 1-50, with Ti 1'03 as impurity. Acmite (q. v.) is considered by Bischof and Rose a pyroxene altered by the alkaline process. Quartz. Opal. Calcite. The removal of the mineral by the decomposing and dissolving agencies may be attended by the introduction of silica from the waters present, these waters hav- ing become siliceous as a consequence of the decompositions. Hence may come siliceous pseudo- morphs, either anhydrous like quartz, or hydrous like opal. One such from Vesuvius is described by Rammelsberg, which still contained some part of the bases, affording him on analysis (Pogg., lixx. 387): Si 85-31, 11-58, e 1-67, Mg 1-70, Ca 2'66, H 5'47 = 98'42. In some cases the waters hold in solution carbonate of lime instead of silica, and this salt of lime consequently takes the place of the removed mineral, and so calcite pseudomorphs after py- roxene are produced. 22. URALITE. Augite also occurs altered to hornblende, and the product has been named uralite by Rose (Pogg., xx. 322, 1830, xxvii. 97, xxxi. 619). The crystals have the form of augite, but the cleavage of hornblende. /A 7=124 ; they appear to consist of an aggregation of minute hornblende prisms. They are subtransparent in very thin laminae, have a deep-green color, a greenish- white streak, with H.=5 or nearly, and G.=3-14 3-15, Ural; 3-273, Silesia, v. Rath. Analyses: 1, Kudernatsch (Pogg., xxxvii. 586) ; 2, Rammelsberg (Min. Chem., 490) ; 3, G-. v. Rath (Pogg., xcv. 557): BISILICATES. 223 1. Ural 2. " 3. Silesia Si 53-05 50-75 48'70 XI 4*56 5-65 0-82 Fe 16'37 16'48 25-21 fin 0'79 fig 12'90 12-28 12-01 Ca 12-47 11-59 11-25 - =99'35 Kuder. 1-80=99-34 Ramm. I'Ol, alk. tr.=99 Rath. Uralite was obtained by Rose from a green porphyritic rock at Mostovaja, Lake Baltym, neai Katharinenberg, and at Carminskoj, near Miask, in the Ural. It has since been reported from Arendal in Norway ; Tavignolo, near Predazzo in the Tyrol ; near Neurode in Silesia, in green- stone ; Tunguragua in Quito ; Mysore in India. Artif. Diopside has been observed as a furnace product at the iron-works of Philipsburg, N. Jersey (G-. J. Brush, Am. J. Sci., II. xxxix. 132) ; and dark-colored pyroxene at Gaspenberg; in an old furnace near Hacheburg ; a copper furnace near Dillenburg ; at Fahlun and Oldbury ; a man- ganese-augite at Magdesprung. Formed in crystals, as diopside, artificially by the action of chlorid of silicon on magnesia (Daubree) ; also, a grayish- white var., by mixing the constituents and exposing to a high heat (Berthier). Augite in small yellow crystals has been found in old fumaroles at Eiterkopfe, near Andernach (v. Rath). 238A. OMPHACITE. (Omphazit [fr. Baireut] Wern., Hoffm. Min., ii. 2, 302, 1812; Breith., ib., iv. 2, 125, 1817, Handb., 612, 1841, B. H. Ztg., xxiv. 365, 397, 1865.) Monoclinic. Cleavage: in two directions with the interangle 115, one perfect, the other imper- fect. Massive, granular, disseminated. H.=5 6. Gkr=3-2 3-3; 3-178 3-231, Breith.; 3-263, fr. Ober-Pferdt, 3-270. fr. between "Wustuben and Weppenreuth, 3-243, fr. Silberbach, 3-301, fr. Stambach, all in the Fichtelgebirge, Fikenscher. Lustre vitreous. Color grass- to leek-green. Comp. Analyses by J. Fikenscher (B. H. Ztg., xxiv. 397) : Si Xl Fe fig Oa Na K ign. 1. Ober-Pferdt 52-57 9-12 5'32 13-75 17*41 I'll 0'28 0*32=99*98 2. Wustuben 52'35 9'69 4'08 12-85 18-05 1*73 0'32 0'62=99-69 3. Silberbach 52-77 9*19 4*81 13-60 18-11 1*22 0-41 = 100-11 4. Stumbach 52-18 8'71 11-63 10*77 14-16 0'87 0*14 0'50=99'94 5. Pacher, Styria 50-29 6'67 3'26 15-22 21-50 0'88 0'88 Anal. 1 gives for the ratio of R, B, Si, 2-6 : 1 : 6-1 ; No. 2, 2-8:1: 6-4 ; No. 5, 13-3 : 3'75 : 26*13 (differing much from those adopted by Fikenscher). Although much care was taken to use the pure mineral, the results seem to indicate an intimate mixture with some alumina silicate ; and possibly with lime-garnet or kyanite, which are its associates. If this be the case, the mineral may still be pyroxene or hornblende, as has been supposed. After an examination of the mineral, we regard with doubt the cleavage angle given by Breithaupt. Omphacite occurs near Hof in Baireut, Bavaria, at the localities mentioned above, and also at Pacher in Styria. It is intimately mixed with a lime-garnet, and also usually with kyanite, mak- ing the tough greenish rock, spotted with pale garnet, called eclogyle. The rock contains often scales of a silvery mica. The name Omphacite is from d/jcpa, an unripe grape, alluding to the color , it is among the names of green stones mentioned by Pliny. 238B. VIOLAN Breithaupt (J. pr. Ch., xv. 321, 1838). Occasionally in prismatic crystals, afford- ing, according to Descloizeaux, the angles, and the planes /, i-i, i-i, and i-3, of pyroxene, and cleav- age in the direction of /. Usually lamellar massive, sometimes fibrous. H.=6. Gr.=3'233. Lustre waxy. Color dark violet-blue. Translucent, but in thin plates transparent. Damour obtained (Descloizeaux's Min., i. 66), in an unsatisfactory analysis of the lamellar min- eral (unsatisfactory because this variety is penetrated by a fibrous mineral which appears to be tremolite), Si 56'H, 19-04, Fe 2*46, Mn 2-54 Mg 10*40, Ca 13*62, Na 5*63, =99*80. Plattner had previously ascertained by his trials (J. pr. Ch., xv. 321) that it was a silicate of alumina, iron, manganese, lime, magnesia, and soda. It is unaltered in the closed tube. B.B. fuses easily to a clear glass, coloring the flame yellow (soda). "With borax and soda gives reactions for manganese and iron. Occurs in small seams with white quartz, white fibrous tremolite spotted violet with manganese, greenovite and mangauesian epidote, in the braunite of St. Marcel, in the valley of Aosta, Pied- mont. Named from its color. 239. JEGIRITE. ^Egirin Esmark, Berzelius, Jahrb. Min., 1835, 184. Monoclinic, and isomorphous with pyroxene. Cleavage : i-i perfect ; 1 less so ; i-l still less. Usual in striated or channelled prisms. 224: OXYGEN COMPOUNDS. H.=5-5 6. G.=3-45 3-58; 3'578, fr. Skaadoe, Kammelsberg ; 3-464, fr. Berkevig, Pisaiii. Lustre vitreous. Color greenish-black. Streak dark- green. Subtranslucent to opaque. Oomp. R 3 Si 3 + 5 ? eSi 3 r=(^K 3 + i-3Pe)Si 3 =, if B 22-6, protoxyd of iron 10-1, lime 7 -9, soda 8'7 = 100. 302) ; 2, Pisani (C. E., IvL 846) : + Fe, Silica 50-7, sesquioxyd of iron Analyses: 1, Eammelsberg (Pogg., ciii. 286, K Si 1 Pe Fe &n Mg Oa 1 Skaadoe 50-52 1-22 22-07 8'80 1'40 1-28 5'97 9'29 0-94 = 100-72 Kamm. 2. Berkevig 52-11 2*47 22-80 8-40 -- (HI 2'60 12-10, H 0'30=101'19 Pisani. For an imperfect anal, by Plantamour, see Bibl. Univ. Geneve, 1841. As Eammelsberg observes, segirine holds the same relation in composition to pyroxene that arfvedsonite does to hornblende ; in each alkalies being present, and sesquioxyd of iron replacing to a large extent the protoxyd bases. Pyr., etc. _ B.B. fuses easily, coloring the flame yellow (soda) ; gives a magnetic globule on charcoal. Not appreciably attacked by acids. Obs. Occurs with leucophanite, cancrinite, elseolite, in Norway, near Brevig, on the Isle of Skaadoe, and at Berkevig. Von Hornberg obtained from a perfect crystal from Lamoe, /A/ 87 21' 87 47', and 92 48' 92 20', the variation owing to a slight irregularity in the prism, the edges and faces being not quite parallel. Named after l&gir, the Scandinavian god of the sea. 240. AOMITE. Achmit Strom, Ak. H. Stockh, 1821, 160, and Berz., ib., 163. Akmit Germ. Monoclinic. Al'=13224: A -2=122 22 T A ^=135 16 A -2'=136 54 P A -2=98 37 A 2=117 1' A -2'=155 18 7A^=13450 T Al',adj.,=11524 1 A ^=137 20 H. = 5-5-6. G. = 3-35 - 3-37 ; 3-355, Thomson; 3'366, Rammelsberg. 219 218 Lustre vitreous, splendent. Color 228 OXYGEN COMPOUNDS. dark greenish-black ; thin splinters green in the direction of 0, and brown transversely. Faintly translucent ; large crystals opaque, or faintly sub- translucent. Fracture imperfectly conchoidal. Comp. 3 R 3 Si 3 + e Si 3 , Rammelsberg; =( R 8 + iJPe) Si 3 =, if 9 R=2 Fe + 1-5 Mn + 5'5 Ca, Silica 50-1, sesquioxyd of iron ll'l, protoxyd of iron 10*0, protoxyd of manganese 7-4, lime 21-4=100. Analyses : 1, Arppe (Berz. Jahresb., xxii. 205) ; 2, R. D. Thomson (Phil. Mag., xxvii. 123) ; 3, Rammelsberg (Pogg., ciii. 287, 304) : Si 3Pe Mg Ca Fe Mn l 1. 54-4 2-2 19-6 21-3 1'8 2. 47-46 2-21 14-74 16'81 10'16 3. 51-22 11-00 0-77 19-32 10'26 17-91 0-3, ign. 0-9=100-5 Arppe. 6-48, ign. 1-24 =99- 10 Thomson. , ign. 0-44=100-92 Eamm. Pyr., etc. B.B. fuses at 2-7 to a black magnetic globule, and with the fluxes gives reactions for iron and manganese. Unacted upon by acids. Obs. Babingtonite occurs in distinct crystals at Arendal, in Norway, associated with epidote and massive garnet, and in the Shetland Isles, imbedded in white quartz. It was named after Dr. Babington ; it resembles some dark varieties of pyroxene. In the United States it is said to coat crystals of feldspar, at Gouverneur, St. Lawrence Co., N. Y. On cryst., see Dauber, Pogg., xciv. 402. Small black polished crystals coating mica slate, or micaceous gneiss, at Athol, Mass., referred by Shepard to Babingtonite, may possibly belong here. 243. SPODUMENE. D'Andrada, Scherer's J., iv. 30, and J. de Phys., li. 240, 1800. Triphane K, Tr., iv. 1801. Monoclinic. (7=69 40' /A 7=87, A 24=130 30'. / A ^'=69 40' A 1=134 12 A 2=110 50 i-i A 7=133 30 i-i A --3=107 33 24 A 24, top, = 80 i-l A 24=139 30 i-i A 24=102 544 i-i A 2=117 19' i-i A 2-2=125 12 i-i A 1=101 6 ' a A 2=134 19 7A 2=145 50 7A 1=121 28 1 A 1=116 19 2 A 2=91 24 Crystals large. Cleavage : i-i very perfect ; 7 also perfect ; 14 in traces ; in striae on i-\. Twins, com- position-face i-i. Also massive, with broad cleavage surface. H.=6-5-7. G.=3-13-3-19 ; 3-17, Haidinger ; 3-188, Dublin Bay, Thomson ; 3'133, Uto, Kammels- berg; 3'137, Sterzing, id. ; 3-182, Sterling, Smith; 3-18, Norwich, Brush. Lustre pearly. Cross fracture vitreous. Color grayish-green, passing into reenish-white and grayish-white, rarely faint-reddish. Streak uncolored. ranslucent subtranslucent. Fracture uneven. Comp. R 3 Si 3 + 4 l Si 3 =( R 3 + f S) Si 3 =if R=Li, Silica 64-2, alumina 29'4, lithia G'4=100. Analyses: 1, E. Hagen (Pogg., xlviii. 361) ; 2, Thomson (Min., i. 302) ; 3, 4, Rammelsberg (Pogg., Ixxxv. 544) ; 5-8, Smith and Brush (Am. J. ScL, II. xvi. 372) : K fi =100 Hagen. 0-36=99-84 Thorn. 0-14 , Mg 0*15 Ramm. 0-07 , Mg 0-07 Ramm. 0-16 0-50=99-38 S. & B. Si XI 3Pe Ca Li Na 1. Uto 66-14 27-02 0-32 3-84 2-68 2. Killiney 63-81 28-51 e 0-81 0-73 5-60 S. Uto 65-02 29-14 Fe tr. 0-50 5-47 046 4. Tyrol 65-53 29-04 Fe 1-42 0-97 4-49 0-07 5. Norwich 64-04 27-84 0-64 0-34 5-20 0-66 BISILICATES. 229 Si l e Ca Li ]STa G. Norwich 6365 28-97 0-31 5-05 0'82 7. u 63-90 28-70 0-26 4-99 0'80 a 8. Sterling 64-50 25-30 2-55 0-43 5-65 1-10* : fl - 0-50 S. & B. - 0-60 S. & B. - 0-30, Mg 0-06=99-89 S. & B. a With some potash ; in 5, 6, 7, magnesia, tr. In a specimen from Sterling, Mass., Hagen found Si 65-247, 3tl, Fe 27-556, and in another from Tyrol, Si 66-027, 3tl 26-451. G. J. Brush's earlier analyses (Am, J. Sci., II. su 370) are rejected by him. Pyr., etc. B.B. becomes white and opaque, swells up, imparts a purple-red color (lithia) to the flame, and fuses at 3-5 to a clear or white glass. The powdered mineral, fused with a mixture of bisulphate of potash and fluor on platinum wire, gives a more intense lithia reaction. Not acted upon by acids. Obs. Occurs on the island of Uto in Siidermanland. Sweden, with magnetic iron ore, quartz, tourmaline, and feldspar ; also near Sterzing and Lisens in the Tyrol, and of a pale-green or yel- lowish color, imbedded in granite, at Killiney Bay, near Dublin, and at Peterhead in Scotland. Occurs in granite at Goshen, Mass., associated at one locality with blue tourmaline and beryl ; also at Chesterfield, Chester, Norwich, and Sterling, Mass. ; at Windham, Maine, near the bridge, along with garnet and staurotide ; at Winchester, N. H. ; at Brookfield, Ct., a few rods north of Tomlinson's tavern, in small grayish or greenish-white individuals looking like feldspar ; near Ballground, Cherokee Co., Ga. At Norwich, Mass., it is associated with triphyline, mica, beryl, and albite; one crystal from this locality was 16 inches long, and 10 inches in girt. Pig. 221 is of a crystal from this locality, and is two-thirds the natural size. Well terminated crystals, having the terminal planes 2-2, 1, <9, have been observed by A. B. Eattredge at the Sterling locality. Crystals also occur at Goshen. Named from ; vertical, /, i-i, ^-3, ir\ i-b cli- nodoine, 24, 4-1 ; hemidome, 1-^', 2-*, -\-i hemioctahedral planes in zone 0:1,1, 2, -1 ; id. in zone 1 : i-l, 3-3, 5-B, -3-3. 223 224 229 230 A 1-*=155 33 X A 1-^=149 O A ^'=104 58 O A -1=152 36 O A 1=145 35 A 2=121 29 A 2-^=150 26' A *4=90 O A 7=103 12 ssM 57 irk A ir 3 = 115 18 ^'4 A -3-3 =124 14 ^4A3-3=13015 / 24 A 24, ov. 6>,=12052 -1 A-l = 15426 1 A 1=148 28 2 A 2=131 36 -3-3 A -3-3=111 32 3-3 A 3-3=99 30 Crystals ^sometimes stout, often long and bladed. Cleavage : / highly perfect; i-i, i\ sometimes distinct. Lateral planes often longitudinally striated. Twins : composition-face i-i, as in f. 226 (simple form f. 225), and 230. Imperfect crystallizations : fibrous or columnar, coarse or fine, fibres often like flax ; sometimes lamellar ; also granular massive, coarse or fine, and usually strongly coherent, but sometimes friable. BISILICATES. 233 H.=5 6. G.^2'9 3-4. Lustre vitreous to pearly on cleavage-faces ; fibrous varieties often silky. Color between black and white, through vari- ous shades of green, inclining to blackish-green. Streak uncolored, or paler than color. Sometimes nearly transparent ; usually subtranslucent opaque. Fracture subconchoidal, uneven. Bisectrix, in most varieties, inclined about 60 to a normal to 0, and 15 to a normal to i-i ; and double refraction negative. See exceptions, p. 235. Oomp., Var, RSi, and (E 3 $) (Si, A 1 ! 3 ) as for pyroxene. Alumina is present in most am- phibole, and when so it usually replaces silica. R may correspond to two or more of the bases Mg, Oa, Fe, Mn, Na, K, H ; and Ij to A-l, 3?e, or Mn. Pe sometimes replaces silica, like A 1 !. Rammelsberg made out the general conformity of amphibole to the pyroxene formula by discover- ing that the iron in both species was often partly sesquioxyd (Pogg., ciii. 284, and Min. Ch., 468). Yet the analyses do not all accord with this view, part giving the ratio 1 : 2J, unless the water is made basic. Much amphibole, especially the aluminous, contains some fluorine. The base lime is absent from some varieties, or nearly so. The name Amphibole, proposed by Haiiy, has the precedence, because Haiiy first rightly appre- ciated the species, as he had done for pyroxene, and gave it, and not any of its varieties, the name. In his Traite, in 1801, he brought together hornblende and actinolite ; and by 1809 he had added to the group the third prominent variety, tremolite; while in all other works not taking their views from him, these three minerals still stood as distinct species. Asbestus was annexed to the series by Hausmann in 1813, though kept separate long afterward by many other authors. The varieties of amphibole are as numerous as those of pyroxene, and for the same reasons ; and they lead in general to similar subdivisions. I. CONTAINING} LITTLE OB NO ALUMINA. 1. Magnesia-Lime Amphibole ; TREMOLITE. (Tremolit Pini, de Saussure, Voy. Alpes, iv. 1923, 1796. Grammatite H., Tr., iii. 1801. Kalamit [fr. Normark, Sw.) Wern., Tasch. Min., x. 169, 1816. Calamite. Raphilite Thorn., Min., i. 153, 1836. Sebesit [fr. Sebes, Transylvania] in Breith. Handb., 539, 1847. Nordenskioldit, Kenng., Ber. Ak. Wien, xii. 297, 1854.) Colors white to dark-gray. In distinct crystals, either long bladed or short and stout ; long and thin columnar, or fibrous; also compact granular massive. /A/=124 30. H.^5'0 6'5. G. 2-93-1. Sometimes transparent and colorless. Contains magnesia and lime with little or no iron ; formula (Oa Mg) Si. Named Tremolite by Pini, from the locality at Tremola in Switzerland. Grammatite (from ypa/^, a line) alludes to a line in the direction of the longer diagonal seen by Haiiy on transverse sections of some crystals. It was substituted for tremolite by Haiiy, without reason, and is a very bad substitute. Nordemkioldite, from Ruscula, near Lake Onega, is tremolite (Kenngott and v. Hauer, 1. c.). Raphilite, from Lanark in Canada, is tremolite in its grayish- white or but slightly greenish color, and its low specific gravity (G.^2'85, Thomson; 2'845, Hunt). But both Hunt's and Thomson's analyses give over 5-30 p. c. of protoxyd of iron. In a letter to the author (dated Sept. 21, 1864) Hunt states that he obtained in one of his trials, from material which he had purified from mixed CaC, only 3'15 of protoxyd of iron, with Ca 12-05 and Si 57'20 ; and he adds that he regards this as nearer the true composition of the mineral. 1 a. NEPHRITE pt. (Pietra di hijada [fr. Mexico or Peru] Span. Lapis nephriticus A. Clutius, Dissert., 1627 ; G. Bartholinus, Opusc., 1628 ; de Boot, Gemm., 1609. Lapis Indicus Aldrovandus, Met., p. 706. Talcum nephriticum Linn., 1768. Jade, Pierre nephretique, cFArgenville, Oryct., 186, 1755 ; Sage, de Lisle, etc. Nephrit Wern., Ueb. Cronst., 185, 1780. Kidney Stone. Nieren- Btein, Beilstein, Germ.) Nephrite is in part a tough, compact, fine-grained tremolite, having a tinge of green or blue, and breaking with a splintery fracture and glistening lustre. H.=6 6-5. G. = 2'96 3'1. Named from a supposed efficacy in diseases of the kidney, from v(>6s, kidney. It occurs usually associ- ated with talcose or magnesian rocks. Nephrite or jade was brought in the form of carved ornaments from Mexico or Peru soon after the discovery of America. Del Rio, in his Mexican Mineralogy (1795), mentions no Mexican lo- cality. A similar stone comes from China and New Zealand. A nephrite-like mineral, called lowenite, from Smithfield, R. I., having the hardness 5-5, is serpentine in composition. The jade of de Saussure is the saussurite (see under ZOISITE) of the younger de Saussure, earlier named kman- ite by Delametherie. Another aluminous jade has been called jadeite (q. v.) by Damour. The Easton mineral is a mixture, and has been named pseudonephrite (q. v.). 2. Magnesia-Lime-Iron Amphibole ; ACTINOLITE (Stralskorl pt. Cronst., 1. c. Strahlstein Germ. Actynolite Kirw., Min., L 167, 1794. Actinolite (correct orthogr.). Schorl vert du Zillerthal, 234: OXYGEN COMPOUNDS. Zillerthite, Delameth., T. T., ii 357, 1797. Actinote H., Tr., iii. 1801 ).__ Color bright-green and grayish-green. In crystals, either short or long-bladed, as in tremolite; columnar or fibrous; granular massive. G.=:3 3 2. Sometimes transparent. Contains magnesia and lime, with some protoxyd of iron, but seldom more than 6 p. c. ; formula (Ca, Mg, Fe) Si. The variety in long bright-green crystals is called glassy actinolite; the crystals break easily across the prism. The fibrous and radiated kinds are often called asbestiform actinolite and radiated actinolite. Actinolite owes its green color to the iron present. Named actinolite from 'a*, a ray, and Xi0of, stone, as translation of the German strahlstein or radiated stone. Name changed to actinote by Haiiy, without reason. Tremolite graduates into actinolite through an increase in the proportion of iron, though generally easily distinguishable by its color. Asbestus has usually a grayish- white or greenish- white color, although actinolite in the proportion of iron ; and the raphilite (see preceding page) appears to shade into actinolite in composition. Tremolite does not differ in color from the aluminous variety, edenite, from Edenville, N. Y. (p. 235). 3. Magnesia-Iron AmpTiibole ; ANTHOLITE (Anthophyllite pt. (p. 231). Antholith pt. Kenng., Ueb. 1859, 68, 1860). Structure as in anthophyllite. Color gray to brown; G.=3-l 3'2. Contains much magnesia, with some iron, and little or no lime. Formula (Mg, Fe) Si. Graduates into kupfferite, p. 230. 4. Magnesia-Lime-Manganese Amphibole ; RICHTERTTE. A variety from Paisbergjs here included (anal. 34), described by Igelstrom, and affording the formula (Mg, Mn, Ca, K, Na) Si, and con- taining 8 to 9 p. c. of alkali, which may possibly be a result of alteration. /A 7=124 ; color pale-yellowish to brown. Igelstrom considers the richterite of Breithaupt (B. H. Ztg., xxiv. 364, 1865) the same mineral, as it has the same general aspect and similar composition, excepting half less manganese ; Breithaupt describes it as occurring in acicular crystals, affording the prismatic angle 133 38' (which is within 5' of /A i-i of pyroxene); with G. = 2 - 826; color isabella-yellow, rarely pale yellowish-brown ; B.B. very fusible. It resembles the kokscharoffite from L. Baikal, though unlike it in composition (p. 242). 5. Iron-Magnesia Amphibole; CUMMINGTONITE (Dewey, Am. J. Sci., viii. 59, 1824. Anthophyl- lite pt. Not Cummingtonite [Rhodonite] Ramm.}. Color gray to brown. Usually fibrous or fibro-lamellar, often radiated. G.=3'l 3'32. Contains much iron, with some magnesia, and little or no lime. Formula (Fe, Mg) Si. Named from the locality, Cummington, Mass. 6. Iron-Manganese Amphibole; DANNEMORITE (Jern-och-manganoxidulrik Hornblende A. Erd- mann, Dannemora Jernm., 52, 1851. Dannemorit Kenng., Ueb. 1855, 61, 1856). Color yellowish- brown to greenish-gray. Columnar or fibrous, like tremolite and asbestus. Contains iron and manganese ; formula (Fe, jSln) Si. In thin pieces B.B. fuses to a dark slag. Asbeftrrite of Igelstrom (B. H. Ztg., xxvi. 23, 1867) is similar; it is grayish-white to ash-gray, and like a gray asbestus ; in acids not soluble (anal. 39). The proportion of Mn is not stated, and it may be Cummingtonite. 7. Iron Amphibole; GRONERITE (Pyroxene ferrugineux (fr. Collobrieres) Gr-liner, C. R., xxiv. 794; Griinerit Kenng., Min., 69,_ 1853). Asbestiform, or lamellar-fibrous. Lustre silky; color brown; G.=3'713. Formula Fe Si. Optical properties those of amphibole, according to Descloizeaux (Min., i. 59). Appendix. 8. ASBESTUS ('A/uaj/ro? \tOos Dioscor., v. 155. [Not daBiarog [= Quicklime] Dioscor., v. 133.] Asbestos, Linum vivum, Amiantus, Plin., xix. 4, xxxvi. 31. Lapis Carystius (fr. Carys- tum) Pausanias. Lana montana. Amiantus, Asbestus, Agric., Foss., 253, 1546; Wall., Min., 140, 143, 1747 (Caro montana or Bargkott= Mountain leather, and Suber montanum or Barg- koark= Mountain cork, being included.) Asbestus, Amianthus, Carystine (=Mtn. leather and cork), Hill, Foss., 166, 1771. Kymatin Breith., Uib. 1830, Char., 113, 1832. Byssolite (fr. Bourg d'Oisaus) Saussure, Voy. Alpes, 1 696 ; Asbestoide (ib.) Vauq. & Macquart, Bull. Soc. Philom., No. 54, 1797 ; Amianthoide (ib.) Delameth., T. T., ii. 364, 1797). TremoHte, actinolite, and other varieties of amphibole, excepting those containing much alumina, pass into fibrous varieties, the fibres of which are sometimes very long, fine, flexible, and easily separable by the fingers, and look like flax. These kinds, like the corresponding of pyroxene, are called asbestus (fr. the Greek for incombustible.) Pliny supposed it a vegetable product, although good for making incombustible cloth, as he states. The amianthus of the Greeks and Latins was the same thing ; the word meaning undefiled, and alluding to the ease of cleaning the cloth by throwing it into the fire. The colors vary from white to green and wood-brown. The name amianthus is now applied usually to the finer and more silky kinds. Much that is so called is chrysotile, or fibrous serpen- tine, it containing 12 to 14 p. c. of water. Mountain leather is a kind in thin flexible sheets, made of interlaced fibres ; and mountain cork (bergkork) the same in thicker pieces ; both are so light as to float on water, and they are often hydrous. Mountain wood (Bergholz, Holzasbest, Germ.) is compact fibrous, and gray to brown in color, looking a little like dry wood. Byssolite (Amianthoid, asbestoid) fr. Bourg d'Oisans in Dauphiny, is of an olive-green color, BISILICATES. 235 coarse and stiff fibrous, and has G.=3 - 0; it is a fibrous variety of the iron-manganese amphibole according to Vauquelin & Macquart (1. c.). It occurs associated with a black oxyd of manganese'. II. ALUMINOUS. 9. Aluminous Magnesia-Lime Amphibole. (a) EDENITE. (Edenit Breith., Handb., 558, 1841). Color white to gray and pale-green, and also colorless ; G.=3'0 3'059, Ramm. ; 2'9, Breith. Re- sembles anthophyllite and tremolite. Formula (Mg, Ca) (Si, Xl*X Named from the locality at Edenville, N. T. To this variety belong various pale-colored amphiboles, having less than five p. c. of oxyds of iron. Breithaupt makes the edenite triclinic in B. H. Ztg., xxiv. 428, and he says that this is confirmed by Dauber. On an examination of crystals, the author sees no reason for adopting this conclusion. (6) SMARAGDITE Saussure (Voy. Alpes, iv. 1313, 1362, 1796. Diallage verte pt. H., 1801 ; Green Diallage pt. Diallagon Ullmann, Tab., 90, 1814). A thin-foliated variety, of a light grass-green color, resembling much common green diallage. According to Boulanger it is an aluminous mag- nesia-lime amphibole, containing less than 3^ p. c. of protoxyd of iron, and is hence related to edenite and the light green Pargas mineral. Descloizeaux observes (Min., i. 90) that it has the cleavage, and apparently the optical characters, of amphibole. H.=5 ; G.=:3, Yauq. ; 3'10, Bou- langer. It forms, along with whitish or greenish saussurrite, a rock. The original mineral is from Corsica, and the rock is the corsilyte of Piukerton, and the verde di Corsica duro of the arts. A similar smaragdite from Bacher consists, according to Haidinger, of alternate laminae of am- phibole and pyroxene in twin composition. The euphotide of the Alps resembles corsilyte in containing a smaragdite-like mineral (green di- allage). But Hunt states that the mineral has the cleavage of pyroxene, which our own examina- tions have not succeeded in confirming. 10. Aluminous Magnesia-Lime-Iron Amphibole. (a) PARGASITE; (6) HORNBLENDE. (Corneus fissilis pt., Corneus solidus pt., C. crystallisatus pt., Hornbarg, Skiorl pt., Wall, Min., 138, 139, 1747. Skorl pt., Basaltes pt., Bolus particulis squamosis pt., Cronst., 7o, 82, 1758. Schorl opaque rhomboidal pt., Schorl argileux pt, de Lisle, Crist., ii. 389 (pi. iv., f. 97, 99), 424, 1783. Basaltische Hornblende Wern., Bergm. L, 1789 (incl. also augite). Basaltische H. (augite excl.) Wern., 1792, and later; Karst., Tab., 1800. Pargasit Steinheil, 1814, Tasch., Min. 1815, 301. Amphibolit Breith., Char., 1823, Uib., 34, 1830. Diastatit (fr. Wermland) Breith., Char., 134, 1832. Syntag- matit (fr. Vesuvius), Wallerian, Breith., B. H. Ztg., xxiv. 428, 1865. Colors bright, dark, green, and bluish-green to grayish-black and black. /A 1= 1 24 1' 1 24 25' ; G.=3'05 3-47. Pargasite is usually made to include green and bluish-green kinds, occurring in stout lustrous crystals, or granular ; ' and hornblende the greenish-black and black kinds, whether in stout crystals or long bladed, columnar, fibrous, or massive granular. But no line can be drawn between them. Pargasite occurs at Pargas, Finland, in bluish-green and grayish-black crystals. Optical characters in general the same as for tremolite and actinolite (p. 233). But in one black crystal of hornblende (fr. Bilin ?) Descloizeaux found one bisectrix to be parallel to the plane i-i, and the other normal to it. Again, in the bluish or black pargasite, from Pargas, the bisectrix is inclined 32 58' to a normal to 0, and 108 to a normal to i-i ; and double refraction is positive. Descloiseaux observes that these distinctions are not sufficient to warrant the separation of these minerals. (a) Diastatite is a black hornblende from Nordmark in "Wermland, stated by Breithaupt to have /A 7=1 20 20', and G.=3'08 3- 11. (6) Syntagmatite is the Vesuvius black hornblende, analyzed by Rammelsberg (No. 29), in which he found / A 1= 1 24 8', G.=3'272. (c) According to Breithaupt, /A /in two hornblendes from Greenland is 123 59' and 124 0', with G.=3-462 and 3'383; two from Arendal hi Norway, 124 and 124 1-J-', with G.=3'301 and 3-229; one from Persberg in Sweden, 124, with G. = 3-818; two from Schmalzgrube, near Marienbergin Saxony, 124 5' and 124 11', with G.^3'333 and 3'290 ; one from Rhonsberg in Bohemia, 124 6', with G. = 3'352. The preceding are of Breithaupt's Amphibolus ferrosus. For a basaltic hornblende, from Wetterau or Bilin (A. basalticus Br.) analyzed by Bonsdorff and Struve (Anal. 17, 21), Breithaupt gives /A/=124 39' 38", andG. = 3l7 3'25 ; for onejrom the zircon-syenite of Laurvig and Fredriksvarn in Norway (A. saxosus Br.) /A 1=1 24 7', and G. 2-26 2-29; for one of greenish-black color from Ersby near Pargas in Finland, analyzed by Hisinger and Bonsdorff, anal. 10, 11 (A. medius Br.), /A/=124 15', and G.=3'14 3'17; for one of green to greenish-black color, from Saualpe in Carinthia, analyzed by Clausbruch, anal. 20 (A. Carinthinus Br., and Carinthine W.), /A 1= 124 22', and G. =3-08 310; for one from Par- gas, occurring in limestone with chondrodite, etc., analyzed by Bonsdorff and Gmelin (A.pargas- ites Br., or Pargasite), /A 7=124 10', and G.=3-06 3'08 ; for one of greenish-black to blackish- green color, from Kongsberg in Norway, analyzed by Kudernatsch (A. macrodiagonalis Br.), /\/=12426' and G.=3-06 3-08 236 OXYGEN COMPOUNDS. Diastatite of Breithaupt (A. diastaticus\ in its angle I A 1=120 20', if this be not an accidental irregularity, diverges widely from true hornblende. Breithaupt has called a velvet-black horn- blende from Nordmark in Wermland Hemiprismatischer Amphibol (Char., 135, 1882 ; Handb., iii. 646); it is stated to have /A 7=124 26', and to be triclinic, the angle between the macrodiago- nal and the left face of a clinodome being 27 40', and that for the right face 27 64', and the cleavages parallel to the prismatic planes I, /', unequal. G.=3'16 318. The analyses by Bonsdorff and Hisinger, Nos. 11, 28, he refers here. He has recently named it Hemiprismatiies Wallerianus or WaUerian. Breithaupt also observes that his A. medius (see above) has unequal cleavages, and is probably related to the wallerianite. The grayish to colorless hornblende from Edenville, called by him Edenite (see p. 235), he also refers to his genus Hemiprismatites. 11. Aluminous Iron-Lime Amphibole; NORALITE Dana. Color black. 12. Aluminous Iron-Manganese Amphibole; G-AMSIGEADITE Breith. (B. H. Ztg.. xx. 51, 1861). Color velvet-black. G.=312. Named from the locality, Gamsigrad in Servia, where it forms with white feldspar a rock called timazyie. Mangan-amphibol of Hermann (Cummingtonite Rammelsberg, and Hennannite Kenngott) is noth- ing but rhodonite of Cummington, Mass., erroneously analyzed. I. CONTAINING LITTLE OR NO ALUMINA. 1. Tremoliie : Magnesia-Lime Amphibole. Analyses : 1, 2, Bonsdorff (Schw. J., xxxi. 414, xxxv. 123); 3, Michaelson (0 Wiehage. 9 Wolfsberg 44-03 14'31 e25'55 2'33 10'08 3'44=99'74 MadreU. 10 Catancaro 46-0811-81 14"10 10'72 8'74 0'93 3'03, Fe 1-77 = 98-888. 11*. Loganite 33-28 13'30 3Pe 1-92 35-50 16-00=100 T. S. Hunt Anal. 4, 5, crystals having the angles of hornblende, steatitic in feel and hardness ; 6, clay-like ; 7, from a micaceous porphyry at Traits-de-Roche, small prisms : 8. from trachyte at Margaretten- kreuz; 9, large crystals, G. = 2'94, from Wolfsberg, near Cernosin in Bohemia; 10, soft greenish- brown crystals ; 11, associated with pale-green serpentine, phlogopite, and apatite, in Laurentian crystalline limestone, and having the form and cleavage of hornblende, though edges rounded ; If\l about 124. The hydrous anffwphyttite of New York Island occurs in place near the corner of 59th street and 10th avenue, and also in many places in boulders. The variations in the analyses, as well as in the aspect of the material, show that it is a result of the alteration of an asbestiform tremolite. 247A. WALDHEIMITE. (Amphibol ahnliches Min. von Waldheim A. Knop, Ann. Ch. Pharm., ex. 363, 1859; Waldheimit Ramm., Min. Ch., 780, 1860.) An amphibole-like mineral, which contains much soda, and is peculiar also in its excess of silica, both suggesting that it may be amphibole altered by the alkaline process. It occurs in veins an inch thick, and resembles actin- olite. H.=5; G. = 2*957; color leek-green; translucent. Composition, according to Knop and Hoffmann, the silica in each being a mean of two determinations (Ann. Ch. Pharm., ex. 363): Si l Fe fin fig Ca Na 58-71 1-52 5-65 0'25 10-01 11'53 12'38 = 100'05 Knop. 58-45 1-92 5-53 0*51 11-12 10'28 12-61 = 100-42 Hoffmann. 58*45 1'74 5-79 0-32 10'83 10'76 12-93 = 101'12 Hoffmann. It lost 0-5 p. c. by ignition. The oxygen ratio for R, R, Si is 11-84 : 0-80 : 31-24. From serpentine at Waldheim in Saxony. The large amount of soda present suggests a rela- tion to arfvedsonite. It is to be observed that the excess of silica occurs along with an unusual proportion of alkali. 247B. KOKSCHAROFFITE. (Kokscharowit N. Nordenskiold, Bull. Soc. Nat. Moscow, xxx. 223, 1857.) Like tremolite in appearance. /A 7=124 124 5', Kokscharof. In aggregations of prisms, with acute edges replaced. Cleavage: I, two, equal, very distinct. H. = 5 5 -5. G.= 2-97. Lustre subadamantine to vitreous. Colorless, dirty-white; brown to dark-brown from impurity. Subtranslucent. Fracture splintery. An analysis by Hermann (J. pr. Ch., Ixxxviii. 197) afforded: Si A-l Fe fig Ca Na K ign. 45-99 18-20 2-40 16'45 12'78 T53 1*06 0'60=99'01 Giving the 0. ratio for R, S, Si 1119 : 8-50 : 24'52; or, for R+8, Si 19'69 : 24-52 = 1 : 1-25; for & : 38 + Si 11*19 : 33-02. It appears to be. like edenite, a magnesia-lime amphibole, but with a very large proportion of alumina ; and, moreover, part of the alumina must be basic if it comes under the usual amphibole formula. In a closed tube only traces of water. B.B. in the forceps fuses easily to a white translucent pearl, coloring the flame yellow ; with borax a clear colorless glass. Occurs associated with lapis-lazuli near L. Baikal, in Siberia. Named after the Russian miner- alogist, Kokscharof. 247C. SCHEFFERITE Bretth. (B. H. Ztg., xxiv. 429). Breithaupt has referred to schefferite of Michaelson a mineral of the same locality Longban, with rhodonite which differs from it widely in composition, if the analyses may be trusted. Moreover, it occurs in crystals, while the true schefferite is known only massive. The following are its characters : Meuoclinic; /A 7=120 45' ; basal plane (x) on i-i=141 30', or 32| to the axis. The crystal has the planes 7, i-i, i-i, the basal plane referred to, and a hemidome on the acute angle in front. Cleavage : rather distinct in one direction, perhaps also parallel to x. Mostly massive, fine granu- lar. H. = 5 5*5. G. = 3 *43 3 3-4:36. Lustre vitreous. Color chestnut to clove and reddish- brown. Streak pale yellowish-gray. Subtranslucent to opaque. BISILICATES. 243 Composition according to Dr. Winkler (1. c.) : Si 1 Pe fin Ni fig Ca K 49-50 1-42 25-43 6'78 0'20 4'27 7'75 0'19 The iron was ascertained to be all sesquioxyd. The analysis afforded also 3'08 Ca C, and 0'09 fin C. It requires further study. 248. ARFVEDSONTTE. Brooke, Ann. Phil., v. 381, 1823. Arfwedsonit. Soda-hornblende. Probably monoclinic. /A 7=123 55', Brooke; 123 50', v. Kobell ; 123 30', Breithaupt; about 124 40', Brevig mineral, Descloizeaux. Cleavage : perfect parallel to I\ imperfect to i-l. Also cleavable massive. H.=6. G.=3-44, Brooke; 3-3293'340, Breithaupt; 3*589, Bammels- berg. Lustre vitreous. Color pure black ; in thin scales, deep green, Greenland, or brown, Brevig. Streak grayish-green. Opaque except in very thin splinters. Fracture imperfectly conchoidal. Comp. 2 R 3 Si 3 + 3 e Si 3 , Ramm., =(| R 3 + J?e) Si 8 , which, making R= Fe + 1 Na, =Silica 60-5, sesquioxyd of iron 26'9, protoxyd of iron 12'1, soda 1 0'5 100. 3 R 8 Si 3 + 2 e Si 3 , v. Kobell, =(f R 3 + f B) Si 3 . Analyses : 1, Thomson (Min., i. 483) ; 2, v. Kobell (J. pr. Ch., xiii. 3, and xci. 449) ; 3, Rammelsberg (Pogg., ciii. 292, 306) ; 4, Plantamour (J. pr. Ch., xxiv. 300) : Si l e Fe Mn Mg Ca Na K 01 ign. 1. Greenland 50-51 2'49 35-14 7'46 1-56 0-96=98-12 T. 2. " 49-27 2-00 14*58 23'00 0'62 0'42 1*50 8'00 tr. 0'24 =98-17 K. 3. " 51-22 tr. 23-75 7'80 1'12 0'90 2'08 10'58 0'68 0'16=98'29 R. 4. Brevig 46-57 3'41 24-38 2'07 5'88 5'91 7'79 2-96, Ti 2'02= 100'99 PI. In the above analyses the degree of oxydation of the iron was determined only in those by Ram- melsberg and v. Kobell. A. Mitscherlich has obtained (J. pr. Ch., Ixxxvi. 11) for the Greenland A.,3?e '25-37, Fe 5'93. Fyr., etc. B.B. fuses at 2 with intumescence to a black magnetic globule ; colors the flame yel- low (soda) ; with the fluxes gives reactions for iron and manganese. Not acted upon by acids. Obs. Occurs in black hornblende-like crystals at Kangerdluarsuk in Greenland, with sodalite, eudialyte, and feldspar ; also in zircon-syenite in Norway, at Brevig, and in beds of magnetite at Arendal. Reported also from Horberigberg, near Oberbergen, with ittnerite and ilmenite. The Brevig mineral, analyzed by Plantamour, has been referred to cegirine. The angle given de- termines its relation to the am phi bole sub-group. 249. CROCIDOLITE. Blau-Eiseustein (fr. S. Africa) Klapr., Mag. BerL Ges. K Fr., v. 72, 1811, Beitr., vi. 237, 1815. Krokydolith Hausm., GeL Anz. Gott., 1585, 1831. Blue Asbestus. Fibrous, asbestus-like ; fibres long but delicate, and easily separable. Also massive or earthy. H.=4. G.=3-2 3-265. Lustre silky. Color and streak lavender-blue or leek-green. Opaque. Fibres somewhat elastic. Comp. The analyses by Stromeyer afford nearly R 6 Si 5 + 2 ft ; but the degree of oxydation of the iron is undetermined. Analyses: 1, 2, Strooieyer (Pogg., xxiii. 153); 3, Delesse (Ann. d, M., III. x. 317): Si Fe Mn Mg Ca Na fl 1. Africa, fibrous 50'81 33*88 0-17 2-32 0'02 7*03 5-58=9S'81 Stromeyer. 2. " earthy 51'64 34-38 0-02 2'64 0'05 7-1 1 4-01=99'85 Stromeyer. 3. Vosges 53-02 25-62MnO'50 10'14 MO 5'69 2'52, K 0'39, Cl 0'51, PO'l7=99-66. Pyr., etc. In the closed tube yields a small amount of alkaline water. B.B. fuses easily with intumescence to a black magnetic glass, coloring the flame yellow (soda). With the fluxes gives reactions for iron. Unacted upon by acids. 244 OXYGEN COMPOUNDS. Obs. Occurs in South Africa, in the Grigna country, beyond the Great Orange river, 700 m. up from the Cape of Good Hope ; in a micaceous porphyry at Wakembach in the Vosges (anal. 3) ; at Stavern, Norway, in zircon-syenite, along with arfvedsonite, to which it is closely related, and of which, as has been suggested, it may be a fibrous or asbestiform variety ; at Golling in Salzburg, in gypsum with blue quartz ; at Euka, near Domaschow in Moravia, with a ferruginous dolomite ; in Greenland, both fibrous and earthy. In the African, the fibres of the fibrous seams or masses make an angle of about 106 with the opposite surfaces of the seam, according toHaus- mann ; and the same author states (Handb., 743, 1847) that a cylinder of it T $o of an inch in di- ameter, supported 91 Hanoverian pounds before breaking, while one of asbestus, T fo of an inch in diameter, broke with a weight of 6 ounces. The Stavern mineral, referred here by Hausmann, is the Faseriger Siderit Leonh., Gehl. J., iii. 101, and Fasriges Eisenblau Hamm., Handb., 1076, 1813. Named from K P OK<$ (or /^ow), woof, hi allusion to its fibrous structure. 250. WICHTISITE. "Wichtyne Laurent, Ann. Ch. Phys., lix. 107, 1835. Wichtisit Hausmann. Massive ; cleavage parallel to the sides of a rhombic prism, nearly rect- angular, according to Laurent. Scratches glass. Gr.=3'03. Color black. Lustre dull. Fracture angu- lar, or flat conchoidal. Comp. (iR 3 + 1 B) Si 3 . Analyses: 1, Laurent (1. c.); 2, Stromborg (Arppe Finska Min., It): Si l e Fe fig Ca tfa 56-3 13-3 4-0 13-0 3'6 6'0 3'5=99'1 Laurent. 54-24 14-27 15*62 3'86 5'65 3'88, fin 2-70=100-22 Stromborg. B.B. fuses to a black enamel and becomes magnetic. Not attacked by acids. From Wichtis in Finland. Dufrenoy observes that a specimen examined by him had nc cleavage. G-melin has analyzed a mineral from a basaltic rock near Wetterau ( Jahrb. Min., 1 840, 549), having G-.=2-705, and not acted upon by acids, which has essentially the composition of wich- tisite, it affording Si 56-80, l 15-32, Fe 12'06, Mn 3'72, Ca 4'85, fig 5-05, K 0'34, Na 3'14, cor- responding closely to (^ & 3 + i 3cl) Si 8 . Rammelsberg includes the analysis among those of pyr- oxene, but speaks of the composition as anomalous ; unlike the augites, the alumina does not replace any of the silica. 251. GLAUCOPHANE Hausmann, G-el. Anz. Gott, 195, 1845. Orthorhombic or monoclinic. In indistinct long thin six-sided prisms, made up of the planes / and i-i, and longitudinally striated. Also granular massive. H.=5'5. G. = 3'103 3'113. Lustre vitreous to pearly. Color blue, lavender-blue, bluish-black, grayish. Streak-powder grayish-blue. Translucent to opaque. Brit- tle. Powder slightly magnetic. Comp. (f R 3 + f 38) Si 3 . Analysis by Schnedermann (J. pr. Ch., xxxiv. 238) : Si 56-49 &1 12-23 Fe 10-91 fin 0-50 fig 7'97 Ca 2*25 Na with tr. K 9'2S = 99-63 B.B. becomes yellowiah-brown, and melts easily and quietly to an olive-green glass. An iron reaction with the fluxes. In acids partly soluble. Occurs at the island of Syra, one of the Cyclades, in mica slate, along with garnet, hornblende, and mica. The name is from yAatwj, bluish-green, and 0ui>w, I appear. 252. SORDAVALITE. - Sordawalit N. Nordenskiold, Finl. Min., 86, 1820. Massive ; no cleavage apparent. H. = 2'5. G. 2*53 2*58. Lustre vitreo-resinous, or like bitumen. Streak liver-brown. Color grayish or bluish-black. Opaque. Fracture conchoidal. Brittle. Comp. Analyses : 1, Nordenskiold (1. c.) ; 2, Wandesleben (N. Jahrb. Pharm., i. 32): Si XI Fe fig H 1. 49-40 13-80 18-17 10-67 2'68 4'38=99'10 Nordenskiold. 2. 47-70 16-65 3Pe 21-32 10-21 2'26 - =98 14 Wandesleben. BISILICATES. 245 Supposed by Berzelius to be a silicate mixed with some phosphate of magnesia, the silicate corresponding to (i (Mg, Fe) 3 + ^ A 1 !) Si 3 , which is essentially the formula of wichtisite; but the second analysis makes the iron sesquioxyd. B.B. alone, it is difficultly fusible to a blackish globule. With borax it forms a green glass. Partly soluble in muriatic acid. Becomes reddish on exposure to the atmosphere. Forms thin layers on trap, near the town of Sordavala in Finland ; at Bodenmais in Bavaria, it is associated with pyrrhotite. It resembles pit-coal in appearance. 253. TACHYLYTE. Tachylyt (fr. Sasebiihl) Breith., Kastn. Arch. Nat., vii. 112, 1826. Massive without cleavage, looking like obsidian or gadolinite. H.=6*5. G.:=2*565 2*593. Lustre between vitreous and resinous. Color pitch-black, velvet-black to grayish-black. Brittle. In powder attractable by the magnet. Comp. Analysis : Schnedermann (Studien d. G. B. B. Fr., v. 100) : Si l Fe 3Sln Slg Oa Na fi 55'74 12-40 13-06 0'19 5'92 7'28 3'88 0'60 2'73 Pyr., etc. B.B. fuses easily with intumescence to a brown slag or opaque glass. Obs. Found at Sasebiihl, between Dransfeld and Gottingen, in basalt and wacke. Named from ra^vs, quick, and Xvro'?, dissolved, in allusion to the fusibility. 253 A. HYALOMELAN Hausm., Handb., 545, 1847. Gmelin referred to tachylyte a mineral from a porous volcanic rock in the Vogelsgebirge, to which Hausmann has since applied the name hyalomelan. It is similar in aspect, structure, and hardness; G. = 2'7144. Gmelin's analysis (Fogg., xlix. 234) afforded : Si 1 Fe Sin Jfrg Ca Na & Ti fi & Am 50-22 17-84 10-27 0'40 3'37 8'25 518 3'87 1'42 0-50=101-32 It affords approximately 3 R, A 1 !, 4| Si. But little reliance can be placed on results with such amorphous minerals. The species may be the same with tachylyte. Hausmann places near here the slaggy augite of Karsten, having G. = 2/666. from a limestone bed near Guiliana, Sicily, from which Klaproth obtained (Beitr., iv. 190) Si 55 : 00, A 1 ! 16'50, 3Pe 13-75, Mn tr., Mg 1-75, Oa 10-00, H 1-50. A similar mineral in appearance is found on the north shore of Lake Superior ; and also in a trap dike at Johnsburg, Warren Co., N.Y. 254. BERYL. E/^payJoj pt. [rest Chrysocolla, Malachite, etc., and other green stones] Theophr. BjpvAAos Gr. Smaragdus pt. [rest as above] +Beryl)us (Chrysoberyllus, Chrysoprasius incl.) Plin., xxxvii. 16-20. Emerald; Beryl; Aquamarine. Smaragdus + BeryU Wall., Min., 117, 122, 1747. Smaragdus + Bloagron Topas (=Beryll, Aquamarin) Cronst., Min., 44, 1758. En> eraude (incl. Emerald and Beryl or " Aigue-marine," and Chrysolite du Bresil) de Lisk, Crist., 135, 1772, ii. 245, 1783 ; H., J. d. M., iv. 72, 1798, Tr., ii. 1801. Schmaragd+Beril Wern., the two as distinct sp. until 1811. A silicate of alumina with lime Achard, Edelst., 47, 1779; Bergm., Opusc., ii. 96, 1782 ; and others. A silicate of alumina and GLUCINA Vauq., J. d. M., iv., 1798, vii. 97, 1800 ; Klapr., Beitr., iii. 221, 1802. Davidsonite (fr. near Aberdeen) Thomson, Min., i. 247, 1836. Goshenite /SfAep., Min., i. 143, 1844. Hexagonal. A 1=150 3 r ; a=0<4:99. Occurring planes : ; vertical, 7, *-2, ^-f ; hexag. pyramids, 1, |, 2, ^ ; 1-2, 2-2 ; dihexag. pyr., in zone, '2-2 : 7, 3-f , 4-f , 12-ff ; id. in other zones, 2-f , 2-f , 6-|, 14-f . 246 OXYGEN COMPOUNDS. A |rr:139 10' A 2=130 58 A 2-f =130 58 A 34=123 16 O A 1-2=116 37' A 2-2=135 4: A 7=90 /A 7=120 /A 2-2=127 43 ll\ 3-|= 142 11 /A 4-f=151 /A 84=165 30 232 Haddam, Ct. Siberia. Cleavage : basal imperfect ; lateral indistinct. Occasionally coarse columnar and large granular. H.=7'5 8. G.=2'63 2*76. Lustre vitreous, sometimes resinous. Color emerald-green, pale green, passing into light-blue, yellow, and white. Streak white. Transparent subtranslucent. Fracture conchoidal, un- even. Brittle. Double refraction feeble ; axis negative. Var. This species is one of the few that occur only in crystals, and that have no essential variations in chemical composition. There are, however, two prominent groups dependent on color, the color varying as chrome or iron is present ; but only the merest trace of either exists in any case. The crystals are usually oblong prisms. 1. Emerald. Color bright emerald-green, owing to the presence of chromium. G-.=2'67, fr. Muso, Lewy; 2 -63, fr. Pinzgau, Hofmeister; 2*710 2 '759, fr. Ural, Kammerer. Hardness a little less than for beryl, according to the lapidaries. 2. Beryl Colors those of the species, excepting emerald-green, and due mainly to iron. Gr.= 2-6942-695, transparent, colorless, fr. Ural; 2-681 2-694, id., yellowish, id.; 2-702 2-710, id., green, id.; 2*725, id., rose-red, id.; all by Kokscharof. On cryst, see Kokscharof, Min. Russl., i. 147, ii. 356, iii. 72, iv. 125; Hessenberg, Min. Not., v. 28. The varieties of beryl depending on color are of importance in the arts, when the crystals are transparent enough to be of value as gems. The principal kinds are : (a) colorless ; (b) bluish-green, called aquamarine, a name sug- gested, though not used, by Pliny, where he says of it, " qui viriditatem puri maris imitantur ;" (c) apple-green ; (d) greenish-yellow to iron-yellow and honey-yellow (apparently chrysobery/lus of Pliny and ancient jewelry) ; (e) pale yellowish-green (probably the chrysoprasius Plin., and perhaps his chrysolithus in part, as also in more modern times) ; (/) clear sapphire-blue (hyacinfhozontes of Plin.) ; (g) pale sky-blue (aero'ides Plin.) ; (h) the pale violet or reddish (amethiste basaltine Sage, Min., 231); () the opaque brownish-yellow, of waxy or greasy lustre. The above names by Pliny are mentioned in his account of beryl. The oriental emerald of jewelry is emerald-colored sapphire. Davidsonite is nothing but greenish-yellow beryl from near Aberdeen ; and gosheniie is a colorless or white variety from Goshen, Mass. (anal. 16). Oomp. (i e 3 + 1 l) Si 3 = Silica 66*8, alumina 19-1, glucina 14-1 = 100. Analyses: 1, Du- menil (Schw. J., xxxix. 487); 2, Berzelius (Schw. J., xvi. 265, 277); 3, 4, Moberg (Act. Soc.Fenn., ii. 81); 6, Scheerer (Pogg., xlix. 533); 6, Borntrager (Jahrb. Min., 1851, 185); 7, W. Mayer (ib, 674); 8, 9, MiiUer (J. pr. Ch., Iviii. 180); 10, Hofmeister (ib., Ixxxi. 1); 11, C. Gmelin (Pogg., 1. 180); 12, Mallet (Ramm. Min. Ch., 555, and 5th Suppl., 66); 13, Haughton (J. Gr. Soc., xviii. 417); 14, Heddle (Phil. Mag., xii. 386); 15, Schneider (Ramm. Min. Ch., 555); 16, MaUet (Am J. Sci., BISILICATES. 247 II. xvii. 180); 17, Klaproth (Beitr., iii. 215); 18, Schlieper (Ramm. 2nd Suppl 34V 19 Lewv (Ann. Ch. Phys., III. liii. 5); 20, Hofmeister (1. c.): Si Be 1. Ural Beryl WOO 1650 14-50 1-00, Ca 0-50=99-50 DumeniL 2. Broddbo " 68'35 17-60 13-13 0-72, fa 0-72 = 100-52 Berzelius. 3. Tamela " 66-61 16-51 12-75 3-03, fa 0-10=99-00 Moberg. 4. Somero " 67-36 1646 12-75 1-50=98-35 Moberg. 5. Fossum " 67-00 19-64 12-56 0-53, Ca 0-18=99-91 Scheerer. 6. Heidelberg " 66'90 18-15 12-20 2-95=100-20 Borntrager. 7. Zwiesel " 66-56 17-82 12-66 2-43, M,n 0-11=99-58 Mayer. 8. Tirschenrath " 66'8 19-9 13-1 0-9 =100-7 Muller. 9. Schwarzenbach " 67 '4 20-0 12-0 0-3 =99-7 Muller. 10. Rosenbach " 65-51 20-71 11-46 1-33, Ca 0-23, Mg 0-12=99-36 Hofmeistet 11. Limoges " 67 '54 17-65', 13-51 =98-68 Gmelin. 12. Killiney " 66' 13 17-87 13-09 1-62=99-51 Mallet. 13. Donegal, I. " 65'52 17-22 13-74 1-63, Ca 0-43, Mg 0'13, H 0'90=99'47 Hn. 14. Davidsonite " 67 '70 15-64 12-52 Fe 0-25, Mg 3-10, H 0-16=99'27 Heddle. 15. Australia " 67 -6 18-8 12-3 0-9 =99-6 Schneider. 16. Goshen, Mass. " 66'97 17-22 12-92 2-03, Mn ir. =99-13 MaUet. 17. Muso, Emerald 68-50 15-75 12-50 1-00, r 0-30, Ca 0-25=98-30 Klaproth. 18. " " 69-51 14-49 15-41 , Mg, Ca 1 64=101-05 Schlieper. 19. " " (|)67-85 20. Heubachth. " 66-22 17-95 16-36 12-40 12-79 , r tr., Mg 0-90, Na 0-70=99'80 Lewy. 1-63, Ca 0-78, Mg 0-83=98-61 Hofmeister. In anal. 10, G-. = 2'65 ; anal. 13, a. = 2-686, from Sheskina-roan in Donegal Co. The union of emerald and beryl in one species, which Pliny says was suggested in his time, was first recognized on crystallographic grounds by De Lisle, and more satisfactorily through measurements of angles by Haiiy ; and chemically by Vauquelin. Pyr., etc. B.B. alone unchanged or becomes clouded ; at a high temperature the edges are rounded, and ultimately a vesicular scoria is formed. Fusibility =5*5 (Kobell). Glass with borax, clear and colorless for beryl, a fine green for emerald. Slowly soluble with salt of phosphorus without leaving a siliceous skeleton. A yellowish variety from Broddbo and Finbo yields with soda trace.8 of tin. Unacted upon by acids. According to Lewy, the emerald of Muso becomes white at a red heat, and loses, as a mean result, 1-66 of water and 012 of organic matter, the latter consisting of 0'03 to 0'05 of hydrogen and 0-09 to OH>6 of carbon. Obs. Emeralds occur in clay slate, in isolated crystals or in nests (not in veins), near Muso, etc., 75 m. N.N.E. of Bogota, N. Granada, a rock containing Cretaceous fossils in its limestone* concretions. A perfect hexagonal crystal from this locality, 2 in. long, is in the cabinet of the Duke of Devonshire ; it measures across its three diameters 2 in., 2 in., 1$ in., and weighs 8 oz. 18 dwts. ; owing to flaws, it is but partially fit for jewelry. Emeralds of less beauty, but much larger, occur in Siberia, on the river Tokowoia, K of Katherinenberg, along with phenacite, chrysoberyl, apatite, rutile, etc., imbedded in mica schist. One specimen in the Royal collection measures 14 in. long and 12 broad, and weighs 16| Ibs. troy; another is 7 in. long and 4 broad, and weighs 6 Ibs. troy. Mount Zalora, in Upper Egypt, affords a less distinct variety, and was the only locality which was known to the ancients. Occurs about Heubachthal in Salzburg, in mica schist. Transparent beryls are found in Siberia, Hindostan, and Brazil. In Siberia they occur at the emerald mine mentioned, at Mursinka and Schaitanka, near Katherinenberg ; near Miask with topaz ; in the mountains of Adun-Tschilon with topaz, and elsewhere ; in Hindostan at Canjar- gum ; and in Brazil on Rio San Matteo. Some Siberian transparent crystals exceed a foot in length. The most splendid aquamarine of which we have any account belongs to Don Pedro, and is from Brazil; it approaches in size, and also form, the head of a calf, and exhibits a crystalline structure only on one side; the rest is water- worn; and it weighs 2-25 oz. troy, or more than 18 Ibs. ; the specimen is transparent and without a flaw. Beautiful crystals also occur at Elba ; the tin mines of Ehrenfriedersdorf in Saxony, and of Schlackenwald in Bohemia. Other localites are, the Mournc Mts., Ireland, Co. of Down;' also Killiney near Dublin; yellowish-green at Rubislaw, near Aberdeen, Scotland (davidsonite), and elsewhere in Aberdeenshire ; in small bluish crystals at St. Michael's Mount in Cornwall; Limoges in France; Finbo and Broddbo in Sweden; Tamela * Lewy found the limestone to consist of Ca C 47 '8, Mg C 16'7, Mn C 0-5, Si 24'4, 3tl 5 -5, e 0-5, 3Pe 2-6, pyrite 0'6, alkali 2-7 = 101-2. 248 OXYGEN COMPOUNDS. and Somero in Finland ; Fossum in Norway; Pfitscher-Joeh, Tyrol; Bodenmais and Rabenstein in Bavaria ; in Australia, and elsewhere. Beryls of gigantic dimensions have been found in the United States, in N. Hamp., at Acworth and Grafton, and in Mass., at Royalston; but they are mostly poor in quality. One beryl from Grafton weighs 2,900 Ibs. ; it is 32 in. through in one direction and 22 in another transverse, and is 4 f. 3 in. long. Another crystal from this locality, according to Prof. Hubbard, measures 45 in. by 24 in its diameters, and a single foot in length by calculation weighs 1,076 Ibs., making it in all nearly 2-J- tons. At Royalston, one crystal exceeded a foot in length ; the smaller crystals are often limpid, and a yellowish variety forms a gem resembling chrysolite ; the colors are mostly aquamarine, grass-green, and yellowish-green ; one locality is in the southeast part of Royalston, near the school-house, on the land of Mr. Clarke ; the best crystals are imbedded in quartz ; a still better is situated 4 m. beyond the old one in South Royalston ; some crystals of a sky-blue color in white quartz are beautiful. Other localities are in Maine, at Albany; at Norway; Bethel; Hebron; in Paris, large, with black tourmaline and mica; at Bowdoinham and Topham, pale green or yellowish- white, in veins of graphic granite ; at Georgetown, Parker's island, mouth of Kenriebec. In N. Hamp., at Wilmot ; at Compton, as good as at Royalston. In Mass., at Barre, excellent specimens ; at Pearl Hill in Fitchburg, at Goshen (goshenite), and at Chesterfield. In Conn., at Haddam, in a feldspar vein in gneiss, on the east side of the river, the crystals having the terminations for a twelfth of an inch transparent (fig. 231, the dotted line indicating the limit of the transparent por- tion) ; also at the chrysoberyl locality ; the Middletown feldspar quarry ; in Chatham, near the cobalt mine, in granite ; at Monroe, hi a granite vein, the crystals often consisting of displaced pieces separated by quartz (fig. 233); at Madison, in beautiful crystals. In Penn., at Leiperville and Chester, crystals sometimes 10 to 12 in. long and 1 in diameter, with black tourmaline; at Mineral HilL Kokscharof obtained from Ural beryls for the angle 0A 1, 150 3' 24". The species d'-optase and pyrosmalite are homceomorphous with beryl, and have the same oxygen ratio between the bases and silica, if the water and chlorine be excluded. Alt. Kaolin, mica, limonite, and quartz, occur as pseudornorphs after beryl, the last two by substitution, the others by alteration. The change to kaolin is the same essentially as in feldspar. An altered beryl, from Tirschen- reuth afforded H. Miiller (J. pr. Oh., Iviii. 182) Si 58*8, l 24'7, 3?e 2-6, Be 10% H 2-5. Another, from Vilate, near Chanteloube, gave Damour (Bull G. Fr., II. vii. 224) Si 45;61, A 1 ! 38*86, Pe 0'94, Be TIG, H 14.04= 10 A 2=129' 22 6A4=112 18 A 8=101 35 A^-2=90 #A/=90 -2A4 3 =1661 :-2A4=14315 4 A 4=73 30 2 A 2=95 56 Cleavage : very perfect, R imperfect ; in eucolite i-2 perfect. Also massive reniform. H=5-5. G=2'9 3-01 ; 2'9036, Stromeyer ; 2'898, Levy ; 2'906, Damour ; 3*007, Eucolite, Damour ; 3*01, id., Sclieerer. Lustre vitreous. Color BISILICATES. 249 rose-red, bluish-red, brownish-red. Streak uncolored. Translucent to sub- translucent. Fracture subconchoidal, splintery. Double refraction strong ; axis in eudialyte positive ; in eucolite negative. Oomp. (| R 2 +i Zr) Si 2 =2 (R 2 ) Si 2 -f Zr Si 2 , Damour. Analyses : 1, Pfaff(Schw. J., xxix. 1); 2, 3, Stromeyer (Gilb. Ann., Ixiii. 379) ; 4, Rammelsberg (Pogg., Ixiii. 142) ; 5, Damour (C. R. xliii., 197); 6, Scheerer (Pogg., Ixxii. 561); 7, Damour (1. c.): Si Zr fa 3Pe Mn Ca ISTa La Ce 01 fi 1. Eudialyte 54-10 11-58 7'86 2-93 10'80 11-40 ' 0'30 1-66, Cu 0'92=r 101-55Pf. 2. " 53-3311-10 6-75 2'06 9'78 13-82 1-00 1-80=99-68 Strom. 3. " 52-48 10-90 6'86 2'57 10-14 13'92 1-00 l-80=99'7l Strom. 4. " 49-92 16-88 Fe 6'97 Mnl'15 11-11 12-28 M9 0'37, K 0-65 = 100-52 Eamm. 5. " 50-38 15-60 0'35 " 6'37 " 1*61 9-23 13-10 T48 l-25=99'87 Dam'r. 6. Eucolite 47-85 14-05 fe 8-24 " 1-94 12'06 12-31 2'98 0-94=100-37 Sch'r. 7. " 45-70 14-22 2*35 Fe 6'83 " 2'35 9-66 11-59 1-11 2'49 I'll 1-83=99-24 Dam'r. Damour obtained for the oxygen ratio of K, $, Si in both eudialyte aud eucolite (the fa being included with the Si, and the Ce with the Zr as sesquioxyd), 2:1:6, corresponding to the above formula. Pyr., etc. In the closed tube affords water. B.B. ftises at 2-5 to a light green opaque glass, coloring the flame yellow (soda). With the fluxes gives reactions for iron and manganese. With muriatic acid gelatinizes, and the dilute acid solution imparts a deep orange to turmeric paper even after the iron in solution has been reduced to colorless protochlorid by boiling with metallic tin (reaction for zirconia). Obs. Eudialyte found at Kangerdluarsuk, in West Greenland, associated with arfvedsonite and sodalite, or imbedded in compact white feldspar ; the crystals are usually small, but sometimes an inch or more in length. Eucolite is from islands of the Langesund fiord in Norway, where it occurs in hexagonal prisms and reniform masses. Eudialyte has been reported as occurring at Magnet Cove, in Arkansas, in imperfect rounded crystals, of a rich crimson to peach-blossom-red color, in feldspar, with elaeolite (Shepard). On cryst. see B. & M. ; also Lang., Phil. Mag., IV. xxv. 436, from whose paper fig. 235 is copied. The name, from eS, easily, and (haAiw, to dissolve, alludes to its easy solubility in acids. 256. POLLUCITE. PoJlux Bretih., Pogg., box. 439. Isometric. Cubic, with trapezohedral planes, like analcime. Cleavage : in traces. Massive. H.=:6-5. G. =2-901. Lustre vitreous and bright on surface of fracture, but sometimes dull and gum-like externally. Colorless. Transparent. Index of refraction for the red rays 1*515, blue 1*527; no double refrac- tion ; Descl. Comp. Probably (& 3 , &1) Si 3 + fi, iu which R=csium mainly, and R 3 : l=l : 2. Analy- sis :Pisani (C.R., IviiL, 714): SL XI e Ca Cs fta, Li fl 44-03 15-97 0-68 0'68 34'07 S'88 2-40=101-71 giving the oxygen ratio for R, S, Si, fi, 3'16 : 7'63 : 23-48 : 2'13. Plattner obtained (Pogg., Irix. 443), before the discovery of caesium, Si 46-20, l 16'39, e 0-86, K 16-51, Na (with a little La), 10-43, II 2-32=92-75 ; and Brush shows (Am. J. Sci., II. xxxviii. 115) that if the caesium were mistaken for potash, it would give 35-69 Os, and reduce the soda (if obtained by difference) to 1-72 p. c., and that thus the results are as close to Pisani's as could be expected, considering tlie 250 OXYGEN COMPOUNDS. amount of material used. Plattner's analysis thus changed would read Si46'20, 3tl 16'39, Fe 0-86, Cs 35-69, Na 1'72, H 2-32 = 103-18. Pyr., etc. In the closed tube becomes opaque and yields water. In the forceps whitens, fuses with difficulty, coloring the flame yellow. In muriatic acid slowly decomposes, with a sep- aration of pulverulent silica ; and the filtrate from the silica gives an abundant precipitate of the platin-chlorid of ca3sium when treated with bichlorid of platinum. Obs. Occurs in the island of Elba, with petalite (castorite). Named from Pollux (the genitive of which is Pollucis), of heathen mythology. II. UlSriSILICATES. ARRANGEMENT OF THE SPECIES. A. Unisilicates of elements mostly in the protoxyd (or alpha) state. 1. CHRYSOLITE GROUP. Orthorhombic ; lAl=91-95: OAl-J=124-129. Ratio. 257. FORSTERITE 1 258. MONTICELLTTE 1 259. CHRYSOLITE 1 265. "W6HLERITE 1 Mg 3 Si (&g,Fe) 3 Si Sifl0 4 l(Mg,Fe) a 260. FAYALITE 11 Fe a Si Si|O 4 |F-e a 261. EULYSITE 11 (|Fe+J(Mn,Mg)) 3 Si 262. TEPHROITE 11 Mu 3 Si Si||O 4 ||Mn 5 263. KNEBELITE 1 264. LEUCOPHANTTE 1 Si ||0 4 |j (f (ea,Na 2 )+|Be + fySi) a i? H. PHENACITE GROUP. Hexagonal; R A R= 11 6 -117' 266. WILLEMITE 1:1 2n a Si 267. PHENACITE 1:1 e a Si Si||0 4 |Be a 268. MELIPHANITE r=l:li? ( a (R 3 ,) a Si 3 +! Si Si| (O, F) 4 || (Na 2 ,B,/?R) 2 + iSiO' HI. HELYITE GROUP. Isometric ; related to the Garnet Group. 269. HELVTTE 1:1+ 270. DANALITE 1:1 + B. Unisilicates of elements in the protoxyd and other states combined ; rarely of elements in the protoxyd or deutoxyd state alone. Contain magnesium and iron in the series of basic elements. Colors various. UNISILICATE8. 251 (KMg,Fe,R) 3 +|l)'Si 3 IV. GARNET GROUP. Isometric. Ratio. 271. GARNET 1:1:2 A. GROSSULARITE B. PYROFE C. ALMANDITE D. SPESSARTITE E. ANDRADITE A. B. C. F. BREDBERGITE G. OUVAROVITE Y. YESUYIANITE GROUP. Tetragonal. 272. ZIRCON 1:1 ZrSi 273. YESUVIANITE 3:2:5 274. MELILITE 2:1:3 275. ?SPHENOCLASE 2:1:4 Sil0 4 (|(Mn,Fe)+l/?Al) 3 ||(H*ea+i Mg)+i/JFe) a Si||e 4 ||yZr a i 3 SilO 4 ||(i( (|(Ca, Mg, Na) 3 + i (Si, e)) a Si 3 Sifl0 4 l(| (Na a , R-) + , Fe, VI. EPIDOTE GROUP. Anisometric; /A /not 120, nor approximately so. 276. EPIDOTE 1:2:3 A. KOELBINGITE 277. PIEDMONTITE 1:2:3 278. ALLANITE 1:1:2 279. MUROMONTITE A. BODENITE B. MlCHAELSONITE 280. ZOISITE 1:2:3 B. SAUSSTTRITE 1:2: 3|? 280A. JADEITE 1:2:6 281. PARTSCHINITE 1:1:2 282. GADOLINITE 1:1? 283. MOSANDRITE 1:2:3? 284 ILVAITE A. 3:2:5 B. 3:2:5+ gi, Y, Fe, Be, Ce, La Si, Ca, Ce, Zr, Be, Fe, Na, S (|(Mn,Fe) 3 +il) a Si 3 Si,Y,Ce,Fe,Be Sifl0 4 ||(f(a,Fe)+t/?Fe) 2 |>iQ] VII. AXINITE GROUP. Triclinic. Contain Boron. 285. AXINITE 2:4:1:7 (fOa ! 286. DANBURITE 1:3:4 VIII. IOLITE GROUP. Orthorhombic ; /A/=120. 287. IOLITE 1:3:5 ( a (i(]Slg,Fe) 3 +f Xl) 2 Si s +f Si 252 OXYGEN COMPOUNDS. IX. MICA GROUP. Plane angle of base of prism 120 ; the forms either hexagonal or ortho- rhombic. Ratio. 288. PHLOGOPITEA. 7:4:11 B. 2:1:3 289. BIOTITE 1:1:2 290. LEPIDOMELANE 1:3:4 i(Fe,S[g,K) 3 +|(^l,3Pe) 2 Si 3 Si|0 4 |(i(K a , i 291. ANNITE 1:2:3 i (Fe, K) s + 1 (1, e) 2 Si 3 Si|0 4 ||(i(K 2 ,Fe) + 0(Al,Fe)) a 292. ASTROPHYLLITE 10:3:4:17 (i$& 8 +:frfi+iV(Ti, Zr)f>Si 3 Sij0 4 |(-H(B a , B) + A /? + T 294. LEPIDOLITE r=l:l| 295. CBYOPHYLLITE r=l:2 a(R 3 ) 2 Si 3 +Si 293. MUSCOVITE r=l:li . 8 js.iyiK.a ' a (R 3 , S) 2 Si 3 + f Si Si||0 4 l(K 2 ,Li 2 , : a (K 3 , fi) 2 Si 3 + 3 Si Si|0 4 |(K 2 , Li a , Fe, Ml) 2 +Si0 2 :, Li, Fe) 3 , 3tl) + i Si^) 2 Si 8 Si|0 4 |(f (K,,Ui,Q,0Al) + ySi) 3 C. Unisilicates of elements in the protoxyd and other states combined. The series of basic elements including calcium, barium, sodium, and the other alkaline metals, and not iron or magnesium (these latter occurring only in traces and abnormally). X. SOAPOL1TE GROUP. Tetragonal 0. ratio for protoxyds and sesquioxyds 1 : 1 to 1 : 3, but mostly 1 : 2. 296. SARCOLITE 1:1:2 297. MEIONITE 1:2:3 (i(i?Ca + - 1 1 r ]Sra) s +f ^tl) 2 Si 3 Si|0 4 |(i(-Hea + iNa a ) + t/83^1) a 298. PABANTHITE 1:3:4 (iCa 3 +|^tl) 2 Si 3 Si|0 4 |(i-6a+f /?A1) 2 299. "WERNERTTE 1:2:4 fa (i(Ca, ]S"a) 3 + f 5:l) 2 Si 3 +Si Si|0 4 |(i(Na 2 ,0a) + |-/?Al) 2 +JSi 6- r=l:H L&(f(Ca,Na) 3 + fXl+|Sif) 2 Si 3 Si!0 4 t(HNa 2 ,< 300. EKEBERGITE 1:2:4^ f a (i(Ca,Na) 3 + #l) 2 Si 3 + tSi Si||0 4 ||(KNa 2 , ^ttcH^k^A^ f^4^ 301. MIZZONITE 1:2:5J fa M 302. DIPYRE 1:2:6 r=l:2 303. MABIALITE 1:2:6 r=l:2 &(|(^a,Oa) 8 +^3cl + |Sil) 2 Si 3 TJNISILICATES. 253 XI. NEPHELITE GROUP. Hexagonal. 0. ratio for protoxyds and sesquioxyds 1 : 3. Ratio. 304. NEPHELITE 1:3:4* +f Si yBi), XII. LEUCITE GROUP. Monometric. 0. ratio for protoxyds and sesquioxyda 1 : 3. 305. SODALITE 1:3:4+ 306. LAPIS LAZULI 307. HAUYNITE 1:3:4+ (JlSV+f l) 8 Si 308. NOSITE 1:3:4+ (i Na 3 + f l) 2 gi 8 [ + $ Na S] 309. LEUCITE 1:3:8 ( a (iK 3 +fl) 2 Si 3 +3S"i r=l:2 Si|e 4 ||(iNa 2 + /?A1) 2 + Q. Si||0 4 ||(i K 3 + /?Al) 2 +SiO a XIII. FELDSPAR GROUP. Monoclinic or triclinic. 0. ratio for protoxyds and sesquioxyda 1: 3. 310. ANORTHITE 1:3:4 311. LABRADORITE 1:3:6 r=l: 312. ANDESITE 1:3:8 r 1:2 313. HYALOPHANE 1:3:8 314. OLIGOCLASE 1:3:9 315. ALBITE 1:3:12 r=l:3 316. OBTHOCLASE 1:3:12 r=l:3 f Si' Si 3 a (i (Ca, Na) 3 + f l) a Si 8 + 3 Si SilO 4 fl(i(-ea, Na 2 ) + /?A1) 2 + SiO b ( (Ca, Na) 3 + l + 1 Sil) a Si 3 a (i(a,K) 3 +f ^tl) a gi 3 + 3 Si b ( (Ba, t) 3 + 1 XI + f Sit) 2 Si 8 a (i(Ca,Na) 8 + a (fia,K ySi) 2 ySi) a 2 + 2 SiO a 2 + f /?A1) + 2 SiO 2 Appendix. 317. EULYTITE. 318. ATELESTITE. In the preceding table the column of ratios contains the oxygen ratios for the protoxyds and silica or the deutoxyds and silica, where no sesquioxyd bases are present, as in the first, second, and third groups, and species 282 ; for the protoxyds, sesquioxyds, and silica, where the bases include elements in each of these three states, as in all the other groups. In species 285, the ratio is for the prot- oxyds, sesquioxyds, tritoxyds, and silica. The letter r (species 268, 287, 293, etc.) signifies oxygen ratio between the bases and silica. This ratio is stated only when the silica is in excess above that of the unisilicate type, and it ex- hibits the amount of that excess. Q is used in the second column of formulas for any accessory constituents not silica ; its value in each case may be derived from the part of the corresponding 254 OXYGEN COMPOUNDS. formula in the first column which is in brackets. 284B, for 3PeS and so on. In species 265 it stands for (Fe, Mn) 6b in group, haps in saussurite ; r , ._, - Scapolite group, in wernerite, ekebergite, mizzonite, dipyre, marialite ; Nephehte group ; Leucite group, in leucite ; Feldspar group, in all the species excepting anorthite. It has been shown that this excess of silica is often connected directly with the alkaline nature of the base and increases with increased alkalinity, as if the former were determined by the latter. The following are the ratios between the non-alkaline and alkaline portions of the base in the above mentioned groups, as decided from the mean of the analyses, together with the ratios for the bases and silica : CHRYSOLITE GB. Chrysolite, etc. Leucophanite PHENACITE GR. Phenacite, etc. Meliphanite EPIDOTE GR. Epidote Zoisite Saussurite Jadeite MICA GR. Astrophyllite Phlogopite Biotite Lepidomelane Muscovite Lepidolite Cryophyllite SCAPOLITE GR. Sarcolite Meionite Paranthite Wernerite Ekebergite Mizzonite Dipyre Marialite NEPHELITE GR. Nephelite LEUCITE GR. Sodalite Leucite FELDSPAR GR. Anorthito Labradorite Hyalophane Andesite Oligoclase Albite Orthoclape. Bases Silica 1 1 1 If 1 1 1 i* 1 i 1 i 1 i* 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1J 1 H 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 11 1 H 1 1 1 2 1 2 (or 1 n 1 i 1 2 1 1 1 H 1 2 1 2 1 2i 1 3 1 3 Non-alk. Alk. all non-alk. all non-alk. 6 : I all non-alk. all non-alk. 6 1 1 2 6 1 3 1 3 1 2-1 1 1 2-6 1 3-12 1 2 9 1 10 1 all noi i-alk. 4 1 2 i 1 ! 1 1 2 all soda, all potash. all non-alk. 2 : 1 U: 1 1 : 1 1 : 2 all alk. all alk. In each of the groups in this table the increase in the proportion of silica is accompanied with an increase in the proportion of alkalies. lolite is an exception, as it contains, according to the analyses hitherto made, no alkalies. Sphenoclase (No. 275) is another, but the mineral is uncrys- tallized, and it is too little known to be considered in this connection. The two formulas a and 6, for the species containing this excess of silica, are those explained on page 204, the first making the excess accessory silica, the second making half of the excess basic. In connection with the descriptions of the species beyond, only the formulas of the first of the two kinds are given in full. TJNISILICATES. 255 257. FORSTERTTE. Levy, Ann. PhiL II., viL 59, 1824. Peridoto bianco Scacchi, Distrib Sist. Min., 63, Napoli, 1842. White Olivine. Boltonite Shep., Min., i. 78, 1835. Orthorhombic. Form and angles as in chrysolite. Observed planes : ; vertical, i4, *-*, I, i-2, *-f , i-% ; domes, l-, 1-2, \-i ; octahedral, 1, 1-5, |-|. Cleavage : i-i and (9. In attached crystals. Also in imbedded imperfect crystals, grains, or masses. H.=:6 7. G. 3 '21 3 '33. Lustre vitreous. Transparent translucent. Color white, yellowish- white, wax-yellow, grayish, bluish-gray, greenish; sometimes becoming yellowish on exposure when not in distinct crystals. Streak uncolored. Var. 1. Forsterite, white crystals from Vesuvius, H.=7; G-. = 3.243, Rammelsberg. 2. Boltonite, imbedded mineral of other tints, fromBolton, etc., Mass. ; H.=6 6'5, G.=3.208 3-328, Smith ; 3-21, Breith. Oomp. Mg 2 Si Silica 42'86, magnesia 57-14=100. Analyses: 1, Rammelsberg (Fogg., cix. 568) ; 2, J. L. Smith (Am. J. Sci., II. xviii. 372) ; 3, G-. J. Brush (ib., xxvii. 395) : Si l fig Ca Fe ign. 1. Forsterite 42-41 53-30 2-33 98*04 Ramm. 2. Boltonite ()42-31 0'17 5M6 2'78 1 '90= 98'32 Smith. 3. " 42-82 tr. 54'44 0'85 1'47 0-76=100-34 Brush. Pyr., etc. B.B. unaltered and infusible. Boltonite gives traces of moisture in the closed tube and becomes colorless. Decomposed by muriatic acid with separation of gelatinous silica in both forsterite and boltonite. Obs. Forsterite occurs in implanted crystals, with spinel and augite at Vesuvius. Boltonite is disseminated through a whitish crystalline limestone, at Bolton, Mass. ; also at Rox- bury and Littleton, Mass. ; its imbedded masses or crystals are often over an inch through, and rectangular in section. Part of the boltonite is altered, and thence softer and hydrous, with the composition of villarsite (p. ). On cryst, B. &. M., Min., 318 ; Hessenberg, Min. Not., No. I., 22. Forsterite was named by Levy after Mr. Forster, a patron of mineralogy. Artif. Artificial magnesia-chrysolite has been made by Ebelmen, by fusing together in a por- celain furnace a mixture of silica and magnesia, with carbonate of potash, or boric acid. TITANIFEROUS CHRYSOLITE. A massive, reddish-brown mineral from the talcose schist of Pfunders in the Tyrol, having some resemblance to boltouite, and Gr. = 3'25. Contains, accord- ing to Damour (Ann. d. M., IV. viii. 90), 3-5 to 5 -3 of titanic acid, with 6 p. c. of protoxyd of iron. For analyses see Nos. 1 and 2 on page 257. The condition of the titanium has not been satisfactorily ascertained. There is a deficiency of silica which it may supply. But if it exists in the mineral as titanic iron, the rest is a mag- nesian chrysolite, like boltonite, with but little Fe replacing Mg. 258. MONTIOELLITE. Brooke, Ann. Phil., 1831. Batrachit Breith., Char., 307, 1832. Orthorhombic, and isomorphous with chrysolite. Occurring planes, i-i, i-2, I, 1-z, 2-5. In crystals. Also massive, with two cleavages inclined to one another 115, and another diagonal to this angle. H.=5 5'5. G.=3'03 3*25. Lustre vitreous, slightly resinous in the massive variety. Colorless, yellowish-gray, pale greenish-gray, and whitish. Streak uncolored. Transparent to translucent. Fracture more or less conchoidal. Var. (1) Monticellite, in colorless to yellowish-gray crystals, from Vesuvius; G-.=3-119 256 OXYGEN COMPOUNDS. 3'245. (2) Batrachite, cleavable massive, of a pale greenish-gray color, or whitish; G. = 3 033, Breith. - Comp. (-J. Ca + | fig) 2 Si=Silica 38-5, Hme 35-9, magnesia 25*6=100. One-eighth of the Mg is replaced by Fe. Analyses: 1, Rammelsberg (Pogg., cix. 569); 2, id. (Pogg., Ii. 446): 1. Monticellite 2. Batrachite 37-89 37-69 Fe 5-61 2-99 fig Ca ign. 22-04 34-92 = 100'46 Ramm. 21-79 35-45 1-27=99-19 Eamm. Pyr., etc. B.B. rounded only on the edges. Soluble in dilute muriatic acid to a clear solution, which on heating gelatinizes. Obs. Monticellite occurs in crystals imbedded in granular limestone with mica and augite, on Mt. Somma. Batrachite is found in small masses containing black spinel, at Mt. Einzoni in the Tyrol. Monticellite was named after the Italian mineralogist, Monticelli : Batrachite from frirpa^o?, frog, in allusion to the color. 259. CHRYSOLITE. Smaragdus?, Beryllus?, pt. Vet. Topazos? pt. Plin. Not Chrysolithus [=Topaz] Plin., xxxvii 42. Chrysoh't, Gemma pellucidissima colore viridi subflavo in igne fugaci (description also says quadrangular, infusible, etc.), Wall, Min., 118, 1747. Peridot ordinaire [not the Oriental] d 1 Argenville, Orykt., 161, 1755. Gulgron Topas^Chrysolit Cronst., Min., 43, 1758. Chrysolite ordinaire de Lisle, Crist, 230, 1772, ii. 271, 1783 [not Peridot de Ceylan= Tourmaline ib., ii. 346]. Krisolith Wern., Bergm. J., 373, 1789 + Olivine (fr. basalt) [^Chrysolite des Yolcans Faujas, Yivarais, 1778.] Wern., ib., 55, 1790. Peridot H., Tr., iii. 1801. Hyalosiderit Wakhner, Schw. J., xxxix. 65, 1823. Glinkit EomanovsU, Bergjournal Kuss., Oct. 1847; ident. with Chrysolite, Beck, Verh. Min. Ges. St. Pet, 244, 1847. Orthorhombic. 1-0729. A 1-5=125 45'. A 1=120 10 A 1-1=114 48 0A J4=149 36 236 /A 7=94 2' ; A 14=128 28' ; a, : 1> : c=l-2588 : 1 i-% A f, ov. a, = 108 51' *-2 A i-2, ov. ^'-2, = 123 34 ^ A 1-5=137 21. fi A -2=119 12 A 1-2= 130 1 A 1, mac., = 107 45 1 A 1, br.,=101 32 i-2 At-2, ov. ^,=130 2 237 H l-l 1-T 1-2 1 14 M 2-t -i i-i -2 / 5 M Observed Planes. Cleavage : i-i rather distinct. Massive and compact, or granular ; usually in imbedded grains. H.=6 7. G.=3'33 3'5, Lustre vitreous. Color green commonly olive-green, sometimevS brownish, grayish-red, grayish-green. Streak usually uncolored, rarely yellowish. Transparent translucent. Frac- ture conchoidal. Double refraction positive ; bisectrix normal to 0. Comp., Var. (Mg, Fe) a Si, with traces at times of Mn, 6a, 1S1 The amount of Fe varies much. When there are 9 Fe to 50 Mg (anal 5, 7), the ratio of Fe to Mg is 1 : 10 ; when 16 Fe UNISILICATES. 257 to 44 Mg (anal. 22) nearly 1:5; when 22| Fe to 39]Slg (anal. 26) nearly 1:3; ^hen 28-J Fe to 32^- Mg, .as in hyalosiderite, the ratio is 1 : 2, and the special formula (Mg+Fe) 2 Si, or 2]Slg a Si+Fe 2 Si. This species is ordinarily divided into 1. Precious. Of a pale yellowish -green color, and transparent, so as to be fit for jewelry ; G.= 3-441, 3-S5 14. Occasionally seen in masses as large as " a turkey's egg," but usually much smaller. It has long been brought from the Levant for jewelry, but the exact locality is not known. Well- defined crystals of chrysolite an inch across are very uncommon. The proportion of iron to mag- nesia may be either small or large, as in the following. "2. Common; Olivine of Werner. Dark yellowish-green to olive- or bottle-glass-green; G.= 3-334, fr. Etna. Commonly disseminated in basalt and lavas, in grains, and also at times in large masses having a rectangular outline, showing that they are crystals, although made up apparently of grains ; these masses sometimes weighing 30 Ibs. Also constituting rocks. Glinkite is pale-green chrysolite from talcose schist; G.=3-39 3-43, Herm. Hyalosiderite is a very ferruginous kind (anal. 27) ; the specimen analyzed was partially decomposed, being irides- cent and submetallic in lustre. Analyses: 1, 2, Damour (Ann. d. M., Y. viii. 90); 3, Genth (Ann. Ch. Pharm., Ixvi. 20); 4, id. (Am. J." Sci., II. xxxiii. 199); 5, Manice (ib., xxxi. 359); 6, 7, Stromeyer (Gel. Anz. Gott., 1824, 208; Fogg., iv. 193); 8, Walmstedt (Ak. H. Stockh., 1824, ii. 359, and Schw. J., xliv. 25): 9, Hauan (Verb. G. Keichs., 1867, 71); 10, Kjerulf (J. pr. Ch., Ixv. 187); 11, Keuter (ZS. G., xvi. 342); 12, Madelung (ib.) ; 13, Waltershausen (Vulk. Gest., 117); 14, Rammelsberg (Min. Ch., 438); 15, Walmstedt (L c.) ; 16, Stromeyer (1. c.) ; 17, Kalle (Ramm. Min. Ch., 438); 18, Damour (Bull. G. Soc., II. xix. 414); 19, Rammelsberg (1. c.); 20, Walmstedt (La); 21, Deville (Et. Geol. Canaries); 22, Lappe (Pogg., xliii. 669); 23, Schmid (Pogg., Ixxxiv. 501); 24, W. v. Beck (Verh. Min. St. Pet, 1847); 25, Domeyko (Ann. d. M., IV. xiv. 187); 26, T. S. Hunt (Am. J. Sci., II. xxix. 283) ; 27, Walchner (Schw. J., xxxix. 65) : Si Fe Mn Mg 1. Pfunders, Irih.-rd. 36-30 6-00 0-60 49-65, 2. U 11 36-87 6-21 0-60 50-14, 3. Hecla 43-44 6-93 49-31, 4. Webster, N. C., gnh. (1) 41-17 7-35 49-16, 5. Thetford, Yt. 4075 9-36 50-28 = 6. Yogelsberg 40-09 8-1 7 Mn 0-20 50-49, 7. Oriental Chrysolite 39-73 9-19 " 0-09 50-13, 8. Iserwiese 41-54 8-66 0-25 50-04, 9. Norway, a rock 37-42 8-88 0-17 48-22, 10. Eifel, wine-yw. 42-21 8-91 49-29, 11. Dun Mtn., Dunyte 42-80 9-40 47-38, 12. a u u 42-69 10-09 46-90, 13. Etna 41-01 10-06 47<27, 14. Petschau 44-67 10-76 41-84, 15. Pallas meteorite 40-83 11-53 0-29 47-74, 16. Olumba, S. A., meteoric 38-25 11-75 O'll 49-68= 17. Vesuvius 40-35 12-34 46-70= 18. Lake Lherz 40-59 13-78 1-60 43-13 = 19. Carlsbad 39-34 14-85 45-81 1 20. Mt. Somma 40-08 15-26 0-48 44-22, 21. C. Yerdes, Fogo I. 40-19 15-27 2-27 35-70, 22. Greenland 40-00 16-21 0-55 a 43-09, 2. Atacama, meteoric 36-92 17-21 1-81 43-16- 24. Glinkite (|) 39-21 17-45 44-06= 25. Antuclo, Chili 40-70 19-60 39-70= 26. Near Montreal 37-17 22-54 39-68 = 27. Hyalosiderite 31-63 29-7 iMn 0-48 32-40, a With some Ni. Ti 5-30, & 1-75=99-80 Damour. Ti 3-51, H 1-7 1 = 99-04 Damour. A-l tr., Hi 0-32, Co *r. = 100 Genth. CaO-04, Ni 0-41, gangue 1'23, ign. 0'69 = 100-05 Genth. = 100 "3 6 Manice. A-l 0-19, Ni 0-37=99-51 Stromeyer. l 0-22, Ni 0-32=99-68 Stromeyer. 3fcl 0-06=100-55 Walmstedt. l O'lO, Ni 0-23 ign. 4'71=99'7 SHauan. 3tl 0-18,r 0-004, ign. 0-12 = 100-72 Kj'lf. Ni, Co, Na, tr. H 0-57 = 100-15 Reuter. Ni fr-.,H 0-49=100-17 Madelung. l 0-64, Ni 0-20, H I'04=100'z2 Walt. A-l 0'23 Ca 2-35 = 99-85 Ramm. A-l tr., Ca in = 100-39 Walmstedt. = 99-79 Stromeyer. 99-39 Kalle. =99-05 Damour. = 100 Rammelsberg. 3tl 0-18=100-24 Walmstedt. A-l 0-80, Ca 5-12=99-35 Deville. A-l 0-06 = 99-91 Lappe. : 99-10 Schmid. = 100 -7 2 Beck. = 1 00 Domeyko. = 99-30 Hunt. &1 2-21, K 2-69, Cr Zr.=99'23 Walchner. Berzelius detected oxyd of tin in the olivine of the Pallas meteorite; Rummler a trace of arse- nous acid A. Erdmann found a trace of fluorine in that of Elfdalen, and of Tunaberg. Walch- ner obtained in anal. 26 0-330 grms. of Fe (out of 1*040 grms. under analysis), from which he deduced 30*9 grms. of Fe, or 29*71 p. c. Pyr., etc. B.B. whitens, but is infusible ; with the fluxes gives reactions for iron. Hyalosi- derite and other varieties rich in iron fuse to a black magnetic globule. Some varieties give re- 17 258 OXYGEN COMPOUNDS. actions for titanic acid and manganese. Decomposed by muriatic and sulphuric acids with separa- tion of gelatinous silica, G. before ignition, 8-389; after, 3'378. Obs. A common constituent of some eruptive rocks ; and also occurring in or among meta- morphic rocks, with talcose schist, hyperstheue rocks, and serpentine ; or as a rock formation ; also a constituent of many meteorites. The eruptive rocks, basalt and basaltic lava, consist of chrysolite (the variety olivine), along with labradorite or other feldspar, and augite. Though usually in grains, it is sometimes in rectangular masses several inches thick. A chrysolite rock occurring at L. Lherz, consisting largely of chrysolite, has been called Lherzolyte (See p. 147, under SPINEL). The dunyte of F. v. Hochstetter (ZS. G. G-es., xvi. 341) is the same rock, according to Sandberger. The latter has a grayish-green color, and greasy and vitreous lustre, with G-.=3'295, and occurs with serpentine rock in Dun Mtn., near Nelson in New Zealand. Another similar rock from Moravia, called picryte, consists half of chrysolite, along with feldspar, diallage, hornblende, and magnetite. Another from Norway (called Olivinfeh in German, or oliviue rock) has very nearly the composition of pure chrysolite (anal. 9); G.=3-24 3*32, Kjerulf (1. c.); granu- lar hi texture ; of olive to bottle-green color ; it contains some talc, tremolite, and bronzite. Occurs in eruptive rocks at Vesuvius, Sicily, Hecla, Sandwich Islands, and most volcanic isl- ands or regions ; at Expailly in Auvergne ; at Uukel, on the Rhine, crystals several inches long ; at Kapfenstein in Lower Styria, hi spheroidal masses ; at Sasbach and Ihringen in Kaiser- stuhl, Switz. ; near Freiburg, Baden, in dolerite, a variety containing much iron (hyalosider- ite) ; in Thetford and Norwich, Vermont, in boulders of coarsely cryst. basalt, the crystals or masses several inches through ; in dolerite or basalt in Canada, near Montreal, at Rougemont and Mounts Royal and MontarviUe (anal. 26). In talcose schist, found near Kyschtimsk, N. of Miask, and near Syssersk in the Ural, in green- ish imbedded nodules (glinkite, anal. 24); id. at Webster, in Jackson Co., N. C. (G. 3-28), along with serpentine, pyrosclerite, and chromite ; with chromite in Loudon Co., Va. ; in Lancaster Co., Pa., at Wood's mine, with serpentine and chromite (G-enth); near Media, Delaware Co., Pa., with hornblende, magnetite, and chromite. In hyperstheue rock at Elfdalen. Among the meteorites containing chrysolite, there are the Pallas from Siberia, others from Olumba, Atacama, Steinbach, etc. On cryst, Kokscharof, BuU. Ak. St. Pet., ix. 235. Gives 1-5 A 1-5, ov. 0,=7l 30', whence 0A 1-5=125 45', *-5 A t-2, ov. i-i,^ 55', whence ov. *-5=180 5'. Most of the crystals are fragile, and therefore unfit for use as gems. Named from xpv6pa{ pt. [rest Ruby Spinel and Sapphire] Theophr. Carbunculus pt. [rest id.] Plin., xxxvii. 25 ; Carchedonius, Garamanticus [= Carthaginian or Garamantic Carbuncle], Alabandicus [cut at Alabanda], Anthracitis, Plin., ib., 25-27. Granatus Albertus Magnus, 232, 1270. Carbunculus Carchedonius Germ. Granat, C. Alabandicus and Troezenius= Germ. Almandin, Agric., Foss., 272, Interpr., 463, 1546. Granat Wall, Min., 120, 1747. Garnet. Grenat Fr. Isometric. Observed planes : O (very rare), 7, 1 ; trapezohedral, 2-2, f -f ; tetrahexahedral, a-2, ^-f , i-\ -J- ; trisoctahedral, f ; hexoctahedral, 3-f , 4^f. Dodecahedron, fig. 3, and the trapezohedron 2-2, fig. 10, most com- mon; also figs. 11, 13, 14, 21, 28; octahedral form very rare; figs. 241- 243 distorted dodecahedrons ; f. 244, distorted trapezohedron ; f. 246, com- bination of the dodecahedron and trapezohedron, but distorted, and having only four planes of the former. Cleavage : dodecahedral, sometimes quite distinct. Twins : composition- face octahedral. Also massive ; granular, coarse, or fine, and sometimes friable ; lamellar, lamellae thick and bent. Also very compact, crypto- crystalline like saussurite. H.=6'5 7'5. G. 3*15 4'3. Lustre vitreous resinous. Color red, brown, yellow, white, apple-green, black ; some red and green colors often bright. Streak white. Transparent subtranslucent. Fracture subcon- choidal, uneven. Brittle, and sometimes friable when granular massive ; very tough when compact cryptocrystalline. Comp., Var. Garnet is a unisilicate, of cesquioxvd and protoxyd bases, having the general formula (iR 3 + iK) 2 Si 3 , or (R 3 ) 2 Si 3 + 2 Si 3 . The name is from the Latin granatus, meaning like a grain, and directly from pomegranate, the seeds of which fruit are small, numerous, and red, in allusion to the aspect of the crystals. There are three prominent groups, based on the nature of the predominating sesquioxyd. I. ALUMINAGABNET, in which the sesquioxyd is mainly alumina (A 1 !). II. IEONGAENET, in which it is largely sesquioxyd of iron (J^e), usually with some alumina. 266 OXYGEN COMPOUNDS. 242 243 244 III. CHROMEGARNET, in -which it is largely sesquioxyd of chromium (r). The protoxyd bases present, either singly or two or more together, are lime (Ca), magnesia (Mg), protoxyd of iron (Pe), protoxyd of manganese (Mn\ with rarely a few p. c. of protoxyd (?) of chromium, protoxyd of nickel, or yttria, or a trace of au alkali. Subdivisions of the above groups have been based on the predominance of one or another of these protoxyds ; and on this ground there are the following varieties or subspecies : A. GROSSULARITE, or Lime-Aluminagarnet. B. PYROPE, or Magnesia- Aluminagarnet. C. ALMANDITE, or Iron- Aluminagarnet. D. SPESSARTITE, or Manganese-Aluminagarnet. E. ANDRADITE, or Lime-Irongarnet, including A, ordinary; B, manganesian, or Eothoffite; C, yttriferous, or Yttergarnet. F. BREDBERGITE, or Lime-Magnesia- Irongarnet. G. OUVAROVITE, or Lime- Chrome.garnet. Excepting the last, these subdivisions blend with one another more or less completely through varieties containing combinations of the protoxyd bases, and also of the sesquioxyd bases. The following are their characters. Most of the various names enumerated below under each division, making the synonymy, have stood for a time as names of supposed distinct species. A. Lime-Aluminagarnet; GROSSULARITE. (Kanelstein [^Cinnamon Stone] fr. Ceylon [sp., placed near Zircon] Wern., 1803, Ludwig's Wern., ii. 209, 1804 ; Essonite [sp.] &., Tr. Pierres prec., 1817; Hessomte Leonh., Handb., 433, 1821: Essonite [var. of Garnet] JBeud., 170, 1824. Romanzovit [fr. Kimito] Nordenskiold, Sohw. J., xxxi. 380. Grossularite [fr. "Wilui R., Sib.] Wern., 1808-9, Hofm. Min., i. 479, 1811; Granat Pallas, N. Nord. Beyt. St. Pet., 1793; Wiluit pt. [Yil- uit] Severgin. Grenat du chaux, ou Grossulaire, Beud., 337, 18*24.) A silicate mainly of alumina and lime ; formula mostly (|Ca 3 +^l) 2 Si 3 -Silica 40-1, alumina 22'7, lime 37-2 = 100. But some lime often replaced by protoxyd of iron, and thus graduating toward the Almandite group. Color (a) white ; (b) pale green ; (c) amber- and honey-yellow ; (d) wine-yellow, brownish-yellow, cinna- mon-brown ; rarely (e) emerald-green from the presence of chromium. G.=3'4 3;75. The original grossularite (wiluite) included the pale green from Siberia, and was so named from the botanical name for the gooseberry; G. =3-42 3*72. Cinnamon-stone, or essonite, included a cinnamon-colored variety from Ceylon, there called hyacinth ; but under this name the yellow kinds are usually included. Succinite is an amber-colored kind from Ala, Piedmont. Romanzovite is brown. TJNISILICATES. 267 Pale green, yellowish, and yellow-brown garnets are not invariably grossularite ; some (includ- ing topazolite) belong to the group of Irongaruet, or Andradite (p. 268). Analyses : 1, Croft (G. Rose, Reis. Ural, ii. 132) ; 2, T. Wachtmeister (Ak. H. Stockh., 1823) ; 3, T. S. Hunt (Eep. G. Can., 1847, 447, and also 1863, 496) ; 4, K v. Ivanoff (Koksch. Min. RussL, iii. 79); 5, Wachtmeister (L c.) ; 6, Karsten (Karst Arch. Min., iv. 388) ; 7, Klaproth (Beitr., iv. 319, v. 138); 8, Arfvedson (Ak. H. Stockh., 1822, 87); 9, C. Gmelin (Jahresb., v. 224) ; 10, Klap- roth (1. c.); 11, Karsten (1. c.) ; 12, Nordenskiold (Schw. J., xxxi. 380); 13, Richter (Ber. Gres. Leipsic, 1858, 99); 14, Pisani (C. R., Iv. 216): 1. Urals, white 2. Tellemark, wh. 3. Orford, Can., white 4. SliidiankaR., Gross. 5. Wilui " 7. " 8. Malsjo, 9. Ceylon, Gin. 10. 11. St. Gothard, " 12. Romanzovite 13. Traversella, dark red 14. Elba, octahed. Si Si Pe 36-86 24-19 39-60 21-20 38-60 22-71 40-99 14-90 10-94 40-55 20-10 5-00 38-25 19-35 7-33 44-0 8-5 12-0 41-87 20-57 3-93 40-01 23-00 3-67 38-80 21-20 6-50 37-82 19-70 5-95 41-21 24-08 7-02 39-99 17-98 6-45 39-38 16-11 8-65 Fe Mn 2-00 3-15 1-60 0-49 0-98 0-48 0-50 2-40 tr. 0-39 0-15 4-15 0-92 2-76 tr. 1-00 Ca 37-15=98-10 Croft. 32-30=98-25 Wacht. 34-83, Na 0-47, K tr., ign. 1-10=99-80 Hunt. 32-94=100-75 Ivanof. 34-86=100-99 Wacht. 31-75 = 99-58 Karsten. 33-5=98 Klaproth. 33-94=100-70 Arfved. 30-57, K 0-59, ign. 0'33= 98-17 Gmelin. 31-25=97-75 Klaproth. 31-35=99-12 Karsten. 24-76, ign. & loss 1*98=100 N. 32-70=99-88 Richter. 36-04, ign. 0-31 = 101-49 P. In anal. 3, G.=3'522-3'536; anal 4, G.=3'427. B. Magnesia- Aluminagarnet ; PYROPE. (Carbunculi Carchedonii in Boemorum agris Agric., Foss., 272, 1546. Bohemian Garnet. Bohmischer Granat (as a distinct sp.) Wern., Bergm. J., 424, 1789; Klapr., i. 16, ii. 21. Pyrop Wern., 1800, Ludw. Wern., i. 48, 1803. Karfunkel Germ., Escarboucle pt. Fr.) A silicate of alumina, with various protoxyd bases, among which magnesia predominates much in atomic proportions, while in small proportion in other garnet, or absent. Formula (| (Mg, Ca, Fe, Mn) a +^ A 1 !) 2 Si 3 . The original pyrope is the kind containing chrome. In the analysis of the Arendal magnesia-garnet, Mg : Ca : Fe+Mn=3 : 1 : 2; and the ratio of the magnesia to the other protoxyd bases is 1 : 1. In Moberg's analysis of the chromiferous pyrope, which is considered the best, Mg : Ca : Fe + Stn : Cr=8 ? 0'75 : T33 : 0'57 ; and Mg : Ca + Fe + Mn + Cr=l : 0'87. G. = 3'7 3'72, Breith. ; 8-78, Mohs; 3'738 (anal. 18), Genth. Analyses: 15, Wachtmeister (1. c.); 16, Kobell (Kastn. Arch. Nat., v. 165, viii. 447, ix. 344); 17, Moberg (J. pr. Oh., xliii. 122); 18, F. A. Genth (Am. J. Sci., II. xxxiii. 196); 19, Zilliacus (Ramm. Min. Ch., 695) : 15. Arendal, Hack 16. Pyrope 17. " 18. Santa Fe, K Hex. 42-11 19-85 19. Miesmaki, FinL 41-56 19-84 5-33 Si Si 3Pe 42-45 22-47 42-08 20-00 1-51 41-35 22-35 Fe Mn Mg Ca 9-29 6-27 13-43 6-53=100-44 Wacht. G.=3'157. 9-09 SnO-32 10'20 1'99, r 3-01=98'20 KobeU. 9-94 2-59 15-00 5'29, Cr 4'17 = 100'69 Moberg. 14-87 0-36 14-01 5'23, r 2'62, ign. 0'45=99 Genth. 4-37 22-00 4-25, <8r 0'35, ign. l-58=99'28 Z. The name pyrope is from os, fire-like. C. Iron- Aluminagarnet ; ALMAKDITE. (Precious or Oriental Garnet. Orientalischer Granat, Sirianischer (fr. Siriam hi Pegu) Granat Klapr., Beitr., ii. 22, 1798. Alamandin (Alabandicus Plin.) Karst., Tab., 20, 69, 1800. Common Garnet pt. . Fahlungranat Berz., Lohthr.) A silicate mainly of alumina and protoxyd of iron; formula (- Fe 3 -f--|- A-l) 2 Si 3 =Silica 36'1, alumina 20*6, protoxyd of iron 43-3 = 100; or Min may replace some of the Fe, and 3?e part of the A 1 !. Color fine deep-red and transparent, and then called preciwts garnet; also brownish-red, and translucent or subtranslucent, common garnet; black, and then referred to var. melanite. Part of common garnet belongs to the Andradite group, or is irongarnet. The Alabandic carbuncles of Ph'ny were so called because cut and polished at Alabanda. Hence the name almandine, now in use. Pliny describes vessels of the capacity of a pint, formed from carbuncles, " non claros ac plerumque sordidos ac semper fulgoris horridi," devoid of lustre and beauty of color, which probably were large common garnets of the latter kind. Analyses : 20, Hisinger (Schw. J., xxi. 258) ; 21, 22, KobeU (ib., Ixiv. 283) ; 23-25, Karsten 268 OXYGEN COMPOUNDS. (1 c)- 26-28 Wachtmeister (1. c.); 29, Klaproth (Beitr., ii. 22, v. 131); 30, W. Wachtmeisler (Jahresb., xxv. 364); 31, Bahr (ib.); 32, Besnard (Jahresb., 1849, 745); 33, 34, Mallet (J. G. Sci. Dubl Ramm. 5th Suppl., 125); 35, W. J. Taylor (Am. J. Sci., II. xix. 20); 36, C. A. Kurlbaum (ib.); 37, Kjerulf (J. pr. Ch., Ixv. 192); 38, 89, T. Wachtmeister (1. c.); 40, Moberg (J. pr. Ch., xliii. 122); 41, Piitzer (Ramm. Min. Ch., 695): 20. Fahlun, Almand. 21. Zillerthal, In. 22. Hungary, prec. 23. Zillerthal, " 24. Ohlapian 25. Greenland 26. Engso, dutt red 27. N. York 28. Norway 29. Oriental 30. Garpenberg 31. Brena, Westm. 32. Albernreit, bnh.-r. 33. Wicklow, black 34. Killiney, brown 35. Yonkers, N. Y., trp. 36. Delaware Co., Pa,, trp. 37. Oravitza 38. Hallandsaos, dutt red 39. " " 40. Abo, rdh.-bn. 41. Brazil, massive A XI 39-66 19-66 39-12 21-08 40'56 20-61 39-62 19-30 37-15 18-08 39-85 20-60 40-60 19-95 42-51 19-15 52-11 18-04 35-75 27-25 39-42 20-27 37-16 19-30 38-76 21-00 35-77 19-85 37-80 21-13 38-32 21-49 40-15 20-77 37-52 20-01 41-00 20-10 42-00 21-00 40-19 2017 37-23 15-22 Fe fin fig Ca 6-00 5-00 6-73 39-68 1-80 27-28 0-80 32-70 1-47 34-05 0-85 2-00 31-30 0-30 10-15 24-85 0-46 9-93 33-93 6-69 33-57 5-49 23-54 1-74 32-33 0-25 24-82 7-51 3-69 37-65 3-19 2-03 82-05 6-43 3-95 38*07 5-04 34-83 4-46 30-23 2-46 6-29 26-66 1-85 8-08 36-02 1-29 2-51 28-81 2-88 6-04 25-18 2-37 4-32 35-27 0-99 4-98 26-76 3-40 3-14 =100-80 Hising. 5-76=100-04 Kobell. =100-34 Kobell. 3-28 = 99-10 Karsten. 0-36=97 -34 Karsten. 3-51=99-20 Karsten. =101-17 Wacht. 1-07 = 101-79 Wacht. 5-78=101-20 Wacht. =95-58 Klapr. 2-63=98-34 Wacht. 0-90=100-23 Bahr. =102-19 Besn. =98-73 MaUet. 1-53=99-75 Mallet. 1-38=100-17 Taylor. 1-83=99-34 Kurlbaum. 0-89 = 98-23 Kjerulf. l-50=10u-33 Wachtm. 4-98=99-85 Wachtmeist. 0-50 = 102-10 Moberg. 4-31 = 96-79 Piitzer. In anal. 26, G.=4'236; anal. 27, 3'90; anal. 33, 4-196; anal. 38, 4'188; anal. 39, 4-043; anaL 40, 3-86. D. Manganese- Aluminagarnet ; SPESSABTITE. (Granatformiges Braunsteinerz (fr. Spessart) Klapr., Beitr., ii. 239, 1797=Braunsteinkiesel (near Garnet) Karst., Tab., 20, 69, 1800. Manganesian Garnet (fr. Haddam) Seybert, Am. J. Sci., vi. 155, 1823. Mangangranat Germ. Broddbogranat Berz. Spessartine Beud., 52, 1832.) Color dark hyacinth-red (fr. Spessart), sometimes with a shade of violet, to brownish-red. G.=3'7 4-4; fr. Spessart 3-6, Klapr.; fr. Haddam 4-128, Sey- bert; fr. Broddbo 4-575, d'Ohsson; fr. Miask 4-38, Lissenko. Analyses: 42, H. Seybert (Am. J. Sci. L vi. 155, 1823); 43, Rarnmelsberg (J. pr. Ch., Iv. 487); 44, d'Ohsson (Schw. J., (Beitr., ii. 244) : 42. Haddam, Ct. 43. " 44. Broddbo 45. Miask 46. Spessart In anal. 42, G. =4-128 ; anal. 43, 4-275 ; anal. 45, 4-38. E. Lime-Irongarnet ; ANDBADITE. (Common Garnet, pt. Allochroite (from Drammen aad Feirin- gen, Norway) d' Andrada, J. de Phys., Ii. 243, 1800, Scherer's J., iv. 32. Black Garnet ; Melanit (fr. Frascati) Wern., 1800, Ludw. Wern., i. 48, 64, 1803. Aplome H., Tr., iv. 289, 1801. Kolopho- nit d 1 Andrada ; Simon, Gelil. J., iv. 405, 1807. Grenat re smite =Colophonite H., Cours 1804, Lucas, Tabl., 265, 1806 ; Pech-Granat Karst., Tab., 32, 89, 1808. Topazolite (fr. Ala) Bonvoisin, J. de Phys., Ixii. 1806. Pyreneit (fr. Pyrenees) Wern., 1811-12, Hoffm. Min., ii. 373, 1815. Kalk- granat Berz., Lothr. Granat v. Longban Roihoff, Afh., iii. 329, 1810 ; Rothoffite Berz., N. Syst. Min., 218, 1819. Polyadelphite (fr. Franklin, N. J.) Thorn., Min. i, 154, 1836. Jelletite (fr. Mt. Rosa) Ap- john, J. G. Soc., Dublin, v. 119, 1853. Yttergranat (fr. Norway) Bergemann, Sitz. Ges. Bonn., July, 1854.) Colors various, including wine-, topaz-, and greenish-yellow (topazolite), apple-green; brown- ish-red, brownish-yellow; grayish-green, dark green; brown; grayish-black, black. G.=3'64 4. Named Andradite by the author after the Portuguese mineralogist, d' Andrada, who described and named the first of the included subvarieties, Allochroite. The included kinds vary so widely in color and other respects that no one of the names in use will serve for the group. J., xxx. 346); 45, Lissenko (Koksch. Min. Russl., iii. 230) ; 46, Klaproth Si 21 Fe fin Mg Ca 35-83 18-06 14-93 30-96 =99-78 Seybert. 36-16 19-76 11-10 32-18 0-22 0-58=100 Ramm. 39-00 14-30 15-44 27-90 _____ gn 1-00=97-64 D'Ohssou. 86-30 17-48 14-32 30-60 0-51=99-21 Lissenko. 35-00 14-25 14-00 35-00 =98-25 Klaproth. UNISILICATES. 269 Chemically there are the following subvarieties : 1. Simple Lime Irongarnet. in which the pro- toxyds are wholly or almost wholly lime. Includes : (a) Topazolite, having the color and trans- parency of topaz, and also sometimes green ; although resembling essonite, Damour has shown that it belongs here. (b) Colophonite, a coarse granular kind, brownish-yellow to dark reddish- brown in color, resinous in lustre, and usually with iridescent hues ; named after the resin colophony, (c) Melanite (named from //eAas, black), black, either dull or lustrous ; but all black garnet is not here included. Pyreneite is grayish-black melanite ; the original afforded Yauquelin 4 p. c. of water, and was iridescent, indicating incipient alteration, (d) Dark green garnet, not distinguishable from some allochroite, except by chemical trials. Jelktite is green garnet, light or dark, and yel- lowish-green, from the moraine of the Fiudel glacier near Zermatt, Mt. Rosa ; named after Jellet, one of the describers of it. Calderite, a mineral from Nepaul, India, is said to be nothing but massive garnet ; but whether belonging to this group or not is not stated. 2. Manganesian Lime-Irongarnet. (a) Rothoffite. The original allochroite was a manganesian irongarnet of brown or reddish-brown color, and of fine-grained massive structure. The Roth- offite, from Longban, first analyzed by Rothoff, is similar, with the color yellowish-brown to liver-brown. Other common kinds of manganesian irongaruet are light and dark, dusky green and black, and often in crystals. Thomson's Polyadelphite was a massive brownish-yellow kind, from Franklim, N. J. (anal. 66, 67). The same locality affords another in dark green crystals, containing still more manganese. (6) Aplome has its dodecahedral faces striated parallel to the shorter diagonal, whence Haiiy inferred that the fundamental form was the cube ; and as this form is simpler than the dodecahe- dron, he gave it a name derived from WAo'oj simple. Color of the original aplome (of unknown locality) dark brown ; also found yellowish-green and brownish-green at Schwarzenberg in Saxony, and on the Lena in Siberia. 3. Yttriferous Lime-Irongarnet ; Tttergarnet. Contains several p. c. of yttria (anal. 75); G.=3"88, Bergemann ; B.B. infusible. Analyses : 47, Hisinger (Jahresb., ii. 101) ; 48, Seybert (Am. J. Sci , v. 118) ; 49, Karsten (1. c.) ; 50, Bredberg (Ak. H. Stockh., 1822, i. 63); 51, Bucholz (Scherer's N. J., iv. 172); 52-57, Wacht- meister (1. c.); 58, Thomson (Ann. Lye. N". Y., iii. 9, 1829); 59, Vauquelin (J. de Phys., 1. 94); 60, Klaproth (Beitr., v. 168); 61, Karsten (1. c.); 62, Damour (L'Institut, No. 1198, Dec. 1856); 63, Ebelmen (Ann. d. M., IV. vii. 19); 64, W. Fisher (Am. J. Sci., II. ix. 84); 65, Bahr(J. pr. Ch., liii. 312); 66, Weber (Ramm. 5th Suppl., 193); 67, Baumann (ib.); 68, D. Forbes (Edinb. N. Ph. J., II. iii.); 69, 70, N. v. Ivanof (Koksch Min. Russl, iii. 79); 71, Tschermak (Jahresb., 1860, 766); 72, E. K. Granqvist (Koksch. Min. Russl., iii. 32); 73, A. Stromeyer (Jahresb. Han- over, xiii. 28, 1864); 74, Rose (Karst. Tab., 33); 75, Bergemann (Sitz. Ges. Bonn, July, 1854); 76, Wright (J. G. Soc., Dublin, v. 119, Ann. d. M., Y. iii. 707) ; 77, Damour (1. c.) ; 78, v. Merz (Nat. Gtes. Zurich, vi.); 79, Karavaief (Koksch. Min. Russl., iii. 34): Si Fe Mg Ca 47. Westmanland 37-55 31-35 470 48. Willsboro', Coloph. 38-00 6-00 28-06* ____ 49. Schwarzenberg, gn. 36-85 4-05 25-35 0-95 50. Sala 36-62 7-53 22-18 1-95 51. Thuringia, brown 34-00 2-00 27-84 3-15 52. Longban, yw. 35-10 29-10 7-08 53. Altenau, Aplome 35-64 30-00 3-02 ___ 54. Hesselkulla, bn. 37-99 2-71 28-53 1-62 _~- 55. gn. 38-13 7-32 19-42 ___ 330 56. Arendal, brih.-bk. 40-20 6-95 20-50 4-00 ___ 57. Vesuvius, bn. 39-93 13-45 10-95 3'35 1-40 58. Franklin, N. J., bn. 33-72 7-97 17'64 a 16-70 ___ 59. Frascati, black, Mel 34-0 6-4 25-5 ___ 60. 11 U 35'5 6-0 26-O a _ _ ___ 61. 11 a 34-60 4-55 28-15 0-65 62. U 35-84 6-24 23-12 1-04 63. Beaujeu " 36-45 2-06 29-48 0-28 0-06 64. Franconia, N. H., bk. 38-85 28-15 65. Gustafsberg, G.=3'6 37-80 11-18 15-66 4-97 0-13 tr. 66. Polyadelphite 34-83 1-12 28-73 8-82 1-42 67. n 35-47 3-10 28-55 ,^__ 5-41 2-13 68. Stokoe, green (f) 34-40 9-46 20-43 2-40 tr. 26-74=100-34 Hisinger. 29-00, H 0-33 = 101-39 Seyb. 32-32=99-52 Karsten. 31-80=100-08 Bredberg. 30-75, H, Cu 4-25 Bucholz. 26-91, K 0-98 = 99-17 Wacht. 29-21, K 2-35 Wacht. 30-74=100-59 Wacht. 31-65=99-82 Wacht. 29-48 = 101-13 Wacht. 31-66=100-94 Wacht. 25-88, H 0-08=101-99 T. 33-0=98-9 Vauquelin. 32-5, Mn 0-4=100-4 Klapr. 31-80=99-75 Karsteu. 32-72, Ti 1-04=100 Damour. 30-76, ign. 0'96 Ebelnien. 32-00=99 Fisher. 30-28=100-02 Bahr. 24-05 = 98-97 Weber. 26-74=101-40 Baumann. 31-38, Na & loss 1-93= 100 F a Determined as protoxyd. 270 OXYGEN COMPOUNDS. Pe Fe fin fig Ca 69. 70. 71. 72. 73. 74, 75. 76. 77. 78. 79. ScMschimsk Mts. 35-21 Achmatovsk 37-22 Dobschau, green 38 Pitkaranta, bnh.-gn. 37'79 Arkansas 31'25 Drammeu, Allochr. 37 '00 Norway, bk., yttrif. 34'94 Mt. Rosa, JeMite, gn. 38'09 Zermatt, " bottle-gn. 3 6 -03 " " light gn. 36-24 Bosgolov.sk, ywh.-bn. 35-37 tr. 6-04 3 12-39 500 tr. 1-24 0-56 0-53 34-11 24-81 28 2] -45 31-80 18-50 30-01 33-41 30-05 30-53 31-49 tr. 0-49 2 0-83 0-46 6-25 1-09 0-50 0-29 0-54 0-35 0-54 30-96 = 100-28 Ivanof. 31-07 = 99-63 Ivanof. 30- =101 Tschermak. 30-78=103-24 Granqvist. 33-30, Ti 3-19 = 100 Strom. 30-00=96-75 Rose. 26-04, Y 6-66=99-24 Berge. 28-61 = 100-11 Wright. 32-14=100 Damour. 32-38=100-06 Merz. 32-50=100-72 Karavaief. In anal. 52, G.=3-965; anal 58, G.=3'871; anal. 56, G. = 3'665; anal. 68, G. = 3-64, from the Brevigfiord with brevicite ; anal. 69, G.=3-798; anal. 71, G. = 3'72, in serpentine; anal. 73 was made on a mineral erroneously called schorlamite; anal. 75, G. = 3'S8, H. = 5 ; anal 77, G-.=8'85. F. Lime-Magnesia Irongarnet; BBEDBERGITE. A variety from Sala, Sweden, is here included. Formula (| Ca s +| fig 3 ) 2 Si 3 +Fe 2 S*i 3 =Silica 37*2, peroxyd of iron 33% magnesia 12'4, lime 17'3 = 1 00. It corresponds under Irongarnet nearly to aplorne under Aluminagarnet. Analysis by Bredberg (Ak. H. Stockh., i. 63, 1822): 80. Sala Si 36-73 ffl 2-78 25-83 12-44 Ca 21-79=99-57 G. Lime Chromegarnet ; OUYAEOVITE. (Uwarowit ffess., Pogg., xxiv. 388, 1832.) A silicate of lime and sesquioxyd of chromium. Formula (% 6a 3 + i r) 2 Si 3 =(Ca 3 ) 2 Si 3 +^r 2 Si 3 . In the Ural variety, a fourth of the oxyd of chromium is replaced by alumina ; that is, 3cl : r = 1 : 3 nearly. Color emerald-green. H. = 7'5. G-.=3'41 3*52. B.B. infusible ; with borax a clear chrome-green glass. Named after the Russian minister, Uvarof. Analyses: 81, Komonen (Verh. min. Ges. St. Pet., 1841, 55); 82, Erdmann (Jahresb., xxiii. 291, Ramm. Min. Ch., 697); 83, Damour (L'Institut, 1856, No. 1198); 84, T. S. Hunt (Rep. G-. Can., 1863, 497): 81. Bissersk 82. " 83. " Si 37-11 36-93 35-57 Xl 3 5-88 5-68 1 6-26 84. Orford, Can. 36'65 17 '50 22-54 21-84 23-45 a 6-20 Fe 2-44 4-97 fig Ca 1-10 30-34, fi 1-01 = 100-42 K. 1-54 31-63, Cu Al-fcl4Y 22' ; 0=0-640373. Observed planes : O very rare ; prisms /, i-i ; octahedral 1, 2, 3, 1-i ; zirconoid, 3-3, 4-4, 5-5. /A 1=132 10' /A 2=151 5| JA 3=159 48 7A1-*=112 25 ^ A 1=118 20 r ^Al-fcl22 38 i-i A 3-3 =148 16f i-i A 4-4= 155 8 1A1, pyr.,=123 19 J> 1A1, bas.,=84 19| -^' A 1-^', pyr., = 135 10 1 A 1-^=151 39J Faces of pyramids sometimes convex. Cleavage : /imperfect, 1 less dis- tinct. Also in irregular forms and grains. 252 248 249 253 McDowell Co., N. C. 256 254 255 Gov. of Tomsk. Ural. Saualpe. H. = 7*5. G.=4'05 4*75. Lustre adamantine. Colorless, pale yellow- ish, grayish, yellowish-green, brownish-yellow, reddish-brown. Streak un- colored. Transparent to subtranslucent and opaque. Fracture conchoidal, brilliant. Double refraction strong, positive. Var. The colorless and yellowish or smoky zircons of Ceylon have there been long called jwgona 18 274: OXYGEN COMPOUNDS. in jewelry, in allusion to the fact that while resembling the diamond in lustre, they were compara- tively worthless and thence came the name zircon. The brownish, orange, and reddish kinds were called distinctively hyacinths a name applied also in jewelry to some topaz and light colored garnet. Crystals like fig. 254 are the engelhardite of Russia. The crystals from Fredericksvarn, analyzed by Berlin (anal. 5), were by mistake called Erdmannite. Minute dark brown and greenish-brown crystals from the chryso- beryl locality at Haddam, Ot., are the cal.yptolite of Shepard, probably an altered variety, like ostranite, malacone, etc. (see beyond). Fig. 257 represents, of actual form, a crystal from Warren Co., N. Y., which is chesnut-brown about some of the angles (as marked by dot- ted lines), and the rest grayish-white ; others from the region have stripes of color parallel to the edges of 3-3 ; the planes 3-3 and 3 are in part wanting. For crystals from Stockholm G.=4'072 4-222, Svanberg; fr. Ilmen Mts., 4'599, 4'610, id. ; fr. Ceylon, 4'68 1 , id. ; 4-721, Cowry; XT v fr. Fredericksvarn. 4'2, Berlin ; from Duncombe Co., N. C., 4'607, Johnsburg, N. Y. Chandler; fr. Litchfield, Me., 4-7, Gibbs; fr. ? 4-615-4-71, Henne- berg; fr. G-renvUle, Canada, 4-6254-602, T. S. Hunt; fr. Beading, Pa., 4*595, Wetherill. The crystals have but slight variations in angle. Kokscharof deduced (Min. Russl., iii. 139, 193) for the Ural crystals 1 A 1 = 123 19' 34" and 84 19' 46"; which agree very closely with his measurements (123 20' 21") and those for the mineral by Kupfter (Preisschrift, etc.), who obtained 123 20' 8". For the engelhardite Kokscharof obtained 84 21' 45". H. Dauber found for crystals from Miask 123 20' 18" (Pogg., cvii. 275, 1859); from five from Pfitschthal, 123 20' 46"; from three crystals fr. Fredericksvarn, 123 20' 33"; from a Ceylon crystal, 123 19' 50". Comp. Zr Si=Silica 33, zirconia 67 = 100. Analyses: 1, Klaproth (Beitr., v. 126); 2, Vau- quelin (Haiiy's Min., 1801); 3, Berzelius (Ak. H. Stockh., 1824); 4, Wackernagel (Ramm. Min. Oh., 890); 5, Berlin (Pogg., Ixxxviii. 162); 6, Henneberg (T. pr. Oh., xxxviii. 508); 7, Vanuxem (J. Ac. Philad., iii. 59); 8, C. F. Chandler (Am. J. Sci., II. xxiv. 131); 9, W. Gibbs (Pogg., Ixxi. 559); 10, Wetherill (Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. Philad., x. 346, Am. J. Sci., xv. 443) ; 11, T. S. Hunt (Am. J. Sci., II. xii. 214): Si Zr Ca H 1. Ceylon 32-5 64-5 1-5 2. " Hyacinth 32-0 64-5 2-0 3. Expailly 33-48 67-16 4. Fredericksvarn 34-56 66-76 tr. 5. " 33-43 65-97 0-70 6. ? 33-85 64-81 1-55 7. N. Carolina 32-08 67-07 8. Buncombe Co., N. C. 33-70 65-30 0-67 9. Litchfield, Me. 35-26 63-33 0-79 lo. Reading, Pa, 34-07 63-50 2-02 11. Grenville, brown 33-7 67'i J =98-5 Klaproth. =98-5 Vauquelin. =100-64 Berzelius. ' =101-32 Wackernagel. =100- 10 Berlin. 0-88 =101-09 Henneberg. =99-15 Vanuxem. 0-41=100-08 Chandler. , undec. 0'36=99'74 Gibbs. 0-50=100-09 Wetherill. =101-0 Hunt. Klaproth discovered the earth zirconia in this species in 1789 (Beitr., i. 203). Pyr., etc. Infusible ; the colorless varieties are unaltered, the red become colorless, while dark-colored varieties are made white ; some varieties glow and increase in density by ignition. Not perceptibly acted upon by salt of phosphorus. In powder is decomposed when fused with soda on the platinum wire, and if the product is dissolved in dilute muriatic acid it gives the orange color characteristic of zirconia when tested with turmeric paper. Not acted upon by acids except in fine powder with concentrated sulphuric acid. Decomposed by fusion with alkaline carbonates and bisulphates. G. before heating of a Ceylon zircon, 4-183, after heating to redness, 4-534, Damour ; but for some zircons no change, according to Church ; trials, before and after, of the Henderson Co , 4-575, 4-540; another, ib., 4-665, 4-665; the Expailly, 4'863, 4-861; the Fredericksvarn, 4 '489, 4-633. A phosphoric glow after heating, and the greatest density after this glow, Church. Obs. Occurs in crystalline rocks, especially granular limestone, chloritic and other schists ; gneiss, syenite ; also in granite ; sometimes in iron-ore beds. Zircon-syenite is a coarse syenitic rock, containing crystals of zircon, with oligoclase, segirine, elaeolite, epidote. Crystals are common in most auriferous sands (p. 6). Sometimes found in vol- canic rocks. Found in alluvial sands in Ceylon ; in the gold regions of the Ural, near Miask, Beresovsk, Newjansk, etc. ; at Laurvig and Hakedal in Norway ; at Arendal in Norway, in the iron-mines ; at Fredericksvarn, in zircon-syenite ; at Ohlapian in Transylvania ; at Bilin in Bohemia ; Sebnitz TJNISILICATES. 275 in Saxony ; Pfitschthal in the Tyrol ; at Expailly. near Le Puy in France ; in Auvergne, in vol- canic tufa; at Vesuvius, with ryacolite ; in Scotland, at Seal pay, Isle of Harris; at Strontiau in Argyleshire ; in the auriferous sands of the Groghan Kinshela Mtn., Ireland ; in Greenland ; at Santa Rosa in Antioquia, N. Grenada ; in the gold regions of Australia. In N. America, in Maine, at Litchfield ; at Mt. Mica in Paris ; Greenwood ; Hebron. In Ver- mont, at Middlebury. In Conn., at Norwich, with sillimanite, rare; at Haddam (calyptolite) in minute crystals. In N. York, at Hall's miue in Moriah, Essex Co., cinnamon-red, in a vein of quartz ; near the outlet of Two Ponds, Orange Co., with scapolite, pyroxene, and sphene, in crystals sometimes 1 in. in length ; on Deer Hill, 1 m. S.E. of Canterbury, in the same Co., crys- tals abundant of a deep brownish-red or black color, and occasionally !} in. in length; in War- wick, at the southern base of Mount Eve, chocolate-brown crystals in limestone and scapolite ; near Amity, and also in Monroe and Cornwall, at several localities, of white, reddish-brown, clove- brown, and black colors ; at Diana in Lewis Co., in large brown crystals sometimes 2 in. long, with sphene and scapolite, but rare : in St. Lawrence Co., with apatite, at Robinson's in the town of Hammond, near de Long's Mills, some of the crystals 1$ in. long and | in. wide, and occasion- ally containing a nucleus of carbonate of lime; also at Rossie (form 7, 1, 3); at Johnsburg, in Warren Co. In N. Jersey, at Franklin ; at Trenton in gneiss. In Penn., near Reading, in large crystals in magnetic iron ore ; at Easton, in talcose slate. In N. Car., in Buncombe Co., on the road from the Saluda Gap to AsheviUe, upon the first elevation after passing Green river, crystals found loose in the soil, and imbedded in feldspar ; in the sands of the gold washings of Mc- Dowell Co. (f. 253). In California, in the auriferous gravel of the north fork of the American river, and elsewhere. In Canada, at Grenville ; St. Jerome ; Mille Isles. The name Hyacinth was applied by the ancients to a bluish-violet stone, regarded as our sapphire, and was derived from a flower (lily) so-called of this color. [In modern mineralogy a hyacinth- color is reddish-orange with a tinge of brown.] Intagli of zircon are common among ancient gems, and the fact that the lyncurium of Theophrastus was, as he says, used for engraved signets, while at the same time electric on friction, and often amber-colored, are the principal evidence that it was our zircon. Alt. Zircon is one of the least alterable of minerals, as it contains no protoxyds, and only the most insoluble of peroxyds. It however passes to a hydrous state, and is attended ultimately with a loss of silica and the addition of oxyd of iron and other impurities derived from infiltrating waters. Auerbachite, malacon, cerstedite, tachyaphaltite, calyptolite, cyrtolite, are probably altered zircon. The following tetragonal zircon-like minerals are probably altered zircon. They afford B.B. more or less water: 272A. MALACON. (Malakon Scheerer, Pogg., Ixii. 436, 1845.) 1 A 1=124 40' to 124 57', and 83 30'. H. = 6'5. G.=3'9 4-047. Lustre vitreous to subvitreous. Color brown, powder reddish-brown or uncolored. From Hitteroe in Norway ; and Chauteloube, Haute Vienne, occur- ring in thin plates, over 3 to 4 mm. thick, and occasionally with crystals on their surface. Named from /mAuKdj, soft. 272B. CYRTOLITE. (Malacone, Altered Zircon, J. P. Cooke, Am. J. ScL, xliii. 228; Cyrtolite W. J. Knowlton, ib., xliv. 224.) Form as in f. 258, with the pyra- midal planes convex. H. = 5 5'5; after ignition 7 7'5, Cooke. 258 G.=3'98 4-04, Cooke; 3-85, 3'97, Knowlton. Lustre somewhat adamantine. Color brownish-red ; powder the same. From Rock- port, Mass., in granite, with danalite and cryophyllite. Named from Kvpros, bent. Fig. 258 from Cooke. A mineral found with columbite at Rosendal, near Bjorkboda, Finland, has been referred to adelpholite of Nordenskiold (p. 525), but an analysis by A. E. Nordenskiold (anal 7) shows that it is an altered zircon, near malacon or cyrtolite ((Efv. Ak. Stockh., 1863, 452, Pogg., cxxii. 615, 1864). 272C. TACHYAPHALTITE. (Tachyaphaltit Weibye, Pogg., Ixxxviii. 160, 1853.) Crystals like those of zircon, with planes /, i-i, and two octahedrons, one of 110 and the other of 50. H. = 5'5. G. =3*6. Lustre submetallic to vitreous. Color dark reddish-brown. Streak dirty yellow. Subtranslucent. From granite veins in gneiss near Krageroe in Norway, with sphene. Named from ra^vj, quick, and a^aA?, the mineral flying readily from the gangue when struck. Berlin puts a ? after thoria in his analysis (No. 8). 272D. (ERSTEDITE. ((Erstedit Forchhammer, Pogg., xxxv. 630, 1835.) 1 Al = 128 16V- H.= 5'5. G.=:3'629. Lustre splendent adamantine. Color reddish-brown. From Arendal in Nor way, and commonly on crystals of pyroxene. Named after (Ersted. 276 OXYGEN COMPOUNDS. 272E. AUERBACHITE. (Auerbachit Hermann, J. pr. Oh., Ixxiii. 209, 1858.) 1 A 1 = 122 43' and 85 21', Kokscharof; 86 30', Herm.; 87, Auerbach. H. = 6'5. G.=4'06. Lustre greasy to vitreous, weak. Color brownish-gray. From a siliceous schist in the Circle of Mariupol, Dis- trict of Alexandrovsk, Eussia. Named after Dr. Auerbach, by whom the crystals were first studied. 272F. BBAGITE (Forbes & Dahll, Nyt. Mag. Nat., xiii. 1855). Occurs in imperfect crystals, prob- ably tetragonal, in ortboclase, near Helle, Naresto, Alve, and Askero, Norway. H. = 6 6-5; G-. = 5'13 5-35 ; lustre submetallic; color brown; streak yellowish-brown; thin splinters trans- lucent. Heated in glass tube decrepitates strongly and loses water. B B. in the platinum for- ceps infusible, but becomes yellow ; with borax, a glass which is brownish-yellow while hot, but green and finally greenish-yellow on cooling. In salt of phosphorus a skeleton of silica. No analysis has yet been made,* and the true relations of the species are doubtful. Analyses: 1, Scheerer 0- c.) ; 2, Damour (Ann. Ch. Phys., ILL xxiv.); 3, Hermann ( J. pr. Chem., liii. 32); 4, J. P. Cooke (1. c.); 5, 6, Knowlton (1. c.); 7, A. E. Nordenskiold (1. c.); 8, Berlin (Pogg., Ixxxviii. 160); 9, Forchhammer (1. c.); 10, Hermann (1. c.) : Si Zr e g Fe Y fig H 1. Malacon, Hitteroe 31-31 63'40 0'41 0'34 O'll 3-03=98-99 Scheerer. 2. " Chanteloube 30-87 61-17 3'67 3-09, Mn 0-14=99-02 D. 3. " IlmenMts. 31-87 59-82 3-11 4-00, ]ftn 1'20= 100 H. 4. Cyrtolite, Eockport 27-90 66-93 2'57 C 2-19=99-59 Cooke. 5. " " (f) 26-38 60-78 1'59 3-63 Ce 2'07 tr. 4'56, Sn 0'47=99'48 Kn 6. " " 26-18 64'60 1'40 Ce 1-40 tr. , Sn 0'41 = 98'97 K. 7. Adelpholitel Finland 24-33 57'42 3'47 Ca 3-93 9-53, Sn 0'61 = 99'29 N. 8. Tachyaphali, Norway 34'58 38'96 3'72 Thl2'32 8-49, 3tl l'85=99-92 B. 9. (Erstedite, Arendal 19'71 68-96 b 1-14 2-05 5'53, Ca 2-61 = 100 F. 10. AuerbachUe, Eussia 42-91 55-18 0'93 0'95=99'97 Herm. a With some Fe 0. b With some Ti O 2 . o With trace of manganese. In Auerbachite, the only anhydrous kind among the above, the oxygen ratio for the silica and zirconia is 1 : !-, instead of 1 : 1. Artif. Formed in crystals by action of chlorid of silicon on zirconia (Daubree) ; by action of fluorid of silicon on zirconia, or of fluorid of zirconium on quartz, beautiful transparent octahedrons resulting (Deville and Caron). 273. VESUVIANITE. Hyacinthus dictus octodecahedricus Cappeler, Prodr. Crist,, 30, pi. 3 (fig. 261 below), 1723. Hyacinte pt, Hyacinte du Yesuve, de Lisle, Crist, 234, 1772, pi. iv.; ii. 291, pi. iv. 1783. Hyacinte volcanique Demeste, Lettr., i. 413. Hyacinth-Krystalle (fr. Wilui E.) PaUas, N. Nord., Beytr., St. Pet., v. 282, 1793 ; Wiluite pt. Yulkanischer Schorl Widenmann, Handb., 290, 1794. Hyacinthine Delameth., Sciagr., i, 268, 1792, T. T., ii. 323, 1796. Yesuvian Wern.; in Klapr. Beitr., i. 34, 1795, ib. (fr. Yesuv. and Siberia), ii. 27, 33, 1797. Idocrase H., J. d. M., v. 260, 1799; Tr., ii. 1801. G-ahnit (fr. Gokum) v. Lolo, Afh., iii. 276, 1810, anal, by Murray, Afh., ii. 173, 1807 ; Loboit Berz. Frugardit N. Nordenskiold, Bidrag, i. 80, 1820; Frugardite. Egeran (fr. Eger, Bohemia) Wern., Min. Syst., 3, 34, 1817. Cyprine (fr. TeUemark) Berz., Lothr., 1821. Xanthite Thornton, Ann. Lye. N. Hist. N. Y., iii, 44, 1828. Gokumite (fr. Gokum) Thorns., ib., 61, 1828. Hetero- merit (fr. Slatoust) Herm., Yerh. Min. G-es. St. Pet., 1845-46, 205. Jewreinowit N. Nordensk., Yerz. FinL Min., 1852; Kokscharof Min. Eussl., i. 116, 1853. Tetragonal. A 1-*=151 45' ; a=0'53T199. Observed planes : O - vertical 7 i-i .-2,^3, *-j. ; i-^ pyramids, ^ A , $, $ ^ $, $, } , $, $, , I? 1? i> ^ o ; J-*> **> iK ^ 3 -S zirconoids in the zone*-* : 1, 2-2, f-f, 3-3, tHii 4-4, 5 ' 5 > 7-7 ; in other zones, 1-2, f 2, 4-2 ; $-3, f-3, f -3, 1-3, f -3 ; ^ A 1=142 46J-' A 7=90 6>A2=123 21 /A 1^=118 15' ^'A^3 = 161 34 A 2-2=129 46$ i4 A 2-2=133 254 1 A 1, ov. 1-=129 21 OA4-4=114 18 ^A3-3=144 51$" lAl,ov.7.=T4 27 =139 39$ A44=152 9 l^Al^,pyr.,=140 54 TJNISILICATES. 277 Cleavage : /not very distinct, still less so. m'o-ht a.nd divergent. 'or irresruh Columnar structure rare, Sometimes granular massive. Prisms usually terminating in 'the basal plane ; rarely in a pyramid or zirconoid ; sometimes the prism nearly wanting, and the form short pyramidal with truncated summit and edges. straight and divergent, or irregular ill 259 X-rfo. 261 260 263 264 HI 262 Sandford, Me. Vesuvius. H. = 6'5. G. 3'349 3'45. Lustre vitreous: often inclining to resinous. Color brown to green, and the latter frequently bright and clear ; occa- sionally sulphur-yellow, and also pale blue ; sometimes green along the axis, and pistachio-green transversely. Streak white. Subtransparent faintly subtranslucent. Fracture subconchoidal uneven. Double refraction feeble, axis negative. Comp., Var, (f R 3 +| S) 2 Si 3 , the oxygen ratio for the protoxyds, sesquioxyds, and silica being 3:2:5, according to Rammelsberg, after a determination of the state of oxydation of the iron. The variations from the ratio 3:2:5 appear to be variations about this as the normal ratio. In all cases the oxygen ratio for R+R-, Si is 1 : 1. The bases are mainly; alumina for the sesquioxyd, and lime for the protoxyd portion, as in the formula (f Oa s + | l) 2 Si 3 . But more or less sesquioxyd of iron replaces part of the alumina, and magnesia part of the lime, while Mn, K, Na may be present in traces. The species is sometimes divided into (1) non-magnesian, containing little or no magnesia ; and (2) magnesian, the magnesia 4 to 13 p. c. of the mineral. But, as the analyses show, there is no corresponding line of division. Even the crystals from Vesuvius vary in the proportion of mag- nesia from to 7*11 p. c. Var. 1. Ordinary. The mineral from G-okum in Finland, called Gahnite, Loboite, Gokumite, and that from Frugard, Frugardite, have been denominated magnesian. The last is in brown and green crystals, with G.=3'349, v. Nord. Jevreinoffite, which also is from Frugard, in the parish of Mantzala, is but little magnesian or not at all so ; it occurs in pale-brown to colorless crystals ; G.=3-39. Heteromerite occurs in small oil-green prisms, having the planes I, i-i, 1, 3, 3-3, in the district of Slatoust, UraL Egeran is a subcolumnar brown variety, from Eger in Bohemia, and found also at Eger in Norway. Xanthite is a yellowish-brown vesuvianite, from near Amity, N. Y., the crystals not differing from those of the common variety; it contains 2*80 p. c. of protoxyd of manganese. A manga- nesian variety, from St. Marcel, Piedmont (where ores of manganese occur), has a sulphur to honey-yellow color. 2. Cyprine. Pale sky-blue or greenish-blue ; owing its color to a trace of copper, whence the name ; from Tellemark, Norway. Analyses: 1, Magnus (Pogg., xxi. 50); 2, Karsten (Karat. Arch. Min., iv. 391); 3, Scheerer (Pogg., xcv. 520) ; 4, Karsteu (1. c ) ; 5, v. Kobell (Kastn. Arch. Nat, vii. 399) ; 6, Scheerer (1. c.) ; 7, 8, Karsten (L c.); 9, v. Merz (Nat. Ges. Zurich, vi. Heft 4); 10, v. Kobell (1. c.) ; 11, Magnus (1 c.); 12, Scheerer (1. c.); 13, Magnus (1. c.); 14, Richardson (Thomson Min., i. 262); 15, Norden- 278 OXYGEN COMPOUNDS. skiold (Schw. J., xxxi. 436); 16, Heikel (Arppe's Finl. Min., Act. Soc. Fenn., IV.); 1?, Ivanof (Koksch. Min. Russl., i. 116); 18, Malmgren (Arppe, 1. c.) ; 19, Magnus (1. c.); 20, Varrentrapp (Pogg., xlvi. 348); 21, Ivanof (Pogg., xlvi. 341); 22, 23, Hermann (J. pr. Ch., xliv. 193); 24, v. Hauer (Jahrb. G-. Reichs., 1853, 155); 25, Hermann (1. c.); 26, Thomson (Min., i. 143); 27-37, Kammelsberg (Pogg., xciv. 92) : Si XI Pe Fe Mn Mg Ca H 1. Vesuvius, brown 37-36 23-53 3-99 5-21 29-68 =99-77 Magnus. 2. u 37-50 18-50 6-25 o-io 3-10 33-71 =99-16 Karsten. 3. <( 37-80 12-11 9-36 tr. 7-11 32-11 1-67 = 100-16 Scheerer 4. Piedmont, gn. 39'25 18-10 4-30 0-75 2-70 33-95 =99-05 Karsten. 5. Ala " 34-85 20-71 5-40 35-61 =96-57 KobeU. 6. U tl 37-35 11-85 9-23 tr. 6-03 32-70 2-73, HC1 0-015 = 99-90 Scheerer. 7. 8. Eger, Bohem., Eg&ran Saas Valley, brown 39-70 38-40 18-95 18-05 2-90 3-10 0-96 0-65 1-50 34-88 36-72 , Na 2-1 =99-49 K. , Na 0-9=99-32 K. 9. Zermatt, 37-04 17-67 4-97 0-42 2-43 35-79 1-79, Na 0-76=100-87 Merz. 10. Monzoni 37-65 15-42 6-42 38-24 =97-72 Kobell. 11. Cziklovva, green 38-52 20-06 3-42 0-02 2-99 32-41 =97'42 Magnus. 12. Eger, Norway, bnh.-gn. 37*73 13-49 5-95 0-95 0-47 1-98 37-49 1-89=99-95 Scheerer. 13. Christiansand 37-66 17-69 6-49 0-50 4-54 31-90 =98-77 Magnu?. 14. Tellemark, cyprine 38-80 20-40 8-35 32-00 =99-55 Rich'dson. 15. Frugard, Finl., Frug. 38-53 17-40 3-90 0-33 10-60 27-70 =98-46 Nord. 16. Lupikko, " 36-43 16-84 7-23 4-32 35-00 0-86, gn 1-06= 101-74 Heikel. 17. Jevreinqffite 37-41 20-00 4-60 34-20 , 1-16, Na 1-70 =99-07 Ivanof. 18. u 35-22 26-10 2-73 ' 2-02 34-18 . K 1-01. NaO-47. Pb 0-01 = 101-74 Malmgren.' 19. Slatoust, Ural 37-18 18-11 4-67 1-49 0-77 35-79 =98-01 Magnus. 20. li U 37-55 17-88 6-34 2-62 35-56 =99-95 Varrentr. 21. 11 It 37-08 14-16 16-02 1-86 30-88 =100 Ivanof. 22. " " green 3s-19 14-34 5-26 0-61 2-10 6-20 32-69 =99-39 Herm. 23. " green 39-20 16-56 1-20 0-30 4-00 34-73 , K,Na 2-0,01-50 = 99'49 Herm. 24. " Heteromerite 36-59 22-25 5-07 tr. 34-81 0-55=99-27 v. Hauer. 25. Achmatovsk 37-62 13-25 7-12 0-60 0-50 3-79 36-43 , C 0-7 = 1 00-0 1H. 26. Amity, N.Y., XantUte 35-09 17-43 6-37 2-80 2-00 33-08 1-68 = 98-43 Thorn. 27. Vesuvius, ywh.-bn. 37-75 17-23 4-43 3-79 37-35 =101-55 Ramm. 28. dullbn. f 37-83 10-98 9-03 4-37 35-69 =97-90 Ramm. 29. Monzoni, ywh. \ 38-25 15-49 2-16 4-31 36-70 , K 0-47 = 97 "38 Ramm. 30. " brown 37-56 11-61 7-29 ___ ___ 5-33 36-45 =98-24 Ramm. 31. Dognazka 37-15 15-52 4-85 5-42 36-77 K 0-35 = 100-06 Ramm. 32. Haslau (Eger, Boh.) f 39-52 13-31 8-04 1-54 35-02 , & 1-32=98-75 Ramm. 33. Egg | 37-20 13-30 8-42 4-22 34-48 0-31, Til-51 = 99-44 Ramm. 34. Eger, Norway $ 37-88 14-48 7-45 0-45 4-30 34-28 =98-89 Ramm. 35. Sanford, Me. $ 37 '64 15-64 6-07 2-06 35-86 , Ti 2-40=99-67 Ramm. 36. Wilui 38-40 10-51 7-15 t-70 35-96 =99-72 Ramm. 37. Ala * 37-15 13-44 6-47 2-87 37-41 , K 0-93=98-27 Ramm. LICU. 40, VT 3 3:^0 o <&v , aucti. o, vji-.^oott; anai. ou, V:r.=o-S5o ; anal. 31. ur.=ooio: ana 32, G.=3'411; anal. 33,G.=3'436; anal. 34, a.=3'384; anal. 35, G.= 3-434 ; anal. 36, G.=3'415 anal. 37 O 3-4.07 \JT. = O 4171. Analyses 27-37 were made by Rammelsberg, with special reference to the state of oxydation of the iron. The oxygen ratios thus deduced by him are as follows : (27) 1'3:1: 2'1 ; (28) 1-5:1: 2-5 ; UNISILICATES. 279 (29)l-5:l:2-o; (30) 1-6:1:2-5; (31) 1-5: 1:2-2, (32) 1-3 : 1 :2'4; (33)1-4:1 :2'4; (34) 1-3:1: 2-2; (35)1-3:1:2-3; (36)1-9:1:2-8; (37)1-5:1:2-3. Idocrase often contains some water, amounting occasionally to 3 p. c., the presence of which ia probably due to alteration, and hence it is not to be included as part of the protoxyd bases. G-. Magnus found (Pogg., xcvi. 347) in crystals from Slatoust, 2'44 H ; from Ala, 2'98 H ; green, from Vesuvius, 0*29; in another, 2'03; brown, id., 1-79. Magnus also obtained a little carbonic acid : 0'15 p. c. from the Slatoust idocrase, and 0'06 from the brown of Vesuvius. Pyr., etc. B.B. fuses at 3 with intumescence to a greenish or brownish glass. Magnus states that the density after fusion is 2'93 2'945. With the fluxes gives reactions for iron, and a variety from St. Marcel gives a strong manganese reaction. Cyprine gives a reaction for copper with salt of phosphorus. Partially decomposed by muriatic acid, and completely when the mineral has been previously ignited. Obs. Idocrase was first found among the ancient ejections of Vesuvius and the dolomitic blocks of Somma. It has since been met with most abundantly in granular limestone ; also in serpentine, chlorite schist, gneiss, and related rocks. It is often associated with lime-garnet and pyroxene. It has been observed imbedded in opal. At Vesuvius it is hair-brown to olive-green, and occurs with garnet, mica, nephelite, glassy feldspar, etc. ; at Ala, in Piedmont, it is in transparent green or brown brilliant crystals, in chlorite schist, with diopside, ripidolite, etc. Found also at Monzoni in the Fassa Valley ; at Egg, near Christiansand, Norway; on the Wilui river, near L. Baikal (sometimes called wilwte, like the garnet of the same region) ; Cziklowa in Hungary ; in the Urals and elsewhere at localities above mentioned. In N. America, in Maine at Phippsburg and Rumford, just below the falls, in crystals and massive with yellow garnet, pyroxene, etc., in limestone ; at Parsonsfield, with the same materials, abundant; at Poland and Sandford (fig. 263). la Mass., near Worcester, in a quartz rock, with garnet, but exhausted. In N. York, $ m. S. of Amity, grayish and yellowish-brown crystals, sometimes an inch in diameter, in granular limestone ; also at the village, and a mile east of the village, of yellow, greenish-yellow, and yellowish-brown colors. In N. Jersey, yellowish-brown in crystals at Newton, with corundum and spinel. In Canada, at Calumet Falls, in large brownish- yellow crystals in limestone with brown tourmaline; at Grenville in calcite, in wax-yellow crystals. For recent articles on cryst., see v. Kokscharof 's Min. Russl., i. 92, ii. 192 ; v. Zepharovich, Ber. Ak. Wien, xlix. 6, 1864, both with new measurements and figures, and the latter a complete mono- graph. Mohs found A 1 = 142 53' ; v. Kokscharof, for crystals from the Urals and Piedmont, 142 46' 10", and from Vesuvius, 142 46' 32" ; v. Zepharovich, for crystals from Findel Glacier at Zermatt, Pfitsch, and Vesuvius, 142 47' 26"; for brown var. from Mussa, and cryst. from Rymfischweng at Zermatt, 142 46' 18"; for green var. from Mussa, 142 45' 29", and this last he takes as the normal angle of the species. It gives a=0'537541. Named Vtsuvian by Werner, from the first known locality. Werner supposed the mineral to be exclusive^ volcanic ; but as this idea is not expressed, the name is no more objectionable than all others derived from the names of localities. The earlier name, Hyacinthine, is bad, as the mineral is not the hyacinth of either ancient or modern time. Haiiy's later name, Idocrase (sub- jective, like many others of his) is from eiJw, I see, and Kpaais, mixture, in allusion to a resemblance between the crystalline forms and those of other species. Nothing in its signification, or in any- thing else, makes it right to substitute this for Werner's name. In English, the word vesuvian has the objection of being an adjective in form and use ; but this is avoided by giving it the min- oralogical termination above employed. Alt. Alterations nearly as in garnet, with, a far greater tendency to becoming hydrated. Crystals from Maine often have the exterior, though still brilliant and glassy, cleavable easily from the part below, and equally so, parallel to ah 1 the smaller as well as larger faces, so that a pealed crystal has as brilliant and even planes as before. Pseudomorphs include steatite, mica, clinochlore, diopside, and garnet. An egeran, analyzed by Ficinus (Schrift. Dresd. Min. G-es., i. 235). gave Silica 43-00, alumina 14-70, sesquioxyd of iron 2 -40, ib. of manganese 4'00, lime 30-00, soda 5'33 = 99-43. It is probably in an altered state, as Rammelsberg infers from the description of Ficinus. The carbonic acid detected by Hermann in idocrase from Slatoust (anal. 23) is evidence of alteration, and this acid and alkaline or earthy carbonates or bicarbonates in solution, are agents by which change is often produced. Artif. Mitscherlich has obtained idocrase by artificial methods (Ann. Ch. Phys., Ivii. 219) ; Studer, from a fusion together of the constituents; also Daubree, by the action of chlorid of silicon in vapor on the required bases (0. R., 1854, July, p. 135). 280 OXYGEN COMPOUNDS. 274. MELILITE. Melilite Delameth., T. T., ii. 273, 1796; Fl Sellevue (its discov. in 1790) J. de Phys., li. 456, 1800, Humboldtilite Mont. & Cov., Prodr., 375, 1822. Somervtllite Brooke, Ed. J. ScL, i. 185, 1824. Zurlite Ramondmi, Breislak Inst. GeoL, iii. 210, 1818. Mellilite. Tetragonal ; A 1-^=147 15' ; ^=0-6432. Observed planes, 0, /, i-i, 1-i. i-2. l-i A l-, over i-*,=65 3 ~ 3 -^ ~ 5 -^ -74 ; hemipyramids, |, , f , 1, -1,-i; 2-A-2-.|; |-|, 1- 1 , 3 -|, -3-f ; 1-2, -1-2 ; 9-f ; 5-f,-5-f; 3-3, -3-3 ; 2-4; 5-5, -5-5; 7-7, -7-7; 4-8; 2-2, -2-2 ; -44; 5-5, -5-5 ; -6-6. 267 266 33 7 A 14= 154 3 A -14= 154 15 A 44= 141 41 14 A 14, ov. 0,=6438 i-i A 34=145 18 X i-i A 54= 157 29 i'4A-l=10448 i-i A 1=104 15 i-i A -3-3 = 128 5 14 A 34= 150 6' t4 A 1=145 !4A-24,ov.0=11013 1A1, front, =70 282 OXYGEN COMPOUNDS. i-i A-!U'=116 18 i^ A 3-3=127' 40 -1 A-l, front, = 70 25 i-i A l-fcl!5 24 i-i A 2=121 31 -1 A -l,ov.*4,=109 35 i-i A 2-fcl33 49 -I-i A HOV. 0,=128 18 3-3 A 3-3, front, = 96 12 i-i A -2-^134 23 -1-a A 1-&, ov. *,=51 42 -3-3 A-3-3,froDt,=96 41 t-a A -3-^=145 39 -1-^ A -1 = 125 13 2 A l-a=102 57 l-iA3-*=150 6 Crystals usually lengthened in the direction of the orthodiagpnal, or parallel -to i-i ; sometimes long acicular. Cleavage : i-i perfect ; I-i less so. Twins: composition-plane I-/; also i-i. Also fibrous, divergent, or paral- lel ; also granular, particles of various sizes, sometimes fine granular, and forming rock-masses. H.= 6 7. G.=3'25 3*5. Lustre vitreous, on ^ inclining to pearly or resinous. Color pistachio-green or yellowish-green to brownish-green, greenish-black, and black ; sometimes clear red and yellow ; also gray and grayish-white. Pleochroism often distinct, the crystals being usually least yellow in a direction through I-i. Streak uncolored, grayish. Sub trans- parent opaque : generally subtranslucent. ^ Fracture uneven. Brittle. Double refraction strong : optic-axial plane i-\. Var. Epidote has ordinarily a peculiar yellowish-green (pistachio) color, seldom found in other minerals. But this color passes into dark and light shades black on one side, and brown on the other. Most of the brown and nearly all the gray epidote belongs to the species Zoisite; and the reddish -brown or reddish-black, containing much oxyd of manganese, to the species Piedmontite, or Manganepidote ; while the black is mainly of the species Allanite, or Cerium-epidote. Var. 1. Ordinary. Color green of some shade, as described, (a) In crystals, (b) Fibrous. (c) Granular massive, (d) Scorza is epidote sand, of the usual green color, from the banks of tho Arangos, near Muska in Transylvania. The Arendal epidote (Arendalite) is mostly in dark green crystals; that of Dauphiny (Thallite, JDetphinite, Oisanite) in yellowish-green crystals, sometimes transparent, and found near Bourg d'Oisans, in the Piedmoutese Alps. Puschkiniie includes pleochroic crystals from the auriferous sands of Katharinenburg, Urals ; G.=3-ft66 ; color emerald-green, when viewed by transmitted light through 1-i, yellow transverse to this ; named after Puschkin, a Russian senator. AchmatUe is ordinary epidote, in crystals, from Achmatovsk, Ural. Escherite is a brownish-yellow, somewhat greenish epidote, from St. Gothard (anal. 28). 2. The so-called Bucklandite from Achmatovsk, described by Hermann (anal. 41, 42), is black with a tinge of green, and differs from ordinary epidote in having the crystals nearly symmetrical, and not, like other epidote, lengthened in the direction of the orthodiagonal. G.=3'51. Hermann's Eagrationite, from Achmatovsk, appears to be essentially the same mineral, it agreeing with it in angles, according to Hermann (Bull. Soc. Nat. Moscow, xxxv. 248, 1862), and having Gr.= 3 '46, while the original bagrationite of Kokscharof is a variety of allanite (q. v.). It differs from the bucklandite in containing a little cerium ''anal. 43). 3. Withamite. Carmine-red to straw-yellow : strongly pleochroic ; the color as seen through in one direction, deep crimson, in another transverse, straw-yellow; H.=6 6*5; G. = 3'137 ; in small radiated groups, i-i A -1-1=116, -1-iA l-i=128 20'. From trap, at Glencoe, in Argyle- shire, Scotland. Named after Dr. Witham. 4. Beustite. Grayish-white to ash-gray ; G. 2 -859 2'877, Breith. Breithaupt gives the angle 2"A P= 154 20', Jf A P=110 30', which are very near A 1-?:, and -2-i A 1-t. From near Predazzo in the Tyrol. Comp. 0. ratio for R, $, Si=l:2:3; (7, 11); 41, Hermann (1. c.) ; 42, Rammelsberg (1. c.) ; 43, Hermann (Bull. Soc. Nat. Moscow, xxxv. 248) : =100-03 Gefifken. =98-72 Kiihn. =100-85 Ramm. 2-00 = 101-62 Ramm. 2-93=99-32 Hermann. 2-86=100-32 Hermann. 2-11=100-05 Scheerer. 2-41 = 100-20 Richter. 2-51, Na 0-39, K 0'23 =98-74 v. Rath. =102-52 Kiihn. 1-68=99-36 Hermann. =100-22 Ramm. =, Na 0-41 = 99-47 Br. 2-35 = 99-93 S.-Escher. 2-u9=99-91 Scheerer. 2-08 Mn*r.=99-64 Herm'n. 2-u6,HCl 0-01 = 100-13 Schr. 2-68=99-92 Ramm. 2-82=98-65 Ramm. =100-26 Kiihn. =101-24 Kiihn. 1-20=99-64 Hermann. 0-63 = 100-43 Rath. 2-02=99-73 S.-Escher. 2-05 = 100-16 Scheerer. 2-46=99-94 S.-Escher. 2-30=99-37 S.-Escher. 2-04=99-65 S.-Escher. 2-41=99-75 S.-Escher. 2-33 = 100-15 S.-Escher. 1-24=99-40 Hermann. 3-50=100-11 Hermann 2 67 = 100 Ramm. 2-20, Na 0-91 = 98-85 Herm. 0-16, Mn ^. = 99-26 Herm. 1-56=97-29 Hermann. 1-44, Na, Li 2-78=98-60 H. , Mn 9-26, Na 1-67, Li 0-46=98-56 Osersky. 1-23, Na. 0-52, Mn tr. = 99-68 Hermann. 0-94=100-25 Igelstrom. 0-68, C 0-32=100-33 Herm. 2-00 = 100 Ramm. 1-60 La, Ce, Di 3-60 =97*26 Hermann. Si 1 Fe Mn % Ca I. Arendal 36-14 22-24 14-29 2-12 2-38 22-86 2. 36-68 21-72 16-72 0-53 23-07 3. 37'98 a 20-78 17-24 I'll 23-74 4. 38-76 20-36 16-35 0-44 23-71 5. ffH. 37-32 22-85 11-56 Fe > 1'86 0-77 22-03 6. gnh.-bk. 36-79 21-24 12-96 u 5-20 21-27 7. strp. 37-59 20-73 16-57 0-41 22-64 8. pseud. 38-84 25-45 10-88 22-62 9. pseud. 37-92 19-21 15-55 0-25 22-68 10. B. d'Oisans, gn. 39-85 21-61 16-61 0-30 22-15 11. ' olive-gn. 37-60 18-57 13-37 Fe 5-55 1-40 21-19 12. i 38-37 21-13 16-85 0-17 23-58 13. (1)37-78 21-25 15-97 0-60 23-46 14. i (|)37-35 22-02 15-67 22-54 15. < 37-56 20-78 16-49 0-29 22-70 16. < 38-00 20-87 15-06 Fe 1-90 21-93 17. Traversella, dark 57'65 20-64 16-50 Mn 0-49 0-46 22-32 18. 11 U 37-51 21-76 12-52 Fe 3-59 0-60 21-26 19. yellow 38-34 20-61 9-23 u 2-21 0-43 25-01 20. Penig, Saxony 38-64 2198 17-42 0-27 21-98 21. Geier, Erzgeb. 40-57 14-47 13-44 2-96 30-00 22. Traversella 40-08 16-91 15-93 u 1-44 4-97 19-11 23. Yal. Maigels, gy. 39-07 28-90 7-43 o-io 24-30 24. Gutanen, bnh.-gn. (1)38-05 26-39 9-73 23-54 25. u 38-99 25-76 9-99 0-61 22-76 26. Sustenhorn, gnh-bn. 38-43 26-40 8-75 23-90 27. Lole, gnh.-bn. 38-39 28-48 7-56 22-64 28. St. Gothard, Escheriie 38-08 27-74 8-26 i 23-53 29. " bnh.-gn 38-28 27-53 8-66 22-87 30. Kaverdiras, bnh.-gn. 37-66 27-30 8-90 23-90 81. Ural, Schumnaja, gn. 37-47 24-09 10-60 Fe 2-81 22-19 32. Achmatovsk, gn. 35-45 24-92 9-54 u 3-25 22-45 33. gn. 37-75 21-05 11-41 u 3-59 1-15 22-38 34. II 37-62 18-45 12-32 tt 2-20 0-39 24-76 35. 40-27 2008 14-22 u 2-39 0-53 21-61 86. Burowa 36-87 18-13 14-20 (( 4-60 0-40 21-45 37. PuschkinUe 37-47 18-64 14-15 u 2-56 22-06 38. u 38-88 18-85 16-34 6-1 16-00 39. Sillbohle 39-67 18-55 14'31 3'25 T62 20*53 40. 41. 42. 43. Jakobsberg, Swed. (f ) 33-81 18-58 Achmatovsk, "BucM." 36'97 21-84 " 38-27 21-25 " "Bagrat:' 38-88 20'19 12-57 4-85 10-19 Fe 9-19 9-09 " 5-57" 9-82 " 3-82 3-04 26--46 21-14 1-07 22-75 1-98 1737 Anal, on material after its ignition ; some Ti 0* with the Si O a 284: OXYGEN COMPOUNDS. In anal. 5, G.=3'37; anal. 6, G.=3*49; anal. 8 has the form of pyroxene ; anal. 9, G.= 3'223, has the form of scapolite; anal. 11, G.=3'38; anal. 12, G=3-463, material analyzed aftel its ignition; anal. 16, G.-=3'42; anal. 23, G. = 3-361 3*316, in the Orisons; 24, 3-373; 26, G.= 3-326; 27, 3-359, Borderrheinthal : 3 -3 84, from Maggiathal; 29, 3-378, from Formazzathal ; 30, 3-369, Vorderrheinthal; 31, 3'43; 32, 3*33 3'34; 33, 3'485; 34, 3-39; 35, 3'41 ; 36, 335; 37, G. = 3-43, fr. Werchneivinsk; 39, 3-45, near Helsingfors ; 40, 3-51; 42, 8*46. Pyr., etc. In the closed tube gives in most cases water. B.B. fuses with intumescence at 3-3 '5 to a dark brown or black mass which is generally magnetic. Reacts for iron and sometimes for manganese with the fluxes. Partially decomposed by muriatic acid, but when previously ignited, gelatinizes with acid. Decomposed on fusion with alkaline carbonates. G. of Arendal epidote changes on ignition, from 3*409 to 2*984. Obs. Epidote is common in many crystalline rocks, as syenite, gneiss, mica schist, hornblendic schist, serpentine, and especially those that contain the ferriferous mineral hornblende. It often accompanies beds of magnetite or hematite in such rocks. It is sometimes found in geodes in trap ; and also in sandstone adjoining trap dikes, where it has been formed by metamorphism through the heat of the trap at the time of its ejection. It also occurs at times in nodules in dif- ferent quartz-rocks or altered sandstones. It is associated ofteu with quartz, pyroxene, feldspar, axinite, chlorite, etc., in the Piedmontese Alps. It sometimes forms with quartz an epidote rock, called epidosyte. Such a rock, from Grand Matanne Eiver, Canada, haying a hardness of 7'0, and G. = 3'04, gave T. S. Hunt, on analysis (Logan's Kep., 1863, 497), Si 62-60, Si 12-30, 3Pe 9'40, Mg 0'72, Oa 14-10, ISTa 0*43, ign. 0*19 = 99*71, which corresponds to 61*33 epidote and 38*22 quartz. A similar rock exists at Melbourne in Canada. Beautiful crystallizations come from Bourg d'Oisans, Ala, and Traversella, in Piedmont ; Zer- matt in the Yalais ; near Gutanen in the Haslithal ; at Kaverdiras and Baduz in the valley of Tavetsch (the latter sometimes referred to zoisite, but optically epidote according to Descloizeaux) ; Monzoni in the Fassa valley ; Zillerthal in the Tyrol, sometimes in rose-red and greenish crystals of small size, resembling tlwlite ; the Sau-Alpe in Carinthia ; and the other localities mentioned above. In N. America, occurs in N. Hamp. at Franconia, crystallized and granular, with magnetite ; Warren, with quartz and pyrite. In Mass., at Hadlyme and Chester, in crystals in gneiss ; at Athol, in syenitic gneiss, in fine crystals, 2 m. S.W. of the centre of the town; Newbury, in lime- stone ; at Borne, in hornblende schist ; at Nahant, poor, in trap. In Rhode Island, at Cumberland, in a kind of trap. In Conn., at Haddam, in large splendid crystals. In N. York, 2. m. S.E. of Amity, in quartz ; 2 m. S. of Carmel, Putnam Co., with hornblende and garnet; 2 m. S. of Coffee's Monroe, Orange Co. ; 6 m. "W. of Warwick, pale yellowish-green, with sphene and pyroxene ; at Harlem, in gneiss, on the banks of East river, near 38th St. In N. Jersey, at Franklin, massive ; at Eoseville in Byram township, Sussex Co., in good crystals. In Penn., at E. Bradford. In Michigan, in the Lake Superior region, at many of the mines ; at the Norwich mine, beautifully radiated with quartz and native copper. In Canada, at St. Joseph, in a concretionary argillaceous rock of the Quebec group. For recent papers on cryst. see Kokscharof Min. Eussl., iii. 268, iv. 106 ; v. Zepharovich, Ber. Ak. Wien, xxxiv. 480, xlv. 381; Descl. Min., i. 1862; Hessenberg, Min. Not, III.; v. Eath, Pogg., cxv. 472. Epidote is one of Haiiy's crystallographic names, derived from the Greek En-uW-c, increase, and translated by him, " qui a recu un accroissement," the base of the prism (rhomboidal prism) hav- ing one side longer than the other. In its introduction Haiiy set aside three older names. Thai- lite (from fluAAo's, color of young twigs, alluding to the green color) was rejected because it was based on a varying character, color ; Delphinite and Arendalite, because derived from localities. But the name Epidote is now so involved in geological as well as mineralogical literature that the law of priority cannot well do the justice demanded of it. Werner's name Pistacite from m Hermann. 21. " 34-0816-86 7'35 7*90 21*38 9'28 0'95 1'32, Cu 0'13 = 99-25 R. 22. Orthite 36-25 14-00 11'42 1'36 17-39 3'80 4'87 8'70=97'79 B. 23. " 32-00 14-80 12'44 3'40 19'44 3'44 7'84 5'36=98'72 B. 24. " 36-24 8-18 9'06 4-98 29*81 5'48 0'61 4'59, K, Na 0-61=99-96 B. 25. " 33-60 12-58 13-48 4'56 20'83 9'59 1'60 3-34, K, Na v * ' 0-62 = 100 B. 26. " 34-93 14-26 14'90 0'85 21-43 1'91 10-42 0-86, 0'52=100-08 S. 27. " 33-81 13-04 15'65 20'50 T45 9'42 0'38 3'38, K 0'67 = 98*30 S. 28. " 32-77 14-32 14-76 1-12 17'TO 2'31 0'35 11 18 0'50 2'51, K 0'26= 98-28 S. 29. " 33*25 14-7414-30 1'08 U'51 0'69 12-04 0*74 8'22 (loss incl) ' , ' Na 0-14, K 0-29=100 B. 30. " 32-79 14-67 14'71 22-31 2'42 9'68 1-20 2'67, Na 0*34. K 0-41 = 101-20 S. 31. " 31*03 9-29 20*68 0*07 6'74 4*35 1'02 6*68 2 -06 12 -24, Na 0'56, K 0-90, Be 8-71 = 99-13 F. 32. " 31-85 10-28 19*27 12-76 9-12 1-8613-37 (C incl} Cu 0-54=99-05 S. 33. " 32-70 17-4416-26 0-34 3'92 15*41 1T24 0-90 2*47, C 0*28. v v ' Na 0-24, K 0-51 = 101-71 Z. 34. Xanthorth 32'93 15*54 4-21 0-39 20'01 0*59 6'76 2-15l7'55 (incL C) = 100-1 3 B. & B. 35. " 27-5916-14 16'01 1'55 11*75 2*12 2'28 4-9411-46, C 6-71 = 100*55 B. & B. 86.J&-dwMwm.31-85 11 -71 8*52 0'86 34*89 1-43 6*46 4*28=100 Ber. Analysis 1, from Iglorsoit; 2, G.=3-79, from Krux, Thuringia; 3, 0. ratio 1:1:2, from Ches- ter Co., Pa.; 4, from West Point, K Y.; 5, G-. = 3*4917, near Dresden; 6, near Jotunfjeld; 7, Snarum; 8, G.=3-48 3'66, from Werchoturie, Ural, the so-called bucklandite; 9, G.=3'782, H.=5-5, pitch-black, no cleavage, from Orange Co., K Y; 10, Gr.=3-831, H.=6, pitch-black, from near Eckhardt's furnace, Berks Co., Pa.; 11, G. =3*491, H.=5, bnh.-bk., Bethlehem. North- ampton Co., Pa.; 12, G.=3*84, Franklin, N. J., in magnetic iron. 13, G-. = 3*77 3*80, Bastnaes; 14, Riddarhyttan ; 15, G-.=4'108 4-103, 0. ratio 4 : 3 : 7; 16, G-.=3-983, from L. Laach; 17, 18, G-.=3-69 3*71, jet-black, massive, from Swampscot, Mass. 19, 20. G. = 3*41 -3-647, from Miask, in the Ural; 21, G.=3'647, Miask. 22, G. = 3-288, Fahlun; 23, Finbo; 24, 25, G. = 3'5, Ytterby; 26, G.=3'63 3-65, Fillef jeld ; 27, 28, G. = 3-373, Hitteroe; 29, Wexio, Sw.; 3<>, G-.= 3'44 3'47, pitch-bk. to bnh.-bk., in syenite near Weinheim ; 81, 32, G-. = 2'86 2*93, gnh.-bk., Naes mine, Norway, in a granite containing both orthoclase and oligoclase; 33, Naes mine, near Arendal; 34, G-. = 2'78, yellow, Eriksberg; 35, G-.=2-88, black, Kullberg; 36, Stoko, in the Langesund fiord, near Brevig, G.=3-l. Rammelsberg found, on examination, that the Hitteroe orthite contained ^e 8-16 and Fe 8-30, and thus deduced for the mineral the C\ ratio 1:1:2. The cerine of Bastnaes contained, accord- ing to Damour, 1'74 p. c. of water. The pyrorthite afforded Berzelius (1. c.) Si 10'43, l 3*59, Fe 6*08, Mn 1-39, Ce 13-92, Y 4*87, Oa 1-81, fi 26-50, carbon (by loss) 31 -41. Pyr., etc. Some varieties give water in the closed tube. B.B. fuses easily and swells up (F. = 2-5) to a dark, blebby, magnetic glass. With the fluxes reacts for iron. Most varieties gelatinize with muriatic acid, but if previously ignited are not decomposed by acid. Obs. Occurs in albitic and common feldspathic granite, syenite, zircon-syenite, porphyry, white limestone, and often in mines of magnetic iron. Allanite occurs in Greenland, in granite ; at UNISILICATES. 289 Criffel, in Scotland, in small crystals ; at Jotun Fjeld in Norway, in a kind of porphyry, and at Snarura, in albite, along with rutile and apatite ; at Plauensche Griind, near Dresden ; in granite near Suhl in the Thiiriugerwald. Oerine occurs at Bastniis in Sweden with hornblende and chalco- pyrite. Orthite occurs in acicular crystals sometimes a foot long at Finbo near Fahlun, and at Ytterby in Sweden ; at Skeppsholm near Stockholm, in black vitreous masses disseminated through gneiss ; also at Krageroe, Hitteroe, and Fille Fjeld in Norway ; at Miask in the Ural. Urato-rthite occurs with small crystals of zircon in flesh-red feldspar at Miask in the Ural. In Mass., at the Bolton quarry ; at St. Royalston, in boulders ; in Athol, on the road to West- minster, in gneiss; at Swampscot, near Marblehead. In Conn., at Allen's vein, at the gneiss quarries, Haddam. In N. York, near W. Point, in tabular cryst. ; Moriah, Essex Co., with magnet- ite and apatite, some cryst. 8-10 in. long, 6-8 broad, and 1-2 thick; at Monroe, Orange Co. lu N. Jersey, at Franklin with feldspar and magnetite. In Penn., at S. Mountain, near Bethlehem, in large crystals ; at E. Bradford in Chester Co. (called orthite, Gr.=3-5, anal. 3); at Easton, Northampton Co. ; near Eckhardt's furnace, Berk's Co., abundant. In Canada, at St. Paul's, C. W. ; Bay St. Paul, C. E. ; at Hollow lake, head-waters of the S. Muskoka (Gr.=3-255 3-288, Chapman). On cryst, see Kokscharof, Min. RussL, iii. 344, iv. 37 ; v. Bath, Pogg., cxiii. 281, ZS. G-., xvi. 25rt. Alt. The hydrous varieties of allanite or orthite are properly altered forms of the species. They often contain carbonic acid. It is probable that the carbonates of lanthanum and of cerium proceed at times from the alteration of allanite. At Sillbohle, in Finland, there are crystals of allanite having an epidote nucleus, and crystals of epidote having a nucleus of allanite, apparently indicating that a change had taken place from one to the other. 279. MUROMONTITE. Kerndt, J. pr. Oh., xliii. 228, 1848. Amorphous ; without any trace of crystallization. In grains. H.=7. G. =4*263. Lustre vitreous or slightly greasy. Color black or greenish-black. Comp. Apparently related to allanite, but containing much yttrium, and h'ttle aluminum or cerium. Analysis: Kerndt (L c.): Si Si Be Fe Mn Ce La Y Oa Mg Na K & loss. 31-09 2-24 5-52 11-23 0-91 5'54 3'54 37'14 0'71 0'42 0'65 017 0'85 Obs. From Mauersberg, near Marienberg, in the Saxon Erzgebirge. Named from a Lathi rendering of Mauersberg. 2 79 A. BODENITB Breith., Pogg., Ixii 273, 1844, Kersten, ib., Ixiii. 135, Kerndt, J. pr. Oh., xliii. 219. Related to muromontite in composition, and in containing more yttrium than cerium, but has a larger percentage of alumina and lime, and no glucina, and is hydrous. Composition ac- cording to Kerndt (1. c.) : Si Si Fe Mn 6e La Y Ca Mg Na K fl 26-12 10-34 12-05 T62 10-46 7'57 17'43 6'32 2'34 0-84 l'2l 3-82=100. From Boden, near Marienberg, with muromontite. 279B. MICHAELSONITE Dana. An orthite-Uke mineral occurring near Brevig with meliphanite, containing, like muromontite, little alumina and some glucina, afforded Michaelson and Nobet ((Efv. Ak. Stockh., 1862, 505): Si Si e 2r Be Oe La, )i Y Mg Ca !fra ~& 1. 29-21 2-81 6-42 5'44 4'27 9'79 15'60 1'63 0'45 14'93 2'45 5-50=98'41 Mich, 2 28-80 17-51 11-47 14-12 1-49 tr. 16-06 Nobel. Tn anal. 2, Nobel obtained also 0'83 p. c. of a precipitate by means of S H. H.=4 5 ; G-.=3'44 ; in thin splinters transparent to translucent ; lustre vitreous ; amorphous. It differs from muro- montite in containing but little yttria. 19 290 OXYGEN COMPOUNDS. 280 ZOISITE. Saualpit (fr. the Sau-Alpe in Oarinthia) v. Zois, and Carinthian Mineralogists, before 1806, JHopr., Beitr, iv. 179, 1807. Zoisite (fr. Carinthia) Wern., 1805. Var. of Epidote H. J d M xix. 365, 1806, Bernhardi, Moll's Efera., Hi. 24, 1807. Illuderit Leonh, Syst. Tab., p 'iv. 1806.' Lime-Epidote. Zoisite, sp. distinct from Epidote, Brooke, Ann. Phil., II. v. 382, 1823* Thulite Brooke, Cryst., 494, 1823. Unionite Silliman, Am. J. Sci., II. viii. 384. Jade (fr near L. Geneva) H. B. de Saussure, Voy. Alpes, i. 112, 1780. Bittersteiu, Schweiz- erische Jade, ffipfner, Mag. Helvet., i. 291, Bergm. J., 448, 1788. Nephrite pt. Wern. Leh- manite Delameth T. T., ii. 354. Jade tenace, Jade de Saussure, H., Tr., iv. 1801. Saussurite T. de Saussure, 3. d. M., xix. 205, 1806. Var. of Zoisite T. S. Hunt, Am. J. Sci., II. xxv. 437, 1858, xxvii. 336, 1859. Orthorhombic. /A 7-116 40', A 1-5=131 If ; a : I : c=l'l93 : 1 : 1-62125. Observed planes : vertical, /, iA, it, irl, *-2, *J, ir&, 1-4 ; domes, 1-S, J-5 ; octahedral, , 2-4 ; f -6. 272 Tennessee. Tennessee. /A ife!21 40', meas. /Ai2=165 29 i-i A i3:=151 37 i A i2=162 51 is Ai2=145 42 2-3 A i3, front, 56 46 i3 A is, side,=123 14 1-2 A 14, top, =109 20 l-l A 1-2, top, =80 3 i-i A l-fc!25 20, meas. J-5 A 4-?=120 14 i A ^=144 57, Descl. 272 ?> observed form, the right / and fc-2, and ^-3 wanting, and planes on left side of summit nearly obsolete ; 271, the normal form as deduced from 272. Crystals, lengthened in the direction of the vertical axis, and verti- cally deeply striated or furrowed. Cleavage : i-l very perfect. Commonly in crystalline masses longitudinally furrowed. Also compact massive. H.=6 6-5. G.=3'll 3-38. Lustre pearly on i-i ; vitreous on surface of fracture. Color grayish- white, gray, yellowish, brown, greenish-gray, apple-green ; also peach-blossom-red to rose-red. Streak uncolored. Trans- parent to subtranslucent. Double refraction feeble ; optic-axial plane i-i ; bisectrix positive, normal to i-l ; Descl. . Var. A. LIME-ZOISITE. 1. Ordinary. Colors gray to white and brown. /A / in Z. of Saualpe 116 48', Breith. ; of Moravia, 117 5', A. Weisbach, the crystal the rhombic prism / with the planes i-5 and i-i, and basal cleavage at right angles to / distinct. For Z. of Kauris, G. 3'226, Breith. ; of Saualpe, 3-345, id. ; of Moravia^ 3'336, id. ; of Faltigl, 3'381, id. ; of Titiribi, N. Gre- nada, 3-381, id. Unionite is a very pure zoisite. 2. Rose-red, or Thulite. G.=3 - 124; fragile; dichroism strong, especially in the direction of the vertical axis ; in this direction reddish, transversely colorless. B. LIME-SODA ZOISITE ; SAUSSURITE (in part). The original saussurite, from the vicinity of Lake Geneva, is a fine-grained compact zoisite, as shown by Hunt, both by the specific gravity and the composition. G.=3'261, fr. the vicinity of Lake Geneva, de Saussure; 3-365 8'385, Hunt; 3'227, Fikenscher; H.=6'5 7 ; color pale bluish-green, greenish-gray, to white or nearly so ; very tough. Hiitlin and Pfaffius have described a saussurite which occurs with serpentine UNISILICATES. 291 in the Schwarzwald (anal. 28). It was partly altered, and had the low hardness 3-5 with G- = 3-16. Comp. A lime-epidote, with little or no iron, and thus differing from epidote. Formula (iCa s + fl) 2 Si 3 = Silica 39'9, alumina 22*8, lime 37'3 = 100. The amount of sesquioxyd of iron varies from to 6-33 p. c. ; if much more is present, amounting to a sixth atomically of the protoxyd bases, the compound appears to take the monoclinic form of epidote, instead of the orthorhombic of zoisite. Saussurite, according to the analyses, has the 0. ratio for R, $, Si=l : 2 : 3^, instead of 1 : 2 : 3, and it appears as if this was another case in which an increase of silica accompanies the increase of alkali in the bases. Both Hunt and Fikenscher's analyses give the 0. ratio 2 : 3^ for the sesquioxyds and silica. Hunt's, however, has an excess of protoxyds. In a second analysis by Hunt (see below), the specimen contained mixed talc, amounting to 10 or 12 p. c. ; and if the magnesia in the first, and in Fikenscher's, is due in part to talc, this would subtract from the silica; and but a small reduction in this way would make the ratio 1:2:3. Analyses: 1, 2, Klaproth (Beitr., iv. 179, v. 41); 3, Rammelsberg (Pogg., c. 133); 4, Bucholz (Gehl. J., i. 200) ; 5, Geff ken (Epid. Anal. Dissert. Jense, 1824) ; 6, Rammelsberg (1. c.) ; 7, Geff- ken (1. c.) ; 8, Hermann (J. pr. Ch., xliii. 35) ; 9, Stromeyer (Unters., 378) ; 10, Rammelsberg (1. c.); 11, Richter (Haid. Ber., iii. 114); 12, Rengert (Ramm. Min. Ch., 1020); 13, 14, Rammelsberg (1. c., 751) ; 15, Bernard (J. pr. Ch., v. 212) ; 16, Kiihn (Ann. Ch. Pharm., lix. 373) ; 17, Rammels- berg (1. c.) ; 18, Brush (Am. J. Sci., II. xxvl 69) ; 19, Thomson (Min., i. 271) ; 20, G-enth (Am. J. Sci., II. xxxiii. 197) ; 21, Trippel (ib.) ; 22, C. Grnelin (J. pr. Ch., xliii.) ; 23, Berlin (Pogg., xlix. 539) ; 24, Pisani (C. R., Ixii. 100); 25, Boulanger (Ann. d. M., III. viiL 159); 26, T. S Hunt (Am. J. Sci., II. xxvii. 345) ; 27, Fikenscher (J. pr. Ch., Ixxxix. 456) ; 28, Hiitlin and A. v. Pfaffius (Kenng., Ueb., 1861, 76) : H =98 Klaproth. =98*5 Klaproth. 2-09=99-84 Ramm. 2-00=99-50 Bucholz. , Mn 7-55=100-50 Geflfk. 2-08=99-53 Ramm. , Mn 1-78 = 101-92 Geffk. 1-69= 100-05 Hermann. 0-95, Mn 0-17 = 100-18 Str. 2-04=98-82 Ramm. 1-22 = 101-39 Richter. 2-87=99-18 Rengert. 3-67 = 99-56 Ramm. 3-18, K 0-91=99-98 Ramm. , K 1-50=98-55 Besnard. 0-42 = 99-81 Kiihn. 2-25=99-83 Ramm. 2-22=100-89 Brush. 1-71=99-34 Thomson. 0-71, Mn 0-19, Cu 0'24= 99-20 Geuth. 0-26=99-22 Trippel. 0-64, Na 1-89, Mn 1-63 = 99-13 Gmelin. 1-32, Mn 1-05 b , V 0-22 = 98-53 Berlin. 3-70=100-55 Pisani. , K 1-6=100-6 Boulang. 0-35, Na 3 -08 =100 -04 Hunt. 0-71, Na 4-23 = 99-68 Fik. 3-83, Na, K 3'83 Hiitlin. In anal. 3, G-.=3'353; anal. 6, G.=3'361 ; anal. 10, G-.=3-352; anal 13, G.=3'251 ; 14, G.= 3-280 , 17, G-.=3'341; 18, G.=3'299 ; 20, G-.=3'344, some specimens pinkish; 23, G.=3'34; 24, G.=3-02, H.=6'5; 26, G. =3-3 3-4, H.=7, the mineral from the valley of the Rhone fc Switzerland, or the region of L. Geneva; 27, G.= 3*227, same loc. ; 28, G.=3'16. Si & 3Pe % Ca 1. Saualpe, grih.-gy. 45 29 3 21 2. " rdh.-white 44 32 2-5 20 3. " 40-64 28-39 3-89 0-57 24-26 4. Fichtelgebirge 40-25 30-25 4-50 22-50 5. M 40-03 29-83 4-24 18-85 G. a 40-32 29-77 2-77 0-24 24-35 7. Faltigl, Tyrol 40-74 28-94 5-19 4-75 20-52 8. u 40-95 30-34 5-51 21-56 9. Sterzing, Tyrol, white 39-91 31-97 2-44 0-89 a 23-85 10. M 40-00 30-34 2-06 0-23 24-15 11. Passeyrthal, Tyrol 40-57 32-67 5-11 20-82 12. " " gyh.-white 39-56 27-64 3-00 I'll 25-00 13. Thai Fusch, ywU.-gy. 41-92 27-09 2-94 1-21 22-73 14. Mt. Rosa, gnh. 42-35 28-30 3-08 0-56 21-60 15. Grossarlthal, Salzburg 40-00 26-46 6-33 3-60 20-16 16. Zwiesel, Bav. 40-62 29-18 6-19 0-73 22-67 17. Goshen, Mass. 40-06 30-67 2-45 0-49 23-91 18. Unionville, Pa., Unionite 40-61 33-44 0-49 tr. 24-13 19. Williamsburg, Mass. 40-21 25-59 8-55 23-28 20. Polk Co., Tenn., gy., gnh. 40-04 30-63 2-28 tr. 25-11 21. n it 43-20 29-60 2-88 0-56 22-72 22. Tellemark, Thulite 42-81 31-14 2-29 18-73 23. Arendal, " 40-28 31-84 1-54 0-66 21-42 24. Traversella, " 41-79 31-00 Fe 1-95 2-43 19-68 25. Orezza, Saussurite 43-6 32-0 2-4 21-0 26. L. Geneva, 43-59 27-72 2-61 2-98 19-71 27. 45-34 30-28 Fe 1-37 3-88 13-87 28. Schwarzwald, " 42-64 31-OOFe2-40 5-73 8-21 a Soda and potash. b Made Mn 2 O 8 by Berli 292 OXYGEN COMPOUNDS. Anal. 20 is of the same mineral that was analyzed by Mallet under the name idocrase (Am. J. Sci., II. xx. 85). In anal 28, 1-13 of the silica was separated as soluble silica. Hunt obtained for another specimen of saussurite containing much talc (which was so disseminated through it that separation was impossible) Si 48*10, l 25'34, e 3-30, Ca 12'60, Mg 6'76, Na 3'55, ign. 0'66= 100-31. If all but 3 p. c. of the magnesia (the amount in anal 26) belonged to the talc, the amount of talc present would be 1 1 p. c. Pyr,, etc. B.B. swells up and fuses at 3 3'5 to a white blebby mass. Not decomposed by acid ; when previously ignited gelatinizes with muriatic acid. Obs. This species was instituted by Werner in 1 805, first united to epidote by Haiiy and Bernhardi independently in 1806, and separated again from epidote on crystallographic grounds by Brooke, in 1 823. Descloizeaux has confirmed Brooke's conclusion by optical examinations, and fur- ther has shown that the crystallization is orthometric, instead of clinometric. Thulite is referred to the species by Descloizeaux, together with the lime-epidote from most of the localities mentioned in connection with the analyses. The angle i-% A i-l hi thulite is near 152; Brooke remarks 'upon the isomorphism of the species with euclase. Zoisile was so named after Baron von Zois, from whom Werner received his first specimens ; and Thulite, after Thule, an ancient name of Norway. The original zoisite is that of the Saualpe in Carinthia. Other localities are as mentioned. The gray mineral of Fichtelgebirge in Baireut, was referred here by Bernhardi (1. c., 1806), and both to epidote. Thulite occurs at Souland in Tellemark, in Norway, with bluish idocrase (cyprine), yellowish- white garnet, epidote, and fluorite ; also at the iron mine of Klodeberg near Arendal ; and at Traversella in Piedmont, forming small veins with talc and actinolite in granite. Saussurite forms with smaragdite the euphotide of the Alps, a rock which, as a result of glacier action, is widely distributed in boulders over the valley of the Rhone, and the country about Lake Geneva ; the boulders, as ascertained by Prof. Guyot. were derived from the chain of the Sassgrat, through the valley of the Sass, and are distributed to a distance of 150 m. from this place of ori- gin. Found also in serpentine, in the Schwarzwald, but more or less altered (anal. 28). Hunt showed that both the very high specific gravity and composition identified the mineral with zois- ite. (For other minerals that have passed under the name of saussurite, see Garnet, Meionite, Labradorite.) In the United States, found in Vermont, at Willsboro, in columnar masses ; at Montpelier, bluish- gray along with caJcite, in mica schist. In Mass., at Chester, in mica schist ; at Goshen, Chesterfield, Hinsdale, Heath, Leyden, Williamsburg, Windsor. In Conn., at Milford. In Penn., in W. Brad- ford and W. Goshen, Chester Co.; in Kennet township and E. Marlboro; at Union ville, white ( Unionite) with corundum and euphyllite. In Tenn., at Ducktown copper mines. Neither zoisite nor epidote has yet been found among furnace or laboratory products. ' On cryst, B. & M., p. 306; Descl., Min., i. 238. The crystal figured above by the author (and from the cabinet of Prof. Brush) is in. long, but was attached by one side to a large imperfect crystal, and hence its planes were irregularly developed. The left 1-2 and 2-4 were minute and somewhat rounded. The angle /A i-l by Descloizeaux's measurement, is 12 1 40', as given above ; Descloizeaux obtained also for i-iAi-2 = 162 20', -HA-H, top, = 120 nearly; for i-i A*-2=107 13', whence -2 A ^-2=145 34', and Miller found 107" 12', whence 145 36'. Zoisite is closely isomorphous with epidote. If the figure 266 under epidote (p. 28) is placed with the longer planes vertical, it then represents very nearly the form of zoisite ; the angle of this prism i-iAl-i is ^.15 24', and -1 A -1 = 109 35'; and correspondingly, the prismatic angle of zoisite is 116 40', and the brachydome l-i has the summit angle 109 20'. The position given the crystals of epidote by Haiiy has therefore a crystallogenic interest, and the name he applied to the species peculiar significance. 280A. JADEITE. Nephrite or Jade pt. Jadeite Damowr, C. B., Ivi. 861. Massive, with traces of a foliated columnar structure on a surface of fracture. H.=6-5-T. G.^3'33-3-35, fr. China, Damour; 3'32, fr. Yunnan, China, Brush ; 3*32, fr. ornaments in ancient Swiss lake-dwellings, Fellen- berg. Lustre subvitreous, pearly on surfaces of cleavage. Color apple- green to nearly emerald-green, bluish-green, leek-green, greenish- white, and nearly white. Streak uncolored. Translucent to subtranslucent. Fracture splintery. alumina 22*2, dipyre, while like zoisite in TJNISILICATES. 293 its very high specific gravity, as remarked by T. S. Hunt, who refers the species to the epidote group (C. R., June, 1863), and gives the species the same position in that group as dipyre in the scapolite group. Analyses: 1, Damour (1. c.); 2, Fellenberg (Nat. Ges. Bern, 1865, 112): Si l Fe Mg Ca Na K H 1. China 59-17 22-58 1-56 1-15 2'68 12-93 tr. = 100-07 Damour. 2. Swiss Lake-hab. 58 89 22-40 1'66 1-28 3-12 12'86 0-49 0-20, 2n 0-73 = 101-03 Fell In an imperfect analysis of a specimen from the province of Yunnan, China, obtained by R. Pumpelly, Win. Cook found (priv. contrib.) Si 59'35, il 24-07, Mg tr., Ca 0*77, Na 13-01, K 0-18, H 0-30=97-60. The analysis shows that Mr. Pumpelly rightly indentifies this stone, the Feitsui of the Chinese, with jadeite (Geol. China, etc., 117, 118, 1866, Smithson. Contrib., No. 202). Pyr., etc. B.B. fuses readily to a transparent blebby glass. Not attacked by acids after fusion, and thus differing from saussurite. Obs. Jadeite is one of the kinds of pale green stones used in China for making ornaments, and passing under the general name of jade or nephrite. Mr. Pumpelly remarks that thefeitsui is perhaps the most prized of all stones among the Chinese. He also observes that the chalchihuitl of the ancient Mexicans, of which he had seen many specimens, is probably the same mineral. But W. P. Blake identifies this name with the turquois from the vicinity of Santa Fe*(Am. J. Sci., II. xxv. 227). 281, PARTSCHINITE. Partschin Haid., Ber., iii. 440, 1847, Ber. Ak. Wien, xii. 480. Monoclinic. 7 A 7=91 52', C=52 16', A ^=127 44:', A 14= 148, A 7=116 5', 14 A 14, ov. 0,=116, A -=126 51'. . H.=6-5 7. G-.=4:-006, v. Hauer. Lustre a little greasy, feeble. Color yellowish, reddish. Subtranslucent. Fracture subcoiichoidal. Comp. 0. ratio for R, fi, Si, 1:1: 2, as in garnet, and near spessartine. Yon Hauer obtained (L c., |) Si 35-63, Si 18-99, Fe 14*17, Mn 29-28, Ca 2-77, H 0'38. Obs. In very small dull crystals and rounded fragments, in the- auriferous sands of Ohlapian, Transylvania. 282. GADOLINITE. Schwarzer Zeolith (fr. Ytterby) Geyer, CrelTs Ann., 1788. Ytterbit (Sili- cate of Alumina, Ox. Iron, and a new earth) Gadolin, Ak. H. Stockh., 1794; Ekeberg, ib., 1797 (naming the earth YTTRIA). Gadolinit Klapr. (Ak. Berlin, 1800), Beitr., iii. 52, 1802. Orthorhombic. 7A 7=116, A 1-^114 24 7 ; a ill c=2'2054 : 1 : 1-6003, Nordenskiold, or near zoisite, if a be made -faa. Observed planes : 273. 274. Ytterby. Ytterby. ; vertical, 7, i-i, i-i 9 i-% ; brachy domes, -J4, 14, 24 ; macrodomes, J-; octahedral, 1, i, 1-2, 2-2, f-f, 2-|. Cleavage none. 294 OXYGEN COMPOUNDS. A 1-1=125 58' O A 24=109 57 A 44= 146 26 A IIll # 24 A 2-2, top, =39 54 4-1 A -H, top, =110 52 1-1 A 1-1, top, =71 56 /A ^-2 = 160 40' /A 1=158 58 -l A 1-2, ov. ^,=122 40 H.=6-5-7. G.=4 4-5; of Ytterby 4-097 4-226, but after beating 4-2864-456, H. Eose ; 4*35, from Hitteroe, Scheerer. Lustre vitreous. Color black, greenisb-black ; in thin splinters nearly transparent, and grass-green to olive-green. Streak greenish-gray. Double refraction in Hitteroe crystals, sometimes distinct, with optical axes very divergent, in others often wanting. In the mass subtranslucent opaque. Iracture conchoidal. Oomp., Var. G-adolinite varies widely in its crystals, and physical and chemical characters, even in specimens from the same locality, and much more so in those of different. The crystals are usually rough and irregular, and sometimes oblique in different directions. Hauy (Min., 1822), Phillips (Min., 1823), Levy (Min. Heuland, ii. 46), Kupffer, Scheerer (Gaja Norvegica, 313), and Waage (Forh. Selsk. Christiania, 1864, and Jahrb. Min, 1867, 696) have made it monoclmic; and Brooke and Miller (Min., 322, using the same cryst. examined by Phillips), Scheerer (Jahrb. Min., 1861, 134), A. E. Nordenskiold ( A 4=167 31 A 24=138 29 1 A 1, mac.,=139 32 1 A 1, brach.,=117 27' irZ A^'-2=143 8 14 A 14= 112 49 i-$ A -2, brack, =106 15 /A ^-2=160 34 /A 2=164: 45 Lateral faces usually striated longitudinally. Cleavage : parallel to the longer diagonal, indistinct. Also columnar or compact massive. H.=5-5-6. a.=3-7-4-2; 3-994, fr. Elba, Haidinger ; 3-9796, ib., Stromeyer; 3-8254-061, ib., Lelievre; 3-711, fr. Nassau, Tobler. Lustre submetallic. Color iron-black, or dark grayish- black. Streak black, inclining to green or brown. Opaque. Fracture uneven. Brittle. Comp. 0. ratio, from Tobler's anal (No. 7), for &, fi, Si=3 : 2 : 5, whence (fR 3 +fl) 2 Si =Silica 32-8, sesquioxyd of iron 23*4, prot. id. 31-5, lime ^1 2 -3 = 1 00 ; and, as the specimens were partly in crystals (having the planes i-%, l-i, J, 1), this may be the normal composition of the spe- cies. This variety is of low specific gravity, and contains much manganese. The other analyses show a deficiency of silica for a unisilicate. In Rammelsberg's (No. 3) the 0. ratio for R, B, Si, H=11'08 : 6'76 : 15'90 : 1-42; or forfi+B, Si, fi=9 : 8 : 0*75. In anal. 2, the last ratio is 7 : 6 : 0'4, and in No. 5, 6 : 5 : 0. Stadeler found water a constant ingredient, and, as it was not expelled below ignition, regards it as basic. His closely-agreeing analyses give for ft-f-S, Si, H the 0. ratio 9:8:1, and for Ca, e, Fe, 2 : 4 : 1. If II be basic, the 0. ratio of bases and silica is 5 : 4, which is expressed in the formula (A 3 , R 3 , ) 6 Si 6 . But hi view of the variation in ratio in the analyses of the Elba mineral, and its opacity, we may reasonably infer that impurities are present (as staurotide exemplifies, p. . . .), and that these impurities are mainly hydrated oxyd of iron, of the species gothite, which mineral loses its water at a high temperature. Allowing for this admixture, all ilvaite may come under the general for- mula (& s , B) 2 Si 3 +m3PeS; with the 0. ratio for bases and silica 7 : 6, m would equal ^. Analyses : 1, Stromeyer (Unters., 372) ; 2, same with v. Kobell's estimation of the iron (Schw. J., IxiL 166); 3, Rammelsberg (Fogg., 1. 157, 340, Min. Oh., 740); 4, 5, Wackernagel and Franks (Min. Ch., ib.); 6, Stadeler (J. pr. Ch., xcbc. 70); 7, Tobler (Ann. Ch. Pharm., xcix. 122): Si l Pe $e Mn Mn 6a fl 1. Elba 29-28 0'61 52-54 1-59 13-78 1'27=99'07 Stromeyer. 2. 29-28 0-61 23-00 31-90 1'59 18-78 1-27 = 101-43, Str., Kob. 3. 29-83 22-55 32-40 T50 12-44 1-60=100-32 Eamm. 4. " 29-45 25-79 28-60 0'94 15'49 =100'27 Wackernagel. 6. 29-61 21-09 32-71 1-55 14-47 =99'43 Franke. 6. " f 29-34 20-84 34-13 1-01 12-78 2'43 = 100 -5 3 Stadeler. 7. Nassau 33*30 22-57 24-02 6'78 11-68 1-12=99'47 Tobler. UNISILICATES. 297 Werner placed lievrite in his system next to epidote. Pyr., etc. B.B. fuses quietly at 2'5 to a black magnetic bead. With the fluxes reacts for iron. Some varieties give also a reaction for manganese. Gelatinizes with muriatic acid. Obs. First found on the Rio la Marina, and at Cape Calamita, on Elba, by M. Lelievre, in 1802, where it occurs in large solitary crystals, and aggregated crystallizations in dolomite with pyrox- ene, etc. Also found at Fossum in Norway ; in Siberia ; near Andreasberg in the Harz ; at the mine of Temperino in Tuscany, granular, in limestone with actinolite ; near Predazzo, Tyrol, in granite ; at Schneeberg in Saxony ; at Skeen in Norway ; at Hebrun in Nassau ; at Kangerdluarsuk in Greenland. Reported as formerly found at Cumberland, R. I., in slender black or brownish-black crystals, traversing quartz along with magnetite and hornblende ; also at Milk Row quarry, Somerville, Mass. On cryst., Descloizeaux, Ann. d. M., Y. viii. 402, and his Mineralogie, 1862, from whom the above angles are taken ; his calculations were made from 1 A 1 and 1-4 A l-l. The observed angle /A / was about 111. Also Hessenberg, Min. Not, No. III. 1. Named Ilvaite from the Latin name of the island (Elba) on which it was found ; Lievrite after its discoverer ; Yenite (should have been Jenite) in commemoration of the battle of Jena, in 1806. The Germans, and later the French, have rightly rejected the name yenite, on the ground that commemorations of political hostility or triumph are opposed to the spirit of science. Descloi- zeaux adopts Ilvaite. A boulder from near Bytpwn, Canada, analyzed by T. S. Hunt, gave (Logan's Rep., 1853, 1863) Si 27-80 28-20, 3Pe 10-80, Fe 56'52, Mg 2'59, Ca 0-64, ign. 1-20=99-55; and is referred by him to lievrite. It is black, submetallic, and magnetic, with two oblique cleavages; H. = 5'5; G.= 4'15 4'16; and in powder it gelatinizes with acids. The composition is essentially that of fay- alite ; and the substance, although stated to contain some black mica and red granular garnet, has been supposed to be a furnace slag. Wehrlite is probably h'evrite, as suggested by Zipser. It is massive granular. H. = 6 6*5. G. =3-90. Analysis by Wehrle, Si 34'60, e 42-38, Mn 0-28, 3tl 0-12, Fe 15-78, Ca 5'84, H TOO = 100. B.B. fuses with difficulty on the edges. Imperfectly soluble in muriatic acid. From Szurrasko, Hungary. If i-\ be taken as / in lievrite, the form becomes very nearly tetragonal, affording /A /within half a minute of 90, A 1-1=146 24', 1-?A1-S=112 49'. 285. AXINITE. Espece de Schorl (fr. Oisans) Schreiber, 1781, de Lisle's Crist, ii. 353, 1783. Schorl violet, Schorl transparent lenticulaire (fr. Oisans), de Lisle, ib., and J. de. Phys., xxvi. 66, 1785. Thumerstein (fr. Thum) Wern., Bergm. J., 54, 261, 1788. Glasschorl Blumenb., Nat., 1791. Schorl violet, Yanolite, Delameth., Sciagr., i. 287, 1792. Axinite H., J. d. M., v. 264, 1799, Tr., iii. 1801. Thumite. Triclinic. Crystals usually broad, and acute-edged. 276 277 278 Dauphiny. Dauphiny. Cornwall. Making m=0,P= / J r ,u=I f , a (brachyd.) : I (macrod.) : c^O'49266 : 1 0-45112. Observed planes, v. Kath : 298 OXYGEN COMPOUNDS. With also A a =:2-| / . Interfacial angles : P A r=134 45' P A 2=116 24 P A m (<9)=90 4 P A ^=135 31' PA 5=146 42 P Ay, ov. 5, =100 48 PAw, adj..=119 31 w A $=152' 3 u A 7;=147 31' u A Z=164 26 r A 5=143 35 ?* A #=139 13 r A 1^=115 38 Also P l\ e, adj.,=134 40J Cleavage : i-i (v) quite distinct ; in other directions indistinct, massive, lamellar, lamellae often curved ; sometimes granular. H.=6'5 7. Gr.=3'271, Haidinger; a Cornish specimen. Lustre highly glassy. Color clove-brown, plum-blue, and pearl-gray ; exhibits trichroism, different colors, as cinnamon-brown, violet-blue, olive-green, being seen in different directions. Streak uncolored. Transparent to subtranslucent. Fracture conchoidal. Brittle. Pyroelectric, with two axes, the analogue (L) and antilogue (T) poles being situated as indicated in figure 276 (G. Rose). Double refraction strong. Comp. 0. ratio for R, &, B, Si, 1:1-8: 0'5 : 3-6 ; whence for R+S+B, Si, 3-3 : 3-6. or 1:1; whence (R 3 ) 2 Si 8 + 2 B 2 Si3+i B 2 Si s =(R 3 , 8, B) 2 Si 3 . According to Rose. R'(Si, B) 2 + 2 (Si, B). Analyses : 1, Hisinger (Min. Schwed., 170); 2, Wiegmann (Schw. J., xxxii. 462); 3-6, Rammels- berg(Pogg., 1,363): B l 3Pe Mn Ca ]fi[g & , ign. 0-3098-56 Hisinger. =100 Wiegmann. 0-64=100-43 Ramm. und. Ramm. , B, K and loss 6'62 Ramm. , B, K and loss 5*81 Ramm. Rammelsberg states that, m the last two analyses, 4'5 of the last entry in each is not too large an estimate for the boric acid. Pyr., etc. B.B. fuses readily with intumescence, imparts a pale green color to the O.F., and fuses at 2 to a dark green to black glass ; with borax in O.F. gives an amethystine bead (man- ganese), which hi R.P. becomes yellow (iron). Fused with a mixture of bisulphate of potash and fluor on the platinum loop colors the flame green (boric acid). Not decomposed by acids, but when previously ignited, gelatinizes with muriatic acid. Obs. Axinite occurs in implanted glassy clove-brown crystals, at St. Cristophe, near Bourg d'Oisans in Dauphiny, with albite, prehnite, and quartz ; at Santa Maria, Switzerland ; at the sil- ver mines of Kongsberg, in smaller crystals ; with hornblende or magnetic iron in Normark in Sweden ; in Cornwall, of a dark color, at the Botallack mine, where it also occurs massive, form- ing a peculiar kind of rock with garnet and tourmaline ; at Trewellard, at Garn Silver near La- morran creek, and at Boscawen Cliffs in St. Burien ; in Devonshire, at Brent Tor, 4 m. north of Tavistock ; at Thum near Ehrenfriedersdorf in Saxony. It occurs with gray cobalt near Coquim- bo, Chili, at the mine La Buitre ; at Phipsburg, Maine, with yellow garnet and idocrase ; at Wales, Maine ; at Cold Spring, N. Y. For recent articles on cryst, Descl. Min., i. 515 ; Hessenberg, Min. Not., No. V. p. 27, f. 23 ; v. Rath, Pogg., cxxviii. 20, 227. Figs. 2, 3, and the above list of planes and angles, are from v. Rath. Fig. 1 is from Rose and Riess on the Pyroelectricity of Axinite, Schrift. Ak. Berlin, MX. 375. Axinite admits of a high polish, but is deficient in delicacy of color. Si B 51 3Pe &n Ca ftg 1. "Wermland 41-50 13-56 7-36 10-00 25-84 2. Treseburg 45-00 2-00 19-00 12-25 9-00 12-50 0-25 3. Dauphiny 43-68 6-61 15-63 9-45 3-05 20-67 1-70 4. u 43-46 und. 16-30 10-25 2-74 19-90 1-55 5. Treseburg 43-74 15-66 11-94 1-37 18-90 1-77 6. Ural 43-72 16-92 10-21 1-16 19-97 2-21 M 299 Well named from a^ivrj, an axe, in allusion to the form of the crystals. The name yanolite is of earlier date ; but it means violet-stone, and violet is not a characteristic color of the mineral. Alt. Crystals altered to chlorite occur on Dartmoor in Devonshire, England. 286. DANBURTTE. Danburite Shepard, Am. J. ScL, xxxv. 137, 1839. Triclinic. Approximate angles, P A M=110 and 70, M A T=54, and 126, P AT=93 nearly, P A e=135. Cleavage : distinct, parallel to M and P, less so parallel to T. Crystals imbedded, and often an inch broad. Also disseminated massive, with- 279 out regular form. H.=T. G.=2-95, Silliman, Jr. ; 2'957, 2'958, Brush. Color pale yellow, whitish. Lustre vitreous, but usually rather weak. Translucent to subtranslucent. Yery brittle. Oomp. ratio for R, B, Si=l : 3 : 4; Ca 2 Si+B 2 Si 3 =(i Ca 3 +B) 2 Si 3 =rSilica 48-9, boric acid 28'4, lime 22'7 = 100. Analyses: 1, 2, Smith and Brush (Am. J. ScL, II. xvi. 365) : Si B 3tl3Pe Mn Ca Mg ign. 1. 48-10 27-73 0'30 0'56 22'41 0'40 0'50=100. 2. 48-20 27-15 1'02 22'33 undet 0'50 99'20. Erni was the first to detect the boric acid, but as he admits (Erni's Mineralogy simplified, p. 147), his analysis was incorrect the mineral not containing the 10 p. c. of alkalies announced by him, as directly proved by Smith and Brush. Shepard stated (1. c.) that the mineral had 8 p. c. of water without boric acid ; and yet it is certain that the mineral was the same that was investi- gated by Smith and Brush. Pyr., etc. Yields no water in the closed tube. B.B. fuses at 3-5 to a colorless glass, and imparts a green color to the O.F.; this is heightened by moistening the assay with sulphuric acid before heating. Not decomposed by muriatic acid, but sufficiently attacked for the solution to give the reaction of boric acid with turmeric paper. When previously ignited gelatinizes with muriatic acid. Obs. Occurs with orthoclase and oligoclase in dolomite at Danbury, Connecticut. It has some resemblance to chondrodite in color, lustre, and brittleness, but is distinctly cleavable, although the planes of cleavage are often irregular ; it may be readily recognized by its pyrognostic char- acters. 287. IOLITE. Spanischer Lazulith v. Schlottheim, Hoff. Mag. Min., i. 169, 1801. lolith (fr. Spain) Went.; Karst. (with descr.), Tab., 46, 92, 1808. lolithe K, TabL, 61, 221, 1809. Dichroit Cordier, J. d. M., xxv. 129, 1809, J. de Phys., IxviiL 298, 1809. Steinheilite Gadolin, Mem. Ac. St. Pet., vi. 565. Peliom (fr. Bodenmais) Wern., Hoffm. Min., iv. b, 117, 1817. Cordierite Lucas, Tabl., ii. 219, 1813; K, Tr., iiL 5, 1822. Hard Fahlunit. Luchssaphir, Wassersaphir in Grerm., Saphir d'eau in Fr., of Ceylon Jewelry. Orthorhombic. In stout prisms often hexagonal. /A 1= 11 9 10' and 60 50', A 1 -2=150 49 r . Observed planes: 0\ vertical, /, i-l, i-i, i-Z ; domes, f-?, 1-2, 2-2 ; pyramids, 4-, 4, 1, 3-3. O A 1=132 12', A J=150 7', /A ^-5=150, i4 A U =150 25 7 , to A .8=120 50'. Cleavage : i-i distinct ; i-l and indistinct. Crystals often transversely divided or foliated parallel with O. Twins : composition-face I. Also massive, compact. H.=7-7'5. G.=2-56-2-6Y; 2-5969, Greenland, Stromeyer; 2'65 2'6643, Haddam, Thomson; Ostgoth- land 2'-64, Siidermanland 2'61, Schutz ; 2'605, Mursinka, Kokscharof. Lustre vitreous. Color various shades of blue, light or dark, smoky-blue ; 300 OXYGEN COMPOUNDS. Si XI Fe Mn Mg Ca 1. Bodenmais 48-35 31-71 8-32 0-33 10-16 2. Greenland 49-17 33-11 4-34 0-04 11-45 3. Fahlun 50-25 32-42 4-01 10-85 4. Ostgothland 48-6 30-5 10-7 o-i 8-2 5. Sudermanland 49-7 32-0 6-0 o-i 9-5 0-6 6. Krageroe (1)50-44 32-95 12-76 1-12 7. Mursinka 50-65 30-26 4-10 0-60 11-09 8. Finland 48-54 31-73 5-69 Mn 0-70 11-30 9. 49-95 32-88 5-00 0-03 20-45 10. 48-9 30-9 6-3 0-3 11-2 11. Haddam, Ct. 49-62 28-72 11-58 1-51 8-64 0-23 12. Unity, Me. 48-11 32-50 7-92 0-28 10-14 pleochroic, being often deep blue along the vertical axis, and brownish- yellow or yellowish-gray perpendicular to it. Streak uncolored. Trans- parent translucent. Fracture subconchoidal. Double refraction feeble ; bisectrix negative, normal to 0. Comp. 0. ratio for bases and silica 4 : 5 or 1 : 1 J. The state of oxydation of the iron is still unascertained, and hence there is uncertainty as .to .the proportion between the protqxyds and sesquioxyds. The ratio usually deduced for R, R, Si is 1 : 3 : 5. The formula 2 R Si+R 2 S 3 , which corresponds to this ratio, =, if Mg : Fe=2 : 1, Silica 49-4, alumina 33-9, magnesia 8-8, protoxyd of iron, 7-9=100. Analyses: 1-3, Stromeyer (Unters., 329, 431); 4, 5, Schiitz (Pogg., liv. 565); 6, Scheerer (Pogg., Ixviii. 319) ; 7, Hermann (Koksch. Min. Russl., iii. 257) ; 8, Stromeyer (Untersuch., 329, 431); 9, Bonsdorff (Schw. J., xxxiv. 369); 10, Schiitz (Pogg., liv. 565); 11, Thomson (Min., i. 278); 12, C. T. Jackson (This Min., 1844, 406, G. Rep. N. Hamp., 184): 0-59=99-46 Stromeyer. 1-20=99-31 Stromeyer. 1-66, Mn 0-68=99-87 Stromeyer. 1-5, undec. 0'2 = 100-3 Schiitz. 2-1, undec. 0-6=100-6 Schiitz. 1-02, 3Pe 1-07 = 99-36 Scheerer. 2-66, Li 0-64=100 Hermann. 1-69=99-65 Stromeyer. 1-75 = 100-06 Bonsdorff. 1-9, undec. 1-6 = 101-1 Schiitz. =100-30 Thomson. 0-50=99-49 Jackson. Pyr., etc. B.B. loses transparency and fuses at 55-5. Only partially decomposed by acids. Decomposed on fusion with alkaline carbonates. Obs. lolite occurs in granite, gneiss, hornblendic, chlorite and talcose schist, and allied rocks, with quartz, orthoclase or albite, tourmaline, hornblende, andalusite, and sometimes beryl. Also rarely hi volcanic rocks. At Bodenmais, Bavaria, it is met with in granite, in crystals, along with pyrrhotine, blende, chalcopyrite ; the variety is the peliom of Werner, named from TrtXios in allusion to its smoky blue color. It occurs in quartz at Ujordlersoak in Greenland ; in granite at Cape de Gata, in Spain ; at Krageroe in Norway ; Orijerfvi, in Finland (steinheilite) ; Tunaberg, in Sweden ; Finspaong in Ostgothland ; Brunhult in Sudermanland ; Fahlun (hard fahlunite) ; Lake Laach, with sanidin ; at Campiglia Maritima, Tuscany, in a trachytic rock, containing also mica, quartz, and sanidin. Ceylon affords a transparent variety, in small rolled masses of an intense blue color, the sapphire d'eau of jewellers. At Haddam, Conn., associated with tourmaline in a granitic vein in gneiss ; sparingly at the chrysoberyl locality, in an altered or fahlunite condition ; abundant in quartz with garnet and yellowish-green feldspar, near the Norwich and Worcester Railway, between the Shetucket and Quinnebaug, where the gneiss has been quarried for the road. At Brimfield, Mass., on the road leading to Warren, near Sam Patrick's with adularia, in gneiss ; also good at Richmond, NT. H., in talcose rock, along with anthophyllite. lolite is occasionally employed as an ornamental stone, and when cut exhibits different colors in different directions. Named lolite from lav, violet, and Xfflo?, stone; Dichroite, from its dichroism ; Cordierite, after Cordier, the geologist, who first studied the crystal of the species ; Steinheilite by Gadolin after Mr. Steinheil. Lucas and Haiiy, who adopt cordierite, rejected the earlier names iolite and dichroite because the former is not always applicable, and the latter is equally applicable to various other stones. Epi- dole, pyroxene, and a multitude of other names, if judged by the same code, would be found to have no better claim to recognition. Alt. The alteration of iolite takes place so readily by ordinary exposure, that the mineral is most commonly found in an altered state, or enclosed in the altered iolite. This change may be a sim pie hydration (fahlunite, etc.) ; or a removal of part of the protoxyd bases by carbonic acid ; or the introduction of oxyd of iron ; or of alkalies, forming pinite and mica. The first step in the change consists in a division of the prisms of iolite into plates parallel to the base, and a pearly foliation of the surfaces of these plates ; with a change of color to grayish-green and greenish- gray, and sometimes brownish-gray. As the alteration proceeds, the foliation becomes more com- UNISILICATES. 301 plete ; afterward it may be lost. The mineral in this altered condition has many names : as hydrous iolite, pinite, cataspilite, fahlunite^ lonsdorffite, esmarkite, chlorophyllite, gigantolite, praseolite. aspasiolite. Pinite, as far as it is altered iolite, includes properly the alkaline kinds. Fahlunite and the following, excepting the last, correspond to iolite + aq. In most cases if the water of the altered iolifce be included with the bases, the oxygen ratio between the bases and silica becomes 1:1; it seems, therefore, quite probable that the strong tendency of iolite to take up water is owing to the fact that its silica (whose amount of oxygen exceeds that of the bases by one-fourth) is not saturated with bases. Regarding the water of the altered .mineral as basic, esmarkite, chlo- rophyllite, gigantolite, and praseolite will have the formula (R 3 , R) Si ; and fahlunite and bonsdorffite, containing twice as much water as the preceding, would have the formula (R 3 , &) Si + H. If 1 : 3 : 5 : be the oxygen ratio for R, S, Si, II in iolite, 1:3:5:1 will be the ratio for esmar* Me, etc., and 1 : 3 : 5 : 2, for fahlunite, etc. Weissite, iberite, huronite are names of other min- erals supposed to be altered iolite. For the distinguishing characters and analyses of the different kinds of altered iolite, see FINITE, FAHLUNITE, and CATASPILITB, under HYDROUS SILICATES. MICA GROUP. The minerals of the Mica group are alike in having (1) the prismatic angle 120 ; (2) eminently perfect basal cleavage, affording readily very thin, tough, laminae ; (3) potash almost invariably among the protoxyd bases and alumina among the sesquioxyd ; (4) the crystallization either hexa- gonal or orthorhombic, and therefore the optic axis, or optic-axial plane, at right angles to the cleavage surface. Soda is sparingly present in some micas, and is characteristic of the hydrous species paragonite (p. ). Lithia, rubidia, and cassia occur in lepidolite. Fluorine is often present, probably re- placing oxygen. Titanium is found sparingly in several kinds, and is a prominent ingredient of one species, astrophyllite. It is usually regarded as in the state of titanic acid replacing silica ; but, for reasons elsewhere given, it is 'here made basic. 1. 0. ratio for bases and silica 1 : 1. 288. PHLOGOPITE. (1) Contains magnesia, with little or no iron, and much alumina. (2) 0. ratio for R, R between 2 : 1 and 5 : 3. (3) Optic-axial angle 3 20. (4) Folia tough, and, if not al- tered, elastic. 289. BIOTTTE. (1) Contains magnesia and iron, with much alumina. (2) 0. ratio for R, S about 1 : 1 (rarely 1 : 1-J- or 1 : 2.) (3) Optically uniaxial, but often slightly biaxial through irregularity. (4) Folia tough and elastic. 290. LEPIDOMELANE. (1) Contains much iron and little magnesia, with much of the alumina replaced by sesquioxyd of iron. (2) 0. ratio for R, & about 1 : 3. (3) Optically like biotite. (4) Folia brittle, hardly at all elastic. 291. ANNITE; lepidomelane having the 0. ratio for R, B=l : 2. 292. ASTROPHYLLITE. (1) Contains much titanium, zirconium, etc., with little alumina. (2) 0. ratio for R, $ between 2 : 1 and 5 : 3, nearly as in phlogopite. (3) Optic-axial angle exceeding 90. (4) Folia brittle, but slightly elastic. 2. 0. ratio for bases and silica 1 : 1 to 1 : 2. 293. MUSCOVITE. (1) Contains potash almost alone among protoxyds. with no magnesia, or rarely a little; and alumina as the principal sesquioxyd. (2) 0. ratio for R, $ 1 : 6 to 1 : 12, and for R+R, Si mostly 1 : 1^-. (3) Optic-axial angle 40 75. (4) Folia tough, elastic, except in some hydrous or altered kinds. 294. LEPIDOLITE. (1) Contains lithia, rubidia, and csesia, with potash as the principal protoxyd, and with alumina as the principal sesquioxyd. (2) 0. ratio for R + R-, Si mostly 1 : l. (3) Optic- axial divergence 70 78. 295. CRYOPHYLLITE. (1) Same constituents as lepidolite. (2) 0. ratio for R+K, Si=l : 2. (3) Optic-axial angle 50 60. (4) Folia tough, elastic. The species of the Mica group graduate into the hydrous micas of the Margarodite group (p. ) ; and through these they also approach the foliated species of the Talc and Chlorite groups, especially the latter. The micas were regarded as of one species until 1792, when lepidolifce was made distinct. The earlier synonymy therefore may be conveniently given here. 302 OXYGEN COMPOUNDS. Pliny probably included the mineral mica with the Lapis specularis (xxxvi. 45) or Seknite ; and the shavings or scales of Lapis specularis strown over the " Circus Maximus, " to produce an agreeable whiteness, were probably those of a soft silvery mica schist. His Hammochrysos also (xxxvii. 73, named from a/^oj, sand, xf> vff6 ^ d old ) was probably sand from a yellowish mica schist, which abounds by the road-side in many mica-schist regions. Agricola speaks of the deceptive character of this silvery and golden dust, as cited below. This silvery and golden mica in scales is the Cat-silver and Cat-gold of medieval Europe. The following is the synonymy of the mineral since the time of Pliny : Mica, Ammochrysos, colore argento ita simile sit, ut pueros et rerum metallicarum imperitos decipere possit, Germ. Glimmer, Katzen-Silber, Agric., Foss., 254, 447, Interpr., 466, 1546. Specu- laris lapis adulterinus flexilis sexangulorum Capeller, Prodr. Cryst, 26, 1723. Mica [Talc not included], Vitrum Muscoviticum, V. Rutheniticum, Skimmer, VAR. alba (Kattsilver), flava (Katt- gull), rubra, viridis [Chlorite fr. Sahlberg], nigra, squamosa, radians, fluctuans, hemispherica) Watt., Min., 129, 131, 1747. Mica pfc. [rest Talc, Chlorite], Verre de Moscovie, etc., Fr. Trl. Wall, i. 241, 1753. Mica, Glimmer, Yitrum Muscoviticum (in plates), Mica squamosa (in scales) Cronst., Min., 88, 1758. Isinglass (in large plates), Glimmer or Mica (in small scales) pt. (rest Talc, Chlorite) Hill, Foss., 10, 13, 1771. Glimmer [Chlorite and Talc excluded] Wern., Bergm. J., 37, 1789. The word mica has been said to come from the Latin mica, a crumb or grain, as it was formerly applied especially to the mineral in scales. It is usually derived, however, from the Latin micare, signifying (like the German name Glimmer) to shine. 288. PHLOGOFITE. Magnesia-Mica pt. Ehombic Mica. Ehombenglimmer pt. Phlogopit (fr. Antwerp, N. Y.) Breifh., Handb., 398, 1841. 282 Orthorhombic. /A 7=120, and habit hexagonal. Prisms usually oblong six-sided prisms, more or less tapering, with irregular sides ; rarely, when small, with polished lateral planes. Cleavage basal, highly eminent. Not known in compact massive forms. H. = 2-5-3. G. = 2-78-2-85. Lustre pearly, often submetallic, on cleavage surface. Color yellowish- brown to brownish-red, w r ith often something of a copper-like reflec- tion; also pale brownish-yellow, green, white, colorless. Transpar- ent to translucent in thin folia. Antwerp. Thin laminae tough and elastic. Optical-axial divergence 3 20, rarely less than 5 ; in fig. 282, which represents the optical character of the mica of Natural Bridge, 15. Oomp. -Mostly (f r 'R a +T L f 8) 2 Si 3 ; the bases include magnesia and little or no iron. Possibly for all (| 3 +i ) a Si 3 , as in anal, by Rammelsberg. Phlogopite is a true Magnesia mica. Analyses : 1, Meitzendorff (Pogg., Iviii. 157) ; 2-4, Crawe (Am. J. Scl, II. x. 396) 5 Ram- melsberg (ZS. G., xiv. 758) ; 6, Svanberg (Ak. H. Stockh., 1839, 176) ; 7, Delesse fBull. G. Fr., II. ir. 121) j 8, id. (Ann. d. M., V. x. 519) ; 9, C. Bromeis (Pogg., Iv. 112) \ Si 1. Jefferson Co., N. Y. (f) 41-30 2. Edwards, N. Y. 40-15 15-35 17-36 e Mg Ca 1-77 28-79 28-10 $a 0'05 a 9-70 0-63 10-56 8 0-28 3-30 Meitzend. 4-20=101 Crawe. With some lithia. TJNISILICATES. 303 Si l Fe MU Mg Ca Na K fi F 3. Edwards, N. Y. 40-36 16-45 29-55 4-94 7-23 0'95 =99-48 Crawe 4. " 40-36 16-08 30'25 4'39 6*07 2'65=99'80 Crawe. 5. Gouverneur 41'96 13'47 2'12 0'55 27'12 0-34 tr. 9'37 0'60 2-93 = 98-96 Ramm 6. Sala 42-46 12'86 7'11 1'06 25'39 6'03 3'17 0'62, MgO'36, CaO'10 = 99-16 Svanberg. 7. Vosges 37-54 19'80 1-61 O'lO 30'32 0*70 I'OO 7'17 1-51 0-22=99-97 Delesse 8. " bn., grih. 41'2012-37 9'51 a l'50 b 19'03 1-63 1-28 7'94 2'90 1-06, Li 0'22=98'64 Delesse. 9. Herrchenberg, br. 42-89 6'09 FelO'59 24'33 0'76 0-36 13-15 2'30 =100-47 Brom. a Includes 5-03 of Fe 2 O 8 . b Eeckoned as 1-67 Mn 2 O 3 . The Sala mica of No. 6 has not been examined optically ; yet, as it agrees nearly in atomic proportions with phlogopite, it appears to belong here. It was dark green in color, and inelastic, and is called chlorite by Svanberg ; the analysis is here cited from the original paper by Svanberg. Crawe's analyses afford the 0. ratio 1-77 : 1 : 2'69=7 : 4 : 11, and Meitzendorff's nearly the same. The silico-fluorids in the former are about ^ and in the latter 3 V G. of No. 5, 2 - 81, Rammels- berg. Analysis 7, by Delesse, affords the 0. ratio 3:2:5; and 8, about 4 : 3 : 9. The latter mica is a brown or greenish kind from the rock called by Delesse, Minette, occurring at Ser- yance in the Vosges ; the ratio may become that of biotite when the state of oxydation of tho iron is ascertained ; G. =2*842. No. 9 gives the ratio 12^ : 6 : 22^; it is from near L. Laach. Pyr., etc. In the closed tube gives a little water. Some varieties give the reaction for fluorine in the open tube, while most give little or no reaction for iron with the fluxes. B.B. whitens and fuses on the thin edges. Completely decomposed by sulphuric acid, leaving the silica in thin Obs. Phlogopite is especially characteristic of serpentine, and crystalline limestone or dolomite. Occurs in limestone in the Yosges (anal. 7, 8). Includes probably the mica found in limestone at Alt-Kemnitz, near Hirschberg ; that of Baritti, Brazil, of a golden-yellow color, having the optical angle 5 30' and parallel to the shorter diagonal (Grailich); and a brown mica from lime- stone of Upper Hungary, affording G-railich the angle 4 5. Occurs at the following localities in the U. States ; specimens from which afforded the optical angles annexed, all measured by B. Silliman, Jr. (Am. J. Sci., II. x. 372), excepting one by Blake (ib., xii. 6) : 1. Pope's Mills, St. Lawrence Co., N. Y., glassy transparent 7 7 30' B. S. 2. Edwards, N. Y., rich reddish brown 10? 3. St. Lawrence Co.,? N. Y., yeUowish 10? 4. Vrooman's Lake, N. Y., in long crystals of a yellow color 10 3010 50 5. Edwards, N. Y., rich yellowish-brown color 11 6. Warwick, Orange Co., N. Y., in limestone, yellowish 11? 7. Falls of the Grand Calumet, Canada, yellowish-green crystals many inches long 13-13 12 " 8. Pope's Mills, St. Lawrence Co., N. Y., large crystals, fine yellowish- brown 13 30 9. Edwards, N. Y. ; 2d specimen, yellowish-brown 13 30 10. Church's Mills, Rossie, N. Y., resembles the Pope's Mills 13 8014 11. Near Skinner's Bridge, Rossie, N. Y., silvery-yellow mica 14 12. Carlisle, Mass., rich yellowish-brown 14 13. Rossie, N. Y., near Mrs. Story's, light yellowish ' 15 14. Pope's Mills, St. Lawrence Co., brownish-yellow hexagonal crystal 15 15. Natural Bridge, Jefferson Co., N. Y., rich yellow; associated with ser- pentine ; same as analyzed by Meitzendorff 15 15. bis., ib., ib., another specimen 16 16. Edwards, N. Y., white silvery, curved crystals 15 3016 30 " 17. Vicinity of Rossie, N. Y., rich yellow-brown ; probably the same as Gouverneur 16 7-16 15 18. Essex, N. Y., in limestone, deep rich brown color 16 30 19. Upper Ottawa, Canada, reddish-yellow, transparent 17 3018 20. Moriah, Essex Co., N. Y., very dark smoky red Est'd 16 17 21. Somerville, N. Y M faint brownish 5 7 22. Burgess, Canada West, bronzy, almost metallic, semi-transparent if thin ; opaque in plates a line thick ; slightly elastic only ; found with apatite in sandstone Angle very small " 304: OXYGEN COMPOUNDS. 23. Franklin, K J., bronzy-yellow About 14 B. S, 24. Burgess, Canada West, whitish-yellow About 10 " 25. Fine, St. Lawrence Co., N. Y., very dark olive-brown Est'd 1012 " 26. Amity, N. Y., opaque silvery white 1012 27. Warwick, Pa., brownish olive-green About 10 Blake. Phlogopite occurs also at Gouverneur, N". Y., of a brownish copper-red ; at Sterling Mine, Mor- ris Co., N". J., rich yellowish-brown, inclining to red, in limestone ; at Suckasunny mine, N. J., deep olive-brown, inclining to yellow, in limestone ; Newton, N. J., yellow, in limestone ; Lock- wood, Sussex Co., N. J., deep olive-brown, like the mica of Fine, N. Y., in limestone ; at St. Je- rome, Canada, reddish-coppery. The crystals at Clarke's Hill, St. Lawrence Co., are very large, sometimes nearly two feet long ; fig. 281 represents one in the cabinet of W. W. Jefferis, which is 20 in. long, 4 in. thick at top, and 8^- in. at centre, and weighs 57 pounds. Senarmont found one deep bottle-green mica of unknown locality having the angle 15. Named from ^Aoyw?, fire-like, in allusion to the color. Alt. The phlogopites are quite liable to change, losing their elasticity, becoming pearly in lustre, with often brownish spots, as if from the hydration of the oxyd of iron. In some cases an alteration to steatite and serpentine has been observed. A serpentine pseudomorph after phlog- qpite from Somerville, St. Lawrence Co., N. Y., afforded Lewinstein (ZS. Ch. Pharm., 1860, 15) Si 47-24, 3tl 2-32, Mg 33'23, Fe 110, Na 0-67, K 0'57, H 14-87 = 100. 289. BIOTITE, Magnesia-Mica pt., Hexagonal Mica, Uniaxial Mica. Astrites meroxenua (fr. Yesuv.) Breiffi., Handb., 382, 1841. Kubellan= Astrites trappicus, Breith., ib. 379. Biotit Hausm., Handb., 671, 1847. Khombenglimmer (fr. Greenwood Furnace) Kenngott, Pogg., Ixxiii. 661. Hexagonal. ^Aj^=62 57', crystals fr. Vesuvius, Hessenberg; a= 4*911126. Habit often monoclinic. Observed planes : 0\ rhomboliedrons, -i; P rism > *-2; Pyramids, f2, f 2, f-2, 1-2, f 2, 2-2, f 2, f-2, 4-2 ; the form fr. Greenwood Furnace, the rest fr. Yesuvian crystals. 283 A 72=100 A f 2=98 41' A 4-2=121 25' A 2-2=95 49 , A |-2 = 106 59 O A 4-2=92 55 A 1-2=101 30 A f=H3 47 Prisms commonly tabular. Cleavage : basal highly eminent. Often in disseminated scales, sometimes in massive aggregations of cleavable scales. H. = 2'5 3. G. =2*7 3*1. Lustre splendent, and more or less pearly on a cleavage surface, and sometimes submetallic when black ; lateral sur- faces vitreous when smooth and shining. Colors usually green to black, often deep black in thick crystals, and sometimes even in thin laminae, un- less the laminae are' very thin ; such thin laminae green, blood-red, or brown by transmitted light; rarely white. Streak uncolored. Transparent to opaque. Optically uniaxial. Sometimes biaxial with slight axial diver- gence, from exceptional irregularities, but the angle not exceeding 5 and seldom 1. Comp., Var. Biotite is a magnesia-iron mica, part of the alumina being replaced by sesqui- oxyd of iron, and protoxyd of iron and magnesia existing among the protoxyd bases. Black is the prevailing color, but brown to white also occur. The results of analyses vary much, and for the reason already stated the non-determination, in most cases, of the degree of oxydation of the iron ; and the exact atomic ratio for the species and its limits of variation are therefore not pre- cisely understood. The 0. ratio, which appears to be dominant, is 1 : 1 : 2, giving the formula i 3 , which is the formula of garnet. In some cases the ratio is apparently near UNISILICATES. 305 1 : 1} : 2 and 1:2:3; and through, species containing much iron it passes to micas of the species annite and lepidomelane. The analyses below are arranged hi two divisions ; (A) having the 0. ratio approximately ] : 1:2; (B) having other various ratios. Analyses: A. 1, v. Kobell (Kastn. Arch. Nat., xii. 29); 2, 3, Smith & Brush (Am. J. Sci., II. xvi. 45) ; 4, v. Hauer (Ber. Ak. Wien, xii. 485) ; 5, Smith & Brush (1. c.) ; 6, J. L. Smith (Am. j! Sci., II. xlii. 91); 7, v. Kobell (1. c.); 8, v. Kobell (J. pr. Ch., xxxvi. 309); 9, Bromeis (Pogg., Iv. 112); 10, Chodnef (Pogg., Ixi. 381); 11, Chodnef, with oxyd of iron by Mitscherlich (J. pr. Ch., Ixxxvi. 1); 12, Kjerulf (J. pr. Ch., Ixv. 187); 13, H. Rose (G-ilb. Ann., Ixxi. 13); 14, C. Bromeis (Bischof's Lehrb. G-eol., ii. 1418); 15, Bukeisen (Kenng. Ueb., 1856-57, 86); 16, Scheerer (ZS. GK, xiv. 60); 17, Kiebel (ib.); 18, A. Streng (B. H. Ztg., xxiii. 54); 19, Klaproth (Beitr., v. 78); 20, H. Eose (Pogg., i. 75); 21, v. Kobell (Kastn. Arch. Nat., xii. 29). B. 22, 23, Scheerer and Rube (ZS. G-., xiv. 56); 24, Varrentrapp (Pogg., Ixi. 381); 25, Delesse (Ann. Ch. Phys., III. xxv. 14); 26, Svanberg (Ak. H. Stockholm, 1839, 172); 27, Kjerulf (1. c.); 28, Svanberg (1. c., 177); 29, Haughton (Q. J. G. Soc., xviii. 413); 30, H. Rose (No. 20 above), 31, v.Kobell (No. 21 above), with Mitscherlich's determination of the iron. A. 0. ratio approximately 1:1:2. 1. Monroe 2. " Si 1 3>e Fe 40-00 16-16 7-50 39-88 14-99 7'68 39-51 15-11 7-99 4. " 40-21 19-99 7-96 5. Putnam Co.39'62 17-35 5'40 6. Chester,Ms.39'08 15-38 7'12 7. Greenland 41-00 16'88 4'50 5'05 8. Bodenmais 40'86 15-13 13-00 9. Vesuvius 39-75 15'99 8'29 n Mg 21-54 23-69 23-40 21-15 23-85 0-31 10. (I) 40-91 17-79 11-02 11. 12. " 13. L. Baikal 14. L. Laach 15. Tyrol 16. Brand 17. " 7-03 40-91 17-79 3-00 44-63 19-04 4-92 42-01 16-05 4-93 43-02 16-85 11-63 38-43 15-71 14-49 C tr. 37-18 17-53 6-20 15-3oMnO'31 37-06 16-78 6-07 15-37 tr. 23-58 18-86 22-00 24-49 19-04 19-04 20-89 25-97 18-40 17-28 9-05 9-02 18. Harzburg 36-17 18-09 8'70 13'72 11-16 19. Siberia 42-50 11-50 22*00 2*0 9*00 20. Miask 40'00 12'67 19'03 0'63 15'70 21. 42-12 12-83 20-78 16-15 Ca Na K fi F 10-83 3-00 0-50, Ti 0-2 99-76 K 1-12 9-11 1-30 0-95, Cl 0-44= 99-16 S. & B. 10-20 1-35 0-95 Cl 0-44= 98-95 S. & B. 1-55 0-90 5-22 2-89 = 9.8-97 H. 1-ul 8-95 1-41 1-20.C1 0-27 = 99-06 S. & B. 2-63 7-50 2-24 0-76=98-60. S. 8-76 4-30 *r.=99-35 K, 8-83 0-44 =100-26 K. 0-87 8-78 0-75 gangue 0*1 = 98-62 B. 0-30 9-96 =99-02 C. 0-30 9-96 =98-03 C. 2-05 6-97 0-17 =98-97 K. 7-55 0-65=97 -16 R. 0-71 1-15 8-60 =100-36 a B tr. 11-42 2-76 =100-09 B. 0-79 2-93 514 3-62 Ti 2-47 = 100-57 S. 0-57 2-86 5-96 3-77 Ti 3-64 b = 101-10 K. 0-52 tr. 7-59 2-28 0-36=98-59 S. _____ _____ 10-00 1-00 =98 K. , 5-61 2-OOTi, e 1-63. =97-27 R. , 8-58 1-07 =101-53 K. B. 0. ratio approximately 1:2:3, 1 : 1 : 2, etc. 22. Freiberg 37'50 17'87 12-93 9*95 0'20 10-15 0'45 3'00 0'83 3'48 Ti 3'06= 99-42 a 23. " 36-89 15-00 16'29 6'95 9'65 1-75 6*06 4'40 ti 316= 100-15 R 24. Zillerthal 39'85 16-07 13'21 15*60 0*42 [13'68, loss incl.], Yarr. 25. Alps,dk.gn. 41-22 13'92 26'90 1'09 4*70 2'58 1*40 6'05 0'90 1-58=100-34 D Much ammoniacal water given off on ignition, and anal, made on the mineral after thus drying, b Containing Fe and Al. c As published, protoxyd. 20 306 OXYGEN COMPOUNDS. Si XI 3Pe 26. Pargas 42-58 21*68 10-39 27. Eifel,&r.-Zm.43-10 15'0525-89 28. Rosendahl 44-41 16-86 29. Gar. Wood 44'40 21'52 10-72 SO.Miask 40'00 12'67 1-97 31. 42-12 12-83 2-53 ft fin i Ig Ca $a K g F 0-75 10-27 1-04 8-45 3-35 0-51-99-02 S. 10 82 0'81 0-82 4-62 1 50 Ti 1-03 = 103-59 K 20-71 0-45 11 26 1-50 4-05 1 13 0-41 = 101-68 S 3-96 1-28 6 14 2-70 0-74 6-18 1 20 =98-84 H. 15-39 0-63 15-70 tr. 5-61 2-10 Ti 1-63 = 95-70 E. 15-32 1G 15 8-58 i 07 =98-60 K. In anal. 5, Gk = 2'80, the mica talc-like, pale ywh.-gn. by transmitted light, inelastic, waxy, probably somewhat altered; 6, chlorite-like, with emery, etc.; 8, G.=2-7; 16, 17, from the Erz- gebirge ; 18, from gabbro, opt. char, not given ; 22, 23, bronze-brown to black, in gneiss ; 25, out of protogine of Alps ; 29, from granite, Ireland. In the Vesuvian biotite, anal 12, 0. ratio for E, K, Si=10'05 : 10-36 : 23-17 ; anal 10, 9'37 12-33: 21-24=1 : lfc: 2; anal 11 (10 as modified by Mitscherlich), 9'25 : 9-93 : 21-24. Anal. 16, as it stands, gives the ratio 1 : 1 : 2; 18, 1 : 1 : If ; 22 to 29, nearly 1 : 2 : 3, but some defi- ciency of protoxyds in 27, 28, making the ratio nearer 1 : 2f : 4. The last two, 30, 31, are the analyses by Rose and v. Kobell, Nos. 20, 21, with the Fe and 3?e as recently determined by A. Mitscherlich. Mitscherlich's results change the ratio from 1 : 1 : 2 to nearly 5 : 3 : 10, or the ratio approximately of phlogopite ; and if his determination should be sustained, the Siberian mica analyzed would appear to be phlogopite. A chrome magnesia mica ( Chromglimmer) of a green color, from Schwarzenstein, in Zillerthal, af- forded Schaf hautl (Ann. Ch. Pharm., xlvi. 325) over 5 p. c. of oxyd of chromium, and the 0. ratio for the whole 6'4 : 9'6 : 24'75=2 : 3 : 8. He obtained Si 47'68, 1 15-15, r 5-90, F"e 5-72, Mn 1-05, Mg 11-58, Na 1-17, K 7'27, H 2'86=98-38. Pyr., etc. Same as phlogopite, except that with the fluxes it gives strong reactions for iron. Obs. Biotite was first shown to be optically uniaxial by Biot, after whom it is named ; and, later, to be hexagonal in crystallization by Marignac (Bibl. Univ., 1847, Suppl. vi. 300); Brooko and Miller (Min., 387); Kokscharof (Min. Russl., ii. 291); and quite recently, and after careful measurements, by Hessenberg (Min. Not., No. vii. 15, 1866). But still the crystals are often slightly biaxial, as first remarked by Silliman (Am. J. Sci., II. x. 372, 1850), and W. P. Blake (ib., xii. 6, 1851); and later by Dove (Ber. Ak. Berlin, 1853), Senarmont (Ann. Ch. Phys., III. xxxiii. 391, xxxiv. 171), G-railich (Lehrb. d. Kryst., 1856), and others. On the ground of the biaxial character observed, Descloizeaux, in his Min., i. 88, 1862, made the species orthorfiombic. Blake examined specimens from Greenwood Furnace ; a silvery- white var. fr. Easton, Pa. ; a crimson from Topsham, Me. ; a fiery-red, by transmitted light, from Moriah, Essex Co., N. Y. ; a dark bottle-green from Moor's Slide, Ottawa, Canada ; and seveu different varieties from Vesuvius. But the divergence, which was in all very small, was not measured. One of the uniaxial micas examined by Biot is stated by him to have come from Topsham, Me. Kokscharof found some crystals from Vesuvius true uniaxial. The following are the results of measurements by Senarmont and Grailich (two or three of the micas perhaps phlogopites) : 1. Axial plane parallel to the longer diagonal 1. Greenwood Furnace 1 Grailich. 2. Pellegrino, Tyrol ; hexagonal ; in limestone 1 " 3. Karosulik, Greenland; sea-green 1 2 Grailich. 4. Lake Baikal ; dark brown 12 " 5. Adun-Tschilon, Siberia ; reddish-brown, in dolomite (phlogopite ?) 1 2 " 6. Ceylon ; clear green, transparent 1 2 Senarmont. 7. Philadelphia ; clear oli ve-green (phlogopite ?) 3 4 " 2. Axial plane parallel to the shorter diagonal. 1. Vesuvius ; so-called meroxene 2. Vesuvius ; dull green to colorless 3. Vesuvius ; brownish-green 4. Vesuvius; bluish 5. Vesuvius ; greenish-black in pumice 6. L. Baikal ; deep brown, transparent, hexagonal 1 Grailich. 1 2 " 3 4 1 Senarmont. UNISILICATES. 307 7. Easton, Pa. ; silvery white 1 2' Grailich. 8. Fassa, Tyrol ; resembling meroxene 1 3 " 9. Easton, Pa. ; green 3 4 " Grailich found the angle 0, or zero, in mica from Zillerthal ; Norway, dark green ; Kariat, dark olive-green ; Retzbanya, greenish to colorless ; Goshen, pistachio-green ; Leonfelden, black Magura, dark red ; Altenberg, dark bluish ; Horn, black ; Besztercze, dark ; Anaksirksarklich, liver-brown. The Vesuvian biotite found on Mt. Somma (Meroxene of Breith.) occurs in brilliant crystals with numerous polished facets. Other foreign localities are named in connection with the anal- yses. The mica from Greenwood Furnace, Monroe, N. Y., analyzed by von Kobell (anal. 1), occurs in large and very regular rhombic prisms (sometimes 5 or 6 in. across) oblique from an acute edge ; and also in tetrahedral pyramids ; the faces of the pyramids incline to the cleavage plane at 113 to 1 14 ; v. Kobell gives for the angle R A R (faces of the pyramid ) 71 to 72. This is the same mica with that analyzed by Smith and Brush (anal. 2, 3), as Prof. Brush has assured himself by an examination of von Kobell's specimens at Munich. Alt. Rubellan is considered an altered biotite ; it occurs in small hexagonal forms, of a red color, in a kind of wacke. Steatite is also a result of the alteration of this species, as in granite at Briinn and Thierscheim. Among the above analyses, several indicate incipient change by the water and chlorine present. Mica, altered to magnetite, has been observed in the Tyrol. The Eukamptite of Kenngott (Ueb., 1853, 58, 1855, and described under the name Ghlorit dhnliches Mineral in Ber. Ak. Wien, xi. 609, 1853) is a hydrous biotite, probably a result of alteration, from Presburg, Hungary. It is between mica and chlorite in its characters. Color nearly black, but in very thin folia brown to hyacinth-red or reddish-yellow; H. = 2 2-5; G.~ 2'73. Com- position, according to an analysis by v. Hauer (1. c.), Si 38-13, &1 21-60, Fe 19*92, Mn 2*61, Mg, by loss, 13-76, H 3-98 = 100, giving the oxygen ratio for R, fi, Si, H=l : 1 : 2 : . The Voigtite of Schmid may also be a hydrated biotite. See under HYDROUS SILICATES, p. 393. 290. LEPIDOMELANE. Hausmann, Gel. Anz. Gott, 945, 1840. Hexagonal ? In small six-sided tables, or an aggregate of minute scales. Cleavage basal, eminent, as in other micas. H.=3. G. 3*0. Lustre adamantine, inclining to vitreous, pearly. Color black, with occasionally a leek-green reflection. Streak grayish-green. Opaque, or translucent in very thin laminae. Somewhat brittle, or but little elastic. Optically unaxial ; or biaxial with a very small axial angle. Comp. An iron-potash mica. 0. ratio for bases and silica 1:1; for R, H, mostly 1 : 3, but varying to 1 to more than 3 ; of doubtful limits, on account of the doubts as to the state of the iron in most of the analyses. 1 : 3 for the ratio of R, & gives ( R 3 +ffi) 2 Si 3 . Differs from biotite in the smaller proportion of protoxyds and little alumina and magnesia, but appears to agree with it in optical characters. Analyses: 1, Soltmann (Pogg., 1. 664); 2, Svanberg (Ak. H. Stockh., 178, 1839); 3-7, Haugh- ton (J. G. Soc., xv. 129, xviii. 413, Phil. Mag., IV. xviii. 259); 8, Illiiig (Gieb. u. Heintz, ZS.Nat, 1854, 339): Si l Fe Fe Mn ]&g Ca &a K H 1. Wermlaiid 37*40 11-60 27-66 12'43 0'26 9'20 0*60=99'49 Soltm. 2. Abborforss 39*45 9'27 35"78 1-45 2'54 3'29 0*31 5*06 1*83, Ca 0*32, F 0*29= 99-58 Svanb. 3. Jonesed, Sw. 39-70 12*25 23-55 0*96 1-00 7-25 4-48 0'47 7'30 1-00=99*76 Ha-ughton. 4. Carlow Co. 35*55 17'08 23'70 3*55 1*95 3*07 0*61 0*35 9'45 4*30=99-61 Haughton. 6. Ballygihen 36*20 15*95 27-19 0'64 1*50 5'00 0*50 0'16 8'65 3*90=99 69 Haughton. 6. Glenveagh 36*16 19*40 26*31 0*62 0'40 4'29 0*58 0'48 9*00 2*40=99*64 Haughton. 7. Canton 35'50 20*80 19'TO 7'74 1-70 4'46 0*56 0*10 9*00 0*25=99'81 Haughton. 8. Haindorf, Silesia 36*98 20-25 23*14 6*16 2*96 5'44 852 =103-45 Illing. The original lepidomelane, anal. 1, affords the 0. ratio 1:3:4. The Irish variety (anal. 4, 5, 6, 7) affords as a mean result, 1 : 3*3 : 4'1 ; No. 4 is from Ballyellin, and 5, 6, from Donegal Co. The Abborforss mica affords 1 : 4*6 : 6'2 ; but if the water be made basic, 1:3*1: 4*3 ; and anal. 8 corresponds to 1 : 3'2 : 3*8 ; both near 1:3:4. The mineral of the last has G. = 3'96, and is very fusible. Pyr., etc. B.B. at a red heat becomes brown and fuses to a black magnetic globule. Easily decomposed by muriatic acid, depositing silica in scales. 308 OXYGEN COMPOUNDS. Obs. A scaly-massive mineral at Persberg in "Wermland, Sweden, containing imbedded prisms of hornblende, the scales half a line or so across ; mica-like at Abborforss in Finland; in granite in Ireland, at Ballyellin in Carlow Co., Leinster, at Ballygihen in Donegal Co., and at Canton, mostly in largish crystals or plates ( inch across and larger). The Donegal and Leinster Co. mica is optically uniaxial, according to Haughton. The granite contains also a white muscovite (see anal. 8-11, under MUSCOVITE); and in some cases the black and white form parts of the same crystal ; and, where so, the optic-axial divergence of the muscovite was diminished, according to some trials, 20. Named from Xe-rfr, scale, and /*&, Hack. Alt. Haughton gives the following as the composition of an altered form of the black mica of Donegal Co., Ireland (Nos. 5, 6, above); it was from Castlecaldwell : Si 31-60, l 19-68, Fe 23-35, Fe 4-04, Mn 1*20, Mg 7'03, Ca 0-45, Na 0'74, K 3'90, 8-68=100-67. It approaches a chlorite. PTEROLITE of Breithaupt (B. H. Ztg., xxiv. 336) appears to be an altered lepidomelane, of a pearly lustre, and a color between olive-green and liver-brown ; scaly massive in texture. In the analysis by R. Miiller he found part of the mineral soluble in heated muriatic acid and part not; and in analyses of the whole and the parts separately, the following results: Si Xl Fe Fe Mg Ca Na K fl 1. The whole 39'38 6'65 19-89 16-43 ' 0'66 5'47 2'81 1-86 1'39 2. Sol. part 36'08 4'99 25'98 14'28 5'43 3'68 7 -96 1'31 3. Insol. part 50-14 12-03 23-43 6'88 7'52 The 0. ratio for the soluble part is 2 : 3 : 5; for the insoluble, 3 : 2 : 10. It occurs at Brevig, Norway, with astrophyllite, wohlerite, segirite, etc. A Brevig mica afforded A. Dufrance (ZS. GL, xiv. 100) Si 35-93, l 10 98, Fe 9-82, Fe 26-93, Mn 0-72, Mg 5'13, Oa 1'04, Na 5-18, K 0-24, fi 4-30, Ti 0-99 = 101-26. It is probably an altered mica, as shown by the amount of soda present. BASTONITE is a mica in large plicated plates, of a greenish-brown color, greasy lustre, very small optical angle, easily fusible into a black enamel, discovered by Dumont in a quartzite from Bastoigne, Duchy of Luxembourg (Descl. Min., 498, 1862). A brownish-black mica from Renchthal, in the Schwarzwald, with slight optic-axial angle and pearly metalloidal lustre, afforded Nessler (Jahresb., 1863, 820) Si 38-34, 1 33*80, Fe 13'73, Fe 7-40, Mg 0-36, Na 0-56, K 4-22, H 1'36, F tr., Ti 0-60=100-37. 291. ANNITE Dana. The lepidomelane of Cape Ann, described and analyzed by J. P., Cooke (Am. J. Sci., II. xliii. 222), differs, according to the analyses, in having the 0. ratio 1:2:3, instead of 1 : 3 : 4. In optical and other physical characters it is like lepidomelane. It occurs in plates and disseminated scales; H.=3; G.=3'169 ; color black; streak dark green ; opaque, except in very thin folia. Cooke obtained : Si l Fe Mn Fe Mg Li & Na, lib fl SiF 2 A. (f) 39-55 16-73 12-07 0'60 17*48 0'62 0'59 10-66 tr. 1-50 0'62 = 100'42. B. 37-39 16-66 13'74 0'64 19'03 0'59 10*20 1'75 =100. Anal. B is deduced from A on the supposition that the mineral was mixed intimately (as a result of contemporaneous crystallization) with cryophyllite, an associated species at the locality, and that the amount of lithia indicated the proportion of cryophyllite. 0. ratio deduced for the latter for B, B, Si, H=6'2 : 12-1 : 19-9 : 1-6. It maybe found that the biotites having the 0. ratio for ft, tf =1 : 2 should be here placed. Occurs in the Cape Ann granite, with cryophyllite, orthoclase, albite, and zircon (cyrtoh'te). 292. ASTROPHYLLITE. Astrophyllit ScTieerer, B. H. Ztg., xiii. 240, 1854. Orthorhombic ; habit monoclinic. I A 7=120. Usually in tabular prisms ; often lengthened into strips with parallel sides in the direction of the shorter diagonal. Observed form a narrow tabular crystal, terminating in front in two planes of an octahedron, and below these one of a macro- dome ; the front angle of the former 160, and the edge between the planes inclined to 125 ; on the macrodome 130. Cleavage : basal eminent. Sometimes in stellate groups. H.=3. G.=3-324, Pisani. Lustre submetallic, pearly. Color bronze- yellow to gold-yellow. Powder resembling that of mosaic gold. Translu- UNISILICATES. 309 cent in thin leaves. Laminae only slightly elastic. Optic-axial diver- gence 118 124; bisectrix normal to the cleavage-surface; Descl. Comp. Perhaps (R 3 ,fi) 2 Si 8 , the titanium oxyd being included with the bases. The protoxyds include prot. of iron and manganese, with potash, soda, etc. ; the sesquioxyds those of iron and aluminum ; the deutoxyds that of titanium, and perhaps that of zirconium. Analyses : 1, Pisani (C. R., Ivi. 846); 2, 3, 4, Scheerer, Meinecke, and Sieveking (Pogg., cxxii. 113) : Si 1. 33-23 2. 32-21 3. 32-35 4. 33-71 Ti 7-09 8-24 8-84 8-76 Zr 4-97 & 4-00 3-02 3-46 3-47 e 3-75 7-97 8-05 8-51 Fe 23-58 21-40 18-06 25-21 Mn 9-90 12-63 12-68 10-59 Mg 1-27 1-64 2-72 0-05 Ca 1-13 2-11 1-86 0-95 Li tr. Na 2-51 2-24 4-02 3-69 K ign. 5-82 1-86=99-11 P. 3*18 4'41 99*05 S 2-94 4-53=99-51 M. 0-65 4-85 = 100-44 S. Pisani's analysis gives for the 0. ratio of R, R, 8, Si, H, 9-78 : 4'07 : 2*99 : 17*72 : l'65=ap- proximately (water excluded) 10 : 4 : 3 : 17 ; or for bases and silica 1:1; and Sieveking's analy- sis affords 9'28 : 4*17 : 3'42 : 17'97 : 4-31=:(water excluded) 1 : 1 for bases and silica. Pyr., etc. B.B. swells up and fuses easily to a black magnetic enamel. With soda or borax, a strong manganese reaction. Decomposed by muriatic acid with a separation of silica in scales. Obs. Occurs at Brevig, Norway, in zircon-syenite, imbedded in lamellar feldspar, and associ- ated with catapleiite, and large prisms of black mica. 293. MUSCOVITE. Common Mica; Potash Mica; Biaxial Mica; Oblique Mica. Glimmer, Zweiaxiger Glimmer, Germ. Muscovite Dana, Miu., 356, 1850. Phengit v. Kob., Taf., 62, 1853. Nacrite (fr. Maine) Thorn., Rec. Gen. Sci., 332, 1836. Fuchsite, Chromglimmer pt., SchafMutl, Ann. Ch. Pharm., xliv. 40, 1842. Talcite (fr. Wicklow) Thomson, Rec. Gen. ScL, iii. 332, 1836 [not Talcite Kirwan=m&ssivQ scaly talc]. Adamsite Shep., Hitchcock's Rep. G. Vt, i. 484, 1857. Orthorhombic. /A 7=120 Habit monoclinic. Observed planes : ; vertical, /, i-Z, i-l, i-$ ; domes, 6-, 4-, 2-2, f~z, l-, f- ; octahedral (or hemi- octahedral) 4, 3, |, 2, |, |, 1, ^ i, if; 6-8, f-3, f-S. A i=121 16 r 6>Al-f=125 2 A t-fcl!4 29 A 6-fc92 54 A 4=94: 20 r A 2=98 38 A 4=102 50 A 1=106 53| O A l-i=lOQ 53 ; A 2-fc98 38 Q A 4-2=94 20 A 6-5=92 31 285 284 Miask, UraL Binnen Valley. Cleavage : basal eminent ; occasionally also separating in fibres parallel to a diagonal. Twins : often observable by internal markings, or by polar- ized light ; composition parallel to / consisting of six individuals thus united ; sometimes a union of / to i-z. Folia often aggregated in stellate, plumose, or globular forms ; or in scales, and scaly massive. H.=2 2-5. Gr.=2' / T5 31. Lustre more or less pearly. Color white, gray, brown, hair-brown, pale-green, and violet, yellow, dark olive-green, 310 OXYGEN COMPOUNDS. rarely rose-red ; often different for transmitted and reflected light, and dif- ferent also in vertical and transverse directions. Streak uncolored. Trans- parent to translucent. Thin laminae flexible and elastic, very tough. Double refraction strong ; optic-axial angle 44 78. Comp. 0. ratio for R+$ t Si 1 : l; rarely 1 : H, and for R, K either, approximately, 1 : 6, 1 : 9, or 1 : 12; R= potash (K) almost solely. These ratios may hereafter prove to be different after a correct determination in each case of the degree of oxydation of the iron. Fluorine is present, but not over 1 p. c. has in any case been detected. Water is often present, especially where the latter ratio is 1 : 6 or 1 : 9 ; and it sometimes amounts to 5 p. c. ; and the kinds containing 3 to 5 p. c. of water have been referred to the spe- cies Margarodiie ; making the water basic in such kinds, the 0. ratio for bases and silica becomes 1 : 1, as in other unisilicates. The hydrous kinds so graduate into the anhydrous that the analy- ses are here brought all together, although the species margarodite is introduced on page 487. The ratio 1 : l may indicate that muscovite is a combination of 3 parts of a unisilicate and 2 of a bisilicate, as in the formula 3 (R 3 , ) 2 Si 3 + 2 (R 3 , B) Si 3 . But if the mineral is a true unisilicate, as its relation to biotite and phlogopite would indicate, but with an excess of silica, the formula may be (K 3 , fi) 2 Sl 3 -j-H Si ; or else with half the excess of silica basic. With the 0. ratio 1 : 6 for R and K, the bases correspond to -fK 3 +f ; with 1 : 9, to & K 3 + ft &; with 1 : 12, to f a K 3 + jf & The analyses are here arranged in groups ; first, according as the oxygen ratio between the bases (ft+fi) and silica (Si) is 1 : 1J, or 1 : 1| ; andsubordinately, into those in which the oxygen ratio between the protoxyds (R) and sesquioxyds (R-) is either 1 : 6 approximately, or 1 : 9, or 1 : 12. It is to be remarked that the incipient alteration of a mica, attended with the introduction of a little magnesia, lime, or soda (Mg, Ca, or Na), with a removal or not of some potash (K), might increase the proportion of protoxyds and thus change the latter ratio from 1 : 12 to 1 : 6, or pro- duce the intermediate gradations. Analyses : A. 1. 0. ratio of R, B, 1 : 6 ; 1, Delesse (Ann. d. M., IY. xvi. 202) ; 2, Eammelsberg (Pogg., Ixxxi. 38); 3, Schafhautl; 4-6, Smith & Brush (Am. J. Sci., II. xvi. 46, 47, xv. 210); 7, 8, Haughton (Phil. Mag., IV. ix. 272); 9, Sullivan (J. G. Soc. Dublin, iv. 155); 10-13, Haughton (L c., and Q. J. G. Soc., xviii. 414, xx. 280). 2. 0. ratio of R, fi, 1:9; 14, Kussin (Ramm., 4th Suppl., 75, and Min. Ch., 657) ; 15, Roth (ZS. G., vii. 15); 16, Schafhautl (Ann. Ch. Pharm., xliv. 40); 17, 18, Fuchs (Jahrb. Min., 1862, 795); 19, Apjohn (Q. J. Sci. Dublin, i. 119) ; 20, E. Boricky (Ber. Ak. Wien, liv. 287). 3. 0. ratio of ~R,%, 1 : 12 ; 21, 22, H. Rose (Schw. J. xxix. 282, GUb. Ann., Ixxi. 13, Pogg.,i. 75); 23, Svanberg (Ak. H. Stockh., 1839, 155); 24-26, H. Rose (1. c.); 27, J. D. Darrack (This Min., 1850, 357) ; 28, v. Hauer (Ber. Ak. Wien, xlvii 216). B. 29, v. Rath (Pogg., xcviii. 285); 30, Kjerulf (Ramm. Min. Ch., 658); 31, v. Rath (Pogg., xc. 288) : A. Oxygen ratio of R+B to Si 1 : 1, or nearly. In 1, 1 : 1'25 ; 2, 1 : 1'24 ; 3, 1 : 1-26 ; 4, 5, 1 1-25; 6, 1:1-2; 7, 1:1-2; 8, 1:1-24; 9, 1:1*22; 10, 1:1-28; 12, 1:1-26; 13,1:1-25; 14,1: 1-23; 15,1:1-12; 16,1:1-25; 17,1:1-85; 18,1:1-21; 19,1:1-2; 20,1:1-26; 21,1:1-23. 1. 0. ratio of B, B, 1 : 6. (MARGABODITE in part.) Si l Pe fig Ca Na K fi F 1. St.Etienne 46-23 33 08 3-48 2-10 - 1-45 8-87 4-12 tr., fin tr =99-28 Delesse. 47-84 32-66 3'06 1'28 0'29 1'55 10-25 2'43 - =99'06 Ramm. 3. Zillerthal 47 '05 34-90 1-50 1'95 - 4'07 7 '96 1'45 - = 98'88 Schafh. 4. Monroe, Ct. 46'50 33-91 2'69 0-90 - 2'70 7*32 4-63 0'82, Cl 0-31 = 99-78 S. & B. 45-70 33-76 3-11 1-15 - 2'85 7'49 4'90 0-82, Cl 0'31 = 100'09 S. & B. 6. Litchfield, Ct. 44-60 36-23 1*34 0'37 0'50 4'10 6'20 5-26 tr. =100'60 S. & B. 7. Dublin Co. 43'47 31-42 4-79 113 T38 1'44 10'7l 5'43 - =99'77 Haughton. 8. Glendalough, 44'71 31-13 4'69 0'90 1-09 1*27 9-91 6-22 - =99-92 Haughton. 9. Glenmalure 47-41 36-21 3'11 1-57 1'29 2'51 5'51 2-37 0-86=100-84 Sullivan. 10. Mt. Leinster 44-64 30-18 6'35 0-72 - tr. 12-40 5'32 -- =99-61 Haughton. 11. Donegal, white 44'80 29-76 8'80 ~0-71 0-45 0'32 12 '44 2'00 , Mn 0-48 = 99 76 Haught. 45-24 35-64 2'24 0"7l 0'51 0'54 10-44 4'00 -- , FeO'70, Mn 0-24=100-26 Haughton. 13. Ytterby, ' 44'64 35'36 3'52 0'36 0'90 1'44 10'68 2'80 - ,FeO'3, MnO-2 = 100'20H. 2. 0. ratio o/ft, fi 1 : 9 approximately (MAEGARODITE or DAMOURTTE in part) (in 13 1 : 10'5' in 14, 1 : 91; in 15, 1:7-5). 14. Zsidovacs 48-07 38-41 tr. --- 10-10 3-42 , fin tr.=lOO Kussin. UNISILICATES. Si l e fig Ca Na & fi F 15. Lisens, Tyrol 44-71 35-29 4-12 0-39 0'98 8-82 5'69 - =100 Roth. 16. Zillerth., Fuchsite 47'95 34'45 1-80 0'71 0'59 0'37 10-75 - 0'35, r 3-95 = 100-92 Schafh 17. Harz, black 45-02 35'00 6'67 3'08 0'13 1-04 3'89 3'3l M6, Mn 1-75 = 101-05 Fuchs' 18. " " 44-55 34-63 6'60 3'04 0'13 1-03 3'85 3'28 1'16, Mn 1-73 = 100 Fuchs 19. Ross Hill, I. 46-42 37'92 0'46 O'l7 0'67 1-54 9'63 4'40 -- =101-21 Apjohn. 20. Dobrowa 48-74 37'96 - 2 "41 2'63 -- 3'07 5'45 - =100-26 Boricky. 3. 0. ratio of B, S 1 : 12 (in 15, 1 : 12-4; in 21, 1 : 12'5 ; 22, 1 : 9'5 ; 23, 1 : 13'3 ; 24, 1 : 11-9 ; 25, 1 : 12-4; 26, 1 : 11 '2). 21. Uto 22. Broddbo. 23. " 24. Fahlun 25. Kimito 26. Ochotsh 27. UnionvUle 47-50 37-20 3-20 46'10 31'60 8-65 - , 47-97 32-35 5'37 - 46'22 34*52 6'04 2'll a 46'36 36-80 4'53 47-19 33'80 4'47 2'58 a O-13 46'75 39-20 tr. 1'02 0'39 9-60 2'63 0'53, fin 0'81 = 101-47 Rose. 8'39 I'OO 1'06, Mn 1-26 = 98-06 Rose. 8"31 3'32 0'72, Mn 1-50=99-54 Sv. 8'22 0'98 1 "03 = 99- 12 Rose. 9'22 1-84 0'67=99'42 Rose. 8'35 4-07 0'28= 100-87 Rose. 6*56 4'90 - =98'82 Darrack. 6-07 4'04 - =98'74 Hauer. 28. Rio Janeiro, bnh. 47-60 35-70 4-31 0'59 0-43 - *MnO included. B. Oxygen ratio of R-t-B to Si 1 : H, or nearly. 29. Hirschberg 49'04 29'01 5'56 0'75 0-17 0'50 11-19 4-65 - =100'87 Rath. 30. " 51-73 28-75 5'37 0'62 - 2-14 8'28 -- 0-83=99-72 Kjerulf. 81. Pargas 50-10 28-05 5'46 0'40 2'41 T26 7'56 3'87 - =99-11 Rath. In anal. 1, G.=2'817, grayish-white, in graphic granite; 2, G-. = 2'831, silver-white, with black tourmaline ; 4, 5, with topaz acd fluorite ; 6, G. = 2"76, colorless, pearly, with cyanite ; 8, G.=2'793, gray, silver}', trp. ; 10, gray, silvery, trp. ; 14, G. = 2'817, white; 15, white, pseud, after andalus- ite; 16, 18, G-.=3'123, in hexag. scales, from granite, opt char, not given; 19, G-. = 2-802, in coarsely grouped masses of intersecting lamina?; 20, G-. = 2'85; 28, G. = 2'86; 29, G.=2'867, green, pseud, after orthoclase; 30, pseud, after orthoclase; 31, G. = 2-833, silvery white, 11-11, Oa C removed, pseud, after scapolite. The rose-colored micas of Goshen, Mass., afforded Mallet (Am. J. Sci., II. xxiii. 180) K 9-08, Na 0-99, Li 0'64. A greenish-black mica, constituting a micaceous schist or rock in Derby, Vt. the so-called Adamsite of Shepard consists, according to G. J. Brush (Am. J. Sci., II. xxxiv. 216), Si 47 '7 6, &1 and 3Pe 36-29, Ca 0-24, Mg 1-85, alkalies (by loss) 8*77, ign. 5'09, and has all the ordinary char- acters of common mica. Thomson gives for the composition of a mica reported to come from Orange Co., N. T. (Min., i. 360) Si 49-38, A 1 ! 23'67, ffe 7'31, K 15*29, Ca 6'13, Li 0-06=101-89. Little reliance can be placed on the analysis. A schist, formerly called talcose schist, from Zillerthal in Tyrol, and named didymite by Schaf- hautl (Ann. Ch. Pharm., 1843, J. pr. Ch., Ixxvi. 136, not didrimite, as sometimes written) is near muscovite in its composition. It is feeble pearly, and grayish- white in color ; H.=1'5 2; G.= 2-75. Schafhautl obtained Si 40-69, l 18-15, 3Pe 5'25, Na 1'23, K 11-16, H 0'60, Ca C 22-74= 99'82. It has also been called amphilogite. Probably only a mica schist. A variety of muscovite (1) composed of scales arranged in plumose forms is called plumose mica ; and another (2) having a diagonal cleavage, cleaving sometimes into thread-like pieces, prismatic mica. An emerald-green variety (3) is thefuchsite or chrome-mica, containing sometimes nearly 4 p. c. of oxyd of chrome. Pyr., etc. In the closed tube gives water, which with brazil-wood often reacts for fluorine. B.B. whitens and fuses on the thin edges (F. = 5'7, v. Kobell) to a gray or yellow glass. With fluxes gives reactions for iron and sometimes manganese, rarely chromium. Not decomposed by acids. Decomposed on fusion with alkaline carbonates. Obs. Muscovite is the most common of the micas. It is one of the constituents of granite, gneiss, mica schist, and other related rocks, and is occasionally met with in granular limestone, trachyte, basalt, lava ; and occurs also disseminated sparingly in many fragmental rocks. Coarse lamellar aggregations often form the matrix of topaz, tourmaline, and other mineral species in granitic veins. Siberia affords laminae of mica sometimes exceeding a yard in diameter ; and other remarkable foreign localities are at Finbo in Sweden, and Skutterud in Norway. See above for other locali- ties. Fuchsite or chrome, mica occurs at Greiner in the Zillerthal, at Passeyr in Tyrol, and on the Dorfner Alp, as well as at Schwarzenstein. 312 OXYGEN COMPOUNDS. In N. Hamp., at Acworth, GTrafton, and Alstead, in granite, the plates at times a yard acrosa and perfectly transparent. In Maine, at Paris ; at Buckfield, in fine crystals ; at Unity, of a green color, on the estate of James Neal (Thomson's nacrite, wrongly referred to Brunswick). In Mass., at Chesterfield, with tourmaline and albite ; at Barre and South Royalston, in two localities, with beryl ; at Mendon and Brimfield; at Chester, Hampden Co., faint greenish; at Goshen, rose- red (sometimes misnamed lepidolite) ; prismatic mica, at Russell. In Conn., at Monroe, of a dusky-brown color, having internal hexagonal bands of a darker shade ; at Trumbull, at the topaz vein in coarse radiated aggregations (called margarodite) ; at Litchfield, with cyanite, colorless and pearly (margarodite), G.=2'76; in brown hexagonal crystal at the Middletown feldspar quarry; at Haddam, pale brownish, with columbite, and also similar at another locality with garnets. In N. York, 6 m. S.E. of Warwick, crystals and plates sometimes a foot in diameter, in a vein of feldspar; a mile N.W. of EdenviUe, in six-sided and rhombic prisms; silvery, near Eden- ville ; hi St. Lawrence Co., 8 m. from Potsdam, on the road to Pierrepont, in plates 7 in. across ; town of Edwards, in large prisms, six-sided or rhombic; Greenfield, near Saratoga, in reddish- brown crystals with chrysoberyl; on the Croton aqueduct, near Tonkers, in rhombic prisms with a transverse cleavage. In Penn., in fine hexagonal crystals of a dark brown color at Penusbury, near Pennsville, Chester Co ; at Union ville, whitish ; Delaware Co., at Middletown, smoky brown with hexagonal internal bands, which are due to magnetite (see p. 150) ; at Chesnut Hill, near the Wissahiccon, a green variety ; at LeipervUle, Delaware Co., faint greenish. In N. Jersey, in crystals at Newton and Franklin. In Maryland, at Jones's Tails, a mile and three-quarters from Balti- more ; the plates show by transmitted light a series of concentric hexagons, the sides of which are parallel with the sides of a hexagonal prism. Marignac obtained 0A4=94 50', and A 2 = 98 30' (fig. 286); A 1 = 107 5', from a Vesu- vian crystal Kokscharof A 1 = 106 53' 30", Vesuvian crystal; Zepharovich 107 3' for the same angle, and 116 13' for 0Af- (Ber. Ak. Wien, liv. 286). The following table contains the optic-axial angle, as measured in the air, for various musco- vites: 1. American; as measured by B. Silliman in 1850 (1. c.). 1. New York Island, 4 m. from city, violet-gray 2. Eoyalston, Mass., dark brown, fine crystal 3. ib. ib. ib. ib. another 4. Pennsbury, Penn., smoky brown, striated 5. Philadelphia, greenish-gray, banded 6. ib., near Fairmount, smoky brown, resembles No. 4 7. Oxford, Maine, light brown 8. Monroe, Conn., brown with patches 9. Royalston, Mass., violet-brown, in thick plates 10. Local?; greenish-gray; in crystals 11. Falls road, 2| m. from Baltimore, transparent brown 12. Near Ellicott's Mills, Md., ib. ib. 13. "Jones Falls," near Baltimore, blackish-green; symmetrically banded 14. Greenfield, Conn., greenish-yellow 15. Haddam, Conn. (Quarry Hill), clear brownish-green 16. Grafton, New Hampshire, h'ght brown, transparent 17. UnionvUle, Penn., white, corundum locality 18. Acworth, N. H., greenish-gray, in granite. 19. Grafton, N. H., another specimen, light brown, with quartz and tourmaline 20. Templeton, Mass., transparent brown 21. Orange, Mass., ib. ib., beautiful crystals 22. Willimantic Falls, Conn., brownish-green, transparent 23. Pennsbury, Penn., brown crystals ; another locality 24. Royalston, Mass., dark brown ; 2d locality 25. Grafton, N. H., h'ght brown ; 3d specimen 26. Middletown, Conn., brownish, feldspar quarry 27. Chester, Hampden Co., Mass., greenish-white 28. Norwich, Mass., greenish-yellow ; spodumene locality 29. Pennsbury, Penn. (3d local), brownish-green 30. Goshen, Mass., greenish-yellow, with spodumene 31. Greenfield, N. Y., brownish ; chrysoberyl locality 32. Haddam, Conn., brownish ; in large plates Apparent Angle. 56 20' 56 40' 57 30 5859 59 60 3061 6062 30 62 4263 64 3065 30 65 65 3066 65 3065 40 66 30 66 1566 30 66 3067 67 67 30 6767 28 67 1567 30 68 568 20 69 3069 40 69 3069 40 69 3069 50 69 2770 69 4070 6969 30 7070 30 7070 30 70 30 7070 30 7070 30 70 4571 70 TJNISILICATES. 313 33. Gouverneur, N. Y., brownish-white, in boulder 34. Templeton, Mass. (2d spec.), transparent brown 35. Leiperville, Del Co., Pa., faint greenish, plicated 36. Jefferson Co., N. Y., greenish ; in a boulder 37. Hebron, Maine, light brown, transparent 38. Norwich, Mass., yellowish-green, transparent 39. Haddam, Conn., ib. ; columbite locality 40. E. Chester, Westchester Co., N. Y., yellowish-green boulder 41. Paris, Maine, ib. 42. ib., ib. ib. 43. Brunswick, Maine, whitish-brown, silvery 44. Gouverneur, N. Y.?, rose color ; no lithia 45. Orange, N. H., gray, with flattened tourmaline, quartz, and feld- spar 46. Pounal, Maine, nearly colorless; lithia? mica 47. Goshen, Mass., yellowish-green, with indicolite 48. ib. ib. ib. ib. 49. Lenox, Mass., rose-colored, with albite Apparent Angle. 70 70 15' 70 3071 7171 30 71 4071 50 71 45 71 3071 45 71 3072 72 1572 30 72 30 72 3772 50 7373 6 7374 74 5075 75 75 3076 7575 30 2. Muscovites, measured by Senarmont, Grailich, etc. (1) Optical axes situated in the plane of the longer diagonal. Appar. Angle. 1. Philadelphia ; transparent ; clear olive-green 57 58 2. Siberia, in white quartz ; silvery, imperf. transparent 57 58 3. Arendal, greenish-brown 58 4. Zillerthal, in albite; silvery, imperf. transparent 58 59 5. Arendal, in a feldspathic rock ; transparent ; pale 58 59 6. Loc. ?; transparent; clear brown 58 59 7. "Warwick; yellowish-brown 59 8. Couzeran ? ; silvery, greenish-gray, with concave surface of cleavage 60 9. St. Gothard, in quartzose gneiss ; hexag. ; silvery; clear gray 60 10. Schwarzenbach, Austria, pale green 61 12 11. Miask; transparent; clear olive-green 62 63 12. Katherinenburg ; transparent; clear pale rose 63 64 13. Nertschiusk 65 14. Kothenkopf, Tyrol; green 66 15. Gloria, near Rio Janeiro, Brazil; colorless 66 36 16. Schaitansk; imperfectly transparent; rose-colored 67 17. Brittany; transparent, rhombic octahedrons ; blonde 68 1 8. Kimito, Finland ; rhombic octahedrons ; transparent ; clear blonde 67 68 19. Finland; crystals silvery; grayish-green 67 68 20. Aberdeen; transparent; blonde 68 21. Josephs- Alpe, Austria; G. = 2-713 69 10 22. Cape Gozaz, Brazil ; pinchbeck-brown 69 25 23. Middletown, Ct. ; colorless; G. = 2-852 70 24. Katherinenburg ; rhombic prisms in feldspar ; transparent ; nearly blonde 69 70 25. Lo , _,; odorless; but affords j 26. Nulluk, Greenland 70 36 27. Presburg, Hungary 70 40 28. Kassigiengoyt, Greenland; green 71 29. Kakun da, Brazil; pinchbeck-brown 71 25 30. Cam, Bohemia; blonde 71 40 31. Minas Geraes, Brazil; pale green 71 50 32. ib. ib. ; pale brown 72 20 33. Horlberg, Bavaria; pinchbeck -brown 72 25 34. Chesterfield, Mass.; G.=2'827; greenish-yellow 72 30 73 30 35. Serra de Conceicao, Brazil 74 36. Galmeikirchen, Upper Austria ; gray 74 36 37. Miask, Ural; pinchbeck-brown 75 25 38. Siberia; gray or colorless ; G. = 2'302 75 76 Sen. u Grailich. Sen. Grailich. Sen. M Grailich. Sen. u Grailich. u (( Sen. Grailich. <( Sen, H (( Grailich, 314 OXYGEN COMPOUNDS. Appar. Angle. 39. Chesterfield, Mass., rose 75 40. Goshen?, Mass., rose-colored 76 ] 01 6 40 41. Presburg, Hungary 76 12 42. Alenson; hexag.; transparent; grayish-blonde 76 77 (2) Optical axes in the diametral plane of the shorter diagonal 43. Saxony ; hexag. ; silvery, clear gray ; transp., macled 44 44. Kollin, Prussia; gray, in granite 50 12 45. Zinnwald and Schlaggenwald; in granite. Lepidolite? 51 50 46. Tyrol; in granite, gray * 52 12 47. Siberia; colorless 60 30 48. Piedmont; rhombic; silvery reflection ; grayish-green by trp. 63 49. St Fereole, nearBrive; transparent; olive-green 65 50. Milan; hexag.; greenish-white; silvery; unctuous, not elastic 65 51. Fossum, Norway ; hexag.; clear olive-green 66 52. Scotland ; brown ; in large thick crystals 68 53. Tarascon (Ariege) ; rhombic; transparent; colorless 69 54. Ural, in graphic granite ; silvery lustre ; color blonde 72 65. Uto; rhombs; lustre silvery ; yellowish-blonde 7273 Haughton found for the mica of Dublin Co., Ireland, 53 8'; of Glenmalure 67 11'; of Glenda- lough valley, 70 4'; of Mt Leinster, 72 18'; of Lough Dan, 70. On examining different micas pressed between two plates of glass, and subjecting them to changes of temperature, Senarmont found no perceptible change in the optical axes. Grailich shows that, with slight exceptions, the angle increases with the specific gravity in the mica of a given locality. Thus seven micas from Presburg, Hungary, gave the following: Grailich Sen. Sen. Grailich. Sen. Specific gravity Angle 2-714 69-7 2-735 70-0 2-755 70-5 2-782 71-2 2-790 72-3 2-793 72-4 2-796 72-0 Muscovite was so named by the author in 1850, from Vitrum Muscoviticum or Muscovy-glass, formerly a popular name of the mineral. Fuchsite was named after the chemist, Fuchs. Takite of Thomson (1. c.), from "Wicklow, Ireland, is nothing but margarodite, according to Greg and Lettsom (Min., 203), who say that it invests crystals of andalusite. Thomson, as his descrip- tion implies, considered the andalusite prisms and investing mica all one mineral the talcite ; and in view of this, the analyses need not here be cited. Thomson's nacrite, from "Brunswick, Me.," is the green mica of Unity, Me. Alt. Mica at times becomes hydrated, losing its elasticity and transparency, and often some portion of the potash ; and at the same time it may take up magnesia, lime, or soda. The occur- rence of water, magnesia, lime, and soda in some micas, especially the margarodites, has been attributed to incipient alteration. See analyses under A, 1, and A, 2. These changes may be promoted by waters containing carbonates of these bases. E. Blum (Jahrb. Min., 1865, 269) gives the following analysis by Dr. "Wolkenhaar of an altered mica (biotite?) from the dioryte of Schemnitz, which had lost nearly all its alumina and consisted largely of carbonates: Si 33-34, l 3'53, Fe 16-01, Mn 0-89, Mg 2-06, Ca 21-73, Na 2-26, K 0-56, C 20-06=100-44. The carbonic acid would require the Ca 21*73, and Mg 2-06, with Fe 1'22, making 45 p. c. of carbonates. Mica occurs altered to steatite and serpentine, and Tschermak mentions cases of alteration to amphibole and stilpnosiderite. 294. LEPIDOLITE. Violetfarbigen Zeolith (fr. Eozena) v. Born, Crell's Ann., ii. 196, 1791. Lilalith (ib.) v. Born. Schuppenstein Germ. Lepidolith Klapr., Schrift. Ges. Berl., xi. 59, 1794, Bergm. J., it. 80, 1792, Beitr., i. 21, 279, 1795, ii. 191. Lepidolite Kirw., i. 208, 1794. Lithionglimmer C. Gmelin, Gilb. Ana, Ixiv. 371, 1820. Lithia Mica. Lithionit v. Kob., Taf., 54, 1853. Rabenglimmer, Siderischer Fels-Glimmer (fr. Altenberg), Breith., Char., 1823, 1832, Handb., 404, 1841. Zinnwaldit Haid., Handb., 521, 1845. Orthorhombic. I A 1= 120. Forms like those of muscovite. Cleav- basal, highly eminent. Also massive scaly-granular, coarse or fine. H.=2'5 4. G.=2'84 3. Lustre pearly. Color rose-red, violet-gray UNISILICATES. 315 or lilac, yellowish, grayish-white, white. Translucent. Optic-axial ano-le ?0 78 ; sometimes 45 60. Comp. 0. ratio for bases and silica mostly 1 : 1 J ; for R, 33, between 1 : 3 and 1 : 4. The protoxyds (R) include, besides potash, lithia, rubidia, and csesia; and in the Zinnwald mica, thallium has been detected. Fluorine is present, and the ratio to oxygen mostly 1 : 12, as in the Rozena, as analyzed by Rammelsberg ; other ratios obtained are : in the Ural, Chursdorf, Uto, and Rozena micas, 1 : 20; in the Altenberg (Stein), 1 : 60; in the Zinnwald, 1 : 14, 1 : 11, 1 : 12; in the Juschakova, 1:8; in Turner's Altenberg, 1:25. But there is much uncertainty con- nected with all the determinations of the fluorine. The 0. ratio for the bases and silica 1 : 1$ corresponds to a combination of 1 unisilicate to 2 of bisilicate, or the formula (R 3 , R-) 2 S 3 +2 (R 3 , R-) Si 3 ; and also to simply a unisilicate with acces- sory silica (R 3 , &) 2 Si 3 + 2 Si. Analyses: 1, Klaproth (Beitr., L, iL, v.); 2, Gmelin (1. c.); 3, Kralovanski (Schw. J., liv. 230); 4, Rammelsberg (5th Suppl., 120); 5, Regnault (Ann. d. M., III. xiii. 151); 6, 7, Gmelin; 8, Turner (Edinb.J. Sci.,iii.,vi. 61); 9, Klaproth; 10, Lohmeyer (Pogg., Ixi. 377); 11, Stein (Ramm. 5th Suppl., 119); 12, Rammelsberg (ib.); 13-16, Turner (1. c.); 17, 18, Rosales (Pogg., Iviii. 154); 19, Turner (1. c.); 20, Stein (J. pr. Ch., xxviii. 295): Si 3tl Mg Na Li K" 01 1. Rozena 54-40 2. " 49-06 3. " 49-08 4. Cornwall 51-70 5. " 52-40 6. Chursdorf 62-25 7. Zinnwald 46-23 8. " 9. " 10. 11. 12. 13. Uto 14. " 15. Cornwall 16. " 17. Juschakova48'92 18. " 46-62 0-75 - - - 44-28 47-00 42-97 48-65 46-52 50-91 50-35 50-82 40-06 19. Altenberg 40-19 20. Juschakova47'01 38-25 33-61 - 1-40 0-41 - 3-59 34-01 -- 1'08 0-41 - 3-58 26-76 -- 1-29 0-24 M5 T27 26-80 - M 1-50 - -- 4-85 28-35 - M 3-66 - - 4'79 14-14 17-97 M 4-57 ---- 4'21 24-53fell'33 M 1-66 - - 4'09 20'OOFel5-50 1'75 - -- -- 20-59 14-18 0-83 - 1'41 1'60 I7'67f el4-57 M 1'24 0'53 0'71 2*41 21-81Fe21-48 a Ml-96 0'44 0'39 1-27 28-17 - M 1-08 --- 5-67 28-30 - M 1-23 -- -- 5-49 21-33 Fe 9-08 -- -- 4-05 22-90 27-06 M T79 - -- 2'00 19-03 - 5-59 - 2-23 2-77 21-05 - 4-12 -- und. 22-49Fel9-78 M 2-02 ---- 3*06 20-35 14-34 M, 1-53 --- 4'33 a 6-80 Fe O included. 4-00 [2-50] 4- 18 [4-24] 0-11 3-40 4-19 [4-1 5] 3-50 : 10-29 7-12, 9-14 6-90 tr. 4-90 0-83 14-50 10-02 [0-22] 0-21 8-60 9-09 9*50 9-04 9-86 4-30 10-96 1-31 und. 4-18 4-81 8-10: 4-88; 6-35: 8-16: 7-47, 3-90: 4-94: 4-56: 2-16: 10-44, 1-01 10-01, 7-49 9-62 1*53 0-40 3-80 1-43 = 100 Kl. = 100 G. = 100 Kr. Ca 0-40, P 0-16 =100-38 R. = 98-87 R. = 100-76 G. = 100-94 G, = 100-24 T. =98-75 Kl. = 98-38 L. = 102-548. [R. '* 0-13 = 100-66 99-23 T. =99-35 T. i=99-70 T. = 100-27 T. Ca 0-14 R. Ca 0-12, rest und. R. =98-83 T. = 100-548. In a recent analysis of the Rozena lepidolite, made since the discovery of the metals rubidium and cesium, Cooper obtained (Pogg., cxiii. 343) : Si XI 5>e Mg Ca Rb Cs 50-32 28-54 0'73 0'51 1-Q1 0'24 tr. Li LiF NaF KF H 0-70 0-99 1-77 12-06 3'12=99'99 The proportion of fluorine was determined by the loss. Reckoning the fluorine as oxygen, the 0. ratio for R, , Si is 1 : 4'25 : 8-43. 0. D. Allen (Am. J. Sci., II. xxxiv. 369) found in the He- bron lepidolite caesium 0-3, and rubidium 0-14; and later (p. 373) 0'3 of rubidium nearly. Rammelsberg's analysis of the Zinnwald lepidolite (anal. 12) gave him the 0. ratio .1-15: 3: 6*2, or nearly 1:3:6; and that of the Rozena (anal. 4) 1:4-4: 9*13, or approximately 1 : 4| : 9, but for which he proposes 1 : 4 : 7, since the specimen he analyzed contained free quartz in visible grains, and his silica might consequently have been too high [the ratio 1 : l between the bases and silica would require 1 : 4: 8^]. From Rosales's analysis of the Juschakova (anal. 17), he deduces the ratio 1 : 2-8 : 6'4, or approximately, as he observes, 1:3:6. AnaL 11 is cited by Breithaupt for his rabenglimmer; G.=3'146 3-190; color greenish-black to dark green. The Zinnwald mica has been called zinnwaldite. 316 OXYGEN COMPOUNDS. More chemical investigations are required before the species lepidolite can be correctly sub- divided or comprehended. Physically it is hardly distinct from muscovite. Pyr., etc. In the closed tube gives water and reaction for fluorine. B.B. fuses with intumes- cence at 2 2'5 to a white or grayish glass, sometimes magnetic, coloring the flame purplish-red at tbe moment of fusion (lithia). "With the fluxes some varieties give reactions for iron and man- ganese. Attacked but not completely decomposed by acids. After fusion, gelatinizes with mu- riatic acid. Obs. Occurs in granite and gneiss, especially in granitic veins, and is associated sometimes with cassiterite, red, green, or black tourmaline, amblygonite, etc. Found near Uto in Sweden; grayish-white at Zinnwald in Bohemia ; atAltenberg, Chursdorf, and Penig in Saxony ; Juschakova in the Ural; lilac or reddish- violet at Rozena in Moravia ; near Chanteloube, Dept. Haute Vienne, France; at Campo on Elba; brown at St. Michael's Mount in Cornwall; Argyll in Scotland; Tyrone in Ireland. In the United States, a granular and a broad foliated variety at Paris, and also at Hebron, Me., with red tourmaline and amblygonite ; granular near Middletown, Conn. The rose mica of Goshen, Mass., is muscovite. The optical axes lie in the plane of the longer diagonal in the following lepidolites ; the angles of divergence observed are as follows : Paris, Me.; whitish-green; with green tourmaline 74 74 30' Silliman. " rose-colored 74 Grailich. Siberia 75 40 Rozena, Moravia 76 Penig, Saxony 76 30 A " lepidolite " from Bournon's collection gave Senarmont 55; and a Zinnwald mica, silvery or greenish-blonde, 46 47. Grailich made the angle of mica from Zinnwald and Schlaggen- wald 51 10'. Each of these varieties, giving comparatively small angles, have the plane of the axes brachydiagonal ; and the small angle may arise from an interlamination of a brachydiagonal kind with a macrodiagonal. Named lepidolite from ACTTI?, scale, after the earlier German name Schuppenstein, alluding to the scaly structure of the massive variety of Rozena. 295A. SNARUMITE Breiih. (B. H. Ztg., xxiv. 364, 1865). A mica-like cleavage in one direction, and another transverse imperfect. Occurs massive and in tufts columnar in structure, with H.=4 5 '5, the least on cleavage-surface; G. = 2'826; lustre on cleavage-face pearly, elsewhere vitreous ; color mostly reddish-white, colorless, grayish-white. It is, according to Richter (1. c.), a silicate of alumina, lithia, soda, and potash. Comes from the shore of the Snarum-Elf, near c< narum, in Norway. 295. ORYOPHYLLITE. J. P. CooJce, Am. J. Sci., II xliii. 217, 1867. Orthorhombic. /A 7=120. In six-sided prisms. Cleavage: basal highly eminent, as in the Mica group. Twins : composition-face i-i. Also massive, an aggregate of scales. H.=2 2'5. G.=2'909. Lustre of cleavage-face bright pearly inclin- ing to resinous. Color by transmitted light dull emerald-green, transverse to axis brownish-red. Streak grayish, slightly greenish. Thin folia tough and elastic. Optic-axial angle 55 to 60 ; plane of axes brachydiagonal ; Cooke. tt Comp. 0.. ratio for R, B, Si=3 : 4 : 14; for R+, gi, 1 : 2; whence the formula (f R 3 + f 8) Si 3 , in which R=protoxyd of iron, potash, and lithia, with a trace of soda, rubidia, and cassia. But if the micas are unisilicate in type, the formula may be (f R 3 + t$) 2 Si 3 +3 Si; or else, with half the excess of silica basic. Analysis : Cooke (1. c.) : Si l e Stn Fe &g K Li Na, Rb SiF 2 ($) 51-49 16-77 1-97 0'34 7'98 0'76 13'15 4*06 tr. 3'42=99'94. Pyr., etc. In the flame of a candle fuses easily ; and B.B., with some intumescence to a gray- ish enamel (F. = 1'5 2), giving the flame a lithia reaction. In fine powder decomposed by the dilute mineral acids, the silica separating as a powder. The fluorine is not expelled even at a red heat. Obs. Occurs in the granite of Cape Ann, with danalite and lepidomelane (annite). UNISILICATES. 317 SCAPOLITE GROUP. A list of the species of the Scapolite group, with their oxygen ratios and formulas, and the ratios of the non-alkaline to the alkaline protoxyd bases, is given on page 252. Although the oxygen ratios vary from 1:1:2, 1:2:3, 1 : 3 : 4, to 1:2:4 and 1 : 2 : 6|-, the species are' closely alike in the square-prismatic forms of their crystals, in the small number and the kinds of occurring planes, and in the angles. The variation in the basal angle of the fundamental octahedron (1 : 1) for the species of the group is less than 40', the extremes being 64 13' (sarcolite) and 63 40' (meionite). The species are white or grayish-white in color, except when impure, and then rarely of dark color; the hardness 5 6 '5; G.= 2*5 2'8 (2*932? in sarcolite). The alkali present, when any, is soda, with only traces of potash. Meionite was the first species of the Scapolite group distinctly recognized. It is, however, probable that scapolite was included with lamellar pyroxene under the name of White Schorl- Spar (Skorlspat) by Cronstedt, who mentions Pargas, in Finland, as one of its localities. The names Wernerite and Scapolite were both introduced by d'Andrada (of Portugal) in the same article (Scherer's J., iv. 35, 38, 1800), and applied to specimens from the same region in Norway. Wernerite is the first of the two in the article. Haiiy used the names Wernerite and Scapolite (supposing the species distinct) in his Traite of 1801. But in his Mineralogical Course for 1804 or 1805 arbitrarily set aside the latter for Paranthine. Monteiro, a friend of d'Andrada, and speaking in his behalf, protested in 1809 (J. de Phys., Ixviii. 177) against the change, and after arguing that wernerite and scapolite were identical, both on chemical and crystallographic grounds, urged the adoption of the name Wernerite for the species. In the following pages the name Scapolite is retained for the group, so that the minerals may all be called scapolites, as those of the feldspar group are called feldspars, and those of the mica and chlorite groups, respectively micas and chlorites; and the name Wernerite is applied to the most prominent division of the old species. This course meets satisfactorily the question of priority, and also the convenience of the science. 296. SARCOLITE. Sarcolite Dr. Thompson (of Naples), 1 807. [Not Sarcolite duVicentin(= G-melinite) Faujas, Vauq., Ann. d. Mus., ix. 249, 1807, xi. 42.] Analcime carnea Mont. & Cov., Min. Vesuv., 1825. Tetragonal; O A l-fc!56 5' ; a=0'4435. Ob- served planes as in the annexed figure ; hemihedral in the planes 2-3, only the alternate occurring. A 2 =128 33', 2 A 2, pyr., 132 52, A 4=157 19', /A 2=141 27'; /A 6=104 52'; 1 A 1 (not oc- curring planes), bas.,=64 13'. Crystals small. H.=6. G.=2-545, Brooke; 2-932, Kammels- berg. Lustre vitreous. Color flesh-red to rose-red, reddish-white. Transparent to subtransparent. Ex- tremely brittle. _ Oomp. 0. ratio for R, K, gi=l : 1 : 2 ; (( ft Ca+ & Na) 3 +| Si 3 =Silica 39*7, alumina 22-8, lime 33'4, soda 4-1 = 100. Analyses : 1, Scacchi (Quadri Crystallo- graphici, Naples, 66, 1842); 2, Rammelsberg (Pogg., cix. 570) : 318 OXYGEN COMPOUNDS. 1. Si 42-11 Xl 24-50 Ca 32-43 tfa 2*93=1 01'9T Scacchi. 2. (|) 40-51 21-54 32-36 3'30, K 1 '20=98-91 Ramm. corresponding nearly to the composition of idocrase. Pyr., etc. B.B. fuses to a white enamel With acids gelatinizes. Obs. Of rare occurrence at Mt. Somma. Named from a&fa flesh, and \idos, stone, in allusion to the color. The crystallization was first correctly ascertained by Brooke (Ed. J. Sci., i. 189, 1824). Haiiy had pronounced it cubic (Tr., iii. 1822). Kokscharof found A 2=128 38', and 0A 2-=188 30' (Min. BussL, ii. 110). Rammelsberg gives (1. c.) A 2=128 45', and 0A2-i=138 27'. The above figure is from Hessenberg (Min. Not, No. L). The plane usuaUy made 1 is here made 2, in order that the lettering of the crystals may correspond with that of the crystals of other species of the Scapolite group. 297 MEIONITE. Hyacinte blanche de la Somma de Lisk, Crist., ii. 289, 290, PI. iv. f. 118, 1783. Meionite H., Tr., ii. 1801. 288 Tetragonal : A 1-i = 156 IS' ; 0=0-4:39. Observed planes : ; vertical, /, *-*, ^-3, ^-2 ; pyramids, 1, \-i ; zircon- oids, 1-3, 3-3 ; sometimes hemihedral in the planes 3-3, the alternate being wanting. A l^MS 10', 1 A 1, pyr., = 136 11', basal 63 40'. Cleavage : i-i and / rather perfect, but often interrupted. H.=5-5-6. G.=2-6 2-74 ; 2'734-2'737, fr. Somma, v. Rath. Lustre vitreous. Colorless to white. Transparent to translucent; often much cracked within. Comp. 0. ratio for K, , Si=l : 2 : 3 ; (fr(i Ca+fi Na) 3 +f l) 2 Si 3 = Silica 41*6, alumina 31*7, h'me 24'1, soda2'6=100. Analyses: 1, L. Gmelin (Schw. J., xxv. 36, xxxv. 348); 2, Stromeyer (Unters., 378); 3, Wolff (De Comp,. Eke- berg., etc., Ramm., 2d SuppL, 133) ; 4, v. Rath (De Comp. Wern., Pogg., xc. 87) ; 5, Damour (L'ln- stitut, 1862, 21): Si l Fe fig Ca Na K 1. Somma 40-8 30'6 1-0 22-1 2'4 , C and ign. 3-1 = 100 Gmelin. 2. " 40-5332-73 24'24 1-81 Fe 0'18=99-50 Stromeyer. 3. " 42-07 31-71 22-43 0'45 0'31, ign. 0-31=97'29 Wolff. 4. " 42-55 30-89 0-41 0-83 21-41 1-25 0-93, " 0-19=98-46 Bath. 5. " 41-80 30-40 0-46 19'00 2'51 0'86, " 3'17, gangue 0-46=98'66 Dam. An opaque meionite examined by Gmelin having G.=2*65, lost 1"6 by ignition, and afforded some carbonic acid, it containing carbonate of lime. Pyr., etc. B.B. fuses with intumescence at 3 to a white blebby glass. Decomposed by acid without gelatinizing (v. Rath). Gmelin states it to be fusible with difficulty on the edges, and both Gmelin and v. Kobell state that it gelatinizes with muriatic acid. An examination of a speci- men received from Scacchi fully confirms vom Rath's conclusions. Obs. Occurs in small crystals in geodes, usually in limestone blocks, on Monte Somma, near Naples. Rammelsberg obtained (Pogg., xciv. 434) for 1 A 1, basal, 63 48' ; over summit, 116 12' ; 1 A 1, pyr.,=136 12'; the former gives A 1 = 148 6', and 1 A 1, pyr., 136 8'. Kokscharof found .1 Al, pyr., = 136 10' 136 11|' (Min. BussL, ii. 105); Scacchi, 136 11' (1. c.); vom Rath, for crystals from L. Laach, 135 58 (Pogg., cxix. 262), giving a=0'442. Named by Haiiy from /mur, less, the pyramid being less acute than in idocrase. 298. PARANTHITE. Paranthine pt. Skapolit, Scapolit, pt. Wernerit pt. Skapolit (fr. Storgord in Pargas) N. NordensJcidld, Schw. J., xxxi. 417, 1821 ; id. (fr. Tunaberg) Walmstedt, His. Min. Geog. ueb. Wohler, 98, 1826. UNISILICATES. 319 Tetragonal. Forms like those of wernerite ; difference in angle, if any, undetermined. Observed planes: prismatic, 7~, i-i\ octahedral, 1, \-i\ zirconoid, 3-3, Nord. Fig. 288, excepting the planes i-2 wanting (form observed at Ersby). Cleavage lateral. Also massive. H. = 5-5. G.=:2-T36, Pargas, Nordenskiold ; 2'849, Tunaberg, Walm- stedt. Lustre between pearly and vitreous ; outer surface sometimes a little waxy. Color white, grayish-white, gray, pale grayish-green, sea- green, approaching celandine-green. Translucent. Comp. 0. ratio for R, B, Si=l : 3 : 4; (J Ca 3 + l) 2 Si 3 =Silica 43'0, alumina 36*9, lime 20-1 = 100. Analyses : 1-3, K Nordenskiold (1. c.) ; 4, Walmstedt (L c.) ; 5, "Wolff (Comp. Ekeberg. Bias. Berolini, 1843): 1. Ersby, trl. cryst. 2. " cryst. 3. Storgard 4. Tunaberg, cryst. 5. Pargas, Ersby? wh.orgnh. 6. Pargas, gnh. cryst. Si 43-83 43-00 41-25 43-83 45-10 45-46 35-43 34-48 33-58 35-28 32-76 30-96 Mg Ca Na K fi 0-54 0-68 18-96 18-44 20-36 19-37 17-84 17-22 0-76 2-29 1-31 1 -03=99-25 Nord. 1-60=97-52 Nord. 3-32 = 99-05 Nord. = 99-06Walmst. 1-04=98-18 Wolff. 1-29=98-53 Rath. .Anal. 1, G.=2-736; 3, G.=2'749; 4, G.=2'849; 5, G-. = 2'712; 6, G. = 2'654. Anal. 1, 2, 4, correspond to the 0. ratio 1:3:4 (more nearly 1 : 3*1 : 4'3) ; anal 3, to 1 : 2'6 : 3'6 ; anal. 4, to 1 : 3 : 4-3 ; anal. 5, to 1 : 3 : 4'6 ; each corresponding very nearly to the 0. ratio for bases and silica 1:1. An Ersby specimen afforded Hartwall and Hedberg (Jahresb., iv. 155) Si 48-77, A 1 ! 31-05, Ca 15-94, ISTa 3*25, ign. 0-61=99-62; which gives the 0. ratio 1-1:3: 5-3, or a considerable excess of silica, with some soda. It is probably the same mineral with that of anal 5, altered. Pyr., etc. The Tunaberg crystals B.B. fuse easily with intumescence to a globule. Obs. Occurs in greenish 4- and 8-sided prisms, some of them terminated, at Tunaberg in Sweden ; also at Ersby and Storgard in the parish of Pargas, Finland. An analysis by Laugier of "Paranthine" from Arendal afforded him (J. de Phys., Ixviii. 36, 180, 1809) Si 45-0, A 1 ! 33-0, 3?e, Slg 1-0, Ca 17'6, Na 1'5, & 0'5, which agrees closely with the last analysis by Wolff. The name paranthine, substituted for scapolite (and for Arendal specimens) by Haiiy, was consequently connected in Prance, almost as soon as introduced, with the above composition, and continued so to be for nearly 20 years afterward, Berzelius giving the formula Ca 3 Si + 3 l Si (and also the name paranthine) in his N. Syst. Min., 1819, 216. Although Lau- gier's analysis of the Arendal scapolites is not confirmed by later analysts, the name paranthite may well be retained for this section of the Scapolite group. 299. WERNERITE. Wernerite (fr. Norway) d'Andrada, J. de Phys., li. 244, 1800, Schorer's J., iv. 35, 1800. Scapolite (fr. Norway) d'Andrada, ib., 246, and ib. 38, 1800. Rapidolith Abild- gaard, Ann. Ch., xxxii. 195, 1800. Wernerite, Scapolite, H., Tr., iii. iv. 1801. Skapolith, Arcticit [=Wernerite] Wern., 1803, Ludwig's Wern., ii. 210, 1804. Paranthine [=Scapolite of Arendal] H., Lucas Tabl., 205, 1806 ; H. Comp. Tabl., 45, 1809. Fuscit (fr. Arendal) Schu- macher, Verzeichn., 104, 1801. Chelmsfordite J. F. & 8. L. Dana, Outl. Min. G-. Boston, 44, 1818. Nuttallite (fr. Bolton) Brooke, Ann. Phil., II. vii. 316, 1824. Glaukolith (fr. L. Baikal) v. Fischer, Sokoloff's Bergwerks J. ; John. Chem. Unters., ii. 82, 1810; Glaucolite. Tetragonal : A \4 = 156 14' ; a=0'4398. Observed planes : ; vertical, 7, 14, *-2, i-3 ; pyramids, 1, 3 ; zirconoid, 3-3. 3-3 and i-2 often hemihedral, right or left, half of the eight planes being 320 OXYGEN COMPOUNDS. either wanting, or (as in f. 291, a top view) much smaller than the other half. A 1=148 6' /A 1=121 54 /A -2=161 34 /A i- 3=153 26 ^ A 3=161 34 i-i A 2=153 26 1 A 1, pyr.,=136 7 1 A 1, bas., 63 48 l-i A l-i, pyr., = 146 53 Cleavage : i-i and / rather distinct, but interrupted. Also massive, granular, or with a faint fibrous appearance ; some times columnar. H. = 5 6. G.=2-63 2-8. Lustre vitreous to pearly externally, inclining to resinous ; cleavage and cross-fracture surface vitreous. Color white, gray, bluish, greenish, and reddish, usually light ; streak .uncolored. Transparent faintly subtrans- lucent. Fracture subconchoidal. Brittle. Hirwensalo, Finland. Var. 1. Ordinary. In crystals, white to gray, grayish-green, brownish, and rarely, from im- purity, nearly black. Kokscharof gives for the angles those of meionite, namely, 1 A 1, pyr., = 136 11', bas.,=63 42', l-i A I-i, pyr., = 146 67-J', bas.,=47 26', i-i A l-z=113 43', /A L=121 51' (Min. Russl., ii. 82). The prisms are sometimes several inches thick. Nuttalite (named after T. Nuttal) is white to smoky brown scapolite from Bolton, Mass. Chem- ists have found wide variations in composition, and have shown that it is sometimes much altered. The crystals and massive variety of Chelmsford, Mass., of gray, greenish, and reddish shades of color, has been called Chelmsfordite. 2. Massive. Glaucolite is of pale violet-blue, bluish, indigo-blue, to greenish-gray colors, sometimes resembling cancrinite, but having the cleavage of scapolite. It is from near R. Sludi- anka, beyond L. Baikal, Siberia, where it occurs in veins in granite. The pink scapolite of Bolton is similar. Named from yAavKtj?, greenish-gray or sea-green. Comp. 0. ratio for K, K, Si=l : 2 : 4; or for bases and silica 1 : 1-V. Formula (i(Ca, Na) 3 + f A-l) 2 Si 3 + Si; or else with half the excess of silica (Si) basic; =, if Oa : Na=4 : 1, Silica 48'4, alumina 28-5, lime 18-1, soda 5-0=100. The above is the mean ratio ; but the analyses show variations from it, as seen below, due, in part at least, to impunties, alteration, or incorrect determinations. Analyses: 1, 2, G. v. Rath (Pogg., xc. 82, 288); 3, Thomson (Min., i. 273); 4, Wolff (Inaug. Diss. Berlin. 1843, Ramm. Min. Ch., 719); 5, Wurtz (Am. J. Sci., IL (1. c.); 9, Berg (Jahresb., xxv. 356); 10, v. Rath (1. c.); 11, Wolff (L c.): 1. Bolton, bkh.-gn. 2 ' " 3! " 4. " rdh., mass. 5. " bluish, " 6. Arendal, ywh.-gn. " 7. Arendal, ywh., cryst. 8. Malsjo, bluish, 9. Drothems, violet, " 10. L. Baikal, Glaucolite 11. Laurinkari, Finl. 325) ; 6-8, G-. v. Rath Si 44-40 45-57 46-30 48-79 47-67 45-05 46-82 47-24 46-82 47-49 48-15 51 25-52 23-65 26-48 28-16 25-75 25-31 26-12 24-69 26-60 27-57 25-38 e 3-79 3-38 0-32 2-26 2-02 1-39 0-32 1-54 1-48 fig 1-01 1-23 1-29 0-30 0-26 2-18 0-55 0-47 0-84 Ca 20-18 20-81 18-62 15-02 17-31 17-30 17-23 16-84 17-17 17-16 16-63 Na 2-09 2-46 3-64 4-52 7-76 6-45 6-88 3-55 4-76 4-71 4-91 K 0-51 0-63 0-54 1-55 0-97 0-85 0-32 0-58 0-12 fi 1-24=98-74 Rath. 0-78=98-51 Rath. 5-04=100-08 Thorn. 0-74=99-36 Wolff. =100-77 Wurtz. l-24=99'22 Rath. 0-33=100 Rath. 1-75=97-06 Rath. 1-60=98-14 Berg. 0-48 = 100 Rath. 0-85=98-45 Wolff. UNISILICATES. 321 Anal. l,G.=r 2-788, blackish-green crystals, the interior in part opaque; 2, 2 '748, and like the preceding in color; 3, 2'709; 4, G.=2-718; 5, G. = 2'704; 6, G. = 2'751; 7, G. = 2'697; 8, G.= 2-763; 9, G. = 2'34?, from the parish of Drothems in E. Gothland; 10, G. = 2'666; 11, G. = 2'733, color blackish-green and greenish-gray. The oxygen ratios for B, B, Si, corresponding to the analyses are : 1. 1 : 2 : 3-6 5. 1 : 1-8 2. 1-2 : 2 : 4-1 6. 1 : 1-7 3. 1 : 2 : 4 7. 1 : 1-8 3'7 8. 1 : 1-7 : 4-0 3'4 9. 1-1 : 2-0 : 4'0 3-6 10. 1 : 2-1 : 4'0 4. 1 : 2-2 : 4'3 11. M : 2 : 4-0 The first two analyses by v. Rath of specimens named nuttallite, and attributed to Bolton, are evidently of altered crystals, as the presence of over 3 p. c. of oxyd of iron indicates. The coloi stated, "blackish-green," is further evidence on this point. Moreover it is a very unusual color at the locality, as nuttallite is ordinarily white, grayish-white, and pale smoky brown, the darker color occurring sometimes in crystals that are partly whitish. V. Rath states that the mineral was very difficultly fusible. Thomson's analysis (No. 3) was also made on an altered specimen, as it gave 5 p. c. of water. Muir, in an analysis of nuttallite published by Thomson (Min., 383) obtained Si 37-81, 3tl 25-10, 3?e 7*89, Ca 18-34, K 7'30, H 1'50=97'94. The potash and the low silica, as well as the iron, in- dicate an altered specimen, if the analysis may be so far trusted as to draw a conclusion from it. The color of the mineral (white, to yellowish, bluish, or greenish) and the associated minerals on the specimen (spheiie and green pyroxene) show that Muir probably had true nuttallite for in- vestigation. Wurtz's analysis of the pink scapolite of Bolton gives more soda than the rest. In a recent trial (priv. contrib.) B. S. Burton found about 3 p. c. of alkalies, sustaining Wolff's results. The bluish-gray massive variety from Malsjo has been analyzed also by Suckow (Verwitt. Min., 138), but as he found no alkalies, his results are questionable, either on the ground of the speci- men or the analysis. He obtained Si 48-17, 3tl 28-27, 3?e 2-38, Ca 19'04, H 2*00. 99-86. Suckow analyzed also a kaolin from Malsjo, a result of alteration of the scapolite (see p. 323). Pyr., etc. B.B. fuses easily with intumescence to a white blebby glass. Imperfectly decom- posed by muriatic acid. Obs. Occurs in metamorphic rocks, and most abundantly in granular limestone near its junc- tion with the associated granitic or allied rock ; sometimes in beds of magnetite accompanying limestone. It is often associated with light-colored pyroxene, amphibole, garnet, and also with apatite, spheue, zircon ; amphibole is a less common associate than pyroxene. The scapolite of Par- gas, Finland, is in limestone ; that of Arendal in Norway, and Malsjo in Wermland, occurs with magnetite in limestone. Some foreign localities of the mineral are above indicated. In the following those of wernerite and ekebergite are not yet distinguished. In Vermont, at Marlboro', massive. In Mass., at Bolton and Boxborough, in crystals, sometimes large ; at Cholmsford ; Little- ton; Chester; Carlisle; Westfield, massive; at Parsonsfield and Raymond, near Dr. Swett's house, crystals, with yellow garnet. In Conn., at Monroe, white and nearly fibrous ; a stone quarry at Paugatuck, Stonington, massive. In N. York, at Two Ponds in Orange Co., reddish-white crystals with pyroxene, sphene, and zircon, one crystal 10 in. long and 5 in diameter; at Fall Hill, Monroe, of white and bluish colors, massive, with lamellar pyroxene ; in Warwick of the same county, near Amity, milk-white crystals with pyroxene, sphene, and graphite ; 5 m. S. of War- wick, and 2 m. N. of Edenville, near Greenwood Furnace (planes 1, I, i-2, i-i), are other good localities ; in Essex Co., perfect crystals and massive, nearly fibrous, white and greenish- white, abundant near Kirby's graphite mine, 4 m. N. E. of Alexandria, in Ticonderoga, associated with pyroxene ; at Crown Point ; in Lewis Co., in fine crystals, white, bluish, and dark gray, present- ing the play of light not unusual with this variety; edges of the crystals often rounded. In N. Jersey, at Franklin and Newton, and 3 m. W. of Attleboro', crystallized, in limestone. In Canada, at G. Calumet Id., massive lilac-colored ; at Hunterstown, in large crystals, with sphene ; at Grenville, with pyroxene. Pisani has analyzed a scapolite from Brakke, Norway, which gives a composition between that of paranthite and wernerite. He obtained (C. R., Iv. 450) : Si 48 78 l 32-65 e 0'87 Mg 1-15 Ca 13*32 Na 2-59 & 0'63 H 1-80=101'29. It had been called Esmarkite. One of the minerals called saussurite by Boulanger, stated to come from Mt. Genevre, gave him G. = 2'65, and the composition Si 44'6, -&1 30*4, Mg 2-5, Ca 15'5, Na 7'5 (Ann. d. M., ILL viii. 159). It is stated to be greenish- white and compact, and to occur associated with a greenish- 21 322 OXYGEN COMPOUNDS. brown smaragdite. In low specific gravity it is near scapolite. But we may suspect that there is some mistake about the specific gravity, in which case it may be zoisite (see p. 290) like other eaussurite of the Alps. It agrees rather nearly with the latter in composition. Canaanite, a grayish-white or bluish white rock occurring with dolomite in Canaan, Conn., and referred to massive scapolite by some authors, is massive whitish pyroxene, a mineral com- mon in crystals in the dolomite of the region. A so-called glaucoliie from the L. Baikal region, analyzed by Bergemann (Fogg., ix. 267) and Givartovski (Bull. Soc. Nat. Moscow, 1848, 548) differs from the true glaucolite in being difficultly fusible (as much so as orthoclase), and also in composition, these analysts obtaining : Si XI e Mn Mg Ca Na H 1. 50-58 27-60 O'lO 0'85 3-73 10'26 2'96 1'26 1-73=99-07 Bergemann. 2. 50-49 28'12 0'44 0'59 2'68 ll'Sl 3'10 I'OO r78=99'51 Givartovski. It was massive, of a greenish-blue color, with G.= 2*721, Berg.; 2-65, Giv. It has been supposed to be a feldspar. Alt. As the altered scapolites that have been derived from ekebergite or paranthite have not been distinguished from those derived from wernerite, the following observations are made to include all: In the alteration of the scapolites, one or more of the following changes occur, as illustrated in the following analyses of different kinds : 1. The hydration of the mineral. 2. The loss of part or all of the protoxyd bases, often effected largely through the action of carbonated waters carrying off the lime as carbonate. 3. The substitution of potash for the soda or lime, due to the action of the carbonates in solu- tion in percolating waters. 4. The increase in the amount of soda, probably by the action of carbonate of soda or chlorid of sodium in solution. 5. The introduction of oxyd of iron, through salts of lime (organic, bicarbonate, etc.) in solution. 6. The substitution of magnesia for other protoxyd bases. 7. The loss of silica as well as protoxyd bases. By the substitution of potash, the mineral passes either to the state of pinite (anal. 8 to 1 5), or to that of a potash mica (anal 15, 16). By the acquisition of iron (anal. 17, 18) it passes in some cases to epidote (anal. 19). By the introduction of magnesia, it may pass to steatite ; or of^magne- sia and potash, to a magnesia mica (anal 20). By a loss of bases, the proportion of silica left increases (anal. 4, 5, 6, 21, 22, 23); and by a loss of silica also (which may become opal in its separation), the mineral passes to a kaolin-like compound, a common result of its alteration (anal. 24). Moreover, silica may remain, and the altered crystal become by additions a siliceous pseudo- morph, as occurs at Pargas. Analyses: I. Hydrous. 1, Weibye and Berlin (Pogg., Ixxix. 302). II. Containing carbonate of lime. 2-6, Hermann (J. pr. Ch., xxxiv. 177); 7, Brewer (This Min., 1850, 680) ; 7 a, same, with the C removed. III. Potassic and often also carbonated. 8, v. Eath (Pogg., xc. 288) ; 8a, same, with the C removed; 9, T. S. Hunt (Rep. G. Can., 1852-53, 168, 1863, 474); 10, Stadtmiiller (Am. J. Sci., II. viii. 394); 11, T. S. Hunt (ib., 103); 12, Crossley (This Min., 1850, 680); 13, J. D. Whitney (Am. J. Sci., II. xvi. 207); 14, T. S. Hunt (Rep. G. Can., 1853, 1863); 15, Bischof (Ch. Geol., ii. 1433) ; 16-19, v. Rath (L c.); 20, Bischof (1. c.) ; 21, John(Beud. Min., ii 94, 1832); 22, Berzelius (Afh. i. Fys., ii 202) ; 23, Hartwall & Hedberg (Jahresb., iv. 155) ; 24, Suckow (Verwitt. Min., 138, 1848) : I. II. :n. Si 1. Arendal, Ath&r. 38-00 2. S'dianka, Strog. 43'35 3. Diana, gray 47 -94 4. Bolton, white cr. 56*04 5. " rdh.mass. 61-68 6. Gulsjo, w. mass. 53*75 7. Franklin,^. (|)47-35 7o. " 49-71 8. Bolton, yeUow 49-99 ,80. " 52-20 XI 24-10 30-52 30-02 23-92 29-30 28-06 28-77 30-21 23-00 24-03 e 0-95 2-60 1-14 1-16 0-34 1-64 1-71 Fe 4-82 T72 1-81 ftn 0-78 0-26 0-14 0-15 0-26 &g 2-80 0-20 0-78 2-02 2-12 1-73 1-80 Ca 22-64 21-59 14-41 9-28 13-51 9-24 12-00 12-20 3-35 8-06 tfa 3-74 2-20 8-66 1-46 7-00 0-35 0-37 fc 0-73 1-27 0-94 0-55 tr. 7-09 7-40 H 6-95 = 100-09 B. 100-15 H. 0-31=98-47 H. =100-65 H. 0-82=99-80 H. 0-67 = 99-87 H. 1-80-, C 4-72 = 98-38 B. 1-89=98-34 B. 4-23, Ca C 7-80= 99-19 R. 4-43=100-99 R. UNISILICATES. 323 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. Si Perth 46-30 Diana 45'79 Algerite 49'82 " 49-96 " 52-09 Wilsonite (f) 47-60 l Fe 26-20 30*11 1-86 24-91 1-85 24-41 1-48 18-63 a 31-20 Mg 3-63 1-15 5-18 und. 4-19 Ca 12-88 17-40 1-45 tfa fc 2-88 4-30 3-48 tr. 10-21 9-97 und. und. 0-88 9-30 H 2-80=98-99 Hunt. 1-63= 100-27 Stadtm. 7-57, Ca C 3-94=99-45 H. 5-06, Ca C 4-21 = 100-27 C. 6-68, CaC 4-41, Ca 3 P 8'22 W 5-43=99-55 Hunt. 15. Arendal, Mica [65'82] b 27-37 a 0-42 0-42 5-77 0-20 = 100 Bisch. IV. 16. ii 44-49 24-91 4-84 0-36 2-14 1-11 6-71 3-44, CaC 11-11=99-11 R. 17. H brick-red 59-74 16-20 7-90 4-02 2-15 4-31 4-42 1-83 = 100-57 Rath. 18. M black 29-52 15-77 19-14 8-50 9-02 0-58 0-37 10-89, Ca C 4-62=98-45 R. 19. Epidote 37-92 19-21 15-55 0-25 22-68 0-39 0-23 2 -5 1=98-74 Rath. V. 20. Pargas, Mica 46-75 26-15 15-78 0-82 5-64 0-63=95-77 Bischof. 21. Gabbro 1 , nite 54-00 24-00 1-50 17-25 2-00=100 John. VI. 22. Sjosa, brick-red 61-50 25-35 1-50 0-75 3-00 5-00 Mn 1-50=99 Berz. 23. Petteby, Parg. 51-34 32-27 1-91 9-33 5-12 1-00=100-97 H. &H. VII. 24. Malsjo, Kaolin 53-32 44-65 1-17 =99-11 Suckow. a With a little Fe 2 s . b Probably too high. The following are the characters of different altered scapolites, including those of which analy- ses are above given : ATHERIASTITE Weibye (Pogg., Ixxix. 302, 1850). Anal. 1. Like scapolite inform; color green- ish ; opaque. From Arendal, with black garnet and keiihauite. STROGANOVITE Herm. (J. pr. Ch., xxxiv. 178, 1845) (Anal. 2). Has the form of scapolite (Koksch. Min. Russl., iii. 95). Color yellowish to light oil-green ; lustre greasy; translucent; H. = 5'5, G.= 2-79. B.B. fuses easily with intumescence. From the Sliidianka in Dauria. The analysis af- forded 6'4 p. c. of carbonic acid, which is above removed;, this corresponds to 11 '4 p. c. of Ca C. Anal. 3. Large gray crystals, containing 9'23 p. c. of Ca C; G.=2*74. In the anal, as above given, 4'06 of C is removed. . Occurs at Diana, N". Y., with sphene in calcite. Anal. 4. White crystals with calcite, from Bolton; G.=2'66. In the anal, as above given, 2-5 p. c. of C is removed. Anal. 5, reddish massive, from Bolton; G. = 2'70. Anal. 8, massive, yel- lowish ; H.=4-5 ; G.=2'787. Contains 7*80 p. c. of Ca C. From Bolton. Anal. H. Whitish massive, from Gulsjd; contains 3'41 Ca C; G.=2'69. In the anal, above, 1*5 p. c. of C removed. Anal. 7. Greenish or yellowish-green, cleavable, and partly in crystals, from Franklin, N. J., having H.=3'5, G.=2'78, with subresinous lustre ; B.B. very fusible. Contains 10'72 p. c. of Ca 0. Anal. 9. Greenish-gray, waxy in lustre to pearly, subtranslucent, with H. = 5'5, G. = 2-640- - 2'667 ; from Perth in Canada. Contains considerable magnesia as well as potash. AnaL 10. In grayish crystals, from Diana, associated with sphene. (Not from Bolton, as an- nounced ; the specimen shows by its character and the associated minerals that it is unquestion- ably from Diana.) ALGERITE Hunt (Am. J. Sci.. II. viii. 103, 1849) (anal. 11 13) occurs in slender square prisms, sometimes 2 or 3 in. long, imbedded in calcite. Yellowish to gray and usually dull. Brittle. H. =3 3-5; some crystals more altered, 2'5. G. = 2'697 2*712, Hunt; 2'78, Crossley. From Franklin, Sussex Co., N. J. The varying results of analyses, and the presence of carbonate of lime, of magnesia, and the relations to known examples of altered scapolite, confirm the view derived from the form and appearances, that algerite is an altered scapolite, and related to WILSONITE Hunt (Logan's Rep. Can., 1853 and 1863, Am. J. Sci., II. xix. 428) (anal. 14) is a mas- sive mineral from Bathurst, Canada, affording square prisms by cleavage, and having H. =3-5, G. = 2'765 2*776, lustre vitreous, a little pearly on cleavage surfaces; color reddish-white, rose-red, and peach-blossom red. According to Chapman (Am. J. Sci., II. xx. 269), its crystalliza- tion and other characters are essentially those of scapolite. It is associated with apatite, calcite, and pyroxene. The oblique basal cleavage, mentioned by Hunt, is, as stated in the last edition of this work, p. 503, only a fracture. Hunt in Rep. G. Can. 1863 makes it a variety of gieseckite. Occurs also in northern N. York. See further under FINITE, p. 479. Terenite of Emmons (Rep. G. N. Y., 1837, 152) has the form of scapolite, with H. = 2 ; G. = 2'53 ; lustre a little pearly ; color yellowish-white or greenish ; and is from a small vein in limestone at Antwerp, N. Y. It has not been analyzed, but is probably near algerite or wilsonite. The Pinitartigen (pinite-like) Scapolit of Schumacher (Verz., 98, 1801), from Arendal, is probably simi- 324: OXYGEN COMPOUNDS. lar to the algerite and other pinite pseudomorphs. It is described as occurring in crystals and massive, of a white, greenish, and other shades, and as B.B. fusing easily. His Talkartiger Scapo- lit, from Arendal, appears to have been a steatitic pseudomorph, it being B.B. infusible. Mica from Arendal, Norway (Micarelle of Abildgaard). Anal. 15, 16. The mica occurs im- bedded in quartz, and has, according to v. Rath (1. c.), the form of 8-sided crystals of scapolite, 6 in. long. The crystals are covered with mica externally, and within consist throughout of an aggregation of the same mica. The mica is greenish-white, translucent. H, 2 3. G. = 2-833. Oxygen ratio (from v. Rath) 1:5-6: 10'5 ; perhaps 1:6: 10, giving 1 : 1| for the oxygen of the bases and silica. The change from scapolite has consisted in the removal of lime, addition of 3Pe, and substitution of potash for soda. Mica from Pargas, anal. 20, is a magnesia mica. The red scapolite of Arendal (anal. 17) has H. 5; G-. 2/852. Brownish or brick-red. Dif- ficultly fusible. Oxygen ratio 1 : 2-4 : 7'5. In the change, 3Pe, magnesia, and potash have been introduced. The black scapolite of Arendal (anal. 18) is altered by a large addition of magnesia and iron. Color grayish-black ; streak grayish-white. Rather soft. Gr.=:2-837. No cleavage. B.B. edges rounded with difficulty. 0. ratio 1 : 2'1 : 2'5 : 1/6, unless part of the iron is sesquioxyd. The epidote pseudomorph of the same locality (anal. 19) gives the oxygen ratio of epidote 1:2:3. The crystals occur imbedded in uralite. Forchhammer has described other epidote pseudomorphs after scapolite from Arendal, which are albite externally and epidote within. GABBRONITE of Schumacher (Verzeichn., 1801) is referred here by Sa3mann, who observes that there are, in the Ecole des Mines at Paris, crystals of it of the form of scapolile (This Min., 506, 1854). Schumacher describes it as bluish-gray, inclining to leek-green ; also grayish mountain- green; lustre feeble ; fracture smooth like that of flint ; G-. = 2'947 ; having some resemblance to gabbro. The bluish-gray variety from the Kenlig mine near Arendal, with black hornblende and calcite, and the other from Fredericksvarn, Norway, in syenite. The kaolin from Malsjo, anal. 24, is a reddish-yellow clay-like mass, retaining something of the crystalline form of scapolite ; Gr.=2-l. The composition corresponds to 1 of alumina to 2 of silica. For another kaolin see under EKEBERGITE (Passauite). Steatitic pseudomorphs occur at Newton, N. J., and Arendal in Norway. A siliceous scapolite of Pargas, of a gray color, in limestone, contains 92'71 p. c. of silica. Albite is announced by Tschermak as occurring pseudomorphous after scapolite. Pseudo- Scapolite of N. Nordenskiold (Bidrag Finl. Min., 66, 1820) is wernerite altered to pyrox- ene. The crystals are large and contain crystals of pyroxene, which are most abundant toward the exterior ; from Simonsby, near Pargas. 300. EKEBERGITE. Scapolite (fr. Arendal) pt. Wernerite (fr. Arendal) pt. [Syn. under WERNEEITE.] Sodait (fr. Hesselkulla) Ekeberg, Afh., ii. 153, 1807. Natrolite of Hesselkulla WoUaston. Ekebergite Berz., Arsb., 1824, 168. Ekebergit, Porzellanspath (fr. Passau) J. N. Fuchs, Denkschr. Ak. Munchen, vii. 65, 1818, Tasch. Min., xvii. 94, 1823. Porzellanit v. Kob., Taf., 52, 1853. Passauit Naumann, Min., 305, 1855. Tetragonal. Like wernerite in form and cleavage. Also compact, or finely columnar massive. Ii. 5'5 6. G.^2'74. Lustre vitreous, somewhat pearly or greasy. Color white, gray, greenish-white, bluish, reddish. Transparent to sub- translucent. Comp. 0. ratio for ft, fi, i=l : 2 : 4-5; formula (i(Ca, Na)+f l) 2 Sl 8 + 3Si; or else with half the excess of silica (or 1| Si) basic; =, if Ca : Na=3 : 1, Silica 51 -7, alumina 26'3, lime 16-1, soda 5-9=100; if Ca : Na=2 : 1, Silica 51-7, alumina 26-3, lime 14-2, soda 7 -9= 100. Analyses: 1, Hermann (J. pr. Ch., xxxiv. 177); 2, Wolff (Inaug. Diss., Berlin, 1843, Ramm. Min. Ch., 719); 3, Hartwall (Berz. Jahresb., iv. 155); 4, Wolff (1. c.); 5, v. Rath (Fogg., xc. 82, 288); 6, Wolff (1. c.); 7, Damour (L'Institut., 1862, 21); 8, v. Rath (1. c.); 9, Fuchs (1. c.); 10, v Kobell (J. pr. Ch., L 89); 11, Schafhautl (Ann. Ch. Pharm., xlvi. 340): Si 1 Pe Mg Ca Na K ft 1. Hessellkulla 51-02 26'86 2-73 0'37 13-29 4'64 0-82 , Mn 0-26=100 H. 2. gyh.rgn. 49-26 26'40 0'54 14-44 6-14 0'65 0'69=98'12 Wolff. TJNISILICATES. Si $} Pe fig Ca Na t 3. Pargas 49-42 25-41 1-40 0-68 15-59 6-05 4. Malsjo, pink, mass. 49-88 27-02 0-21 0-85 12-71 7-59 0-87 5. 11 white 50-04 25-68 1-06 12-64 5-89 1-54 6. Arendal, ywh.-w. 50-91 25-81 0-75 0-58 13-34 7-09 0-85 7. a 50-30 25-08 14-08 5-98 1-01 8. Gouverneur 52-25 23-97 0-78 9-86 8-70 1-73 9. Passau, Passauite 49-30 27-90 14-42 5-46 10. u u 50-29 27-37 13-53 5-92 0-17 11. 11 11 49-20 27-30 15-48 4-53 1-23 325 1-45 = 100 Hartwall. 0'77=99-90 a Wolff. 2-50=99-35 Rath. 0-41 = 99-74 Wolff. 3-25=99-70 Damour. 1-20=98-49 Bath. 0-90=97-98 Fuchs. =97-30 Kobell. 1-20, Cl 0-92=99-65 S. a 1'35 p. c. of carbonate of lime removed. Anal. 1, G.=2-80; 2, G. = 2-735; 4, G.=2'623; 5, G. = 2'658; 6, G.=2'712; 8, G.=2'633; 9, G. =2-64. The passauite (Porcellanspath) has the 0. ratio, in anal 1, 1 : 2-4 : 4'8 ; in 2, 1 : 2*4 : 4-9 ; in 3, 1:2-2: 4*6. But a slight change in the bases would make the last 1 : 2 : 4*5 ; and it is probable that the mineral is an altered ekebergite. Fuchs made the prisms probably about 92, and so also did Schaf hautl. But Descloizeaux has found that it has but one optical axis a negative one and this decides it to be tetragonal in crystallization. Its colors are white to yellowish, bluish, and grayish-white. The crystals are coarse, and irregularly grouped or single. Pyr., etc. In the closed tube yield a small amount of water. B.B. whitens and fuses with intumescence to a blebby glass. Imperfectly decomposed by muriatic acid. Obs. From Hessellkulla and Malsjo hi Sweden ; Arendal in Norway ; Pargas in Finland, in limestone ; Gouverneur, St. Lawrence Co., N. Y., in limestone, with apatite and sphene, in short thick crystals sometimes several inches in diameter. The passauite is from Appenzell, near Passau, in Bavaria. Alt. The passauite is the source, by its alteration, of a large bed of porcelain earth or kao- lin. Part of the kaolin has the prismatic form of the passauite. Fuchs found in one of his analy- ses Si 45-06, A 1 ! 32'UO, ffe 0'90, Ca 0-74, H 18-00, undecomposed mineral 2-96=99-66; in an- other Si 43-65, A 1 ! 35'93, Fe I'OO, Ca 0'83, H 18'50=99-91. Opal occurs in the kaolin as one result of the alteration. PARALOGITE N. NordensJc. (Bull. Soc. Nat. Moscow, xxx. 221, 1857). Has the form and angles of scapolite (Koksch. Min. RussL, iii. 187), and is probably altered ekebergite. Colors white, bluish, reddish-blue; G. = 2'665. The crystals, after action of acids, are full of worm-like holes, owing to the separation of the carbonate of lime present. Analysis afforded Si 44-95, A 1 ! 26*89 Mn tr., Mg I -01, Ca 1444 [Na 10-86], ign. 1 -85 = 100. No potash was found. B.B. easily fusi- ble. The 0. ratio for R, S, Si is 1 : 3 : 6 ; but supposing a loss of part of the bases, it may have been originally a true ekebergite. From the lazulite locality near Bucharei in Siberia, in the L. Baikal region. 301. MIZZONITE. Scacchi, Pogg., Erganz., iii. 478, 1852. Tetragonal. Closely resembles meionite in its crystals. Observed planes : 0, 1, i-i, i-2, 1. A l-fc=156 6' ; ar=0'4430 ; 1 A 1=135 56' and 64 8', Scacchi ; 135 58', Kokscharof. Cleavage as in meionite. Crystals quite small. Unknown massive. H.=5-5 6. G. 2-623, v. Kath. Lustre vitreous. Colorless to white. Transparent to translucent. Comp. 0. ratio for R, $, Si=l : 2 : 5J; or, for bases and silica, =1 : If; formula, (i(Ca, Na) 8 +fXl) 2 Si 3 +2iSi; or else with half the excess of silica basic; =, if Ca: Na=l : 1, Silica 55% alumina 24-0, lime 9 -9, soda 10 '9 =100. The analyses agree about as well with the 0. ratio 1 : 2 : 5. Analysis : v. Rath (Pogg., cix. 254) : Si 54-70 23-80 0'22 Ca 8-77 Na 9'83 K 2-14, ign. 0'13=99 59. Pyr., etc. B.B. fuses easily, but with less intumescence than meionite. Not acted upon by muriatic acid. Obs. Occurs on Somma, like the meionite. but is associated with feldspar instead of calcite Named from neigw, greater, the axis of the prism being a little longer than in meionite. 326 OXYGKEN COMPOUNDS. 302. DEPYRE. Schorl blanchatre de Mauleon (Pyrenees) (discov'd by Gillet-Laumont in 1786), Leucolite, Delameth., Sciagr., i. 289, ii. 401, 1192. Dipyre H., Tr., iii. 1801. Schmelzstein W&rn., Steff. Orykt., i. 411, 1811. Couseranite Charpentier, Ann. Ch. Phys., xxxix. 280, 1828. Cou zeranite. Prehnitoid Blomslrand, (Efv. Ak. Stockh., 1854, 297. Tetragonal. Form and cleavage same as for wernerite and meionite. Crystals small or large, single or grouped. Sometimes columnar. H. 5 5 -5. G-. 1=2*64:6. Lustre vitreous to somewhat pearly. Color- less, whitish, yellowish, greenish, and sometimes reddish ; opaque white. Transparent to subtranslucent. Dipyre occurs in rather coarse crystals, often large or stout, and rarely columnar, in metamor- phic rocks, while marialite is found only in very small colorless or white crystals, in igneous rocks, and contains more alkali. Prehnitoid is similar to dipyre. Oomp. 0. ratio for K,S, Si=l: 2 : 6; formula (i(Ca+iNa) 3 + l) 2 Si 3 +6&=, if Ca : Na = 1:1, Silica 58-3, alumina 22-6, lime 9-1, soda lO'O. Analyses: 1, Vauquelin (Haiiy's Tr., iii. 1801); 2, Delesse (C. R., xviii. 994, 1844); 3, Damour (L'Institut, 16, 1862); 4, Pisani (DescL Min., i. 227); 5, Blomstraud ((Efv. Ak. Stockh., 1854): Si 1 fin fig Ca Na & fi 1. Dipyre 60 24 10 4 2 = 100 Vauq. 2. " Libarens 55'5 24'8 9'0 9'4 0'7 =99-4 Delesse. 3. " Pouzac 56-22 23'05 9'44 7'68 0'90 2-41=99-70 Damour. 4. " Libarens 56*69 22'68 0'39 0'49 6-85 8-65 0'78 4-55101-08 Pisani. 5. Prehnitoid 56'00 22-45 0'18 0'36 7'79 10'07 0'46 1'04, Fe l'01=99-36 Bl. Pyr., etc. B.B. fuses with intumescence to a white blebby glass. Some specimens are phos- phorescent when heated. Imperfectly decomposed by acids. Obs. From the region of the Hautes-Pyrenees, in granular limestone ; at Pouzac, near Bag- neres-de-Bigorre, with a white uuiaxial mica ; near Libarens, about a mile and a half from Mauleon, with mica or talc; at the baths of Aulus in the Dept. of Ariege; hi a black schist on the right bank of the Les, near Luzenac, Ariege ; in the vicinity of Loutrin, near Angoumer, in blocks of granular limestone, with pyrite, sphene. The prehnitoid is from a locality between Kongsberg and Solberg in Sweden, with coarsely crystallized hornblende ; its hardness is stated by Blom- strand to be 7, and G-.=2-50. The name dipyre, from in, twice, and <>, fire, alludes to the two effects of heat, fusion avdphos- phorescence. Prehnitoid refers to a resemblance to prehnite. Alt. Dipyre undergoes very easy alteration, much easier than wernerite, and this it probably owes to the large percentage of soda. At all the localities the mineral occurs to a large extent in a crumbling state. Some of it appears to be changed to a kind of greenish leuchtenbergite. Cotiseranite appears to be the same mineral hi an altered form. It occurs in the same region, and the dipyre may be seen passing into couseranite. Its square prisms are usually rough or rounded exteriorly, and bluish-black or grayish-black to deep black in color, but sometimes whit- ish and blackish on the same specimen. It is often soft and fragile. Charpentier's mineral came from the department of Ariege (formerly Couserans). Analyses : 1, Dufrenoy (Ann. d. M., II. iv. 327); 2, Pisani (Descl. Min., i. 234): Si Si Fe Mg Ca fra fl 1. 52-37 24-02 1-40 11-85 3'96 5'52 =98'55 Dufr. 2. 58-33 20-20 1'90 7'20 0'99 0'76 8'82 2'35= 100-55 Pisani. Pisani's analysis was made on large square prisms from Pouzac. It has the composition of agalmatolite. Both of the analyses indicate the alteration by the amount of potash present. Other localities are near Bagneres-de-Bigorre ; at Sentenac near Seix, Ariege, in hard lime- stone. An orthoclase of the region has sometimes been mistaken for couseranite. 303. MARIALITE. v. Hath, ZS. G., zviii. 635, 1866. [Not Marialite of Ryllo.] Tetragonal. Closely resembles meionite in its crystals. Form like f. UNISILICATE8. 327 288, except that is present, and 3-3 are wanting. 1 A 1=136 0', nearly. H.=5'5 6. G.=2'626; but, allowing for impurity, 2-530. Lustre vitreous. Colorless, or white. Transparent to translucent. Oomp. 0. ratio for K, S, Si=l : 2 : 6, like dipyre; but having the alkalies and lime in the Na) 3 +| l) 2 Si 8 + 3 Si^Silica 58-3, alumina 22-3, ratio 2 : 1 instead of 1 : 1. Formula (i ( Si+f lime 6-0, soda 13'4=100. Or perhaps ratio 1 : 2 : 6-, which gives silica 62*1, alumina 20'2, lime 5-5, soda 12-2, agreeing better with the analysis. Analysis: v. Rath (1. c.); la is the analysis with 3Pe removed as mixed magnetite : Si Si e Mg Ca ISTa K 1. 59-50 20-70 4-45 0-29 4'39 8'90 1-09=99'32. la. 62-72 21-82 - 0'31 4'63 9'37 1-15=100. Pyr., etc. Like those Of mizzonite. Obs. From a volcanic rock called piperno, occurring at Pianura, near Naples. 304. NEPHELITE. Sechsseitige weisse durchsichtige Schorlsauler mit oder ohne Pyramide an der Spitze, etc. (fr. Vesuvius (Somma)), J. J. Ferber, Briefe aus Walschland, 166, 1773; = Basaltes crystaUisatus albus crystaUis prismaticis v. Born, Lithoph., ii. 73, 177 5;= Sommite Delameth., T. T., ii. 271, l797;=Nepheline H,, Tr., iii. 1801. Pseudo-sommite, Pseudo-nephe- line (fr. C. di Bove), FL Bellevue, J. dePhys., li. 458, 1800; id., var. of Sommite, Delameth., 1. c. Nefelina, CavoHnite, Davina, Mont. & Covelli, Min. Yesuv., 1825. Fettstein Wern., 1808, Klapr. Beitr., v. 176, 1810, Steflfen's Orykt., i. 472, 1811. Elajolith (fr. Nor- way) JTtejpr., Mag. Gres. Fr. BerL, iii. 43, 1809, Beitr., v. 176, 1810. Pierre grasse J3"., Tab!., 65, 228, 1809. Phonite (fr. Norway) Descl. Min., i. 289, 1863. Hexagonal. A 1135 55' ; e 0'65 a 0-39" 1-07 1-50 1-42 1-25 Ca 1-77 1-82 0-84 0-90 3-55 2-02 9-32 10-33 Na 20-46 15-44 14-93 15-83 13-36 14-13 15-72 15-85 fc 4-94 4-72 5-60 7-13 5-03 7-43 1-10 1-21 32-63 82-14 33-25 38-73 34-39 30-29 30-97 32-80 32-69 0-45 0-33 15-95 0-86 0-28 15-67 0-82 0-32 16-02 0-20 14-01 0-47 16-26 0-72 1-15 21-80 2-09 0-66 15-61 tr. 0-40 16-43 0-59 17-02 a With Mn 2 O 8 - 5-45 5-10 5-82 6-91 5-95 1-43 5-91 5-50 5-09 0-62 = 98-92 Arfved. 0-21 = 100-32 Scheerer. 0-21=99-40 Scheerer. 1-39 = 100-74 Scheerer. 1-39 = 101-13 Gmelin. 0-32, Mg 0-11 = 100-39 Heid. =96-89 M. & C. 1-96, Cl tr., & 5-63 = 99-59 Ramm 1-96, CHr., C 6-01=100-83 R. 0-60=100-72 Scheerer. 2-05=100-69 Scheerer. , Mg 0-07=100-60 Scheerer , Mg 0-77=98-13 Brown. 0-92, Mg 0-45 = 100-77 Brown. , Mg 0-15 = 100-53 Pusir. 0-95=100-65 S. & B. 1-47 = 100-91 Kimball. = 99-71 Balch. In the last analysis, the mineral, previous to analysis, had been dried at 150 0. ; when dried at 100 C., it afforded 1-31 p. c. of water. Traces of muriatic acid, and also of sulphuric, were detect- ed by Scheerer and Bromeis; and in one nepheline from Mt. Somma they found 0'22 of the former and 0-10 of the latter. Other analyses : of E. fr. Norway, Scheerer, Pogg., cxix., 145 ; N. fr. Meiches in the Vogelsgeb., A. Knop, Jahrb. Min., 1865, 686*. Pyr., etc. B.B. fuses quietly at 3-5 to a colorless glass. Gelatinizes with acids. Obs. Nephelite occurs both in ancient and modern volcanic rocks, and also metamorphic rocks allied to granite and gneiss, the former mostly in glassy crystals or grains (sommite), the latter massive or in stout crystals (elseolite). A doleryte containing much disseminated nepheline, such as occurs at Katzenbuckel, near Heidelberg, has been called nephelinophyre and nephelindoleryte. A granite-like rock found near Miask, in which elasolite replaces quartz, has been named miascyte, from its locality. A rock composed of orthoclase, elaeolite, and sodalite, from Ditro in Transyl- vania, is the ditroyte of. Tschermak. The zircon-syenite of Norway contains much elasolite. Nephelite occurs in crystals in the older lavas of Somma, with mica, idocrase, etc. ; at Capo di Bove, near Rome (the locality of the pseudo-nepheline) ; in the clinkstone of Katzenbuckel, near Heidelberg; at Hamberg in Hessia; Aussig in Bohemia ; Lobau in Saxony. Elseolite-is found at Brevig, Stavern, and Fredericksviirn, Norway, imbedded in zircon-syenite ; in the llmen Mts., Urals, along with white feldspar, brown hexagonal mica, zircon, pyrochlore, etc.; at Mariens- kaja in the Tunkinsk Mts., Siberia, with graphite, caucrinite, zircon. The crystal measured by Scacchi was of the variety sommite, or davyne, occurring at Somma in a geode in limestone with sodalite (Pogg. Erganz., iii. 478, 1858). Elseolite occurs massive and crystallized at Litchfield, Me., with cancrinite ; in the Ozark Mts., Arkansas, with brookite and schorlomite ; in a boulder, with sodalite, at Salem, Mass. Named nepheline by Haiiy (1801), from vejeXfi, a cloud, in allusion to its becoming cloudy when immersed in strong acid; elceolite (by Klaproth), from I'Aatoi/, oil, in allusion to its greasy lustre, the variety having been made a distinct species earlier by Werner (1808), under the German name of Feitstein. The name sommite, derived from the Vesuvian locality, given in 1797 by Delametherie, has the priority. But Werner early adopted Haiiy's name, and later authors have all taken the same course. TJNISILICATES. 329 A mineral from Norway, of a yellowish-brown color, called pJwnite, is very much like elaeolite, according to Descloizeaux. Alt. Nephelite or elaeolite is liable to ready alteration, and usually produces a zeolite, as thorn- sonite. The Ozarkite of Shepard, according to Smith and Brush, is thomsonite (q. v.), and its situa- tion in cavities in elaeolite shows that it is a product of alteration. The large amount of soda in nephelite compared with the silica fits it especially for generating zeolites. Blum attributes berg- mannite to the alteration of elaeolite (Pogg., Ixxxvii. 315, and cv. 133). Gieseckite is shown by Blum to be a pseudomorph after this species. It differs mainly in con taining several per cent, of water. It occurs in six-sided greenish-gray prisms of greasy lustre, in Greenland, having A 1 = 135 nearly; and also at Diana, in Lewis Co., N. Y., with the same angles, for the most part, although the results of measurement vary between 131 and 139. The crystals of Diana are hexagonal in cleavage ; yet the planes of cleavage are often separated by layers of a waxy appearance, without lustre or cleavage. According to Descloizeaux, the material of the crystals acts on polarized light like a gum or colloid, and is evidently a result of alteration. Liebenerite, from the valley of Fleims, in the Tyrol, is considered by Blum a similar pseudomorph, and Descloizeaux sustains this conclusion. See further FINITE, under HYDROUS SILICATES. Elaeolite has been observed altered also to mica and opal. Davyne is regarded as altered nephelite, due to the introduction of carbonic acid, as stated above ; and cancrinite is supposed to have had the same origin. 304A. CANCRINITE. G. Rose, Pogg., xlvii. 779, 1839. Hexagonal, and in six and twelve-sided prisms, sometimes with basal edges replaced ; A -J= 154 7', /A -=115 53', -Ai=154 47'; also thin columnar and massive. H. = 5 6. G.= 2-42 2-5. Color white, gray, yellow, green, blue, reddish; streak uncolored. Lustre sub- vitreous, or a little pearly or greasy. Transparent to translucent. COMP. Formula the same as for nepheline, with some R C and n H, R of the silicate to that of the carbonate being mostly as 3 : 1. Rose found no water. Analyses: 1, 2, G. Rose (Pogg., xlvii. 779); 3, Pusirevsky (Koksch. Min. Russl., iii. 76); 4, 5, J. D. Whitney (Pogg., Ixx. 431); 6, v. Struve (Pogg., xc. 615); 7, Pusirevsky (1. c.); 8, G. Tschermak (Ber. Ak. Wieu, xliv. 134); 9, Pisani (Ann. Ch. Phys., III. Ixvii.) : Oa Na K C IT 1. Hmen Mts. 40-59 28'29 2. 40-26 28-34 3. (f) 35-96 29-57 4. Litchfield, yellow 37 '42 27*70 5. " greenish 37'20 27 '59 6. Tunkinsk Mts. 3 8 -3 3 2 8 -5 5 7. 37-72 27-75 8. Ditro 37*2 80'3 9. Barkevig 41-52 28-09 7-06 17-38 0'57 6'38 = 100'27 G. Rose. 6'34 17'66 0'82 6'38 =99'70 G. Rose. 5-68 18-53 5'55 3'70,3Pe,MnO-19, S>32=99-50P. 3-91 20-98 0'67 5'95 2'82, Mn, e 0-86=100-31 Wh. 5-26 20'46 5'50 5'92 3'28, Mn, Pe 0'27 Whitney. 4-24 20*37 (C & H) 8'5 1 = 100 Struve. 3-11 21-60 5'61 4-07=99-86 Pusirevsky. 5-1 17-4 5-2 4'0=99'2 Tschermak. 4-11 17*15 3-60 6'60=101'07 Pisani. G. = 2-448, yellow, fr. Litchfield, Me., Whitney; 2-461, green, ib. ; 2'489, rose-red (anal. 8), fr. Ilmen Mts., Pusirevsky; 2'454, yeUow (anal. 7), fr. Tunkinsk Mts., id.; 2'42, fr. Ditro (anaL 8), Tschermak; 2-404, fr. Barkevig, Pisani (anal. 9). Cancriuite is closely like nephelite in crystalline form, and it is probably identical with it in atomic ratio, excepting the carbonate and water, which may be due, as stated, to alteration. Davyne is intermediate in composition, and differs only in that it has the carbonic acid combined with lime alone. Whitney found a trace of chlorine in his analyses. The red color of the Miask cancrinite is due to disseminated grains of hematite, according to Kenngott, who also found calcite in micro- scopic grains, and suggests that this may be the source of the carbonic acid of cancrinite. PYR., ETC. In the closed tube gives water. B.B. loses color, and fuses (F. = 2) with intu- mescence to a white blebby glass, the very easy fusibility distinguishing it readily from nephelite. Effervesces with muriatic acid, and forms a jelly on heating, but not before. OBS. Found at Miask in the Urals ; of citron-yellow color at the Marienskoy graphite mine in the Tunkinsk Mts., 400 versts west of Irkutsk, in a coarse granite, with zircon, calcite, and magnetite ; at Barkevig, hi the Langesund-fiord, Norway, whitish and pale yellowish, with blue sodalite and " bergmannite ; " at Ditro in Transylvania, pale flesh-red, in the rock called ditroyte, consisting of orthoclase, elaeolite, and sodalite (anal. 8). In crystals and massive, with blue soda- lite, at Litchfield, Me. 330 OXYGEN COMPOUNDS. Alt. Occurs altered to natrolite (bergmannite] ; the cancrinite, as Ssemann and Pisani observe, first losing its translucence and then passing to the fibrous condition and nature of the zeolite. 305. SODALITE. Sodalite (fr. Greenland) Thomson, R. Soc. Ed. Tr., v. 387, read Nov. 1810. PhiL Mag., xxxvi. 303, 1810. Isometric. In dodecahedrons, O ; also 4, 5, 10, 11, 14. Cleavage : dode- cahedral, 12 planes centre, anu. ainom^ J.AV/JLU. t* \;\J*.*.*.M*.I.*.I*IU*.\S*-* ~~ ~ ~~ H =5-56. Gr.-= 2-136 2-26, Vesuvius ; 2*401, fr. Scarrupata, v. Kath ; 2-289, Ural; *2-37, Greenland; 2'294-2'314, Salem, Kimball. Lustre vitreous, sometimes inclining to greasy. Color gray, greenish, yellowish, white ; sometimes blue, lavender-blue, light red. Subtransparent trans- lucent. Streak uncolored. Fracture conchoidal uneven. soda 19-2, sodium 4-7, chlorine 7'3=100. The name alludes to the soda. J. D. Whitney suggests that the blue color may be owing to ferric acid present. Analyses: 1, Bkeberg (Thomson's Ann. Phil., i. 104); 2. Thomson (1. c.); 3, Arfvedson (Jahresb., ii 97); 4, 5, Rammelsberg (Min. Oh., 702); 6, v. Rath(ZS. G., xviii. 621); 7, Hofmann (Pogg., xlvii. 377) ; 8, v. Bore (Pogg., Ixxviii. 413); 9, 10, Whitney (Pogg., Ixx. 431); 11, J. P. Kimball (Am. J. Sci., II. xxix. 67); 12, D. M. Balch (Proc. Essex Inst, Salem, iv. 4): 3Pe Ca Na 01 0-15 . 25-00 6-75=99-90 Ekeberg. 1-00 2-7 23-50 3-00, ign. 2'1=98'30 T. 56-55* 5-30=100-43 Arfvedson. 24-37 6-69=100-86 Ramm., G.=2*136. 23*43 2-55=99*36 Ramm. 4-03 0-43 16*43 6'96, fig 0'73, K 1'19, Na 4-51, ign. 3'12= 10 1-7 7 Rath. 0-32 24'47 a 7-10=102-33 Hofmami. 1-21 22-03 wwd. b , K 0'51, Mg 0*44=93*87 Bore. 23-86 6-97, K 0-59=101*60 Whitney. 1-08 25-48 , rest undet., Whitney. fa 24*31 6-99=101*33 Kimball. 0-35 18-94 6-45, Na 4-18=99*61 Balch, G.=2'30. b Traces of Sn, Mn, W, and Mo. c With some Fe 2 O 3 . 1. Greenland 2. " 3. Vesuvius 4. " 5. g 6. Scarrupata Si XI 36-00 32-00 38-52 27-48 35-99 32-59 38-12 31-68 38-76 84-62 37-30 27-07 7. Ilmen Mts. 38-40 32-04 8. Lamo, Norway 38'86 30*82 9. Litchfield, Me. 37'30 32'88 C 10. " " 37-63 30-93 11. Salem, Mass. 37*33 32'70 12. " " 37-54 32-15 a With some potash. Pyr., etc. In the closed tube the blue varieties become white and opaque. B.B. fuses with intumescence, at 3*54, to a colorless glass. Decomposed by muriatic and nitric acids, with sep- aration of gelatinous silica. Obs. Occurs hi mica slate, granite, syenite, trap, basalt, and volcanic rocks, and is often associ- ated with nephelite (or elseolite) and eudialyte. With sanidine it forms a sodalite-trachyte at Scarru- pata in Ischia, in which also occur augite, titanite, and magnetite in crystals. Found in West Greenland in mica slate, along with feldspar, arfvedsonite, and eudialyte ; at Vesuvius, on Monte Somma, in white, translucent, dodecahedral crystals, with pyroxene, mica, and rarely in green dodecahedrons, with cubic planes, in limestone along with idocrase and nepheline ; massive and of a gray color imbedded in trap at the Kaiserstuhl in Brisgau ; also near Lake Laach ; in Sicily, Yal di Noto, with nephelite and analcite ; at Miask, in the Ural, blue in the granite-like rock called miascyte, with elasolite and feldspar ; Sedlowatoi, in the White Sea, with eudialyte ; in nodu- lar masses at Lamoe near Brevig, Norway, of a lavender-blue color, with elaeolite, wohlerite, and rarely eudialyte. A blue variety occurs at Litchfield, Me., massive, with distinct cleavage, associated with elaso- lite, zircon, and cancrinite ; a lavender-blue, in a vein in syenite, at Salem, Mass., violet to azure- blue, with ela3olite, orthoclase, biotite, and zircon. UNISILICATES. 331 Bergemann obtained for a greenish mineral having G.= 2 '502, occurring with elaeolite at Brevig in Norway (Fogg., Ixxxiv. 492), Si 46*03, &1 23-97, Na 21-48, Gl 7*43, $ 0'86, Ca, Pe *r.=99*77 ; it gives the formula of anorthite (oxygen ratio 1:8:6) with an addition of some chlorid of sodi- um ; but it may be only an impure sodalite. Named in allusion to its containing soda. Alt. Sodalite occurs altered to kaolin, like the feldspars, and also in conditions of partial change. An altered sodalite from Greenland afforded Eammelsberg Si 43-20, l 32-54, Ca 3'00, Na 11-42, Cl tr., H (by loss) 9*84, giving for K, Xl, Si, H, the oxygen ratio 1:4:6:2; but it is not regarded by this chemist as a distinct chemical compound. Trolle-Wachtmeister found a Yesuvian sodalite to contain (Pogg., ii. 14) Si 50*98, A 1 ! 27'64, Na 20-96, Cl 1*26=100-84, which must have been either very impure or altered. 306. LAPIS-LAZULI. Sd;r^ipos Theophr. Sapphires Plin., xxxvii. 39. Sapphirus Agric., Foss., 288, 1546. Cyaneus, Lapis Lazuli (Lapis Azul Arab., unde nomen Asuri, aut Lazuh'), B- de Boot, Lap., 273, 1636. Lapis-Lazuli, Lazur-Sten, Jaspis colore cceruleo cuprifer, Wall, Min., 97, 1747. Lapis-Lazuli, ou Pierre d'Azur, Fr. Trl Wall., i. 186, 1753. Zeolites Bloa (=Blue Zeolite], Lapis Lazuli, Cronsl, 100, 1758. Zeolithus caeruleus v. Born., Lithoph., i. 46, 1772. Lasurstein Germ. Native Ultramarine. Outremer Fr. Isometric. In dodecahedrons, f. 3, 4. Cleavage : dodecahedral, imperfect. Commonly massive, compact. H. 5 5*5. G. 2 - 38 2*45. Lustre vitreous. Color rich Berlin or azure-blue, violet-blue, red, green ; also colorless. Translucent opaque. Fracture uneven. Comp, A silicate of soda, lime, and alumina, with a sulphid probably of iron and sodium. Analyses : 1, Klaproth (Beitr., i. 189) ; 2, Gmelin (Schw. J., xiv. 329) ; 3, Kohler (Ramm. Min. Ch., 710) ; 4, Schultz (ib.); 5, Yarrentrapp (Pogg., xlix. 515) ; 6, v. Hauer (Yerh. G. Reichs., 1860, 86) ; 7, F. Field (Q. J. Ch. Soo., iv. 331) ; 8, Schultz (1. c.) : Si XI e Ca Na H S 1. Orient 46-0 14'5 3'0 17-5 2-0 4'0, C 10*0=97-0 Klaproth. 2. " 49 11 4 16 8 tr. 2, Mg 2=92 Gmelin. 3. " 45-33 12-33 2'12 23'56 11-45 0'35 3'22, Cl 0'42, S?=98*78 Kohler. 4. " 43-26 20-22 4'20 14*73 8'76 5*76, 83-16=100 Schultz. 5. Bucharei 45*50 31-76 tr. 3*52 9'09 0'12 5*89, Fe 0*86, Cl 0*42, 80*95=98*11 Yarrentr. 6. Ditro 40*54 43*00 0*86 T14 [12*54] 1'92 =100 Hauer. 7. Andes 66*9 20'0 0*1 lO'l , S 2*9 Field. 8. " 45*70 25-34 1*30 7*48 10*55 4*32, S 3*96, K 1*35=100 Schultz. Pyr., etc. Heated in the closed tube gives off some moisture ; the variety from Chili glows with a beetle-green light, but the color of the mineral remains blue on cooling. Fuses easily (3) with intumescence to a white glass. Decomposed by muriatic acid, with separation of gelatinous silica and evolution of sulphuretted hydrogen. Obs. It is usually found in syenite or crystalline limestones, associated often with pyrite and mica in scales. Occurs of a deep blue color in Siberia, at Bucharei, in limestone, with pyrite, apatite, and glau- colite ; near the river Talaja, and also the Bystraja, in the Lake Baikal region, in a crystalline lime- stone containing mica, in syenite ; also on the Sliidianka in the same region ; at Ditro in Transyl- vania, in a hornblendic vein in syenite ; in Persia; China; Thibet; at Bardakschan in Tartary; in the Andes of Ovalle, near the sources of the Cazadero and Yias, tributaries of tho Rio Grande, in a granitic rock. On the banks of the Indus it is disseminated in grayish limestone. The richly colored varieties of lapis lazuli are highly esteemed for costly vases and ornamental furniture ; also employed in the manufacture of mosaics ; and when powdered constitutes the rich and durable paint called ultramarine. B. de Boot gives, in his work above referred to, the method employed for making artificial ultramarine. An ultramarine, chemically prepared, equal to that from native lapis lazuli in color and permanency, and now extensively used in the arts, contains, according to Yarrentrapp, Si 45-604, S 3-830, Xl 23'304, Ca 0'021, Na 21'476, K 1'752, S 1'685, Fe 1*063, Cl fr*.=98'785. 332 OXYGEN COMPOUNDS. 307. HAUYNITE. Latialite (fr. the Campagna, ancient Latium) Gismondi, in Mem. read ir 1803, before the Akad de Lincei at Eome, but unpublished. Haiiyne Bruun-Neergard, Schw. J., iv. 417, 1807, J. d. M., xxi. 365, 1807. Auina Hal. Berzeline L. A. Necker, BibL Univ., xlvi 52, 1831, Regne Min. Paris, 1835 ; v. Rath. ZS. G., xviii. 546, 1866=Marialite RyUo=G\& mondina ottaedrica Med. Spada. Isometric. In dodecahedrons, octahedrons, etc., f. 3 1 ; also with planes 3, 3-3. Cleavage: dodecahedral distinct. Twins: composition- 293 face octahedral, as in f. 293, parallel to all the planes 1 ; and f. 294, parallel to one plane, with faces of the dodecahe- dron. Commonly in rounded grains often looking like crys- tals with a fused surface. H.=5-5-6. G.=2-4 2'5; Lustre vitreous, to somewhat greasy. Color bright blue, sky- blue, greenish-blue ; aspara- gus-green. Streak slightly bluish to colorless. Subtrans- Albano. Albano. parent to translucent. Fracture flat conchoidal to uneven. Var. For the mineral fr. Marino, G.= 2'833, Gmelin; fr. Vesuvius, G.=2'464, Rainm. ; fr. Melfi, Gr. = 2-466, Scacchi; fr. L. Laach, 2-481, v. Rath. The white variety from near Albano is Berzeline of Necker, according to v. Rath (1. c.), from whom figs. 293, 294, representing twins of it, are taken. Vom Rath remarks that the mineral analyzed by Gmelin (Obs. de Hauyna, etc.), which has been referred to berzeline, was a mixture. Comp, (i Na 3 + f 3tl)* Si 3 4- Ca S=(Na 3 ) 2 Si 3 +3 A 1 ! 2 Si 3 + 4 Ca S=Silica 32-0, alumina 27'4, lime 9-9, soda 16-5, sulphuric acid 14-2 = 100. Analyses: 1, Gmelin (Obs. de H., Heidlb., ISH/Schw. J., xiv. 325, xv. 1); 2, Varrentrapp (Pogg., xlix. 515); 3-5, J. D. Whitney (Pogg., Ixx. 431); 6, Rammelsberg (Pogg., cix. 577; ; 7, id. (ZS. G., xii. 273) ; 8, v. Rath (ib., xvi. 84) ; 9, v. Rath (ib., xviii. 547) : 1. Marino 2. Niederm'g Si 35-48 35-01 3. " 33-90 4. " 34-83 5. Mt. Albano 32'44 6. Vesuvius (f) 34'06 7. Melfi ' 34-88 8. L. Laach (f) 33-11 9. Berzeline 32-70 28-87 27-41 28-07 28-51 27-75 27-64 29-34 27-35 28-17 1-16 0-31 1-05 fig 0-70 0-22 Ca 12-00 12-55 7-50 7-23 9-96 10-60 5-54 11-70 10-85 Na 9-12 19-28 18-57 14-24 11-79 14-47 15-39 11-13 & 15-55 2-40 4-96 3-76 1-12 4'64 fi [3-45; 6-2 0-20 0-48 12-60, Fe 0-17, Cl 0-58, S 0-24=98-34 V. 12-01 1=100-73 Whitney. 12-13 = 101-58 Whitney. 12-98=99-77 Whituey. 11-25 = 100-30 Ramm. 11-08, CHr. = 99-77 R. 12-54, 010-33 = 103-01 R. 12-15, 01 0-66, Na 0'43 = 101-21 R. a H, S, and loss. The haiiynite from Niedermendig, according to Whitney, corresponds in composition to 2 haiiy- nite+1 nosite. Pyr., etc, In the closed tube retains its color. B.B. in the forceps fuses at 4'5 to a white glass. Fused with soda on charcoal affords a sulphid, which blackens silver. Decomposed by muriatic acid with separation of gelatinous silica. Obs. Occurs in the Vesuvian lavas, on Somma ; at Melfi, on Mt. Vultur, Naples, in a kind of lava called Hauynophyr, a black to brown rock containing the haiiynite disseminated through it. of black, green, blue, red, and brown colors, and also white, and sometimes red inside and blue outside ; in the lavas of the Campagna, Rome, and also in the peperino of Marino and Lariccia near Albano, of sky-blue, bluish-green, and sometimes opaline, also white (berzeline} ; iu basalt at Niedermendig and Mayen, L. Laach, hi a trachytic rock ; at Mt. Dor in Puy de Dome : at St. Michael's, Azores. TJNTSILICATES. 333 Named after the crystallographer and mineralogist Haiiy. Alt. The variations in the analyses as to water present show a tendency to hydration and to other changes in the mineral. ITTNEKITE Gmelin (Schw. J., xxxvi. 74, 1822); SKOLOPSITE v. Kobett(QeL Anzeig., xxviii. 638, 1849). Karnmelsberg has shown (Ber. Ak. Berlin, 18ti2, 1864) that ittnerite and skolopsite are probably altered hauynite or nosite. Ittnerite contains 10 to 12 p. c. of water, and scolopsite varies in the water from none to 10 p. c. Ittnerite occurs in translucent dodecahedrons or granular massive, with H.=5'5; G.=2'37 2*40; color dark bluish or ash-gray to smoky gray; lustre resinous, and comes from Kaiserstuhl near Freiberg, in Brisgau, Sasbach, and Endingen. Scolopsite occurs granular massive; H. = 5; G.=2-53, color grayish- white, to pale reddish- gray, and is from Kaiserstuhl, and occurs in the same rock with ittnerite (Fischer, Ber. Ges. Freiburg, 1862). Analyses: 1, Gmelin (1. c.); 2, J. D. Whitney (Pogg., Ixx. 442); 3, Rammelsberg (Ber. Ak. Berlin, 1864, 171); 4, v. Kobell (1. c.); 5, Rammelsberg (L c., ii. 1862, 245); 6, id. (ib., 1864, 172): 1. Ittnerite 2. " 3. 4. Scolopsite 6. " Si 34-02 35-69 37-97 44-06 34-79 38-60 Mg 28-40 0-62 29-14 30-50 b 17-86 2-49 21-00 2-70 19-29 Ca 7-27 5-64 0-76 3-42 2-23 16-34 2-67 15-10 1-80 12-21 Na 12-15 12-57 7-89 12-04 11-95 10-84 K 1-56 1-20 1-72 1-30 2-80 fl 10-76* [9-83] 12-04 3-29 S 01 2-86 4-62 4-01 4-09 4-39 a With H S. 2-18 [10-25] 3-56 With a little Fe 2 0'. 0-73=98-36 Gmelin. 1-25=100 Whitney. 0-62 = 98-93 Ramm. 0-56=100-97 KobeU. 1-36=100-05 Ramm. 1-27 = 100 Ramm. Scolopsite was named from a splinter, from its splintery fracture. 308. NOSITE. In ripis (L. Laach) lapilloa elegantiores et sapphires reperire est, Freherus, Orig. Palatinarum, ii. 36, 1612. SpineUan Nose, Noggerath's Min. Stud. G-eb. Niedderrhein, 109, J. de Phys., Ixix. 160, 1809. SpineUan, Nosian, Klapr., Breitr., vi 371, 1815. Hauyne pt. No- sean, Nosin, some authors. Isometric, like hauynite. In dodecahedrons. Often granular massive. H.=5'5. G.=r2*25 2'4. Color grayish, bluish, brownish; sometimes black. Translucent to nearly opaque. 36'1, sulphuric acid A little chlorid of sodium is also present; ratio of chlorid to Comp. ( 8-0, alumina 31-0, soda 24-9 = 100. sulphate about 1 : 10. Analyses: 1, 2, Bergmann (Bull. Sci., 1823, iii. 406); 3, Yarrentrapp (Pogg., xlix. 515); 4, 5, J. D. Whitney (Pogg., Ixx. 431); 6-9, v. Rath (ZS. G., xvi. 86): Si A 1 ! J? e 1. L. Laach 38-50 29-25 1-67 2. 1 37-00 27-50 1-28 3. 1 35-99 32-57 0-06 4. 5. ' 36-52 36-53 29-54 ) 29-42 f 0-44 j 6. dk. bn. 36-72 29-08 0-75 7. ' bh.-gy. 36-69 28-45 0-47 8. ' gnh. 36-46 29-61 0-91 9. ' clear 36-87 26-60 0-28 Ca Na K Cl 1-14 16-56 8-14 12-24 1-12 17-84 1-85 0-65 1-09 23-12) 1-62 22-97 \ l61 1-20 23-33 0-83 0'7l 0-63 23-90 2-15 1-05 2-37 20-60 2-02 0'70 4-05 20-75 0-37 1'08 S 8-16, Stn 1-00=99-11 Bergm. 11-56, Mn 0-50=99-59 Bergm. 9-17=99-22 Varrentrapp. ?-66=lOO-34 Whitney. 7-13 = 100-99 Whitney. 7-52, K 0-34=100-48 Rath, G.= 2-281. 7-30=1 00-64 Rath, G. = 2-299 7-34=100 Rath, G.=2'336. 10-00= 100 Rath, G. = 2-399. Klaproth, in his analysis (Beitr., vi. 375), obtained Si 43-0, l 29'5, e 2'0, Ca 1'5, Na 19'0, S 1-0, H 2-5 = 98-5. Pyr., etc B.B. like hauynite. Gelatinizes in acids, yielding no sulphuretted hydrogen. Obs. From near Andernach on the Rhine, at Lake Laach, in loose blocks consisting largely of a glassy feldspar, with mica, magnetite, and occasionally zircon, occupying cavities in the feld- spar, in small grains or crystals ; also found at Rieden and Yolkersfeld in a leucite rock. Named after K. W. Nose of Brunswick. 334: OXYGEN COMPOUNDS. 309. LEUCITE. Weisse Granaten, Weisse gr&nat-formige Schorl-Crystallen (fr. Vesuvius), J. J. Ferler, Briefe aus Walschland, 165, 176, etc., 1773. Basaltes albus polyedrus granatv formis, etc., v. Born, Lithoph., ii. 73, 1775. Schorl blanc Fr. Trl of Ferber. Grenats blanca calcines (fr. Vesuvius, where called Occhio di Pertiice, Rome, etc.) de Saussure, J. de Phys., vii. 21, 1776. (Eil de Perdrix, Grenats blancs, allures par une vapeur acide qui ay ant dissout lo fer a laisse les grenats dans un etat de blancheur, Sage, Min., i. 317, 1777 ; de Lisle, ii. 330, 1783. Weisse Granaten Hoffm., Bergm. J., 454,, 474, 1789. White Garnet. Leucit Wern., Bergm. J., i. 489, 1791, Hopfner's Mag. N. Helvet, iv. 241. Leucite K, J. d. M., v. 260, 1799. Amphigene H., Tr., iL 1801. Isometric. Usual form the trapezohedron (f. 295). Cleav- dodecahedral, very imperfect. Surfaces of crystals even, but seldom shining. Often disseminated in grains; rarely massive granular. H.=5-5 6. G.=2-44 2-56. Lustre vitreous. Color white, ash-gray or smoke-gray. Streak uncolored. Translu- cen t opaque. Fracture conchoidal. Brittle. Comp. 0. ratio 1 : 3 : 8 ; K Si+l Si 3 =Silica 55'0, alumina 23'5, potash 21-5=100. Analyses: 1-4, Klaproth (Beitr., ii. 39); 5, Arfvedson (Afhandl. i Fys., vi. 139); 6, Avdejef (Pogg., Iv. 107)- 7-9, Rammelsberg (Pogg., xcviii. 142); 10, 11, Bischof (Lehrb., ii.); 12, Rammelsberg (Miu. Ch., 999) ; 13-15, Bischof (1. c.) ; 16, Rammelsberg (Pogg.. xcviii. 150) ; 17-20, Bischof (1. c.) ; 21, A. Knop (Jahrb. Min., 1865, 685): Si Ca K 1. 2. Vesuvius 53-750 53-50 24-625 24-25 21-350 =99-725 Klaproth. 20-09 =97-84 Klaproth. 3. Pompeii 54-50 23-50 19-50 =97-50 Klaproth. 4. Albano 54- 23- 22- =99 Klaproth. 5. Vesuvius 56-10 23-10 21-15 , Fe 0-95 = 101-30 Arfvedson. 6. 56-05 23-03 Jr. 1-02 20-40 =100-50 Avdejef. 7. t( 56-10 23-22 0-57 20-59 =100-48 Rammelsberg. 8. u 56-25 23-26 0-32 0-43 20-04 =100-40 Rammelsberg. 9. (|) 56-48 23-14 0-50 19-78 0-52=100*42 Rammelsberg. 10. u 57-84 22-85 0-20 6-04 12-45 0-59, e 0-14=100-11 Bischof. 11. (( 56-49 22-99 0-04 3-77 15-21 1-48 = 99-98 Bischof. 12. (( 57-24 22-96 0-91 0-93 18-61 =100-65 Rammelsberg. 13. u 55-81 24-23 8-83 10-40 =99-27 Bischof. G.=2'519. 14. L. Laach 54-36 24-23 3-90 16-52 0-64=99-65 Bischof. 15. 56-22 23-07 0-23 6-40 1326 =99-66 Bischof. 1G. Rocca Monflna (1)56-36 23-15 0-25 0-25 19-31 0-74, 01 0-03 = 100-09 Ramm. G.=2'444. 17. u 57-28 22-44 175 17-12 1-41 = 100 Bischof. 18. n 58-10 22-76 1-78 17 -36 Bischof. 19. (( 56-45 24-35 1-98 17-43 Bischof. 20. u 56-32 23-99 2-15 17-54 Bischof. 21. Vogelsberg (1)56-61 22-92 1-68 2-95 13-65, Fe 2-33=100-14 Knop. Potash, regarded long as an alkali exclusively of the vegetable kingdom, was first found among minerals in this species by Klaproth, whose earliest analysis was made in 1796. Rammelsberg does not find the large proportion of soda announced for some kinds by Bischof. According to Deville, the leucite of the modern Vcsuvian lavas contain more soda than that of the ancient of Somma, the ratio of soda to potash in that of the lava of 1855 being 1 : 2'09 ; in the 1847, i : T67; and in the Somma, 1 : 8'21. Specimen for anal. 7 is from lava of 1811, color- less, transparent, G. = 2'480; for 8, id., in grains; for 9, 10, pure crystals from the Vesuvian eruption of Ap. 22, 1845; for 11, id. of Feb. 10, 1847; for 12, id. of January, 1857; for 13, date of eruption not stated; for 14, 15, small crystals, externally somewhat altered; 16, large, fragile, yellow crystals, of feeble lustre and little hardness; 17, the same; 18-20, of different parts of same crystals, 18 the exterior, 20 the interior, and 19 an intermediate portion. By spectral examination, Richter has detected lithia in the Vesuvian leucite. UNISILICATES. 335 Pyr., etc. B.B. infusible ; with cobalt solution gives a blue color (alumina). Decomposed by muriatic acid without gelatinization. Obs. Leucite is confined to volcanic rocks, and to those of certain parts of Europe. At Vesuvius and some other parts of Italy it is thickly disseminated through the lava in grains, and the name kucitophyr and also amphigenyte has been given to such lavas. It is a constituent in the nephelin-doleryte of Merches in the Vogelsberg (anal. 21) ; abundant in trachyte between Lake Laach and Andernach, on the Rhine. Vesuvius presents the finest and largest crystallizations. Near Rome, at Borghetta to the north, and Albano and Frascati to the south, some of the older lavas appear to be almost entirely composed of it. The leucitic lava of the neighborhood of Rome has been used for the last two thousand years, at least, in the formation of mill-stones. Mill-stones of this rock have been discovered in the excavations at Pompeii. Named by Werner from AEUKOS, white, in allusion to its color. Haiiy's name, Amphigene, is of later date, and is from a^t, both, and yewaw, to make, in allusion to the existence of cleavage in two directions (which is not a fact), and to his inference therefrom of two "primitive forms" (which is only a notion of his) ; and it has therefore the best of claims for rejection. Alt. Feldspar, nephelite, and kaolin occur with the form of leucite, as a result of its altera- tion. The glassy feldspar pseudomorphs were first announced by Scacchi, and since by Blum. The following are analyses of altered leucite: 1, 2, Rammelsberg (Min. Ch., 647); 3, C. Stamm (Ann. Ch. Pharm., xcix. 287) ; 4, 5, Rammelsberg (Min. Ch., 647) ; 6, Bergemann (J. pr. Ch., Ixxx. 418): Si Na ign. 1. Rocca Monfina 53-32 26-25 0-66 2. 53-39 25-07 0-28 3. Kaiserstuhl 54-02 22-54 2-90 4. Vesuvius (f) 57-37 24-25 1-28 4A. decom. 18-39 12-11 0-56 4B. undec. 39-91 11-69 0-40 5. 57-62 24-72 0-55 5A. decom. 24-00 12-47 0-71 5B. undec. 34-78 11-58 6. Oberwiesenthal 60-46 22-11 8-76 1-98 9-03 = 100 Rammelsberg. 11-94 0-64 9-26 = 100-58 Rammelsberg. 10-13 0-71 8-93, M.g 0-57, e 1-35 = 101-15 Stamm. 5-72 11-09, Mg 0-27 =99-98 Rammelsberg. 30 84'Jf.U 17=4 ' 83 } =" Eammelsberg. 6-32 10-93 = 100-14 Rammelsberg. 5 albite, and oligoclase, indicates, according to Reusch (Fogg., cxvi. 392, cxviii. 256, cxx. 95), the existence ^of a cleavage structure of extreme delicacy transverse to the median or brachydiagonal section. In adularia the plane of this cleavage is perpendicular to this section (or that of the clinodiagonal) ; in labradorite it is in general more or less inclined, and differently in different specimens. The play of color, Reusch observes, appears therefore to be that of thin plates; yet the linings of what he regards as a cleavage system appear to be of indis- tinguishable minuteness ; and although the existence of thin plates can hardly be established by means of the microscope, it is proved by their effects in the play of colors, nebulous images within, and the phenomena of inflexion or diffraction which result from their regular grouping. There ap- pears to be no connection between the inclination of the plane in labradorite and the colors observed. The play of colors is best seen on a plate polished parallel to the brachydiagonal section (), when, as Descloizeaux states, it is turned to the right or left on an axis slightly oblique to the face, which extends toward the obtuse angle between the edges 0/i-i and /'/H and makes an angle of about 70 with the edge 0/i-i\ and the maximum effect is produced in two positions situated 45 to 50 from one another, which are unequally inclined to the face i-i. The play of colors is independent of the disseminated microscopic crystals of foreign substances which occasion the aventurine effect. The feldspars are intimately related to the isometric species of the Leucite group. Leucite has the oxygen ratio 1:8:8, one of the feldspar ratios ; so that isometric leucite, monoclinic hy- alophane, and triclinic andesite (if this species is sustained), form a trimorphous group. But UNISILICATES. 337 296 while the form of leucite appears at first sight to be very unlike that of the true feldspars, there is actually approximate isomorphism. For the monoclinic arid triclinic forms are strictly oblique or clinohedrized dodecahedrons.* If a dodecahedron be so placed that an octahedral axis, that is, the line between the apices of two of the trihedral solid angles, is vertical, it is then a six-sided prism with trihedral summits. If now this axis be inclined 8 6' in one of the diametral planes of the six-sided prism, it will have the inclination of the axis of orthoclase ; and this 8 6' is the greatest amount of divergence from the dodecahedral angles that occurs in the species. The planes /, i-i incline to one another at angles near 120, and correspond to the 6 vertical planes of the dodecahedron (as above placed). The basal plane is also dodecahedric, for A 7=122 16', and A i-i (dodecahe- dric) 90. The four planes 1 are also dodecahedric, as shown by their position and inclinations. Thus all the twelve faces of the dode- cahedron occur in the above figure ; they are lettered D. Again, the planes i-3 and 1-i, which replace the edges between the dodecahedric planes /, i-i and 1, 1, with angles near 150, correspond to planes of the trapezohedron 2-2 (that truncating the dodecahedron, f. 14), and consequently the figure contains six trapezohedric planes ; they are lettered T. Again, the planes 2-i are cubic ; for they make with the dodecahe- dric plane the angle 135 3', varying but 3' from the isometric angle. 2-i is another cubic face ; it is inclined to I, a dodecahedric plane, 134 19'. There are present, therefore, all six faces of the cube; they are lettered H. Finally the plane $-i, at the top of the figure (and the only remaining one), lettered O, is octahe- dric, as shown by its intersections with the cubic, dodecahedric, and trapezohedric faces ; and also by its inclination to the cubic face 2-z'=124 51', and to the dodecahedric face 7=145 47', these angles in isometric forms being 125 16' and 144 44'. It follows then that the above figure contains the dodecahedric planes I, I, i-i, 0, 1, 1, with their opposites, or the whole twelve ; the trapezohedric i-3, t-3, l-i, with their opposites, or six ; the octahedric, $-i, with its opposite, or tivo; and the cubic 2-i, 2-1, 2-i, or all six; and no others. The angles of the oblique, cube are 2-i A 2-i, over #,=90 6', 2-i A 2-z=96 48'. Moreover, the normal apex of the clinohedrized dodecahedron is that part of the crystal occupied by the octahedric plane $-i ; in other words, f-i is normally the basal plane, and not ; and the true inclination of the vertical axis is 8 6' (the angle f-i /\i-i being 98 6'). Accordingly the two cleavages in orthoclase, parallel to and i-i, are both dodecahedric. Moreover, the directions of twinning are either dodecahedric (parallel to i-l, which is the most common, and 0), or cubic (parallel to 2-iX These relations hold true also for the triclinic feldspars, the only peculiarity in which is that the principal section has slight lateral obliquity, so that the two cleavage planes (dodecahedric) incline to one another 93 15' to 94 15' instead of 90. G-. Rose, in an article on albite (Pogg., cxxv. 457), alludes to the remarkable fact that the planes 2-1 (see p. 349), either side of 0, make with one another in this species very nearly a right angle (90 35', Neumann, and 90 4', Descloi- zeaux). The fact is not so surprising when it is observed that the planes 2-i are cubic faces. They correspond to 2-i in orthoclase. 310. ANORTHITB. INDIANITE. Matrix of Corundum (fr. the Carnatic, India) Bourn., Phil. Trans., 1802. Indianite Bourn., Cat, 60, 1817 ; Phillips, Min., 44, 1823. Anorthit (fr. Vesuv.) G. Rose, Gilb. Ann., Ixxiii. 197, 1823. Cristianite (Christianite), Biotina (fr. Vesuv.), Mont. & Cov., Min. Yesuv., 1825. Tankit (fr. Norway) Breith., Schweigg. J., Iv. 246, 1829. Thiorsauit (fr. Iceland) Genih, Ann. Ch. Pharm., Ixvi. 18, 1848; Thiorsanit lad orthogr. Latrobite (fr. Labrador) Brooke, Ann. Phil., v. 383, 1823 ; Children, ib., viii. 38, 1824=Diploit Breith., C. G. G-melin's Chein. Unters. Dipl., Tubingen, 1825. Amphodelit (fr. Finland) N. Nor- densk., Pogg., xxvi. 488, 1832;=Lepolit v. Jossa, Breith. Handb., 531, 1847. Triclinic. a : b (brach.) : c (macrod.)= 0*86663 : 1 : 1-57548. * See a paper by the author, Am. J. Sci., II. xliv. 406. The following comparisons will be bet- ter appreciated if the reader has before him a dodecahedral crystal (as of garnet), or a model of the form, so placed that a trihedral solid angle shall be at top, and one of the faces of the trihedral summit shall be inclined to the left. The vertical edge to the left will then correspond to the left vertical line of the figure of orthoclase, that is, to the edge ///. 22 338 OXYGEN COMPOUNDS. 7A 7'=120 31' /\i-i, ov. 2-^=85 50 A it, ov. 2-,=94 10 A 1 =122 8 A 7'=114 6i O A 7=110 40 A 24' =133 14 * A 7'=117 *-? A ^=116 3 A 2-2=137 22' > A 2-L ov. l-,=98 46 1' A ^'=148 32 6>Al'=125 43 a=88 48 6> A it, ov. 14, =87 6 /3=64 4J ^ A 7=121 56 7=86 46f 297 H K H K -1 -1' 24 -2-1 2-r -4-2' 64 64' a a / i-l /' -S' i-i 6-?' 64 44' 4-2 4-2' 4-2 3-3 3-3 24' 2 24 2' 24 H 1-2' 1 l-l 1' H' M H K H Observed Planes. Cleavage : 0, i-t perfect, the latter least so. Twins similar to those of albite. Also massive. Structure granular, or coarse lamellar. H.=6-7. G.=2-66-2-78 ; 2'70-2'75, Iceland, Urals, Corsica; 2'762, massive, Kose ; 2'763, amphodelite ; 2'668, indianite, Silliman. Lustre of cleavage planes inclining to pearly ; of other faces vitreous. Color white, grayish, reddish. ^ Streak uncolored. Transparent translucent. Fracture conchoidal. Brittle. Optic-axial angle large ; one bisectrix positive and nearly normal to it, the other negative and sensibly oblique to i-i. Var. 1. Anorthite was described from the glassy crystals of Somma; and christianite and owtine are the same mineral. -Thiorsauite is the same from Iceland. 2. Indianite is a white, grayish, or reddish granular anorthite from India, first described in 1802 by Count Bournon. a. AmpJwdelite is a reddish-gray or dingy peach-blossom-red variety, partly in rather large crys- tals, from Finland and Sweden; the angle between the two cleavage surfaces (or A i-l) is 94 20', and on edge ///' = ! 16. Lepolite of Breithaupt (or, as he says, of von Jossa, who sent it to nun) comes from the same region, and is the same variety ; some of the crystals are 2 inches long TJJSTISILICATES. 339 Latrobite, from Labrador, is pale rose-red, and closely resembles amphodelite. It has three cleavages, affording, according to Brooke, the mutual inclinations 98 30', 93 30', and 91, or, according to Miller, 101 45', 93 30' (=0 A i-l), and 109 (=0 A /'). Named after Rev. C. J. Latrobe. Walmstedt's " Scapolite from Tunaberg " is anorthite, according to G-. Rose (Kryst. Ch. Min., 83). Comp. 0. ratio 1:3:4; ( R 3 + f &1) 2 Si 3 =Silica 43'1, alumina 36-9, lime 20-0=100. Analyses: 1, Chenevix (Phil. Trans., 1802, 333); 2, G. Rose (Gilb. Ann., Ixxiii. 173); 3, 4 Abich (Pogg., li. 519); 5, Reinwardt (Pogg., 1. 351); 6, Forchhammer (Jahresb., xx. xxiii. 284); 7, Damour (Bull. G-. Fr., II. vii. 83); 8, Waltershausen (Vulk. Gest, 22); 9, Erdmann (CEfv. Ak. Stockh., 67, 1848); 10, Nordenskiold (Jahresb., xii. 174); 11, Svanberg (Jahresb., xx. 238); 12, 13, Laugier (Mem. Mus. d'Hist Nat, vii. 341); 14, G. J. Brush (Am. J. Sci., II. viii. 391, with corrections priv. contrib.) ; 15, 16, Hermann (J. pr. Ch., xlvi 387); 17, 18, C. Gmelin (Pogg., iii. 68); 19-21, A. Streng (Jahrb. Min., 1864, 259, B. H. Ztg., xxiii. 54); 22, Deville (Ann. Ch.Phys., III. xl. 286); 23, R. H. Scott (Phil. Mag., IV. xv. 518); 24, Potyka (Pogg., cviii. 110); 25, Haughton (Phil. Mag., IY. xix. 13); 26, A. Streng (Jahrb. Min. 1867, 536); 27, Rammelsbera (Min. Ch., 590): Si l e Mg Ca Na K H 1. Carnatic 42*5 37-5 3'0 15-0 =98-0 Chenevix. a. Mt. Somma 44'49 34-46 0-74 5-26 15-68 = 100-63 G. Rose. 3. " 44-12 35-12 0'70 0'56 19'02 0'27 0'25 = 100'04 Abich. 4. " 43-79 35-49 0'57 0'34 18-93 0'68 0'54 =100-34 Abich. 5. Java 46-0 37 '0 14'5 0'6 =98*1 Reinwardt. 6. Iceland, Thiorsa. 47 -63 32'52 2'01 1'30 17-05 1'09 0'29 = 101-89 Forchh. G. = 2'70. 7. " " 45-97 33-28 M2 17'21 1'85 , augite 0'69 D. G.=2'75. 8. " Hecla 45-14 32-10 2'03 18-32 1'06 0'22 0'31, Mn 0'78 a =99-96 "Waltersh. 9. Anorthite 43'34 35'37 0'35 17'41 0*89 0'52 0'39, Fe 1'35, undec. 0-57 = 100-19 Erdmann 10. Amphod., FinL 45-80 35-45 5-05 10-15 1-85, Fe 1*70 Nordenskiold. 11. " Tunaberg 44-55 35-91 0'07 4'08 15-02 0'60= 100-23 Svanberg. 12. Indianite, red 42-00 34'00 3'20 15-00 3'35 1 -00 =98 -55 Laugier. 13. " white 43-0 34'5 1-0 15-6 2'6 1-0=97'7 Laugier. 14. " " 42-09 38-89 15'78 4'08 =100-84 Brush. 15. Lojo, Lepol 42-80 35-12 1-50 2'27 14-94 1-50 1 '5 6 =99'69 Hermann. 16. Orrijarvi " 42-50 33-11 4'00 5'87 10-87 1-69 1-50=99-54 Hermann. 17. Latrobite 44-65 36-81 0'63 8-28 6-58 2'04, Mn 3-16 = 102-1 6 Gmelin. 18. " 41*78 32-83 5'77 b 9'79 6'58 2'04=98'78 Gmelin. 19. Neurode 45-05 30-00 1-97 1'29 16-71 1'86 0-48 3 '13 = 100-49 Streng. G. = 2'76. 20. Harzburg, cryst. 45'37 34*81 0-59 0'83 16-52 1-45 0'40 0-87 = 100-84 Streng. 21. ' massive 42-01 28-63 223 tr. 19-11 0'76 1-12 5-03 = 98-89 Streng. 22. St. Eustache 45'8 35*0 0'9 17'7 I'O =100 -4 Deville. as. Bogoslovsk, Ural 46-79 33-17 3-04 tr. 15-971-280-55 =100-31 Scott. G.=2'72. 24. Konchekovskoi, " 45'31 34-53 0'7l O'll 16-85 2-59 0'91 =101'01 Potyka, G. = 2'73. 25. Carlingford, Irel. 45-87 34-73 T55 17*10 =99-25 Haughton. 26. Hyffhauser Mts. 44-67 34'22 0-88 0'29 11*92 1-57 2'33 4'13= lOO'Ol Streng. 27. Meteoric 44-38 33'73 3'29 0'36 18'07 103 0'33 =101'19 Rammelsberg. a With Ca O and Ni 0. b With Mn 2 O 3 . Anal. 23, granular, in dioryte; 24, with hornblende forming a rock; 26, in dioryte, G.=2'77 ; 27, from meteorite of Juvenas. Genth obtained in an analysis of his Thiorsauite, which is regarded as the same mineral as that of anal. 6, Si 48-36, Xl 30-59, e 1-37, Mn tr., Mg 0'97, Ca 17-16, Na 1-13, K 0-62 = 100-20. The Neurode feldspar (anal. 19), from a serpentine rock, gives the 0. ratio 1:2-^:4, and is hydrous, and had probably lost part of its alumina. For an analysis of the same by v. Rath, see Pogg., xcv. 553. Pyr., etc. B.B. fuses at 5 to a colorless glass. Anorthite from Mt. Somma, and indianite from the Carnatic, are decomposed by muriatic acid, with separation of gelatinous silica. Obs. Occurs in some granites ; occasionally in connection with gabbro and serpentine rocks ; in some cases along with corundum ; in many volcanic rocks. Anorthite (christianite and biotine) occurs at Mount Vesuvius in isolated blocks among the old lavas in the ravines of Monte Somma, associated with sanidin, augite, mica, and idocrase ; on the island of Procida near the entrance to the bay of Naples ; in the Faroe islands, and on Java ; on Iceland, on the plain of Thiorsa, Hecla, and elsewhere (G. = 2'69 2-75); near Bogoslovsk in the 34:0 OXYGEN COMPOUNDS. Ural (G.=2-72 2-73, anal. 23, 24); at Carlingford in Ireland ; in the meteoric stone of Juvenas (anal 27). Amphodelite occurs in Lojo, Finland, in a limestone quarry, and at Tunaberg, Sweden ; kpolite, at Lojo and Orrijarfvi ; linseite is probably the same partly altered (Breith., J. pr. Ch., xlvii. 236), containing a few p. c. of water. Latrobite is from Amitok island, on the coast of Labrador. Indianite is the gangue of corundum in the Carnatic, with garnet, cyauite, and hornblende ; the specimen analyzed by G. J. Brush was originally from the hands of Count Bournon, and came from the Indian locality. Anorthite was named in 1823 by Eose from dvof>66s, oblique, the crystallization being triclinia Bournon's name, Indianite, derived from the locality in India, was first published in his Catalogue of the Royal Mineralogical Collection, in the year 1817. The species had been described by him as early as 1802 (I. c.), and his description is remarkably complete for the time, it including, besides physical characters, a chemical analysis by Chenevix (anal. 1 above) agreeing nearly in essential points with the later by Rose, and quite as well as his, with the true or normal composition of the mineral. Bournon supposed that the grains might be rhombohedral in crystallization ; but Brooke, in Phillips' Mineralogy (3d ed.), published in 1823, the year of Rose's publication, an- nounced that there were two cleavages, inclined to one another 84 45' and 95 15', differing not widely from the same angle ( A i-l) as ascertained by Rose. Justice seems to require that Bournon's name should be restored to the species. Beudant, in the first edition of his mineralogy, published in 1824, describes indianite in full and called it lime-feldspar, mentioning anorthite only in his index. Christianite was named by Monticelli and Covelli after the prince Christian Friedrick of Den- mark, who explored Vesuvius with them ; Amphodelite from a^t, double, and a IY - l 322 ); 3 > Tennant (Rec. Gen. Sci., iii. 339); 4, 5, T. S. Hunt (Logan's Rep., 1863, 479); 6, T. Thomson (Min., i. 384, 1836): UNISILICATES. 341 Si 3tl e Mg Ca &a H l.Bytowniie (f) 47'57 29'65 3'57 0-40 9'06 T60 1-98=99-83 Thomson. 2. " ' 47-40 30-45 e 0'80 0'87 14-24 2'82 2'00, & 0-38=98-96 Hunt. 3. Bytown 45'80 26'15 Fe 4'70 2*95 16'25 -- 2'00=97'85 Tennant. 4. Yamaska 46 90 31'10 1'35 0'65 16'07 T77 I'OO, K 0'58=99'42 Hunt. 5. Hunterstown 4910 26'80 0'80 tr. 14-67 und. 1-30=98-96 Hunt. 6. Huronite 45'80 33'92 Fe 4'32 1-72 8*04 - 4-16=97-96 Thomson. The specimen for anal. 2 was a greenish-white feldspathic rock from a boulder near Ottawa, haying Gr. = 2'73 "a portion of the specimen upon which Dr. Thomson based the species bytown~ tie." That of 3 was from the same region,but is not called bytownite by Tennant. That of 4 was a feldspar from the intrusive dioryte of Yamaska mountain, having the cleavage surface finely striated; and associated with hornblende and a little sphene; G.=2'756 2*763. That of 5 is a pale sea-green feldspar from a boulder; G. =2-6952-703. Thomson's huronite, anal. 6 (1. c.), is an impure anorthite-like feldspar, related to the above, ac- cording to T. S. Hunt (priv. contrib.) ; excluding the 4-16 p. c. of water, the Si would be 47 p. c. of the remainder. Thomson states that it is infusible. He also says that his bytownite is infus- ible, which Prof. Brush finds is not a fact. 311. LABRADORITE. Labradorstein (under Feldspat) Wern.. Ueb. Cronsi, 149, 1780, Bergm. J., 375, 1789. Pierre de Labrador Forst., Cat., 82, 1780; de Lisle, Crist., ii 497, 1783. Labrador Feldspar. Labrador G. Rose, Gilb. Ann., Ixxiii. 173, 1823; Breiih., Char., 1823. Lime Feldspar. Mornite Thorn., Ed. N. Phil. J., xiil 1832. Silicite Thorn., Phil. Mag., III. xxii. 190, 1843. Saussurite pt. Kadauit Breith., B. H. Ztg., xxv. 87. Triclinic. Observed planes : ; i-i\ 1, 7; 2-2 ; 1', 7'. 7 A 7'=121 37' A 7'=113 34' i-i A 7=117 30' A i-i, ov. 2-5', =93 20 A 24=98 58 it A 7'=120 53 A i-i, ov. 2-5,= 86 40 A 1=125 28 it, left, A 24=90 20 A 7=110 50 A l'=122 42 7 A 7,intwin,=125 Angles from Marignac. Reusch skives, as a mean of many measurements, A ^=86 20', A /'=114: 4', A A 7'=120 43'. Twins : (1) composi- tion-face i-l ; often lamellar from repeated composition of this kind ; (2) 0, with the orthodiagonal as the axis of revolution. Cleavage : easy ; i-l less so; 7 traces. Also massive granular, and grains cleavable ; sometimes cryptocrystalline or hornstone-like. H.=i6. G.=2*67 2*76. Lustre of pearly, passing into vitreous; elsewhere vitreous or subresinous. Color gray, brown, or greenish ; some- times colorless and glassy; rarely porcelain- white ; usually a change of colors in cleavable varieties. Streak uncolored. Translucent subtrans- lucent. Comp., Var. 0. ratio 1:3:6; &i+lSi 2 ; or(iB 3 +^l) 2 Si 3 +|Si;=,if 1 =i Silica 52-9, alumina 30'3, lime 12*3, soda 4-5 = 100. Var. 1. Cleavable. (a) Well crystallized to (6) massive. Play of colors either wanting, as in some colorless crystals ; or pale ; or deep ; blue and green are the predominant colors ; but yellow, fire-red, and pearl-gray also occur. By cutting very thin slices parallel to i-l from the original labradorite, they are seen under the microscope to contain, besides striae, great numbers of minute scales, like the aventurine oligoclase, which are probably gothite or hematite. The chatoyant colors may be heightened in their effect by these scales, but are not due to them (p. 336). 2. Compact massive, or cryptocrysiaUine ; Labradorite-Felsite. The color sometimes gray to brownish-red ; but sometimes porcelain-white. Some of the so-called saussurite is here included. A variety from the gabbro of Baste in the Radau valley, Harz, is called Radauite by Breithaupt. Breithaupt refers to anal. 20; H.=5; Gr.=2'766 2'840; color white to gray; intercleavage 342 OXYGEN COMPOUNDS. angle 93. He also refers here, with a query, a feldspar from Rizzoni in the Tyrol; G. of a specimen not fresh 2*811. Analyses: 1, Klaproth (Beitr., vi. 250, 3815); 2, S. v. Waltershausen (Yulk. Gest., 24, 1853); 3, 4, Lehunt (Ed. N. Phil. J., 1832, July, 86) ; 5, Haughton (Q. J. Sci. Dublin, v. 94) ; 6, Thomson (Phil Mag III 1843, 190); 7, Svanberg(Jahresb.,xxiii. 285); 8, Forchhammer (J. pr. Ch.,xxx.385); 9 Damour (BuU. a Soc., vii. 88); 10, 11, Kersten (Pogg., Ixiii. 123); 12, Waage (Forh. Vid. Christiania 1861, 177); 13, Blomstrand ((Efv. Ak. Stockholm, 296, 1854, J. pr. Ch., Ixvi. 158); 14, 15, G. v. Rath (Pogg., xcv. 538); 16, Streng (Jahrb. Min. 1864, 267); 17, v. Rath (Pogg., xev 655)- 18 C F. Chandler (Inaug. Diss., Gott, 1856); 19, Delesse (Ann. d. M., IV. xii. 251, 258) , 20, Rammelsberg (ZS. G., xi. 101, Min. Ch., 597) : 21-23, Streng (B. H. Ztg., xx. 265, xxiii. 53) , 24 Segeth ( J. pr Ch., xx. 253) ; 25, Delesse (1. c.) ; 26, Abich (Ann. Ch. Phys., Ix. 332) ; 27, 28, Waltershausen (1. c.) ; 29-33, T. S. Hunt (Phil. Mag., IV. i. 322, ix. 354, and Rep. G. Can., 1851, and 1863, 479); 34, Deville (Et. GeoL, 1848); 35, A. Schlieper (Am. J. Sci., II. xi. 12]); 36-40, Y. Hauer (Verh. G. Reichs., 1867, 12, 14, 58, 59, 60): H 0-5=99-00 Klaproth. 0-62 = 101-25 Waltersh. =99-19 Lehunt. =99-95 Lehunt. 0-48=100-97 Haughton. 0-60, Fe 4-0= 100-20 Th. 1-75=98-60 Svanberg. =101-55 Forchh. =99-80 Damour. =99-60 Kersten. =99-66 Kersten. 0-71 = 100-96 Waage. =99-95 Blomstrand. 0-62 = 101-18 Rath. 2-20=99-24 Rath. 1-02=100-38 Streng. 1-21 = 101-24 Rath. 0-68=99-57 Chandler. 0-95=100 DelesSB. 2-48 = 99-79 Ramm. 2-38=99-84 Streng. 1-22=101-82 Streng. 2-97=99-40 Streng. 0-61=99-83 Segeth. 2-51 = 100-63 Delesse. 0-42, Mn 0-89=98-40 A. 0-95=100-48 Waltersh. =100-35 Waltersh. 0-40 = 99-35 Hunt. 0-40=96-20 Hunt. 0-55 = 100-49 Hunt. 0-45=99-59 Hunt. 0-60=99-00 Hunt. =99-92 Deville. =99-21 Schlieper. 1-21 = 100-52 Hauer. 1-07=99-91 Hauer. 1-36=100-48 Hauer. 2-26=98-84 Hauer. 0-55=99-09 Hauer. In anal. 2, G.=2*646; anal. 5, from doleryte, of meteoric origin; anal. 6, G. = 2'666; 8, G.= 2-68; 9, G. = 2-709. trap, ywh. ; 10, G.=2'71, brown, massive; 11, G. = 2'72, with blue opales- cence; 12, G. = 2'72; 13, G. = 2'68, between Lund and Christianstadt ; 14, G. = 2'715, hyper- sthene rock, bh.-gy. ; 15, G. = 2'7p7, gabbro, bh.-gy. ; 16, 0. ratio 1 : 2 : 4| or Ifc : 3fc : 6. gabbro ; 17, G. = 2-998, color porcelain-white; 18, snow-white, gnh.-w., little lustre, strp. with uralite ; 19, in " melaphyre," between Botzen and Collman, pale gyh.-gn. ; 20, G. = 2'817, gabbro ; 21, G. = 2'6, in porphyryte , 22, from gabbro ; 23, ib., massive ; 25, G.=2'883, in "porphyry," Southern Morea; 27, G. = 2-618; 28, G.=2'633; 29, G. = 2*697, lavender-blue cleavable feldspar, from a boulder, Si 3tl e Mg Ca Na K 1. Labrador 55-75 26-50 1-25 11-00 4-00 2. a 53-75 27-06 0-99 0-47 9-58 1-25 7-53 3. Campsie 54-67 27-89 0-31 0-18 10-60 5-05 0-49 4. Glasgow 52-34 29-97 0-87 12-10 3-97 0-30 5. Scavig, Irel. 53-60 29-88 FeO-20 0-07 11-02 4-92 0-80 6. Antrim, SiUcite 54-80 28-40 12-40 7. Dalarne 52-15 26-82 1-29 1-02 9-14 4-64 1-79 8. Faroe 52-52 30-03 1-72 0-19 12-58 4-51 9. Berufiord, Icel. 52-17 29-22 1-90 13-11 3-40 10. Egersund, Norw. 52-30 29'00 1-95 0-15 11-69 4-01 0-50 11. (t U 52-45 29-85 1-00 0-16 11-70 3-90 0-60 12. Hitteroe 51-39 29-42 2-90 0-37 9-44 5-63 1-10 13. Sweden 53-82 26-96 1-43 0-20 11-20 5-00 1-34 14. Neurode, SiL 52-55 28-32 2-44 0-48 11-61 4-52 0-64 15. u 50-31 27-31 1-71 0-78 10-57 4-81 1-55 16. a 48-54 29-74 0-94 0-68 15-14 2-95 1-37 17. " Sauss. 50-84 26-00 2-73 0-22 14-95 4-68 0-61 18. Zobten, " 51-76 26-82 1-77 0-35 12-96 4-61 0-62 19. Tyrol 52-23 27-73 1-50 0-93 8-28 7' 38 20. Baste, Harz, Pad. 51-00 29-51 * tr ' 0-28 11-29 3-14 2-09 21. Ilfeld " 63-11 27-27 Fe2-53 0-91 7-47 5-09 1-08 22. Harzburg, cryst. 50-60 29-62 2-13 0-53 13-86 2-65 1-21 23. " Radauite 50-65 27-55 0-15 0-30 13-06 2-53 2-19 24. Kiew, Russia 55-49 26-83 1-60 0-15 10-93 3-96 0-36 25. Greece 53-20 27-31 1-03 1-01 8-02 3-52 3-40 26. Etna 53-48 26-46 1-60 1-74 9-49 4-10 0-22 27. " cryst. 63-56 25-82 3-41 0-52 11-69 4-00 0-54 28. a 55-83 25-31 3-64 0-74 10-49 3-52 0-83 29. Drummond, Can .54-70 29-80 0-36 tr. 11-42 2-44 0-23 30. Morin. " 5420 29-10 1-10 0-15 11-25 undet. 31. Rawdon, " 54-45 28-05 0-45 9-68 6-25 1-06 32. Chateau Richer, " 55-80 26-90 1-53 0-27 9-01 4-77 0-86 33. Montarville, " 53'10 26-80 1-35 0-72 11-48 4-24 0-71 34. Guadeloupe, W. I. 54-25 29-89 0-70 11-12 3-63 0-33 35. Maui, Pacific 53-98 27-56 1-14 1-35 8-65 6-06 0-47 36. Illowa 54-53 27-37 ___ tr. 9-62 5-98 1-81 37. Reesk 55-63 26-74 tr. 9-78 5-08 1-61 38. Deva 63-74 28-72 tr. 10-69 4-95 1-02 39. Cziffar 51-72 25-72 X 4'51 tr. 9-66 3-95 1-02 40. Pereu, Vitz. 54-72 27-39 7-76 6-66 2-01 UNISILICATES. 343 30, G. = 2-6S4 2-695, bluish opalescent, cleavable ; 31, G.=2'67, bh.-white, in trap rock; 32, G.= 2-68, pale bh.- or gnh.-gy., lustre of cleavage surfaces vitreous, elsewhere waxy; 33, G.=2-73 2'74, from basalt ; 34, in trachytic dolery te, central peak ; 35, glassy colorless crystals ; 36-40 fr. Hungary, in trachyte ; 36, G.=2'636; 88, G-. = 2-598; 39, G.=2'678: 40, G. = 2'637. Anal. 36-39 give the 0. ratio 1:3:7, intermediate between labradorite and andesite. Pyr., etc. B.B. fuses at 3 to a colorless glass. Decomposed with difficulty by muriatic acid, generally leaving a portion of undecomposed mineral. Obs. Labradorite is a constituent of some rocks. (1) The cleavable mineral, along with hornblende, composes a granite-like variety of diabase, or' a rock resembling dioryte, but having labradorite as th.e feldspar. (2) If the hornblendic constituent is a dark lamellar variety of either hornblende or pyroxene, or the species hypersthene, the rock is called hyperyte (or hyper- sthenyte). (3) If the hornblendic mineral is a light lamellar pyroxene (diallage), the rock is called gabbro. (4) If the hornblende and labradorite constitute a homogeneous fine-grained compact mass, the rock is called amphibotyte or diabase; and (5) if the diabase contains distinct crystals of porphyry, it is a diabase porphyry, the green porphyry or oriental verd-antique of Greece (anal. 25) being of this nature. (6) The crypto-crystalline, or felsite variety of labradorite, occurring occasionally in connection with some of these rocks, has been called incorrectly saussurite and jade or nephrite. The above are labradoric metamorphic rocks. There are also the following labradoric intrusive rocks. (7) Doleryte, consisting of labradorite and pyroxene, with generally some magnetite a rock which, on the one hand, may be light-col- ored crystaDine or granitoid, and on the other, dark-colored compact massive, either porphyrite or not, sometimes crypto-crystalline, and also a cellular lava ; it includes much of the so-called trap, greenstone, and amygdaloid. (8) Basalt, similar to dolery te in structure, colors, and varieties, but containing, in addition to labradorite and pyroxene, chrysolite in disseminated grains. Dole- rytic and basaltic lavas are the most common of volcanic rocks, (y) Labradorite also occurs in other kinds of lava, and is sometimes found in them in glassy crystals, as in those of Etna and Vesuvius. The labradoric metamorphic rocks are most common among the formations of the Azoic or pre- Silurian era. Such are part of those of British America, northern New York, Pennsylvania, Arkansas ; those of Greenland, Norway, Finland, Sweden, and probably of the Vosges. Being a feldspar containing comparatively little silica, it occurs mainly in rocks which include little or no quartz (free silica). Many foreign localities are mentioned above. On the coast of Labrador, labradorite is associated with hornblende, hypersthene, and magnet- ite. It is met with in place at Mille Isles, Chateau Richer, Rawdon, Moriu, Abercrombie, and elsewhere, in Canada East ; and in boulders at Drummond and elsewhere, Canada West. It occurs abundantly at Essex Co., N. Y. ; large boulders are met with in the towns of Moriah, Newcomb, M'Intyre, Westport, and Lewis, N. Y. ; also occasionally in Orange, Lewis, St. Law- rence, Warren, Scoharie, and Green Cos. In Pennsylvania, at Mineral Hill, Chester Co., and op- posite New Hope, Bucks Co. ; in the Witchita Mts., Arkansas. Silicite and mornite are from Antrim, Ireland. Labradorite was first brought from the Isle of Paul, on the coast of Labrador, by Mr. Wolfe, a Moravian missionary, about the year 1770, and was called by the early mineralogists Labrador stone (Labrador stein), and also chatoyant, opaline, or Labrador feldspar. Klaproth's analysis above (No. 1) was the first one made (in 1815). Labradorite receives a fine polish, and owing to the chatoyant reflections, the specimens are often highly beautiful. It is sometimes used in jewelry. Alt. Labradorite, ^like anorthite, appears to undergo alteration with considerable facility, it losing lime through infiltrating carbonated or alkaline waters, and receiving water. In some cases, also, it has received considerable iron. The following analyses appear to be of specimens of this altered labradorite. The results are remarkable for either the small proportion of lime or large proportion of iron, or the same of potash or of water, each of which may be regarded as an indication of alteration. Analyses: 1-4, Delesse (1, Ann. d. M., IV. xil 200; 2, ib., xvi. 342; 3, Ann. Ch. Phys., III. xl. 271; 4, Ann. d. M., IV. xvi. 324); 5, Metzger (Jahrb. Min., 1850, 683) ; 6, v. Rath (ZS. G., ix. 246); 7, Delesse (Ann. d. M, IV. 512) ; 8, T. S. Hunt (Rep. G. Can., 1863,479): Si l e Mg Ca Na K H 1. Belfahy, Vosges 52*89 27'39 1'24 5*89 5"29 4-58 2'28, Mn 0-30=99-86 Delesse. 2. P. Jean. " 53'05 28'66 TOO 1-51 6'37 4-12 2'80 2'40=99'91 Delesse. 3. Vosgite ' " 49'32 30'07 0'70 1'96 4-25 4'85 4'45 3*15, Mn 0-60=99-35 Delesse. 4. Odern 55'23 24'24 I'll 1*48 6'86 4'83 3'03 3-05=99-83 Delesse. 5. Clausthal 54*44 25-50 5-33 8*05 2'11 0'12 3-65 = 99-20 Metzger. 6. Graubiindten 53'92 21'51 4'16 1-26 9-41 5'57 1'59 2'76= 100-18 Rath. 7. Oberstein 53-89 27'66 0'97 8'28 4-92 1'28 3*00=100 Delesse. 8. Mt. Royal, Can. 53'60 25-40 4'60 0-86 3'62 undet. 0'80 Hunt. 344 OXYGEN COMPOUNDS. No. 1 is from a porphyritic rock, G.=2'719; 2, from dioryte; 3, the vosgite, from a porphyry, GT. =2-771, color whitish, sometimes slightly greenish or bluish, lustre greasy or pearly; 4, from the euphotide of Odern in Elsace ; 5, from an altered diabase-porphyry ; 6, from a gabbro, and remarkable for its high specific gravity, G.=2-840 ; 7, from a porphyritic amygdaloid, a colorless and translucent variety, with G.= 2-642; 8, from a basalt (or chrysolitic doleryte), "with a small admixture of augite." Labradorite also occurs changed to calcite (Tschermak). Artil Hausmann (Beitr. Eisenhochofenschlacken, 31) has referred to labradorite crystals dis- tributed through the mass of the slag of a furnace at Veckeshagen, which were an inch long, but not well formed; had two cleavages at right angles to one another, with H.=6, G. = 2'35; was fusible B.B., but insoluble in muriatic acid; and afforded Si 66'2, Al 10-4, Ca 21'0, Fe 1*9, Mn 0-1=99-6. Globules of the Variolyte of Durance. These concretionary globules are often half an inch or more in diameter, grayish-green in color, compact in texture, with G.=2-923. A specimen from a locality south of Mt. Genevre, near Brian9on, afforded Delesse (Ann. d. M., IV. xvii. 116): Si 66-12 1 17-40 7-79 0-51 Mn tr. Mg 3-41 Ca 8-74 Sa 3-72 ft 0-24 ign. 1-93=99-86 Carnatite. A feldspar, described by Beudant, occurring at the localities of corundum and indianite in the Carnatic, India, is pronounced by Breithaupt and von Kobell to be labradorite. 312. ANDESITB. Andesin Abich, Jahresb., xxi. 167, 1841. Glocker, J. pr. Ch., xxxiv. 494, 1845. Pseudoalbit. Saccharit Triclinic. Approximate angles from Esterrel crystals (Descl.) : A i%, left, 87-88, 6>A/=111-112 , A/'=115, /A A=119 -120,/ / A^= 120, A 2-=:101-102 . Twins: (1) composition-face i-%\ (2) double twins, made up of two twins of the kind in (1), one of them reversed, so that there are 4 planes I\\\ front, and at each end there are the planes O and 24 ; (3) double twins, like the last, but one of the parts turned around, so that there are reentering angles between two faces and two i-i, and four planes / in front. Cleavage more uneven than in albite. Also gran- ular massive. H.=5 6. G.=2-61 - 2-T4; from the Andes, 2'61 2*74; of saccharite, 2-662-69 ; from the Yosges, 2'65 2'68 ; 2'668, Canada, Hunt. Color white, gray, greenish, yellowish, flesh-red. Lustre subvitreous, inclin- ing to pearly. Comp. 0. ratio 1:3:8, but varying to 1 : 3 : 7. Perhaps only a mixture of labradorite with a soda-feldspar. Formula (J (Ca, Na) 3 +* &1) 2 Si 8 +3 Si ; or with half the excess of silica basic. Analyses: 1, Abich (Pogg., li. 523); 2, 3, Rammelsberg (5th SuppL, 48); 4, Jacobson (Ramm. Min. Ch., 607); 6, Deville (Ann. Ch. Phys., III. xL 283); 6-9, Delesse (Mem. Soc. d'Em. du Doubs, Ann. d. M., V. iii. 374); 10, Varrentrapp (Pogg., hi. 473); 11, Schmidt (Pogg., Ixi. 385); 12, Waltershausen (Vulk. (Jest., 24); 13, Laspeyres (ZS. G., xviii. 329); 14, 15, v. Rath (ZS. G-., xvi. 249); 16-19, T. S. Hunt (Rep. G. Can., 1868, 478); 20, Franke (Ramm. Min. Ch., 609); 21, 22, T. S. Hunt (L c.); 23, 24, v. Hauer (Verh. G. Reichs., 1867, 13, 81); 25. 26, Sommaruga (Jahrb. G. Reichs., xvi. 397, 1866); 27, A. Streng (Jahrb. Min. 1867, 537): =99-92 Abich. =100-86 Ramm. 0-60=101-36 Ramm. =104*51 Jacobson. 0-76=100 Deville. 1-27=99-55 Delesse. 0-98=100 Delesse. 2-28=100 Delesse. 0-91=99-29 Delesse. =99-98 Varrentrapp, 2-21, MO -39 = 100 Schmidt Si 1 3Pe Mg Ca tfa 1. Mannato 59-60 24-18 1-58 1-08 5-77 6-53 1-08 2. " 60-26 25-01 tr. 0-14 6-87 7-74 0-84 3, (c 58-32 26-52 tr. 0-11 8-18 5-27 2-36 4. (c 60-14 25-39 0-87 0-53 7-93 7-99 1-66 5. M 63-85 24-05 0-38 5-04 5-04 0-88 6. Vosges, white 58-92 25-05 0-41 5-64 7-20 2-06 7. a red 58-91 24-59 0-99 0-39 4-01 7-59 2-54 8. Chagey 59-95 24-13 1-05 0-74 5-65 5-39 0-81 9. La Bresse 58-55 25-26 0-30 1-30 5-03 6-44 1-50 10. Silesia 58-41 25-23 ___ 0-41 6-54 9-39 11. Saccharite 58-93 23-50 1-27 0-56 5-67 7-42 0-05 TJNISILICATES. Si XI ft Mg Ca Na K 12 Iceland, cryst. 60-29 23-75 3-21 0-64 6-29 5-70 0-87 13. Niedermendig 57-29 26-78 tr. 0-28 8-01 6-84 14. St. Valentino 56-79 28-48 8-56 6-10 0-34 15. u 58-15 a 26-55 0-06 8-66 [6-28] 16. Chateau Richer 59-80 25-39 0-60 o-ii 7-78 5-14 TOO 17. u 59-55 25-62 0-75 tr. 7-73 5-09 0-96 18. u 57-20 26-40 0-40 8-34 5-83 0-84 19. li 58-50 25-80 1-00 0-20 8-06 5-45 1-16 20. It 58-38 23-86 1-18 o-io 7-83 6-05 1-68 21. St. Joachim 57-15 27' 10 8-73 5-38 0-79 22. Lachute 58-15 26-09 0-50 0-16 7-78 5-55 1-21 '23. Nagy-Sebes 57-20 25-12 tr. 6-96 7-28 1-87 24. Cziffar 60-10 17-62 7-03 1-85 2-24 4-01 3-82 25. Kussahora, bk. 57-70 20-79 8-35 1-71 5-45 tr. 3-99 26. Ik. 58-21 22-22 7-30 0-73 5-18 tr. 3-96 27. KyffhauserMts. 59-16 25-97 1-04 0-03 9-23 3-91 0-47 345 H =100-75 Waltershausen =99-20 Laspeyres. 0-24=100-51 Rath. 0-30=100 Rath. =99-82 Hunt. 0-45 = 100-15 Hunt. 0-20 = 99-66 Hunt. 0-40=100-57 Hunt. 1-03 = 100-11 Franke. 0-20=99-75 Hunt. 0-45 = 99-89 Hunt. 1-68 = 100-11 Hauer. 2-11 = 98-78 Hauer. 3-84=101-83 Sommaruga.. 2-75 = 100-35 Sommaruga. 0-68, Ba, Sr 2r.= 100-49 Str. a Probably some mixed quartz. Inanal. 1, G. = 2-733; 2,G-.=2'674; 3, G. = 2-68-2'688 ; 4, G.=2-679; 5, G.=2'61 ; 6, from Ser- vance, G. = 2-683; 7, fr. Coravillers, G-.=3'651; 8, G-. = 2'736; 12, G-. = 2'65; 14, "tonalyte," fr. Tyrol, G.= 2-695; 15, G-. = 2'676; 16, G. = 2'688; 18, lavender-blue, subtransp., cleavable, curved surfaces; 19, gnh. base of preceding, granular; 21, in a boulder; 22, G.=2'687; 23, G.=2'585; 25, G. = 2-853; 26, G.=2'607; 27, in dioryte, G. = 2'69. Other analyses: v. Rath, ZS. G., ix. 259. Of these analyses all but No. 5, by Deville, afford rather closely the oxygen ratio 1:3:8. No. 5 gives 0"80 : 3 : 8-91. Nos. 24 to 26 have part of the alumina replaced by iron, and probably in consequence of alteration, as the black color, little soda, and much potash would indicate. Pyr., etc. Andesite fuses in thin splinters before the blowpipe. Saccharite melts only on thin edges ; with borax forms a clear glass. Imperfectly soluble in acids. Obs. Occurs in the Andes, at Marmato, as an ingredient of the syenite-like rock called ande- syte ; in the porphyry of 1'Esterel, Dept. of Var, France ; in the syenite of Alsace in the Vosges ; white at Servance, red at Coravillers ; in the porphyry near Chagey, Haute Saone ; at Vapnetiord, Iceland, in honey-yellow transparent crystals (anal. 12); at Baumgarten in Silesia (anal. 10); iu the Tyrol, south of Tonale, in Mt. Adamello, in a granite-like rock called tonalyte, consisting of this feldspar, according to v. Rath, with much quart/,, some orthoclase, biotite, and hornblende. Saccharite is granular massive, with traces of cleavage in one direction, occurring hi veins in serpentine at the chrysoprase mines near Frankenstein, in Silesia. In North America, found at (Chateau Richer, Canada (anal 16-20), forming with hypersthene and ilmenite a wide-spread rock ; color flesh-red. Alt. The following are analyses of altered andesite in addition to 24 to 26 above: 1, Ram- melsberg (Min. Ch., 608); 2-4, Deville (Bull. Geol. Fr., II. vi. 410); 5, Francis (Pogg., Hi. 471). No. 2 is of the mass of a crystal, 2 A of the interior, 2B of the exterior portion : 0'60=101'36 Ramm. 0'77 = 100 Deville. 1-43=100 Deville. 2'05 = 100 Deville 1'40, C 2*93 = 100-02 Deville. 1'25 = 100 Deville, G. = 2'62. - =101-31, Francis; G. = 2-64. The oxygen ratio for 1 is 1 : 3 : 7-5 ; 2, 0'9 : 3 : 7'5 ; 2 A, 0-84 : 3 : 7'0 ; 2B, 1-5 : 3 : 7'3 ; 3, 09:3: 6-9 ; 4, 0'8 : 3 : 7*2 ; 5, 1 : 3 : 7'2. The mineral of the Esterrel Mts., near Frejus in south- ern France, occurs in a rock called porphyry. Deville's analyses leave no doubt as to the altera- tion. The analysis by v. Rath (No. 14, above) also gives nearly the ratio 1:3:7; and the next, 1:3:7^. No. 4, from Marmato, contains 1-4 p. c. of carbonate of lime. Deville takes the ground, as a result of his analyses, that all andesito is altered oligodase, the oxygen ratio of which is 1 : 3 : 9 ; and the same result was earlier suggested by G. Rose and Bischof. Deville's analyses of the Marmato andesite gave him nearly the oligoclase ratio. Andesite changes also' to kaolin. That of La Bresse, studied by Delesso, is in part in this condition, being soft and crumbling ; and in part less changed and of a reddish color. Si 3tl Pe Mg Ca Na K 1. Esterrel Mts. 58'32 26-52 0-11 8-18 5-27 2-36 2. u 59-07 26-67 0-58 7-96 4-95 tr. 2A. " 57-01 28-05 0-39 7-53 5-47 0-12 2B. 52-42 24-78 0-51 15-02 5-10 0-14 3. Hungary 53-92 26-69 1-20 1-68 6-98 4-02 1-20 4. Marmato 58-11 28-16 1-52 5-35 5-17 0-44 5. Popayan 56-72 26-52 0-70 9-38 6-19 0-80 346 OXYGEN COMPOUNDS. 313. HYALOPHANE. Hyalophan v. Waltershausen, Pogg., xcir. 134, 1855, c. 548. , , , - , -, - C (by calc.)=64 16' 7 A 7=118 41', /A *4=120 36', '0 A 7A 1^=111 55'. Cleavage: 6> perfect, *4 somewhat less Monoclinic, like orthoclase, and angles nearly the same. Observed planes : : vertical planes, 7, *4, i-b ; hemidomes, 1-^, f -i ; clinodome, 2-1 ' OAW=180$5J A so. In small crystals, single, or in groups of two or three. H.=6 6*5. G.=2'80, transparent ; 2*905, translucent. Lustre vitre- ous, or like that of adularia. Color white, or colorless ; also flesh-red. Trans parent to translucent. Comp. 0. ratio for K, fi, Si=l : 3 : 8; formula (J (Ba, K) 3 + A 1 !) 2 Si 3 + 3 Si, or like andesite and leucite, except that the protoxyds are mainly baryta and potash. Analyses : 1, Uhrlaub (Pogg., c. 548) ; 2, same, the impurity, sulphuric acid and part of baryta as sulphate, being removed; 3, Stockar-Escher (Kenng. Uebers. 1856-57, 107); 4, Petersen (Jahrb. Min. 1867, 102) ; Igelstrom ( A 7=110 50 A 2-?'=136 50 A 24=133 14 304 305 i-l 2-1' i-3 / BHBB ^1 2-1 /' 2' a' w 24 H r r 1 w i' i i' Observed Planes. Add ' Pericline. Middletown, Ct. 308 Koc-tourae, Savoy. Eoc-tourne, Savoy. Cleavage : 0, i-i perfect, the first most so ; \-l sometimes distinct. Twins : 1. Composition-face i-% 9 axis of revolution normal to ir\ the most common, 350 OXYGEN COMPOUNDS. f. 301. 2. C.-face and revolution the same, but (f. 307) the two halves by mutual penetration crossing along a medial vertical line, so that the right quarter in front is continued in the left quarter behind, and the left in front in the right behind, the upper and under planes meeting in a reen- tering angle, and the 2-1 on either side in a salient angle making an in- tersecting twin, having the aspect of a double twin of four crystals in which the two diagonally opposite are alike in position. 3. C.-face the same, but axis of revolution parallel to i-l, and vertical, producing the form in f. 304, the planes and 1 above (or below) being very nearly in the same zone (the pjane angle of i-l, which the edges of I and make, being 116 26', and that which the edges of I and 1 make being 115 55', differing only 31') ; also exemplified in the double twin, f. 308, the two halves of which are twins like f. 307 ; may be right or left-handed, according to which half is revolved; also in other similar double twins (fr. Middletown, Ct.), in which the two halves are like f. 305. 4. C.-face parallel to #, and revolution on a horizontal axis normal to the shorter diago- nal of 0, as in f. 309 ; the twin right or left- handed, according as the part revolved is the upper or lower. 5. The last kind (4), com- bined with the first (1), making double twins. Also massive, either lamellar or granular; Periciine. ^ laminae sometimes divergent; granular varieties occasionally quite fine to impalpable. H.=6 7. G. = 2-59 2-65 ; 2-612, Finbo, Eggertz ; 2-619, Broddbo. Lustre pearly upon a cleavage face ; vitreous in other directions. Color white ; also occasionally bluish, gray, reddish, greenish, and green ; sojne- times having a bluish opalescence or play of colors on 0. Streak uncolored. Transparent subtranslucent. Fracture uneven. Brittle. Comp., Var. 0. ratio 1 : 3 : 12; (^]STa 3 +|3cl) 2 Si 3 +6 Si, or with half the excess of silica basic, Silica 68-6, alumina 19'6, soda ITS 10*0. A small part of the soda is replaced usually, if not always, by potash, and also by lime. But these differences are not externally apparent. Var.l. Ordinary, (a) In crystals or cleavable massive. The angles vary somewhat, especially for plane /' ; /A/ =122 15', G. Rose; 121 45', Marignac and Descloizeaux, as mean of many measurements of St. Gothard crystals ; A I' = 1 1 5 5', Rose ; 1 14 52', M. and D. (6) Aventurine ; similar to aventurine oligoclase and orthoclase. (c) Moonstone ; similar to moonstone under oligo- clase and orthoclase. P&rist&rite is a whitish adularia-like albite, slightly iridescent, having G.= 2'626 ; named from Tupiartpd, pigeon, the colors resembling somewhat those of the neck of a pigeon. (d) Periciine is in large, opaque, white crystals, short and broad, of the forms in fig. 303, 309. G. = 2'641 ; /A/' = 120 37', Breith. ; from the chloritic schists of the Alps. (e) Hyposclerite is blackish-green, from Arendal ; H.=5'6; G.=2'63 2'66 ; it contains, accord- ing to Rammelsberg, 5 p. c. of pyroxene. Hermann figures (J. pr. Ch., xlvi. 396) a crystal having the planes and nearly the form of f. 302. Named from Wrf, under, a^r,^ hard, with reference to the inferior hardness. (/) Lamellar; deavelandite ; a white kind found at Chesterfield, Mass., and named after Dr. P. Cleaveland, the mineralogist. 2. Compact; albitic felsite ; smooth on surface of fracture, whitish, grayish, or reddish-gray in color, and very tough. H. = 6'5 7*5; G.^2'6 2'65. See also under OLIGOCLASE. Analyses; 1, Cf. Rose (Gilb. Ann., Ixxiii. 173) ; 2, Tengstrom (Ann. Phil., 1824); 3, Stromeyer (Untersuch., 300); 4, Laurent (Ann. Ch. Phys., lx.); 5, Thaulow (Pogg., xlii. 571); 6, Brooks (Pogg., Ixi. 392) ; 7, Abich (B. H. Ztg., i.) ; 8, Erdmann (Jahresb., xxi. 192) ; 9, Abich (Pogg., li. 526); 10, C. G. Gmelin (Pogg., vii. 79); 11, Kersten (Jahrb. Min. 1845, 648); 12, Diday (Cryst. from melaphyre of Agay, Ann. d. M., V. ii. 184, 193); 13, Rammelsberg (Pogg., Ixxix. 305); 14, Lohmeyer (Pogg., Ixi. 390); 15, Desclabissac (ZS. G., x. 207); 16, Scheidtauer (Pogg., Ixi. 393); 17, Richter (Pogg., Ixxxix. 17); 18, Rube (ZS. G., xiv. 49); 19, Redtenbacher (Pogg., Hi. 48) j 20, TJNISILICATES. 351 21, Brush and Weld (Am. J. Sci., II. viii. 390) ; 22, T. S. Hunt (PhiL Mag., IY. i. 222, Am. J. Sci., II. xii. 212); 23, F. A. Genth (Am. J. Sci., II. xxviii. 249); 24, E. H. Twining (Am. J. Sci., II. xxxi. 357) ; 25, 26, Boye & Booth (Proc. Am. Phil. Soc., ii. 190): =100 G. Rose. = 100-08 Tengstrom. =99-88 Stromeyer. = 100 Laurent. 100-10 Thaulow. = 100-55 Brooks. ]Sln tfr. = 100 Abich. Mn fr\ = 100-70 Efcdmann. =99-83 Abich. ign. 0-36=100-26 Gmelin. =99-77 Kersten. 98-9 Diday. =98-8 Rammelsberg. 100-79 Lohmeyer. = 100 Desclabissac. -99-10 Scheidtauer. Mn 0-20, H 0-25 = 99-65 R. = 100-10 Rube. = 100-07 Redtenbacher. =99-42 Brush. H 0-48 = 100-27 Weld. ign. 0-6 = 99-80 Hunt. ign. 0-21 = 100-10 Genth. ign. 0-24=99-73 Twining. = 100-19 B. &B. =99-97 B. & B. In anal. 1, G. = 2'6l; 7, G. = 2'624 ; 9, G.=2'595; 11, G. = 2'612; 12, G.=2'478; 13, G.= 2-63; 14, G. = 2-624; 18, G.=2'61 ; 20, G. = 2'619; 24, G.= 2 -633 Brush. The hyposclerite (anal. 13) afforded Hermann (1. c.) Si 56*43, ] 21*70, 3Pe 0*75, Mn 0*39, Ce, La 2-00, Ca 4-83, Mg 3-39, K 2*65, Na 5-79=99-80, giving the abnormal and improbable 0. ratio 1:2:6, which Rammelsberg's later analysis appears to show to be incorrect, or the composition of an altered form of it. Its inferior hardness would indicate alteration. The albite from Pennsylvania, analyzed by Redtenbacher (anal. 19), is called oligoclase-albite by Scheerer; it gives the 0. ratio I'l : 3 : 11 -7. He applies the same name to the Snarum feldspar analyzed by Richter, which he says has the external form of scapolite, and G. = 2-59; oxygen ratio 1:3: 11-3. It is the olaftte. That of Snarum, analyzed by Scheidtauer, was in snow-white crystals, and gave 1'2 : 3 : 11 8; it holds an excess of protoxyds, owing to the lime present, which may be a result of alteration. Felsite or compact feldspar has usually some free silica disseminated through it. The follow- ing are analyses of some kinds, either albite-felsite or oligoclase-fdsite. The presence of lime is in favor of the latter. Adinole is probably albitic ; it is reddish, from Sala, Sweden. Amausite Ger- hard has been considered as oligoclase in base ; the name was given to a granulite (Weissstein) of Namiest in Moravia. The analysis here cited of the North Carolina mineral, by Genth, is in the Am. J. Sci., II. xxviii. 249 : - =99-3 Berthier. 0-32=99-20 Schnedermann. 1-71, Mn tr., ign. 1-20=99'45 G. 0-08, H 0-26 Svanberg. 0-35, S 0-21 Svanberg. 0-16, H 1-12. Si l Fe Mg Ca Na K 1. Arendal 68-46 19-30 0-28 0-68 [11-27] = 2. Finland 67-99 19-61 0-70 -r 0-66 11-12 r= 3. Chesterfield 70-68 19-80 0-11 0-23 9-06 4. H 68-4 20-8 o-i 0-2 10-5 = 5. St. Gothard, cryst. 69-00 19-43 0-20 11-47 = 6. St. Gothard, white 67-39 19-24 0-61 0-31 6-23 6-77 = 7. Miask, cryst. [68-45] 18-71 0-27 0-18 0-50 11-24 0-65, 8. Brevig 69-11 19-34 0-62 tr. tr. 10-98 0-65, 9. Pantellaria 68-23 18-30 1-01 0-51 1-26 7-99 2-53 = 10. Zoblitz 67-94 18-93 0-48 0-15 9-99 2-41, 11. Marienbad 68-70 17-92 0-72 0-24 11-01 1-18= 12. Albite, cryst. 67-0 19-2 0-3 1-8 1-2 7-2 2'2= 1 3. Hyposclerite 67-62 16-59 2-30 1-46 0-85 10-24 0-51 = 14. Schreibershau, w. (f ) 68-75 18-79 0-54 0*09 0-51 10-90 1-21 = 15. Oberhalbstein 68-50 18-11 0-66 0-56[12-17] 16. Snarum (jti'll 18-96 0-34 0-16 3-72 9-24 0-57=: 17. " Olaftte 66-83 19-90 0-39 0-39 1-56 10-13 , 18. Drehfeld, w. 66-99 18-40 0'76 a 0-21 0-90 12-10 0-74=: 19. Pennsylvania (|) 67'20 19-64 0-31 1-44 9-91 1-57 = 20. Uuionville, Pa. 66-65 20-79 0-52 2-05 9-36 = 21. ii 66-86 21-89 0-48 1-79 8-78 } 22. Peristerite 66-80 21-80 0-30 0-20 2-52 7-00 0-58, 23. Calaveras Co. 68-39 19-65 0-41 0-47 10-97 tr., 24. Moriah, N. Y., gnh. 67-01 19-42 0-95 tr. 0-39 11-47 0-25, 25. Wilmington, Pa. 67-72 20-54 0-34 0-78 10-65 0-16=: 26. 65-46 20-74 0-54 074 0-71 9-98 1-80=: a As impurity, or mainly so. Si il 3Pe fig Ca Na 1. Sala, Adinole 79-5 12-2 0-5 1-1 6-0 2. Lehrbach 71-60 14-75 1-41 tr. 1-06 10-06 3. N. Carolina, gray 60-29 19-6H 4-63 0-23 1-83 9-90 4. Pehrberg 77-93 13-19 O-o 9 0-22 1-22 5-93 5. u 74-95 11-73 1-60 1-32 0-50 6-49 6. Amausite 75-83 11-37 0-91 1-30 5-20 See under ORTHOCLASE for other felsites. Pyr., etc. B.B. fuses at 4 to a colorless or white glass, imparting an intense yellow to the flame. Not acted upon by acids. Obs. Albite is a constituent of several rocks. With hornblende it constitutes dioryte or 352 OXYGEN COMPOUNDS. greenstone. It occurs with orthoclase in some granite, as in that of Pompey's Pillar, and in such cases is usually distinguishable by its greater whiteness. It is common also in gneiss, and some- times in the crystalline schists. Veins of albitic granite are often repositories of the rarer granite minerals and of fine crystallizations of gems, including beryl, tourmaline, allanite, columbite, etc. It occurs also in some trachyte, as that of Montagna, Island of Pantellaria ; hi phonolite, at Lau- gaf jail, Iceland ; in granular limestone in disseminated crystals, as near Modane in Savoy. In the compact condition, felsite, it constitutes the base of albite porphyry, a rock sometimes red (as at Agay) with scattered whitish crystals of albite ; also the same of some spilyte, as at Frejus, a compact grayish rock, containing globules of carbonate of lime, the base of which, ac- cording to Diday, is 70 p. c. albite ; also of some granulyte or weissstein (white stone). Many localities of albite are mentioned above. It occurs with epidote and garnet at Arendal ; with eudialyte and hornblende in Greenland. In the United States, hi Maine, at Paris, with red and blue tourmalines. In Mass., at Chester- field, with the same minerals, in lamellar masses (cleavelandite), slightly bluish, also fine granular, and rarely in small crystals; at Goshen. In New ITamp., at Acworth and Alstead. In Conn., at Haddam, with chrysoberyl, beryl, columbite, and black tourmaline ; at the Middletown feldspar quarry, in fine transparent or translucent crystals (fig. 305) ; at Monroe, a fine granular variety containing beryl. In N. York, at Granville, "Washington Co., white transparent crystals ; at Moriah, Essex Co., of a greenish color, with smoky quartz, and resembling green diallage. In Penn., at Unionville, Delaware Co., a granular variety is the matrix of the corundum (see anals. 20 and 2 1), having the hardness of quartz (7 7 '2 5). It had been taken for indianite. A similar variety, equally hard, is found with idocrase at Sanford, Maine. In California, Calaveras Co., with native gold and auriferous pyrites. In Canada, in fine crystals, at the SuflBeld silver mine, near L. Massawippi, N.E. of L. Mem- phremagog. The name Albite is derived from alliis, white, in allusion to its color, and was given the species by Gahn and Berzelius in 1814. For recent observations on cryst, Descl. Min., i. 317; Hessenberg, Min. Not., No. i., ii., v. ; G. Eose, Pogg., cxxv. 457, cxxix. 1. Figs. 307-309, are from Rose's papers. The twin form of fig. 304 occurs at Middletown, Ct. For Altered forms and Artificial albite, see under ORTHOCLASE. ZYGADITE Breith. (Pogg., Ixix. 441). Zygadite, according to Descloizeaux (Min. i. 326), is prob- ably albite. Occurs in thin tables, which are twins, appearing like the twin crystals of Bon- homme and Modane. Translucent or milky. In lustre and hardness like albite. Color yellow- ish-white, to reddish. G. 2-511 2-512, Breith. Plattner obtained in his trials indications of silica, alumina, and lithia, and no water. Found with milky quartz, stilbite, and blerlde, in fissures in argillyte, at Andreasberg in the Harz. It was named from ^vyaSnv, in pairs, or twinned. 316, ORTHOCLASE. Silex ex eo ictu ferri facile ignis elicitur ex cubis aliisque figuris intersectis constans, Agric., Foss., 814, 1546. Felt-Spat, Spatum pyrimachum (VAB. album, cin- ereum, rubrum), Wall, Min., 65, 1747. Faltspat, Spatum scintillans, Cronst., 60, 1758. Feld- spath Germ., Fr. Feldspar Engl Felspar lad orthogr. Feldstein Eausm., Handb., 528, 1813, Orthose H., Tr., iv. 1801, in Index alone, p. 394, 4to edition. Adular Breith., Char., 35, 1820. [In the preceding, the whole group of feldspars is included in the one species.] Feldspath (Albite excluded) Berz., 1815, N. Syst. Min., 1819. Feldspath (Albite, Labradorite, and Anorthite excl.) G. Rose, Gilb. Ann., Ixxiii. 173, 1823. Orthoklas (id. excl.) Breith,, Char., 1823; (id. + Oligoklas excl.) Bretih., Pogg., viii. 79, 1826. Potash-feldspar. Kalifeldspath Germ. YAR. introd. as sp. Adulaire Pini, Mem. Feldsp., Milan, 1783; Adular Germ. ; Adularia Engl.; Feldspath nacre H. ; Mondstein var. Feldspath, Wern., Ueb. Cronst., 1780; id. = Adu- laria Wern., Bergm. J., 375, 1789; Moonstone. Sanidin Nose, Noggerath Min. Stud. Geb. Niederrhein, 1808 ; Glasiger Feldspath Klapr., Beitr., i. 15, 1795, and others. Necronite ffayden, Am. J. ScL, i. 306, 1819. Pegmatolith Breith., Char., 1823, 1832. Murchisonite W. Phillips, Phil. Mag., II. i. 448, 1827. Eyakolith G. Rose, Pogg., xv. 193, 1829, xxviii. 143, 1833 ; Rhy- acolite. Valencianit, Mikroklin Breith., Schw. J., Ix. 322, 324, 1830. Erythrite, Perthite, Thorn., Phil. Mag., xxii. 188, 189, 1843. Loxoklas Breith., Pogg., Ixvii. 419 ; Loxoclase. Chesterlite Seal, This Min., 678, 1850. Felsit von Marienberg Breith., Pogg., Ixvii. 421, Handb., 527, UNISILICATES. 353 1847=Paradoxitra#i., B. H. Ztg., xxv. 35, 1866. Felsit von Mulda id., Handb., 528=Muldan id., ib., 39, CottaiU'd, ib. Weissigit Jenzsch, Jahrb. Min., 1853, 396. Lasur-Feldspatb. N. NordensJc., Bull. Nat. Moscow, xxx. 225, 1857. Halleflinta, Petrosilex, Lapia Corneus, pt, Cronst., Min., 57, 1758. Felsite. Leelite (fr. Westmannland) Clarke, Ann. Phil., 1818. Monoclinic. (7=63 53', 7 A 7=118 48', A 14=153 28' ; a : I : c= 0-844 : 1 : 1-5183. Observed planes : ; vertical, 7, i4, i-b, i-i ; clinodomes, 4, 24, 64; hemidomes, 4,-24; hemioctahedral, 316 319 A f4=145 4:7' O A 14=129 41 A |4=116 33 O A 24=99 38 A -24= 139 A ^4=116 7 A J=150 52 A 1=124 42 A -1=146 30' A 2=98 4 O A ^-3=77 31 A 44=161 36 O A 24=135 3 6> A *4=90 A 7=67 44 4 A ^'4=90 ^4 A ^-3=150 35' ^'4 A 4-2 =142 25 i4 A -4-2=130 50 i4 A 3-3=146 40 7 A 24=134 19 7A 14=110 40 1 A 1=126 14 _1 A -1=142 40 Cleavage : perfect ; iA less distinct ; i-i faint ; also imperfect in the direction of one of the faces 7. Twins : 1. Composition -face i-l, axis 23 354 OXYGEN COMPOUNDS. of revolution normal to i\ the forms not showing the composition externally, except sometimes by sutures. 2. O.-face i-l, axis of rev- olution vertical, producing, with the form in ^ f. 310, the twins f. 314, the prism is made up of two adjoining planes O and two i\ and is nearly square, because A *4=90, and A 24=135 3' ; /A 7=169 28' ; also the same in a twin of 4 crystals, f. 317, each side of the prism then an ; same in a twin of 3 crystals, one of the four being absent, and that side of the prism made up of the planes i-l, i-l ; again^ the twin of 4 crystals takes, by cross-interpenetration of each, the form in f. 322, consisting ap- parently of 8 crystals, or four twins of the kind in f. 321 ; /A 7=169 28', as above. 4. C.-face 0, f. 316. Often m assive, granular ; sometimes lamellar. Also compact crypto-crys- talline, and sometimes flint-like or jasper-like. I 6 6-5. G.=2'44 2-62, mostly 2'5 2'6. Lustre vitreous; on cleavage-surface sometimes pearly. Color white, gray, flesh-red, common ; greenish- white, bright green. Streak uncolored. Transparent to trans- lucent. Fracture conchoidal to uneven. Optic-axial plane sometimes in the orthodiagonal section and sometimes in the clinodiagonal ; acute bisec- trix always negative, normal to the orthodiagonal ; inclined at 18 C., in adularia, according to Angstrom, 4 6' to the clinodiagonal, and 112 V to edge 7/7; and according to Descloizeaux, at 22 C. these angles are 5 18' and 110 49' for the red rays ; angle of divergence in adularia of St. Gothard 112 to 123 ; in transparent from "Wehr in the Eifel, only 18 to 21, with other optical peculiarities. Comp., Var. 0. ratio 1:3:12; ( % K 8 + f 3tl) 2 Si 8 + 6 Si ; or else with half the excess of silica basic;=Silica 64'6, alumina 18'5, potash 16'9=100; with soda sometimes replacing part of the potash. The orthoclase of Carlsbad contains rubidium. The varieties depend mainly on structure, variations in angles, the presence of soda, and the presence of impurities. The amount of soda detected by analyses varies greatly, the ratio to the potash being from 1 : 100 to 1 : \. But recent chemical investigations have shown, what Breithaupt indicated from ocular examination hi 1861, that some of the sodiferous varieties owe the soda to a crystalline combination of the orthoclase with albite. The perthite (see beyond) has thus been found to con- sist of thin alternate layers of these two feldspars. How far this explanation extends to other sodiferous kinds remains to be ascertained. The variations in angles are large, and they occur sometimes even in specimens of the same locality. In crystals of the kind called chesterlite, which are to all appearance regular and undis- torted. the angle /' (right prismatic plane) A /(left id.) varies from 121 to 127, according to the author's measurements ; and other angles make the form triclinic, A / and A /' sometimes differing 5, one being 110 and the other 115; while twins compounded parallel to the cliao- diagonal section, which are common, prove, by the absence of any reentering angle on the base, that the form is not triclinic (although so made by Breithaupt, who refers the species (B. H. Ztg., xvii. 1 ) to albite). The crystallization is normally monoclinic, and the variations are simply irreg- ularities. There are also large optical variations in orthoclase, on which see Descl. Min., i. J529. The variations in amount of soda and in angles have led Breithaupt to make several species out of the species orthoclase. But until it is proved that crystals of certain specific angles have uniformly the same specific chemical composition, and further, that kinds having the same specific chemical composition wherever occurring, always, when crystallized, present the same angles, such species cannot properly be recognized as distinct. The varieties that have been named are the following : Var. 1. ^Ordinary. In crystals, or cleavable massive, (a) Adularia. Transparent, cleavable, usually with pearly opalescent reflections, and sometimes with a play of colors like labradorite, though paler in shade. Moonstone (Hecatolite Delameth., T. T., ii. 201, fr. 'CKUT^ the moon) belongs in UNISILICATES. 355 part here, the rest being albite and oligoclase. Valencianite, from the silver mine of Valenciaua, Mexico, is adularia. Breithaupt finds for ordinary orthoclase (which he calls pegmatotite) G.= 2-539 2-578 (B. H. Ztg., xxv. 38). Kokscharof obtained (Min. RussL, v. 115) from crystals from the Grisons, Switzerland, for /A 7=118 48' 20" ; A /, acute, = 67 45' 50" 47' ; A /, obtuse, 112 12' 20" 14' 10" ; O A 1-*'=129 32'. For crystals from Zillerthal, /A 7=118 45|' 50' (mean, 118 47' 21"); A I, acute, = 67 47' 20" 50' (mean, 67 47' 38"); A 7, obtuse,= 112 10' 20" 13' (mean, 112 12' 57"); A 1-1=129 43' 10" 50' (mean, 129 42' 38"). He gives as the calculated results for adularia, 7A 7=118 47' and 61 13' ; A 7=67 47' 20" and 112 12' 40"; 0A l-i=129 43' 26"; A 2-i=135 3' 39" ; C (0 A i-i)=63 56' 46". (6) Sunstone, or aventurine feldspar (Heliolite Delameth., T. T., ii. 200). In part orthoclase; rest albite or oligoclase (q. v.). (c) Necronite. A cleavable feldspar, fetid in odor when struck. The original was found by Hayden near the York and Lancaster road, 21 m. from Baltimore, in granular limestone, and was whitish or bluish in color. Named from veKp6$, a corpse. (d) Amazonstone. Bright verdigris-green, and cleavabls. (e) Erythrite. Flesh-red, from amygdaloid, near Kilpatrick. Made out by Thomson to contain 3 p. c. of magnesia. Named from ipv0pd$, red. (/) Sanidin of Nose, or glassy feldspar, including much of the Ice-spar, part of which is anorthite. Occurs in transparent glassy crystals, mostly tabular (whence the name from , I cleave, under the idea that the crystals are peculiar in having cleavage parallel to the orthodiagonal section. 0') Breithaupt has added still other names. His Paradoxite, from tin mines near Marienberg, etc., has (1. c.) 7A7'=1190'; 7Ai-i = 120 40', 7A i-i = 120 20'; H. = 5i 6; G.=2'440 2'455; color flesh-red. Contains potash as the alkali, with little or no soda, (k) His Cottaite is the 356 OXYGEN COMPOUNDS. grayish-white orthoclase in twins from granite in Carlsbad, Bohemia, circle of Elbogen ; bj his trials it has G.=r2'6091 2-6098, H.=6 6|, and /A /'about 120; and by Roessler's analysis (B. H. Ztg., xxv. 39) it contains 8 p. c. of soda to 5 of potash. But Redner and Bulk have found (anal 14, 1 5) that it is an ordinary potash-feldspar with over 14 p. c. of potash, and has G.=2'55 2-573. (1) His Muldan is from Mulda near Freiberg; it is stated to have /' Ai-i = 117, /' M-i =:116 P , A 7=116 116f , 0A/'=117; G. = 2'54 2-56. MoU's analysis (No. 12) shows that it is common orthoclase, although irregular in its angles. (m) Lazurfeldspar (Lasurfeldspath), a feldspar having H.=6, and G. = 2'597, and the cleavage of orthoclase, found near Lake Baikal with lapis lazuli. (ri) Perthite. A flesh-red aventurine feldspar, consisting of interlaminated albite and ortho- clase, as shown beyond. From Perth, Canada East. (o) Murchisonite is similar flesh-red feldspar to perthite, with gold-yellow reflections in one di- rection, like sunstone ; and stated to have also an unusual cleavage direction besides the two ob- served. From Dawlish and Exeter, England. Named after its discoverer, Murchison the geologist. Weissigite, of Jenzsch, is in small whitish or reddish-white twin crystals, and is from the cavi- ties of amygdaloid at Weissig near Dresden; G.=r2-538 2-546. I. Lea has named (Proc. Ac. Philad., May, 1866) a greenish orthoclase from Lemii, Delaware Co., Pa., "almost without cleav- age," lennilite ; other specimens of the same locality, pearly and distinctly cleavable, delawarite ; and a dull bluish-green subtransparent kind, of an aventurine character, containing minute parti- cles bright and hexagonal (hematite ?) from Blue Hill, 2 m. N. of Media, Pa., cassinite. These are announced only as varieties of orthoclase; but their distinctive characters are not such as to entitle them to special names. There is no place in the science of Mineralogy for names so given. 2. COMPACT ORTHOCLASE or ORTHOCLASE-FELSTTE. This crypto-crystalline variety is common and occurs of various colors, from white and brown to deep red. There are two kinds (d) the jasper-like, with a subvitreous lustre ; and (6) the ceratoid or wax-like, with a waxy lustre. Some red kinds look closely like red jasper, but are easily distinguished by the fusibility. The orthoclase differs from the albite felsite in containing much more potash than soda. Lee'ite, named after J. F. Lee, is a deep, flesh-red variety, of waxy lustre, from Gryphyttan, Sweden. The Swedish name Halleflinta means false flint. A. Proportion of soda much less than that of potash ; from ^>- and less to f . Analyses: 1, Val. Rose (Scheerer's J., viii. 244); 3, Diirre (Ramm. Min. Ch., 623); 3, S. D. Hayes (Pogg., cxiii. 468); 4, Abich (Pogg., Ii. 528, B. H. Zfcg., Jahrg., 19); 5, Schwalbe (Kenng. Ueb., 1861, 73); 6 ; 7, Abich (1. c.); 8, Plattner (Pogg., xlvi. 299); 9, Brongniart & Malaguti (Ann. d. M., IV. ii. 465); 10, Kroner (Pogg., Ixvii. 421); 11, Kersten (J. pr. Ch., xxxvii.172); T2, Moll (Ramm. Min. Ch., 624) ; 13, Jenzsch (Pogg., xcv. 304) ; 14, 15, Redner and Bulk (ZS. G. xviii. 394) ; 16, A. Streng (Jahrb. Min. 1867, 541); 17, v. Hauer (Kenng. Ueb., 1856-7, 106); 18, 19, Delesse (Bull. G. Soc., II. x. 568); 20, C. Bischof (Bischof, Lehrb. GeoL, II. 2171, 2187); 21, H. Risse (Geol. Beschr. Baden, 1861); 22, Jevreinof (Pogg., xlvii. 196); 23, Schultz (Ramm. Min. Ch., 628)- 24, Jenzsch (Jahrb. Min. 1855, 800); 25, J. Potyka (Pogg., cviii. 363); 26-30, Richter (ZS. G., xiv. 49, 53); 31, Haughton (Rep. Brit. Assoc., 1863, 55, Q. J. G., xx. 269); 32, Id. (Phil. Mag., IV xxxii. 221); 33-35, C. W. C. Fuchs (Jahrb. Min. 1862, 787, 788); 36, 87, Lasch (v. Dechen, G. Beschr. Siebengeb., Verh. pr. Rheinl. Jahrg., 9, 289); 38-39, Lewiustein (J. pr. Ch., Ixviii. 98V 40, Rammelsberg (Min. Ch., 1003); 41, F. A. Genth (Keller & Tied., in. 486); 42, Smith & Brush (Am. J. Sci., II. xvi. 42) ; 43, 44, J. D. Whitney (Am. J. Sci., II. xv. 440, xxviii. 16); 45, 46, Boye & Booth (Proc. Am. Phil. Soc. Philad., ii. 53, Jahrb. Min., 1845); 47. T. S. Hunt (Rep. G. Can., 1863, 474); 48 Smith & Brush (Am. J. Sci., II. xvi. 44) ; 49, G. F. Barker ib. xxvi. 70). B,. Proportion of soda to potash between f : 1 and 2:1. "i (Pogg., Ixxxi. 313); 52, 53, Scheerer (Pogg., cviii. 426); 54, 55, TJtendorfer 1858, No. 6, xvii. 11) ; 56, Kerndt. (B. H. Ztg., xvii. 11) ; 57, Rube (ZS. G., xiv. t (Phil. Mag., IV. i. 322, Am. J. Sci., II. xii. 212); 59, C. W. C. Fuchs (Jahrb. Mm 1862, 789); 60, Heffter & Joy (Ramm. Min. Ch., 626); 61, G. Bischof (Lehrb. Geol., 1. c.); 62, Abich (1. c.); 63, G. Rose (Pogg., xxviii. 143); 64, 65, Lewinstein (1. c.); 66, Schnabel (Ramm. Min. Cn., 626); 67 68, G. Bischof (L c.); 69, v. Rath (ZS. G, xii. 44); 70-73, T. S. Hunt (Rep. (Jr. ban., lobd, 476). C. Proportion of soda to potash over 2- : 1. 74, 75 Smith & Brush (Am. J. Sci., II. xvi. 43); 76, Plattner (Pogg., Ixvii. 419); 77, F. Sand- berger (Geol, Beschr. Baden, Carlsruhe, 1861, 48); 78, Delesse (Ann. Ch. Phys., III. xxv.): A. Proportion of soda much less than that of potash; from fa and less to f. Si l e Mg Oa Na K ign. 1. Lomnitz, Silesia 66-75 17-50 1-75 1-25 12-00 =98-25 Rose. 67-01 18-60 0-85 0'19 0'56 2'01 11-41 =10063 Diirre. rdh. 65-10 20-12 2-42 12-80 =100'44 Hayes. TJNISILICATES. 357 Si 1 3Pe &g Ca Na K ign. 4. St. Gothard, Adul. 65-69 17-97 1-34 1-01 13-99 =100 Abich. 5. Fibia 64-62 18-50 0-21 0*70 1'55 15-58 , Ba 0-17 = 101-38 S. 6. Baveno, green 65-72 18*57 o-io 0*34 1-25 14-02 =100 Abich. 7. Siberia, Amaz. 65'32 17*89 0-30 0-09 0*10 2-8-1 13-05 , Mn 0-19, Ca ir.=99 75 Ab. 8. Mexico, Valenc. 66-82 17*58 0-09 14-80 =99-29 Plattner. 9. Ceylon. Moonstone 64-00 19*43 0*20 0*42 14-81 [1-1 4] = 100 B. & M. 10. Marienbcrg, rdh. 66-43 17-03 0-49 1*03 0-91 13-96 =99-85 Kroner. 11. Furstenstollen, Sax. 65-52 17-61 0-80 0-94 1*70 12-98 =99-55 Kersten. 12. Mulda^ Sax., bh.-w. 65-75 17-72 0-82 3-66 12-05 =100 MoU. 13. Radeberg, Sax., wh. 65-24 20-40 0*84 0-27 12-35 0-52, Li 0-71= 100-33 J. 14. Carlsbad, twins 63-02 18-28 0-14 2-41 15-67 , Ba 0-48=100 Redner. 15. " 65-23 18-26 0*27 tr. 1-45 14-66 =99-87 Bulk. 16. Kyffhauser Mts. 62*75 17-71 2-87 tr. 1*50 2*03 12-24 1-64= 100*74 Streng. 17. Brazil 63-84 19*24 0*41 2-48 12-86 0-35=98-98 Hauer. 18. Chamouni, wh. 6 6 '48 19*06 0*63 2-30 10-52 =98-99 Delesse. 19. Yosges, rdh. 64-26 19-27 0-50 0*77 0*70 2-88 10-58 0-40=99-36 Delesse. 20. Schemnitz 64-00 18*00 0-53 0*31 078 0-79 15-43 0-54, Pb & Ca 0*32 = 100 70 Bischof 21. Baden, rdh. 65*32 19*52 0*15 3*12 11-66 =99-77 Risse. 22. Arendal, Microclin 65-76 18-31 1-20 tr. 14-06 =99*32 Jevreinof. 23. " " 65-55 17-99 1-50 1*54 13-74 =100*32 Schultz. 24. Weissigite 65 '00 19*54 1*61 0-19 12-69 0-35, Li 0-56 = 99-94 J. 25. Bodenmais, gn., Micr. 63'12 19*78 Fel-51 0*13 0-66 2-11 12-57 =99-87 Potyka. 26. Himmelfahrt, w. (f) 65*71 18-75 tr. 0*25 0-85 1*05 12-79 0-17=99-87 Richter. 27. Glashutte, red 64-53 17-96 1*31 tr. 0'72 tr. 14-90 0*45=99-57 Richter. 28. Eppendorf, wh. 65-00 18-76 0-82 0*10 0*32 0-66 13-99 0-22=99*87 Richter. 29. Churprinz, rdh. 65-10 17-41 1-03 0*15 0-52 2-23 13-21 0-39 =100-04 Richter. 30. Emanuel Erbst., rdh. 66'21 18-01 1-37 0*13 0-98 3-87 8-99 0-19=99-75 Richter. 31. Donegal Irel. (f) 63-20 18*64 0-68 0*11 2-75 0-78 14-92 =101-08 Haughton. 32. Greenland 64'40 18-96 1*04 0-14 0-45 2-35 13-07 =100-41 Haughton. 33. Ockerthal, w., (f) 66-92 18-50 2-78 1-31 2-56 7-83 0-34= 100-24 Fuchs. 34. Rehberg, gnh. (f) 65-53 20*62 Fel'90 0*13 0-46 3*25 7*95 0-09=99-93 Fuchs. 35. Meineckeb., rdh. (f) 66-80 17-97 Fe2*91 tr. 0*52 3-67 7*58 0*30=99-74 Fuchs. 36. Sutterbach, Sanidin 65-62 17-16 1*67 2-44 0-44 12-67 =100 Lasch. 37. Scharfenberg, " 67*42 15*88 2*83 0*15 2-77 0-43 10*55 =100 Lasch. 38. Perlenhardt, " 65*26 17-62 0-91 0*35 1-05 2-49 11-79 =99-47 Lewinstein. 39. Drachenfels, " 65'59 16*45 1*58 0*93 0-97 2-04 12*84 =100-40 Lewinstein 40. ' " 65-87 18-53 0-39 0-95 3-42 10-32 0*44=99-92 Rammelsberg, 41. Davidson Co., N. C. 65*30 20-20 tr. tr. 0-05 0-79 14-35 =100-69 Genth. 42. Chesterlite (f ) 64'97 17-65 0-50 0*27 0-61 1-69 14-02 0*65 = 100*36 S. &B. 43. L. Superior, rdh. 66'70 18'68 0-30 3-58 9*57 0*70=99*53 Whitney. 44. " red 65-45 18-26 0*57 0-65 15-21 =100-14 Whitney. 45. Tucker's Qu., Del, w. 65*24 19*02 tr. 0*13 0-33 3-06 11-94 =99*72 B. & B. 46. Wilmington, Del, g. 66*51 17-67 1*33 0*30 1-24 3-03 9-81 =99*89 B. & B. 47. Argenteuil, Can., w. 65-75 19-40 0-45 0-69 13-60 0-25=100*14 Hunt. 48. Danbury, Ct., w. (f) 63-88 18*97 0*20 0-70 3-78 11-19 0*40=99-12 S. & B. 49. 64-25 18-80 1*20 2-40 12-44 0*30=99*39 Barker. a Impurity, or mostly so. B. Proportion of soda to potash between : 1 and 2 : 1. 50. Fredericksv'n, Micr. 65'18 19*99 0*63 0-48 7-08 7'03 0-38=100-77 Gmelin. 51. Laurvig, 65 -90 19-46 0-44 ^__ 0-27 6-14 6-55 0-12=98*88 Gmelin. 52. Zircon- Syenite, 66-03 19-17 0-31 . 0-20 6-83 6-96 0*21=99*71 Scheerer. 53. " " 65-68 19-53 0-52 0-22 7-11 6-93 0*11 = 100-10 Scheerer. 54. Kangerdluarsak, 66*9 17-8 0-5 0-6 6*5 8-3 =100-6 Utendorffer. 55. Miask, 68-16 20-50 ___ ___ 4-72 6-62 =100 Utendorffer. 56. Bodenmais, 63*66 17*27 FeO-45 2-28 0-39 5-13 10-66 , Mn 0*15 Kerndt. 57. Hartha, Erzg., rdh. 66*69 18*44 1-28 0-34 0-85 4-28 7-48 =99*36 Rube. 68. Perthite, 66*44 18*35 1-00 0-24 0-67 5-56 6-37 0*40=99*03 Hunt. 59. Radauthal, trp. (f) 66-05 20-52 tr. tr. 0-72 5*41 6-96 0*19=99-85 Fuchs. 60. Kostenblatt, San. 65*36 19*41 0-43 0-87 0-55 4-06 9-32 =100 H. & J. 61. Ischia, " 67-09 18-88 1-25 0*03 0-35 4-59 7-58 =99*77 Bischof. 358 OXYGEN COMPOUNDS. Si XL e Mg Ca Na & 62. Epomeo, Ischia, San. 66-73 17-56 0'81 1-20 1-23 4-10 8-27 63. Eifel, bnh., 66-30 18-81 tr. 0-75 1-50 461 7-89 64. " cry st. 66-50 16-69 1-36 1-43 0-35 4-93 8-44 65. Pappelsberg, 66-03 17-87 0-52 0-19 0-47 608 8-86 G6. 67. Langenberg, M 66-33 68-18 19-02 18-33 0-52 0-71 0-16 0-76 0-51 7-32 4-66 6-02 7-15 68. Rosenau, 67-90 19-25 1-42 0-64 4-93 5-35 69. Lowenberg 69-0 19-7 tr. 1-4 5-0 5'3 70. Chambly, Can., San. 66-15 19-75 0-95 5-19 7-53 71. BroomeMtn., " " 65-70 20-80 0-84 6-43 6-52 72. Shefford Mtn., " " 65-15 20-55 0-73 6-39 6-67 73. Mt. Royal, " " 63'25 22-12 0-56 5-92 6-29 C. Proportion of soda to potash over 2 : 1. 74. Loxodase 75. " 76. " 77. Lochwald, w. 78. Dransfeld, glassy 65-40 19-48 66-31 18-23 63-50 20-29 66-37 19-95 64-86 21-46 1-25 0-20 2-26 7'23 0-67 0-30 1-09 7-81 0-67 3-22 8'76 tr. 0-40 9-64 tr. tr. 10-52 2-76 4-35 3-03 3-42 2-62 ign. =99-90 Abich. =99-86 Rose. =99-70 Lewinstein. =100-02 Lewinstein. =99-97 SchnabeL =99-70 Bischof. =99-49 Bischof. 0-4=100-8 v. Rath. 0-55=100-12 Hunt. 0-50=100-79 Hunt. 0-50=99-99 Hunt. 0-93 = 99-07 Hunt. 0-76=99-34 S. & B. 0-20=98-96 S. & B. , Si, F,H 1-23 = 100-7 P. =99-77 Sandberger. =98-99 Delesse. In anal. 5, G-.=2'5685, colorless, trl. ; 6, G.=2'555; 10, G. = 2 -44 ?, gangue of tinstone; 13, G.=2-548; 16, G. = 2'56, in dioryte ; 23, G. = 2'575; 24, in amygdaloid, altered laumontite; 26- 30, from the Erzgebirge; 33, G. = 2*592, 0. ratio 1 : 2'9 : 11'9, in granite with oligoclase and quartz, Harz; 34, G.=2'58, 0. ratio 1 : 3*4 : 12*4, Harz; 35, G.=2 573, 0. ratio 1 : 2-8 : 11'7, Harz; 36, G. = 2'60; 39, G. = 2'547; 45, G. = 2'585; 46, G. = 2'603, 3 m. from Wilmington; 49, G. = 2-58; 50, G. = 2*58; 54, G.=2'584 2'598, from Greenland, green; 55, G.=2'587 2-590, Breith. ; 58, G. = 2'57 2'58 ; 59, G.=2'595, 0. ratio 1 : 3'4 : 12'5, Harz, in granite-like gangue from the Gabbro, with oligoclase ; 60, in phonolite, Bohemia ; 61, lava between Lecco and Forio ; 63, 64, G. = 2'576, from volcanic sand of Rockeskill ; 66, 67, trachyte conglomerate of Langenberg in the Siebengebirge ; 68, trachyte conglomerate of " Kleinen Rosenau " in the Siebengebirge ; 69, from dolerytein the Siebengebirge, G. = 2'567 ; 70, from porphyritic trachyte; 71, from granitoid trachyte ; 73, compact white trachyte ; 77, in a fine-grained granite. Phillips, in an imperfect analysis of murchisonite (Phil. Mag. & Ann., i. 448), obtained Si 68*6, 3tl 16-6, K 14-8. The mineral came from Dawlish, and is evidently orthoclase. The perthite afforded Gerhard (ZS. G., xiv. 151) the same composition as obtained by Hunt, viz.: Si 65-83, l 18'45, Pe 1'72, Ca tr., Na 5'06, K 8-54, ign. 0-32=99-92. But he found, fur- ther, that it was divisible into thin reddish and whitish layers, which were respectively orthoclase and albite. These layers afforded him (1. c.) : Si l 3Pe Ga Na & 1. Red layers, Orthoclase 65-36 2. White layers, Albite 67-23 18-27 18-52 1-90 1-47 tr. 2-25 8-50 12-16=99-94 3-34=99-06 Thus proving that the supposed soda- orthoclase is really an intercrystalh'zation of two homceo- morphous species ; and suggesting that other similar anomalies among the feldspars may have an analogous origin. The 0. ratio in No. 1 is 0'94 : 3 : 12'49; in No. '2, 0'96 : 3 : 12'09. An orthoclase, monoclinic in crystals and cleavage, fr. the nephelin-doleryte of Yogelsgebirge. afforded A. Knop (Jahrb. Min. 1865, 687) Si 59'69, 1 21-04, ^e 2-27, Mn tr., Mg tr., Ca 0*95J Na 6-55, K 8-61, Ba 2-27, Sr 0*36, fi Zr.=101-74. The mineral is remarkable for the small amount of silica, large of alumina, and the presence of baryta The peculiar constitution may be a result of partial alteration, or of crystallinic mixture ; which is true is not ascertained. It is intermediate between orthoclase and hyalophane. The following are analyses of different felsites, additional to those under ALBITE on page 351 : 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. Si Leelite 81-91 Dannemora, Hellfl. 81-24 Saxony, gyh.-red 68-0 Nantes, gnh.-gy. 75-2 Brittany, gnh.-gy. 75*4 Pentland Hills 71'17 Harz 73-29 Jungfrug 76*15 Saxa-knut, Sweden 79*55 il 6-55 ' 9-78 19*0 15-0 15*5 13-60 16*61 13-46 11*31 3Pe 6*42 0-64 4-5 1-20 1-40 1-90 0*42 % 0-21 1-1 2-4 1-4 o-i 1-76 1-52 o-io Ca 0-78 1-2 0-40 3*01 0-45 2-52 Na 3-34 2-33 2-84 3-68 g 8-88 3-10 5-6 3-4 3-8 3-19 3-49 3-51 2*38 6 1-5 3-5 0-69 Thomson. Erdmann. Berthier. Durocher. Missokadis. TJNISILICATES. 359 Other analyses of felsites: C. W. C. Fuchs, Jahrb. Min., 1862, 803. Pyr., etc. B.B. fuses at 5 ; varieties containing much soda are more fusible. Loxoclase fusea at 4. Not acted upon by acids. Obs. Orthoclase is an essential constituent of many rocks. 1. Granular crystalline. Granite and gneiss, which consist of orthoclase, quartz, and mica. Mica schist, the same with less orthoclase and more mica. Syenite and syenitic gneiss, like the preceding, but containing hornblende in place of mica. Granulyte, a mixture of granular ortho- clase and more or less quartz. Albitic granite, a granite containing albite as well as orthoclase. A similar rock contains oligoclase in place of albite. Pyroxenyte, a rock consisting of orthoclase and pyroxene. Miascyte, a granular slaty rock consisting of orthoclase and elffiolite, from Miask in the Ural. These rocks contain the orthoclase in cleavable grains, and sometimes also in dis- tinct disseminated crystals ; when the latter is the case the rock is said to be porphyritic. The finest and largest crystals of orthoclase occur in granitic or feldspathic veins. 2. Compact cryptocrystalline. Orthoclase-/efc#e, or leelite, already described. It sometimes con- tains quartz in disseminated grains ; and Diirocher has observed cases in which a felsite graduated into a granite or granulyte. As the rock was originally a clayey rock (derived from the wear (not the decomposition) of the minerals of granitic rocks) it is natural that there should be the tran- sition here mentioned. The feldspar in some of the analyses below may be partly of oligoclase or albite. The Mlleflinta of Sweden is for the most part here included. As the granular orthoclase rocks, granite, gneiss, and the like, graduate into others con- taining hornblende, such as syenite, syenitic gneiss, etc., so the compact orthoclase-felsites may graduate into others that are hornblendic, though not visibly so ; and these last will indicate their hornblendic composition, not merely by their composition as ascertained by chemical analy- sis, but also by their high specific gravity. The spherules of variolyte of a white, grayish, or greenish-white color, are mostly a compact feldspar or felsite of some kind. Porphyry, in part, consisting of a felsite base with disseminated opaque crystals of orthoclase ; but this felsite base is seldom pure orthoclase. In the green antique porphyry, it is an intimate mixture of orthoclase and hornblende. [The feldspar is oligoclase or albite in some porphyry.] Phonolyte (or clinkstone), a compact grayish rock, often containing crystals of glassy feldspar, and having a zeolite in the base along with orthoclase. [In some phonolite the feldspar is oligoclase.] Trachyte, a grayish igneous rock of rough fracture, intermediate between phonolite and a gran- ular crystalline rock, it owing its roughness of surface largely to the grains of glassy feldspar which mainly constitute it. Argillyte and talcose schist generally contain more or less of orthoclase in a cryptocrystalline or un- distiuguishable state. Often, however, as analyses show, the alkalies are mostly wanting ; and when so, the amount of feldspar is small ; and it may be wholly absent. 3. Amorphous. Obsidian or volcanic glass is sometimes an impure orthoclase in a glassy state ; and in other cases it is a mixture of orthoclase or labradorite and augite with chrysolite and much iron, the materials varying with the lavas of a volcano ; for any lava will become glassy, and thus make obsidian, by rapid cooling. G. = 2-25 2'8. Pitclistone has the lustre of pitch rather than glass ; pearlstone has a pearly lustre, and is some- times in spherules (spherulite), or consists of spheroidal concretions. G. = 2'3 2'4. The spher- ules of pyromeride, porphyry, etc., are quite similar, though usually having an excess of silica from mixed quartz. Pitchstone and pearlstone are sometimes in composition albite or oligoclase rocks rather than orthoclase, that is, contain soda, or soda and lime, instead of potash. See analyses below. Fuchs has suggested that these rocks derive their glassy portion from solidified water-glass and not from the fusion of a feldspar. Krablite Forchhammer, or Baulite, appears to be a siliceous feldspathic mineral related to these concretions. It forms the basis of the trachyte, obsidian, and pitchstone of Iceland. According to von Walterhausen, it occurs also in triclinic crystals ; and he deduces the oxygen ratio 1:3: 34=(&+aSl) Si". B.B. fuses only in thin splinters ; in acids insoluble. H. = 6. G.=2'656, Forch., 2'572, Walt.* * The following are analyses of pumice, obsidian, spherulite, krablite, etc.: 1, Berthier (Ann. d. M., 111. v. 543) ; 2, Yauquelin (Gehl. N. allg. J., v. 230) ; 3, 4, Erdmann ( J. f. techn. Ch., xv. 82); 5, Thomson; 6, Trommsdorf (N. J. d. Pharm., iii. 301); 7, Erdmann (1. c.); 8, Ficinus (Schw. J., xxix. 136) ; 9, Erdmaun (1. c.); 10, Klaproth (Beitr., ii. 62, iii. 262) ; 11, Berthier (Ann. d. M., vil); 12, 13, B. Silliman, Jr. (Dana's G. Rep., 200); 14, Waltershausen (Vulk. Gest., 211); 15, Delesse (Bull. G-. Fr., II. ix. 176); 16, Forchhammer (Skand. Nat. Samm. i. Stockh.); 17, Genth (Ann. Ch. Pharm., Ixvi. 271): Si l e Ca Mg ISTa & 1. Obsidian, Pasoo 69'46 2'60 2'60 t'54 2'60 5'08 7'12, 3-00=100 Berth. 2. " Mexico 78 10 21 , Mn 1'6=98 6 Vauq. 360 OXYGEN COMPOUNDS. Many localities have been enumerated above. Fine crystals are found at Carlsbad and Elbogen in Bohemia (twins, f. 314, 315); Katherinenburg in Siberia; Areudal in Norway; Baveno in Piedmont ; Lomnitz in Silesia ; Land's End and St. Agnes in Cornwall ; Albaschka near Mursinsk, and near Schaitansk in the Urals ; the Mourne mountains, Ireland, with beryl and topaz ; at Rubieslaw in Aberdeenshire, Scotland, etc. ; in great abundance in the trachyte of the Drachen- fels on the Rhine; also in the lavas which devastated the island of Ischia, near Naples, in 1302; at Vesuvius, where it may be obtained in profusion in the valley called Fossa Grande. In the U. States, orthoclase in crystals occurs in Maine, on the island Mt. Desert, fine green ; at the tourmaline locality, Paris. In N. Hamp., at the Acworth beryl locality. In Mass., at South Royalston and Barre, often large crystals ; at Three Rivers, in Palmer. In Conn., at the gneiss quarries of Haddam and the feldspar quarries of Middletown, crystals a foot long, and 6 or 8 in. thick; near Bradleysville, in the western part of Litchfield, crystals 2-3 in. long, abundant. In N. York, in St. Lawrence Co., at Rossie, 2 m. N. of Oxbow ; the crystals are white or bluish- white, and sometimes an inch across ; also 8 m. from Potsdam, on the road to Pierremont, where crystals a foot through are said to have been found ; and near DeLong's mills in the town of Hammond, with apatite and zircon, where the loxoda$& is obtained ; in Lewis Co., orthoclase occurs both crystallized and massive in white limestone near Natural Bridge, with scapolite and spheiie ; in Orange Co., crystals near West Point ; more abundant and interesting forms are found at Rocky Hill, in Warwick, with tourmaline and zircon ; and at Amity and EdenviUe ; in Saratoga Co., at the Greenfield chrysoberyl locality, white translucent crystals, usually coated with silvery mica. In Penn., in crystals at Leiperville, Mineral Hill, Delaware Co., and W. Bradford, at Poor House quarry, Chester Co. (chesterlite) ; sunstone in Kennett Township. In N. Car., at Washington Mine, Davidson Co., in white and yellowish crystals (anal. 41). Massive orthoclase is abundant at the above-mentioned localities, besides many others. Green at Mt. Desert, Me., near S. W. Harbor ; at Rockport, Mass. A.n aventurine variety, with bright coppery reflections in spots, at Leiperville, Pennsylvania. Adularia, at the Falls of the Yantic, near Norwich, Conn., at Brimfield, Mass., with iolite, and at Parsonfield, Me. ; and suustone at Lyme, Conn. (Some of these may be oligoclase.) Kaolin, at Andover, Mass., and abundantly in New Milford, Kent, and Cornwall, Conn., and in the counties of Essex and Warren, New York ; also in New Garden, Chester Co., Pa., abundant. Necronite, at Roger's Rock, Essex Co., and at Thomson's quarry, near 196th street, New York. For recent observations on cryst., see Descl. Min., i. ; Hessenberg's Min. Notizen, Nos. I., II., IY., V. ; Websky, ZS. G., xv. 677 ; Kokscharof, Min. Russl., v. 115 ; F. Scharff., Abh. d. Senck. Ges., vi. Alt. Feldspar may be altered through infiltrating waters carrying more or less carbonic acid in solution (Forchhammer, Fournet, Bischof); also through the action of waters rendered acid by the decomposition of sulphids (Mitscherlich) ; also by ordinary waters holding traces of alkaline and other ingredients in solution (Bischof). The presence of a sulphid of iron, or a mineral containing protoxyd of iron, as some mica, garnet, etc., is often the first occasion of the change. The decomposition of the mineral with the attendant oxydation of the iron distributes ferruginous waters through the rock (or sulphate of iron from the altered sulphid), and thus, by a disaggregating or decomposing action, prepares the way for other agencies. Si XI e Ca Mg Na K 3. Obsidian, Telkban, .74-80 12-40 2-03 1-96 0-90 6-40, Mn 1-31=99-80 Erdm. 4. Pitchstone, Meis. 75-60 11-60 1-20 1-35 6-69 2-77 H 4-7 3 = 103-95 Erdm. 6. Arran 63-50 12-74Fe3-80 4-46 6-22 , ign. 8-0=98-71 Th. 6. " Hk. Dresden 74-00 17-00 Pe 2-75 1-50 Li 3-00=98-25 Tr. 7. Pearlstone, Hun. 72-87 12-05 1-75 1-30 1-10 6-13 H 3-0=98-20 Erdm. 8. u u 79-12 12-00 2-45 1-10 8-58 H 1-76 = 100-01 F. 9. Spherulite, " 77-20 12-47 2-27 3-34 0'73 4-27 = 100-28 Erdmann. 10. Pumice, Lipari 77-50 17-50 1-75 3-00 = 99-75 Klaproth. 11. n n 70-00 ] 6-00 0-50 2-50 6-50, H 3-00=98-50 Berth. 12. Pel&s Hair, ) 51-19 =- 18-16 Fe 30-26 = 99-61 S. Hawaii, vole, glass $ 39-74 10-55 2-74 2-40 21-62 \ Fe 22-29, H 0'33=99'67 S. 14. Sideromelane 49-25 15-18 20-23 9-61 2-10 2-51 1-12=100 Waltersh. 15. 16. Sph&r. in pyrom. Krdblite, Iceland 88-09 74-83 6-03 13-49 0-58 4-40 0-28 1-98 1-65 0-17 2-53 H 0-84=100 Delesse. 5-56 tr. =100-43. F. G. = 2'389. 17. a 80-23 12-08 0-95 2-26 4-92= 100-44' Genth. Other analyses of obsidian, Deville (Bull G. Soc. Fr., II. viii. 427) ; of pumice, ib. ; also Schafler (J. pr. Ch., liv. 16). UNISILICATES. 361 When the infiltrating waters contain traces of carbonic acid, the feldspar acted on first loses its lime, if a lime feldspar, by a combination of the lime with this acid ; next, its alkalies are carried off as carbonates, if the supply of carbonic acid continues, or otherwise as silicates in solution. The change thus going on ends in forming kaolin or some other hydrous silicate. The carbonate of soda or potash, or the silicate of these bases, set free, may go to the formation of other minerals the production of pseudomorphic or metamorphic changes and the supplying fresh and marine waters with their saline ingredients. Kaolin is generally a simple hydrous silicate of alumina (see KAOLTNITE), expressed by the formula &1 Si 2 + 2 H=Silica 46*3, alumina 39-8, water 13-9. Orthoclase in changing to it loses 1 K+ 1 Si. Part of the silica set free may go off with more or less of the potash, or may form opal, quartz, siliceous sinter. The alumina also is often in part removed. The same explanation is readily applied to the change in albite or other feldspars. When the change is not carried on to the exclusion of the protoxyd bases, certain zeolites may result, especially, as Bischof states, when labradorite is the feldspar undergoing alteration, which species he describes as giving origin to the species mesolite. Massive nepheline or elasolite is a still more common source of zeolites. Anal. 52, by Scheerer, is of orthoclase enveloping the zeolite bergmannite, and 53, of the same enclosed in bergmannite, this zeolite having apparently been formed out of other portions of the orthoclase. When the waters contain traces of a magnesian salt a bicarbonate or silicate the magnesia may replace the lime or soda, and so lead to a steatitic change, or to a talc when the alumina is excluded ; and when augite or hornblende is present, it may give origin to chlorite. The action of sulphurous acid from volcanic fumaroles produces often a complete destruction of the feldspar and other minerals present, giving rise to deposits or incrustations of silica, in some of its various forms, and also halloysite, kaolin, etc. Steatite, talc, chlorite, kaolin, lithomarge, mica, laumontite, occur as pseudomorphs after ortho- clase or albite ; and tin ore and calcite often replace these feldspars by some process of solution and substitution. Labradorite more rarely forms kaolin. Orthoclase is also described as occurring altered to albite. This has been mentioned as an example of paramorphism, the two species being dimorphous. But as these feldspars occur together in the same rock, and must have been formed under very similar circumstances, we can hardly suppose that either is liable to a change like that of a dimorphous compound to the form of the other. Artif. Artificial feldspar has been observed in crystals in furnace scoria at Mansfeld, San- gerhausen, near Laimbach, and near Stolberg. Analyses : 1, 2, Heine ; 3, Abich ; 4, Raminels- berg: Si 3tl 3Pe Mg Oa ]Ta K! 1. Sangerhausen 64-53 19-20 1-20 1-33 , <3u 0'27 Heine. 2. " 65-95 18-50 0'68 4'28 10'47 , Cu 0-13 Heine. 3. " 65-03 16-84 0'88 0'34 0'34 0'65 15*26, Ou 0-30 Abich. 4. Laimbach 63'96 20'04 0'54 0*43 0'65 15-26=98'21 Ramm. The oxygen ratio afforded is 1 : 3 : 12. But the last is an iron-orthoclase, the alumina being replaced by sesquioxyd of iron. ERSBYITB. (Wasserfreier Scolezit [fr. Pargas] N. NordensJc., Schw. J., xxxi. 417, 1821. Anhy- drous Scolecite. Scolexerose Beud., Tr., ii. 55, 1832. Var. of Labrador JFrankenheim, Syst. d. Kryst., 136, 1842. Ersbyit A. E. Nordensk., Finl. Min., 129, 1853. Kalk-Labrador Ramm., Min. Ch., 595, 1860.) Monoclinic, with the angles nearly of orthoclase; /A 1=1 18 44', 0A-i=115 12' and 64 48', /Ai-3=149 55', MAt=150 c 16', /A2-i=134 49', A 2-4=99 48' (angles by tford., with the common goniometer). Observed planes : 0; vertical, /, i-i, i-& ; clinodome, 1-i', hemi- dome, 2-i. Cleavage : perfect; i-i less perfect. H. = 6; lustre vitreous, pearly on surface of cleavage ; color white or grayish-white. N. Nordenskiold obtained in an analysis (L c.) Si 54'13, ^cl 29-23, Ca 15-46, H 1-07=99-87, which affords the 0. ratio 1 : 3 : 6, or that of labradorite, to which species it has been referred by Frankenheim and Rammelsberg. A labradorite without alkali and with the angles of orthoclase is so much of an anomaly as to be at least of very im- probable existence. It may well be altered orthoclase and thereby pseudomorphous. Nordenskiold. while making the form monoclinic in the text, states that he obtained the angle 90 22' between the two cleavages with a reflective goniometer, and suggests that the form may possibly be tri- clinic. Still the other angles are so closely those of orthoclase that this view appears quite im- probable, as he also must regard it, since he does not adopt it in the text. It was called anhydrous scolecite by N. Nordenskiold, because the 0. ratio was that of scolecite minus the water. 362 OXYGEN COMPOUNDS. m. SUBSILICATES. ABRANGEMENT OP THE SPECIES. A. Oxygen ratio of bases and silica 4:3. I. CHONDRODITE GROUP. 319. CHONDHODITB &g"Si s Mg 8 e a |(0, F) ia |S, II. TOURMALINE GROUP. RhombohedraL Containing boric acid as a base. 320. TOURMALINE (ft", fi, B) 8 Si 9 (R 3 , ft, 0M, /?B) 8 O a |(e, F) ia jSi, B. Oxygen ratio of bases and silica 3 : 2. 1. Containing no titanic acid. I. GEHLENTTE GROUP. Tetragonal ; isomorphous with the scapoh'te group. 321. GEHLENTTE (i II. ANDALUSITE GROUP. Anisometric. Containing only sesquioxyds. 322. ANDALUSITE 3tlSi 323. FIBEOLITE XlSi 324. KTANITE 3tlSi 325. TOPAZ XlSi, with P repL one-fifth the /?^1 3 Fj|e 4 |Si III. EUCLASE GROUP. Monoclinic. Containing other bases besides sesquioxyds. 326. EUCLASE (i 327. DATOUTE 2. Containing titanic acid. I. GUARINITE GROUP. Tetragonal. 328. GUABINITE (Ca + Ti) Si, or (iCa 3 + f Ti^) Si (i a + f yTi) 3 Oie 4 II. TITANITE GROUP. Anisometric. 329. TITANITE 330. GROTHITE (R 2 , , fif ) Si (f 331. KEILHAUITE (ft 3 , S, Til) Si (&ft+fV/?R+ ft yTi) 3 Oie 4 fiSi 332. TSCHETFKINITE (R 8 , fit) Si SUBSILICATES. 363 C. Oxygen ratio of bases and silica 2 : 1. I STAUKOLITE GROUP. Containing no titanic acid. 333. STATJBOLITB (H 3 , R 8 , &) 4 Si 3 ((H 2 ,R) + /3R) 4 e4e4||Si II. SCHORLOMITE GROUP. Containing titanic acid as a base. 334. SCHOELOMITE (R 3 , 8, Ti* ) 4 Si 3 ( A ft + & /?R + ^ yB) 4 e a |e 4 |Si Appendix. 335. SAPPHIBINE, Si, 3tl, Mg. In the Andalusite group, the species andalusite and topaz are approximately isomorphous ; for if i-2 A i-% m the latter is made the fundamental prism, then /A 7=93 11', while it is 90 44' in an- dalusite. Euclase, datolite, and the species of the Titanite group are also isomorphous ; the angle of /being, severally, 115, 115 3', and 113 31'; and on a clinodome=161 51', 162 27', 159 39'. 319. OHONDRODITE. Chondrodit [= Silicate of Magnesia and Iron] d'OTisson, Ak. H. Stockh., 206, 1817. Condrodite H. Maclureite, Fluosilicate of Magnesia (fr. Sparta, N. J.), Sey- bert, Am. J. Sci., v. 336, 1822. Brucite (fr. N. J. and N. Y.) Gibls, Cleaveland's Min., 295, 1822, Nuttall in Am. J. Sci., v. 245, 1822. Humite B&urn., Cat., 52, 1817. Orthorhombic. Often hemihedral in octahedral planes, producing forms monoclinic in character. I A 7=94 26' and 83 34'. Crystals of three types, as in the following figures. 323 324 325 326 Humite : Type I. Humite : Type II. Humite : Type III. Humite : hemihedral. Type!., a: 1: c=l-46T8 : 1 : 1-0805 ; II., 1-5727 : 1 : 1-0805 ; III., 1-4154 : 1 : 1-0805. Observed planes in Yesuvian crystals as in figs. 323 to 326, with also f-2 in type II. ; the two unlettered planes on figs. 325, 326, 4-f , 12-f ; another plane in the same series (f. 325) 1-3|. Observed planes in chondro- dite as in fig. 327, with also 0, i-i, 2-2, f-i, f-J, |-f . Fig. 326 left-handed hemihedral, 327 right-handed hemihedral. Angles in the different types of humite : 364 OXYGEN COMPOUNDS. 327 A 34=102 48' III. A 14=125 A 3-2=103 47 A 1-5 = 121 44 14 A 14, bas., Ill 28 A f 2=112 24 ^_| A f, front, =71 32 II. O A 14=122 27 A 2=103 8 Chondrodite. 1. A 14=124 16' A 1=116 34 A 4-2=98 13 # A 24=108 58 L4 A 1-2, ov. $,=115 6 A 2-?= 109 27 O A 4=97 23 6> A 44=119 47 O A 44=100 48 O A J^-2=140 15 O A f 2=119 17 O A 8-2=94 35 A f=lll 15 l- A 14=109 31 14 A |=134 23 fAf-2,ov.7,=126 52 Observed angles with the common goniometer in chondrodite of !N". Jer- above 115 6' j, A f-2=136 1', A 2-2=109 3'. Twins : composition-face -f-2 in type I. ; f-2 and -|-2 in II. ; |-2 in III. ; the last sometimes producing stellate forms of six crystals, each hemihe- dral. Cleavage indistinct. Usually in imbedded grains or masses of a somewhat granular texture. H.=6 6'5. G.=3*118 3*24. Lustre vitreous resinous. Color white, yellow, pale yellow or brown ; sometimes red, apple-green, black, gray. Streak white, or slightly yellowish, or grayish. Transparent subtranslu- cent. Fracture subconchoidal uneven. Var. 1. Ordinary chondrodite. In imbedded crystals, masses, or grains, sub translucent or opaque, more or less resinous in lustre, and surfaces hardly polished ; the crystals sometimes 2 inches or more broad, Colors the above, excepting white. Gr.=3'118, from N. Jersey, Thomson; 3-24, fr. Eden, N. Y., id. ; 3*199, fr. Finland, Haidinger. 2. Humite, In small implanted, transparent to translucent, polished glassy crystals, from Ve- suvius ; (a) type I. ; (6) type II. ; (c) type III., the most common. Colorless to citron-yellow, honey- yellow, and brownish. G.=3'234, white, type L; 3-177, yellow, type II. ; 3-199, brown, type in.; 3-186, yellowish, type III. ; Scacchi. Comp. ilg 8 Si 3 , with part of the oxygen replaced by fluorine ; ^ in chondrodite ; >, in hu- mite, type I., ^ in type II., ^ in type III., Ramm. Analyses: 1, Dr. W. Langstaff (Am. J. Sci., vi. 172, analysis made in 1811); 2, Seybert (Am. J. Sci., v. 336); 3, Rammelsberg (Pogg., liii. 130, and 1st Suppl., 38); 4, W. Fisher (Am. J. Sci., II. ix. 85); 5, Thomson (Ann. Lye. N. York, iii. 54); 6-10, Rammelsberg (Pogg., liii 130, Ixxxvi. 413) : F 8-55, & and loss 2=99-55 Langstaff. 3-89, fl 1-0, K 2-11=96-00 Seybert. 7-60=99-77 Ramm. 7-60=99-50 W. Fisher. 3-77, fi 1-62=99-98 Thomson. 8-69 = 100-75 Ramm. 9-69=104-13 Ramm. 8-47 = 100-75 Ramm. 6-04, OaO-74, l 1-06=100-32 Ramm, 2-61=97-78 Ramm. Si Fe Mg 1. New Jersey 32- 6- 51- 2. N 32-67 2-33 54-00 3. II yellow 33-06 3-65 55-46 4. (( red 33-35 5-50 ' 53-05 5. u 36'00 Pe 3-97 54-64 6. Pargas, yello w 33-10 2-35 56-61 7. gray 33-19 6-75 54-50 8. ITumite, type I. 34-80 2-40 60-08 9. 14 u II. 33-26 2-30 57-92 10. (( u III. 36-67 1-67 56-83 Pyr., etc. B.B. infusible ; some varieties blacken and then burn white. Fused with salt of SUBSILICATES. 365 phosphorus in the open tube gives a reaction for fluorine. With the fluxes a reaction for iron. Gelatinizes with acids. Heated with sulphuric acid gives off fluorid of silicon. Obs. Chondrodite occurs mostly in granular limestone. It is found near Abo, in the parish of Pargas in Finland, and at Aker and Gulsjo in Sweden ; at Taberg in "Wermland; at Boden in Saxony; on Loch Ness in Scotland; at Achmatovsk in the Ural, along with perofskite; and in the mines of Schischimsk with red apatite. Humite occurs at Somma, in ejected masses of a kind of granitic rock, along with forsterite, biotite, pyroxene, magnetite, etc. Abundant in the counties of Sussex, N. J., and Orange, N. Y., where it is associated with spinel, and occasionally with pyroxene and corundum. In N. Jersey, at Bryam, orange and straw- colored chondrodite, and also a variety nearly black, occurs with spinel ; at Sparta, a fine local- ity of honey-yellow chondrodite ; a mile to the north of Sparta the best locality of this mineral in N. J. ; at Vernon, Lockwood, and Franklin. In JV. York, in Orange Co., in Warwick, Monroe, Cornwall, near Greenwood Furnace, and at Two Ponds, and elsewhere ; near Edenville in fine specimens on the land of Mr. Houston; also sparingly in Rossie, on the bank of Laidlaw Lake. In Mass., at Chelmsford, with scapolite. In Penn., near Chaddsford, in Harvy's quarry, of yellow and orange colors, abundant. In Canada, in limestone at St. Crosby, St. Jerome, St. Adele, Grenville, etc., abundant. The name chondrodite is from x,6,i6pos, a grain, alluding to the granular structure. Bruciie was given by Col. Gibbs after Dr. Bruce, editor of the American Mineralogical Journal ; Maclureite by Seybert, after Wm. Maclure. The mineral was first discovered in New Jersey by Dr. Bruce. Fluorine was first detected in it in 1811, by Dr. Langstaff of New York, whose analysis (No. 1) gives very nearly the correct constitution of the species. Cleaveland, in the first edition of his mineral- ogy (issued in 1816), at p. 185, in a brief mention of the undescribed species, speaks of it as a fluate, calling ttfluate of magnesia, he evidently having had an imperfect report of Dr. Langstaff 'a examination, the results of which had not then been published. Dr. Torrey obtained similar results to those of Dr. Langstaff in 1818. See on these points Am. J. Sci., vi. 171, 1823. D'Ohs- son analyzed the mineral in 1817 without finding the fluorine, he obtaining (l.c.) Si 38*00, Mg 54*00, iPe 5 - 10, &\ 1*50, K 0'86 Mn tr., a result very wide from the true composition. Humite was shown to be identical with chondrodite in composition by Rammelsberg. On cryst. see Scacchi, Pogg., 1851, Erganz., ii. 161, who identified and described the three types of humite; also Hessenberg, Min. Not., ii. 15; Nordenskiold on chondrodite of Pargas, Pogg., xcvi. 118. The author adopts a modified view of Scacchi's types, first brought out in Am. J. Sci, II. xiv. 175. Alt. Chondrodite altered to serpentine has been observed at Sparta, N. J., with spinel and mica. 320, TOURMALINE. Early syn. of precious T. Turamali, Turmalin (fr. Ceylon), Ceylon name, Garmann, Curiosse Speculationes, etc., von einem Liebhaber, der Immer Gern Speculirt, Chem- nitz, 1707. Pierre de Ceylan; un petit aiman; M. Lemery la fit voir, etc., Hist. Ac. Sci., Paris, 1717, p. 8. Aschentrecker HolL ; Aschenzieher Germ.; Ash-drawer Engl. [alluding to electri- cal property]. Zeolithus vitreus electricus, Tourmalin, Rinmann, Ak. H. Stockh., 1766; v. Born, Lithoph., i. 47, 1772. Borax electricus Linn., Syst, 96, 1768. Tourmaline Garnet Hill, Foss., 148, 1771. Tourmaline Kirw., Min., i. 271, 1794. Early syn. of opaque T. Schurl pt. Erker, 1595; Schirl pt. JBriickmann, 1727 [see p. 206]. Skiorl pt., Corneus crystallisatus pt., Wall., 139, 1747. Basaltes cryst. pt., Skorl-Crystall pt., Oronst., 70, 1758. Schorl, Stangenschorl, Germ. ; Shorl, Shirl, Cockle, Engl. Borax Basaltes Linn., Syst., 95, 1768. Basaltes crystallisatus v. Born, Lithoph., i. 34, 1772, ii. 95, 1775. Shorl Kirw., Min., i. 265, 1794. Syn. from union of T. and S. in one species. Tourmaline ou Basalte transparent = Schorl, de Lisle, Crist., 266, with fig. cryst. (and proofs of ident. of T. & S.), 1772. Schorl transpa- rent rhomboidal dit Tourmaline et Peridot = Schorl, de Lisle, Crist, ii. 344, with figs., 1783. Schorl, Stangensch6rl'(incl. var. (1) Schwarzer S., (S) Elektrischer S.=Turmalin), Wern., Cronst, 169, 1780; Bergm. J., i. 374, 1789; Jameson, Min., 1816. Tourmaline H., Tr., iii. 1801. Var. introd. as Sp. Bubellite (fr. Siberia) Kirw., Min., i. 288, 1794=Daourite Delameth., T. T., ii. 303, 1797=Siberite VHermina, J. de 1'Ecole Polytechn., i. 43 9= Tourmaline apyre "., iv. 1801=Apyrit Hausm., Handb., 642, 1813'. Indicolite and Aphrizite (fr. Norway) d'Andrada, J. de Phys., Ii. 243, 1800, Scherer's J., iv. 19, 1800. Taltalite Domeyko, Min., 139, 1860=Cobre negro estrellado de Tantal (Atacama). Var. introd. as Subsp. Achroit (fr. Elba) Herm., J. pr. Ch., xxxv. 232, 1845. 366 OXYGEN COMPOUNDS. Khombohedral. R A .#=103, A R=\3 3' ; 0=0-89526. Observed planes : rhombohedrons, J, 1 (R), f , , f , 5, 4f .?, -2, -{, -, -, -i ; scale- 328 229 334 z'2 i2 336 Hunterstown, C. E. 338. Analogue Pole. St. Lawrence Co., N.T. Canada. 339. Antilogue Pole. Gouverneur, N. Y. hedrons, -J a , J 8 , -J 6 , 1, 1 s , ^ 8 , f 3 (the last replacing angle between J, ^-, and J 8 ) ; prisms, /, *-2, ^-J, *-f. Usually hemihedral, being often unlike at the opposite extremities, or hemimorphic, and the prisms often triangular. Cleavage : R, -J-, and ^-2, difficult. Sometimes massive compact ; also co- lumnar, coarse or fine, parallel or divergent. SUBSILICATES. 367 A =165 31' \ A i-^154 59' i-2 A f=:130 55' A =152 40 A =133 8 i-2 A 11=136 41 6> A |=129 21 i-2 A =113 26 2 A I 2 -=147 51 J2= 6> A 2=115 49 2 A J2=128 30 i-2 A i-J=160 54 A $=111 9 ^-2A 5 =15514 i-2 A ^-|=166 6 6> A ^=99 58 i-2 A 3 =142 26 i-2 A /=150. H.=7 7*5. Gr.=2'94 3*3. Lustre vitreous. Color black, brownish- black, bluish-black, most common ; blue, green, red, and sometimes of rich shades ; rarely white or colorless ; some specimens red internally and green externally ; and others red at one extremity, and green, blue, or black at the other. Dichroic ; some, yellowish-brown axially, asparagus-green trans- versely ; dark brownish-violet axially, greenish-blue transversely ; purple axially, bluish transversely ; etc. Streak uncolored. Transparent opaque ; greater transparency across the prism than in the line of the axis. Frac- ture subconchoidal uneven. Brittle. Pyroelectric. Var. 1. Ordinary. In crystals, (a) Eubellite ; the red sometimes transparent ; the Siberian is mostly violet-red, the Brazilian rose-red ; that of Chesterfield and Goshen, Mass., pale rose-red and opaque ; that of Paris, Me., fine ruby-red and transparent, (b) Indicolite ; the blue, either pale or bluish-black; named from the indigo-blue color, (c) Brazilian Sapphire (in jewelry); Berlin-blue and transparent ; (d) Brazilian Emerald, Chrysolite (or Peridot) of Brazil; green and trans- parent. (e) Peridot of Ceylon; honey-yellow. (/) Achroite; colorless tourmaline, from Elba. (g) Aphrizite ; black tourmaline, from Krageroe, Norway, (h) Columnar and black; coarse columnar. Resembles somewhat hornblende, but has a more resinous fracture, and is without distinct cleav- age or anything like a fibrous appearance in the texture. Kupffer found the angle | A| in the green tourmaline of St. Gothard 133 8' ; in the black of Siberia, 133 13'; in the red of Siberia, 133 2'; giving 134 6', 134 3', and 133 56' for f\\. Brooke found for the angle A-J- in a white crystal, 134 7' ; green, 134 2' 24" ; clear brown, 133 56'; red, 133 48'; black, 133 47' 12". The varieties in composition and the subdivisions suggested thereby are given below. Comp. 0. ratio for bases (the boric acid here included) and silica 4 : 3 (Ramm.) ; whence (R s , &, B) 8 Si 9 . The 0. ratio for the protoxyds, sesquioxyds, and boric acid (E, B, B) varies greatly; group I (see beyond) affording mostly 4 : 12 : 4; II., 4 : 15 : 5; III., 4 : 21 : 6, 4 : 24 : 7, etc.; IV., 4 : 40 : 12, 4 : 36 : 11, etc. ; V., 4 : 48 : 13, 4 : 56 : 12, etc. The special formula for group I. would consequently be (R 3 ) 8 Si 9 +3R 8 Si 9 +B 8 gi 9 or (R 8 + fcfi+iB) 8 i 9 ; for analysis 23 in group V. (R 3 ) 8 Si 9 +14S tt Si 9 +3B 8 Si 9 or( 1 - 1 - 8 R 3 +i|fi+i 3 8iB) 8 Si 9 , and these (excluding analysis 26) are the extreme variations. A. Mitscherlich, by a new method of analysis (J. pr. Ch., Ixxxvi. 1), obtained the iron as prot- oxyd in several trials, finding 16'06 and 16*30 in that of Bovey Tracey (No. 13, beyond); 5'69 and 5-66 in that of St. Gothard (No. 9); 17*14 and 17*29 in that of Sonnenberg (No. 15); 7'54, 7*65, and 7'57 in that of Sarapulsk near Mursinsk (No. 17); and 6*74 in that of Brazil (No. 21). But Scheerer takes the ground that Mitscherlich's method of analysis is less satisfactory than others, and the subject is still in doubt. Mitscherlich's determinations, introduced into Rammelsberg's analyses as done by himself, afforded, in the 14 cases which he investigated, the following for the oxygen of R-t-R--fB, that of the Si being 3 : L, Iron-magnesia tourmaline 3*90 (No. 7); 4-10 (No. 8); 4-09 (No. 9); 4*07 (fr Havredal); 4*15 (fr. Ramfosse); 4'11 (No. 10, Haddam); 4*12 (No. 11, Haddam); 4*21 (No. 12, Unity, Me.); II., Iron tourmaline 4-09 (No. 13); 4*32 (No. 14); 4-09 (No. 15); 4-23 (fr. Saar); 4*12 (fr. Langenbielau) ; 3*99 (No. 16). The results leave little question as to the normal ratio for the species being 4 : 3. Analyses : 1-26, Rammelsberg (Pogg., Ixxx. 409, Ixxxi. 1) arranged as follows: I. Magnesia tourmaline, G.=3 3*tj7. mean 3'05. II. Iron-magnesia tourmaline, G.=3*05 3*2, mean 3*11. III. Iron tourmaline, Gr.=3-13 3'25. IV. Iron-manganese-lithia. tourmaline, G-. = 2'94 3*11, mean 3*083. V. Lithia tourmaline, G-.=3 3*1, mean 3*041. Anal. 27-29, Gmelin (Schw. J., 299, xxxviii. 514, Pogg., ix. 172); 30, Ulex (J. pr. Ch., xcvl 37); 31, C. W. 0. Fuchs (Jahrb. Min. 1862, 800); 32, 34, 35, 37, 38, Gmelin (L c.): 33, 36, 39, 40, Hermann (J. pr. Ch., xxxv. 232) : 368 OXYGEN COMPOUNDS. CiCOOOSCMT* r-lOOOi (D aa 1111 ''''!' of'f'f? of f|s''| U f! Ti 1! II Ti jrlilttlrTj TTTilM "JliTiliii n GO O r I O OO O COCDCO001OO5 O5 rH "tf 1 O 1OOIOOO5O 04 i-H O lO CO 10 CM CO CC ~ O5 O <* 1O 3 O5 t- CO p p ^H CM CM CM CM CM AH AH AH AH AH AH A-i AH CM CM CM CM CM "* CO CO D c^ op o O ^-l O OS'S o '3 o o 1 J'fiJJ Tf fe TH CD C<> tt CO "*

r-l O -^ . ^^ <^ -S 000 0000 CM - 00 i I !O*-O Tjlt- COCOCOCO (N^CO ThCO T* < ^- < ? 1 ^* bbbc^oo oooboo ODJC-r-^CMCO OOCOO C<>rH OSCMCOCC* 1^-THOCO-OJ CMCOC^l 7H OO^CD COOCOCO Cppr^CCCOO yi< ,_( Cq CM r-H CM O AH b AH b AH b AH AH AH AH OOOO O O 6 b AH^ O CO O O r-( CO O Si I ^ b I b 5 O (M ( Cp^T* rH ' r-H I I C5 I I S i 'co i i .t O5 O5 I IO I rH p p I Cl cq CM cq ' 4n 00 10 co,p IlCMOOt- O I i I O O CO O5 IrHOiCp C<)>pClpCO 7-1 'bbb b'rHAnbeN CO O5Oi-(TjO CM 1 fO oo - 1 01 rH CD 10 <^H CO O T*H 00 o rp ip rn 00 05 i oi to tp r-> *$ Ift CplpOOCO A-t-cob rf<>bbbo5 AH COCOCOCO COCOCO^CO CO T-H r-(O5 i i os ia iooo?oo r-dot-b i-ibt-coo COCOCOCO COCOCOCOCO Sol s fise p ^ '!= - - ' a 2 - -|f f- ^ Pq I ^^ 'I |i 3 ' ^ rH CM CO' ^ 10 CO ^ CO O5 O rH CM CO rh O CO t^ CO O> O* ^ CM CO ^ us CO rHrH i-Hr-Hr-HCNCMeqCMWCqCM ^ B & * SITBSILICATES. 369 Si B A 1 ! Mn Mg Na Li ign. , 57. Red, Eozena 42-13 5-74 86-43 632&U-20 2'41 2'04 1-31=97-58 G-melin. 38. " Perm 39'37 4-18 44-00 5-02 1'29 2'52 1 -58=97 '56 Gmelin. 39. Achroite, Elba 42-89 5'34 44 09 M 0-27 0'45 3'12 2-19 , C 1-66 = 100 H. 40. Bed, Sarapulsk 39'70 665 40-29 " 2'30 0*16 7'88 3'02 =100 Hermann. Pisani has examined a specimen of true taltalite (Am. J. Sci., II. xliii. 407), and shown that it is tourmaline with oxyd of copper and other impurities. Domeyko made it a silicate of copper (1. c., and Forbes, Phil. Mag., IV. xxv. 111). Ulex's specimen (anal. 30) was procured from a cargo of copper ores landed at Hamburg, and identified as taltalite by its characters. Pyr., etc. I., fuse rather easily to a white blebby glass or slag ; II., fuse with a strong heat to a blebby slag or enamel, either white, greenish, or brownish ; III., fuse with difficulty, or, in some, only on the edges, to a brownish, brownish-red, gray, or black slag ; IV., fuse on the edges, and often with great difficulty, to a yellowish, grayish, bluish, or whitish slag or enamel, and some are infusible ; V., infusible, but becoming white or paler, sometimes, as the Paris (Me.) rubellite, affording a fine enamel on the edges (Ramm.). With the fluxes many varieties give reactions for iron and manganese. Fused with a mixture of bisulphate of potash and fluor-spar gives a strong reaction for boric acid. By heat alone tourmaline loses weight from the evolution of fluorid of silicon and perhaps also fluorid of boron ; and only after previous ignition is the mineral completely decom- posed by fluohydric acid. Not decomposed by acids (Ramm.). After fusion perfectly decomposed by sulphuric acid (v. Kobell). Obs. Tourmaline is usually found in granite, gneiss, syenite, mica, chloritic or talcose schist, dolomite, granular limestone, and sometimes in sandstone near dykes of igneous rocks. The vari- ety in granular limestone or dolomite is commonly brown. Foreign localities are mentioned above. Small brilliant black crystals in decomposed feld- spar, at Sonnenberg in the Harz, are called aphrizite. Rubellite and green tourmaline occur near Katherinenburg in Siberia ; pink crystals are found at Elba. Pale yellowish-brown crystals in talc at Windisch Kappell in Carinthia ; green at Airolo, Switzerland ; white specimens (achroite) come from bt. Gothard, Siberia, and Elba. A specimen, formerly in the Grand Duke's collection at Florence, measuring 1 1 inches square, contains 4 erect green tourmalines and 1 prostrate, 2, 4, and 2 J inches long, and to 1 inch thick. In Great Britain, fine black crystals have been obtained near Bovey Tracey in Devon ; also found in Cornwall at different localities ; green near Dartmoor in Devon ; black near Aberdeen in Scotland, and elsewhere ; dark brown at Dalkey in Co. Dublin, Ireland ; green near Dunfanaghy, Co. Donegal ; green and red at Ox mountain, near Sligo. In the U. States, in Maine at Paris and Hebron, magnificent red and green tourmalines with lepidolite, etc., some crystals over an inch in diameter, transparent, ruby-red within, sur- rounded by green, or red at one extremity and green at the other ; also blue and pink varieties ; at Albany, green and black ; at Streaked Mtn., black. In Mass., at Chesterfield, red, green, and blue, in a granite vein with albite, uranite, and microlite, the crystals small and curved, nearly opaque, and fragile, the green crystals often with distinct prisms of red color inside, especially when in smoky quartz ; at Goshen, similar, the blue in greater perfection ; at Norwich, New Baintree, and Carlisle, good black crystals. In N. Hamp., Alstead, Grafton, Sullivan, Acworth, and Saddle- back Mt ; at Orford, large brownish-black crystals abundant in steatite. In Vermont, at Brattle- boro, black. In Conn., at Monroe, perfect dark brown crystals in mica-slate near Lane's mine, sometimes two inches in length and breadth ; at Haddam, interesting black crystals in mica slate with anthophyllite, also in granite with iolite, and also at the gneiss quarries, on the east side of the river. In N. York, near Gouverneur, light and dark brown crystals, often highly modi- fied, with apatite and scapolite in granular limestone (f. 3^8, 339) ; at Canton ; in simple prisms in the same rock near Port Henry, Essex Co. ; at Schroon, with chondrodite and scapolite ; at Crown Point, one mile south of village, fine brown crystals ; at the chrysoberyl locality near Saratoga, N. Y., black; at Alexandria, Jefferson Co.; at Kingsbridge, brown, yellowish or reddish-brown crystals in dolomite ; near Edenville, gray or bluish-gray and green in three- sided prisms occur ; short black crystals in the same vicinity, and at Rocky Hill, sometimes 5 inches in diameter ; a mile southwest of Amity, yellow and cinnamon-colored crystals with spinel in calcite ; also near the same village a clove-brown variety with hornblende and rutile in granu- lar limestone. In N. Jersey, at Franklin, Hamburg, and Newton, black and brown crystals in limestone, with spinel. In Penn., at Newlin, Chester Co. ; at London Grove and near Unionville, of a light yellow or brownish-yellow (f. 458), in limestone, and rarely white; at Parksburg, Ches- ter Co ; in Delaware Co., at Aston ; at Chester, fine black ; Middletown, black ; Marple, of a green color in talc ; opposite New Hope, Buck's Co. ; in New Garden township, Chester Co., in lime- stone, light brown to yellow and sometimes transparent ; near New Hope on the Delaware, large black crystals, in which the prismatic faces are sometimes almost obsolete. In S. Car., in Cheo- wee valley. In Georgia, Habersham Co. In California, black crystals, 6-8 in. in diameter, ic 24 370 OXYGEN COMPOUNDS. feldspar veins, in the mountains between San Diego and the Colorado desert, bordering the ele- vated valley of San Felipe. In Canada, superb greenish-yellow crystals, 1 inch through, in limestone at GL Calumet Id. : amber-colored at Fitzroy, C. W. ; transparent-brown (f. 386) at Hunterstown, C. E., with idocrase and garnet ; black at Bathurst and Elmsley, C. W., and St. Jerome, C. E. The name turmalin, from Turamali in Cingalese, was introduced into Holland in 1703, with a lot of gems from Ceylon. The property of attracting the ashes of burnt peat, after friction, led to its being very soon named in Holland Aschentrecker, or ash-drawer. In 1717, Lemery, in his Memoir in the Hist, de 1' Acad. des Sci., France, referred the attraction to magnetism ; and in 1756 to 1762, appeared the several Memoirs of ^Epiuus (published in the Mem. Acad. Berlin, vol. xii., and at St. Petersburg) on the ekctrical properties of tourmaline. The name tourmaline was slow of introduction into mineralogical treatises. The first specimens from Ceylon were cut gems, so that the common characteristics of tourmaline and schorl were not apparent. Linna?us, in his Syst. Nat., 1768, suggests the relation between them, but de Lisle was the first to describe Cey- lon crystals, and bring the two minerals into one species. On the name schorl, see pages '204 to 206. Long after the union of tourmaline and schorl, the species continued to bear the latter of these names; and even in 1816, Jameson, in his System of Mineralogy, retains schorl as the name of the species, with common schorl and tourmaline or precious schorl as two subspecies. Alt. Tourmaline occurs altered to mica, chlorite, cookeite, steatite. The mica is lepidolite, a species which is related in composition to some tourmaline, and is a frequent associate of the red and green varieties. It appears to take place through the addition of alkalies. Some rubellites and green tourmalines at Chesterfield are hollow, evidently from decomposition and removal of the interior ; and hi the cavities are occasionally observed small crystals of yellow uranite (Tesche- macher). ZEUXITE, Thomson (Ann. Phil., iv. 299, 1814) was found in 1814 in acicular interwoven crystals at Huel Unity, Cornwall ; color brown, slightly greenish in some lights ; G-.=3-051 ; ^.=4-25 ; prisms stated to be flat rectangular. Thomson's analysis afforded Si 33*48, A 1 ! 31*85, Fe '26-01, Ca 2-46, H 5-28=99-07. B.B. becomes scoriaceous at the edges. Loses over 5 p. c. when heated in a glass tube. Greg supposes that this loss may have been of boric acid instead of water, and that the mineral is a ferriferous tourmaline (Phil. Mag., IV. x. 118). 321. GEHLENITE. Gehlenit Fuchs, Schw. J., xv. 377, 1815. Stylobat Breith., Leonh. Taschenb., x. 600, 1816, Hoffm. Min., iv. b, 109, 1817. Tetragonal; near meionite in form (p. 318). A 1-^=158 12'; a 0-400. Observed planes : ; vertical, i-i, i-3 ; octahedral, 1, -f , 2, l-i, Descl. A 1=150 30', A 2=131 28', (?Af=14:7 7 / , A f fc!36 58' (135 136 obs.). Crystals usually short square prisms, sometimes tabular. Cleavage : imperfect ; i-i in traces. H.=5'5 6. G.-=2'9 3'06T. Lustre resinous, inclining to vitreous. Color different shades of grayish-green to liver-brown ; none bright. Faintly subtranslucent opaque. Fracture uneven splintery. Streak white grayish-white. Double refraction feeble ; axis negative. ---*>.. ..-* ratio !J? r &JJ, Si=l : 1 : $, or 3 : 2 between bases and silica, as in andalusite. Formula Vfr-rt + i) Si=, if Al to Fe=5 : 1, Silica 29'9, alumina 21'5, sesquioxyd of iron 6'6, lime 42'0= 100. Analyses : 1, Fuchs (Schw., xv. 377); 2, Thomson (Min., i. 281); 3, v. Kobell (Kastn. Arch., iv. 313); 4, Damour (Ann. Oh. Phys.,111. x. 66); 5, 6 } Kiihn (Ann. Ch. Pharm., lix. 371); 7, Ram- melsberg (3d SuppL, 47) : H 8-30 =99-60 Fuchs. 4-54=100-45 Thomson. 2-0=99-6 Kobell. 1-53, Na 0-33=99-54 Damour. 3-62 = 99-14 Kiihn. 5-n5 = 99-28 Kiihn. 3Y-90, H and loss 1'28, Mn 0-19 Ramm. Rammelsberg has cleared up in part the discrepancies in the analyses by discovering that the mineral contains both sesquioxgd and protoxyd of iron. The oxygen ratio from his analyses is 3-4:3: 4'1, for which he substitutes 3 : 3 : 4=1 : 1 : * Si 1 3Pe Fe fig Ca 1. Fassa 29-64 24-80 6-56 35-30 2. ti- 29*13 25-05 4-35 ___ 37-38 3. lt 31-0 21-4 _ 4-4 3-4 37-4 4. 31-60 19-80 5-97 2-20 38-11 5. H 30-47 17-79 7-30 2-99 36-97 6. II 29-53 19-00 7-25 1-41 36-55 7. U 29-78 22-02 3-22 1-73 8-88 3V -90, SUBSILICATES. 371 Fyr., etc. B.B. thin splinters fuse with difficulty (F.^5'7, v. Kobell) to a gray glass. "With borax fuses slowly to a glass colored by iron. Gelatinizes with muriatic acid, yielding a solution containing both protoxyd and sesquioxyd of iron. Obs. Gehlenite is found only at Mount Monzoni, in the Fassa valley, in isolated or aggregated crystals, invested by calcite. Named by Fuchs after his colleague, Gehlen. Alt. Gehlenite occurs altered to steatite. A partially altered specimen afforded G. Bischof Si 31-62, &1 23-79, Fe 9'43, Mg 2'84, Ca 31-13, ign. 1 -28 = 100-09, with some mixed carbonate of lime. Artif. Not unfrequent among furnace scoria, in thin square tables, or 8-sided prisms, with cleavage parallel to the lateral planes of a square prism. Has been observed at Dawes' furnace, Oldbury in England, and at Holzhausen in Hessia. Analyses: 1, Percy (Rep. Brit. Assoc., 1846, Am. J. ScL, II. v. 128) ; 2, Bunsen : 1. Dawes', Oldbury 2. Holzhausen Si l Fe Mn Mg Ca 28-32 24-24 0'27 0'07 2*79 40M2 32-22 27-81 2'67 5'57 17'35 Na K Ca S Ca S 0-64 0-26 3-38 = 100-09 Percy. 11-30 3-05 =99-97 Bunsen. 322. ANDALUSITE. Spath adamantin d'un rouge violet (fr. Forez) Bourn., J. de Phys., xxxiv. 453, 1789. Feldspath du Forez Guyton, Ann. Ch., i. 190, 1789. Andalousite (fr. Spain and Forez) Delameth., J. de Phys., xlvi. 386, 1798. Andalusite. Feldspath apyre H., Tr., iv. 1801. Micaphilit, Micafilit (fr. Lahmerwinkel), Brunner, Moll's Ann. B. H., iii. 294, 1804, Efem., i. 51, 1805; Micaphyllit, bad orthogr. Stanzait (fr. Bavaria at Stanzen near Bodenmais, and Herzogau) FlurL Gebirgs-Form. Churpfalzbaierischen Staaten, 5, 1806. Hartspat Wern. Made hyaline Cordier. Silex niger cum cruce Candida: Darinn ein weiss Kreutz, Gesner, Foss., 45, 1565. Lapis crucifer (fr. Compostella) quern Hispani vocat cruciatum, Mercati, Metallotheca Yaticana, 237, 1617. Pierres de Macles (fr. id.) RoUen, N. idees sur la Format, d. Foss., 108, 1751 (with fig.). Spanish Shirl, Cross-Stone, Hill, Foss., 152, 1771. Pierre de Croix, Made basaltique, Schorl en prismes dont les angles obtus sont de 95, de Lisle, Crist., 1772, ii. 440, 1783. Crucite Dela~ mdh., T. T., ii. 292, 1797. Chiastolith Karst, Tab., 28, 73, 1800. Chiastolite. Made H., Tr., iii 1801. Hohlspath Wern., 1803, Ludwig's Wern., 210, 1804. Chiast. ident. with Andal. Bern- hardi, MoU's Efem., iii. 32, 1807, Beud., Tr., 363, 1824. I : c=0-71241 : 1 340 341 Orthorhombic. /A 7=90 48', A 1-5= 144 32' ; 1-01405. Observed planes : ; vertical, I, i-i, i-i, ^-2, i-Z ; domes, 14, 14 ; octahedral, 1, 2-2. A / = 90, A 1-^144 55 X , ^-2 A i-2 =127 30', \-l A 14=109 4', 14 A 14=109 50'. Cleavage: I perfect in crystals from Brazil ; i-i less perfect ; i-i in traces. Mas- sive, imperfectly columnar, some- times radiated, and granular. H.=7'5 ; in some" opaque kinds 1 6. G.=:3-05 3-35, mostly 3'1 3'2. Lustre vitreous; often weak. Color whitish, rose-red, flesh- red, violet, pearl-gray, reddish-brown, olive-green. Streak uncolored. Transparent to opaque, usually substranslucent. Fracture uneven, sub- conchoidal. Double refraction strong; optic-axial plane i-i; angle very- large, over 80 ; bisectrix negative, normal to O. Var. 1. Ordinary. H.=7'5 on the basal face, if not elsewhere. For sp. gr., see below. 2. Chiastolite (made). Stout crystals having the axis and angles of a different color from the rest, owing to a regular arrangement of impurities through the interior, and hence exhibiting a colored "Westford Mass. 372 OXYGEN COMPOUNDS. cross, or a tesselated appearance in a transverse section. H.=3 7-5, varying much with the degree of impurity. The following figures show sections of some crystals. Fig. 842, by C. T. Jackson in J. Soc. N. Hist., Bost., i. 55; figs, a and 6 are from opposite extremities of the same crystals; so also c and d; e and// h appears to be a twin crystal. Fig. 343 shows the successive parts of a single crystal, as dissected by B. Horsford of Spring- field, Mass. ; 344, one of the four white portions ; and 345, the central black portion. The forms 343 344 345 of the white and black portions vary much. Bernhardi showed in 1807 (1. c.) that the central column sometimes widened from the middle toward each end. The name made is from the Latin macula, a spot, and, as Robien observes, it alludes to the use of the " mascle " hi heraldry, in which the word signifies a voided lozenge, or a rhomb with open centre (L c., 1751, in de Lisle, Crist.). Chiastolite is from chi, the Greek name for the letter X. Oomp. 0. ratio for B, Si=3 : 2; lSi=Silica 36'8, alumina 63-2=100, with little, if any, sesquioxyd of iron replacing the alumina. Analyses: 1, Bucholz (Moll's Efem., iv. 190); 2, Thomson (Min., i. 232); 3, Bunsen (Pogg., xlvii. 186); 4, A. Erdmann (Jahresb., xxiv. 311); 5, Roth (ZS. G., vii. 15) ; 6-8, Hubert (Jahrb. G. Reichs., i. 350, 358) ; 9, Kersten(J. pr. Ch., xxxvii. 162); 10-12, Pfiugsten & E. E. Schmid (Pogg., xcvii. 113); 13, Svanberg (Jahresb., xxiii. 279); 14, 15, Jeremejef (Verh. Min. Ges. St. Pet., 1863, 140, 145); 16, Arppe(Act. Soc. Fenn., v. 1857); 17, Damour (Ann. d. M., V. iv. 53) ; 18, Bunsen (1. c.) ; 19, Jackson (J. N. Hist Boston, i 55) ; 20, Renou(Expl. Sci. de 1'Algerie, 1848, 58); 21, Jerofejef (Yerh. Min. Ges. St. Pet, 1863, 147): Si Mn Mg Ca ]Sa 1. 2. 3. 4. [ l: & 9. 10. 11. 12. Herzogau 36-5 Tyrol 35-30 Lisens 40-17 " 39-99 " Pseud. 36-74 LangtaufV. 39-24 " Pseud. 36-66 Krumbach, Pseud. 37-63 Munzig 37-51 Katharinenburg 35*74 Robschiitz 36'84 Braunsdorf 3 7 '57 60-5 4-0 60-20 Fel-32 58-62 58-60 0-72 59-65 2-80 59-49 0'63 60-00 1-33 59-14 0-86 60-01 1-49 56-98 5-71 55-82 3-22 59-88 . 1-33 0-51 0-83 1-00 0-25 0-50 0-46 0-20 1-14 0'17 0-28 0-49 0-51 0'93 2-01 0-48 0-15 1-09 0-61 13. Fahlun, Sw. 3 7 '65 59-87 1-87 0-38 0-58 _____ _____ 14. Mankova, Chiast. 35'33 62-20 030 tr. 0-50 010 1-50 15. Schaitansk, Andal 36'73 61-70 0-20 tr. 0-90 tr. 0-30 16. Kalvola, FinL 37*41 61-26 1-86 17. Brazil (|)37'03 61-45 1-17 tr. ______ _____ 18. Lancaster, Chiast. 39-09 58-56 0-53 _ 0-21 19. "- " 33-0 61-0 Fe 4-0 _ 20. Algeria, " 36'0 61-9 ____ 21. Ruskiala, Finl., " 38'42 50-96 3-20 tr. 4-12 tr. 0-50 H = 101-0 Bucholz. 2 -03 = 99 86 Thomson. = 99-58 Bunsen. =100-14 Erdmann. =99-68 Roth. =100-12 Hubert. =99-92 Hubert. =100-14 Hubert. =99-95 Kersten. =98-78 Pfingsten. =98-11 Pfingsten. =99-56 Pfingsten. =100-35 Svanberg. 0-25=100-18 Jerem. 0-66=100-39 Jerem. =100-53 Arppe. =99-65 Damour. 0-99=99-38 Bunsen. 1-5=99-5 Jackson. =98 5 Renou. 2-60=99-80 Jerof. SUB8ILICATES. 373 AnaL No. 4, G.=3-154; 5, cyanite pseudomorphous after andalusite, G.=3'401 ; 6, G.=3'103 ; 7, pseudomorphous cyanite, forming the exterior of 6, G.^3'327 ; 8, pseudomorphous cyanite after andalusite, from the Koralp in Styria> G.:=3-648 ; 9. G =3-152; 10, G. = 312 ; 11, G.=3'll ; 12,G.=307; 15, G.=3'14; 17, G. = 3'160 ; 20, a=3'l, /A/=93|. Pyr., etc. B.B. infusible. With cobalt solution gives a blue color. Not decomposed by acids. Decomposed on fusion with caustic alkalies and alkaline carbonates. Obs. Most common in argillaceous schist, or other schists imperfectly crystalline; also in gneiss, mica schist, and related rocks ; rarely in connection with serpentine. Found in Spam, in Andalusia (first loc. discovered), and thence the name of the species ; in the Tyrol, Lisens val- ley, in large cryst. with cyanite ; in Saxony, at Braunsdorf, Robschiitz, Munzig, Penig ; in Mo- ravia, at Goldenstein ; Bavaria, at Lahmerwinkel, Rabenstein, Hogenau, Tillenburg, etc. ; Austria, at Felling, near Krems, in serpentine ; France, Dept. of Var, near Hyeres ; Bareges in the Pyr- enees ; Finland ; Russia, at Schaitansk in the Ural ; Makova, etc., in Nertschinsk. In Ireland at Killiney Bay, in mica schist ; near Balahulish in Argyleshire : Cumberland, England. In Brazil, province of Minas Geraes, in fine crystals and as rolled pebbles. In N. America, in Maine at Mt. Abraham, Bangor, Searsmont, Camden, S. Berwick. N. Hamp., at White Mtn. Notch; Boar's Head, near Rye; at Charleston. Vermont, near Bellows Falls. Mass., at Westford, abundant in cryst., sometimes rose-colored ; Lancaster, both varieties ; Ster- ling, chiastolite. Conn., at Litchfield and Washington, good cryst. Penn., in Delaware Co., near Leiperville, large cryst ; at Marple, Upper Providence, and Springfield, good cryst. ; one weigh- ing 7 - Ibs., and a group of crystals, free from the gangue. of about 60 Ibs. Calif., along the Churchillas rivers, San Joaquin val., at crossing of road to Ft. Miller. In Canada, at L. St. Fran- cis, in reddish trl. cryst., in mica schist, both var. In N. Scotia, at Cape Causeau. Alt. Aiidalu site occurs altered to kaolin; sometimes to mica; also to cyanite (anal. 5, 7, 8); crystals being found consisting of cyanite, or mica, as a result of the alteration. A partially altered andalusite from the Tutchaltui Mtn., Nertschinsk, afforded Jeremejef (1. c.) Si 53-6, l 43-1, F"e 1-01, Mg tr., Ca 0'96, Na tr., K 0'8, ign. 0'87 = 100'34; G. 2944. The crystals were distinctly altered to a depth of 2 lines, and this part was B.B. fusible. /A I=93, the surfaces not smooth. Artif. Formed in crystals by the action of a current of gaseous fluorid of silicon on calcined alumina, the angle /A /of the crystal 91, and composition Si 29*5, 1 70-2=99 > 7=A 1 l 4 Si 3 ; also by the action of fluorid of aluminum on silica (Deville & Caron). MYELIN Ereitli., Handb., ii. 358, 1841; Talksteinmark Freiesleben, Mag. Orykt. Sachs., v. 131, has, as Hausmann observes, the composition of cyanite or andalusite. It is soft, having a hard- ness of about 2, yellowish or reddish-white to whitish color, with colorless streak. G. = 2 - 45 2-53 ; a somewhat greasy feel. 1, Kersten (Schw. J., Ixvi. 16); 2, Kussin (Ramm. Min.Ch., 581): Si l fc Mg 1. 37-62 60-50 0'63 0'82=99'57. 2. 36-01 63-72 =99'73. Breithaupt says that it contains 5 p. c. of water ; but neither of the analyses made sustain this. 323. FIBROLITE. Faserkiesel (fr. Bohemia) Lindacker, Mayer's Samml. phys. Aufs., ii. 277, 1792, Bergm. J., ii. 65, 1792. Fibrolite (fr. the Carnatic) Bournon, Phil. Trans., 1802, 289, 335 ; =Bournonite Z^cos, TabL, ii. 216, 1813. Bucholzit (fr. Tyrol) Brandes, Schw. J., xxv. 125, 1819. Sillimanite (fr. Conn.) Bowen, Am. J. Sci., viii. 113, 1824. Worthite Hess, Pogg., xxi. 73, 1830. Xenolit Nordensk., Act. Soc. Sc. Fenn., i. 372, Pogg., Ivi. 643, 1842. Bamlit Erdmann, Ak. H. Stockh., 1842, 19. Monrolite (fr. Monroe, N. Y.) Silliman, Am. J. Sci., II. viii. 385, 1849. Monoclinic. /A 7=96 to 98 in the smoothest crystals ; usually larger, the faces / striated, and passing into ^-2. Cleavage : i-l very perfect, bril- liant. Crystals commonly long and slender. Also fibrous or columnar massive, sometimes radiating. H.:=6 7. G.=3'2 3-3. Lustre vitreous, approaching subadamantine. Color hair-brown, grayish-brown, grayish-white, grayish-green, pale olive- green. Streak uncolored. Transparent to translucent. Couble refraction very strong ; optic-axial plane i-l ; angle about 4A for the red ray ; bisec- trix positive, normal to ; Descl. 374 OXYGEK COMPOUNDS. Var. 1. Sillimaniie. In long, slender crystals, passing into fibrous, with the fibres separable, G-.=3'238, fr. Norwich, Ct, Dana; 3'232, fr. id., Brush; 3-239, fr. Yorktown, Norton. 2. Fibrolite. Fibrous or fine columnar, firm and compact, sometimes radiated; grayish- white tc pale brown, and pale olive-green or greenish-gray. Bucholzite and monrolite are here included ; the latter is radiated columnar, and of the greenish color mentioned. G-.=3-24, fibrolite, Bournon; 3-19 3'21, id., Damour; 3'239, bucholzite, fr. Chester, Pa., Erdmann; 3'04 3'1, monrolite, B. Silliman; 3 -07 5, id., Brush. Bamlite, from Bamle, Norway, resembles the monrolite, being columnar subplumose, silky ; Gr. =2-984, and color greenish- white or bluish-green. The analysis of Erdmann (see below) gave a large excess of silica ; but L. Sasmann observes that there are minute prisms of quartz among the fibres of bamlite. Xenolite also resembles fibrolite closely, excepting in the high specific gravity, 3-58, which sug- gests an identity rather with cyanite. But the prisms are stated to have the angle 91, which is the angle of andalusite; and Descloizeaux says that it is optically like fibrolite, and not like cyanite. Prom Petershoff, Finland, and near St. Petersburg. Worthite is hydrous, and appears to be a somewhat altered form. H.=7'25 ; color white ; trans- lucent. Optically like the above. From near St. Petersburg. Comp. &1 Si, as for andalusite Silica 36'8, alumina 63-2 = 100, as in Damour's analysis of fibrolite, and Connell's, Staaf s, and Silliman's of siUimanite. Damour obtained in his analysis of sillimanite 39 p. c. of silica, and others still more, showing apparently that the mineral is not always pure. Analyses of fibrolite, etc. : 1, Ohenevix (J. d. Mines, xiv. 86) ; 2, B. Silliman, Jr. (Am. J. Sea., II. viii. 388); 3, 4, Damour (C. E., Ixi. 319) ; 5, Brandes (J. de Pharm., xci. 237); 6, Thomson (Ann. Lye. N. York, iii. and Min., L 235); 7, A. Erdmann (Ak. H. Stockholm, 1842, 19) ; 8, 9, B. Silli- man, Jr. (1. c.); 10, Bowen (Am. J. ScL, viii. 113); 11, Hayes (Alger's Min., 601); 12, Connell (Jameson's J., xxxi. 232); 13, Staaf (Jahresb., xxv. 348); 14, Silliman, Jr. (1. c.); 15, Damour (Ann. d. M., V. xvi. 219); 16, Norton (This Min., 2d ed., 378, 1844); 17, 18, Smith & Brush (Am. J. Sci., II. xvi. 49) ; 19, Komonen (1. c.) ; 20, Hess (Pogg., xxi. 73): Si H =97-00 Chenevix. 99-42 Silliman.* 100-11 Damour. 100-04 Damour. > K 1-5=100 Brandes. 99-32 Thomson. 100-07 Erdmann=3tl 8 Si 9 . 100-91 Silliman. 99-68 Silliman. 99-28 Bowen. Ca 0-31 = 99-31 Hayes. 96-68 Connell. 98-98 Staaf. 100-06 Silliman. Mn 0-28 = 100-28 Damour. 102-74 Norton, f 99-33 Smith & Brush. 99-78 Smith & Brush. 99-98 Komonen. 99-71 Hess. An analysis of bamlite afforded Erdmann (1. c.) Si 56-90, l 40-73, e 1'04, Ca 1'04, F tr.- y y* T i. Pyr., etc. Same as given under andalusite. Obs. Occurs in gneiss, mica schist, and related metamorphic rocks. Observed near Moldau and Schuttenhofen in Bohemia (faserkitsel) ; at Fassa in the Tyrol (bucholzzte) ; in the Carnatic with corundum (fibrolite) ; at Bodenmais in Bavaria ; near Eger in Bohemia ; Marschendorf in Moravia ; in France, in the vicinity of Issoire in boulders, and also in *0ne of Bournon's own specimens, received by Col. Gibbs (from whom the original part of the Yale Cabinet was obtained) from Count Bournon himself. f Prof. Norton states that in his analysis the excess of alumina was probably owing to the presence of aluminate of potassa, which remained with the alumina after separating the oxyd of iron by caustic potassa ; subtracting this excess, the analysis corresponds to those by Silliman. 1. Carnatic, Fibrolite 38-00 58-25 0-75 ; 2. u u 36-31 62-41 0-70 - 3. Brioude, " 37-18 61-17 1-06: 4. Morbihan, " 37-10 61-03 0-71 1-20: 5. Tyrol, Bucholzite 46-00 50-00 2-50 J 6. Chester, Pa. " 46-40 52-92 tr. 7. u u 40-05 58-88 0-74 _____ 0-40= 8. 2 -*> 1-^ 4 - 2 J H f * ; H A ffcUS 58 7 O A 24=118 59 6>A-J:=152 56 A f=145 47 A 1=134 25 A 2=116 6 6>Af2 = 138 48 (9 A f-S=145 55 6> A 1-5 = 150 35 A f 2=147 33 7 A 2-2=136 21 A 4-2=117 40 /A -1=169 27 /A 2=161 16 /A 3 = 150 6 | A |, mac.,=149 31' 1 A 1, =141 1 A 1, ov. (9, =88 49J 2 A 2-2=127 26^ 2-2 A 2-2, ov. 6>,=92 42 2 A 2, mac.,=130 22J 5 A 2, ov. 2,=93 11 s A s, ov. 2,=115 4 A 4, ov. 2, =129 * A 2 =136 ? A 5 = 141 46 Crystals usually liemihedral, the extremities being unlike. Cleavage basal, highly perfect. Also firm columnar ; also granular, coarse or fine. 349 352 Schneckenstein. Trumbull, Ct. II. = 8. G.=3*4 3'65. Lustre vitreous. Color straw-yellow, wine- yellow, white, grayish, greenish, bluish, reddish ; pale. Streak uncolored. Transparent subtranslucent. Fracture subconchoidal, uneven. Pyro- electric. Optic-axial plane 2 ; divergence very variable, sometimes differ- ing much in different parts of the same crystal ; bisectrix positive, normal to 0. Var. 1. Ordinary. Usually in crystals; common form prismatic. The basal cleavage is an easily observed character. Crystals from La Paz, Mexico, gave Hessenberg /A 7=124 26'. Physalite, or pyrophysalite, is a coarse nearly opaque variety, in yellowish-white large crystals from Finbo; it intumesces when heated, and hence its name from Qvidw, to blow, and mp,./frfe 2. Pycnite. Structure columnar, but very compact. Has been considered a distinct species on the ground of composition (see anal.) and crystallization (made monoclinic by Forchhammer). But Rose has made out that the cleavage is the same, and the form probably the same ; and Descloizeaux has shown that the optical characters are those of topaz. Finally, Rammelsberg's recent analysis gives the same composition. Named from 7rv<-v<5?, thick. Oomp. 3tl Si, with one-fifth of the oxygen of the silica replaced by fluorine ; or, specially, Si (iSi 2 +i Si F 2 )= Silicon 15-17, aluminum 29-58, oxygen 34'67, fluorine 20'68=100; or, Silica 378 OXYGEN COMPOUNDS. The formula agrees with Stadeler's results, whc 16-2, silicic fluorid 28-1, alumina 55-7=100. 385); 12, Berzelius (1. c.); 13, Forchhaminer (1. c.); 14-, Rammelsberg (1. c.): Si 1 F 1 Auerhach Saxony 34" 24 57*45 14-99 Berzelius. 2 Brazil, yellow 34-01 58'38 15'06 Berzelius. 3. Finbo, pyrophysalite 34-36 57-74 15-02 Berzelius. 4. Finbo, " 35'66 55'16 17'79 Forchhammer. 5* Trumbull, Ct. 35'39 55'96 17*35 Forchhammer. 6. Schneckenstein (|) 33-53 56*54 18 "62 Ramm. 7 Schlackenwald (f)33'37 56-76 18-54 Ramm. G.=3*520. 8 Adun-Tsehilon 33*56 56'28 18-30 Ramm. Gr.=3*563. 9. Brazil (f) 33'73 57*39 16-12 Ramm. Gr.=3*561. 10. Trumbull 32-38 55'32 16'12 Ramm. G. = 3*514, 11 Altenberg, Pycnite 35'0 48'0 16'5 Bucholz. 12. " 38-43 51-00 17-09 Berzelius. 13' 39 04 51-25 18'48 Forchhammer. 14 33-28 55-32 16*12 Ramm. G. = 3'514. No. 10 gave 0*66 ign. Deville (C. R., lii. 782) obtained for topaz : Si XI Si F 1. Saxony 22-3 54-3 6'5 17*3=100-4. 2. Brazil 25'1 63'8 5'8 15-7 = 100'4. Klaproth, in 1795 (Beitr., i. 10), found that pycnite lost 25 p. c. in a porcelain oven; and Forchhammer (J. pr. Ch., xxix. 194, xxx. 400) obtained for the loss, at the fusing-point of iron, of the topaz of Trumbull, Ct, 23-535 p. c. ; of Brazil, 23'03 ; of Finbo, 24-80. H. St. Claire Deville states (C. R., xxxviii. 317) that topaz loses its fluorine as fluorid of silicon ; 23 p. c. of this fiuorid, in his trials, passed off. In recent experiments made under Rammelsberg : s direction, the Finbo mineral lost in a porcelain oven 22-98 p. c.; Schneckensteiu 20'73; Schlackenwald 17*73 16-23; Trum- bull 16*27 19-55; Brazil 15*40 14*29; Altenberg pycnite 19'98. The topaz was not fused in the heating, yet somewhat blistered at surface. The Brazil topaz afforded Rammelsberg after the heating in which 15*4 p. c were lost, Si 30*22, l 71-34, F 1-56=103-12; and after that in which, the loss was 14-29 p. c., Si 30-10, &1 70-38, F 2-47 = 102*95, showing that the part lost was not strictly fluorid of silicon, but may have included some fluorid of aluminum. G-. Stadeler (1. c.) has shown that part of the fluorine escapes as fluohydric acid, and makes 89*9 p. c. of the loss to be fluorine. This gives for the Trumbull topaz (anal. 5), 21*16 F; the Brazil, 20-71 F; the Finbo, 22-29, from Forchhammer's results, and 20 66 from Rammelsberg's ; for the Saxon, IS'64 from. Rammelsberg's trials, and 20'68 from Deville's; the mean of the whole 20*68. Pyr., etc. B.B. infusible. Some varieties take a wine-yellow or pink tinge when heated. Fused in the open tube with salt of phosphorus gives the reaction for fluorine. With cobalt solution the pulverized mineral gives a fine blue on heating. Only partially attacked by sulphuric acid. G-. before ignition 3*539, after, 3'533, Church. Obs. Topaz occurs in gneiss or granite, with tourmaline, mica, and beryl, occasionally with apatite, fluor spar, and tin ore ; also in talcose rock, as in Brazil, with euclase, etc., or in mica slate. With quartz, tourmaline, and lithomarge, it forms the topaz rock of Werner (topazoseme of Haiiy). Specimens of quartz crystal from Brazil, penetrated by topaz, are not uncommon. Minute crystals of three or four different kinds, and two or three kinds of liquids, have been detected by Sir David Brewster in crystals of topaz. (Ediub. Trans., x., and Am. J. Sci., xii. 214 ; and later, Edinb. new Phil. J., II. xvi. 130, Proc. R. Soc. Edinb., iv. 548, v. 95.) See under OR- GANIC COMPOUNDS. Fine topazes come from the Urals, near Katharinenburg, and Miask ; in Nertschinsk, beyond L. Baikal, in the Adun-Tschilon Mts., etc., one crystal from near the river Urulga, now in the im- perial cabinet at St. Petersburg, being llf in. long, 6| in. broad, weighing 22 Ibs. av., and mag- nificent also in its perfect transparency and wine-yellow color. Found also in Kamschatka, of yellow, green, and blue colors ; Villa Rica in Brazil, of deep yellow color, either in veins or nests in lithomarge, or in loose crystals or pebbles ; sky-blue crystals in Cairngorm, Aberdeenshire ; Jameson mentions one which weighed 19 oz. ; at the tin mines of Schlackenwald, Zinnwald, and Ehrenfriedersdorf, and smaller crystals at Schneckeustein and Altenberg ; the Mourne mountains, small limpid crystals with beryl, albite, and mica, in drusy cavities in granite. Physalite occurs in SUBSILICATES. 3T9 crystals of great size, at Fossum, Norway ; Finbo, Sweden, in a granite quarry, and at Broddbo. in a boulder ; one crystal from this last locality, at Stockholm, weighed eighty pounds. Topaz occurs also in the Mercado Mtn., in Durango, Mexico, along with tin ore and magnetite ; at La Paz, province of Guauaxuato. Pycnite is from the tin mine of Altenberg in Saxony ; also those of Schlackenwald, Zinnwald in Bohemia, and Kongsberg in Norway. In the United States, in Conn,, at Trumbull, with fluor and diaspore ; at Middletown rare ; at Willimantic, with columbite. In N. Car., at Crowder's Mountain. In Utah, near 39 40' N. and 113 W., W. of S. of Salt Lake, in Thomas's Mts., on Capt. Simson's return trail At Trumbull the crystals are abundant, but are seldom transparent, except those of small size ; these are usually white, or with a tinge of green or yellow. The large coarse crystals are sometimes six or seven inches in diameter. A variety of topaz from Brazil, when heated, assumes a pink or red hue, resembling the Balas ruby. The finest crystals are brought from Minas Novas in Brazil. From their peculiar limpid- ity, topaz pebbles are sometimes denominated gouttes tfeau. The coarse varieties of topaz may be employed as a substitute for emery. On the cryst. of topaz, see Kokscharof, Min. RussL, ii. 198, 344, iii. 195, 378; Hessenberg, Min. Not, No. vii. 38. The name topaz is from Toird^io^ an island in the Red Sea, as stated by Pliny. But the topaz of Pliny was not the true topaz, as it " yielded to the file." Topas was included by Pliny and earlier writers, as weh 1 as by many later, under the name chrysolite. Alt. Topaz is found altered both to steatite, and kaolin or h'thomarge. 326. EUCLASE. Hauy ; Delameth., J. de Phys., xli. 155, 1792 (without credit toHaiiy); T. T., ii. 254, 1797 (with credit to Hauy) ; Hauy, J. d. Mines, v. 258, 1799, Tr., ii. 1801. Euklas Germ. Monoclinic. 6 y =79 44'= <9 A i-i, I /\ 7=115 0', A 14=146 45' ; a : I : c=l'02943 : 1 : 1*54:46=1 : 0-97135 : 1-50043. Observed planes : vertical, /(), i-i(a\ i-l(l>), 2(7), ^(), J(/S), f (Z), ilf-fy), U*-(h\ 3(), 8(f), 18, 32; f ; clinodomes, J4(*)j ^(\ f*&)i 24,34; hemidomes, J-*, -&, ~L-i ; hemioctaliedral, 1, -1 (u) ; 1-2 (d\ -1-2 (/), ^-% (a) ; - ? )' -i- 3 ^); H(/)5 - 1 i-l i-l i-l i-l i4 ff 1-2 1-2 -1 2-f A 7=122 30' A 2=107 40 A ^=90 A f f=127 5 A -2-^=130 17 A -1=112 50 A -1-2=101 53 A 14=123 A 1-2=104 5 A |-|=105 A -1-2=156 14 A 1-2=151 43 A -1, front,=134 A 2-f =130 16 A i/-JLQ.=123 22 354A 20 14 A 14, top,=11329 / i-i A H top, =143 42 O A J4=161 51 1 Cleavage : i-l very perfect and brilliant ; 0, i-i much less distinct. Found only in crystals. H.=7-5. G.=3-098, Haid.; 3-097, blue, from Brazil, Descl. ; 3-096 380 OXYGEN COMPOUNDS. 3-103, fr. Urals, Koksch. Lustre vitreous, somewhat pearly on the cleavage- face. Colorless, pale mountain-green, passing into blue and white. Streak un- colored. Transparent ; occasionally subtransparent. Fracture^conchoidal. Very brittle. I)ouble refraction strong ; optic-axial plane i-l ; bisectrix acute, positive. Comp. 0. ratio for Be, 3tl, Si. H=2 : 3 : 4 : 1, from Damour's analysis, who first found water to be a constituent; whence (ifi' + f Be 3 + f 3tl)Si= Silica 41-1, alumina 85-3, glucina 17'4, water 6-2 = 100. Fluorine replaces a little of the oxygen. Analyses : 1, Berzelius (Schw. J., xxvii. 73); 2, Mallet (PhiL Mag., IV. v. 127) ; 3, Damour (C. R, xl. 942): Si 3tl e Fe Be Ca Sn H F 1. 43-22 30-56 2'22 21-78 0'70 =98-48 Berzelius. 2. 44-18 31-87 T31 21'43 0'35 =99'14 MaUett. 3. (|)41-63 34-07 T03 16'97 0'14 0'34 6'04 0'38=100'60 Damour Pyr., etc. In the closed tube, when strongly ignited, B.B. gives off water (Damour). B.B. m the forceps cracks and whitens, throws out points, and fuses at 5*5 to a white enamel. Becomes electric by friction, and, when once excited, retains this property for several hours. Not acted on by acids. Obs. Occurs in Brazil, in the mining district of Villa Kica, with topaz in chloritic schist ; in the auriferous sands of the Orenburg district, southern Ural, near the river Sanarka, with topaz, corundum, cyanite, etc. One Ural crystal measures 3 in. by f in. The crystallization of this species is elaborately detailed by Schabus in the Transactions of the Eoyal Academy of Vienna, vol. vi., and by Kokscharof in Pogg., ciii. 348, and his Russian Min- eralogy. Euclase receives a high polish, but is useless as an ornamental stone on account of its brittle- ness. Named by Haiiy from M, easily, and *Xdw, to break. Hauy states that his name, Euclase, was published by Daubentou in an early issue of his Tableau meth. de Mineraux ; but the particular edition of the Tableau (of which several were issued) the author has not been able to learn. De- lametherie. after publishing, in 1792, the name and description, without crediting either to Haiiy, in his Theoriede la Terre. in 1797, gives Haiiy full credit. First brought to Europe from S. America by Dombey, in 1785. 327. DATOLITE. Datolith (fr. Arendal) EsmarJc (undescr.) ; Karsten & Klapr., Gehlen's J., vi. 1806, Zlapr. Beitr., iv. 354, 1807 ; Karst., Tab., 52, 1808. Datholit Wern., 1808. Datholite Brongn., Min., ii. 397, 1807. Chaux boratee sUiceuse H., TabL, 17, 1809. Esmarkit Hausm., Handb., 862, 1813. Datolite Atfcin, Min., 1815 ; Jameson, ii. 257, 1816. Borate of lime; Boro- silicate of lime. Humboldtite Levy, Ann. Phil., II. v. 130, 1823. Botriolit Hausm., v. Moll's Efem., iv. 393, 1808. Botryolith Karsi, Tab., 52, 1808. Chaux boratee siliceuse var. concretionnee-mammelomiee H., TabL, 17, 145, 1809. Faser-datolith Leonh., Handb., 590, 1821. Botryolite. Monoclinic. (7=89 54'= (below) A i-i, 7 A 7=115 3' A 1-1=162 27'; a : I : c=0'49695 : 1 : 1-5712. Observed planes: (); vertical, / (d), w (c\ iA (b, rare), iA (0), | (r) ; clinodomes, 14 (*), f 4 (), 24 (g\ 44 (m\ ; hemidomes, 24 (y), -14 (u\ -|4 (v\ -24 (a?), -34 (/), -44 fa), -6^ (*), -84 (4,) ; hemipyramids, -f- (k), 1 (Q, |- (I of Schroder), 2 (e\ 4 (/3), 4 (n\ -6 (J), -8 (5 of S.); -3 : 3, -6-3 (p); --4-2 (6) ; -5- 5 (v) -3- 3 (w) 12-| (p) ; 2-2 (A), -4-2 (z\ -f 2 (*), -8-2 fe) ; |-| ? (t of f. 358). A -24=135 13 7 6>A|-=154 52 r A 6-3=108 13' A -14=153 35 6>Af=141 49 . O A 4-2=121 58 A -64=108 37 O A 2=130 23 O A 8-2=107 20 A 1=149 33 O A -4=113 4 O A 7=90 5 SUBSILICATES. 381 6>A^=90 4' A 24=147 41 A 44=128 19 /A 2=139 32 /A -4=157 1 A 1=111 i-i A 7=147 32' ^4 A ^=128 9 i-i A 24=90 5 i-i A 44=90 4 /A 7, front, =115 3 24 A 24,ov. (9, =115 21 a'-a A &, ov. ^,=76 18' 44 A 44, ov. 6>,=76 38 7-2 A 2, adj.,=131 38 -24 A -4 =145 34 -24 A -4=134 53 4 A f, adj.,=141 14 Cleavage : distinct. Also botryoidal and globular, having a columnar structure ; also divergent and radiating ; also massive, granular to compact. 355 357 Isle Royale. Toggiana. H. = 5 5-5. G.=2-8 3 ; 2'989, Arendal, Haidinger. Lustre vitreous, rarely subresinous on a surface of fracture ; color white ; sometimes gray- ish, pale green, yellow, red, or amethystine, rarely dirty olive-green or honey-yellow. Streak white. Translucent ; rarely opaque white. Frac- ture uneven, subconchoidal. Brittle. Plane of optical axis i-\ ; angle of divergence very obtuse ; bisectrix nearly normal to i-i. Var. 1. Ordinary. In crystals, glassy in aspect Usual forms as in figures. Crystals from Bergen Hill, examined by Hessenberg (Min. Not., No. iv.), similar to fig. 355, but wanting 0, -6-i, - 6-3, and having 4, f-i, ib. Those of Andreasberg have the planes 0, i-i, I, i-fc (these three 382 OXYGEN COMPOUNDS. quite small) ; -K -2-i, -44, H 2-i; 2-i, 44, -4, -6, -8, 2, $, f, -4-2, -8-2, -f 2, -2-2, 1-i (Schroe- der, Pogg., xcviii. 34, and Dauber, ib., ciii. 116). Those of Toggiana, as in fig. 360, with also t-i, i-f, -8-i, 1-1, 4, , -6-3, -5-f. One ot Glen Farg, figured by Greg & Lettsom, has the planes of the rhombic prism / (d) very large, i-i (P) narrow linear, the clinodomes 2-i, 4-i narrow, and the oc- tahedral planes -4 (small), $ (large), 1, 2. The plane i-i is usually made 0, and 0, i-i, and 4-i, /; but m that case the form is not so simply presented as in the above figures. The angles of the vertical prisms /, i-2 are very nearly identi- cal with those of the clinodomes 2-i, 4-t. The small letters added to the crystallographic symbols in the list of observed planes above, are the lettering of Brooke & MiUer (Min., 408) and of Dauber. The plane t, of fig. 358, makes parallel intersections with $ and 4-t, but not with 2 and 2-fc A t= 140 -142 li-l A t about 109 by measurement. 2 Compact massive. White opaque, breaking with the surface of porcelain or Wedgewood ware. G.=2'911, Hayes; 2'983, Chandler. From the L. Superior region (anal. 8). 3 Botryoidal: Botryolite. Radiated columnar, having a botryoidal surface, and containing more water than the crystals. The original locality of both the crystallized and botryoidal was Arendal, N Com y p.-0. ratio for R, B, Si, H=2 : 3 : 4 : 1 ; (Ca 3 ,H,B)Si, in which H 3 : Ca3 : B = l : 2: 3 Silica 37-5, boric acid 21'9, lime 35-0, water 6'6=2uO. For botryolite, the ratio 2:3:4:2. Analyses: 1, Stromeyer (Pogg., xii. 157); 2, Du Menil (Schw. J., Hi. 364); 3, 4, Rammels- berg (Pogg., xlvii. 175); 5, Bechi (Am. J. Sci., II. xiv. 65); 6, Tschermak (Kenng. Uebers., 1860, 57); 7, Whitney (Am. J. Sci., III. xv. 435); 8, 0. F. Chandler (ib., xxxviii. 13); 9, A. A. Hayes (J. N. H. S., Boston, viii. 62); 10, Rammelsberg (L c.): Si B Ca H 1. Datolite, Andreasberg 37-36 21-26 35-67 2. 38-51 21-34 35-59 3. u u 38-48 20-31 35-64 4. " Arendal 37-65 21-24 35-41 6, Mt. Caporciano 37-50 22-03 35-34 6. 7. 8. Toggiana I. Royale, Datolite L. Superior, white 38-2 37-64 37-41 [21-2] [21-88] [21-40] 34-9 34-68 35-11 9. " (|)38-12 22-40 33-23 10. Arendal, Botryolite 36-08 19-34 35-22 5-71=100 Stromeyer. 4-60=1 00'14 Du Menil. 5-57 = 1 00 Rammelsberg. 5-70=100 Rammelsberg. 1-56, 1 0-85, Mg 2-12 = 99-41 Bechi. 6-7 = 100 Tschermak. 5-80, Mn r. = 100 Whitney. 5-73, l, e 0-35=100 Chandler. 8-97, Si, e 0-52, Cu 0'04, q'tz 1-94=99-72 H. 8-63=99-27 Rammelsberg. Pyr., etc. In the closed tube gives off much water. B.B. fuses at 2 with intumescence to a clear glass, coloring the flame bright green. Gelatinizes with muriatic acid. Obs. Datolite is found in trappean rocks ; also in gneiss, dioryte, and serpentine ; in me- tallic vems ; sometimes also in beds of iron ore. Found in Scotland, in trap, at Kilpatrick Hills, Glen Farg in Perthshire, and in Salisbury Craigs ; in a bed of magnetite at Arendal in Norway, and in Uto in Sweden ; at Andreasberg, in veins of silver ores, in argillaceous schist, with apo- phyllite, etc. ; at Niederkirchen and Sonthofen in Bavaria (the humboldtite) ; in granite at Baveno near Lago Maggiore, one crystal from which place measured 4 x 3f x !$ inches ; at the Seisser Alp, Tyrol, and also at Theiss, near Claussen; at Mt. Catini, Tuscany, in gabbro; at Toggiana in Modena, in serpentine ; in dioryte, on the Rosskopf, near Freiburg, in Brisgau. Datolite occurs crystallized and massive at the Rocky Hill quarry, Hartford. Conn., in the north-east part of Southington, near Mr. Hamlen's, in amygdaloid, both in crystals, fibrous, and massive; also in Berlin, near Kensington; in the north-west part of Meriden and at Middle- field Falls, Conn; in better specimens at Roaring Brook, 14 miles from New Haven, where the crystals (f. 355-356) are sometimes half an inch long, and nearly pellucid ; the author obtained from a transparent crystal of this locality /A 7=115 12', giving by calculation for i-2 A i-% 76 28'; the plane s is not quite even, and is often unpolished; in N. Jersey, at Bergen Hill, in splendid crystals ; in trappean rocks, both crystals and the opaque white compact variety (anal. 8), in the Lake Superior region, at the Minnesota, Quincy, Marquette, Ash-bed, and other mines ; at the Superior mine near Ontohagon, and on Isle Royale. Named from <5arto//a, to divide, alluding to the granular structure of a massive variety. Werner introduced an h after the first t without reason, and most subsequent authors have followed him in this ; but not Karsten, nor Leonhard who pronounced it wrong, nor Haidinger, Aikin, Jame- son, and others. Levy gave the name humboldtite to crystals which he found to be monoclinic, datolite having been made orthorhombic by Haiiy. Wollaston proved their identity with datolite. Alt. Haytorite is datolite altered to chalcedony. SUBSILICATES. 383 328. GUARINTTE. Guiscardi, ZS. G., x. 14, 1858. Tetragonal. A 1-=159 38'; a=0'3712. Observed planes as in the figure. A 2-*= 143 33', ti A 1-=110 22', * A 2-fcl26 27', i-i A 2=153 26', i-i A 3=161 27'. In thin tables ; fig. 362 a top view ; planes i-i sometimes wanting; \-i and %4 observed in only one of the two zones. Cleavage parallel to , rather imperfect. H.=6. G.=3-487. Lustre of cleavage-face somewhat adamantine. Color sulphur-yellow, honey-yellow, pale or dark. Streak uncolored, or whitish-gray. Transparent to translucent. Comp. (Ca+Ti) Si, same as for titanite. Analysis by Guiscardi (L c.): Si 33-64, fi 33'92, Oa 28*01, Pe, Mn tr. The compound is consequently dimorphous. Pyr., etc. The same as in titanite. Obs. Found in small cavities in a grayish trachyte, on Monte Somma, along with glassy feld- spar and nephelite. The mass of the trachyte is rich in glassy feldspar, hornblende, and melanite. In one case in the common rock of Somma, consisting of feldspar and nephelite, and here along with sphene. As titanic acid itself is trimorphous, it is not strange that a compound containing it should be dimorphous. 329. TITANITE. Nouv. substance minerale (fr. Chamouni) Pictet, J. de Phys., xxxi. 368, 1787 ;=Pictite Delameth., T. T., il 282, 1797. Titanit (fr. Passau) Klapr., Beitr., i. 245, 1795 ; =rTitane siliceo-calcaire Daubenton, Tabl., 1799, H.. Tr., iv. 1801 ;=Braun Manakerz Wern., Min. Syst., 1808, Leonh. Tasch., iii. 311, 1809. Schorl rayonnante en gouttiere [or channelled Actin- olite, the cryst. being twins with a ree'nt. angle] Saiissure, Yoy. Alpes, iv. 103, 1796;=Sphene H., Tr., iii. 1801 ;=G-elb Menakerz W&rn., 1808, 1. c. Semeline (fr. Marone, Dauphiny) Fl de Bellevue, J. de Phys., li. 443, 1800. Spinthere K, Tr., iv. 1801. Ligurite (fr. Stura, Apennines (Liguria)) Viviani, Mem. Ace. Sci. G-enova, iii., J. de Phys., Ixxvii. 236, 1813. Greenovite (fr. St. Marcel) Duf., Ann. d. M., III. xvii. 529, 1840. Lederite Shep., Am. J. Sci., xxxix. 357, 1840. Aspidelite Weibye. Monoclinic. =60 IT= A i-i ; /A 7=113 31 r , A 14=159 39 r ; a : 1} : c=0'56586 :^1 : 1-3251. Observed planes: 0; vertical, *, 1, /, 3 ; clinodomes, 24, 4-1, J^4 ; hemidomes, J-* (or -|-J-^), -2-*, -5-*, f-^, f-^, \-i, 2-i ; hemioctahedral, i, f , 1, -1, 2, -2, 4, -4 ; 1-2, 2-2, -4-2 ; -3-3 ; f| ; '\ 1-J. O(y) A *(P)=119 63' %(ri) A -2(Q, ov. 7,=108 39 r OM A l-i(x)=l 59 OM A 4-l(^)=123 59 OM A I(r}= 114 30 OM A 1(4=164 19 " /) A 2(7i)=141 44 '&) A -1(Q=139 26 OM A -2(V)=109 37 A 1(^=149 43 f-f; 1-2, -34, 6-3, 2-2(6 12 =133 52 52 A -4=106 2 A 2-2fe)=15f 16 A 1-2H=164 36 -1(Z) A -1(^= -2(4 A -2(^)= 384 OXYGEN COMPOUNDS. A *4(&)=10 21' A -3-ft(m)=76 7 A*-a(&)=14:127 A <&-3(o)=167 41 =146 45 =140 4:3 = 90 868 370 Greenovite. 369 Lederite. Cleavage : / sometimes nearly perfect ; i-i and 1 much less so ; rarely (in greenovite) 2 easy, -2 less so ; sometimes hemimorphic (f. 372). Twins : composition-face i-i, and twinned either (a) by revolution on an axis normal to i-i, or (7>) on a vertical axis ; the former very common, and usually producing thin tables with a reentering angle along one side ; some- times elongated, as in f. 373 ; occasionally in double twins, or fours, as would be represented by two f. 373 united back to back. Sometimes mas- sive, compact ; rarely lamellar. H.=5 5'5. G.=3'4 3'56. Lustre adamantine resinous. Color brown, gray, yellow, green, and black. Streak white, slightly reddish in greenovite. Transparent opaque. Brittle. Optic-axial plane i-l ; bisec- trix positive, very closely normal to \-i (x) ; double refraction strong ; axial divergence 53-56 for the red rays, 46-45 for the blue; Descl. Comp., Var. (Ca+Ti) Si, which is equivalent to fi Si (since R 0+R0 2 =R 2 3 ); it being a 3 : 2 silicate, like andalusite, but one in which titanium forms part of the base. Var. 1. Ordinary, (a) Titanite ; brown to black, the original being thus colored, also opaque or SUBSILICATES. 385 subtransluceut. (6) Sphene (named from a$i\v, a wedge) ; of light shades, as yellow, greenish, etc., and often translucent ; the original was yellow. Ligurite was an apple-green sphene; Spinthere (or Semeline) a greenish; named spinth&re 371 Pictite. 373 Rothenkopf. Schwarzenstein. from its lustre, and semeline from semen lini, flax-seed, alluding to a common form. Lederite, brown, opaque, or subtranslucent, of the form in f. 369. 2. Manganesian ; Greenovite. Red or rose-colored, owing to the presence of a little manganese. 3. In the crystals there is a great diversity of form, arising from an elongation or not into a prism, and from the occurrence of the elongation in the direction of different diameters of the fundamental form, (a) Long prismatic in the direction of the prism /, f. 367 of spinthere, from Dauphiny ; short prismatic, in the same direction, f. 369, kderite, from northern New York ; (c) oblong prismatic in the direction of the edge 2/2, very common, f. 363-365 ; (d) in the direction of the edge -1 / -1, f. 368 (from Naumann) ; e in the direction of the prism 4-t, f. 371, pictite, and f. 373 twin from Schwarzenstein ; (/) not elongated, of which f. 366 is one example among many widely different. Besides these there are (g) hemimorphic forms, as in f. 372, the planes of the opposite extremities of the crystal being unlike. Analyses: 1, Klaproth (Beitr., i. 245); 2, 3, Resales and Brooks (Fogg., Ixii. 253); 4, Fuchs, (Ann. Ch. Pharm., xlvi. 319); 5, H. Rose (Pogg., Ixii. 253); 6, Marignac (Ann. Ch. Phys., III. xiv. 47); 7, Delesse (Ann. d. Mines, IV. vi. 325); 8, T. S. Hunt (Am. J. Sci., II. xv. 442); 9, Arppe (Anal. Finske Min., 34) : Si Ti 1. Passau, In. 35 33 2. " 30-63 42-56 3. Arendal, bn. 31-20 40*92 4. Schwarzenstein, yw. 32-52 43'2l 5. Zillerthal, ywh. gn. 32*29 41-58 6. Piedmont, Greenovite 32-26 38-57 7. ' 30-4 42-0 8. Grenville, Lederite 31'83 40'00 9. Frugard, Finl., bn. 31-03 43*57 Ca 33 =101 Klaproth. 25-00, Fe 3-93=102-12 Brooks. 22-25, Fe 5'06=99'43 Rosales. 24-18=9991 Fuchs; G =3'44. 26-61, Fe 0-96=101-44 Rose; G.=3'535. 27-65, Fe 0'76, Mn 0'76=100 Marignac. 24-3, Mn 3-6=100-3 Delesse. 28-31, ign. 0-40=100-54 Hunt; G.=3'5. 21-76, Fe 0-75, &g 0'08,l 1-05, ign. 0'38=98'62 A. Pyr., etc. B.B. some varieties change color, becoming yellow, and fuse at 3 with intu- mescence, to a yellow, brown, or black glass. With borax they afford a clear yellowish- green glass. Imperfectly soluble in heated muriatic acid ; and if the solution be concentrated along with tin, it becomes of a fine violet color. With salt of phosphorus in R.F. gives a violet bead ; varieties containing much iron require to be treated with the flux on charcoal with metal- lic tin. Completely decomposed by sulphuric and fluohydric acids. Obs. Titanite occurs in imbedded crystals, in granite, gneiss, mica schist, syenite, chlorite schist, and granular limestone ; also in beds of iron ore, and volcanic rocks, and often associated with pyroxene, hornblende, chlorite, scapolite, zircon, etc. Found in complicated compound 25 386 OXYGEN COMPOUNDS. crystals of a pale green color and transparent, in the Grisons, Switzerland, associated with feldspar and chlorite ; in mica slate at St. Gothard ; also at Mont Blanc, and elsewhere, in the Alps ; on crystals of calcite at Chalanches and Maromme, in Dauphiny (the spinihere H.) ; in small reddish crystals in the protogine of Pormenaz and Chamouni (pictite Saus.) ; in large, broad, yel- lowish or reddish-green crystals, with colorless apatite, in a talcose schist at Ala, Piedmont (ligurite) ; in pale yellowish-green transparent or translucent crystals, laceolate in form, lining fissures in titanic iron at Arendal, in Norway (aspidelite Weibye) ; at Achmatovsk, Urals ; at St. Marcel, in Piedmont, with manganesian epidote and romeine (greenovite Duf., anal. 6, 7) ; at Val. Maggia, Piedmont ; at Schwarzenstein, Tyrol ; at Felberthal in Pinzgau ; at Frugard, in Finland, of a brownish-black color (anal. 9). Smah 1 crystals occur in syenite at Strontian in Argyleshire, near Criffel in Galloway; at Craig Cailleach in Perthshire; in Inverness: near Tavistock: near Tremadoc, in North Wales, with brookite ; at Crow Hill, near Newry, Ireland. Occasionally it is found among volcanic rocks, as at Lake Laach (semeline of F. de Belle vue), and at Andernach on the Rhine. Occurs in Canada at Grenville, Elmsley, Burgess, and Grand Calumet Island, in amber-colored crystals ; in the trachytes of Yamaska, Shefford, and Brome Mts. In Maine, in fine crystals at Sanford, also at Thurston. In Mass., good crystals in gneiss, in the east part of Lee ; at Bolton with pyroxene and scapolite in limestone ; at Pelham. In Conn., at Trumbull. In N. York, at Roger's Rock on Lake George, abundant in small brown crystals, along with graphite and pyroxene ; at Gouverneur, hi black crystals in granular limestone with scapolite : in Diana near Natural Bridge, Lewis Co., in dark brown crystals, among which is the variety kderite (f. 369), in which cleavage is distinct parallel to /; the crystals are sometimes nearly three inches square ; at Rossie, St. Lawrence Co., in pale red and brown crystals with apatite, pargasite, and feldspar ; in Macomb near Pleasant Lake ; in Orange Co., in large crystals abundant in limestone, near Duck-cedar pond, in the town of Monroe ; near Edenville, in light brown crystals, sometimes nearly two inches across. in limestone ; five miles south of Warwick, in large grayish-brown crystals, with zircon, horn- blende, and iron ore ; also in small crystals a mile south of Amity ; in Westchester Co., near PeekskiU, in an aggregate of feldspar, quartz, and hornblende ; also near West Farms, in small reddish-brown prisms. In N. Jersey, at Franklin, of a honey-yellow color. In Penn., Bucks Co., three miles west of Attleboro', associated with tabular spar and graphite. The crystallization was first clearly made out by G. Rose in 1821. For recent observations see R. & M. Min. ; Descl. Min. ; Hessenberg Min. Not., Nos. i. to vii ; v. Rath., Pogg., cxv. 466. Breithaupt states that much sphene is triclinic (Handb., ii. 744, B. H. Ztg., xxv. 107). Fig. 370 above is ideal, being intended to exhibit the relative positions of the planes on the fundamental prism, and the letters used on the planes by authors, as well as the symbols. Fig. 368 is from Naumann, drawn after his view of the fundamental form ; and fig. 373 (from Hessenberg) is simi- lar in this respect, but a side view. Alt. Sphene occurs of little hardness, dull in lustre, and hydrated from alteration. Crystals of this kind, found in a decomposing feldspar, with zircon at Green River, Henderson Co., N. C., have been named by C. U. Shepard (Am. J. Sci., xxii. 96, 1856) Xanthitane. Color pale yellowish- white; H.=3-5; G. = 2'7 3-0, and stated to contain 12-5 p. c. of water. Also occurs altered to steatite. Artif. Formed in crystals by heating together 3 Si, 4 Ti, and chlorid of calcium, the composi- tion of them (f) Si 30*5, Ti 41-7, Ca 27 '8 = 100; and the manganesian (greenovite) by adding chlorid of manganese (Hautefeuille). 330. GEOTHITE Dana. (Titanite P. Groth, Jahrb. Min., 1866, 44.) P. Groth has shown that the ti- tamte-hke mineral, from the syenite of Plauen Grund near Dresden, differs in composition and cleavage from ordinary sphene. The form is monoclinic in habit, being somewhat like f. 363 and 367 ; but there is distinct cleavage parallel to one 2, and little distinct parallel to the other. The angles are 2 A 2 = 136; 2 on l-i=155 19' to 156 20'; 1-t on i-i about 162. H. = 65. G.= 3-52 3-60. Lustre vitreous to greasy. Color clove to blackish-brown; in thin splinters reddish- brown and translucent. The altered mineral is isabella-yellow to pale yellowish-brown. Composition according to Groth (1. c.): (f) Si 30'51, Ti 31'16, e 5-83, l, Y 2-44, Mn 1-02, Ca 102-30. It gives the 0. ratio forR, fi, Ti, S'i, 8-95 : 3 23 : 12-16 : 16-15, or for bases (Ti included) to silica, 24-34 : 16-15=3 : 2. The general formula is therefore (R 3 , Rf, B) Si. The analy- sis corresponds very nearly to 8 Si, 6 Ti, 1 , 9 (Ca fin). It is therefore a titanite in which one-half of the bases consists of 3 Ca 3 + 1 (Fe, l). If not a result of alteration, and the char- acter of the cleavage is a constant one, it should rank as a distinct species. CASTELLITE. Castellit Breith., B. H. Ztg., xxv 113, 1866. Monoclinic. In very small and ex- ceedingly thin 8-sided tables, having for the angles of the rhombic prism 118 and 62. Cleavage : prismatic? H. = 5'5 6. G. =3*150. Lustre vitreous, somewhat adamantine. Color wine-yel- low to wax-yellow ; streak colorless. Fragile. According to Plattner it acts B.B. like titanite, giving evidence of the presence of titanic acid, STJBSILICATES. 387 hme, and silica, but with less of the first and more of the last than in sphene. Occurs in the phonolite of Holenkluk Mtn., near Proboscht, and in that of Sollodiz a rock containing also sani- din, hornblende, augite, ilmenite, and apatite. 331. KEILHAUITE. Keilhauit A. Erdmann, Ak. H. Stockh., 355, 1844. Yttrotitanit Scheerer, Pogg., Ixiii. 459, 1844. Monoclinic, and near sphene in angles. 0= A ^=122, /A 7=114 (calc. from /A i-i) (fig. 374) ; 1 A i-i= 147, <9A2=143 30', /A 2=153 30', -2 A-l =149, i-i A 2-^125, from mea- surements with the common goniometer by D. Forbes; A 7=114 26', and A -1=140 42', from calculations by Hansteen ; faces of the crystals rather rough. Twins very common : plane of composition i-i (fig. 375). Cleavage quite distinct, parallel to 2. H.=6-5. G.=3-519 to 3-72, D. Forbes; 3-69, Scheerer, ^ ia . v ^ IW> Rammelsberg. Lustre vitreous to resinous. Brownish-black ; in splin- ters brownish-red and translucent; also dull brown and pale grayish- brown. Streak-powder grayish-brown to pale dirty yellow. Comp, (R 3 , R 2 , B)Si, having, like sphene, titanium among the basic metals; but containing the sesquioxyd alumina, and traces of glucina, and, besides lime, the protoxyds, yttria, protoxyd of iron, etc. Analyses : 1, 2, Erdmann (L c.) ; 3, D. Forbes (Edinb. N. Phil. J., II., i. 62, and iii.) ; 4, 5, Rammelsberg (Pogg., cvi. 296) : 3.7163-733, Si Ti 1 Pe Mn e 1. 30-00 29-01 6-09 6-35 0-67 0-32 2. 29-45 28-14 5-90 6-48 0-86 0-63 3. 31-33 28-04 8-03 e6-87 Mn 0-28 4. Massive 29-48 2667 5-45 6-75 tr. 0-52 Ca 18-92 18-68 19-56 20-29 5. Cry st 28'50 2 7 -04 6'24 5 -90 tr. 9-62=: 100-98 Erdmann. 9-74=99-88 Erdmann. 4-78=99-41 D. Forbes. 8-16, Mg 0-94, K 0-60, ign. 0-54=98-88 Ramm. 17-15 12-08, Mg tr., ign. 3'59= 100-50 Ramm. Rammelsberg's analyses afford for the oxygen ratio between silica and the other ingredients, anal. 4, 15-72 : 22*94=2 : 3, and anal. 5, 15-20 : 22-71 = 2 : 3; conforming to the other analyses in the fundamental ratio of the species. Pyr., etc. B.B. fuses with intumescence easily to a black shining glass. Yields an iron-col- ored glass with borax, which in the inner flame becomes blood-red. With salt of phosphorus gives an iron color and a silica skeleton, and in the inner flame a violet bead. Reaction of man- ganese with soda. Decomposed by muriatic acid. Obs. Occurs near Arendal, Norway ; at Buoe, Arkeroe, Alve, and Narrestoe, in a feld- spathic rock, both in crystals and massive. Crystals weighing 2 Ibs., and masses of 15 to 20 Ibs., are mentioned by Forbes. A dull brown massive kind from Alve gave G-.=3'72; and a pale grayish-brown 8*603 ; a specimen from near Narrestoe, Gr.=3'519. The Alve keilhauite has two cleavages inclined to one another 138 (Forbes & Dahl, Nyt. Mag. f. Nat, xiii.). Also from Snarum, Norway. Named after Prof. Keilhau of Norway. 332. TSCHBFFKINITE. ? Mineral de Coromandel Beud., Tr., ii. 652, 1832. Tschewkinit G. Rose, Reis. Ural, ii. 1839. Massive, amorphous. H.=5 5-5. G.=4:-508 4-549, G. Kose ; 4-5296, H. Kose ; after heating, in powder, 4-615 ; after fusion, 4*717. Lustre vitreous. Color velvet-black. Streak dark brown. Subtranslucent to opaque. 388 OXYGEN COMPOUNDS. Comp. Essentially (R 3 , lit, fi) Si, for the Ural tscheff kinite, as in keilhauite. Analyses : 1, H. Rose (Pogg., Ixii. 591) ; 2, Hermann (Bull. Soc. Nat. Moscou, xxxix. 57) ; 3, Beudant (Tr., 1. c.) ; 4, A. Damour (BuU. G. Fr., xix. 550, 1862): Si Ti Th U Fe fin Y Ce,La,I)i Mg Ca K,Na H. 1 Ural (1)21-04 20'17 H'21 0'53 45'09 0'22 3'50 0'12 =101-88 R. 2* " 20-68 16-07 20'91 2'50 9'17 0'75 3'45 22'80 3'25 0'42 = 100 Herm. 3 Africa 19'0 8'0 3Pl9'0 Ml'2 36'0 8'0 11-0=102-2 Beud. 4] " 19-03 20-86 7-96 0'38 38'38 0'27 4'40 1-30 = 100'30 D. Hermann showed that the mineral contained thoria, and that Rose had included it in his titanic acid and oxyd of cerium; his 0. ratio for R (including the thoria), Ti, Si is 10 '44 : 6-38 : 10*92 = 15 : 9 : 16, and hence for R + R, Si, 3 : 2, whence the above formula. Rose's analysis corresponds to the same general formula. a. The Coromandel mineral, referred here by Damour, affords, according to him, the 0. ratio for R + K + R, i=2 : 1 ; and for R, K, R=2 : 1:2; whence the formula (f R 3 +i fi+f M) 4 Si 3 . The alumina is left out of consideration as an impurity. But including it, the 0. ratio for bases and silica is 20-65 to 10-14. sustaining still better the ratio 2 : 1. Damour has made a new examination of the mineral, and directly ascertained the absence of thorium (letter to the author of April 24, 1867); he further observes that a little Di and La are probably present with the Ce. Descloizeaux states that the mineral is not homogeneous, it consisting of a brown material not acting on polarized light, and small colorless grains which are strongly doubly refracting. The mineral has H. = 5 -5 6; G.=4'26.; lustre vitreous, inclining to resinous ; color brownish-black ; subtranslucent. Pyr., etc. B.B. glows, then intumesces strongly, becomes brown, and fuses to a black glass. Gives with the fluxes reactions for iron, manganese, and titanic acid. Gelatinizes with muriatic acid. The Coromandel mineral in a closed tube yields a little water. B.B. fuses with intumes- cence to a black scoria, feebly magnetic. "With salt of phosphorus it gives in R.F. a pale brown glass, opaline, which becomes milky in the O.F. "With borax it affords a hyacinth-brown glass, transparent in the R.F. and pale brown and opaque in the O.F. Attacked readily by nitric acid, especially if heated, depositing gelatinous silica mixed with titanic acid and black grains of titanic iron. Obs. From the Ilmen Mountains in the Urals ; only a few specimens have been found. The tscheflfkinite in collections is mostly uralorthite, which it much resembles. Also from the coast of Coromandel, whence it was long since brought by Leschenault. , Named after the Russian general, Tschevkin. 333. STAUROLITE. Pierres de croix de Eobien, K idees sur la format, d. Foss., 109, 1751 (with figs.). Basaltes crystallisatus pt. Cronst. (the specimen a cross of two brown 6-sided crystals, worn as an amulet at baptisms in Basel, and called Lapis crucifer, and Easier Taufsieiri), Min., 70, 1758. Schorl cruciforme pt., Pierres de croix, de Lisle, Crist., 1772, 1783 (with figs.). Staurolite Delameth., Sciagr., i. 298, 1792. Grenatite (fr. St. Gothard), Saussure, Yoy. Alpes, 1900, 1796. Granatite. Staurolith Karst., Tab., 22, 1800. Staurotide H., Tr., iii. 1801. Orthorhombie. /A 7=129 20', A 14=124 46' ; a : I : c=l' 1 : 2-11233. Observed planes : ; vertical, 7, i-i ; dome, l-l. 376 378 A l-fc!24: 46' A 7=90 A i-i=90 I/\i-i=ll5 IT A f-,comp.-face,:=134 21 A f| " =119 23 1 A /, meas., 128 30-129 30 Cleavage : i-i distinct, but interrupted ; I in traces. Twins cruciform : 1, composition-face f- (f. 377) ; 2, composition-face f-f SUBSILICATES. 389 (f. 378). [Making f- and f -f the planes 1 -I and 1, on the ground, that twinning usually takes place parallel to the fundamental or diagonal planes of crystals, then 1 above is ^-f, and the true /A/=109 14', whence a' : V : c'= 1-M06 : 1 : 14082 (=f tf).] Crystals often with rough surfaces. Massive forms unobserved. H.=7 7'5. G. 3-4 3'8. Subvitreous, inclining to resinous. Color dark reddish-brown to brownish-black, and yellowish-brown. Streak uncol- ored to grayish. Translucent nearly or quite opaque. Fracture conchoi- dal. Optic-axial plane i-l ; bisectrix positive, normal to 0. Oomp., Var. 0. ratio for R( + fi),&, Si 1 : 4 : 2|; for bases and silica 2:1; whence (R 3 + &l) 4 Si 9 = (if 3R= f H-f |Mg+Fe) Silica 28-3, alumina 51-7, prot9xyd of iron 15-8, magnesia 2-5, water 1-7 = 100. Excluding the water, the formula may be (Fe 3 , 3tl) 4 Si 3 + 1 R 2 Si, equivalent to a 2 : 1 silicate containing a little (Mg,Fe) 2 Si (chrysolite); or (Fe 3 ,l) 4 Si 3 + / 3 (R 3 ,l)Si, that is, the same 2 : 1 silicate with a little gehlenite. The early analysts made the iron all sesquioxyd. Mitscherlich has pronounced it (J. pr. Ch., Ixxxvi. 1 ) all protoxyd in the staurolite of St. Gothard, Airolo, and Brittany. Rammelsberg found a variety of ratios in his analyses of the mineral from other localities, the silica varying from 27 to over 50 per cent. But G-. Lechartier has ascertained that staurolite contains, uniformly, some water, separable only at a high heat ; and that the variations are due to impurities, the powder under the microscope being distinctly a mixture of two or more minerals, and the action of fluo- hydric acid on some crystals making them cellular, or even spongy and fragile. After purifying the staurolite, the proportion of silica was nearly constant, and the specific gravity was 3'70 3'76. (See below.) Var. 1. Ordinary. 2. Zinc- Staurolite (anal. 27); found at Canton, G-a., in slender crystals, Jin. long and a line or less thick, having a yellowish-brown to cinnamon-brown color; G. = 3'792. The crystals have the planes I, 0, i-l. 3. Manganese- Staurolile, Nordmarkite (anal. 28) ; from dolomite in Nordmark, Sweden, of chocolate-brown color, with H. = 6'5, G. = 3'54, and presenting the usual crystalline form. Its easy fusibility is reason for here giving this variety the distinctive name Nordmarkite. Analyses : 1, Klaproth (Beitr., v. 80) ; 2, Lohmeyer (Pogg., Ixii. 419) : 3, Marignac (Ann. Ch. Phys., III. xiv. 49); 4-7, Jacobson (Pogg., Ixii. 419) ; 8, 9, 12, Rammelsberg (ib., cxiii. 599) ; 10, 11, Wislicenus (J. pr. Ch., xciiL 260); 13, 14, Jacobson (Pogg., Ixviil 414); 15, Rammelsberg (1. c.); 16, Vauquelin (J. d. M., viii. 354); 17, 18, Jacobson (1. c.); 19, 20. Rammelsberg (1. c.); 21, 22, Jacobson (1. c.); 23-26, Rammelsberg (L c.) ; 27, Genth (Am. J. Sci., II. xxxiii. 198) ; 28, Paykull ( III ** * C2N -5/ ^ 8 fcj i-i A l-fc95 23 ; A 1-^=84: 3Y Ai- 139 30 i-i A i-\ =125 55' ^ A i-l =102 30 ^ A -2 =132 54 Ratho. Cleavage : ^ (orthod.) perfect. Twins : com- position-face i-i. In close aggregations of acicular crystals. Fibrous massive, radiated to stellate. H.=5. G.=2-68-2'T8. Lustre of the surface of fracture silky or subvitreous. Color whitish or grayish. Subtranslucent to opaque. Tough. For HYDKOUS SILICATES. 397 Bergen mineral optic-axial plane parallel to orthodiagonal, and very nearly normal to i-i ; acute bisectrix positive, parallel to orthodiagonal, and obtuse bisectrix nearly normal to cleavage-plane or i-i ; axial angle in oil, through cleavage plates, 143 145 Deed. Var. Almost always columnar or fibrous, and divergent, the fibres often 2 or 3 inches long, and sometimes, as in Ayrshire, Scotland, a yard. Resembles in aspect fibrous varieties of natro- lite, okenite, thornsonite, tremolite, and wollastonite. Osmelite, from Niederkirchen, near Wolf- stein, Bavaria, is columnar and radiated; G.=2'799 2-833, Breith. ; color grayish-white, yellow- ish, gray. Comp. 0. ratio for E, Si,H=5 : 12 : 1 ; whence, if the water is basic, (Ca + !Nra+H)Si = Silica 54*2, lime 33-8, soda 9*3, water 2-7 100. Analyses: 1. v. Kobell (Kastner's Arch. Nat, xiii. 385) ; 2, 3, J. D. Whitney (Jour. Soc. N. H. Bost., 1849, p. 36, and Am. J. Sci., II. vii. 434) ; 4, J. S. Kendall (ib.); 5, G. J. Dickinson (ib.); 6, J. D. Whitney (Am. J. Sci., II. xxix. 205); 7, A. J. Scott (Ed. N. Phil. J., liii. 277) ; 8, Heddle (Phil. Mag., IV. ix. 248) ; 9, Thomson (Min., i. 131) ; 10, Walker (Heddle, 1. c.) ; 11, Kennedy (ib.) ; 12-16, Heddle (L c.) ; 17, Adams (Millon, etc., Ann. d. Ch., 1848, 166) ; 18, v. Kobell (Ber. Ak. Miinchen 1866, i. 296, J. pr. Ch., xcvii. 493) ; 19, Igel- strom (J. pr. Ch., Ixxxi. 396) : Si Ca Na K H 1. M. Baldo 51-30 90 33-77 8-26 1-57 2. I. Royale 53-45 4-94 . 31-21 7-37 tr. 3. ti 55-66 1-45 32-86 7-31 4. Bergen Hill 54-00 1-90 32-10 8-89 tr. 5. U (t 55-00 1-10 32-53 9-72 6. U li (1)54-62 Fel-ll a 32-94 8-96 7. Talisker, Skye 52-01 1-82 0*39 32-85 7-67 8. . " 53-82 2-73 29-88 9-55 ^__ 9. Kilsyth, Wollast. 52-74 0-67 l-20 b 1-52 31-68 9-60 10. Costorphine Hill 54-00 2-59 30-79 5-55 11. Castle Rock, Woll. 51-5 1-0 32-0 8-5 12. 11 U 11 53-06 0-75 38-48 9'98 13. Ratho, fibrous 52-53 0-88 32-79 9-75 c 14. " crystalline 52-58 1-46 33-75 9-26 15. Knockdolian Hill 53-24 TOO 32-22 9-57 16. Girvan 53-48 0-41 34-39 9-88 17. Bavaria, Osmelite 52-91 0-86 32-96 6-10 2-79 18. a u 52-63 0'37 b 34-47 8'28 a tr. 19. Wermland 52-24 1-75 33-83 [8-48] 3-89=99-69 Kobell. 2-72=99-69 Whitney. 2-72=100 Whitney. 2-96=99-85 Kendall. 2-75=101-10 Dickinson, [2 -3 7] =100 Whitney. 5-06=99-80 Scott. 3-76=99-74 Heddle. 2-00=99*42 Thomson. 5-43=98-36 Walker. 5-0=98-0 Kennedy. 3-13 = 100-40 Heddle. 3-04=98-99 Heddle. 2-80=98-84 Heddle. 3-60=99-63 Heddle. 3-26=101-42 Heddle. 4-01 = 99-63 Adam. 2-94, Mn 1-75= 100-44 K. 3-70=100 Igelstrom. With some Mn 0. b The iron protoxyd. c With some K O. Berzelius obtained a fluorine reaction with the Monzoni mineral The analysis by Adam (No. 17) makes the osmelite identical with pectolite. Riegel obtained a very different result (Jahrb. f. pr. Pharm., xiii. 1) ; but v. Kobell has confirmed Adam's result, and shown that Riegel must have had in hand another mineral. Pyr., etc. In the closed tube yields water. B.B. fuses at 2 to a white enamel. Gelatinizes with muriatic acid. Often gives out light when broken in the dark. Obs. Occurs mostly in trap and related rocks, in cavities or seams ; occasionally in metamor- phic rocks. Found in Scotland at Ratho Quarry, and Castle Rock, near Edinburgh ; at Kilsyth, Costorphine Hill, Loch End, Girvan, and Knockdolian Hill, hi Ayrshire ; and at Taliver, etc., I. Skye. Also at Mt. Baldo and Mt. Monzoni in the Tyrol, where first obtained ; at an iron mine in Werm- land, associated with chlorite and calcite. Occurs also at Bergen Hill, N. J., in large and beautiful radiations ; compact at Isle Royale, L. Superior. Descloizeaux obtained from Bergen crystals, i-i A l-?;=95 30' and 84 30'. Wollastonite gives i-i A l-*=95 23', i-i A -5-i=l59 32', i-i A i-=140 5', i-i A -2=93 52'. 340. XONALTITE. Xonaltit Rammdsberg, ZS. G., xviii. 33, 1866. Massive. Very hard. G.=2'7l, white; 2-718, gray. Color white to bluish-gray. Tough, Fracture splintery. 398 OXYGEN COMPOUNDS. 0. ratio for Ca, Si, H=4 : 8 : 1 ; whence 4 Ca Si + H=Silica 49'80, lime 46-47, water 3-73= 100. Analyses: 1, 2, Rammelsberg (1. c.): Si Fe Mn fig Ca H 1. White 49-58 1'31 1'79 43'56 3'70=99'94 Rammelsberg. 2. Gray 50'25 2-28 0'19 43'92 4-07 = 100-71 Rammelsberg. Yields water. Infusible [?]. Decomposed by muriatic acid (Ramm.). Occurs at Tetela de Xonalta, Mexico, in concentric layers, with apophj'llite and bustamite. 341. OKENITE. Okenit v. Kdbett, Kastner's Arch., xiv. 333, 1828. Dysclasite Connel, Ed. PhiL J., xvi. 198, 1834. Bordite Adam, Dufr. Min., iv. 697, 1859. Orthorhombic? /A 7=122 19', Breith. Composed of a congeries of minute acicular crystals ; commonly fibrous ; also compact. H.=4-5-5. G.=2-28-2'37; 2'362 of dysclasite, Connel; 2'28 of okenite, v. Kobell. Lustre subpearly. Color white, with a shade of yel- low or blue; often yellow by reflected light, and blue by transmitted. Frequently opalescent. Subtransparent subtranslucent. very tough. Var. Bordite, from Bordoe, one of the Faroe islands, is only a very fine fibrous milk-white okenite, firm in texture and very tough, and having H. = 3'5, G.=2'33. Comp. 0. ratio for &, Si, H= 1:4: 2 ; whence, if half of the water is basic, 2:4: 1 ; and the formula (| H+i Ca) Si+i H=Silica 56'6, lime 26-4, water 17'0= 100. It has the prismatic angle nearly of amphibole, to which it is related in composition. Analyses: 1, 2, v. Kobell (1. c.); 3, Connel (1. c.); 4, Wiirth (Pogg., Iv. 113); 5, v. Hauer (Jahrb. G. Reichs., 1854, 190); 6, Schmid (Pogg., cxxvi. 143) ; 7, Adam (I. c.) : Si Ca H 1. Greenland 55-64 26-59 17*00, 3cl and e 0'53, & tfr.=99 '76 Kobell. 2. " 56-99 26-35 16-65=99*99 Kobell. 3. Faroe 57-69 26*83 14-71, fa 0'22, e 0'32, K 0'23, Na 0'44= 100*44 Connel. 4. Disko 54-88 26-15 17-94, l 0'46, Na 1-02=100-45 Wiirth. 5. " (|)54-81 27-23 18'04, Mg fr-. = 100'08 Hauer. 6. Stromoe 57'85 26-09 13'97, Mg 1-58, Na 0-23=99'72 Schmid. G.=2'324. 7. Bordite 56'92 25-14 14'19, l 0'67, Na 1'04=97'94 Adam. Pyr., etc. In a matrass yields water. B.B. alone becomes opaque and white, and fuses to a glass. Effervesces with soda, and fuses to a subtransparent glass, which is milk-white on cooling ; with borax forms a transparent colorless glass. Gelatinizes readily in muriatic acid. Obs. Occurs in trap or related eruptive rocks. Found at the Faroe Islands ; in Iceland ; on the island of Disko, Greenland. 342. GYROLITB. Gurolite Anderson, PhiL Mag., IY. i. 101, 1851. Gyrolite. In concretions, lamellar-radiate in structure. H.=3 4. Lustre vitreous to pearly. Color white. Translucent, be- coming opaque. Comp. (fCa + fcfi) Si + &. Analyses: 1, Anderson (1. c.); 2, How (Am. J. Sci., II. xxxii. 13): Si 1 Mg Ca K H 1. Skye 50-70 1-48 0'18 33-24 14'18=99'85. 2. K Scotia 51-90 1-27 0'08 29-95 1'60 15'05=99'78. Pyr., etc In a closed tube yields water, intumesces, and separates into thin scales. B.B. swells up and fuses with difficulty to an opaque enamel. Obs. From the Isle of Skye, with stilbite, laumontite, etc. ; also N. Scotia, 25 m. S.W. of C. Blomidon, between Margaretville and Port George, on apophyUite. Reported also from Faroe and Greenland. HYDKOUS SILICATES. 399 343. LAUMONTITE. Zeolithe efflorescente JET., Tr., iv. 1801. Laumonite ff., TabL Comp. 1808. Lomonit Wern., Karst. Tab., 1808. Schneiderite Meneghini, Am. J. Sci., II. xiv. 64. a : ~b G= Monoclinic. e fl- 1. 46-83 29-81 0'45 10'83 3'61 0'63 8-66=101'02. 2. 46-52 29-33 1'40 10'06 4'66 0'49 9-05 = 101-51. Pyr., etc. In the closed tube yields water. B.B. in the platinum forceps fuses at 3 to a white enamel ; with borax a clear colorless glass. Easily soluble in muriatic acid without gelatinizing ; the dilute acid solution colors turmeric paper orange-yellow (reaction for zirconia). Obs. From the island Lamoe near Brevig, Norway, along with zircon, leucophanite, mosan- drite, and tritomite. On the crystallization see H. Dauber, Pogg., xcii. 239. 345. DIOPTASE. Achirit B. F. J. Hermann, 1788, N. Act. Petrop., xiii. 339, 1802. Erne- raudine De&ameffi., T. T., ii. 230, 1797. Kupfer-Schmaragd Wern., 1800, Ludwig, i. 53, 233, 1803. Dioptase H. t Tr., iii. 1801. Emerald-Copper Jameson. Smaragdo-Chalcit Mote., Gundr., 1824. 26 402 OXYGEN COMPOUNDS. 384 Khombohedral. E A ^=126 24' ; A ^=148 38' ; 0=0-5281. Observed planes : rhombohedral, 1 (R\ 2, -2; hemi-scalenohedral on three al- ternate edges, as in the figure, with also 2 a ; also 1 s ; prismatic, z-2, *-f , -$-, i-f , the last three hemihedral. 383 A 2=129 21' 2 A 2=95 54 2 A --2=132 3 2 a A 2= 151 A 2=165 44' A 2=169 6 f A 2=146 36 -2 A ,=137 57 2 A 72=126 48 vitreous. Color emerald-green. Cleavage: H perfect. Twins: compo- sition-face R. Also massive. H.=5. G.=3-278-3-348. Lustre Streak green. Transparent subtrans- . . i -i-^. IT / , lucent. Fracture conchoidal, uneven. Brittle. Double refraction strong, positive. Oomp. ratio for Cu, Si, H=l : 2 : 1; CuSi+H=Silica 38-2, oxyd of copper 50-4, water 11-4=100. Analyses : 1, 2, Hess (Fogg., xvi. 360) ; 3, 4, Damour (Ann. Oh. Phys., III. x. 485); Si Cu H 1. 36-60 48-89 12*29, Fe 2'00=99-78 Hess. 2. 36-85 45-10 11 '52, l 2'36, Ca 3;38, Mg 0'22 = 99-43 Hess. 3. 36-47 50-10 11'40, 3Pe 0'42, Ca C 0'35=98'74 Damour. 4. 38-93 49'51 ll-27=99'7l Damour. Pyr., etc. Like chrysocolla, but gelatinizes with muriatic acid. Obs. Dioptase occurs disposed in well defined crystals and amorphous on quartz, occupying seams in a compact limestone west of the hill of Altyn-Tvibeh in the Kirghese Steppes. Also re- ported as found in the Duchy of Nassau, between Oberlahnstein and Braubach. Breithaupt found for the angle R A R 125 55'; and Kokscharof, after careful measurement, adopts this value (Bull. Ac. St. Pet., ix. 240). Named by Haiiy dioptase, from St&, through, and &rro/*a<, to see, because the cleavage directions were distinguishable on looking through the crystal. Named Achirite after Achir Mahmed^ a Bucharian merchant, living at the fortress of Semipa- latna on the Irtish, who had procured it in the region where it occurred, and who furnished the specimens that were taken in 1785 by Mr. Bogdanof to St. Petersburg. Although first named by Hermann, his description was not given to the St. Petersburg Academy before 1800, and the volume containing it was not published until 1802, a year after the appearance of Haiiy's work. 346. CHRYSOCOLLA. Chrysocolla pt. Theophr., Diosc., Plin. Chrysocolla pt., Cffiruleum pi, Germ. Berggriin, Agric., Foss., 1546. Cieruleum montanum pt. Wall., Min., 280, 1*747; C. montanum, Yiride montanum pt, CronsL, Min., 172, 1758. Mountain Blue and Mountain Green pt. Bleu de Montagne, Vert de Montague, Bleu do Cuivre, Vert de Cuivre, Fr. Kup- fergriin Wern., Bergm. J., 382, 1789; Karst, Tab., 46, 1800, 62, 1808. Cuivre carbonate vert- pulverulent, H., Tr., 1801 ; Tabl., 1809. Kieselkupfer Klapr., Beitr., iv. 36, 1807. Vert de .Cuivre, Chrysocolle, Brochant, Min., ii. 203, 1808. Kieselmalachit ffausm., Handb., 1813. Kiesel- kupfer Leonh., Handb., 1821. C. hydrosiliceux H. Cuivre hydrate silicifere, Hydrophane cui- vreux, Fr. Somervillite (fr. N. J.) Dufr., Min., iii. 147, 1847. Dillenburgite. Kupferpecherz pt. Hoffin. Min., iiL b, 103, 1816; Hepatinerz Breitli., Char., 224, 1832; Pechkupfer ffausm., Handb., 372, 1847. Llanca Chilian Miners. Demidovit N. Nordensk.. BuU. Soc. Nat. Moscou, xxix. 128, 1856. Asperolite Herm., ib., xxxix. 68, 1866. HYDROUS SILICATES. 403 Cryptocrystalline ; often opal-like or enamel-like in texture ; earthy. Incrusting, or filling seams. Sometimes botryoidal. H. 2 4. G.=2 2*238. Lustre vitreous, shining, earthy. Color mountain-green, bluish-green, passing into sky-blue and turquois-blue ; brown to black when impure. Streak, when pure, white. Translucent opaque. Fracture conchoidal. Rather sectile ; translucent varieties brittle. Comp. Composition varies much through impurities, as with other amorphous substances, resulting from the alteration. As the silica has been derived from the decomposition of other silicates, it is natural that an excess should appear in many analyses.. True chrysocolla appears to correspond to the 0. ratio for Cu, Si, H, 1:2: 2=CuSi+2 H =Silica 34*2, oxyd of copper 45'3, water 20*5=100, the water being double that of dioptase. But some analyses afford 1 : 2 : 3=Cu Si +3 & (anal 13), and 1 : 2 : 4=Cu gi+H (anal. 11). Impure chrysocolla may contain, besides free silica, black oxyd of copper, oxyd of iron (or limonite), and oxyd of manganese ; and consequently vary in color from bluish-green to brown and black, the last especially when oxyd of manganese or of copper is present. Other kinds are impure with carbonate or sulphate of copper ; aud others with oxyds of lead, antimony, arsenic, etc. Analyses : 1, v. Kobell (Pogg , xviii. 254) ; 2-4, Berthier (L c.) ; 5, Bo wen (Am. J. Sci., viii. 18) ; 6, Beck (Am. J. Sci., xxxvl 111); 7, Scheerer (Pogg., Ixv. 289); 8, C. T. Jackson (This Min., 520, 1850); 9, Joy (Ann. Lye. N. Y., viii. 120); 10, Rammelsberg (J. pr. Ch., Iv. 488, Pogg., Ixxxv. 300); 11, Nordenskidld (Ramm. Min. Ch., 552); 12, J. L. Smith (G-illiss's Exped., il 92); 13, F. Field (Phil Mag., IV. xxii. 361) ; 14, Kittredge (Pogg., Ixxxv. 300) ; 15, Domeyko (Min., 145, 1845): 1. Bogoslovsk 2. " 3. Canaveilles, Pyr. 4. SomerviUe, N. J. 5. " 6.. Franklin, N. J. 7.*Arendal, Norway 8. Copper Harbor 9. " " 10. Lake Superior 11. Nischue Tagilsk 12. Chili 13. Coquimbo 14. Chili 15. " lh.-gn. Si Cu H 3Pe 1-00, gangue 2-10=99-84 Kobell. 3-0, " 1-1 = 100 Berthier. 2-5, " 2-5, C 3-7 = 100 Berthier. . " 1-0 =100 Berthier =99-42 Bowen. 1-40=100 Beck. , e, &1, Ca, K 1-09=99-66 Scheerer. 8-90, 3tl 4-8=99-55 C. T. Jackson. 7-75 b =99-00 Joy. l-63 b , Ca 1-76, Mg 1 -06 = 100 Ramm. 0-40 = 100-34 Nordenskiold. 1-97, Si 2-83 = 100-28 Smith. 2-80, &!4-y7 = 100 Field. 24-73 F 4-94, Ca 1'49, fig 0-78 = 100 Kittredge. 1-2=99-6 Domeyko. a LOSB included. b With some Al 2 O 3 . 36-54 40-00 20-20 35-0 39-9 21-0 2K-0 41-8 23-5 85-4 35-1 28-5 37-25 45-17 17-00 40-00 42-60 16-00* 35-14 43-07 20-36 37-85 27-97 20-00 32-00 32-75 26-50 32-55 42-32 20-68 31-45 37-31 31-18 31-35 42-51 21-62 28-21 39-50 24-52 40-09 27-97 24-73] 52-2 29-5 16-7 The mineral from Somerville, N. J., as described by Berthier (Ann. Ch. Phys., li. 395), is of three varieties: (1) a thin, green, transparent incrustration ; (2) a bluish-green earthy mineral, very tender and light, becoming transparent, like hydrophane, in water ; and (3) a pale greenish-blue massive material, hard enough to scratch glass, and to be polished for jewelry ; and he observes that the chrysocolla is nearly pure in the first, but is mixed with opal-silica in much of the second kind, and with opal-silica and ordinary silica in the last. Berthier's analysis (No. 4 above) was made on a specimen of the second kind, and according to him probably contained 8 p. a of opal-silica in a state of mixture. Berthier, allowing for 8 p. c. of free silica in this analysis, sug- gests that the composition may be Cu Si +4 H, while Bo wen's earlier analysis (5) gives Cu Si-f- 2 H. Berthier's mineral has been named (without sufficient reason) Somervillite, and the analysis has generally been taken as expressing directly his view of the composition. Berthier gives an analysis also of the hard chrysocolla of Somerville (third kind) to show that there is in these ores free silica. He obtained (1. c.) Silica 28*9, oxyd of copper 6-1, water 6*7, oxyd of iron 0*4, silica soluble in the alkalies 57-9=100. The specimen for No. 13 had a fine turquois-blue color, and was from Tambillos near Coquimbo. Demidoffite occurs at Tagilsk, Urals, in mammiilated crusts of a sky-blue color, and afforded N. Nordenskiold (1. c.) Si 31-55, l 0'53, Cu 33-14, Mg 3'15, H 23'03, $ [10'22] = 100. Hermann has given (1. c.) the name Asp&rolite to an amorphous mineral from Tagilsk, Russia. It occurs in reniform masses of the size of the fist, of a bluish-green color, conchoidal fracture, smooth and lustrous. Brittle.. H. = 2-5; G.=2'306. Analysis afforded him Si 31'94, Cu 40-81, H 27-25 = 100. 0. ratio for R, Si, H=l : 2 : 3. He considers it one of a series of silicates of copper, consisting of dioptase, chrysocolla, asperolite, and a mineral described by Nordenskiold, containing respectively 1, 2, 3, and 4 eq. H. Named asperolite on account of its great brittleness. 4:04: OXYGEN COMPOUNDS. The following are analyses of other impure varieties ; 1, Ullmann (Syst. tab. Uebers., 275) ; 2, Klaproth (Beitr., iv. 34); 3, Thomson (Min., i. 1836); 4, v. Kobell (J. pr. Ch., xxxix. 209); 5, Damour (Ann d M III. xii.) ; 6, Rammelsberg (Min. Ch., 552) ; 7, Berthier (Ann. d. M., III. xix. 698) ; 8, Domeyko (Min., 1860, 139) ; 9, F. Field (Phil. Mag., IV. xxii. 361) ; 10, 11, Domeyko(l. c.) : Si Cu H e 1. DiUenburg 40 40 12 , C 8=100 Ullmann. 2. Turjinsk, grten 26 50 17 , 7 = 100 Klaproth. 3 ? 25-31 54-46 5'25 , C 14'98=100 Thomson. 4 Turjinsk, brown 9'66 13-00 18'OQ 59-00=99'66 Kobell. 5, " 17-95 12-12 20-55 50-85 = 101-47 Damour. 6 Mexico 27-74 36*07 16'70 17-46, Ca, Mg 0-40=98-37 Rammelsberg. 7 chili 7-1 46-8 15'0 1'5, S lO'l. gangue 18-5 = 99 Berthier. 8 black 15-00 26'33 15*02 3'05, Mn 39-80=99-20 Domeyko. 9* 18-90 24-71 15-52 0'23, Mn 40'28=99'64 Field. id 18-3 61-2 17-1 2-9=99-5 Domeyko. H* " 10-33 75-55 12-18 1-26, Ca 0-40, Mg 0-33 = 100 Domeyko. Nos. 1 to 3 contain some carbonate of copper ; and 1 has been named Dilleriburgite. Nos. 4 tc 6 are Kupferpecherz (or Hepatinerz), a brown variety containing much limouite as impurity; No. 7 contains 25 p. c. of sulphate of copper ; Nos. 8, 9 contain oxyd of manganese, and are black in color ; Nos. 10, 11 include black oxyd of copper. Nos. 7 to 11 are ah 1 from the vicinity of Coquimbo. The cupreous variety abounds especially at the Higuera mines; and 10 is from the Cortadero mine ; 1 1 from the Brillador. The chrysocolla of Rochlitz, in the Riesengebirge, afforded Herter & Forth (Jahrb. G-. Reichs., x. 10) Si 42-93 43-43, Cu 16-1129-37, Pb 1-735-05, 2n 7*43 0'50, Ca 2'00 1-54, Mg 4-46 0-33, A 1 ! 5-569-85, Pe 10*07 2-08, H 9'23 8'61, and 32 p. c. of antimonic and arsenic acids. Delesse finds some recent stalactitic formations of a bluish- white color, occurring in the galleries of a copper mine in Tuscany (Ann. d. M., IV. ix. 593), to consist of Silica 21-08, alumina 17*83, oxyd of copper 28-37, water 32-72 = 100. Pyr., etc. In the closed tube blackens and yields water. B.B. decrepitates, colors the flame emerald-green, but is infusible. With the fluxes gives the reactions for copper. "With soda and charcoal a globule of metallic copper. Decomposed by acids without gelatinization. Obs. Accompanies other copper ores, occurring especially in the upper part of veins. Bischof observes (Lehrb., ii. 1885) that silicate of copper may be formed through the action of an alkaline-, lime-, or magnesia-silicate on sulphate or nitrate of copper in solution. He also shows that this silicate is decomposed by carbonated waters, producing carbonate of copper. The alkaline silicates are furnished by the decomposing granite, and the sulphate of copper by altered pyritous copper. ButL. Sasmann communicates to the author that he has seen specimens of chryso- colla from Chili, which have in the interior the fibrous structure and composition of pure mala- chite, showing that the whole was once malachite. The chrysocolla analyzed by Scheerer (anal 7) occiirs with feldspar, and is supposed to have resulted from the action of sulphate of copper on the feldspar. Some specimens of the chrysocolla are translucent and brittle on one part, and earthy, like decomposed feldspar, on the opposite. Found in most copper mines in Cornwall ; at Libethen in Hungary; at Falkenstein and Schwatz in the Tyrol ; in Siberia ; the Bannat ; Thuringia ; Schneeberg, Saxony ; Kupferberg, Bavaria ; South Australia; Chili, etc. In Somerville and Schuyler's mines, New Jersey, at Morgantown, Pa., and at Wolcottville, Conn., chrysocolla occurs associated with red copper ore, native copper, and green malachite ; in Pennsylvania, near Morgantown, Berks Co. ; at Perkiomen ; at Cornwall, Lebanon Co. ; also with similar associated minerals, and with brown iron ore, in Nova Scotia, at the Basin of Mines ; also in Wisconsin and Michigan, mixed with carbonate of copper. Chrysocolla is from wvaos, gold, and /co'XXa, glue, and was the name of a material used in soldering gold. The name is often applied now to borax, which is so employed. But much of the ancient chrysocolla was a green stone containing copper as the coloring ingredient, and the best, as Dios- corides says, was that which was ^araxdpwj npaai^ovaa, or of a fine leek-green or prase color ; and the island of Cyprus, which was named from its copper mines, was a prominent locality. Pliny says the mineral was named after the real chrysocolla, because it looked like it. It may have in- cluded carbonate of copper, as was true to some extent of the chrysocolla and mountain-green of the 16th, 17th, and 18th centuries. The cceruleum montanum of Wallerius included both chryso- colla and an earthy variety of the carbonate. 347. ALXPITE. Pimelit Schmidt, Pogg., Ixi. 388, 1844. Alipit GbcJc., 1845. Massive; earthy. HYDROUS SILICATES. 405 H.=2'5. G.=1'44 1*46, Schmidt. Color apple-green. Not unctuous. Adheres to the tongue. Oomp. 0. ratio for E, Si, S, 1:8: *, nearly; whence (ifi+(Ni,Mg))Si, if the water be basic; according to Schmidt (1. c.), Si 54'63, l 0'30, M 32-66, Fe M3, Mg 5'89, Oa 0'16, fl 5'23 = 100. From Silesia. Named from the Greek dXtTnj?, not greasy. 348. CONARITE. Konarit Breith., B. H. Ztg., xviii. 1, 1859. Monoclinic ? In small grains and crystals, with perfect brachy diagonal cleavage, and supposed to be like vivianite in crystallization. H.=2-5 3. Gk=2-459 2-619. Color yellowish, pistachio- and siskin- freen, olive-green. Streak siskin-green. In thin lamellae translucent. Vagile. Comp. 0. ratio for Ni, Si,=l : 3 : 1-J-, nearly; whence (ifl+f Ni)Si+fi:,if a third of the water be basic. Analysis by Winkler (B. H. Ztg., xxiv. 335) : Si l e Si Co fi Is S 43-6 4-6 0-8 358 0'6 ll'l 2'7 0'8 tr. = WQ. Obs. Occurs at the Hanns George mine, at Rottis, in Saxon Voigtland, with rottisite. Named from xovapos, evergreen. 349. PICROSMINE. Pikrosmin Raid., Min. Mohs., iii 16*7, 1825. Orthorhombic. Cleavable massive. Also columnar or fibrous. Cleav- age : in traces, parallel to a prism of 117 49' ; perfect parallel to i-i, less so parallel to i-i. H.=2'5 3. G.=2'66, cleavable massive ; 2*596, columnar. Lustre of cleavage-face pearly, elsewhere vitreous. Color greenish-white ; also dark green, gray. Streak white. Subtranslucent opaque. Odor bitter argil- laceous when moistened. Double refraction strong ; optical axes in the columnar variety in a longitudinal plane ; bisectrix negative, normal to the sides of the columns. Comp. 0. ratio for ft, Si, fl=l : 2 : -J; Mg Si + $~&= Silica 55-1, magnesia 36% water 8'2= 100. Analysis by Magnus (Pogg., vi. 53) : Si 54-89 Xl 0-79 Pe 1'40 &n 0'42 Mg 34-35 7'30=98'15. Pyr., etc. In the closed tube some ammonia given off with the water ; the assay black- ens and has a burnt smell. B.B. on charcoal whitens without fusing. With borax slowly dis- solves to a transparent glass ; affords a glass with little soda, and an infusible slag if the soda be increased. A pale and indistinct red with cobalt solution. Obs. Associated with magnetic iron ore at the iron mine of Engelsberg, near Pressnitz in Bo- hemia. The fibrous variety resembles asbestus. Named from rciKpos, bitter, and 'o^p/, odor. Haidinger instituted the species on the physical characters and cleavage of the massive and fibrous mineral, without a knowledge of the chemical composition ; and he suggests that much of common asbestus may belong to it. The talcose or chloritic schist of Greiner in Tyrol, and the limestone of the vicinity of Waldheim, Saxony, are reported as other localities. Descloizeaux obtained the above optical characters from the Pressnitz mineral, and also from another from Zermatt. 350. SPADAITE. V. Kobell, Gel. Anz., Miinchen, xvii. 945, 1843, J. pr. Ch., xxx. 467. Massive, amorphous. 406 OXYGEN COMPOUNDS. H.=2*5. Lustre a little pearly or greasy. Translucent. Color reddish, approaching flesh-red. Fracture imperfect conchoidal and splintery. Comp. 0. ratio for B, Si, S=5 : 12 : 4; whence, if a fourth of the water is basic, (f fig+i fi) Si+i fi. Analysis by v. Kobell : Si 56-00 10-66 Fe 0'66 Mg 30'67 fi 11-34=99-33. Pyr., etc. _ In the closed tube yields much water and becomes gray. ^ B.B. melts to a glassy enamel. Dissolves in concentrated muriatic acid, the silica easily gelatinizing. Obs. From Capo di Bove, near Rome, filling the spaces among crystals of wollastonite, in leu- citic lava. Named after Sign. Medici Spada. QUINCITE. The quincite of Berthier is in light carmine-red particles disseminated through a limestone deposit. Comp. Silica 54, magnesia 19, protoxyd of iron 8, water 17=98. From near the village of Quincy, France. Strong concentrated acids dissolve the magnesia and iron, and leave the silica in a gelatinous state. The color is attributed to organic matter. 351. PYRALLOLITE pt. 352. PICEOPHYLL. 353. TRAVERSELLTTE. 354. PITKARANDITE. 355. STRAKONITZITE. 356. MONRADITE. These are names of pyroxene in different stages of alteration, between true pyroxene and either serpentine or steatite. For analyses and descriptions, see under that species (p. 221). 357. NBOLITE. Neolit Scfaerer, Pogg., Ixxi. 285, 1847. In silky fibres stellately grouped ; also massive. H.=l 2. G.=2* / T7. after drying. Color green. Lustre silky or earthy. . Comp. 0. ratio for R, &, Si, fi about 3:1:6:1-}; whence the formula fi 3 ]. Perhaps (R 3 , R-, fl 8 ) Si 3 . As the mineral is formed through the agency of infiltrating waters through rocks containing magnesia, it is not safe to assume that there are no impurities ^present. Analyses: 1-3, Scheerer (Pogg., Ixxxiv. 373); 4, Richter (ib.): Si 1 Fe Mn fig Ca fi 1. Arendal 52-28 7'33 3-79 0'89 31-24 0'28 4'04=99'85. 2. " 47-35 10-27 7'92 2'64 24'73 - 6'28=99-19. 3. Eisenach 51'35 9-02 0'79 - 30-19 1'93 6'50=99-78. 4. " 51-44 8-79 FeO-88 - 3M1 2'00 6'50=100'72 Obs. Occurs in the iron mines of Arendal, and in cavities in basalt near Eisenach. Also compact massive and earthy in fissures at Rochlitz in the Eiesengebirge, Bohemia, of a pis- tachio-green color, or brownish; Gr. = 2-625 to 2'837. Herter & Porth (Jahrb. G-. Reichs, x. 19) observe that this variety contains oxyd of zinc, oxyd of iron, lime, alumina, and copper, as im- purities. Named from vtos, new, and Aifly?, stone. 358. PALIQORSKITE. Paligorskit T. v. Ssaflschenkof, Verb, Min. St. Pet., 1862, 102. Fibrous. Soft, but tough, and hence with great difficulty pulverized. G.=2'217. Color white. COMP. 0. ratio for R, B, Si, If, after excluding 8 p. c. of what is called hygroscopic water, 1:2-5:8:3. Analysis by Ssaftschenkof (1. c.): Sr5218, Si 18'32, fig 8'19, Ca 0-59, fi 12-04, hygrosc. water 8-46=99-84. B.B. infusible. Not acted on by the acids. From the Permian mining district of the Ural, "in der Paligorischen Distanz" of the second mine on the river Popovka. Probably an altered asbestus. 359. XYLOTILE Glocker, Synopsis, 97, 1847 (Bergholz, of Sterzing, and Eolzasbest\ approaches the above in constitution, but is probably only an altered asbestus. It occurs delicately fibrous ; glimmering in lustre ; wood-brown, light or dark, and also green in color; with Gr.=2'4 2*45 for HYDROUS SILICATES. 407 the brown, and 2/56 for the greenish, Kenngott. Thaulow obtained (Pogg., xli. 635) Si 55*58, 3tl 0-04, F~e 19-44, Mg 15-50, Ca O'lO, II 10 '27=79-93. Von Hauer finds (Sitz. Wien. Akad., xi. 388): Si e Fe Mg Ca H 1. 44-31 17-74 3*73 8*90 2'27 21'57 2. 45-53 18-03 3'36 11*08 tr. 22*01 3. 47-96 16-05 1'87 12-37 tr. 21 "64 Of the water in the analyses, 9-20, 7 -90, and 8-13 p. c. passed off at 100 C. ; and, excluding the mean 9f these determinations, reduces the mean of the above results to Si 50*43, 3Pe 18*97, Fe 8*28, Mg 11-82, Ca 0'85, H 14'63=99'98. Kenngott considers it as probably altered chrysotile. Xylite of Hermann is also probably only a hydrous asbestus. It has a brown color and asbesti- form structure. Hermann obtained (J. pr. Oh., xxxiv. 180, 1845), Si 44*06, e 3 7 -84, Ca 6*58, Mg 5-42, Cu 1*36, H 4*70=99-96. H.=3. G. = 2'935. 360. ANTHOSIDBRITB. Hausm., Gel. Anz. Gott, 281, 1841. In tnfts of a fibrous structure, and sometimes collected into feathery flowers. Resembles cacoxene. H.-=6'5. G.=3. Lustre silky, a little chatoyant on a fresh fracture. Color ochre-yellow and yellowish-brown, somewhat grayish, rarely white. Powder brown to colorless. Opaque or slightly subtranslucent. Gives sparks with a steel. Tough. Oomp. 3?e 2 Si 9 + 2 H=Silica 60*3, sesquioxyd of iron 35*7, water 4*0=100. Analysis by Schne- dermann (1. c., and Pogg., lii. 292) of the yellow variety (mean of two results): Si 60*08, 3Pe 34*99, H 3*59 = 98-66. If the water is basic, the 0. ratio is 1 : 2J. Pyr., etc. B.B. becomes reddish-brown, then black, and fuses with difficulty to a black magnetic slag. Decomposed by muriatic acid. Obs. From Antonio Pereira, in the province Minas Geraes, Brazil, where it is intimately associated with magnetic iron. Named from avOj$. flower, and aiJ^o?, iron. II. UNISILICATES. 361. CALAMINE. Cadmia pt. Plin., xxxiv. 2; Agric. Foss., 255, 1546. Lapis calaminaris, Germ. Galmei pt. Agric., Interpr., 1546. Gallmeja pt., Lapis calaminaris pt., Cadmia officin. pt., Wall., Min., 247, 1747 ; Zincum naturale calciforme pt., Galmeja, Lapis calaminaris pt., Cronst, 197, 1758. Calamine pt. Fr. Trl. "Wall., i. 447, 1753. Zincum spatosum cinereum compactum electricum, ib. flavescens drusicum (fr. Carinthia), v. Born, Lithoph., i. 132, 1772. Calamine pt, Mine de Zinc vitriforme (with figs.) de Lisle, Crist., 329, 1772, iii. 81, 1783 ; Kieselerde, Zinkoxyd (fr. Derbyshire), Klapr., Crell's Ann., i. 891, 1788. Galmei pt. Karst., Tab., 24, 1791. Zinc oxyde pt. H., Tr., iv. 1801. Electric Calamine, Silicate of Zinc, Smithson, Phil. Trans., 1803. Zinc Calamiue Brongn., Min., ii. 136, 1807. Zinkglaserz Karst, Tab., 70, 100, 1808. Zinkkieselerz, Kieselzinkerz, Kieselzinkspath, Kieselgalmey, Germ. Siliceous Oxyd of Zinc. Zinc oxyde sili- cifere H. Calamine Beud., Min., ii, 190, 1832. Smithsonite B. & M., Min., 1852 [not Smithson- ite Eeud.]. Hemimorphit Kenng., Min., 67, 1853. Wagit RadoszkovsU, C. R., liii. 107, 1862. Orthorhombic ; hemimorphic-hemihedral. I A 7=104 13', A 1-1= 148 31' ; a:b: c=0'6124 : 1 : 1-2850. Observed planes : ; vertical, 7, i-%, i-i, t-$, i-2, i-3, i-5 ; domes, ^, 1-^, |-^, $-%, 2-i, 34, 54, T-l ; ^ J-*, f--i, 14, 24, 34; octahedral, J-, f, 1 ; 3-f, 2-2, , f-3, |-4, 2-6, f 7, -J-7 ; 2-2, 3-f, 4-f. 408 OXYGEN COMPOUNDS. A 24=129 14/ A 34=118 34 A ffc!62 59 O A |-4=166 36 Q A 14=154 31 A 34=124 58 A 1=142 11' i-i A 2-2 =129 7 ^"-2 A -fc'-S, ov. i-i, = 114 50 /A $=127 54 -2 A ^4=147 17 ^-3 A -4=156 49 Twins. Cleavage : /, perfect ; 0, in traces. Also stal- actitic, mammillated, botryoidal, and fibrous forms; also massive and granular. H.= 4-5 5, the latter when crystallized. G.=3'16 3'9, 343 3 -49, from Altenberg. Lustre vitreous, subpearly, sometimes adamantine. Color white; sometimes with a delicate bluish or greenish shade ; also yellowish to brown. Streak white. Transparent translucent. Fracture uneven. Brittle. Pyroelectric. Double refrac- tion strong ; optic-axial plane i-l ; divergence 81 82-J for the red rays ; bisectrix positive, normal to 0. Var. 1. Ordinary, (a) In crystals. Measured angles: /At'4=128 4', Schrauf, giving /A/=10352'; /Ai-S=151 12', Schrauf; t-2 A *-S=147 25', Hessenberg; A l-i=148 81', Dauber, 148 39', Schr.; A 3-1=118 39', Dauber, 118 40' Schr.; A 14=154 31, Daub., 154 27', Schr. (6) Mammillary or stalactitic. (c) Massive; often cellular. Wagite is a concre- tionary light-blue to green calamine from Nijni Jagurt in the Ural; G.=2'707. 2. Carbonated. Sullivan has described (Dublin Q. J. Sei., 1862, ii. 150) a variety of calamine from the Dolores mine in the province of Santander, Spain, occurring in concentric pisolitic masses, frequently containing a semitranslucent, opal-like nucleus. This mineral, produced from the hy- drous carbonate by the action of silicated waters, contains from 12 to 2() per cent, of carbonate of zinc ; G.=2'88 3 '69. Sullivan's paper is one of much interest. 3. Argillaceous. Another calamine from Spain, analyzed by Schonichen (B. H. Ztg., xxii. 163), contains 20 to 26 p. c. of alumina, with 31-5 p. c. of silica, 21 to 28'5 p. c. of oxyd of zinc, and 18 to 20 of water; and is apparently calamine mixed with clay. It occurs massive; color at first white, changing in the air to violet, brown, and finally black; transparent on the edges ; feel soa^py. Comp. 0. ratio for , Si,H=l : 1 : |; 2n 2 Si + H= Silica 2 5 -o ; oxyd of zinc 67*5, water 7'5 =100. Perhaps in some, or all cases, one-third more water, or 2n 2 Si+ 1^H= Silica 24-4, oxyd of zinc 65-9, water 9-7 = 100. Analyses: 1, Smithson (Nicholson's Journ., vi. 78); 2, 3, Monheim (J. pr. Ch., xlix. 319); 4, Berzelius (Ak. H. Stockh., 1819, 141); 6, Berthier (J. d. M., xxviii. 341); 6, Thomson (Phil. Mag., 1840); 7, 8, Hermann (J. pr. Ch., xxxiii. 98); 9, E. Schmidt (J. pr. Ch., li. 257); 10, C, Schnabel (Pogg., cv. 144); 11, Radoszkovski (1. c.): 2n H" 97-7 Smithson. Fe 0-68, C 0-35=100-97 Monheim. 3Pe 0-22, C 0-31=99-27 Monheim. r 100 Berzelius. = 100 Berthier. - 100-8 Thomson. Pb 2-70=100 Hermann. = 100 Hermann. 3Pe 0-72,0 1-02=99-68 Schmidt. 1, Fe 1-08, Zr.=99-41 Schnabel. Ca 1-55, Do, Fe ^.=99-15 Radosz. The wagite gives the 0. ratio 1 : 1 : J, Pyr., etc. In the closed tube decrepitates, whitens, and gives off water. B.B. almost infusi- ble (R=6) ; moistened with cobalt solution gives a green color when heated. On charcoal with soda gives a coating which is yellow while hoc, and white on cooling. Moistened with cobalt solu- tion, and heated in O.P., this coating assumes a bright green color. Gelatinizes with acids even when previously ignited. Decomposed by acetic acid with gelatinization. Soluble in a strong solution of caustic potash. Si 2n H 1. Eetzbanya 25*0 68-3 4-4= 2. " 25-34 67-02 7-58, 3. Altenberg (f ) 24-85 6640 7-49, 4. Limburg 26-23 66-37 7-40: 5. Brisgau 25'5 64-5 10-0 = 6. Leadhills; G. = 3'164 23-2 66-8 10-8 = 7. Nertschinsk ; G.=3'87l 25-38 62-85 9-07, 8. " G.=3-435 25-96 6566 8-38: 9. Moresnet 24-44 66-48 7-02 10. Santander; G.=3'42 23-74 66-25 8-34, 11. Ural, Wagite 26-00 66-90 4-70, HYDKOUS SILICATES. 409 Obs. Calamine and smithsonite are usually found associated in veins or beds in stratified calcareous rocks accompanying ores of blende, iron, and lead, as at Aix la Chapelle ; Raibel and Bleiberg, iu Carinthia, in the upper Triassic ; Moresnet in Belgium, Fribourg in Brisgau, Iserlohn, Taruowitz, Olkucz, Miedzanagora, Retzbanya, Schemnitz. At Roughten Gill, iu Cumberland, in acicular crystals and mamrmllary crusts, sky-blue and fine green ; at Alston Moor, white ; at the Rutland mine, near Mattock, in Derbyshire, in brilliant crystals, and grayish-white, and yellow, and mammillated : at Castleton, in crystals ; on the Mendip Hills, mostly brownish -yellow, and in part stalactitic ; in Flintshire, etc., Wales ; Leadhills, Scotland. Large crystals have been found at Nertschinsk. In the United States occurs with smithsonite iu Jefferson county, Missouri. In Pennsylvania, at the Perkiomen and Phenixville lead mines ; in a lower Silurian rock two miles from Bethle- hem, at Friedensville, in Saucon valley, abundant and extensively worked ; on the Susquehanna, opposite Selimsgrove. Abundant in Virginia, at Austin's mines in Wythe Co. A pale yellow, fusible zinciferous clay occurs in considerable abundance with calamine at the Ueberroble mine, Friedensville. Analysis of this by John M. Blake gave Si 41-36, 3fci 8'04, 3P0 9-55, 2u 32-24, Mg 1-02, K tr., H 7 '7 6. Other specimens examined by W. T. Roepper gave a variable amount of zinc, showing that the substance is not homogeneous (priv. contrib.). On cryst. see Gr. Rose, Pogg., lix. ; Dauber, Pogg., xcii. 245 (whose measurements are above adopted) ; Hessenberg, Senk. Nat. Ges. Frankfurt a M., ii. 260; Schrauf, Ber.%ik. Wien, xxxviii. 789; Descl. Min., i. 117. The name Calamine (with Galmei of the Germans) is commonly supposed to be a corruption of Cadmia. Agricola says it is from calamus, a reed, in allusion to the slender forms (stalactitic) com- mon in the cadmia fornacum. The cadmia of Pliny and of other ancient authors included both the native silicate and carbon- ate, and the oxyd from the chimneys of furnaces (cadmia fornacum). The two native ores con- tinued to be confounded under the name lapis calaminaris, calamine or galmei, until investi- gated chemically by Smithson in 1803. Earlier analyses had made out chemical differences, and some authors, before 1790, had rightly suggested a division of the species Bergmann having found 28 p. c. carbonic acid in a Holy well specimen (J. de Phys., xvi. 17, 1780); and Pelletier, in a kind from Fribourg in Brisgau, which had been called Zeolite of Brisgau because it gelatinized with acids, 52 p. c. silica, with 36 oxyd of zinc, and 12 water (J. de Phys., xx. 420, 1782); and Klaproth, in another, similarly gelatinizing, 66 oxyd of zinc and 33 silica. But Smithson was the first to make known the true composition, and clear away all doubts. De Lisle noticed the crystalline forms of the two species, describing one kind as prismatic with dihedral summits, and the other as scalenohedral like dogtooth spar, yet did not fully appreciate the importance of the observation ; while Haiiy, 14 years later, in his Traite, describes only the crys- tals of the silicate, and takes the ground that the zinc carbonatee was only an impure calcareous "zinc oxyde." In 1807 Brongniart called the silicate calamine, leaving for the other ore the chemical name zinc carbonatee. In 1832, Beudant followed Brongniart in the former name, and designated the latter Smit/isonite, after SMITHSON, who had analyzed in 1803 the carbonate as well as silicate. Thus the two species were at last, not only distinguished, but mineralogically named. Unfortunately, Brooke & Miller, in 1852, reversed Beudant's use of these names, with no good reason ; and in 1853, Kenngott, on account of the confusion of names, as he says, introduced for the silicate the new name Hemimorphite, and so added to the confusion. These innovations should have no favor. 362 A. MORESNETITE Risse (Yerh. nat Ver. Bonn, 1865, Ber. 98). A mineral from Altenberg, near Aachen, occurring with calamine. Two varieties are found, one dark' to leek-green and opaque ; the other light emerald-green, transparent. The latter is the purest; it has H. 2-5, conchoidal fracture, streak white. It afforded on analysis Si 30-31, 1 13-68, Fe 0'27, Ni 1'14, Zn 43-41, Mg tr., Ga tr., H 11 '37 = 100' 18. B.B. on charcoal gives with cobalt solution a pale green mass. Diffi- cultly soluble in acids. 362. VILLARSITE. Dufrenoy, C. R., 1842, Ann. d. M., IV. i. 387, 1842. Serpentin aus d. Malenkerthal FeUenberg, J. pr. Ch., ci. 38, 1867. Orthorhombic. /A 7=120 8', Descl. Observed planes: 0, l-, 1; crystals all compound, consisting of three intersecting individuals ; compo- sition-face i-Z. A 1-1=140 36', A 1=136 32'. (Crystallization per- haps pseudomorphic.) Mostly in rounded grains. Also massive. H.=4:-5. G. =2-978, from Traversella; 2-99, fr. Malenkerthal. Color 410 OXYGEN COMPOUNDS. yellowish-green to olive-green; also dark green to blackish. Streak un- colored. Translucent; transparent in thin plates. Double refraction strong ; optic-axial plane, i-i ; bisectrix normal to 0, positive ; Descl. Comp 0. ratio for K, Si, fl=l : 1 : ; (H Mg+iV Fe) 2 Si+ fi^Silica 38-9, magnesia 47'5, protoxyd of iron 7'8, water 5'8 100. Appears to be a hydrous forsterite or boltonite in compo- sition, and to resemble much the latter. G. Rose pointed out the approximation in angle to chrysolite, and regarded it as an altered variety. Its occurrence in twins of three intersecting crystals, as made known by Descloizeaux (Miu., 95, 1862), is an important characteristic not thus far observed in forsterite, or any other species of the chrysolite group. The crystals have the planes shining, but not quite even. Analyses : 1, 2, Dufrenoy (1. c., and Dufr. Min., 2d. ed., iv. 343) ; 3, Fellenberg (1. c.) : Si Fe Mn Mg Ca & 1. TraverseUa 39-61 3'59 2'42 47 '37 0'53 0'46 2. Forez 40-52 6'25 - 43-75 1-70 0'72 3. Malenkerthal (f)41-72 7'97 - 42'15 -- -- fl 5-80=99-78 Dufrenoy. 6-21 = 99-15 Dufrenoy. 5-55, Cr, HI 0-75, il 3-19=101-33 F. Anal. 1 is of the original villarsite; 2, of grains from the granite of Forez and Morvan, France. Pyr., etc. B.B. infusible. With borax a green enamel. Attacked by concentrated acids. Obs. At Traversella it is associated with mica, quartz, and dodecahedral magnetite. Much boltonite is hydrous, and in composition belongs here. Grains in the interior of the serpentine pseudomorphs of Snarum have sometimes a similar composition. The mineral from Pirlo in Malenkerthal, of the Grisons, constitutes the base of a serpentine-like rock, which is slightly crystalline in texture, somewhat slaty, feeble lustre, and between blackish-gray and dark green in color. Supposing the alumina present as a mixed silicate, the formula is that of the Traversella mineral. The rock looks like a mixture of several minerals. 363. PREHNITE. Chrysolite Sage, Min., i. 232, 1777. Chrysolite du Cap (a kind of Schorl) de Lisle, ii. 275, 1783. Zeolithe verddtre v. Born, Cat. de Raab, i. 203, 1790. Prehnit Wern., Bergm. J., 1790, i. 110; anal by Klapr., Schrift Ges. nat. Berlin, viii. 217, 1788. Koupholite (fr. Bareges), Picot la Peyrouse, Delameth., T. T., ii. 547, 1797. JEdelite (Edelite) Wabnstedt, Jahresb., v. 217, 1825. Jacksonite Whitney, J. Nat. H. Soc. Boston, v. 487, 1847. Orthorhombic. /A 7=99 56', A 14=146 11^' ; a, : I : 0=0-66963 : 1 : 1'19035. Observed planes: 0\ vertical, 7, ^4, i-l\ domes, f-, f-, 6-2 ; octahedral, 2, 6. O A j-=153 20', A f-fcl34 52^, A 2=119 45', A 6=100 1' A 6-2=106 30', /A ^=130 2'. Cleavage : basal, distinct. Tabular crystals often united by 0, making broken forms, often barrel-shaped. Keniform, globular, and stalac- titic with a crystalline surface. Structure imperfectly co- lumnar or lamellar, strongly coherent ; also compact granular or impalpable. H.=6-6'5. 4 G.=2-8-2'953. Lustre vitreous ; weak pearly. Color light green, oil-green, passing into white and gray ; often fading on exposure. Subtransparent translu- cent ; streak uncolored. Fracture uneven. Somewhat brit- tle. Pyroelectric, with polarity central, the analogue poles at the centre of the base and the antilogue at the extrem- ities of the brachydiagonal, Eiess & Eose. Double refrac- tion strong ; optic-axial plane usually i-i ; bisectrix positive, normal to 0\ axial angle 122 130, for crystals from Dauphiny and Pyrenees, but in others much less ; divergence very slightly diminished by heating ; Descl. Var. Usual in firm and hard incrusting masses, externally globular or mammillary, the surface made up often of grouped crystals more or less imperfect, but sometimes smooth. 385 HYDKOUS SILICATES. 411 Si 1 Pe Ca H 1. Tyrol 43-00 23-25 2-00 26-00 4-00, 2. Tyrol, Fassa 42-88 21-50 3-00 26-50 4-62, 3 Mt. Blanc, Couph. 44-71 23-99 25-41 4-45, 4. DumbartOD 44-10 24-26 26-43 4-18, 5. ^Edelfors, Edelite 43-03 19-30 6-81 26-28 4-43, 6. Glasgow, green 43-60 23-00 2-00 22-33 6-40- 7. " white 43-05 23-84 0-66 26-16 4-60, 8. Bourg d'Oisaus 44-50 23-44 4-61 23-47 4-44 r 9. Radauthal, Harz 44-74 18-U6 7-38 27 06 4-13, 10. Niederkirchen, ( 42-50 30-50 0-04 22-57 5-00, 11. pseudomorphs ( 44*00 28-50 0-04 22-29 6-00, 12. Chili 43-6 21-6 4-6 25-0 5-3 = 13. Tyrol 44-42 24-09 0-92 26-41 4-26- 14. Upsala 44-11 22-99 3-22 25-83 4-26= Coupholite is in cavernous masses, made of small, thin, fragile lamina or scales ; the original was from the peak of Ereslids, near Bareges, in the Pyrenees ; also reported from the Col du Bonhomme, at the foot of Mt. Blanc. Named from Kovpoj, tender. Edelite (or Edelite) is nothing but prehnite from ^Edelfors, Sweden. Jacksonite (or anhydrous prehnite) of Whitney is ordinary prehnite, from Keweeuaw Pt. and Isle Royale. Crystals from Farmington, Ct., have for the optic-axial plane i-i\ and the divergence for the red rays in the outer parts of a plate of a crystal, 48 50 ; in an ulterior wedge-shaped part of the same plate, 17, Descl. The dispersion is very strong in these crystals, while in those of Dau- phiny it is hardly perceptible. Comp, 0. ratio for K, , Si, H=2 : 3 : 6 : 1, whence, if the water is basic, for bases and silica, 1 : 1 ; and formula (i H 3 + f Oa+| A-l) 2 Si 8 =Silica 43-6, alumina 24-9, lime 27-1, water 4'4= 100. Analyses: 1, 2, Gehlen (Schw. J., iii. 171); 3-5, Wahnstedt (Jahresb., v. 217); 6, 7, Thom- son & Lehunt (Min., L 275); 8, Regnault (Ann. d. M., III. xiv. 154); 9, Amelung (Eamm. 2d Suppl., 118, Pogg., Ixviii. 312); 10, 11, Leonhard (Pogg., liv. 579); 12, Domeyko (Ann. d. M., IV. ix. 3) ; 13, P. Kiitzing (B. H. Ztg., xx. 267) ; 14, C. W. Paykull ((Efv. Ak. Stock., 1866, 85): Mn 0-25=98-50 Gehlen. Mn 0-25 = 98-75 Gehlen. Mn 0-19, Fe 1-25=100 Wahnstedt. Fe 0-74=99-71 Wahnstedt. Mn 0-15=100-20 Wahnstedt. -97-33 Thomson. Mn 0-42, K, Na 1-03 Lehunt = 100-46 Regnault. Na 1-03=102-40 Amelung. K 0-02 = 100-63 Leonhard. K 0-01 = 100-84 Leonhard. 100-1 Domeyko. = 100-10 Kutzing. -100-41 PaykuU. No. 10 is a pseudomorph after anal cite, and 11 after leonhardite. The Jacksonite, or anhydrous prehnite, of Whitney (1. c.), contains, according to Jackson and Brush, 4*7, 4'15 (J.), and 4'85 (B.) p. c. of water. The specimen analyzed by Whitney may possibly have been calcined, as in some localities on Lake Superior it is customary to burn the copper ore to free it from adhering rock. He obtained (1. c.) Si 46-12, &1 25'91. Ca 27-03, Na 0-85 = 99'91. Pyr., etc. In the closed tube yields water. B.B. fuses at 2 with intumescence to a blebby enamel-like glass. Decomposed by muriatic acid without gelatinizing. Coupholite, which often contains dust or vegetable matter, blackens and emits a burnt odor. Obs. Occurs in granite, gneiss, syenite, dioryte, and trappean rocks, especially the last. At St. Christophe and 1'Armentieres, near Bourg d'Oisaus in Isere, associated with axinite and epidote; at Ratschinges, Fassa valley, and near Campitello, Tyrol; in Salzburg; Ala in Piedmont; the Sau-Alp in Carinthia ; Joachimsthal in Bohemia ; in Nassau, at Oberscheld and Uckersdorf ; near Freiburg in Brisgau on the Rosskopf ; in the Harz, near Audreasberg, with datolite ; Aren- dal, Norway ; JEdelfors in Sweden (edelite) ; Upsala, Sweden, in rifts in hornblendic granite, the decomposition of the hornblende having aSbrded the lime, and of the mica, the alumina (Paykull) ; at Friskie Hall and Campsie in Dumbartonshire, and at Hartfield Moss ; in Renfrewshire, in veins traversing trap, associated with analcite and thomsonite ; also at Corstorphine Hill, the Castle and Salisbury Crag, near Edinburgh ; Mourne Mts., Ireland. In the United States, finely crystallized at Farmington, Woodbury, and Middletown, Conn., and West Springfield, Mass., and Patterson and Bergen Hill, N. J. ; in small quantities in gneiss, at Bellows Falls, Vt. ; in syenite, at Charlestown, Mass ; Milk Row quarry, often in minute tabular crystals, with chabazite ; also at Palmer (Three Rivers) and Turner's Falls, Mass., on the Connec- ticut, in trap, and at Perry, above Loring's Cove, Maine ; at Westport, Essex Co., N. Y. (cMtonite Ernmons), on a quartzose rock ; on north shore of Lake Superior, between Pigeon Bay and Fond du Lac ; in large veins in the Lake Superior copper region, often occurring as the veinstone of the native copper, sometimes including strings or leaves of copper ; and at times in radiated nodules disseminated through the copper. Handsome polished slabs of this mineral have been cut from masses from China. The formula (i R s + i A-l) 2 Si 3 is analogous to that of chrysolite in the ratio 1 : 1, and the two species appear to be homceomorphous, 2-1 A 2-1 in chrysolite=99 7'. Alt. Prehnite occurs altered to green earth and feldspar. Named by Werner in 1790 after CoL Prehu, who first found the mineral at the Cape of Good 412 OXYGEN COMPOUNDS. Hope. Sage had called it (1777) chrysolite; and Rome de Lisle had referred it (1783) to the group of schorl. 363A. UIGITB Heddk (Ed. N. Phil. J., II. iv. 162, 1856). In radiated sheafy clusters of plates, in nests in the amygdaloid of Uig, Isle of Skye, along with analcite and faroelite. H. =5-5; G-. = 2-284; lustre pearly; color white, slightly; yellowish. Composition, according to Heddle (loc. tit.), Si 45-98, l 21-98, Ca 16-15, Na 4-7, fl 11-25. The 0. ratio for R,K, Si corres- ponding is near 1:2:4. B.B. fuses readily and quietly to an opaque enamel, which is not frothy ; gives a strong soda reaction. It appears to be near prehnite hi structure, and needs further investigation. 364. OHLORASTROLITE. C. T. Jackson; J. D. Whitney, J. Nat. Hist. Bost., v. 488. Massive. Finely radiated or stellate in structure. H.=5-5 6. G.=3-180. Lustre pearly. Color light bluish-green. Slightly chatoyant on the rounded sides. Oomp.O. ratio 1 : 2 : 3 : 1 ; (Ca 8 ,Na s ) 2 gi 3 +2(l,e) 2 Si 8 -f 6H=(iR 3 +|) 2 Si 3 +2H=Silica 87-6, alumina 24*6, sesquioxyd of iron 6*4, lime 18'7, soda5'2, water 7 '6 =100. Analyses by Whit- ney (Rep. G-. Lake Sup., 1851, ii. 97) : Si l Fe, little Fe Ca Na K fi 1. 36-99 25-49 6'48 19'90 3'70 0'40 7'22r=100-18. 2. 37-41 24-25 6'26 21'68 4'88 5'77 Eammelsberg observes that it has some relation in composition to a hydrous epidote. It also approaches carpholite. Pyr., etc. In the closed tube yields water and becomes white. B.B. fuses easily with intu- mescence to a grayish blebby glass. Forms a transparent glass readily with borax, tinged with iron. Soluble in muriatic acid, the silica separating as a flocky precipitate (Whitney). Obs. Occurs on the shores of Isle Royale, Lake Superior, in small rounded pebbles, which have come from the trap, and are waterworn ; it receives a fine polish. Named from xXwjw, green, aaTpov, star, At'0os, stone. 365. TRITOMITE. Tritomit Weibye & Berlin, Fogg., Ixxix. 299, 185O. Isometric ; tetrahedral, f. 31. Cleavage indistinct. H.=5-5. G.=3-9-4-66; 3*908, Forbes; 4-16-4-66, W. & B. ; 4-26, Moller. Lustre submetallic, vitreous. Color dull brown. Streak dirty yellowish-gray. Subtranslucent. Comp. (R s , R*, ) 2 Si'+4H ? Analyses : 1, approximate, N. J. Berlin (1. c.) ; 2, D. Forbes (Ed. N. PhiL J., II. iii. 1856): Si W l Ce La Fe $[n Y &g Ca Na fi 1.20-13 4-62* 2-24 40'36 1511 1'83 - 0'46 0'22 515 1-46 7 86 = 99-44 Berlin. 2. 21-16 3-95 b 2-86 37'64 12-41 2'68 MO 4'64 0'09 4'04 0'33 8'68=99-58 Forbes. With Mn 0, Cu 0, Sn O. b With Sn O^ *v F ' ?V M6 J ler h f 8 . Obta i ne 1 d a verv different composition in, apparently, a careful analysis, in which the state of oxydation of the bases was ascertained (Ann. Ch. Pharm.,'cxx. 241): Si SnfaZr?e & 3Pe n. Ce La,Di Y Mg Ca Ba Sr Na t fi 15-38 0-74 3-63 4-48 1-61 2-27 0-49 10-66 44-05 042 0'16 6-41 0'19 0'7l 0-56 2'10 5-63 = 99"49 Froin Berlin and Forbes, the formula K 2 Si 3 +4ft has been deduced. Moller obtains the 0. ratio K, , Si, H 4 : 1 : 4 : 2 But if the Sn, Ta, Zr are added to the bases instead of the silica, the oxygen ratio for aU the bases to the silica and water is very nearly 2:1:$ Forbes questions whether the crystals observed are not thorite. Pyr., etc Yields water and gives a weak fluorine reaction ; with borax a reddish-yello\r HYDROUS SILICATES. 413 glass, which is colorless on cooling. With muriatic acid in powder yields chlorine, and gelat- inizes. Obs. From the island Lamo, near Brevig, Norway, with leucophanite and mosandrite in a coarse syenite. Named from rpis, three-fold, and re/n/w, to cut, alluding to the trihedral cavities which the crystals leave in the gangue. 365. THORITE. Thorit Berz., Ak. H. Stockh., 1 829. Orangit Bergemann, Pogg., Ixxxii. 561, 1851. Isometric and tetraliedral. In dodecahedral crystals, with octahedral planes tetrahedrally developed, the larger set dull and even, the smaller bright and rounded, and with the three edges about the latter replaced. Also massive and compact. H.^4'5 5. G. 4*3 5*4; of purest, 5 5'4. Lustre of surface of fresh fracture vitreous to resinous. Color orange-yellow, brownish-yellow ; also black, inclining to brown. Streak light orange to dark brown. Transpa- rent in thin splinters to nearly opaque. Fracture conchoidal. Easily frangible. Optically uniaxial. Var. The brownish-black and black variety, from Lovo, Norway, was the mineral from which Berzelius obtained the metal thorium, and which received the name thorite. The yellowish variety is the orangite (so called from the color), from Langesund fiord, which Bergemann, when he so named it, supposed to contain a new metal, called by him donarium. The latter has since been found with an exterior of the former. The mineral occurs as pseudomorphs after orthoclase and zircon, and crystals of the latter kind have afforded Zschau (Am. J. Sci., II. xxvi. 359) the angles /Al = 132J, 1 A l = 128i, the corresponding angles of zircon being 132 10' and 123 19'. Zschau regards the mineral thorite as tetragonal, and isomorphous with zircon, not considering his crystals as pseudomorphous. The mineral varies much in specific gravity, orangite affording 5-397, Bergemann ; 5-34, Krantz ; 5-19, Damour; 4*888 5'205, Chydenius; and thorite, 4-630, Berz. ; 4'686, Bergemann; 4*344 4-397, Chydenius. Comp. Essentially Th Si +lfl= Silica 17-0, thoria 76'2, water 6-8=100; for the black thorite (anal. 1) Th Si+2H=Silica 16*4, thoria 73'8, water 9-8 = 100. Analyses : 1, Berzelius (1. c.) ;. 2, Damour (Ann. d. M., V. i. 587) ; 3, Bergemann (1. c.) ; 4, Chydenius (Pogg., cxix. 43) : Si Th Sn XI e Mn g b Mg Ca Na fi 1. 18-98 57-91 0-01 0'06 3'40 2'39 1'61 0'80 0-36 2'58 O'lO 0-14 9-50, undis. 1-70=99-51 Berz. 2. 17-52 71-65 - 0'17 0'31 0'28 M3 0'88 tr. 1'59 0'83 0'14 6' 14= 100' 14 Damour. 3. 17-70 71-25 0-31 0'21 4'04 0'30 6-90, Ca C 4-04=100'74 B. 4. 17-76 73-80 1-18 tr. 1'08 6-45= 100-27 Chydenius. Pyr., etc. In the closed tube yields water ; the orange variety becomes dull-brown, and, on cooling, orange again. B.B. on charcoal infusible, the edges only being slightly glazed ; with borax a yellowish pearl, becoming colorless on cooling ; with salt of phosphorus a colorless glass, which becomes milky and greenish on cooling ; with borax an orange glass when hot, which be- comes grayish on cooling. A little nitre being added, the orange color remains after cooling. With muriatic acid easily forms a jelly before, but not after, calcination. The black thorite be- comes pale brownish-red when heated ; and on charcoal forms a yellowish-brown slag. Obs. Found in syenite by Esmark at Lovo, near Brevig, in Norway; also at Langesund fiord, near Brevig (orangite, anal. 2-4). Masses of orangite weighing several ounces have been obtained. The black thorite appears to be partially altered. 367. CERITE. Ferrum calciforme terra quadam incognita intime mixtum, Tungsten von Bastnas, Cronstedt, Ak. H. Stockholm., 1751, Min., 183, 1758. Cerit His. & Berz., Cerium en ny Metal, etc., 1804, Gehlen's J., ii. 397, 1804, Afh., i. 58, 1806. Ochroit, Klapr., Gehlen's J., ii. 303, 1804. Cererit Klapr., Beitr., iv. 140, 1807; Karst., Tab., 74, 1808. Cerium oxyde Biliceux H., Tabl., 1809. Cerin-Stein Wern., Hoffm. Min., iv. a, 286, 1817. Kieselcerit Germ. Silicate of Cerium. Lanthanocerit Hermann, J. pr. Ch., Ixxxii. 406, 1861. Hexagonal ? Isometric ? In short six-sided prisms, Haid. Commonly massive ; granular. 414: OXYGEN COMPOUNDS. H.=5*5. G. =4-91 2, Haidinger. Lustre dull adamantine or resinous. Color between clove-brown and cherry-red, passing into gray. Streak grayish- white. Slightly subtranslucent. Brittle ; fracture splintery. Comp. 0. ratio for K, Si, H=l : 1 : i; (Ce, La, Di) a Si+H=Silica 20'4, ceria 73'5, water 6-1 = 100. Analyses : 1, Hisinger (Afh., iii. 287); 2, Hermann (J. pr. Chem., xxx. 193, and Ixxxii. 407); 3, Kjerulf (Ann. Ch. Pharm., xxxvii. 12); 4, Rammelsberg (Pogg., cvii. 632, and Min. Ch., 547) ; 5, Hermann (J. pr. Ch., Ixxxii. 406) : Si Fe Ce La Di Ca H 1. Bastnas 18-00 1-80 68'59 1'25 9'60=99'24 Hisinger. 2. " 16-06 3-17 26-55 16*33 18'05 3'56 8-10, 3tl 1'68, ]S[n 0'27, Mg 1'25, C 4'62 H. 3.' " 21-30 4-98 58-50 8'47 1'23 5'52 = 100 Kjerulf. 4. "(|)19-18 1-54 64-55 7*28 1'31 5'71=99'57 Rammelsberg. 5] " 21-35 1-46 60-99 3'51 3'90 1'65 6'31, C 0'83= 100 Hermann. From analysis 3, 3*27 of molybdenite, and 0*18 bismuth glance, are removed as impurities. Analyses 1 and 2 give near 10 p. c. of water, with much lanthanum and didymium, and little cerium, according to Hermann ; he accordingly applies to this kind the distinctive name lanthanocerite, and to the rest that of cerite. Klaproth, who published the first analysis (Beitr., iv. 140), and gave the mineral the name ochroite, obtained Si 34'5, Ce 54'5, e 3'5, Ca T25, H 5'0=98-75; with his silica he included all the material not decomposed in his method of analysis. Hermann has supposed the substance analyzed a distinct species. Pyr., etc. In a matrass yields water. B.B. infusible alone; with borax in the outer flame forms a yellow globule, which becomes almost colorless on cooling; in the inner flame a weak iron reaction. With soda not dissolved, but fuses to a dark yellow slaggy mass. Gelatinizes with muriatic acid. Obs. Occurs at Bastnas, near Riddarhyttan, in Westmannland, Sweden, forming a bed in gneiss, and associated with mica, hornblende, copper pyrites, cerine, etc. It bears considerable resem- blance to the red granular variety of corundum, but is readily distinguished by its hardness. Hisinger and Berzelius, in 1803-4, detected in this mineral a new metal which they named cerium, after the planet Ceres, then recently announced ; and the mineral they called cerite. Klaproth made the same discovery about the same time, and gave the name ochroite to the mineral, and ochroite earth to the new earth (alluding to its color, from wypoV, brownish-yellow}. In his Beitrage, 1807, Klaproth accepted the names of Hisinger and Berzelius, yet added a syllable (lest they should appear to come from Kripa, wax), making them cererium and cererite a change not accepted. In 1839 Mosander proved that the oxyd of cerium contained the new metal lanthanum, and in 1842 another new metal, didymium. 368. ERDMANNITE. Berlin, Pogg., Ixxxviii. 162. In imbedded grains and folia ; with no traces of crystallization. G.=3'l. Lustre vitreous. Color dark brown. In thin splinters. Trans- lucent. Comp. Analysis by Blomstrand, of hah" a gramme (1. c.) : & l Ox. Ce & La Fe Sin Y Ca H and loss 31-85 11-71 34-89 8*52 0'86 1'43 6'46 4'28 Obs. From the island Stoko in the Langesund fiord, near Brevig. Named after Erdmann. 369. PYROSMALITE. Pirodmalit Hausm., Moll's Efem., iv. 390, 1808. Wesentlicher Bes- tandtheil Salzsaures Eisenoxyd, id., ib. (fr. blowpipe trials of Gahn, its discoverer). Pyrosmalit Karst., Tab., 103, 1808; Hausm.f Handb., 1068, 1813. Fer muriate H., 1812, Lucas TabL, ii. 418, 1813. Hexagonal. A 1=148 3(X; a=0'5307. Observed planes : 0, /, 1, 2. A 2=129 13 r , /A 7=120. In prisms or tables. Cleavage : basalj perfect; /imperfect. Also massive. JDouble refraction strong, uniaxial. Axis negative. HYDKOUS SILICATES. 415 H. 4-4-5. G. = 3-3-2; 3-081, Hisinger ; 3'168 3'174, Lang. Lus- tre of pearly ; of other planes, less so. Color blackish-green to pale liver-brown, passing into gray and pistachio-green ; usually brown exter- nally, and light greenish-yellow internally. Streak Somewhat brittle. paler than color. Fracture uneven, rather splintery. Comp. 0. ratio for R, Si, H=2 : 3 : 1; and ratio of chlorine to oxygen about 1 : 42. Mak- ing the water and chlorid of iron basic, the ratio for R + H, Si=l : 1, and the formula (^ H + |(R, Fe Cl)) 2 Si=, if Fed : Mn : Fe (+Ca)=l : 5 : 8, Silica 34-7, Fe 31'7, Mn 19'6, chlorid of iron 7'0, water 7 0=100. Analyses : 1, Hisinger (Afh.. iv. 317); 2, same, making the iron and man- ganese protoxyd, and part of the iron a chlorid, and reckoning the loss as water (Ramm. Min. Oh., 875); 3, J. Lang (J. pr. Ch., Ixxxiii. 424): Si 3?e Mn Fe Mn Ca H 01 Fe 1. 35-85 35-48 24'26 1'21 undet. 3-77 Hisinger. 2. 35-85 28-07 21 '81 1-21 [6'29] 3'77 3'00 " 3. 35-43 30-72 20'51 0'74 7'75 3-79 , l 0*24 Lang. In an earlier trial, Hisinger obtained Si 35*40, e 32-60, Mn 23-10, &l 0-60, the rest undeter- mined. Pyr., etc. In the closed tube yields water, which reacts acid. B.B. fuses at 2 2-5 to a black magnetic glass. With the fluxes gives reactions for iron and manganese. A bead of salt of phosphorus, previously saturated with oxyd of copper, when fused with the pulverized mineral imparts a beautiful azure color to the flame (chlorine). Decomposed by muriatic acid, with sepa- ration of silica. Obs. Pyrosmalite occurs at Nya Kopparberg in Westmannland, and at Bjelkegruvan, one of the iron mines of Nordmark in Wermland, Sweden, where it is associated with calc spar, pyrox- ene, apophyllite, and magnetic iron. A hexagonal prism, in the museum at Stockholm, is nearly an inch in diameter and one and a quarter inches long, and weighs five and a half ounces. Named from rip, fire, and 'oo-/*rj, odor, in allusion to the odor when heated. 370. APOPHYLLITE. Zeolith von Hellesta 0. Rinman, Ak. H. Stockh., 82, 1784. Zeolithus lamellaris major Mutter, De Zeolithis Suecicis, 32, 1791. Ichthyophthalmite (fr. Uto) d 1 Andrada, Scherer's J., iv. 32, 1800, J. de Phys., li. 242, 180. Mesotype epointee (fr. Iceland) H., Tr., iii. 1801. Apophyllite H., Notes pour servir au Oours de Min. de 1' an XIII. (1805), Lucas Tabl., i. 266, 1806. Fischaugenstein Wern., 1808. Ichthyophthalmit, Albin, Wern., Letztes Min. Syst., 1817. Tesselite (fr. Faroe) Brewster, Ed. Phil. J., i. 5, 1819. Oxhaverite (fr. Iceland) Brewster, Ed. J. Sci., vii. 115, 1827. Xylochlor (fr. Sicily) v. Walt., Yulk. G-est., 1853. Leu- cocyclite Herschell, Descl. Min., i. 126, 1862. Tetragonal. 6>Al-fcl28 38'; fcl'2515. Observed planes: 0, i4, i-2, i-Z, 1, , |, \4, \4. A 1=119 30', A jU=U7 58' 1 A 1, pyr.,= 104 2', bas., = 121, 388 399 386 i-2=153 26.' Crystals sometimes nearly cylin- drical or barrel-shape. Cleavage : highly perfect ; I less so. Also massive and lamellar. H.=4-5-5. G.= 2-3-2-4; 2-335, Haid- inger, a variety from Iceland ; 2'359, Thom- son. Lustre of pearly ; of the other faces vitreous. Color white, or grayish ; occasionally with a greenish, yellowish, or rose-red tint, flesh-red. Streak uncolored. OXYGEN COMPOUNDS. Transparent ; rarely opaque. Brittle. Double refraction feeble ; either positive or negative ; sometimes a tesselated structure made apparent by polarized light. Var. 1. Ordinary. Usually in crystals, which are remarkable for their pearly basal cleavage. Form sometimes nearly cubic. Hauy's Mesotype epointee was an Iceland variety ; Fuchs and Gehlen in 1816 ascertained its identity with apophyllite. In tabular crystals from the Seisser-Alp Dauber found 1 A 1 = 1 21 7|' ; in red from Andreasberg 120 29' 18" ; in crystals from Poonah 119 43'. 1. The name Oxhaverite was applied to a pale green crystal found in petrified wood at the Oxhaver Springs, near Husavickin Iceland. AlUn of Werner (named from albus, white] is in small nearly cubic crystals, opaque white in color, from Aussig, Bohemia, partly decomposed. Xylochlore, from Sicily, is olive-green, and has G.=2-2904; it owes its color to the presence of a little iron. 2. Tesselite, from Faroe, is a cubical variety, exhibiting a tesselated structure in polarized light. 3. Leucocydite, when plates parallel to the base are examined by means of polarized light, shows a black cross with rings that are alternately white and violat black, with compensation positive (whence the name, from Aewrifr, white, and KVK\OS, circle), instead of the ordinary colored rings a peculiarity observed in crystals from the Seisser-Alp, Andreasberg (part of those of this locality), Skye, Faroe, Iceland, Tito, and Poonah in India. Some crystals from Uto and Cziklowa, similarly examined, exhibit a black cross on a deep violet ground, with compensation negative. These different optical phenomena may be presented by contiguous plates of the same crystal ; Descl. Comp. A silicate of lime and potash containing some fluorine. 0. ratio for R, Si, fi mostly 1 : 3-75 : 2 ; for the analysis by Berzelius, 1:4:2; and for 6a, K, 8 : 1. Eatio usually taken at 1:4: 2 ; which corresponds to R + 2 Si 4- 2 II ; and if 1 H be basic, the formula may be R 2 Si +& Si, or more specially (i fi + $ & K + f Ca)) 2 Si+H Si=Silica 55-5, lime 23-0, potash 4-8, water 16-7 = 100. This makes it a Unisilicate, like other tetragonal silicates, with an opal-like (uncrystallizable ?) silicate as accessory. The ratio of the fluorine to the oxygen has not been ascertained. Analyses: 1, 2, Berzelius (Afh., vi. 181); 3, Rammelsberg (2d Suppl., 16); 4, Stolting (B. H. Ztg., xx. 267); 5, Rammelsberg (Min. Ch., 505); 6, C. T. Jackson (This Min., 1850, 249); 7, E.L. Reakirt (Am. J. Sci, II. xvi. 84); 8, J. L. Smith (This Min., 304, 1854); 9, W. Beck (Yerh. Min. St. Pet, 1862, 92); 10, Haughton (Phil. Mag., IV. xxxii. 223): 1. Uto 2. Faroe, Tesselite 3. Andreasberg 4. " rdh. 5. Radauthal, G%= 1'961 6. Michigan, G. = 2-305 7. Nova Scotia 8. L. Superior, G-.= 2-37 9. Pyterlax, Finl. 10. Bombay Si 52-13 52-38 51-33 51-73 L 52-69 5 51-89 52-60 52-08 (f) 52-12 51-60 Ca 24-71 24-98 25-86 25-02 25-52 25-60 24-88 25-30 24-99 25-08 K 5-27 5-37 4-90 5-10 4-75 5-07 5-14 4-93 5-75 5-04 fl 16-20 16-20 und. 15 73 16-73 16-00 16-67 15-92 16-47 16-20 1-54=99-85 Berzelius. 1-12=100-05 Berzelius. 1-18 Ramm. ?=97-58 Stolting. 0-46 Ramm. 0-91=99-47 Jackson, 1-71 = 101 Reakirt. 0-96= 99- 19 Smith. 0-84=100-17 W. Beck. 0-97, *1 0-24, Mg 0-08, NaO'63=99'84 H. ZylocUore afforded v. Waltershausen, as a mean of two analyses (1. c.), Si 52-07, Ca 20-57, Fe 3-40, Mg 0-33, Na 0;55, K 3-77, l 1-54, and C 17-14=99-37. The red color of the Andreas- berg crystals is attributed by Suckow to fluorid of cobalt. Pyr., etc. In the closed tube exfoliates, whitens, and yields water, which reacts acid. In the open tube, when fused with salt of phosphorus, gives a fluorine reaction. B.B. exfoliates, colors the flame violet (potash), and fuses to a white vesicular enamel. F. = 1'5 (v. Kobell). De- composed by muriatic acid, with separation of slimy silica. Obs. Occurs commonly in amygdaloid and related rocks, with various zeolites ; also occasion- ally in cavities in granite, gneiss, etc. Greenland, Iceland, the Faroe Islands, Poonah and Ah- mednuggar in Hindostan, afford fine specimens of apophyllite in amygdaloid. At Andreasberg, in silver veins, traversing gray-wacke slate ; at Orawicza, Cziktowa, and Szaszka in Transylvania, asso- ciated with woUastonite ; in Fifeshire, with magnetic iron ; at Uto in Sweden ; at Puy de la Piquette in Auvergne, in a tertiary limestone, near intruded basaltic rocks ; at Finbo, Uto, and Hallesta, Sweden; in the Tyrol, near Frombach; near Nertschinsk, Siberia; in Australia; the Valen- cian Mines, Mexico. In America it has been found at Peter's Point and Partridge Island, in the Basin of Mines, Nova Scotia, both massive and crystallized, presenting white, reddish, and greenish colors, and asso- ciated with laumontite, thomsonite, and other minerals of trap rocks ; also at Chute's cove Cape HYDROUS SILICATES. 417 d'Or, Isle Haute, Swan's Creek, and Cape Blomidon. Large crystals occur at Bergen Hill, K J., associated with analcite, pectolite, stilbite, datolite, etc., some of them 3 inches across. It is also found at Gin Cove, near Perry, Maine, with prehnite and analcite in amygdaloid ; at the Cliff mine, Lake Superior region (f. 399). Apophyllite was so named by Haiiy in allusion to its tendency to exfoliate under the blowpipe, from an-o and , a leaf. Its whitish pearly aspect, resembling the eye of a fish after boiling, gave rise to the name Ichthyophthalmiie, from i^tfuj, fish, and 6aivw, to appear, in allusion to its change of appearance under the blowpipe. A yellowish-white earthy mineral from Kornwestheim, between Stuttgart and Ludwidsburg, with G.= 1-794 and 2'098, consists of allophane and aluminite in combination, and has been called Kieselraluminite (Siliceous aluminite) by Groningen and Oppel. In one of their analyses they obtained (Jahresb. 1852, 892, from Wiirtemb. Nat. Jahreshefte, 1851, 189) Si 13-06, S 5'04, A 1 ! 42-59, ign. 39'32=100-01. A. CAROLATHINB F. L. Sonnenschein (ZS. G. Ges., v. 223, and J. pr. Ch., Ix. 268, 1853). Amor- phous, with a mammillary surface, and approaching allophane in the ratio of Si to A 1 !, but con- tains less water. H.=2'5; G.=1'515 ; color honey- to wine-yellow; subtranslucent. Analysis by Sonnenschein gave : Si 29-62 l 47-25 H 15'10 C 1-33 H 0'74 5-96=100. Heated it affords water, which is neutral in its reactions ; at a higher temperature decrepitates, the color darkens, and a black shining mass is obtained. B.B. ignites without flame, owing to the organic ingredients present. From the coal-bed of the Konigin-Louisa Mine, at Zabrze, in Upper Silesia. 375. COLLYRITE. Das man dort Salpeter nannte (fr. Schemnitz) Freiesleben, Lempe's Mag., x. 99, 1793. Naturliche Alaunerde (fr. Schemnitz) v. Mchtel, Min., 170, 1794; Klapr., Beitr., i. 257, 1795. KoUyrit Karst., Tab., 30, 73, 1800. A clay-like mineral, white, with a glimmering lustre, greasy feel, and adhering to the tongue. G. 2 215. H.r=l 2. Comp, l 2 Si+9 H ; or 1 of AUophane+1 of Gibbsite = [l Si+6 H] + [l H s ]=Siliea 14'14, alumina 48-02, water 37-84. Analyses: 1, Klaproth (Beitr., i. 257); 2, Berthier (Ann. d. M., ii. 476); 3, Kersten (Schw. J., Ixi. 24); 4, J. H. and G. Gladstone (Phil. Mag., IY. xxiii. 461, 1862): Si 1 H 1. Schemnitz 14'0 45'0 42-0=101 Klaproth. 2. Ezquerra 15'0 44-5 40-5 = 100 Berthier. 3. Saxony 23-3 42-8 34-7 = 100'8 Kersten. 4. Hove 14-49 47-44 36'39, Ca 0'89, C 0'79=100 Gladstone. In other specimens Gladstone (1. c.) obtained from 8 to 3 p. c. of silica, indicating a varying proportion of hydrate of alumina. Pyr., etc. Yields water. B.B. infusible. Gives a blue color when heated with cobalt solu- tion. Gelatinizes with nitric acid. Does not fall to pieces in water, or increase in weight. Obs. From Ezquerra in the Pyrenees; near Schemnitz, Hungary; near Wessenfels, Saxony; at Hove, near Brighton, England, in fissures in the upper chalk, of a pure white color and very soft. The name collyrium (xoMvpiov) was applied by the Greeks to the " Samian earth ; " Karsten adopted it because the description of this earth by Dioscorides answers well for the above mineral. HYDKOUS SILICATES, ZEOLITE SECTION. 421 375A. DILLNITE Haid. (Pogg., Ixxviii. 577, 1849) is a related substance. Earthy, with H.=l-8 2; G.=2'574 2-835. Analyses: Hutzelmann and Karafiat (Pogg., Ixxviii. 576): Si 1 Mg Oa fl 1. 22-40 56-40 0'44 tr. 21-13, Fe, Mn, alk. rfr. = 100'37 Hutzehnann. 2. 23-53 53-00 T76 0'88 20-05=99-22 Karafiat. The analyses correspond to the formula l 4 Si 3 +9 H=Silica 24-39, alumina 54-23, fi 21 '38. The dillnite is the gangue of the diaspore of Schemnitz, at a place called Dilln. Dr. J. L. Smith obtained a very different result for a similar material from the same Schemnitz locality, as given under PHOLERITE (q. v.) ; and it is probable that dillnite is a mixture of diaspore and kaolinite or pholerite. 376. SCHROTTERITE. Opalin-Allophan Schrotter, Baumg. Ztg., iv. 145, 1837. Schrotterit GlocJcer, Grundr., 536, 1839. Opal AUophane. Resembles allophane ; sometimes like gum in appearance. H.=3 3*5. G.=l*95 2*05. Color pale emerald- to leek-green, green- ish-white, yellowish, or at times spotted with brown. Translucent to nearly transparent. Comp. 0. ratio for S, Si, fi=4 : 1 : 5 ; l 8 Si 8 + 30 fl ; equivalent to 3 [l Si + 5 fl] + 5 [$1 fl 3 ], or 3 of allophane and 5 of gibbsite. Analyses : 1, 2, Schrotter (J. pr. Ch., xi. 380) ; 3, J. W. Mallet (Am. J. ScL, II. xxvi. 79) : Si l 3Pe fl Ca Cu fl 1. Styria 11'95 46'30 2'95 36-20 1-30 0'25 0-78=99-73 Schrotter. 2. " 11-93 46-28 2'66 35*50 103 0'25 0-48=98-14 Schrotter. 3. Alabama (|) 10'53 46-48 41'09, 2n 0-77, Fe, Mg tr., S 0-80=99-67 Mallet. Pyr., etc. B.B. acts like allophane, but burns white. Decomposed by acids. Obs. From Dollinger mountain, near Freienstein, in Styria, in nests between clay-slate and granular limestone ; in Cornwall ; at the Falls of Little River, on the Sand Mtn., Cherokee Co., Alabama, as an incrustation over half an inch thick and partly stalactitic, resembling gum arabic when broken, having H.=3'5, and G-. = 1'974. 376A. SCARBROITE Vernon (Phil. Mag., II. v. 178, 1829) is a white clayey substance, allied to schrotterite in composition. It is without lustre, highly adhesive to moist surfaces, and may be polished by the nail ; H.=2-0; G-. = r485? Composition, according to an imperfect analysis by Vernon (1. a), Si 10-50, &1 42-50, e Q-25, fl 46-75. In a second, equally imperfect, he obtained Si 7'90, &1 42-75, fi 48-55, e 0'80 = 100. Does not fall to pieces in water, but increases in weight. It fills the veinings of a sandstone, which is much marked with oxyd of iron, or of its septaria, on the coast of Scarborough, Yorkshire, England. II. ZEOLITE SECTION. ARRANGEMENT OF THE SPECIES. I. MESOTTPE GROUP. Anisometric; angle I A /near 90 ; cleavage parallel to /. Crystalliza- tions often acicular, or long fibrous and radiating ; thomsonite sometimes in short nearly rec- tangular forms, with flat summits, and sometimes foliated, but with a less pearly and more glassy surface than in stilbite. R K Si fi fiB Si fl 377. THOMSONITE 1 3 4 2 1 1 f (f Oa+JNa), 3tl,2S"i,2ifl 378. NATBOLITE 1362 1 H i (i) Na, &1, 3 Si, 2 fl 422 OXYGEN COMPOUNDS. B Si H RK Si H 379. SCOLECITE 1363 1 H f(|) Ca,l,3Si,3H 380. ELLAGITB 1863 1 H i (t) (fCa+^Fe), l,3Si,3H 381. MESOLITE 1363 1 11 t (I) II. LEVYNITE GROUP. Hexagonal. # A = 106, nearly. 382. LEVTNITB 1364 1 H 1 (i) (Ca, Na, &), l, 3S"i,4H Til. ANALCITE GEOUP. Isometric, or else orthorhombic with 7 A J=120. 0. ratio for K, B, Si=l : 3 : 8, or 1 : 3 : 9. Never fibrous or acicular. 383. ANALCTTE 1382 1 2 i Na, l, 4 Si, 2 H 384. EUDSOPHITE 1382 12 i ISTa, 3tl, 4 Si, 2 fi 885. FAUJASITE 1399 1 .2 2J (i IV. CHABAZITE GEOUP. Hexagonal, or else orthorhombic with /A 7=120. 0. ratio for E, K, Si=l : 3 : 8, or 1 : 3 : 9. Never fibrous or acicular. Not pearly foliated. 386. CHABAZITE 1386 121$ (|Oa+i(Na, )), 1, 4 Si, 6 fl 387. GMELINITE 1386 1 2 H (iCa+f(Na,K)),3tl,4i,6H 388. HERSCHELITE 1385 1 2 1 V. PHILLIPSITE GEOUP. Orthorhombic; /A /near 90. Often in cruciform twins; never fibrous or acicular. Not pearly foliated. 389. PHILLIPSITE 1385 1 2 1 ( Ca+iK),3tl,4Sv5H VI. HAEMOTOME GEOUP. Orthorhombic; /A 7=124 -125. Often in cruciform twins; never fibrous or acicular. Lustre vitreous. , 390. HABMOTOME 1 3 10 5 1 2$ 1J (i) a, &1, 5 Si, 5 H VII. HYPOSTILBITE GEOUP. Like the mesotypes in acicular and fibrous crystallizations and absence of pearly cleavage. 0. ratio for K, &, Si=l : 3 : 9. 391. HYPOSTILBITE 1396 1 2 \\ (|) (|Ca+|Na),l,4|Si+6H VIII. STILBITE GEOUP. Orthorhombic or monoclinic, with an easy pearly diagonal or basal cleavage. 0. ratio for R, B, Si=l : 3 : 12. 392. STILBITB 1 3 12 6 1 3 1* (J) ' Oa, Xl, 6 Si, 6 H 393. EPISTILBITE 1 3 12 5 13 1J (|) (ACa+iNa),l,6Si,5H 394. HETJLANDITE 1 3 12 5 1 3 ij (|) Ca, 3tl, 6 Si, 5 fl 395. BEEWSTEBITE 1 3 12 5 1 3 1J (f) (| Sr+iBa),3cl, 6 Si, 5H 396. MOBDENITE 1 3 18 6 1 4$ 1$ (I Oa+iNa), l, 9 Si, 6H . SLOANITE. 398. SASPAOHJTE. HYDKOUS SILICATES, ZEOLITE SECTION. 423 In the preceding table the constituents of the species are stated without the arrangement of them into formulas. The resemblance to the Feldspar group in oxygen ratio seems, at first thought, to imply resemblance at least in scheme of composition. But it has been observed (p. 394) that instead of unity of crystalline form and physical characters, as in the Feldspar group, there is the utmost diversity. A relation between the proportion of silica and alkali holds through the feldspars ; but none exists, or could be rightly looked for, among the varied groups here brought together under the name of zeolites. The water present has produced the wide divergence from the feldspars ; and it is therefore probable that this water is in part, at least, basic. This being so, they may pertain to the two divisions of Unisilicates and Bisilicates. In the following table they are arranged under these heads, and formulas added to correspond with this reference of them. The species of the Mesotype and Levynite groups are made Unisilicates, because they have not silica enough for the bisilicate type. Thomsonite has the 0. ratio for the bases and silica =1+ 3 : 4=1 : 1, or that of a true Unisilicate; and uatrolite, if the water be basic, is also unisilicate. Further, the close isomorphism of the several species of the Mesotype group renders it probable that they are similar chemically, and therefore ah 1 unisilicate. The species of the remaining groups have silica enough for Bisilicates, and are so arranged in the following table. Yet those of the groups 3 to 5 have water enough for Unisilicates, if this water be mainly basic. Thus chabazite and gmelinite have a unisilicate ratio, if two-thirds of the water is basic ; and herschelite and phillipsite, if four-fifths. But the facility with which part of the water in these species escapes is evidence that a considerable part of it, at least, is not basic. Chabazite loses over 7 p. c. of water, or more than a third, by simple exposure to dry air. For other similar facts, see under the species beyond. It is, therefore, not at all probable that enough water is basic to make the species unisilicate. In the preceding table, the fraction written after the column of II indicates the proportion of water which is made basic in the formulas which here follow : Thomsonite Natrolite Scolecite Mesolite 1. UNISILICATE. + 3 H (i ( H + Ca) 3 + i Si) 2 Si 3 + & (| (f H + 1 Ca + Na) 3 + Si) 2 Si s +H Si || 4 Si 1 Si || 4 EUagite 2. Levynite faq 2. BISILICATE. 3. Anelcite ftNa J Eudnophite ft Na 3 +f Si) Si 3 + 1| H Faujasite ftH+^Ca, Na)) 3 + 4. Chabazite (iCICa+^-Na^+f Sl)Si 3 +4-J-H Si Gmelinite ft ft Ca+ f Na) 3 + f Si) Si 3 +4| fl Si 1 Herschelite ft (f Na+i K) 3 +f Si) Si 3 +3| H 5. Phillipsite (i(f Ca+K) 3 +|Sl)i 3 +3f H 6. Harmotome (|(|H+iSa) 3 +fSl)gi 3 +2|H 7. Hypostilbite ftftH+|-(Ca,Na)) 3 +|- Sl)Si 3 +3f H SiejOs Si 1 2 Si e 1 2 1 (i Na 2 + f /?A1)+| aq , Na 2 )+| #M)+ H aq Ifaq 8. Stilbite 424 OXYGEN COMPOUNDS. Epistilbite Heulandite Brewsterite (i(f fl+Hfca, Sr)) 3 +i 3tl) Si'+lifl SiO | O a | (i (f H 2 +i (Sa, Sr iaq 9. Mordenite The term zeolite was first used by Oonstedt in 1156 (Transactions of the Swedish Academy, vol. zviii.), for certain minerals that fused with much intumescence ; the word being derived from aA*c, weak, and alludes to its weak electric power when heated or rubbed. The correct derivative is analcite, as here adopted for the species. Alt. Picranakime of Meneghini and Bechi (Am. J. Sci., II. xiv. 62) is probably analcite altered by the magnesian process. It occurs in geodes in the gabbro rosso of Tuscany, and also in the steatitic paste of a metalliferous dyke; forms f. 9, .10, with distinct cubic cleavage. H.=5. G-. = 2-257. Color flesh-red to colophonite-red. Lustre vitreous. Composition, according to mean of two analyses by E. Bechi (I.e.), Si 59-11, l 22-08, Mg 10-12, Na 0-45, K 0-02, H 7-67=99-45. For- mula Mg 3 Si 3 + 3 Al Si 3 + 6 H, Bechi. Associated with calcite, caporcianite, and picrothomsonite. A somewhat similar compound, a pseudomorph after analcite, has been observed by G-uthe (Jahrb. Min., 1863, 590) in the clay-iron ore of Duingen. An analysis by Stromeyer (L c.) af- forded Si 56-7, l 21-2, 3Pe 2-8, Na 9'1, fl 9'8 = 99'6. The Cluthalite of Thomson (Min., i. 339, 1836) occurs in flesh-red vitreous crystals in amygda- loid at the Kilpatrick Hills. H. = 3-5. Gr.=2'166. Opaque or subtranslucent. Fragile. Analy- sis afforded Si 51-266, l 23'560, S>e 7'306, Na 5130, % 1-233, H 10-553=99'048. It may be altered analcite. Analcite altered to a mixture of calcite and hydrous silicate of alumina has been observed by Tschermak. Also occurs altered to prehnite. 384. EUDNOPHITB. Eunophit Weibye, Pogg., Ixxix. 303, 1850. Orthorhombic. I A 1= 120, ^ /A 1-5=1 30, 14 A 1-*, over 0, =84 9'. Form a six-sided prism (/, i-i) with the dome l-. Cleavage : perfect ; i-i and i-i, less so. Commonly massive, cleavable. H.=5'5. G.=2*27. Lustre weak, a little pearly on the cleavage-faces. Color white, grayish, brownish. Streak white. Translucent ; in thin laminae transparent. Optically biaxial ; double refraction strong ; Descl. Comp. 0. ratio for &, &, Si, fl=l : 3 : 8 : 2, or the same as for analcite. Analyses by von Borck and Berlin (1. c.) : Si l Na 1. 54-93 25-59 14'06 8'29=102'87 Borck. 2. 55-06 23-12 14'06 8'16=100'40 Berh'n. Pyr., etc. Fuses to a colorless glass. Gelatinizes with muriatic acid. Obs. Occurs in a coarse syenite on the island Lamoe, near Brevig, Norway, with catapleiite, ieucophanite, mosandrite, etc. Named from eil^o^o?, obscurity, in allusion to the cloudiness of the mineral. 385. FAUJASITE. Damour, Ann. d. M., IT. i. 395, 1842. Isometric. In octahedrons. Twins : composition-face the octahedral. H. = 5. G.=1'923. Lustre vitreous; sometimes adamantine. Color- less white ; brown externally. Fragile ; fracture vitreous and uneven. No action on polarized light. Comp. 0. ratio for , 8, Si, fi=l : 3 : 9 : 9 ; corresponding to 41 Si, 3tl, (| Oa+^Na), 9 fl= Silica 45-5, alumina 17'4, lime 4'7, soda 5-2, water 27-2 = 100. Analyses : 1, Damour (1. c.) ; 2, id. (ib., xiv. 67): Si Xl Ca Na fi 1. Kaiserstuhl 49'36 16*77 5'00 4-34 22-49=97-96. 2 4612 16-81 4-79 5'09 27'02=99'83. Pyr., etc. According to Damour, loses 15 p. c. of water when exposed for one month to^dty 28 434 OXYGEN COMPOUNDS. air, but regains almost all of it in ordinary air in 24 hours. Heated at 50-55 C. for one hour loses 15-2 p. c. ; at 60-65, 10-4 p. c, ; at 70-75, 19*5 p. c., which is almost entirely regained by expo- sure to air for a few weeks. B.B. fuses with intumescence to a white blebby enamel. Decom- posed by muriatic acid without gelatinization. Obs. Occurs with augite in the amygdaloid of Kaiserstuhl, Baden. The adamantine lustre sometimes existing is attributed to a thin bituminous coating. Named by Damour after Faujaa de Saint Fond. 386. CHABAZTTE. Zeolithus albus cubicus Islandia3 v. Born, Lithoph. i. 46, 1772. Zeolite en cubes Faujas, Yolc. Viv., 126, 1778; de Lisle, Crist., ii. 40, 1783. Ghabazie (fr. Oberstein) Bosc d* Antic, J. d'Hist. N., ii. 181, 1780. "Wiirfelzeolith pt. (rest analcite) Wern., Emmerling Min., i. 205, 1793. Chabasie (rhombohedral form recognized) H., Tr., iii. 1801. Chabasin Karst., Tab., 30, 1808. Schabasit Wern., Hoffm. Kuboizit Weiss, Hoffm. Min., iv. b, 41, 1818, Mag. Ges. N. Fr., Berlin, viL 181, 1816. Phakolit Sreith.; Tamnau, Jahrb. Min., 653, 657, 1836. Haydenite Cleaveland, Min., 478, 1822. Acadialite Alger & Jackson (without publication) ==" No Chabasie"^. Hoffmann, Am. J. Sci., xxx. 366, 1836;=Acadiolite Thomson, PhiL Mag., xxii. 192, 1843; Hayes, Am. J. Sci., II. i. 122, 1846. Khombohedral. E A j?=94 46', A ^=129 15' ; a=l-06. Observed planes : prismatic, *-2 ; rhombohedral, E, -4> -2 ; pyramidal, f -2 (t) ; scaleno- hedral, (0, bevelling terminal edge of M, or replacing edge between E and (0 E) ; 395 > always striated parallel to edge X ( 396). 396 397 Haydenite 398 E A -i=13T 23' E A -4, ov. -2, =83 31 E A -2, vert., 119 42 E A -2, across, 126 26 -iA-i, term.,=125 13 tl\t, term.,=14:5 54 -2 A -2, term.,=72 53' -iA^- s =155 18 XmZ=103 28 J'=155 53 Twins : composition -face 0, very common, and usu- ally in compound twins, as in f. 397, 398 ; 2, c.-face E) rare. Cleavage rhombohedral, rather distinct. H.=r4 5. G.=2-08 2-19. Lustre vitreous. Color Faroe. white, flesh-red ; streak uncolored. Transparent- translucent. Fracture uneven. Brittle. Double refraction weak ; in po- larized light, images rather confused; axis in some crystals (Bohemia) negative, in others (from Andreasberg) positive ; Descl. HYDROUS SILICATES, ZEOLITE SECTION. 435 Var. 1. Ordinary. The most common form is the fundamental rhombohedron, hi which the angle is so near 90 that the crystals were at first mistaken for cubes. R A R= 94 46', Phillips, Haid. ; 94 36', fr. Kilmalcolm, Tamnau ; 94 68', fr. Riibendorfel, id. ; 95 2', fr. Fassa, id. ; 94 24', fr Oberstein, Breith. Acadialite, from Nova Scotia ( Acadia of the French of last century), is only a red- dish chabazite ; sometimes nearly colorless. In some specimens the coloring matter is arranged in a tesselated manner, or in layers, with the angles almost colorless. 2. Phacolite is a colorless variety occurring in twins of mostly a hexagonal form (f. 397), and often much modified so as to be lenticular in shape (whence the name, from ^UKOJ, a bean) ; the original was from Leipa in Bohemia; R A 7?= 94 24', fr Oberstein, Breith. 3. Haydenite is a yellowish variety in small crystals of the form in fig. 396, from Jones's Falls, near Baltimore, Md. ; the crystals are often twinned parallel to R. Chabazite crystals discovered by Ulrich in the Okerthal, Harz, in cavities in the granite, have G.=2-189, and their edges scratch glass (v. Rath, Pogg., cxxii. 404). Oomp. For most chabazite 0. ratio for R, S, Si, H=l : 3 : 8:6; corresponding to 4 Si, 2tl, ( Oa + (Na, K)), 6 H ; some, I : 3 : 9 : 6, the same in constituents except 4 Si. For the phacolite, according to Rammelsberg, 1:3:7:5. Analyses : 1-3, Hofmann (Pogg., xxv. 495) ; 4, Berzelius (Afh., vi. 190) ; 5, Rammelsberg (Handw., i. 149) ; 6, Thomson (Min., i. 334) ; 7, Connell (Edinb. J., 1829, 262); 8, Durocher (Ann. d. M., III. xix. 585); 9, Genth (Ann. Ch. Pharm., Ixvi. 274, 1848); 10, Engelhardt (Ann. Ch. Pharm., Ixv. 372); 11, Rammelsberg (2d Suppl., p. 34); 12, 13, A. A. Hayes (Am. J. Sci.. II. i. 122); 14, Rammelsberg (Pogg., Ixii. 149); 15, Anderson (Ed. N. Phil. J., 1843, 23); 16, Schroder (Jahrb. Min., 1860, 795) : Si l Ca Na & H 0-85=99-79 Hofmann. -99-91 Hofmann. 99-95 Hofmann. 99-52 Berzelius. = 100 Rammelsberg. 99-93 Thomson. 99-50 Connell. 99-63 Durocher. e 0-15=100-76 Genth. Mg 0-26 Engelhardt. = 1 00 Rammelsberg. = 99-54 Hayes. =99-69 Hayes. = 100 Rammelsberg. Mg 0-14, e 0-43=99-95 Anderson. Ba 0-48, Sr 0-32= 100-40 Schroder. The baryta and strontia of the Oberstein crystals were first detected by spectral analysis ; and by the same method the absence of these earths from the Iceland was ascertained. Delesse obtained in an analysis of haydenite, made on too small an amount of material to be correct (Rev. Sci., xxv. 107), Si 49-5, 3fcl, e 23-5, Ca 2'70, Mg tr., K 2-50, H 21'0=99'2. Silli- man's analysis (This Min., 2d ed.) is wholly erroneous. Pyr., etc. According to Damour, crystals from Dyrefiord, Iceland, and Riibendorfel, Bohemia, lost 7-2 p. c. after 5 mos. in dried air; after some months in the free air again had regained this, and also an excess of 0-15 p. c. Heated for 1 h. to 100 C., the loss was 2'75 p. c.; to 180, 14 p. c.; to 230, 17 p. c.; to 300, 19 p. c.; this loss was reduced to zero in 8 days; at a dull red heat, the loss was 21 p. c., and the mineral was no longer hygroscopic ; at a bright red, it lost 22*4 p. c., intumesced, and was partially fused. Phacolite of Scotland [Ireland?] lost 7 p. c. after 7 mos. in dried air; and 4 months after, in an atmosphere saturated with moisture, it had an excess of 12 '5 p. c., which it lost very nearly again in ordinary air. Heated to 100 C., the loss was 3*7 p. c.; to 210, 15 - 7 p. c. ; to 290- 360, 18 p. c.; and after 48 hours' exposure to the free air, the amount lost was restored. At a dull red heat, the loss was 22-2 p. c. ; at a bright red, 22*8 p. c., and the material was fused to a blebby enameL B.B. intumesces and fuses to a blebby glass, nearly opaque. Decomposed by muriatic acid, with separation of slimy silica. Obs. Chabazite occurs mostly in trap, basalt, or amygdaloid, and occasionally in gneiss, syenite, mica schist, hornblendic schist. Occurs at the Faroe Islands, Greenland, and Iceland, associated with chlorite and stilbite ; at Aussig in Bohemia, in a kind of greenstone (the graustein of "Werner) ; at Obersteiu, with harmo- tome ; at Annerode, near Giessen ; at the Giant's Causeway, Kilmalcolm (some an inch across) ; Renfrewshire, Isle of Skye, etc. ; Poonah in Hindostan, etc. In Nova Scotia, wine-yellow or flesh- 1. Parsboro, N. S. 51-46 17-65 8-91 1-09 0-17 19-66, 2. Fassathal 48-63 19-52 10-22 0-56 0-28 20-70- 3. M 48-18 19-27 9-65 1-54 0-21 21-10 = 4. Gustafsberg 50-65 17-90 9-37 1-70 19-90= 5. Aussig 48-36 18-62 9-73 0-25 2-56 [20-47] 6. Kilmalcolm 48-76 17-44 10-47 1-55 21-72 = 7. 50-14 17-48 8-47 2-58 20-83 = 8. Faroe 47-75 20-85 5-74 2-34 1-65 21-30= 9. Annerode 47-00 19-71 10-63 0-65 0-33 22-29, 10. Giessen 48-31 19-47 11-01 1-17 19-65, 11. Parsboro 52-14 19-14 7-84 0-71 0-98 19-19 = 12. Acadialite 52-02 17-88 4-24 4-07 3-03 18-30= 13. u 52-20 18-27 6-58 2- 12 2052= 14. Leipa, Phacolite 46-33 21-87 10-40 0-95 1-29 [19-16] 15. u u 45-63 19-48 13-30 1-68 1-31 17-98, 16. Oberstein 50-19 17-45 7-13 2-12 0-62 22-09, 436 OXYGEN COMPOUNDS. red (the last the acadialite), associated with heulandite, analcite, and calcite, at Five Islands, Swan's Creek, Digby Neck, Mink Cove, "William's Brook. Phacolite occurs at Leipa in Bohemia ; also at Salesel and Wannow, in Bohemia ; in Antrim, Ireland, at Giant's Causeway. Both massive and incrusted at the Paugatuck stone-quarry, Stonington, Conn., with scapolite, sphene, and apatite ; also yellowish-red in North Killingworth, on the Essex turnpike ; at Had- lyme, Conn., on gneiss ; in syenite at Charlestown, Mass. ; also at Chester, Mass., in amygdaloid ; at Bergen Hill, N. J., in small crystals ; in the same rock at Piermont, N. Y. ; in fissures in horn- blendic gneiss at Jones's Falls, near Baltimore (hayd&nite), with heulandite. Phacolite has been reported from New York Island. At Husavic, Iceland, fossil clam shells (Venus) occur in a recent deposit, lined within with small rhombohedrons of chabazite. Daubree states that crystals occur at the warm springs of Luxeuil, Dept. of Haute Saone, France, as well as at those of Plombieres, under conditions which indicate that they were formed through the agency of the warm waters ; the temperature at Luxeuil is 115 F., and at Plombieres 163 F. The name Chabazite is from xaa Iceland > Damour, and Sicily, v. Walters- hausen Lustre vitreous. Color white, sometimes reddish Streak un- colored. Translucent opaque. HYDROUS SILICATES, ZEOLITE SECTION. 439 Comp. 0. ratio for E, &, Si, H=l : 3 : 8 : 5 ; corresponding to 4 Si, 2tl, (f- Ca + $ K), 5 H= Silica 47-9, alumina 20*5, lime 7*4, potash 6-3, water 17'9 = 100. Analyses: 1, 2, Gmelin (Leonh. ZS. Min., 1825); 3, 4, Kobler (Pogg., xxxvii.); 5, Connel (Ediub. Phil. J., xxxv. 1843, 375); 6, 7, Damour (Ann. d. M., IV. ix. 336); 8, Genth (Ann. Ch. Pharm., Ixvi. 272); 9, 10, Waltershausen (Vulk. Gest., 263): 3Pe 0-99 = 100-38 Gmelin. 3Pe 0-18=100-62 Gmelin. =99-49 Kohler. = 100-22 Kohler. = 100-21 Connel. G. = 2'17. = 100-73 Damour. = 100-00 Damour. e 0-24, Ba tr. 100-35 G. e 2-64% Mg 1-60 = 100-34 W. 3Pe 0-71, Mg 1-42=98-91 W. Si XI Oa Na K H 1. Marburg 48-51 21-76 6-26 6-33 17-23, 2. if 48-02 22-61 6-56 7-50 16-75, 3. u 50-45 21-78 6-50 3-95 16-82: 4. Cassel 48-22 28-33 7-22 3-89 17-55: 5. G. Causeway 47-35 21-80 4-85 3-70 5-55 16-96: 6. Iceland 48-41 22-04 8-49 6-19 15-60 = 7. M 50-16 20-94 7-74 6-50 14-66: 8. Marburg 48-17 21-11 6-97 0-63 6-61 16-62, 9. Aci Castello, Sic. 48-53 19-88 2-92 6-18 3-82 14-76, 10. Palagonia, Sic. 48-37 21-07 3-24 3-41 6-15 14-54, Probably as phosphate. Marignac published as an analysis of the philhpsite of C. di Bove results differing widely from the above. See page 418, under GISMONDITE. Pyr., etc. According to Damour, the Kaiserstuhl crystals (mixed with a little faujasite) lose 8 p. c. after a month in dried air, and regain all again in ordinary air in 24 hours. Heated to 50 C. for an hour, the mineral loses 12 -3 p. c., and recovers nearly all in 24 hours' exposure to ordinary air, but becomes a powder and opaque (the faujasite remaining transparent). Heated to 150 C., the loss is 16 p. c., and only 0-8 p. c. after exposure again to the air for 4 days. At 250 C., the loss is 18-5 p. c., part of which is due to the faujasite; it is reduced to 9 p. c. in the free air. B.B. crumbles and fuses at 3 to a white enamel. Gelatinizes with muriatic acid. Obs. In translucent crystals in amygdaloid, at the Giant's Causeway, Ireland ; in small color- less crystals, and in spheroidal groups, in leucitophyr, at Capo di Bove, near Rome ; in crystals and radiating masses at Aci Castello and elsewhere in Sicily; among the lavas of Somma; at Stempel, near Marburg; Habichtswalde, near Cassel; Annerode, near Giessen ; near Eisenach, in Saxe Weimar; Petersberg, in Siebengebirge ; Laubach, in Hesse Darmstadt; in Kaiserstuhl, with faujasite ; at Hartlingen, Duchy of Nassau ; in Silesia ; Bohemia ; on the west coast of Iceland, the shores of Dyrefiord. Very small transparent crystals, of recent formation, in the masonry at the hot baths of Plombieres, France, observed by Daubree, are stated by Senarmont to have the angles, and by Descloizeaux the optical characters, of phillipsite. Named after the English mineralogist, J. Phillips. The name christianite was given by Des- cloizeaux (after Christian VIII. of Denmark) to the Marburg harmotome and crystals from Iceland; and in his Man. Min., 1862, he places all of phillipsite under his name christianite. On cryst. see Descl., 1. c., and Min., i. 399 ; v. Rath, ZS. G., xviii. 530, from whom the above figures are taken. 390. HARMOTOME. Spatum calcarium cryst. dodecaedrum album, opacum, et lamellis quatuor erectis, etc. (fr. Zellerfeld), v. Born, Lithoph., ii. 81, Tab. I., f. 1 ; Figura hyacin- thica, etc. : hse crystalli non sunt calcarese, sed silicese, Bergm., Opusc., ii. 7, 1780. Hyacinte blanche Demeste, Lett. 417, var. 5, 1779. Hyacinte blanche cruciforme de Lisle, Crist, ii. 299, pi. iv. f. 119 (good), 1783. KreuzkristaUe Heyer, v. Trebra's Erfahrungen, etc., 89 ; Crell's Ann., i. 212, 1789. Kreutzstein Wern, Karsten, Lempe's Mag., ii. 58, 59, 1786. Andreasbergolite Delametherie, Sciagr., i. 267, 1792. Andreolite Ddameth., T. T., ii. 285, 1797. Staurolite Kir- wan, i. 282, 1794. Ercinite Napione, Elem. Min., 239, 1797. Harmotome Haiiy, Tr., iii. 1801. Pierre cruciforme Brochant, i. 311, 1808. Morvenite Thorn., Min., i. 351, 1836. Baryt-Harmo- tome. Orthorhombic. /A 1= 124 47'. Observed planes : 0, 7, 1, 4 ; 1, 4, and sometimes /, hemihedral. O A 1=120 28' A 4=98 22 I/\ 1=149 32' 1 A 1, ov. 7,=119 3 1 A i, adj.,=121 6' / A j, adj.,=110 26 440 OXYGEN COMPOUNDS. Cleavage : 7, 0, easy. Simple crystals unknown. Twins : 1. Composition- face /, f. 403, 404 ; f. 403 elongated, and f. 404 shortened in the direction 404 405 403 Andreasberg. Strontian. 406 Andreasberg. of the vertical axis ; both penetration-twins, the two an- .^\N. terior quadrants twinned parallel to 7, and then these /^7i\^\ parts prolonged backward in the direction of the shorter ^^^\\-J] diagonal, making a crystal composed of two intersecting crystals, but apparently composed of 4 parts ; each part having one narrow plane 1 between two planes 1, and one broad 7, because the form 1 is hemihedral, the planes occurring only on one of the two basal edges of either half of the prism. 2. Composition the same, but twins double twins, as in f. 405 ; also in f. 406. which is like f. 405 in a different position, except in the enlargement of planes 1 and the consequent absence of the terminal planes 7, the large lateral planes corresponding to 4 (9's and each reentering pair to 4 7s. Unknown massive. H.=i4-5. G.=2'44 2-45. Lustre vitreous. Color white ; passing into gray, yellow, red, or brown. ' Streak white. Subtransparent translucent. Fracture uneven, imperfectly conchoidal. Brittle. Double refraction weak. Optic-axial plane if, (having the direction of the lines in base in f. 404) ; acute bisectrix positive. Dispersion inappreciable. Var. The variety morvenite, from Strontian, Scotland, occurs in transparent and translucent brilliant crystals like fig. 403. ^. = 2-447, Damour. Oomp. 0. ratio for R, JJ, Si,H=l : 3 : 10 : 5 (or 4); corresponding to 5 Si, &1, a, 5H= Silica 46-5, alumina 15*9, baryta 23'7, water 13-9 = 100. Analyses: 1, Kohler (Pogg., xxxvii. 561); 2, Rammelsberg (Handw., i. 200); 3, id. (Pogg., ex. 624) ; 4, 5, Kohler (1 c.) ; 6, Rammelsberg (Pogg., ex. 624) ; 7, Connel (Ed. K Phil. J., July, 1832, 33); 8, Damour (Ann. d. M., IY. ix. 336, and C. R., xxii. 745); 9, 10, Damour (Ann. d. M., IV. ix. 345) : Si 3cl tea Ca ]STa K fi 15-03 = 100-08 Kohler. 14-66 = 100-27 Rammelsberg. 13-00=99-99 Rammelsberg. 15-24=99-77 Kohler. 15-11=99-96 Kohler. 13-45=100-25 Ramm. 14-92, e 0-24=10011 Connel. 13-19, e 0-51=99-76 Damour. 14-16, 3Pe 0-65 = 101-21 Damour. 14-16, Fe 0-56=99-47 Damour. Pyr., etc. According to Damour, the Scotch hannotome loses 4'3 p. c. by 6 mos.' exposure to dried air. Heated to 100 C. it loses 1-8 p. c. ; between 100 and 150, 9-9 p. c. ; between 100 1. Andreasberg 46-63 16-82 20-32 0-26 1-02 2. Andreasberg 48-74 17-65 19-22 8. d 48-49 16-35 20-08 tr. 2-07 4. Oberstein 46-65 16-54 19-12 1-10 1-10 5. Strontian 46-10 16-41 20-81 0-63 : 0-90 6. u 47-52 16-94 20-25 - 1-09 1-00 7. u 47-04 15-24 20-85 o-io 0-84 0-88 8. ii 47-74 15-68 21-06 0-80 0-78 9. Morveniie 47-60 16-39 20-86 0-74 0-81 10. d 47-59 16-71 20-45 HYDKOUS SILICATES, ZEOLITE SECTION. 441 and 190, 13-5 p. c.; and after 24 h. exposure to the ordinary air, what is lost is restored. At a dull red heat the loss is 14-65 p. c., and the mineral is disaggregated ; the total loss at a bright red heat is 14-70 p. c. B.B. whitens, then crumbles and fuses without intumescence at 35 to a white translucent glass. Some varieties phosphoresce when heated. Decomposed by muriatic acid without gelatinizing. Obs. Harmotome occurs in amygdaloid, phonolite, trachyte; also on gneiss, and in some metalliferous veins. Occurs at Strontian, in Scotland, in fine crystals, some an inch through ; in a metalliferous vein at Andreasberg in the Harz ; at Kudelstadt in Silesia ; Schiffenberg, near Giessen ; at Schima and Hauenstein in Bohemia ; near Eschwege in Hesse ; at Oberstein in Birkenfeld, im- planted on agate in siliceous geodes ; at Kongsberg in Norway ; with analcite in the amygdaloid of Dumbartonshire. Named from 'a^oV, joint, and r^i/w, to cut, alluding to the fact that the octahedron (made by the planes 1) divides parallel to the plane that passes through the terminal edges. On cryst. see Levy's Heuland ; Descloizeaux, Ann. d. M., IV. ix. 839, and Min., i. 412. The prismatic angle 124 47' gives for the prism i-% the angle 87 26' and 92 34', which is near the angle in phillipsite ; so that while phillipsite has the 0. ratio for bases and silica of a bisilicate and the angle /A /of pyroxene, harmotome has the 0. ratio nearly and angle /A I of horn- blende. Damour and Descloizeaux show morvenite to be harmotome (Ann. d. M., IV. ix. 339). The name Andreolite of Delametherie (derived from the locality at Andreasberg) has the priority, and also Eremite of Napione ; but Haiiy substituted harmotome, of no better signification, and all subsequent mineralogists have followed him. 391. HYPOSTILBITE. Beudant (fr. Faroe), Min., ii. 119, 1832. Desmin, Puflerit, Bukeisen, Ber. Ak. Wien, xxiv. 286, 1857. In small concretions, compactly fine fibrous within ; also in large radiate- fibrous or columnar masses. H. = 3'5 4. G-. 2*1 2'25. Lustre vitreous, strongly so to feebly shining. Color white, sometimes greenish-white. Transparent to trans- lucent. Comp., Var. 0. ratio for ~&, S, Si, S=l : 3 : 9 : 6, corresponding to 4 Si, 3tl, ($ Ca+f Na), 6H=, if &=Ca, Silica 50'3, alumina 19*2, lime 10-4, water 20'1 = 100. The ordinary hypostil- bite contains some soda, with Na : Ca=2 : 7, nearly; while the variety pufterite is without alkalies. G. of hypostilbite, 2'14, Beudant ; 2'18, Haughton ; 2'252, Mallet ; of puflerite, 2, Bukeisen ; 2-21, Damour. In puflerite the fibres have two unequal cleavages, at right angles with one another, with lustre strongly vitreous. Double refraction is strong ; axial divergence small ; bisectrix parallel to the sides of the fibres and negative ; axial plane parallel to the plane of more difficult cleavage; Descl. Analyses: 1, Beudant (Min., ii. 120); 2, Dumenil (ib.); 3, Mallet (Am. J Sci., II. xxii. 179); 4, Haughton (Phil. Mag., IV. xiii. 510); 5, id. (ib., xxxii. 224); 6, Bukeisen (Ber. Ak. Wien, xxiv. 286) : fl 18-70=99-96 Beudant. 18-75=99-50 Dumenil. 12-42 = 100-23 Mallet. 17-83=99-97 Haughton. 18-52=98-75 Haughton. 17-16=98-09 Bukeisen. Thomson found (Min., i. 345) a "red stilbite " from Dumbarton to contain Si 52-50, l 17'32, Oa 11-52, H 18-45=99-79. As he calls the mineral red stilbite from Dumbarton, a noted local- ity of red stilbite familiar to him, and stilbite is easily distinguished by its pearly cleavage, it is far safer to give credit to his mineralogical opinion than to his analysis. Until hypostilbite is an- nounced on good authority from Dumbarton, the analysis may, therefore, be taken only as a coin- cidence by error. Pyr., etc. According to Beudant, intumesces a little, and fuses with difficulty on the edges; attacked by acids without gelatinizing. According to Mallet, gelatinizes readily with acids. Puflerite, according to Bukeisen, intumesces much, and fuses easily to a snow-white blebby glass. Si 1 Mg Ca Na & 1. Faroe 52-43 18-32 8-10 2-41 2. Dalsnypen 52-25 18-75 7-36 2-39 3. Skye 53-95 20-13 tr. 12-86 0-87 4. a 52-40 17-98 0-36 9-97 1-40 0-03 5. Bombay 52-80 17-12 tr. 7-89 2-35 0-07 6. Pufterite 52-84 16-30 11-19 442 OXYGEN COMPOUNDS. Obs. Hypostilbite occurs on the island of Faroe with stilbite and epistilbite, forming fibrous nodules or concretions in amygdaloid; on the island of Skye, in a similar manner; in the Ner- budda valley, and near Bombay in India, in the same rock, constituting large, fibrous, transparent masses, radiated like natrolite or thomsonite. Puflerite occurs at Pufler-loch in the Seiser Alps, Tyrol, in cavities in melaphyre, with analcite and chabazite, and often implanted on these minerals in small concretions. Named from '***, below, and stilbite, in allusion to its containing less silica than stilbite. It has been considered altered stilbite. 392. STILBITE. Zeolit pt. Cronst., Ak. H. Stockh., 1756; Zeolites cryst, crystalli ad centrum tendentes (fr. Gustafsberg, etc.), Cronst., 102, 1758. Z. facie Selenitica lamellaris, Blattricher Zeolit pt., Watt., Min., i. 313, 1772. Strahliger Zeolith Wern., Ueb. Cronst, 242, 1780. Strahl-Zeolith (var. of Z.) Wern., 1800, Ludwig., L 49, 1803. Radiated Zeolite. Zeolite nacree, Stilbite, Delameth., T.T., ii. 305, 1797. Stilbite (Heulandite incl.) H., J. d M., iii. 66, 1798, Tr., iii. 1801, 1822 ;= Strahl-Zeolith Hoffm., Min., ii. 237, 1812. Desmine [= Stilbite with Heul. excl.] Breith., Hoffm. Min., iv. b, 40, 1818 ;=Stilbite Brooke, Ed. PhD. J., vi. 112, 1822. Sphasrostilbite Beud., Tr., ii. 120, 1832. Syhedrite Shepard, Am. J. Sci., II. xL 110, 1865. Orthorhombic. /A 7=94 16' (whence i-2 A ^-2=130 12', analogue of /A /in heulandite) ; 1 A 1, front,=119 16', side, 114 0', i-1 A O=90. Brooke and Miller make A i-1 or i 1= 90, i-1 A 1=123, i4 A 1=120 22'. Cleavage : i% perfect, i-l less so. Forms as in f. 40T ; more common with the prism flattened par- allel to i-% or the cleavage-face, and pointed at the extrem- ities ; sometimes with the vertical edges replaced by the prism I. Twins: cruciform, composition-face 1-z, rare. Common in sheaf-like aggregations ; divergent or radiated ; sometimes globular and thin lamellar-columnar. H.=3-5-4. G.=2-094 2-205; 2161, Haidinger. Lustre of i-i pearly ; of other faces vitreous. Color white ; occasionally yellow, brown, or red, to brick-red. ' Streak uncolored. Transparent translucent. Fracture uneven. Brittle. Double refraction strong ; optic-axial plane i4 ; divergence 50 55 ; bisectrix negative, perpendicular to O: fiescl. Var. 1. Ordinary. Either (a) in crystals, flattened and pearly parallel to the plane of cleavage, or sheaf-like or divergent groups ; or (b) in radiated stars or hemispheres, with the radiating indi- viduals showing a pearly cleavage surface. Sphcerostilbite Beud. is in spheres, radiated within, with a pearly fracture, rather soft externally, but harder at centre, and havingG. = 2'31. Heddle shows that it is stilbite impure from mixture with mesolite ; the original was from Faroe. Comp. 0. ratio 1:3:12:6; corresponding to 6 S*i, l, 409 35', I A 7=136 1-065 , A 14=156 45' ; a : I : c= 1 : 24785. Observed planes as in the annexed figures. 410 A 2^=116 20 r A -2-^=114 -* A -2-^=129 40 i4 A -1=106 3 i-l A 7=111 58 -1 A -1=146 56 Jones's Falls. Cleavage : clinodiagonal (i-l) eminent. Also in globular forms ; also granular. H.=3-5-4. G.=2-2, Haidinger ; 2-195, Faroe Islands, Thomson ; 2-175, Iceland. Lustre of i-\ strong pearly; of other faces vitreous. Color various shades of white, passing into red, gray, HYDROUS SILICATES, ZEOLITE SECTION. 445 and brown. Streak white. Transparent subtranslucent. Fracture sub- conchoidal, uneven. Brittle. Double refraction weak ; optic-axial plane normal to i-l ; bisectrix positive, parallel to the horizontal diagonal of the base; Descl. Comp. 0. ratio 1:3:12:5, corresponding to 6 Si, 3fel, j0o$ Theophr, Magnetis, Germ. Talck, Glimmer, ^L^nc., Foss., 254, Interpr., 466, 1546. Talk, Creta Brianzonia, C. Hispanica, C. Sartoria, Telgsten= Lapis Ollaris, Wall, Min., 133, 134, 1747. Talcum, Talgsten, Specksten, Steatites, Cronst., Min., 89, 75, 1758. Talc, Soapstone, Steatite, Potstone. Craie de Briancon, etc. Ft: Pyrallolite pt. Nordensh, Schw. J., xxxi. 389, 1820. Rensselaeritc Emmons, Rep. G. of K Y,, 1837, 152. Orthorhombic. I /\ /=120. Occurs rarely in hexagonal prisms and plates. Cleavage : basal, eminent. Foliated massive ; sometimes in globu- 452 OXYGEN COMPOUNDS. lar and stellated groups ; also granular massive, coarse or fine ; also com- pact or cryptocrystalline. H.=l 1-5. G.=2'565 2'8. Lustre pearly. Color apple-green to white, or silvery- white ; also greenish-gray and dark green; sometimes bright green perpendicular to cleavage surface, and brown and less trans- lucent at right angles to this direction ; brownish to blackish-green and reddish when impure. Streak usually white; of dark green varieties, lighter than the color. Subtransparent subtranslucent. Sectile in a high degree. Thin laminae flexible, but not elastic. Feel greasy. Optic- axial plane i-l ; bisectrix negative, normal to the base ; Descl. Var. 1. Foliated, Talc. Consists of folia, usually easily separated, having a greasy feel, and presenting ordinarily light green, greenish-white, and white colors. Gr. = 2'55 2'78. 2. Massive, Steatite or Soapstone (Speckstein Germ.), (a) Coarse granular, gray, grayish-green, and brownish-gray in colors; H. = l 2-5. Pot-stone or Lapis ollaris (Topfstein) is ordinary soap- stone, more or less impure, (b) Fine granular or cryptocrystalline, and soft enough to be used as chalk; as the French chalk (Craie de Briancori), which is milk-white, with a pearly lustre, (c) Rensselaerite, cryptocrystalline, or wax-like in composition, but often having the form and cleavage of sahlite or pyroxene, and evidently pseudomorphous ; colors whitish, yellowish, grayish, green- ish-white to very dark, and sometimes pearl-white; H.=3 4; G.=2-874. Beck; 2-767, fr. Gren- ville, 2-644, fr. Charleston Lake, hi Canada, Hunt; usually translucent in pieces a fourth of an inch thick. Some agalmatolite is here included, (d) Indurated talc. An impure slaty talc, harder than ordinary talc. Talcose slate is a dark, slaty, argillaceous rock, having a somewhat greasy feel, which it owes to the presence of more or less talc. Pyrallohte is partly pseudomorphous steatite, after pyroxene, like rensselaerite. It varies ex- ceedingly in composition, as shown by Arppe and others, and as recognized by A. B. Norden- skiold in his Finland Mineralogy, the silica ranging from 49 to 76 p. c. It includes pyroxene, therefore, in various stages of steatitic alteration. Three analyses are given beyond (Nos. 37-39), and others on p. 221, under pyroxene. Anal. 40 is of the same material from Finland, referred by Scheerer to his pitkarandite. The true pitkarandite is similar, but afforded 12*71 p. c. of Fe, aud 9-17 Ca (see anal., p. 221). Comp. 0. ratio for Mg, Si=l : 2, with a varying amount of water^in both talc and steatite, from a fraction of a per cent, to 7 p. c. In some, the ratio for Mg, Si, H=l : 2 : , correspond- ing to the formula, the water being basic, (fMg+l-H) Si Silica 62*8, magnesia 33*5, water 3'7 = 100. In the larger part about 1:2$: i=(Mg+iH) Si+iV H= Silica 62 -p, magnesia 33'1, water 4-9=100. The formula is commonly written Mg 6 S*i 5 +2 H. The water is driven off only at a high temperature, and in some analyses that have been made it has, on this account, not been detected. Anal. 33-36, by Lychnell, Kersten, Genth, and Senft, afford nearly the formula M.g Q S"i 3 . It may be that free silica (quartz) is sometimes present, and that thence comes an occasional excess of this ingredient. Analyses: 1, Marignac (Bibl. Univ., 1844); 2, Klaproth (Beitr.. v. 60); 3, J. Schneider (J. pr. Oh., xliii. 316); 4, Hermann (J. pr. Oh., xlvi. 231); 5, 6, v. Kobell (Kastn. Arch. Nat, xii. 29); 7, Beck (Min. N. Y., 297); 8, Delesse (Rev. Scientif., etc.); 9, Wackenroder (J. pr. Ch., xxii. 8); 10, Delesse (1. c.); 11, T. S. Hunt (Rep. G-. Can.. 1857, 454, and 1863, 470); 12-22, Scheerer and Richter (Pogg., Ixxxiv. 321); 23-25, T. S. Hunt (1. c., 469, 470); 26, Brandes (Jahresb., iv. 156); 27, Scheerer (L c.); 28, T. S. Hunt (1. c.); 29, Scheerer (1. c.); 30, Tengstrom (Jahresb., iv. 156); 31-33, Lychnell (Pogg., xxxviii. 147); 34, Kersten (J. pr. Ch., xxxvii. 164); 35, Genth (Am. J. Sci., II. xxxiii. 200); 86, Senft (ZS. Gr., xiv. 167); 37, Nordenskiold (Schw. J., xxxi. 38y); 38, 39, Arppe (Finsk. Min., 43, 44, Act. Soc. Sci. Fenn., 1857); 40, Scheerer (Pogg., xciii. lu3): Si l Fe Mg H 1. Chamouni, Fol. talc 62'58 1-98 35-40 0*04=100 Marignac. 2. St. Gothard, " 62-00 2'25 30'50 0'50, K 2-75=98-00 Klaproth. 3. China, Agalmat. 63'29 0'53 2-27 31'92 0'78, Mn 0'23=99'02 Schneider. 4. Slatoust, Talc 59-21 2'26 34'42 1-00=99-39 Hermann. 5. Katharinenb., " 62'80 0'60 MO 31-92 1-92=98-34 Kobell. 6. G-reiner, 62-80 I'OO 1'60 32-40 2-30=100-10 KobeU. 7. Canton, N. Y., Eenss. 59 '7 5 3 '40 32-90 2-85, Oa 1-00=99-90 Beck. 8. ZiUerthal, Talc 63'00 tr. 33'60 3-40 = 100 Delesse. HYDROUS SILICATES, MAKGAROPHYLLITE SECTION. 453 Si Xl Fe H 3-48 = 99-15 Wackenroder. 3-83=98-96 Delesse, 4-40, Ni Hauer. 18-7, clay 1-2=98-6 Berthier. 23-00=100-20 Dufrenoy. 18-63, Ca 0-19, Cu 0'9=100'3 J. 21-56 Biewend. 21-82, Fe 2-26, Ca 1-11 = 100-48 Mehn, 20-38 = 102-91 Mehuer. 10*00=100 Muller. 9-79=100 Uricpechea. 25-10, Fe 6-10, Mn 0-15=100 Kerst. 23-36, Fe 2'80, Mn 0'67, Ca 0'56, K M4 = 100 Bergemann. 24-50=97-41 Kersten. Si Pe ^1 Mg 1. Unghwar, compact 46 33 1 2 2. earthy 45-00 32-00 0-75 2-00 3. Steinberg, comp. 71-6 16-3 2-1 1-5 4. earthy 39-7 28-0 3-7 2-4 5. Ceylon 53-00 26-04 1-80 1-40 6. Unghwarite (1)57-76 Fe 20-86 7. Nontron, Nontronite 44'0 29-0 3-6 2-1 8. Villefrance, " 40'68 30-19 3-96 2-37 9. Montmort, " 41'31 35-69 3-31 10. Andreasberg, " 41-10 37-30 11. " gnh. 40-50 33-71 1-09 12. " bk. 46-21 36-32 tr. 1 3. Tirschenreuth, Nontr. 47'1 35-75 7-15 tr. 14. " " 47-59 42-49 0-13 a 15. Wolfenstein, Pinguite 36-90 29-50 1-80 0-45 16. Gh-amenite 38'39 25-46 6-87 0'75 17. Fettbol 46-40 23-50 3-01 a With some potash. 462 OXYGEN COMPOUNDS. Kobell found, after expelling the water (J. pr. Chem., xliv. 95) : 1. Haar Si 52-10 e 40-60 l 3'00 Ca 1-60 Mg 1 '08=98-33. 2. Hungary 52'33 43'34 2'32 0'93 0-73=99'65. ' This chemist regards the chloropal as a mixture of Pe Si 3 +2 H and opal; and he writes the same formula for nontronite and pinguite. Pyr., etc. Yields water. B.B. infusible, but turns black and becomes magnetic. With the fluxes gives reactions for iron. Chloropal is partially decomposed by muriatic acid ; pinguite is completely decomposed, with separation of pulverulent silica, while nontronite gelatinizes with muriatic acid. Obs. Localities are mentioned above. The locality of chloropal at Meenser Steinberg (anal. 3) is near Gottingen ; pinguite occurs also at Sternberg in Moravia. Named from x* M P ( i 9 reen i an( i opal. Chloropal also occurs (Church, Chem. News, 1866, ii. 71) in a china-stone quarry, near the old tin mine known as Carclase, not far from St. AusteU, in Cornwall, associated with fluor ; it is the variety which has been named gramenite. 409. GLAUCONITE. Glaukonit Keferstein, Deutsch. geol. dargest., v. 510, 1828, Glocker, Handb., 832, 1831. Griinerde pt. Germ. Green Earth pt. Terre verte pt. Fr. Chloro- phanerit Jenzsch, Jahrb. Min., 798, 1855. Amorphous, and resembling earthy chlorite. Either in cavities in rocks, or loosely granular massive. H.=2. G.=2*2 2*4. Lustre dull, or glistening. Color olive-green, blackish-green, yellowish-green, grayish-green. Opaque. Comp., Var. Essentially a hydrous silicate of iron and potash ; but the material is mostly, if not always, a mixture, and consequently varies much in composition. In most of the analyses the state of oxydation of the iron was riot determined. Haushofer, who examined this point, gives as the most common oxygen ratio for K, B, Si, ft, 1:3:9: 3, and writes the formula K Si-f R Si 2 +3 H=(if R=| Fe+ K, and fi= 3Pe+fc 3fcl) Silica 49-3, alumina 3'6, sesquioxyd of iron 22-7, protoxyd of iron 6'3, potash 8-3, water 9-6. The ratio is that of a hornblende, and especially acmite, excepting the water and the presence of potash in place of soda, this ratio between the bases and silica being 1 : 2^. Differs from celadonite in being decomposed by muriatic acid. The kinds of glauconite are : 1. Green earth of cavities in eruptive rocks ; to which the chlorophanerite of G. Jensch may perhaps be added. 2. Green grains of sand beds or rocks, as of the green sand of the chalk formation, rarely found in limestones ; called glauconite (in allusion to the green color). H. = 2; G. = 2'29 2'35 ; color olive-green to yellowish-green. Analyses: 1, Delesse (Bib. Univ. Gen. 1848, June, 106); 2, 3, Waltershausen (Vulk. Gest, 301); 4, G Jenzsch (L c.) ; 5, S. L. Dana (Hitchcock's G. R. Mass., 93, 1841) ; 6-8, Eogers (G. Rep N. J., 201-204); 9, Fisher (Am. J. Sci., II. ix. 83); 10, Berthier (Ann. d. M., xiii.); 11, D. H. von Dechen(Verh. nat. Ver. Bonn, 1855, 176); 12, W. van der Marck (ib., 1855, 263); 13-15, Mallet (Am. J. ScL, II. xxiii. 181); 16-18, T. S. Hunt (Rep. G. Can., 1863, 486-488); 19, 20, Berthier; 21-27, Haushofer (J. pr. Oh., xcvii. 353); 28, id. (ib., cii. 38); 29, H. Wurtz (Am. J 1. From eruptive rocks. Si 3tl e Fe Mg Ca fra K H 1. Mt. Baldo 51-25 7'25 20'72 5-98 1*92 6'21 6-49=100 Delesse. 2. Berufiord, Icel'd 62*04 4'93 25'54 4'26 1-38 6'03 5'19=99'37 Waltersh. 3. Eskifiord, " 60-09 5'28 15'72 4'96 0'09 2'51 5'04 4'44= 98-13 Waltersh. 4. ChloropJianerite 5 9 -4 undet. 12*3 undetermined 5 '7 Jenzsch. 2. Glauconite, from sedimentary leds; or, rarely, from limestone strata. 5. Gay Head, Mass. 56'70 13'32 2010 M8 1'62 =99-92 Dana. 6 * C WoTdstown, N.J. | 48 ' 45 6 - 30 24 - 31 12-01 8-40=99-47 Rogers. 7. Sculltown, N. J. 51'50 6*40 24-30 ir. 9-96 7-70=99*86 Rogers. HTDKOTJS SILICATES, MAEGAEOPHYLLITE SECTION. 463 8. 9. 10. 11. Si Poke Hill, I - n .,_- Burlingt.Co.,N.J. f 075 S. E. of Phil, in K J. 53*26 Germany 5-2-1 Essen, Westph. 58-17 1 6-50 3-85 6-2 10-09 Fe 22-14 24-15 2-2-1 18-75 Mg 1-10 4-3 3-37 Ca 1-73 1-60 fc 12-96 5-36 6-0 337 H 7-50=99-85 Rogers. 10-1 2 = 101-12 Fisher. 10-0 Berthier. 6-25 = 100 Dechen. 12. Werl, Westph. 53-46 5-00 21-78 6-21 8-79 [4-76] = 100Marck. 13. Coal Bluff, Ala. (I) 57-56 6-56 20-13 1-70 1-04 4-88 8-17 = 100-04 Mallett. 14. 58'91 b 5-48 19-24 0-87 0-71 4-58 8-17, pyrites T46=99-42 Mallet. 15. Gainesville, Ala. R. 58-74 c 4-71 21-06 1-48 0-92 3-26 9-79=99-96, Pe tr. Mall. 16. New Jersey 50-70 8-03 22-50 2-16 1-11 0-75 5-80 8-95 =100 Hunt. 17. Orleans Id., Can. 50-7 19-8 8-6 3-7 0-5 8-2 8-5 = 100 Hunt. 18. Red Bird, Miss. 46-58 11-45 20-61 1-27 2-49 0-98 6-96 9-66 = 100 Hunt. 19. Havre 49-7 6-9 19-5 10-6 12-0=98-7 Berthier. 20. Glaris 52-3 5-6 23-0 4-9 3-0 8-5=98-3 Borthier. 21. Kressenberg 49-5 3-2 22-2 6-8 8-0 9-5 = 99-2 Haushofer. 22. Roding 50-2 1-5 28-1 4-2 6-9 8-6=98-5 Haushofer. 23. (!) 49-4 7-1 20-07 3-8 5-75 12-75=98-87 Haushofer. 24. Benedictbeuern 47-6 4-2 21-6 3-0 1-4 2-4 4-6 14-7=99-5 Haushofer. '25. Ortenburg 48-99 6-4 25-8 4-8 tr. 0-78 5-18 8-98 =100-93 Haushofer. 26. Sorg 50-8 6-7 21-8 3-1 4-2 tr. 3-1 9-8=99-5 Haushofer. 27. Bayreuth (1)49-1 7-05236 3-25 5-75 10-1=98-85 Haushofer. 28. Havre, France 50-62 3-8021-03 6-02 7-14 9-14, Mg, Ca, C 1-11 = V v-- / 99 86 Haushofer. 29. ShrewsbVKJ. (|) 48-03 33-94 1-30 5-66 11-50=99-93 Wurlz. a 11-85 p. c. of Si O 2 insol. in carb. soda. b 23'89 p. c. of Si O a insol. in carb. soda. Anal. 3, G.=2'166; 13, G.=2'297 ; 15, G.=2-349; 16, 17, fr. Lower Silurian rocks of the Quebec Group; 18, fr. Lower Magnesian Limestone, Lower Silurian; 21-25, 28, 29, Cretaceous; 26, Jurassic; 27, Triassic (Muschelkalk). In 29, 4-81 out of the 1T50 H called hygroscopic. Pyr., etc. Yields water. Fuses easily to a dark magnetic glass. Some varieties are entirely decomposed by muriatic acid, while others are not appreciably attacked. A green calcite from Central India contains a skeleton of glauconite separable by acids constituting about 14 p. c. of the whole, which afforded S. Haughton, on analysis (Phil Mag., IV. xvii. 6), Si 54-59, 1 4'74, Fe 22-84, Mg 4*90, Ca 0-94, H and loss 11-99. He names the rock, which is a mixture of calcite and glauconite, Hislopite. An analysis by Haushofer of a glauconitic limestone (muschelkalk) from Wiirzburg is given in J. pr. Ch., xcix. 237. The glauconite grains are most abundant in the "green sand" of the chalk formation, some- times constituting 75 to 90 p. c. of the whole. They are often casts of the shells of Rhizopods. The material has also been found in Silurian rocks, and beds of other geological periods, and even in the shells of recent Rhizopods, and in fragments of coral obtained in deep sea soundings (Am. J. Sci., II. xxii. 281). The glauconite of the Silurian, analyzed by Hunt, contains less iron and more alumina than that of the chalk formation. The following are analyses of material usually called " green earth." It occurs often in the form of pseudomorphs ; that of Fassa having the form of pyroxene ; of Framont, lining pyroxene crystals and filling cavities among them, as if a result of their alteration. 1. 2, Rammelsberg (Min. Ch., 489); 3, Delesse (Ann. d. M., IV. iv. 351): Mg O H 1. 2. " 3. Framont Si l Pe Fe 45-87 11-18 24-63 0'28 1-50 5*52 9'82 Rammelsberg. 39-48 10-31 8-94 15-66 1'70 - 4-41 4'24, Ca 15-26 Rammelsberg. 43-50 16-61 8-88 11-83 6'66 - 0'69 3'14 7'15, Mn 0'80=99'26 Delesse. 410. CELADONITE. Terre verte de Verone de Lisk, Crist., ii. 502, 1783. Griinerde Hojfm., Bergm. J., 519, 1788. Green Earth pt. ; Green Earth of Verona. Seladonit Glock., Syn., 193, 1847. Celadonite Fr. Earthy or in minute scales, forming nodules or filling cavities in erup- tive rocks. Yery soft. Color deep olive-green, celandine-green, apple-green. Feel more or less greasy. 464: OXYGEN COMPOUNDS. Comp. Analysis by Klaproth (Beitr., iv. 239) : Mt. Baldo Si 53 JPe 23 &g 2 10 H 6 = 99. Pyr., etc. According to Klaproth, and also later, von Kobell, not acted on by muriatic acid. Obs. From cavities in amygdaloid at Mt. Baldo near Verona. Named in allusion to the ordinary color of the mineral, celadon-green, equivalent m French to sea-green (written Sdadon in German), for which term the English substituted celandme-green* Celadon is the name of one of the characters in a French romance by d Urfe, entitled Astree, published in 1610. He was a weak verdant lover of insipid tenderness, and thence the applica- tion to the above variety of green. D'Urfe borrowed the name from Ovid; it comes originally from KeXaSw, burning. II. UNISILICATES. 411. SERPENTINE. 'O^fr/?? pt. Dioscor., v. 161. Ophites pt. Vitruv., Plin. Ophitse, Ser- pentaria, Agric., Foss., 304, 309, 1546. Marmor Serpentinum, M. Zeblicium, Serpenstein Ger- manice, Lapis Serpentinus, B. de Boot, 1636, pp. 502, 504. Telgsten pt., Ollaris pt., Marmor Serpentinum, M. Zoblizense, Lapis Colubrinus, Wall., 135, 1747. Serpentine Fr. Trl. Wall., 1753. Serpentin, Zoblitzer S., Cronst., 76, 1758. Orthorhombic ? In distinct crystals, but only as pseudomorphs. Some- times foliated, folia rarely separable ; also delicately fibrous, tlie fibres often easily separable, and either flexible or brittle. Usually massive, fine gran- ular to impalpable or cryptocrystalline ; also slaty. H.=2'5 4, rarely 5'5. G.=2'5 2'65 ; some fibrous varieties 2-22*3 ; retinalite, 2'36 2'55. Lustre subresinous to greasy, pearly, earthy ; resin- like, or wax-like ; usually feeble. Color leek-green, blackish-green ; oil and siskin-green ; brownish-red, brownish-yellow ; none bright ; sometimes nearly white. On exposure, often becoming yellowish-gray. Streak white, slightly shining. Translucent opaque. Feel smooth, sometimes greasy. Fracture conchoidal or splintery. Polarization in crystals, none, or only irregular colors, as in amorphous or cryptocrystalline substances ; usually apparent in laminated and fibrous varieties, with the bisectrix negative and normal to the plane of lamination or to that of the fibrous structure. Var. Many unsustained species have been made out of serpentine, differing in structure (massive, slaty, foliated, fibrous), or, as supposed, in chemical composition; and these now, in part, stand as varieties, along with some others based on variations in texture, hardness, etc. A. MASSIVE. (1) Ordinary massive, (a) Precious or NoUe Serpentine (Edler Serpentin Germ.} is of a rich oil-green color, of pale or dark shades, and translucent even when in thick pieces ; and (&) Common Serpentine, when of dark shades of color, and subtranslucent. The former has a hardness of 2*53 ; the latter often of 4 or beyond, owing to impurities. 2. Resinous. Retinalite Thomson (Min., i. 201, 1836) is massive serpentine, having honey-yel- low to light oil-green colors, and waxy or resin-like lustre and aspect. H.=r3'5 ; G. = 2'47 2'52, Grenville, Hunt, 2'36 2*38, Calumet Id., Hunt. It much resembles deweylite. It affords, on analysis, 3 p. c. more of water than ordinary serpentine ; and it is probable that the mineral is a mixture of serpentine and deweylite. Named from pwf,, resin, and from specimens obtained at Grenville, C. W. Vorhauserite Kenngott (Min. Forsch., 1856-57, 71) is the same, though brown to greenish-black in color. H. 3'5 ; G.=2'45. From the Fleims valley, Tyrol. 3. Porcellanous ; Porcellophiie. The "meerschaum" of Taberg & Sala is a soft. earthy serpen- * Jameson has seladon-green (from Werner) in his Treatise on the External Characters of Miner- als, 1805 ; and celandine-green in his System of Mineralogy, L 466, 1816. HYDROUS SILICATES, MAKttAKOPHYLLITE SECTION. 465 tine, resembling meerschaum in external appearance (Berlin, Ak. H. Stockh., 1 840). This variety is sometimes very soft when first taken out. A variety resembling compact lithomarge occurs at Middletown, Delaware Co., Pa. (anal. 37). It has a smooth, porcelain-like fracture; H.=3'5 GK=2'48. 4. Bowenite Dana (Min., 265, 1850, Nephrite Bowen, Am. J. Sci., v. 346, 1822) is massive, of very fine granular texture, and much resembles nephrite, and was long so called. It is apple- green or greenish-white in color ; G. 2*594 2*787, Bowen ; and it has the unusual hardness 5'5 6, which is some evidence that this variety may be a good species, although proved by Smith & Brush to be identical with serpentine in composition. From Smithfield, E. I. B. LAMELLAR. 5. Antigorite Schweizer (Pogg., xlix. 595, 1840) is thin lamellar in structure, easily separating into translucent or subtransparent folia ; H. = 2*5 ; G. = 2'622 ; color brownish-green by reflected light, and leek-green by transmitted ; feel smooth, but not greasy. Polarizes light, according to Haidinger. Named from the locality, Antigorio valley, Piedmont. 6. Wittiamsite Shepard (Am. J. Sci., II. vi. 249, 1848) is a lamellar impure serpentine, of apple- green color, with H.=4*5 and G. = 2'59 2*o4, from Texas, Pa. Does not doubly refrapt, Desel. Graduates into a massive granular variety. C. THIN FOLIATED. 7. Marmolite Nuttall (Am. J. Sci., iv. 19, 1822, but shown to be a variety of serpentine by Yanuxem, J. Acad. Sci. Philad., iii. 133, 1823) is thin foliated; the laminas brittle but easily separable, yet graduating into a variety in which they are not separable (which variety has sometimes been called in the United States kerolite}. G. = 2*41 ; lustre pearly; colors green- ish-white, bluish white, to pale asparagus-green. From Hoboken, N. J. Folia from Hoboken without polarization, according to Websky ; feebly polarizing, according to Descloizeaux. 8. Thermophyllite A. Nordenskiold (Beskrifn. Fin. Min., 160, 1855, Hermann, J. pr. Ch., Ixxiii. 213). Occurs in small scaly crystals aggregated into masses, with an amorphous steatite-like base. B.B. crystals exfoliate like verm iculite or pyrophyllite. H. = 2*5; G.=2'61, Nord. ; 2*56, Herm. Lustre of cleavage surface pearly ; color light brown to silver-white and yellowish -brown. Optically biaxial; the axial angle 22 20'; bisectrix negative, normal to plane of cleavage, Miller. From Hopansuo, Finland. D. FIBROUS. 9. Chrysotile v. Kobell (J. pr. Ch., ii. 297, 1834, xxx. 467, 1843; Schillernder Asbest ; Ami- anthus pt.) is delicately fibrous, the fibres usually flexible and easily separating; lustre silky, or silky metallic; color greenish- white, green, olive-green, yellow, and brownish; G. = 2*219. Often constitutes seams in serpentine. It includes most of the silky amianthus of serpentine rocks. The original chrysotile was from Eeicheustein. 10. Picrolite Hausmann (Moll's Efem., iv. 401, 1808) is columnar, but fibres or columns not easily flexible, and often not easily separable, or affording only a long splintery fracture ; color dark green to mountain-green, greenish, gray, and brown. The original was from Taberg, Sweden. Metaxite Breithaupt (Char., 113, 326, 1832) is picrolite, consisting of separable but brittle columns, of a greenish-white color, and weak pearly lustre ; H.=2 2*5 ; G.=2'52. From Schwarzenberg. Passes into a laminated variety. Baltimorite Thomson (Phil. Mag., xxii. 191, 1843) is picrolite from Bare Hills, Md., of a grayish- green color; silky lustre, opaque, or subtranslucent, with H. = 2'5 3. E. CRYSTALLIZED SERPENTINE. The observed crystals are all pseudomorphs. The most com- mon have the form of chrysolite, and the annexed figure represents one of this kind. Eose has observed some crystals which were still partly chrysolite. Delesse states that the serpentine of Odern graduates into feldspar, and appears to have been derived from the alteration of that mineral. Other kinds are pseudomorphs after pyroxene, amphibole, spinel, chondrodite, garnet, phlogopite, sphene, and chromic iron. Even the foliated and fibrous kinds may be partly pseudomorphous. If marmohte or thermophyllite is truly crystallized serpentine, as seems probable, the crystallization of the species is actually micaceous, like that of chlorite and talc. F. SERPENTINE HOCKS. Serpentine often constitutes rock-masses. It frequently occurs mixed with more or less of dolomite, magnesite, or calcite, making a rock of clouded green, sometimes veined with white or pale green, called verd-antique, or ophiolite. Ophiolite is styled by Hunt (1) dolomitic, (2) magnesitic, or (3) calcitic, according as the ser- pentine is mixed with dolomite, magnesite, or calcite. Serpentine rock is sometimes mottled with red, or has something of the aspect of a red porphyry ; the reddish portions containing an unusual amount of oxyd of iron. Any serpentine rock cut into slabs and polished, is called serpentine marble. 30 412 466 OXYGEN COMPOUNDS. Comp. 0. ratio for Mg, i, H=3 : 4 : 2, corresponding to 2 Si, 3 Mg, 2 Kr=Silica 44*14, mag- nesia 42-97, water 12'89. Formula, as commonly written, 2 Mg Si-f Mg fi 2 . But as chrysolite is especially liable to the change to serpentine, and chrysolite is a unisilicate, and the change consists in a loss of some Mg, and the addition of water, it is probable that part of the water takes the place of the lost Mg, so that the mineral is essentially a hydrated chrysolite of the formula (f Mg+ iH) 3 Si + | H. The relation in 0. ratio to kaolinite and pinite corresponds with this view of the formula. Analyses : A. Massive Serpentine. 1, Hartwall (Jahresb., ix. 204) ; 2, Scheerer (Pogg., Ixviii. 328); 3, Hermann (J. pr. Ch., xxxii. 499); 4, Genth (Am. J. Set, II. xxxiii. 201); 5, Kersten (J. pr. Ch., xxxvii. 167); 6, Hisinger (Afhandl., iv. 341); 7, LychneU (Ak. H. Stockh., 1826, 175); 8, Jordan, 9, Marchand (J. pr. Ch., xxxii. 499); 10, Mosander (Ak. H. Stockh., 1825, 227); 11, LychneU (1. c.); 12, 13, 14, Schweizer (J. pr. Ch., xxxii. 378); 15, Haughton (Phil. Mag., IV. x 253); 16, LychneU (1. c.); 17, C. W. Hultmark ( J. pr. Ch., bcxix. 378); 18, A. E. Arppe(Act. Soc. Fenn., vi., and Verh. Min. St. Pet, 1862, 149); 19, 20, Haughton (1. c.) ; 21, v. Merz (Nat. Ges. Zurich, 1861) ; 22, Vanuxera (J. Ac. Sci. Philad., iii. 133) ; 23, Lychnell (1. c.) ; 24-27, T, S. Hunt (Rep. G-. Can., 1851, 1857, 1863); 28, 29, C. T. Jackson (Proc. Bost. Soc. K Hist, 1856); 30, Sharpies (Am. J. Sci., II. xlii. 272); 31-33, T. S. Hunt (1. c.); 34, E. A. Manice (priv. coutrib.) ; 35, (EUacher (Jahrb. G. Reichs., 1857, 358); 36, Smith & Brush (Am. J. Sci., 11. xv. 212); 37, B. S. Burton (priv. contrib.). B. Lamellar Serpentine. 38, Brush (Am. J. Sci., II. xxiv. 128); 39. Stockar-Escher (Kenng. Uebers., '56-'57, 72) ; 40, H. v. Gilm (Ber. Ak. Wien, xxiv. 287) ; 41, Ivanof (Jahresb., xxv. 344) ; 42, 43, Schweizer (I.e.); 44, v. Merz (1. c.); 45, 46, Smith & Brush (Am. J. Sci., II. xv. 212); 47 Hermann (J. pr. Ch., liii. 31); 48, Delesse (Ann. d. M., IY. xiv. 78). C. Thin-foliated Serpentine. 49, Garrett (this Min., 1850, 692); 50, Lychnell (1. c.); 51, Shepard (Min., i. 292, 1835); 52, 53, Yanuxem (J. Acad. Sci. Philad., iii. 133); 54, Hermann (J. pr. Ch., xlvi. 230); 55, Arppe (Anal, finska Min., 27); 56, Hermann (J. pr. Ch., Ixxiii. 213); 57, North- cote (Phil. Mag., IV. xvi. 263, J. pr. Ch., Ixxvi. 253). D. Fibrous or columnar varieties. 58, Stromeyer (Unters., 365) ; 59, List (Ann. Ch. Pharm., Ixxiv. 241); 60, LychneU (1. c.); 61, Rammelsberg (3d SuppL, 107); 62, Brewer (this Min., 1850, 692); 63, v. Kobeil (J. pr. Ch., ii, 297); 64, Brush (this Min., 1854, 283); 65, Reakirt (Am. J. Sci., II. xviii. 410) ; 66, Delesse (1. c.): 67, Hultmark (J. pr. Ch., Ixxix. 378); 68, Schaffgotsch (Rose, Reise Ural, i. 245); 69, Gilm (Ber. Ak. Wien, xxiv. 287); 70, Schweizer (1. c.) ; 71, Kiihn (Ann. Ch. Pharm., lix. 869); 72, Plattner (Prob. Loth., 2d edit, 211); 73, Kuhn (1. c.) ; 74, De- lesse (These Anal., 24); 75, T. S. Hunt (Rep. G. Can., 1866, 205); 76, Hunt (ib., 1863, 472); 77, Thomson (Phil. Mag., xxii. 193); 78, E. Schmidt (J. pr. Ch., xlv. 14) A. Massive Serpentine. 1. Suarum, Pseud.- Chrys. 2. " " 3. L. Auschkul, " 4. Webster, N.O." Si XI 42-97 0-87 40-71 2-39 40-21 1-82 4387 0-31 Fe 2-28 2-43 9-13 7-17 Mg 41-66 41-48 35-08 38-62 5. Schwarzenberg, Pseud.-Garnet 41-50 4-10 40'34 6. Fahlun, precious S. 43-07 0-25 1-17 40-37 7. it U 41-95 0-37 2-22 40-64 8. u 40-32 3-33 41-76 9 t( (( 40-52 0-21 3-01 42'05 10. Wermland 42-34 0-18 44-20 11. Sjogrube 41-58 in-. 2-17 42*41 12. Zermatt, yw.-gn. 43-66 0-64 1-96 41-12 13. u 43-60 ___ 2-09 40*46 14. Wams Alps, bkh.-gn. 44-22 0-36 4-90 36-41 15. Zermatt, pale an. 42-88 3-80 40-52 16. Sala ,42-16 2-03 42-26 17. " 41-02 1-84 1*81 42-21 18. Lupikko, Finland 42-40 0-30 3-81 39-91 19. Galway 40-12 tr. 3-47 40-04 20. Syria 41-24 7-41 36*28 21. 22. Zermatt, Findel Gl., wh., gyh.-gn. 42-13 - JNewburyport, precious 42 2-23 1 42-90 40 23. Massachusetts 43-20 _ 5-24 40*09 24. Orford, Can., olive-gn. 40-30 7-02 [39-07] H 12-02 100 Hartwall. 12-61=99-62 Scheerer. 13-75=100 Hermann. 9-55, Mn tr., Ni 0'27, <5a 0*02, chromic iron 0*5 7 = 100 '8 8 Genth. 12-87, Mn 0-5, Na 0-42, Ca, bit. tr. = 99-73 Kersten. 12-45, Ca 0-50=97-81 Hisinger. 11-68, C, bit. 3-42 = 100-28 Lychn. 13-54=98-95 Jordan. 13-85, bit. 0-3=99-94 Marchand. 12-38, C 0-89=99-97 Mosander. 11-29, C, bit 3-42 LychneU. 13-57 = 100-95 Schweizer. 14-73=100-88 Schweizer. 13-11=100 Schweizer. 12-64=99-84 Haughtou. 12-33, C 1-03 Lychnell. 12-91, C 0-48 Hultmark. 12-79, K 0-48=99-69 Arppe. 13-36, C 2-00=98-99 Haughtou, 14-16=99-09 Haughton. 13-60=100-86 v. Merz. 14-38=97-38 Vanuxem. 11-42=99-95 Lychnell. 13-35, M 0-26, r*r. = 100 Hunt HYDKOUS SILICATES, MAKGAROPHYLLITE SECTION. 467 25. Orford, Can., IWi.-gn. 26. Ham, Can., gnh.-w. 27. Syracuse, N. Y. 28. Roxbury 29. Lynnfield 30. E. Goshen, Pa., precious 31. Grenville, RetinaUte 32. " " 33. Calumet Id., " 34 Montville, " 35. Monzoni, Vorliauserite 36. Smithfield, Bowenite 37. Middletown, Porcett. 38. Antigorite 39. " 40. Kaiser YaUey, Tyrol 41. Talovsk, Ural 42. Canton Wallis, leeJc-gn. 43. Zermatt, bh.-gn. 44. " pale ywh.-gn. 45. Wllliamsite 46. " 47. " 48. Villa Kota, gyh.-gn. 49. Hoboken, Marmolite 50. " " 61. Blanford, " 52. Hoboken, " 53. Bare Hills, " 54. Finland 55. " Thermophyllite 56. " " 57. " " 58. Wermland, Picrolite 59. Reichenstein, " 60. Taberg, " 61. Texas, Pa., " 62. " " 63. Reichenstein, Chrysotile 64. N. Haven, Ct, " 65. MontviUe, N. J., " 66. Yosges, " 67. Sala, " 68. Gornoschit 69. Pregratten, Tyrol 70. Zillerthal 71. Sehwarzenberg, Metaxite 72. 73. Reichenstein, " 74. 75. Petite Nation, Can. 76. Bolton, Canada 77. Bare Hills, Baltimorite 78. Zoblitz, Asbestos Si 33 Fe Mg 42-90 7-47 36-28 43-40 3-60 40-00 40-67 5-13 8-12 32-61 42-60 8-30 35-50 37-5 2-5 41-0 43-89 1-38 40-48 39-34 3Pe 1-80 43-02 40-10 a 1-90 41-65 41-20 0-80 43-52 42-52 1-96 42-16 41-21 1-72 39-24 (f) 42-29 tr. 1-21 42-29 (|) 44-08 0-30 1-17 40-87 B. Slaty Serpentine. 41-58 40-83 42-42 40-80 44-22 43-78 42-45 41-60 42-60 (?) 44-50 41-34 2-60 3-20 0-65 302 1-10 2-24 tr. tr. 0-75 3-22 7-22 5-84 5-71 2-20 5-44 10-87 2-12 3-24 1-62 1-39 5-54 36-80 36-26 38-05 40-50 37-14 28-21 42-56 41-11 41-90 39-71 37-61 C. Thin-foliated Serpentine. 42-32 41-67 40-00 40- 42-69 40-0 (I) 41-20 43-12 (f) 41-48 0-66 1-28 fel-64 Fe2-70 3?eO-90 " 1-16 1-8 1-71 1-20 4-91 e 1-99 5-49 1-59 42-23 41-25 41-40 42- 40- 42-4 39-58 34-87 3742 13-14, Ni 0-15, r 0-25-100-19 H. 13-00=100 Hunt. 12-77=99-30 Hunt. 13-00, Ca C 0-60=100 Jackson. 15-0, 6a C 4-0=99 Jackson. 13'45=99-20 Sharpies. 15-09=99-25 Hunt. 15-00 = 99-55 Hunt. 15-40=100-92 Hunt. 14-22 = 100-86 Manice. 16-16, Mn 0-30, Ca 3 P"&CaCl 0-96 = 99-59 (Ellacher. 12-96, Ca 0-63=99-38 S. & B. 13-70, Ca 0-37 = 100-49 Burton. 12-67, Ni, Or ^.=100-87 Brush. 12-37=98-86 S.-Eschcr. 12-91 = 99-74 Gilm. 12-02, MnO-20,CaO-42=97-16Iv. 12-43 = 100 Schweizer. 14-60=99-70 Schweizer. 13-70=100-83 v. Merz. 12-70, Ni 0-50=99-15 S. & B. 12-70, Ni 0-40=99-22 S. & B. 12-75, Ni 0-90=100 Hermann. 1206=99-77 Delesse. 13-80= 100-29 Garrett. 13-80, C, bit. 1-37=99-73 L. 15-67, Ca 0-93=100-70 Shepard. 16-45=99-35 Yanuxem. 16-11=99-6 Yanuxem. 15-8 =100 Hermann. 10-84, K 3-19, Na 0-46=99-18 A. 13-14, Na 1-33=99-36 Hermann. 10-88, Na 2-84= 99-70 Northcote. D. Fibrous or Columnar Varieties. 41-66 4-05 37-16 44-61 2-63 39-75 40-98 0-73 8-94 33-44 43-79 2-05 41-03 44-25 4-90 3-67 34-00 43-50 0-40 2-08 40-00 44-05 2-53 39-24 42-62 0-38 0-27 42-67 41-58 0-42 1-69 42-61 41-03 1-43 1-25 42-31 43-73 0-81 6-11 37-72 42-81 0-62 5-98 38-71 41-69 1-56 2-07 40-33 43-48 2-20 41-00 4360 6-10 e 2-80 34-24 44-48 2-34 40-60 42-1 0-4 3-0 41-9 43-65 1-46 41-57 43-70 . 3-51 40-68 40-95 1-50 10-05 34-74 43-70 2-76 10-03 29-96 14-7 2,Mn 2-25=99-84 Stromeyer. 12-57 = 99-56 List. 12-86, C 1-73 = 98-68 Lychnell. 12-47=99-34 Rammelsberg. 12-32, Ni 0-69=99-83 Brewer. 13-80 = 99-78 Kobell. 13-49=99-31 Brush. 14-25= 100-19 Reakirt. 13-70=100 Delesse. 13-72, Mn, C 0. G. J..Brush found in the metaxite of Schwarzenberg (priv. contrib.) only 0'78 p. c. of A-l, with 45-03 Si, and 2 '98 Fe. Nuttall gave the following incorrect analysis of the marmolite of Hobqken in connection with his first description of the mineral (Am. J. Sci., iv. 21, 1822): Si 36'0, Mg 46-0, Ca 2-0, Fe and r 0-5, H 15-0. Stromeyer found of oxyd of nickel 0'32 to 0'45 p. c. in the serpentine of Roraas ; 0-30 in that of Sundal; and 0'22 in that of Saxony. Lynchnell obtained 2"24 p. c. from one serpentine. Hunt has detected it in the serpentine of the Green Mountains generally, that of Roxbury, Vt., of New Haven, Ct., of Hoboken, N. J., of Cornwall, Eng., of Banffshire, Scotl., of the Vosges, Fr. ; but none in the ophiolites of the Azoic (Laurentian) rocks of Canada, or the serpentine of Easton, Pa., or of the wax-yellow variety of Montville, N. J., or an olive-green from Phillips- town, N. Y., or a yellowish-green from Newburyport, Mass., having G.^2'551. See also anal. 4, 45-47, 62. Pyr., etc. In the closed tube yields water. B.B. fuses on the edges with difficulty. F.=6. Gives usually an iron reaction. Decomposed by muriatic and sulphuric acids. Chrysotile leaves the silica in fine fibres. Obs. Serpentine often constitutes mountain masses. It is a metamorphic rock, it resulting from the alteration of other rocks, and mostly of those of sedimentary origin ; and is of various periods in origin, from the Azoic age upward. Crystals of serpentine (pseudomorphous) occur in the Fassa valley, Tyrol ; near Miask at Lake Auschkul, Barsovka, Kathariuenburg, and elsewhere ; in Norway, at Snarum ; etc. Fine precious serpentines come from Fahlun and Gulsjo in Sweden, the Isle of Man, the neighborhood, of Port- soy in Aberdeenshine, in Cornwall, Corsica, Siberia, Saxony, etc. The names of many localities are given above. In N. America, in Maine, at Deer Isle, precious serpentine of a light green color. In Vermont, at New Fane, Cavendish, Jay, Roxbury, Troy, Westfield. In Mass., fine at Newbury- port ; at Blanford with schiller spar, and the marmolite variety ; also at Westfield, Middlefield, Lynnfield, Newburyport, and elsewhere. In It. Island, at Newport ; the bowenite at Smithfield. In Conn., near New Haven and Milford, at the verd-antique quarries. In N. York, at Phillipstown in the Highlands ; at Port Henry, Essex Co. ; at Antwerp, Jefferson Co., in crystals ; at Syracuse, east of Major Burnet's, interesting varieties ; in Gouverneur, St. Lawrence Co., in crystals, and also in Rossie, two miles north of SomerviUe ; at Johnsburg in Warren Co. ; Davenport's Neck, Westchester Co., affording fine cabinet specimens ; in Cornwall, Monroe, and Warwick, Orange Co., sometimes in large crystals at Warwick; and from Richmond to New Brighton, Richmond Co. In N. Jersey, at Hoboken, with brucite, magnesite, etc., and the marmolite variety ; also at Frankfort and Bryan ; at Montville, Morris Co., silky fibrous (chrysotile) and retinalite, with com- mon serpentine. In Penn., massive, fibrous, and foliated, of various colors, purple, brown, green, and gray, at Texas, Lancaster Co. ; also at Nottingham and West Goshen, Chester Co. ; at West- Chester, Chester Co., the williamsite; at Mineral Hill, Newtown. Marple, and Middle town, Dela- ware Co. ; a variety looking like meerschaum or lithomarge at Middletown ; at Easton, pseudo- morphous after pyroxene and amphibole. In Maryland, at Bare Hills ; at Cooptown, Harford Co., with diallage ; also in the north part of Cecil Co. In Canada, at Orford, Ham, Bolton, etc. In N. Brunswick, at Crow's Nest in Portland. Serpentine admits of a high polish, and may be turned in a lathe, and is sometimes employed as a material for ornaments, vases, boxes, etc. At Zoblitz in Saxony, Bayreuth, and in Franconia, several hundred persons are employed in this manufacture. Verd-antique marble is clouded with green of various shades, and is a beautiful material for table and ornamental indoor work. Ex- posed to the weather it wears uneven, owing to its unequal harduess, and soon loses its polished surface. The names Serpentine, Ophite, Lapis colubrinus, allude to the green serpent-like cloudings of the serpentine marble. Retinalite is from penvfi, resin ; Picrolite, from KIK^S, bitter, in allusion to the HYDRO (IS SILICATES, MAEGAEOPHYLLITE SECTION. 46$ magnesia (or Bittererde) present ; ThermophyUite, from 0%^, heat, and i>\\ov, leaf, on account of the exfoliation when heated; Chrysotile, from xf va6 ^ golden, and rc'Ao?, fibrous ; Metaxite, from pirata, silk; Marmolite, from pap/ja^aj, I shine, "in allusion to its pearly aud somewhat metallic lustre " (Nuttall). Artif. Formed by A. G-ages in a transparent amorphous mass, by placing a solution of gelat- inous silicate of magnesia in a dilute solution of potash. It is deposited after some months' stand- ing. (Rep. Brit. Assoc., 1863, 203.) 412. BASTITE, or SCHILLER SPAR. (Talkart v. Trebra, Erfahr. Inn. G-ebirge, 97, 1785. Schil- lerspath (fr. Baste) ffeyer, Crell's- Ann., 1786, i. 385, ii. 147. Schillerstein Wern., 1800, Ludw., 50, 1803. Diallage pt. H., Tr., 1801. Metalloidal diaUage pt. Bastit Haid., Handb., 523, 1845.) Bastite is an impure foliated serpentine, occurring imbedded in serpentine rock, and is supposed to be a result of the alteration of a foliated mineral of the Pyroxene group, as long since announced by G. Rose. That of Baste, the original locality, was derived, according to Streng, from the enstatite (protobastite) of the region (see ENSTATITE, p. 208). IthasH.=3'5 4; G.=2-5 2*76; lustre metallic pearly, bronze-like (to which the German name schiller alludes), to vitreous, and color leek-green to olive- and pistachio-green, and pinchbeck -brown. Besides the direction of perfect cleavage, there are two inclined to one another about 87 (Naumann), which is the cleav- age of enstatite and hypersthene. According to Descloizeaux, it is probably orthorhombic, and has a negative bisectrix, which is normal to the plane of cleavage, and gives for the axial diver- gence 60 to 70. A kind from Todtinoos in the Schwarzwald is thin foliated cleavable, and has- a dark green color, but is metallic pearly on the cleavage-face; H. = 3'4; G.=2'55; and shows under the microscope in polarized light that it is not homogeneous. Analyses : 1, 2, Kohler (Fogg., xi. 192) ; 3, W. Hetzer (C. E. Weiss, Fogg., cxix. 446) : Si l r Fe Mn Mg Ca K, Na 1. Baste, cryst. 43'90 1'50 2'37 10'78 0'55 26-00 2'70 0-47 12-42= 100'69. 2. " massive 42'36 2'17 -- 13'27 a 0'85 28'90 0'63 - 12'07 = 100-25. 3. Todtmoos (f)43'77 6-10 - 7*14 -- 30'92 1-17 2'79 b 8'51 = 100'40. a With some Cr 2 O 3 - In the closed tube it affords ammoniacal water. B.B. becomes brown and is slightly rounded on the thin edges. With borax reactions of iron. Imperfectly decomposed by muriatic acid, com- pletely so by sulphuric. A mineral resembling schiller spar occurs in serpentine in Middletown, Delaware Co., Pa. PhcKstine (Phastin Breitli., Char., 29, 180, 1823, 115, 1832) resembles somewhat schiller spar, and, according to Breithaupt, is altered bronzite. It is foliated, but the cleavage is not very easy ; H. = l 1^; G. = 2-825; lustre pearly ; color yellowish-gray; feel greasy, talc-like. It is from Kupferberg in the Fichtelgebirge, and occurs distributed through serpentine. It has not been analyzed. 413. DEWEYLITE. Emmons, Man. Min. and Geol., 1826. Gymnite Thomson, Phil. Mag., xxii. 191, 1843. Amorphous, and having some resemblance to gum arable, or a brownish or yellow resin. H.=2-3-5. G.^2-246, Middlefield, Shepard ; 2-19-2-31, Bare Hills, Tyson; 2-216, ib., Thomson; 1'936-2'155, Tyrol, (Ellacher. Lustre greasy. Color whitish, yellowish, wine-yellow, greenish, reddish. Trans- lucent. Brittle, and often much cracked. Comp. 0. ratio for &, Si, fi=2 : 3 : 3. Formula (f Mg+ifi)Si + f[=Silica40-2, magnesia 35-7, water 24-1 = 100. Analyses: 1, Shepard (Am. J. Sci., xviii. 31. 1830, analysis imperfect); 2, Brush (this Min., 2?6, 1854); 3, Thomson (Phil. Mag., 1843, 191); 4, (Ellacher (ZS. G.. iii. 222); 5, v. Kobell (Miinch. gel Anz., 1851, xxxiiu 1); 6, Widtermann (Jahrb. G. Reichs., iv. 525, 1853); 7, Haushofer (J. pr. Ch., xcix. 240): Si Mg fi Fe 1. Middlefield 40 40 20 =100 Shepard. 2. Texas, Pa. 43-15 35'95 20-25 , <r. =99-35 Brush. 470 OXYGEN COMPOUNDS. Si Mg H e 3. Bare HiUs, Md. 40-16 36-00 21-60 1*16, Ca 0-80, l tr. 99'72 Thomson. 4. Tyrol Fleims VaL 40*40 35-85 22-60 0-38, apatite 0-78 = 100 GEllacher. 5. i 41-50 38-30 20-50 =100-30 Kobell. 0.' u (f)40-82 36'06 21-72 0'42, C 0-59=99-61 Widtermann. 7*. Passau *" 45*5 34-5 20*0 =100 a Haushofer. a After separation of 4-78 Cu C O 2 , 0-86 Fe 2 O 3 . G. of anal. 6=2-136; of anal. 7, 2-107. Pyr., etc. In the closed tube gives off much water. B.B. becomes opaque, and fuses on the edges. Decomposed by hydrochloric acid. Obs. Occurs with serpentine at the localities above mentioned. Named after Prof. Chester Dewey. The gymnite of Thomson, named from yvpv6 s , naked, in aUusion to the locality at Bare Hills, Md., is the same species. Thomson found in another mineral from the United States, labelled Deweylite (G.=2*0964), Si 50-70, Mg 23-65, fl 20'60, A 1 ! 3'55, Fe 1*70 (Am. J. Sci., xxxi. .173); and in another allied min- eral, Si 41-42, Mg 23-53, Na 6'25, H 19'86, l 4-47, e 3-57, Fe tr. Artif. Formed by A. Gages by the method mentioned under SERPENTINE (p. 465). 414. OEROLITB. Kerolith Breithaupt, Char., 145; 254, 1823. Cerolith Gloch, 1831. Kerolite. Massive, reniform, compact or lamellar. H.=2 2*5. G.=2'3 2*4. Lustre vitreous or resinous. Color greenish or yellowish- white, yellow, reddish. Streak uncolored. Transparent trans- lucent. Feel greasy. Fracture conchoidal. Does not adhere to the tongue. Comp. 0. ratio for ft, Si, ~&=l : 2 : 1-J-; formula, if two-thirds of the water is basic, (| S-f- ^ Mg) Si+i aq ; making it thus a unisilicate like deweylite, which species cerolite closely resem- bles in physical characters. It differs hi composition from aphrodite, however, only in containing half more water. Analyses : 1, 2, Kiihn (Ann. Ch. Pharm., lix. 368) : Si Mg fi 1. Silesia 47'34 29-84 21 04=98-22 Kiihn. 2. " 46-96 31-26 21'22=99'44 Kiihn. Maak obtained (Schw. J., Iv. 1829) for the same mineral Si 37-95, l 12-18, Mg 18-02, H 31-00 =99-15. But Kiihn states that he and his laboratory pupils found no alumina, and that Maak's analysis must be incorract. Kiihn dried his mineral at 100 C. before the analysis, and hence the less water. Pyr., etc. B.B. blackens, but does not fuse. Obs. From Frankenstein in Silesia, associated with serpentine, and also, according to Kiihn, brucite. Breithaupt unites deweylite to cerolite. m Helling obtained for a mineral from Zoblitz, similar to the above, Si 47*13, Mg 36-13, H 11-50, 3tl 2-57, Fe 2-92= 100-25 (Ramm., 1st Suppl., 79). Hermann obtained for an apple-green variety from Lake Itkul (Bull. Soc. Nat. Mosc., xxxviii. 481), Si 47-06, Ni 2-80, Mg 31-81, H 18-33 = 100. G-.=2-27. The name Cerolite is from K^S, wax, and Ai0o?. 415. HYDROFHITE. Svariberg, Ak. H. Stockh., 1839, Pogg., li. 525. Jenkinsite SJiepard, Am. J. Scl, II. xiii. 392, 1852. Eisengymnit. Massive ; sometimes in fibrous crusts. ^ H.=2'5 3-5. G.=2-65, hydrophite ; 2'4 2'6, Jenkinsite. Lustre feeble, subvitreous. Color mountain-green to blackish-green. Streak paler. Translucent to opaque. Comp. Same as for deweylite, except a replacement of part of the magnesia by protoxyd of iron. Analyses : 1, L. Svanberg (1. c.) ; 2, 3, Smith & Brush (Am. J. Sci., II. xvi. 369) : HYDKOUS SILICATES, MAKGAKOPHYLLITE SECTION. 471 Si 3tl Fe Mn Mg H 1. HydropUte 36-19 2'90 22-73 1'66 21-08 16-08, V (KL 15 = 100-755 Svanberg. 2. " 38-97 0-53 19'30 4'36 22'87 13-36=99-39 S. & B. 3. Jenkinsite 37'42 0'98 20'60 4-05 22'75 13-48=99-28 S. & B. Smith & Brash find in Jenkinsite the oxygen ratio for the protoxyds, silica, and water, 3:4:2^, and they mention the nearness to both hydrophite and serpentine. Websky regards hydrophite as impure mtiaxite (ZS. G. Ges., x. 284). Pyr., etc. In the closed tube gives off water. B.B. blackens, and fuses at about 3 to a black magnetic globule. With the fluxes gives reactions for iron and manganese. Decomposed by acids. Obs. Hydrophite occurs at Taberg in Smaland ; and Jenkinsite at O'Neil's mine in Orange Co., N. Y., as a fibrous incrustation on magnetite. Named HydropUte in allusion to the water present; and Jenkinsite, after J. Jenkins of Monroe. 41 5A. DEKMATIN Breifhaupt, Char., 104, 1832. Massive, reniform, or in crusts on serpentine, cf a resinous lustre and green color. Feel greasy ; odor, when moistened, argillaceous. Composition, according to Ficinus (Min. Ges. zu Dresden, ii. 215) : Si 3tl Fe Mn Mg Oa Na H, C 1. 35-80 0-42 11-33 2'25 23'70 0'83 0'50 25'20 100'03. 2. 40-17 0-83 14-00 1'17 19'33 0'83 1'33 22-00, S 0-43=100'09. Formula (Mg, Fe) 3 Si 2 +6 H ?, but probably a mixture. B.B. blackens and cracks. From Waldheim in Saxony. The name is from tippa, skin, alluding to its occurrence as an incrustation. 416. GENTHITE. Nickel-Gymnite Genih, Kell. & Tiedm. Monatsb., iii. 487, 1851. Genthite Dana, Am. J. Sci., II. xliv. 256, 1867. Amorphous, with a delicately hemispherical or stalactitic surface, incrust- ing. H. = 3 4; sometimes (as at Michipicoten) so soft as to be polished under the nail, and fall to pieces in water. G. =2*4:09. Lustre resinous. Color pale apple-green, or yellowish. Streak greenish-white. Opaque to translucent. Comp. 0. ratio for R, Si, H=:2 : 3 : 3. or the same as for deweylite ; formula (f(Ni, H) 2 i+4- H, being a nickel-gymnite. Analyses: 1, Genth (1. c.); 2, T. S. Hunt (Rep. G. Can., 1863, 607): Si Ni Fe Mg Ca H 1. Texas, Pa. 35-36 30-64 0'24 14*60 0'26 19-09=100-19 Genth. 2. Michipicoten Id. 33'60 30*40 2-25 3-55 4*09 17'10, 3cl 8'40=99'39 Hunt. After drying at a temperature above 100 C., Hunt obtained (L c.) Si 35-80, Ni 32-20, H 12-20. Pyr., etc. In the closed tube blackens and gives off water. B.B. infusible. With borax in O.F. gives a violet bead, becoming gray in R.F. (nickel). Decomposed by muriatic acid without gelatinizing. Obs. From Texas, Lancaster Co., Pa., in thin crusts on chromic iron ; and from Webster, Jackson Co., N. C., with chromic iron in serpentine, as an amorphous, reniform, apple-green incrustation ; on Michipicoten Id., Lake Superior, of a greenish-yellow to apple-green color. Also reported from near Malaga, Spain, with chromite and talcose schist ; and by Wiser, from Saasthal in the Upper Valais. Eottisite Breith. (B. H. Ztg., xviii. 1, 1859) may be essentially the above. It occurs with phos- phate of nickel at Rottis in Voigtland, hi amorphous masses and reniform incrustations, apple- green or emerald-green, of little lustre, translucent to subtranslucent, but opaque when earthy, with H. = 2 2-25, and G.=2'358 2'370. Wiukler deduces the formula Ni Si + $ H; and publishes as the result of. his analysis (1. c.) Si 39-15, &1 4'68, 3Pe 0'81, Ni 35'87, H H'17, with Co 0'67, Cu 0'40, P 2-70, As 0'80. But his summation of these numbers is 100'79, or 4'54 more than they foot up ; and there is here an unexplained error. The mineral, as Brush has observed, is probably nickel-gymnite. 472 OXYGEN COMPOUNDS. 417. SAPONITE. Terra porcellanea particulis impalpalibus mollis, pt, Brianzoner Krita pt, Smectis, Engdsk Walklera, a hwit (Landsend i Cornwall), Oronst., 75, 1758. Seifenstein (fr. CornwaU) Klapr., Schrift. nat. Ges. Berlin, vii. 163, 1787, Beitr., ii. 180, v. 22. Steatite of Cornwall Kirw., Min., i. 152, 1794. Soapstone pt. Pierre a Savon H. Saponit Svanberg, Ak. H. Stockh., 1840, 153. Piotine Svanberg, Pogg., liv. 267, 1841, Ivii. 165. Thalite Owen, J. Ac. Philad., II. ii. 179, 1852. Massive. In nodules, or filling cavities. Soft, like butter or cheese, but brittle on drying. G.^2'206. Lustre greasy. Color white, yellowish, grayish-green, bluish, reddish. Does not adhere to the tongue. Comp. A hydrous silicate of magnesia and alumina ; but analyses give, naturally, no uniform results for such an amorphous material. Supposing the alumina present as kaolinite, the rest, according to most of the analyses, is a silicate allied to aphrodite, as if the mineral were a mixture of the two. Analyses : 1, Klaproth (1. c.) ; 2, Svanberg (1. c.) ; 3, Haughton (Phil. Mag., IY. x. 253); 4, Svanberg (1. c.) ; 6, 6, Smith & Brush (Am. J. Set, II. xvi. 368) ; 7, 8. Reakirt and Keyser (Am. J. Sci., H. xvii. 130): Si 1. Cornwall 45*00 2. " 46-8 3. " (|) 42-28 4. Piotine 50-89 5. Thalite 45-60 6. " 48-89 7. " 44-07 9-25 8-0 7-21 9-40 4-87 7-23 4-72 i-oo 0-4 2'06 2-09 2-46 1-70 Mg 24-75 33-3 29-70 26-52 24-10 24-17 21-49 Oa Na K: 0-75 0-7 0-78 1-07 3-75 0-45 0-81 a 18-00=98-75 Klaproth. 11-0=100-2 Svanberg. 18-92 Haughton. 10-50=100-15 Svanberg. 20-66^:98-84 Smith & Brush. 15-66 = 99-22 Smith & Brush. 19-96 Reakirt 8. 44-66 7'79 26-60" 0*16 012 undet. Keyser. a Contains some lime. The oxygen ratio for R, K, Si, ft, in 1, is about 2 : 1 : 5 : 3| ; in 2, 8* : 1 : 6 : 2 ; in 3, 3| : 1 : 7 : 5i ; in 4, 2 : 1 : 5 : 2 ; in 5, 3* : 1 : 8 : 6 ; in 6, 2 : 1 : 6^ : 3^; in 7, 5 : 1 : llf : 9. Pyr., etc. B.B. gives out water and blackens ; thin splinters fuse with difficulty on the edges. Decomposed by sulphuric acid. Obs. Occurs at Lizard's Point, Cornwall, in veins in serpentine ; in the geodes of datolite at Roaring Brook, near New Haven, Ct. ; in the trap of the north shore of Lake Superior, between Pigeon Point arid Fond du Lac, in amygdaloid (thalite of Owen) ; at Svardsjo in Dalarne (pwtine and saponite). Saponite is from sapo, soap; and piotine from tn6rr]s,fat. Another similar mineral, associated with chalilite of Thomson in amygdaloid at Antrim, Ireland, afforded von Hauer (Kenngott's Min. Not, No. 11) Si 44-11, A 1 ! 10-90, Fe 1'05, Mg IB'Ol, Ca 6-74, Mn and K tr., ign. 24-07=99-88 ; oxygen ratio nearly 4| : 3 : 13| : 12 ; or for R + S and Si, 1 : 1-8. It has H. = 2, and is fragile; lustre waxy ; color isabella-yellow, or brownish. Softens or slacks in water. Soluble in muriatic acid, affording pulverulent silica. 418. PHOLERITE. Pholerite Guilkmin, Ann. d. M., xi. 489, 1825. Pholerite pt of many authors. Pholerite, Pelitische Felsittuffe von Chemnitz, A. Knap., Jahrb. Min., 1859, 540. Orthorhombic. In rhombic and hexagonal scales, like those of kaolinite. Occurs clay-like and compact massive, consisting of an aggregation of scales. H.=l-2-5. G.=2-35 2-5T. Lustre of scales pearly. Color white, grayish-white, greenish-white, yellowish, reddish-brown, violet. Doubly refracting, Knop. Comp. 0. ratio for S, Si,lft=3 : 3 : 2; A 1 PSi 8 + 4H=Silica 19-3, alumina 45-0, water 15'7=: 100. Analyses: 1, 2, Gruulemin (1. c.); 3, A. Knop (Jahrb. Min., 1859 540)- 4, J. L Smith (Am, J. Set, II. xi. 58) ; 5, Mallet (Shep. Min., 1857, Suppl. to Append,, p. iv.) : HYDKOUS SILICATES, MAKGAROPHYLLITE SECTION. 473 1. Fins 2. " 3. Chemnitz 4. Schemnitz 5. Jacksonville, Ala. Si 3tl e 42-93 42-07 41-65 43-35 39-34 45-90 42-45 42-81 42-19 41-30 0-82 Mg C-a K 1-09 15-00100 Guillemin. 15-00=100 Guillemin. 14-76=100 Knop. 12-92=98-18 Smith. 14-20=99-60 Mallet. Pyr., etc. Yields water. B.B. infusible. Gives a blue color with cobalt solution. Insoluble in acids. Obs. The pholerite of Guillemin was from nodules of iron ore in the coal mines of Fins, Dept. of Allier, France. The Chemnitz mineral is from Niederrabenstein (and also at Zeisigwald, etc.), where it constitutes a rock called by Naumann pditische felsittuffe in the Lower Coal formation ; it is various in color, but is shown to consist of crystalline, colorless, doubly refracting scales. The Schemnitz is the gangue of diaspore, and it may be kaolinite impure with diaspore. The Jack- sonville is a kaolin, and may be kaoliuite ; the analysis afforded 4*86 of free silica, and 0'90 of undecomposed material which above is excluded. The analyses of kaolinite have been referred to pholerite under the idea that GuiUemin's analy- sis was incorrect. But the analysis by Knop appears to show that there is a species with the pholerite composition, but not differing from kaolinite in its physical or crystallographic characters. Named from 8, R. Richter (Pogg., xc. 320); 22, 23, Fikenscher (J. pr. Ch., Ixxxix. 461); 24, Rammelsberg (1. c.); 25, 26, R. D. Thomson and Richardson (Thorn. Min., i. 244) : = 100-71 Clark. 100-8 Pisani. = 1 00-28 Miiller. NaO-17 = 100-47 a Genth. =99-76 Johnson. undet. 2-95 = 100 Burton. = 100 Knop. = 99-82 Richter. = 100 Stolba. = 99-96 Smith. 100 Boussingault. =99-66 Hunt. r 99-7 5 Klaproth. = 99-98 Bauer. = 98-50 Klaproth. alk. 0-21=99-67 Naschold. = 100-36 Ramm. =98-44 Hauer. =99-05 Hauer. = 100-55 Hauer. =99-30 Hauer. =99-50 Fikenscher. =99-72 Fikenscher. = 100 Kamin. =99-45 Thomson. = 100-24 Richardson. b Contains some free silica. Si Si Fe Mg Ca H 1. Schneckenstein 46-76 39-59 0-94 13-42= 2. Lodeve, Fr. 47-0 39-4 14-4= 3. Freiberg, Sax. 46-74 39-48 14-06= 4. Tamaqua, Pa. (f) 46-90 39-60 13-80, 5. Summit Hill, Pa. 45-93 39-81 14-02= 6. Richmond, Va. 48-56 b 35-61 12-88, 7. Zeisigwald, Sax. 49-91 35-23 [14-86]; 8. Altenberg, Sax. 45-63 39-89 0-60 13-70= , 9. Schlan, Bohem. 47-93 36-78 15-29 = 10. Naxos 44-41 41-20 1-21 13-14= 11. N. Grenada 45-0 40-2 14-8= 12. Chaudiere Falls 46-05 38-37 0-63 0-61 14-00= 13. Aue, Kaolin 46-00 39-00 0-25 14-50= 14. Zettlitz, " 48-61 38-90 12-47 = 15. Rochlitz, Carnal 45-25 36-50 2-75 14-00= 16. (( U 45-09 38-13 1-79 0-19 14-29, 17. Rumpelsberg, Z^fawi. 47 -33 40-23 1' 44 12-36= 18. Rene, Bohem., " 43-13 39-60 fc tr. 15-71 = 19. Saszka, white, " 45-19 37-92 0-93 15-01 = 20. " yellow, " 44-37 39-70 tr. 0-95 15-53= 21. " bnh.-red, " 44-54 33-00 5-35 0-51 15-90= 22. Cainsdorf, w. friabk, " 45-82 39-42 14-26= 23. " solid, " 46-20 39-72 13-80= 24. Schlackeuwald, " 43-46 41-48 0-37 C 1-20 13-49= 25. Tweed, Tuesite, " 44-30 40-40 0-50 0-75 13-50: 26. il U " 43-80 40-10 0-94 0-55 0-64 14-21 = a After separating oxyd of iron 01S, Ca O 0'93, by muriatic acid (Genth). c NaO. Pyr., etc. Same as for pholerite. The mineral from Chaudiere Falls exfoliates in white cauliflower-like shapes (Hunt). Obs. Ordinary kaolin is a result of the decomposition of aluminous minerals, especially the feldspars of granitic and gneissoid rocks and porphyries. In some regions where thepe rocks have decomposed on a large scale, the resulting clay remains hi vast beds of kaolin, usually more or less mixed with free quartz, and sometimes with oxyd of iron from some of the other minerals present. Pure kaolinite in scales often occurs in connection with iron ores of the. Coal formation. It sometimes forms extensive beds in the Tertiary formation, as near Richmond, Va. Also met with accompanying diaspore and emery or corundum. Occurs in the coal formation at Cache-Apres in Belgium ; also in the same at Schlan in Bohemia, and at Rohe ; in argillaceous schist at Lodeve, Dept. of Herault, France ; at the Einigkeit mine at Brand, near Freiberg, and elsewhere in Saxony j as kaolin at Diendorf (Bodenmais) in Bavaria; HYDROUS SILICATES, MARGAKOPHYLLITE SECTION. 475 at Zeisigwald near Chemnitz ; as the gangue of topaz at Schneckenstein ; with emery and mar- garite at Naxos ; as the gangue of diaspore at Schemnitz ; as the material of pseudomorphs after prosopite at Altenberg (anal. 8), showing well the hexagonal scales (Johnson & Blake) ; with fluor at Zinnwald, a white powdery substance consisting of hexag. scales ; at Rochlitz (carnat) in a porphyritic rock ; in seams in an argillaceous rock on the Tweed (tuesite), the Latin name of which place is Tuesis. At Yrieix, near Limoges, is the best locality of kaolin in Europe (a discovery of 1765); it affords material for the famous Sevres porcelain manufactory. The dark-colored clay of Stourbridge, England, is made up in large part of transparent lamina? (J. & B.). In the U. States, kaolin occurs at Newcastle and Wilmington, Del. ; at various localities in the limonite region of Vermont (at Branford, etc.), Massachusetts, Pennsylvania ; Jacksonville, Ala. ; Edgefield, S. C. ; near Augusta, G-a. ; and Johnson & Blake observed transparent hexagonal scales abundantly in a blue fire-clay from Mt. Savage, Md. ; in the white clay of Brandon, Vt., Beekman, N. Y., Perth Amboy, N. J., Reading, and a locality in Chester Co., Pa., Long Island, and in white and colored clays of various other places. Near Richmond, Ya., the mealy constitutes a bed of considerable extent in the Tertiary formation ; at Tamaqua and Summit Hill in Carbon Co., Pa., it occurs in the Coal formation ; in a sandstone of the Quebec group, just below the Chaudiere Falls, filling seams or fissures, often % in- thick, having an unctuous feel, and consist- ing of minute soft scales. The characters of this species have been well defined, and its relation to kaolin explained, in an article by Johnson & Blake (1. c.), by whom the name kaolinite was proposed They show that Forchammer's formula for kaolin is the true formula, and also that of kaolinite ; and that the two are one in species chemically and physically. They point out that much lithomarge should be included, and that the hexagonal scales, which the massive mineral presents under the microscope, may be detected in all kaolin, and also in some dark -colored fire-clays, although much mixed with, impurities. They also show that the plasticity of the kaolinite depends on the fineness of the material, and that kinds not plastic in water may be rendered so by fine trituration. They suggest that the distinction of kaolinite and pholerite may disappear on further chemical investigation. The earliest recognition of the mineral distinctively is by Werner in 1780 (1. c.), who placed it under talc. It afterward took the name of earthy talc, as used by Hoffmann in 1789 (1. c.). The acute Karsten pronounced it a scaly clay (schuppige Thon), and arranged it accordingly in 1808 (1. c.) ; but no author of the next twenty years fully adopted his view. In 1807 Brongniart made the species nacrite (1. c.), for a jusible, anhydrous, pearly potash-mica, analyzed by Vauquelm (affording Si 50, A 1 ! 26, I?e 5, Ca 1'5, K 17 -5), and referred to it doubtingly the earthy talc, in a note, without any knowledge of it. Hausmann, in 1813 (Handb., 500), says that the schuppige Talc of Andreasberg in the Harz (which he says is wrongly called buttermilchsilber) may perhaps be schuppige Hydrargillite (hydrate of alumina) or Thon, but an analysis was needed to decide it. Hoff- mann, in 1815 (Handb., ii. b, 268), makes it his first variety of talc, but queries its nature, and cites an analysis by John of a hydrate of alumina. In 1832 (1. c.) Breithaupt gave the Saxon mineral the name nacrite (nakrit), without any appar- ent reference in the place to Brongniart's or Vauquelin's previous use of this name. But he at the same time questions whether it may not be identical with pholerite (which had been described in 1825). Since then the species has been united to pholerite, under the idea that pholerite was incorrectly analyzed by Guillemiu (which may still be true) ; and Breithaupt, in 1841 (Handb., 391), adopts this view, putting pholerite of Guillemin under nacrite ; and, moreover, he attributes his name nacrite to Vauquelin. This was the state of the question when the description of kaolinite by Johnson and Blake appeared. Breithaupt, in 1832, stated that the scales were hexagonal ; and again in his account of the " nakrit " of Brand near Freiberg. A. Knop, in 1859 (Jahrb. Min. 1859, 594), describes with detail the crystallization of the Schneckenstein mineral ; he makes it rhombic, with the planes I, 0, H and gives the angle /A 1=118. Descloizeaux, in his Mineralogy (1862), shows that optically the scales from Brand, near Freiberg, are orthorhombic, and makes the angles 120 and 60 ; and Johnson & Blake give the same angles as a mean of their measurements of various kaolinites. The name Kaolin is a corruption of the Chinese Kauling, meaning high-ridge, the name of a hill near Jauchau Fu, where the material is obtained ; and the petuntze (peh-tun-tsz) of the Chinese, with which the kaolin is mixed in China for the manufacture of porcelain, is a quartzose feld- spathic rock, consisting largely of quartz (S. W. Williams). The word porcelain was first given to the china-ware by the Portuguese, from its resemblance to the nacre of the sea-shells Porcel- lana (Cyprneas), they supposing it to be made from egg-shells, fish-glue, and fish scales (S. W. Williams). 420. HALLOYSITE. Halloysite Berthier, Ann. Ch. Phys., xxxii. 332, 1826. Galapektit, Gummit, Breith., Char., 99, 1832. Glagerit Breith., Handb., 357, 1841. Smectite Salvetat, Ann. Ch. Phys., III. xxxi. 102, 1851. Steinmark or Lithomarge pt., Pseudo-Steatite pt., G-lossecol- lite, Shep., Min., 1857, App. to Suppl., p. iii. 476 OXYGEN COMPOUNDS. ? Lenzinit John., Chem. Schrift., v. 193, 1816. ? Severite Beud., Tr., 1824, in Index, and ii. 36, 1832. ? Nertschinskite JRazoumovski. Bole pt. Massive. Clay-like or earthy. H.=:l 2. G. 1-8 2-4. Lustre somewhat pearly, or waxy, to dull. Color white, grayish, greenish, yellowish, bluish, reddish. Translucent to opaque, sometimes becoming translucent or even transparent in water, with an increase of one-fifth in weight. Fracture conchoidal. Hardly plastic. Var. 1. Ordinary. Earthy or waxy in lustre, and opaque massive. Galapectite is the halloy- site of Anglar. Pseudosieatite of Thomson & Binney is an impure variety (anal. 8, 9), dark green in color, with H. = 2'25, G.=2'469. Glagerite, from Bergnersreuth in Bavaria (anal. 10, 11), is proved to be halloysite by Fikenscher ; it is white to yellowish-white ; G. = 2-35 2-382 ; H. = 2 2'5. 2. Smectite of Salvetat is greenish, and in certain states of humidity appears transparent and almost gelatinous ; it is from Conde, near Houdan, France. Breithaupt's Gummite (Char., 99, 1832) is a " gum-like halloysite," not adhering to the tongue, from Anglar, though in his Handbuch, where the same locality is mentioned, he quotes Berthier's analysis of collyrite from the Pyrenees. Glossecottite is milk-white and earthy, but becomes translucent on the edges and a little opaline hi water. It forms a seam 1 in. thick in a siliceous Silurian rock in Rising Fawn, Dade Co., Georgia. 3. Lenzinite is earthy, compact, white, translucent, and somewhat opaline, from Kail in the Eifel ; and brownish, from rifts in pegmatite at La Vilate, near Chanteloube, in France. Leonhard considered it (Handb., 1826) a decomposed semiopal. It is described as not gelatinizing in acids. Named after the German mineralogist Lenz. Nertschinskite of Razoumovski, a whitish or bluish earth from Nertschinsk, has been referred to lenzinite. Severite, or lenzinite of St. Sever, was first noticed in 1818, and analyzed in that year by Pelletier (J. de Phys., Ixxxvi. 251, 1818). It has sometimes the semitransparency of opal, a soft feel, adheres strongly to the tongue, and makes no paste with water ; it is from the upper arenaceous stratum in the gypsiferous Tertiary at St. Sever in France. It is not clear whether it belongs here or to kaolinite. 4. Bole, in part, may belong here ; that is, those colored, unctuous clays containing more or Jess oxyd of iron, which also have about 24 p. c. of water; the iron gives it a brownish, yellow- ish, or reddish color ; but more investigation is needed before it is known that they are not mere mixtures. Oropion of Glocker (Syn., 188, 1847) is a dark brown to black bole ; it is the Btrgseife of Werner (Ueb. Croust, 189, 1780), having a greasy feel and streak, and H. = l 2 ; the color is attributed to bituminous matters present. It is from Olkutsch in Poland. Where it belongs is doubtful. The analysis below by Bucholz is of a similar kind from Thuringia ; but its identity with Werner's Polish Bergseife is not certain. Comp. 0. ratio for B, Si, 11=3 : 4 : 3; (ifi 3 + l) 2 Si 2 +3f[ or (lSi Q +3)= Silica 43-3, alumina 37'7, water 19'0=100. Analyses: 1, 1A, 2, Berthier (Ann. Oh. Phys., 1. c., Ann. d. M., III. ix. 500); 3, Dufrenoy (ib., iii. 393); 4, Oswald (J. pr. Ch,, xii. 173); 5, Aionheim (Verh. nat. Ver. Bonn, v. 41, Ramm., 4th Suppl., 221); 6, Sauvage (Ann. de M., IV. x. 77) ; 7, Salvetat (Ann. Ch. Phys., III. xxxi. 102); 8, 9, Thomson and Binney (Ed. N. Phil. J., xvi 55); 10, 11, Fiken- scher (J. pr. Ch., Ixxxix. 459); 12, v. Hauer. (Jahrb. G. Reichs., 826, 1853) ; 13, Pisaui (C. R., Hi. 310); 14, John (1- c.); 15, Salvetat (l.c.); 16, 17, Lowig ("Leonh. Orykt.," but not found in it by the author); 18, Wackenroder (Kastn. Archiv., xi. 466); 19, Zellner (Jahrb Min., 1835. 467); 20, Bucholz (Gehlen's N. J., iii. 597): Si l Pe Mg Ca Na K H 1. Anglar 39'5 34-0 2 6 -5 = 100 Berthier. 1A. ' dried at 100 C. 44-94 39-06 16-00=100 Berthier. 2. Housscha 46-7 36'9 16'0 = 99'15 Berthier. 3. LaVoulte 40-66 33'66 24'83=99'15 Dufrenoy. 4. Miechowitz, Silesia 40-2530-00 24*25, Mg 0-25 = 99-55 0. 5. Altenberg 40-31 33'23- 23-69,2r 1'23=98-46M. 6. Ecogne 42 30 . 24=100 Sauvage. 7. Conde, Smectite 43-0 32'5Fel-20 0'03 1-02 0'4 21-7,Sigel.r5 = 101'62S 8. Blackburn 41-8922-05 6'62 6'16 2'42 20*22 Mn ^.=99-36 T. 42-78 22-53 6'31 6'76 2'54 18'68 Mn *r.=99'60 B. 10. Glagerite, compact 42'85 36-14 20'54=99'53 Fikensch. 11. earthy 37-12 41-27 , 21-16=99-55 Fikensch. 12. St. Sever, Severite 44-4236-00 0'65 18-40=99 47 Hauer. 13. Georgia, Glossec. 40'4 37'8 O'o 21-8=100-5 Pisani HYDKOUS SILICATES, MARGAROPHYLLITE SECTION. 477 Si 1 e Mg Ca Na K & 14. Eifel, Lenzinite 37'5 37'5 25-0=100 John. 15. Chanteloube, " 36'36 36'00 1-95 0'18 0'50 21-50, Si gel 2-0, quartz 1-64=100-13 Salvetat. 16 Ettinghausen, Bole 42-00 24-14 10'03 0'43 0-52 24-03 = 101-05 Ldwig. 17. C. de Prudelles, " 41-05 25'03 8'09 0'50 0'45 24-02=99-14 Lowig. 18. Sasebuhl, " 41-9 20'9 12-2 24'9 = 99'9 Wackenrodei 19. Striegau, " 42-00 20-12 8-53 2'01 2'81 0'50 24'00 = 99'97 Zellner. 20. Thuringia, Oropion. 44'0 26'5 8'0 0'5 20-5=99-5 Bucholz. Pelletier obtained for the severite (1. c.) Si 50, A 1 ! 22, H 26=98. Shepard made the glossecollite erroneously a hydrated silica containing 17 p. c. of water. Pyr., etc. Yields water. B.B. infusible. A fine blue with cobalt solution. Decomposed by acids. Glossecollite is decomposed by hot sulphuric acid, Pisani. Obs. Occurs often in veins or beds of ore, as a secondary product ; also in granite and other rocks, being derived from the decomposition of some aluminous minerals. The Halloysite of Hous- scha is derived from graphic granite. APPENDIX TO CLAYS. The following are other earthy hydrous aluminous silicates, all of doubtful character : 420A. SINOPITE Hausm., Handb.. 1847; &$? TheopTir. ; Eubrica Vitruy. ; Sinopis Pliny; Sinopische Erde Klapr., Beitr., iv. 345 ; Bol de Sinopis Beud. A clayey earth of a brick-red color dotted with white, adhering to the tongue. The material analyzed by Klaproth was from Ana- tolia, Asia Minor. The sinopic earth of the ancients was brought from Cappadocia, and used as a red paint, and may have been a red ochre. Theophrastus speaks of two other kinds of sinopic earth, one whitish, the other between the red and white in color, and called the pure kind because it was used without mixing; besides also an artificial kind make by burning a clay the clay be- coming red owing to the hydrated oxyd of iron present, which was freed from its water by the heat. 420B. MELINITE Glocker (Syn., 186, 1847 ; Gelb-Erde pt. Wern., Hoffm. Min., ii. b, 210; Argile ocreuse jaune pt. H.-, Yellow ochre pt.) is a yellow clayey material, looking like yellow ochre, more or less lamellar in structure, shining in streak, adhering to the tongue, and soiling the fingers ; G-.= 2'24. The kind analyzed, and to which the name especially belongs, is that from Amberg in Bavaria. Other reported localities are Miinden and Schoningen in Hanover ; Wehrau, Prussia ; Robschiitz, Saxony; Vierzon (whence sometimes called Vierzonite), Dept. of Cher, and Pourrain, Dept. of Yonne, France. 420C. OCHRAN Breith., Char., 100, 1832. A kind of "bole" of a yellow color from Orawitza, a little greasy in feel, with H. = l 2, and Gr. = 2'4 2-5; streak pale yellow to colorless. PLINTHITE Thorn. (Min., i. 323) is a brick-red clay from Antrim, Ireland, having Gr. = 2*342, and H. = 2-75, and not adhering to the tongue. Analyses : 1, Klaproth (1. c.); 2, Thomson (1. c.); 3, Kersten (Schw. J., Ixvi. 31); 4, Kiihn (Schw. J., li. 466) : Si 3tl 3?e Ca Na Cl H 1. Sinopite 32'0 26-5 21 '0 1-5 17-0=98-0 Klaproth. 2. Melinite 33-23 14'21 37'76 Mg 1'38 13-24=99-82 Kiihu. 3. Plinthite 30-88 20'76 26'16 2'60 19'60= 100 Thomson. 4. Ochran 31-3 48'0 1-2 21'0=96'5 Kersten. These ochreous clays are probably only mixtures. Von Hauer obtained from a " melinite " of unknown locality (Jahrb. G-. Reichs., 1853,428) Si 46-50, 3tl, ffe 40'82 (in one trial e 14*92), 6a 0-39, H 11-50 = 100. 420D. ORAYITZITE Breith., Handb., 366, 1841. Massive and in nodules, and resembling halloy- Bite, but heavier. H. = 2 2; G-.=2'701; lustre waxy; color greenish- white ; unctuous. It is 4:78 OXYGEN COMPOUNDS. supposed to be a hydrous aluminous silicate containing oxyd of zinc. In the glass tube yields much water. B.B. yields, according to Plattner, with soda and borax on charcoal, a slag which is yellow while hot and white on cooling. The oxyd of zinc is probably present as a mixture in the clay. From Orawitza, Transylvania, with calamine. 420E. HVERLEBA Forchhammer (Jahresb., xxiii. 265, 1848). A white or reddish clay resulting from the action of sulphuric and carbonic acids on the ferriferous clays of Krisuvig, Iceland, Composition Si 50'99, l 7-89, e 21-21, Mg 19-96, Ti 0'46=lOO-01. 420F. KEFFEKILITE (Keffekilith Fischer, Mem. Soc. Nat. Moscou, i. 60, 1811). A pearl-gray to grayish-white lithomarge, from the Crimea, having a greasy feel, and somewhat adhering to the tongue, with G. = 2-40, John. John obtained (1. c.) Si 45-00, A-l 14-00, e 12-25, Ca 2-25, Na Cl 1-50, ft 22-00, manganese, chrome (?), magnesia, and loss 3-00. Becomes hard enough to scratch glass by calcination. It is evidently merely a clayey mixture. Keffekil Tartarorum (of the Tartars) was, according to Cronstedt (Min., 79, 1758), a yellowish- white lithomarge from Tartary, used there as a substitute for soap. It has been referred to sepiolite by some. 420G. MELOPSITE Breith. (Handb., ii. 360, 1841). Melopsite is translucent, white, yellowish, grayish, or greenish, has a small conchoidal fracture, adheres a little to the tongue, and resembles in texture the flesh of an apple (whence the name from /ijjAoi/, apple, and o^ov, meat, etc.) Accord- ing to Plattner, it consists of silica, alumina, a little magnesia and oxyd of iron, with ammonia, water, and some bitumen. It affords hi a glass tube "less water than glagerite." 420H. ACHTARAGDITE Russian, before 1847 (Glocker's Syn., 305, 1847. Achtarandit lad orthog.). Massive ; earthy. Soiling the fingers like chalk. Also in tetrahedral crystals, or combinations of a dodecahedron and tetrahedron, but evidently pseudomorphous. Color grayish-white to greenish-gray ; lustre none ; fracture earthy. On the Achtaragda, a tributary to the Wilui river, at a locality of idocrase, and containing crystals of idocrase imbedded hi it ; also 7 m. distant, near Wilui on Mt. Uegernat, with grossularite. Contains silica, alumina, oxyd of iron, lime, magnesia, and water. Supposed by Breithaupt (B. H. Ztg., 1853, 370) to be pseudomorphous after helvite. 421. SAMOITE. Dana, Min., 288, 1850; and Geol. Rep. Expl. Exp., 324, 1849. Stalactitic, with a lamellar structure. H.=4 4*5. G.=l*7 1*9. Lustre resinous in the fracture. Color white, grayish, or yellowish. Translucent to subtranslucent, not adhering to the tongue nor plastic, being too hard. Comp. Analyses : B. Silliman (1. c.) : Si XI Mg Na fi CaC 1. 81-25 37-21 0-06 0'06 30'45 O'Ol =99*04. G.=1'69 1-813. 2. 35-14 31-95 1-05 tr. 30-80 1-21 = 100-15. G. = 1'894. .^. p ves J h P - ratio 3 : 3 : 5, and formula 2tl a i 8 +10ft. No. 2 corresponds nearly to Si 2 Si 3 +10H[ + HSi]. The mode of origin of the mineral renders quite probable the presence of some opal-silica. Pyr., etc. B.B. infusible. In nitric or muriatic acid gelatinizes, leaving a portion of silica in Obs. Forms stalactites and stalagmites ; the former low conical ; the latter flattened hemi- spherical in shape, with a width of 3 inches or so. smooth at surface. They consist within of a series of thin plates closely adhering. When fresh they were soft enough to be cut with a knife, but hardened on exposure. They occur in a lava cavern on the south side of the extinct volcanic : island of Upolu, of the Navigator or Samoa group; the cavern was a passage some hun- dreds of yards long, entered about a mile and a half from the sea by a perpendicular descent of eet, and extending toward and beneath the sea, and also up the mountain to an unascertained distance. Its sides and bottom were in places covered with the samoite, which had been formed from the percolating waters. The overlying rock was about 15 feet thick Samite of Silliman, Jr. (Dana's Expl. Exp. Geol. Rep., 732), is a kind of feldspar incorrectly analyzed ; probably labradorite. HYDKOUS SILICATES, MAKGAROPHYLLITE SECTION. 479 422 FINITE. Amorphous ; granular to crystals, and sometimes with form and cleavage being those a submicaceous cleavage, which may belong to the species. H.r=2-5 3-5. G.=2'6 2-85. Lustre feeble, waxy. Color grayish- white, grayish-green, pea-green, dull green, brownish, reddish. Translucent opaque. Acts like a gum on polarized light; Descl. Comp., Var. Finite is essentially a hydrous alkaline silicate. Being a result of alteration, and amorphous, the mineral varies much in composition, and numerous species have been made of the mineral in its various conditions. If crystals of staurolite may vary 20 p. c. in the propor- tion of silica, much more should a massive mineral which has been made by the metamorphism of other minerals. Variations would naturaUy exist from the presence of some of the unaltered original mineral, or of some of its ingredients in an uncombined state ; and in the case of rock masses, from mixture with free quartz, partially altered or unaltered feldspar, or other substances. The varieties of pinite here admitted agree closely in physical characters, and in the amount of potash and water present, and their variations are such as are reasonably attributed to the above causes. The 0. ratio for the bases, silica, and water, deduced from the mean of the analyses, is 3:4:1, whence the formula (iH 3 +f (R 3 )) 2 Si 3 =. if R=K and R 3 : B=l : 8, Silica 46-0, alumina 35'1, potash 12-0, water 6-9 = 100 ; or, if R ^Mg+f K and & 3 : B=l : 5, = Silica 45-9, alumina 32'7, magnesia 2-5, potash 12'0, water 6'9=100; or, if Mg : K=5 : 7 and R 3 : &=l : 5, ^Silica 46-2, alumina 33*0, magnesia 3'3, potash 10*6, water 6'9 100. The mineral is related chemically, as it is also physically, to serpentine (which has the 0. ratio 3:4:2); and it is an alkali-alumina serpentine, as pyrophyllite is an alumina talc. The different kinds are either pseudomorphous crystals after (1) iolite ; (2) nephelite ; (3) scap- olite; (4) some kind of feldspar; (5) spodumene ; or (6) other aluminous mineral; or (7) dissem- inated masses resembling indurated talc, steatite, lithomarge, or kaolinite, also a result of altera- tion ; or (8) the prominent or sole constituent of a metamorphic rock, which is sometimes apinite schist (analogous to, and often much resembling, talcose schist, and still more closely related to pyrophyllite schist). As argillaceous shale often consists of pulverized feldspar, its conversion into pinite schist would be wholly similar to the pseudomorphism of a feldspar crystal into pinite. It is not possible to arrange all the varieties under the above heads. The following are the names that have been introduced, and the characters of the substances to which they are applied : Var. 1. FINITE. Speckstein [fr. the Pini mine at Aue, near Schneeberg] Hoffmann, Bergm. J., 156, 1789; Kieselerde + Thonerde, etc., Klapr., ib., 227, 1790. Pinit Karsten, Tab., 28, 73, 1800.) The original pinite is in 6- to 9-sided prisms ; color brown. Occurs in granite, and is supposed to be pseudomorphous after iolite. Also found at St. Pardoux in Auvergne, at the Puy de Dome, in decomposing feldspar porphyry ; at Miihlenthal, near Elbingerode, the prisms 12-sided, lustreless, with H. = 2 3. Anal. 1-7. 2. GIESECKITE (fr. Greenland, Allan, Ann. Phil., ii. 1813). In 6-sided prisms, probably pseudo- morphous after nephelite. H.^3'5. G.=2'78 2'85. Color grayish-green, olive-green, to brownish. Brought by Giesecke from Akulliardsuk and Kangerdluarsuk, Greenland, where it occurs in compact feldspar Also of similar characters from a pyroxene rock at Diana, N. Y., the prisms often large, and with the basal edges replaced by a plane inclined about 135 to the base. Anal. 8-11. (&) Lythrodes Karsten (Mag. Ges. Fr. Berlin, iv. 78, 1810; John, Ch. Unt, i. 171; Splittriger Wernerit Hausm., 520, 1813) has a little less silica and more alumina than the above (anal. 12), but is otherwise essentially the same ; it is imperfectly lamellar, scaly in fracture, greasy in lustre ; yellow, flesh -red, brownish-red, or spotted with greenish and yellowish ; G.=2'ol ; and is from the zircon-syenite of Fredericksvarn and Laurvig. It is regarded as altered nephelite. Of like composition and origin is the (c) Liebenerite Marignac (Bibl. Univ., vi. 293, 1848), from a porphy- ritic feldspathic rock of Mt. Viesena, in Fleimsthal (anal. 13-15) ; it occurring in 6-sided prisms without cleavage ; H 3-5; G. = 2*814, v. Hauer; 2'8u6, Breith. ; lustre somewhat greasy ; color greenish-gray ; and without double refraction. (d) Dysyntribite Shepard (Proc. Am. Assoc., 311, 1851, Am. J. Sci., II. xii. 209) is essentially the same with the gieseckite from Diana and elsewhere, Lewis Co., N. Y. ; it constitutes masses or a rock, sometimes slaty in structure, and somewhat resembles serpentine, though more waxy in aspect (anal. 18, 19); H.=3 3*5; G.=2'7t> 2'81; colors often mottled, usually greenish, some- times reddish or spotted with red. Associated with phlogopite, etc. (e) Parophite T. S. Hunt (Rep. G. Can., 1852, 1863) is similar to dysyntribite, but less pure; 480 OXYGEN COMPOUNDS. the analyses vary considerably (anal. 20-23), it being, as regarded by Hunt, a rock, and not a simple mineral; the name alludes to a resemblance to serpentine ; H. = 2-5-3, and it cuts like massive talc; G =2-1 2'784 ; 2-90, fr. Pownal; colors greenish, yellowish, reddish, grayish. It constitutes a schistose rock at St. Nicholas and Famine R., Can., being an altered shale of the Lower Silurian (Quebec group) ; also occurs in Stanstead, Can., on the B. shore of L. Mem- phremagog, with chloritic'schist ; and at Pownal, Vermont, as a bluish-gray schist, that had been considered a taloose or magnesian schist. (/) A green mineral from the Grindelwald glacier (anal. 24), having H.=3'5 4, and b-. = 2'85, a somewhat waxy lustre, resembling a compact green talc, and described by Fellenberg (Ber. N Ges. Berne, 1 866) is very similar to parophite. (g) Pinitoid, described by A. Knop (Jahrb. Min. 1859, 558) as a rock, is like dysyntribite in characters, and a schist called "pinitoid schist" approaches parophite. Pinitoid (anal. 25) has H. = 2-5 ; G.=:2-788 ; color leek-, oil-, and grayish-green. Occurs in the region between Freiberg and Chemnitz, Saxony, pseudomorphous after feldspar, in a half-decomposed granitic porphyry, constituting about 25 p. c. of the rock. 3. WILSONITE T. S. Hunt (Rep. G. Can., 1853, 1863) is a pinite pseudomorph, with the form and cleavage of scapolite-, H. = 3'5; G.^2'76 2'78 ; lustre somewhat pearly; color rose-red; frag- ments translucent; anal. 16, 17. It is from Bathurst, Can., where it was first found by Dr. Wilson; also St. Lawrence Co., N. Y. Terenite-(p 323), from Antwerp, St. Lawrence Co., may be the same. 4. POLYAKGITE and ROSITE of Svanberg (Ak. H. Stockh., ] 840) are close to the preceding in composition. Rosile (anal. 28) is a granular red mineral, occurring in granular limestone at Aker in Sodermanland ; H.=2'5 ; G.=2'72. G. Rose and others make it altered anorthite. Polyargite (anal 26, 27) occurs in reddish lamellar masses at Tunaberg, Sweden ; H.^4 ; G.=2'768 ; named from wits, much, and dpyds, sparkle. The name Pyrrholite has been given to a reddish lamellar mineral from Tunaberg, which is very similar to polyargite (Descl. Min., i. 302, 1862) ; it has H.= 34; and cleavage surfaces inclined together about 87; and is apparently anorthite less altered than in rosite and polyargite. It is optically biaxial. The " pinitoid " of Sasbachwald, Duchy of Baden (anal. 85), is altered oligoclase, according to Sandberger ; H. = 2'5. 5. KILLINITE Thomson (Min., i. 330, 1836), from Killiney Bay, Ireland, has been stated to have the form and cleavage of spodumene, a mineral that occurs in the vicinity. It has H.=4 ; G.= 2-562-66, Thomson; 2'678 2 - 688, Galbraith ; lustre weak vitreous ; color greenish-gray, brown- ish, or yellowish; anal. 29-33. 6. Other pinite has passed under the name of lithomarge (Steinmark Germ.}. That of Zorge (anal. 36) is green, and has G.=3-086, Ramm. The Schemnitz mineral (anal. 37) occurs with dill- niteand kaolinite as the gangue of diaspore, and is gray or greenish-gray in color, with H. = 2'5 3, G. = 2-735. Anal. 47 is of a lithomarge from Schlackenwald. That of Ems (anal. 48) is green to white, and kaolin-like in consistence, and occurs in clefts in the Spirifer sandstone. The compact talc of Klammberg, Tyrol, is probably pinite or agalmatolite in constitution. 7. AGALMATOLITE (Agalmatolithus, Bildstein (fr. China), Klapr., Beitr., ii. 184, 1797. Pagodite Napione, J. de Phys., xlvi. 220, 1798). Like ordinary massive piiiite in its amorphous compact texture, lustre, and other physical characters, but contains more silica, so as to afford the formula of a bisilicate, or nearly, and it may be a distinct species. Yet, as above observed, the excess of silica is possibly from free quartz or feldspar as impurity. The Chinese has PI. = 2 2*5 ; G.r= 2-7852-815, Klapr. Colors same as for pinite, usually grayish, grayish-green, brownish, yellow- ish. Anal. 38-41. A similar mineral in composition comes from Nagyag in Transylvania, and Ochsenkopf near Schwarzenberg in Saxony (anal. 4-4). Agalmatolite was named from ayaXpa, an image, and pagodite from pagoda, the Chinese carving the soft stone into miniature pagodas, images, etc. Part of the so-called agalmatolite of China is true pinite in composition, another part is compact pyrophyllite (p. 455), and still another steatite (p. 453). (Brush, Am J. Sci., II. xxvi. 64.) Oncosin v. Kobell (J. pr. Ch., ii. 295, 1834) is related in composition (anal. 45), and has H. = 2 ; G. = 2'8; color apple-green to grayish or brownish; translucent; it occurs in roundish masses imbedded in dolomite with mica, at Passecken near Tamsweg, in Salzburg, (c) Ob'site (Oosit Marx, ib., iii. 216, 1834), another related compound (anal. 43), is white to reddish or brownish-red, and occurs in 6- and 12-sided prisms; it is from the 06s valley, duchy of Baden, occurring in what is called pinite-porphyry. (d) Gongylite (Gongylit Thoreld, Act. Soc. Sci. Fenn., iii. 815, A. ISTord., Beskrifn. Finl. Mm., 146, 1855) is yellowish or yellowish-brown, and has cleavage in two directions ; with H.=4 5 ; G.=2'7 ; anal. 42. From a schist called talcose schist at Kimsamo in Finland. 0. ratio for B, , Si, H, for agalmatolite, about 1 : 9 : 18 : 3 ; for oncosin, 1 : 5 : 10 : 1|; for oosite, 1 : 10 : 24 : 6 ; for gongylite, 1 : 3 : 8 : 1|. The following may be impure pinite : - 8. Gigantolite Nord. (Act. Soc. Sci. Fenn., i. 2, 377, 1837). From gneissoid granite of Tammela, Finland, in large 6- and 12-sided prisms, with basal cleavage ; H.=2'5 ; G. = 2-862 2'878 ; lustre somewhat waxy ; color greenish to dark steel-gray, sometimes approaching submetaUic in lustre, HYDKOUS SILICATES, MAKGAKOPHYLLITE SECTION. 481 owing to the alteration of the original iolite and the presence of uncombined oxyd of iron. (&) Iberite Svanberg (CEfv. Ak. Stockh., i. 219, 1844), from Montalvan, near Toledo, Spain, is the same mineral in characters ; H.=2'5 ; G.=2'89. Both are a result of the alteration of iolite, and are between pinite andfahluniie (p. 484) in composition. Analyses: 1, 2, Rammelsberg (3d SuppL, 94, Min. Oh., 835); 3-5, Marignac(J. Pharm. Oh., III. xii. 150); 6, Rammelsberg (Min. Oh., 836); 7, A. Streng (B. H. Ztg., xx. 266); 8, Stromeyer (Gel. Anz. Gdtt., iii. 1993, 1819); 9, Pfaff (Schw. J., xlv. 103, 1825); 10, v. Hauer (Jahrb. G. Reichs., 1854, 76); 11, G. J. Brush (Am. J. Sci., II. xxvi. 64); 12. John (Chem. Unt, i. 171); 13, Marig- nac (1. c.); 14, v. Hauer (1. c., 1853, 147); 15, GEUacher (ZS. Ferdinandeums, 1844, 2); 16, T. S. Hunt (Rep. G. Can., 1863, 483); 17, E. W. Root (Am. J. Sci., II. xlv. 47); 18, 19, Smith & Brash (Am. J. Sci., II. xvi. 50); 20-23, T. S. Hunt (Rep. G. Can., 1852, 95, 1863, 484); 24, Fellenberg (Ber. Nat. Ges. Berne, 1866); 25, A. Knop (Jahrb. Min., 1859, 558); 26, 28, A. Svanberg (Pogg., liv. 269, Ak. H. Stockh., 1840) ; 27, A. Erdmann (Ak. H. Stockh., 1848) ; 29, 30, Lehunt & Blythe (Thomson's Min., i 330); 31, MaUet (Ramm. 5th SuppL, 148); 32, 33, J. A. Galbraith (J. G. Soc. Dublin, vi. 165); 34, A. Streng (1. c.); 35, Seidel (Beschr. Baden, Carlsruhe. 55, 1861); 36, Rammelsberg (Pogg., Ixii. 152); 37, Karafiat (Pogg., Ixxviii. 575) ; 38, Vauquelin (Ann. de Ok, xlix. 88); 39. 40, Klaproth (Beitr., v. 19, 21); 41, John (Chem. Unt., i. 126); 42, Thoreld (Act. Soc. Sci. Fenn., iii. 815); 43, Nessler (Beschr. Baden, Carlsruhe, 32, 1861, Jahresb., 1861); 44, John (Ann. Phil., iv. 214); 45, v. Kobell (J. pr. Cli., ii. 295) ; 46, John (Chem. Unt., l.c.); 47, Krieg (Ramm. Min. Oh.. 576); 48, Herget (Jahresb., 1863, 822): 7-80=99-42 Ramm. 3-83 = 102-13 Ramm. 5*45 = 100 Marignac. 5-39=100 Marignac. 5-03 = 100 Marignac. 4-27, Mn 0-11 = 100-03 R. 9-02 (with C)=99-72 S. 4-89, Mn 1-15 = 96-71 S. 5-5=98-0 Pfaff. 6-82=98-64 Hauer. [B. 6-97, Ca C 0-32=100-28 6-00=99-73 John. 5-05 = 100-19 Marignac. [4-7 5] = 10 1-03 Hauer. 4-70=99-01 (Ellacher. 5-43=99-55 Hunt. 6-09=99-43 Root. 5-38, Mn 0-30=99-94 Smith & Brush. 5-30=98-88 S. & B. 7-14=99-81 Hunt. 8-40=99-53 Hunt. 5-36=98-99 Hunt. 6-50 Hunt. 5-25= 100-99 Fellenberg. 4-19 =101 -40 Knop. 5-29, Mn 0-30=99-22 S. 4-62, Mn 0-19=99-56 E. 6-53, Mn 0-19=99-48 S. 10-00 = 100-43 Lehunt. 10-00, Mn 1-26=99-80 B. 3-67, Li 0-46=99-92 M. 7-58=98-54 Galbraith. 8-03=98-42 Galbraith. 5-25=99-86 Streng. 5-84=97-44 Seidel. 5-48=99-97 Ramm. 5-10 Karafiat. 5 =100 Vauquelin. 4-00=99-50 Klaproth. 3-0=98-5 Klaproth. 5-00=100 John. 5-77, Mn 0-32=99-49 T. Si XI 3Pe Fe Mg Ca Na & 1. Aue, Finite 46-83 27-65 8-71 1-02 0-49 0-40 6-52 2. Penig, 47-00 28-36 7-86 2-48 0-79 1-07 10-74 3. Saxony, 46-10 32-46 4-27 2-26 0-46 9-00 4. Chamouny, 44-70 31-64 6-57 2-86 0-95 7-89 5. St. Pardoux, " 47-50 31-80 3-92 0-92 1-78 9-05 6. a a 48-92 32-29 3-49 1-30 0-51 9-14 7. Elbingerode, " 47-51 31-17 1-85 1-55 1-24 0-15 7-23 8. Greenland, Gieseck. 46-08 33-83 3-36 1-20 6-20 9. a a 48-0 32-5 4-0 1-5 6-5 10. " " (|) 45-88 26-93 6-30 7-87 4-84 11. Diana, " (|) 45-67 31-51 0-27 0-77 3-48 2-20 0-88 8-21 12. Norway, Lythrodes 44-62 37-36 1-00 tr. 2-75 8-00 13. Fleims, Liebener. ($) 44-67 36-51 1-75 1-40 0-92 9-90 14. a a 44-45 38-75 2-26 tr. 1-58 2-79 6-45 15. a a 45-13 36-50 263 1-56 0-42 8-07 16. Bathurst, Wilsonite (|) 47 'HO 31-19 4-19 0-95 0-89 9-30 17. S. Lawrence Co., " 47-46 30-51 3-63 0-53 2-43 8-78 18. Jefferson Co., Dys. 44-80 34-90 3-01 0-42 0-66 3-60 6'87 19. a a 46-70 31-01 3-69 ___ 0-50 tr. tr. 11-68 20. St. Nicholas, Par. (f) 48-46 27-55 5-08 2-02 2-05 2-35 5-16 21. a a 48-10 28-70 4-80 1-41 2-10 1-53 4-49 22. St. Francis, " 50-50 33-40 tr. 1-00 tr. 0*63 8*10 28. Stan stead, " 50-30 32-60 tr. 1-20 un det. 21. Grindelwald Gl. 46-81 35-15 1-43 0-65 0-99 0-49 9-68 25. Chemnitz, Pinitoid 47-77 32-65 8-94 0-49 1-50 5-86 2-^ x h ^ rV. -77^ ^i^- 162 8 r ; /\ 16 7 obs.) ; A I- (m)= 94 O r ) ; R A ^, in twin, =152 10 r . Cleavage : basal, highly perfect. Crystals often tabular, and in crest- ed groups. Also massive, consist- ing of an aggregation of scales ; also compact cryptocrystalline. H.=:2 2-5 ; 3, at times, on edges. G.=2-6-2-85; 2-673, Ala. Lustre of cleavage surface pearly ; of lateral plates vitreous, and some- times brilliant. Color green, apple- green, grass-green, grayish-green, olive-green; also reddish, violet, rose-red, pink, grayish-red ; occasionally yellowish and silver- white ; violet crystals, ^and sometimes the green, hyacinth-red by transmitted light along the vertical axis. Transparent to subtranslucent. Laminae flexible, not elastic. Double refraction feeble ; axis either negative or positive, and sometimes positive and negative in different laminae of the same plate or crystal. Var. 1. Penninite. As first named, it included a green crystallized chlorite from the Pennine Alps. Hydrotak of Necker is penninite from the Binnen valley, in the Valais. Axis of double refrac- tion positive, Descl. Most of the penninite from Zermatt, and that of Binneo and the Tyrol, have Texas, Pa. Kammererite, Urals. 496 OXYGEN COMPOUNDS. a negative optical axis ; some crystals of Zermatt, and those of Ala, a positive ; and some plates from Zermatt consist of positive and negative laminae united; Descl. 2. Tdbergite, from Taberg, "Wermland (Blue talc of "Werner, and called also mica-ddorite}, is a bluish-green or green chlorite. According to Descloizeaux's optical observations, it is in part uni- axial, with the axis positive like true penninite. But in other cases uniaxial and biaxial plates are combined, and negative and positive also ; and the axial divergence of the biaxial plates varies from 1 to 33, indicating a mixture of penninite and another chlorite, either pyrosclerite or ripidolite. Crystals of Texas have the double refraction positive though feeble (Descl., Cooke) ; they are often mixed with ripidolite, and sometimes a crystal is traversed by a band of ripidolite, whose optic-axial angle is 60 to 70 (Descl.). 3. Kammererite. The original specimen was a reddish- violet micaceous mineral from L. Itkul in Bissersk, in Perm, Eussia, partly in 6-sided prisms. It was named after Kammerer of Eussia. JthodophyttiteofGenth, and chrom-chlorite of Herm. (anal. 12), are the same, from Texas, Pa.; G.= 2 -6 17 2-62. Rhodochrome is a compact or scaly-granular variety, originally from L. Itkul, Siberia, having a splintery fracture, with G.=2-66 2-67. Color deep green; but violet, rose- or peach- blossom-red in thin splinters, whence the name. 4. Loganite of Hunt (=PseudopMte of Kenngott) is near penninite in composition. A notice of loganite, from Calumet Falls, Canada, is given under Altered Hornblende (p. 242), as it has the form, angles, and cleavage of that species ; and also of an allied material under Altered Pyroxene (p. 221). It has G.=2-60 2-64; color clove-brown to chocolate-brown; lustre dull. Pseudophite of Kenngott (Ber. Ak. Wien, xvi. 1855) has the composition of loganite, but is compact massive, without cleavage, and resembles serpentine (whence the name, from irari&fr, false, and ophite or serpentine); H. = 2-5; G.=2*75 2-77 ; lustre weak; color grayish-green, olive-green, pistachio-green ; feel unctuous. It forms the gangue of enstatite (Mg Si) at Zdjar in Aloysthal, Moravia. In the occurrence of a massive form, penninite is thus like talc, pyrophyl- lite, and other related species. Descloizeaux found (Min., 436) R A P=65 28' in penninite, and A ^=103 45'; and the latter in the Texas kammererite. The above angles, and figs. 414, 415, are from Cooke's paper on the latter (Am. J. Sci., II. xliv. 201), and f. 416 is from Kokscharof (Verh. Min. Ges. St. Pet., 1851). Oomp. 0. ratio for bases and silica 4 : 3, corresponding to 8 (l$Ig 3 , A-l), 9 Si, 12 H, but vary- ing from 4 : 3 to 5 : 4. Exact deductions from the analyses cannot be made until the state ol oxydation of the iron in all cases is ascertained; and, further, until it is also proved that there may not be a crystalline mixture such as is mentioned above under tabergite. The mineral often contains microscopic grains of magnetite, and these are supposed by Kenngott to occasion some of the discrepancies in the analyses. Analyses: (1) Penninite. 1, Schweizer (Pogg., 1. 526); 2, 3, Marignac (Ann. Ch. Phye., III. x. 428); 4, Merz (Kenngott's Uebers., 1858, 62); 5, MacDonnell (Proc. E. Acad. Dublin, 5, 307); 6, Marignac (1. c.); 7, Eammelsberg (4th Suppl., 87). (2) Kammererite, etc. 8, Hartwall (Jahresb., xxiii. 266); 9, Hermann (J. pr. Ch., liii. 1); 10, T. H. Garrett (Am. J. Sci., II. xv. 332); 11, Genth (Proc. Ac. Sci. Philad., 1852, 121); 12, Hermann (1. c.); 13, 14, Smith & Brush (Am. J. Sci., II. xvi. 47); 15, 16, Pearse (Am. J. Sci., II. xxxvii. 222); 17, Hermann (1. c.). (3) Ma-ssive. 18, v. Hauer (Ber. Ak. Wien, xvl 1855); 19, T. S. Hunt (Eep. G-. Can., 1863, 491;: Si l r Fe Mg H 1. Zermatt, Penninite 33-07 9-69 Fe 11-36 32-34 12-58=99-08 Schweizer. 2. " 33-36 13-24 0-20 5-93 34-21 12-80 =99-74 Marignac. 3. " 33-40 13-41 0-15 5-73 34-57 12-74 = 100 Marignac. 4. M 33-26 11-69 Fo7-20 35'18 12-18=99 51 Merz. 5. u 33-64 10-64 8-83 34-95 12-40=100-46 MacDonnell. 6. Binnen, 33-95 13-46 0-24 6-12 33-71 12-52=100 Marignac. 7. Snarum 34-88 12-48 5-81 34-02 13-68=100-87 Eammelsberg. 8. Ural, Kam. 37-00 14-20 1-00 Fel-50 31-50 13-00, Ca 1-5=99-70 Hartwall. 9. L. Itkul, " 30-58 15-94 4-99 Fe3-32 33-45 12-05 = 100-33 Hermann. 10. Texas, Pa., " 37-66 11-82 3-60 Fe2-50 24-97 13-58, Ca 4-11, Ni 0-67 = 98-92 Garr. 11. ' " (|) 33-20 11-11 6-85 1-43 35-54 12-95, Li, Na 0'28, K 0-1 Genth. 12. ' " 31-82 15-10 0-90 4-06 35-24 12-75, Ni 0-25 = 100-12 Hermann. 13. ( U 33-26 10-69 ~4-78 1-96 35-93 12-64, K, Na 0-35=99-61 Sm. & Br. 14. f it 33-30 10-50 4-67 1-60 36-08 13-25, K, Na 0'35=99'75 Sm. & Br. 15. u r*h- <7'w3T86 13-75 2-15 Fe2-31 34-90 13-98, Ca 1-27, Ni 0-22=100-44 P. 16. 17. ' " red Rhodochrome 31-31 34-64 12-84 10-50 2-98 5-50 Fe2-46 1-80 35-02 35-47 13-20, Ca 0-82, Ni 0'45=99'08 P. 12-03=99-94 Hermann. 18. Pseudophite 3342 15-42 Fe2-58 34-04 12-68=98-14 Hauer. 19. Loganite 33-28 13-30 1-92 35-50 16-00=100 Hunt. HTDKOUS SILICATES, MAKGAKOPHYLLITE SECTION. 497 In anal. 15, G. 2'63; 18, G.=2'383; 20, G.=2'35o. Tabergite afforded Svanberg (Ak. H. Stockholm, 155, 1839): Si 35*76, l 13-03, Fe 6'34, Mn the analy- sis of Svanberg gives 6:3:9:5; both of which are near that of pyrosclerite. G. = 2-813. Des- cloizeaux refers a part of tabergite to ripidolite (see below). Pyr., etc. In the closed tube yields water. B.B. exfoliates somewhat and is difficultly fusible. With the fluxes all varieties give reactions for iron, and many varieties react for chromium. Partially decomposed by muriatic and completely by sulphuric acid. Obs. Occurs with serpentine in the region of Zermatt, Valais, near Mt. Rosa, especially in the moraines of the Findelen glacier; crystals from Zermatt are sometimes 2 in. long and 1 in. thick; also at the foot of the Simplon ; at Ala, Piedmont, with clinochlore ; at Schwarzenstein in the Tyrol; at Taberg in Wermland ; at Snarum, greenish and foliated, called steatite of Snarum. Kammererite is found at the localities already mentioned ; also near Miask in the Urals ; at Haroldswick in Unst, Shetland Isles. Abundant at Texas, Lancaster Co.. Pa, along with clino- chlore, some crystals being imbedded in clinochlore, or the reverse. The union of kammererite and penninite is made by Descloizeaux, and is sustained by his optical examinations, as well as by chemical composition. 449. DELESSITE. Chlorite ferrugineuse Delesse, Ann. d. M., IY. xii. 195, 1847, and xvi. 520, 1849. Delessite Naum., Min., 1850. Eisenchlorit. Massive, with a short fibrous or scaly feathery texture, often radiated. H.=2 - 5. G.=2'89. Color oh" ve-green to blackish-green. Powder gray or green. Analyses : Delesse (1. c) : Si l 3Pe $Q Mg Ca & 1. Mielen 31'07 15-47 17-54 4-07 19*14 0'46 Il'55=r99-30. 2. Oberstein 29*08 42*00 12'23 3*70 12*99=100. 3. Zwickau 29'45 18-25 8'17 15-12 15-32 0'45 12'57=99'33. AnaL 1 affords the 0. ratio for &, 8, Si, fi=8-7 : 12-5 : 16-5 : 10-27 ; and anal. 3, 11-87 : 10'96 : 15-70 : 11-18. The former gives for the 0. ratio of bases and silica 1 : 1"29, and the latter 1 : 1-45 ; the mean of which is about 3 : 4. In a matrass yields water and becomes brown. B.B. fuses with difficulty on the edges. Easily soluble in acids, affording a deposit of silica. Occurs coating or filling the cavities of amygdaloid, or amygdaloidal porphyry, at Oberstein, Zwickau, La Greve near Mielen. Named after Delesse, of Paris. 450. RIPIDOUTE. Chlorite pt. early authors (for Syn., see p. 501). Hexagonal Chlorite pt. Eipidolith (fr. Achmatovsk, Schwarzenstein) v. Kob., J. pr. Ch., xvi. 1839. ? Tabergit pt. Clinochlore (fr. Westchester) W. P. Blake, Am. J. Sci., II. xii. 339, 1851. Klinochlor Germ. Kotschubeit (fr. S. Ural) Kokscharof, Bull Ac. St. Pet., v. 369, 1861. Monoclinic. 67=62 51'= A i-i, 7 A 7=125 37', A 44=108 14'; a : I : c=l'47756 : 1 : 1/73195. Observed planes : O ; vertical, /, i-i, i4, i-b ; clinodomes, 34, 44 ; hemidomes, f 4, 14, 44, 44, -44 ; hemioctahedral. f , }, 1, -2, -6 ; |-3, 2-3, -6-3, Kokscharof. A 7=113 57 r O A I, adj.,=118 32 r 7A ^-3=150 W A 1, adj.,=102 7 O A f-3=116 45 44 A 44, ov. ^4,=143 33 A -44=125 7 A ^4=90 i-l A ^-3=147 1 A 14, back, = 103 55 1 A 1=121 28 iA A t-3=114 3 0Af4=93 18 7A 1=143 57 A --3=104 23 Cleavage : eminent ; crystals often tabular, also oblong ; frequently rhombohedral in aspect, as in f. 424, the plane angles of the base 60 or 82 498 OXYGEN COMPOUNDS. 120. Twins : composition-face f , making stellate groups, as in f. 420, 421, very common ; A f =89 43' to 90, and these twins therefore having sm all or no reentering angles on the face of cleavage. Crystals often grouped in rosettes. Massive coarse scaly granular to fine granular and earthy. 417 418 419 H.=:2 2-5. G.=2-65 2-78; 2'774, fr. Achmatovsk, G. Eose; 2'672, ib., Marignac ; 2'603, ib., Hermann ; 2'673, fr. Ala, Marignac ; 2'714, fr. Texas, Blake ; 2'71, fr. Willimantic, Burton. Lustre of cleavage-face somewhat pearly. Color deep grass-green to olive-green ; also rose-red. Often strongly dichroic, being sometimes brownish or hyacinth-red trans- verse to the vertical axis, by transmitted light, when green in the direction of the axis ; at other times green in both directions. Streak greenish-white to uncolored. Transparent to translucent. Flexible and somewhat elastic. Optic-axial divergence 10 to 86 ; bisectrix acute positive, inclined 12 to 16 to the normal to ; plane in a direction either parallel (f. 422), or at right angles (f. 423) to two sides of the hexagonal base, the lines in f. 422, 423, and the lining in f. 420, 421 (of the twins), showing the two directions. Var. 1. Ordinary, green ripidolite, passing into bluish-green and bluish (tabergite); (a) foli- ated ; (&) massive. 2. Kotschubeite ; rose-red. 3. Exfoliating, much like vermiculite. Descloizeaux found the optic-axial angle in the mineral from Texas 15 60 (a crystal having a hexagonal nu- cleus of kammererite) ; others from Pennsylvania 70 86 ; from Achmatovsk and Arendal, Nor- way, 40 42 ; fr. Zermatt, 46 ; fr. Zillerthal, 48 50 ; fr. Plunders, 46 54 ; fr. St. Gothard, 25 ; fr. Cavalaire, Dept. of Var, 26, 44, 72 ; fr. Pdtsch, Tyrol, 15 38 ; fr. Ala, 15 42 ; fr. Traversella, 15 24 ; fr. Taberg (tabergite), bluish to green, 10 33. In a Pennsylvania plate he found 68 at 20 to 100 C. ; 69 at 150 C. ; 72 at 180 C. ; 73| at 190 C. ; 75 at 205 C HYDROUS SILICATES, MAKGAROPHYLLITE SECTION. 499 Cooke found the angle for plates fr. Texas 67 84, with the inclination of the bisectrix 13 to 151. Oomp. 0. ratio for K, 32, i, H=5 : 3 : 6 : 4 ; corresponding to 5 Mg, 3tl, S Si, 4 H=Silica 32-5, alumina 18-6, magnesia 36'0, water 12-9=100. Analyses: 1, 2, W. J. Craw (Am. J. Sci., II. xiii. 222); 3, v. Kobell (Gel. Anz. Miinchen, Ap. 10, 1854); 4, Varrentrapp (Pogg., xlviii. 185); 5-7, v. Kobell (J. pr. Oh., xvi. 470); 8, Briiel (Pogg., xlviii.); 9, Delesse (Ann. Ch. Phys., III. ix. 396); 10, 11, Marignac (Ann. Ch. Phys., III. x. 430); 12, Hermann (J. pr. Ch., xl. 13); 13, B. S. Burton (priv. contrib.) : 424 Natural size. 1. Chester Co., Pa. 2 u 500 OXYGEN COMPOUNDS. J. Sci., II. xxxvii. 222) Si 28-62, Xl 18-37, r 1'97, &i 0-37, Fe 3'73, ftg 32-13, Ca 1-45, fi 14-02 = 100-66 ; and on the ground of the low silica makes it a new species, and names it grastite, from ypaarts, grass. The mineral was probably the true ripidolite of Texas, perhaps impure. Pyr., etc. Yields water. B.B. in the platinum forceps whitens and fuses with difficulty on the edges to a grayish-black glass. With borax, a clear glass colored by iron, and sometimes chromium. In sulphuric acid wholly decomposed. The variety from Willimantic, Ct, exfoliates in worm-like forms, like vermiculite. Obs. Occurs in connection with chloritic and talcose rocks or schist, and serpentine. Found at Achmatovsk and other foreign localities mentioned above ; red (kotschubeite) in the district of Ufaleisk, Southern Ural ; at Ala, Piedmont, with prochlorite ; at Zermatt, with brown garnet ; at Markt Leugast in Bavaria ; Marienberg, Saxony. In the U. States, in large crystals and plates at Westchester, in serpentine, and Unionville, Pa, (f. 424); at Texas, with chromite, and intimately associated, and sometimes compounded, with red and green penninite. On cryst. see Kokscharof, Min. Russl., ii. 7 (abstract in Am. J. Sci., II. xix. 176); Descloi- zeaux, Min., L 412; Hessenberg, Min. Not., No. vii. 28; J. P. Cooke, Am. J. Sci., II. xliv. 203, from whom figs. 420-423 are taken. Named ripidolite from puns, a fan, in allusion to a common mode of grouping of the crystals; and clinochlore, from the inclined monoclinic form of crystallization ascertained by Blake's optical investigation. It has since been found, and first through examinations by Kokscharof, that the chlorite of Achmatovsk, and also that of Schwarzenstein and Ala, the three upon which von Kobell based his description of ripidolite, are also monoclinic, and identical with clinochlore. Ripidolite has nevertheless been, to some extent, set aside for clinochlore, because of the confusion in the science connected with that name (see p. 502) ; but the latter name is very objectionable, since there is now a second monoclinic chlorite known (p. 504). The former name is a register of von Kobell's important chemical discovery that the old chlorite included two distinct species (p. 502), and ought to be retained. TALC-CHLORITE OP TRAVERSELLA occurs in large hexagonal plates regularly grouped, and presents, according to Descloizeaux, the optical characters of clinochlore. The plates are twins, consisting of six triangular sections ; at centre they are translucent and blackish-green, and have a negative bisectrix, and exteriorly clear green and transparent, with a positive bisectrix. Marig- nac regards it as between talc and chlorite. He obtained (Ann. Ch. Phys., III. xiv. 60, 1845) Si 3tl e Mg H 1. 38-45 11-75 12-82 28'19 8-49=99-70. 2. 39-81 12-56 ll'lO 28'41 7-79=99"67. 3. 41-34 11-42 10-09 29'67 7-66=100-18. .. Corresponds nearly with the 0. ratio 3:1:4:3, and therefore the general formula ( 3 , $) a Si 3 + aq, or that of pyrosclerite. But it is possibly ripidolite impure from mixture with talc, which view would account for the high percentage of silica. Occurs at Traversella, Piedmont, with magnetite and ripidolite. _ At Traversella there is still another talc-chlorite, soft and of a silvery-white lustre, having a single optical axis, or two very slightly divergent ; the hexagonal plates are opaque at centre and transparent toward the borders. It affords much water in a matrass, and fuses with difficulty on the edges to a white enamel. 461. LEUCHTBNBERGITE. Leuchtenbergit Komonen, Yerh. Min. St. Pet., 1842, 64. Chlorite blanche de Mauleon Delesse, Ann. Ch. Phys., III. ix. 396, 1843. Hexagonal. In hexagonal plates or crystals. Cleavage : basal eminent. H.=.2-5. G.=2-61-2-71 ; 2-61-2-64, v. Leuchtenberg; 2-64-2-65, Kokscharof. Lustre of cleavage surface pearly. Colorless, white, yellow- ish-white, greenish-white ; often opaque externally (from alteration) and colorless within. Translucent in thin laminae when unaltered. Thin laminae flexible, very slightly elastic. Optically unaxial ; Haid., Descl. Oomp.-0. .ratio for ft, S, gi, H=4i : 8 : 6 : 3* ; (f &g 3 + l) Si+H H=Silica 30-4, alumina 20-9, magnesia 36-5, water 12-2=100. It is a prochlorite with the protoxyd base almost wholly magnesia Analyses: 1, Hermann (J. pr. Ch., xL 13); 2, v. Leuchtenberg (Bull. Ac. St. Pet., ix. HYDROUS SILICATES, MAEGAKOPHYLLITE SECTION. 501 Si 3tl e fig Ca H 1. Slatoust 32-35 18-00 4*37 32'29 12'50=99*51 Hermann. 2 " (1)30-46 !9*74Fel-99 34-52 O'll 12-74=99*56 Leuchtenberg. 3. Mauleon ' 32-1 18-5 0*6 36'7 12-1 = 100 Delesse. Von Leuchtenberg's analysis was made on unaltered material, separated with great care, even microscopic, from impurities. It gives the 0. ratio for &, &, Si, H=13'83 : 9'85 : 16-24: 1T32 ; and Hermann's, 12'92 : 10-69: 17-26: 11-11. The "white chlorite" of Mauleon appears to be identical with leuchtenbergite. Pyr., etc. In the closed tube yields water. B.B. exfoliates and fuses with difficulty on the thin edges, becoming white and opaque. Obs. Found in the Schischimsk Mts., near Slatoust, partly in large crystals, and partly quite small, imbedded in steatite. The crystals are mostly opaque and altered externally, and contain in this outer part from 9*30 to 10*75 p. c. of water. The mineral contains minute garnets and some other crystals as impurities. Named after Duke K v. Leuchtenberg. 452. PROOHLORITE. Mica pt., Telgsten pt.?, Lapis colubrinus lamellosus (fr. Salberg), Wall., Min., 130, 1747. Talgsten pt., Specksten pt., Cronst., Min., 89, 1758. Chlorit pt. (fr. St. Gothard, Tolfa, Altenberg) Went., Bergrn. J., L 376 and 391, 1789. Blattriger Chlorit (fr. St. Gothard) Wern., 1800, Ludwig Min, i. 118, 1803. Chlorite v. Kobell, J. pr. Ch., xvi. 1839., Hexagonal Chlorite. Ripidolite G. Rose, and this Min., last edit. Lophoit, Ogkoit, Breith., Handb., i. 381, 383, 1841. Helminthe G. 0. Volger, Entw. Min., 142, 1854. Grengesite (fr. Dalarne) Hisinger, Suckow's Erz. u. Gesteinlager schwed. Geb., 50, 1831 = Strahlige Griineis- enerde v. Dalarne. Prochlorite Dana, Am. J. Scl, II. xliv. 258, 1867. Hexagonal? Cleavage: basal, eminent. Crystals often implanted by their sides, and in divergent groups, fan-shaped, or spheroidal. Also in large folia. Massive granular. H.=l 2. G. = 2-78 2-96. Translucent to opaque ; transparent only in very thin folia. Lus- tre of cleavage surface feebly pearly. Color green, grass-green, olive-green, blackish-green ; across the axis by transmitted light sometimes red. Streak uncolored or greenish. Laminae flexible, not elas- tic. Double refraction very weak ; one optical negative axis (Dauphiny) ; or two very slightly diverging, apparently nor- mal to plane of cleavage. Comp. 0. ratio for &, , gi, H=12 : 9 : 14 : 9 ; for bases and silica 3:2; (H M & Fe) 3 + f5l)Si+fH=, if Mg :Fe=l : 1, Silica 26-8, alumina 19-7, protoxyd of iron 27-5, magnesia 15-3, water 10'7 100. Analyses: 1, Varrentrapp ; 2, Rammelsberg (Min. Ch., 538); 3, 4, v. Kobell (J. pr. Ch., xvi.) ; 5, Tschermak (Ber. Ak. Wien, liii. 26) ; 6, v. Kobell (1. c.) ; 7, 8, Marignac (Ann. Ch. Phys., III. xiv. 59); 9, Hermann; 10, J. L. Smith (Am. J. ScL, II. xi. 65); 11, Genth (Am. J. Sci., II. xxviii. 250) ; 12, Hisinger (Suckow, Erz. u. Gesteinlager schwed, Geb., 1831, 50); 13, Erdmann (Erdmann's Larobok, 1853, 373) : Si '&] Fe Mn Mg H 1. St. Gothard 25-36 18-56 28-79 17-09 8'96=98-70 Varrentrapp. 2. " 25-12 22-26 23-11 Pel'09 17-41 10"7 0=99 '69 Rammelsberg. 3. Zillerthal 26"51 21-81 15-00 22-83 12'00=9S'15 Kobell. 4. " 27-3220-69 15*23 0'47 24-89 12-00=100-60 Kobell. 5. " 26-3 19-8 16-1 24'4 12'4, Oa 1'0=99'0 Tschermak. 6. Rauris 26"0t5 18'47 26*87 0'62 14'69 10-45, gangue 2*24=99-40 KobelL 7. Dauphiny 26'88 17-52 29-76 13*84 11-33 = 99-33 Marignac. 8. " St. Christophe 27'14 19-19 24'76 16'78 H'50^99'37 Marignac. 9. Miask 25-60 22-21 Pe5'00 30'96 13'43, undec. 2-25=99-45 Henn. 10. Gumuch-dagh 27'20 18*62 23-21 17*64 10-61 = 97*28 Smith. 502 OXYGEN COMPOUNDS. Si 1 Fe Mn Mg H 11. Steele's M.. N. C. 24-90 21-77 24*21 1-16 12-78 10-59, Pe 4-60=100 Genth. 12. Grengesite 27-81 14-31 25'63 2'18 14-3.1 12-55=96-79 Hisinger. 13. Dannemora 27'89 14/30 21-21 5'43 14'42 10-80, 3Pe 5-96, Ca 0-48, Na 0*23, K 0-1 7 = 100-34 Erdmann. Analyses 3, 4, are of the lophoite of Breithaupt; J?A 0=105 14' 105 25'; G. = 2'78 2'89. Analyses 1 and 6 are of his ogcoite. The helminthe of Volger occurs in slender vermiform crystallizations like fig. 425 (whence the name), transversely foliated, penetrating quartz and feldspar. The figure is from a New Hamp- shire specimen described by 0. P. Hubbard, and may be one of the other species of chlorite. A dark green mineral from the Pfi tschthal, accompanying (EUacher's margarite, afforded Hetzer (Ramm. Min. Ch., 845, ZS. Nat Ver. Halle, v. 3<>1) Si 28-04, il 23'19, 3Pe 25-7, Mg 16-68, Cal'43, U 2-30, F 0-98=97-32. It is stated to be infusible. Pyr., etc. Same as for ripidolite. Obs. Like other chlorites in modes of occurrence. Sometimes in implanted crystals, as at St. Gothard, enveloping often adularia, etc. ; at Greiner in the Zillerthal, Tyrol ; Rauris in Salz- burg ; Traversella in Piedmont ; at Mtn. Sept Lacs in Dauphiny (anal. 7) ; in Styria ; Bohemia. Also massive in Cornwall, in tin veins (where it is called peach] ; at Arendal in Norway ; Salberg and Dannemora, Sweden ; Dognacska, Hungary ; also as pseudomorphs, at Bergmannsgriin, Saxony, after garnet, and at Greiner, Tyrol, after hornblende. Grengesite from Grangesberg in Dalecarlia, Sweden (anal. 12), occurs partly in hexagonal crystalli- zations, more or less radiately grouped, and probably results, Erdmann observes (Larobok Min., 1853, 374), from the alteration of pyroxene. Erdmann spells the name Grdngesite. Specific gravity 3-1; color dark green. Reported also from Fischbachthal, as altered augite, in mela- phyre. Named from \**>p6s, green. Werner's species chlorite was shown to include more than one species by von Kobell in 1838, and the name chlorite was thereupon given by him to the St. Gothard and other chlorites having 25 to 27 p. c. silica, and ripidohte to that of Schwarzen stein and Achmatovsk having 30 to 33 p. c. of silica. In 1839, G. Rose reversed the names of v. Kobell (see paper on chlorite by Varrentrapp, Pogg.. xlviii. 19:->, 1839) on the ground that v. Kobell's ripidolite was not so characteristically fan-shaped in aggregation as the other species. But the change was unfortunate, as both species are now known to differ but little in this respect, and it has resulted in much confusion in the science. Moreover, it violated an older claim of priority ; for Werner's Uattriger Chlorit (or Chlorites lamel- losus),the first crystallized chlorite recognized by him (in 1800 or earlier, Ludwig's Min., i. 118, 1803), was the hexagonal chlorite of St. Gothard, and this should therefore, in the division, have retained the name chlorite. As the term chlorite has become the designation of a family of minerals, it seems necessary that it should have some modified form for this species, and hence the application of prochlorite, from jr^J, before, and chlorite, in allusion to its being the earliest crystallized kind recognized. The following are chlorite-like minerals of doubtful nature : 453. A CHLOEITE-LIKE mineral from Webster, N. C., in crystals, micaceous in structure, of a dark bluiah to brownish-green color, afforded Genth (Am. J. Sci., II. xxxiii. 200) : Si 3tl r Fe Ni &g Ca K H 31-45 13-08 4-16 4'88 0'16 43-10 0*17 0'06 3'29=100-35. The ratio between the oxygen of the bases and silica is about 3:2. It is remarkable for the small amount of water and iron, and the large proportion of magnesia ; a constitution which may have an explanation in its being a mixture of talc and chlorite. It is associated with a talc which Genth found to be nearly anhydrous (p. 453). 454. APHROSIDERITE Sandberger (Ueb. Geol. Nassau, 97, 1847). A soft ferruginous chlorite, of a dark olive-green color, scaly massive in structure ; the scales minute, transparent, and hexagonal, and having G.=2'8 and H.=l ; from Weilburg, Duchy of Nassau, at the Gelegenheit mine. A similar mineral, but more magnesian, has been found in gneiss at Guistberg in Wermland ; in hematite at Bonscheuer near Muttershausen, Duchy of Nassau, having G.=2'991 ; at Balduinstein on the Lahr ; and in mica schist with hematite at several .places in Upper Styria, consisting of microscopic scales of a clear greeii color. Analyses : 1, Sandberger (loc. cit.) ; 2, J. Igelstrom (J. pr. Ch., Ixxxiv. 480); 3, Erlenmeyer (Jahresb., 1860, 773); 4, v. Hauer: HYDKOU8 SILICATES, MAKGAEOPHYLLITE SECTION. 503 Si l Fe Fe Mg H 1. "Weilburg 26'45 21-25 44-24 1'06 7'74=100'74 Sandberger 2. Guistberg 25-0 20'6 32'0 14-3 7'6=99'5 Igelstrom. 3. Bonscheuer 25'72 20'69 4'01 27-79 11-70 10-05=99-96 Erlenmeyer. 4. Styria 26-08 20'27 32-91 10-00 10-06=99-32 Hauer. Anal. 1 corresponds nearly to Fe 3 Si+l Si+2 H. The others have part of the iron replaced by magnesia, and approach ordinary prochlorite. 455. METACHLORITE List (ZS. G., iv. 634, 1852). Foliated columnar, like chlorite, vitreous to pearly in lustre, dull leek-green color. H.=2*5. Composition according to K. List (1. c.) : Si XI Fe Mg Ca K Na H 23-77 16-43 40-36 3'10 0'74 1'37 0'08 13-75=99-60. Whence the oxygen ratio for R, K, gi, H, is very nearly 4-| : 3 : 5 : 5, which gives for the oxy- gen of the bases and silica the ratio 7| : 5=3 : 2, as in aphrosiderite. B.B. fuses on the edges to a dark enamel. Gelatinizes in the cold with muriatic acid. Forms small veins in a green rock at Biichenberg near Elbingerode, in the Harz. BALTTMORITE. "Baltimorite," so called from Baltimore, afforded v. Hauer (Jahrb. G. Reichs., 1853) Si 27-15, &1 18-54, Ca 15-08, Mg 26-00, H 13-23 = 100. Hermann found in "Baltimorite " of a bluish color, Si 33'26, &1 7'23, r 4 34, Fe 2-89. Mg 38-56, H 12*44, C 1*30. Thomson, who instituted the species, found for it the composition essentially of serpentine (see p. 467). It is a good example of the indefinite mixtures that exist among the serpentine and allied minerals, and of the uncertainty as to the value of a species that is based on only one or two analyses of the specimens of a region, and especially on specimens received from ordinary collectors. PEASILITE T. Thomson (PhiL Mag., III. xvii. 416, 1840). A leek-green fibrous mineral, soft as Venetian talc, from Kilpatrick Hills, the fibres loosely cohering, with G. = 2'811. Stated to con- sist of silica, magnesia, sesquioxyd of iron and alumina, with probably soda, and 18 p. c. of water. Analysis not given. Probably a chlorite of some kind. 455A. DUMA.SITE Deksse (Dufr. Min., iii. 790, 1847, iii. 286, 1859). A chlorite lining cavities or fissures in certain melaphyres in the Yosges; color green; soft, and somewhat resembling ripidolite. 456. ORONSTEDTITE. Cronstedtit Steinmann, Schw. J., xxxii. 69, 1821. Chloromelan JBreith., Char., 33, 184, 1823. Khombohedral. Occurs in hexagonal prisms, tapering toward the sum- mit, or adhering laterally, and vertically striated ; also in fibrous diverging froups, cylindroidal and reniform ; also amorphous. Cleavage : basal, ighly perfect. H.=3'5. G.=r3'348. Lustre brilliantly vitreous. Color coal-black to brownish-black. Streak dark olive-green. Opaque. Not brittle. Thin laminae elastic. Oomp. 0. ratio for R, fi, gi, H=3 : 3 : 4 : 3; whence (| (Fe, Mn) 3 +| Fe) gi+f H, from Damour's analysis. Analyses: 1, Steinmann (1. c.); 1A, same, as corrected by v. Kobell, after a determination of the degree of oxydation of the iron (Schw. J., Ixii. 196); 2, second anal, of Steinmann, altered to correspond with the Fe in Damour's anal. (Am. J. Sci., II. xxxi. 359) ; 3, Damour (Ann. Ch. Phys., III. Iviii. 99) : Si Fe Fe Mn Mg H 1. Przibram 22-452 58-852 5'078 2-885 10-700=99-968 Steinmann. 1A. 22-452 35-350 27*112 5'078 2'885 10-700=103-577 Steinmann, altered. 22-83 29-08 31 -44 3-43 3-25 10-70=100-73 Steinmann, altered. 3- 21-39 29-08 33*52 I'Ol 4'02 9'76=98'78 Damour. G.=2'35. Pyr., etc. B.B. froths and fuses on the edges, yielding in R.F. a magnetic gray or black globule. With borax gives reactions for iron and manganese. Gelatinizes in concentrated muriatic acid. Obs. Accompanies limonite and calcite in veins containing silver ores at Przibram in Bohemia. Occurs also at Wheal Maudlin in Cornwall, in diverging groups. Named after the Swedish mineralogist and chemist, A. Fr. Cronstedt. 504: OXYGEN COMPOUNDS. 456A. SIDEROSCHISOLITE Wernekink (Fogg., i. 387, 1824). Probably cronstedtite. Rhombohe- dral affording the planes 0, 1,1', crystals minute and often hemispherically grouped; cleavage, basal, perfect; also massive. H. = 2'5; G.. 33-4, Lustre splendent; color pure velvet-black when crystallized, dark greenish-gray ; streak leek-green, greenish-gray ; opaque. Formula : Fe 4 Si+ H fi, Wernekink, from an analysis of only three grains of the mineral (1. c.) Si 16-3 14-1 Fee75-5 S 7'3 = 103'2. B.B. easily fusible, according to Wernekink (infusible, Berzelius) ; gelatinizes in muriatic acid. It occurs in cavities in pyrrhotite and siderite, at Conghonas do Campo, Brazil. 457. CORUNDOPHHJTE. Shepard(ft. N. Car.), Am. J. ScL, II. xii. 211, 1851 ; (fr. Chester, Mass.) id., ib., xL 112, 1865. Clinochlore (fr. Chester) J. P. Cooke, Am. J. Sci., II. xliv. 206, 1867. Monoclinic, Descl. Form double hexagonal pyramids. Cleavage emi- nent, as in clinochlore. Twins common, like those of clinochlore (p. 498, f. 421). H.=2'5. Gr.=2'90, fr. Chester, Brush. Lustre of cleavage surface some- what pearly. Color olive-green, leek-green, grayish-green. Transparent to nearly opaque. Laminae flexible, somewhat elastic. Optically biaxial ; angle between the axes varies from a very small angle to 73, mostly 30 to 73^ ; bisectrix positive, oblique to plane of cleavage ; double refraction strong. Var. Descloizeaux found the optic-axial angle in a plate from Chester, Mass, (letter to the author of Jan. 1866), 65, with an increase of 3 in the angle on heating to 200 C., a character which, he observes, distinguishes this mineral and ripidolite from penninite. Cooke found (1. c.) for the same, from different plates, the angles 32, 45, 71, 73. The plane of the axes per- pendicular to two sides of the hexagon. Comp. 0. ratio for ft, $, Si, fi, fr. Pisani, 1 : 1 : 1 : f , and between bases and silica 2:1; whence (| & 3 + i l) 4 Si 3 +5 . Analyses: 1, Pisani (Am. J. ScL, II. xli. 394); 2, J. L. Smith, "on material not absolutely pure" (ib., xlii. 92): Si XI Fe Mg S 1. Chester, Mass. 24'0 25-9 14*8 22-7 11-9, $n, Ca, Li e Fe Mn K fi 1. Sterling, PhyUite 2. Ottrez, Ottrelite 38-40 23-68 17'52 8*96 43-34 24-63 16'72 8-18 6-80 4-80=100-16 Thomson. 5-66=r98'53 Damour. 426 Yields water in the closed tube. Difficultly fusible to a magnetic globule. Reactions for iron with the fluxes. Phyllite occurs in the schist of Sterling, Goshen, Chesterfield, Plainfield, etc., in Massachusetts, and Newport, R. L, and the rock in consequence of it is called by Hitchcock (Rep. G. Mass., 4to, 594, 1841) "Spangled Mica Slate," the phyllite being the mica of the schist. The scales are from |- in. long, and half to one-third this broad. Ottrelite is from a similar rock near Ottrez, on the borders of Luxembourg, and from Ardennes. Phyllite has also been reported from Tus- cany. Descloizeaux remarks on the close resemblance of the -Ottrelite of Ardennes to the New- port phyllite, and Hunt on the same to the Canada chloritoid. 459. MARGARITE. Perlglimmer (fr. Sterzing) Mohs, Char., 1820, Grundr., 232, 1824. Mar- garite Tyrokse min. dealers. Corunaellite (fr. Pa.), Clingmanite (fr. N. C.), Silliman, Jr., Am. J. Sci., II. viii. 380, 383, 1849. Emerylite (fr. Asia Minor) Smith, ib., viii. 378, 1849, xi. 59, 1851. Orthorhombic ; hemihedral, with a monoclinic aspect, like muscovite. /A /=119 120, A ^=152-153, A #=1M 145, A =*=129- 134, A i-i=9Q. Lateral planes horizontally stri- ated. Cleavage : basal, eminent. Twins : common, composition-face 7, and forming, by the crossing of 3 crystals, groups of 6 sectors. Usually in intersect- ing or aggregated laminae ; sometimes massive, with a scaly structure. H.=3'5 4'5. G.=2'99, Hermann. Lustre of base pearly, laterally vitreous. Color grayish, reddish-white, yellowish. Translucent, subtrans- lucent. Laminae rather brittle. Optic-axial angle very obtuse, 109 32' 117 30', 126 24', 128 48', for the red ray in different plates ; plane of axes parallel to the longer diagonal ; dispersion feeble. Oomp. 0. ratio for R, Si, H=l : 6 : 4 : 1 ; whence, if the water be basic, for bases and silica^ 2 : 1 ; formula ((R 3 , H 3 ) + f A-l) 4 gi 3 ^ Silica 30'1, alumina 51 -2, lime 11-6, soda 2 '6, water 4'5. Analyses: 1-9, J. L Smith (Am. J. Sci., II. xi. 59, and xv. 208); 10-13, W. J. Craw (ib., viii. 379) ; 14, B. Silliman, Jr. (this Min., 1850, 362) ; 15, W. J. Craw (ibid.) ; Ifl, C. Hartshorne (ibid.) ; 17, Hermann (J. pr. Ch., liii. 1); 18, 19, Smith & Brush (Am. J. Sci., II. xv. 209); 20, Faltin (ZS. Nat. Ver Halle, v. 301); 21, J. L. Smith (Am. J. Sci., H. xliL 90) : Si Al e Mg Ca Na, & & 1. Gumuch-Dagh 29'66 50-88 1-78 0-50 13-56 1'50 3'41 Smith. 30 90 48-21 2*81 undei. 9'53 undet. 4'61 Smith. 3 - 31-93 48-80 1-50 " 9'41 2'31 8 -62, Mn tr. Smith, 4. Island of Nicaria 30'22 49-67 T33 tr. 11-57 2-31 5-12 Smith. 5 - " 2987 48-88 1'63 tr. 10-84 2'86 4'32 Smith. HYDKOTJS SILICATES, MARGAKOPHYLLITE SECTION. 507 Si m 3Pe &g Ca Na, i C 6. Island of Naxos 30-02 49-52 1-65 0-48 10-82 1-25 7. M u 28-90 48-53 0-87 undet. 11-92 undei i 8. (t M 30-10 50-08 undet. " 10-80 n 9. Siberia 28-50 51-02 1-78 u 12-05 n 10. Village Green, Pa. 32-31 49-24 0-30 10-66 2-21 11. M M 31-06 51-20 0-28 9-24 2-97 12. U u 31-26 51-60 0-50 10-15 1-22 13. u 30-18 5140 0-72 10-87 2-77 14. Buncombe Co , N. C. 29-17 48-40 1-24 9-87 6-15 15. Unionville , Pa 29-99 50-57 0-62 11-31 2-47 16. u < 32-15 54-28 tr. 0-05 11-36 unde\ L 17. Sterzing 32-46 49-18 1-34 3-21 7-42 1-76 a 18. u 28-47 50-24 1-65 0-70 11-50 1-87" 19. H 28-64 51-66 0-68 12-25 [2-01 b1 20. U 29-57 52-63 1-61 0-64 10-79 0-18 21. Chester, Mass. 32-21 48-87 2-50 0-32 10-02 1-91 ft 0-05 of this Is KO. 8 5-55 Smith. 5-08 Smith. . 4-52 Smith. 6-04 Smith. 5-27 Craw. 5-27 Craw. 4-27 Craw. 4-52 Craw. 3-99, HF2-03, Silliman, Jr. 5-14 Craw. 0-50 Hartshorne. 4-93=100-30 Hermann. 5-00=99-2 Smith & Brush. 4-76=100 Smith & Brush. 3-20=99-75 Faltin. 4-61, Li 0-32, Mn 0'20= 100-96 Smith. b Trace of KO. Pyr., etc. Yields water in the closed tube. B.B. whitens and fuses on the edges. Corundellite and dingmanite were' based on an incorrect determination of the silica in the analyses. Diphanite of Nordenskiold (Bull. Ac St. Pet., v. 17) is only margarite. It occurs in hexagonal prisms with perfect basal cleavage. H.=5 5-5. G.=3'04 3-97. Color white to bluish. Analy- sis by Jevreinof: Si 34-02, *1 43-33, Ca 13-11, Fe 3-02, Mn 1-05, H 5-34=99-87. Obs. Margarite occurs in chlorite from the Greiner mount, near Sterzing in the Tyrol, where first found (f. 426) ; at different localities of emery in Asia Minor and the Grecian Archipelago, as discovered by Dr. Smith ; with corundum at Village Green, Delaware Co., Pa. ; at Unionville, Chester Co., Pa (corundellite) ; at the corundum locality in Buncombe Co., North Carolina (cling- manite) ; with the corundum of Katharinenburg, Urals. It occurs massive in Pennsylvania. Diphanite is from the emerald mines of the Ural, with chrysoberyl and phenacite. Named Margarite from /mpyupi'r^, pearl. The name is attributed to Fuchs, but he nowhere pub- lished it. Von Leonhard (Handb., 1826, 766) gives it as "the current name among the Tyrolese dealers in minerals " This species, according to Dr. Krantz (Am. J. Sci., II. xliv. 256), is the original margarite. The specimen from Sterzing analyzed by Smith & Brush was one received so labelled from Dr. Krantz of Bonn. EPHESITE J. L. Smith, Am. J. SeL, II. xl 59, 1851. Lamellar, and resembles white cyanite. Cleavage difficult. Scratches glass easily. G.=315 3'20. Color pearly-white. Analysis by Smith (1. c.) : Si l Ca Fe Na, little fe H 1. 31-54 57-89 1-89 T34 4'41 8-12=100-19. 2. 30-04 56-45 2'11 TOO 4'41 3'09 = 97'07. The oxygen ratio deduced for the protoxyds, sesquioxyds, silica, and water, is 1 : 15 : 9 : 2. From the emery locality of Gumuch-Dagh, near Ephesus, on specimens of magnetite. Probably related to margarite, near which it is placed by Dr. Smith. 460. THURINGITE. Thuringit Breith., Char., 95, 1832. 1853. Owenite Genth, Am. J. Sci., II. xvi. Massive ; an aggregation of minute scales ; compact. Cleavage of scales distinct in one direction. H.=2-5. G.=3-186, fr. Saalfeld, Smith; 3-151 3-157, id., Breitli. ; 3-197, owenite, Genth ; 3-191, id., Smith. Lustre of scales pearly; of mass glistening or dull. Color olive-green to pistachio-green. Streak paler. Fracture subconchoidal. Yery tough. Feel of powder greasy. Comp. 0. ratio for , S, Si, fi=2 : 8 : 3 : 2; whence, if half the water is basic, (|(R, fl)'+ ~ 508 OXYGEN COMPOUNDS. Analyses: 1, Rammelsberg (Min. Ch., 851); 2, J. L. Smith (Am. J. Sci., II. xviii. 376); 3, 4, P. Keyser (ib., 411); 5, 6, J. L. Smith (1. c.): Si 1. Thuringite 22-35 2. " * 22-05 3. " (|) 23-55 4. Owenite 23-21 5. " 23-58 6. Arkansas 23'70 Jl 18-39 16-40 15-63 15-59 16-85 16-54 14-86 17-66 13-79 13-89 14-33 12-13 Fe 34-34 30-78 34-20 34-58 33-20 33-J4 Mg 1-25 0-89 1-47 1-26 1-52 1-85 ffa K 0-14 0-41 0-08 0-46 tr. 0-32 9-81 = 101 Eammelsberg. 11-44=99-36 Smith. 10-57 = 99-21 Keyser. 10-59, Ca 0-36=99-97 Keyser. 10-45, Mn 0-09=100-48 Smith. 10-90=99-74 Smith. Pyr., etc. In the closed tube yields water. B.B. fuses^at 3 to an iron-black magnetic glob- ule. With the fluxes reacts for iron. Gelatinizes with muriatic acid. Obs. Thuringite is from Reichmannsdorf (anal. 1, 2) and Schmiedeberg (anal 3), near Saalfeld, hi Thuringia; Hot Springs, Arkansas (anal 6); owenite from the metamorphic rocks on the Potomac, near Harper's Ferry. Owenite was named after the geologist, Dr. D. D. Owen. 461. SEYBERTITE. Bronzite (fr. Amity) J. Finch, Am. J. Sci., xvi. 185, 1829. Clintonite (fr. Amity) Mather, 1828, but unpublished; Mather's Rep. G. of K Y., 467, 1843. Seybertite (fr. Amity) Clemson, Ann. d. M., Ill ii. 493, 1832, Am. J. Sci., xxiv. 171, 1833. Clintonit im Handel [=of the trade], Chrysophan (fr. Amity) Breith., Char., 92, 1832. Holmite (fr. Amity) Thomson, Rec. Gen. Sci., iii. 335, 1836. Xanthophyllit G. Rose, Pogg., L 654, 1840, Reis. Ural, ii. 120, 514, 527. Brandisit Liebener, in Haid. Ber., i. 4, 1846. Disterrit Breith., in v. Kobell, J. pr. Ch,, xli. 154, 1847. Orthorhombic. 1 1\ 1=120. In tabular crystals, sometimes hexagonal ; also foliated massive ; sometimes lamellar radiate. Cleavage : basal perfect. Structure thin foliated, or micaceous parallel to the base. H.=4 5. G.=3 3-1. Lustre pearly submetallic. Color reddish- brown, yellowish, copper-red. Streak uncolored, or slightly yellowish or ayish. Folia brittle. Double refraction strong; axial divergen.ee 15 to for white light ; sometimes apparently uniaxial, or united at the ordi- nary temperature ; bisectrix negative, normal to the base ; axial plane par- allel to i-i ; Descl. Var. 1. The Amity seyoertite (called also clintonite, holmite, and chrysophari) is in reddish-brown to copper-red brittle foliated masses ; the surfaces of the folia often marked with equilateral tri- angles like some mica and chlorite ; optic-axial divergence very small, or none at the ordinary temperature. G. = 3*148, Brush. 2. Xanthophyttite, fr. the vSchischimskian Mts., near Slatoust, is in crusts, or in implanted globu- lar forms, 1-J- in. through, which consist of tabular crystals about a centre of talcose schist, which is also the enclosing rock. Optically uniaxial ; axis negative, or two axes very slightly divergent, and hardly separating with increase of temperature ; Descl. 3. Brandisiie (called also disterrite], from Fassa, Tyrol, is in hexagonal prisms of a yellowish- green or leek-green color to reddish-gray ; H.=5 of base; of sides, 6 6'5: G.=3'042 3*051, v. Kobell; 3-0133-062, v. Hauer; 3-01 3'06, Liebener; optic-axial divergence 15 to 30. Some of it pseudomorphous, after fassaite. Comp. 0. ratio for R,K, Si,H, from Brush's analysis, = 6 : 9 : 5 : \- whence for R + fi, Si= 3:1, and formula (R 3 +J l) 2 gi+ill. From v. Kobell's (anal. 9), 0. ratio for R+B : Si the same, or 3 : 1, with R 3 : R-=l : 1. From Meitzendorff's, 0. ratio for R, 8, Si, H=12 : 20 : 9 : 2; and for R+3S, i=3| : 1. The state of oxydation of the iron was not examined except in the analysis by Brush. Analyses: 1, Clemson (1. c.); 2, Richardson (Rec. Gen. Sci., May, 1836); 3, 4, G. J. Brush (this Mm., 1854, 505); 5, Plattner (Breith. Handb., ii. 385); 6-8, Meitzendorf (Pogg., Iviii. 165); 9, v. Kobell (1. c.): 1. Amity, Seyo. 2. " 3. " " Si l Fe Mg Ca H 17-0 37-6 5-0 24-3 10'7 3-6=98-2 Clemson. 19-35 44-7 5 3Pe 4-80 9'05 11-45 455, Mn 1 -35, HF 0'9, 2r2-05=98'25R. 20-24 39-13 " 3-27 20'84 13-69 1-04, Na,K 1*43, Zr 0-75=100'39 Brush. HYDKOUS SILICATES, MAKGAKOPHYLLITE SECTION. 509 Si 1 Fe Mg Oa Na S 4. Amity, Seyb. 2013 38-68 Pe3'48 21'65 13-35 1-05, [Na, & 1-43], r 0-68^100-45 B. 5. " 21-4 46-7 " 4'8 9'8 12*5 3-5=98'7 Plattner. 6 Slatoust, Xanth. 16-55 43*73 2-62 19'04 13'12 069 4-33 = 100-06 Meitzendorf. 7.' 16-41 43-17 2-23 19-47 14'50 0'62 4-45 = 100-85 Meitzendorf. & " " 16-20 44-96 2'73 19-43 12-15 0'55 4-33=100-35 Meitzendorf. 9. Fassa, Dister. 20'00 43'22 Pe3'60 25-01 4'00 360, K 0'57 = 100 Kobell. Pyr., etc. Yields water. B.B. infusible alone, but whitens. In powder acted on by concen- trated acids. Obs. Seybertite occurs in limestone with serpentine, associated with hornblende, spinel, pyrox- ene, graphite, etc.; xanthophyllite in talcose schist; brandtsite in white limestone, either dissem- inated or in grouped crystals, in geodes, among crystals of fassaite and black spinel. The seybertite was discovered in 1828 by Messrs. Fitch, Mather, and Horton, and named din- tonite by them on the spot, after De Witt Clinton, as stated by Mather in his Rep. Geol. N. Y., 1 843. But the name was not published at the time by either of the discoverers ; and Finch, the next year, 1829 (1. c.), announced the mineral under the name of bronzite. Clemson's name sey- bertite, after H. Seybert (1832, 1. c.), has therefore priority of publication, and must be accepted as the name of the species. APPENDIX TO HYDROUS SILICATES. 462. WOLCHONSKOITE. Kammerer, Jahrb. Min., ii. 420, 1831. Amorphous. Dull shining. Color bluish-green, passing into grass- green. Streak bluish-green and shining. Feel resinous. Polished by the nail. Fracture subconchoidal. Adheres slightly to the tongue. Yery fragile. Comp. 0. ratio for bases, silica, and water (anal. 2, 4) 2 : 3 : 3, as in deweylite and genthite. Analyses : 1, Berthier (Mem., ii. 263) ; 2, Kersten (Pogg., xlvil 489) ; 3, Ilimoff (Ann. Jour. Mines de Russie, 1842, 366); 4, Ivanof (Koksch. Min. Russl., i. 145): Si 1 r e Mn Mg fi 1. Ochansk 27'2 34'0 7-2 7'2 23-2=98-8 Berthier. 2. " 37*01 6-47 17-9310-43 1'66 1'91 21*84, b I'Ol, K fr-.=98'26 Kersten. 3. " 36-06 3-09 81-24 9'39 6'50 12'40, Ca 1'90, Pb 0-16=100-74 Ilimofif. 4. 36-84 3-50 18'85 17-85 22'46, Ca 1'39=100'89 Ivanof. Pyr., etc. In the closed tube yields water. B.B. blackens, but is infusible. With the. fluxes gives reactions for chromium and iron. Gelatinizes with hot concentrated muriatic acid, in which half the chromium is dissolved, the rest remaining in union with silica. Obs. From Okhansk in Siberia. Named after M. "Wolchonsky, of Russia. 463. SBLWYNTTE, Ulrich (Laboratory, i. 237, 1867). Massive. H.=3 1 5. 0-.=2'53. Emerald- green. Subtranslucent. Fracture uneven and splintery. Somewhat brittle. Composition, according to an analysis by Mr. Newberry : Si 47-15 l 33-23 r 7-62 Mg 4'36 ft 6-23=98-78. Corresponds to the 0. ratio for ft, ft, Si, ft, 1 : 10 : 16$- : 3 ; or for bases and silica about 2:3; but probably a mixture. Perhaps containing some talc as impurity, with which it is traversed in thin seams. B.B. becomes white and fuses on the edges to a grayish-white blebby glass. Only partially soluble in strong acids. Found near Heathcote, Victoria (Australia), in the Upper Silurian. Named after A. C. Selwyn, director of the geological survey of Victoria. 510 OXYGEN COMPOUNDS. 464. Chrome Ochre. A clayey material, containing some oxyd of chrome. Occurs earthy of a bright green shade of color. Analyses: 1, Drappiez; 2, Duflos (Schw. J., Ixii. 251); 3, Zelliier (Isis, 1834, 637): Si l r 3Pe fl 1 Creuzat FT. 64-0 23-0 10'5 , Ca and Mg 2-5=100 Drappiez. 2. Halle 57'0 22'5 5'5 3'5 11-0=99-5 Duflos. 3. Silesia 58-50 30'00 2'00 3'00 6'25=99'75 Zellner. The formula (l, r, e) 2 Si 3 corresponds nearly to the composition, the water excepted. Chrome ochre occurs at the localities above mentioned ; also on Unst in Zetland, Mortenberg in Sweden, and elsewhere. The chrome ochre of HaUe, analyzed by "Wolff (J. pr. Oh., xxxiv. 202), approaches selwynite in composition, but contains much more water. It afforded Si 46'11, A-l 30-53, r 4-28, dFe 3'15, H. 12'53, NaO'46, K 3'44=100'49; G.=2'7, giving rather closely the formula of kaolin, and may be an impure kaolinite. 465. MILOSCHITE. Miloschin Herder, Pogg., xlvii. 485, 1839. Serbian Breith., J. pr. Ch., xv. 327, 1838. Compact H.=T5 2. G.= 2*131, Breith. Color indigo-blue to celandine-green. COMP. Approaches (3tl, ^r) Si + 3 fi, it being a chromiferous allophane with half the water of aUophane. Analyses : 1, Kersten (Pogg., xlvil 485); 2, Bechi (Am. J. Sci, II. xiv. 62): 1. Rudniak Si 27-50 1 45'01 r 3'61 Ca 0'30 Mg 0'20 & 23'30=99'92 Kersten. 2. Tuscany 28-36 41'33 8-11 22'75=100'55 Bechi. In a matrass yields water. B.B. infusible. Partly dissolved in muriatic acid. From Eudniak in Servia, associated with quartz and brown iron ore ; Volterra, Tuscany. Named after Prince Miloschi. 466. PIMELITE. Griiner Chrysopraserde (fr. Kosemiitz) Klapr., Schrift.,-Qes. N. Berh'u, viii. 17, 1788, Beitr., ii. 134, 1797. Pimelit Karst., Tab., 28, 72, 1800. Massive or earthy. H.=2'5. G.=2-23 2-3; 2-71 2-76, Baer. Lustre weak, greasy. Color apple-green. Streak greenish- white. Translucent to subtranslucent. Feel greasy. Does not adhere to the tongue. COMP. Analyses : 1, Klaproth (Beitr., ii. 134) ; 2, "W. Baer (J. pr. Ch., Iv. 49) : Si 3fcl e Ni Mg Ca fl 1. Chrysoprase earth 35-00 5'00 4-58 15-63 1-25 0'42 38-12 Klaproth. 2. Hard Pimelite 35'80 23*04 e2'69 2'78 14-66 31-03=100 Baer. Pimelite gives water in the closed tube, is infusible B.B., and with the fluxes reacts for nickeL Decomposed by acids. From Silesia and elsewhere. Named from jri/wA^ fatness. For Glocker's alipite see p. 404. 467. CHLOROPH^ITE. Macculloch, Western Isles, L 504, 1825. Granular massive, imbedded, or as a coating in geodes, fissures, or amygdaloidal cavities. Cleavage in two directions. H.= l-5 2. G.=2-02, Macculloch; 1-809, Forchhammer. Lustre subresinous, rather dull. Color dark green, olive-green, changing to dark brown or black on exposure. Formula perhaps Fe Si+6 3J ?=Silica 33-3, protoxyd of iron 26'7, water 40-0=100. Analysis by Forchhammer (J. pr. Chem., xxx. 399, 1843) : From Faroe, Si 32-85, Fe 21-56, M.g 3-44, H 42-15 = 100, the iron being corrected (Rammelsbeig) for the true atomic weight. B.B. fuses to a black glass. A chlorite-like mineral from the "Western Isles of Scotland, at Scuir More in the island of Rum, and from Fifeshire, occurring in amygdaloid; also from Qualboe and Suderoe, Faroe Islands. Reported also as incrusting chalcedony in Antrim, and in small botryoidal groups in amygdaloid at Down Hill. But the chemical identity of the original chloropha3ite of Macculloch from Scuir More with that of Faroe or the other localities has not yet been ascertained. Named from xAwf>rf?, green, and ^airf?, brown. HYDKOUS SILICATES, MAKGAROPHYLLITE SECTION. 511 468. KLIPSTEINTTE. Schwarz-Braunsteinerz von Klapperud Klapr., Beitr., iv. 137=0psimose Seud., Tr., 187, 1832. Vattenhaltigt Manganoxidsilikat Bohr, (Efv. Ak. Stockh., 1850, 242. Klipsteinite v. Kob., J. pr. Ch., xcvii. 180. Amorphous. Compact. H.=5 5-5. G.=3-5. Lustre dull to submetallic. Color dark liver -brown to black. Streak reddish-brown or yellowish-brown. Opaque. COMP. 0. ratio for R+B, Si, IT, doubtful ; perhaps for klipsteinite 9:6:3, whence (& 3 , S) a Si 3 + ft 3 H 3 . Perhaps only a mixture. Analyses : 1, Klaproth (1. c.) ; 2, Bahr (1. c.) ; 3, v. Kobell (1. c.) : Si l 3Pe Mn Mn Mg Ca fi 1. Klapperud, Opsim. 25 60 13 =98 Klaproth. 2. " 23-69 0-61 9-14 56'21 0'39 0'50 9-51 = 100'05 Bahr. 3. DiUenburg, Ktipst. 25'00 1'70 4'00 32'17 25'00 2'00, 9'00=98'87 KobelL PTR., ETC. Yields much water. Fuses to a slag which is black in the oxydation flame. Gives reactions for manganese and iron. Easily decomposed by muriatic acid, the klipsteinite and Bahr' s mineral evolving chlorine. OBS. From Klapperud in Dalecarlia with rhodonite ; also from the Bornberg mine at Herborn, near Dillenburg. Beudant's name opsimose has the priority, but is intolerable. It is from the Greek otytpj, doing anything late. Klipsteinite was given after Prof. v. Klipstein of Giessen. 469. CHAMOISITE. Mine de fer oxyde en grains agglutines Gueymard, J. d. M., xxxv. 29, 1814; Chamoisite Berthier, Ann. d. M., v. 393. 1820. Mineral de fer en grains Berthier, Ann. Ch. Phys., xxxv. 258, 1827. Berthierine Beud., Tr., 128, 1832. Bavalite Huot, Min., 290, 1841. Chamoisite occurs compact or oolitic, with H. about 3; G.=3 3'4; color greenish-gray to black ; streak lighter ; opaque ; feebly attracted by a magnet. Berthierine is similar in structure, has H. = 2'5; color bluish-gray, blackish, or greenish-black; streak dark greenish-gray; and strongly attracted by the magnet. Analyses: 1, Berthier (1. c.); 2, id. (Ann. Ch. Phys., xxxv. 258, 1827): Si XI Fe H 1. Chamoisite 14'3 7-8 60'5 17 '4 =100 Berthier. 2. Berthierine 12-4 7 "8 74'7 5-1=100 Berthier. Chamoisite fuses easily, and also gelatinizes. Berthierine fuses with difficulty to a black mag- netic globule, and gelatinizes. The latter is mixed with 50 p. c. or more of siderite and calcite ; Berthier found 40'3 of the former in the material he examined. Chamoisite forms thick beds of rather limited extent in a limestone containing ammonites, at Chamoison, near St. Maurice, in the Valais ; and a similar substance is reported from Mettenberg in the Bernese Oberland, and Banwald in the Vosges. Berthierine constitutes a valuable bed of iron ore at Hayanges, Dept. of Moselle, and also occurs in the ores of Champagne, Bourgogne, Lorraine. 470. ALYITE. D. Forbes & T. Dahll, Nyt Mag., xiii. - Tetragonal. Crystals like those of zircon. H. = 5 5. G.= 3-601 3-46. Lustre greasy. Color reddish-brown, becoming grayish-brown by alteration. Subtranslucent to opaque. COMP. A very small portion, somewhat altered, afforded (1. c): Si 20-33 Xl, Be 14-11 e9'66 Zr3'92 Th(?) 15-13 e 0-27 Y 22-01 CaO-40 Cu,Sn*r. fi9'32=97'24. PYR., ETC. Yields water. B.B. infusible ; with the fluxes reacts for iron but not for titanium. Insoluble in acids. OBS. From Helle and Naresto in Norway, with feldspar and black mica. 512 OXYGEN COMPOUNDS. 470A. PICROFLUITE. Jrppe, Act. Soa Fenn., vi. ; Yerh. Min. St. Pet., 1852, 148. Amorphous. Lustre greasy to dull. Color white, inclining to yellow and blue. H.=2'5. G.=2-74. COMP. Probably a mixture of fluorite with a magnesian silicate. Analyses : 1, Galindo (1. c.) ; 2,Arppe(l.c.): Si Fe Mn Mg Ca F 1. Lupikko 29-00 1'54 0'78 28'79 22'72 8'97 1M6=102'96. 2. " 32-16 350 25-19 19 ! 86 9*08 undet. PYR., ETC. B.B. fuses easily with intumescence. Completely soluble in acids ; evolves fluorid of silicon with sulphuric acid. OBS. Occurs at Lupikko in Finland, some versts south of Pitkaranta, with chalcopyrite and blende. 2. TANTALATES, COLUMBATES. I. PYROCHLORE GROUP. Isometric. 471. PYROCHLORE ?R 2 Cb Cb 2 e,|e 4 |(R a , ft) a 47 2. MICROLITE ?(Ca,Mn) s fa II. TANTALITE GROUP. Orthorhombic. 473. TANTALITE (Fe,Mn)fa (TaO 2 ) 2 |je 2 |pe,Mn) 474. COLUMBITB (Fe, Mn) (6b, f a) ((Ta, Cb) O 2 ) 2 ||O 2 |((Fe, Mn) 475. TAPIOLITB Fe 6 fa 4 476. HIELMITE fa,Sn,Fe,U,Y,6a,fl 477. YTTROTANTALITE (Y,Fe,<5a,U) 10 fa 3 478. SAMARSKITE Ob, Zr, Th, ^, Fe, Y, Ce 479. EUXENITE Ob, fa, Ti, U, Y, Ce, fi 480. ^SCHYNITE fa, Ob, Ti, Zr, Th, Fe, Ce, La, Y, ft 481. POLYCRASE Ob, Ti, ^, Zr, Fe, Y, Ce 482. POLYMIGNITE in. FERGUSOXITE GROUP. Tetragonal. 483. FERGUSONITE ? (R a , 2r) 6 Ob 3 Cb a e 6 | 484 ADELPHOLITE Appendix. 485. MENGITB 486. RUTHERFOBDITE. 471. PYROCHLORE. Pyrochlor (fr. Friedericksvarn) Wohler, Pogg., vii. 417, 1826. Hydrochlor, Fluochlor, fferm., J.pr. Ch., L 186, 187, 1850. Isometric. Observed planes : 1, /, 2-2, 3-3, 0. In octahedrons ; f. 2, TANTALATES, COLUMBATES. 513 8, 20 + 8, 8 with planes 2-2. Cleavage: octahedral, sometimes distinct, especially in the smaller crystals. H. = 5-5'5. G.=4-2 4*35; 4'32, from Miask, Kose; 4-203, ib., Her- mann ; 4*203 4*221, from Friederichsvarn, Hayes. Lustre vitreous or resinous. Color brown, dark reddish or blackish-brown. Streak light brown, yellowish-brown. Subtranslucent opaque. Fracture corichoidal. Var. The name hydrochlor was given by Hermann to kinds containing water (anal. 5, 7), and fluochlor to those containing fluorine (anal. 1, 2, 3); both bad and unnecessary names. Comp. A columbate of lime, cerium, and other bases, but exact constitution not ascertained; & 2 Cb? Analyses: 1, Wohler (Pogg., xlviii. 83); 2, 3, Hermann (J. pr. Ch., xxxi. 94, 1. 188, 192); 4, id. (Bull Soc. Nat. Moscou, xxxviii. 366); 5, Wohler (L c.); 6, Chydenius (Pogg., cxix. 43); 7, Wohler (1. c.); 8, 9, A. A. Hayes (Am. J. Sci., xlvl 164): F H 3-23 1-16, Sn?= 102-08 W 3'72 b 3-00 0-50, r 5 '57 = 101-71 H. 15-23 1-46 9-80 2-69 a O'54 a 2-21 = 100'83H. 6-20 d 11-97 2-69*0-54 2*21 , Th 8'88= 99-06 H. 1-33 1-69 5'16 d tr. 9'88 tr. 7 -06, 4-60= 97-80 W. 61-07 2-82 e 5-00 16*02 4'60 und. 1-17, Th 4-62, Sn 0-57=95-87 C. 62-75 2-16 f 2-75 6'80& 12-85 tr. tr. 4'20, U 518, Sn 0-61=97-25 W 5310 20-20 2-35 f 19'45 0'80, g, Stn, Pb, Sn 1-20=9710 H. 59-00 18-33 0'70 f 16'73 5'63 0'80=10119 H. 1. Miask 2. " 3. " 4. " 5. Brevig 6. " 7. FredVn 8. " 9. " Ti tr. Fe Mn Y Oe La Mg Ca Na 1-29 0-15 0-81 1315 ? 10'98 3'93 a 67-38 62-25 2-23 511 tr. 0'70 3'09 2-00 13-54 60-83 C 4-90 2-23 0'94 61-80 3-23 1-54 67-02 tr. a Without the oxygen b Id., and with some Li. c Later made to consist of 14'68 columbic acid and 4615 hypocolumbic acid. d With thoria. e With protox. of uranium. f Fe 2 O 8 . g Ce a O 3 . Pyr., etc. Pyrochlore from the Miask gives but traces of water in the closed tube. B.B. infusible, but turns yellow and colors the flame reddish-yellow. When ignited it glows momen- tarily as if taking fire, the same phenomenon as observed with gadolinite. With borax and salt of phosphorus in both flames gives a light green bead, becoming colorless on cooling. A saturated bead of borax gives a greenish-gray enamel in R.F., while that with salt of phosphorus is reddish- gray. Decomposed by concentrated sulphuric acid with evolution of fluorine (G-. Hose). Pyro- chlore from Norway gives water in the closed tube, and B.B. fuses with difficulty to a dark brown, slaggy mass. With borax in R.F. gives a dark red bead, which by flaming turns to a grayish- blue to pure blue enamel. Dissolved with effervescence in salt of phosphorus, giving in O.F. a< yellow bead while hot, becoming grass-green on cooling (uranium). In R.F. the bead is made dark red to violet (titanic acid). Fused with soda gives a green color (manganese). All varieties are decomposed by fusion with bisulphate of potash. Most specimens are sufficiently decomposed: by muriatic acid to give a blue color when the concentrated solution is boiled with metallic tin ; this color disappears after a time, and almost immediately if diluted with water. Obs. Occurs imbedded in syenite at Friederichsvarn and Laurvig, Norway, with zircon, poly- mignite, and xenotime ; at Brevig, with thorite ; and near Miask in the Urals. Named from rip, fire, and xAwpoj, green, because B.B. it becomes yellowish-green. 472. MICROLITE. Microlite C. U. Shepard, Am. J. Sci., xxvii. 361, 1835, xxxii. 338, xliil. 116. Pyrochlore Hayes, ib., xliii. 33, xlvi. 158, 338. Isometric. Forms octahedral. Observed planes: 1, /, 2-2 (or 3-3).. Figs. 2, 8, 20 + 8. Known only in small crystals. H.=5-5. G.=5;485-5'562, the last from a large crystal, Shepard ; 5405,. Hayes. Lustre vitreous or resinous. Color pale clear yellow to brown. Streak pale yellowish or brownish. Translucent to opaque. 33 514 OXYGEN COMPOUNDS. Comp. The yellow crystals were made by Hayes essentially columbate of lime. From blowpipe investigation suggested" by Brush to be probably (priv. contrib.) a pyrochlore, in which tantalic acid replaces the columbic, this corresponding with the high specific gravity and larger percentage of the metallic acid. Analyses: 1, Shepard (L c., xxxii. 338); 2, Hayes (ib., xlvi. 158): Cb(fa?) Sn ,Mn Pb Ca W, Y, U H 1. Chesterfield 75-70 - - - 14-84 7'42 2-04=100 Shepard. 2. " 79-60 0-70 f 2-21 1'60 10*87, e 0'99=95'97 Hayes. Pyr., etc. B.B. infusible. In salt of phosphorus difficultly soluble, giving in O.F. a bead yellow while hot, and colorless on cooling. In K.F. after long blowing yields a pale bluish-green bead. Not attacked by muriatic acid, but decomposed on fusion with bisulphate of potash, and the solution of the fused mass remains uncolored when boiled with metallic tin. Obs. Occurs at Chesterfield, Mass., in the albite vein, along with red and green tourmaline, columbite, and a little cassiterite. Named from /^*p6f, small, alluding to the size of the crystals. 473. TANTALTTE. Tantalit Ekeberg, Ak. H. Stockh., xxiii. 80, 1802. Tantalite pt. later authors. Ferro-tantalite Thorn., Rec. Gen. Sc., iv. 416, 1836; = Columbate of Iron; = Siderotantal Hausm., Handb., ii. 960, 1847 ;=Tammela-Tantalit^ Nordenskiold, Act Soc. Sc. Fenn., i. 119 ;=Skogbo- lit A. E. Nordenskiold, Beskrifn. Finl. Min., 1 855. Kimito-Tantalit N. Nord. ; =Ixiolith A. E. Nord., Pogg., ci 632, 1857. Finbo-Tantalit ; Broddbo-Tantalit;=Kassiterotantal Hausm., 1. c. Ildefon- sit Raid., Handb., 1845, 548 ;=Harttantalerz Breith., Char., 230, 1832, Handb., 874, 1847. Orthorhombic. >O A 1-^=122 3' Observed planes as in the figure. a : I : c=l'5967 : 1 : 1-2247. /A 7=101 32', A 4=146 54' A f=H7 2 A T V-=173 49 fa A 1-2=143 6 i-l A =123 45 fa A ff= 135 ^ 1 A ^ adj., = 126 i A i, ov. 7,=91 44 1-2 A 1-2, adj., =141 48 fa A ^f =118 33 |- A \-l, top,=113 48 f-2 A f-2, top, =54 4 V* A ir^j top, =167 38 Twins : composition-face i-i, common. Also massive. H.=6 6*5. G.=7 8. Lustre nearly pure metal- lic, somewhat adamantine. Color iron-black. Streak reddish-brown to black. Opaque. Brittle. Comp., Var. (Fe, Mn) fa, with sometimes stannic acid (S'n) replacing part of the tantalic. .A tantalate either (1) of iron (anal. 1-11, 13-15, 19, 20), or (2) of iron and manganese (anal. 12), or '(3) a stanno-tantalate of these two bases, part of the tantalic acid being replaced by oxyd of tin (anal. 16-18, 21-23). Number 1 is the Ferrotantalite of Thomson ; 1 and 2, the Siderotantalite of Hausmann ; 3, the Cassiterotantalite and Ixiolite. The kinds shade into one another. The last has the lowest specific gravity, G-.=7 7 -3. The mineral varies in the state of oxydation of the bases, owing, as Rose has shown, to alteration of the protoxyds to sesquioxyds ; with the increase of the latter the streak loses its black color. It varies also in 0. ratio for bases and acid between 1 : 4 and 1 : 5. The latter corresponds to Tantalic acid 86'05. protoxyd of iron 13'95, and the former to 83-1 and 16'9. Rose finds that prolonged washing of the powdered mineral carries off the iron. Analyses: 1, Nordenskiold (Jahresb., xii. 190); 2, Jacobson (Pogg., bciii. 317); 3, Brooks (ib.); 4, Weber (Pogg., civ. 85); 5, 6, Arppe (Act. Soc. Sci. Fenn., vi. ; Verh. Min. St. Pet, 1862, 155); 7, Biomstrand(Mem. Univ. Lund., 1865, J. pr. Ch., xcix. 43) ; 8, Damour (Ann. d. M., IV. xiii. 337); 9, 10, Jenzsch (Pogg., xcvii. 1<>4 the 2d anal of a specimen altered by exposure); 11, Chandler (Inaug. Dissert.); 12, 13, Berzelius (Schw. J., xvi. 259, 447, xxxi. 374); 14, Hermann (J. pr. Ch., Ixx. 205); 15, A. Nordenskiold (Pogg., ci. 630); 16, Wornum (Pogg., Ixiii. 317); 17, 18, Weber ;(Pogg., civ. 85); 19, A. Nordenskiold (Pogg., cvii. 374); 20, Blomstrand (1. c.): 21-23, Berzelius (Afh., iv. 172,205,207): TANTALATES, COLUMBATES. 515 Ta Sn 1. Tammela 83-44 tr. 2. 84-15 0-32 3. " 84-70 0-50 4. " 83-90 0'6 5. 83-66 0-80 6. 82-71 0-83 7. " 84-05 0-81 8. Chanteloube 82-98 1-21 9. " 83-55 1-02 10. " 78-98 2-36 11. " 79-89 1-51 12. Kimito 83-2 0-6 13. 85-85 0-80 14. 84-09 0-70 15. 84-44 1-26 16. 77-83 6-81 17. 75-71 9-67 18. 76-81 9-14 19. Bjorkboda 83-79 1-78 20. " 81-46 1-99 21. Broddbo 68-22 8-26 22. " 66-35 8-40 23. Fiubo 66-99 16-75 Fe 13-75 14-68 14-29 13-81 15-54 15-99 14-47 14-62 14-48 13-62 14-14 7-2 12-94 3-38 13-41 8-47 9-80 9-49 13-42 13-03 0-27 tr. Si 0-42 Zr 1-54 " 5-72 " 1-32 1-82 7-4 1-60 Si 0-72 1-32 -FelO'08 0-96 Cu 0-14 4-88 4-32 427 1-63 2-29 024 0-07 9-58 Mn 7-15 W 6'19 11-07 " 660 " 6-12 7-67 " 7-98 Ca =98-31 Nordenskiold; G.=7'264 0-07 = 101-93 Jacobson; G. = 7'197. =100-81 Brooks. =99-22 Weber; G-. = 7-414. - =100Arppe; G. = 7'36. =99-53 Arppe. Mg 0-08=99-68 Blomstrand. =99-23 Damour; G.=7'65. =100-59 Jenzsch; G.=7'703. =100-68 Jenzsch; G.=7'04. =98-67 Chandler; G.=7'53. =98-4 Berz. 0-56 = 102-47 Berz.; G.=7-936. =99-70 Hera. 0-15 = 100-36 Nord.; G. = 7'85. 0-50=98-73 Wornum; G. = 7'155. =99-50 Weber. 0-41=100-19 Weber; G.=7'277. =100-62 Nord. 0-35, WO-27, Zr 0'26, Mg 0'19=99'84 Blomstrand. 1-19 = 100-59 Berz. 1-50 =100 04 Berz. 2-40=101-79 Berz. Tantalic and columbic acids were formerly supposed to contain either 3 or 2 of oxygen, and a hypotantalic and a hypocoluinbic were recognized. The recent results of Marignac, confirmed by those of Blomstrand, have led to the conclusion that there is but one acid, and that this one con- tains 5 of oxygen, as represented in the symbol above used.^ Klaproth obtained from the Kimito tantalite (Beitr., v. 5) fa 88, Fe 10, Mn 2 = 100 ; Vauquelin (Haiiy Tab!., 308) Ta 83, Pe 12, Mn 8 = 103; and Wollaston (Phil. Trans., 1809) Ta 85, Fe 10, Mn 4=99. Pyr., etc. B.B. unaltered. With borax slowly dissolved, yielding an iron glass, which, at a certain point of saturation, gives, when treated in R.F. and subsequently flamed, a grayish-white bead ; if completely saturated becomes of itself cloudy on cooling. With salt of phosphorus dis- solves slowly, giving an iron glass, which in R.F., if free from tungstic acid, is pale yellow on cooling ; treated with tin on charcoal it becomes green. If tungstic acid is present the bead is dark red, and is unchanged in color when treated with tin on charcoal. With soda and nitre gives a green- ish-blue manganese reaction. On charcoal, with soda and sufficient borax to dissolve the oxyd of iron, gives in R.F. metallic tin. Decomposed on fusion with bisulphate of potash in the platinum spoon, and gives on treatment with dilute muriatic acid a yellow solution and a heavy white pow- der, which, on addition of metallic zinc, assumes a smalt-blue color ; on dilution with water the blue color soon disappears (v. Kobell). Obs. Tantalite is confined mostly to albite or oligoclase granite, and is usually associated with beryl. Near Harkasaari, tantalite is associated with rose quartz and gigantolite, in albitic granite. At Katiala it is associated with lepidolite, black tourmaline, and colorless beryl. Occurs in Finland, in Tammela, at Harkasaari near Torro, associated with gigantolite and rose quartz ; in Kimito at Skogbole, in Somero at Kaidasuo, and in Kuortane at Katiala, with lepidolite, tourmaline, and beryl ; in Sweden, in Fahlun, at Broddbo and Finbo ; iu France, at Chanteloube near Limoges, in pegmatite. Ixioitie, from Kimito, was instituted on a supposed (not real) differ- ence of crystalline form. Ildefonsiie is from lldefonso, Spain, and has G. = 7"416, H. = 6 7. Named Tantalite by Ekeberg, from the mythic Tantalus, in playful allusion to the difficulties (tantalizing) he encountered in his attempts to make a solution of the Finland mineral in acids. The name was afterward extended to the American mineral columbite, and to the same from other localities ; while the name columbite, the metal columbium having been discovered a little prior to tantalum, received a similar extension, so as to include all tantalite. The subsequent discovery that tantalum and columbium were distinct metals, and that the two compounds differed also in the atomic proportions of the constituents, finally established them as independent species. 474. COLUMBITE. Ore of Columbium (fr. Conn.) Hatchett, Phil. Tr., 1802. Columbite Jame- son, Min., li. 582, 1805. Columbate of Iron. Columbeiseu Germ. Baierine (fr. Bavaria) Baud., Tr., ii. 655, 1832. Ton-elite Thorn., Rec. Gen. Sci., iv. 408, 1.836. Niobite ffaid. t Handb., 549, 516 OXYGEN COMPOUNDS. 1845. Greenlandite BreUh., B. H. Ztg, rviL 61, 1858. Dianite v. Kob., Ber. Ak. Munchen, Mar. 10, 1860. Orthorhombic. 7A 7=101 26' ; A 1-*=134 53*' 5 : * : ?=1'0038 : 1:1-2225. Observed planes: 0; vertical, *-*, ^-^, AH, ^-2,^-5 ; domes, ^,K K Hi H WT; octahedral, i, 1 ; J-S, 2-2 ; 1-f, 2-f ; 2-^1-5, 2-5, 1-5-2-6 4-il. Of these planes, zone l-i : i-l contains 1^, 1-5, 1-|, 1, 2-2 ; zone *4 : i-l contains 24, 2-6, 2-5, 2-5, 2-| ; zone -H : r* contains *, 1-5, 2-6, 4-i2 ; zone f -I : i-l contains f-5, f-2, 1-}, 2-5. 428 429 Greenland. Middletown, Conn. /^ A 1 ~ "1 J"I QA' C> A ^=lol 6(j A ^=146 13 A 14= 140 36 A 24=121 20 A 1=127 38 6> A 1-5=138 26 A 2-5=119 25 i-l A 1=127 48 i-l A 1=120 6 i-l A 1-5 = 104 30 fc'-t A ^-2=157 45 430 Bodenmais. i-i A 7=140 43' *-* A 7=129 IT i-l A t-5=157 50 i4 A 1-5=127 55 i-l A 24=148 40 1-5 A 1-5, adj., = 151 ^'-5 A ^'-5, ov. ^*4, *-2 A ^-2,ov.^, i-& A ^'-5=121 34 i-& A 2-5=150 35 40 30 Twins : composition-face 2-i Cleavage : i-l and i-i, the former most dis- tinct. Occurs also rarely massive. H.=6. G.=5-4 6-5. Lustre submetallic ; a little shining. Color iron-black, brownish-black, grayish-black ; often iridescent. Streak dark red to black. Opaque. Fracture subconchoidal, uneven. Brittle. Comp., Var. Columbate and tantalate of iron and manganese, of the general formula (Fe, Mn) (Cb, Ta), with at least twice as much atomically of columbic as of tantalic acid, and with the specific gravity increasing as the proportion of tantalic acid increases (Blomstrand, 1865 ; Marig- nac, 1866). The following are some of the ratios from Marignac's determinations: (1) From Greenland, fa 3'3 p. c.; Ob : fa=35 : 1. (2) Acworth, N. H., La Vilate, near Limoges, and the dianite of Bodenmais, fa 15'8 13-4; Ob : fa=7 or 8 : 1. (3) Another fr. Bodenmais, fa 27'1 ; Ob : fa=3 : 1. (4) A third fr. Bodenmais, fa 35-4; Cb : fa=about 2 : 1. (5) From Haddana fa 30-4, and another 31'5 ; Ob : fa=2'5 : 1. (6) In another from Haddam he found only 10 p. c. of tantalic acid, but queries the result. Blomstrand obtained for a Haddam specimen (anal. TANTALATES, COLUMBATES. 517 8) 8b : f a=3 : 1, with G.=6-151 ; for one fr. Bodenmais (anal. 16), Cb : f a=4 : 1, with G= 5-75; another fr. B. (anal. 17), 6b : fa=2'5 : 1, with G. = 6-26; for one fr. Greenland, no fa> with G. = 5-395. His results all give for the Q. ratio of bases and acids 1 : 5. No. 3, above, gives the formula 3 (Fe, Mn) Cb-H(Fe, Mn) fa; and No. 4, 2 (Fe, Mn) Cb+(Fe, Mn) fa ; while 1 gives 35 (Fe, Mn) Ob+(Fe, Mn) fa. Fe 6b corresponds to columbic acid 7 8 -8 3, protoxyd of iron 21 -17 100. The following are the G. of the specimens employed for the analyses below : Connecticut, anal. 2, 5 '469 5'495; 3, 5*708 ; 4, 5'8; 5, 5*58 5'59 ; 6, 6*028 6'048; 7,5-85. Bavaria, anal. 9, 6'39; 11, 5'7 ; 12, 6'02 6'06 ; 13,5-976; 14, 5-971; 15,5-698. Ilmen Mis., aual. 19, 5-495-73; 20, 5'461 ; 21, 5-447. Greenland, anal. 22, 23, 5-375; 24, 5-405-42. Chan- teloube, anal. 27, 5-605-727. Other G. are as follows: C. fr. Northfield, Mass., 6-5, Shepard; fr. Monte Video, S. A., 5'660, Maskelyne ; fr. Haddam, 5'967, Schrauf; fr. Middletown, 5-590 and 5'645, id. ; fr. Greenland, 5'395, id. ; fr. Bodenmais, 6-115, id. The Bodenmais specimens, having the highest G., give a black powder ; and others, of less, a dark reddish-brown, but as a result of partial alteration, Rose. The angles of the crystals vary considerably. The angles above given are those calculated by Schrauf after a study of the crystals of various localities, adopting for the basis i-l A 1-5=104 30' (obs. on Greenland crystals), and i-l A i-3=112 10' (112 20', obs. on Gr. cryst.). The author obtained somewhat different results from a Middletown crystal, f. 429 (this Min., edit, of 1837, et seq., Am. J. Sci., xxxii. 150, 1837) : i-l A 1-3=104 52' ; i-l A 7=140 40', whence /A 7=100 40'; i-l A 4-3=158 6', whence i-l A 4-3=111 54' ; A 4=160 34', whence i-l A -=109 26' ; A 1-3=136 36'; A 24=119 40'; 1-3 A 1-3, adj., = 150 17'. The angles 7 A 7=100 40', A -t=160 34', correspond to the dimensions a : b : c=l -0584 : 1 : T2059. Schrauf 's measure- ments gave him for i-l A 7=140 30'. fr. Greenland and Bodenmais ; i-l A 4=108, fr. B. The crystals from Bavaria, Miask, Connecticut, Chesterfield, Mass., and Monte Video, have the general form shown in f. 429, 430, though sometimes with the basal plane wanting ; while those of Greenland have the habit generally of f. 431 (fr. Schrauf 's paper). Occasionally the octahedral planes are very much elongated, producing crystals with long pyramidal summits, as a kind from Acworth, N. H. (Shep., Am. J. Sci., xvii. 358, 1830). Analyses: 1, Wollaston (Phil. Trans., 1809, 246); 2, Schlieper (Pogg., Ixiii. 317); 3, H. Rose (ib.); 4, Hermann (J. pr. Ch., xliv. 207); 5, 0. F. Chandler (Inaug. Dissert); 6, Oesten (Pogg., xcix. 617); 7, T. S. Hunt (Am. J. Sci., II. xiv. 340); 8, Blomstrand (Mem. Univ. Lund., 1865, J. pr. Ch., xcix. 44); 9-11, H. Rose (1. c.); 12, Avdejef (Pogg., Ixiii. 317); 13, Jacobson (ib.); 14, Chandler (L c.); 15, Warren (Pogg., Ixxxv. 438); 16, 17, Blomstrand (1. c.); 18, H. Miiller (J. pr. Ch., Iviii. 183, Ixxix, 27); 19, Hermann (J. pr. Ch., xxxviii. 121); 20, Bromeis (Pogg., Ixxi. 157); 21-23, Oosten (1. c.); 24, Hermann (Bull. Soc. Nat. Moscou, xxxix. 67, 1866); 25, Muller (1. c.); 26, Blomstrand (1. c.) ; 27, Damour (C. R., xxviii. 353); 28, A. Nordenskiold (Beskrifn. Finl. Min., 1855, 40): Ca =100 Wollaston. 0-45, Mg 0-22= 101-23 Schlieper. tr.= 100-96 Rose. , Mg 0-49=99-06 Hermann. 0-48=99-24 Chandler. =99-86 Oesten. =99-92 Hunt. , Zr 0-34, Mg 0-42, H 0'16= 100-19 B. 2r.= 98-80 Rose. fe\=99-29 Rose. fr.=99-67 Rose. 0-21 = 10093 Avdejef. =100*89 Jacobson. 0-22=96-91 Chandler. 0*30, Mg 1-57=99*96 Warren. Zr 0-28, Mg 0-40, H 0'35 = 100-11 B. , Mg 0*14, H 0-40=99*55 BL =99-07 Muller. , Y 2-0, U 0-50=100 Herm. 0-75, U 0-56=100-17 Bromeis. 0-54, U 0-54=100 Oesten. 0-54=98-22 Oesten. 0-39=99-83 Oesten. Cb fa Sn W Fe Mn Cu 1. Connecticut 80 15 5 2. Middletown 78-83 0-29 16-66 4-71 0-07 3. a 79-62 0-47 16-37 4-44 0-06 4. U 78-22 0-4 0-26 14-06 5-63 5. it 76-79 0-60 18-23 3-14 6. it 79-80 0-56 15-00 4-50 7. Haddam 80-60 tr. 15-57 3-25 0*50 8. " 51-53 28-55 0-34 0-76 13-54 4-55 9. Bodenmais 81-07 0-45 ___ 14-30 3-85 0*13 10. 81-34 0-19 13-89 3-77 o-io 11. 79-68 0-12 15-10 4-65 0-12 12. 80-64 o-io 15-33 4-65 13. 79-73 o-io 14-77 4-77 1-51 14. 75-02 0-47 0-39 17-22 3-59 15. 78-51 0-03 1-47 15-77 2-31 16. 56-43 22-79 0-58 1-07 15-82 2-39 17. 48-87 30-58 0-91 15-70 2-95 ___ 18. Tirschenreuth 78*6 0-17 15-1 5-2 ___ 19. Ihnen Mts. 80-47 > 8-50 6'09Mg2-44 20. U 78-60 12-76 4-48 Mg3-01 21. u 76-66 0-42 14-29 [7-55] 22. Greenland 76-04 0-39 16-91 4-34 ___ 23. 77-80 0-17 16-52 4-95 518 OXYGEN COMPOUNDS. 8b fa Sn W Fe Mn Cu Ca 24. Greenland 52-76 25'64 a . 16-41 4'50 , Mg 0-60=99-91 Hermann. 25 " Evigtok 78'74 0-16 16-40 5-12 = 100-42 Miiller. 26 77-97 0-73 0'13 17'33 3'28 1r., Zr 0'13, Mg 0'23, Pb 0-12 = 99-92 B. 27. Chanteloube 78-74 14'50 7-17 =100-41 Damour. 28. Bjorkskar, Finl. 82-5 TO 13*2 5-5 = 102-2 Nordenskiold. ft Ilmenic acid of Hermann. Wollaston's analysis was made on four grains of the original specimen in the British Museum, sent out from Connecticut by Governor Winthrop to Sir Hans Sloane. Pyr., etc. Like tantalite. Von Kobell states that when decomposed by fusion with caustic potash, and treated with muriatic and sulphuric acids, it gives, on the addition of zinc, a blue color much more lasting than with tantalite; and the variety dianite, when similarly treated, gives. on boiling with tin-foif and dilution with its volume of water, a sapphire-blue fluid, while, with tantalite and ordinary columbite, the metallic acid remains undissolved. The variety from Had- dam, Ct., is partially decomposed when the powdered mineral is evaporated to dryness with con- centrated sulphuric acid, its color is changed to white, light gray, or yellow, and when boiled with muriatic acid and metallic zinc it gives a beautiful blue. The remarkably pure and unaltered columbite from Arksut-fiord in Greenland is also partially decomposed by sulphuric acid, and the product gives the reaction test with zinc, as above. Obs. Occurs at Rabenstein, Bavaria, near Zwiesel, not far from Bodenmais, in granite, with iolite and magnetite ; at Tirschenreuth, Bavaria ; at Tammela, in Finland ; at Chanteloube, near Limoges, in pegmatite with tantalite ; near Miask, in the Ilmen Mts., with samarskite ; at Her- manskar, near Bjorskar, in Finland ; in Greenland, in cryolite, at Evigtok, in brilliant crystals ; disseminated through or among the wolfram of Auvergne, and detected by acting with aqua-regia, which dissolves the wolfram and leaves untouched the columbite (Phipson, Chem. News, 1867, 160); at Monte Video, S. A. In the United States, at Haddam, 2 m. from the village, in a granite vein, some of the crystals several pounds in weight ; also at the chrysoberyl locality, but not now accessible ; also at the iolite locality, Haddam ; near Middletown, in the " feldspar " or "china-stone quarry," with albite, abundant in fine crystals some very large ; figure 429 represents one in. long ; another, de- scribed by Professor Johnston (Am. J. Sci., xxx. 387), weighed, before it was broken, 14 pounds; and the part figured about 6 in. in length and breadth, weighed 6 Ibs. 12 oz.; it exhibits the faces i-l, i-i, i-2, I, i-3, -5, and another imperfect plane, which appears to bo 1-3. At Chesterfield, Mass., some fine crystals, associated with blue and green tourmalines and beryl, in a vein of albitic granite ; Acworth, N. H. ; also Beverly, Mass. ; Northfield, Mass., with beryl ; Plymouth, N. H., with beryl; Greenfield, N. Y., with chrysoberyl. The Connecticut crystals are usually rather fragile from partial change ; while those of Green- land are very firm and hard. The occurrence of columbite in America was first made known by Mr. Hatchett's examination . of a specimen sent by Governor "Winthrop to Sir Hans Sloane, then President of the Royal Society, which was labelled as found at Neatneague. Dr. S. L. Mitchill stated (Med. Repos., vol. viiL) that it was taken at a spring at New London, Conn. No locality has since been detected at that place. But the rediscovery of it at Haddam, first published by Dr. Torrey (Am. J. Sci., iv. 52), and since near Middletown, about 7 m. distant, has led to the belief that the original locality was at one of these places, which are about 30 m. W. of New London. For recent papers on cryst. see Descl, Ann. d. M., V. viii. 395 ; Schrauf, Ber. Ak. Wien, xliv. 445, 1861; Maskelyne, Phil. Mag., IV. xxv. 41. The crystallographic identity of the American mineral with the Bavarian was first shown by Dr. J. Torrey (Ann. Lye. N. Y., i. 89, 1824). The metal of columbite was named columbium by Hatchett in 1802, from Columbia, a name of America, whence his specimen was received, and thus came the name columbite given by Jameson and Thomson (see further under tantalite). Rose, after investigating the metal and its compounds, named it anew, calling it niobium, and this gave rise to the name niobite. Baierite is from the German name of Bavaria. Torrelite Thomson, named after Dr. J. Torrey, is the ordinary Middle- town columbite; and Greenlandite Breith., is that from Greenland; both names originated partly 'in erroneous views of the crystals of the minerals. Dianite is the Bodenmais columbite, in which v. Kobell supposed he had discovered the acid of a new metal, which he called dianium. No good reason has been given for substituting niobium for columbium; and yet most English chemists, as well as European, have thus far followed Rose in rejecting the name given by the English discoverer. The rule of priority demands recognition. 475. TAPIOLITE. Tapiolit A. E. NordensJciold, (Efv. Ak. Stockh., 443, 1863. Tantalite (fr Sukula) Arppe, Act. Soc. Sci. Fenn., vi. 590, 1861. TANTALATES, COLUMBATES. 519 Tetragonal. A 1-=147 7' ; a 0*6464. 1 A 1 in same pyramid 123 1', over base 84 52' ; A 1=137 34' ; 1 A 14=151 30'. Cleavage indistinct. H. = 6. G.=7'35 7-37, Nord. ; 7'17 7'36, Arppe. Lustre strong adamantine, approaching metallic. Color pure black. Comp. Fe 8 fa 4 =Tantalic acid 83-1, protoxyd of iron 16'9=100. Analyses : 1, Arppe (L c.); 2, Nordenskiold (L c.) : Ta Sn Fe 1. Sukula (|)83-18 0'82 15 -7 7 = 99 '7 7 Arppe. 2. " (|)83-06 1-07 15-78=99-91 Nordenskiold. Tr. of W with Sn. Pyr., etc. B.B. behaves like tantalite, but gives no reaction for manganese. Obs. Occurs near the Kulmala farm, in the village of Sukula, in the parish of Tammela, Fin- land, in white pegmatyte granite, with beryl, tourmaline, and arsenopyrite. Named from an ancient Finnish divinity. 476. HIELMITE. Hjelmit A. E. Nordenskiold, Pogg., cxi. 286, 1860. Crystallization indistinct. Massive, without apparent cleavage. H.=5. G.=5'82. Lustre metallic. Color pure black. Streak grayish- black. Fracture granular. Comp. A stannp-tantalate of iron, uranium, and yttria. Analysis : Nordenskiold (1. c.) : fa gn,W Cu U Fe Mn Ce Y Mg Ca 62-42 6-56 O'lO 4"87 8'06 332 1'07 5'19 0'26 4'26 3-26=99'37. Pyr., etc. In the closed tube decrepitates and yields water. B.B. infusible, but turns brown in O.F. With salt of phosphorus easily dissolved to a bluish-green glass. With borax dissolves to a clear glass, which remains unchanged on flaming. With soda on charcoal gives metallic spangles (Nordenskiold). Obs. From the Kararfvet mine, near Fahlun, Sweden, along with garnet, pyrophysalite, gado- linite, asphaltum, in a pegmatyte granite. 477. YTTROTANTALITE. Yttrotantal Ekeberg, Ak. H. Stockh., xxiii. 80, 1802. Taiitale oxide yttrifere H., Tr., 1822. Yttroilmenit Herm., J. pr. Ch., xxxviii. 119, 1846. Orthorhornbic. 7 A 7=123 10' ; A 2-fcl03 26' ; a : I : c= 2-0934 : 1 : 1'8482. Observed planes : O ; vertical, ?*-, 7", *-2, i-2, i-5 ; domes, 1-2, 2-i A l-fc!31 26 r , i-l A 1-^138 34', i'-* A 7=118 25 7 , i-l A ^2=137 16 X , i-i/\i-Z= 105 9 r , i-2A*-2, oy. z,=94 32 r , i-z A ^'-2, adj.,= 149 42 r , i-l A --5=159 43'. Crystals often tabular parallel to i-i. Also massive ; amorphous. H.=5-5-5. G.^5-4-5-9. Lustre submetallic to vitreous and greasy. Color black, brown, brown- ish-yellow, straw-yellow. Streak gray to colorless. Opaque to subtranslucent. Fracture small conchoi- dal to granular. Ytterby. Var. 1. The black yttrotantalite, of Ytterby, is iron-black, sub- metallic in lustre, and has G. = 5-395, Berz. ; 5'67, Peretz; after ignition 6-40, Peretz; 7'09, Nor- denskiold. Often in crystals. 2. The yellow of Ytterby is amorphous or indistinctly crystallized, and has G-.= 5*882, Ekeberg; 5-458, Chandler ; after ignition, 6-40, Peretz ; 5-845, Chandler. 3. The yellow from Kararfvet has GT. = 5-640, Chydenius. This variety contains much uranium. 432 /2 520 OXYGEN COMPOUNDS. Hermann calls the mineral of anal. 5, 6, 7, yttrotantalite, and that of his own analysis yttroilme- nite, giving G-.=4-88. Comp. Tantalate of yttria and lime, or yttria, lime, and iron, with some protoxyd of uranium ; (Y, Fe, Ca, U) 10 f a s =, if Y : Ca : Fe : U=6 : 2 : 1 : 1, Tantalic acid 62-5, yttria 22 -6, lime 5'2, prot- oxyd of iron 3-4, prot uranium 6 -3 = 100. Analyses: 1-4, Berzelius (Afhandl., iv. 268, 272, Schw. J., xvi. 451); 5, Peretz (Pogg., Ixxii. 155); 5A, same, with 4'86 H, the mean loss by ignition (Ramm. Min. Ch., 400) ; 6, Chandler (Inaug. Dissert.) ; 7, Potyka (Inaug. Dissert.) ; 8, Nordenskiold (Pogg., cxi. 280); 9, J. J. Chydenius (ib., 284); 10-12, Hermann (Bull. Soc. Nat. Mosc., xxxviii. 358) : fa W Sn U Y Fe Mg Ca Cu H 1. Ytterbv. yellow 60-12 1-04 ^6-62 29-78 F~e 1-16 0-50 =99-22 Berz. 2. a 69-50 1-25 " 3'23 29-90 " 2-72 3-29 =99-89 Berz. 3. Hack 57-00 8-25 " 0-50 20-25 " 3-50 6-25 =95-75 Berz. 4. bnh.-bk. 51-82 2-59 " Ml 38-52 " 0-55 3-26 =97-85 Berz. 5. black 58-65 0-60 " 3-94 21-25 6-29 1-40 7-55 0-40 =100 08 Per. 5A. 55-80 0-57 3-75 20-22 5-96 1-3S 7-18 0-40 4-86=100-07 Per. 6. yellow 57-27 1-85 0-10 5-10 18-64 4-82 0-75 4-78 0-69 6-00 = 100 Chandl. 7. ti 55-60 0-49 o-io 7-00 25-52 0-77 0-19 3-60 0-43 4-11=99 67 Pot. 8. black 56-56 3-87 0-82 19-56 8-90 4-27 ir. 6-68=100-66 N. 9. Kararfvet, brown 66-44 ZnO-42 1-19 30-43 3-27 2-27 0-27 4-83=99-12 Chyd. fa Cb b f i f h U Y (Ce,La,Di) Fe Mn Mg Ca H 10 Ytterby 61-33 1-50 5-64 19-74 tr. 8-06 I'OO 2-08 1-66=101-01 H. 11. 67-81 5-00 1-87 18-30 2'27 13'61 0'33 0'50 =100'59 H. 12. " 81-29 23-80 3'00 2'83 3'01 21'03 2'48 11'07 0'26 0'80 =99'57 H. a Hermann's ilmenic acid. b Niobous acid of Hermann. Blomstrand has found 16 p. c. of columbic acid in the yellow yttrotantalite ; he regards Her- mann's ilmenic acid as having no existence. Marignac confirms this statement, and has shown ilmenic acid (G-. 3-8) to be columbic acid mixed with titanic acid, while his "niobic " acid (G-.=5) contained tantalic acid. In anal. 1, 2, 4-64 p. c. of H were found, and in 3, 5-43. Pyr., etc. In the closed tube yields water, the black varieties turn yellow. On intense igni- tion both varieties become white and give off traces of fluorine. B.B. infusible. With salt of phosphorus dissolves with at first a separation of a white skeleton of tantalic acid, whiph with a strong heat is also dissolved ; the black variety from Ytterby gives a glass faintly tinted rose-red from the presence of tungstic acid ; the dark and yellow varieties give a faint green bead on cooling, due to the presence of uranium. The mineral from Finbo and Kararfvet gives an iron glass. With soda reacts for manganese. With soda and borax on charcoal gives traces of metal- lic tin (Berzelius). Not decomposed by acids. Decomposed on fusion with bisulphate of potash, and when the product is boiled with muriatic acid metallic zinc gives a pale blue color to the solu- tion which soon fades. Obs. Occurs in Sweden at Ytterby, near Vaxholm, in red feldspar ; at the Kararfvet mine, and at Finbo and Broddbo, near Fahlun, imbedded in quartz and albite, associated with garnet, mica, and pyrophysalite. On cryst. see A. E. Nordenskiold, (Efv. Ak. Stockh., I860, 28, cited in Pogg., cxi. 280, and J. pr. Ch., Ixxxi. 193. The name yttrolantalite alludes to the composition. Tttroilmenite was given to a variety by Hermann upon the discovery in it of his supposed new metal ilmenium. 478. SAMARSKITE. Uranotantal H. Rose, Pogg., xlviii. 555, 1839. Samarskit H. Rose, Pogg., Ixxi 157, 1847. Uranoniobit H. Rose, Pogg., Ixxi. 166, 1847. Yttroilmenit Herm., xlii. 129, 1847, J. pr. Ch., xliv. 216, 1848. Orthorhombic. Angle of prism i-2, 135 to 136 (whence /A I 100 40' to 101 40', near that of cblumbite). Usually in flattened grains. H.=:5-5-6. G.=5-614-5-75 ; 5-45-5-69, North Carolina. Lustre of surface of fracture shining and submetallic. Color velvet- black. Streak dark reddish-brown. Opaque. Fracture subconchoidal. Comp. Analyses : 1, 2, 3, Peretz, under the direction of Rose (Pogg., Ixxi. 157); 4, Chandler (Inaug. Dissert.); 5, Hermann (J. pr. Ch., 1. 178) ; 6, T. S. Hunt (Am. J. ScL, II. xiv. 341) : TANTALATES, COLUMBATES. 521 <3b W U($?) Fe Y Mg Ca, Mn 1. Miask 56-38 14-16 15*43 9-15 0-80 0-92=96-84 Peretz. 2. " 56-00 16-70 15-90 11 04 0'75 1-02=101-41 Peretz. 3. " 55-91 16-77 15-94 8'36 0'75 1-88=99-61 Peretz. 4. " 55-100-48 19-22 15-05 4'91 0'26 1 -00, Sn 0'26, Cu 0-07=96-85 Chandler. 5. " 56-36 $16-63 8-87 13-29 0'50, Ce, La2'85, Mn l'20,ign. 0'33=:100-03 H. 6. K Carolina 54-81 "17-03 14'07 11-11, Ce, La 3-95, ign. 0-24=101-21 Hunt. Later Finkener and Stephans have obtained from the Miask mineral (H. Rose in Verh. Min. St. Pet., 1863, 13): 8b W & Zr Sn Th Fe Mn Ou Ce Y Mg Ca H 47-47 1-36 11-60 4'35 0'5 6'05 11'02 0'96 0'25 3'31 12-61 0'14 0'73 0'45=100-55. 50-17 11-08 4-25 0-63 6'55 10-55 1'60 - 15-90 0*04 0-64 0-40=100-82. Giving for the 0. ratio between the <3b [+W] and the other ingredients 9-49 : 9-65=1 : 1, whence the general formula (R 3 , $, R$ ) 6 Cb 3 . Pyr., etc. In the closed tube decrepitates, glows like gadolinite, cracks open, and turns black, and is of diminished density. B.B. fuses on the edges to a black glass. With borax in O.F. gives a yellowish-green to red bead, in R.F. a yellow to greenish-black, which on flaming becomes opaque and yellowish-brown. With salt of phosphorus in both flames an emerald- green bead. With soda yields a manganese reaction. Decomposed on fusion with bisulphate of potash, yielding a yellow mass which on treatment with dilute muriatic acid separates white tantalic acid, and on boiling with metallic zinc gives a fine blue color. Samarskite in powder is also sufficiently decomposed on boiling with concentrated sulphuric acid to give the blue reduc- tion test when the acid fluid is treated with metallic zinc or tin. Obs. Uranotantalite occurs in reddish-brown feldspar, with crystallized aeschynite, in the Ilmen mountains, near Miask in the Ural. The largest pieces met with were of the size of hazel-nuts. If the occurring prism of Samarskite is i-3 instead of i-2 (as in mengite), then /A /becomes 100 57' to 102 20'. Named after the Russian, v. Samarski. 479. EUXENTTE. Euxenit Scheerer, Pogg., L 149, 1840, Ixxii. 566. Orthorhombic. Form a rectangular prism (i-l, i-i) with lateral edges also with a macrodome m-i. 120?, 141, macrodome of 59 15', Breith. Cleavage none. Commonly massive. H.=6-5. G.=4-60, Jolster, Scheerer ; 4'73 4'76, Tvedenstrand, id. ; 4-94-4-99, ib., Breith. ; 4'89-4'99, Alve, Forbes ; 4'96, Chydenius. Lustre brilliant, metallic-vitreous, or somewhat greasy. Color brownish- black ; in thin splinters a reddish-brown translucence lighter than the streak. Streak-powder yellowish to reddish-brown. Fracture subcon- choidal. .. Oomp. A columbo-tantalate, containing titanic acid, yttrium, and uranium. 0. ratio for E, Ti, Cb+Ta= (from mean of anal. 3, 4) 8 : 6 : 7 ; and if the titanic is basic, the ratio for the bases and Cb + Ta is 2 : 1, which would give the formula (R 2 ,Ti) 6 (Cb, fa). If Ti is acid, the ratio is 8 : 13. Hermann makes it isomorphous and similar in formula with seschynite. Analyses : 1, 2, Scheerer 1. a); 3, Forbes & Dahl (Ed. N. Phil. J., II. i. 62); 4, Strecker (J. pr. Ch., bdv. 384); 5, Chy- Jeriius (Bull. Soc. Ch., vi. 434, 1866) : Ti l U Fe Ce La Y Mg Ca 1. Jolster 49-66 7-94 - 6-34 - 2-18 0'96 25*09 0'29 2*47 3-97 Scheerer. 2. Tvedenstrand 53'64 - 7-58 2'60 2-91 28-97 - - 4-04=99-74 Scheerer. 3. Alve 38-58 14'36 3'12 5-22 T98 3*31 -- 29-36 0'19 1'37 2'88=100'37 F. & D. 4. Tromoen 37'16 16-26 8-45 3'03 26-46 5'25 2'68 = 100'39 Strecker. 5. Arendal 54-28 f h 6-28 34-58 2'60=97'74 Chydenius. 522 OXYGEN COMPOUNDS. The Jolster euxenite contains the most titanic acid ; yet Scheerer does not doubt the Identity of the two minerals. Cbydenius has shown that the mineral contains thoria, and only traces of oxyd of cerium. Marignac (Bib. Univ., xxv. 29, 1866) found 52*23 of metallic acid, consisting of about 32*5 p. c. of Ob and 29-7 of titanic, the ratio of the two being stated at 268 : 243. Pyr., etc. B.B. infusible. Dissolves in borax and salt of phosphorus, giving a yellow bead while hot; with salt of phosphorus shows a yellowish-green (uranium reaction) on cooling, if suf- ficiently saturated (Scheerer). When decomposed by fusion with caustic potash, and subsequently treated with water, and this solution neutralized with muriatic acid, it gives a precipitate, which, boiled with concentrated muriatic acid and tin-foil, gives a clear sapphire-blue fluid, which changes to an olive-green, and finally bleaches. If the residue of the fusion after leaching is treated witli muriatic acid and boiled with tin-foil, it yields on dilution a pale rose-red color (v. Kobell). The mineral is sufficiently attacked, on evaporation with sulphuric acid, to give a whitish residue, which, treated with metallic zinc or tin, affords the characteristic blue reduction test. Obs. Occurs at Jolster in Norway, imbedded in feldspar and sometimes in scaly mica, the largest crystals 2 in. long and -J in. wide, but usually much smaller ; also near Tvedenstrand ; at Alve, island of Tromoen, near Arendal; at Moretjar, near Naskilen. Named by Scheerer from evfevos, a stranger, in allusion to the rarity of its occurrence. 480. JESCHYNITE. JEschynit Berz., Jahresb., ix. 195, 1828. Orthorhombic. /A 7=91 34J', A 1-^145 18', Kokscharof ; a, : I : c =0-69244: : 1 : 1-0279. Observed planes : (not common) ; vertical, i-2, /, i-i ; brachydome, 24 ; octahedral, 1-2. Crystals usually long prismatic and striated. Cleavage : i-l in traces, or none ; none observable according to Kokscharof. i-2 A 2=128 6' i-2 A i-i=115 57 4 A 2-?, top,=73 10 24 A 5=143 25' 1-2 A 1-2, adj., =136 56 2 A 1-2=146 60 24 A 1-2=128 16 H.=5-6. G.^4-9-5-14; 5-118, Miask, Kokscharof. Lustre submetallic resinous, nearly dull. Color nearly black, inclining to brownish- yellow when translucent. Streak gray, or yellowish-brown, almost black. Subtrans- lucent opaque. Fracture small subconchoidal. Comp. Doubtful. The mineral described by Berzelius and analyzed by Hartwall differs much in the pyrognostic and other characters given from that from the same locality investigated by Hermann, and the identity of the two is not yet certain. Scheerer found no zirconia. Analyses: 1, Hartwall (Pogg., xvii. 483, Jahresb., ix. 195); 2-4, Hermann (J. pr. Ch., xxxi. 89, xxxvii. 116, 1. 170, Ixviii. 97); 5, id. (BuU. Soc. Nat. Moscou, xxxviii. 472, J. pr. Ch., xcix. 288); 6, id. (BuU. Soc. Nat. Moscou, xxxix. 55, 1866) : fa,0b Ti Zr Sn Th e e Ce La Y Oa H 1. 56-0 20-0 0-5 i5-o 3-8 e2'6=97'9H. 2. 33-39 11-94? 17-52 17'65 2'48 4'76 9'35 2'40 1-56=101-05 Herm. 3. 35-05 10-56? 17'58 4'32 15-59 11 -13 4-62 1-66=100-51 Herm. 4. 33-20 25-90 5-45 22-20 5'12 6'22 1'28 1-20=100'57 Herm. 5. 32-30 ft 15-05 22-91.6-00 15 : 96 C 5'30 I'oO 1 '70=100-7 2 Herm. 6. 33'59 b 16-12 22'57 5'58 14'36 C 4'30 2'16 1-60=100-18 Herm. a Made 29'00 ilmenic acid (or, later, 12-28 ilmenic, and 16-72 ilmenous acid) plus 8-80 niobous acid, b Made 8016 ilmenic acid plus 8'48 niobous acid. c Ce O, La 0, Di O. Hermann's analyses afford.for the.. 0. ratio of bases, Ti, <3b+fa 7 -9 : 6 : 8-2, as deduced by him, or 13-9 : 8-2 for bases + Ti, andCb + Ta. His ilmenic acid is made tantalic and columbic. Pyr., etc In the open tube yields water and traces of fluorine. B.B. in the forceps sweUs up and changes its color from black to a rusty brown. In borax dissolves easUy in O.F., giving TANTALATES, COLUMBATES. 523 a yellow bead while hot, and on cooling becomes colorless ; in R.F. with tin gives a blood-red bead. More difficultly soluble in salt of phosphorus ; with a small amount of the assay gives a colorless bead, while with a larger quantity there separates a white substance which clouds the bead ; in R.F., with tin on charcoal, yields an amethystine glass (Berzelius). Decomposed on fusion with potash ; yields reactions similar to those mentioned under euxenite (v. Kobell). It is also sufficiently decomposed by sulphuric acid to show the reduction test with zinc. Obs. From Miask in the Ilmen Mts., in feldspar with mica and zircon ; also with euclase in the gold sands of " Kaufmann's Bakakin," in the Orenburg District, Southern Ural. Named from ala^wfi, shame, by Berzelius, in allusion to the inability of chemical science, at the time of its discovery, to separate the two unlike substances, titanic acid and zirconia. On cryst. see Brooke, Phil. Mag., x. 188 ; Rose, Reis. Ural., ii. 70; Descloizeaux, Ann. d. M. IV. ii. 349; Kokscharof, Min. Russl., iii. 384, iv. 53, 100. Rose made t-2 A 2-2= 127 19', and '2-2 A 2-2=73 44', which he says are approximations only, the faces being rough. Fig. 433 is by Rose. 481. POLYCRASE. Polykras Scheerer, Pogg., Ixil 430, 1844. Orthorhombic. /A 7=95, A 1-1=134: 15' ; a : I : c= 1-02655 : 1 : 1-0913. Observed planes as in the figure. 434 A 24=118 0' 6>Al=12541i A 1-3=139 59 1-8 A 1-3, mac., = 96 40 1-3 A 1-3, brach.,=152 1 A 1, mac.,=112 32' 1 A 1, brach.,=106 24 i-$> A ^-3, ov. ^4, =140 i-l A ^-3=160 2-? A ^'4=152 Crystals thin linear. Cleavage none. H.=5-5. G.=5-09-5-12. Lustre bright. Color black; in splinters brownish. Streak grayish-brown. Fracture conchoidal. Comp. According to Scheerer, contains columbic acid, oxyd of uranium, titanic acid, zirconia, oxyd of iron, yttria, and protoxyd of cerium, with a little alumina, and traces of lime and magnesia. Pyr., etc. In the closed tube decrepitates, and gives traces of water. B.B. in the forceps glows, and turns to a light grayish-brown color, but is infusible. Soluble hi borax, giving in O.F. a clear yellow bead, which in R.F. with tin turns brown. In salt of phosphorus gives a clear yellow glass, which on cooling is greenish ; in R.F. the color becomes darker. "With soda no reaction for manganese, and on charcoal no metallic particles. Decomposed by evaporation with concentrated sulphuric acid ; the product, treated with muriatic acid, gives on boiling with me- tallic zinc or tin a deep azure-blue solution, which does not fade. The dilute solution gives a deep orange to turmeric paper (zirconia). Obs. From Hitteroe, Norway, in granite with gadolinite and orthite ; crystals | to H in. long ; also near Dresden. Named from iro\vs, many, and Kpao-i?, mixture. N. B. Moller makes the so-called polycrase of Brevig certainly, and that of Hitteroe probably, identical with polymignite (J. pr. Ch., Ixix. 318). Scheerer mentions a prism of 93 32' (B. H. Ztg., xvii 22), and Breithaupt one of 59 and 121. Berzelius, Ak. H. Stockh., 338, 1824 /A 7=91 44', A 1-1=144 435 482. POLYMIGNITE. Orthorhombic. 3' ; a : I : c=0'Y252 : 1 : 1-0308. Observed planes ; 14, 24, 44, i-l ; 2-2. 6> A 14= 144 53' A 24=125 15 O A 2-2=121 49 it A 44=160 26 i-l A 2-2=111 46 2-2 A 2-2, mac.,=136 28' 2-2 A 2-2, brach.,=99 14 2-2 A 2-2, bas.,=116 22 14 A 14, ov. O, =109 46 i-i A 14=125 7 524 OXYGEN COMPOUNDS. Cleavage : w and in traces. Crystals generally slender and thin, and striated longitudinally. H.^6'5. G.=4-77 4-85. Lustre submetallic but brilliant. Color black. Streak dark brown. Opaque. Fracture perfect eonchoidal, pre- senting, like the surface, a brilliancy almost metallic. Comp. According to an analysis by Berzelius (Ak. H. Stockh., ii. 339, 1824), imperfect be- cause of the difficult separation of the titanic acid and zirconia : f 146-30 2r 14-14 12-20 4'20 2'70 e 5'00 Y 11-50=96-04, with a trace of potash, magnesia, silica, and oxyd of tin. The blowpipe reactions indicate the probable presence also of columbic or tantalic acid as an essential constituent (Brush). Pyr., etc. B.B. infusible, and unchanged in color. With borax dissolves readily, giving an iron bead ; with more of the assay becomes brownish-yellow on flaming, and opaque on cooling ; with tin in R.F. turns reddish-yellow. With salt of phosphorus not easily acted upon, gives a reddish tinge in R.F., which is unchanged by tin. With soda shows traces of manganese (Ber- zelius). The powdered Fredericksvarn mineral, heated with concentrated sulphuric acid, gives a whitish residue, which, treated with muriatic acid and tin-foil, gives a beautiful azure-blue color, indicating, as under polycrase, the presence of some other metallic acid in addition to titanic, which of itself gives only a violet color. The dilute acid solution gives with turmeric paper the orange color characteristic of zirconia. Obs. Occurs at Fredericksvarn in Norway, imbedded in feldspar and zircon-syenite. Its crys- tals sometimes exceed an inch in length. Reported by Shepard as occurring at Beverly, Mass. FERGUSONTTE. Haidinger, Ed. Phil. Trans., x. 274, 1826. Tetragonal, hemihedral. A 1-^124 20 ; a= 1*464:. Observed planes as in the annexed figure. A 1=115 46', 1 A 1=100 54', and 128 28', 3-f A 3-f=91 59', f A 3-f=169 17' '. Cleavage : 1, in distinct traces. H.=5-5-6. G.=5-838, Allan; 5'800, Turner. Lustre externally dull, on the fracture brilliantly vitreous and submetallic. Color brownish-black ; in thin scales pale liver-brown. Streak pale brown. Sub translucent opaque. Fracture imperfect con- choidal. Comp., Var. Varies much in composition, according to the anal- yses, like other columbium minerals, and probably as a result of alter- ation. The description above given is from (1) the Greenland fergusonite. 2. A mineral from Ytterly, according to Nordenskiold, is very similar in its hemihedral crystal- lization and form, but contains 6 p. c. of water (anal. 3, 4) ; as pyrochlore is sometimes hydrous, this peculiarity may be one of the effects of alteration. It has an imperfect basal cleavage ; a vit- reous to greasy lustre ; a dark brown color ; H.=4'5; G.=4'89; and is feebly subtranslucent. 3. Tyrite Forbes (Ed. N. Phil. J., i. 67, 1855, and Phil. Mag., IV. xiii. 91) occurs in square pyramidal crystals like those of fergusonite, and sometimes 2 inches long, with occasionally, ac- cording to Kenngott, planes corresponding to 0, 1, 3, f , and hemihedral ; but with the faces too uneven for exact measurement. It has one cleavage distinct, and traces of two others ; color brownish-black; H.- 6'5; G.=5'13 5'56, Forbes; 5'555, Kenngott. It contains water, but approaches fergusonite in composition (anal. 5, 6). It is from Hampemyr and Helle, near Arendal, Norway, and the crystals often stand on plates of black mica. 4. A mineral from the Norwegian locality of tyrite, and supposed to be that species (the speci- men having been sent as such from Krantz to H. Rose), has been analyzed with still different results by J. Potyka (Pogg., cvii. 590), he finding in it 7 p. c. of potash (anal. 7). It was an irregular mass imbedded in reddish feldspar, had no cleavage, a submetallic lustre, a black color, reddish-brown at the edges in thin splinters, a reddish-brown streak, and H.=4, G.=5'124. This last mineral, the tyrite, the Ytterby mineral, and fergusonite, maybe four distinct species, but it does not appear probable. TANTALATE8, COLTJMBATES. 525 5. Bragite. of Forbes and Dahl, from Helle, Naresto, Alve, and Askero, Norway, has been re- ferred to fergusonite by J. A. Michaelson (J. pr. Ch., xc. 108). F. & D. describe the mineral as tetragonal, with H. = 6 6-5; G. = 5-13 5'36 ; color brown; streak yellowish-brown ; lustre sub- metallic ; thin splinters translucent ; and as losing water when heated ; but infusible B.B., and becoming yellow ; and as affording, with salt of phosphorus, a skeleton of silica ; characters which suggest a relation to hydrous or altered zircon, where it is placed on p. 276. Michaelson's min- eral is grayish-brown, has H.=4-5, G. = 5'40, and contains no silica (anal. 8). Analyses : 1, Hartwall (Ak. H. Stockh., 1H7, 1828); 2, Weber (Pogg., cvii. 190); 3, Nordens- kiold (J. pr. Ch., Ixxxi. 200); 4, Berzelius (Afh. L Fys., etc., iv. 281). Tyrite: 5, 6, D. Forbes (L c.); 7, Potyka (Pogg., evil 590); 8, Michaelson (1. c.): Ob W Sn Zr l Y Ce La U Fe Ca H 1. Greenland 47-75 1-00 3'02 41*91 4-68 0'95 0'31 =99-62 H 2. 48-84 0-35 6'93 38'6i 3'05 0'35 1-83 =99'46 W. 3. Ytterby 46"33 2-85 39'80 1-12 0'70 3-15 6-44=100-39 N 4. " 48-86 2-44 36-31 1-01 0'47 3'07 5'7l=97'87 B. 5. Hampemyr, Tyr. 44'90 tr. 5-66 29'72 535 3'03 6'26 0'81 4'52 = 100'25 F. 6. HeUe, " 44'48 tr. 2'78 3'55 27-83 5'63 1'47 5 99 2'11 1'68 4-66=100-18 F. 7. Norway, " 43'49 1-35 0'09 0'80 31-90 3'68 4'12 1-12 1'95 3'7l, & 7-23, Pb 0-41, Cu 0-35=100-20 Pot. 8. Helle, Bragite? 48-10 1-45 32-71 7'43 4'95 1'37 1-82 1-03, IVIn O'll, Mg 0-39, Pb 0-09, Mich. Weber's analysis gives for the 0. ratio of protoxyds, zirconia and tin-oxyd, and columbic acid, 4-5:1:5; and, if the zirconia is basic, for bases and acid nearly 1 : 1=(R 2 , R) 5 Ob 2 . The Ytterby mineral also affords very closely the ratio 1:1; tyrite about 9:11; Potyka's mineral 9 : 9-J-, or very nearly 1:1. Whence all, the water disregarded, may perhaps come under the above general formula. Blomstrand finds 5 p. c tantalic acid in the Ytterby mineral. Pyr,, etc. Fergusonite from Greenland gives in the closed tube a little water. B.B. infusible ; on charcoal its color becomes pale yellow. With borax dissolves with difficulty, giving a yellow bead while hot, the insoluble portion being white ; the saturated bead is yellowish-red, and is made opaque by flaming. Slowly dissolved by salt of phosphorus, leaving a white insoluble resi- due ; in O.F. the bead is yellow, while in R.F. it is colorless, or, if saturated, slightly reddish, be- coming opaque on cooling ; treated with tin the bead remains uncolored, while the insoluble residue is made flesh-red. Decomposed by soda without dissolving, leaving a reddish slag ; with soda on charcoal affords globules of metallic tin (Berzelius). When evaporated with sulphuric acid yields a white residue, which, treated with muriatic acid and metallic zinc, gives a bluish-green color. Tyrite decrepitates and yields much water in the closed tube (Forbes). Obs. Fergusonite was discovered by Giesecke, near Cape Farewell in Greenland, disseminated in quartz, and named after Robert Ferguson of Raith. Also found at Ytterby, Sweden, as men- tioned above. Tyrite is associated with euxenite at Hampemyr on the island of Tromoe, and Helle on the main- land ; at Na3skul, about ten miles east of Arendal. 484. ADELPHOLITE. Adelfolit N. NordensUold, Beskrifn. Finl. Min., 1855, Jahrb. Min., 313, 1858; A. E. Nord., Pogg., cxxii. 615, 1864. Tetragonal. Angles undetermined. H.=3'5 4-5. G.=3-8. Lustre greasy. Color brownish-yellow to brown and black. Streak white or yellowish-white. Subtranslucent. A columbate of iron and manganese, containing 41-8 p. c. of metallic acids, and 9'7 p. c. of water. From Laurinmaki in Tammela, Finland, with columbite. 485. MENGITE. Ilmenite Brooke Phil. Mag., x. 187, 1831. Mengit G. Rose, Reis. Ural, ii. 83, 1842. Orthorhombic. /A 7=100 28', A 14=133 42'; a : I : 0=1-0463 : 1 : 1-2071. 526 437 OXYGEN COMPOUNDS. O A 1-5=136 50' I A i-i=UQ 14 -i A ^'-3=111 50 i-S A -3, adj., =136 20' 1-3 A 1-3, mac., = 151 26 1-3 A 1-3, brach.,=:101 10 Occurs in short prisms, often terminated by four- sided pyramids. No distinct cleavage. H. = 5 5-5. G.=5-48. Lustre submetallic, splendent, of surface of fracture subvitreous. Color iron-black. Streak chestnut-brown. Fracture un- even. Comp. Contains, according to (r. Rose (1. c.), zirconia, oxyd of iron, and titanic acid. Pyr., etc. B.B infusible, but becomes magnetic. With salt of phosphorus, in the outer flame, gives a greenish-yellow clear glass ; in the inner a yellowish-red, which is made deep red by add- ing tin. "With soda a manganese reaction. Obs. Occurs in granite veins in the Ilmen mountains. The crystals are imbedded in albite, and the largest are but two or three lines long. Brooke's name Ilmenite being preoccupied, Rose changed it to Mengite, after Menge, the discov- erer of the mineral The mengite of Brooke is monazite. 486. RUTHERFORDITB. Shepard, Am. Assoc., iv. 312, 1851, Am. J. Sci., II. xii. 209. Monoclinic, with I A 7=93, according to Shepard. In crystals and grains, without cleavage. H.=5'5, Hunt. G.=5'58 5'69, Shepard ; 5-55, Hunt. Lustre of frac- ture shining vitreo-resinous, and color blackish-brown. Opaque, but thin fragments translucent and smoky orange-brown by transmitted light. Streak and powder yellowish-brown, near fawn-color. Fracture conchoi- dal. Brittle. Comp. According to Shepard, contains titanic acid, oxyd of cerium, and possibly oxyd of uranium and yttria. According to some unfinished trials by T. S. Hunt (Am. J. Sci., II. xiv. 344), it contains probably 58'5 p. c. or more of titanic acid, with 10 p. c. of lime, with other ingredients undetermined. Obs. Occurs at the gold names of Rutherford Co., North Carolina, along with rutile, brookite, zircon, and monazite. 3. PHOSPHATES, ARSENATES, ANTIMONATES, NITRATES. A. PHOSPHATES, ARSENATES, ANTIMONATES. In the anhydrous Phosphates and Arsenates the hardness is from 3 to 6 ; colors various, comprising, besides white or colorless, shades of green, yellow, blue, brown, violet, black, several of them bright ; crystalline forms of each of the systems, except the isometric. The hydrous species have a still wider range of crystallization and colors, including the isometric system in the former, and reddish shades among the latter ; while the limits of hardness are lower, being between 1 and 5 ; a much larger pro- portion of the species are clinohedral. In composition, the oxygen ratio for bases and acid which is far the most common, is 3 : 5 ; next to this, ANHYDKOU8 PHOSPHATES AND ARSENATE8. 527 6:5; the ratios 2 : 3, 4 : 5, 3 : 2 are rare ; while 1 : 1 is unknown, except problematically in two or three species of doubtful composition. The pyrognostic reactions for phosphates B.B. are the following : If the acid is combined with a base which of itself imparts no color to the flame, it will give a characteristic bluish-green color, and this may be made more intense by moistening with sulphuric acid before ignition. If the phosphate is soluble in nitric acid, the dilute solution will give with acetate of lead a white precipitate, which after washing yields B.B. on charcoal in R.F. a crystalline polyhedral bead of phosphate of lead. Further, according to Bunsen, if a phosphate, or a substance containing but a small amount of phosphoric acid, be heated in a wide closed glass tube, with three parts of dry soda and a small fragment of sodium, it is on fusion converted into a phosphid, which after cooling yields phosphuretted hydrogen when moistened with water. Most phosphates in the state of powder are reduced to phosphids by simple fusion with sodium. Arsenates are easily recognized by the alliaceous odor given when treated on charcoal, especially when fused with soda. I. ANHYDROUS. ARRANGEMENT OF THE SPECIES. I. XENOTIME GROUP. 0. ratio for bases and acid 3 : 5. Crystallization tetragonal. 490. XENOTIME Y 3 (PO) a |O 6 J s 491. CRYPTOLITE Ce 8 II. APATITE GROUP. Oxygen ratio for bases and acid 3 : 5, but with the addition of a fluorid or chlorid, which, if included with the bases, makes the ratio 10 : 15=2 : 3. Crystallization hexagonal. Formula A on the ratio 3 : 5, and B that of 2 : 3. 492. APATITE A 3Ca 8 + Ca(Cl,F) (PO) 2 |e 6 Bea 3 +ia(Cl a ,F a ) B ( 1 9 o6a+ 1 J Ca(Cl,F)) 10 8 P 6 O4(Cl a ,F 2 )BO 2 oB^a 10 493. PYROMORpmTE A 3Pb 8 +PbCl (PO) 2 BO 6 BPb 3 + iPbCl a B (&Pb+i- (PbCl)) 10 P" 3 P 6 4 Cl 2 B0 2 oBPb 10 494. MIMETITE A 3Pb 3 Is+PbCl (AsO) 2 |e 6 ||Pb 3 -fiPbCl B d a o Pb+ A, (PbCl)) 10 ls s As 6 4 Cl 2 B0 20 lPb 10 III. WAGNERITE GROUP. 0. ratio for bases and acid 8 : 5, but with the addition, in wagnerite, of a fluorid, which, if included with the bases, makes the ratio 4 : 5. Crystal- lization orthorhombic, with /A/=91 95. 495. WAGNERITE A &g 3 P>MgF (PO) 2 BO 6 BMg s +MgF 2 B (f fig + i Mg F) (P F) JO* Mg a 496. MONAZITE (Ce, La, l)i, Thi) 8 (P O) a BO 6 B(e, ta Bi, yTh) 8 497. TURNERITE IV. TRIPLITE GROUP. 0. ratio as in the Wagnerite group. Crystallization orthorhombic, with /A 7=9 7 101. 498. TRIPHTLITE (Fe, Stn, Li)' (P e) a JO 6 |(Fe, Mn, Li a ), 528 OXYGEN COMPOUNDS. 499. TRIPLITE A (Fe, fin) 3 + R F (P e) 2 ||e 6 ||(Fe, Mn) 3 + R F a B (* (Fe, ttn)+i R F) 4 (P F) fle 4 |(Fe, Mn), 500. HOPEITE Y. BERZELIITE GROUP. 0. ratio for bases and acid 2 : 3. 501. BERZELIITE (Ca, Ag, fin) 10 Is 3 As 6 O 6 |je 2 o||(ea, Mg, Mn) 10 VI. CARMINITE GROUP. Contains sesquioxyds. Crystals orthorhombic. 502. CARMINITE ls,e,Pb VII. AMBLYGONITE GROUP. Contains alumina, lithia, and fluorine. Crystallization tri- clinic; /A /=73 74. 603. AMBLYGONTTE ,3tl,Li,F YIII. HERDERITE GROUP. 504. HERDERITE , l, Ca,F IX. MONIMOLITE GROUP. Antimonates. Crystallization tetragonal. 505. MONIMOLITE (Pb, Fe, Mn, Oa) 4 b Sb a O|O 8 l(Pb, Fe, Mn, ^a) 4 506. ROMEITE R s ,Sb0 3 ,Sb0 5 507. AMMIOLITE Sb, fig, Ou Appendix. 508, 509. ARSENATES OF NICKEL. 490. XENOTIME. Phosphorsyrad Ytterjord Berz., Ak. H. Stockh., ii. 334, 1824. Phosphor- saure Yttererde Germ. Phosphate of Yttria. Xenotime Beud., Tr., ii 552, 1832. Ytterspath Glocker, Handb., 959, 1831. Castelnaudite Damour, L'Institut, 78, 1853. "Wiserin Kenngott, Jahrb. Min. 1864, 454. 438 Tetragonal. A 1=138 45'; a=0-6201. Ob- served planes as in the annexed figure. 1 A 1, pyram.,=124: 26 r ; basal,=82 30 r ; I f\ 1 = 131 6 15 X . Cleavage: /, perfect. H.=4-5. G. =4-4:5 -4-56 ; 4-557, Berz. ; 4'54, Georgia, Smith. Lustre resinous. Color yellowish- brown, reddish-brown, hair-brown, flesh-red, grayish- white, pale yellow ; streak pale brown, yellowish, or reddish. Opaque. Fracture uneven and splintery. Oomp. Y S P*= Phosphoric acid 37'86, yttria 62-14=100. Analyses: 1, Berzelius (1. c.); 2, E. Zschau (Jahrb. Min. 1855, 513); 3, J. L. Smith (Am. J Set, II. xviii. 378); 4, Damour (Bull. G. Fr., II. xiii. 542); 5, Wartha (Pogg., cxxviiL 166): P Fe Y Ce 1. Hitteroe 33-49 a 62-58 , subphosph. iron 3 '93 =100 Berzelius. 2. " 80-74 to-. 60-25 7'98, Si 81-65 10-64 0-25 7'46 = 100 Kersten. G. = 6'444. 12. Nussierite 56-40 7 -65 22-20, Si 7 '20, s, Fe 6'50=99'95 Barruel. 3. Containing arsenic acid. $ Is Pb 13. Zschopau, white [15-17] 2'30 14. Altai, yellow 12'90 2-61 15. Badenweiler, wax-yellow 16-11 0-66 16. dark orange 15-88 0'69 PbCl 72-44 10-09=100 Wohler. 73-40 10-13=99-04 Struve. G.=5'537. 77-46 , Ca 2-40, Cl 2'64=99'27 Seidel. 77-45 , Ca 2-45, Cl undet. Seidel. Hunt found the cherokine (a specimen received from Shepard) to consist of lead and phosphoric acid, with less than 1 p. c. of other material (Am. J. Sci., II. xxiv. 275). Specimens of pyromorphite from Huelgoet are often mixed with plumbogummite and contain alumina up to 16 p. c. (Damour, Ann. d. M., III. xvii.,191, 1840). ANHYDKOTJS PHOSPHATES AND AESENATES. 537 Pyr., etc. In the closed tube gives a white sublimate (chlorid of lead). B.B. in the forceps fuses easily (F. = T5), coloring the flame bluish-green; on charcoal fuses without reduction to a globule, which on cooling assumes a crystalline polyhedral form, while the coal is coated white from chlorid, and, nearer the assay, yellow from oxyd of lead. "With soda on charcoal yields metallic lead ; some varieties contain arsenic, and give the odor of garlic in R.F. on charcoal. With salt of phosphorus, previously saturated with oxyd of copper, gives an azure-blue color to the flame when treated in O.F. (chlorine). Soluble in nitric acid. Obs. Pyromorphite occurs principally in veins, and accompanies other ores of lead. Occurs at Poullaouen and Huelgoet in Brittany: at Zschopau and other places in Saxony; at Przibram, Mies, and Bleistadt, in Bohemia; at Sonnenwirbel near Freiberg; Clausthal in the Harz ; in fine crystals at Nassau ; Beresof in Siberia ; Cornwall (green and brown), Devon (gray), Derbyshire (green and yellow), Cumberland (golden-yellow), in England ; Leadhills (red and orange formerly), in Scotland; Wicklow (clove-brown and yellowish- green) and elsewhere, Ire- laud. Pyromorphite has been found in good specimens at the Perkiomen lead mine near Philadelphia, and very fine at Phenixville ; also in Maine, at Lubec and Lenox ; in New York, a mile south of Sing Sing ; sparingly at Southampton, Massachusetts, and Bristol, Conn. ; in good crystallizations of bright green and gray colors, in Davidson Co., N. C. Named from nvp, fire, p>f><^, form, alluding to the crystalline form the globule assumes on cool- ing. This species passes into the following. Alt. Occurs altered to galenite (Pb S), cerusite (Pb C), calamine (2n 2 Si+fi), calcite, and limonite ; to galenite, probably through the action of sulphuretted hydrogen. 494. MIM3E3TITE. Minera plumbi Viridis pt., Plumbum arsenico mineralisatum, Watt., Min., 296, 1748. Plomb vert arsenical (fr. Andalusia) Proust., J. de Phys., xxx. 394, 1787. Idem (fr. Roziers, with anal) Fourcroy, Mem. Ac. Sci. Paris, 1789. Arsenikalisches Bleyerz Lenz, Min., ii. 224, 1794. Grlinbleierz pt., Buntbleierz pt., Flockenerz, Traubenblei pt., Arsensaurea Blei. Germ. Arsenate of Lead, Green Lead Ore pt. Plomb arseniate Fr. Pyromorphite pt. MoJis. Mimetese Beud., Tr., ii. 594, 1832 ; Mimetene Shep., Min., 1835 ; Mimetesit Breith., Handb., 289, 1841 ; Mimetit Haid., Handb., 1845, Glocker, Syn., 1847. Hedyphane Breith., Schw. J., iii. 11, 1830. Kampylit Breith., Handb., ii. 291, 1841. 443 Hexagonal. A 1=139 58' ; a=0'7276. Observed planes as in pyromorphite. A 2120 46', A 2-2 =124: 30', 1 A 1, pyr.,=14:2 29', bas.,=80 4/ (mean of measurements by Schabus). Cleavage : 1, imperfect. H. = 3-5. G. T'O 7-25, mimetite; 5 -4 5-5, hedyphane. Lustre resinous. Color pale yellow, Eassing into brown ; orange-yellow ; white or color- 3ss. Streak white or nearly so. Subtransparent translucent. Var. 1. Ordinary, (a) In crystals. Schabus found 1 A lin crystals from Johanngeorgenstadt 142 37', 79 44', 142 32', 79 56', 142 29', 80 4', 142 13', 80 43' ; from England, 142 45', 79 24 ; ; from Phenixville, Pa., 142 18', 80 30' (Pogg., c. 297). (6) Cap- illary or filamentous, especially marked in a variety from St. Prix-sous-Beuvray, France ; somewhat like asbestus, and straw-yellow in color, (c) Concretionary. 2. Calciferous. Hedyphane, which belongs here, is colorless and translucent, in crystals and massive; lustre between adamantine and greasy; H.:=3-5 4; G.= 5*4 5'5, Kersten; from Longban in Wermland, Sweden. 3. Containing much phosphoric acid. Campylite, from Drygill in Cumberland, has G. = 7 - 2 1 8, and is in barrel-shaped crystals (whence the name, from Ka/airiAof, curved), yellowish to brown and brownish-red. Comp. 3Pb 3 As + PbCl, or (, a Pb+-,VPb C1) 10 P~ 8 = Arsenate of lead 90-66, chlorid of lead 9'34 ; but with phosphoric usually replacing part of the arsenic acid, and sometimes, also, lime part of the oxyd of lead. Analyses : 1, Bergemann (Pogg., Ixxx. 401) ; 2, J, L. Smith (Am. J. ScL, II. xx. 248); 3, Wohler (Pogg., iv. 167); 4, 5, Dufrenoy (Tr., iii. 46); 6, Ram melsberg (Pogg., xei. 316); 7, Struve (Verh. Min. GTes. St. Petersb., 1857) ; 8, Kersten (Schw. J., Ixii. 1) : 538 OXYGEN COMPOUNDS. Pb 3 ls 1. Zacatecas, yellow, cr. 90'07 2. Phenixville, ywh. 89'52 3. Johanngeorgenstadt, " 82*74 4. Horhausen 86-70 5. Cornwall 84'55 6. Cumberland, Campylite 71'70 7. Siberia G.= 6-653 76*73 8. Longban, Hedyphane 60*10 Pb'P" Ca'Is Ca 3 0-84 7-50 2-15 4-50 19-00 13-94 12-98 15-51 PbCl 9-92=99-99 Bergemann. 9-38=99-73 Smith. 9-60=99-84 Wohler. 10-40=98-25 Dufrenoy. 9-05=98-10 Dufrenoy. 9-45 = 100-15 Ramm. 9-33 = 100 Struve. 10-29=98-88 Kersten. Michaelson found for the Longban hedyphane P 3-19, s 28-51, b 57-45, Ca 10-50, Cl 3-06 2'93, corresponding to Pb Cl 11 '70 (J. pr. Ch., xc. 108). Eatio of P to As in campylite, anal. 6, 1 : 3| (0-50 Ca above removed) ; in anal. 7, 1 : 5 ; in hedyphane 1:2; and of Ca to Pb in tha last 4:3.' Domeyko obtained for an impure, earthy, yellow mimetite, from Mina Grande, near Arqueros in Chili (Ann. d. M., IV. xiv. 145), Is 11'55, P 5'13, V 1-86, Pb 58-31, Ca 7'96, Cu 0-92, Pb Cl 9-05, &1, Pe 1-1, clay 2, S 1-12 = 99-00. Domeyko does not cite this analysis in the last edition of his mineralogy (1860). It is associated with a vanadate of lead and copper. Pyr., etc. In the closed tube like pyromorphite. B.B. fuses at 1, and on charcoal gives in R.F. an arsenical odor, and is easily reduced to metallic lead, coating the coal at first with chlorid of lead, and later with arsenous acid and oxyd of lead. Gives the chlorine reaction as under pyromorphite. Soluble in nitric acid. Obs. Occurs at Wheal Unity, near Redruth in Cornwall, and at several other of the Cornish mines ; also at Beeralston in Devonshire ; Roughten Gill, Drygill, etc., in Cumberland ; formerly at Leadhills and Wanloch Head in Scotland. At St. Prix in the Department of the Saone, in France, in capillary crystals ; at Johanngeorgenstadt, in fine yellow crystals ; at Nertschinsk, Siberia, in reniform masses, brownish-red ; also at Zinnwald, and Baden weiler. The crystals from Preobragansk Bergwerk, Siberia, were black externally, having a coating of pyrolusite, but yellow within. At the Brook dale mine, Phenixville, Pa., crystals of pyromorphite capped with mimetite. Named from /n/x?7%, imitator, it closely resembling pyromorphite. Beudant's word mimetese is inadmissible, because wrongly formed. Shepard's modification of it, mimetene, he has rejected for mimetite in his last edition. Mimetite is the correct form in view of the derivation. Mohs united this species with pyromorphite. Artif. Formed by fusing together arsenate and chlorid of lead, and dissolving out afterward the excess of chlorid (Lechartier, C. R., Ixv. 172). 495. WAGNERITE. Wagnerit, Phosphorsaurer Talk, Fuchs, Schw. J., xxxiii. 269, 1821. Magnesie phosphatee Fr. Pleuroklas Breith., Char., 50, 193, 1823. Monoclinic. C =71 53', /A/ =95 25', A 14=144 25', B. & M. ; a : I : c= 0-78654 : 1 : 1-045. * ^ f-3 1-i 1-i 1-2 1 1-2 H 2-i i-i i-2 H KKBO / -2 i-2 -1 -1-2 Observed Planes. A 4=160 19' A 14=135 18 A i-i=lOS 7 14 A 14, top, =108 50 i-i A 14=116 35 1 A 1, front,=112 6 -1 A -1, " =127 32 1-2 A 1-2, " =142 48 J-Ai, =138 54 1-2 A 1-2, " =106 4 -1-2 A -1-2," =119 i-2 A *'-2, " =131 4 ^'-2 A -2, side, =122 25 Most of the prismatic planes deeply striated. Cleavage : Z and the ortho- diagonal, imperfect ; in traces. ANHYDROUS PHOSPHATES AND ARSENATES. 539 Ii.=5 5-5. G. = 3'068, transparent crystal; 2*985, untransparent, Kammelsberg. Lustre vitreous. Streak white. Color yellow, of differ- ent shades ; often grayish. Translucent. Fracture uneven and splintery across the prism. Oomp. Mg 3 P"+MgF, or (f Mg+iMgF) 4 ^ Phosphoric acid 43-8, magnesia 37-1, fluorine 11*7, magnesium 7-4=100. Analyses : 1, Fuchs (1. c., revised by Eammelsberg) ; 2-4, Rammels- berg (Pogg., Ixiv. 251, 405, Min. Ch., 349) : $ Mg Fe Ca F 1. 41-73 46-66 4-50 6'17, Mn 0'45=99'51 Fuchs. 2. 40'61 46-27 4'59 2'38 9-36=103-21 Ramm. 3. 41-89 42-04 2'72 1'65 und., 3tl 0'55 Ramm. 4. 40-23 38-49 3'31 4'40 und., " 0'96 Ramm. Pyr., etc. B.B. in the forceps fuses at 4 to a greenish-gray glass ; moistened with sulphuric acid colors the flame bluish-green. With borax reacts for iron. On fusion with soda effervesces, but is not completely dissolved ; gives a faint manganese reaction. Fused with salt of phosphorus in an open glass tube reacts for fluorine. Soluble in nitric and muriatic acids. "With sulphuric acid evolves fumes of fluohydric acid. Obs. This rare species occurs in the valley of Hollgraben, near Werfen, in Salzburg, Austria, in irregular veins of quartz, traversing clay slate. Named after the Oberbergrath WAGNER. Alt. In a specimen of apparently altered wagnerite, Rammelsberg found Si 93-81, P" 1-87, Mg 1-49, Ca 2-58, Xl, e 1'41. 496. MONAZITE. Monazit Breith,, Schw. J., Iv. 301, 1829. Monacite bad orthogr. Mengite Brooke, Phil. Mag., II. x. 139, 1831. Edwardsite Shep., Am. J. Sea., xxxii. 162, 1837. Eremite Shep., ib., 341, 1837. Monazitoid Herm., J. pr. Ch., xL 21, 1847. Urdit Forbes & Dahll, Nyt. Mag. f. Nat, xiii. 1855. Monoclinic. 6 Y =76 14', /A 7=93 10', A 14=138 8' ; ail c= 0-94715 : 1 : 1-0265. Observed planes : <9, rare ; vertical, i-i, i-l, I, i i-% ; clinodomes, 14, 24 ; hemidomes, !-, -1-i ; hemioctahedral, 1, -1, 1-2, 2-2, 3-3, -2-2. 446 Norwich, Ct. A 14=130 6' A -14=143 6 A <4=103 46 A -1=133 39 A 1=121 6 448 Watertown, Ct. O A -2-2=121 18' A 24=119 10 A ^4=90 1 A 1, front, =106 36 -1A-1, =11922 Watertown, Ct. -2-2 A -2-2, front, =81 i-i A -14=140 40 i-i/\ 14=126 8 14 A 14=100 13 i-i A 24=93 6 54:0 OXYGEN COMPOUNDS. 14 A -1-?; top,=93 12' i-i A 1=118 13' 1 A 7=138 58' l-i A 1=143 18 i-i A -2-2=120 10 ^4 A 24=150 50 irb A i-2, front, =55 42 -2-2 A 24=152 56 i4 A 14=131 52 i-i A 7=136 40 -1 A 7=146 17 1 A $=152 9 i-i A -1=131 53 Crystals usually flattened parallel to i-i. Cleavage : very perfect, and brilliant. Twins: composition-face 0. H.=5-5'5. G.=4-9 5-26; 5'203, 1ST. C., Genth; 5-11, Ural, Koks- charof ; 5'19 5'26, urdite, Forbes. Lustre inclining to resinous. Color brownisli-hyacinth-red, clove-brown, or yellowish-brown. Subtransparent subtransiucent. Rather brittle. Comp. (Ce, La, Di, Thi) 8 $. The later analysis of Hermann (1864) gives the 0. ratio for Ce. La, Di to Th to =9 : 6 : 25. Analyses : 1, Kersten (Pogg., xlvii. 385) ; 2, Hermann (J. pr. Ch., xxxiii. 90); 3, id. (ib., xciii. 112).; 4, Damour (Ann. Ch. Phys., III. li. 445): $ Th Sn Ce La Mn Ca 1. Slatoust 28-50 17-95 2'10 26'00 23'40 T86 1 -68, & and Ti tr.= 101 -49 Kersten. 2* " 28-05 1-75 37-36 27'41 tr. 1 -46, Mg 0'80, Fe tr.= 99 '59 Hermann. 3. 28-15 tr. 35-85* 32'42 1-55 . H 1'50=99'47 Hermann. 4! R. Chico 28-6 45'7 24-1 \ insoL 1'6=100 Damour. a Includes also Di 0. Thoria was detected in monazite both by Berzelius and Wohler, though not by Hermann. Tin was detected, with the blowpipe, by Rose in the American monazite. Shepard found in his edwardsite (L c.) 7'77 p. c. zirconia, 4'44 l, 3-33 Si, with 56-53 Ce, La, and 26'66 ^ ; but rejects his results in the last edition of his Mineralogy, referring both edwardsite and eremite to monazite. Var. The crystal affording the author the above angles (f. 447) was a fine one with polished faces, well calculated for accurate measurements.* Hermann gives the angle 7 A 7=92 30' ; Breit- haupt, 94 35'. Descloizeaux obtained for crystals from the auriferous sands of R. Chico, hi Antioquia (Ann. Ch. Phys.. IIL li. 445), 7 A 7=93 20', /Ai-t=136 30', 76 15', i-i A -1^=127, A -l-i= 129 30', -1 A -1 = 107 (nearly), -1 A 1-^=143 40'. Kokscharof has measured crystals from Mt. Lmen and the river Sauarka, and found /A 7=93 22'. (7=76 14', A 2-2 = 119 10', A l-i =138 9', 1 A 1 = 119 28', -1 A -1 = 106 44', 0Al-fc=l43 e 2', 0A-l-i=129 59'; the faces were not very even, and his results, he states, were therefore not very exact. Pyr., etc. B.B. infusible, turns gray, and when moistened with sulphuric acid colors the flame bluish-green. "With borax gives a bead yellow while hot and colorless on cooling; a saturated bead becomes enamel-white on flaming. Difficultly soluble in muriatic acid. Obs. Monazite was first brought by Fiedler from the Ural. It occurs near Slatoust in the Ilmen Mtn., in granite, along with flesh-red feldspar ; also near the river Sanarka, in the Ural ; near Notero in Norway (urdite}, in crystals sometimes 1 in. across ; at Schreiberhau, with gado- linite (G-.=4'9). In the United States it is found in small crystals from -, J s to f in. long, with the sillimanite of Norwich, and sparingly with the same mineral at Chester, Ct. A few minute crystals (eremite of Shepard) were found in a boulder of albitic granite, containing also a few minute zircons and tourmalines, in the northeastern part of Watertown, Ct. Good crystals are obtained with the sillimanite of Yorktown. "Westchester Co., N". Y. ; near Crowder's Mountain, N. C. ; and in gold washings on Todd's branch, Mecklenburg Co., N. C., with garnet, zircon, and diamond. Found also in the gold washings of Rio Chico, in Antioquia. Named from //oi/u^w, to be solitary, in allusion to its rare occurrence. Monazitoid Hermann (J. pr. Ch., xl. 21). This mineral is monazite in crystallization and external characters. H.=5. G-.=5-281. Hermann states that the brown color is distinct. Hermann obtained in his analysis : $ 17-94 Ce 49-35 La 21'80 Ca 1-50 H 1-36, subst. like tantalum 6-27, Mg, Pe ^.=97-72. B.B. infusible. With the fluxes like monazite. 497. TUENEBITE Levy, Ann. Phil., xviii. 241, 1823. Turnerite is isomorphous with monazite; * Am. J. Sci., xxxiii, 70, 1838. Fig. 3 in that article is zircon, and not monazite. ANHYDROUS PHOSPHATES AND AKSENATES. and like it in cleavage and color, and may be the same species, crystals ; the original, from Mt Sorel in Dauphiny (measured by Levy, Marignac, Phillips, and Des- cloizeaux); later, from Santa Brigritta, near Ruaras in the Tavetsch valley, Alps (measured by vom Rath). The accompanying profile figure is from vom Rath (Pogg., cxix. 247), but reversed in posi- tion so as to make it correspond with the above ; moreover, the plane of perfect cleavage is made the basal, as in monazite, instead of i-i, that so made by v. Rath. Some of the angles are as follows : those unaccredited, v. Rath's calculated results, from l-i A 1 = 141 23', l-i A 1 = 143 44', i-i A 1-2 = 131 58'; those with Dx. affixed, Des- cloizeaux's ditto, froni i-i A 1-=100, i-i A l-i=126 31', l-i A l-i =96 20'; those with M., P., L., af- fixed, measurements by, respectively, Marignac, Phillips, Levy: It is known only n rare 449 -1* ii I/ /A 7=93 50' A l-i= 180 3 0A-U=142 15 A i-i=102 42 A -1 = 133 A 1 = 121 15 i-i A -l-i=140 27 " 140 40 Dx. i-i A l-i:=127 15 126 31 Dx. " 126 31 M. i-i A 3-3 = 153 25 153 17 Dx. " 153 52 P. " 152 55 M. i-i A 2-2 =142 6 " 141 15 M. i-i A 7=136 55' " 136 48 Dx. " 137 22 L. " 136 43 M. i-i Ai-2=154 58' l-i A 1 = 143 44 " 143 30 Dx., P. -l-i A -1 = 149 36 " 149 44 Dx. " 149 38 P. i-i A l-i= 99 24i " 100 Dx. " 99 40 L. " 100 25 M. i-iA2-t=96 8 i-i A -1 = 131 41 131 55 Dx. i-i A 1=191 12V " 119 8 R. i-i A 1 = 126 16 R. " 126 30 Dx. " 126 25 M. i-i A 2-1=150 56 " 150 49 Dx. " 150 55 P., M. " 150 58 R. i-i A 1-4= 131 58 " 131 50 M. " 131 55 P. i-i A 2-2 = 14543| " 145 57 Dx. " 146 10 P. " 145 53 M. 1-A1-*, top, =86 4 Turnerite is described as having H. above 4 ; lustre adamantine ; color yellow or brown ; streak white or grayish ; transparent to translucent. Children, after some imperfect trials, made out that it contained alumina, lime, magnesia, a little iron, with no titanic acid, and very little silica. At Mt. Sorel it occurs with quartz, albite, orthoclase, crichtonite, and octahedrite ; and in the Tavetsch valley, with quartz crystal and octahedrite in talcose schist. 498. TRIPHYLITE. Triphylin Fuchs, J. pr. Oh., iii. 98, 1834, v. 319, 1835. Tetraphylin Berz., Arsb., xv. 1835. Perowskyn N. Nordenskiold. Orthorhombic. /A 7=98 ; O A 1-=129 33', Tsehermak ; a:~b:c= 1-211 : 1 : 1-1504:. Observed planes : ; vertical, i-i, 7, i-2 ; domes, -2, !*, f -I ; 1-2, f-2. 7 A 7, ov. ^,=82 O A 1-2=133 32' 450 /A*-2 = 162 30 /A l-z=135 8 i-Z A *-2=133 A f 4= 130 54 'i A l-i, ov. 0,= 87 4 Faces of crystals usually uneven. Cleavage : O nearly perfect in unal- tered crystals. Massive. C H.=5. G.=3-54r 3-6; 3-545 3*561, Bodenmais, Oesten. Subresin- Norwich. Bodenmais. 542 OXYGEN COMPOUNDS. Fe Mn 1. Bodenmais 41-47 48-57 4-70 2. 39-35 41-42 9-43 3. 40-72 39-97 9-80 4. 36-36 44-52 5-76 5. 41-09 35-61 11-40 6. 40-32 36-54 9-05 7. 44-19 38-21 5-63 8. Finland 42'6 38-6 12-1 0-68 = 99-35 Fuchs. 1-28=99-98 Ramm. =100-05 Ramm. = 100-59 Baer. 1-03 =99 -03 Wittst =98-16 Gerl. -100-05 Oesten. =103-2 Berz. ous. Color greenish-gray ; also bluish ; often brownish-black externally ; Streak grayish-white. Translucent in thin fragments. Comp. (Fe, Mn, Li) 3 P\ Fuchs. Oesten's analysis, which was made on the pure mineral wholly unaltered, sustains Fuchs's formula. 0. ratio for Fe+Mn, Li + Na+Mg=2 : 1. Analyses: 1, Fuchs (J. pr. Ch., iii. 98, v. 319); 2, 3, Rammelsberg (Pogg., Ixxxv. 489); 4, Baer (Arch. Pharm., II. Mi. 374); 5, G. 0. Wittstein (Viert. pr. Pharm., i. 506); 6, Gerlach (ZS. nat. Ver. Halle, Ix. 149); 7, Oesten (Pogg., cvii. 438); 8, imperfect anal, by Berzelius and N. Nordenskiold (Jahresb., xv. 211): Mg Ca Li $a Si H 3-40 0-53 7-08 1-07 0-35 7-28 1-45 0-58 0-25 0-73 I'OO 5-09 5-16 1-19 178 0-48 5-47 0-87 0-07>e3-31 1-97 0-58 6-84 2'51 0'35 2-39 0-76 7-69 0-74 0'04 0'40 1-7 8-2 The excess in the analysis of the Finland mineral (tetraphyline) is supposed to be owing to an incorrect determination of the lithia. Pyr., etc. In the closed tube sometimes decrepitates, turns to a dark color, and gives off traces of water. B.B. fuses at 1*5, coloring the flame beautiful lithia-red in streaks, with a pale bluish-green on the exterior of the cone of flame. The coloration of the flame is best seen when the pulverized mineral moistened with sulphuric acid is treated on a loop of platinum wire. "With borax gives an iron bead ; with soda a reaction for manganese. Soluble in muriatic acid. Obs. Triphylite occurs at Rabenstein, near Zwiesel, in Bavaria ; and f. 451 is from a large somewhat distorted Bavarian crystal in the cabinet of R. P. Greg, Jr., having the appearance of being altered ; also at Keityo, in Finland (perowskine or tetraphyline) ; Norwich, Mass. On cryst, Tschermak, Ber. Ak. Wien, xlvii. 282 ; R. P. Greg, this Min., 406, 1854 ; Dana, ib. Named from rpij, three-fold, and v\fi, family, in allusion to its containing three phosphates. Alt. Triphylite and triplite, like other minerals containing protoxyd of manganese, undergo easy alteration by oxydation and hydration ; and the former also by losing its alkalies. The ses- quioxyd of iron in Wittstein's analysis (anal. 5) is thus accounted for. The following have come from the alteration of one or the other of these minerals. A. HETEROSITE. Heteposite Alluaud, in an Art. by Vauquelin, Ann. Ch. Phys., xxx. 294, 1825. Heterosite, Heterozite, Alluaud, Ann. Sci. Nat., viii. 346, 1826. Cleavable massive and lamellar; cleavage stated to be in three directions, unequal, affording an oblique prism of 100-101. H. = 5'5 6 ; G.=3*52, or 3-39 after further alteration, Dufrenoy; lustre resinous, or like that of apatite ; color greenish- and bluish-gray, becoming violet and sub- metallic on exposure. Soluble in acids, with a slight residue of silica. B.B. fuses to a deep brown submetallic enamel. Found in pegmatyte near Limoges, Dept. of Haute Vienne, France, and espe- cially at the quarries of Bureaux. Named heterosite from trcpos, other or different, but misspelt by Vauquelin. B. PSEUDOTRIPLITE Blum, Orykt., 2 Aufl., 537, with anal, by Delffs. Resembles triplite; but occurs incrusting triphylite at Rabenstein, Bavaria, to the alteration of which its formation is owing. C. ALLUAUDITE Damour, Ann. d. M., IV. xiii. 341, 1848 [not Alluaudite Bernhardi]. In nodules, or massive, with three rectangular cleavages as in triplite, two rather easy, the other less so. H.=4 5; G.=3'468, Damour. Color brown, brownish-red at the edges by transmitted light; powder brownish-yellow. B.B. fuses easily to a black magnetic globule. Dissolves in muriatic acid with evolution of chlorine. Supposed to be altered triplite, and comes from Chan- teloube, near Limoges. D. Altered Triphylite from Norwich, Mass. The Norwich mineral is found only in crystals, some an inch long and wide, associated with spodumene in quartz. The crystals vary much in their angles ; the faces are smooth but hardly polished. The following angles were obtained by the author from 8 crystals (the right-hand i-2 is here accented) : t-2 A i-2' 2 Ai-t 0A14 II. III. IY. 128 131-132 127-130| 113 113 121^-122 V. VI. VII. VIII. 126 134 128 130 108 108 120 115 118-119 131 101i-102 129-132 ANHYDROUS PHOSPHATES AND AKSENATES. 543 I. II. III. IV. Y. VI. VII. VIII. i-2'Al-S llSf 110 110-112 i-2 (or t-2') A / 159 162 A obtuse edge of / j 86 _ 87 86 86 o go go IM 93 Many of the crystals have a monoclinic form, while others are orthorhombic ; but the latter is the normal form ; the obliquity having resulted from some movement in the enclosing rock after the crystals were made. They closely resemble in form the crystals from Bavaria. Cleavage not distinct. Color black; streak brownish-red; opaque; brittle; H.=5'5; Gr.=2'876, Craw. In composition, quite near alluaudite, as observed by Mallet. Brush found the interior of a crystal true triphylite, with color grayish-green; H.=5, and Gr. =3*534 (Am. J. ScL, II. xxxiv. 402). Analyses: 1, Dufrenoy (Ann. Ch. Phys., xli. 342); 2, Rammelsberg (Fogg., Ixxxv. 439); 3, Fuchs (J. pr. Ch., iii. 98, v. 319); 4, Delffs (1. c.); 5, Damour (1. c.); 6, 7, W. J. Craw (Am. J. ScL, II. xi. 99); 8, J. W. Mallet (ib., xviii. 33): P" 3Pe Mn Fe Mn Ca Li fl Si 1. Limoges, Heterosite 41-77 34*89 17'58 4'40 0'22=98-85 Dufrenoy. 2. " " 32-18 31-46 80-01 6'35 =100 Ramm. 3. Rabenstein, Pseudotr. 35-70 48-17 8'94 5'30 1-40=99-51 Fuchs. 4. " " 35-71 51-00 8-07 4'52 , ins. 0'70=100 D. 5. Alluaudite 41'25 25'62 1-06 23'08 2"65 0'60, Na5'47 =99-73 D. 6. Norwich, Mass. 41-85 27'36 24-70 1'97 2'27 2'07 , Mg tr., insol. 0'29 = 100-01 Craw. 7. " " 44-64 26-02 23-30 1'61 2'20 2'07 , Mg tr., insol. 0-30 = 100-14 Craw. 8. " " (f)43-04 29-50 22'59 0'09 1-79 2-05 ,MgO-73 = 99'79M. Heterosite, by Rammelsberg's analysis, gives the O. ratio for bases, acid, and water 18-67 : 18*13 : 5-64, and was made on a brownish-violet specimen having Gr. = 3'41 ; by Dufrenoy's, 3 : 6 : 1. Pseudotriplite corresponds nearly to 9 : 10 : 2. Alluaudite gives approximately, suppos- ing the manganese to be protoxyd, as stated in the analysis, for the 0. ratio for R. $, P", fl= 5 : 6 : 18 : 2 ; and the Norwich mineral 1 : 9 : 15 : 1. It is useless to write formulas for these compounds until the state of oxydation of the iron and manganese has been more precisely ascer- tained ; and even then they are of little value, as the mineral in the altered state is probably a mere mixture. MELANCHLOR Fuchs (J. pr. Ch., xvii. 171) is altered triphylite according to Saemann (this Min., 4th ed., 513) It is a phosphate of iron from Rabenstein, containing, in 100 parts, 38'9 sesquioxyd and 3-87 protoxyd of iron, besides protoxyd of manganese, and 9 to 10 p. c. of water; it occurs on triphylite. The name alludes to its blackish-green color. 499. TRIPLITE. Phosphate natif de fer melange de manganese (fr. Limoges) Vauq., J. de M., xi. 295, 1802, Ann. Ch., xli. 242, 1802. Eisenpecherz pt. Wern., 1808. Manganese phosphate Lucas, TabL, i. 169, 1806. Phosphormangan Karst., Tabl., 72, 1808. Manganese phosphate ferrifere, H., Tabl., 1809. Triplit Hausm., Handb., 1079, 1813. Eisenapatit Fuchs, J. pr. Ch., xviil 499, 1839. Zwiselit Breith., Handb., ii. 299, 1841. Phosphate of Iron and Manganese. Zwieselit Gtock, Syn., 244, 1847. Orthorhombic. Imperfectly crystalline. Cleavage: unequal in three directions perpendicular to each other, one much the most distinct. H. =4-5-5. G. =3-4:4 3-8 ; 3-61T, fr. Peilau, Berg. Lustre resinous, inclining to adamantine. Color brown or blackish-brown to almost black. Streak yellowish-gray or brown. Subtranslucent opaque. Fracture small conchoidal. Comp. R 3 P+RF, v. Kobell, with R in anal. 3 =|Fe + fMn, and R=l Ca+2Mg + 3Fe, which gives for the percentage composition, Phosphoric acid 32-7, protox. iron 16-6, protox. man- ganese 32-2, iron 6*4, magnesium T8, calcium 1*5, fluorine 8*8 = 100. Analyses: 1, Berzelius (Schw. J., xxvii. 70); 2, Bergemann (J. pr. Ch., Ixxix. 414); 3, v. Kobell (J. pr. Ch., xcii. 390); 4, Fuchs (J. pr. Ch., xviii. 499); 5, Rammelsberg (4th Suppl., 247): 544 OXYGEN COMPOUNDS. 1. Limoges 2. Peilau 3. Schlackenwald 4. Zwieselite 5. " Fe Mn Mg Ca &a 32-8 31-9 32-6 3'2 a 32-76 31-72 30-83 0'32 M9 0'41 b 33-85 26-98 SO'OO 3'05 2'20 K tr. Si F [35-60] 35-44 20'34 30-33 41-42 23-25 - * a Phosphate of lime. - - --- =100-5 Berzelius. 1-55 0-23 - 1-28=100-29 Bergem. --- 8-10 - =104-18 KobelL -- -- Fe4-76 0-68 3-18 - =100 Fuchs. -- - -- 6-00 - =100 Ramm. b With some Li 0. Von Kobell's analysis becomes, on combining the fluorine with Fe, Ca, Mg, $ 33'85, Fe 19-86, Mn 80-00, Fe 5-54, Mg 1'83, Ca 1'57, F 8-10=100-75. Pyr., etc. B.B. fuses easily at 1 -5 to a black magnetic globule ; moistened with sulphuric acid colors the flame bluish-green. With borax in O.F. gives an amethystine colored glass (man- ganese); in R F. a strong reaction for iron. With soda reacts for manganese. With sulphuric acid evolves fluohydric acid. Soluble in muriatic acid. Obs. Found by Alluaud at Limoges in France, in a vein of quartz in granite, accompanied by apatite ; occurs also at Peilau in Silesia. Zwieselite, a clove-brown variety, was found by Fuchs near Rabenstein. 1 league from Zwiesel, in Bavaria, in quartz (Gr.=3'97 Fuchs). Fuchs in his Mineralogy suggests its relation to triplite. It is stated to have a rather perfect basal cleavage ; a brachydiagonal little distinct ; and a pris- matic parallel to a prism of 1 29 very imperfect. Alt. Often occurs coated with oxyd of manganese as a result of its alteration. 500. HOPBITE. Brewster, Trans. R. Soc. Edinb., x. 107, 1825. Prismatoidischer Zinkphyllit JBretth., Char., 38, 1832. Orthorhombic. /A 7=101, A 14=133 19', Levy ; a : I : c=l-0607 : 1 : 1'2131. Observed planes as in the annexed figure, with also 24, 34, and i-B. A 1-5=138 50' 14 A 14, ov. 0,=97 A 24=119 47 2 A 2, brach.,=87 3' 40 2 A 2, macr.,=106 36 2 A 2, bas.,=140 Cleavage : i-i highly perfect. Plane striated. ' Also in reniform masses, and amorphous. H.=2-5-3. G.=2-76 2-85. Lustre vitreous; i4 somewhat pearly. Color grayish- white ; reddish-brown when compact. Streak white. Transparent translu- cent. Pyr., etc. Dissolves without effervescence in muriatic or nitric acid, and is slowly affected by sulphuric acid. B.B. gives out water, and then melts with difficulty to a clear colorless globule, tinging the flame green. The globule obtained with borax remains clear on cooling. With soda it affords a scoria which is yellow when hot, and gives out copious fumes of zinc and some of cadmium. The fused min- eral forms a fine blue glass with a solution of cobalt. Hopeite is supposed, therefore, to be a hydrous compound of phosphoric acid and oxyd of zinc, with a small portion of cadmium. N. Nordenskiold, Jahresb., v. 198, 1825. Obs. Found in the calamine mines of Altenberg, near Aix la Chapelle. Named in honor of Prof. Hope of Edinburgh. The angle of i-i A -H in hopeite is near i-2 A i-2 in fischerite. 601. BERZELIITE. Berzeliit Kiihn, Ann. Ch. Pharm., xxxiv. 211, 1840. Magnesian Phar- macolite Dana, Min., 239, 1844. Chaux arseniatee anhydre Dufr. Berzelit Haid., Handb., 495, 1845. Kuhnite B. & H., Min., 481, 1852. Massive, with cleavage in one direction. H.=5 6. Gr.=2*52. Lustre waxy. Color dirty-white or honey-yel- low. Brittle. ANHYDROUS PHOSPHATES AND ARSENATES. Comp. (Ca, Mg, Mn) 10 IV. 0. ratio for K, ls=l : if Analyses : Kuhn (1. c.) : ign. 2- 545 58-51 56-46 Ca 23-22 20-96 Mg 15'68 35'61 Mn 2'13 4"26 Kiihn. , insol. 0'23 = 100'47 Kiihn. Another partial analysis gave Ca 21-31, Mg, Mn 17-07. Pyr., etc. B.B. infusible, but turns gray. With soda on charcoal gives an arsenical odor; with soda on platinum foil fuses with effervescence, and gives a manganese reaction. Soluble in nitric acid. Obs. Occurs at Longban in Sweden, with iron ore and granular dolomite. 502. CARMINITE. Carminapath Sandberger, Pogg., Ixxx. 391, 1859. Carmine Spar. Car- minite Dana, Min., 410, 1854. Orthorhombic. In clusters of fine needles. Also in spheroidal forms with a columnar structure. Cleavage parallel to the faces of a rhombic prism. H.=2'5. G.=:4'105. Lustre vitreous, but cleavage pearly. Color carmine to tile-red ; powder reddish-yellow. Translucent. Brittle. Comp. 0. ratio for Pb, 3Pe, s=l : 9 : 17 ; or for bases and acid 2 : 3, or^less nearly, 3 : 5. Sandberger and Muller adopt the latter, and write the formula Pb 3 A s + 5 Fe As. Analysis by R. Muller (Pogg., ciii. 345): Is 49-11 e 30-29 Pb 24-55=103-95. Pyr., etc. B.B. on charcoal fuses easily to a steel-gray globule, giving out arsenical vapors ; with soda a globule of lead, and with borax an iron reaction. Heated in a glass tube no change. Soluble in nitric acid. Obs. From Horhausen in Prussia, 12-16 m. N.B. of the town of Neuwred on the Rhine, with beudantite and quartz in a mine of limonite. 503. AMBLYGONTTE. Amblygonit Breith., Hoffm. Min., iv. b, 159, 1817, Handb., 483. Triclinic. Observed planes as in the annexed figure, Dana. /A 7=73 20' O A =105 A 7, back, =87 40 A r=lll 30? O A edge 7/7=78 30 A 2-2=105 20 It\ ^=135 30' /A i-S=155 30 T A s=97 50 /A 24=107 30 i-l A 24, ov. 7,=142 30 i-l A 14, adj.,=131 50 453 Cleavage : perfect ; i-l nearly perfect, angle between these cleavages 104J ; also /imperfect. Usually massive, cleavable ; sometimes columnar. H.=6. G.=3-3-ll ; 3-046, Hebron, Brush. Lustre pearly on face of perfect cleavage (O) ; vitreous on i-l, less perfect cleavage-face ; on cross-fracture a little greasy. Color pale mountain or sea-green, white, grayish, brownish- Hebron, Me. white. Subtransparent translucent. Fracture uneven. Optical axes very divergent ; plane of axes nearly at right angles to i-l ;; bisectrix of the acute angle negative, and parallel to the edge 0/i-l\ Descl. Comp. Perhaps ( (Li, &a) 3 + Xl) 4 P", with one-ninth of the oxygen replaced by fluorine. Analyses: 1, Berzelius (Gilb. Ann., Lsv. 321); 2, Rammelsberg (Pogg., bciv. 2H5, Min. Chi, 359): 35 546 OXYGEN COMPOUNDS. P XI Li tfa & F 1. Chursdorf 56'69 3o-69 9-11 Berz. 2. Arnsdorf; G.=3'll (f)47-58 36'88 6'68 3'29 0'43 8'll = 102-97 Ramm. In three trials the alumina was found to be 86*26, 36'62, and 36'89 p. c. Rammelsberg deduces the formula (l 5 P" 3 -f R 5 P~ 8 ) + (A1 3 F 3 +RF), R standing for lithium and sodium ; Rose writes (2 R s Pyr., etc. In the closed tube yields water, which at a high heat is acid and corrodes the glass. B.B. fuses easily (at 2) with intumescence, and becomes opaque white on cooling. Colors the flame yellowish-red with traces of green; the Hebron variety gives an intense lithia-red ; mois- tened with sulphuric acid gives a bluish-green to the flame. "With cobalt solution assumes a deep blue color (alumina). "With borax and salt of phosphorus forms a transparent colorless glass. In fine powder dissolves easily in sulphuric acid, more slowly in muriatic. Obs. Occurs at Chursdorf and Arnsdorf, near Penig in Saxony, where it is associated with tourmaline and garnet in granite ; also at Arendal, Norway. In the IT. States, in Maine, at Hebron, imbedded in a coarse granite in masses, sometimes well crystallized, with lepidolite, albite, quartz, red, green, and black tourmaline, apatite, and rarely cassiterite ; also at Mt. Mica in Paris, 8 m. from Hebron, with tourmaline. The Hebron crystals have rather rough faces, admitting only of approxi- mative measurement, and are occasionally 1 in. thick and 2 in. long (Am. J. Sci., IT. xxxiv. 243). The angles above are from measurements by the author of Hebron crystals. Descloizeaux ob- tained from the cleavages of the Hebron mineral (p) A i-i (w)=105 ; (p) A J(i!)=88 30' I(t) A ir% (m)=135 (C. R., Ivii. 357, Pogg., cxxiii. 183). The name is from d^SXvs, blunt, and ydi/v, angle. 504. HERDERITE. Herderite Edid., Phil. Mag., iv. 1, 1828. Allogonit Breith., Uib., 23, 1830, Char., 78, 1832. Orthorhombic. 7A 7=115 53', A 14=145 51'; ail: c=0'6783 : 1 : 1*5971. Observed planes as in the annexed figure, with also 3, 4, and 6-2. 454 A 1=141 19' A 3=112 35 O A -2=147 30 1 A 1, mac., =141 17' 1 A 1, brach.,=116 3 A 7=90 Cleavage : 7interrupted. Surfaces 7 and 1 very smooth, and delicately lined parallel to their edge of intersec- tion. H.=5. G.= 2-985. Lustre vitreous, inclining to subresinous. Streak white. Color various shades of yellowish- and greenish-white. Translucent. Fracture small conchoidal. Very brittle. Index of refraction 1'47. Oomp. Probably, according to trials by Turner and Plattner, an anhydrous phosphate of alumina and lime with fluorine. Pyr., etc. B.B. fuses with difficulty to a white enamel; becomes blue with cobalt solution. Dissolves when finely powdered in muriatic acid. Obs. Yery rare at the tin mines of Ehrenfriedersdorf in Saxony. Resembles the asparagus variety of apatite. Named after Baron von Herder, director of the Saxon mines. 505. MONIMOLITE. Monimolit L. J. Igelstrom, AESENATES OF BASES WHOLLY, OR IN PART, IN THE SESQUIOXYD STATE. (1) Oxygen ratio for (& 3 , R), (^, A"s)=:3 : 5, with water and sometimes other accessory con- stituents. Plumbogummite is of uncertain relations. 549. BEBLmiTE Xl P +i A (P 0) 2 ||O 6 ||^A1 3 + * aq 550. CALLAINITE 551. LAZULITE 552. BARRANDITE (Si, 3Pe) ^4-4 f[ (P O) 2 1O 6 |/?(A1, Fe) 3 + 4 aq 553. SCORODITE 3PeIs+4fl (Pe) 2 l|0 8 554. WAVELLTTE Sl^+|Slfi 3 4r5f[ (PO) 2 |O 8 555. TROLLEITE Sl^ + iSlfi' (PO) 2 1O 6 J/?Al 3 +/?AlH 2 e 2 556. PLUMBOGUMMITE (?) Pb 3 + 6 Slfi 3 (P O) 2 10 6 |Pb 3 + 18 /?A1 H 2 2 557. CALOIOFEBBITE (e, Ca 3 ) ^ + i38fi 3 + 4S (P O) 2 |O 6 fl(6a,/?Fe) 3 + f /?BH 2 2 + 4 aq 558. PHARMACOSIDEBITE 3Pels+i? 5 efi: 8 + 4fl: (AsO) 2 |O 6 (2) 0. ratio for ( 3 , fi), =4 : 5. 559. CIRBOLITE (iCa s +i*l) 4 ^ 3 +3S P 2 eflO 8 Trolleite (555), cakioferrite (557), and pharmacosiderite (558), have the 0. ratio 4 : 5, and if part of the alumina or iron is not present as an accessory hydrate, they should be included in this group. Wavellite (554) is also near it. (3) 0. ratio for (& 3 , $), (, ls)=l : 1 ; but doubtful. 560. CHTLDRENITE (|(Fe,Mn) 3 + f l) 6 P" 8 +15fl P 2 |0 10 ||(t(Fe,Mn) + f /?A1) 6 + 5aq 561. ? ATTACOLTTE ^, Si, Oa, Mn, Fe, fl (4) 0. ratio for ( 3 , K), (P, Is)=6 : 5. 562. AUGELITE 563. TUBQUOIS 564. PEGANITE 565. FISCHERITE 666. TAVISTOCKITE 567. CHENEVEOTE (3Pe, Cu^Is + 3 fi (^u, /?Fe) 6 0ie 10 BAs a +3 aq 668. DUFRENITE 569. CAOOXENITE HYDKOUS PHOSPHATES AND ARSENATES. 551 570. ARSENIOSIDERITE (^Oa^s + eC (a,/?Fe) 6 O|je 1 o||As 2 +6aq 571. EVANSITE 572. TORBERNITB g a + u+7 0& 9 e||e 10 ||P 2 +euH 2 e 2 + 7 aq 573. AUTUNITB (5) 0. ratio for (S 8 , E), (P, Is)=3 : 2. 574. AMPHITHALITE 575. SPHJSRITE Xp-H-lSfi /?A-l 15 e&ie 2 o||P4+16aq 576. BORICKITE C. PHOSPHATES OR ARSENATES COMBINED WITH SULPHATES. 580. DIADOCHITE P", S, e, fi 581. PITTICITE Is, S, Pe, 582. BEUDANTITE ^, Is, S, S'e, Pb, fl 583. LlNDACKERITE ^8, S, Cu, Ni, fl 584. SVANBERGITE ^, S, 3tl, Ca, Na, fl 585. FICIXITE ^, S, Fe, Mn, fl D. ANTIMONATES. 586. BlNDHEIMITE , P, fl In the preceding formulas the value of Q may be learned from the corresponding formula in the other column. In many of the phosphates of copper the member n Cu fi is made an acces- sory, as done by Eammelsberg and others. 515. STERCORITB. Stercorite Hempath, Q. J. Ch. Soc., 1849. Microcosmic Salt. Native Salt of Phosphorus. In crystalline masses and nodules. G.=1'6151. Lustre vitreous. Color white, stained yellowish-brown. Transparent. Fragile. Not efflorescent. Easily soluble in hot and cold water. Oomp. Na NH 4 +9 H=Phosphoric acid 34-05, ammonia 12*40, soda 14*92, water 38'63= 100. Analysis by T. J. Herapath (L c.) : $ 34-325 Am. 7 '680 ISTa 15-752 fi 42-243=100. Mixed with about 9 p. c. of impurities, consisting of organic matters along with chlorid of sodium, carbonate of lime, carbonate of magnesia, phosphate of lime, sand, etc. Pyr., etc. B.B. intumesces, blackens, and gives off water and ammonia, colors the flame mo- mentarily a famt green, and fuses to a transparent colorless glass, soluble in boiling water. Obs. Found in guano at the island of Ichaboe on the west coast of Africa, and named from the Latin sterciis, dung. This species is identical with the a& of Phosphorus, used as a flux in blowpipe analysis. 516. STRUVTTE. Struvit Ulex, (Efv. Ak. Stockh., 1845, iii. 32, Ann. Ch. Pharm., Ixvi 41. Guanite K F. Tcschemacher, Phil. Mag., III. xxviii. 546, 1846. 552 OXYGEN COMPOUNDS. Orthorhombic. Hemihedral, two opposite sides having unlike planes. I A 7=101 42', 0/\ 1-1=132 32'; a : I : 0=1-0900: 1 : 1-2283. Ob- served planes as in the annexed figure. 458 A 14=138 25' A -H=151 25 Afc-2, ov. 5, =63 8' A 14, ov. <9,=96 50 A %-i, ov. ,=57 10 Cleavage : 0, perfect. Twins : composition-face i-i. H.=2. G. =1-65 1-7. Color slightly yellow- ish to brown ; white. Lustre vitreous. Translu- cent ; sometimes opaque. Brittle. Tasteless, being but slightly soluble. Comp. NH 4 OlJlg a ^+12fi=Pliospiioric acid 29-0, magnesia 16-3, ammonia 10-6, water 44-1 =100. Ulex obtained (Jahrb. Min. 1851, 51): t 28-56 Mg 13-46 Fe 3-06 Mn 1-12 Am.fi 53-76 Pyr., etc. In the closed tube gives off water and ammonia and becomes opaque. B.B. colors the flame green, and fuses easily to an enamel, which, heated with cobalt solution, assumes a beautiful purple color. Soluble in acids. Obs. Found in guano from Saldanha Bay, coast of Africa, imbedded in patches of crystals ; also under an old church in Hamburg, where quantities of cattle dung existed iii the soil above a bed of peat which contained the crystals. This salt forms when a tribasic phosphate and a salt of ammonia are dissolved together, and a salt of magnesia is added to the mixture. The dimensions of the crystals are nearly those of barytes if l-i be taken as f-i Named after the Eussian statesman v. Struve. 517. HAIDINGERITE. Turner, Edinb. J. Sci., iii. 303, 1825. Orthorhombic. /A 7=100 (80 over i-i\ O A 14=148 16' ; a : I : c =0*595 : 1 : 1-1918. Observed planes: vertical, 7, i-l, i-i\ domes, |-4, 24, 459 H> !-*; octahedral, 4-5, |--f. 4 A 4, top, =146 53', 14 A 14=126 58', 7 A ^4=140, 7 A a=130 . Cleav- age : i-i highly perfect. Mostly in minute crystals aggre- gated into botryoidal forms and drusy crusts. H.=l-5-2-5. G. = 2-848. Lustre vitreous. Streak white. Color white. Transparent translucent. Sec- tile ; thin laminae slightly flexible. Comp. (i-Ca+^fi) 3 Is + 3 ~&= Arsenic acid 58-1, lime 28-3, water 13-6=100. Turner (L c.) obtained, arsenate of lime 85-681, and water 14-319. Dissolves easily in nitric acid. Pyr. B.B. like pharmacolite. Obs. Supposed to be from Baden or Joachim sthal, according to R. P. Greg, Jr., whose cabi- net contained the only specimen that has been observed ; probably the latter place, according to Vogl (Min. Joach., 186). It is associated with pharmacolite. Named after W. Haidinger. 518. BRUSHITE. G. E. Moore, Proc. Acad. Cal., iii. 167, 1864, Am. J. Sci., II. xxxbc. 1865. Monoclinic. C=62 45 X , /A 7=142 26 X ; a : I : e=05396 : 1 : 2-614. HYDROUS PHOSPHATES AND AESENATES. 558 1 A a=108 4:7', 1 A a=101 40', 1 A 1=156 46' (156 20' by approximate measurement), 1 A -1 (unobserved planes) = 164 22', angle between edge ///and lines of cross cleavage cl (=O on orthodiagonal section or plane i-i} 117 117-J- , and between same edge ///and edge 1/1 (=i-i on 1-^) = 95 95 ; whence A 1-fcabout 147 30', Dana. Cleavage : clinodiagonal, perfect and pearly; (parallel to cl) perfect, crystals often breaking transversely along this plane. Crys- tals small and slender. Also concretionary massive, consisting of lamellar individuals, and having pearly cleavages. H.=2 2-5. G. =2-208. Lustre of i-l pearly, elsewhere vitreous, and in part splendent ; when massive, earthy, or more or less resinous. Colorless to pale yellowish. Transparent translucent. 460 Comp. ( C (La); 3, Julien (ib., xl. 379): or, of the general formula, . Analyses: 1, 2, Moore 1. Aves I. 41-50 2. " 41-32 3. Sombrero 39'95 Ca 32-65 32-73 32-11 26-33 = 100-48 Moore. 26-40=100-45 Moore. 25-95, &1, e 0-33, S 0'78, hygrosc. 1-23 = 100-35 Julien. Fyr., etc. Heated in a closed tube whitens, and at an incipient red heat gives off water. B.B. in the platinum forceps fuses easily with intumescence, tinging the flame green ; the button crystalline with brilliant facets on cooling. Dissolves readily in dilute nitric and muriatic acids. Obs. Occurs on the rock guano of Aves Island and Sombrero in the Caribbean Sea, in groups and crusts consisting of delicate and mostly transparent crystals. Named after G-. J. Brush. The species may be regarded as isomorphous with vivianite ; 2 a : b : - c of brushite equalling 1-0792 : 1 : 1*307, which is very near the ratio in vivianite given on page 557. The two agree in formula, except that one has 4 & and the other 8 H. It is isomorphous also with pharmacolite if the prism /(142 26') be regarded as corresponding to i-2 of the latter, the angle of which is 141 8'. 519. MET ABRU SHITE. A. A. Julien, Am. J. ScL, II. xl. 371, 1865. p. 373. Ornithite Julien, ib., p. 377. Zeugite Julien, ib., 461 Monoclinic, with pearly clinodiagonal cleavage, as in brushite. ring planes, the clinodiagonal i\ with the two orthodiagonal i-i and -1-^*, giving the section in the annexed figure. Crystals usu- ally having i-i broad and even, but not shin- ing, and the other planes deeply furrowed and rounding into one another, as in fig. 462 ; sometimes thin and flattened parallel to i-l. Angle i-i A -\-i. varying, 38 46, mostly 38 42; and 38 in the best crystals (Dana). Cleavage : clinodiagonal perfect. H. = 2-5-3. G. = 2-288, 2-356, 2'362. Lustre feeble, except on the cleavage-face, which is pearly, somewhat resinous in frac- ture. Color pale yellow, buff, to nearly white ; streak uncolored. Translucent to transparent. Brittle. Occur- 462 554: OXYGEN COMPOUNDS. Oomp. (Ca+lfi) 3 +3 fi= Phosphoric acid 41 '90, lime 35*42, water 20'68=100; or same as brushite, excepting one less of water. Analyses : 1, Julien (1. c.) : 6a Mg l,Pe fi S 1. () 42*72 32-98 0-52 0'79 21*83 ! 05, hygrosc. 1-50=:100'39 Julien. The water included some organic matter. Pyr., etc. Same as for brushite. Obs. From Sombrero, coating cavities in guano and the coral rock altered by nitrations from the overlying guano. Crystals sometimes 1 inch long and f inch broad. This compound, as Julien states, has been recognized as an artificial salt by Raewsky and Berzelius. Alt. The crystals of metabrushite from Sombrero are often hollow from the removal of the interior, and otherwise altered. Julien describes the foUowing varieties : 1. H. = 3-25. G.=2'971. The crust of the hollow crystals thin, and surfaces within and with- out often coated by minute rhombs of calcite ; the zeugite of Julien. 2. Crust rather thicker, without a glittering surface of calcite rhombs. 3. G-. = 2-988 3*030 ; in narrow blades sometimes an inch long ; the crust thick, the crystals being nearly or quite solid. 4. Ornithite of Julien, from Sombrero (1- c., p. 377), appears also to be altered metabrushite, its crystals presenting the same forms and habit, but usually quite small and very thin parallel to the orthodiagonal ; also sometimes thin parallel to the clinodiagonal, and acute rhombic in section ; angle i-i A -}-i= about 38 ; H.=2'6. The analysis given was made on only one-tenth of a gram, and the results are hence unavoidably doubtful Analyses of 1, 3, 4, afforded Julien (the water including some organic matter) : $ Ca fi Mg e,l S C F NaCl Var. 1. Zeugite (f)46'55 44'21 3'02 3-59 0-66 0'19 0-24 tr. 1 '08=99-54 Julien. Var. 3. " 43-24 48'87 3'98 0'56 1'02 0'18 1'74 tr. ? =99'59 Julien. Var. 4. Ornithite 40-14 46-77 9'45 - 4-62 - - - =99'98 Julien. In 1, 0. ratio for , Ca (impurities excluded) =2*95 : 1-56 ; ornithite corresponds nearly to the formula Ca 3 -f 2 aq. There occur also hemispherical stellated groups of white crystals, as altered ornithite, which Mr. Julieu has not analyzed, but supposed to be the same compound minus the water. One crystal of the so-called ornithite examined by the author had on its edges and surface microscopic tufts of acicular crystals. , Epiglaubite and crystallized Glaubapatite of Shepard (Am. J. Sci., II. xxii. 96, 1856). One or the other of these may be metabrushite or brushite. Glaubapatite has already been remarked upon on page 535. It may be added that there is further proof that no such guano compound exists (combination of sulphate of soda and phosphate of lime) in that A. A. Julien has found no evidence of it in his investigations. His results suggest that Shepard's soda may have come from common salt present, and his sulphuric acid from sulphate of lime. Epiglaubite is described as occurring in " small aggregates or interlaced masses of minute semi- transparent crystals of a shining vitreous lustre, which are always implanted on druses of glaub- apatite, with H.= about 2-5," and as being " a largely hydrate phosphate, chiefly of lime, and may also contain magnesia and soda." It is not impossible that the mineral is metabrushite, although some characters are inconsistent with such a conclusion. If so, the name epiglaubite (meaning occurring implanted on glaubapatite) is inapplicable, and should be rejected. 520. PHARMACOUTE. Arseniksaurer Kalk (von Wittichen) Seto, Scherer's J., iv. 537, 1800. Pharmakolit Karsten, Tab., 75, 1800. Arsenikbliithe Wern., pt. Arseniate of Lime. Chaux arseniatee Fr. Picropharmacolit Stromeyer, Gilb. Ann., IxL 185, 1819. Arsenicite Send., Min., ii. 593, 1832. 463 Monoclinic. /A 7=111 6', 2 A i-^- i-i A 2=109 26', i-i A 1=90, 1 A 1=117 24', i-l A 1=121 28', i-i A 1=95 46', i-i, on edge 1/1, =83 14/. Cleavage: i-l eminent. One of the faces 1 often obliterated by the extension of the other. Surfaces i-i and t-2 usually striated parallel to their mutual intersection. Barely in crystals ; commonly in delicate silky fibres or acicu- HYDROUS PHOSPHATES AND AESENATES. 555 lar crystallizations, in stellated groups. Also botryoidal and stalactitic and sometimes massive. H.=2 2*5. G.=2*64 2'73. Lustre vitreous ; on i-i inclining to pearly. Color white or grayish ; frequently tinged red by arsenate of cobalt. Streak white. Translucent opaque. Fracture uneven. Thin laminae flexible. Comp. ( Ca+i fi) 3 A*s+5 fi= Arsenic acid 51-1, lime 24-9, water 24-0=100. Analyses: 1, Klaproth (Beitr., iii. 277); 2, John (Ch. Unters., ii. 221); 3, Rammelsberg (Pogg., Ixii. 150): Is Ca S 1. Wittichen 50-54 25-00 24*46 = 100 Klaproth. 2. Andreasberg 45'68 27'28 23'86=96'82 John. 3. Glucksbrunn 51'58 23'59 23-40, Co, 3Pe 1-43 = 100 Ramm. The cobalt in the last is attributed to a mixture with cobalt bloom. Turner obtained for a specimen of unknown! locality (Brewst. J., iii. 306) Arsenate of lime 79'01, water 20-99=100. The name arsenictie is applied by Beudant to the mineral analyzed by John on the ground of the analysis alone. Pyr., etc. In the closed tube yields water and becomes opaque. B.B. in O.F. fuses with intumescence to a white enamel, and colors the name light blue (arsenic). On charcoal in R.F. gives arsenical fumes, and fuses to a semi-transparent globule, sometimes tinged blue from traces of cobalt. The ignited mineral reacts alkaline to test paper. Insoluble hi water, but readily soluble in acids. Obs. Found with arsenical ores of cobalt and silver. Has been found at Wittichen, Baden, in crystals ; at St. Marie aux Mines in the Vosges, in botryoidal or globular groups ; at Andreas- berg in the Harz, and at Riechelsdorf and Bieber in Hessia ; at Glucksbrunn in Thuringia ; at Joachim sthal in Bohemia. This species was named, in allusion to its containing arsenic, from apnas. Found with malachite in a fine-grained limestone at Retzbanya, Hungary. 535. LIBBTHENTTE. Olivenerz pt. Phosphorkupfererz pt. Phosphate of Copper pt. Cuivre phosphate pt. Octaedrisches Phosphorkupfer Leonh., Leonh. u. Selb's Min. Stud., 1812. Blattricher Pseudomalachite pt. Uausm., Handb., 1036, 1813. Libethenit JBreith., Char., 267, 1823. Apherese Beud., ii. 569, 1832. Pseudo-libethenit Kamm., Min. Ch., 344, 1860. O A l-i= 143 50' ; in Orthorhombic. /A 7=92 20', a : I : c=0-7311 : 1 : 1-0416. Observed planes as the annexed figure, with also the prismatic planes *-2. 1-i A !-, top,=109 52', 1 A 1, ov. l-t,=118 12', adj.,= 120 56', ov. /,=90 46', /A 1=135 23'. Cleavage : diagonal, i-l, ?, very indistinct. Also globular or reni- form, and compact. H.=4r. G.=3'6 3'8. Lustre resinous. Color olive- green, generally dark. Streak olive-green. Translucent to sub translucent. Fracture subconchoidal uneven. Brittle. Comp. Cu 4 +H, or Cu 3 P"+CuH (Ramm.)= Phosphoric acid 29*7, oxyd of copper 66'5, water 3-8 = 100. Analyses ; 1, Kiihn (Ann. Ch. Pharm., 11 154) ; 2, Bergemann (Pogg., civ. 190) ; 3, Hermann (J. pr. Ch., xxxvii. 175); 4, Chydenius (Acta Soc. Sc. Fenn., v. 340); 5, F. Field (Chem. Gaz., June, 1859) ; 6, H. Muller (Qu. J. Ch. Soc., xi. 202) ; 7, Berthier (Ann, d. M., viil 334); 8, Rhodius (Ann. Ch. Pharm., Ixii. 371) : 4-05 = 100-43 Kiihn. 4-04, As 2-30=99-09 Bergemann. 5-50=100 Hermann. 3-68, Is tr., Fe 1-77, C 0-82=100-22 Chydenius. 3-74=99-47 Field. [4-13] =100 Muller. 7 -4 =100 Berthier. 7-3=99-3 Rhodius. G. of anal 3=3'6-3'8; 8, 4-27. The analysis by Berthier is identical with Rhodius's analysis of ehlite=Cu 4 P4-2H, an( j the mineral is called Pseudo-libethenite by Rammelsberg, who writes the formula Cu 3 JP + CuH+H. Beudant cites the same analysis in connection with his name Aphert-se. Pyr., etc. In the closed tube yields water and turns black. B.B. fuses at 2 and colors the flame emerald-green. On charcoal with soda gives metallic copper, sometimes also an arsenical odor. Fused with metallic lead on charcoal is reduced to metallic copper, with the formation of phosphate of lead, which treated in R.F. gives a crystalline polyhedral bead on cooling. With the fluxes reacts for copper. Soluble in nitric acid. Obs. Occurs in cavities in quartz, associated with chalcopyrite, at Libethen, near Neusohl, in Hungary ; at Rheinbreitenbach and Ehl on the Rhine ; at Nischne Tagilsk in the Ural ; in Bolivia, S. A., with malachite ; at the Mercedes mine, near Coquimbo, Chili, with tagilite and limonite ; also in small quantities near Gunnis Lake in Cornwall, and near Redruth ; in the Ural 1. Libethen, crysL 29-44 2. " 26-46 3. N. Tagilsk 28'61 4. 29-48 5. Coquimbo 29-31 6. Congo, Africa (f) 28-89 7. Libethen 28'7 8. Ehl 28-9 Ou 66-94 66-29 65-89 64-47 66-42 66-98 63-9 63-1 564 OXYGEN COMPOUNDS. 468 it 536 OLIVENITE. Arseniksaures Kupfererz (fr. Cornwall) Klapr., Schrft. Ges. Nat. FT. Berl., vii 160 1786- Olivenerz (fr. Cornwall) Wern., Bergm. J., 382, 395, 1789. Olive Copper Ore Kvrwan ii. 151, 1796. Olive-green Copper Ore Kashleigh^rit Min., L pL 11, f. 2, 1797, ii. pi. 6, 1802 Cuivre arseniate en octaedre aigus Bourn., PhiL Tr., 177, 1801. Pharmakochalzit pt. Hausm., iii. 1042, 1813; Olivenknpfer, id., 1045; Pharmacolzit id., 1025, 1847. Olivenite pt. Jameson, Syst., ii. 335, 1820; Leonh., Orykt, 283, 1821. Ortliorhombic. /A 7=92 30', A 1-?=144 14' ; a:l: c=0-72 : 1 : 1-04:4:6 Observed planes as in the figure, l-i A 1-1, top, =110" 50' (HO 47', Descl.), ^ A 14=124: 35', ** A /= 136 15'. Cleavage : / and l- in traces. Sometimes acicular. ' Also globular and reniform, indistinctly fibrous, fibres straight and divergent, rarely promiscuous; also curved lamellar and granular. j_3 G.=4:'l- 4*4. Lustre adamantine vitreous; of some fibrous varieties pearly ; Color various shades of olive-green, passing into leek-, siskin-, pistachio-, and black- ish-green; also liver- and wood-brown; sometimes straw- yellow and grayish- white. Streak olive-green brown. Subtransparent opaque. Fracture, when observable, con- choidal uneven. Brittle. Optically like libethenite, Descl. Var. 1. Ordinary, (a) Crystallized; G.=4'378, Cornwall, Damour; 4-135, ib., Hermann. (b) Fibrous ; finely and divergently fibrous, of green, yellow, brown, and gray, to white colors, with the surface sometimes velvety or acicular; G.=3'913, Hermann; found investing the com- mon variety or passing into it ; called wood-copper or wood-arseniaie (HolzJcupfererz). (c) Earthy ; nodular or massive ; sometimes soft enough to soil the fingers. Comp. Ou 4 (^s,1?)+H, or On* (As, P")+CuH=, the arsenic being to the phosphoric acid as 6 : 1, Arsenic acid 35*7, phosphoric acid 3*7, oxyd of copper 57*4, water 3-2100, and isomor- phous with libethenite. Analyses: 1, v. Kobell (Pogg., xviii. 249) ; 2, 3, Richardson (Thorn. Min., i. 614) ; 4, Hermann (J. pr. Ch., xxxiii. 291); 5, Damour (Ann. Ch. Phys., III. xiii. 404); 6, Thom- son (Min., i. 615); 7, Hermann (1. c.): Is P" Cu H 1. Cornwall, cryst. 2. " " 3. " 4. " 5. " " 6. 7. fibrous 36-71 3-36 56-43 3-50=100 Kobell. 39-9 - 56-2 3 -9 =100 Richardson. 39-80 - 56-65 3*55 = 100 Richardson. 33-50 5'96 56'38 4*1 6= 100 Hermann. 34-87 3-43 56'86 3'72=98'88 Damour. 40-61 - 54'98 4-41 = 100 Thomson. 40-50 1-00 51-03 8'83, Fe 3'64= 100 Hermann. Pyr., etc. In the closed tube gives water. B.B. fuses at 2, coloring the flame bluish-green, and on cooling the fused mass appears crystalline. B.B. on charcoal fuses with deflagration, gives off arsenical fumes, and yields a metallic arsenid, which with soda yields a globule of copper. With the fluxes reacts for copper. Soluble in nitric acid. Obs. The crystallized varieties occur disposed on, or coating, cavities of quartz in Cornwall, at Wheal Gorland, Ting Tang, Wheal Unity, and other mines near St. Day ; also near Redruth ; near Tavistock, in Devonshire; also in inferior specimens at Alston Moor, in Cumberland; at Camsdorf and Saalfeld in Thuringia ; the Tyrol ; the Bannat ; Siberia ; Chili ; and other places. The name olivenite alludes to the olive-green color. None of the mineral phosphates or arsenates were distinctively recognized in ancient miner- alogy. The species containing copper, if observed, were left to pass under the general names of chrysocolla and malachites. In 1747, Wallerius has, besides Koppar-Lazur or azurite, the two species Copper Green (malachite) and Copper Blue (chrysocolla and azurite in part), but without well-defined limits. Cronstedt, in 1758, describes the Mountain Blue as sometimes impure (terra calcarea mixta), and hence effervescing with aqua-fortis. Fontana, in 1778, announced the green carbonate after an analysis; and Bergmann in his Sciagraphia, 1782, recognizes only carbonate of copper, and calls wrongly the green mica of Werner (1780, and later torbernite) a chlorid. ID HYDROUS PHOSPHATES AND AKSENATES. 565 1786 Klaproth analyzed an arsenate, and Werner soon after gave it the name of Olivenerz; an "Werner's system of 1789 (Bergm. J., 382, 1789), Azurite, Malachite, Copper green of compact and in ture not effervescing with acids (chrysocolla), and Olivenerz, together with a so-called Eisenschussig Kupfergriln (mostly earthy green carbonate), were the only species. Karsten's Tabellen of 1800 contains no addition to the list. But in 1801 Bournon announced, from an analysis by Chenevix a second arsenate, afterward called Liroconite; Yauquelin a third, afterward named Chalco- phyttite-, Klaproth a fourth, the Sirahliges Olivenerz, or Clinoclase. Klaproth also published at the same time an analysis of the first phospJtate, now called Pseudomalachite] besides one of the oxychlorid Atacamite, which mineral had been brought from Chili as copper sand between 1780 and 1790, and was pronounced an oxyd by Vauquelin, and a chlorid by Karsten in his Tabellen of 1800. 537. ADAMITE. Adamine C. Friedel, C. R., Ixii. 692, 1866. Orthorhombic. /A 7=91 33', O A 1-1=14:3 40' ; a : 1 : 0=0-73547 : 1 : 1-0271 ; isomorphous with olivenite. /A ^-3=161 43', /A ^3=161 25', l-l A 14=107 20', /A 1=135 45', 1 A 1, over 1-2, =120 4'. Cleav- age : 1-1 very distinct. H.=3*5. G.=4'338. Lustre vitreous, strong. Color honey-yellow, violet, the latter often external only. Streak white. Transparent. Plane of optical axes parallel to the base, and normal to i-i ; angle in oil for a plate of violet variety, normal to the obtuse bisectrix, 115 50' for the red rays : Descl. Oomp. 0. ratio forll, Is, fi=4 : 5 : 1 ; 2n 3 Is + 2n = Arsenic acid 40-2, oxyd of zinc 56'7, water 3-1=100. But the analysis gives 1-J H instead of 1 fi. Analysis: Friedel (1. c.): Is 39-95 2n 54'32 Fe 1-48 Mn tr. fi 4-55=100-30. It is a zinc olivenite. Pyr., etc. Heated in a closed tube decrepitates feebly, and yields a little water, becoming white and porcelanous. On charcoal fuses, producing a coating of oxyd of zinc, and a feeble odor of arsenic. In a closed tube with soda and charcoal gives a ring of arsenic. With borax in 0. F. pearl-yellow while hot, colorless on cooling. Easily soluble in dilute muriatic acid. Obs. From Chanarcillo, Chili, with limonite and native silver. Named after Mr. Adam of Paris. 538. CONICHALOITE. Konichalcit Breith. & Fritzsche, Pogg., Ixxvii. 139, 1849. Keniform and massive, resembling malachite. H.=4'5. G. =4*123. Color pistachio-green, inclining to emerald-green ; streak the same. Subtranslucent. Brittle. Fracture splintery. Comp.-(Cu, Ca)(ls, P~)+Cu H+|H, with some vanadic acid replacing (?) part of the phos- phoric, the copper and lime in equal proportions, the arsenic to the other acids as 2 : 1. Closely allied to olivenite and volborthite. Analysis by Fritzsche (L c.) : Is 30-68 P" 8-81 V 1-78 Ou 3176 Ca 21'36 H 5-61. Pyr., etc. In the closed tube decrepitates, gives water, and turns black. In the forceps fuses, and colors the flame at first emerald-green, but after a time light blue adjacent to the assay. On charcoal fuses with deflagration to a red slag-like mass, which gives an alkaline reaction to test paper, and with soda gives a globule of copper. On charcoal, with salt of phosphorus and metallic lead, yields a glass which is dark yellow while hot and chrome-green on cooling (vana- dium). Obs. From Hiuajosa de Cordova, in Andalusia, Spain. Named from Kovia, lime, and ^aX/cd s . 539. BAYLDONITB. A. H. Church, J. Ch. Soc., II. iii. 265, 1865. In minute mammillary concretions, with a drusy surface. Structure often somewhat reticulated. 566 OXYGEN COMPOUNDS. H ==4'5 Gr =5'35 Lustre strong resinous. Color grass-green tc blackish-green.' Streak siskin- to apple-green. Subtranslucent. Fracture subconchoidal, uneven. Oomp.-0. ratio for K, Is, ft=4 : 5 : 2 nearly; whence (Pb, Cu) 4 Is+2fl, with Pb : Cu= 1 : 3%r>b,Si) 3 l8+^ifl+.fl, Churchy Arsenic acid 31-6, oxyd of copper 32'8, oxyd of lead 30-7, water 4-9=100. Analysis: Church (1. c.): (1)31-76 Ca 30-88 Pb 30-13 4-58, 3Pe, Ca, and loss 2*65=100 Church. Pvr etc BB gives off water and becomes black, which latter reaction Church regards as indicating that part of the copper exists in the mineral as hydrate. On charcoal fuses to a black bead deflagrates giving off arsenical fumes, and leaves a white metallic bead of lead and copper. With borax in outer flame gives a blue bead. Difficultly soluble in nitric acid. Obs. Occurs in Cornwall Named after Dr. John Bayldon. 640. EUOHROITE. Euchroit Breiih., Char., 172, 266, 1823. Orthorhombic. /A 7=92 8', A 1-1=148 40'; a : 1 : 0=0-6088 : 1 : 1-038. Observed planes as in the annexed figure. 14 A 14=117 20', i-l A 14=121 20', i-i A |4=i32 24', it A 24=140 36', 24 A 24, ov. it, =101 13'. Cleavage: / and 14. Faces 14 vertically striated. H.=3'5 4. G.=3-389. Lustre vitreous. Color bright emerald- or leek-green. Transparent translu- cent. Fracture small conchoidal uneven. Rather brittle. 469 Comp. Cu 4 A"s + 7 H, or Ou 3 A" s + Cu B + 6 fl (Ramm.)= Arsenic acid 34 g l, oxyd of, copper 47-2, water 18-7 = 100. Analyses: 1, Turner (Edinb. Phil. J., iv. 301); 2, 3, Kiihn (Ann. Ch. Phann., li. 128); 4, Wohler (ib., 285): Is Cu 1. Libethen 33-02 47 -85 2. " 34-42 46-97 3. " 32-42 46-99 4. " 33-22 48-09 fi 18-80=99-67 Turner. 19-31=100-70 Kiihn. 19-31, Ca 1-12=99-84 Kiihn. 18-39=99-70 Wohler. Pyr., etc. In the closed tube gives more water, but has otherwise the same reactions as olivenite. Obs. Occurs hi quartzose mica slate at Libethen in Hungary, in crystals of considerable size, having much resemblance to dioptase. Named from rfxP oa i beautiful color. If the prism '2-1 were made the fundamental vertical prism in euchroite, then /A /would equal 101 13', and \-l A 1-t, top, =87 52', nearly as in wolfram and hopeite. The cleavage is not in accordance with this view. Alt. Tschermak suggests that olivenite may be euchroite altered by the loss of water, he finding crystals of olivenite projecting from the holes of cavernous euchroite (Ber. Ak. Wien, li. 129). 541. TAGILITE. Tagilith (fr. N. Tagilsk) Hermann, J. pr. Ch., xxxvii. 184, 1846; (fr. Ullers- reuth) JBreiih., B. H. Ztg., xxiv. 309. Monoclinic, but like liroconite in habit of crystals, Breith. Cleavage : brachydiagonal, distinct. Also in reniform or spheroidal concretions. Structure fibrous ; also earthy. H.=3 4. G.=about 3*5, Hermann; 4*076, Breith. Lustre vitreous. HYDEOUS PHOSPHATES AND ARSENATES. 567 Color verdigris- to emerald-green. Streak verdigris-green. Subtranslu- cent. Brittle. Comp. 0. ratio for R, , H=4 : 5 : 3 ; whence Cu 4 + 3 H ; or, Cu + Cu H + 2 H (Ramm.) Phosphoric acid 2 7 -7, oxyd of copper 61 -8, water 10'5 =100. Analyses : 1, 2, Hermann (1. 3.); 3, Field (Oh. Gaz., June 15, 1859): Cu H 1. Ural 26-44 61-29 10*77, 3Pe l'50r=100 Hermann. 2. " 26-91 6-2-58 10-71 = 100 Hermann. 3. Coquimbo 27'42 61'70 10'25=99'37 Field. Pyr., etc. No blowpipe characters are given by Hermann. Obs. Occurs at Nischne Tagilsk on limonite ; at the Arme Hilfe mine, Ullersreuth, in minute crystals and reniform groups or masses, on limonite, with quartz ; in S. America, at the Mercedes min3, Coquimbo, fibrous, on limonite. Hermann's tagttite was in reniform concretions, with H.=3, GT.=3'5, and color emerald- to mountain-green ; and had the composition mentioned. The other characters in the above descrip- tion (excepting the anal, by Field) are from Breithaupt, in an account of the Ullersreuth ore, which he refers to tagilite, but which has not been analyzed, and may or may not be that species. 542. LIROOONITB. Octahedral Arseniate of Copper (fr. Cornwall) Bourn., Phil. Trans., 1801 174, Rashleigh's Brit. Min., ii., pi. 2, 5, 11, 1802. Linsenerz Wern., 1803, Ludwig's Min., iL 215, 1804; Karsten, Tab., 64, 1808. Linsenkupfer Hausm., Handb., 1051, 1813. Lirokon nalachit pt. Mohs, G-rundr., 180, 1822. Chalcophacit Glocker, Handb., 859, 1831. Monoclinic, Breith., Descl. /A 7=74 21', Descl. ; 470 72 22', B. & M. ; 71 59', Breith. 14 A 14=61 31', Descl.; 60 40', B. & M. C=SS 33'. Observed planes as in the annexed figure. Cleavage lateral, tut obtained with difficulty. Rarely granular. H.=:2-2-5. G.=2-882, Bournon; 2*926, Haid.; 2*985, Hermann ; 2*964, Damour. Lustre vitreous, inclining to resinous. Color and streak sky-blue verdigris-green. Fracture imperfectly conchoidal, uneven. Imperfectly sectile. Comp. O. ratio fr. anal. 1, 3, 4, for , Si, (Is, ), H-4 : 2 : 5 : 12; whence Cu 8 (Is, )+ (i Cu 3 +f A-l) H 3 +9 H, if the alumina and a fourth of the copper may be in the state of hydrate. It is closely parallel _with that of pseudomalachite, the second member corresponding in oxygen to Cu 3 IF, or 3 Cu H. As the 0. ratio for bases and acid is 6 : 5, the formula might be written (f Cu s + &l) 2 (ls, 3?) + 12 H. Analyses: 1, T. Wachtmeister (Ak. H. Stockh., 80, 1832); 2, Hermann (J. pr. Ch., xxxiii. 296); 3, 4, Damour (Ann. Ch. Phys., III. xiii. 404): Is Si Cu H 1. Cornwall 20-79 3-61 8'03 35'19 22-24, e 3'41, Si 4-04, gangue 2'95=100'26 W. 2. " 23-05 3-73 10'85 36*38 25-01, 3Pe 0-98=100 Hermann. 3. " 22-22 3-49 9'68 37'18 25-49= 98'06 Damour. 4. " 23-40 3-24 10-09 37'40 25'44=98'47 Damour. Pyr., etc. In the closed tube gives much water and turns olive-green. B.B. cracks open, but does not decrepitate; fuses less readily than olivenite to a dark gray slag; on charcoal cracks open, deflagrates, and gives reactions like olivenite. Soluble in nitric acid. Obs. Crystals occasionally an inch in diameter ; usually quite small. "With various ores of copper, pyrite, and quartz, at Wheal Gorland, Wheal Muttrell, and Wheal Unity, in Cornwall ; also in minute crystals at Herrengrund in Hungary; and in Voigtland. The prism i-2 (which maybe taken as /) has the front angle 111 17', if calculated from /A / =72 22', and this is near the angle /A /of pseudomalachite. Moreover, the formulas of the two are similar, as shown above. Named from \eip6s, pale, and /co/fa, powder. li 568 OXYGEN COMPOUNDS. 543. PSEUDOMALACHITE. Phosphorsaures Kupfer pt. Karst., Klapr., N. Schrift. Berl. Ges. Nat. FT., iiL 304, 1801. Phosphorkupfer id., Tab., 64, 97, 1808. Phosphorkupfererz Wem. Cuivre phosphate ff. t TabL, 92, 1809. Phosphate of Copper. Pseudomalachit ffausm., Hancb., 1035, 1813. Phosphorochalcit Glocker, Handb., 847, 1831. Ypoleime Beud., Tr., ii. 570, 1832. Ehlit, Prasin-chalzit, BreUh., Char., 45, 49, 1832. Lunuit Bernhardi. Kupferdiaspore KiiM, J. Ch. Phann., li. 125, 1844. Dihydrit Herm., J. pr. Ch., xxxvii. 178, 1846. Orthorhombic, hemihedral (monoclinic ?). /A 7=109 28', A 1-1= 146 184' a ' I ' c= 4/2 : 1 : 0-6667. Observed planes as in the annexed Lure. ir& A i-2=Ul 4' and 38 56', 1 A 1=117 49', A-jH=" 30/ > A 1-^123 4:8'. Cleavage: basal, highly perfect. Also massive, hemispherical, or reni- form ; structure radiated fibrous. H. = 2-5 - 3. G. = 4-19 - 4;36. Lustre : pearly ; elsewhere vitre- ous to resinous. Color internally dark verdigris - green ; externally blackish-blue green. Streak bluish- green. Subtranslucent. Not very brittle. Comp. Cu 8 A's + 3H, or Cu s ^s+ 3 CuH (Eamm.), = Arsenic acid 30'2, oxyd of copper 62-7, water 7'1 = 100. Analyses : 1, Rammelsberg (2d Suppl., 78); 2, Damour (Ann, Ch. Phys., III. xiii.): Is P" Cu H 3Pe 1. Cornwall G-.r=4'258 4'359 29-71 0'64 60-00 7'64 0'39, Ca 0'50, Si 1'12=100 Ramm. 2. " G.=4-312 27-09 1'50 62'80 7'57 0'49=99'44 Damour. HYDKOUS PHOSPHATES AND AESENATES. 571 Pyr., etc. Same as for olivenite. Obs. Occurs in Cornwall, with other ores of copper, at Ting Tang mine, Wheal Unity, and Wheal Gorland, and at Bedford United Mines, near Tavistock. The crystals usually present a very dark blue color and brilliant lustre, but are rarely recognizable, being aggregated in diverg- ing groups, or disposed in extremely minute individuals, in cavites of quartz; whence the name aphanesite, from 'a^aj/fo, unmanifest. Also found in the Erzgebirge. Named Clinoclasite in allusion to the basal cleavage being oblique to the sides of the prism. 548. OHALOOPHYLLITB. Cuivre arseniate lamelliforme J5T., Tr., 1801 ; Vauquelin, J. d, M., x. 562, 1801. Blattriges Olivenerz, Kupferglimmer, Karst., Hoff'3 Mag., i. 543, 1801 ; Ludwig's Werner, 180, 1803. Copper Mica Jameson, Min., 1820. Kupferphyllit JBreith., Char., 42, 1832. ChalkophyUit Bretth., Handb., 149, 1847. Tamarite B. & M., Min., 1852. Khombohedral. E A 72=69 48' A 72=108 44/ : a=2'5536. Ob- 46', 474 served planes: J?, 2, 0, J, I. A -J=124: 9'. Usually in six-sided tabular crys- tals ; plane sometimes triangularly striated. Cleavage : highly perfect. Also foliated mas- sive, and in druses. H.=:2. G.=2-4 2-66; 2-435, Cornwall, Her- mann ; 2 '659, ib., D amour. Lustre : of pearly ; of other faces vitreous or subadamantine. Color emerald- or grass-green to verdigris-green. Streak somewhat paler than the color. Transparent translucent. Fracture scarcely observable. Comp. Cu 8 A*s+12 H, or Cu 3 A*s+5 Cu H+7 H, from Chenevix's analysis, = Arsenic acid 21 '3, oxyd of copper 68'7, water 20-0=100. From Hermann's analysis, Cu 8 A's + 23 H= Arsenic acid 18-0, oxyd of copper 49'6, water 32'4=100. Analyses: 1, Chenevix (PhiL Trans., 1801); 2, Her- mann (J. pr. Ch., xxxiii. 294) ; 3, 4, Damour (Ann. Ch., Phys., III. xiii. 404) : Is Cu H 1. Cornwall 2. 3. 4. G.=2'435 G.=2-659 21 17-51 19-35 21-27 58 44-45 52-92 52-30 21 = 100 Chenevix. 31-19, Fe 2-92, &1 and P 3-93=100 Hermann. l 1-80, $ 1-29=99-30 Damour. 23-94, 22-58, . 2-13, P 1-56=99-84 Damour. Pyr., etc. In the closed tube decrepitates, yields much water, and gives a residue of ohve- green scales. In other respects like olivenite. Soluble in nitric acid, and in ammonia. Obs. The copper mines of Tingtang, Wheal Gorland, and Wheal Unity, near Redruth, are ita principal localities in Cornwall. Occurs also crystallized in iron ore at Sayda in Saxony ; in minute crystals at Herrengrund in Hungary ; Moldawa in the Bannat. Taking $R as the fundamental rhombohedron, then R A 7?=88 46', and a=l'7768. Alt. Found altered to chrysocolla. 549. BERLINITE. Berlinit C. W. Blomstrand, Priv. contrib., dated Lund, Dec. 9, 1867. Compact massive, without a trace of cleavage. H. = 6. G. 2-64. Lustre vitreous. Colorless to grayish or pale rose- red. Streak uncolored. Translucent. Fracture uneven. Oomp. Xl P" + \ H, Blomstrand, = Phosphoric acid 55'9, alumina 40'5, water 3*6 = 100. Analysis : C. W. Blomstrand (1. c.) : (f) 54-84 40-27 e 0-26 H 4-14=99-51. Pyr., etc. B.B. whitens without fusing. A deep blue color with cobalt. Hardly attacked by acids. Easily decomposed on fusion with alkalies, and the resulting mass soluble in water with evolution of much heat. 572 OXYGEN COMPOUNDS. Obs. Resembles quartz. From the iron mine of Westana in Scania, Sweden, where it occur'a sparingly in quartz, from which it is ordinarily separated by a thin layer of lazulite. Named after Prof. N. H. Berlin, of the University of Lund. 550. CALLAINITE. ?Callaina Plin., xxxvii. 33. Turquois pt. Callais Damour, C. E., lix. 936, 1864. Callainite Dana. Massive. Texture wax-like. H.=3-5 4. G.= 2-50 2-52. Color apple-green to emerald-green, spotted or lined with whitish and bluish. Translucent. Oomp. 3tl +5 fl=Phosphoric acid 42*39, alumina 30-75, water 26*86=100. Analysis : A. Damour (L c.) : l e Mn Ca Sand 42-58 29-57 1-82 tr. 0'70 23'62 2-10=100-39. Pyr., etc. When heated yields water, and becomes opaque, chocolate-brown, and friable. B.B. infusible. Obs. From a Celtic grave, near Mane-er H'roek in Lockmariaquer, in rounded pieces from the size of a flax-seed to that of a pigeon's egg, and found in the collections of the Polymathic Society of Morbihan, in western France. Damour makes this mineral the calla.'is of Pliny, and especially in view of its green color. But the callais was blue, and the green stone really related to it was probably the callaina (see p. 581). Yet, as this identity is not established, the name callainite is better than Pliny's name unmodified. 551. LAZULITE. Hirnmelblau Fossil von Steiermark [Styria] Widenmann, Bergm. J., 346, Ap. 1791 ; Smalteblaue F. von Vorau, Schrift. Ges. N. Berlin, be 352, 1791; Naturliche Smalt; Berlinerblau, Eisenblau [ Yiviauite] ; Bergblau [=Chiysocolla] ; Unachter Lasurstein [= False Lapis-Lazuli], Stutz, Einricht. Nat. Wien, 49, 1793; Lazulit=Kieselerde + Thonerde + Eisenerde, Klapr., Schrift. Ges. N. Berl., x. 90, 1792, Beitr., i. 197, 1795. Dichter blauer Feldspath (fr. Krieglach, Styria) Klapr., Beitr., i. 14, 1795; Lazulith Klapr., Beitr., iv. 279, 1807.' Blue Spar, Blue Feldspar. "Wahrscheinlich n. Foss. aus d. Salzburgischen, Siderit, v. Moll, Jahrb. B. H., iv. 71, 1799 (with bad anal by Heim); Mollit Haberle, Handb., 1804;= Lazulith Mote, Null Kab., L 427, 1804. Blauspath Wern. Voraulite Delameth., Min., 1812. Azurite Jameson, Min., i. 341, 1816. Phosphorsaure Thonerde, etc., Fucks, Schw. J., xxiv. 373, 1818. Klaprothite Beud., Tr., 464, 1824; Klaprothine id., ii. 576, 1832. Monoclinic. (7=88 15', /A 7=91 30', A 14=139 45', Priifer; a : 1) : 4A : l fi 3 +10H. An earthy mineral from Rosieres afforded Berthier (Ann. d. M., III. xix. 669)P (witk tr. of As). 25-5, l 23-0, Pb 10-0, Cu 3'0, H and organic matters 38-0=99-5. 37 578 OXYGEN COMPOUNDS. Pyr., etc. In the closed tube decrepitates and yields water. B.B. in the forceps swells up like a zeolite, colors the flame azure-blue, but is imperfectly fused. On charcoal gives in addition a faint white coating of chlorid of lead (Plattner). With soda gives metallic lead. With cobalt solution gives a blue color. With the sodium test yields a phosphid. Soluble in nitric acid. Obs. Occurs in clay slate at Huelgoet in Brittany, associated with galenite, blende, pyrite, and pyromorphite ; also in a lead mine at Nuissiere, near Beaujeu ; at Roughten Gill, Cumberland ; at Mine La Motte, Missouri ; at Canton mine, Ga., with galenite, etc. (hitchcockite}. Named from the Latin plumbum, lead, and gummi, gum. The identity of de Lisle's mineral (which was carnelian-like in color) with plombgomme, though questioned by de Laumont in his early paper, is admitted in his letter cited in Ann. Phil, xiv. 31, 1819. The mineral looks usually like drops or coatings of gum, also at times somewhat like chalcedony or allophane. It differs from globular pyromorphite or blende in not being fibrous within. The hitchcockite occurs in botryoidal crusts and thin coatings, white, bluish, yellowish, or greenish, allophane-like, sometimes concentric in structure; Shepard gives H.=2-75 3, and says that it loses 29 p. c. on ignition. 557. CALCIOFERRITE. Calcoferrit J. R Blum, Jahrb. Min. 1858, 287. Monoclmic ? Foliated massive. Cleavage : very perfect, or foliated, in one direction ; traces in another at right angles to the perfect one ; also in another oblique to the same. In nodules. H.=2'6. G.=2-523 2-529, Eeissig. Lustre of cleavage-face pearly. Color sulphur-yellow, greenish-yellow to siskin-green, yellowish, white. Streak sulphur-yellow. Thin laminae translu- Analysis by Eeissig (L c.), giving nearly 4 , 3 fi, 6 E, 19 ; 2 R 8 P" +2 K +& fi s +16 fi : P" 34-01 Pe 24-34 l 2'90 Mg 2'65 Oa 14'81 20'56=99'27. B.B. fuses easily to a shining black magnetic globule. Easily decomposed by muriatic acid. In nodules in a bed of clay at Battenberg in Rhenish Bavaria. The exterior of the nodules is yellowish- or reddish-brown impure calcioferrite. .558. PHARMACOSIDERITE. ?Fer mineralise par 1'acide arsenique Proust, Ann. Chem., i. 195, 1790; Arsenicated Iron Ore Kirwan, ii. 189, 1796. Olivenerz, Arseniksaures Eisen in Wiirfem kryst. (fr. Carharrack) Klapr., Schrift. Ges. nat. Fr. Berl., 1, 161, 1786, Beitr., iii. 194, 1802 ; Wiirfelerz, var of Olivenerz, Lenz, ii. 18, 151, 1794. Wiirfelerz Karsten, Tab., 66, 1808. 'Cube Ore. Pharmakosiderit Hausm., Haudb., 1065, 1813. Isometric ; tetrahedral. Observed planes : 0, 1, 2, /; f. 1, 29, etc. Crystals modified cubes and tetrahedrons. Cleavage : cubic ; imperfect. sometimes striated parallel to its edge of intersection with plane 1 (f. 29); planes often curved. Rarely granular. H.=2'5. G. 2'9 3. Lustre adamantine to greasy, not very distinct. Color olive-green, passing into yellowish-brown, bordering sometimes upon liyacinth-red and blackish-brown; also passing into grass-green, emerald- green, and honey-yellow. Streak green brown, yellow, pale. Subtrans- parent subtranslucent. Eather sectile. Pyroelectric. Comp.0. ratio for 6, Is, fi=4 : 5 : 5; whence 3#e Is+^efiM-^ft, with one-eleventh of the As replaced by P= Arsenic acid 39-8, phosphoric acid 2'5, sesquioxyd of iron 40-6, water 17-1=100. Analysis: Berzelius (Ak. H. Stockh., 354, 1824) : Is P" e Cu & 40-20 2-53 39-20 0'65 18-81, gangue T76-102-95. Pyr., etc. Same as for scorodite. Obs.-^Formerly obtained at the mines of Wheal Gorland, Wheal Unity, and Carharrack, in Cornwall, coating cavities in quartz, with ores of copper ; now found in quartz at Burdle Gill in Cumberland, in small brilliant crystals ; in minute tetrahedral crystals at Wheal Jane ; also in Australia ; at St. Leonard in France ; and at Schneeberg and Schwarzenberg hi Saxony. Named from 0% A 24=127 53', A 1=131 4', <9 A f=142 35', A ^=90, 1 A 1, mac., 130 4', brach., or over 24, 102 41 7 , bas., 97 52 X , 24 A 24, ov. 0,= 75 46 r , B. & M. Plane sometimes wanting, and the form a double six- sided pyramid, made up of the planes 1, 24, with i-i small. Cleavage : ^'4, imperfect. 484 485 H.=4'5-5. G.=3-18 3-24; 3184, Kenngott. Lustre vitreous, inclining to resinous. Color yellowish-white and pale yellowish-brown, also brownish-black. Streak white, yellowish. Translucent. Fracture uneven. Comp. 0. ratio for S, S, , flr=4 : 3 : 7 : 7 ; or less nearly 4 : 3 : 7| : 7-J, Kammelsberg, who writes the formula 2& 4 P+3tP^+l 5 fi= Phosphoric acid 28'9, alumina 14-0, protoxyd of iron 29*3, protoxyd of manganese 9*5. water 18'3 = 100. Perhaps (|K, 3 +f l) 5 J? 3 +15 fl. But a new analysis is needed. Analysis : 'Rammelsberg (Pogg., Ixxxv. 435) : 28-92 &1 14-44 Fe 30'68 Mn 9-07 Mg 0'14 fi 16-98 = 100'23 Ramm. Pyr., etc. In the closed tube gives off neutral water. B.B. swells up into ramifications, and fuses on the edges to a black mass, coloring the flame pale green. Heated on charcoal turns black and becomes magnetic. With soda gives a reaction for manganese. With borax and salt of phosphorus reacts for iron and manganese. Soluble in muriatic acid. Obs. Occurs in crystals and crystalline coats, on spathic iron, pyrite, or quartz, and sometimes with apatite, near Tavi stock, and at the George and Charlotte mine, and also at Wheal Crebor, in 580 OXYGEN COMPOUNDS. Devonshire; on slate at Crinnis mine in Cornwall. Crystals 1 in. long have been observed. They look a little like siderite, but are more lustrous and of greater hardness. In U States, at Hebron, Me., in minute hair-brown prismatic crystals, with amblygomte (f. 48o, by Cooke, and an octahedral form, Am. J. Sci., II. xxxvi. 258). _ _ If the dome 2-? be made the fundamental vertical prism, then /A J=104 14, l- A K top,= 13, 1-2 A 1-!, ib.,=87 14' ; the cleavage macrodiagonal ; a : o : c=rd514 : 1 : r25d. Named after Mr. Children. 561. ATTACOLITE. Attakolith 0. W. Blomstrand, Priv. contrib., dated Dec. 9, 1867. Massive, indistinctly crystalline. H.=:5. a. = 3 -09. Color pale red. COMP-O. ratio for R, fi, P, fi, after separating 8-60 gi as free silica=6 : 15 : 20 : 6. The uncertainty as to whether the silica is free or combined renders the composition and formula doubtful. Analysis : C. W. Blomstrand (1. c.) : l 3Pe Mn Mg Oa Na fi (|) 36-06 29-75 3'98 8'02 0'33 13'19 0'45 6'90=98'68. PYR., ETC. B.B. fuses easily, and, when more heated, with intumescence, to a brownish-yellow glass. ' With soda a strong manganese reaction. Very incompletely decomposed by acids. OBS. From the iron mine of Westana, in Scania, Sweden. Named from arrantis, salmon, alluding to the color. 562. AUGELITB. Augelith C. W. Blomstrand, Priv. contrib., dated Dec. 9, 1867. Massive. Cleavage : distinct in three directions, and generally easily obtained. Gr.=2'77. Lustre of cleavage surface strongly pearly. Colorless, but generally pale red. Comp. Xl 2 ^+3fl=Phosphoric acid 35-3, alumina 61'3, water 13'4=100. Analysis: C. W. Blomstrand (1. c.) : P XI e fin Ca fl (f) 35-61 48-80 0-75 0-31 T09 13-04=99-60. The mineral is often intimately mixed with silica, and not easily separated from it. Pyr., etc. Yields much water in the glass tube. B.B. infusible. Scarcely affected by acids. Obs. Occurs imbedded in other phosphates at the iron mine of Westana, in Scania, Sweden. Named from aiiyfi, lustre. 563. TURQUOIS. ?Callais, ?Callaina, Plin., xxxvii. 56, 33. Firuzegi Pers. Turques, Tur- quois pt, of the 16th century and later (Turques, Fabyan's Chronicle). Tiirkis pt. Germ., Tur- chesaTM, Turquoise Fr. Turquoise J". B. Tavernier,Voy. en Turquie, enPersie, etc., Paris, 1678. Turchine Bocconi, Museo di Fisica, etc., 278, 1697. Orientalischer Tiirkis Demetrius Agaphi N. Nord. Beytr., v. 261, Pallas, ib., 265. Turquois orientale, Calaite, Agaphite, Johnite, G. Fischer, Mem. Soc. Imp. N. Moscou, i. 1806 ; also his Onomasticon Min. Mus. Imp. Moscou, 1811, and Essai sur la Turquoise, Moscou, 1816, of which Abstr. in Ann. Phil., xiv. 406, 1819; John, Mem. Soc. Imp. N. Moscou, i. 1806, Schw. J., iii. 93, 1807 (with analyses and assertion that it is no Odontolite). Hydrargillite pt. Hausm., Handb., 444, 1813. Turquoise de vieille roche (in distinction from Odontolite, or T. de nouvelle roche, called also Occidental Turquois). Eallait, Kalait, Germ. Reniform, stalactitic or incrusting. Cleavage none. ^ H.==6. G.=2-6 2-83; 2*621, Hermann. Lustre somewhat waxy, feeble. Color sky-blue, bluish-green to apple-green. Streak white or green- ish. Feebly subtranslucent opaque. Fracture small conchoidal. HYDKOTJB PHOSPHATES AND ARSENATES. 581 Comp. 0. ratio fr. anal. 1 and 3, for -&1, P\ H=6 : 5 : 5 ; whence l 2 P~ +5 H= Phosphoric acid 32-6, alumina 46-9, water 20'5 = 100. Analyses: 1, John (Ann. d. M., II. iii. 231) ; 2, Zellner (Isis, 1834, 637); 3, Hermann (J. pr. Ch., xxxiii. 282); 4, Church (Ch, News, x. 290): 1 H Cu 1. Silesia SO'90 44'50 19-00 3'75 Fe 1-80=99-95 John. 2. " 38-90 54-50 I'OO 1'50 3Pe 2-8=98-70 Zellner. 3. Slue Oriental 27'34 47-45 18-18 2'02 " 1 -10, Mn 0-50, Ca 3 P" 3-41 = 100 H. 4. Nichabour, Persia 32-86 40-19 19'34 6'27 Fe 2-21,MnO-36=100'23 a C.; Gr.=2'75. a After subtracting 0'74 Si O 2 and 0-49 hygroscopic water. The green oriental turquois afforded Hermann only 5-64 p. c. of phosphoric acid, and is evidently a mechanical mixture, containing but little turquois. Specific gravity of the last 2-621. John in his early analysis did not detect the phosphoric acid ; he obtained A 1 ! 73-0, Cu 4*5, 3Pe 4-0, H (or loss) 18=99-5. Pyr., etc. In the closed tube decrepitates, yields water, and turns brown or black. B.B. in the forceps becomes brown and assumes a glassy appearance, but does not fuse ; colors the flame green ; moistened with muriatic acid the color is at first blue (chlorid of copper). With the sodi- um test gives phosphuretted hydrogen. With borax and salt of phosphorus gives beads in O.F. which are yellowish-green while hot and pure green on cooling. With salt of phosphorus and tin on charcoal gives an opaque red bead (copper). Soluble in muriatic acid. Obs. Occurs in clay slate, in a mountainous district in Persia, not far from Nichabour. Ac- cording to Agaphi, the only naturalist who has visited the locality, turquois occurs only in veins, which traverse the mountain in all directions. Fischer, in 1816, named the different varieties Calaite, Agaphite (or conchoidal T.), and Johnite (or quartzy T.). Pieces of the size of a hazel- nut are considered very large. An impure variety is found in Silesia, and at Oelsnitz in Saxony ; near the well of Nasaiph between Suez and Sinai. W. P. Blake refers here a hard, yellowish- to bluish-green stone (which he identifies with the chalchihuitl of the Mexicans) from the mountains Los Cerillas, 20 m. S.E. of Santa Fe; H. = 6; G-. = 2'426 2-651 (Am. J. Sci., II. xxv. 227). A pale green turquois occurs in the Columbus district, Nevada. Turquois receives a good polish, and is highly esteemed as a gem. The Persian king is said to retain for his own use all the larger and finely tinted specimens. The Callais of Pliny is generaUy regarded as turquois, and probably rightly so. But all he says of it is, "Callais sapphirum imitatur, candidior et litoroso mari similis," resembling sapphire (that is, lapis-lazuli) 'm color, but paler, and like the sea toward the shore ; indicating a greenish-blue tint and degree of opacity corresponding well enough with much turquois. The Callaina also of Pliny (to which he devotes a long chapter) is referred to this species, and with even better reason. It was a stone of a pale green color, and was obtained, according to him, amid inaccessible rocks in the countries that lie at the back of India, near Mt. Caucasus, etc. He also states that it was remarkable for its size, and was full of holes and foreign substances, which it is difficult to reconcile with the true turquois. But he speaks in the next sentence of a kind from Carmania (a district of Persia) as of better quality and clearer, and this may have been real turquois. He says that no stones were more easily imitated, which is very true of turquois. He also remarks that the beauty of the Callaina is greatly heightened by a setting of gold, the contrast peculiarly befitting it. Pliny also speaks of another stone called Callaica (xxxvii. 56), and says of it: " Callaicam vocant e turbido callaino; ferunt pluris conjunctis semper in veniri ; " it is so called because it is a turbid callaina, and they are found together. He also remarks that the stone called " Augetis (xxxvii. 54) multis non alia videtur quam callaina," by many is thought to be nothing but callaina, (See further CALLAINITE, p. 572). The Persian smaragdus, or emerald, alluded to by Pliny (xxxvii. 18, citing from Democritus), as " without transparency, agreeable and uniform in color, satisfying the vision without allowing it to penetrate it," may have been turquois; yet, as with most of Pliny's descriptions (owing to his mixing different things of similar aspect), when all the other characters given are weighed they leave doubt. It is probable that the turquois oriental and occidental was as commonly used in Persia as a gem in ancient times as now. The name turquois is French in form, and means Turkish, a Turkish gem, the gem having come into Europe through Turkey. Most of the turquois (not artificial) used in jewelry in former centuries, as well as the present, and that described in the early works on minerals, was lone-turquois (called also odontolite, from o<5ovj, tooth), which is fossil-bone, or tooth, colored by a phosphate of iron. Its organic origin becomes manifest under a microscope. Moreover, true turquois, when decomposed by muriatic acid, gives a fine blue color with ammonia, which is not true of the odontolite. 582 OXYGEN COMPOUNDS. 564. PEGANITE. Peganit BreUh., Schw. J., lx. 308, 1830. Orthorhombic In rhombic prisms, with the acute lateral edge truncated ; angle of the prism about 127 and 53. Cleavage : basal, and brachydi- agonal, imperfect. H.=3 3'5. G.=2'492 2-501. Lustre greasy to vitreous. Color deep green, greenish-gray, greenish-white. Streak white. Comp. l 2 P+6 H, Hermann, =Phosphoric acid 81-1, alumina 45-2, water 23'7 = 100. Analysis by Hermann (J. pr. Oh., xxxiii. 287) : 30-49 l 44-49 H 22'82 Cu, 3Pe, gangue 2'20 100 Hermann. Pyr. etc. _ In the closed tube yields water, and assumes a violet or rose color. B.B. cracks open, becomes violet, but does not fuse. Gives but a faint copper reaction, but in other respects like turquois. The powdered mineral gives a fine blue with cobalt solution. Obs. Occurs in crusts, consisting of small prismatic crystals, at Striegis, near Freiberg, Saxony. Erdmann analyzed a Striegis mineral (Striegisan of Breithaupt) with a very different result, as seen from the analyses under WAVELLITE, to which species the specimens evidently pertain. Peganite has till recently been placed under wavellite. Named from jntyawi', an herb, in allusion to the color. 565. FISCHERITB. SchtschurovsJci, Hermann, J. pr. Ch., xxxiii. 285, 1844. Orthorhombic, Kokscharof. /A 7=118 32'; ail: c=x : 1 : 1-189. /A i-2, bevelling plane,=160 48', i* A ^2=99 52J' and 80 TJ', i-S A i-i = 139 56'. Mostly in small six-sided prisms. Also crystalline, massive. H.=5. G. 2*4:6. Lustre vitreous. Color grass-green to olive-green, and verdigris-green. Translucent. Comp. &1 2 + 8 H= Alumina 41-8, phosphoric acid 28'9, water 29'3=100. Analysis: Hermann (1. c.) : 29-03 l 38-41 e and Mn 1-20 Ou 0-80 H 27'50=100. Pyr., etc. B.B. becomes white, and clouded ; yields much water, but no fluorine. Soluble in sulphuric acid. Obs. From Nischne Tagilsk, where it occurs in veins in a ferruginous sandstone and clay slate. 565A. VARISCITE Bretth. (J. pr. Ch., x. 506, 1837). Contains the same ingredients as the above, but is not yet accurately analyzed. Reniform; apple-green; with white shining streak, weak greasy lustre, and translucent. Yields water in a matrass. B.B. in the forceps infusible, but becomes white ; in the outer flame, colors the flame deep bluish-green ; with borax and salt of phosphorus forms a pale yellowish-green glass ; with soda fuses with effervescence, but imper- fectly ; with cobalt solution becomes blue. Occurs in quartz and siliceous slate at Messbach in Saxon Voigtland. Named from Yariscia (Voigtland). 566. TAVISTOCKITB. Hydrated Calcium-aluminic Phosphate (?) A. H. Church, J. Ch. Soc., IL iii. 263, 1865. Tavistockite Dana. In microscopic acicular crystals, sometimes aggregated in irregular stel- late groups, constituting a white pearly powder. Lustre pearly. Color white. Transparent to translucent. Fragile. Comp. 0. ratio for R+K, , H=6 : 5 : 3; whence (iCa 8 +i&l) 2 P + 3 H= Phosphoric acid 30-41, alumina 22-06, lime 35'97, water 11-56=100. Analyses: Church (L c.): HYDKOUS PHOSPHATES AND AESENATES. 583 30-36 22-40 Ca 36-27 12-00=101-03 Church. Pyr., etc. B.B. " incandesces '' and becomes opaque. With nitrate of cobalt gives a blue color. Colorless bead with borax. Difficultly soluble in acids. Obs. Occurs at Tavistock, Devonshire, in cavities in quartz crystals, with pyrite, chalcopy- rite, and childrenite. 567. CHENEVIXITE. Chenevixite Adam, F. Pisani, C. B., Ixii. 690, 1866. Massive compact. H.=4'5. G.=3'93? Lustre vitreous. Color dark green. Streak yel- lowish-green. Comp. 0. ratio for R+B, Is, fi=6 : 5 : 3 nearly, with 0. ratio of 3Pe, Cu=7i : 6. Formula ($6, Cu 3 ) 2 A' s + 3 fi ; or perhaps F"eAs+3CuH; As : J?=9 : 1. Analyses: 1, Chenevix (L c.); 2, Pisani (1. c.) : 1. Cornwall 33'5 2. " 32-20 e Cu Ca H 27-5 22-5 12, sand 3 = 98'5 Chenevix. 2-30 25-10 31-70 0'34 8'66= 100-30 Pisani. Pisani refers here the analysis by Chenevix. 10-3 p. c. of sand are removed from anal. 2. Pyr., etc. In the closed tube decrepitates and yields water ; becomes brown after calcina- tion. B.B. on charcoal fuses easily, giving out. arsenical fumes, and leaving a black magnetic scoria with grains of copper. Easily soluble in the acids. Obs. From Cornwall, involved in a quartz rock in small compact masses, from which gangue it is difficult to separate it entirely. 568. DUFRENITE. Strahlstein (var.) Jordan, Min., etc., Eeisebem., 243, 1803. Griineisen- stein (strahlichter) Ullmann, Syst. Tab. Uebers., 152, 319, 1814. Chalkosiderit Ullmann, ib., 323. Fasriche Griin-Eisenerde W. Dufrenite Brongn., Tabl., 20, 1833. Green Iron Ore. Kraurit Breitfi., Handb., 152, 1841. Delvauxene Dumonl, L'Institut, 121, 1839, Delvaux, Bull. Ac. Brux., 147, 1838. Delvauxit Haid., Haiidb., 512, 1845. Orthorhombic. 1 1\ I about 123. Cleavage : braehydiagonal. Also massive, in nodules ; radiated fibrous, with a drusy surface. IL=:3-5-4. G.:=3-2 3-4; 3-227, Dufr. Lustre silky, weak. Color dull leek-green, olive, or blackish-green ; alters on exposure to yellow and brown. Streak siskin-green. Subtranslucent. Comp,, Var. 5Pe 2 ^+ 3 fl= Phosphoric acid 27*5, sesquioxyd of iron 62-0, water 10*5=100. (3Pe, A 1 !) 2 P + S^fl, Pisani. Schnabel's analysis makes part of the iron protoxyd. Analyses: 1, Vauquelin (Ann. Ch. Pharm., xxx. 202); 2, Karsten (Arch. f. Bergb. u. Hiitt., xv. 243); 3, Schnabel (Ramm. Min. Ch., 329); 4, Pisani (C. R, liii. 1020); 5, Kurlbaum (Am. J. Sci., II. xxiii. 423); 6, 7, Dumont (L'Institut, No. 276); 8, Delvaux (Bull. Acad. Brux., 1838, 147); 9, 10, Diesterweg (B. H. Ztg., xxii. 257): 1. Haute Vienne 27-85 2. Siegen, dark green 27*72 3. " 28-39 4. Morbehan, " 28-53 5. Allentown, N. J. " 32-61 6. Delvauxite 16-04 7. " 16-57 8. 18-20 9. Siegen, dark green 27-71 10. " red 25-20 4-50 56-20 63-45 53-66 54-40 53-74 34-20 36-62 40-44 62-02 59-14 Mn 6-76 Fe H 9-29=100 Vauquelin. 8-56=99-73 Karsten. 9-97 8-97=100-99 SchnabeL 12-40=99-83 Pisani. 3-77 10-49, Si 0-72 = 100-95 Kurlb. . 49-76=100 Dumont. 48-81=100 Dumont. 41-13 = 99-77 Delvaux. 0-25 10 90=100-88 Diesterweg. 2-33 13-98=100-65 Diesterweg. 584: OXYGEN COMPOUNDS. Church (Ch. News, x. 157) shows that dufrenite contains 10-55 p. c. of water, corresponding tc the above formula; it loses no water at 100 C. He observes also that the mineral is usually so mixed with hematite that it is difficult to separate it for analysis. Church also demonstrates (1. c., 145) that the delvauxite of Liege is only a wet dufrenite. It lost in his trial 20*33 p. c. over sulphuric acid, and nearly 6 p. c. more on heating to 100 C. ; the total percentage of water having been found to be 37 '23, whence the essential water is only 10-11 p. c., as in dufrenite. He detected a trace of lime. The color of delvauxite given is yellowish- brown to brownish-black or reddish, or that of altered dufrenite; and G. = 1'85. An altered dufrenite gave Diesterweg (L c.) P 6-26, 3Pe 80'03, H 14-03= 100-34. Pyr., etc. Same as for vivianite, but less water is given out in the closed tube. B.B. fuses easily to a slag. Obs. Occurs near Anglar, Dept. of Haute Vienne, and at Hirschberg in Westphalia (the locali- ties of the specimens, according to Dufrenoy, originally named dufrenite) ; at Kocheforten-Terre, Morbihan, France; Eisenfeld near Siegen. Also at Allentown, N. J., as a fibrous leek-green coating, sometimes half an inch thick, in the Green Sand formation ; it changes to brown in alter- ing to limonite. The delvauxene is from Besnau, near Vise, in Belgium. Named after the French mineralogist Dufrenoy. GLOBOSITE. This name is given by Breithaupt (B. H. Ztg., xxiv. 321, 1865) to a mineral occur- ring at the Anne Hilfe mine near Hirschberg, in small globular concretions. H.=5 5-5. G.= 2-825 2-827. Lustre greasy to adamantine. Color wax-yellow to yellowish-gray. Streak white. Brittle. Analysis on a small quantity of the mineral afforded Fritzsche (1. c.) $ 28'89, A"s tr., Si 0-24, 3Pe 40-86, Cu 0'48, Mg 2'40, Ca 2'40, H and F 23-94=100-05. B.B. in tube yields water; by stronger heat gives the fluorine reaction, depositing a ring of silica, and leaving a red residue not magnetic, but giving with fluxes the reaction for iron. Slowly soluble in muriatic acid. It occurs as above with massive and pulverulent limonite ; also in the cobalt mine of Schneeberg in Saxony, with quartz and hypochlorite. 569. CACOXENITE. Kakoxen J. Steinmann, Yortr. B6hm. Ges., Prag, 1825. Cacoxene. Occurs in radiated tufts of a yellow or brownish-yellow color. H.=3 4. G.=3'38. Becomes brown on exposure. Comp. Supposed to be an iron-wavellite. 0. ratio, fr. anal. 3, 4, for S, , fl=6 : 5 : 12, whence Fe 2 P + 12H, from Richardson's analysis. Analysis 5 corresponds to 3Pe 3 2 + 20H. Analyses: 1, Steinmann (Leonh. Orykt, 750); 2, Holger (Baumg. ZS., yiii. 129); 3, Richardson (Thomson's Min., i. 476); 4, 5, v. Hauer (Jahrb. G. Reichs. 1854, 67): 3Pe 1 Ca Si H,F 1. Zbirow 17-86 36'32 lO'Ol 0-15 8'90 25-95=99-19 Steinmann. 9-20 36-83 11-29 3-30 18'98, Mg 7'58, 2n 1-23, S 11-29 H. 20-5 43-1 1-1 2-1 30% Mg 0-9=97 9 Richardson. " fibrous yw. 19'63 47-64 32'73 = 100 Hauer. 5. ; ' globular 25*71 41-46 32-83 = 100 Hauer. The alumina of the earlier analyses was from impurities. Pyr., etc. Yields water, with trace of fluorine. Fuses on the edges to a black shining slag, and colors the outer flame bluish-green. Reactions for iron. Soluble in muriatic acid. Obs. Occurs at the Hrbeck mine, near Zbirow in Bohemia, along with earthy limonite. Stated by Zepharovich to be sometimes derived from the alteration of barrandite. 570. ARSENIOSIDERITE. Arsenics iderite Dufr., Ann. d. M., IV. ii. 343, 1842. Arseno- krokit, Arsenocrocites, Glocker, Syn., 226, 1847. In fibrous concretions of a ^yellowish-brown and somewhat golden color, resembling cacoxenite ; the fibres large and easily separable between the fingers. H.=l-2. G.=3-520, Dufr.; 3-88, Eamm. Lustre silky. Powder yellowish-brown, rather deeper in color than that of yellow ochre. When rubbed in a mortar the powder adheres to the pestle.' HYDROUS PHOSPHATES AND AESENATES. 585 Oomp. Is 5 , e 8 , Ca 8 , H 18 , or Ca 6 Is + 4 e 2 Is +15 H= Arsenic acid 37-9, sesquioxyd of iron 42-1, lime ll'l, water 8-9=100. Analyses: 1, Dufrenoy (Ann. d. M., IV. ii. 343, 182); 2, 3, Rammelsberg (2d Suppl., 20, Fogg., Ixviii. 508) : Is Pe Mn Ca H 1. 34-26 41-31 1-29 8'43 0'76 8'75, Si4'04=98-84 Dufrenoy. 2. [39-16] 40-00 tr. 12-18 - 8'66=100 Rainmelsberg. 3. [37-36] 38-31 tr. 12-08 - 8'68, Si 3-57 = 100 Ramm. According to Fournet, arseniosiderite is essentially cacoxene..with the phosphoric acid replaced by arsenic acid, and having the corresponding formula $e 4 As 3 +18 H; but this exceeds tho proportion of water by nearly one-half, and does not take into account the lime. Pyr., etc. Like scorodite. Obs. Occurs in a manganese bed at Komaneche, Department of Saone-et-Loire, France. Named from arsenic and o-iJ/?poj, iron. Changed to arsenocrocite (fr. /rpo/oj, fibre) by Gflocker, because of a previous use of arsenosiderite (see p. 76). 571. EVANSITE. D. Forbes, Phil. Mag., IV. xxviii. 341, 1864. Massive ; reniform or botryoidal. H.=3*5 4. Gr.=l'939. Lustre vitreous or resinous ; internally waxy. Colorless, or milk-white ; sometimes tinged with yellow or blue. Streak white. Translucent, subtranslucent. Fracture subconchoidal. ' Oomp. 0. ratio for 33, P", H=9 : 5: 18, whence 3cl 3 +l H 3 +15 H, Dana, = Phosphoric acid 18-4, alumina 39-7, water 41-9=100. Analysis: Forbes (L c.): xi H (f) 19-05 39-31 39-95, insol. 1'41=99'72 Forbes. Pyr., etc. B.B. in tube yields neutral water, decrepitates, leaving milk-white powder. In- fusible. Moistened with sulphuric acid colors the flame green. On charcoal with cobalt solution gives intense blue. With fluxes trace of iron. Soluble in sulphuric, nitric, and muriatic acids. Fluorine not detected. Obs. Occurs at Zsetcznik, Hungary, as reniform or globular concretions on brown hematite. Brought in 1855 from Hungary, by Brooke Evans, of Birmingham, England, after whom it was named. It was labelled allophane. 572. TORBERNITE. Mica viridis cryst. (fr. Joh.) v. Born, Lithoph., i. 42, 1772. Griiner Glimmer (fr. Saxony) Wern., Ueb. Cronst, 217, 1780; Torberit W&rn. (earliest name); Karst, Ueb. Wern. Yerbess., 43, 1793 [later spelt Torbernit, as in Ludwig's Wern., i. 308, 1803) ; Chalko- lith [put near Chlorite] Wern., Bergm. J., 376, 1789 ; Urankalk durch Kupfer gefarbt, Uranites spathosus pt., Klapr., Schrift. Ges. N. Berl., ix. 273, 1789 ; Beitr., ii. 217, 1797. Uranglimmer Wern., 1800, Ludwig, i. 55, 1803. Urane oxyde N., Tr., 1801. Uranite Aikin, Min., 1814. Uran-Mica Jameson, Syst., 1820. Uranphyllit JBreith., Char., 1820. Phosphate of Uranium containing Phos. Copper R Phillips, Ann. Phil., II. v. 57, 1823. Phosphate of Uranium and Copper Berz., Jahresb., 1823. Kupfer-Uranit Germ. Copper-Uranite. Torberite B. & M., 517, 1852. Cuprouranit JBreith., B. H. Ztg., xxiv. 302, 1865. Tetragonal. A :U=134r 8'; 0=1-03069. Observed planes: ; prism, i4\ octahedral, -|, f, 12, %-i. Forms square tables, with often re- placed edges ; rarely suboctahedral. 486 A 2=108 56' 1 A 1, basal,=lll 6 O A 1=124 27 2 A 2, basal, =142 8 A f=135 49 2 A 2, pyr.,=96 3 O A f=138 50 f A f, basal,=8 A 2-^=115 53 2-i A 2-^', basal, =128 15 Cornwall Cleavage : basal highly perfect, micaceous. Unknown massive or earthy. 586 OXYGEN COMPOUNDS. H.=2 2-5. G. 34 3-6. Lustre of pearly, of other faces subada mantine. Color emerald- and grass-green, and sometimes leek-, apple-, and siskin-green. Streak somewhat paler than the color. ^ Transparent sub- translucent. Fracture not observable. Sectile. Laminse brittle and not flexible. Optically uniaxial ; double refraction negative. Comp. 0. ratio for R, $, P\ &=1 : 6 : 5 : 8 ; whence J? 2 ^+pu fl-f 7 &, Dana. Analyses : 1, R. Phillips (1. c.); 2, Berzelius (1. c.); 3, Werther(J. pr. Ch., xliii. 334); 4, Pisani (C. R., lii. 81*7); 5, Church (Ch. News, xiL 183) : Cu & 1. Cornwall 16'0 60'0 9'0 14'5=99-5 Phillips. 2. " 15-57 61-29 8'44 15*05 = 100*45 Berzelius. 3' 14-34 59-03 8*27 15'39, Si 0'49, earthy substance 0'41 Werther. 4. 14-0 59-67 8-50 15'00, sand 0'40=97'57 Pisani. 5] " 13-94 61-00 8-56 14'16, Is 1*96, Ca 0'62=100-24 Church. Pyr., etc. In the closed tube yields water. In the forceps fuses at 2'5 to a blackish mass, and colors the flame green. With salt of phosphorus gives a green bead, which with tin on charcoal becomes on cooling opaque red (copper). With soda on charcoal gives a globule of copper. Affords a phosphid with the sodium test. Soluble in nitric acid. Obs. Gunnis Lake formerly afforded splendid crystallizations of this species, and also Tincroft and Wheal Buller, near Redruth, and elsewhere in Cornwall. Found also at Johanngeorgenstadt, and Eibenstock and Schnedberg, in Saxony ; in Bohemia, at Joachimsthal and Zinnwald ; in Bel- gium, at Vielsalm. A variety from Providence in Cornwall is hi 8-sided tables with a low pyra- mid, and has a leek-green color, with G.=3'329 3'372 (Breith., B. H. Ztg., xxiv. 303). The angle A 2 is given by Mohs, Haidinger, and Naumann =108 29' ; by Hessenberg (Min. Not., vi. 41) 108 38'; Kokscharof (Min. Russl., v. 35) 108 56'; the mean of his measurements of Cornwall and Schlackenwald crystals being 108 53' 23" and 71 5' 21". Similar figures are given by G-reg & Lettsom, Min., 384. The angles of B. & M. do not agree with any of the meas- urements. First named torberite (torbernite) by Werner, after the chemist Torber Bergmann \Lai. Torbernus, as written by Bergmann himself]. Then, this naming after persons having been denounced as an innovation (see Karsten's Werner's Verbess., 43, 1793), Werner substituted Chakolite (fr. %a\K6^ copper, signifying, as he says, " ein Kupfer haltender Stein ") in allusion to Bergmann'^s deter- mination in 1780 that the mineral was muriate of copper. When, finally, it was shown b*y Klap- roth to be an ore of uranium instead of copper, Werner, with Karsten and others, threw aside chalcolite, because false in signification, and used Uranglimmer (uran-mica). Chalcolite has since crept back again, but is no more appropriate now than it was sixty years ago. The name tor- berite was written as it should be, torbernite, by some mineralogists of last century. Both this species and the autunite have gone under the common name of uranite ; the former also as Copper-uranite, the latter Lime-uranite. 573. AUTUNITE. Yar. of Uranglimmer, Urankalk, or Chalcolite, of authors prior to 1819. Sel a base de chaux, 6u 1'oxide d'urane joue le role d'acide, Berz., N. Syst. Min., 295, 1819. Uranit Berz., Jahresb., iv. 46, 1823. Kalk-Uranit Germ. Lime-Urauite. Autunite B. & M., 519, 1852. Calcouranit Breith., B. H. Ztg., xxiv. 302, 1865. Orthorhombic ; but form very nearly square, and crystals resembling closely those of torbernite. Cleavage : basal eminent, as in torbernite. A 2-fcl09 6', O A 2-fcl09 IT, 2-1 A 2-5=95 52', 2-5 A 1 (plane on edge 2-/2-*}=138 30', Descl. Planes 24, 2-2 correspond to 2 of torbernite. H. 2 2-5. G. 3-05 3*19. Lustre of pearly; elsewhere subada- mantine. Color citron- to sulphur-yellow. Streak yellowish. Translu- cent. Optically biaxial, Descl. Comp 0. ratio for R, g, , fi=l : 6 : 5 : 8 ; whence 2 + Ca + 7 fl, Dana,:= Phosphoric acid 15-7, oxyd of uranium 62*7. lime 6'1. water 15-5=100. Analvses- 1 Berzelius (\ cV 2 Pisani (C. R., lii. 817) : S Ca Mg, Mn 3a .Sn fi 1. Autun 15-20 61'73 5'88 0'20 1-57 0'06 15-48=100-12 Berzelius. 2. 13-40 56-47 5'60 - - - 20-00=98-67 Pisani. HYDROUS PHOSPHATES AND AESENATES. 587 Pyr., etc. Same as for torbernite, but no reaction for copper. Obs. Autunite is found usually with other ores of uranium, associated with silver, tin, and iron ores. Occurs in the Siebeugebirge, in the hornstone of a trachytic range ; at Johanngeorgen- stadt and Eibenstock ; at Lake Onega, Wolf Island, Russia ; near Limoges, and at St. Symphorien near Autun ; formerly at South Basset, Wheal Edwards, and near St. Day, England. Occurs sparingly at the Middletown (Ct.) feldspar quarry, associated with columbite and albite, in minute tabular crystals and thin scales, of light green and lemon-yellow colors ; also in minute crystals at Chesterfield, Mass., on the quartz or albite, and sometimes in the red centres of tour- malines, and at Acworth, N. H., straw-yellow and light green ; also in a gneiss quarry on the Schuylkill, near Philadelphia, about ^ m. above the suspension bridge. Descloizeaux makes autunite to differ from torbernite (Ann. d. M., V. xiv. 1857) in being optically biaxial, and therefore orthorhombic ; and the planes 2 of the latter thus become 2-1 and 2-?, as they incline unequally to the base. The angles are still very closely the same, the pyramidal 95 52', being in torbernite 96 6', Kokscharof; 95 52', Hessenberg; 95 46', Haidinger. The species are at least closely isomorphous. Berzelius calls the uranite of Cornwall and that of Autun, respectively, chalcolite and uranite, in his article announcing the composition, in Jahresb., iv. 146, 147, 1823 ; and the special application of uranite to this species dates from that time. Yet, in order to avoid confusion from the double use of the name, it is better to adopt for the species the name of autunite, from one of its noted localities. FRITZSCHEITE Breith., B. H. Ztg., xxiv. 302, 1865. A mineral much resembling uranite in its four-sided quadratic (or nearly so) tables, with a perfect basal cleavage ; with H. = 2 2'5 ; G-.= 3*504?; vitreous to pearly in lustre ; reddish-brown to hyacinth-red in color and streak ; trans- lucent ; affording Fritzsche (1. c.) reactions for oxyd of uranium, protoxyd of manganese, vanadic acid, phosphoric acid, and water. The red color is attributed to the manganese, and it is consid- ered a mangan-uranite containing some vanadic acid. It occurs with crystals of autunite and torbernite at Neuhammer, near Neudeck in Bohemia, in a hematite mine ; at Johanngeorgen- stadt, of fine red color, with torbernite. Bed crystals in groups, supposed to be this mineral, have been observed on specimens of uranite from Autun, and from Steinig, near Elsterberg, in Saxon Voigtland. May it be an altered uranite ? 574. AMPHITHALITE. Amfithalit Igelstrom, CEfv. Ak. Stockh., 1866, 93, B. H. Ztg., xxv. 309, 1866. Massive. H. 6. Color milk-white. Subtranslucent. 0. ratio for &, S, , S=l : 10-25 : 7-5 : 5. Analysis : Igelstrom (L c.) : P" l Mg Ca fl 30-06 48-50 1-55 5'76 12'47=98'34 Igelstrom. B.B. infusible. Insoluble in acids. Occurs in the quartzite of Horrsjoberg, Wermland, with lazulite, rutile, and cyanite. Named from ap^aAfo, becrowned, since it usually occurs surrounded by other beautiful minerals, though unattractive itself. 574A. Hydrous Phosphate of Alumina and Lime Damour (L'Institut, 1853, 78). Compact, of a pale or dark brick-red color. Scratches glass feebly. G.=3'194. Supposed by Damour to be a hydrophosphate of alumina and lime. B.B. in a tube gives considerable water ; and in a platinum crucible at a red heat loses 12-70 p. c. of water. Found in rolled pebbles with the diamond sand of Bahia. 574B. Cupreous Phosphate of Alumina. Domeyko (Min., 2d ed. 425) describes a mineral from San L9renzo de la Ligna, Chili, occurring in a decomposed feldspathic rock, giving on analysis $ 17-7, Si 7-6, l 46-3, Cu 6'3, Fe 3'3, fl 18-8=100. Its color is a pale turquois-blue ; structure compact, homogeneous, and so soft as to be scratched by the nail 575. SPHJERITE. Sphserit v. Zepharovich, Ber. Ak. Wien, Ivi. 1867. In globular concretions with a drusy faceted surface, without a distinct fibrous or concentric structure. Cleavage distinct in one direction. H.=4. G.= 2*536. Lustre greasy- vitreous, glimmering. Color light gray, more or less reddish or bluish, the red color from mixture with hema- tite. Translucent. 588 OXYGEN COMPOUNDS. Comp.-0. ratio for ffl, , fl=3 : 2 : 3* ; A-l 5 2 +16 H=Phosphpric acid 26-1 alumina 47'4, water 26'5=100. Analyses: A, Boricky (1. c.); B, same, with Si, Ca, Mg, and some P (for these bases) excluded : p XI Mg Ca H Si A. (1)28-58 42-36 2'60 1'41 2403 0-87=99-85. B. 26-80 46-71 26'49 =100. Pyr., etc. Yields water. B.B. is infusible, and colors the flame bluish-green. With cobalt solution a fine blue. Obs. Occurs lining cavities or seams hi hematite, at Zajecov, Bohemia, m Lower Silurian schists, along with wavellite. Alt. Becomes opaque white, dull, and earthy by alteration. 576, BORICKTTE. Delvauxene (fr. Leoben) v. Hauer, Jahrb. G-. Reichs. 1854, 68 ; (fr. Nena- covic) Boricky, Nat. ZS. Lotos, March, 1867. Borickite Dana. Eeniform massive. Compact, without cleavage. H.=3-5. G.=2-696 2-707. Lustre weak waxy. Color reddish-brown. Streak the same as color. Opaque. Comp. 0. ratio for fi+K, , H=3 : 2 : 3, with & : 8=1 : 7 ; =Ca, B=e ; (3Pe, Ca 3 ) 5 P" 8 + 15H. Analyses: 1, v. Hauer (1. .); 2, Boricky (L c.): P" 3Pe Mg Ca H 1. Leoben (|) 20'49 52*29 8-16 19-06=100 Hauer. 2. Nenacovic 19-35 52'99 0'41 7'29 19'96=100 Boricky. Pyr., etc. Yields water. B.B. fuses easily to a black mass. Soluble in muriatic acid. Obs. From Leoben hi Styria, and hi a Lower Silurian schist at Nenacovic hi Bohemia. PHOSPHATES OR ARSENATES, COMBINED WITH SULPHATES. t 580. DIADOCHITE. Diadochit Breith., J. pr. Oh., x. 503, 1837. Phosphoreisensinter Eamm. Reniform or stalactitic ; structure curved lamellar. H.=3. G.= 2-035. Lustre resinous, inclining to vitreous. Color yellow or yellowish-brown. Streak uncolored. Fragile ; fracture con- choidal. Comp. e 8 a +2 Pe S 3 +32 H=Phosphoric acid 14-3, sulphuric acid 16-2, sesquioxyd of iron 40-4, water 29-1 = 100. Analysis by Plattner (Ramm. 1st Suppl, 45) : $ 14-811 S 15-145 e 39-690 H 30-344=100. Near iron sinter (pitticite), with phosphoric acid in place of arsenic acid. Pyr., etc. Yields much water hi the closed tube, and swells up, becoming lustreless and opaque yellow ; when ignited gives off sulphuric acid. B.B. in the forceps swells up and falls to powder, but carefully ignited fuses easily to a grayish-black slag, and colors the flame bluish- green. On charcoal affords a steel-gray magnetic globule. With soda affords metallic particles, and gives a sulphid which blackens silver. With borax and salt of phosphorus reacts for iron. Soluble in muriatic acid. Obs. From alum-slate near Grafenthal and Saalfeld in Thuringia. Named from ^deJo^oj, a successor, on the supposition that it is an iron sinter, in which phosphoric acid has replaced the arsenic acid. HYDROUS PHOSPHATES AND AESENATES. 589 581. PITTIOITE. Eisenpecherz Karsten [not Wem], Tab., 66, 98, 1808. Fer oxyde resinite ffa&y, Tab!., 98, 1809. Pittizit Hausm., Handb., 285, 1813. Eisensinter Wern., Hoffm. Min., iii. b, 302, 1816; iv. b, 141, 181*7 ; fr. Freiesleben G-. Arb., v. 74, 261. Arseneisensinter Germ. Pitchy Iron Ore. Diarsenate of Iron. Sideretine Beud., Tr., ii. 609, 1832 [not Pittizite Beud., p. 484]. Pitticit Hausm., Handb., 1022, 1847. Reniform and massive. H. = 2 3. G. 2*2 2'5. Lustre vitreous, sometimes greasy. Color yellowish and reddish-brown, blood-red and white. Streak yellow white. Translucent opaque. Comp. Analyses afford varying results. 0. ratio for $, S, A*s, H, from Stromeyer's analysis, approximately 6:3:5:15, whence Pe A's+3Pe S+15 H= Arsenic acid 25*6, sulphuric acid 8*9, oxyd of iron 35*6, water 29-9=100; from the Schwarzenberg ore (No. 6) 12 : 9 : 10 : 24; whence Rammelsberg deduces e 3 Is 2 +e S 3 +24fi; perhaps 2 e Is + 3 (e, H 3 ) S+21 H; or 2 e A"s+3Pe S 3 +21 H+J?e H 3 Arsenic acid 26*0, sulphuric acid 13*6, oxyd of iron 86*1, water 24*3 =100. 1, Stromeyer (Gilb. Ann., Ixi. 181); 2, Laugier (Ann. Ch., xxx. 325); 3, Kersten (Schw. J., liii. 176); 4, 5, Rammelsberg (Fogg., Ixii. 139); 6, id. (5th Suppl., 102): Is S Fe Mn H 1. Freiberg 26*06 19-14 33-10 0-64 29-26=99-09 Stromeyer. 2. " 20 14 35 tr. 30=99 Laugier. 3. " 30-25 40-45 28-50=99*20 Kersten. 4. Seiglitzstollen 24-67 5*20 54*66 15'47 = 100 Rammelsberg. 5. " 28-45 4-36 58-00 12*59=100 Rammelsberg. 6. Schwarzenberg 26'70 13'91 34*85 24*54=100 Rammelsberg. Pyr., etc. In the closed tube yields water, and at a high heat gives off sulphurous acid. In the forceps and on charcoal like scorodite. With soda on charcoal gives arsenical fumes and a sulphid which blackens silver. Obs. Occurs in old mines near Freiberg and Schneeberg in Saxony, and elsewhere. An ore on Hopkins's farm near Edenville, N. Y., is referred by Beck to this species. For an iron-sinter without the sulphate, see under SCORODITE. 582. BEUDANTITE. Levy, Ann. Phil., II. xi. 194, 1826. Rhombohedral. R A 72=91 18 7 (mean), Dauber. Occurring planes : 0, 5, 10, j??, -1. -2, -f, -4, -5 ; crystals modified acute rhombohedrons. Cleavage : basal, easy. Basal plane (0) flat, dull ; R bright, curved. II.=3'5 4*5. G.=4 4'3. Lustre vitreous. Subadam an tine, resinous. Color dark to clear olive-green, yellowish-green, black, brown. Streak greenish-gray to yellow, usually opaque, rarely transparent. Var. 1. A mineral containing phosphoric acid, with little or no arsenic; the mineral from Cork and Dernbach. 2. Containing arsenic acid, with little phosphoric acid ; mineral from Hor- hausen. E A J?, in crystals from Cork, 91 18', Dauber; from Dernbach, 91 9', Dauber; from Horhausen, 92 30', Levy; 91 48', Dauber. The Cork crystals are black, brown, or green and opaque; G-. =4"295, green, Ramm. ; those of Dernbach, olive-green to yellowish-green, sometimes trans- parent, with H.=3-5, G-. =4-00 18, Sandberger. The Horhausen mineral was the original beudantite. Comp. Results varying much. Analyses: 1, Sandberger (Pogg., c. 611); 2, Rammelsberg (ib., 581); 3, 4, Percy (Phil. Mag., II. xxxvii. 161); 5, Sandberger (L c.): A. Phosphatic variety. $ la S Pe Pb Ou H 1. Dernbach (f) 13*22 tr. 4-61 44*11 26-92 tr. 11 -44 Sandberger. 2. Cork, green (f) 8'97 0'24 13-76 40*69 24*05 2-45 9*77 Rammelsberg. 590 OXYGEN COMPOUNDS. Is S e Pb H 3. Horhausen 1'46 9-68 12-31 42'46 24-47 8-49=98-87 Percy. 4. tt ncZ. 13-60 12-35 37'65 29'52 8'49=101-61 Percy. 5- xii 25, Jahresb!,' 1862, 759, Am? Oh. Pharm., cxxxix. 252); 9, Lunge (ib., cxxxviii. 51); 10, Kletzinski (Polyfc. Centr., 1859, 1384, 12 > saivetat " S Ca Na g H NaCl 1. Iquique [49'5] 15'9 8'8 - 25'8 - =100 Ulex [46-46] 14-32 8'22 0*51 27'22 265, MO, sand 0'32=100 Dick. BOKATES. 599 S Ca Na & H NaCl 3. Iquique [43-70] 13-13 6*67 0'83 35-67 =100 Ramm. 4. " [46-30] 14-03 6'17 32*61 1-89=100 Helbig. 5. " 42-48 14-39 7 '72 36-51 =100 Kraut. 6. " [47-20] 16-24 6'38 30-18 =100 Kraut. 7. " [48-22] 17-68 5'42 28*68 =100 Kraut. S.Africa 45-74 13-45 7-03 33'78 =100 Kraut. 9. Iquique 44-38 12-69 5'58 36'85 , Mg 0*50=100 Lunge. 10. W. Africa 36-91 14-02 8'59 37*40 2-19, Na S 0-89=100 Kletzinski. 11. Iquique 34'71 14-45 11'95 34-00 , 01 1'34, MO, Si 0'60, sand 2'00=100'15 P. 12. " 34-74 15-78 8'33 35-00 0'81, S 0'34, earthy 2'90= 100 Salvetat. 13. N. Scotia [41-97] 13'95 8-36 34'39 , S 1'29, Mg 0*04=100 How. 14. " [44-10] 14-20 7-21 34'49 =100 How. G. of anal. 10=1-912. In analysis 3, 3'17 chlorid of sodium, 0'41 sulphate of soda, and 0'39 sulphate of lime are excluded. Pyr., etc. Yields water. B.B. fuses at 1 with intumescence to a clear blebby glass, coloring the flame deep yellow. Moistened with sulphuric acid the color of the flame is momentarily change 1 to deep green. Not soluble in cold water, and but little so hi hot; the solution alkaline in its reactions. Obs. Occurs in the dry plains of Iquique, Southern Peru ; in the province of Tarapaca* (where it is called tiza\ in whitish rounded masses, from a hazelnut to a potato in size, which consist of interwoven fibres of the ulexite, with pickeringite, glauberite, halite, gypsum, and other impuri- ties ; on the West Africa coast ; in Nova Scotia, at Windsor, Brookville, and Newport (H. How), filling narrow cavities, or constituting distinct nodules or mammillated masses imbedded in white gypsum, and associated at Windsor with glauber salt, the lustre internally silky and the color very white ; in Nevada, in the salt marsh of the Columbus Mining District, forming layers 2-5 in. thick alternating with layers of salt, and in balls 3-4 in. through in the salt. Named after Ulex, who gave the first correct analysis of the mineral. Alt. Occurs altered to gypsum. Hayesine Dana (Hydrous Borate of Lime A. A. Hayes, Am. J. Sci., xlvi. 377, xlvii. 215, 1844; Borocalcite; Hydroborocalcite Hausm., Handb., 1429, 1847) from southern Peru, is the above. It comes from the same locality, and has the same appearance ; and all analyses of the Peruvian mineral since that by Hayes have found soda to be an essential constituent. Hayes obtained B 46-11, Ca 18-89, H 35'00=100, with the formula CaB 2 +6H ; and he attributed the soda found by Ulex to the mixed glauberite. 603. ORYPTOMORPHITE. H. How, Am. J. Sci., II. xxxii. 9, 1861. In kernels apparently uncrystalline, but under a high magnifying power shown to consist of thin tables or plates, rhombic in outline, and about 80 in angle. Without lustre. Color white. Comp. 0. ratio for Na, Ca, B, H, according to How, from an imperfect analysis, 1 : 3 : 27 : 12 =Boric acid 58-5, lime 15*6, soda 5'8, water 20'1 = 100, and no satisfactory formula. 1 : 3 : 24 : 12 would give the more probable composition (i(Na, Ca) + H)B + H=Boric acid 55'6, lime 16'7, soda 6-2, water 21-5=100. Analysis: How (1. c.): B Ca Na H Mg S A. 53-98 14-21 7-25 19'76 0'62 3'98=100. B. 59-10 15-55 5-61 19-72 B is the result after removing the magnesia and part of the soda in the state of sulphates aa impurities. Pyr,, etc. Same as under ulexite. Obs. Occurs in white lustreless kernels of the size of a pea or bean lying between crystals of * The province of Tarapaca is between 19 and 21i S. lat, and 3000 to 3500 feet above the 600 OXYGEN COMPOUNDS. glauber salt. The tabular character of the material is supposed to be evidence of distinction from ulexite, which is capillary in its forms. Breadth of tables about '0048 of an inch, Robb. Named from /cpwro?, concealed, and po^r,, form, in allusion to the invisibility of the structure except under a microscope. 604. LARDERELLITE. Bechi, Am. J. ScL, II. xvii. 130. Yery light, white, and tasteless. Appearing under the microscope to be made up of minute oblique rectangular tables; M A T=110, Amici. Comp. N H 4 B 4 + 4 H ; or, more probably, making the water partly basic, (J N H 4 + f 3) B + li H. Analysis by E. Bechi (L c.) : B 68-556 NH 4 12'734 fi 18'325 Dissolves in hot water, and is transformed into a new salt, represented by the formula N H 4 O B+9H, or(iNH 4 + H)B 2 +2|H. Obs. Occurs at the Tuscan lagoons. 605. LAGONITE. Borate de Fer Omalius d'Halloy, 1833. Lagonite Huot, Min., i. 290, 1841. Sideroborine Huot, I 273, 1841. Lagunit Kenng. An earthy mineral of an ochreous yellow color. Comp. 3PeB 3 +3^[=:Boric acid 49-5, sesquioxyd of iron 37-8, water 12-7=100. Analysis by Prof. Bechi (Am. J. ScL, II. xvii. 129): B 47-95 3Pe 36-26 fi 14'02 Mg, Ca, and loss l-ff Occurs as an incrustation at the Tuscan lagoons. First mentioned by Beudant. 606. WARWIOKITE. Shepard, Am. J. Sci., xxxiv. 313, 1838, xxxvi. 85, 1839. Enceladite T. S. Hunt, ib., II. ii. 30, 1846, xi. 352. Monoclinic? /A 7=93 94. Usual in rhombic prisms with obtuse edges truncated, and the acute bevelled, summits generally rounded ; sur- faces of larger crystals not polished. Cleavage : macrodiagonal perfect, affording surface with vertical striae and traces of oblique cross cleavage. H.^3-4. G.=3'19-3'43 ; 3-351, small crystals, and 3'423, large id., Brush. Lustre of cleavage surface submetallic-pearly to sub vitreous ; often nearly dull. Color dark hair-brown to dull black, sometimes a copper-red tinge on cleavage surface. Streak bluish-black. Fracture uneven. Brittle. Comp. Essentially a borotitanate of magnesia and iron, with 15 to 20 p. c. of boric acid, Smith and Brush (Am. J. ScL, II. xvi. 293). T. S. Hunt found in small lustrous unaltered crys- tals (Am. J. ScL, II. xi. 352): Ti31-5 Mg43-5 Fe 8'1 ign. 2-0 with a loss of 14*99 p. c., which Smith and Brush show to be boric acid. Pyr., etc. Yields water. B.B. infusible, but becomes lighter in water ; moistened with sul- phuric acid gives a pale green color to the flame. With salt of phosphorus in O.F. a clear bead, yellow while hot and colorless on cooling; in R.F. on charcoal with tin a violet color (titanic acid). With soda a slight manganese reaction. Decomposed by sulphuric acid; the product, treated with alcohol and ignited, gives a green flame, and boiled with muriatic acid and metallic tin gives on evaporation a violet-colored solution. Obs. Occurs in granular limestone 2- m. S.W. of Edenville, N. Y., with spinel, chondrodite, serpentine, etc. Crystals usually small and slender ; sometimes over 2 in. long and f in. broad. The ktter are the enceladite of Hunt. TUNGSTATES, MOLYBDATES, VANADATES. 601 5. TUNGSTATES, MOLYBDATES, VANADATES. ARRANGEMENT OF THE SPECIES. I. TUNGSTATES AND MOLYBDATES. 610. WOLFRAMITE A (Fe + Mn)W B (|Fe + fMn)W D 611. HiJBNERITE 612. FERBERITE 613. MEGABASITE 614. SCHEELITE 615. CUPROSCHEELITE 616. STOLZITE 617. WULFENITE 618. PATERAITE Fe : Mn=2 : 1, 3 : 1, 5 : 1 MnW CaW PbW PbSlo W0 2 ||0 2 ||(tFe+fMn) W0 2 |j0 2 ||aF- W0 2 |0 2 ||Mn W 2 ||0 2 ||6a W0 2 ||0 2 ||Pb Mo 2 ||0 2 |Pb II. VANADATES. 619. DECHENITE 620. DESCLOIZITE 621. VANADINITE 622. YOLBORTHITE 623. CHILEITE 3jb 3 V+PbCl Cu,Y,H 2 ||0 2 fl(Pb, Zn) C1 2 610. WOLFRAMITE. Lupi Spuma, Lapis niger ex quo conflatur candidum plumbum [=Tin], Agric., Foss., 255, 1546. Yolfram, Ferrum arsenico mineraliaatum, Spuma Lupi (fr. tin veins), WaK., Min., 268, 1747. Magnesia [=Manganese] parva cum portione martis et jovis mixta, Wolfram (fr. Altenberg), Cronst., Min., 107, 1758. Wolfram =TUNGSTIC Aero, Iron, and Mang., tfElhuyar, Chem. Zergl. Wolframs., 1785. Tungstate of Iron and Manganese. Scheelin ferru- gine H., Tr., iv. 1801. Wolframit Bretih., Char., 227, 1832. Orthorhombic. /A 7=101 5', Eose (101 45 ', Kerndt; 101, Descloi- zeaux); I 'A fz=140 32 r ; i-i A -= 117 20 r ; l-i A 14, over the summit, =99 12' ; i-i A ^'-5=15Y 38'. Crystals often monoclinic in habit, half of the planes ^ 1, \-l, and 2-5, being absent or much smaller than the other half. Cleavage : i-i perfect, i-i imperfect. Twins : planes of composition i-i, f-2, and rarely -J-l. Also irregular lamellar; coarse divergent columnar ; massive granular, the particles strongly coherent. H.=5 5*5. G.=T'l 7*55. Lustre submetallic. Color dark grayish or brownish-black. Streak dark reddish-brown to black. Opaque. Some- times weak magnetic. 602 OXYGEN COMPOUNDS. Var. The most important varieties depend on the proportions of the iron and manganese. Those rich in manganese have G-.=7-19 7 '54, but generally below 7 '2 5, and the streak is mostly black. Those rich in iron have Gr.=7*2 7 '54, and a dark reddish-brown streak, and they are sometimes feebly attractable by the magnet. * H H H 1 14 2-2 t-2 J t-2 494 495 Observed Planes. Comp. (Fe, Mn) W; mostly either 2 Fe W+3 Mn W, or 4 Fe W+Mn W; but also ratios 2 : 1, 3 : 1, 5 : 1, and 1 : 4. Analyses : 1, G-. J. Popplein (Mining Mag., II. i. 359) ; 2, C. S. Rodman (priv. contrib.) ; 3, Ber- nouilli (Fogg., cxL 603) ; 4, 5, Schaflfgotsch (Pogg., lii. 475) ; 6, Ebelmen (Ann. Ch. Phys., III. viii. 505); 7, Kussin (Eamm. 3d SuppL, 127); 8, Bernoulli (1. c.); 9, Weidinger (ZS. Pharm., 1855, 71); 10, R. Schneider (J. pr. Ch., xlix. 322); 11-16, Kerndt (J. pr. Ch., xlii. 81); 17, BernouiUi (1. c.); 18, 19, Schaffgotsch (La); 20, Kerndt (1. c.); 2 1-24, Bernouilli (1. c.); 25, R. Petzold (Pogg., xciii. 474); 26, Ebelmen (L c.); 27, Rammelsberg (2d SuppL, 175); 28-30, Kerndt (1. c.); 31-33, R. Schneider (1. c.) ; 34, F. A. Genth (Am. J. Sci., II. xxviii. 253) ; 35, Berzelius (Schw. J., xvi. 476): 1. St. Francis R., Mo. 2. Madison Co., " 3. Zinnwald L Ratio of FeW to Mn W=l : 4. G. W Fe Mn Ca 6-67 (1)75-40 5-69 19'38 1-13=100-60 Popplein. 74-65 4-96 20-25 =99'81 Rodman. 76-20 5-60 17-94 =99'74 BernouillL II. Ratio of Fe W to Mn W"=2 : 3. 4. Zinnwald 5. " 6. " 7. 8. " 9. " 10. " 11. " 12. " 13. Monroe, Ct. 14. 15. Schlackenwald 16. Altenberg 17. Traversella -100 Schaffgotsch. =100 Schaflfgotsch. 0'48=: 100-05 Ebelmen. =99-34 Kussin. tr., Ob 1-10=99-96 Bernouilli. 2-27, Ti 1-89, fi 0-31 = 100-99 W 1-19=100-91 R. Schneider. =100-16 Kerndt. =100-02 Kerndt. =99-26 Kerndt. =100-00 Kerndt. =99-54 Kerndt. =99-98 Kerndt III. Ratio of Fe W to Mn W=2 : 1 nearly. 75-99 16-29 3'45 4'03=99'76 BernouillL IV. Ratio of Fe W to Mn W=3 : 1, 4 : 1, or 5 : 1. 7-191 75-33 9-55 15-12 7-191 75-66 9-49 14-85 (I) 75-99 9-62 13-96 75-92 9-38 14-04 75-15 9-72 13-99 75-62 8-73 12-17 76-01 9-81 13-90 7-223 76-34 9-61 14-21 7-2317-22 75-62 9-55 14-85 7-4117-486 75-47 9-53 14-26 7-2087-269 75-96 9-74 14-50 7-4827-535 75-68 9-56 14-30 7-198 7-189 75-44 9-64 14-90 18. Ehrenfriedersdorf 19. Chanteloup 7-437 76-10 19-16 4-74 =100 Schaffgotsch. 76-00 18-33 5-67 =100 Schaffgotsch. TUNGSTATES, MOLYBDATES, VANADATE8. 603 20. Chanteloup 21. " 22. " 23. Zinnwald 24. " 25. Stolberg 26. Limoges 27. Harzegerode 28. " 29. Montevideo 30. Nertschiusk 31. Harz, Glasebach 32. " Pfaffenberg 33. " Meiseberg 34. Flowe M., N. C. 35. Cumberland G. 7-48 7-51 7-143 7-23 7-57-513 7'5 7-496 w Fe Mn 75-83 19-32 4-84 75-68 18-77 5-01 75-75 18-08 5-75 75-98 18-51 5-02 76-13 18-49 5-10 76-57 1898 4-90 () 76-20 19-19 4-48 75-56 20-17 3-54 75-90 19-25 4-80 76-02 19-21 4-75 75-64 19-55 4-81 76-04 19-61 4-98 76-21 18-54 5-23 76-25 20-27 3-96 75-79 19-80 5-35 74-67 17-59 5-64 =99-99 Kerndt. 0-22 = 99-68 Bernoulli!. , Ob 0-31=99-89 Bernouilli. , Cb 0'52 = 100-03 Bernouilli =99-72 Beniouilli. 0-70=100-95 Petzold. , Mg 0-80= 100-67 Ebelm. =99-27 Rammelsberg. =99-95 Kemdt. =99-98 Kerndt. =100-00 Kerndt. , Mgtr. = 100-92 Sch. " 0-36=100-74 Sch. " 0-15 = 100-91 Sch. 0-32, Sn l-i, 3-3, 1-2 ; hemihedral in the planes 3-3 and 1-2. 496 A 1=114 44' A 3-3=101 38 A 1-2= 120 21 1 A 1, pyr.,=100 4 1 A 1, bas.,=130 33 l-i A l-i, pyr.,=107 18' l-i A l-i, has., =113 54 1 A 1-^=140 2 1-2 A 1=156 59 3-3 A 1=151 16 Cleavage : 1 most distinct, l-i interrupted, traces. Twins : composition-face 2 ; also i-i. Crystals usually octahedral in form, resembling f. 496. Also reniform with columnar structure ; and massive granular. H.=4-5 5. G.=5-9 6-076. Lustre vitreous, in- clining to adamantine. Color white, yellowish-white, Schlackenwald. pale yellow, brownish, greenish, reddish ; sometimes almost orange-yellow. Streak white. Transparent translucent. Frac- ture uneven. Brittle. Comp. Ca W=Lime 19*4, tungstic acid 80'6=100. Analyses : 1, Klaproth (Beitr., in. 44) ; 2, Berzelius (Af h. i Fys., iv. 305) ; 3, 4, Brandes & Bucholz (Schweig. J., xx. 285); 5, Himmelbach (ZS. G-., xv. 607); 6, Bernouilli (Pogg., cxi. 607); 7, Choubine (Ann. d. M. Russ., 317, 1841); 8, Rammelsberg (Pogg., Ixxviii. 514); 9, Bowen (Am. J. ScL, v. 118); 10, F. A. Genth (Am. J. ScL, II. xxviii. 252); 11, Domeyko (Ann. d. M., IV. iii. 15); 12, Delesse (Bull. G-. Soc., II. x. 17): 1. Cornwall 2. Westmannland, Sweden 3. Schlackenwald 4. Zinnwald 5. Riesengebirge 6. Traversella 7. Katherinenburg 8. Neudorf 9. Monroe, Ct. 10. Bangle M., K C. 11. Llamuco, Chili 12. Framont w Ca Si 75-25 18-70 1-50 80-42 19-40 78-00 19-06 2-00 76-50 16-60 2-94 80-10* 19-30 80-70 19-25 78-41 18-88 _^__ 78-64 21-56 76-05 19-36 2-54 79-52 19-31 75-75 18-05 0-75 80-35 19-40 1-25, Mn 0-75=97-45 Klaproth. - =99-82 Berzelius. - =99-06 Brandes & Bucholz. 1-50, Ca and l 1 -1=98-54 Brandes & B. tr., &1, Mg tr., ign. 0'50 Himmelbach. -- =99-95 Bernouilli. - , Mg 0-65 = 97-94 Ch. G.=6'071. - =1UO-20 Rammelsberg. G-.=6'03. 1-03, Mn 0-31=99-29 Bowen. 0-18, Sn 0-13, Cu 0-08=99-22 Gtenth, - , Cu 3-30=97-85 Domeyko. =99-75 Delesse. "Trace of silica. 606 OXYGEN COMPOUNDS. The brothers Elhuyart obtained (see for ref. under WOLFRAM) W 68, Ca 30, ign. 2=100. Fyr., etc. B.B. in the forceps fuses at 5 to a serai-transparent glass. ^Soluble with borax to a transparent glass, which afterward becomes opaque and crystalline. "With salt of phosphorus forms a glass, colorless in outer flame, in inner green when hot, and fine blue cold ; varieties con- taining iron require to be treated on charcoal with tin before the blue color appears. In muriatic or nitric acid decomposed, leaving a yellow powder soluble in ammonia. Obs. Tungstate of lime is usually associated with crystalline rocks, and is commonly found in connection with tin ore, topaz, fluorite, apatite, molybdenite, or wolfram, in quartz. Occurs at Schlackenwald and Zinnwald in Bohemia ; in the Riesengebirge ; in fine crystals at Caldbeck Fell, near Keswick, with apatite, molybdenite, and wolfram. Also at Schellgaden in Salzberg; Neudorf in the Harz ; Ehrenfriedersdorf in Saxony; Posing in Hungary; Traversella in Piedmont, in fine crystals, sometimes transparent ; Dalecarlia and Bitsberg in Sweden ; Fra- mont in the Vosges, with pyrite in polished crystals, giving Delesse for the angles of octahedron 1, 100 5' and 130 31', G.=6'05; at the copper mines of Llamuco, near Chuapa in Chili, of a reddish-gray color, mixed with green, due to chrysocolla. In the United States, crystallized and massive at Lane's Mine, Monroe, and at Huntington, Conn., with wolfram, pyrite, rutile, and native bismuth, in quartz; at Chesterfield, Mass., in albite, with tourmaline; in the Mammoth mining district, Nevada; at Bangle mine, in Cabanas Co., N. C. ; and Flowe mine, Mecklenburg Co., some crystals at the latter locality having a nucleus of wolfram. Tungstic acid was discovered in this species by the Swedish chemist Scheele, in 1781. The word tungsten, first used by Cronstedt, is Swedish for heavy stone. Alt. Occurs altered to wolfram, a tungstate of iron and manganese, by the action of a solution of bicarbonate of iron and manganese, or perhaps mainly through sulphate of iron arising from the decomposition of pyrite. Also to kaolinite (at Ehrenfriedersdorf). 615. CUPROSCHEELITE. J. D. Whitney, Proc. Gal. Acad., iii. 287, 1866. Crystalline-granular. Cleavage distinct in one direction. H.=4'5 5. Lustre highly vitreous. Color pistachio-green, passing to olive- and leek-green. Streak light greenish-gray. Comp. 0. ratio for S, W=l : 3; Ou W + 2 Ca W=Tungstic acid 78*43, oxyd of copper 8'95, lime 12-62=100. Analysis: Whitney (L c.): W 79-69 Ou 6-77 Fe 0'31 Ca 10'95 & 1-40=99-12. Pyr., etc. In the closed tube blackens, and gives off water. B.B. fuses on the edges to a black glass, and colors the flame an intense green. On charcoal blackens, fuses with a little intumescence, forming finally a slag containing minute particles of metallic copper. With fluxes gives tungstic acid and copper reactions. Easily soluble in muriatic acid, tungstic acid bein* separated. ., in the vicinitv of La Paz > L ower California, in a red metamorphic rock, associated with black tourmaline. Domeyko has analyzed a mineral from Chili containing 3'3 p. c. of oxyd of copper. See under SCHEELITE, anal. 11. 616. STOLZITE. Scheel-Bleispath Breith., Char., 14, 1820. Tungstate of Lead. Bleischeelat, Wolframbleierz, Scheelsaures Blei, Germ. Scheelitine Beud., Tr., ii. 662, 1832. Stolzit Haid., Handb., 604, 1845. Tetragonal. A 1-^=122 33'; 0=1-567. Usual forms octahedral. Jbserved planes : 7, 1, , 2, l-i ; sometimes hemihedral. A =132 4' 1 A 1, pyr.,=99 44' l-i A l-L pyr.,=106 50' O A 1 = 114 17 1 A 1, bas.,=131 25 l-i A H bas., = 114 54 A 2=102 42 2 A 2, pyr.,=92 46 2 A 2, bas.,=154 36 Crystals often indistinctly aggregated. Cleavage : imperfect ; 1 still more so. H.=2-75 3. G.=7'87-8-13. Lustre resinous, subadamantine. Color TUNGSTATES, MOLYBDATES, VAKADATE8. 607 green, yellowish-gray, brown, and red. Streak uncolored. Faintly trans- lucent. Comp. Pb W=Tungstic acid 51, oxyd of lead 49=100. Analyses: 1, Lampadius (Schw. J., xxxi. 254); 2, Kerndt (J. pr. Ch., xlii. 116): W Pb Ca 1. Zinnwald 51'75 48-25 2. " | 51-736 45-993 1'397 0'47 1 Kerndt. , Mn - =100 Lampadius. Pyr., etc. B.B. decrepitates and fuses at 2 to a crystalline, lustrous, metallic pearl. "With soda on charcoal yields metallic lead. With salt of phosphorus gives in O.P. a colorless glass, which in R.F. becomes blue on cooling. Decomposed by nitric acid, leaving a yellow residue of tungstic acid. Obs. Stolzite occurs at Zinnwald in Bohemia, with quartz and mica ; at Bleiberg in Carinthia, with molybdate of lead ; in Chili, province of Coquimbo ; at Southampton, Mass. This species was first made known, according to Breithaupt, by Dr. Stolz, of Teplitz. 617. WULFENITB. Plumbum spatosum flavo-rubrum, ex Annaberg Austr. v. r>orn, Lithoph., i. 90, 1772. Karntherischer Bleispath v. Jacquin, MiscelL Austr., ii. 1781, Vienna; Wulfen, AbhandL K. Bleisp., Wien, 1785, foL Plomb jaune de Lisle, iii. 387, 1783. Gtelbbleierz Wem. t Bergm. J., 384, 1789. Yellow Lead-spar, Molybdenated Lead Ore, Kirwan,u. 212, 1796. Plomb molybdate JK, iii. 353, 1801. Molybdate of Lead. Molybdanbleispath, Bleimolybdat, Germ. Melinose S&ud., ii. 664, 1832. Wulfenit Raid., Handb., 504, 1841. Tetragonal. Sometimes hemihedral. A 1-^=122 26' ; a= Observed planes : ; square prismatic, /, i-i ; octagonal prismatic, ^-3, i-$, ^4, *-f ; octahedral, T V, -f, -J, 1, f ; % -i, \-i, f-^', 1-^, f- In modified square tables and octahedrons. A 1=114 12' 1 A 1, pyr.,=99 40 497 1 A 1, baa.,=131 35' 14* A 1-*, pyr.,=106 44 498 4 A \-i, bas.,=92 43' -i/\l-i, bas.,=T623 499 Phenixville. Phenixville. Cleavage : 1 very smooth ; and % much less distinct. Also granularly massive, coarse or fine, firmly cohesive. Often hemi- hedral in the octagonal prisms, producing thus tables like f. 500, and octahedral forms having the pris- matic planes similarly oblique. H.=275 3. G.=6-03 T'Ol. Lustre resinous or adamantine. Color wax-yellow, passing into orange- yellow ; also siskin- and olive-green, yellowish-gray, grayish- white, brown; also orange to bright red. Przibram. 608 OXYGEN COMPOUNDS. Streak white. Subtransparent subtranslucent. Fracture subconchoidal. Brittle. Var. 1. Ordinary. Color yellow. 2. Vanadiferous. Color orange to bright red, a variety occurring at Phenixville, Pa. Dauber found for the angle 1 A 1, in crystals from Bleiberg, 131 42' ; fr. Berggieshiibel, 131 47' ; fr. Phenixville, 131 50'; fr. Zinnwald, 131 57'; and v. Zepharovich, for crystals fr. Przibram, 131 43' 38". The last corresponds to 114 8' for A 1. Descloizeaux found for A 1 on Anti- oquia crystals=114 20', and 1 A 1 = 131 40'. Comp. PbMo=Molybdic acid 38-5, oxyd of lead 61-5 = 100. Analyses: 1, Gobel (Schw. J., xxxvii. 71); 2, Melling (Rammelsberg 1st SuppL, 59); 3, 4, Parry and J. Brown (Proc. PhiL Soc. Glasgow, April, 1847); 5 ; C. Bergemann (Pogg., Ixxx. 400); 6, 7, J. L. Smith (Am. J. Sci., II. xx. 245): Mo Pb 1. Carinthia 40'5 59-0=99-5 G-obel. 2. " 40-29 61-90=102-19 Melling. 3. " 89-30 60-35=99-65 Parry. 4. 39-19 60-23=99-42 Brown. 5. Zacatecas 37 '65 62-35=100 Bergemann. 6. Phenixville, yellow 38*68 60-48=99-16 Smith. G.=6'95. 7. " red 37'47 60-30, V 1-28=99-05 Smith. A molybdate of lead from Pamplona, S. A., afforded Boussingault (Ann. Ch. Phys., xlv. 325) Pb 73-8, Mo 10-0, C 2-9, HC1 1'3, PJ'3, Cr T2, e 1-7, 1 2-2, quartz 3-7=98-1. He considers it a basic salt, with the formula Pb 3 Mo. Klaproth, who made the first complete analysis, obtained Mo 34-25, Pb 64-02 (Beitr., ii. 275). A crystallized wulfenite from Chili gave Domeyko (Ann. d. M., IV. iii. 15) Mo 46-12, Pb 47'00, Ca 0'88; corresponding to 2 PbMo + CaMo. The red color of the Phenixville mineral was shown to be due to vanadic acid by Smith. The massive wulfenite of Garmisch is a mixture of the mineral with quartz, carbonate of lead, etc. (Wittstein in Viertel- jahrsschr. pr. Pharm., vii. 70). Pyr., etc. B.B. decrepitates and fuses below 2 ; with borax in O.F. gives a colorless glass, in K.F. it becomes opaque black or dirty green with black flocks. With salt of phosphorus in O.F. gives a yellowish-green glass, which in R.F. becomes dark green. With soda on charcoal yields metallic lead. Decomposed on evaporation with muriatic acid, with the formation of chlorid of lead and molybdic acid ; on moistening the residue with water and adding metallic zinc, it gives an intense blue color, which does not fade on dilution of the liquid. Obs. This species occurs in veins with other ores of lead. Found first at Bleiberg, Schwar- zenbach, and Windisch-Kappel, in Carinthia; also at Euskitza in Austria; at Retzbanya and Szaska in Hungary; at Przibram; at Moldawa in the Bannat, where its crystals are red. and have considerable resemblance to chromate of lead ; in the Kirghis Steppes in Russia ; at Anna- berg, Schneeberg, and Johanngeorgenstadt in Saxony; at Badenweiler in Baden; sparingly at Chalanches, Dept. of Isere, in France ; in the gold sands of Rio Chico in Antioquia, Columbia, S. A. ; in Lackentyre, Kirkcudbrightshire, Scotland. It is found in small quantities at the Southampton lead mine, Mass. ; in fine yellow and reddish orange to red crystals (fig. 499, and also in thin tables) at Wheatley's mine, near Phenixville, Pa. ; at the Comstock lode in Nevada; at Empire mine, Inyo Co., Cal. ; in the Weaver dist, Arizona. For recent papers on cryst. see Dauber, Pogg., cvii. 267 ; Descl., Ann. Ch. Phys., III. li. 448 ; v. Zepharovich, Ber. Ak. Wien, liv. 278, 1866; J. L. Smith, Am. J. Sci., II. xx. 245. 618. PATERAITE. Paterait Haid., C. v. Hauer, Jahrb. G. Reichs., vii. 196, 1856, xiv. 303. Amorphous. Color black. Composition Co Mo. Analysis by Laube (1. c., xiv. 303) : Mo 30-0 Bi 2-0 3Pe 16-6 Co 27'0 H 8-6 S 12*0, insoL 3'8n 100. The first examination of this mineral was by Patera, and was only qualitative. He found molybdic acid, silica, bismuth, iron, cobalt, and sulphur. Jokely states (Jahrb. G. Reichs., viii. 35) that it consists principally of vanadic and molybdic acids and cobalt. Laube's analysis confirms Patera's result. The mineral is so intimately mixed with pyrite and bismuthinite that, even with the greatest care, it could not be completely separated. Subtracting the bismuth, iron, and sul- phur in the above analysis, molybdate of cobalt remains, which, according to Laube, is the true mineral. TUNGSTATES, MOLYBDATES, VANADATES. 609 B.B. in the closed tube gives water, a sublimate of molybdic acid, and vapors of sulphurous acid. On charcoal melts easily to a black bead, giving a white coating. With borax, bead green when hot (iron), blue when cold (cobalt). Easily soluble in acids. Discovered by Vogl, in the Elias mine, Joachimsthal, with uranium ores. Named from A. Patera, who first examined it. 619. DECHENITB. C. Bergemann, Pogg., Ixxx. 393, 1850. Arseoxen v. Kob., J. pr. Ch., 1. 496, 1850. Eusynchit Fischer & Nessler, Ber. G-es. Freiburg, 1854, Jahrb. Min. 1855, 570. ? Khombischer Vanadit Zippe, Ber. Ak. Wien, xliv. 1861 (see under DESCLOIZITE). Massive, botryoidal, nodular, stalactitic ; sometimes traces of a columnar structure. H.:=:3 4. G.=:5'6 5*81. Lustre of fresh fracture greasy. Color fine deep red to yellowish-red and brownish-red ; also leather-yellow. Streak orange-yellow to ochre- and pale yellow. Var. The original dechenite was from Dahn, near Nieder Schlettenbach, in the Lauter Yalley, Rhenish Bavaria, and was dull red to yellowish-red in color, botryoidal in surface, with G.=5'81. Arceoxene is from the same locality, and is like dechenite hi all its characters, except, accord- ing to Bergemanu, a duller reddish-brown color, which, however, is not distinctive. The Eusynchite is from Freiburg in Brisgau, yellowish-red to leather-yellow in color, with Gr.= 5-596, Ramm., and H.=3'5 ; it occurs in nodular and stalactitic forms. Comp. Pb V, or vauadate of lead, according to the older analyses ; but probably in all cases vanadate of lead and zinc, with the formula (Pb, 2n) V. Analyses: 1-3, C. Bergemann (L c.); 4, id. (Jahrb. Min. 1857, 397); 5, v. Kobell(Lc.); 6, Fischer & Nessler (1. c.) ; 7, 8, C. Czudnowicz (Pogg., cxx. 17) ; 9, Ramm. (J. pr. Ch., xci. 413) : V Pb 2n 1. Dahn, Dechenite, red 4716 52*92 =100-08 Bergemann. 2. " " " 46-10 53-72 =99'82 Bergemann. 3. " " ywh. 49-27 50'57 =99 -84 Bergemann. 4. " Arceoxene 16-81 52-55 18-11, Is 10-52, l, e 1'34, P Zr.=99'33 Berg. 5. " " 48-7 16-32 KobelL 6. Freiburg, Eusynchite 22'69 55-70 , Si 0'94, V 20-49=99-82 F. & N. 7. " " [23-55] 56-47 16'78, Si 3'20, f "i f"8, f f-24 ; in the same horizontal zone with |4, f-Te, f-6, f-4 ; also 4-1, Hs f, 2-4. A J-S=157 38' 6^ A $4=140 35 6> A 4=129 3 O A J=152 29 6^ A 1=115 38 508 (9 A 14=127 56' 6^ A 1-2=123 17 O A 1-3=125 38 A 1-4=126 35 1 A 1, mac.,=112 35 1 A 1, brach.,=89 26' 1 A 1, basal, =128 44 fc-2 A ^5=114 44 J4 A -H, top, =101 11 14 A 14, top,=75 52. 509 L. Erie. Cleavage : perfect ; 7 distinct ; i-l less distinct. Also fibrous and radi- ated ; sometimes globular ; occasionally granular. H.=3-3-5. G.=3-92-3-975; 3'9593, crystals, Beudant; 3'973, fr. Tharand, Breith. ; 3'96, fr. Kingston, Hunt. Lustre vitreous, sometimes inclining to pearly. Streak white. Color white, often faint bluish, and sometimes reddish. Transparent sub translucent. Fracture imperfectly conchoidal uneven. Yery brittle. Trichroism sometimes very distinct. 620 OXYGEN COMPOUNDS. Van 1. Ordinary, (a) In crystals. The angle / A / varies much, and probably in part in consequence of the presence of some baryta or lime. It was made by Haiiy 104 48' but with the common goniometer; by Kupffer, 104 20'; by Phillips 104 ; by Mohs 103 5 ; by Websky, in an elaborate paper on crystals from Pschow in Upper^ Silesia (ZS.^G.^ix. 303), lo3 32 , and measurements mean crystals, ___ _ , - (6) Fibrous, either paraUel or radiated, (c) Lamellar ; of rare occurrence. Concretionary. (/) Earthy; impure usually with carbonate of lime or clay. 2. Ccdciocelestite. Containing much lime, 3 Barytocelestite, or Baryto-sulphate of strontia of Thomson, from Drummond L, L. Erie, con- tain's much baryta. Hugard gives for /A / in this Drummond I. variety 103|, an angle inter- mediate between that of barite and celestite (see below). Comp. Sr S=Sulphuric acid 43-6, strontia 56'4=100. Analyses: 1, Klaproth (L c.); 2, Vauque- c.)- 3 4, 6 7, Stromeyer (Unters., 203); 5, Maddrell (Ramm. Min. Ch., 260); 8, R. Brandes S Sr 1. Frankstown, Pa. 42 58 2. Sicily 46 54 3. " 43-07 56-35 4. Dornburg 5. " 42-95 43-75 56-26 54-73 6. Siintel, Hanover 42-74 55-18 7. Dehrself, " 42-94 55-01 8. Fassa 40-85 51-93 9. Ischl 43-82 55-96 10. Erfurt 43-68 53-39 . , , (Schw. J., ad 177); 9, v. Hauer (Jahrb. G. Eeichs., iv. 397); 10, Schmid (Pogg., cxx. 637): Ba Ca e - - - =100 Klaproth. - - - =100 Vauquelin. - - 0-03, CaC 0-09, H 0'18=99'72 Stromeyer. - - 0-03, 3tl 0-05, CaC O'lO, H, Bit. 0-10=99'49 S. - 1-41 =99-90 Maddrell. 0-86 0-31 0-04, CaC 0-02, ft 0-05 = 99-20 Stromeyer. 0-64 -- 0-65, Si 0-11, H 0;25 = 99'58 Stromeyer. 1-23 - 0'50, Si I'OO, Ca, S, C 1*83=97-34 Brandes. - - - , H 0-41=100-19 Hauer. 0-51 1-26 0'28 = 99'12 Schmid. Wicke found in celestite from a stratum pf clay near Wassel the calciocelestine (Arch. d. Pharm., cUi. 32> Sr S 91'464, Ca S 8'313, Fe 0-003=99-780 ; G.=4'020. It may be only a mixture. Thomson gives for the composition of the Drummond I. celestite barytocelestite (1. c.) S 40-20, Sr 35-72, Ba 23-06, Fe 0-59, H 0-72=100-29, and G. = 3'921. But his analysis needs confirma- tion. The celestite of Kingston, C. W., which Thomson ranks with that of Drummond L, is pure celestite according to T. S. Hunt; it has G. = 3'96. In the radiated mineral from Norten, Han- over, Turner found (Ed PhD. J., ii. 329) Sr S 78-21, BaS 20-41 =98-62; and Gruner (Gilb. Ann., Ix. 72) SrS 73'00, BaS 26-17, who analyzed crystals of a bluish milk-white color, having G.= 3-9506. Wittstein finds that the blue color of the celestite of Jena is due to a trace of a phosphate of iron. Pyr., etc. B.B. frequently decrepitates, fuses at 3 to a white pearl, coloring the flame stron- tia-red; the fused mass reacts alkaline. On charcoal fuses, and in R.F. is converted into a diffi- cultly fusible hepatic mass; this treated with muriatic acid and alcohol gives an intensely red flame. With soda on charcoal reacts like barite. Insoluble in acids. Obs. Celestite is usually associated with limestone, or sandstone of Silurian, Devonian, Juras- sic, and other geological formations. Occurs also in beds of gypsum, rock salt, and clay; and with sulphur in some volcanic regions. Sicily, at Girgenti and elsewhere, affords splendid groups of crystals along with sulphur and gypsum. Fine specimens are met with at Bex in Switzerland, and Conil in Spain ; at Dornburg, near Jena, fibrous and bluish ; in the department of the Garonne, France ; in the Tyrol ; Retz- banya, Hungary; at Norten, in Hanover; in rock salt, at Ischl, Austria. Also found at Aust Ferry, near Bristol; in trap rocks near Tantallan, in East Lothian ; at the Calton Hill, Edinburgh; near Knaresborough, in Yorkshire ; at Popayan, New Grenada. Specimens, finely crystallized, of a bluish tint, are found in the Trenton limestone about Lake Huron, particularly on Strontian Island, and at Kingston in Canada; Chaumont Bay, Schoharie, and Lockport, N. Y., have afforded good specimens ; also the Rossie lead mine ; DepauviUe and Stark (farm of James Coill), N. Y. A blue fibrous celestite occurs near Frankstown, Logan's Val- ley, Huntiugton Co., Penn., associated with pearl spar and anhydrite, and this was the celestite taken to Europe by Schiitz, and named by Werner after an analysis by Klaproth. The dark blue fibrous celestite of Jena is peculiarly trichroic ; and its color also varies with the angle between the principal cleavage and the direction of the fibres ; the color with the angle 86, dark blue; 67, sky blue; 46, pale blue (Schmid, Pogg., cxx. 637). Named from ccelestis, celestial, in allusion to the faint shade of blue often presented by the mineral. ANHYDROUS SULPHATES. CHKOMATES. 621 Artif. Obtained in crystals at a temperature of 300 C. from solution in water (Dr. Sullivan) ; in lamellar crystals by fusing a mixture of gypsum and common salt, and treating with water ; A. Gages. 632. ANHYDRITE. Muriazit, Salzsaurer Kalk (fr. Hall, Tyrol), Abbe Poda, Fichtel's Min. Auf- siitze, Wien, 1794, 228. "Wiirfelspath Wern., 1800, Ludwig's Min., i. 51, 166, 1803=Cube Spar. Soude muriatee gypsif^re (of Hall) (from Klapr. anal in Beitr., i. 307, 1795) H., Tr., ii. 1801. Chaux sulfatee anhydre (fr. Bex) Vauq., H., Tr., iv. 1801. Anhydrit Wern., 1803, Ludw., ii. 212, 1804. Wurfelgyps Ludwig, ii. 169. Anhydrous Sulphate of Lime, Anhydrous Gypsum. Karstenit Hausm., Handb., 880, 1813. Gekrosstein (fr. Bochnia and Wieliczka) Wern. ; Tripe Stone Engl. ; Pierre de tripes Fr. ;= Anhydrit Klapr., Beitr., iv. 231, 1807. Pierre de Vulpino ; Manner Bardiglio di Bergamo ; Bar- diglione ; Chaux sulfatee quartzifere Vauq., H., Tr., iv. 251, 1801 ; Siliceous Anhydrous Gyp- sum. Kieselgyps, Vulpinit, Ludwig, ii 170, 1804. Orthorhombic. /A 7=100 30', A l-z=127 19'; a : I : c=l*3122 : 1 : 1-2024. Observed planes 14, 4 ; octahedral, o, n,f. (9 A 14=132 30' A f 2=110 8 14 A 14, top, =85 16 A ov. *4,=122 12 26 | A i-f, ov. 4, =102 34 8 A =135 35 ; vertical, /, 510 domes, A/=153 50 A n=UZ Aussee. A o=124 10' Fig. 511 view of front side of a thick, rectangular, somewhat tabular crystal, having a zone of planes between i-i and each 14, or the correspond- ing edge. Cleavage : i-i very perfect ; i4 also perfect ; somewhat less so. Also fibrous, lamellar, granular, and sometimes impalpable. The lamellar and columnar varieties often curved or contorted. H. = 3 - 3-5. G. = 2-8992-985 ; 2*956, Aussee ; 2-985, Stassfurt. Lustre : i-l and i-l somewhat pearly ; vitreous ; in massive varieties, vitreous inclining to pearly. Color white, sometimes a grayish, bluish, or reddish tinge ; also brick-red. Streak grayish- white. Fracture uneven ; of finely lamellar and fibrous varieties, splintery. Optic-axial plane paral- lel to i-lj or plane of most perfect cleavage ; bisectrix normal to 0\ Grailich. Var. 1. Ordinary, (a) Crystallized; cleavable in its three rectangular directions. (6) Fibrous ; either parallel, or radiated or plumose, (c) Fine granular, (d) Scaly granular. Vulpinite is a scaly granular kind from Vulpino in Lombardy ; it is cut and polished for ornamental purposes. It does not ordinarily contain more silica than common anhydrite. A kind in contorted concretionary forms is the tripestone ( Gekrosstein). 2. Pseudomorphous ; in cubes after rock salt. Comp. Ca S=Lime 41-2, sulphuric acid 58'8=100. Analyses: 1, Klaproth (Beitr., iv. 224); 2-4, Stromeyer (Schw. J., xiv. 375); 5, C. W. C. Fuchs (B. H. Ztg., xxi. 198): S Si C Fe Ca S Bit. 1. Sulz, cryst. 59'78 0'25 0-10 43-06 =103-19 Klaproth. 2. Himmelsberg, cryst. 55-80 0'23 0'09 0-25 40-68 2'91 0'04= 100 Stromeyer. OXYGEN COMPOUNDS. S Si Pe Ca H 3. Vulpinite, coarse 56'77 0-26 0-03 41 '40 0*94=99-40 Stromeyer. 4. " fine 58-01 0-09 41-70 0'07 =99-86 Stromeyer. 5. Stassfurt, cryst. 58-86 40-21 0-65=99'72 Fucha. Vauquelin made the vulpinite to contain 8 p. c. of silica (and hence the name siliceous anhydrite), which the later analyses do not sustain. Pyr., etc. B.B. fuses at 3, coloring the flame reddish-yellow, and yielding an enamel-like bead which reacts alkaline. On charcoal in RP. reduced to a sulphid; with soda does not fuse to a clear globule, and is not absorbed by the coal like barite ; is, however, decomposed, and yields a mass which blackens silver ; with fluorite fuses to a clear pearl, which is enamel- white on cooling, and by long blowing swells up and becomes infusible. Soluble in muriatic acid. One hundred parts of water, at 18*75 C., dissolve 0'2 part of anhydrite. Obs. Occurs in rocks of various ages, especially in limestone strata, and often the same that contain ordinary gypsum, and also very commonly in beds of rock salt. It was first discovered at the salt mine near Hall in Tyrol, by Abbe Poda ; and next that of Bex, Switzerland. Other localities are at Aussee, both crystallized and massive, the former sometimes in splendid geodes (f. 511), the latter brick-red; at Sulz on the Neckar, in Wiirtemberg; Himmelsberg, near Jlfeld; Bleiberg in Carinthia ; Liineburg, Hanover ; Lauterberg in the Harz ; Kapnik in Hungary ; Ischl in Upper Austria; Aussee in Styria; Berchtesgaden in Bavaria; at Rienthal and elsewhere in the Alps, crystals, or their cavities, within quartz crystals ; Stassfurt, in fine crystals. In the U. States, at Lockport, N. Y., fine blue, in geodes of black limestone, accompanied with crystals of calcite and gypsum. In Nova Scotia it forms extensive beds at the estuary of the Avon and the St. Croix rivers, also near the Five Islands and elsewhere, associated with gypsum, in the Carboniferous formation. A crystal from Hall, figured by Haiiy, was a stout rectangular prism, with planes / on the lateral edges, giving i-i A 7=140 4', whence /A 7=100 8'. The Stassfurt crystals (f. 510, Blum, Jahrb. Min. 1865, 601) have nearly the ordinary forms of barite, and approximate to them in angles. Schrauf makes the angle over i-i of an occurring vertical prism (Pogg., cxvii. 650, 1862) 120, and v. Rath (Ber. nied. Ges. Bonn. 201, 1862) 121 24'. Blum states that the prism 7 is the most common; it is vertically striated, and these striations are formed of planes of the other vertical prisms measured by him ; measurements only approximations. Schrauf and Blum make the angle 14 A 1-2=85; Fuchs (B. H. Ztg., xxi. 198), 84; and v. Rath, 84 34'. In fig. 511 the plane o is in the same vertical zone with s and if o is made the plane 1 (as done by Brooke and Miller), n is 2-2, and/ 3-3. B. and M. obtained in their measurements for i-i on/, n, o, 153 14', 143 41', and 123 31' (Phil. Mag., III. 19, 178); and G-railich and Lang, for the same (Ber. Ak. Wien, xxvii. 25), 153 60', 143 37', 124 10'. The latter give for their calculated results, 153 18|', 142 59^', 123 32|'. The prism *-?, which has the angle 102 34', may be that homo- logous with 7 of barite; in this case the brachy diagonal above would be the macrodiagonal. Alt. Absorbs moisture and changes to gypsum. Extensive beds are sometimes thus altered in part or throughout, as at Bex, in Switzerland, where, by digging down 60 to 100 ft., the unaltered anhydrite may be found. Sometimes specimens of anhydrite are altered between the folia or over the exterior. Also altered to quartz and siderite. 633. ANGLESITB. Vitriol de Plomb Monnet, Syst. Min., 371, 1779. Plumbum acido vitriolico mineralisatum Bergm., Sciagr., 116, 1782. Lead mineralized by vitriolic acid Withering, Trl. Bergm. Sciagr., 1783. Lead mineralized by vitriolic acid and iron (on I. Anglesea "in immense quantities ") Withering, ib. Vitriol de Plomb (fr. Andalusia) Proust, J. de Phys., xxx. 394, 1787. Bleiglas (fr. the Harz) Lasius, Beob. Harzgeb., ii. 355, 1789. Nat. Bleivitriol Karsten, Tab., 24, 1791. Lead Vitriol, Sulphate of Lead. Vitriolbleierz Germ. Plomb sulfate Fr. Anglesite Beud., Tr., ii. 459, 1832. Sardinian Breith., B. H. Ztg., xxiv. 320, 1865, xxv. 194, 1866. Orthorhombic. /A 7=103 43|' ; A 14=121 20J', Kokscharof; a : I : *, 1, 2; H, 1-2; 2-J, ; f 2, f 2, 1-2, 2-2, 1-3, f-3 ; 14, 2-4. A 4=140 37' A f 2=147 1-1' A 1=115 A 14=127 48 A 34=104 30 b + ** b ^S^Pfcate of lead 53-15, carbonate of lead 46'85. Analyses : 1, Brooke (L c.) ; 2, Thomson (Phil. Mag., III. xv. 402) : 1. Carbonate of lead 46 9 Sulphate of lead 53-1=100. ' 46-04 43-96=100; G.r=6'3197. Pyr., etc. B.B. on charcoal easily reduced. Partially dissolved in nitric acid with efferves- cence, leaving a residue of sulphate of lead (Brooke). Obs. At Leadhills, Lanarkshire, Scotland, with caledonite and susannite of very rare occur- rence. Massive in Siberia, and at Tanne, in the Harz; at Biberweier, Tyrol 642. OROOOITB. Nova minera Plumbi J. G. Lehman, Acad. Petrop., 1766; PaUas, Voyages. 1770, ii. 235. Minera Plumbi rubra Wall, Min., 1778. Eothes-Bleierz Warn., Auss. Kennz., 296, 1774. Plomb rouge Macquart, J. de Phys., xxxiv. 1789 ; Vauquelin, BuU. Soc. Philomath., and J. de Phys., adv. 393, 1794, advL 152, 311, 1798. Plomb chromate K, Tr., iii. 1801. Chro- ANHYDROUS SULPHATES, CHROMATES. 629 530 531 532 mate of Lead. Chromsaures Blei, Bleichromat, Chrombleispath, Germ. Kallochrom ffausm., Handb., 1086, 1813. Crocoise Send., Tr., ii. 669, 1832. Crocoisit v. Kob., Grundz., 282, 1838 ? . Krokoit Breitii., Handb., ii. 262, 1841. Monoclinic. (7=77 27', If\ 7=93 42', A 14=138 10' ; a : 5 : c- 0-95507 : 1 : 1-0414, Dauber. Ob- served planes : 0, not common ; vertical, I (common), i-i, i-i (not common), ^-3, t-2, ^--f , i-\ , ? i-\ , i-%, ? i-l ; clinodomes, 4, 14, ? f 4, 24 ; hemidomes, 64, 54, 44, ? f 4, 34, ? |4, 14, -84, -64, ?-54, -44, -f 4, -14 ; orthodiagonal hemipyra- mids, i, t, 1, -1, -|, ? -J, -I, ? -|, -2, -3, -4 : U44-, -3-|; H; 2-2, -8-2, 4-2, 3-v- (=8-2); 8-V; 5-f ; V' 5 f3, f 3, 3-3, |-3, 6-3, 9-3, -12-3 ; (=? 4-3) ; -H/ ; H 5 ?|-4, 4-4, -2-4; |-|, 18-f ; f-5, 5-5; 3-6; ?f7, -7-7; -8-8; 9-9, -9-9; -11-11 ; ^M ; 17-34 ; clinodiagonal hemipyramids, ? 3-2, |-2, |-2, -|-2 ; Urals. Urals. Brazil. 7A ^'4=133 9 r A 24=118 1' -1 A -1=119 12' 6> A ^4=102 33 fa A ^-2 =56 10 1 A 1=107 38 Cleavage : / tolerably distinct ; O and i-i less so. Surface / streaked lon- gitudinally ; the faces mostly smooth and shining. Also imperfectly colum- nar and granular. H.=2'5 3. Gr.=5'9 6-1. Lustre adamantine vitreous. Color vari- ous shades of bright hyacinth-red.. Streak orange-yellow. Translucent. Sectile. Var. Dauber gives the following observed angles for a large number of crystals from Brazil, Urals, and the Philippines (Ber. Ak. Wien, xlii. 17, 1860) : 7(m) A I(m) /(m)A-l(0 -1(0 A -1(<) 0(c)Al-i(2) 0(c)A3-t'(aj) 0(c)A/(m) Brazil 93 17' 93 43' 146 36-145 46 119 29 118 53 Urals. 93 22' 93 45' 146 4-145 51 119 20-118 56 138 14138 9 97 44-97 35 Philippines. 93 30' 93 57' 146 27 145 40 119 20-118 52 99 1199 From his numerous exact measurements he deduces for the angle (7, or the inclination of the axis, in the Brazilian, 77 14' 23" ; the Uralian, 77 31' 20" ; the Philippine, 77 23' 27". Kupffer made this angle 78 1'; Brooke & Miller, 77 55'; Haidinger obtained from one crystal 77 10' ; and by deductions from other measurements of 4 crystals 77 29' 77 67'. Dauber gives figures of fifty-four different crystals. The Brazilian have usually the plane 4-, and an extreme variety of this form is shown in f. 532. One form from the Philippines is the fundamental octahedron 1, -1 ; another /, -1, or I, -1, *-2, in slender prisms ; while others approach the Uralian in form. Comp. -Pb <3r=0xyd of lead 68-9, chromic acid 311=100. Analyses: 1, Pfaff (Schw. J., xriii. 72); 2, Berzelius (ib., xxii. 54): Or 31-735 31-50 Pb 67-912=99-647 Pfaff. 68-50=100 Berzelius. 630 OXYGEN COMPOUNDS. Vauquelin discovered the metal chromium in this mineral in 1794 (L c., 1794, 1798, and J. d, M., ii. 737). Pyr., etc. In the closed tube decrepitates, blackens, but recovers its original color on cooling. B.B. fuses at 1'5, and on charcoal is reduced to metallic lead with deflagration, leaving a residue of chrome-oxyd, and giving a lead coating. "With salt of phosphorus gives an emerald-green bead in both flames. Fused with bisulphate of potash in the platinum spoon forms a dark violet mass, which on solidifying becomes reddish, and when cold greenish-white, thus differing from vanadi- nite, which on similar treatment gives a yellow mass (Plattner). Obs. First found at Beresof in Siberia, in crystals in quartz veins, or intersecting gneiss or granite ; also occurs at Mursinsk and near Nlschne Tagilsk in the Ural, in narrow veins, traversing decomposed gneiss, and associated with gold, pyrite, galenite, quartz, and vauquelinite ; in Brazil, at Congonhas do Campo, in fine crystals in decomposed granite; at Ketzbanya in Hungary, at the mine of St. Anthony ; Moldawa in Hungary ; on Luzon, one of the Philippines, whence crystals were received by the author in 1842, from El Senor Koxas of Manila, and understood to be from the northern peninsula of Luzon ; according to Dr. Hochstetter, at the mines of Labo, in the Province of North Camarines, on the southeastern peninsula of Luzon (Dauber). This species was first noticed by Lehman (1. c.). The name Crocoite is from KPOKOS, saffron. Berthier, in 1832, gave the word the bad form Crocoise, which von Kobell altered (to make it con- formable to ordinary mineralogical nomenclature) in 1838, to Crocoisiie, and Breithaupt, in 1841, to Crocoite (Krokoit), and v. Kobell also to this last mentioned form in his later works. Haus- mann's Callochrome has the priority ; but as the name is a poorer one, not mineralogical in form, and the species was not one instituted by Hausmann, we allow Crocoite to stand. 643. PHO3NICOOHROITE. Melanochroit Hermann, Pogg., xxviii. 162, 1833. Phceniko- chroit Glocker, Gruadr., 612, 1839. Subsesquichromate of Lead Thorn. Phcenicit Haid., Handb., 604, 1845. Orthorhombic ?. Crystals usually tabular, and reticularly interwoven. Cleavage in one direction perfect. Also massive. H.:=3 3'5. G.=5'75. Lustre resinous or adamantine, glimmering. Color between cochineal- and hyacinth-red ; becomes lemon-yellow on exposure. Streak brick-red. Subtranslucent opaque. Comp. Pb s Or 2 = Chromic acid 23-1, protoxyd of lead 76-9=100. Analysis : Hermann (Pogg., xxviii. 162) : Chromic acid 23-31 Protoxyd of lead 76-69= 100. The same result was obtained by G-. Rose (Jahrb. Min. 1839, 575). Pyr., etc. B.B. on charcoal fuses readily to a dark mass, which is crystalline when cold. In E.F. on charcoal gives a coating of oxyd of lead, with globules of lead and a residue of chrome- oxyd. Gives the reaction of chrome with fluxes. Obs. Occurs hi limestone at Beresof in the Ural, with crocoite, vauquelinite, pyromorphite, and galenite. Named Melanochroite by Hermann, from juAa?, black, and x.P 6a , coZor. But, as the color is red, and not black, and the name is therefore false to the species, Glocker changed it to Phosnicochro- ite, from oivt K of, deep red, and xpoa and in this he is followed by Hausmann. The abbreviated form plvKnicite is bad, because it is too much like the name of another mineral, phenacite. 644. VAUQUELINITE. Yauqueline Berz., Afh., vi. 100, 1818. Vauquelinite Berz., N. Syst. Min. Paris, 202, 1819. Chromate of Lead and Copper. Monoclinic. Crystals usually minute, irregularly aggregated. Twins : annexed figure ; composition-face a plane on the acute solid angle : O A (of the two individuals) =134 30' ; O A a=149 nearly. Also reniform or botryoidal, and granular ; amorphous. H.=2-5-3. G.:=5-5-5-78. Lustre adaman- tine to resinous, often faint. Color green to brown, apple-green, siskin-green, olive-green, ochre-brown, ANHYDROUS SULPHATES, CHEOMATES. 631 liver-brown ; sometimes nearly black. Streak greenish or brownish. Faintly translucent opaque. Fracture uneven. Rather brittle. Comp. Cu 3 Or 2 +2 Pb 8 Or 2 =(Cu, Pb) s <> 3 =0xyd of lead 61-4, oxyd of copper 10-9, chromic acid 27-7=100. Analysis by Berzelius (L c.): Cr 28-33 Pb 60'87 Cu 10'80=100. Pyr., etc. B.B. on charcoal slightly intumesces and fuses to a gray submetallic globule, yielding at the same time small globules of metal. With borax or salt of phosphorus affords a green transparent glass in the outer flame, which in the inner after cooling is red to black, according to the amount of mineral in the assay; the red color is more distinct with tin. Partly soluble in nitric acid. Obs. Occurs with crocoite at Beresof in Siberia, generally in mammillated or amorphous masses, or thin crusts ; also at Pont Gibaud in the Puy de Dome ; and with the crocoite of Brazil. At the lead mine near Sing Sing it .has been found by Dr. Torrey hi green and brownish-green mammillary concretions, and also nearly pulverulent; and at the Pequa lead mine in Lancaster Co., Pa., in minute crystals and radiated aggregations on quartz and galenite, of siskin- to apple- green color, with cerussite. Named after Vauqueliu, the discoverer of the metal chromium, and also the first one to notice the crystals of this species (J. d. M., No. VI. i 760). John describes a greenish or brownish chromo-phosphate of lead and copper (chromphosphorkup- ferbleispath) from Beresof, Siberia, as occurring in small crystalline concretions, having the surface covered with capillary prisms ; H. = 2 3; opaque to subtranslucent; fracture uneven; powder dull greenish. Analysis afforded (Jahrb. Mm. 1845, 67) Pb Or 45-0, Pb 19*0, Cu 11-20, P 4'10, Cr 7-50, manganese tr., [1-78, impurities 11-42. To a large extent soluble in nitric or muriatic acid. It is probably only an impure vauquelinite. 645. JOSSAITB Breith. (B. H. Ztg., xvii. 54. 1858). From Beresof, occurring in small orange- yellow crystals with vauquelinite. Described as orthorhombic, with /A 7=110 118, and traces of prismatic cleavage ; the lustre between vitreous and waxy ; streak dull yellowish- white ; H.= 3'0; G-. =5 '2. According to Plattner, it gives the reactions of chromic acid and oxyds of lead and zinc. 646. PETTKOITE. Pettkoit A. Paulmyi, Jahrb. Min. 1867, 457. Isometric. Common form the cube ; also f. 6, and f. 6 with planes of the dodecahedron. Cleavage : none distinct. H.=2'5. Lustre bright. Color pure black. Streak dirty greenish. Fracture uneven. Taste sweetish. Oomp. An acid sulphate of iron; 0. ratio for Fe : Pe : S : S=l*5 : 13-5 : 27 : 1-5. Allowing for some hydrated oxyd of iron as impurity (about 10'5 p. c., as 1-51 of water would require 9'1 of Fe for limonite), the formula may be (Fe 8 , Pe) S a , with Fe 3 : e=l : 7. Analysis: A, Paulinyi(l. c.): S 45-32 Fe 44*92 Fe 6-66 & 1-51=98'41. Fyr., etc. In a closed tube yields water. B.B. on charcoal yields a magnetic mass ; with soda gives the sulphuric acid reaction. Wholly soluble in hot water, with a deposit of a floccu- lent reddish-brown precipitate. Soluble in dilute muriatic acid. Obs. From Kremnitz, in a breccia, along with iron-vitriol (rnelanterite), in crystals from the size of peas to millets, and in grains. Named after Bergrath v. Pettko. 647. ALUMIAN. Breith., B. H. Ztg., xvii. 53, 1858. Ehombohedral ? Crystals microscopic. Cleavage, traces. Also massive. H.=2 3. G.=2-702 2-781. Lustre of small crystals vitreous; of masses weak. Color white. Subtranslucent. 632 OXYGEN COMPOUNDS. Oomp. 3tl S 3 (?)=r Sulphuric acid 60'9, alumina 39'1. According to Utendorffer's determina- tions (1. c.), contains 37-38 p. c. of alumina, with sulphuric acid, and no water. Pyr., etc. B.B. unaltered ; only hygroscopic water given off, but at a high temperature sul- phuric acid, which may be detected by litmus paper. With cobalt solution a fine blue. Obs. From mines in the Sierra Almagrera, southern Spain. HYDKOUS SULPHATES. ARRANGEMENT OF THE SPECIES. I. Oxygen ratio for bases and acid 1:3; the species coming under the gen- eral formula RS+rc aq, &S 8 +rc aq, or (R 3 ,K)S 3 +rc aq. A. Sulphates of Elements in the Protoxyd state. 1. Contain ammonium. Orthorhombic, with 7 A 7=100 108. 650. MASCAGNITE NH 4 OS+H SO a ||e 2 ]|(NH 4 ) a +aq 651. BOUSSINGAULTITE (?) N H 4 0, Mg, S, H 652. LECONTTTE (Na,,NH 4 0)S+2H Se 2 l 2. Contain sodium, without magnesium, calcium, or iron. 653. MIEABILITB NaS+lOH SO a ||e 2 JNa 2 + 10aq 3. Contain calcium or magnesium, with or without the alkaline' metals ; less than 4 of H to 1 of S. Monoclinic or orthorhombic. 654. GYPSUM OaS + 2H SO 2 ||e 2 |ea+2aq 655. KiESERrfE MgS+a SO a |ie 2 ||Mg+aq 656. POLTHALITB (f Ca+i Mg-f i) 657. MAMANTTE (|Ca+|Mg + ^) 658. PICROMEEITE (i &g+i ) + 8 fl 659. BLCEDITE 4. Bases and water as in section 3. Crystals tetragonal. 660. LCEWEITE 5. EPSOMTTE (5-ROUP. Contain magnesium, iron, manganese, etc.; 4-7 of fi to 1 of . Orthorhombic; /A 7=90 93. 661. EPSOMTTE MgS+7fl SO 2 JO 2 ||Mg+7aq 662. TAUEISOITE FeS+7fl S0 2 |O 2 |Fe+7aq 663. FAUSEEITE (| Mn + i Mg) S + 5 fl S O 2 JO 2 |lft Mg + f Mn) + 5 aq HYDROUS SULPHATES. 638 6. COPPERAS GEOUP. Basic elements and water as in section 5. Monoclinic, with I A 1= 82-92; ortrielinic, 664. MELANTERITE FeS+7fl S0 2 |O 2 lFe + 7aq 665. PISANITE (Fe, Cu) S + 7 S e a |e a |(Fe, Ou)+ 7 aq 666. GOSLARITE 2nS + 7fi S0 2 ||e s |]Zn+7aq 667. BrEBEMTE CoS+7fi SO 2 fle 2 ||eo+7aq 668. MOBENOSITE NiS+7 SO 2 I0 2 |M+7aq 669. CHALCANTHTTE CuS+Sfi S0 a |j0 2 jeu+5aq 7. CYANOCHROITE GROUP. Contain copper and potassium. 670. CYANOCHBOITE. B. Sulphates of Elements in the Sesquioxyd state, or Sesquioxyd and Protoxyd. 8. ALUNOGEN GROUP. 0. ratio for S, Si, fi=l : 3 : 9 to 1 : 3 : 18. 671. ALUNOGEN 672. COQDIMBITE PeS 3 +9fl 9. ALUM GROUP. 0. ratio for R, fi, S, fi=l : 3 : 12 : 24; for bases, acid, and water, 1 : 3 : 6. Crystals isometric. 673. TSCHEBMIGITB ((NH 4 0) 8 +f Xl) S 3 + 18 fl S 674. KALINITE (iK+f Xl)S 3 +18fl S0 2 |O 2 l(iK a + f /?Al)+6aq 10. YOLTAITE GROUP. 0. ratio for B, S not 1:8; for bases, acid, and water, 1:3:4, Crystals isometric. 675. YOLTAITE (Fe 3 , Fe) S 3 +12 fl SO a IO a |(Fe, /?Fe)+4aq 676. BLAKEITE 11. HALOTRICHITE GROUP. 0. ratio for R, , S, fi=l : 3 : 12 : 22;- for bases, acid, and water, 1 : 3 : 5|. Crystallization orthorhombic or monoclinic, usually fine fibrous or acicular. This group is related in ratio to the Alum group, it differing only in 22 instead of 24 of water. But the real difference may be much greater, and this is rather to be inferred from the unusual ratio for the water. If 2 of the 22 of water are basic, the 0. ratio for bases and acid is then 1 : 2, and for bases, acid, and water, 1 : 2 : 3. The formulas of the species below, based on this ratio, would have the general form (i(R, 3) 3 -f i 3tl) S 2 +10 fi ; or, in the new system, S OjOaj ( (H a , R) + /? Al)+3i aq. 677. MENDOZITE 678. PICKERINGITE (i % 3 + Xl) S 3 + 16* fi S O,|e,|(i Mg+f 0*1) + 6i aq 679. APJOHNITE (iMn a + f Si) S 3 680. BOSJEMAOTTE (i (Mn 3 , 3VTg) + f Xl) S 8 681. HALOTRIOHITB 634: OXYGEN COMPOUNDS. 12. RCEMERITE GROUP. 682. ROSMERITE (iFe 3 +f3Pe)S 3 +12fl: Se 9 |e a |(iFe+f /?Fe)+3aq II. Sulphates, with oxygen ratio of bases and acid 1 to less than 3 ; not con- taining Copper or Uranium. The copper and uranium hydrous sulphates are of uncertain formulas, and are therefore placed by themselves. There is also much uncertainty with regard to the true formulas of the species here included, on account of the doubtful relations of the water. 1. 0. ratio for bases (no water included) and acid 2 : 5, 2 : 3, 3 : 5. 683. COPIAPITE 3Pe 2 S 6 + 12fl(orl8fi) S 5 9 ||e 12 ||/?Fe 6 + 12aq 684 RAIMONDITB 3Pe 3 S 8 + H fl S OfO* ||/?Fe a + 2$ aq 685. FIBBOFERBITB 3Pe 8 S 5 +27fl S 5 O 6 ||0 18 l/?Fe 8 + 27 aq 686. APATELITB 3Pe 8 2. 0. ratio for bases (no water included) and acid 1 : 2. 687. BOTRYOGEN (i Fe 3 + e) S 3 +9 fl S a OaJOeKFe, /?Fe) 8 +9 aq 3. 0. ratio of bases (water excluded) and acid 1 : 1} to 1 : 1; but if some water be made basic, 1 : 1 for all, as in the formulas below. 688. ALUMINITE l S + 9 fi 6|e 6 ||/?A:l3+9 aq 689. ALUNITE 690. LOWIGITE 691. JAROSITE (i (&, ^Ta, fi) 3 692. CARPHOsroEBiTE (i fi 8 +| :fe) S+2 E[ The species Copiapite, Raimondite, Fibroferrite, Botryogen, may be here included, if part of the water is t basic. 4. 0. ratio of bases and acid 1 to less than 1. 693. PARALUMINITB 3tl a S+15fi[ 694. PISSOPHANITE ?(3tl,Pe) 2 S+]5a 696. FELSOBANTTTE 696. G-LOCKERITE 697. LAMPBOPHANITB III. Sulphates, with oxygen ratio of Teases and acid 1 to less than 3. Contain- ing Copper, Lead, or Uranium. By making part of the bases accessory hydrates, instead of basic to the acid, the formulas may be varied ad libitum. Only one of the possible forms is here given. 1. Containing lead or copper. 700. LINABITB 701. BROCHANTITB 702. LANGITK 703. CTANOTBicmra Cu S + (Cu 9 , 3tl) fl+!2 fl HYDKOUS SULPHATES. 635 2. Sulphates of Uranium. 1. Unisulphates. 705. JOHANNITE (f (U 3 , ^)4-iCu 8 )S + ljfl 706. URANOCHALCITE ( (U 3 , ) + i Ca 3 ) S + i Cu S + 9 fl 707. MEDJIDITE 2. Subsulphates. 708. ZIPPEITE (, Cu 8 ) 3 S a + 8 fl (or 6 fl) (6u, /JF) 3 ||O 13 |jSa+8 (or 6) aq 709. VOGLIANITE (U 1 , g) a S + 2 fl 710. URACONITE IV. TELLURATES. 711. MONTANITB BiTe + 2fl Te|Ofl|lBi3+2 aq Appendix. SELENATES ? 712. KERSTENITE 650. MASOAGNITB. Mascagni, Dei Lagoni, etc., in Siena, 1779. Sel ammoniac vitriolique, Sel ammoniac secret de Glauber (fr. Solfatara near Naples), Sage, Min., i. 62, 1777. Ammoniaque sulfatee Fr. Sulphate of Ammonia. Maskagnin Karst., Tab., 40, 75, 1800. Orthorhombic. /A 7=107 40 r , A 14=122 56', a : ~b : c=l543T : 1 : 1-3680. Cleavage : i4 perfect ; imperfect. 34' \4 A $4, bas.,=58 52' i-2 A ^-2=111 15' A f--125 34: }4 A J4=118 52 J A J, over 7,=87 26 Usually in mealy crusts and stalactitic forms. H.=2 2-5. G.=1'T2 1'73. Lustre when crystallized, vitreous. Color yellowish-gray, lemon-yellow. Translucent. Taste pungent and bitter. Oomp. NH 4 OS+fl=Sulphuric acid 53'3, ammonia 34'7, water 12-0=100. Pyr., etc. In the closed tube yields water and is sublimed ; with lime gives off ammonia vapors. Dissolves readily hi water, and gives with baryta salts a precipitate insoluble in acids. Obs. Occurs about volcanoes, in the fissures of the lava, as at Etna, Vesuvius, and the Lipari Isles, and is also one of the products of the combustion of mineral coal. Named after Professor Mascagni. 651. BOUSSINGAULTITE. K Bechi, C. R, Iviii. 583, 1864. A sulphate of ammonia with part of this alkali replaced by magnesia. Crystals resemble those of mascagnine, but isomorphism with that species has not yet been established. Occurs about the boric acid fumaroles of Tuscany. 652. LBOONTITB. W. J. Taylor, Am. J. Scl, II. xxvL 273, 1858. Orthorhombic. In prismatic crystals, long or short. ZA/Xcalc. from 636 OXYGEN COMPOUNDS. t-S A ^2)=103 12', A l-i=lir T ; If\ ^-2=160, i-S A i-S=115, =127 30' 128, or over *, 52 52 30', Dana. H.=2 2*5. Lustre vitreous. Colorless, when pure, and transparent. Taste saline and rather bitter. Permanent in the air. Comp. RS+2Hor((a,fc),NH 4 0)S+2H. Analysis by Taylor (L c.): S NH 4 ISTa K H 44-97 12-94 17-56 2'67 19'45 With 2-30 organic residue, O'll inorganic id., and trace. Pyr., etc. Only partially sublimed in the closed tube, but otherwise reacts like mascagnite. Obs. From the cave of Las Piedras, near Comayagua, Central America, imbedded in a black mass made up of the excrement of bats. The crystals often have a coating of organic matter. The cave is worked for the nitre, which the earth of the floor near its mouth affords by lixivia- tion. Named after Dr. John L. Le Conte. An artificial salt of similar general formula, but having ammonia and potash as its bases, is well known (Gmelin's Ch., Hi. 119). 653. MIRABILITE. Glauber Salt. Sal mirabile Glauber (the artificial salt at the tune of its first formation). Naturliches Wundersalz, Glaubersalz, Germ. Glauber Salt. Sulphate of Soda. Soude sulfatee Fr. Mirabilite Said., Handb., 488, 1845. Gediegen Glaubersalz (fr. Saidschitz and Sedlitz) Reuss, Crell's Ann., 1791, ii. 18;=Natur- liches Bittersalz pt. Lenss, Min., i. 489, 1794;r=Reussin Karst., Tab., 40, 1800. Monoclinic. fc72 15', /A 7=86 31, A 14 =130 19'; a ill c=l'1089 : 1 : G'8962. Ob- served planes as in the annexed figure. O A i-i=10r 45' O A J-*=14:7 34 O A 1-^=122 5 O A -i-i= 155 41 A 24=113 1 A 1, front, =93 4.2' -1 A -1, front, =110 42 i-i A 1-^130 10 i-i A ^'=104 41 Cleavage: i-i perfect. Usually in efflorescent crusts. H.=1'5 2. G.=r481. Lustre vitreous. Color white. Transparent opaque. Taste cool, then feebly saline and bitter. Comp. NaS + 10H=Soda 19-3, sulphuric acid 24'8, water 55-9=100. J H vL S 54)- lj (Ann ' ^ M '' V ' ^ 558)l 2> Moissenet ( ib ' xvil 16 )5 3 How ( Ed - N - PhU - 1. Guipuzcoa Spain S 248 %* 19-5 2. StRambert, France 26-0 20*0 3. Windsor, N. Scotia 44-54 Mg 0'5 0'7 Oa 0-3 HOI*-. fl 54-5 Rivot. 53-3 Moissenet 55.4,3 HOW. Pyr., etc In the closed tube nmch water; gives an intense yellow to the flame. Very soluble in water; the solution gives with baryta salts the reaction for sulphuric acid. Falls to powder on exposure to the air, and becomes anhydrous. Obs. Occurs at Ischl and Hallstadt in Austria; also in Hungary, Switzerland, Italy; at ruipuzcoa m Spain, etc !.; abundantly at the hot springs at Carlsbad; at Kailua, on Hawaii, Sandwich Islands abundant m a cavern, and forming from the action of volcanic heat and gases on salt water. Effloresces with other salts on the limestone below the Genesee Falls, Rochester, mu ' at .y mdsor Nova Scotia; also near the Sweetwater River, Rocky Mountains. The artificial salt was discovered by Glauber, a German chemist, about the middle of the HYDROUS SULPHATES. 637 seventeenth century, while he was operating with sulphuric acid and common salt ; and the name sal ndrabile was his own expression of surprise at its formation. Taking the plane l-i as 2-i, the azes are nearly those of pyroxene, becoming a : b : c=0*55445 1 : 0-8962. The so-called Eeussin is impure glauber salt, as pronounced by Reuss in 1791, after his early study of it. It occurred as a deposit of crystals and efflorescent crusts in or about the mineral springs of Saidschitz and Sedlitz, and according to Reuss was most abundant near the end of the spring. The crystals (some of which were i to 2 in. long) had the form of stout 6-sided prisms, with two sides smaller than the others, terminating in two rhomboidal planes the form of glauber salt. It is stated to have become a white powder on the expulsion by heat of the crys- tallization-water. The analysis was made first on a solution of the salt, and afterward on the effloresced salt, which contained as a result of efflorescence (the usual result) no water ; and hence the amount of water was not ascertained. Crystals reproduced from the solution lost more than hah their weight when heated to redness ; corresponding with the fact that both glauber salt and epsomite contain more than 50 p. c. of water. The analysis afforded Reuss Na S 66' 04, Mg S 31-55, Mg Cl 2-19, Oa S 0*42 ; which, adding the water and excluding the Mg 01, corresponds to 68'0 of glauber salt, 31'7 of epsomite, and 0'3 of gypsum=100. EXANTHALOSE B&ud. (Tr., ii. 475, 1832) is a white efflorescence, such m as results from the expo- sure to the air of glauber salt. Beudant obtained the composition Na S + 2 H from the analyses : 1. Vesuvius 2. Hildesheim S44-8 42'5 35-0 33-4 20-2 18-8 It was named from The Vesuvian mineral was from the lavas of 1813, according to Beudant. ef <0u, to effloresce, and fiAj, salt. 654. GYPSUM. rt^os [mostly burnt Gypsum] Herodotus, Plato, Theophrastus. 'A0poo->>7j/or, Dioscorides, v. 152, 159. Lapis specularis (principal part), Gypsum (=burnt gyp- sum only), Plin. Lapis specularis, Gypsum, nkjivtrw, Germ. Gips and Fraueneis, Ital Lumen de Scaiola [Scagliola], Agricola, Foss., 251, Interpr., 465, 1546. Glacies Marise, Marienglas [=Selenite], Gips, Gypsum, Alabastrum (fine grained G.), Selenites (cryst. G.), Wall, Min., 50, 1747. Marmor fugax Linn., Syst., 1736. Gypsum, Terra calcarea acido vitrioli saturata, Alabaster, Selenites, Cronst., Min., 18, 1758. Gips, Gyps, Fraueneis, W&rn. Gesso Ital Yeso Span. Sulphate of Lime, Alabaster, Plaster Stone. Chaux sulfatee, Albdtre, Fr. Satin Spar. Montmartrite Delameth., Legons, ii. 380, 1812. Perhaps in part 'AAa/?aK, Theophr., Plin. Monoclinic. C=66 14', if the vertical prism / (see f. 537) correspond to the cleavage prism (second cleavage), and the basal plane to the direc- 535 538 536 537 tion of the third cleavage. /A 7=138 28', 14 A 14=128 31' ; a : I : c =0-9 : 1 : 2-4135. Observed planes : (truncates the edge 2-1/24) (a) ; 638 OXYGEN COMPOUNDS. vertical, i-l (b\ i-i (t), I (n\ i-$ (a?), i-$ (s); clinodomes, 24 (m, or/), 34, J4, 44 (A), 4, 54, 64 (&), 74, 84, 94 ; hemidomes, l-i (d\ 24, 34 (), octahedral, 1 (Q, 2 (0), 3 (w), 3-3 (w\ 3-S (y, or &). A ^4=66 14' O A 34=88 8' 1 A 7=122 IT O A 14=127 44 A 24=145 41 14 A -4=113 30 A 34=87 58 O A 4-1=126 12 ^4 A 7=110 46 O A 1=125 35 1 A 1=143 42 i-l A 1=108 9 A /=67 52 24 A 24=111 42 i-l A 24=124 19 6> A 2=98 46 Cleavage : (1) i\ or clinodiagonal, eminent, affording easily smooth pol- ished folia ; (2) /, imperfect, hbrous, and often apparent in internal rifts or linings, making with (or the edge 24/24) the angles ^ 66 14' and 113 46', corresponding to the obliquity of the fundamental prism ; (3) 0, or the base, imperfect, but affording a nearly smooth surface. Twins : 1. Composi- tion-face O (f. 538), occurring (A) in the form repre- 539 sented in f. 535, having then the reentering angle 104 32', and the cross-lining of the second cleavage (or that parallel to /) in the directions cv, vg, meeting in the angle ^=132 28', or twice 66 14'; also occurring (B) in a form made up of planes 24 and / (instead of 24, 1), and having a reentering angle of 132 28', at the opposite end of the crystal, the cleav- age lines being parallel to the sides of the reentering angle. 2. Composition-face 14, or edge 1/1 (=Z/Z), reentering angle made between edge I/I(=nJ-ri^ of each part, =123, or double the supplement of 1 14 on edge ///(which equals 61 30') ; twins of this second kind often lenticular ; also like f. 539 (compare with f. 537) the reentering edges made of the planes / (n\ and the outer convex edges either 01 planes 1 (1) and 34 (e) blended together, and meeting at extremity in an angle of 25-J- , or of planes 1 and 24, and having the angle at extremity 55 ; the interior cleavage lines parallel to /, having the Directions cv, vg, meeting the axis at 61-J- , or one another in the angle 123. Simple crys- tals often with warped as well as curved surfaces. Also foliated massive ; lamellar-stellate ; often granular massive ; and sometimes nearly impalpable. H.=1'5 2. G.=2-314 2'328, when pure crystals. Lustre of i-l pearly and shining, other faces subvitreous. Massive varieties often glis- tening, sometimes dull earthy. Color usually white; sometimes gray, flesh-red, honey-yellow, ochre-yellow, blue ; impure varieties often black, brown, red, or reddish-brown. Streak white. Transparent opaque. Var. 1. Crystallized, or Selenite ; either in distinct crystals, or in broad folia, the folia some- tunes a yard across and transparent throughout. (6) An arenaceous variety occurs in Sussex, N". Brunswick, the crystals containing much sand, which is often regularly arranged within them (0. C. Marsh). 2. Fibrous; coarse or fine, (a) Satin spar, when fine-fibrous a variety which has the pearly opalescence of moonstone ; (b) plumose, when radiately arranged. 8. Massive; Alabaster, a fine-grained variety, either white or delicately shaded; scaly-granu- lar; earthy or rock-gypsum, a dull-colored rock, often impure with clay or carbonate of lime, and sometimes with anhydrite. The Monttnartre gypsum contains carbonate of lime, and Delame- HYDROUS SULPHATES. 639 therie called it Montmartrite. A variety from Bovenden, near Gottingen, contains anhydrite (Jahrb. Min. 1856, 664). Comp. CaS 4- 2 H= Sulphuric acid 46'5, lime 32-6, water 20'9=100. Analyses: 1, Bucholz (Gehlen's J., v. 159); 2, v. Rose (Karst. Min. Tab., 53, 1808); 3, De la Trobe (Ramm. 4th SuppL. 89); 4, 5, Jungst (ZS. nat Yer. HaUe, viil 482); 6, 7, W. Hampe (B. H. Ztg., xx. 267): S Ca H Si 1 e 1. Orysi. 44-8 33-0 21'0 98 '8 Bucholz. 2. Granular 44-16 33'88 21-00 =99'04 Rose. 3. Al\)&y, fibrous 44-19 29-41 20-18 6'43 0'64 = 100'85 Trobe. 4. Wienrode, compact 45-76 31'87 19-90 2'80 0-60 = 100-93 Jungst. 5. Osterode, " 45-95 32-62 20-70 0'42 0'50 =100-19 Jiingst. 6. " white 46-61 32'44 20'74 0'15 = 99'94 Hampe. 7. " red 46'50 31-99 21-56 0'45 =100-80 Hampe. The siliceous variety from Albay, Luzon (Philippine islands), was of volcanic origin. The gypsum of East River, Pictou, Nova Scotia, according to Prof. W. R. Johnson, and that of Southern Virginia, according to Prof. W. B.^ Rogers (Am. J. ScL, II. v. 113, 1848), contain 1 atom of water to 2 of sulphate of lime (2 Ca S+H), the former affording S 54-7, lime 39-4, H 5'90. The passage of anhydrite into gypsum is exemplified on a large scale in many places, as at the Canaria valley and at Bex in Switzerland (Blum. Pseud., p. 24 ; Am. J. Sci, xlviii. 69). and the compound here described may have been formed in the course of the transition ; or, more proba- bly, it is a mixture of gypsum and anhydrite. This compound is formed artificially only at a high temperature, or above 120 C. The incrustations in steam-boilers on the ocean consist largely of it, as shown by J. F. W. Johnston, and later by R. "W". Johnson, who gave for the composition of one (Am. J. Sci., II. v. 112, 1848), having G.=2'69, and a fibrous structure, Sulphuric acid 54-25, lime 39'67. water 6-07, equivalent to 2 of CaS to 1 of H. T. L. Phipson found in one (Inventor's Institute, Dec., 1867) Sulphate of lime 65*0, magnesia 19'0, water 13-5, 3Pe, l 0'85, Na Cl 0-70, sand 0-45 = 99-50; corresponding to 1 of Ca S+H and 1 of Mg H (brucite). Pyr., etc. In the closed tube gives off water and becomes opaque. Fuses at 2*53, coloring the flame reddish-yellow. For other reactions, see ANHYDRITE, p. 621. Ignited at a temperature not exceeding 260 C., it again combines with water when moistened, and becomes firmly solid. Soluble in muriatic acid, and also in 400 to 500 parts of water. Obs. Gypsum often forms extensive beds in connection with various stratified rocks, especially limestones, and marlytes or clay beds. It occurs occasionally in crystalline rocks. It is also a product of volcanoes, occurring about fumaroles, or where sulphur gases are escaping, being formed from the sulphuric acid generated, and the lime afforded by the decomposing lavas lime being contained in augite and labradorite. It is also produced by the decomposition of pyrite when lime is present; and often about sulphur springs where sulphuretted hydrogen is emitted, this gas changing, through reaction with vegetable matter, into sulphuric acid. Gypsum is also deposited on the evaporation of sea-water and brines, in which it exists in solution. Crystals may be seen to form on evaporating a drop of sea-water in the field of a microscope. Fine specimens are found in the salt mines of Bex in Switzerland ; at Hall in the Tyrol ; in the sulphur mines of Sicily ; in the gypsum formation near Ocana in Spain ; in the clay of Shotover Hill, near Oxford ; and large lenticular crystals have been met with at Montmartre, near Paris. A noted locality of alabaster occurs at Castelino, 35 m. from Leghorn, whence it is taken to Florence for the manufacture of vases, figures, etc. This species occurs in extensive beds in several of the United States, and more particularly K York, Ohio, Illinois, Virginia, Tennessee, and Arkansas, and is usually associated with salt springs. Also in Nova Scotia, Peru, etc. Handsome selenite and snowy gypsum occur in N. York, near Lockport (occasionally f. 532) in limestone along with pearl spar and anhydrite ; also near Camillus, Onondaga Co. ; occasionally crystals are met with in the vicinity of Manlius. In Maryland, large grouped crystals on the St. Mary's, in clay ; also near the mouth of the Patuxent. In Virginia, large beds of gypsum with rock salt, in Washington Co., 18 m. from Abingdon; also near Lynchburg. In Ohio, large transparent crystals have been found at Poland and Canfield, Trumbull Co. In Tenn., selenite and alabaster in Davidson Co. In Kentucky, in Mammoth Cave, it has the forms of rosettes, or flowers, vines, and shrubbery. Abundant also W. of the Mississippi in many places, and in California. In N. Scotia, in Sussex, King's Co., on Capt. McCready's farm, large single and grouped crystals, which mostly contain much symmetrically disseminated sand. Plaster of Paris (or gypsum which has been heated and ground up) is used for making moulds, taking casts of statues, medals, etc. ; for producing a hard finish on walls ; also in the manufacture of artificial marble, as the scagliola tables of Leghorn, and in the glazing of porcelain. The fibrous variety, when cut en cabochon and polished, resembles cat's-eye. 64:0 OXYGEN COMPOUNDS. Gypsum is related in form to heulandite, a fact brought out in the view above taken of the crystallization (Am. J. ScL, II. xvii. 85). To the table of observed planes the lettering of Brooke and Miller for the planes is added. Plane /of f. 537 would be situated on f. 536, between 2-i and 3-* below, or the back 2-i and 3-* above. Kenngott obtained from an English crystal 2-i A 2-t== 111 14' (Ber. Ak. Wien, xi.). Recent articles on cryst., B. & M.. Min., 536 ; Quenstedt, Min., 1855, 1863 ; Dufrenoy, Min., 1856 ; Hessenberg, Min. Not, No. ii. iv. There seems to be good reason for accepting as the true fundamental form that above adopted, since the planes of the fundamental prism /, and 0, cor- respond in this case to directions of cleavage. Most authors make 2-i the prism I, and 2-i (of rare occurrence) the plane 0. The symbols, on this basis, with the lettering of Miller, are as follows, following the above order (Hessenberg, Min. Not., No. iv.) : - (a) ; i-i (&), 1-4 (t\ 1 (n), 2-2 (x), 3-3 (s); I(m, or /of Neumann), i-\, i-\, i-2(h\ a-, *-|, *'-3 (&), *4i *-i *$ J -1-* (d), 0(q of Quen- stedt), H-00, f * (0 o f Hessenberg) ; -1 (1), l-i (v), 1-3 (u), i (w)\ -3-3 (y, or k of Neumann) ; f-2 (6 of Hessenberg). Named from y !//?, the Greek for the mineral, but more especially for the calcined mineral The derivation ordinarily suggested, from y*j, earth, and tyfw, to cook, corresponds with this, the most common use of the word among the Greeks. Theophrastus, after mentioning localities, speaks of the making of gypsum by burning the proper stones (among which alabaster is included) ; of making plaster or cement from it by " powdering it, pouring on water, and stirring it with wooden instruments, there being too much heat for the hand; " of the necessity of preparing it " imme- diately before the use of it, because it soon dries and becomes hard ; " of its value for whitening the walls of houses, and of its being an excellent material for making images and ornaments. The word yv^os in Plato and Herodotus has been sometimes translated chalk, but not so in the latest and best Lexicon the recent edition of Stephanus. The sentences in Herodotus containing it, and the verb yui//<5w derived from it meaning to cover or whiten with gypsum, are most intelligible if calcined gypsum, or preparations from it, are understood. Powdered chalk is not likely to have been used for a whitewash ; and a wash is implied instead of dry chalking. Moreover, true chalk was probably unknown to the Greeks, it being a produc- tion of more western countries ; and, according to Pliny, even the Romans included under their term Greta (Latin for chalk) principally clays, and prominently the " Cimolian earth " (Cimolite, p. 457), true chalk being what Pliny calls " the inferior kind." Theophrastus speaks of a Tymphcean gypsum (so called by the people of Tymphaea) which was a fuller's earth of some kind. The word yt//o? is, therefore, much more likely to have been applied at times to white clays than to true chalk. The ancients were acquainted with lime from the burning of limestone, and could not have called this yvtys. Plato's expression, TV fa oar) \evKfi yvifsov ft -x l(>vo s ^evKorepav, " Whiter than gyp- sum or snow," is not improved by supposing it chalk; for there is nothing whiter than calcined gypsum, or the ceilings or ornaments made from it. Selenites (moon-stone) of Dioscorides, which he says was also called aphroselenon (moon-froth), u because it was found at night while the moon was on the increase," was probably crystallized gyp- sum or modern seleuite. His description \cvK6s, 7? (or alabaster-stone, meaning the stone out of which ointment vases of the kind called alabastra were made) was with Theophrastus and Pliny mainly if not wholly stalagmite, which is now often called oriental alabaster (see under CALCITE) ; and Thebes in Egypt was a famous locality. Such vases were made of other materials, and it is possible that gypsum-alabaster was one ; for when polished it often resembles some clouded stalagmites. This opinion is favored though not placed beyond question by the statement in Theophrastus, which Pliny reiterates,* that the gypsum-stone is "very similar to," '-not unlike" (meaning in the rough state, of course) oJabastrites, which resemblance is not obvious if stalagmite is the only alabastrites. The alabas- tritis of Pliny, from Syria, said to be white spotted with various tints, may be of this kind, as Syria was noted for its gypsum-stone, according to Theophrastus and Pliny. * It is not clear that Pliny is here independent authority. He appears to be citing from Theophrastus in the most of what he says about gypsum ; and in one or two cases he cites blun- deringly. He says, for instance, that plaster after hardening may by pounding be powdered [for use again] ; whereas Theophrastus states more correctly that " by burning it may again and again be made fit for use." HYDROUS SULPHATES. (341 'A\a@aooj, in allusion to the deliquescence ; but changed to graulite by Glocker, because the Greek signifies liquifying actively, and not passively as in deliquescence. 663. FAUSERITE. Fauserit Bretih., B. H. Ztg., xxiv. 301, 1865. Ortlioiiiombic. /A 7= 91 18'. Cleavage : i4 distinct ; / in traces or none ; O rather distinct. Crystals grouped in stalactitic forms. H. 2 2. G. =1*888. Lustre vitreous. Color reddish- and yellowish- white to colorless. Translucent to transparent. Taste astringent, bitter. Oomp. MgS+2 Mn S + 15 fi=( Mg+f Mn) S+5fi=Sulphuric acid 34'7, protox. manga- nese 20'5, magnesia 5'8, water 39-0 = 100. Analyses: 1, 2, Molmar (1. c.): S Mn Mg fl 34-49 19-61 5-15 42'66, l, 3Pe trace 33-78 20-05 5'63 40'54. Obs. From Herrengrund in Hungary. Named after Mr. Fauser. COPPERAS GROUP. The species here included are the ordinary vitriols. They are identical in general formula with the species of the Epsomite group, and are regarded as the same compound essentially under oblique crystallization. The cop- per sulphate diverges from the others in crystallization, and contains but 5 of water ; but species containing copper in many other groups exhibit a like divergence from the rest in crystalline form. SYNONYMY BEFORE 1750. Xd\Kav6ov, XaX*rri?, MeXai/r^pfu, Swpv, Mf<, Dioscor., v. 114-118. [Chalcanthum (from %aX*o?, brass, and avQog, fiow&f) is vitriol of any kind; Spain is given as a locality ; Chakitis, a disintegrating pyrites, iron or copper, impregnated with the same, as a result of its alteration ; Melanteria (fr. pcXuv, ink), a salt-like chalcanthus, or earth containing it ; Soru, a black earth or stone impregnated with some vitriol ; Misu, a yellowish vitriolic stone, per- haps partly copiapite, and partly yellow ochre impregnated with vitriol of some kind.*] Atramentum sutorium= Chalcanthum. Chalcites, Sory, Misy, Plin., xxxiv. 29-32; evidently in part from Dioscorides. [The description of Chalcanthum gives prominence to blue vitriol, while its use as shoemaker's ink (which Atr. sutorium signifies) implies the presence of green (or iron) vitriol, the material still used for blackening leather ; Chalcites and sory are the same as above ; Misy is yellow and pulverulent, like the mineral now called copiapite.] Atramentum sutorium = Melanteria .= Chalcanthum, Chalcites, Sory, Misy, Agric., Foss., 212- 214, 1546 ; Kupferwasser id., Interpr., 463, 1546. [The first three of these names are synonyms for any vitriol or all ; and include (as partly also in Dioscorides) capillary or wool-like, plumose, stalactitic, and salt-like kinds, besides Lapis atramenti ; Agricola mentions the varieties Atramen- turn sutorium candidum(=\VKoiov Gr.), which is white or zinc vitriol ; A. s. viride, which is green * In interpreting these ancient names it has to be borne in mind that there are three sources of obscurity, besides that of imperfect description : 1. That the earthy or stony mass containing the essential ingredisnt comes into the description. 2. That Pyrites (including pyrite, marcasite and pyrrhotine) is brassy enough to be confounded with chalcopyrite. the ore of copper or brass (xaXxos); and, in fact, Dioscorides says that, pyrites yields x<*\Kns, although in the next line asserting that it strikes fire with a steel, a characteristic distinguishing it from copper pyrites. Moreover, Agricola describes all the vitriols under his Atramenta sutoria, and makes Kupferwasser of the Germans (meaning copper-water) a common synonym for them ; as has been true of Copperas in English and Couperose in French. 3. That iron and copper pyrites often occur together, and the vitriolic results of their altera tion are consequently variously mixed in nature. 646 OXYGEN COMPOUNDS. vitriol : A. s. cceruleum, which is blue vitriol; Sory, a gray or blackish stone, often nodular (gleba? rotunda), impregnated with any vitriol; Misy, a yellow efflorescent or mealy vitriol (Copiapiti). Goslar in the Harz is the principal locality cited by Agricola. Chakites is said to be between sory and misy in texture, and rubra et ceris colore perhaps a red ochre (a frequent result of the alteration of pyrites) containing copperas and some unaltered pyrites. Atramentum viride, a quibusdam Vitreolum vocatur, Albertus Magnus, De Mm., Libr. v., c. 3, 1270 Vitriolum Agric., ib., 213. [So named from vitrium, glass, in allusion to the glassy appearance of the crystals of vitriols ; Agricola speaks in connection with his explanation of the word, of " A. candidum translucidum instar Crystalli."] Atraraentum Gesner, Foss., 13, 1565; divided into A. album durum Goslarianum [or Zinc vit- riol], A. viride [or Iron vitriol], A. cceruleum Cyprium pulcherrimum [or Blue vitriol], etc. Melanteria, Sory, Misy, Gesner, ib., 15, 16. Vitriolum Walkrius Min., 155, 1747, and Cronstedt, Min., 113, 1758; a genus including the species V.Cupri (=V. Cypri, V. Veneris); 2, V. viride (=V. ferri, V. martis); 3, V. album, vel Zinci (from Goslar) besides 4, V. mixtum (a mere mixture) ; 5, 6, Terra vitriolica and Lapis atra- mentarius (earth or stone impregnated with vitriol of some kind), and including Lapis atramen- tarius flavus, or Misy. 664. MELANTERTTE. MeXavrripia, XaA*a/0o>, etc., Dioscor. Chalcanthum, Atramentum sutorium, etc., Plin. Melanteria, Atramentum sutorium viride, Agric. Vitriolum pt. Albertus Magnus. Atramentum viride Gesner. Vitriolum viride, V. ferri, V. martis, Wallerius. Green Vitriol Copperas. Sulphate of Iron. Fer sulfate Fr. Melanterie Beud., Tr., ii. 482, 1832. Monoclinic. (7=75 40' ; 7 A 7=82 21', A l-i= 123 44' ; a : b : c=l*310 : 1 : 0-8474. A iU'=104 20' A -1-*=136 18 A 7=80 37 A 1-*=123 44 A -^=159 6 -1 A -1=101 32 Cleavage : perfect, 7 less so. Often in capillary, fibrous, stalactitic, and concretionary forms, gene- rally massive and pulverulent. H.=2. G.= 1-832. Lustre vitreous. Color, vari- ous shades of green, passing into white ; becoming yellowish on exposure. Streak uncolored. Sub trans- parent translucent. Taste sweetish, astringent, and metallic. Fracture conchoidal. Brittle. Comp. Pe S + 7 fi=Sulphuric acid 28'8, protoxyd of iron 25-9, water 45'3=100. Pyr., etc. In the closed tube yields water, and after a time sulphurous and sulphuric acids. On charcoal turns at first brown, then red, and finally black, becoming magnetic. With the fluxes reacts for iron. Soluble in twice its weight of water, and the solution is blackened by a tincture of nut galls. Exposed to the air becomes covered with a yellow powder, which is the sulphate of the sesquioxyd of iron. Obs. This salt usually proceeds from the decomposition of pyrite or marcasite, which readily afford it, if occasionally moistened while exposed to the atmosphere. Occurs near Goslar in the Harz ; Bodenmais in Bavaria ; Fahlun, Sweden ; at Hurlet, near Paisley ; and in many mines in Europe and on the other continents. Usually accompanies pyrite in the U. States, occurring as an efflorescence ; at Copperas Ml, a few miles E. of Bainbridge, Ohio, it is associated with alum and pyrite. It is employed in dyeing and tanning, and hi the manufacture of ink and Prussian blue. 665, PISANITE. F. Pisani, 0. R., xlviii. 807. Pisanit Kenng., Ueb. 1859, 10, 1860. In concretionary and stalactitic forms. Lustre vitreous. Color bright blue. Becomes ochreous externally. Comp. (Fe, Cu)S+7H; or a copperas with three-fifths of the iron replaced by copper Analysis by Pisani (L c.): HYDROUS SULPHATES. 647 S 29-90 Fe 10-98 Cu 15-56 H 43'56 Pyr., etc. B.B. gives with the fluxes reactions for copper. Otherwise like melanterite. Obs. Occurs with chalcopyrite at a copper mine in the interior of Turkey. The interior of the mineral has sometimes druses of minute crystals. 666. GOSLARITE. Atramentum sutorium, candidum, potissimum reperitur Goselarise, trans- lucidum, crystalli instar, Agric., Foss., 213, 1546. A. album fossile durum Goslarianum Gesner, Foss., 13, 1665. Vitriolum Zinci album nativum, Galizensten, Hvit Yiktril, WaU., 157, 1747. Zinc Vitriol, White Vitriol, White Copperas, Sulphate of Zinc. Zinc sulfatee, Couperose blanche, Fr. Gallizinite Beud., Tr., 446, 1824. Goslarit Haid., Handb., 490, 1847. Orthorhombic. /A 7=90 42' ; A 14=150 10'; a : I : c=0'5735 : 1 : 1-0123. Observed planes: 7, i-i, i-i, i-2, 14, 14, 1, 2-5. 14 A 14, top, =120 20', 14 A 14, top,=120 3', O A 1=140 57', 1 A 1, mac.,=127 27', 1 A 1, brach.,=126 45'. Cleavage : i-i perfect. H.=2-2'5. G.=2-036; 1-9-2-1; 1'953, artificial crystals, Schill. Lustre vitreous. Color white, reddish, bluish. Transparent translucent. Brittle. Taste astringent, metallic, and nauseous. Comp. 2nS+7H=Sulphuric acid 27'9, oxyd of zinc 28-2, water 43-9=100. Beudant obtained for a specimen from Schemnitz (Tr., ii. 481) S 29'8, 2n 28'5, pn 0'7, 3?e 0'4, fi 40-8 = 100-2, which corresponds to 6 H. Klaproth obtained (Beitr., v. 193) S 22-0, Zn 27'5, Mu 0'5, H 50-0=100. Pyr., etc. Yields water. On charcoal with soda gives a zinc coating, and a sulphid which tarnishes silver. Easily soluble in water. Obs. This salt is formed by the decomposition of blende, and is found in the passages of mines. It occurs at the Rammelsberg mine near G-oslar, in the Harz ; at Schemnitz in Hungary ; at Fahlun in Sweden ; and at Holywell in Wales. It is not of common occurrence. It is manufactured for the arts, and is very extensively employed in medicine and dyeing. White vitriol, as the term is used in the arts, is the sulphate of zinc in a granular state, like loaf sugar, produced by melting and agitation while cooling. The name Gallitzenite, which has priority, was given the mineral by Beudant from a popular German name Gaiitzenstein. But although so called in Germany, zinc vitriol is not a stone from Galicia (Poland), as the word implies, while it is eminently a product of the mines of Goslar in the Harz. Haidinger's name Goslarite is therefore adopted for the species. 667. BIEBERITE. Cobalt Yitriol Sage, J. de Phys., xxxix. 53, 1791. Kobaltvitriol Kopp, Gehlen's J., II. vi. 157, 1808. Bed Vitriol. Sulphate of Cobalt. Rhodhalose Beud., Tr., iL 481, 1832. Bieberit ffaid., Handb., 489, 1845. Moiioclinic. Usually in stalactites and crusts, investing other minerals. G.=l '924, artificial crystals, Schill. Lustre vitreous. Color flesh- and rose-red. Subtransparent translucent. Friable. Taste astringent. Oomp. CoS + 7H=Sulphuric acid 28-4, oxyd of cobalt 25'5, water 46-1 = 100. Analyses : 1, J. H. Kopp (Gehlen's J., II. vi. 157); 2, Winkelblech (Ann. d. Phann., xiii. 265); 3, Beudant (L c.); 4, 6, Schnabel (Ramm. 4th Suppl., 118): S Co H 1. Bieber 19-74 38-71 41-55=100 Kopp. 2. " 29-05 19-91 46-83, Mg 3'86=99'65 Winkelblech. 3. " 30-2 28-7 41-2, Fe 0'9 Beudant. 4. Siegen 28-81 23'30 45'22, Ca 0*43, Mg 0'88, Cl 0-09, insol. 1-14=100-12 Schn. 5. u 20'84 16-50 38'13, Ca, Mg tr., Cl O'Oo insol. 24'04=100 Schn. Kopp's analysis corresponds to Co 2 S + 8 H ; but the existence of such a compound is very doubtful Tho artificially prepared cobalt vitriol has the composition above given. 64:8 OXYGEN COMPOUNDS. Pyr., etc. In a matrass yields water, and when strongly heated, sulphurous acid. Com- municates a blue color to glass of borax. Obs. In the rubbish of old mines at Bieber, near Hanau ; at Leogang in Saltzburg ; at Tres Puntos, near Copiapo, Chili. Beudant's name Rhodhalose is not an admissible derivative from >oJ4u, rose-colored, and 5X?, salt, and is unmineralogical in its termination ; it should have been Rhodohalite. Instead of making it right (in which case it would be no longer Beudant's name), it appears better to adopt the name applied by Haidinger, derived from the longest known locality. 668, MORENOSITE. Nickel-Viktril, Yitriolum ferrum & niccolum continens (" of a deep green color, with Kupfernickel, in Cobalt mines ") Cronst. (the discov. of the metal Nickel), Min., 114, 1758. Niccolum vitriolatum (interdum e mineris sulphuratis fatiscentibus genitum) Bergm., Sciagr., 50, 1782. Sulfato de niquel (fr. Galicia) D. A. Casares, 1849, A. M. Alcibar, in Re vista Minera, Madrid, 305, 1850. Sulfato de nickel, Morenosita, Casares, ib., 176, March, 1851. Nickel Vitriol T. 8. Hunt, this Min., 679, 1850, Logan's G-. Rep. Can., 1863. Pyrome- line v. Kob., GeL Anz. Munch., xxxv. 215, 1852, J. pr. Ch., Iviii. 44. In acicular crystals and thin prisms. Also fibrous ; and as an efflores- cence. H. =2 2*25. G. =2*004:, Fulda. Lustre vitreous. Color apple-green to greenish-white. Streak white, faintly greenish. Soluble ; taste metal- lic astringent. Comp. NiS+7H= Sulphuric acid 28-5, oxyd of nickel ~26'7, water 44'8=100. Analyses: 1, 2, Fulda and K6rner(Ann. Ch. Pharm., cxxxi. 217): S Ni H Is 1. Riechelsdorf 28'54 26'76 44-43 0-27=100 Fulda. 2. " 28-42 26-59 44'83 0-24=100'08 Korner. In the mineral from G-alicia, on which the species was instituted, the nickel vitriol, according to Casares (L c.), was mixed with a little sulphate of copper and iron ; while that of Canada, according to Hunt, appeared to be pure nickel vitriol. Pyr., etc. B.B. in tube gives water, strongly acid, swells up, and hardens, becoming yellow and opaque. On charcoal glows strongly and evolves sulphurous acid. "With borax and phos- phorus salt gives a distinct nickel reaction. The Riechelsdorf mineral colors the outer flame blue, from the presence of arsenic. Obs. A result of the alteration of nickel ores. Occurs near Cape Hortegal, in Galicia, Spain, on magnetite, with which some millerite is mixed ; at Riechelsdorf, in Hesse ; as an earthy crust, mountain-green in color, with native bismuth and arsenical nickel, at the Friedens mine near Lichtenberg in Bayreuth (pyromeline). Also in acicular crystals and crusts at Wallace mine. Lake Huron, upon a sulphuret of nickel and iron; at the Gap nickel mine, Lancaster Co., Pennsylvania. Named by Casares after Mr. Moreno, of Spain. A. M. Alcibar states that Prof. Casares sent a communication on this mineral to the Societe de Pharmacie of Paris in 1849, which was not pub- lished. 669. CHALOANTHITE. XdXoi/0ji>, Chalcanthum pt., Dioscor., Plin., Atramentum cceruleum Agric., Gesner. Vitriolum Cupri=V. Cypri= V. Veneris, Wall., Cronst. Sulphate of Copper, Blue Vitriol, Copper Vitriol. Kupfervitriol Germ. Couperose bleue, Cuivre sulfate, Fr. Vitriolo di Rame ItoL Cyanose Bead., Tr., ii. 486, 1832. Chalkanthit v. Kobell, Tafeln, 31, 1853. Triclinic. A 7=109 32', A 7=127 40' /A 7=123 10. A 1= 125 38', /A 1=126 10', A ^4=120 50', A ^=103 27'' and 76 33'. Cleavage : / imperfect, I very imperfect. Occurs also amorphous, Btalactitic, reniform. HYDROUS SULPHATES. 64:9 H.=2'5. G.=2*213. Lustre vitreous. Color 641 Berlin-blue to sky-blue, of different shades; sometimes a little greenish. Streak uncolored. Subtransparent translucent. Taste metallic and nauseous. Somewhat brittle. Comp. CuS + 5 &= Sulphuric acid 32-1, oxyd of copper 3 1 '8, water 36*1 = 1 00. Often mixed with melanterite. Bluish crystals from mud at the Cronebane copper mine of Wicklow contain, according to Mr. Mallet, 34*2 of sulphate of iron to 65-7 of sulphate of copper. Pyr., etc. In the closed tube yields water, and at a higher temperature sulphuric acid. B.B. with soda on charcoal yields metallic copper. With the fluxes reacts for copper. Soluble in water ; a drop of the solution placed on a surface of iron coats it with metallic copper. Obs. Blue vitriol is found in waters issuing from mines, and in connection with rocks contain- ing chalcopyrite, by the alteration of which it is formed. Some of its foreign localities are the Rammelsberg mine near Goslar in the Harz ; Fahlun in Sweden ; at Parys mine, Anglesey ; at various mines in Co. of Wicklow ; formerly in crystals an inch long at Ting Tang mine in G- wen- nap ; also Rio Tinto mine, Spain. The waters of the Rio Tinto mine have yielded annually 1,800 cwt. of copper, consuming 2,400 cwt. of iron. At Wicklow about 500 tons of iron were laid in the pits at one time, and in about 12 months the bars were dissolved, and each ton of iron yielded 1-J- to 2 tons of a reddish mud which was cement copper, containing for every ton 16 cwt. of pure copper. It has been observed at Vesuvius among the products of the eruption of 1855. Found at the Hiwassee copper mine, also in large quantities at the Isabella and other mines, in Polk Co., Tennessee, 30 m. from Cleveland ; at the Canton mine, Georgia ; at Copiapo, Chili, with stypticite. When purified it is employed in dyeing operations, and in the printing of cotton and linen, and for various other purposes in the arts. It is manufactured mostly from old sheathing, copper trimmings, and refinery scales. On the ancient cJiakanthum see p. 64:5. Beudant's name cyanose (with cyanosite derived from it, from Kvavof) is rejected like other names in which the terminal s of the Greek is retained. More- over chakanthite, meaning flowers of copper, is old and good. 670. OYANOCHROITE. Cianocroma Scacchi, Mem. Yesuv., 191, 1855. Monoclinic. 0=15 30' =0 A i4, 7 A 7=108 12', A 14=153 56', A l-i=l4:l 47', A 2-*=116 49'; also plane 2-2. Occurs as a crust, and crystals obtained by solution and evaporation. Color clear blue. Comp. According to Scacchi, a hydrous sulphate of potash and copper ; (\ Cu + -J- &) S + 3 fl. Obs. From the saline crusts formed on the lavas during the eruption of Vesuvius in 1855. Named in allusion to the color from d*oj, blue, and ^po'a, color. Scacchi's name has been changed to the above, m order to secure the termination tie and avoid ambiguity (the mineral con- taining no chrome). 671. ALUNOGEN. Hydro-trisulfate d'alumine Beud., Tr., 449, 1824. Davite (?) Mill., Quart. J., 1828. Alunogene Beud., Tr., ii. 488, 1832. Sblfatarite pt. Shep., Min., 188, 1835. Keramohalit Glocker, Grundr., 689, 1839. Saldanite Hiwt, Min., ii. 451, 1841. Stypterit Glocker, Syn., 297, 184*7. Halotrichit pt. Hausm., Handb., ii. 1174, 1847 (not Halotrichit Glocker). Schwefelsaure Thonerde. Sulphate of Alumina. Monoclinic, Jurasky. In six-sided tables with two angles of 92 and four of 134. Usually in delicate fibrous masses or crusts ; also massive. H.=l-5 2. G.=l-6 1-8. Lustre vitreous silky. Color white, or tinged with yellow or red. Subtranslucent subtransparent. Taste like that of common alum. 650 OXYGEN COMPOUNDS. Comp.AVs 8 + 18 H= Alumina 15-4, sulphuric acid 36'0, water 48 '6 =100. Analyses: 1, 2, Boussingault (Anil. Ch. Phys., xxx. 109); 3, Herapath (Ch. Gaz., 1846); 4, Hartwall (Jahresb., x. 178); 5, H. Rose (Pogg., xxvii. 317); 6-9, Rammelsberg (Pogg., xliii. 130, 399); 10, J. Jurasky (Ast. BL f. Lit., 1847); 11, L. Barth (Ber. Ak. Wien, xxiv. 289) : Si =99-01 Bouss. =100-00 Bouss. , Cu 0-04, insol. 0-50 Herapath. 1-13, Na 1-13, K 0-26, HC1 0-40 = 100 Hart 1-37 = 100-33 Rose. =100 Ramm. , K 0-22, Fe 2-46=100-24 R. , K 0-32, Fe 0'67, pn 1-02 R. 0-43, Fe 0-72, K 0'47, Mn 0-31= 100 Ramm. , insol. 2-01=99-81 Jurasky. = 100-2 Barth. 1. Rio Saldana 2. Pasto 3. Adelaide 4. Milo 5. Copiapo 6. Kolosoruk 7. Friesdorf 8. Potschappel 9. Freienwalde 10. Konigsberg 36*75 11. PusterY.,Tyrol36-0 S 1 H e Mg Ca 36-40 16-00 46-60 0-004 0-004 0-002 35-68 14-98 49-34 35-63 17-09 46-70 40-31 14-98 40-94 0-85 36-97 14-63 44-64 2'58 0-14 35-82 15-57 48-61 37-38 14-87 45-16 0-15 35-71 12-78 47-02 0-27 0-64 35-64 11-23 48-84" 1-91 0-45 36-75 14-30 44-60 2-15 _____ 36-0 15-8 48-4 a And loss. Beudaut obtained in his analysis of a specimen from Guadaloupe, the first made of the species (Tr., 449, 1832), S'39'94, l 16'76, H 36'44, potash alum 4'58, green vitriol 1'94, which gives 12 H instead of 18 H. The other analyses agree well in the latter, and the difference is probably an error. Davite N. Mill (Brandes Q. J. ? xxv. 382, 1828) from a hot spring at Chiwachi, a day's journey from Bogota, afforded him S 28-8, A 1 ! 15-0, H 51-8, e 1*2, with earthy matters 3'2 = 100. Requires investigation. Anal. 10 is of the keramohalite of Jurasky, from near Konigsberg. Pyr., etc. Yields water, and at a higher temperature sulphuric acid, in the closed tube. Gives a fine blue with cobalt solution. Soluble in water. Obs. This species, a hydrous sulphate of alumina, results both from volcanic action, and the decomposition of pyrites in coal districts and alum shales, and occurs at the localities above mentioned, besides many others. The Pasto mineral was from the crater of a volcano. It has been observed by Scacchi at Yesuvius ; at Konigsberg, Hungary, it occurs in thick druses with iron vitriol. It is found as an efflorescence in numerous places in the United States. > A white fibrous alunogen (?) occurs abundantly at Smoky Mtn., Jackson Co., N. C.. where, it is said, tons may be obtained. This species was made known by Beudant, and by him first named Alunogen. The word is a cross between French and Greek, and therefore objectionable ; but not worse than some others of minerals that are accepted. Should davite turn out to be the same thing, this name would have the precedence in time ; but still it could not claim recognition on the basis of an analysis proved to be so greatly in error. 672. COQUIMBITE. Neutrales schwefelsaures Eisenoxyd G. Rose, Pogg., xxvii. 309, 1833. White Copperas. Coquimbit Breith., Handb., 100, 1841. Hexagonal. Prisms usually with the terminal edges deeply replaced. A 1 = 151, /A 1=119, 1 A 1=128 S'. Cleavage : /, imperfect. Also in fine granular masses. H.=2 2*5. G.=2 2*1. Color white, yellowish, brownish, sometimes with a pale violet tint. Taste astringent. Oomp. 3PeS 8 + 9 H= Sulphuric acid 42-7, sesquioxyd of iron 28'5, water 28-8=100. Analy- ses: 1, 2, H. Rose (1. c.) : Ca Si H 1. Crystalline 43-55 24-11 0'92 0'73 0'32 0'31 30-10=100-04 Rose. 2. Granular 43'55 2521 0'78 0'14 0'21 0-37 29-98= 100'24 Rose. Pyr., etc. B.B. resembles melanterite. Wholly soluble in cold water ; if the solution be heated, sesquioxyd of iron is copiously precipitated. Dilute muriatic acid dissolves all except the silica. HYDROUS SULPHATES. 651 Obs. Forms a bed in a feldspathic or trachytic rock, in the province of Coquimbo, about half a day's journey from Copiapo. The bed of salt is on the increase, and is probably derived from decomposing sulphids. Pits 20 ft. deep have been formed in it by the people of the country. Occurs also in Bolivia near Calama, constituting the greater part of a large hill Observed by Scacchi about fumaroles after the eruption of Vesuvius in 1855, partly in a brownish friable crust, which, by solution and evaporation, afforded yellow hexagonal crystals ; also as a yellowish crust, in many parts tinged green, compact in texture, with the lustre of a sur- face of fracture very bright. G-railich states (Ber. Ak. Wien, xxviii. 272, 1858) that a specimen of coquimbite from Copiapo in the museum at Vienna has the optical characters of his rcemerite, and therefore cannot be hexagonal, and he suggests that the two minerals may be identical. A related ochre-yellow mineral from Algodonbai in Bolivia, afforded v. Bibra (J. pr. Ch., xcvi. 206) S 30-28, 3Pe 43'89, Ca 4'21, fi 21'20, Cu fr". = 99'53; which, if the lime be separated as gypsum (10-21 p. c.), becomes S 50'34, 3Pe 27*80, fi 21-86=100. It is partly soluble in water, but the solution contains no iron. ALUM AND HALOTRICHITE GROUPS. ... Groups of Tersulphates having the ratio of base and acid, and also of R, ifc, 1 : 3 ; all very soluble, and having more or less the astringent taste of common alum. H.=2-2-5. G.=1'56 2. The Alums have 24 H to 4 S, and are isometric ; the Halotrichites have 22 H instead of 24: H, and are not isometric, being either orthorhombic or monoclinic. The species here included are not easily distinguishable by the taste or external characters, and hence early authors on minerals include all under one or two names. The old synonymy and the history of the species are therefore more conveniently given here than under the several sub- divisions of the group. EruffDjpia Gr. Alumen Plin. [embracing vitriols as well as the alums]. 2,x iaT *i trrv '* rr iP' ia Dwscor. [embracing the fibrous or feathery kinds, Lyi^ being from trx i fa, I cut, and alluding to the easy subdivision into fibres]. T^ir^s Dioscor. [fr. 6pi%, hair,\i embracing capillary kinds]. Alumen fossile, Germ. Alaun, Gesner, Foss., 1565 [vitriols being excl., and comprising the var. A. can- didum Neapolitanum (fr. Naples), A. capillare, ib., A. Placodes (latas crustas habens), ib., etc.]. Alun, Alumen [including var. a solidum, crystallisatum, y plumosum, or Fjader-Alun], Wall, Min., 161, 1747. Alun, Argilla acido vitrioli imbuta, Cronst., 115, 1758. Argilla vitriolata [= Sulphate of Alumine] Bergm., Sciagr., 1782. Alaun, Haarsalz, Federalaun [all as one species, or if two, without right distinctions], Wern., and other Min. before 1800. Alumiue sulfatee alkaline K, Tr., ii. 278, 1801 [citing Vauquelin's anal, of potash-alum, but including all alums]. In 1795 Klaproth proved (Beitr., i. 311), and in 1792 Breislak (Essais Miu. sur la Solfatara, etc.), that some alum (that of Miseno and the Solfatara, near Naples) was potash-alum. In 1802 Klap- roth showed (Beitr., iii. 102) that the Federalaun of Freyenwald was iron-alum. Beudant ascertained that there was a native alum-like mineral which had the constitution attributed last century to true alum that is, was a simple sulphate of alumina, without an alkali or other prot- oxyd (Tr., 449, 1824). Griiner, in 1821 (Gilb. Ann., Ixix. 218), made known a native ammonia- alum; Thomson, in 1828 (Ann. Lye. N. Y., iii. 19, 1828), a native soda-alum; A. A. Hayes, in 1845 (Am. J. ScL, xlvii. 360), a magnesia-alum. 673. TSCHERMIGITE. Ammonia Alum. Ammoniakalaun, Ammonalaun, Germ. Ammon- alun Beud., ii. 497, 1832. Tschermigit v. Kobell, Tafeln Bestimm., 1853. In octahedrons and fibrous. H. 1 2. G.=1'50. Lustre vitreous. Color white. Transparent to translucent. Comp. NH 4 OS + l S 3 +24 fi=(i (NH 4 0) 3 +f l) S 3 +18 H=:Sulphate of ammonia 14-6, sulphate of alumina 37'8, water 47-6=100. Analyses: 1, Pfaff (Handb. An. Ch., ii. 47); 2, Lampadius (Gilb. Ann., Ixx. 182, bcxiv. 183); 3 Stromeyer (Fogg., xxxi. 137): 652 OXYGEN COMPOUNDS. S 1 NH<0 fl % 1. Tschermig 36-00 12-14 6'58 45-00 0'28=100 Pfaff. 2. " 38-58 12-34 4'12 44*96 - =100 Lampadius. 3. 36-065 11-602 8'721 48'390 0-115 = 99-893 Stromeyer. Pyr., etc. In the closed tube yields water and sulphate of ammonia ; B.B. sublimes ; on char coal gives a coating of sulphate of ammonia, and leaves a residue which gives a fine blue with cobalt solution ; with soda gives ammonia fumes, and the reaction for sulphuric acid. Obs. From Tschermig, Bohemia. This salt is manufactured from the waste of gas works, and used extensively in place of potash alum. 674. KALINITE. Potash Alum. Native Alum. Kalialaun, Kalinischer Alum, Kalinischer Alumsulphat, Germ. Kalinite Dana. Isometric. Usually fibrous or massive, or in mealy or solid crusts. H.=:2 2'5. G.=l*75. Lustre vitreous. Color white. Transparent to translucent. Comp. KS+lS 3 +24:ft=(& 3 + l)S 3 +18&=Sulphate of potash 18'4, sulphate of alu- mina 36-2, water 45-5=100. Pyr., etc. B.B. fuses in its water of crystallization, and froths, forming a spongy mass ; with cobalt solution an intense blue; on charcoal gives a hepatic mass. Soluble in from 16 to 20 times its weight of cold water, and in little more than its weight of boiling water. Obs. Effloresces on argillaceous minerals, and more particularly alum slate. Whitby in York- shire is a noted locality, also Hurlet and Campsie near Glasgow. Also obtained at the volcanoes of the Lipari isles and Sicily. Cape Sable, Maryland, affords large quantities of alum annually. In the caves of the Unaka Mts., Eastern Tennessee, especially at Sevier, masses a cubic foot in size may be obtained ; also in the " Black Slate " of Middle Tennessee ; and in caves along the valleys and gorges of the streams in De Kalb, Coffee, and Franklin Cos., Tenn. (Safford). 675. VOLTAITE. Yoltaite A. Scacchi, Ac. Sci. Nap., 1840. Isometric. In octahedrons, cubes, dodecahedrons, and combinations of these forms. Lustre resinous. Color dull oil-green, greenish-black, brown, or black. Streak grayish-green. Opaque. Comp. FeS+3VS 3 + 24fi, Scacchi, =FeS 15-4, eS 3 40'6, fi 44-0=100; but not from a complete analysis. Dufrenoy's analysis (Ann. d. M., III. ix. 165) is not correct according to Scacchi (Mem. G-. Camp. Napoli, 89, 1849). Abich has obtained an artificial salt of similar characters, which has the formula (f(Fe, K) 3 + f 3Pe) S 3 +4 H, and the composition : S 48-32 3tl 2-20 Fe 17'65 Fe 11-60 Na 6'25 & 0'4 fl 15'94 a little of the iron being replaced by aluminum. It is supposed that voltaite corresponds to it essentially in composition. Paulinyi has found crystals of a similar compound at Kremnitz. They afford the formula (Tschermak, Anz. Ak. Wien, 1867, 218) (|(Fe, K) 3 +f 3Pe)S 3 + 4^fl, with Fe : K=4 : 1, and a little aluminum replacing iron. Pyr., etc. Soluble in water with difficulty, and at the same time decomposes. Obs. This species was first observed at the Solfatara near Naples, by Breislak (1792). It has been found by F. Ulrich at the Rammelsberg mine near Goslar. The last contains protoxyd of manganese, as well as of iron. 676. BLAKEITE Dana, Min., 1850. J. H. Blake has described an iron-sulphate from Coquimbo, which he refers to coquimbite ; but it occurs in regular octahedrons, and assumed the same form on solution and recrystallization. He obtained in an analysis S 41*37, 3?e 26-79, A 1 ! 1*05, Mg 0-30, Si 0-82, H 29-40=99-68. Requires further investigation. HYDROUS SULPHATES. 653 677. MBNDOZITE. Soda Alum. Natronalaun, Natrumalaun, Germ. Natronalun ffuot, ii. 448, 1841. Solfatarite pt. Shep., Min., il 187, 1835 (not in Min. of 1857). Mendozite Dana. In white fibrous masses. H.=3, and G.=1'88, Thomson. Externally white or pulverulent. Some resemblance to fibrous gypsum, but harder. Comp. Na S + lS 3 + 22 H= Sulphate of soda 16*1, sulphate of alumina 39'0, water 44-9= 100; or, Sulphuric acid 36'3, alumina 11-7, soda 7*1, water 44-9=100. Analysis by Thomson (Ann. Lye. N. Y., 1828): St. Juan near Mendoza S 37'70 ^tl 12-00 ISTa 7-96 H 41-96=99-62. Pyr., etc. Resembles ordinary alum. Obs. Occurs near Mendoza, east of the Andes. Thomson found for the composition of a soda alum from Southern Peru which Jie called Sub- sesquisulphate of Alumina (Phil. Mag., III. xxii. 188), S 32'95, A 1 ! 22-55, Na and S 6'50, H 39'20 = 101-20. G-. = 1-584. Shepard states in Am. J. Sci., xvi. 203, 1829, that the alum of the island of Milo is a soda alum related to Thomson's ; but in vol. xxii. 387, ib., he admits a doubt, on the ground of Hartwall's analysis of a Milo alum, which makes it Alunogen (q. v.). Shepard's name solfatarite (which he has since rejected) was based upon its occurring in solfataras, and not in the Naples solfatara, to which no allusion is made in his edition of 1835 ; and under it he gave three analyses of aluno- gen, with the one of soda-alum by Thomson. The Mendoza mineral is not from a solfatara. 678. PIOKERINGITE. Hayes, Am. J. ScL, xlvi. 360, 1844. Magnesia Alum ib. Magnesi- alaun, Talkerde-Alaun, Germ. Monoclinic ? In fine acicular crystals ; long fibrous masses ; and in efflorescences. H.=l. Lustre silky. Color white, yellowish. Becomes pulverulent and white on exposure. Taste bitter astringent. Comp. MgS+A i rs 3 + 22 H= Sulphuric acid 37-3, alumina 12-0, magnesia 4'6, water 46'1. "Analyses : 1, A. A. Hayes (1. c.) ; 2, How (J. Ch. Soc., II. i. 200): S l Fe,MnMg Ca S fl 1. Iquique 36-3212-13 0'43 4'68 0'13 - 45*45, H 01 060=99-74 Hayes. 2. Newport, N. S. 36'33 10-64 0'58 4'79 0"23 45'06, Co 0-06, NiO'14, slate 0'72=99*57H. In two other trials How found for S 36-36, 36*59, and for H 46-16, 46-07. Pyr., etc. In the matrass yields water, and acts like other alums. Tastes like ordinary alum. Obs. From near Iquique, in Peru ; also from N. Scotia, in Newport, on the bank of the Meander, as^ an efflorescence on the slate or shale (Silurian) of a sheltered cliff, where it results from the action on the shale of decomposing pyrite and probably a kind containing traces of cobalt and nickel. How observes that the fibres in this mineral are oblique in crystallization, and that it contains only 22 H; and that it is therefore not a true alum. 679. APJOHNITB. Manganese Alum Apjohn, PhiL Mag., xii. 103, 1838. Manganalaun. Apjohnit Glocker, Syn., 298, 1847. In fibrous or asbestiform masses, white, and with a silky lustre. Comp. MnS+AVs 3 + 24 H= Sulphate jaf manganese 16-3, sulphate of potash 87-0, water 46'7 = 1 00. How suggests the formula Ma S+ A 1 ! S 3 + 22 H, which would correspond to 44-54 p. c. of water and 35*96 S, supposing some loss of the sulphuric acid in the heating to determine the water. Analysis : Apjohn (Phil. Mag., 1. c.) : 832-79 110-65 &n 7-33 (=Mn 6*60) H 48-15 MgS 1'08=100. 654: OXYGEN COMPOUNDS. Pyr. Nearly the same as for ordinary alum, but gives with fluxes a reaction for manganese. Obs. From Lagoa Bay in South Africa. 680. BOSJEMANITE. Manganese Alum pt., Mangano-magnesian Alum. Bosjemanite Dana. Monoclinic ? In silky acicular or capillary crystallizations ; and as crusts and efflorescences. Taste like that of ordinary alum, but less strong. Comp. (Mn, Mg)S+lS 3 + 22H(How)=if Mn : Mg = l : 2, Sulphuric acid 36-82, alumina 11-83 protoxyd of manganese 2'73, magnesia 3'06, water 45*56=100. Analyses : 1, Stromeyer (Fogg., xxxi. 137); 2, J. L. Smith (Am. J. Sci., II. xviii. 379); 3, E. Schweizer (Keung. Uebers., S XI Fe Mn Mg Ca K H 1. Bosjeman E., Afr. 36-77 11-52 2- 17 3-69 45 74, ECU 0'20=100 S. 2. Utah 35-85 10'40 0'15 2'12 5'94 20 46-00 = 100'66 Smith. 3. MaderanVall 35'96 10-55 1'06 2-51 3'74 0-27 0'58 44'26, Cu 0-22,insoL 1-12 = 100. In the last there was some ammonia with the water. Pyr., etc. As under apjohnite. Obs. It covers the floor of a cave near Bosjeman river in Southern Africa, to a depth of six niches ; the roof is a reddish quartzose conglomerate, containing magnesia and pyrites ; it rests on a bed of epsomite, 1| inches thick ; also found in Maderan valley in Canton Uri, Switzerland (called keramohalite by Schweizer) ; and at Alum Point near Salt Lake, in Utah. This Utah mineral was made a manganesian alum by Dr. Gale (Am. J. Sci., II. xv. 434, 1853). 681. HALOTRIOHITE. Federalaun von Freyenwalde (with anal, showing it to be an iron alum) Klapr., Beitr., iii. 102, 1802. Eisenaulaun Germ. Iron Alum. Halotrichit Glocker, Grundr., 691, 1839. Hversalt Forchhammer, Jahresb., xxiil 263, 1843. Halotrichine Scacchi, Mem. Geol. Camp. Nap., 84, 1849, Silky fibrous. Yellowish-white. Taste inky-astringent. Becomes dull and pulverulent on exposure. Comp. Fe S+3tlS 3 +22 fi= Sulphuric acid 35-9, alumina 11'5, protoxyd of iron 8'1, water 44-5 = 100. In the Hversatt of Forchhammer (1. c.) a small part of the alumina is replaced by sesquioxyd of iron, and of the protoxyd of Jron byjnagnesia. Scacchi's Halotrichine (1. c.) may belong here ; he writes for the formula Fe S+ A 1 ! S 3 + 18 H. If part of the iron is sesquioxyd it is like the hversalt. Analyses : 1, Berthier (Ann. d. Mines, v. 257) ; 2, Rammelsberg (Pogg., xliii. 399); 3, B. Silli- man, Jr. (this Min., 226, 1850); 4, Arppe (An. Finske Min., 1857); 5, Phillips (Ann. Ch. Phys., xxiii. 322) ; 6, Forchhammer (1. c.); 7, Scacchi (1. c.) : S XI Fe Mg H 1. ? 34-4 8-8 12-0 0-8 44-0=100 Berth. 2. Morsfeld 36-03 1091 9-37 0'23 43-03, K 0-43=100 Ramm. 3. Oroomiah 33-81 10'62 9'15 41-61, Si 3'34, 3Pe 1'05=99'58 S. 4. Finland 34-71 13-33 6"23 44'20=98'47 Arppe. 5. Hurlet 30'9 5'2 20'7 43-2 = 100 Phillips. 6. Hversalt 35-16 1T22 4'57 2'19 45'63, e 1 '23 =100 Forchhammer. 7. Halotrichine 34*12 9'76 10*20 45*92=100 Scacchi. Klaproth obtained for the "Feather alum" of Freyenwalde, Sulphuric acid and water 77, alumina 15-25, protoxyd of iron 7 -50, potash 0-25=100. Pyr., etc. Fuses in its own crystallization-water, cracks open, and if strongly heated gives off sulphurous acid, leaving a brown residue ; with the fluxes reacts for iron, and with soda on charcoal gives an hepatic mass. Obs. Occurs at Bodenmais and at Morsfeld in Rhenish Bavaria. Also at Oroomiali, Persia, where the inhabitants use it for making ink of a fine quality ; at Hurlet and Campsie near Glas- gow ; at Bjorkbackagard in Finland (anal 4). Probably at Rossville, Richmond Co., N. Y. (Beck). HYDROUS SULPHATES. 655 The Hversalt of Forchhammer is an allied alum from Iceland, ffalotrichine is a silky alum from the Solfatara near Naples. The name Halotrichite is from SXy, salt, and 0pi hair. Berg-butter (Beurre de Montague] is an impure alum or copperas efflorescence, of a butter-like consistence, oozing from some alum slates. A yellowish kind from Wetzelstein, near Saalfeld, afforded R. Brandes (Schw. J., xxxix. 417) 834-82, X17-00, Fe 9-97, Mg 0-80, Na 0-72, ammonia 1-75, It 43-50 99*00. Another, from the original locality at Irtisch in the Altai, gave Klaproth (Beitr., vi. 344) S 31-0, l 2 -5, Fe 6*0, Mn 0*25, Mg 6-25, Ca4*5, Na 0*25, ~& 49-25. 682. RCEMERITE. Roemerit Grailich, Ber. Ak. Wien, xxviii. 272, 1858. Monoclinic. (7=78 59', /A /, front,=101 24', A 7=98 30' and 81 30', 0/\i-i=lOl V, 0A-&4=90, /A *4=129 18', Grailich. Cleav- age: clinodiagonal perfect. Coarse granular, the grains partly crystal- lized. H.=2*75. G.=2'15 2*18 ; mean of results 2'174. Lustre between greasy and vitreous. Color rust-brown to yellow. Translucent. Taste saline, astringent, vitriolic. Oomp. 0. ratio for R, &, S, fi=nearly 1 : 3 : 12 : 12 ; R S+Pe S 3 + 12 fi. Mean of two analyses by Tschermak (L c.) : S Pe Fe 2n iJtn Ca flg fl insol. (1)41-54 20-63 6-26 1'97 tr. 0*58 tr. 28'00 0-50=99'48. Pyr., etc. Probably the same as for copiapite. Reactions of iron and zinc. Obs. From the Rammelsberg mine near Goslar, along with copiapite. 683. OOPIAPITB. M< Diosc. Misy (fr. Cyprus, etc.) Plin., xxxiv. 31. Misy, Germ. Gelb Atrament (fr. Harz, etc.), Agric., Nat. Foss., 213, 457, Interpr., 466, 1546. Misy, Gul Atrament Sten, Lapis atramentarius flavus, Watt., Min., 159, 1747. Misy (fr. Harz) ffausm., Handb., 1061, 1813, 1203, 1847. Gelbeisenerz Breith., Char., 97, 238, 1823. 223, 1832. Yellow Copperas. Copiapite (fr. Copiapo), Basisches Schwefelsaures Eisenoxyd, H. Rose, Pogg., xxvii. 309, 314, 1833. Xanthosiderit pt. Gtocker, Syn., 65, 1847. Hexagonal ? Loose aggregation of crystalline scales, or granular massive, the scales rhombic or hexagonal tables. Cleavage : basal, perfect. In- crusting. H.=l*5. G.=2'14, Borcher. Lustre pearly. Color sulphur-yellow, citron-yellow. Translucent. Comp. VS 6 + 18;&, Rose; Pe a S 5 +12fi, Ramm.= Sulphuric acid 42-7, sesquioxyd of iron 34-2, water 23-1 = 100. Analyses: 1, H. Rose (Pogg., xxvii. 309); 1A, same, excluding 18-45 epsomite, 0-19 gypsum, and the silica, as impurities (Ramm. Min. Ch., 275); 2-4, Borcher, and Ahrend & Ullrich (B. H. Ztg., 1854); 5, 6, List (Ann. Ch. Pharm., Ixxiv. 239) : S Fe l Mg Ca fi 1. Copiapo 39-60 26'11 T95 2'64 0'06 29*67, Si 1 -37 = 101'40 Rose. 1A, " 41-59 83-59 - - - 24*82 Rose. 2. Goslar, cryst. 38-00 24'242n5'80 - - 30-06=98'10 Borcher. 3. " " 39-44 28-00 " 2'00 - - 30'64 = 100-08 A. & U. 4. " earthy 38-07 26'03 " 2'30 Mnl'26 - 30-50=98-22 A. & U. 5. " cryst. 42'92 30-07 " 2'49 2*81 0'32 21*39=100 List. 6. " " 43-21 30*37 - - -- und. List 656 OXYGEN COMPOUNDS. Pyr., etc. Yields water, and at a higher temperature sulphuric acid. On charcoal becomes magnetic, and with soda affords the reaction for sulphuric acid. With the fluxes reactions for iron. In water insoluble. Obs. Common as a result of the decomposition of pyrite at the Rammelsberg mine, near Goslar in the Harz, and elsewhere. This species is the yellow copperas long called misy, and it might well bear now the name Misylite. The description of Dioscorides is unsatisfactory. But that of Pliny, not over 25 years later, is good, and is as likely to represent the true //t of the Greeks; and that of Agricola is excelleDt, and was taken from Goslar specimens. 684. RAIMONDITE. Raimondit Breiffi., B. H. Ztg., xxv. 149, 1866. Hexagonal. In thin six-sided tables with removed basal edges, scale-like. Cleavage : basal, perfect. H.=:3 3-25. G. 3-190 3-222. Lustre pearly. Color between honey- and ochre-yellow. Streak ochre-yellow. Opaque. Oomp. 0. ratio S, S, fi=6 : 9 : 7 ; 3Pe 2 S 3 +7 fi=Sulphuric acid 35'0, sesquioxyd of iron 46-6, water 18-4=100. Analysis : 1, Rube (1. c.) : 1. Ehrenfriedersdorf 36'08 46'52 17'40=100. Pyr., etc. Probably the same as for copiapite. In water insoluble. Obs. From the tin mines of Ehrenfriedersdorf, in scales on cassiterite. 684A, PASTREITE Norman (Bergemann, Verh. nat. Yer. Bonn, 1866, 17), may be of the above species, if part of the iron is present as limonite. According to Bergemann, it occurs amorphous or reniform, of a yellow color, at Paillieres, near Alais, Dept. of Gard, with cerussite, limonite. calcite, gypsum, fibroferrite ; B.B. infusible ; in muriatic acid easily soluble. The analyses gave (La): 5 Si Is Pe Pb ft 1. Yellow 30-47 2'40 1'86 46-50 T25 16-04, 3fcl, Mn, Ca 089 =99'41. 2. Yellowish-brown 30-55 2'05 52*80 13-95, l, Ca, sand 0'63=99'98. Received by Dr. Bergemann from Dr. Normann, of Marseilles, who named it after President Pastr6, of that city. It approaches jarosite (p. 660), except in the absence of alkalies. 685. FIBROFERRITE. H. Rose, Pogg., xxvii. 309, 1833. Fibroferrite Prideaux, Phil. Mag., III. 397, 1841. Stypticit Hausm., Handb., ii. 1202, 1847. Copiapite J. L. Smith, Am. J. ScL, H. xviii. 375. Delicately fibrous. H.=r5 2. G. 1-84, Smith. Lustre silky, pearly. Color pale yellow, or nearly white. Translucent. Comp.-e 3 S 5 +27 S, Ramm.=Sulphuric acid 29'30, sesq. iron 35-15, water 35-55=100. Analyses: 1, H. Rose (L c.); 2, 3, J. L. Smith (1. c.); 4, E. Tobler (Ann. Ch. Pharm., xcvi. 383); 5, Prideaux (1. c.); 6, F. Field (Q. J. Ch. Soc., xiv. 156); 7, Pisani (C. R., lix. 94): S e ~ &g Ca 1. Copiapo, fib. 31-73 28'11 0'59 1-91 36'56, Si 1-43=100-53 Rose. 2. 3. " 4. " 5. " 6. Chili, 30-25 31-75 38-20, insol. 0-54=100-75 Smith. 30-42 30-98 undet. Smith. 31-49 31-69 36-82=100 Tobler. 28-9 34-4 36-7 = 100 Prideaux. 31-94 31-89 35-90=99-78 Field. 7. Paillieres 29'72 33-40 tr. 36-88=100 Pisani. HYDROUS SULPHATES. 657 Pyr., etc. Same as for copiapite. Obs. From Gopiapo, Chili, in delicately fibrous masses, associated with coquimbite also from the mines of Paillieres, in Gard, France. The name alludes to the fibrous structure. There is no reason to doubt the identity of Pri- deaux's fibroferrite of 1841 with the mineral analyzed by Rose, Smith, and others, and which Hausmaun named stypticite in 1847. 686. AFATELITE. Meilkt, Ann. d. M., IY. iii. 808, 1841. In small friable nodules or balls. Color clear yellow. Resembles copiapite. Comp e 9 S 5 + 2 ft. Analysis by MeiUet (1. c.) : S 42-90 Fe 53-30 ft 3-96=100-16. Occurs at Meudon and Auteuil, disseminated in an argillaceous bed connected with the plastic clay. 687. BOTRYOGEN. Bother Eisen-Yitriol Berz., Afh.,iv. 307, 1815. Red Iron Vitriol. Fer sulfate rouge Fr. Botryogen Haid., Pogg., xii. 491, 1828. Neoplase pt. Beud., Tr., ii. 483, 1832. Botryt Glock., Syn., 300, 1847. 1J' Monoclinic. (7=62 26', If\ 7=119 56', A 14=152' 0-9188 : 1 : 1'5334. Observed planes as in the figure, with also l-i (on acute solid angle of base), 1 (on acute edge of base), and i-l A 7=113 37', A l-i= 125 31', A 1=121 4', /A ^-2=160 54', i-t A *-2 =98 16', f 4 A f 4=141, A 4=160 30' ; / and z-2 vertically striated. Cleavage parallel to /. Crys- tals usually small. Often in reniform and botryoidal shapes, consisting of globules with a crystalline sur- face. H.=2 2-5. G.=2-039. Lustre vitreous. Color deep hyacinth-red ; massive varieties sometimes ochre- yellow ; streak ochre-yellow, a little shining. Trans- lucent. Taste slightly astringent. Comp. ? Fe s S 2 + 3 3Pe S 9 +36 H, Berz.,=( Fe 3 +| Fe) S 2 +9 ft=Sulphate of protoxyd of iron 19-0, id. of sesquioxyd 48*3, water 32-7=100. Analyses : G-ahn & Berzelius (1. c.): 1. 36*53 2. 37-87 3. 26-50 24-77 25-45 Mg 5-69 8-95 6-92 Ca 2-76 0-91 30-90 from which he deduces, without having determined directly the protoxyd of iron : MgS CaS ft and loss. 6-77 35-85 6-85 39-92 48-3 26-88 17-10 20-8 2-22 6-71 28'28=:100. 31-42=100. 30-9 = 100. The sulphates of magnesia and lime are rejected as impurity, but with how much propriety is uncertain. Pyr., etc. B.B. intumesces and gives off water, producing a reddish-yellow earth. On char- coal becomes magnetic; with soda gives a hepatic mass. Remains unaltered if kept dry, but in a moist atmosphere it becomes covered with a dirty yellowish powder. Partly soluble in boiling water, leaving an ochreous residue. Obs. Occurs at the copper mine of Fahlun, in Sweden, coating gypsum or pyrite. 42 658 OXYGEN COMPOUNDS, Named from farpvs, a lunch of grapes, and ycvvdw, I make. This last part of the name is bad, and is well thrown aside by GlockerJ who makes it botryte; botryite would be more correct. 688. ALUMINITE. Reine Thonerde (fr. Halle) Wern., Ueb. Cronstedt, 176, 1780. Native Argill Kirwan, Min., i. 175. Aluminit C. C.ffaberle, Der Mineralreich, etc., 1807 ; Karst., Tab., 48,1808. Ha&ite Delameth., Min., ii. 1812. Websterite Levy, in Brooke, 1823. Hydrosulphate d'alumine, Websterite, Send., Tr., 449, 1824. Keniform, massive ; impalpable. H.=l 2. G.=T66. Lustre dull, earthy. Color white. Opaque. Fracture earthy. Adheres to the tongue ; meagre to the touch. Comp. &1S+ 9 H= Alumina 29-8, sulphuric acid 23-2, water 47*0=100. Analyses: 1, Stro- meyer (Unters., 99) ; 2, Schmid (J. pr. Ch., xxxii. 495) ; 3, 4, Stromeyer (1. c.) ; 5, Dufrenoy (Min., ii. 1845, 366) ; 6, Dumas (ib.) : 5 ?1 H 46-372=100 Stromeyer. 46-34, Ca 1-18=100 Schmid. 45-34=100 Stromeyer. 46-76=100 Stromeyer. 46-80=99-97 Dufrenoy. 47 = 100 Dumas. Pyr., etc. In the closed tube gives much water, which, at a high temperature, becomes acid from the evolution of sulphurous and sulphuric acids. B.B. infusible. With cobalt solution a fine blue color. With soda on charcoal a hepatic mass. Soluble in acids. Obs. Occurs in connection with beds of clay in the Tertiary and Post-tertiary formations. First found in 1730 in the Garden of the Pasdagogium at Halle; afterward suspected to be an artificial product, from a manufactory near by ; subsequently found elsewhere in the plastic clay of the region, and proved to be native. Since discovered by Mr. Webster at Newhaven, Sussex, in reniform and botryoidal concretions, imbedded in ferruginous clay, which rests on the chalk strata; also under similar circumstances at Epernay, in Lunel Vieil, and Auteuil, in France. 689. ALUNITE, Alumen de Tolpha, quod primum fossum est in Italia, Pii 2di Pontificis tem- poribus (Piccolomini, 1458-1464), Gesner, Foss., 13, 1565. Romersk Alunsten Wall, Min., 163, 1747. Alaunstein (fr. Tolfa) Wern., Bergm. J., 376, 1789. Alumstone. Aluminilite Delameth.. T. T., ii. 113, 1797. Alun de Rome pt. ff., Tr., 1801. Pierre alumineuse de la Tolfa Fr. Alunite Beud., 449, 1824. Alaun-Spath Breith., Char., 1823. 8 #1 1. Halle 23-365 29-263 2. " 23-25 29-23 3. Mori, near Halle 23-68 30-98 4. Newhaven 23-37 29-87 5. Lunel Vieil 23-45 29-72 6. Auteuil 23 30 543 Khombohedral. R A 72=89 10', O A 72=124 40', Breith. ; a=l'2523. Observed planes : 72, O, and the rhombohedrons T> TO HK and ~~2, Breith. A 2=109 4' A -gSj-=178 42' O A |=119 57 A f=82 26 A f=128 55 2 A 2=70 8 Cleavage : basal nearly perfect ; 72 indistinct. Also massive, having a fibrous, granular, or impalpable texture. H.=3-5-4. G.=2'58-2-752. < Lustre of 72 vitreous, basal plane some- what pearly. Color white, sometimes grayish or reddish. Streak white. Transparent subtranslucent. Fracture flat conchoidal, uneven ; of mas- sive varieties splintery ; and sometimes earthy. Brittle. HYDROUS SULPHATES. 659 Comp., Var. (a) Crystallized. (&) Fibrous, concretionary, (c) Massive, and moderately ten- der. (d) Hard, mainly from disseminated silica, which impurity sometimes amounts to 60 p. c. (e) Cavernous. 0. ratio for R, B, S, H=l : 9 : 12 : 6. Formula,., as usually written, K S + 3 l S + 6H; or, making one-third of the water basic, (K, H) 3 S + 3 &1 S+4 H=Sulphuric acid 38-53, alumina 37-13, potash 11 '34, water 13-00=100. But A. Mitscherlich, in view of the results of its decomposition after heating (J. pr. Ch., Ixxxiii. 465), it affording alum, which water will remove, and hydrated alumina, holds that the formula should be K S + A-1 S 3 +2^tlfi 8 , making it a compound of anhy- drous alum and gibbsite. Analyses: 1, Cordier (Ann. d. M., v. 203); 2, Mitscherlich (J. pr. Ch., Ixxxiii. 464); 3, Ram- melsberg (L c.); 4, Mitscherlich (1. c., and ZS. G., xiv. 254); 5, Berthier (L c.) ; 6, C. Descotils (Ann. d. M., i. 319); 7, Sauvage (ib., IV. x. 85); 8, Cordier (ib., iv. 205); 9, Fridau (Ann. Ch. Pharm., Ixxvi. 106) : 1. Tolfa, cryst. 35-50 39'65 2. " " 38-63 36-83 3. Muzsai, Hung. (|) 39-54 37-13 4. " " 36-93 39-01 5. Bereghszasz, Hung. 39-42 37'95 6. Tuscany 35'6 40'0 7. Milo 38-27 37-04 8. Mt. Dore 39-1 46-5 9. Styria 35'3 40'8 Oa Na fc H - - 10*02 [14'83]=100 Cordier. 0'70 1'84 8'99 12-68, Ba 0'29=99'96 Mitsch. - - 1067 12-66 = 100 Ramm. 0'49 - 10'67 [12'71], Ba 0'19 Mitsch. - - 10'66 11-97 = 100 Berthier. - - 18-8 10-6=100 Descotils. - -- 11-60 13-09=100 Sauvage. - - 8'5 5 '9 = 100 Cordier. - - 8'5 15-4=100 Fridau. From analysis 3, Si 26*88 is excluded as impurity ; from 5, Si 26*5, Fe 4*0, are excluded ; from 7, Si 19-0; from 8, gi 28'40, e 1'44. No. 11, by Fridau, as published in full, is gi 50'7l, S 16-50, XI 19 06, Pe 1-13, K 3'97, H 7'23, Ca 0'56, Mg 0'41, K, Si 0'31, MgS 0'09, Mg Cl 0"03= 100. For analysis of impure A. from Pic de Sancy, by J. Gautier-Lacroze, see C. R, Ivii. 362. Pyr., etc. B.B. decrepitates, and is infusible. In the closed tube yields water, some tunes also sulphate of ammonia, and at a higher temperature sulphurous and sulphuric acids. Heated with cobalt solution affords a fine blue color. "With soda and charcoal infusible, but yields a hepatic mass. Soluble in sulphuric acid. Obs. Forms seams in trachytic and allied rocks, where it has been formed as a result of the alteration of the rock by means of sulphurous vapors. Met with at Tolfa, near Civita Yecchia, in the neighborhood of Rome, in crystals ; at Montioni in Tuscany; at Muzsai and Bereghszasz in Hungary; on Milo, Argentiera, and Nevis, Grecian Archipelago ; and at Mt. Dore, France. The compact varieties from Hungary are so hard as to admit of being used for millstones. Alum is obtained from it by repeatedly roasting and lixiviating, and finally crystallizing by evap- oration. This species was first observed at Tolfa, near Borne, in the 15th century, by J. de Castro, a Genoese, who had been engaged in the manufacture of alum, from an alum-stone or " Rock- alum " found near Edessa in Syria. It was named Aluminilite by Delametherie in 1797, a long name well changed to Alunite by Beudant in 1824. 690. LOWIGITE. Alaunstein Rdmer, ZS. G., viii. 246, 1856. Lowigit A. Mitscherlich, J. pr. Ch., Ixxxiii. 474, 1861. In rounded masses, similar to compact alunite. H.=3 4. G.=2-58. Lustre feeble. Color pale straw-yellow. Slightly subtranslucent. Fracture perfectly conchoidal. Comp. 0. ratio 1:9:12: 9=K S + 3 l S+9 H=Sulphuric acid 36'2, alumina 34'8, potash 10-7, water 18-3 = 100; or alunite with 9 H in place of 6 H. Analyses: 1, Lowig (ZS. G., viii. 247); 2, 3, A. Mitscherlich (L c.); 4, Rammelsberg (Min. Ch., 289); 5, Berthier (Ann. d. M., IV. ii. 459): S XI 3Pe Mg Ca Na K H 1. Silesia 34-84 33-37 lO'lO [18-321 org., Si 8'37 = 100 Lowig. 2. " 34-81 34-95 0'68 0'55 0'28 0'39 9'30 [17-88], a 0'44, org., giO'73= 100 M 660 OXYGEN COMPOUNDS. S 1 fc H 3. Tolfa 31-86 36'01 9-63 16'50==100 a Mitscherlich. 4 " cryst. 36'94 34-02 10-38 16'72, Si 1 -94=100 Rammelsberg. 5. " " 87-67 34-69 10*58 17-06=100 Berthier. a 0-07 organic substance, 8-21 silica, and 28-59 earthy matters removed. Pyr., etc. B.B. nearly like alunite. The water is expelled at a lower temperature than in alanite; and the compound resulting after heating, instead of containing a mixture affording alum and insoluble hydrated alumina, affords to water sulphate of potash and subsulphate of alumina. Mitscherlich hence writes for it the above formula, instead of one like his for alunite. Partially soluble in muriatic acid, while alunite is not at all so. Obs. Found in a coal bed at Tabrze in Upper Silesia, in compact lumps, having the lustre, color, and texture of the Solenhofen lithographic stone, but blackish externally from a coaly crust ; also with alunite at Tolfa. According to Rammelsberg's analysis, part at least of the crystallized alunite has the composi- tion of lowigite. 691. JAROSITE. Gelbeisenerz Ramm., Fogg., xliii. 132, 1838. Misy Haid., Handb., 512, 1845. Vitriolgelb, Gelbeisenerz, Hausm., Handb., 1205, 1847 [not Gelbeisenerz fr. Harz Breiih., Char., 1832]. Jarosit Breith., B. H. Ztg., 1852. Moronolite Shep., Suppl. Append. Min., p. iv. 1857. Ehombohedral. E A 72=88 58' ; A R=VZ 32'; 0=1-2584. Cleav- age : basal. Also fibrous, and granular massive. Also in nodules, or as an incrustation with a tuberose or coralloidal surface. H.=2'5-3-5. G. of crystallized 3'24 3-26; of nodular 2-6-2-9. Lus- tre a little shining to dull. Color ochre-yellow ; streak yellow, shining. Opaque. Var., Comp. (1) Crystallized; Jarosiie, which occurs also fibrous and granular; G.=3'256, fr. Spain; 3-244, fr. Maryland, Breith. (2) Concretionary, the ordinary form of the Norway and Bohemian mineral, and the moronolite of Orange Co., N. Y. ; G.=2-62 (moronolite) 2-79. 0. ratio for R, B, S, H=l : 12 : 15 : 9, Ramm. ; (K, Na) +4 3?e S + 9H, Ramm. For jarosite, Ferber deduces 1 : 15 : 18 : 10, differing mainly in a little less of alkali. Richter's analysis of it was imperfect. It is isomorphous with alunite, which would suggest the ratio 1:9:12:6, which also differs mainly in the proportion of protoxyd. Analyses: 1, Rammelsberg (1. c.); 2, Scheerer (Pogg., xlv. 188); 3, J. H. Ferber (B. H. Ztg., xxiii. 10); 4, Tyler (Am. J. ScL, II. xli. 212): S e Na & H 1. Kolosoruk, Gefbeis. 32-11 46-73 7-88 13'56, Ca 0-64=100-92 Rammelsberg. 2. Modum, 82-45 49'63 5*20 13-11 = 100-39 Scheerer. 3. Spain, Jarosite 31'76 49-24 0'80 5'90 11 '35, l 1-25 = 100-33 Ferber. 4. a Monroe, N. Y., Moron. 34-17 46-89 3'81 13-18, &1 0'83, Ca 1'10=99'98 Tyler. a Kesult after subtracting 1-53 " hygr. water " and 11-17 insol. Pyr., etc. Nearly as for coquimbite. Obs. The original of this species was from Luschitz, between Kolosoruk and Bilin, Bohemia, in brown coal; and later from Modum, Norway, in alum slate. The jarosite was from Barranco Jaroso, in the Sierra Almagrera, Spain, on limonite ; also, accord- ing to Breithaupt (B. H. Ztg., xxv. 149), from Maryland, of granular form, with quartz and a magnetite altered to hematite; Mexico; Saxony, Thekla mine, near Hauptmanngriin in Yoigt- land, in small crystals on turgite (hydrohematite) and limonite ; Erzgebirge, near Schwarzenberg, at the Frisch Gliick mine. It is isomorphous with beudantite. Moronolite is from Monroe, N. Y., where it occurs on gneiss. It contains less alkali than is required for the formula. Named moronolite from p^pov, mulberry, alluding to a resemblance to the mulberry calculus. Erusibite Shepard (Rep. Mt. Pisgah Copper Mine, N. Haven, 1859; Am. J. ScL, II. xxviii. 129, 1859) is a "rusty insoluble ferric sulphate :) of undetermined nature. His copperasine (ib.) is announced as a " hydrous cuprous and ferric sulphate," from the same place. His leucanterite (ib.) is an efflorescence on the copperasine. These are names without descriptions. HYDBOUS SULPHATES. 661 692. CARPHOSIDERITE. Karphosiderit Breith., Schw. J., 1. 314, 1827. In reniform masses, and incrustations. H.=4: 4-5. G.=2-49 2-5, Breith.; 2'728, Pisani. Lustre resinous. Color pale and deep straw-yellow. Streak yellowish. Feel greasy. Oomp. 0. ratio for S, S, H=l : 1-28 : 1'08; if a fourth of the water is basic (e + H s ) S + 2 H= Sulphuric acid 31-4, sesquioxyd of iron 50% water 18-4=100. Analyses: 1, Pisani (C. B,, Iviii. 242, J. pr. Ch., xcii. 376); 2, same, after removing impurities: S e Mn H Sand Gypsum 1. 25-52 40-00 tr. 10'67 14-78 9'03 = 100. 2. 31-82 49-88 18'30 =100. Supposed by Harkort (1. c.), after blowpipe trials, to be a hydrous phosphate; but shown by Pisani's analysis of an original specimen to be a sulphate. Pyr., etc. B.B. nearly like copiapite. Insoluble in water. Obs. Occurs in fissures in mica slate, and was first distinguished by Breithaupt among some specimens which he says were from Labrador. Pisani's specimens were from the Kolburg col- lection in Paris, and were labelled Greenland, most probably the true locality. The name alludes to the color, and is from Kd^as, straw, o-iJ^poy, iron. 693. PARALUMINITE. Paraluminit Steinberg, J. pr. Ch., Trrii. 495, 1844. Massive, and like aluminite. White to pale yellow. Oomp '&[* S+15 H=Sulphuric acid 14-4, alumina 37-0, water 48-6=100. Analyses : 1-6, Schmid, Martens, Marchand, Wolff, Backs (J. pr. Ch., xxxii. xxxiiL) ; 7, Dieck (ZS. nat. Ver. Halle, xiii. 265) ; 8, Berthier (Mem., 1839, 288) : S 1 H 1. South of Halle 14-54 86'17 49-03=99-74 Schmid. 14-04 35-96 50-00=100 Martens. 17-0 36-0 47-2 = 100-2 Marchand. 12-44 38-81 47-07, CaC 1-68=100 Wolff. 12-22 37-71 49-18, CaC 1-00=100-11 Backs. 11-45 39-50 48-80=99-75 Marchand. 15-56 36-54 46'89=98'99 Dieck. 8. Huelgoet 13-37 43'00 43*63=100 Berthier. Another analysis of the mineral from Presslers mountain, near Halle, afforded Geist (ZS. Nat Ver. Halle, xiii. 268) S 22'18, &1 39'86, H 34'91 by loss, Si 1-92, e 0-40, Ca 0'50, Mg 0'03. For a similar mineral from Bernon, near Epernay, France, Lassaigne obtained (Ann. Ch. Phys., xxix. 98) 820-06, &1 39-70, H 39'94, gypsum 0'30=100. Pyr., etc. Nearly as for aluminite. Oba. Similar in its modes of occurrence to aluminite. Found in Presslers mountain (anal. 7) and elsewhere, near Halle, and Huelgoet in Brittany. 694. PISSOPHANTTB. Pissophan Breith., Char., 101, 1832. Gaxnsdorfite. Amorphous, or stalactitic, somewhat pitch-like in appearance. H.=1'5. Gr.=l*93 1'98. Lustre vitreous. Color pistachio-, aspar- agus-, or olive-green. Transparent. Yery fragile. Fracture conchoidal. 662 OXYGEN COMPOUNDS. Comp. Erdmann (Schw. J., Mi. 104) obtained : S XI 3Pe H 1 Green 12*70 35-15 9'74 41-69, gangue and loss 0*72 = 100. 2 12-49 35-30 9*80 41*70 0*71=100. 3! Yellow 11-90 6-80 40-06 40'13 Probably not a simple mineral. Perhaps .Nos. 1 and 2,8 3 S+15 H, and No. 3,B 2 S + 15H. The relation in the former is more exactly fi 5 S a + 30 H. Pyr., etc. For the most part insoluble in water. Easily soluble in muriatic acid. B.B becomes black. In a glass tube gives alkaline water. Obs. Occurs at Garnsdorf, near Saalfeld, and at Reichenbach, Saxony, on alum slate. Named from mwa, pitch, and ^ai/dj, appearance. 695. PELSOBANYITE. Felsobanyt Raid., Ber. Ak. Wien, 1852, xii. 183, 1854. Orthorhombic. Massive, and in concretions, grouped or single, consist- ing of scales, which are hexagonal, and have two angles of 112. Cleavage perfect. Optically biaxial. H.=1'5. G.=2*33. Lustre of cleavage-face pearly. Color snow-white, surface often yellowish. Translucent to subtransparent. Comp. XPS+10 H= Sulphuric acid 17 '2, alumina 44*1, water 38-7=100. Analysis: v. Hauer (Ber. Ak. Wien, xii. 188): (f)S 16-47 l 45-53 H 37*27=99*27 Hauer. Pyr., etc. Nearly as for aluminite. Obs. From Kapnik near Felsobanya in Hungary, the concretions sometimes grouped on barite. 696. GLOCKERITE. Vitriolocker B&rz., Afh., v. 157, 1816. Fer sous-sulfate terreux erz., N. Min. Syst., 1819. Vitriol Ochre. Pittizito Beud, Tr., 447, 1824. Glockerit Noam., Min., 254, 1855. Massive, sparry or earthy. Stalactitic. Lustre resinous or earthy. Color brown to ochre-yellow, also brownish- black to pitch-black ; dull green. Streak ochre-yellow to brown. Opaque to subtranslucent. Fracture shining to earthy. Comp., Var. e 2 S+6H, Berzelius, for a brown to ochre-yellow variety, occurring with botryogen at Fahlun, containing according to him, Sulphuric acid 15'9, sesquioxyd of iron 62'4, water 21-7=100. The same for a stalactitic variety from Obergrund, near Zuckmantel, the stalactites of which are sometimes 2 feet long, brown to pitch-black, yellowish-brown, and dark green in color, with yellowish-brown to ochre-yellow streak, shining lustre to earthy, and insoluble in water. It is the Qlockerite of Naumaun, who cites Hochstetter's analysis, S 15'19, 3Pe 64*34, H 20*7, agreeing closely with that by Berzelius. Jordan obtained for a compact and earthy vitriol ochre from Eammelsberg mine near Goslar (J. pr. Oh., ix. 95), and Scheerer for another from Modum, Norway (Pogg., xlv. 188) : S IV H 1. Goslar, compact 13'59 63-85 18*46, 2n 1'23, Ou 0-87, gangue 2*00=100 Jordan. 2. " earthy 9-80 68*75 15'52, 2n T29 Cu 0*50, gangue 4*14=100 Jordan. 3. Modum, &row 6'00 80-73 13*57 = 100 Scheerer. Pyr., etc. Nearly as for copiapite. Obs. A result of the alteration of pyrite or marcasite. Glockerite was named after the mineralogist E. F. Glocker. Pitticite is the name of pitchy iron ore, q. v. HYDKOUS SULPHATES. 663 697. LAMPROPHANTTE. Lamprophan Igelstrom, (Efv. Ak. Stockh., 1866, 93. In thin cleavable folia. H.=3. G.=3'07. Lustre pearly. Color and streak white. Comp. An analysis afforded Igelstrom (1. c.) : S Pb Mn Mg Ca JSTa, & fl 11-17 28-00 7-90 5-26 24-65 14-02 8-35=99-35. Pyr., etc. Yields water. With soda on charcoal yields metallic lead and a hepatic mass. Not wholly soluble in acids. Obs. From Longban in Wennland, Sweden. Named in allusion to the lustre from shining. 700. LINARITE. Linarite Brooke, Ann. Phil., II. iv. lit, 1822. Cupreous Sulphate of Lead, Cupreous Anglesite. Bleilasur, Kupferbleispath, Germ. Monoclinic. (7=77 27' ; /A 7, over ^,=61 36', A 14=141 5', a : I : c=0-48134 : 1 : 0-5819. Observed planes : ; vertical, i-i, 7, i4, i-2 ; hemidomes, -J-a, j-a, fy4, 1-a, f-^, 2-fc, f -a, 7-* ; -1-* ; clinodomes, 1-z, 4 ; hemipyramids, 2, 2-2, f-|-, -f-8. Fig. 544. Plane iA often wanting. A ^'=102 33' A a4=90 O A 1-^=152 19 6> A 4=158 1 Q A -1^=156 57i ^' A 14=105 8 A |4=161 23^ ^4 A -14=125 {> A 24=130 5 i-i A 24=127 22 O A ^-4=176 36 i-2 A i-2, ov. i-i, =100 1 6> A 4-4=156 48 7A 2-2=137 1 6>A7=96 23 7A 2=159 9 Twins : composition-face i-i common ; A (9 / =154 54'. Cleavage : i-i very perfect ; less so. H.=2*5. G. = 5'3 5'45. Lustre vitreous or adamantine. Color deep azure-blue. Streak pale blue. Translucent. Fracture conchoidal. Brittle. Comp. 0. ratio for Ou, Pb, S, &=!.:. 1:3:1, whence b S+Cufl; or, if fi be basic, for base and acid 1 : !=( Cu+ Ib+^ fi) 3 S. It seems to be an objection to the first formula that there is no near isomorphism with any sulphate of lead, while there is with cyanosite or sulphate of copper. Analyses: 1, Brooke (L c.); 2, Thomson (Phil. Mag., III. xvii. 402); 3, v. Kobell (J. pr. Ch., Ixxxiii. 454) : PbS Cu fl 1. Wanlockhead 75-4 18-0 4-7=98-1 Brooke. 2. " 74-8 19-7 5-5= 100 Thomson ; G.=5-2137. 3. Kadainski 76'41 17-43 6'16, Cl t, hair; and Lettsomite after the English mineralo- gist, W. a. Lettsom. 704. WOODWARDITE Church, Ch. News, xiii 85, 113, 1866, J. Chem. Soc., II. iv. 130. Probably an impure uncrystallized variety of the above, mixed with hydrate of alumina. Occurs in Corn- wall, in minute botryoidal concretions, of a rich turquois-blue to greenish-blue color, translucent to almost transparent; Gr.=2'38. Analyses : 1-3, Church and Warrington (L c.); 4, Pisani (C. R, Ixv. 1142) : S Si Cu H 1. Cornwall 13-95 17-97 48-34 18'48=98'74 Church. 2. " 13-04 18-64 48-67 [19-65] = 100 Warrington. 3. " 12-54 17-93 46-80 [22-73] = 100 Warrington. 4. " 11-7 13-4 46-8 [ 26 * 9 ]. & 1'2 = 100 Pisani. Church and Warrington also found traces of silica, lime, magnesia, and phosphoric acid, which were undetermined. The mean of the first 3 analyses affords the 0. ratio for Cu, Si, S, =11 : 9-6 : 9 : 23 ; equivalent to 3 Cu 3 S, 2 Cu ft, 3 Si ]ft 3 , 12 H ; or 3 Cu S, 8 Cu S, 3 Si fi a , 6 fi. No. 4, by Pisani, gives about 12:9 for the Cu and H, the ratio in langite, and he makes the mineral impure langite. He analyzed (1. c.) another similar material from Cornwall (received from Mr. Tailing), of a clear green color, and obtained S 4-7, Si 33'8, Cu 17 '4, H 38'7, Si 6-7 = 100-5 ; show- ing a mixture of the copper sulphate with a hydrous silicate of alumina as well as hydrate ; and this he considers as proving that woodwardite is only a mixture. The mineral is soluble with scarcely any residue in diluted acids. Named after Dr. S. P. Woodward. 705. JOHANNITE. Uranvitriol John, Ch. Unters., Y. 254, 1821. Johannit Raid., Abhandl., bohm. Ges. Prag, 1830. Sulphate of Uranium. Sulfate vert d'urane Beud. Monoclinic. #=85 40', /A 7=69. Crystals flattened, and from one to three lines in length ; arranged in concentric druses or reniform masses. H.=2 2*5. G.=3*19. Lustre vitreous. Color beautiful emerald- green, sometimes passing into apple-green. Streak paler. Transparent HYDROUS SULPHATES. 667 translucent; sometimes opaque. Soluble in water. Taste bitter, rather than astringent. Oomp. 0. ratio for bases and acid 1 : 1, whence the formula (U 3 , t?) S+Cu 3 S+HlX or U 3 ,^) -f <3u 3 ) S-f-lfcft^, if the uranium be all sesquioxyd, Sulphuric acid 20-8, oxyd of ura- nium 66-1, oxyd of copper 6*9, water 6-2=100. Analysis by Lindacker (mean of two trials, Yogi's Min. Joach., 1857): S 20-02 U, g 67-72 Ou 5'99 Fe 0'20 S 5'59=99'52. Pyr., etc. In a glass tube at a low heat does not change ; highly heated gives off water and sulphurous acid, and becomes brown and finally black. B.B. on charcoal gives sulphur fumes and a scoria of black color and dull green streak. With salt of phosphorus reacts for copper and uranium. Somewhat soluble in water. Solution precipitated chestnut-brown by prussiate of potash, yellowish-green by alkalies, and in brown flocks by an infusion of nutgalls. Obs. Discovered by John near Joachimsthal in Bohemia, after whom the species is named. Found also at Johanngeorgenstadt. Reported from the Middle town feldspar quarry by Shep- ard. 706. URANOOHALCITE. Urangrun Hartmann. UranochaMt Bretih,, Handb., 173, 1841. In small nodular crusts and velvety druses, consisting of acicular crys- tals. H.=2 2J. Color fine grass-green to apple-green ; streak apple-green. Comp. (| (U s , ) + Ca 3 )S + i CuS + 9fl=, if the uranium be taken as all sesquioxyd, Sul- phuric acid 2T1, oxyd of uranium 33 '5, oxyd of copper 7-0, lime 9'8, water 28'5=100. Analysis : Lindacker (Yogi's Min. Joach., 1857) : S U Fe Cu Ca H (|)20-03 36-14 0-14 6'55 lO'lO 27'16=100'12. Obs. From Joachimsthal in Bohemia. 707. MEDJIDITE. J. L. Smith, Am. J. Sci., II. v. 337, 1848. Sulphate of Uranium & Lime. Massive, with an imperfectly crystalline structure. H.=2'5. Lustre vitreous in the fracture. Color dark amber. Trans- parent. Comp. Perhaps^fTs+CaS + lSll, according to some qualitative trials by Smith; but as probably t? S + Ca 3 S 4- 1 5 II = (| $ + 1 Ca 3 ) S 4- 7 % &, and thus approaching uranochalcite. Pyr., etc. In a matrass easily yields water. At redness blackens, being converted into oxyd of uranium and sulphate of lime. With salt of phosphorus a green bead. Dissolves readily in dilute muriatic acid. Obs. Occurs near Adrianople, Turkey, on pitchblende, associated with liebigite, in some places with crystals of sulphate of lime ; also at Joachimsthal, with liebigite on uranium ore. Externally often dull from loss of water. It was named after the Turkish sultan Abdul Medjid. 708. ZIPPEITB. Basisches schwefelsaures Uranoxyd (verwitterter Uran-Yitriol) J. F. John, Unters., v. 1821, Jahrb. Min. 1845, 299. Uranbluthe Zippe, Yerh. Ges. Bohm. Prag, 1824. Zip- peit Haid., Handb., 510, 1845. In delicate needles ; acicular rosettes ; warty crusts. H.=3. Color fine sulphur-yellow, lemon-yellow, orange-yellow. 668 OXYGEN COMPOUNDS. Comp. Hydrous sulphate of sesquioxyd of uranium, with or without oxyd of copper, and lemon- to orange-yellow when without. Analyses by Lindacker (Yogi's Min. Joach.): S 3Pe Ou Oa H 1. With no Copper 13'06 67'86 017 - 0-61 17-69=99-39. 2. Copper var. 17-36 62-04 - 5'21 - 15-23=99-84. Formula of the former g 3 S 2 + 12 H, Yogi ; of the latter, 3 S 2 + 6 H, with 16 p. c. copper vitriol as impurity, Ramm. ; or (e Ou Oa S 1. Yellow 7-12 70-94 0-41 0'24 - 20'88=r99'58. 2. Orange- 10-16 66-05 0-86 - 2-62 20-06=99-76. Formula deduced by Yogi for 1, 6 s S + 14 fi ; for 2, i <3a S+S 3 S+ 14 fi. Obs. From Joachimsthal, with other uranium ores. Uraconise of Beudant was described as a yellow pulverulent ore ; its composition is unknown. 711. MONTANITB. F. A. Genth, Private contribution. Jan. 19, 1868. In crusting ; without distinct crystalline structure. Soft and earthy. Lustre dull to waxy. Color yellowish to white. Opaque. Comp. B'i Te+2 fl=Telluric acid 26-1, oxyd of bismuth 68-6, water 5'3=100. Analysis- Geuth (I. c.) : Montana Te 26-83 Bi 66-78 e 0-56 fb 0'39 5-94= 100. Pyr., etc. Yields water in a tube when heated. B.B. gives the reactions of bismuth and tellurium. Soluble in dilute muriatic acid. Obs. Incrusts tetradymite, from whose alteration it had been formed, at Highland, in Montana. .The waxy lustre is observed when the incrustation has separated from the scales of tetradymite. ANHYDROUS CARBONATES. 669 712. KERSTENITE. Selenbleispath Kersten, Pogg., xlvi. 277, 1839. Selenigsaures Bleioxyd Germ. Selenite of Lead. Selenate of Lead. Kerstenite Dana. In small spheres and botryoidal masses. Cleavage distinct in one direction. H.=3 4. Lus- tre greasy vitreous. Color sulphur-yellow. Streak uncolored. Brittle. Fracture fibrous. According to Kersten, it consists of selenous acid and oxyd of lead, with a small proportion of copper. On coal it fuses readily to a black slag, giving off a strong selenium odor, and is finally reduced to a metallic globule. With borax it fuses and forms a yellowish-green pearl, which is of the same color on cooling. With soda on charcoal metallic lead is obtained. Occurs with selenid of antimony and lead, malachite, etc., at the Friederichsgliick mine, near Hilburghausen, and at Eisfeld. May it be a selenate, or is it only a mixture ? 7. CARBONATES. The carbonates have a hardness not exceeding 5, and consequently will not, when pure, strike fire with a steel. The anhydrous come under the common general formula, RO, CO a , but present three types of crystallization, a rhombohedral, with R A R near 105 ; an orthorhombic, with 1 A /near 120 ; and a monoclinic, with 1 1\ I near 105. They constitute therefore a case of pleomorphism, while all, still, are approximately isomorphous. These anhydrous species have a vitreous to subpearly lustre, and are typi- cally spars. The hydrous carbonates vary much in crystallization, and in some cases have a strongly pearly lustre. All effervesce in hot acids, and part of them in cold. I. ANHYDROUS CARBONATES. ARRANGEMENT OF THE SPECIES. I. CALCITE GROUP. Rhombohedral; R A 7?= 105 108. 715. CALCITE CaC 716. DOLOMITE (|Ca+^Mg)0 717. ANKERITE ($ C/a-f--^ (Mg, Fe, Mn)) -6 0|0 2 J(^--6a + |(Mg, Fe, Mn)) 718. MAGNESITE MgC 719. MESITITE 720. PlSTOMESITE 721. SIDERITE FeC 722. RHODOCHROSITE MnC 723. SMITHSOOTTE II. ARAGONITE GROUP. Orthorhombic. /A 7=115 119. 724. ABAGONITE OaC 00|0 2 ||ea 725. MANGANOCALCTTE ($ lifn-H (Oa, Mg)) 00B H 726. WITHEBITE aC 0||0 2 fBa 670 OXYGEN COMPOUNDS. SrC 727. BROMIITB 728. STBONTTANITE 729. CERUSSITE III. BARTTOCALCITE GROUP. Monoclinic. /A J=106 107. 730. BARYTOCALCITK (| Ba+ Ca) IV. PARISITE GROUP. Carbonate containing fluorine. 731. PARISITE (Ce, La, l)i) C+ (Ca, Ce)F ! 2 8 +Ce a F 3 +2fl 732. EJBCHTIMITE V. PHOSGENITE GROUP. Carbonate containing chlorine. 733. PHOSGENITB Pb C + Pb Cl 715. CALCITE. Marmor (Marble) pt. Plin. Lapis calcarius. Saxum calcis (Calx in Latin meaning burnt lime), Kalchstein Agric., De Nat. Foss., 320, Interpr., 468, 1546. Kalksten Wall, Min., 1747. Spatig Kalksten, Kalkspat, Oronst., Min., 13, 1758. Kalk, Kalkspath, Kalkstein, Germ. Calx aerata B&rgm., 1774, and Opusc., i. 24 1780. Calcareous Spar; Lime- stone; Carbonate of Lime. Chaux carbonated Fr. Calcit Raid., Handb., 498, 1845. Khombohedral. E A R (f. 550A, over a terminal edge)=105 $',0/\R =zl35 23 7 ; =0'8543. Cleavage : R highly perfect. 550 551 554 Observed forms: 1. Rhorribohedrons ; forms whose planes are in the game vertical zone with R (one of which, 4, is shown in f. 559, 550E, and three of the minus series, in -2, -, J, in f. 564, 550c, D, B) ; the plus rhombohedrons ranging from \R (the vertical axis of which is Jth that of R relatively to the lateral axes) to 287?, the planes of the former nearly coincident with the basal plane 0, and of the latter as nearly with those of the vertical prism ; the minus rhombohedrons ranging from -^ to 14 ; the fundamental rhombohedron R (f. 550A) uncommon, except in combination with other planes, or as a cleavage form ; R (f. 550s, often called nail-head spar) corresponding to a truncation of the terminal edge of R, very common, and especially in combination (f. 552o, 553A, B, 564, ANHYDROUS CARBONATES. 671 565) ; -%R (f. 550c), called the inverse by Haiiy, because tlie angle over the lateral edges is near that over the terminal of 7?, common ; -\R (f. 550D), 555 Eossie. or the cuboid of Haiiy, its angles being rather near those of a cube, and the acute form 4:JK (f. 550E), also common ; 1372 (f. 551) of not unfrequent occurrence ; 1672 (f. 553D). 2. Scalenohedrons. (a) Planes bevel- ling the lateral edges of 72, f. 562, which, when more extended, take the form in the dotted lines of the same figure, or the complete scalenohedron ; the series having the general symbol l n , and including all the forms in the table beyond from IH to I 18 (the 1 signifying that they are thus related to the rhom- bohedron Ijfr, and the annexed number indicating the length of the vertical axis as compared with that of 17? ; also a minus series, -l n , having the same relation to - 562 563 three of the minus series are combined in the illustrative figure, f. 563, and two of the plus in 672 OXYGEN COMPOUNDS. f. 559) ; scalenohedron 1 s (f. 552A, dog-tooth spar) very common, both simple and in 'combination (the latter in f. 555 to 559, 564, 565 ; f. 556 a distorted form of f. 555). (5) Planes bevelling the lateral edges of -2R (f. 553c), and having the general symbol -2 n . (c) Planes having the same relation to other rhombohedrons, but if referred to the fundamental rhombohedron, jR, replacing its lateral or terminal angles, or terminal edges (f. 561, 564). (a) The last mentioned bevelling the terminal edges of R (as 3 in f. 564), having the general symbol m n , with f mn J- m=l when the scaleno- hedron is plus like the R, but f mn+%m=l when minus, (e) Bevelments of terminal edges of other rhombohedrons, m'R, having the same general symbol m n , but with %mn\ m=m', when of like signs with m'R, and J mn+% m=m f ) when of unlike signs. 564 565 566 Derbyshire. 569 Alston-Moor. 3. Regular six-sided pyramids ; general symbol ra-2, as 4-2, f. 561. 4. Prisms, (a) The regular six-sided prism ^, very common, either short or long (f. 552c, 553 A, B, 554, 570). (5) Prism ^-2, only in combination and not common, (c) Twelve-sided prisms i-^ i-. AKHYDKOUS CARBONATES. 571 673 570 572 5. JBasal, plane (9, as in 552D, 553A, o, 570, far less frequent as a termi- nation of crystals than rhombohedral and scalenohedral planes. ANGLES OP KHOMBOHEDRONS. J?is a face of the fundamental rhombohedron LR; R' the particular rhombohedron below in each line ; o the basal plane : Term. Edge, o A R R^R' I 156 o 2 ' 166 9' 149' 3 14' -5 ft 152 35 161 48 153 35 -f 1 142 55 158 28 156 55 -4 * 134 57 153 45 161 48 4 ia (?) 116 52 152 48 163 35 -v- f 129 40 150 35 164 48 -f IS 105 5 135 23 180 _J- g s. 1 82 56 120 5 164 42 _a f 73 15 112 5 156 42 -2 3 69 24 108 40 153 7 - 68 25 107 20 151 57 jyt 4 65 50 104 17 148 50 -i 4 1 65 6 103 24 148 1 -t 1 64 42 102 42 147 19 _|. 6 62 43 99 35 144 12 -1 7 62 1 98 14 142 51 -f 9 61 14 96 25 141 3 -i 13 60 36 94 27 139 4 _ 16 60 20 93 38 138 15 - 18 60 19 93 13 137 50| -1 28 60 8 92 4 136 41 -4 -14 60 31 94 8 138 45 -i -11 60 50 95 19 129 18 -4 -8 61 33 97 48 127 25 _-L Term. Edge, o A R RAR 1 63 51' 101 28' 123 9' 64 42 102 42 121 55 65 50 104 17 120 20 67 26 106 9 118 28 71 18 110 14 114 23 73 15 112 5 112 32 74 9 112 56 111 41 76 9 116 16 110 21 78 51 116 62 107 45 85 26 121 58 102 39 86 36 122 49 101 58 88 18 124 6 100 2 90 55 125 58 98 39 95 28 129 2 95 35 97 10 130 11 94 48 99 14 131 35 93 2 111 13 139 12 85 25 115 7 141 43 82 54 123 10 146 40 77 57 127 39 149 23 75 14 134 57 153 45 70 52 156 2 166 9 58 38 160 42 168 50 55 47 170 14 174 22 51 15 * ANGLES OF SCALENOHEDEONS. Long E. Short E. Mid. E. 154 37' 145 55' 61 36' 130 16 121 14 131 19 43 (f. 577) Long E. Short E. Mid. E. 159 24' 138 5' 64 54' 146 1.0 128 15. 93 20 674 OXYGEN COMPOUNDS. Long E. Short E. Mid. E. Long E. Short E. Mid. E. $1 S. 161' 3 58' 133' 3 53' 66 31' V-J 1 "? 157 14' 83' 3 55' 140 40' i 28 ? S. 116 53 110 48 164 43 10l? 134 3 66 44 125 4 f 164 1 130 37 67 41 -y-ff ? 166 10 71 36 132 37 152 40 123 35 90 20 -a* 169 39 71 18 129 3 ft 166 67 125 53 69 16 -5* 164 59 76 54 132 1 169 5 122 37 69 45 -4fi Eh. 158 30 83 34 137 34 *', Hg. 136 48! 112 59 133 53 -it 159 4 87 37 130 45 t* 170 29 120 14 71 5 -2t 163 11 86 6 122 32 174 26 118 23 71 36 -2* 159 20 88 18 127 29 At 172 30 116 59 72 1 -2 2 153 16 92 9 135 19 B*,H* 147 4 105 13! 125 53! -2f ? 146 53 96 22 143 34 itf 171 43 102 55 88 16 -2 3 142 30 99 58 149 21 1* 168 1 102 21 94 1 -2 4 139 36 106 25 163 24 if 165 33 102 6 97 57 -jH? 172 40 84 45 112 20 li Hg. 169 56 102 36 91 13 -fie ? Da.a 174 44 85 32 102 31 161 53 101 55 103 52 -5*7 147 31 98 32 137 33 li 160 13 101 56 106 34 -f 4 ? 150 15 96 22 135 6 it 159 17 101 57 108 7 -f> Da.& 164 8 92 46 111 46 l a 155 50 102 11 113 45 -$, S. 161 32 83 15 114 25 1$ 151 7 102 52 121 34 -ft? 151 6 99 6 127 40 13 144 24 104 38 132 58 -f* 167 6 95 15 103 40 ijf 136 47 107 48 146 28 -4* 158 8 96 51 117 8 I 6 134 28 109 1 150 44 -ff Wr. 167 23 98 2 103 48 l, Hg. 133 53 109 34 152 30 -f 155 7 99 26 119 6 I 1 /" 132 41 110 3 154 5 -1$ ? 169 56 102 36 91 13 l, Eh. 131 31 110 36 156 42 -13 161 53 101 55 103 52 I 7 130 10 111 39 158 53 -ill I 3 , I 1 * i 1 , 1 B , same a s+: l, I 3 , l, ! I 9 127 50 113 21 163 30 -f 145 15 107 38 124 39 1" 126 26 114 24 166 28 _|| 154 7 111 54 103 4 1* 125 47 114 50 167 35 -t* 157 6 120 26 88 9 1" 125 30 115 12 168 32 -! 8 149 43 117 23 102 25 f* 165 59 95 27 105 24 -! 4 142 32 115 17 117 50 $ 170 91 34 103 21 -ffil 140 44 114 57 121 39 f 8 142 53 100 55 145 28 -! 5 138 23 114 34 128 30 2 * , Hg. 144 30 98 25! 146 42 -! 9 129 10 115 5 150 2' 142 30 99 58 149 21 -4', Hg 128 7 115 21 152 53 1^2 153 2 91 12 137 48 -P 126 1 116 4 158 59 f 3 152 54 90 46 139 12 -|f 170 16 140 18 50 12 3V" 143 50 97 28 151 51 -F 144 6 124 56 100 47 a 162 23 80 10 133 19 -i 8 162 35 144 45 54 6 4 a 152 29 88 57 144 29 -v 141 41 128 7 99 58 4 3 141 51 98 40 155 39 -i 6 158 19 147 13 56 G r The long E., above, i s edj y& T (f. 562); short E ., edge X ; mid. E., edge Z. ANGLES OP PYRAMIDS. Pyram. Basal. Pyram. Basal. 1-2 151 21' 59 2( )' 2-2 128 52' 119 20' Y-2 139 44 87 1 f-2 125 30! 132 36 .$-2 135 51! 97 26! 4-2 122 39 147 23 ANHYDKOIJS CARBONATES. 675 Pyram. Basal. Pyram. Basal. V-2 121 69' 151 50' 6-2 121 13' 157 54' J-2 121 80* 149 22 8-2 120 42 163 Twins : (1) Composition-face basal (or parallel to o\ as f. 566 in the form f. 565, f. 567 in that of f. 553u, f. 568 in one similar to f. 552A. (2) C.- face R, f. 570, the vertical axes of the two forms nearly at right angles (90 46'), since o A .7?= 135 23' ; producing complex forms when highly modified. (3) C.-face -27?, as f. 569, in the scalenohedron 1 s , f. 552A. (4) C.-face -\R (f. 571), the vertical axes of the two forms inclined to one another 127 34' ; composition often repeated, producing an alternation of thin lamellae ; and often occurring as lamellae intersecting different forms, or cleavage rhombohedrons ; common in the grains of granular limestone (Oschotz, ZS. G., vii. 5). (5) C.-face prismatic plane i-%. (6) C.-face plane i (f. 572). Also fibrous, both coarse and fine ; sometimes lamellar ; often granular ; from coarse to impalpable, and compact to earthy. Also stalactitic, tube- rose, nodular, and other imitative forms. H.=2*5-3*5; some earthy kinds (chalk, etc.) 1. G.=2*508-2*778 ; pure crystals, 2*7213 2*7234, Beud. ; fibrous, lamellar, and stalactitic, 2-702*72, but when pulverized, 2*7292*7233. Lustre vitreous sub- vitreous earthy. Color white or colorless ; also various pale shades of ray, red, green, blue, violet, yellow ; also brown and black when impure, treak white or grayish. Transparent opaque. Fracture usually con- choidal, but obtained with difficulty when the specimen is crystallized. Double refraction strong. The following are some of the irregular forms or conditions in the crystallization of calcite : (1) "With curved surfaces. The rhombohedron .??, top part of f. 574, and the hexagonal prism f. 574A, and prism of f. 576. (2) Spirally group, f. 573, in which the spires consist of 573 small crystals of the form in f. 552c. (3) Grouped in curving columns: one case is mentioned by Kenngott in which the column was a pile of rhombohedrons (form in f. 553s) in a single series, the breadth iV in. (4) Made up of a succession of unlike forms : in f. 576 a prism is surmounted by the form in f. 553B, the crystal, after forming as a hexa- Phenixville. gonal prism with a rounded summit through indistinct scalenohedral planes, having been completed by a form wholly different ; in f. 575 a prism with a rhombohedral termination contains inside a scalenohedron (1 s ), showing that it reached nearly its actual height as a scalenohedron, and, moreover, before the new form com- menced, the scalenohedron was tipped by a cube of fluorite; f. 579, in which the sunken plane o has arisen from additions to the other faces, in the process of completion of the crystal, with none to o, the conditions producing that modification having ceased. (5) Irregular changes in the development of the same form: in f. 574, the form called nail-head spar has the unusual accompani- ment of the shank of the nail, made up of very small but similar rhombohedrons ; lateral develop- ment having been prevented for a while (perhaps by an accompanying deposition of sediment), and the form consequently elongating upward by successive additions of small crystals, but finally, when the obstruction is no longer acting, a single crystal taking a broad expansion and topping the column. (6) Symmetrical arrangement of impurities : in f. 577, 578, showing the tops of a prism, like f. 552o, the impurities being crystals of pyrite. The planes in the tables above, with the calculated angles, when not otherwise accredited, are from Zippe, Kryst. rhomb. Kalkhaloides, Denkschr. Ak. Wien, iii. 1854. For the others, Hg. stands for Hessenberg, Min. Not., iii., iv., v., vii. ; "Wr., Wimmer, Jahresb. 1854, 865 ; Rh., v 6T6 OXYGEN COMPOUNDS. Eath, Pogg., cxxxil 387; S., Quintino SeUa, Studii Min. Sarda, and Quadro crist. Argento Rosso, del Quarzo, e del Calcare ; Da., Dana, a, from a Eossie crystal (f. 560, o), &, from a Bergen Hill 575 574 Przibram. 674A Bristol, Ct. 578 Phenixville. Phenixville. crystal, f. 552s. the forms Sella also enumerates in his table (but not from his own special observations) IV, 1', 161H, -fl, See also on the crystallography of calcite, F. Hochstetter, Denkschr. Ak. Wien, vi. 89, 1854. Figures 573, 575, 577, 578 are from a paper by J. L. Smith, in Am. J. Sci., xx. 251, the figures drawn by the author ; and f. 574 is from Przibram crystals in the cabinet of Prof. Brush. Fig. 561 is from Hessenberg. To the enumerated scalenohedrons add (fr. v. Eath, 1. c.) fV, having Y=157 23', X=140 40', Z=124 45'. Comp., Var. Calcite is carbonate of lime, Ca C= Carbonic acid 44, lime 56=100. Magnesia, protoxyd of iron, or protoxyd of manganese frequently, and strontia, barytes, oxyd of zinc, or oxyd of lead occa- sionally, replace part of the lime. The varieties are very numerous, and diverse in appear- ance. They depend mainly on the following points : (1) differences in crystallization; (2) in structural condition, the extremes being perfect crystals and earthy massive forms; (3) in color, diaphaneity, odor on friction, due to impurities ; (4) in modes of origin. . The following are the most common impurities and their effects : Eed oxyd of iron (e) produces different shades of red, from flesh-red or paler to opaque blood-red and brownish- red, according to the proportions present; the latter Haus- mann names Hcematoconite (from at//a, blood, and KOVIS, powder, Handb., 1304, 1847), as in the marble Rosso antico of Italy. The hydrated oxyd (SVlI 3 ) causes yellowish to opaque ochre-yellow and yellowish-brown ; the deeper, Sid&roconite of Hausmann (ib., 1306). Protoxyd of iron, oxyd of chrome, silicate of iron, cause shades of green. Eossie. ANHYDKOTJS CARBONATES. 677 Carbonaceous matters, or carbon, give a clear yellowish tint to some crystallized calcite, and various dull colors, from pale drab and buff through gray and bluish-gray to deep black, to com- pact calcite or limestone ; the carbonaceous matters having been derived from the animals of the shells, corals, etc., out of which the limestones were originally made, or from the plants of the, same seas, just as soils and mud are now colored from the same cause ; and when these carbo- naceous matters are allied to petroleum or bitumen, the rock has a fetid or bituminous odor when struck with a hammer. The fact that the dark colors mentioned are due to carbonaceous sub- stances and not to metallic oxyds is proved by the rocks affording, when burnt, white quicklime. The black marbles thus colored are named Anthraconite (from dvBpaf, coal) by v. Moll (Ephemer., ii. 305, 1806), Lucullan by John (Ch. Unters., 219), and Lucullite by Jameson (Min., ii. 180, 1816); they include the Marmor Luculleum Plin. (xxxvi. 6). The Nero Antico of the Italians belongs here. The bituminous or fetid limestones are also called anthraconite when black ; and also, from the odor, Swinestone (syn. Stinkstone; Stinkstein, Saustein, Stirikkalk, Germ.), some being light gray in color. Dolomite, or carbonate of lime and magnesia, often constitutes the veins and shells of a compact limestone, as shown by Hunt; and the magnesia found by analysts in such rocks may be gen- erally present as a mixture of dolomite with calcite, rather than as a chemical substitution of magnesia for lime. (See under DOLOMITE.) Sand, chlorite, and other minerals are sometimes taken up mechanically by crystallizing calcite. Mica, talc, chlorite, serpentine are often disseminated in crystalline limestones, having been formed in them at the time of their crystallization, and are among the materials which produce the cloudings or variegated colors of such limestones. The varieties that have been named are as follows : A. Well crystallized. 1. Ordinary. Crystals and crystallized masses afford easily cleavage rhombohedrons ; and when transparent they are what is called Iceland Spar, and also Doubly-refracting Spar (Doppel-spath Germ.), The crystals vary in proportions from broad tabular to moderately slender acicular, and take a great diversity of forms. But the extreme kinds so pass into one another through those that are intermediate that no satisfactory classification is possible. Many are stout or short in shape because normally so. But other forms that are long tapering in their full development occur short and stout because abbreviated by an abrupt termination in a broad 0, or an obtuse rhombohe- dron (as - or R), or a low scalenohedron (as J 3 ), or a combination of these forms ; and thus the crystals having essentially the same combinations of planes vary greatly in shape. The follow- ing groups may answer some purpose in the arrangement of the crystals in a cabinet. They are here characterized by stating the form or forms that are dominant, or most largely developed ; and the term abbreviated is used as above explained. Intermediate forms may be assigned to the group with which they have the most in common. (6) o group, or flat tabular (f. 553A) ; the edges of the tables may be made of prismatic planes, or of rhombohedral, etc. (c) Low rhom- bohedral or nail-head, -%R, -%R, etc. (d) R group, the fundamental rhombohedron dominant (f. 550). (e) ^R, or cuboid group. (f) 1R group, (g) 2R abbreviated, (h) R group, (i) 47? abbreviated, (j) Long rhombohedron group, including the longer rhombohedrons, of which 11, 13, -14, are rather common (f. 551). (k) Long rhombohedron abbreviated, producing some- times forms that look much like 3- or 6-sided prisms (f. 553D). (/) Low scalenohedron group, as 3 , f 8 , etc. (m) Ordinary scalenohedron or dog-tooth group, that of I 3 , one of the most com- mon of forms (f. 552A, 555-559). (n) Same abbreviated (f. 564, 565). (o) Long scalenohedron group, or that of I 7 , I 8 , etc. (p) Same abbreviated, (q) Prism-scalenohedron group, the scalenohe- dral planes being combined with an oblong prism i (f. 554). (r) Prismatic group, the prism i being elongated and dominant ; and variously terminated. Preunnerite Esmark, from amygdaloid in Faroe, is calcite in cuboid crystals and massive, smalt- blue to violet in color, brownish-yellow by transmitted light, subtransparent to translucent, and chalcedonic in aspect. 2. Twin-crystals. Groups a-f corresponding to the different kinds described on p. 675. 3. Crystals with internal impurities, etc. (a) Having interior planes or other evidence of changes in the progress of their formation (f. 575, 576, 579). (b) Containing impurities symmetrically arranged. 4. Spiral or curved aggregations of crystals, (d) Spirally arranged crystals. (&) Bent or curved crystallizations. 5. Pseudomorplwus calcite. Natrocalcite includes pseudomorphs of calcite after celestite from Sangerhausen, named under the mistaken idea that the material contained soda. 6. Reichite (Breitibu, B. H. Ztg., xxiv. 311) is a pure calcite from Alston-Moor in Cumberland, white in color, with an angle of 105 20', according to Breithaupt's measurements, and G.=2'666 2-677. 678 OXYGEN COMPOTJNDS. B. Varieties, crystallized as well as uncrystattized, based on the presence of other carbonates, and of different impurities. 7. Dolomitic calcite. Containing carbonate of magnesia and lime, or dolomite a fact ascertain- able only by chemical methods, unless the amount of magnesia be considerable, when it is apparent in crystals in the angle R A R 8 Ferrocalcite Containing carbonate of iron, and turning brown on exposure. 9'. Manganocakite. Containing carbonate of manganese, and becoming brownish-black on plumbocakite Johnston (Ed. Phil. J., vi. 79, 1829), white to yellowish and reddish-brown, and having K A E=1Q5 5f, Breith.; 105 5', Dufr.; 105, Kenng. G.=2'772,v. Hauer; 2'746 2-748, Descl. Contains some carbonate of lead. 11. Neotype Breith. (Handb., 313, 1841). Grayish-white, and occurring in rhombohedrons 2R- R M?=1Q5 3', Breith. G. = 2'819 2'840. Contains some carbonate of barytes. From Cum- berland, England. ard proposed the name calcimangite for the mineral from Sterling (anal. 6). 18. Strontianocakite Genth (Proc. Ac. Sci. Philad., vi. 114, 1852); in opaque white crystals, occurring in globules which have a surface consisting of the terminations of acute rhombohedrons, and H.=3'5. Contains some strontia, and hence gives a decided red flame before the blow- pipe. 14. Fontainebkau limestone (Lassonne, Mem. Ac. Paris, 1775, Chaux carbonatee quartzifere H., 1801) ; crystals of the form in fig. 550c, from Fontainebleau and Nemours, France, which contain a large amount of sand, some 50 to 63 p. c. according to Delesse, with Or. 2'53 2*84, the latter from one containing 57 p. c. of sand. 15. ffislopite Haughton (Phil. Mag., IV. xvii. 16, 1859) is a grass-green cleavable calcite from Central India, containing about 14 p. c. of a siliceous material like glauconite (q. v.), to which the color is owing. C. Varieties based on fibrous or lamellar structure. 1 6. Satin Spar ; fine fibrous, with a silky lustre. Eesembles fibrous gypsum, which is also called satin spar, but is much harder and effervesces with acids. 17. Argentine Kirwan (Min., i. 104, 1794 ; Schieferspath Hofmann, Bergm. J., 188, 1789; Slate Spar). A pearly lamellar calcite, the lamella? more or less undulating ; color white, grayish, yel- lowish, or reddish. 18. Aphrite, in its harder and more sparry variety (Schaumspath Freiesleben), is a foliated white pearly calcite, near argentine ; in its softer kinds (Schaumerde W., Silvery Chalk Kirwan, Ecume. de Terre H.) it approaches chalk, though lighter, pearly in lustre, silvery-white or yellowish in color, soft and greasy to the touch, and more or less scaly in structure. D. Granular massive to cryptocrystaltyne ; Limestone, Marble, Chalk. 19. Granular limestone (Saccharoidal limestone, so named because like loaf sugar in fracture). The texture varies from quite coarse to very fine granular, and the latter passes by imperceptible shades into compact limestone. The colors are various, as white, yellow, reddish, green, and usually they are clouded and give a handsome effect when the material is polished. When such limestones are fit for polishing, or for architectural or ornamental use, they are called marbles. (a) Statuary marble is pure white, fine grained, and firm in texture. The Parian marble from the island of Paros (the Lychnites of the ancients), Pentelican from the quarries near Athens, Luni marbles of the coast of Tuscany, and the Carrara, of Modena, Italy, are among the best of statu- ary marbles. Architectural marble includes both white and colored, (b) The Cipolin of Italy is white, with pale greenish shadings from green talc ; it does not stand the weather well, (c) Giallo antico of Italy is ochre-yellow to cream-yellow, with some whitish spots, (d) The Sienna, or Brocatelto de Sienna, is yellow, veined or clouded with bluish-red, having sometimes a tinge of pur- ple, (e) The Mandelato is a light red with yellowish- white spots. A red kind from Tireo in Scot- land has different shades of red, as rose-red, flesh-red, reddish- white ; one from Tennessee is clouded with brownish- and purplish-red. (/) The Bardiglio is gray with crowded dark well-defined cloudings, consisting partly of serpentine, from Corsica, (g) Turquois-blue marble, from the quar- ries of Seravezza near Carrara, has a fine grayish-blue color, veined with white. (h) Verd- Antique is clouded green, the color, owing to the presence of serpentine (see p. 465), yellowish-green to bluish-green. 20. Hard compact limestone. Varies from nearly pure Tvhite, through grayish, drab, buff, yellowish, and reddish shades, to bluish-gray, dark browish-gray, and black, and sometimes ANHYDROUS CARBONATES. 679 variously veined. The colors dull, excepting ochre-yellow and ochre-red varieties. Many kinds make beautiful marble when polished. (a) Black, (b) yellow, (c) red, and (d) fetid kinds have been mentioned (pp. 676, 677). The Portor (d), called sometimes Egyptian marble, is of black color, handsomely veined with yellow dolomite, and comes from Porto- Venere, near Spezia ; the rock is of the lower Lias, (e) Panno-di-Morte (Death's Robe) of Italy is black, with some white fossil shells. (/) Marble of Languedoc is fine deep red or brownish-red, with some white and gray due to fossils, and is from St. Beaume in Prance, (g) Griotie, from the Dept. of Herault, France, has a reddish-brown base, with somewhat regularly arranged spots of clear red, and some whitish round spots due to gonia- tites. (h) Sarencolin marble, from the Pyrenees, is deep red mixed with gray and yellow, (i) Bird's-eye marble is gray, with whitish crystalline points, and is from central New York . (k) Shell-marble includes kinds consisting largely of fossil shells ; (I) Madreporic marble, those containing corals ; (ra) Encrinal, those containing encrinal (crinoidal) remains, (ri) Lumachelle is a dark brown shell-marble, with brilliant fire-like or chatoyant internal reflections proceeding from the shells, and from Bleiberg in Carinthia ; and another kind, with the shells yellow, comes from Astrachan. (0) Ruin-marble is a kind of compact calcareous marl, showing, when polished, pictures of fortifications, temples, etc., in ruins, due to infiltration of oxyd of iron. (p) Lithographic stone is a very even-grained compact limestone, usually of buff or drab color; as that of Solenhofen. (q) Breccia marble is made of fragments of limestone cemented together, and is often very beautiful when the fragments are of different colors, or are imbedded in a base that contrasts well. The colors are very various. (r) Pudding-stone marble consists of pebbles or rounded stones cemented. It is often called improperly breccia marble. (s) Hydraulic limestone is an impure limestone. The French varieties contain 2 or 3 p. c. of magnesia, and 10 to 20 of silica and alumina (or clay). The varieties in the United States contain 20 to 40 p. c. of magnesia, and 12 to 30 p. c. of silica and alumina. A variety worked extensively at Rondout, N. Y., afforded Professor Beck (Min. K Y., 78) Carbonic acid 34-20, lime 25-50, magnesia 12'35, silica 15-37, alumina 9'13, sesquioxydof iron 2*25. Oxyd of iron is rather prejudicial to it than otherwise. Vicat observes that in the best French there are 20 to 30 p. c. of clay, and in that only moderately good 10 to 12 p. c. Au impure limestone of France, which needs no sand for making the cement, it containing calcite 54 p. c., clay 81, oxyd of iron 15=100, is called plaster- cement (Dufr. Min., ii.). 21. soft compact limestone, (a) Chalk is white, grayish- white, or yellowish, and soft enough to leave a trace on a board. The consolidation into a rock of such softness may be owing to the fact that the material is largely the hollow shells of rhizopods. The creta of the Romans (usually translated chalk) was mostly a white clay, true chalk being little known to the ancients. The kind described by Pliny as the most inferior kind of cretaceous earth, and as used for marking the feet of slaves, was probably true chalk. (b) Calcareous marl (Mergelkalk Germ.) is a soft earthy deposit, often hardly at all consolidated, with or without distinct fragments of shells ; it generally contains much clay, and graduates into a calcareous clay. 22. Concretionary massive, (a) Oolite (Rogenstein Germ.) is a granular limestone, but its grains are minute rounded concretions, looking somewhat like the roe of fish, the name coming from 'woi', egg. It occurs among all the geological formations, from the Lower Silurian to the most recent, and it is now forming about the coral reefs of Florida, (b) Pisolite (Erbsenstein W.) con- sists of concretions as large often as a small pea, or even larger, the concretions having usually a distinct concentric structure. It is formed in large masses in the vicinity of the Hot Springs at Carlsbad in Bohemia. 23. Deposited from calcareous springe, streams, or in caverns, etc. (a) Stalactites are the calcareous cylinders or cones that hang from the roofs of limestone caverns, and which are formed from the waters that drip through the roof; these waters hold some bicarbonate of lime in solution, and leave carbonate of lime to form the stalactite when evaporation takes place. Stalactites vary from transparent to nearly opaque ; from a granular crystalline structure to a radiating fibrous ; from a white color and colorless to yellowish-gray and brown. (b) Stalagmite is the same material covering the floors of caverns, it being made from the waters that drop from the roofs, or from sources over the bottom or sides ; cones of it sometimes rise from the floor to meet the stalactites above. It consists of layers ; but these are very irreg- ularly curved, or bent, owing to the knobs and conelets that are made over the floor; and polished specimens generally owe much of their beauty to the agate-like or onyx-like bandings. Stalagmite is the Alabastrites (alabaster-stone) in part (if not wholly) of Theophrastus, Pliny, and other ancient writers ; that is, the stone of which ointment vases, of a certain form called alabasters, were made. (See GYPSUM, p. 640.) A locality near Thebes, now well known, was 680 OXYGEN COMPOUNDS. largely explored by the ancients, and the material has often been hence called Egyptian alabaster. It was also formerly called onyx and onychites; Horace, in the 3d book of his Odes, speaks of au ointment vase of onyx Pliny mentions columns of "onyx." or "alabastrites," that were 32 ft. in height, and mentions Damascus as affording a kind whiter than that of Thebes. In the arts it is often now called Oriental Alabaster; and sometimes also Gibraltar-stone, from the occurrence of the material in a cavern at Gibraltar. (c) Calc-sinter, Travertine, Gale Tufa. Travertine ( Confetto di Tivoli) is of essentially the same origin with stalagmite, but is distinctively a deposit from springs or rivers, especially where in large deposits, as along the river Anio, at Tivoli, near Rome, where the deposit is scores of feet in thickness. It has a very cavernous and irregularly banded structure, owing to its mode of formation. It is the Lapis Tiburtinus of Vitruvius, ii. c. 7, and Pliny, xxxvi. 48, etc. ; the word travertine being a corruption of tiburtine. It includes also, especially under the name of calc tufa, cellular depositions from the waters of small springs or sources, which often contain fossil leaves, twigs, moss, nuts or seed, etc. The Osteocollus (Beinwelle, Beinbruch) Gesner (p. 31, 1565), "qui ossa fracta intra corpus sumptus," as was thought at the time (osteocolla of later authors), is, as long since shown, a cellular calc tufa, consisting of incrustings of fragments of reeds or other marsh plants. It means bone-glue. Inolite, Gallitzin, is also calc-sinter. (d) Agaric mineral; Rock-milk (Bergmikh, Montmilch, Germ.) is a very soft, white material, breaking easily in the fingers, deposited sometimes in caverns, or about sources holding lime in solution. (e) Rock-meal (Berg-mehl Germ., Farina fossilis Bruckm., etc.) is white and light, like cotton, becoming a powder on the slightest pressure. It is an efflorescence, and is common near Paris, especially at the quarries of Nanterre. Analyses: 1, 2, Stromeyer (Gilb. Ann., xlv. 225, Unters., 52); 3, Schnabel (Ramm. 3d Suppl., 62); 4, Ahrend (Hausm. Min., 1324); 5, Stromeyer (L c.); 6, Jenzsch (Pogg., xcvi. 147); 7, Richter (Ramm. Min. Ch., 209); 8, Tyler (Am. J. ScL, II. xxxix. 174); 9, Gibbs (Ramm. 3d. Suppl., 62); 10, 11. Monheim (ib.) ; 12, T. S. Hunt (this Min., 1854, 438) ; 13, Johnston (Edinb. N. J. ScL, vi. 79); '14, Delesse (Rev. Sci. et Ind., xii. 118); 15, v. Hauer (Ber. Ak. Wien, xii. 7ul) : 16, Kajppel (J. pr. Ch., Ivii. 324): 1. Iceland, trp. 2. Andreasberg 3. Brilou, "Westphalia 4. Hollengrunde, gnh. 6. Schwarzenberg, Schie/ersp. 6. Sparta, Spartaite fj u u 8.' Stirling, N. J., " G. =2-815 9. Zinc m. of Olkuck 10. " Altenberg 11. " " C 43-70 43-56 43-52 43-92 41-66 40-77 44-04 42-01 43-81 43-28 43-05 Fe Mn 0-15 036 2-19 0-50 2-70 0-38 6-83 7-13 13-79 0-51 5-78 5-11 0-42 2n 0-38 4-07 1-06 0-65 Mg 0-13 0-18 0-92 1-21 0-85 Oa 56-15 = 100 Strom. 55-98, fi 0-10=100 Strom. 55-30, H 1-07 = 100-028. 53-79=100-58 Ahrend. 55-00=99-36 Strom.' 48-75, H 0-32 = 98-35 J. 47-92=100-30 Richter. 43-65=99-45 Tyler. 50-76=100 Gibbs. 50-10 = 100-22 Monheim. 50-26, Si 0-18=99-67 M. CaC FeCMgCPbC 12. Loc. ?, Ferrocakite 93-90 4-641-59 =100-13 Hunt. G. = 2'715. 13. Wanlockhead, Ptumbocak. [92-2] 7-8=100 Johnston. 14. Leadhills, 97-61 2-34=99-95 Delesse. 92-43 7-74=100-17 Hauer. G.=2'772 16. Carrara Marble 98'765 0'900 , Si 0-006, e, Stn, l 0'083, sand 0-156, 9 $ and loss 0*090 = 100 KasppeL Natrocalcite afforded Marchand (J. pr. Ch., xlvi. 95) Ca C 94-37, l, Fe 1-16, Ca S 2-02, H 1-34, gangue 1-10=99-98. Iodine has been found in certain fossiliferous limestones, as at Gouzon, by Lembert (J. d. Pharm., III. xix. 240). Pyr., etc In the closed tube sometimes decrepitates, and, if containing metallic oxyds, may change its color. B.B. infusible, but becomes caustic, glows, and colors the flame red after ignition the assay reacts alkaline ; moistened with muriatic acid imparts the characteristic lime Dior to the flame. In borax dissolves with effervescence, and if saturated yields on cooling an opaque, milk-white, crystalline bead. Varieties containing metallic oxyds color the borax and salt of phosphorus beads accordingly. With soda on platinum foil fuses to a clear mass ; on charcoal at first fuses, but later the soda is absorbed by the coal, leaving an infusible and strongly luminous residue of lime. In the solid mass effervesces when moistened with muriatic acid, and tragmeuts dissolve with brisk effervescence even in cold acid. Obs. Andreasberg in the Harz is one of the best European localities of crystallized calcite ; ANHYDKOUS CARBONATES. 681 there are other localities in the Tyrol, Styria, Carinthia, Hungary, Saxony, Hesse Darmstadt (at Auerbach), Hesse Cassel, Norway, France, and in England in Derbyshire, Cumberland, Cornwall, Scotland ; in Iceland. In Iceland a single rhombohedron (R) over 6 yds. long and 3 high has beeii observed. In the U. States, in N. York, in St. Lawrence and Jefferson Cos., especially at the Rossie lead mine ; crystals highly modified (f. 560, 561), and often transparent even when large ; one nearly trans- parent, in the cabinet of Yale College, weighing 1 65 pounds ; often covered in part by crystals of galenite; at the Natural Dam, 2 m. from Gouverneur, in the same vicinity, good crystals ; also at the Wilson vein in Gouvemeur, and the Jepson vein in Rossie ; at the Parish ore bed in Gouver- neur, fine geodes, in specular iron ; in Jefferson Co., near Oxbow, on the land of Mr. Benton, from a decomposing limestone, large crystals sometimes as clear as Iceland spar ; rose and purple varieties very beautiful ; some large crystals of a hundred Ibs. and upward ; 4. m. S. of Oxbow, in Antwerp, a vein of calcite and lead, which affords beautiful cleavage masses of white, purple, and brownish shades ; also interesting crystals ; in Essex Co., town of Moriah, on Mill Brook, near Port Henry, crystals of calcite in white limestone ; dog-tooth spar (f. 552A, I 3 and also I 3 , -2), in Niagara Co., near Lockport, with pearl spar, celestite, selenite, and anhydrite ; in Onondaga Co., near Camillus, along the railroad ; good crystals in Herkimer Co., 1 m. S. of Little Falls, in the bed of a small stream ; in Lewis Co., at Leyden and Lowville, and at the Martinsburg lead mine ; on the western bank of Dry Sugar River, near Boonville, Oneida Co. (f. 552c) ; at Anthony's Nose on the Hudson, formerly groups of large tabular crystals (f. 553 A); at Watertown, Agaric mineral, covering the sides of a cave; at Schoharie, fine stalactites in many caverns, of which Ball's cave is the most famous ; at Camillus and Schoharie (near the barite locality), fibrous, in considerable abundance, and at De Long's Mill, St Lawrence Co., of a fine satin lustre. In Maine, at Thomaston, lenticular and prismatic crystals, common. In N. Hamp., at the iron mines, Fran- conia, argentine. In Mass., at WilHamsburg and Southampton, argentine. In Conn., at the lead mine, Middletown, in crystals (*-2, -, I, short or long, and I 3 , R). In N. Jersey, at Bergen, fine crystallizations of yellow calcite, with datolite, etc., in trap (f. 552B) ; at Franklin, a pink variety, and good cleavage specimens. In Penn., in York Co., Iceland spar. In Virginia, at the celebrated Wier's cave, stalactites of great beauty; also in the large caves of Kentucky. At the Lake Supe- rior copper mines, splendid crystals often containing scales of native copper. At Warsaw, Illinois, in great variety of form, lining geodes and implanted on quartz crystals ; at Quincy, 111. In Nova Scotia, at Partridge I., a wine-colored calcite, and other interesting varieties. Corals, of which large reefs are formed in tropical regions, consist mainly of carbonate of lime. B. Silliman, Jr., obtained for a recent species of Madrepora (Dana's Report on Zoophytes, and also Am. J. Sci., II. i. 189) Carbonate of lime 94-807, phosphates, fluorids, etc., 0*745, organic mat- ter 4-448. And the deposit of phosphates and fluorids afforded the percentage Si 12*5, Ca 7*5, Mg 4-2, Mg F 26*62, Ca F 26*34, Mg P" 8'00, 3tl and e 14-84. Other analyses gave similar results. The material of the common marbles is either granular or compact limestone. These rocks when burnt form quicklime.* Alt. Calcite occurs under the forms of dolomite, calamine, spathic iron, malachite, azurite, gypsum, smithsonite, barite, fluorite, limonite, gothite, red iron ore, minium, meerschaum, chlo- rite, quartz, chalcedony, garnet, feldspar, mica, pyrolusite, hausmannite, manganite, marcasite, galenite, blende, native copper. The change to dolomite, as Bischof explains, may take place through bicarbonate of magnesia in solution ; to spathic iron (Fe C) through sulphate of iron in solution, forming sulphate of lime and carbonate of iron ; or by carbonated waters containing bicarbonate of iron, which slowly dissolve calcite, while the carbonate of iron takes its place, forming a pseudomorph by substitution ; to smithsonite (2uC) through sulphate of zinc in solu- tion; to calamine (2n 3 Si+l- H) probably by a change first to 2nC and then to the silicate, through alkaline silicates in solution; to malachite through a solution of sulphate of copper, which forms carbonate of copper and sulphate of lime ; to gypsum or anhydrite through the action of sulphuric acid, which acid is produced by the oxydatiou of sulphuretted hydrogen or otherwise, thus forming sulphate of lime; to quartz by waters containing alkaline silicates, which afford free silica ; to fluorite, limonite, and other species, by the removal of the Ca C by waters which hold carbonic acid or alkaline silicates, and at the same time contain the ingredients forming the replacing mineral. Limonite or red iron ore might result from the decomposition of pyrite in the vicinity. Hollow scalenohedrons from the province of Arnsberg were found by Noggerath (Verb., nat. Ver. Bonn, 1863, 137) to consist of an exterior coating of azurite, and an interior layer of malachite. 716. DOLOMITE. Pierres calcaires tres-peu effervescentes avecles acides D. Dolomieu, J. de Phys., xxxix, 1, 1791. Dolomie Saussure, Voy. Alpes, 1929, 1796. Dolomite Kirwan, Min., * For various analyses of limestones, see Rammelsberg's Handw. der Min., and Supplements, Kenngott's Uebers. for 1844-1862 ; the Jahresbericht of Berzelius, and its continuation. OXYGEN COMPOUNDS. i 111 1194. Bitterspath, Rhomboidalspath, Kohlensauerter Kalkerde, Bittersalzerde (with *\.l Klapr., Sdirift. Nat. Fr. BerL, v. 51, 1784, Beitr., i. 300, 1795; also Beitr., iiL 297, iv. 204 236 v 103, vi. 323. Spath magnesien Delameth., Sciagr., i. 207, 1792. Miemit Klap?., Beitr iii. 292, 1802 (discov. at Miemo by D. Thomson in 1791, and sent by him to EX labelled Magnesian spar). Rautenspath pt. Worn., 1800, Ludwig's Werner, i. 51, 154, 1803. Chaux carbonate magnesifere pt., C. c. aluminifere (fr. Saussure's anal.), H., Tr., 1801. Bitterkalk pt. ffausm., Handb., 960, 1813; Perlspath pt., Rauhkalk, Kalktalkspath, Germ. Pearl Spar pt, Brown Spar pt., Rhomb Spar pt., Magnesian Limestone. Spath perle Fr. Conites. Elintkalk, Retzius, Min., 1795. Conite Schumacher, Yerzeichniss, etc., 20, 1801. Konit Germ. Gurhofian Karst, Mag. Nat. Fr. BerL, i. 4, 257, 1807, and Tabell., 50, 1808. Tharandit Freieskben, Geogn. Arbeit., v. 212, 1820. Brossit Hired, ZS. f. Pharm., 24, 1850. Khombohedral. E A 7?=106 15', A J?=136 8J', a=0'8322. Ob- served planes : 0, 2, E, 4, -2, -|, I 3 , I 5 (hemihedral). 580 A ^-2=90, A 4=104 35', A 2=117 29', A \ =154 20', i A J=135 57', 2 A 2=79 36'. R A R varies between 106 10' and 106 20'. An increase of 100 C. diminishes the angle 4' '. Cleavage : R perfect. Faces R often curved, and secondary planes usually with horizontal striae. Twins : similar to f. 572, page 673. Also in imitative shapes ; also amorphous, granular, coarse or fine, and grains often slightly coherent. H. 3*5 4. G.=2'8 2'9, true dolomite. Lustre vitreous, inclining to pearly in some varieties. Color white, reddish, or greenish-white ; also rose-red, green, brown, gray, and black. Subtransparent to translucent. Brittle. Comp., Var. Normal or true dolomite has the formula Ca C + Mg C= Carbonate of lime 54'35, carbonate of magnesia 45'65. Some kinds included under the name have the two carbonates in other proportions ; but this may arise from their being mixtures of dolomite with calcite or mag- nesite. Protoxyd of iron replaces part of the magnesia in some dolomite ; so also protoxyd of manganese ; and more rarely oxyd of cobalt or zinc. The varieties are the following : (1) Crystallized. Pearl spar includes rhombohedral crystallizations with curved faces. (2) Columnar or fibrous. Miemite, from Miemo, Tuscany, is either in crystals, columnar, or granular, and pale asparagus- green in color. (3) Granular, or saccharoid, constitutes many of the kinds of white statuary marble, and white and colored architectural marbles, names of some of which have been mentioned under calcite. (4) Compact massive, like ordinary limestone. Many of the limestone strata of the globe are here included, and much hydraulic limestone, noticed under calcite. (5) Compact porcellanous, Gurhofian; snow-white and subtranslucent, with a conchoidal frac- ture, sometimes a little opal-like; from G-urhof, hi lower Austria. (6) Ferriferous; Brown spar, in part. Contains carbonate of iron, and as the proportion increases it graduates into ankerite (q. v.). The color is white to brown, and becomes brownish on expo- sure through the oxydation of the iron. A columnar kind, containing 10 p. c. of carbonate of iron, has been called Brossite (anal 19); G. = 2'915. Tharandite, from Tharand, near Dresden, is crystallized, and contains 4 p. c. of Fe. (7) Manganiferous. Colorless to flesh-red. R A R= 106 23' (anal. 20, by Ettling); 106 16' (anal. 21, by Ott). (8) Cobaltiferous. Colored reddish (anal. 23); G.=2'921, Gibbs. (9) The varieties based on variations in the proportions of the carbonates are the following: (a) Normal dolomite, ratio of Ca C to Mg C = l : 1 (anal 1-24); (&) ratio 1| : 1=3 : 2 (anal. 25-30); (c) ratio=2 : 1 (anal. 31-33), includes gurhofian or gurhqfite; (d) ratio 3 : 1 (anal. 34); (e) ratio=5 : 1 (anal. 35); (/) ratio 1 : 3 (anal 36, 37), or conite. The last (/) msy be dolomitic magnesite ; and the others, from b to e, dolomitic calcite, or calcite + dolomite. The manner in which dolomite is often mixed with calcite, forming its veins and its fossil shells (see below), shows that this is not improbable. ANHYDROUS CARBONATES. 683 Analyses: Ratio 1:1. 1, Suckow (J. pr. Ch., viiL 408); 2, Lavizzari (Jahrb. Min. 1845. 302, 1846, 580); 3, Abich (G. Beob., p. iv.); 4, J. Roth (J.pr. Ch., Iviii. 82); 5, Waltershausen (Pogg., xciv. 115); 6, Hirzel (ZS. Pharm., 1850, 24); 7, Rammelsberg (2d Suppl., 25); 8, Gobel (Pogg., xx. 536); 9, Scheerer (Pogg., Ixv. 283); 10, Laugier (Mem. Mus. d'Hist. Nat, xix. 142); 11, Rammelsberg (Min. Ch., 213); 12, Alsop (Ann. Lye. N. Y., viii. 124). Containing over 3 p. c. of carbonate of iron. 13, Meitzendorff (ib., 213); 14, Kuhn (Ann. Ch. Pharm., lix. 363); 15, Pelle- tier (Ann. Ch. Phys., xiv. 192); 16, T. S. Hunt (this Min., 1854, 442); 17, Grimm (Jahrb. G. Reichs., vi. 98); 18, Fiedler (ib.); 19, Roth (J. pr. Ch., Iviii. 82); 20, Hirzel (L c.). Containing manganese, zinc, or cobalt. 21, Ettling (Ann. Ch. Pharm., xcix. 204); 22, Ott (Haid. Ber., ii. 403); 23, Monheim (Verb. nat. Ver. Bonn, v. 41) ; 24, W. Gibbs (Pogg., Ixxi. 564). Ratio 3 : 2, 2 : 1, 3 : 1, 5 : 1, 1 : 3. 25, Beck (Min. N. Y., 254); 26, Rammelsberg (Handw., i. 95); 27, Klaproth (Beitr., i. 300, and iii. 297); 28, Wackenroder (Schw. J., Ixv. 41); 29, Abich (L c.); 30, Kuhn (1. c.); 31-33, Klaproth (Beitr., iv., v., vi.} ; 34, 35, Kiihu (L c.); 36, Johu (Schw. J., v. (vi. ?) 13) ; 37, Hirzel (I. c.) : CaC 1. Jena, cryst., uncol. 55-2 2. St. Gothard, cryst., gyh.-w. 55-77 3. V. di Sambuco, gran. 5 6 '5 7 4. Monte Somma 67*25 5. Binnen, gran. 55-06 6. Tinz, near Gera 54'02 7. Ilfeld, Rauhkalk 55'62 8. Scheidama, gran. 55 '01 9. Gulbrandsdal, " 55-88 10. Spezzia, " 55'36 11. Miemo, Miemite 67-91 12. Westchester Co., N. Y. 54-91 13. Zillerthal, cryst. 56'66 14. Tharand, Tnarandite 54-76 15. Traversella 51-00 16. Roxbury, Yt., massive 53*90 17. Wermsdorf 53-25 18. Lettonitz 54-21 ] 9. La Yalenciana, Mex. 53-18 20. Traversella, Brosite 52-71 Ratio 1 : 1. MgC FeC MnC 44-7 =99-9 Suckow. 43-59 =99-36 Lavizzari. 43-43 100 Abich. 42-75 =100 Roth. G.=2'72. 44-55 =99-61 Waltersh. G.=2*845. 45-28 0-79 =100-09 Hirzel. 42-40 0-56 =98-58 Rammelsberg. 42-67 1-54 =99-22 Gobel. 40-47 2-81 =99-16 Scheerer. 41-30 2-00 =98-66 Laugier. 38-97 1-74 0-57=99-19 Rammelsberg. 43-63 1-23 , insol. 1'30 = 100'07 Alsop. 38-60 8-30 1-70=100*26 Meitzendorff. 42-10 4-19 =101-05 Kuhn. 44-32 4-68 =100 Pelletier. G. = 2-629. 44-04 3-05 =100-99 Hunt. G.=2'856. 38-84 5-33 , H 1'01=98'43 Grimm. 39-55 6-13 =99-89 Fiedler. 34-35 10-46 H 1'22, Fe 0'22=99'43 Roth. 33-4611-13 2-84=100-14 Hirzel. Ratio 1 : 1, containing manganese, zinc, or cobalt. 21. Freiberg, flesh-red 22. Kapnik, uncol. 23. Altenberg, zincif. 24. Przibram, cobaltif. 53-20 40-15 2-14 5'23 = 100'71 Ettling. G-.=2'830. 52-46 41-16 1-09 5-41 = 100-12 Ott. G.=2'89. 54-31 43-26 0'99 0'56, 2n C 1'38 = 100'50 Monlieim. 56-77 35-70 2-03 , Co C 7'42=2'03 Gibbs. Ratio 3 : 2=CaC 64-1, MgC 35'9. 25. Lockport, Pearl spar 59-00 39-50 1-50 =100 Beck. 26. Kolosoruk, cryst. 27. Glucksbrunn, fib. 28. Liebenstein 29. Sorrento, Italy 30. Bohemia 31. Gurhof, Gurhofian 32. Hall, cryst. 33. Taberg, " 59-00 61-00 60-00 63-88 65-21 61-30 39-50 36-53 36-50 33-24 34-79 32-20. 1-50 2-73 4-00 0-91 6-27 100-26 Rammelsberg. =100-50 Klaproth. 0-07=98-10 Wackenroder. =100 Abich. =99-77 Kuhn. Ratio 2 : l=Ca C 70'4, Mg C 29'6. 29-50 =100 Klaproth. 70-50 68-0 73-0 =100 Klaproth. 25-5 i-o , H 2-0, clay 2-0=98-50 Klaproth. 25-0 , 3Pe 2-25=100-25 Klaproth, 34. Bohemia 36. Kolosoruk, cryst. Ratio 3 : 1 to 5 : 1. 77-63 18-77 3-67 =100'07 Kiihn. 85-84 10-39 5-53 =101'76 Kuhn. (584 OXYGEN COMPOUNDS. Katio 1 : 3. OaC MgC FoC 36. Meissner, Onto 28-0 67-4 3-5=98-9 John. 3^ K u 27'53 61-97 5'05 = 100'55 Hirzel. The following are analyses of some uncrystalline stratified limestones 1, Litton, of Lower Magnesian limestone, Calciferous age (Swallow's G. Hep. Missouri, 1855); 2-5, J. D. Whitney, of Trenton, Galena, and Niagara limestones (Rep. G. Iowa, 1858): CaC MgC FeC 1 Warsaw Mo., L. Magn. 47-01 38'86 , 1, Fe 0-52,. Si 13'2T = 99-66 Litton. 2 New Galena, " 52-47 42-13 1'78, insoL 2-75, Na, K, etc. 0;87 = 100 Whitney. 3* Clayton Co., Iowa, Trent. L. 44-90 34-23 1-69, insol. 18-36=99-18 Whitney. 4 Gal.L. 52-01 42'25 0'93, insol. 4'43, Na, K C 0'38 = 100 Whitney. 5*. Jackson Co., Iowa, Niag.L. 52-18 42-64 tr., insoL 3'88, 3tl, 3Pe 0'63, Na, K, C 0'35 = 99'68 W. Very many of the limestone strata of the globe are thus partly or wholly dolomitic, though usually not as pure as in the above analyses. T. S. Hunt says that dolomites make up the chief part of the Calciferous, Clinton, Trenton, Guelph, Niagara, and Onondaga limestones of Canada (Logan's Rep., 1863, 456). In 1857 (Logan's Rep., 1857, 200) he announced that the veins and shells of some ordinary limestones were magnesian. In the Portor marble (p. 679) the body of the rock contains only 1-0 p. c. of carbonate of magnesia, and the veins 35-5 p. c. A limestone from Dudswell, Canada, contains OaC 92-5, MgC 1-3, sand 6-2; and the fossils are of similar composition ; but a yellowish material enveloping the fossils and filling veins consists of Ca C 56-60, MgC 11-76, Fe C 3-23, with 26'72 insoluble =98 -31. This being a mixture of dolomite and calcite, the latter was removed by acetic acid, and the residue, 52 p. c., then afforded Ca C 51-75, MgC 35-73, FeC 12-52=100. In the Trenton limestone of Ottawa, the fossil corals, shells, and crustaceans are changed to whitish dolomite ; and a fragment of an Orthoceras gave Ca C 56-00, Mg C 37-80, Fe C 5'95=99'75. Pyr., etc. B.B. acts like calcite, but does not give a clear mass when fused with soda on platinum foil Fragments thrown into cold acid are very slowly acted upon, while in powder iu warm acid the mineral is readily dissolved with effervescence. The ferriferous dolomites become brown on exposure. Obs. Massive dolomite constitutes extensive strata, called limestone strata, in various regions. Crystalline and compact varieties are often associated with serpentine and other magnesian rocks, and with ordinary limestones. Some of the prominent localities are at Salzburg, the Tyrol, Schemnitz in Hungary, Kapnik in Transylvania, Freiberg in Saxony, the lead mines at Alston in Derbyshire, etc. In the U. States, in Vermont, at Roxbury, large, yellow, transparent crystals of the rhomb-spar variety, in talc. In Ehode Island, at Smithfield, a coarse cleavable variety, occasionally presenting perfect crystals, with white talc in calcite. In N. Jersey, at Hoboken, white hexagonal crystals (f. 580), and in rhombohedrons. In N. York, at Lockport, Niagara Falls, and Rochester, with calcite, celestite, and gypsum ; also at Glenn's Falls ; in Richmond Co., at the quarantine, crys- tallized dolomite, in rhombohedrons, and at the Parish ore bed, St. Lawrence Co. ; on Hustis'3 farm in Phillips town, a variety resembling Gurhqfite, with a semi-opaline appearance and a fracture nearly like porcelain. Dolomite is generally supposed to be injurious as a manure for soils, on account of its magnesia ; but this is not so, unless used after calcination, before it is fully air-slaked. The lime it affords when burnt makes a more durable cement than common limestone. Named after Dolomieu, who announced some of the marked characteristics of the rock in 1791 its not effervescing with acids, while burning like limestone, and soluble after heating in acids. He observes in his paper that, as early as 1786, he had found the white marble of many of the ancient statues and monuments of Italy to consist of this peculiar rock ; and eighteen months before the date of his paper he discovered " immense quantities of similar limestones " in the Tyrol Woulfe, in the PhiL Trans, for 1779 (at p. 29), describes a ferriferous dolomite or ankerite, with some analytical determinations, which was in pearly rhombohedrons, resembling some what those of spathic iron, and came from Joachimsthal. u In its natural state " it effervesced strongly with " rectified " muriatic acid, which would indicate the presence of more iron than he obtained (5 or 6 p. c. of Fe 0, C O a ). It may have been ankerite. Alt. Dolomite occurs altered to spathic iron, calamine, steatite, limonite, red iron ore, gothite, pyrolusite, and quartz, and by processes similar to those explained under calcite. ANHYDROUS CARBONATES. 681 717. ANTZERITE. Dolomite pt. Brown Spar and Pearl Spar pt. Paratomes Kalk-Haloid Mohs, Grundr., i. 536, 1822, ii. 116, 1824. Rohwand, Wandstein, Styrian Miners. Ankerit Haid., Mohs's Mm., L 100, 1825. Tautoklin Breiffi., Char., 70, 1832, Uib., 20, 1830. Khombohedral. E A J5=106 12', Styria, Mohs; 106 6', Belnhausen (anal. 6), Ettling. Also crystalline massive, coarse or fine granular, and compact. H. 3'5 4:. G.=2'95 3*1. Lustre vitreous to pearly. Color white, gray, reddish. Translucent to subtranslucent. Comp. Ca C + (lilg, Fe, Mn) C, or a dolomite in which the magnesia is more or less completely replaced by protoxyd of iron, or of iron and manganese. By the increase in the proportion of the magnesian carbonate to the iron and manganesian, the mineral graduates into true dolomite. The kinds with 10 p. c. or less of carbonate of iron are placed under dolomite, and those with more, having G. above 2*95, under ankerite. The ratios of Mg C to (Fe, Mn) C in the analyses below are as follows : 1. 1:2 2. 1 : 2-J- 3. 1 : 1-1 4. 1-3 : 1 5. 1 : 1 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 1-7 1-5 2 2 2-1 : 1 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 2-7 : 1 3 : 1 2-8 : 1 3-1 : 1 4: 1 Tautodin Breith., is a grayish- white variety, containing about 15 p. c. of carbonate of iron, and having G. = 2 961, Ettling; from Beschertgliick, near Freiberg in Saxony (anal. 11). Analyses : 1, Fridau (Haid. Ber., v. 1) ; 2, Schrotter (Baumg. ZS., viii. 1); 3, Luboldt (Pogg., cii. 455) ; 4, v. Hauer (Jahrb. G. Reichs., iv. 827) ; 5, Schmidt (Ramm. Min. Ch., 217) ; 6, Ettling (Ann. Ch. Pharm., xcix. 204); 7, Berthier (Ann. d. M., vii. 316, II. iii.); 8, v. Hauer (1. c.) ; 9, C. T. Jackson (Proc. Soc. N. H., Bost., v. 246); 10, Berthier (1. c.); 11, Schmidt (Ramm. Min. Ch., 217); 12, Schnabel (ib.); 13, 14, Berthier (L c.); 15, Kiihn (Ann. Ch. Pharm., lix. 363); 16, Schweizer (J. pr. Ch., xxiii. 281) : CaC MgC FeC MnC insol. 0-15=98-34 Fridau. = 100-35 Schrotter. =99-90 Luboldt. G.=3'01. = 100 Hauer. = 101-37 Schmidt. = 100-31 Ettling. G.=3-008. 99-8 Berthier. = 100 Hauer. 99-70 Jackson. 99-1 Berthier. =99-33 Ettling. H 0-15 = 100-01 Schnabel. 98-0 Berthier. 99-4 Berthier. =101-73 Kiihn. iusol. 0-75=99-50 Schweizer. In the last analysis the ratio of (Fe, Mn, Mg) C to Ca C is 1 to less than 1 ; but the specimen may have been a mixture. Pyr., etc. B.B. like dolomite, but darkens in color, and on charcoal becomes black and mag- netic ; with the fluxes reacts for iron and manganese. Soluble with effervescence in the acids. Obs. Occurs with spathic iron at the Styrian mines, and at the localities above mentioned. Named after Prof. Anker of Styria. CaC MgC FeC MnC 1. Admont, Styria 47-59 13-73 34-74 2-13, 2. Styria 50-11 11-85 35-31 3-08= 3. Lobenstein 51-61 18-94 27-11 2-24= 4. Pinzgau 49-40 24-31 26-29 = 5. Freiberg 56-45 18-89 15-94 10-09= 6. Belnhausen 51-24 27-32 21-75 - 7. Golrath, Styria 51-1 25-7 20-0 3-0= 8. U t( 49-2 30-0 20-8 = 9. Nova Scotia 49-2 30-2 20-3 = 10. Corniglion 50-9 29-0 18-7 0-5= 11. Tautodin 49-07 33-28 14-89 2-09= 12. Siegen 50-00 34-03 13-26 2-57, 13. Schams, Grisons 51-6 31-2 14-8 0-4= 14. Muhlen, 52-8 32-2 14-0 0-4= 15. Schneeberg 52-64 36-35 12-40 0-34= 16. Tinzen, Grisons 46-40 26-95 25-40 j 718. MAGNESITE. Kohlensaurer Talkerde Mitchell & Lampadius (first anal.) Samml. pr. Ch. Abb,, iii. 241. Reine Talkerde, Talcum carbonatum, Wern., Ludwig, ii. 154, 1803. Magnesite pt. Brongn., Min., i. 489, 1807. Magnesit Karst., Tabell., 48, 92, 1808. Carbonate of Magnesia. 686 OXYGEN COMPOUNDS. Magne"sie carbonatee Fr. Kohlensaurer Talk, Talkspath, Germ. Baudisserite Delameth. t Min., ii. 1812. Giobertite Send., Tr., 410, 1824. Breunnerite Haid., Mohs's Min. trl., i. 411, 1825. Walmstedtite Leonh., Handb., 297, 1826. Brown Spar pt 29', A 72=136 56'; 0=0-8095. Also massive ; granular to very com- Khombohedral. R A 72=107 Cleavage: rhombohedral, perfect, pact. H.=3-5 4-5. G.=3 3-08, cryst. ; 2'8, earthy ; 33-2, when ferriferous. Lustre vitreous ; fibrous varieties sometimes silky. Color white, yellowish or grayish-white, brown. Transparent opaque. Fracture flat conchoidal. Var. 1. Ordinary, (a) Crystallized. In distinct rhombohedral crystals; E A J?=107 28', fr. Snarum, Breith. ; 107 16', fr. Tragossthal (anal 4), Fcetterle. (&) Lamellar; cleavable. (c) Compact, fine, granular ; (d) Compact, and like unglazed porcelain in fracture, (e) Earthy ; being mixed with hydrated silicate of magnesia or sepiolite (meerschaum) ; including the Baudisserite, from Baudissero, near Turin, which has some resemblance to chalk, and adheres to the tongue. Even the purer varieties of compact magnesite usually contain more or less of the silicate. 2. Ferriferous, Breunerite; containing several p. c. of protoxyd of iron; G-.=3 3'2; white, yellowish, brownish, rarely black and bituminous ; often becoming brown on exposure, and hence called Brown Spar. R/\R'm mineral fr. Salzburg (anal. 16) 107 32', Dufr. ; fr. Pfitsch (anal. 21) 107 22f, Mitscherlich ; fr. Tyrol (anal. 19) 107 25', Brooke, 107 25|' Breith. The name Breunerite was originally given by Haidinger (after M. Breuner) to the variety analyzed by Stromeyer containing 5 to 10 p. c. of protoxyd of iron (or 8 to 17 p. c. of carbonate) ; and Walm- stedtite to an included kind from the Harz, analyzed by Walmstedt (anal. 18), differing only in containing a little more protoxyd of manganese than usual (2 p. c.). Comp. Carbonate of magnesia, Mg C = Carbonic acid 52-4; magnesia 47-6=100 ; but prot- oxyd of iron often replacing some magnesia. The ferriferous part may be present as mesitine mixed with true magnesite. Analyses: 1, 2, Marchand & Scheerer (J. pr. Ch., 1. 395); 3, Miinster (Pogg., Ixv. 292) ; 4, v. Hauer (Jahrb. G-. Reichs, 1855, 68); 5, Sommer (Jahrb. Min. 1866, 456); 6, Lampadius (1. c.); 7, 8, Stromeyer (Kastn. Arch., iv. 432, Unt.); 9, Rammelsberg (Handw., 397); 10, Marchand & Scheerer (L c.); 11, CornwaD (Ann. Lye. N. Y., viii. 123); 12. 13, W. Beck (Verb. Min. St. Pet., 1862, 89) : 1. Snarum, yw. 2. " w. 3. " " 4. Tragossthal, w. 5. Salzburg C 51-45 51-57 60-79 52-24 49-67 A . Crystallized. Fe 0-79 1-41 2-26 Mn Mg 47-29 47-02 45-36 0-43 3-62 47-25 0-28 44-53 B. Compact. 6. Hrubschutz 51'0 7. Salem, India 51-83 8. Frankenstein 50-22 9. 52-10 10. 52-34 11. Hoboken, N. J., white 50-00 12. Orenberg, (|) 5 1-80 13. L. Urgun, Russia, " (f) 52-90 0-21 0-56 0'41 0-04 47-0 47-89 48-36 47-90 47-66 46-71 46-13 45-25 Ca fl 0-47 =100 Scheerer : G-. =3-017 =100 Scheerer. 0-26, 3tl 1-12 = 99-79 Minister; Q. =3 -065. =99-92 Hauer; G. = 3'033. 0-65 , insol 0'58=99'33 Sommer. 1-6=99-6 Lampadius. 0-28 = 100 Strom. 1-39=100-18 Strom. =100 Ramm. =100 Scheerer. tr. 0-30, Si 0-23=97-80 Cornwall. 1-20 0-63, Si 0-12=100-29 Beck. 1-15 0-50, Si 0-20= 100-04 Beck. Breunerite, Walmskdtite. ANHYDROUS CARBONATES. 687 C Fe Mn Mg Ca H 14. Semmering, white 50'45 3*19 42'49 2-18 , C 1-29=99-60 Hauer 15. Hall, black 50'92 5'00 1*51 42'7l , C 0-11 = 100-25 Strom 16. Salzburg, " 50'60 5'20 43'10 , Cundet. = 98-90 Duf 17. St. G-othard, yellow 50'32 6'54 0'56 41-80 =99*22 Strom. 18. Harz 49'22 6'22 1'98 40'15 0'51, C 1-62, SiO'30 = 100 Walm 19. Tyrol, yw. cryst. 50'07 8*16 40'98 =99*21 Brooke. 20. Zillerthal, yw. 49'92 8-58 0-42 40 '38 =99*30 Strom. 21. Potschthal, rbdn. 50-07 9'63 0-73 39-48 =99-96 Magnus. 22. Fassa, yw.-bn. 50-16 10'53 0'48 34'47 =100*64 Strom. 23. Zillerth., cryst. 49'lt 16'09 81-60 1'97 1-17 = 100 Joy. Eatio of Mg C to Fe C in the preceding analyses : 14. 25 : 1 18. 9:1 21. 7:1 15. 12 : 1 19. 9:1 22. 6:1 16. 12 : 1 20. 8:1 23. 4:1 17. 11 : 1 T. S. Hunt (Logan's Rep., 1863, 457, 611) found the magnesite rock of Canada to contain 8 tc 10 p. c. of carbonate of iron, with 8 to 40 p. c. of insoluble matters, mostly mixed quartz. That of Sutton afforded MgC 83-35, Fe C 9-02, mixed silica 8-03 = 100-40. The white portions of the verd-antique of Roxbury, Mass., are magnesite with about 4 p. c. of carbonate of iron, as shown by Jackson, Hayes, and Hunt. In the baudisserite, Berthier found 041-80, Mg 39'00, meerschaum 19*20 = 100 (Ann. d. M., 1822, 316). A variety of the same was early analyzed by GTiobert (J. d. M., xx. 291, 401, 1803), and another, from Castellamonte, by Guyton (Ann. d. Ch., xlvii. 85, 1803). A magnesite from Sasbach, Kaiserstuhl, contains hydromagnesite. P. Meyer found (Ann. Ch. Pharm., cxv. 129), after separating the impurities, C 45'27, Mg 47*69, Ca 2'47, H4*57, equivalent tc Mg C 82*88, Ca C 4'41, Mg 8*14, H 4'57. Pyr., etc. B.B. resembles calcite and dolomite, and like the latter is but slightly acted upon by cold acids ; in powder is readily dissolved with effervescence in warm muriatic acid. Obs. Found in talcose schist, serpentine, and other magnesian rocks ; as veins in serpentine, or mixed with it so as to form a variety of verd-antique marble (magnesitic ophiolite of Hunt) ; also, in Canada, as a rock, more or less pure, associated with steatite, serpentine, and dolomite. The breunerite variety has been found in a meteorite from Orgueil (Descl.). Occurs at Hrubschiitz in Moravia, where it was first discovered by Mitchell ; at Kraubat and Tragossthal, Styria ; at Frankenstein in Silesia ; Snarum, Norway ; Baudissero and Castellamonte in Piedmont ; at other localities above mentioned. In America, at Bolton, Mass., in indistinctly fibrous masses, traversing white limestone ; at Lynnfield, Cavendish, and Roxbury, Mass., mixed with or veining serpentine ; at Barehills, near Baltimore, Md. ; in Penn., in crystals at "West Goshen, Chester Co. ; near Texas, Lancaster Co. ; as a rock, in Sutton and Bolton, Canada East ; in Canton Upata, Venezuela, near Mission Pastora, looking like porcelain in the fracture, as observed by K S. Manross : in Tulare, Alameda, Mariposa, and Tuolumne Cos., California. Delametherie, in his Theorie de la Terre, ii. 93, 1795, uses the name magnesite for the carbonate of magnesia, sulphate, nitrate, and muriate, and the carbonate is placed first in the series. Brong- niart, in his Mineralogy, ii. 489, 1807, applies the name to a group, including (l)the carbonate called Mitchell 1 s magnesite, (2) meerschaum, (3) the Piedmont magnesite, and (4) other siliceous varieties. As both Brongniart and Delametherie gave the first place to the carbonate, the name magnesite would rightly fall to it in case of the division of the group. Karsten, in his Tabelleu, 1808, recognized this division of the s*pecies, and formally gave to the carbonate the name mag- nesite. The German mineralogists have followed Karsten, as should have been done by all. But in France, Beudant, in 1824, gave the name giobertite to the carbonate, leaving magnesite for the silicate, and most of the French mineralogists have followed Beudant. G-iobert analyzed only the siliceous variety from Baudissero, the true composition of the mineral having been ascertained by Lampadius, somewhat earlier, from specimens brought by Mitchell from Moravia. 719. MESITITE. Mesitinspath pt. Breith., Pogg., xi. 170, 1827. Mesitin BrettL, Pogg., Ixx. 148, 1847. Khombohedral. R A 7?= 107 14'. Cleavage rhombohedral, perfect. H.=:4 4*5. G.=3-33 3-36. Lustre vitreous, or a little pearly. Color OXYGEN COMPOUNDS. yellowish-white, yellowish-gray, yellowish-brown. Streak nearly white, or colorless. Transparent to subtranslucent. Comp. 2MgC + FeC=Carbonate of magnesia 59-2, carbonate of iron 48'0= 100. ^ Analyses ; 1, Gibbs (Pog^, M. 566); 2, Fritzsche (Fogg, Ixx. 146); 3, Patera (H ai d. Ber, u. 296): C Fe Mg Ca 1 Traversella 45'76 24-18 28-12 1-30=99-36 Fritzsche. G.=3'35. 2 46-05 26-61 27'12 0-22=100 Gibbs. 3! Werfen, ywh.-ln. 45-84 27'37 26'76 = 97'97 Patera. G.=333. Pyr. etc. -B.B. blackens and becomes magnetic. But slightly acted upon in mass by cold acids readily dissolved with effervescence when in powder by hot muriatic acid. Ob's. From Traversella, Piedmont ; Werfen, with lazulite. Named from />, a go-between, it being intermediate between magnesite and siderite. The species as first described included pistomesite. 720. PISTOMESITE. Mesitin pt. Breith., Pogg., xi. 170, 1827. Pistomesit Breith., Pogg., Ixx. 146, 1847. Khombohedral. R A 72=107 18'. Cleavage rhombohedral. Coarse granular. H.=3-5-4. G. =3-412-3-4:17, Thurnberg, Breith. ; 3-427, Ettling. Lustre vitreous, or somewhat pearly. Color yellowish-white to yellowish- gray. Streak uncolored. Comp.MgC + FeC= Carbonate of magnesia 42, carbonate of iron 58=100. Analyses: 1, Stromeyer (Breith., Pogg., xi. 170) ; 2, Fritzsche (Pogg., Ixx. 146) ; 3, Ettling (Ann. Ch. Pharm., xcix. 204) : C Fe Mg Ca 1. Traversella 44-09 35-53 20'34 =99'96 Stromeyer. 2. Thurnberg, Pistom. 43'62 33-92 21-72 =99'26 Fritzsche. G.=3'41. 3. " " 44-57 33-15 22'29 =100'01 Ettling. G.=3'427. ' Pyr., etc. Closely resembling mesitite. Obs. Occurs at Thurnberg, near Flachau in Salzburg ; also at Traversella in Piedmont. Named by Breithaupt from ^crrd? and /leon'rij?, after he had already used Mesitine (q. v.), and because pistomesite is nearer the middle between chalybite and magnesite than mesitine. 721. SIDERITE. ? Yena ferri jecoris colore optima, Germ. Stahelreich Eisen, Gesner, Foss., 90, 1565. Spatformig Jernmalm, Minera ferri alba spathiformis, Wall., 256, 1747. .Tarn med Kalkjord forenadt, Germ. Stahlstein, Cronst., 29, 1758. Ferrum cum magnesio et terra calca- rea acido aereo mineralisatum Bergm., Opusc., ii. 184, 1780. Spathiger Eisen, Spatheisenstein, Germ. Fer spathique de Lisle, iii. 281, 1783. Calcareous or Sparry Iron Ore Kirwan. Spathic Iron, Spathose Iron. Brown Spar pt. Steel Ore. Carbonate of Iron. Fer carbonate, Mine d'acier, Fr. Kohlensaures Eisen, Eisenkalk, Germ. Eisenspath Hausm., Handb., 951, 952, 1813. Spherosiderit Hausm., ib., 1070, 1813, 1847, *1353. Siderose Beud., ii. 346, 1832. Juncke"rite Dufr., Ann. Ch. Phys., IvL 198, 1834. Siderit Haid., Handb., 499, 1845. Chalybit Glocb., Syn,, 241, 1847. Oligouspath Breith., Handb., ii. 235, 1841=01igonit Hausm., Handb., 1362, 1847. Thomait Meyer, Jahrb. Min. 1845, 200. Siderodot Breith., Haid. Ber., i. 6, 1847. Sideroplesit Breith., B. H. Ztg., xvii. 54, 1858. Thoneisenstein=Clay Iron Ore pt. Khombohedral. E A 72=107, A 72=136 37'; 0=0-81715. Ob- served planes : rhombohedral, 1, 4, -5, -2, - ; scalenohedral, I 8 ; pyram- idal, f-2 ; prismatic, 7, i-2 ; and basal, 0. The faces often curved, as below. ANHYDROUS CARBONATES. 689 A 2=117 53' 0A-f-2=132 30 A J=136 34' A 72=133 23 4 A 4=66 IS' i-2 A T=155 45 Cleavage : rhombohedral, perfect. Twins : plane of composition ~J. Also in botryoidal and globular forms, subfibrous within, occasionally silky fibrous. Often cleavable massive, with cleavage planes undulating. Coarse or fine granular. 581 582 H. = 3'5 4'5. G.:=3'7 3'9. Lustre vitreous, more or less pearly. Streak white. Color ash-gray, yellowish-gray, greenish-gray, also brown and brownish-red, rarely green ; and sometimes white. Translucent subtranslucent. Fracture uneven. Brittle. Comp., Var. Carbonate of iron, Fe C=Carbonic acid 37*9, protoxyd of iron 62*1. But part of the protoxyd of iron (Fe) usually replaced by manganese, and often by magnesia or lime. The principal varieties are the following: (1) Ordinary, (a) Crystallized. (&) Concretionary = Spherosiderite ; in globular concretions, either solid or concentric scaly, with usually a fibrous structure, (c) Granular to compact mas- sive, (d) Oolitic, like oolitic limestone in structure, (e) Earthy, or stony, impure from mixture with clay or sand, constituting a large part of the clay iron-stone of the Coal formation and other stratified deposits; H.=3 to 7, the last from the silica present; G.=3'0 3'8, or mostly 3'15 3-65. (2) Through differences in the bases replacing part of the iron, there are the following kinds: A. Containing little or no manganese (Mn), magnesia (Mg), or lime (Ca). G.= B. Containing 5 to 12 p. c. of Mn, with little Mg or Ca=7 Fe C+Mn C to 4 Fe C + M.n C. C. Containing 17 to 18 p. c. of Mn = 2-J- Fe C + Mn C. D. Containing 25 p. c. of Mn=l^Fe C + Mn C ; the oligonspar of Breithaupt, or oligonite, hav- ing AA JfeslOT" 4'; GKr=S-7 14 8*745; color yellowish to between flesh- and iron-red; streak yellowish- white ; remarkably phosphorescent when heated. E. Containing little manganese and much magnesia, 4 Fe C + Mg C. F. Ditto, 2 Fe C+Mg C, the sideroplesite, Breith., from Pohl, having R A #=107 6', Breith. ; G.=3'616 3'660. Also from other localities. Von Zepharovich obtained from a cleavage rhombohedron from Salzburg (anal. 21) R A R 107 5' 16", and G. = 3'699. G. Containing 20 p. c. of carbonate of lime, and looking like some calamine, the color green ; from Altenberg; formula 8 Fe C + 2 Mn C+3 Ca C. H, I. Other miscellaneous kinds. The siderodot of Breithaupt is a calciferous spathic iron from Radstadt in Salzburg, having G. -3-41. Analyses: Division A. 1, 2, Karsten (Karst. Archiv., ix. 220); 3, Thomson (Min., i. 445); 4, Stromeyer (TJnters.); 5, Bischof (Rammelsb. Min. Chemie, 222); 6, Berthier (Ann. d. M., viii. 887); 7, Glasson (Ann. Ch. Pharm., Ixii. 89). B. 8-11, Karsten (1. c.) ; 12, Stromeyer (1. c.); 13, Schna- bel (Ramm. Min. Ch., 223). C. 14, Schnabel (Ramm. 3d Suppl., 112). D. 15, Magnus (Pogg., x. 145). E. 16, Khuen (Ramm. Min. Ch., 224). F. 17, Fritzsche (B. H. Ztg., xvii. 54); 18-20, Berthier (Ann. d. M., viii. 887); 21, Sommer (Jahrb. Min. 1866, 455). G. 22, Monheim (J. pr. Ch., xlix. 318). H. 23, Peischel (Ramm. 1st Suppl., 139); 24, Sander (Ramm. Min. Ch., 217). L 25, T. G. Clemson (Am. J. Sci., xxiv. 170): 44 690 OXYGEN COMPOUNDS. A. 1. Babkovsky, llack 2. Erzberg, Styria 3. Durham, Eiigl. 4. Hanau, Spherosid. 6. L. Laach, " 6. Pierre Eousse, Isere 7. Bieber, white B. 8. Hackenburg, white 9. Siegen, ywh. 10. " " 11. Miisen, white 12. Stolberg 13. Stahlberg C. 14. Siegen, Spherosid. 38-22 D. 15. Ehrenfriedersdorf, Olig. 38-35 B. 16. Mitterberg, Tyrol 39-51 C Fe Mn Mg 36-61 57-91 1-51 tr. 38-35 55-64 2-80 1-77 35-90 54-57 1-15 38-04 59-63 1-89 38-16 60-00 38-0 53-8 1-7 3-7 38-41 53-06 4-20 2-26 38-64 50-41 7-51 2-35 38-90 50-72 7-64 1-48 38-85 47-20 8-34 3-78 39-19 47-96 9-50 3-12 38-22 48-20 7-07 1-84 38-50 47 16 10-61 3-23 0-59, gangue 0-60=97'22 Karsten. 0'92=99-4S a Karsten. 318, fl 2 -63 =97 '43 Thomson. 0-20=99-91 Stromeyer. 1-84=100 Bischof. 1-0=98-2 Berthier. 1-12, gangue 0-48=100-01 Glasson , gaugue 0-32=99-23 Karsten. 0-40, " 0-48=99-62 Karsten. 0-63, " 0-95=99 72 Karsten. =99-77 Karsteii. 0-67, H: 0-25 =96 '24 Stromeyer. 0-50=100 Schnabel. 43-59 17-87 0-24 0-08=100 Schnabel. 36-81 25-31 =100-47 Magnus. 51-15 1-62 7-72 =100 Khuen. G.=3'735. F. 17. Pohl, Voigtland 18. Allevard, Isere 19. Autun 20. Vizelle, Isere 21. Salzburg a 22. Altenberg H. 23. Neudorf 24. Erzberg, Styria I. 25. Plymouth, Vt. (1)41-93 41-8 40-4 42-6 40-31 45-06 12-16 42-8 15-4 45-2 0-6 12-2 43-6 1-0 12-8 =99-15 Fritzsche. G-.=3'616. =100 Berthier. =98-4 Berthier. =100 Berthier. 43-86 2-5710-46 0'40, e 4-07 = 101-76 Sommer. FeC MnC MgC CaC 64-04 16-56 20-12, Si I'lO Monheim. 79-34 79-87 9-69 0-16 74-28 6-56 7-60 10-88 16-40 5-43=101-06 PeischeL 11-91 = 100-82 Sander. , e 0-30, insol. 1-40=98-94 C. ft 9'73 gangue removed. Schnabel has analyzed many ores from different mines in Siegen, referable to division B (see Lc.). Pyr., etc. In the closed tube decrepitates, evolves carbonic oxyd and carbonic acid, blackens and becomes magnetic. B.B. blackens and fuses at 4 5. "With the fluxes reacts for iron, and with soda and nitre on platinum foil generally gives a manganese reaction. Only slowly acted upon by cold acid, but dissolves with brisk effervescence in hot muriatic acid. Exposure to the atmo- sphere darkens its color, rendering it often of a blackish-brown or brownish-red color. Obs. Siderite occurs in many of the rock strata, in gneiss, mica slate, clay slate, and as clay iron- stone in connection with the Coal formation and many other stratified deposits. It is often associ- ated with metallic ores. At Freiberg it occurs in silver mines. In Cornwall it accompanies tin. It is also found accompanying copper and iron pyrites, galenite, vitreous copper, etc. In New York, according to Beck, it is almost always associated with specular iron. Occasionally it is to be met with in trap rocks as spherosiderite. In the region in and about Styria and Carinthia this ore forms extensive tracts in gneiss, which extend along the chain of the Alps, on one side into Austria, and on the other into Salzburg. At Harzgerode in the Harz, it occurs in fine crystals in gray-wacke ; also in Cornwall, Alston-Moor, and Devonshire. The Spherosiderite occurs in greenstone at Hanau, Steinheim, and Dransberg, and many other places. Clay iron-stone, which is a siliceous or argillaceous carbonate of iron, occurs in coal beds near Glasgow; also at Mouillar, Magescote, etc., in France, etc. sie iron mines, St. Lawrence Co. In N. Carolina, at Fentress and Harlem mines. The argilla- ceous carbonate, in nodules and beds (clay iron-stone), is abundant in the coal regions of Penn., Ohio, and many parts of the country. In a clay-bed under the Tertiary along the west side of 'Chesapeake Bay for 50 m. ANHYDROUS CARBONATES. 691 Named Spherosiderite by Hausmann in 1813, from the concretionary variety, and retained by him for the whole. Haidinger reduced the name to Siderite, the prefix sphero being applicable only to an unimportant variety. Beudant's name Side/rose has -an unallowable termination. Chalybite, Glocker, should yield to Haidinger's earlier name siderite, as recognized by v. Kobell and Kenngott. Alt. Spathic iron becomes brown or brownish-black on exposure, owing to a peroxydation of the iron and its passing to Umonite (Fe 2 H 3 ) ; and by a subsequent loss of water, it may pass to red -iron ore or specular iron (Pe), or to magnetite (Fe 3Pe), the last at times a result of deoxydation of Fe by organic substances. It also changes by substitution, or through the action of alkaline silicates, to quartz. 722. RHODOCHROSITE. Magnesium acido ae'reo mineralisatum Bergm., Sciagr., 1782 (with- out descr. or loc.). Bother Braunsteinerz [=Red Manganese Ore], Rothspath, Magnesium ochraceum rubrum, Oxide de manganese couleur de rose, pt., of later part of 18th cent, (it being confounded with the silicate analyzed by Ruprecht in 1782, and Bergmann's announcement being doubted). Luftsaures Braunsteinerz (or Carbonate, after Bergm.) pt. Lenz, Min., ii. 1794 (with mention of druses of small crystals in " Rhomben," others in "Pyramiden," but with cit. of Ruprecht's anal.). Manganese oxyde carbonate (after Bergm.) H., Tabl. comp., Ill, 1809. Dichter Rothstein pt. Hausm., Handb., 302, 1813. Rhodochrosit, ? Kohlensaures Magnesium oxydul (fr. Lampadius's anal, of a Kapnik sp'n, in his Pr. Ch. Abh., iii. 239, 1800), Hausm., ib., 1081, 1813. Carbonate of Manganese. Manganspath Wern. Dialogite Jasche, Germar, Schw. J., xxvl 119=Blattrige Rothmanganerz Jasche, Kl. Min. Schrift, 4, 1817. Diallogite (wrong Orthogr.). Rosenspath, Himbeerspath, Breith., Handb., 228, 229, 1841 (Char., 67, 68, 1832). Khombohedral. R A E = 106 51', A R = 136 31f; 0=0-8211. Observed planes : ; rhombohedrons, J$, ~J, -2 ; scalenohedrons, I 3 , J 3 ; prism, i-%. Cleavage : -Z?, perfect. Also globular and botryoidal, having a columnar structure, sometimes indistinct. Also granular massive ; occa- sionally impalpable ; incrusting. H.=3-5 4-5. G.=3-4 3'7; 3-592, Kapnik. Lustre vitreous inclin- ing to pearly. Color shades of rose-red ; yellowish-gray, fawn-colored, dark red, brown. Streak white. Translucent subtranslucent. Fracture uneven. Brittle. Comp. Mn C=Carbonic acid 38'6, protoxyd of manganese 61'4 ; but part of the Mn usually replaced by lime (Ca), and often, also, by magnesia (Mg), or iron (Fe) ; and sometimes by cobalt (Co), when the color is of a deeper red, and G.=3'6608, Bergemann (anal. 11). Analyses: 1, Griiner (Ann. d. M., III. xviii. 61); 2, Berthier (Ann. d. M., vL 595); 3-5, Stromeyer (G. Anz. Gott, 1081, 1843); 6, Kersten (J. pr. Ch., xxxvii. 163); 7, 8, R. Kane (Phil. Mag., Jan., 1848); 9, Hildebrand (Verh. nat. Nassau, xiv. 434); 10, Birnbacher (Ann. Ch. Pharm., xcviii. 144); 11, Bergemann (Verh. nat. Ver. Bonn, 111, 1857): MgO FeC CaC MgC 1. 97-1 0-7 1-0 0-8, Mn O'l =99'7 Gruner. 2. Freiberg 89'2 7-3 8-9 1-6 = 100 Berthier. 8. " 73-70 5 75 13-08 7'26, H 0'05=r99'84 Stromeyer. 4 Kapnik 89'91 6*05 3'30, fi 0-44=99-70 Stromeyer. 5. Nagyag 86'64 10'58 2'43, fi 0'31=99'96 Stromeyer. 6. Voigtsberg 81-42 3-10 10-81 4'28, H 0-83 = 99-44 Kersten. G.=3'553. 7. Ireland 74-55 15-01 tr. , clay 0-33, org. matters & loss 10-11 Kane. 8. " 79-94 11-04 2-43 , clay 0-37, org. matters & loss 6- 22 Kane. 9. Oberneisen, cryst. 89-55 0-99 5-18 4-28=100 Hildebrand. 10. " 91-31 3-06 5-71 =99'79 Birnbacher. 11. Rheinbreitbach 90'88 2'07 T09, Co 3'7l, Si 1'36=99-11 Bergemann. Pyr., etc. B.B. changes to gray, brown, and black, and decrepitates strongly, but is infusible. With salt of phosphorus and borax in O.F. gives an amethystine-colored bead, in R.F. becomes 692 OXYGEN COMPOUNDS. colorless. With soda on platinum foil a bluish-green manganate. Dissolves with effervescence in warm muriatic acid. On exposure to the air changes to brown, and some bright rose-red varieties become paler. Obs. Occurs commonly in veins along with ores of silver, lead, and copper, and with other ores of manganese. Found at Schemnitz and Kapnik in Hungary; Nagyag in Transylvania; near Elbmgerode in the Harz ; at Freiberg in Saxony ; at G-lendree in the County of Clare, Ireland, where it forms a layer 2 in. thick below a bog, and has a yellowish-gray color (anal. 7, 8); botryoidal at Harts- hill in "Warwickshire. It has been observed in a pulverulent form, coating triplite, at Washington, Conn., on the land of Joel Camp; in New Jersey, with franklinite at Mine Hill, Franklin Furnace. Abundant at the silver mines of Austin, Nevada ; at Placentia Bay, Newfoundland, in slates, fawn-colored and brown, containing 84'6 Mn C, with 14'4 silica. Named rhodochrosite from /5<5. = 101'15 M. G.=4'03. 74-42 3-2014-98 3'88 1'68, Si 0'20, H 0-56=98'92 M. G.=3'98. 84-92 1-58 6-80 2'84 1-68, calamine 1-85=99-57 M. G-.=4'20. D. 25. Albarradon, Mex. 93-74 1-50 0-29 1-48, Cu C 3-42=100-43 Genth. But a part of the 24 analyses of Altenberg smithsonite by H. Risse are given above. He writes the formula n2n C+m(Fe, Mn, Mg, Ca) C. The ratio of the 1st to the 2d member in anal 16 (above) is 7 : 1 ; in 17, 5 : 1 ; in 19, 3 : 1 ; in 20, 2 : 1. Pyr., etc. In the closed tube loses carbonic acid, and, if pure, is yellow while hot and color- less on cooling. B.B. infusible ; moistened with cobalt solution and heated in O.F. gives a green color on cooling. With soda on charcoal gives zinc vapors, and coats the coal yellow while hot, becoming white on cooling ; this coating, moistened with cobalt solution, gives a green color after heating in O.F. Cadmiferous varieties, when treated with soda, give at first a deep yellow or brown coating before the zinc coating appears. With the fluxes some varieties react for iron, copper, and manganese. Soluble in muriatic acid with effervescence. Obs. Smithsonite is found both in veins and beds, especially in company with galenite and blende ; also with copper and iron ores. It usually occurs in calcareous rocks, and is generally associated with calamine, and sometimes with h'monite. It is often produced by the action of sulphate of zinc upon carbonate of lime or magnesia. Found at Nertschinsk in Siberia, one variety of a dark brown color, containing cadmium, another of a beautiful bright green ; at Dognatzka in Hungary ; Bleiberg and Raibel in Carinthia ; Wiesloch in Baden, in Triassic limestone ; Moresnet in Belgium ; Altenberg, near Aix la Chapelle (Aachen), in concentric botryoidal groups. In the province of Santander, Spain, between the Bay of Biscay and the continuation of the Pyrenees range, at Puente Viesgo, the mountains being only four leagues from the coast ; the smithsonite here occurs in mountain limestone ; in other places it is found in dolomite, probably muschelkalk ; it is in vertical lodes, found fre- quently in scalenohedrons as a pseudomorph after calcite. At Ciguenza, 5 miles E. of Santan- der, the lode varies in width from 1 to 2 meters to 1 inch ; the mineral is drusy, cavernous ; blende is abundant, and changes into pure white smithsonite ; the latter also occurs like chalce- dony, in reniform and botryoidal masses ; it sometimes contains galena and cerussite. In Eng- land, at Roughten Gill, Alston Moor, near Matlock, in the Mendip Hills, and elsewhere ; in Scotland, at Leadhills ; in Ireland, at Donegal. In the U. States, in Conn., at Brookfield in very small quantities. In N. Jersey, at Mine Hill, near the Franklin furnace, only pulverulent from decomposition of zincite. In Penn., at Lancas- ter abundant, and often in fine druses of crystals, also sometimes pseudomorphous after dolo- mite ; at the Perkiomen lead mine ; at the Ueberroth mine, near Bethlehem, in scalenohedrons, also an earthy variety abundant as an ore. In Wisconsin, at Mineral Point, Shullsburg, etc., constituting pseudomorphs after blende and calcite. In Minnesota, at Ewing's diggings, N.W. of OXYGEN COMPOUNDS. Dubuque, etc. In Missouri and Arkansas, along with the lead ores in Lower Silurian lime- stone. Alt Smithsonite changes through the action of alkaline silicates to calamine (2n 8 Si+| fi); or becomes incrusted with silica and forms quartz pseudomorphs. It is also sometimes replaced by limonite or gothite. The concretionary variety from Spain has a nucleus of calamine. 724. ARAGONITE. Spath calcaire crist. en prismes hexagones dont les deux bouts sont stries du centre a la circonference, id. dont les deux bouts sont lisses (fr. Spam), Davila, Cat. Cab., ii. 50, 52, 1767. Arragonischer Apatit Wern., Bergm. J., i. 95, 1788 ; Klapr., ib., i. 299, Crell's Ann., i. 387, 1788 (making it carbonate of lime). Arragonischer Kalkspath Wern., Bergm. J., ii. 74, 1790 (after Klapr. anal.). Arragon Spar (var. of Calc Spar) Kirwan, Min., i. 87, 1794. Arra- gonit Wern., Estner's Min., ii. 1039, 1796. Excentrischer Kalkstein Karsten, Tabeh 1 ., 34, 74, 1800. Arragonite (first made distinct from Calc Spar through cryst.) Haiiy, Tr., ii. 1801, and Broch. Min., i. 576, 1800. Iglit (fr. Iglo, Transylvania) Esmark, Bergm. J., iii. 99, 1798; Igloit. Nadelstein Lenz. Erbseustein pt., Faserkalk pt., Schallenkalk pt, Sprudelstein, Germ. Chim- borazite E. D. Clarke, Ann. Phil, II. ii. 57, 147, 1821. TarnovLzit Breiih., Handb., 252, 1841 ; Tarnovicit Haid., Handb., 1845. Mossottite Luca, Cimento, vii. 453, 1858. Oserskit Breith., B. H. Ztg., xvii. 54, 1858. Stalactites Flos Ferri, Marmoreus ramulosus, Linn., Syst., 183, 1768. Stalagmites coralloides Wall, ii. 388, 1778. Coralloidal Aragonite. Chaux carbonate coralloides H., Tr., ii. 1801. Eisenbliithe pt. Wern. Orthorhombic. /A 7=116 10', A 1-1=130 50'; a : I : c=l-15Tl : 1 : 1-6055. Observed planes : O\ vertical, 1, i-L i-l- domes, J4, 14 M 24, 34, 54, 64, 94; 14; octahedral, 1, 6, 9, 1-2, 2-2, 6-|. A 14=130 50' A 1=126 15 A 1-2=137 15 A 2-2=118 25' A J4=160 11 A 14=144 13 584 24 A 24, top,=69 30' 14 A 14, top, =108 26 /A ^'4= 121 55 585 it a 584A Crystals usually having striated parallel to the shorter diagonal. Cleav- age : /imperfect; i4 distinct ; 14 imperfect. Twins : composition-face /. (1) Consisting of two individuals ; (a) the two parts with the planes i4 largely and normally developed, f. 584 and 584A, the latter a section : pris- matic angles 116 10' (=7 A 7) and 121 55' (=7A^4) with the reentering angle, and also the opposite salient, 116 10'; (b) i-l undeveloped on one side, and the form consequently a six-sided prism, f. 585, and a section in 1. 588A, and having three angles of 116 10' (namely, 7A 7, 7 A 7', and ANHYDROUS CARBONATES. 695 i4 A i4'\ twoof 121 55' (/A i-%), and one of 12T 40' (/A /') ; the simple form of f. 585 is shown in f. 583 ; (c) similar to f. 584, but penetration twins, the two parts penetrating and crossing one another at middle, as in f. 586, a transverse section of which is shown in f. 587 (it may also be regarded as consisting of 4 individuals, arranged as represented by the 4 nucleal rhombs at the centre off. 587, but two by intersection may produce the same result). (2) Consisting of more than two individuals ; (a) coin- 586 588A bined about the acute angle, as the form consisting of three individuals, in f. 588B, a view of base, or section, the dotted lines showing the relations of the constituent parts ; by extension of the combined crystals the form may be a hexagonal prism, either of simple juxtaposition or of penetra- tion ; also consisting of more than three individuals, 588c ; (5) combined about the obtuse angle, as in f. 6880, which, by the extension of the parts, may become a hexagonal prism with or without reentering angles ; also in f. 588E, in which the three individuals extend across the mid- dle, making a penetration twin, as illustrated by the numbering of the parts. The penetration or crossing twins often have the different parts very unequally developed (one or two of the three individuals extending across and not the other) and also of very unequal dimensions. Figures 5 8 SB to E are views of base of prism, showing the usual striae parallel to the shorter diagonal ; angle m=r=ll$ 10', ^=127 40', 5=168 30'. (3) Twinning often many times repeated in the same crystal, producing suc- cessive reversed layers, the alternate of which may be exceedingly thin, a structure illustrated in f. 588F ; often so delicate as to produce by the suc- cession a fine striation of the faces of a prism or of a cleavage plane. Also globular, reniform, and coralloidal shapes ; sometimes columnar, composed of straight or divergent fibres ; also stalactitic ; incrusting. H.=3-5-4. G.=2-931, Haidinger ; 2'927, Biot ; 2'945-2'947, small crystals, and others when pulverized, Beudant ; 2'932, fr. Kammsdorf, Schmid. Lustre vitreous, sometimes inclining to resinous on surfaces of 696 OXYGEN COMPOUNDS. fracture. Color white ; also gray, yellow, green, and violet ; streak uncol- ored. Transparent translucent. Fracture subconchoidal. Brittle. Var. 1 Ordinary, (a) Crystallized in simple or compound crystals, the latter much the most common; often in radiating groups of acicular crystals. (6) Columnar; a fine fibrous variety with silky lustre is called Satin spar, (c) Massive. 2. Scaly massive; snow-white (Schaumkalk) ; G. = 2-984; from Wiederstadt, a pseudomorph 8 3. f IJuSiic or stalagmitic (either compact or fibrous in structure); as with calcite; Sprudelr stein is stalactitic from Carlsbad. 4. Coralloidal; in groupings of delicate interlacing and coalescing stems, ot a snow-white color, and looking a little like coral 5. Tarnovicite ; a kind containing carbonate of lead, from Tarnowitz in bilesia ; it has 1 A 1=. 116* 13', and A 14=144 15', Websky. Mossottite is a light green, columnar, radiated variety, from the Lias cf Gerfalco, in Tuscany, containing nearly 7 p. c. of carbonate of strontian and a trace of copper ; G. = 2-884. OsersJcite is only columnar aragonite from Nertschinsk, Silesia; G. = 2'854 2-855. Slender crystals from Gross-Kammsdorf, near Saalfeld, owe their tapering form to the planes 9-1 6 and 9 (Schmid, Pogg., cxxvi. 147). Figs. 583, 585, 588 are from Naumann. Comp. Ca C, like calcite, = Carbonic acid 44, lime 56 = 100. Analyses: 1-4, Stromeyer (De Arag. ; also Schw. J.. xiii. 362, 490, Gilb. Ann., xliii. xlv. xlvii. xlix. li. liv. bail) ; 5, 6, Nendtwich (Versamml. ung. Naturf. Neusohl, 1846) ; 7, Bottger (Pogg., xlvii. 497) ; 8, Stieren (Arch. Pharm., II. Ixii. 31); 9, Winkler (B. H. Ztg., xxiv. 319): CaO SrC PbC H e a H 3 1. Brisgau 97-0963 2-4609 2. Nertschinsk 97-9834 1-0933 3. Eschwege 96-1841 2-2J590 4. Aussig 98-00 1-0145 5. Herrengrund 98-62 0-99 6. Betzbanya 99-31 0-06 7. Tarnowttzite 95-940 8. Papenberg - 97-39 2-22 9. Alston-Moor 97-35 3-859 0-4102 - =99-9674 Stromeyer. 0-2578 - =99-3345 Stromeyer. 0-3677 0-2207 = 98-9515 Stromeyer. 0-2139 0-1449=99-3733 Stromeyer. 0-17 e 0-11=99-89 Nendtwich. 0-33 CuC 0-19=99-89 Nendtwich. 0-157 - =99'956 Bottger. - - =H 0-39=100 Stieren. -- -- , Mg C 2-49, Ca F *r.= 99-84 W. Delesse finds in the aragonite of Herrengrund, near Neusohl, Hungary, no strontia, and 0-13 p. c. of water. A Thurnberg variety afforded B. Riegel (Jahrb. pr. Pharm., xxiii. 348), 2 -2 p. c. of carbonate of strontian. A fibrous variety from Dufton in Cumberland afforded 4'25 p. c. of MnC. Kersten detected 2-19 p. c. of carbonate of lead in one specimen. The Sprudelstein of Carlsbad contains 0-69 p. c. of fiuorid of calcium and 0-27 of arsenic. Jenzsch reports most aragonites as containing fluorine, and finds in one of unknown locality CaF 3*27, Ca 3 P 1*24 p. c. ; G. = 2-830. Luca gives for the Mossotlite (1. c.) C 41-43, pa 50-08, Sr 4 69, Cu 0'95, e 0'82, F tr., H 1'36= 99-33. Plattner found only carbonate of lime in the oserskite. Aragonite and calcite were the first case of dimorphism observed. Kirwan suggested in 1794 that the prismatic form was due to the presence of strontia, which Stromeyer disproved in 1813. Pyr., etc. B.B. whitens and falls to pieces, and sometimes, when containing strontia, imparts a more intensely red color to the flame than lime ; otherwise reacts like calcite. Obs. The most common repositories of aragonite are beds of gypsum, beds of iron ore (where it occurs in coralloidal forms, and is denominated flos-ferri, "flower of iron"), basalt, and trap rock ; occasionally it occurs in lavas. It is often associated with copper and iron pyrites, galenite, and malachite. It is forming at an old mine in Monte Vasa, Italy, at a temperature below the boiling point of water. It constitutes the pearly layer of shells. Minute pointed crystals occur in drusy cavities in the sinter of the thermal springs of Baden. First discovered in Aragon, Spain (whence its name, the word in Spain having but one r), at Molina and Valencia, near Migranilla, in six-sided prisms, with gypsum, imbedded in a ferruginous clay. Since found at Bilin in Bohemia, in a vein traversing basalt in fine prisms ; at Breisgau in Baden ; at Baumgarten and Tarnowitz in Silesia ; at Leogang in Salzburg, Austria ; in Waltsch, Bohemia, and many other places. The flos-ferri variety is found in great perfection in the Sty- rian mines, coating cavities and even caves of considerable extent, and associated with spathic iron. At Dufton, a silky, fibrous variety, called satin spar, occurs traversing shale in thin veins, generally associated with pyrite. In Buckinghamshire, Devonshire, etc., it occurs in stalactitic forma in caverns, and of snowy whiteness at Leadhills in Lanarkshire. ANHYDROUS CARBONATES. 697 Aragonite in fibrous crusts and other forms occurs in serpentine at Hoboken, N". J. (it has been called maguesite). Coralloidal aragonite occurs sparingly at Lockport, N. Y., coating gypsum in geodes ; at Edenville, N". Y., lining cavities of arsenopyrite and cube ore ; at the Parish ore bed, Eossie, N. Y. ; at Haddam, Conn., in thin seams between layers of gneiss ; at New Garden, in Chester Co., Penn. ; at Wood's Mine, Lancaster Co., Penn. ; at Warsaw, 111., lining geodes ; on the north boundary of the Creek nation, 16 m. from the crossing of the Arkansas, in hexagonal crystals nearly | in. through. Alt. Aragonite may undergo similar changes with calcite. It also passes to calcite, through paramorphisrn. Pseudomorphs of copper after aragonite are reported from Bolivia, and also from Corocoro, Peru. 725. MANGANOOALCITE. Manganocalcit Breith., Pogg., Lsts. 429, 1846. Fasriger Braimspath Wern. In rhombic prisms like aragonite, and closely related to that species. Cleavage lateral, also brachydiagonal. Radiated fibrous or columnar. H.=4 5. Gr.=3'037. Lustre vitreous. Flesh-red to dull reddish- white. Streak colorless. Translucent. Comp. 2 Mn C + (C/a, Mg) 0, with a little of the manganese replaced by iron ; or of the general formula K C. Analyses: 1, Eammelsberg (Pogg., Ixviii. 511); 2, Missoudakis (Jahrb. Min. 1846, 614): 1. Mn 67-48 Fe C 3'22 Mg C 9'97 Ca 18'81 = 99'48 Ramni. 2. 77-98 3-31 18-71 = 100 Missoudakis. Pyr., etc. Same as for rhodochrosite. Obs. From Schemnitz in Hungary, with quartz, blende, galenite, etc. THOMAITB Mayer (Jahrb. Min. 1845, 200). A carbonate of iron, occurring in pyramidal crys- tallizations which are said to be orthorhoinbic ; also massive. G-.=3'10. Lustre pearly. An analysis by Meyer afforded C 33*39, Fe 53-72, Mn 0'65, Mg 0-43, Oa 1'52, A 1 ! 4-25, Si 6-04=100. From Bleis-Bach, in Siebengebirge. Named after Prof. Thoma of Wiesbaden. Junckerite of Dufrenoy was described as having the same characters, but proved to be only common spathic iron ; and the same fate may befall thomaite. 726. WITHERITE. Terra ponderosa aerata Withering, Trl. Bergm. Sciagr., 29, 1783, Phil. Trans., 293, 1784. Witherit Wern., Bergm. J., 1790, ii. 225. Aerated Barytes Watt, Mem. Manchester Soc., iii. 599, 1790. Barolite Kirwan, Min., i. 134, 1794. Kohlensaurer Baryt Germ. Baryte carbonatee Fr. Orthorhombic. 7 A 7=118 30', A 1-1=128 45' ; a : 1) : tf=l' 589 590 594 1 : 1-6808. Observed planes, 7, J, J, 1, f, 2. H5 247 A 2=160 58 7A=155 A 1=124 35J', 7A 1= 698 OXYGEN COMPOUNDS. 109 55J', 1 A 1, mac.,=130 13', brach., 89 57', has., 110 49'. Twins : all the annexed figures, composition parallel to /; reentering angles some- times observed. Cleavage: /distinct; also in globular, tuberose, and botryoidal forms; structure either columnar or granular; also amor- phous. H. 33.75. G.=4:-29 4-35. Lustre vitreous, inclining to resinous, on surfaces of fracture. Color white, often yellowish, or grayish. Streak white. Subtransparent translucent. Fracture uneven. Brittle. Comp. Ba C=Carbonic acid 22'3, baryta 77'7 = 100. Analyses of the Anglezarke mineral : Klaproth (Beitr., i. 260, ii. 84) obtained C 22, Ba 78; Withering (1. c.), C 21*4, Ba 78'6. Thomson's Sulphate-carbonate of Baryta (Kec. Gen. Sol, i. 375, 1835, and Min., i. 106) is wither- ite incrusted by barite, as shown by Heddle (Phil. Mag., IV. xiii. 537), who analyzed specimens from Hexham in Northumberland, and Dufton Fells in Westmoreland. Pyr., etc. B.B. fuses at 2 to a bead, coloring the flame yellowish green ; after fusion reacts alkaline. B.B. on charcoal with soda fuses easily, and is absorbed by the coal. Soluble in dilute muriatic acid ; this solution, even when very much diluted, gives with sulphuric acid a white precipitate which is insoluble in acids. Obs. Occurs at Alston-Moor in Cumberland, associated with galenite, in veins traversing the coal formation ; at Fallowfield near Hexham in Northumberland, in splendid crystals, sometimes transparent, and occasionally 6 in. long ; at Anglezarke in Lancashire, a fibrous variety ; at Arken- dale in Yorkshire ; near St. Asaph in Flintshire ; Tarnowitz hi Silesia ; Szlana, Hungary ; Leo- gang in Salzburg ; Peggau in Styria ; Zmeoff in the Altai ; some places in Sicily ; the mine of Arqueros, near Coquimbo, Chili ; L. Etang Island ; near Lexington, Ky., with barite. Witherite is extensively mined at Fallowfield, and is used in chemical works in the manufac- ture of plate-glass, and in France in making^ beet-sugar. Alt. Witherite is altered to barite (Ba S) through the action of sulphate of lime in solution at the ordinary temperature, or by the action of other sulphates in solution, or of water contain- ing sulphuric acid. 727. BROMLITE. Barytocalcite J. F. W. Johnston, PhiL Mag., III. vl 1, 1835, x. 373, 1837. Bicalcareo-carbonate of Barytes (from a wrong anal.) Thomson, Kec. Gen. Sci., i 373, 1835. Bromlite Thorns., Phil. Mag., xi. 45, 48, 1837. Alstonite Breith., Handb., ii. 255, 1841. ' Orthorhombic. /A 7=118 50', DescL, A 14=128 39' ; a\l\c= 1-2504: : 1 : 1-6920. Observed planes : ; prism, 7; octahedrons, 1, 2; domes, 14, 24. A 14=143 32', 14 A 14, bas.,=72 55', 24 A 24, bas., =111 50', 1 A 1, mac.,=130 27', 1 A 1, brach.,=89 40'. Twins : double six-sided pyramids, with angles 122 30', and 142 ; reentering angle 178 51'. Cleavage: /and rather indistinct. H.=4 4-5. G.=3-718, Thomson; 3*706, Johnston. Lustre vitreous. Colorless, snow-white, grayish, pale cream -color, pink. Translucent. Frac- ture granular and uneven. Comp. BaC + CaC, like barytocalcite = Garb, baryta 66'3, carb. lime 33-7 = 100. Analyses : 1, Johnston (1. c.) ; 2, Thomson (PhiL Mag., XL 45) : 3, Delesse (Ann. Oh. Phys., IIL xiii. 425); 4, v. Hauer (Ber. Ak. Wien, iv. 832, 1853) : BaC CaC SrC MnC 1. Bromley 62-16 30'29 6'64 =99'9 Johnston 2. Fallowfield 60-63 30'19 ' 9'18=100 Thomson. 65-31 32-90 1-10 . Si 0'20, Mn 0'16=99'67 Delesse. 65-71 34-29 , Si fr.=100 Hauer. Pyr., etc. Same as in barytocalcite. Obs. Found at the lead mine of Fallowfield, near Hexham in Northumberland, with witherite ; and at Bromley Hill near Alston in Cumberland, in veins with galenite, whence the name Brom- hte, given by Thomson. Most English mineralogical authors have set aside Thomson's name, ANHYDROUS CARBONATES. 699 although the earliest and of British origin, for Breithaupt's. reason for this. There appears to be no sufficient 728. STRONTIANITE. Strontianit Sulzer, Lichtenberg's Mag., vii. 3, 68, Bergm. J., 1791, i. 5, 433. Strontian Wern. Strontiaiiit, Kohlensaure Strontianerde, Klapr., Crell's Ann., 1793, ii. 189 ; 1794, i. 99 ; Beitr., i. 268. Mineral from Strontian, Strontian Spar (not Strontites= Strontia), Hope, Edinb. Trans., iv. 3, 1798 (Art. read Nov., 1793). Carbonate of Strontian. Stroutiane carbonatee Fr. Emmonite, Calcareo-carbonate of Strontian, Thomson, Rec. Gen. Sci., iii. 415, 1836. Bary- strontianite, Stromnite, S. Traill, Ed. PhiL J., L 380, 1819. Orthorhombic. /A 7=117 19', A 14=130 5'; a : I : c=l-1883 : 1 : 1*64:21. Observed planes : octahedrons, -J, $-, 1, J-, 2, 3, 4, 8 ; domes, -J-, I-i, f 4, 24, 44, 64, 84, 124. o A 44=149 17' A |=145 11 A 1=125 43 A 14=144 6' 14 A 14, bas.,=71 48 24 A 24, bas.,=110 44 1 A 1, mac., =130 V 1 A 1, brach.,=92 11 1 A 1, bas.,=108 35 Cleavage : 7 nearly perfect, i4 in traces. Crystals often acicular and in divergent groups. Twins : like those of aragonite. usually striated parallel to the shorter diagonal. Also in colum- nar globular forms ; fibrous and granular. H.=3-5-4. G.=3-605 3-713. Lustre vit- inclining to resinous on uneven faces of 596 reous creen brown. Streak white, cent. Fracture uneven. fracture. Color pale asparagus-green, apple- also white, gray, yellow, and yellowish- Transparent translu- Brittle. Comp. Carbonate of Strontia, SrO=Carbonic acid 29-8, strontia 70'2 ; but a small part of the strontia often replaced by lime. Analyses: 1, Klaproth (Beitr., L 270, ii 84); 2, Stromeyer (Unters., i. 193); 3, Thomson (Min., i. 108); 4, Stromeyer (1. c.); 5, Jordan (Schw. J., Ivii. 344); 6, Redicker (Pogg., 1. 191); 7, Schnabel (Ramm. 5th Suppl.) ; 8, Von der Mark (Yerh. nat. Ver. Bonn, vi., Jahrg., 272): 3Pe 5tn fl 0-5=100 Klapr. 0-07 0-07 = 99-52 Strom. O'Ol =99-72 Thomson. 0-09 0-07=98-90 Strom. 0-25=99-62 Jordan. 0-08=100 Redicker. =99-60 Schnabel. =99-21 Mark. Thomson obtained in his emmonite (I. c.) Sr 82-69, CaC 12-50, e I'OO, zeolite 3-79=99-98. Train's stromnite afforded him Sr C 68'6, BaS (barite) 27'5, CaC 2*6, oxyd of iron O'l ; color grayish-white; G. =3-703. It is pronounced a mixture by Greg and Lettsom. It is from near Stromness, on Pomona, one of the Orkneys. Pyr., etc. B.B. swells up, throws out minute sprouts, fuses only on the thin edges, and colors the flame strontia-red ; the assay reacts alkaline after ignition. Moistened with muriatic acid and treated either B.B. or in the naked lamp gives an intense red color. With soda on charcoal the pure mineral fuses to a clear glass, and is entirely absorbed by the coal ; if lime or iron be present they are separated and remain on the surface of the coal. Soluble in muriatic acid ; the dilute solution when treated with sulphuric acid gives a white precipitate. Obs. Occurs at Strontian in Argyleshire, in veins traversing gneiss, along with galenite and barite, in acicular diverging and fibrous groups, rarely in perfect crystals ; in Yorkshire, England ; Giant's Causeway, Ireland ; Clausthal in the Harz ; Braunsdorf, Saxony ; Leogang in Saltzburg. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. Strontian. (i <( Braunsdorf, Sax. Clausthal, white Hamm, "Westph. (( U U <( C 30-0 30-31 30-66 29-94 30-59 30-80 30-86 30-84 Sr 69-5 65-60 65-53 67-52 65-14 65-30 64-32 63-57 Ca 3-47 3-52 1-28 3-64 3-82 4-42 4-80 700 OXYGEN COMPOUNDS. In the U States it occurs at Schoharie, N. T., in granular and columnar masses, and also in crystals forming nests or geodes, often large, in the hydraulic limestone, associated with barite, pyrite, and calcite. At Muscalonge Lake a massive and fibrous variety ot a white or greenish- white color, is sometimes the matrix of fluorite. Chaumont Bay and Theresa, in Jefferson Co, N. Y., are other localities. Alt. Strontianite is altered to celestite in the same way as witherite to barite. 729. CERUSSITE. W^vOiov Theophr., etc., Cerussa Pirn., etc., Agric., but only the artificial. Cerussa nativa ex agro Yicentino Gesner, Foss., 85, 1565. Blyspath (=Bleispath Germ.), Minera Plumbi spathacea, Wall., Min., 295, 1747. Plomb spathique Fr. Trl. Wall. Min., i. 536, 1753. Bly-Spat, Spatum Plumbi (the hard); Bly-Ochra, Cerussa nativa (the pulverulent), Cronst., Min., 1758. Plumbum acido aereo mineralisatum Bergm., Opusc., ii. 426, 1780. Weiss- bleierz Wern. ; Plombe blanche Fr, ; White Lead Ore. Kohlensaures Blei Germ. ; Carbonate of Lead; Plomb carbonate Fr. Ceruse Bead., Tr., ii. 363, 1832. Cerussit Haid., Handb., 503, 1845. Iglesiasite (Zinc-Bleispath Kersteri) Huot, Min., 618, 1841. 600 A 1=125 46' A 4-5=149 21 A 14=144 8 A 24=124 40 /At4=121 24 i4 A 24=145 20 53 24 A 24, has., =110 40' 14 A 14, bas.,=71 44 44 A 44, bas.,=39 45 i-& A fc-S, ov. ^4, =122 43 1 A 1, mac.,=130 1 A 1, brach.,=92 19 1 A 1, bas.,=108 28 Cleavage : I often imperfect ; 24 hardly less so. Crys- tals usually thin, broad, and brittle ; sometimes stout. Twins : very common ; composition face /, producing usually cruciform or stellate forms. 1. Consisting of two individuals ; (a) similar to f. 584 under aragonite, p. 694, or to f. 600 if the left of the three rays were wanting ; (b) cruciform, similar in mode of intersection to f. 586, 587, p. 695. 2. Consisting of more than two individuals ; (a) three-rayed, f. 600, a view of a section, showing at centre the position of the three com- bined crystals ; (b) six-rayed, f. 599, which may consist, like the last, of three combined crystals, if the crystals cross at centre so as to make a pen- etration-twin ; the forms sometimes thin, as in f. 599, but often consisting ANHYDROUS CARBONATES. 701 of stout crystals similar in form to f. 597, the planes / in this form having the same position as /, /in f. 599. Karely fibrous, often granular massive and compact. Sometimes stalac- titic. H.=3 3*5. G. 6'465 6'480 ; some earthy varieties as low as 5*4. Lustre adamantine, inclining to vitreous or resinous ; sometimes pearly ; sometimes submetallic, if the colors are dark, or from a superficial change. Color white, gray, grayish-black, sometimes tinged blue or green by some of the salts of copper; streak uncolored. Transparent subtranslucent. Fracture conchoidal. Very brittle. Comp. ?b C=Carbonic acid 16'5, oxyd of lead 83-5 = 100. Analyses: 1, Westrumb (L c,); 2, Klaproth (Beitr., iii. 167) ; 3, J. A. Phillips (Q. J. Ch. Soc., iv. 175) ; 4, Bergemann (Chem. Unters. Bleib., 167, 175); 5, J. L. Smith (Am. J. Sci., II. xx. 245) : C Pb 1. Zellerfeld 16'00 81-20, Fe 0'50, Oa 0'90=98-60 Westrumb. 2. Leadhills 16 82=98 Klaproth. 3. Durham 16'05 83-56 = 99'61 Phillips. 4. Eifel 16-49 83'51 = 100 Bergemann. 5. Phenixville, Pa. 16-38 83-76-100-14 Smith. Stalactites from Brigham's diggings, Wis., afforded J. D. Whitney (Upp. Miss. Eep., 291, 1862) Carbonate of lead 93-84, of lime (T18, of magnesia tr., sesquioxyd of iron, etc., 1-42, clay and sand 3-43 = 99'27. Kersten obtained for the iglesiasite (Schw. J., Ixv. 365) Pb 92*10, 2nC 7'02 = 99-12=6 PbC + 2nC. Pyr., etc. In the closed tube decrepitates, loses carbonic acid, turns first yellow, and at a higher temperature dark red, but becomes again yellow on cooling. B.B. on charcoal fuses very easily, and in R.F. yields metallic lead. Soluble in dilute nitric acid with effervescence. Obs. Occurs in connection with other lead minerals, and is formed from galenite (sulphid of lead), which, as it passes to a sulphate, may be changed to carbonate by means of solutions of bicarbonate of lime. It is found at Johanngeorgenstadt in beautiful crystals ; at Nertschinsk and Beresof in Siberia ; near Bonn on the Ehine ; at Clausthal in the Harz ; at Bleiberg in Carinthia ; at Mies and Przibram in Bohemia ; at Retzbanya, Hungary ; in England, in Cornwall, in the mine of St. Minvers ; delicate crystals 10 in. long were formerly found near St. Austell and elsewhere; at E. Tamar mine, Devonshire ; near Matlock and Wirksworth, Derbyshire ; in Cardiganshire, Wales ; at Leadhills and Wanlockhead. Scotland, formerly in fine crystals ; in Wicklow, Ireland, magnificent, sometimes in heart-shaped macles. In pseudomorphs, imitating anglesite and lead- hillite, at Leadhills. Found in Mass., sparingly at the Southampton lead mine. In Penn., at Phenixville, in fine crys- tals, often large ; also good at Perkiomen. In N. York, at the Rossie lead mine, but rare. In Virginia, good crystals at Austin's mines, Wythe Co. In N. Carolina, at King's mine, Davidson Co., good. At Valle's diggings, Mo., but seldom crystallized; in Wisconsin and other lead mines of the northwestern States, rarely in crystals ; near the Blue Mounds, Wis., at Brigham's diggings, in stalactites. Alt. Cerussite occurs altered to pyromorphite, or phosphate of lead ; probably through the action of waters holding phosphate of lime in solution ; also to galenite (Pb S) through the action of sulphuretted hydrogen, and minium by oxydation ; also to breunerite, malachite, and chryso- colla. 730. BARYTOCALCITE. Brooke, Ann. PhiL, II viii. 114, 1824. Monoclinic. <7=T3 52', I A 7=106 54', A 1-1=149 ; a : I : c= 0-81035 : 1 : 1-29583. A 1-^=14T 34', A *=106 8', i-i A 1-^138 34', i-l A ^-2=124, 2-2 A 2-2, over 6-6, =95 8^6-6 A 6-6, adj.,=146 V. Cleavage : /, perfect ; 0, less perfect ; also massive. 702 OXYGEN COMPOUNDS. 603 H.=4r. G.^3'6363 3-66. Lustre vit- reous, inclining to resinous. Color white, 604 grayish, greenish, or yellowish. Streak white. Transparent translucent. Frac- ture uneven. Comp. Ba C + Ca C=(i Ba+| Ca) C=Carbonate of baryta 66'3, carbonate of lime 33-7 = 100. Analyses : 1, Children (Ann. Phil., viii. 115); 2, Delesse (Ann. Ch. Pharm., III. xiii. 425) : i^Jl Ba(3 CaC Si >^. J i. 65-9 33-6 =99-5 Children. 2. 66-20 31-89 0'27=98'36 Delesse. Pyr., etc. B.B. colors the flame yellowish-green, and at a high temperature fuses on the thin edges and assumes a pale green color (manganate of baryta, Plattner) -the assay reacts alkaline after ignition. With the fluxes reacts for manganese. With soda on charcoal the lime is separated as an infusible mass, while the remainder is absorbed by the coal Soluble in dilute muriatic acid. Obs. Occurs at Alston-Moor in Cumberland, in attached crystals and massive, in the Subcar- boniferous or mountain limestone. Fig. 604 is from Brooke and Miller. Crystals 2 in. long have been obtained. 731. PARISITE. Musite Medici- Spada, 1835. Parisit Medici- Spada, Bunsen, Ann. Ch. Pharm., liii. 147, 1845. Hexagonal. In elongated double six-sided pyramids, with truncated apex ; basal angle 164 58', pyramidal 120 34'. Cleavage : basal, very perfect. H.=4-5. G.=4-35, Bunsen; 4'31T, Dufr. Yitreous ; cleavage-face pearly or resinous. Color brow T nish-yellow ; streak yellowish- white. Oomp. (Ce, La, Di) C+(Ca, Ce)F; whence, making Ce : La : Di=:4 : 1 : 1, as in Damour & Deville's anal, the percentage is, carbonic acid 24*5, protoxyd of cerium 40'3, protoxyd of lantha- num 10-2, protoxyd of didymium 10-4, fluoridof calcium 14*6= 100. These chemists show that the water found by Bunsen is accidental. Analyses : 1, 2, Bunsen (1. c.) ; 3, Damour & Deville (C. R, lix. 271): Ce La Di Ca 1. 23-51 2. 23-64 3. 23-48 42-52 69-44 60-26 8-26 9-58 8'17 3-15 2-85 H CaF 2-38 11-51 2-42 10-53 10-10, CeF 2-16, Mn r. =98-95 D. & D. Pyr., etc. In the closed tube yields no water, but gives off carbonic acid and becomes lighter in color. B.B. glows and is infusible. With fused salt of phosphorus in the open tube gives B.B. the reaction for fluorine. With borax and salt of phosphorus in the platinum loop gives a glass, yellow while hot and colorless on cooling. Dissolves slowly in muriatic acid with effervescence. Obs. From the emerald mines of the Muso valley, New Granada, where it was discovered by J. J. Paris, the proprietor of the mine, and from which place it was sent in 1835 to Medici-Spada, of Rome, by Col. Acosta. Named after J. J. Paris. The earlier name Musite (sometimes written Hussite, the name of the valley being written both Muso and Musso, as well as Muzo) is objectionable, because of the use of the name Mussite for a variety of amphibole. ANHYDROUS CARBONATES. 703 732. KESCHTIMITE. Kischtim-Parisit T. Korovaeff, Bull. Ac. St. Pet, iv. 401, 1861, J. pr. Ch., Ixxxv. 442, 1862. Kischtimite G. J. Brush, Am. J. Sci., II. xxxv. 427, 1863. Amorphous. G. =4-784. Lustre between greasy and vitreous. Color dark brownish- yellow. Streak much lighter than color. In small pieces translucent. Friable. Comp. 6LaC+Ce 2 ? +Ce a F 3 +2ft, or 3 LaC + Ce 2 (F, 0) 3 +fr, Korovaeff,= Carbonic acid 6, lanthana 37*7, cerium 25*2, fluorine 7*5, oxygen 9*6, water 2'4=100. The water is probably 17-6. unessential, as in parisite. Analysis : Korovaeff (1. c.) : C La Ce F (f) 17-19 36-56 27-81 6'35 [9-89] fl 2-20 Pyr., etc. B.B. at a moderate temperature becomes dull opaque, and opaline yellow ; at a high heat glows, and on cooling has a high lustre and is brick-red. With borax in the outer flame a yellow glass, in the inner faint yellow, which becomes colorless on cooling. The powder mois- tened with sulphuric acid gives off fluohydric acid. Dissolves in muriatic acid, evolving carbonic acid and chlorine. Obs. From the gold washings of the Borsovka river, in the district of Kischtim, Urals. 733. PHOSGENITE. Hornblei Karst., Tab., 78. 1800. Salzsaures Bleierze Klapr., Beitr., ill 141, 1802. Corneous Lead. Bleihornerz, Chlorbleispath, Germ. Plomb carbonatee muriati- fere, Plomb chloro-carbonate, Plomb corne, Fr. Phosgen-spath Breith., Char., 61, 1832. Kera- sine Beud., Tr., ii. 502, 1832. Phosgenit Breith., Handb., ii. 183, 1841. Galenoceratite, Blei- kerat, Glocker, Syn., 248, 1847. Cromfordite Greg & Lettsom, Min., 421, 1858. Tetragonal. A 1-^=132 37'; 0=1-0871. served planes, as in the annexed figure. 6> A 1=123 2' O A 2-2=112 21 O A /=90 O A 2-i=lU 42 Ob- 605 /A 1=146 58' 1 A 1, pyr.,=107 17 I A i-i Cleavage : / and i-i bright ; also basal. H.=2-75 3. G.=:6 6-31. Lustre adamantine. Color white, gray, and yellow. Streak white. Trans- parent translucent. feather sectile. Sarduiia. Comp. Pb C+Pb Cl=Carbonate of lead 49, chlorid of lead 51 = 100, or oxyd of lead 81-9, carbonic acid 8"1, chlorine 13-0=102'9. Analyses: 1, Klaproth (Beitr., iii. 141, modernized); 2, Eammelsberg (Pogg., Ixxxv. 141); 3, E. A. Smith (Phil. Mag., IY. ii. 121); 4, Krug v. Nidda (ZS. G., ii. 126) : Pb C Pb Cl 1. Oromford 48'4 53-5 = 101-9 Klaproth. 2. 48-45 50-93=99-38 Eamm. G.=6'305. 3. " 48-22 51-78 = 100 Smith. 4. Tarnowitz 49-44 50 -45=99-89 K. v. Nidda. Pyr., etc. B.B. melts readily to a yellow globule, which on cooling becomes white and crys- talline. On charcoal in E.F. gives metallic lead, with a white coating of chlorid of lead. With a salt of phosphorus bead previously saturated with oxyd of copper gives the chlorine reaction. Dissolves with effervescence in nitric acid. 704: OXYGEN COMPOUNDS. Obs. At Crawford near Matlock in Derbyshire, where some of the crystals were 2 or 3 in. long ; very rare in Cornwall ; in minute crystals at a lead mine near Elgin in Scotland ; some crystals recently obtained at Crawford sold for 15 to 20 pounds sterling each; in large crystals at Gibbas (f. 605) and Monteponi in Sardinia; near Bobrek in Upper Silesia. Eecent paper on cryst, Kokscharof, Bull. Ac. St. Pet., ix. 231, 1865, from which the above figure and angles are taken. II. HYDEOUS CAKBONATES. ARRANGEMENT OF THE SPECIES. I. Containing ammonia or soda. 735. TESCHEMACHEEITE (|NH 4 0+HO)C 00|0 2 |](|-Am 2 736. NATRON ISTaC + lOH 00|0 2 f Na 2 +10aq 737. THERMONATRITB NaC+H 00||0 2 |jNa 2 -Haq 738. TRONA 739. GATLUSSITE II. Containing lime or magnesia. 740. HYDROMAGNESITE gC + ^MgH + H 00||0 2 |Mg + MgH 2 a +aq 741. HYDRODOLOMTTE (Ca, Mg) C + i H O|e a |(6a, Mg) + aq 742. PREDAZZITE Ca C + 1 Mg H 0||0 2 | 0a + i Mg H 2 e 2 743. PENCATITE 744. HOVITE III. Contaming oxyd of cerium, lanthanum, or yttrium. 745. LANTHANITE LaC+3H 746. TENGERITE CYwfl: IT. Containing zinc, cobalt, nickel, copper. 747. ZARATITE 748. REMINGTONITE Oo, 0, fi 749. HYDROZINCITE 2n C+2 2n H 0|e 2 f Zn + 2 Zn H 2 2 750. AURICHALCITE 2n C+| (Cu, 2n) H 00||0 2 i Zn+| (0u, Zn) H 2 a 751. MALACHITE CuO+OuH 0||0 2 1 0u + 0u H 2 2 752. AZURITE CuO+iCufi 00fl0 2 10u+10uH 2 a V. Containing bismuth or uranium. 753. BISMUTHS Bi 4 , C 3 , H 4 754. LIEBIGFTE 755. YOGLITE U, Ca, Cu C, H HYDROUS CARBONATES. 705 735. TESCHEMACHERITE. Bicarbonate of Ammonia E. F. Teschemacher, PhiL Mag., xxviii. 548, 1846. Teschemacherite Dana. In crystals having two brilliant cleavages meeting at 112. G.=1'45. H. = 1'5. Yellowish to white. Comp. (IN H 4 0+ HO) C= Ammonia 32*9, carbonic acid 55*7, water 11-4=100 Analy- sis : Phipson (J. Oh. Soc., II. i. 74) : C NH 4 H Oa Chincha Islands 51-53 29-76 ll'OO 6'02, P" 0'60, fig, S, Cl fa, alk. anduricacid 1-09=100 Phips. The material analyzed by Phipson was white, compact, crystalline, and fragile, and had a strong odor of ammonia, from which he infers the presence either of free ammonia or of sesquicarbonate. Pyr., etc. In the closed tube for the most part volatilized, giving the odor of ammonia, a white sublimate of carbonate of ammonia, while an abundance of water condenses on the tube. Soluble in water, and heated with a fixed alkali gives a strong odor of ammonia. Effervesces with acids. Reacts alkaline to test paper. Obs. From guano deposits on the coast of Africa and Patagonia, and the Chincha Islands. Forms a bed several inches thick in the lowest parts of the guano deposits of Patagonia, as announced by Teschemacher ; and similarly at the Chincha Islands, according to Phipson. Bicarbonate of potash has been announced by Pisani (C. K, Ix. 918, 1865) as found under a dead tree at Chypis in Valais, as a result of recent decomposition, and has been called by him Kalicine ; he regarding it as a mineral as much as struvite. (Struvite has better claims, however, as it occurs in guano deposits, some of which date from the Post-tertiary at least.) He obtained for its com- position Carbonic acid 42-20, potash 42-60, water 7*76, Ca C 2'50, Mg C 1'34, sand, etc. 3'60=100. 736. NATRON. Ntrpoy, Mtrum, of the Ancients. Carbonate of Soda. Soude carbonatee. Monoclinic : ,(7=58 52', /A 1= 76 28', A 1-*=140 9J'. Cleavage : distinct; i-l imperfect; /in traces. H.=l 1*5. G.=1'423. Vitreous to earthy. White, sometimes gray or yellow, owing to impurities. Taste alkaline. Oomp. ]fra + 10 H= Carbonic acid 26'7, soda 18 '8, water 54-5. Effervesces strongly with nitric acid. Obs. Occurs in nature only hi solution, or mixed with the other carbonates of soda. See under Trona and Thermonadrite. 737. THERMONATRITE. "Nirpov and Nitrurn pt. Vet. Natron, Alkali orientale impurum terrestre, Jordblandadt Alkaliskt-salt, Wall, Min., 174, 1747. Naturliches mineraliscb.es Alkali Wern.; Thermonatrit Haid., Handb., 487, 1845. Thermonitrit Hausm., Handb., 1411, 1847. Soude carbonatee prismatique. Orthorhombic. Observed planes : /, *-2, i-l, 1-5, -J. /A 5=138 5', i-l A *-5, front,=58 14 r , lat.,=121 46', l-l A 14, top,=107 50', i-l A 1-5 =126 5 r , i-l A =109 6', /A i=116 5 r , /A 7=96 W. In rectangular tables flattened parallel to i-l, with sides bevelled by / and 1-5. Usual as- an efflorescence. H.= 11-5. G.=1'5 1-6. Lustre vitreous. White, grayish, yellow- ish. Comp. Na C-t-H= Carbonic acid 35-5, soda 50*0, water 14'5=100. Analyses: 1, 2, dant (Tr., ii. 310); 3, Pfeififer (Ann. Ch. Pharm., Ixxxix. 219): 45 706 OXYGEN COMPOUNDS. NaS NaCl,etc. S 1. Debreczin 73-6 10'4 2-2 13'8 100 Beudant. 2 Egvpt 74-7 7-3 3'1 13*5, earthy matter 4-1 = 100 Beudant. 3] E/Indies 52-89 11-44= 0'77 28'25, K 6-65=100 Pfeiffer. Obs. Crystals may be obtained from a solution at a temperature between 25 and 37 C. It occurs in various lakes, and as an efflorescence over the soil in many dry regions of the globe ; also about some mines and volcanoes. There appears to be also an anhydrous carbonate of soda in nature. Kayser obtained for a specimen from the Neue Margarethe mine, near Clausthal, NaC 92-07, MgC 3-82, CaC 1-81, #e C 0-19 fi 1-85 And "Wackenroder gives for the composition of a substance from Debreczin, Hungary,' tfa C 92-30, Na S 1-67, K S 0'03, NaP 1'47, Na Cl 4-46=99'93 ; but it is said that the latter may be from an artificial product. Crystals of the simple carbonate of soda (natron) become thermonatrite in efflorescing. 138. TRONA. Trona JBagge, Ac. H. Stockh., xxxv. 1773. Natrum von Tripole, Strange Natrum, Klaproth, Beitr., iii. 83, 1802. Sesquicarbonate of Soda. Urao Boussingault, Ann. d. M., xii. 278. Monoclinic. A ^'=103 15'. Cleavage: i4 perfect. Often fibrous or columnar massive. H. 2-5 3. G.=2'll. Lustre vitreous, glistening. Color gray or yellowish-white. Translucent. Taste alkaline. Not altered by exposure to a dry atmosphere. Oomp. Na 2 C 8 +4 fl (f Na+ ft) C+fi= Carbonic acid 40-2, soda 37-8, water 22-0. Anal- ysis by Klaproth of the African (Beitr., iii. 83): Carbonic acid 38, soda 37, water 22-5, sulphate of soda 2-5=100; by Boussingault of the urao (1. c.): C 39*00, Na 41-22, fl 18-80=99-02. The African is often mixed with the simple carbonate of soda, thermonatrite, and common salt. A specimen of trona from an extensive bed in Churchill County, Nevada, gave on analysis by C. S. Eodman (priv. contrib.), C 38-70, Na 39'97, 19'42, NaCl 1'88, NaS 0-39, Si 0-13 = 100-49. Pyr., etc. In the closed tube yields water and carbonic acid. B.B. imparts an intensely yellow color to the flame. Soluble in water, and effervesces with acids. Reacts alkaline with moistened test paper. Obs. The specimen analyzed by Klaproth came from the province of Suckenna, two days' journey from Fezzan, Africa. It is found at the foot of a mountain, forming a crust varying from the thickness of an inch to that of the back of a knife-blade. To this species belongs the urao found at the bottom of a lake in Maracaibo, S. A., a day's journey from Merida. Efflores- cences of trona occur near the Sweetwater river, Rocky Mountains, mixed with sulphate of soda and common salt. 739. GAY-LUSSITE. Boussingault, Ann. Ch. Phys., xxxi. 270, 1826. Monoclinic. (7=78 27', /A 7=68 50' and 111 10', A 14=125 15' ; a : I : c=096945 : 1 : 0-67137. Observed planes : O ; vertical, 7, i-i, i-l ; dome, 1-*, 14 ; hemioctahedral, . Angles from Phillips. 606 607 607A Maracaibo. Nevada. O A l-i=l30 21' O A i-i=lOl 33 A i=136 39 O A 7=96 30 7A 14=137 45 14 A 14, ov. 6>,:=70 30 14 A 14, adj.,=109 30 \ A =110 30 /A ^=124 25 'Crystals often lengthened, and prismatic in the direction of 14 ; also in HYDROUS CARBONATES. 707 that of J- ; also (fr. Nevada) not elongate, but thin in the direction of the orthodiagonal, being very narrow or wanting ; surfaces usually uneven, being formed of minute subordinate planes. Cleavage : / perfect ; less so, but giving a reflected image in a strong light. H.=2 3. Gc.= 1-92 1-99. Lustre vitreous. Color white, yellowish- white. Streak uncolored to grayish. Translucent. Fracture conchoidal. Extremely brittle. Not phosphorescent by friction or heat. Comp. NaC+CaC + 5&=(|Na+Ca)C+2i]l=Carbonate of soda 35'9, carbonate of lime 33'8, water 30'3= 100. Analysis by J. B. Boussingault (Ann. Ch. Phys., III. vii. 488, 1843): NaC34-5 CaC33-6 flSO-4 Clay 1-5=100. Pyr., etc. Heated in a matrass the crystals decrepitate and become opaque. B.B. fuses easily to a white enamel, and colors the flame intensely yellow. With the fluxes it behaves like carbonate of lime. Dissolves in acids with a brisk effervescence ; partly soluble in water, and reddens turmeric. Obs. Abundant at Lagunilla, near Merida, in Maracaibo, where its crystals are disseminated at the bottom of a small lake, in a bed of clay, covering urao; the natives call it claws or nails, in allusion to its crystalline form. Also abundant on a small island in Little Salt Lake, near Ragtown, Nevada, about 1 m. S. of the main emigrant road to Humboldt. The lake is in a crater-shaped basin, and its waters are dense and strongly saline. The Nevada crystals gave J. M. Blake (Am. J. Sci., II. xlii. 221), from whom f. 607, 607A, are taken, the following approximate angles, the planes, owing to the unevenness, not affording results nearer than a degree: /A 7=110 35' to 112 30', 69 5'; 1-t A l-i=110 30', 110 10'; A l-t=126 10', 125 30'; A M=79 ; A /=96 10'; lA-=127 10', 127 55'. Named after G-ay Lussac. Artif. J. Fritzsche has produced artificial gay-lussite by mixing eight parts by volume of a saturated solution of carbonate of soda with one of a solution of chlorid of calcium of 1'130 1-150 specific gravity (J. pr. Ch., xciii. 339). 740. HYDROMAGNESITE. T. Wachtmtister, Ak. H. Stockb,, 1827, 18. Hydromagnesit v. Kobell, J. pr. Ch., iv. 80, 1835. Hydrocarbonate of Magnesia. Lancasterite pt. Silliman, Jr., Am. J. Sci., II. ix. 226, 1850. Magnesia alba Pharm. Monoclinic. <7=82-83, 7 A 7=87 52' to 88, 608 A 24=137 ; a : I : c=(nearly) 0-455 : 1 : 1-0973. Observed planes as in the annexed figure. 2-2 A -2-2, adj.,^143!- to 145, i-i A 2-2=113 to 112, i-i A -2-2 =105. Culminant angle between edges y, y (or 24 A 24)=94, edge t on edge y (or i-l A 24)=133. Crystals small, usually acicular or bladed, and tufted. Also amor- phous ; as chalky or mealy crusts. H. of crystals 3*5. G.=2'145 2-18, Smith & Brush. Lustre vitreous to silky or subpearly ; also earthy. Color and streak white. Brittle. Comp. 3 (Mg C+ft)+Mg fl=Magnesia 43-9, carbonic acid 36-3, water 19-8=100. Analyses : 1, Wachtmeister (1. c.); 2, v. Kobell (J. pr. Ch., iv. 80); 3, 4, Smith & Brush, of crystalline varieties (Am. J. Sci., II. xv. 214) : Mg fi Si 1. Hoboken 36-82 42-41 18'53 0*57, e 0'27, earthy matter 1-39=99-99 W. 2. Negroponte 36'00 43*96 19-68 0'36=100 Kobell. 3. Texas. Pa., "Wood's Mine 36'69 43'20 19'43 , Fe and Mn fr.=99'72 Smith & Brush. 4. " Low's Mine 36'74 42-30 20'10 , Fe and Mn ir. =99-14 Smith & Brush. 708 OXYGEN COMPOUNDS. Pyr., etc. In the closed tube gives off water and carbonic acid. B.B. infusible, but whitens, and the assay reacts alkaline to turmeric paper. Soluble in acids ; the crystalline compact varie- ties are but slowly acted upon by cold acid, but dissolve with effervescence in hot acid. Obs. Occurs at Hrubschitz, in Moravia, in serpentine j in Negroponte, near Kumi ; at Kai- serstuhl, in Baden, impure. In the U. States, crystallized, with serpentine and brucite, near Texas, Lancaster Co., Penn., at Wood's and Low's mines; also in a similar way at Hoboken, N. J., 'in acicular crystals like natrolite ; at the latter place in earthy crusts. The brucite of Hoboken sometimes changes on exposure to an earthy hydromagnesite. The above angles and figure were taken by the author from a Hoboken crystal fa in. broad, in which the summit planes were smooth and brilliant, the prismatic striated. The rhombic prism in one crystal gave the angles 95 20' and 84 50' ; but other crystals gave different results, and no constant value was obtained. The species is isomorphous with wollastonite (p. 156). The Lancasterite of Silliman (1. c.) is shown by Smith and Brush to be a mixture of brucite and hydromagnesite. Found pseudomorphous of brucite at Wood's mine. 741. HYDRODOLOMITE. Hydromagnesit v. Kobell, J. pr. Ch., xxxvi. 304, 1845. Kalk- magnesit ffausm., Handb., 1404, 1847. Hydromanganocalcit Hartmann, Nachr., 299. Hydro- magnocalcit pt. Hydrodolomit Ramm. Hydronickelmagnesite Shep., Am. J. Sci., II. vi. 250, 1848. Pennite Herm., J. pr. Ch., xlvii. 13, 1849. Massive. In stalactitic and stalagmitic forms, and globular concretions and crusts. G.=2'495, Ramm. Color yellowish- white, grayish, greenish. Var. (1) Hydrodolomite of Vesuvius is stalactitic or sinter-like; G.=2'495. (2) Pennite of Hermann, from Texas, Pa., is in apple-green to whitish crusts, having a surface of minute spherules; the color is due to nickel ; G. = 2'86. Comp. (Ca, Mg) C + H, Ramm., from his anal, of specimen received from Scacchi, of Naples ; Hermann's analysis affords (^Ca+Mg)C+H; von Kobell's, B 4 C 3 4H. Analyses: 1, v. Kobell (1. c.) ; 2, Eammelsberg (Min. Ch., 234) ; 3, Hermann (1. c.) : C Ca Mg Ni e Mn H 1. Vesuvius 83-10 25'22 24 28 17*40 Kobell. 2. " 43-40 26-90 23'23 6-47 Rammelsberg. 3. Pennite 44'54 20-10 27'02 1'25 0'70 0'40 5-84, 10-15=100 Hermann. Pyr., etc. Like dolomite, but yields water in the closed tube. Obs. The Yesuvian mineral is found on Mt. Somma. Pennite occurs on serpentine and chromic iron, with zaratite, at Texas, Pa., and seems to graduate into zaratite ; also at Swina- ness and Haroldswick, in Unst, Shetlands. 742. PREDAZZITE. Petzholdt pt., Beitr. Geogn. Tyrol, 194, 1843. Massive, granular, as a fine-grained dolomite-like rock. H.=i3-5. G.=2'634r. Lustre vitreous. White to grayish- white. Comp. 2 Ca C + MgH=Carbonic acid 34-1, lime 43-4, magnesia 15-5, water 7 '0=100. Anal- yses by Roth (J. pr. Ch., lii. 346) : C Mg Ca H 1. Predazzo 33-51 14-61 44-89 6-99=100. 2. 34-25 14-16 42'97 7'06=98-44. In the analyses some Si and 3tl were obtained. Pyr., etc. Like hydrodolomite. Obs. From Canzacoli, near Predazzo, in the southern Tyrol, where it occurs as a marble-like rock. The rock in some places contains brucite. May it be a mixture ? 743. PENOATITB. Roth, ZS. G. Ges., iii. 140, 143. Similar to the predazzite, and from the same region ; G. =2-613, Koth ; HYDROUS CARBONATES. 709 2-57, Damour. Also as a bluish-gray limestone, somewhat yellowish, from Vesuvius ; H.=3 ; G.=2'524, Both; 2*534, in powder. Oomp. CaC + Mgfi= Carbonic acid 27-9, lime 35*4, magnesia 25*3, water 11-4=100. Anal- yses : 1, 2, Damour (Bull. Soc. G. Fr., II. iv. 1052, 1847) ; 3-5, Roth (J. pr. Oh., lii. 350, ZS. G., iii. 140) : C Mg 6a 1. Predazzo 25-00 24'32 35-42 10'89, 3Pe 0'45, Si 0'60=96-68 Damour. 2. " 26-40 24-64 35-47 10-50, " 0-50, " 0'55=98'06 Damour. 3. " 29-23 24-78 35-70 10-92=100'63 Roth. 4. " 28-10 24-47 35'97 10-97=97 '51 Roth. 5. Vesuvius 29'66 23'68 35-45 [10'59], &1, Pe 0-62=100 Roth. In two determinations Roth obtained for the last 11'75 &, 10-78 fi. The Yesuvian mineral is the same that Klaproth analyzed (Beitr., v. 91) without finding the magnesia. Roth observes that, as the water is retained even to 360 and 400 C., the mineral must be regarded as a chem- ical compound. Damour observed pure hydromagnesite in clefts in the Predazzo rock. Named after Marzari Pencati, of the Tyrol. 744. HOVTTE. Hovite, Native Carbonate of Alumina and Lime, J. H. & G. Gladstone, Phil. Mag., IY. xxiii. 462, 1862. Soft, white, and friable ; earthy in fracture. Comp. (-^Ca+|fi)C+aq=Carbonic acid 44-4, carbonate of lime 28'3, water 27-3=100. The compound ordinarily called bicarbonate of lime. The mineral is known only as a mixture in collyrite, a hydrous silicate of alumina. J. H. & G. G-ladstone state (1. c.) that there is carbonic acid enough in the collyrite to form a bicarbonate with the lime present ; but this view of the composition is set aside because of the solubility of the so-called bicarbonate, and its being unknown in the solid state ; and hence they suggest that the excess of carbonic acid may be combined in the mineral with alumina, making a hydrous carbonate of alumina and lime, or perhaps replaces part of the silica in the alumina- silicate. But although the bicarbonate referred to is known only in solution, the most likely condition for finding it in the mineral kingdom is in one of the hydrous silicates of alumina, like collyrite, in which there is present much water, loosely held ; the mineral, therefore, is most probably a carbonate of the formula above given ; especially since a carbonate in which 3cl or 3Pe enters is, as the authors admit, yet unknown to chemistry. Analyses of the collyrite containing the carbonate, by J. H. & G-. Gladstone (1. c.) : Si C 1 Ca 1. 6-22 10-91 41-04 7-37 33-16=98-70. 2. 5-87 14-77 39-58 11-22 ! 28-56] 3. 5-41 4. 5-30 18-15 14-14 36-32 40-51 11-62 9-18 29-16] 30-87] The excess of C over that neutralizing the lime is in 1, 5-12 p. c. ; in 2, 5'96 ; 3, 9'02 ; 4, 6-94 p.c. Obs. From Hove, near Brighton, in an old quarry in the upper chalk, in fissures that cut through layers of flint, along with collyrite. 745. LANTHANITE. Kohlensaures Cereroxydul Berz., ZS. f. Min., ii. 209, 1825 ; Kohl. Cer- oxydul Hisinger, Afh. Min. Geog. Schwed., 144, 1826. Carbonate of Cerium. Carbocerine Seud., Tr., ii. 354, 1832. Lanthanit Haul, Handb., 500, 1845. Hydrolanthanit Glocker, Synops., 248, 1847. Orthorhombic. I A 7=93 30'-94, Blake, 92 46', v. Lang; /A 1 = 142 36' ; a : I : c = 0-99898 : 1 : 1-0496, v. Lang. In thin four-sided plates or minute tables, with bevelled edges, as in the annexed figures. Cleavage micaceous. Also fine granular or earthy. 710 dull. OXYGEN COMPOUNDS. =2-5-3. G. = 2-666, (?) Blake; 2'605, Genth. Lustre pearly or Color grayish-white, delicate pink, or yellowish. 609 610 Saucon Valley, Pa. Saucon Valley, Pa. Comp. La C+3fi=Lanthana 52*6, carbonic acid 21'3, water 26-1=100. Analyses: 1, 2, J. L. Smith (Am. J. Sci., II. xvi. 230, xviii. 378) ; 3, F. A. Genth (ib., xxiii. 425) : C La fi 1. Saucon vaUey 22-58 54'90 24-09 Smith. 2. " " 21-95 55-03 24"21 Smith. 3. " " 21-08 54-95 [23'97] Genth. There is some oxyd of didymium with the lanthana, according to Smith. Blake obtained La 54-27, 54-93, 54-64, C 1913, C+~S (by ign.) 45'07, 45'36. Hisinger found in a Swedish specimen, probably impure, La 75-7, C 10-8, H 13-5, whence the formula La 3 C+3H. Pyr., etc. In the closed tube yields water. B.B. infusible ; but whitens and becomes opaque, silvery, and brownish ; with borax, a glass, slightly bluish, reddish, or amethystine, on cooling ; with salt of phosphorus a glass, bluish amethystine while hot, red cold, the bead becoming opaque when but slightly heated, and retaining a pink color. Eflervesces in the acids. Obs. Found coating cerite at Bastnas, Sweden ; also in Silurian limestone with the zinc ores of the Saucon valley, Lehigh Co., Pa., in masses consisting of aggregated minute tables ; at the Sandford iron-ore bed, Moriah, Essex Co., N. Y., in delicate scales, and a thin scaly crust, in fissures in the ore, and on crystals of allanite. Reported by Shepard as occurring at the Canton mine, Ga., in pink-colored crystals, lining cavities of botryoidal white pyrite. On cryst., W. P. Blake, Am. J. ScL, II. xvi. 228, 1853, and this Min., 1854, with the above figs. ; v. Lang, PhiL Mag., IV. xxv. 43, 1863 ; both on Pennsylvania crystals. 746. TENGERTTE, Kolsyrad Ytterjord A. F. Svariberg and C. Tenger, Arsb., xviii. 206, 1838. Ytterspath Germ. Tengerite Dana. Pulverulent. In thin coatings. Sometimes an appearance of radiated crystallization. Lustre dull, or like that of chalk. Color white. ' Comp. A carbonate of yttria, according to Svanberg and Tenger, but no analysis has been published. Pyr., etc. In the closed tube yields a considerable amount of water (Brush). Effervesces with acids. Obs. Occurs as a thin coating on gadolinite at Ytterby, and is evidently a result of its alter- ation. 747. ZARATITE. Hydrate of Nickel (fr. Texas, Pa.) SMiman, Jr., Am. J. Sci., II. iii 407, 1847 ; Emerald Nickel id., ib., VL 248, 1848. Nickel Smaragd Germ. ; Texasit Kenng., Min., 1853. Carbonato hidratado de Niquel (fr. Spain) A. Casares, A. M. Alcibar in Min. Revista of Madrid, 304, 1850; Zaratita Casares, ib., 176, March, 1851. Zamtit wrong orthogr. Incrusting ; often small stalactitic or minute mammillary ; sometimes appearing prismatic with rounded summits. Also massive, compact. HYDKOUS CARBONATES. 711 H.=3 3-25. G.=2'57 2'693. Lustre vitreous. Color emerald-green. Streak paler. Transparent translucent. Brittle. Comp. NiC-f 2 NiH + 4 fi= Carbonic acid 11-7, oxyd of nickel 59-4, water 28'9=100. Mag- nesia seems to replace at times part of the oxyd of nickel, and, correspondingly, the color becomes paler ; the mineral at Texas thus graduates toward pennite, which has the same concretionary aspect as much of the zaratite. Analyses : 1, B. Silliman, Jr. (1. c.) ; 2, Smith and Brush (ib., xvi. 52) : C M 1. Texas, Pa. 11-69 58-81 29'50r=100 Silliman. 2. 11-63 5682 29-87, Mg 1'68=100 S & B. Pyr., etc. In the closed tube yields water and carbonic acid, and leaves a grayish-black mag- netic residue. B.B. infusible. With borax in O.F. gives a bead violet while hot and reddish-brown on cooling ; in E.F. the bead becomes gray and opaque from reduced nickel Dissolves easily with effervescence in heated dilute muriatic acid. Obs. Occurs on chromic iron at Texas, Lancaster Co., Pa., associated with serpentine ; also at Swinaness in Unst, Shetland. Also in Spain, near Cape Hortegal in Galicia, where it occurs as an incrustation on a magnetite in which there is some sulphid of nickel ; it is in clear emerald-green, vitreous crusts, some- times transparent, and also in stalactites. It proved to be a hydrated carbonate of nickel with a little carbonate of magnesia. Named after Sen. Zarate of Spain. Casares's name antedates that of Kenngott. 748. REMINGTONITB. J. 0. Booth, Am. J. ScL, II. xiv. 48, 1852. A rose-colored incrustation, softy and earthy ; opaque. Streak pale rose- colored. Oomp. A hydrous carbonate of cobalt, but precise composition not ascertained. Dissolves in muriatic acid with a slight effervescence, making a green solution, the color due to iron. Cobalt reaction with borax. Obs. Occurs as a coating on thin veins of serpentine, which traverse hornblende and epidote, at a copper mine near Finksburg, Carroll Co., Maryland. 749. HYDROZINOITB, Calamine Smithson, Phil. Trans., 12, 1803. Zinkbluthe Karst., Tabell., 70, 99, 1808. Hydro-carbonate of Zinc. Earthy Calamine. Zinconise Beud., Tr., ii. 357, 1832. Zinc-Bloom. Hydrozinkit Kenng., Mm., 1853. Marionite Eld&rhorst, G-. Rep. Arkansas, 153, 1858. Massive, earthy or compact. As incrustations, the crusts sometimes concentric and agate-like. At times reniform, pisolitic, stalactitic. H.=2 2-5. Gr.=3-58 3-8. Lustre dull. Color pure white, grayish or yellowish. Streak shining. Usually earthy or chalk-like. Comp. In part 2nC + 2 2nfl= Carbonic acid 13'6, oxyd of zinc 75-3, water 11'1 = 100. Smithson's analysis gives 1 & additional. For anal. 9, 10, 11, the 0. ratio for 2n, C, H=13 : 5 : 9 ; whence 5 2nC+8 2nfiL+fl, Goebel= Carbonic acid 15-3, oxyd of zinc 73-4, water 11-3 = 100. The analyses of Sullivan (Nos. 11, 12, 13) give the formula 3 ZnC+52nH=Carbonicacid 15'2, oxyd of zinc 74 % 5, water 10*3 = 100, which agrees very well with several of the other analyses. Analyses : 1, Smithson (1. c., the specimen a white chalky incrustation) ; 2, 3, Karsten (Syst. d. Met, iv. 429) ; 4, Reichert (Ramm. Min. Ch., 239); 5, Sclmabel (Pogg., cv. 144); 6-8, Braun, Petersen, and Voit (Ann. Ch. Pharm., cviii. 48) ; 9, Koch (Ramm. Min. Ch., 239) ; 10, Terreil (C. R., xlix. 553) ; 11-13, Sullivan (Dublin Q. J. ScL, ii. 135); 14, Bonnet (B. H. Ztg., xxii. 164); 15, A, Goebel (Bull. Ac. St. Pet, v. 407) ; 16, Elderhorst (1. c.) : C 2n fi 1. Bleiberg 13'5 71'4 15-1 = 100 Smithson. 2. " 14-79 72-75 12'25=99'7 9 Karsten. 712 OXYGEN COMPOUNDS. Zn 14-74 72-84 12-30 = 16-25 71-69 11-90= 12-30 64-04 15-61, 14-32 73-83 11-87 = 15-1 73-1 11-8= 13-82 74-73 11-45 = 13-50 74-46 12-04= 14-05 72-72 13-23 = 15-07 74-76 10-17 = 15-02 74-87 11 11 = 15-13 74-34 10-53= 15-01 73-88 11-11 = (f) 15-17 73-35 11-13= 15-01 73-26 11-81 = 99-88 Karsten. 99-74 Reichert. Ca 0-52, Cu 0'62, Si, e, and insol. 6'36=99'45 S. 100-02 Braun; G.=3'252. 100 P. & V. 100 P. & V. 100 Koch. 100 TerreiL 100 Sullivan. = 100 Sullivan. 100 Sullivan. 100 Bonnet. 99-65 Goebel. 100-08 Elderhorst. 3. Raibel 4. Hollanthol 5. Ramsbeck 6. Santander 7. 8. " 9. 10. " 11. 12. " 13. " 14. Guipuzcoa 15. Taft, Persia 16. Arkansas The compact mineral loses 2-04 p. c. of water and carbonic acid on heating to 130 C., and 14-42 p. c. more on heating for 6 h. to 150 to 180 C. (Sullivan). Schonichen describes (B. H. Ztg., xxii. 164) a snow-white, massive, subtranslucent material from near La Nestosa in Guipuzcoa, Spain, which contained Si 31'50, Si 26-43-20-27, Zn 21-36 28-45, fi 18-32 19-65. It is probably a mixture of hydrozincite and kaolinite. Pyr., etc. In the closed tube yields water ; in other respects resembles smithsonite. Obs. Occurs at most names of zinc, and is a result of the alteration of the other ores of this metal Found in great quantities at the Dolores mine, Udias valley, province of Santander, in Spain, along with calamine, smithsonite, and blende, covering the floor of an extensive cavern to a depth of a yard and a half, and hanging in dazzling white branching stalactites from the roof; part is concretionary, pisolitic, nodular; it is intimately mixed with silicate of zinc, and is pseudomor- phous after it ; and opal-like masses of silicate and hydrous carbonate are common, formed by the falling of drops of water holding the silicate in solution. Also occurs in the neighboring province of Guipuzcoa, Spain, near La Nestosa, at the mines of Las Nieves and La Augustina ; at Bleiberg and Raibel in Carinthia : near Reimsbeck, in West- phalia ; in Hollenthal, on the Zugspitze in Bavaria ; at Taft in the province of Jesd in Persia. In the U States, at Friedensville, Pa. ; at Linden, in Wisconsin, as a concretionary fibrous white crust on smithsonite ; in Marion Co., Arkansas (marionite], in concentric and contorted Iamina3 and botryoidal crusts. Beudant's name zinconise, from zinc and KOVIS, powder, has priority, but is too badly formed to be retained. Artif. Deposited when hot solutions of zinc salts in water are decomposed by carbonates of the alkalies. The white substance formed on zinc, when moistened and exposed to the air, is a related compound, containing, according to Bonsdorff, 14-19, Zn 71*25, fl 14-56=100, agreeing with Smithson's analysis above. 750. AURICHALCITE. Calamine verddtre (containing "une bonne quantite de cuivre "), Mine de Laiton [= Brass-ore], Patrin, Apercu d. Mines en Siberie, in J. de Phys., xxxiii. 81, 1788. Mine de Laiton de Pise en Toscane, Aurichalcum of the ancients ?, Sage, J. de Phys., xxxviii. 155, 1791. Messingbliithe Germ. Aurichalcit Bottger, Pogg., xlviii. 495, 1839. Buratite Ddesse, Ann. Ch. Phys., III. xviii. 478, 1846. Orichalcit GlocJcer, Syn., 230, 1847. In acicular crystals forming drusy incrustations ; also columnar, diver- gent; plumose ; granular ; also laminated. H.=2. Lustre pearly. Color pale green, verdigris-green; sometimes sky-blue. Streak pale greenish or bluish. Translucent. Comp., Var. A cuprous hydrozincite. For the original aurichalcite, 0. ratio for Cu, Zn, C, H=2 : 3 : 4 : 3. 2 CuC+3 Zn&, Bottger; or 2ZnC + 3(Cu, Zn) S= Carbonic acid 162, oxyd of copper 29-2, oxyd of zinc 44% water 9-9=100. For buratite, or the so-called lime-aurichalcite, according to Delesse, & C+Rfi, in which R= Cu, Zn, Oa, in the ratio 10 : 14 : 1 in the Chessy mineral, and 7 : 8 : 3 in the Altai. But the lime is probably from mixed calcite, as suggested by Berzelius ; and, this removed, the formula is that above given, as shown by Risse. A Santander variety, analyzed by Risse, containing much less copper (anal. 6, 7), affords the HYDROUS CARBONATES. 713 fi Cu 2n Ca 16-06 9-95 28-19 45-84 =100-06 Bottger. 16-08 9-93 28-36 45-62 =99-99 Bottger. 27-5 32-5 42-5 fr-.=102-5 Connel. 21-45 29-46 32-02 8-62=100 Delesse. 19-88 29-00 41-19 216=99-85 Delesse. 14-08 10-80 18-41 55-29 , gangue 1-86=100-44 Risse. 2469 16-03 56-82 , gangue l'69=99-23 Risse. formula (Cu r 2n) C+2 2n fi, with Ou to 2n in the first member as 3:1, the 0. ratio for Cu, 2n, C, fi being 3:9:8:8. Analyses: 1, 2, Bottger (1. c.); 3, Connel (Ed. K Phil. J., xlv. 36); 4, 5, Delesse (1. c.); 6, 7, H. Risse (Verh. nat. Ver. Bonn, 95, 1865) : 1. Altai, Aurichalc. 2. " " 3. Matlock, " 4. Altai, JBuratite 5. Chessy, " 6. Santander 7. " Pyr., etc. In the closed tube blackens, and yields water. B.B. infusible ; colors the flame deep green. With soda on charcoal gives a coating of oxyd of zinc, yellow while hot and white on cooling ; moistened with cobalt solution and heated in O.P. the coating becomes green ; the fused mass removed from the coal and triturated hi a mortar affords minute globules of copper. With the fluxes reacts for copper. Soluble in acids with effervescence. Obs. Aurichalcite occurs at Loktefskoi, at a copper mine of the Altai, where it is associated with calcite and limonite, sometimes forming a drusy covering upon these minerals ; at Matlock, in Derbyshire, of a pale green color, laminated structure, and pearly lustre ; at Roughten-GilJ, in Cumberland ; Leadhills, Scotland ; zinc mines of the province of Santander, Spain. In the U". States, at Lancaster, Pa. (Taylor, Am. J. ScL, II. xx. 412). The buratite comes from Loktefskoi ; Chessy, near Lyons; Pramont, Tyrol; Retzbanya, hi Hungary, in microscopic rhombic or rhombohedral tables, and also oblong rectangular forms (a mineral lately proved to be calciferous) ; Campiglia in Tuscany. The mineral aurichalcite was first described as a greenish variety of calamine by Patrin, in 1788 (1. c.), and called Brass ore (Mine de Laiton), "because," as he says, "the compound of copper and zinc is here made by nature." Among the brass or copper ores of the ancients, auricTialcum was reputed the best (Pliny, xxxiii. 2) ; and Sage was thence led to suggest (1. c., 1791) that the cupriferous calamine (which afforded, as he showed by experiment, the best of brass, without the addition of either copper or zinc) might be the ancient aurichalcum. As the ore is a scarce one, this is not at all probable. But the idea explains the use of the word for the species. In addition, it is to be said that brass (or an alloy related to it) was called aurichalcum by Virgil and Horace, and also in the middle ages. The Latin word aurichalcum is regarded by some good authorities as derived from 'opci^aX/cof (=mountain brass) - and, in fact, the Latin poets just mentioned wrote it orichalcum. But others regard it as a hybrid word (from the Latin aurum, gold, and %aA* j, brass or bronze), and the o of the poets as an example of the admissible change in Latin of au to o. Glocker, in view of the first of these derivations, changes aurichalcite to orichalcite; but, whatever the derivation, as the use of aurichalcum dates from before Pliny's time, we moderns may as well let it stand without correction. 750A. ZINKAZURITE Breith., B. H. Ztg., 1852, 101. A blue mineral in small crystals, having G.=3-49, from the Sierra Almagrera in Spain. Heated, it affords a little water, with the reactions of copper and zinc. According to Plattner, it consists of sulphate of zinc, carbonate of copper, and some water. 751. MALACHITE!. Xpwo*<5AAa pt. Theophr., Dioscor., etc. ^svSfis ^apaySos [False Emerald of Copper Mines] pt., Theophr. Chrysocolla, Molochites, pt., Plin., Agric. Berggriin, Germ. Molochit, Agric., Interpr., 1546. .^Erugo nativa, Viride montanum pt., Koppargron, Barggront pt, Malachit, Wall, Min., 278, 279, 1747. Cuivre carbonate vert IS Abbe Fontana, J. de Phys., ii. 509, 1778, proving the existence of a green carbonate. Green Carbonate of Copper; Green Malachite ; Mountain Green pt. Berggriin pt. Germ. Atlaserz [fib. var.] Germ. /A 7=104 28', i-i A -1-^=118 15', Zepharo- ical, 1\ i-i, i-l ; Monoclinic. (7=88 32'; vich ; a : b : c= 0*51155 : 1 : 1-2903. Observed planes : ; vertical, hemidomes, -!-&', J-&, -<&, 4-, \4 ; hemioctahedral, -J-, J*2, f-3. A -= 91 28', /A ^=U2 14' ; 1 A $.=107, $ A ^=168, J-2 A -2=157 30' 156 38' (obs. by Lang.), -l-i A -1-i, reentering angle in twin, f. 61 % 1,=123 714 OXYGEN COMPOUNDS. 22' Zeph. obs. ; 4-a A J-*, reent. in twin, 163 20 / -36 / , Lang obs. Com- mon form, f. 611 ; also same with other terminal planes ; also^ with ^ wanting; also with 14, i-l very large, making a rectangular prisrn; also with tlie vertical prism very short, as in f. 612. Crystals rarely simple. Twins : composition-face i4, f. 611 ; the reentering angle varying with the terminating planes ; often penetration twins, as in f. 612, in which the upper and lower halves in front are continued respectively in the lower and upper halves behind, as illustrated in f. 612A, a clinodiagonal vertical section of 612 also under the terminal planes of 611 in 613. Cleavage : basal, highly 612 612A perfect ; clinodiagonal less distinct. Usually massive or incrusting, with surface tuberose, botryoidal, or stalactitic, and structure divergent ; often delicately compact fibrous, and banded in color ; frequently granular or earthy. H.=3*5 4. Gc.= 3*7 4*01. Lustre of crystals adamantine, inclining to vitreous ; of fibrous varieties more or less silky ; often dull and earthy. Color bright green. Streak paler green. Translucent subtranslucent opaque. Fracture subconchoidal, uneven. Comp. Cu 2 C+fl=Cu C + Cu fi=Carbonic acid 19-9, protoxyd of copper 71 '9, water 8-2=100. Analyses: 1, Klaproth (Beitr., ii. 287, 1797); 2, Vauquelin (Ann. du Mus., xx. 1); 3, Phillips (J. Boyal Inst., iv. 276) ; 4, J. L. Smith (Am. J. Sci., II. xx. 249) : fi 11-6=100 Klaproth. 8-75=100-10 Yauquelin. 9-3=100 Phillips. 9-02, 3Pe 0-12 = 99-69 Smith. Fontana, the first analyst of the species, obtained (1. c.) C 19*4, fl 5-6, leaving 75 p. c. for the copper. Other analyses : ores from the Urals and Finland, by A. E. Nordenskiold (Act. Soc. Sci. Fenn., iv. 607); Ural, by Struve (Verh. Ges. St. Petersb., 1850-51, 103). Pyr., etc. In the closed tube blackens and yields water. B.B. fuses at 2, coloring the flame emerald-green ; on charcoal is reduced to metallic copper ; with the fluxes reacts like melaconite. Soluble in acids with effervescence. Obs. Green malachite accompanies other ores of copper. Perfect crystals are quite rare. Occurs abundantly hi the Urals ; at Chessy in France, in the old mine at Sandlodge, in Shetland ; at Schwatz in the Tyrol; in Cornwall and in Cumberland, England; Sandlodge. copper mine, Scotland ; Limerick, Waterford, and elsewhere, Ireland ; at Grimberg, near Siegen, in Germany. At the copper mines of Nischne Tagilsk, belonging to M. Demidoff, a bed of malachite was opened which yielded many tons of malachite; one mass measured at top 9 by 18 ft. ; and the portion uncovered contained at least half a million pounds of pure malachite. Also in handsome masses at Bembe, on the west coast of Africa ; with the copper ores of Cuba ; Chili ; Australia. C Cu 1. Turjinsk, Ural 18-0 70-5 2. Chessy 21-25 70-10 3. " 18-5 72-2 4 Phenixville 19-09 71-46 HYDROUS CARBONATES. 715 Occurs in Conn., at Cheshire. In N". Jersey, at Schuyler's mines, and still better at New Bruns- wick. In Pennsylvania, in the Blue Ridge, near Nicholson's G-ap ; near Morgantown, Berks County ; at Cornwall, Lebanon Co., in good specimens ; at the Perkiomen and Phenixville lead mines. In Maryland, between Taneytown and Newmarket, E. of the Monocacy; in the Catoctin Mts. In Wisconsin, at the copper mines of Mineral Point, and elsewhere. In California, at Hughe.s's mine, in Calaveras Co. Green malachite admits of a high polish, and when in large masses is cut into tables, snuff- boxes, vases, etc. Named from i^aXa^f,, mallows, in allusion to the green color. Recent papers on cryst, v. Lang, Phil. Mag., IV. xxv. 432, xxviti. 502 ; v. Zepharovich, Ber. Ak. Wien, li. 112 ; Hessenberg Min. Not, Nos. iii. vi. vii. 751 A. MYSORIN. Massive. G. 2*62. Soft. Color blackish-brown, when pure ; usually green or red, from mixture with malachite and red oxyd of iron. Fracture conchoidal. Comp. According to Thomson (Min., i. 601, 1836), Carbonic acid 16-70, oxyd of copper 60-75, sesquioxyd of iron (mechanically mixed) 19'50, silica 2'10, loss 0*95. Gives no water in a glass tube. Occurs at Mysore, in Hindostan. Although stated to be anhydrous, it may be an impure mala- chite. 751B. LIME-MALACHITE (Kalk-malachit Zincken, B. H. Ztg., i. 1842). Massive, reniform, botry- oidal ; structure fibrous and foliated. H.=2-5. Lustre silky. Color verdigris-green. From Zincken's trials it is a hydrous carbonate of copper, with some carbonate and sulphate of lime and iron. From Lauterberg in the Harz. 752. AZURITE. Cseruleum, Lapis armenius pt., Plin., xxxiii. 57. Cseruleum, Germ. Lasur, Berglasur pt., Agric., 217, etc. Koppar-Lazur, Cuprum lazureum, Caeruleum montanum, Watt., Min., 280, 1747. Bleu de montagne, Cuivre azuree, Fr. Trl Wall, i 506, 1753. Kupferlasur Wern. Bergblau Germ. Abbe Fontana, J. de Phys., ii. 1778 (with anal, making it a carbon- ate). Blue Carbonate of Copper, Blue malachite. Chessy Copper. Azure Copper Ore. Cuivre carbonate bleu Fr. Azurite Beud., Tr., 417, 1824. Lasur Said., Handb., 508, 1845. Chessy- lite B. & M, Min., 594, 1852. Lasurit v. Kobell, Tafeln, 32, 1853. Monoclinic. #=87 39' ; 7 A 7=99 32', A 14=138 41' ; a, : I : c= 1-039 : 1 : 1-181. Observed planes : ; vertical, 7, i-i, i\ i-2, i- ; i~b ; clinodomes, |4, |4, f 4, J4, f 4, 14, |4, 24, 34 ; hemidomes, 14, 24, -J4, -14, -24 ; hemioctahedral, f , 1, 2, -1, -2 ; 2-2, 4-4 ; f-2, f 2, f-2, 4-2, -2-2, -f-2 ; f -a. usually striated parallel with the clinodiagonal. O A 7=91 48' i-i A 4=115 35' 614 A ^4=92 21 14 A 14, bas.,=82 38 A 14=132 43 24 A 24, " =120 46 A 1=125 8 i-2 A ^'-2=134 8 O A 2=108 35 f A ^'-1=121 10 A -1=127 28 i-* A ^-2=118 50 1 A 1, front,=116 7 i-i A 24=153 51 -1 A -1, " =118 16 i-i A 7=139 46 i-i A 14=134 56 Cleavage : 24 rather perfect ; i-i less distinct ; I in traces. Also massive, and presenting imitative shapes, having a columnar composition ; also dull and earthy. H.= 3-5 4-25. G.= 3-5 3*831. Lustre vitreous, almost adamantine. Color various shades of azure-blue, passing into berlin-blue. Streak blue, lighter than the color. Transparent subtranslucent. Fracture conchoidal. Brittle. Comp. 2 Cu C+Cu fi=:Carbonic acid 25-6, oxyd of copper 69'2, water 5-2=100. Analyses : 1, Klaproth (Beitr., iv. 31, 1807); 2, Phillips (J. Eoy. Institution, iv. 276); 3, Vauquelin (Ann. du Mus., xx. 1) ; 4, J. L. Smith (Am. J. ScL, II. xx. 250) : 716 OXYGEN COMPOUNDS. Cu fi 1. Turjinsk 24 70 6=100 Klaproth. 2. Chessy 25-46 69-08 6-46=100 Phillips. 3. " 25-0 68-5 6'5 Vauquelin. 4. Phenixville 24-98 69-41 5-84=100-23 Smith. Abbe* Fontana obtained 0- c.) C 31'42, Cu 68-573, with only T007 of water. Pyr., etc. Same as in malachite. Obs. Occurs in splendid crystallizations at Chessy, near Lyons, whence it derived the name Chessy Copper. Also in fine crystals in Siberia ; at Moldawa in the Bannat ; at Wheal Buller, near Redruth in Cornwall ; also in Devonshire and Derbyshire, England ; in small quantities at Alston-Moor and Wanlockhead, etc. ; at Porto Cabello, S. A. Occurs in Perm., at the Perkiomen lead mine, in indifferent specimens, associated with gale- Bite, blende, and cerussite ; at Phenixville, in crystals ; at Cornwall, in crystals on red shale ; near Nicholson's Gap, hi the Blue Ridge. In N. York, near Sing Sing. In N. Jersey, near New Brunswick. In Wisconsin, at the old copper diggings near Mineral Point, in good crystals ; also at the Bracken mine, in small but fine crystals. In California, Calaveras Co., at Hughes's mine, in crystals. When abundant, azurite is a valuable ore of copper. When ground to an impalpable powder, it forms a blue paint of a bright tint ; but it is of little value as a pigment, on account of its lia- bility to turn green. Alt. Azurite occurs altered to malachite through the addition of carbonic acid. 752A ATLASITE JBreifh., B. H. Ztg., xxiv. 310, 1865. A carbonate of copper from Chanarcillo in Chili, containing chlorine. It much resembles atacamite. It is coarse or fine columnar, with H.=3 4; G-.=3'839 3*869; lustre vitreous to silky; color between celandine and emerald- green, nearer the first; streak verdigris-green. T. Erhard obtained for it (L c.) : C 16-48 Cu 70-18 fi 9-30 Cl 4'14 gangue 0'70=100'80, whence he derives the formula 7(Cu 2 0+fl)+CuCl + 3fi', equivalent to 7 of malachite, 1 of a hydrous chlorid of copper. According to this formula the mineral consists of 14 Cu, 10 fi, 1 Cu CL If now the Cu Cl is from mixed atacamite, it is combined with 3 CuH. The remainder. 11 Cu, 7 C, 7 H, corresponds, excepting an excess of water, very nearly to the composition of azurite ; 11 Cu, 7 C, 3f H, would be precisely azurite. Atlasite may, therefore, be a mixture of about 3 parts of azurite with 1 part of atacamite. 753. BISMUTITB. Bismutit Bretih., Pogg., liii. 627, 1841. Kohlensaures Wismuthoxyd, Wismuthspath, Germ. Bismuthite. Carbonate of Bismuth. In implanted acicular crystallizations (pseudomorphous) ; also incru sting or amorphous ; pulverulent. H.=4 4-5 ; 3*5, specimens that have lost their lustre; earthy, 1*5. G. = 6-86-6-909, Breith. ; 7'6T, from South Carolina, Eammelsberg. Lus- tre vitreous when pure; sometimes dull. Color white, mountain-green, and dirty siskin-green ; occasionally straw-yellow and yellowish-gray. Streak greenish-gray to colorless. Subtranslucent opaque. Brittle. Oomp. According to Plattner's examinations (Pogg., liii. 727), it is a carbonate of bismuth, containing some iron and copper (perhaps a carbonate of each), and also sulphuric acid. Rammelsberg examined specimens from South Carolina, probably of this species, and obtained the formula 3 (BiC+H) + Bifi (=Bi 4 C 3 H 4 )=Oxyd of bismuth 90-1, carbonic acid 6'4, water DO. Analyses: 1, Rammelsberg (Pogg., Ixxvi. 564, 1849); 2, 3, Genth (Am. J. Sci., II. xxiii. 427) i c Bi a 1. Chesterfield Dist. 6-56 90-00 3-44=100 Ramm. 2- " 7-04 89-05 3-91 = 100 Genth 3. 7-30 87-67 5-03=100 Genth. Pyr., etc. In the closed tube decrepitates and gives off water. B.B. fuses readily, and on charcoal is reduced to bismuth, and coats the coal with yellow oxyd of bismuth. Dissolves in HYDROUS CARBONATES. 717 nitric acid, with slight effervescence. Dissolves in muriatic acid, affording a deep yellow solu- tion. Obs. Bismutite occurs at Schneeberg and Johanngeorgenstadt, with native bismuth, and near Hirschberg in Kussian Yoigtland, with brown iron ore, native bismuth, and bismuthinite ; at Joachimsthal ; near Baden ; also in the gold district of Chesterfield, S. C., at Brewer's mine, in porous yellowish masses, sometimes reddish from oxyd of iron ; surface of fracture white and vitreous, resembling somewhat calamine ; hi G-aston Co., N. C., in yellowish-white concretions. ^ 7 53 A. "With the bismutite of Joachimsthal occurs another bismuth carbonate, in thin longish crystals, vitreous, siskin-green to clove-brown, translucent. It contains, according to Li&dacker (Vogl's Min. Joach., 168), oxyd of bismuth, carbonic acid, water, silica; effervesces with acids, and B.B. gives bismuth reactions. 754. LIEBIGITB. J. L. Smith, Am. J. Sci., II. v. 336, 1848, and xi. 259. Uran-Kalk-Car- bonat Vogl, Jahrb. G-. Reichs., iv. 221, 1853. In mammillary concretions, or thin coatings ; cleavage apparent in one direction. H. 2 2*5. Lustre of fracture vitreous. Color beautiful apple-green. Transparent. Comp. ^ C + CaC + 20 [= Carbonic acid 11-1, oxyd of uranium 36-2, lime 71, water 45*6 ; 2Ca C + g'C + SeS, Ramm.,=C 9'02, 3912, Oa 7-67, H 4419 = 100. Analysis by J. L. or Smith (L c.) : 10-2 g 38-0 Ca 8-9 fl 45'2 Pyr., etc. In a matrass yields much water and becomes yellowish-gray. At redness it blackens, without fusing, and on cooling returns to an orange-red color. At a higher heat it blackens, and remains so on cooling. With borax it gives a yellow glass in the outer flame, and a green glass in the inner. Dissolves readily in dilute acids with effervescence, and affords a yellow solution, with the reaction of uranium and lime Obs. Occurs with medjidite on pitchblende, near Adrianople, Turkey ; also at Johanngeorgen- stadt and Joachimsthal. Dr. Smith states that both the lime and uranium of this salt are derived from the pitchblende. A related mineral from Elias mine, near Joachimsthal, has been examined by Yogi and J. Lin- dacker (Jahrb. G-. Reichs., iv. 221, 1853). It occurs in scaly aggregations on pitchblende, has a siskin-green color, and a pearly lustre on a cleavage-face; subtransparent to translucent; H.= 2"5 3. B.B. on charcoal infusible ; with borax and salt of phosphorus the reaction of uranium. Dissolves with effervescence in sulphuric acid, a white deposit being thrown down ; solution in sulphuric and muriatic acids green, in nitric acid yellow. Composition, according to J. Lindacker(l. c.), UC+Ca C+5:fi=C 24'18, U 37 '03, Ca 15-55, fi 23 34= 100. Mean of three analyses : C 23-86 U 37-11 Oa 15'56 fi 23'34=99'87. These carbonates are produced by the action of carbonated waters on the sulphates. 755. VOGLITE. Uran-Kalk-Kupfer-Carbonat Vogl, Jahrb. G. Reichs., iv. 222, 1853. Yoglit Raid., ib., 223. In aggregations of crystalline scales. Scales rhomboidal somewhat like gypsum, with angles of 100 and 80, Haid. Lustre pearly. Color emerald-green to bright grass-green. Dichroic. Comp. 2 trC+2 CaC-f Cu 8 C 2 +14fl, Lindacker, from his analysis (Jahrb. G-. Reichs., iv. 222): C 26*41 U 37-00 Ca 14-09 Cu 8-40 & 13-90=100. Pyr., etc. In the closed tube blackens and yields water. B.B. in the platinum forceps infu- 718 OXYGEN COMPOUNDS. sible colors the flame deep green ; if moistened with muriatic acid the flame is momentarily blue, With soda on charcoal yields metallic copper. "With borax in O.P. the bead is yellow while hot and reddish-brown on cooling; in E.F. green while hot and clouded when cold. Soluble in acids with effervescence. Obs. From the Elias mine, near Joachimsthal, implanted on pitchblende. 8. OXALATES. 756. WHEWELLITE. Oxalate of Lime H. T. Brooke, Phil. Mag., III. xvi. 449, 1840. calcite Shepard, Min., Ill, 1844. Whewellite B. & M., Min., 623, 1852. Oxa- Monoclinic. (7=72 127 25'; as in the annexed figure. 109 28', A -= 141 6', 36', 0A14= , 7 A 7=100 1 : 1-1499. Observed planes A 7=103 14', 0Al-*= 7A a=129 42'. Cleavage parallel with ; less perfect parallel with 7, and the longer diagonal. All the planes bright except 7 and -, which are vertically striated. Twins : composition-face I-i. H.=2'5 2-75. Lustre like that of sulphate of lead. Yerj brittle. Fracture conchoidal. This species, an oxalate of lime, was observed by Brooke in crystals from a tenth to a fourth of an inch broad on calc spar ; the locality of the spar is not known. The name oxacalcite proposed by Shepard is badly formed, and should yield to Brooke & Miller's, after Prof. Whewell of Cambridge. 757. THIERSCHITE Liebig, Ann. Ch. Pharm., Ixxxvi. 113, 1853. An oxalate of lime, occurring as a grayish, warty, and somewhat opaline incrustation, about a line thick, on the marble of the Parthenon, Athens. A complete analysis has not yet been made. Its origin is attributed to the action of some kind of vegetation on the marble. It is probably identical with whewellite. Named after F. v. Thiersch, the discoverer. 758. HUMBOLDTINB. Faser Resin (Honigsteinsaurer Eisen?) Breith., Char., 75, 1820. Hum- boldtine, Oxalsaures Eisen, M. de Rivero, Ann. Ch. Phys., xviil 207, 1821. Eisen-Resin BreHti., Gilb. Ann., Ixx. 426, 1822. Oxalit Breith., Char., 1823. Humboldtit Leonh., Handb., 789, 1826. In capillary forms ; also botryoidal and in plates, or earthy ; structure fibrous or compact. H.=2. G.=2-13 2-489. Dull or slightly resinous. Color yellow. Fracture uneven, earthy. Acquires negative electricity by friction, when insulated. COMP. 2 Fe <3 + 3 fi= Oxalic acid 42-1, protoxyd of iron 42*1, water 15-8=100. Analysis by Rammelsberg (Pogg., xlvi. 283): Fe 41-13 Oxalic acid 42-40 (loss) 16-37=100. Mariano de Rivero obtained (1. c.) Oxalic acid 46-14, and protoxyd of iron 53-86, with no water. OXALATES. Rammelsberg (Pogg.. liii. 631, 1841) has confirmed Ms former analysis, and shown that the iron is all protoxyd. PYR., ETC. In the closed tube yields water, turns blaok, and becomes magnetic. B.B. on char- coal is colored at first black, but later red, and with the fluxes reacts for oxyd of iron. OBS. Occurs in brown coal at Koloseruk, near Bilin, Bohemia; at Gross- Aimer ode, in Hessia; and according to T. S. Hunt, at Kettle Point, in Bosanquet, Canada, as an incrustation on black shales, soft, earthy, sulphur-yellow (Logan's Report, 1850, 1863). 720 HYDROCARBON COMPOUNDS. VI. HYDROCARBON COMPOUNDS. ARRANGEMENT OF THE SPECIES. I. SIMPLE HYDROCARBONS. 1. MARSH-G-AS SEBIES. General formula 6nH 2 n_j_ 2 . 1. NAPHTHA GROUP. Liquids. 761. TETRTLIC HYBRID 4 H 10 764. HEPTYLIO HYBRID 7 H 16 762. PENTYLIC HYBRID <3 5 H 12 765. OCTYLIO HYDRID -O 8 H 18 763. HEXYLIG HYBRID <7 6 Hi 4 766. NONYLIC HYDBID O 9 H 20 There are also in nature the gaseous members of the series, OH 4 , or MARSH-GAS (Methylic Hydrid) ; <7 2 H 6 , or ETHYLIO HYBRID; <3 3 H 8 , or TRITYLIO HYBRID. 2. BETA-NAPHTHA GROUP. Probably polymeres of the species of the Naphtha group by a common multiple ; boiling point 7-8 higher than for corresponding species of the Naph- tha group. 767. n6 4 H 10 769. n 6 H 14 771. ne 8 H 18 768. n 5 H ia 770. n 7 H 18 3. SCHEERERITE GROUP. Solid, or butter-like, and tasteless. 772. SCHEERERITE nOH 4 773. CHRISMATITB n6 2 H 6 2. ETHYLENE SERIES OR OLEFXNES. General formula enH an . 4. PITTOUUM GROUP. Liquids. 774. DECATYLENE e 10 H 20 776. DODECATYLENE e 12 H 24 775. ENBECATYLENE e^Haa 777. DECATRITYLENB ^ 13 H 28 5. PARAFFINE GROUP.- Solids, wax-like ; tasteless. 778. URPETHITE 780. OZOCERITE 779. HATCHETTTTE 781. ZIETRISIKCTE Appendix. 782. ELATERITE 783. SETTLING STONES RESIN 3. CAMPHENE SERIES. General formula 6. FICHTELITE GROUP. SoUd; without taste or smell ; easily crystallizabla. 784. FICHTELITE n e, H, e 786. DINTTE 785. HABTITE ne 12 H 20 787. IXOLYTB OXYGENATED HYDROCARBON COMPOUNDS. 721 4. BENZOLE SERIES. General Formula ^H^.,. T. BENZOLE GROUP. Liquids. 788. BENZOLE -e 8 H 6 791. CUMOLB 6 9 H ia 789. TOLUOLB e 7 H 8 792. CYMOLE e 10 H 14 790. XYLOLE # 8 H 10 8. KONLITE GROUP. Solid. 793. KONLITE n6 6 H 8 5. NAPHTHALIN SERIES. General formula & n H.^ l9 . 794 NAPHTHALIN -OioH 8 Appendix. 795. IDRIALITE. II. OXYGENATED HYDROCARBONS. 1. GEOCERITE GROUP. Ratio of , H=l : 2. Wax-like. 796. GEOCERITE e 28 H 58 e a 797. GEOMYRICITE e 8 4H 68 O a 2. SUCCINITE GROUP. Ratio of 0, H=5 : 8 to 5 : 8. Insoluble in alcohol and ether. [Below, the ratio of <3, H, is given for the species, and for better comparison the car. bon is made 40, without writing out a formula.] 798. COPALITE 40 : 64 : 1 802. AMBRITE 40 : 66 : 5 799. SUCCINITE 40 : 64 : 4 803. BATHVILLITB 40 : 68 : 4 800. WALCHOWTTE 40 : 64 : 3? 804. TORBANITE ? 40 : 68 : 2 801. ? BUCARAMANGITE 40 : 66 : 2 3. RETINITE GROUP. Ratio of 0, H=5 : 8 to 5 : 8}. Largely soluble in ether, and some species in alcohoL 805. XTLORETINTTE 40 : 64 : 4 806. LETTCOPETRTTE 40 : 67i : 2f 807. EUOSMITE 40 : 68 : 2 4. SCLERETINITE GROUP. Ratio of e, H-5 : 7. Insoluble in alcohol and ether. 808. SCLERETINITE 40 : 56 : 4 5. PYRORETINITE GROUP. Ratio of , H=5 : 7 to 5 : 6|. Soluble in alcohol or ether. 809. JAULINGITE (p. 800) 40? : 60 : 4| 811. ROCHLKDERITE 40 : 56 : 6 810. PYRORETINITE 40 : 56 : 4 812. SCHLANTTE 40 : 52 : 3| 810A. REDSSINITE 40 : 56 : 3 813. GUYAQUILLTTE 40 : 52 : 6 6. Ratio of 6, H=5 to 5 or less. Insoluble in alcohol or ether. 814. MroDLETONrra 40:44:2 815. STANEKTEE ? 40: 44: 6 816. ANTHRAOOXENTTB 40 : 38 : 7 46 722 HYDROCARBON COMPOUNDS. 7. DYSODILE GROUP. Containing sulphur in place of part of the oxygen. 817. TASMANITE 40 : 64 : 3 818. DYSODILE Appendix. 819. HIBOITB. 820. BAIKEBINITE. IIL ACID OXYGENATED HYDROCARBONS. 821. BUTYEELLITE 3a H 64 4 822. GEOCEBELLTTE (Geoceric acid) ^as H 56 O 4 823. BBUCKNEBELLITE (Georetinic acid) ^34 H 44 O 8 824. SucciNELLrrE (Succinic acid) ^4 H 6 4 825. RETINELLITE -OaiHaeOa 826. DOPPLEBITE ?-BioH ia 06 827. MELANELLITE -6 ia Hi O 4 IV. SALTS OF ORGANIC ACIDS. 828. MELLITE 3tlM 8 +18fi e 4 O 2 || 829. PIGOTITE 829 A. Organic salts of iron Undetermined. V. NITROGENOUS HYDROCARBONS. Species undetermined. APPENDIX TO HYDBOCAKBONS. 830. ASPHALTUM 831. MlNEBAL COAL The formulas above are all written on the new system. If the number connected with H is halved in each case, and the barred capitals are replaced by common capitals, they will then con- form to the old system. The native hydrocarbons are very imperfectly known. Most of the kinds hitherto recognized in mineralogy are more analogous to rocks than minerals. Amber, for example, instead of being a species, is a mixture of four or more species, as Berzelius long since pointed out, and only two of the number have thus far been investigated. The presence of succinic acid, one of these two, is spoken of as an essential constituent and distinguishing feature of amber ; and this it is ; but only in the way that feldspar is a constituent of granite. Petroleum, Asphaltum, and the various kinds of mineral resins and wax are similar mixtures, in the light of chemistry, as has been shown by many investigators. But still the true line of investigation is so little appreciated that new resins or asphalts are from time to tune brought forward as species in mineralogy upon characters that only prove them to be mixtures. And chemistry, while working toward a better state of this department of mineralogy, often fails in its researches to distinguish educts (native ingredients) from products. The facts hi the case, and the true idea of the science, sustain the course of the author in here removing amber from mineralogical species, and calling, not amber, but the insoluble resin which constitutes four-fifths of its mass, succinite; and in endeavoring to apply the same method throughout the hydrocarbon section.- Much more investigation is demanded before satisfactory results can in all cases be attained. But by pursuing the subject in the way here recognized, the section will ultimately become an exhibition of the actual species of hydrocarbons in nature, ;and thus be elevated to the same level with other parts of the science. SIMPLE HYDROCARBONS. 723 I. SIMPLE HYDKOCAKBONS. NAPHTHA AND BETA-NAPHTHA GROUPS. SYN. OP NAPHTHA AND PETROLEUM. N S^ " ion * cylinders (Ann. Ch. Pharm., Ixxxvii. 143, 1862), and obtained the following as his successive results : Q H Temp, of vaporization. Gr. 1 87-56 12-34=99-90 90 120 C. 0-784 at 15 C. 2 ' 87-59 12-30= 99-89 120 150 0'790 87-31 12-59= 99-99 150 180 0-802 87-34 12-69=100-03 180 -200 0*817 87-48 12-60=100-08 200 220 0'845 6 ; 87.40 12-40= 99-80 220 250 0'867 . The analyses afford for all of the compounds the ratio for , H, 6 : 10. and Volckel regards them as polymeres of 12 H 20 , and hence of the camphene series and similar to petrolene. But (as Warren observes) with such a mode of distillation artificial products were likely to have been obtained, and among them benzole or naphthalin; and the presence of either of these compounds would account for the divergence from the ethylene series. The composition is compared by Volckel to that of oil of amber (an admitted product of distilla- tion, and not native to amber). Dopping obtained for the oil of amber passing over at 200 C., C 87-48 87-32, H 12'06, 11-98=99-54, 99-30. The ratio for J, H, is 5 : 8, which is also that for amber itself; and the formula is 10 H 18 , or that arrived at by Boussingault for his petrolene. SOLID PETROLENE. The asphalt of Peklenicza (Murakoz), Austria, affords a solid portion, solu- ble in ether and hardly at all so in alcohol (in this respect like the asphaltene of Boussingault), which, according to Nendtvich (Haid. Ber., iii. 271, Jahrb. G. Reichs., vii 743), has the same composition with petrokne. The observations thus far made seem to point to a Camphene series of Hydrocarbons as char- acteristic of many viscid bitumens, and of some, if not many, asphalts. But the investigations have not been sufficiently exact to sustain satisfactorily the conclusion. PARAFFIN GROUP. Wax-like in consistence ; white and translucent. Sparingly soluble in alcohol, rather easily in ether, and crystallizing more or less perfectly from the solutions. G. about 0-85 O98. Melting point for the following species, 33-90. General formula <3 n H 2n , or that of the ethylene series, according to many authors, = Carbon 85-71, hydrogen 24-29=100; <3 n H 2n+2 , according to others. The peculiar inertness of the paraffins with regard to chemical combination is urged by Watts and Frankland as favoring the latter formula. Whichever the series, they are regarded as species of high atomic weight, n not being less than 28. The different species, varying in the value of n 9 vary also in boiling point, and other characters. Those here recognized have not been studied with that care which is demanded for full confidence in their stated composition, or in their purity as simple species. Paraffins occur in the Pennsylvania petroleum, a freezing mixture redu- cing the temperature being sufficient to separate it in crystals. Also in the naphtha of the Caspian, in Rangoon tar, and many other liquid bitu- mens. It is a result of the destructive distillation of peat, bituminous coal, lignite, coaly or bituminous shales, most viscid bitumens, wood-tar (from which it was first obtained by Reichenbach), and many other substances. SIMPLE HYDROCARBONS. 731 The name is from the Latin parum, little, and qffinis, alluding to the feeble affinity for other substances, or, in other words, its chemical indif- ference. 778. URPETHITB. Part of Ozocerite (fr. Urpeth Colliery) J. F. W. Johnston, Phil. Mag., IIL xii. 389, 1838. Urpethite Dana. Consistence of soft tallow. G.= 0*885, Johnston. Color yellowish- brown to brown. Adheres to the fingers, and stains paper. Melting point 39 C. Soluble readily in cold ether. Oomp. Analysis: Johnston (1. c.) : Carboii 85-83 Hydrogen 14-17=100. Ethereal solution brown by transmitted light, but with a greenish opalescence by reflected ; deposits the wax in brown flocks. Melts at 39 C. to a yellow-brown liquid. Obs. Constitutes about four-fifths of the Urpeth Colliery ozocerite, and is separated from the latter through its solubility in cold ether. The crude wax, as found, was soft enough to be kneaded in the fingers ; had a greasy feel, and gave a greasy stain to paper ; was subtransparent ; of a brownish-yellow color by transmitted light, but yellowish-green and opalescent by reflected ; and had an odor slightly fatty, which was stronger when melted. It occurred in cavities near a fault in the coal measures, and part in the solid sandstone. Laurent obtained a variety of paraffin by the dry distillation of the bituminous shale of Autun, which melted at 33 C., was very soluble in ether and insoluble in alcohol, and which consisted of Carbon 85*745, hydrogen 14-200=99-945. It may be identical with the above. It is quite probable that the urpethite obtained by Johnston was not free from mixture with the second paraffin separated by him from the Urpeth mineral by means of boiling ether, which is here referred to ozocerite (p. 732) ; and such a mixture might account for the divergence of the melting point from that of Laurent's paraffin. Taking 33 C. as the true melting point, the several paraffins here described, urpethite, hatchettite, ozocerite, Johnston's third from the Urpeth wax, and zietri- sikite, have nearly a common difference in melting points of 13 17, the temperatures being respectively 33, 46, 60, 73 90. The mean difference is about 14 ; this would make the melting points 33, 47, 61, 75, 89. 779. HATCHETTITE. Hatchetine (fr. Merthyr-Tydvil) Conybeare, Ann. Phil., i. 136, 1822. Mineral Adipocire, Mountain Tallow (fr. Loch Fyne), Brande, Ed. Phil. J., xi. 1824. Hatchetine (fr. Glamorganshire) J. F. W. Johnston, Phil. Mag., IIL xii. 338. In thin plates, or massive. Reported as sometimes occurring as large crystals in fresh specimens. H. like that of soft wax. G.=O916, Johnston ; 0'983, fr. Loch Fyne, after melting and excluding air bubbles, Brande ; 0*608, same before melt- ing, id. Lustre slightly glistening and pearly. Color yellowish- white, wax- yellow, greenish-yellow ; blackens on exposure. Subtransparent to trans- lucent ; but opaque on exposure. Feel greasy. Without odor. Melting point 46 C., fr. Merthyr-Tydvil, Johnston ; 47 C., fr. Loch Fyne, Brande. rolarizes light in patches, Brewster. Comp., etc Ratio of C, H=nearly 1 : 1, from Johnston's analy sis, = Carbon 85'55, hydrogen 14-45=100. Analysis : Johnston (L c.) : Glamorganshire Carbon 85*91 Hydrogen 14'62= 100-53. Yery sparingly soluble in boiling alcohol, and precipitated from the solution on cooling. Also soluble sparingly in cold ether, and more largely in boiling ; and from the latter deposited in a mass of minute fibres or prisms. After repeated boiling with ether there remains only a minute 732 HYDROCARBON COMPOUNDS. portion undissolved, mixed with particles of charcoal derived from the blackened surface of the Specimen. Charred and decomposed by concentrated and bouing sulphuric acid. No apparent change in boiling nitric acid. Conybeare (1. c., 1822) stated that the Merthyr-Tydvil hatchettite " melts in warm water under 170 F., whereas true bitumen does not in boiling water ; " and this loose remark is the only ground for the statement that 76'6 C. is the melting point of one variety of the mineral. Obs. From the crevices of iron-stone septaria, and often in geodes containing also quartz crystals in the coal-measures near Merthyr-Tydvil in Glamorganshire (and, Johnston adds, in some of the midland counties of England) ; also in a bog on the borders of Loch Fyne in Argyleshire, Scotland. The latter has not yet been analyzed. Also reported from Rossitz in Moravia (Jahrb. G. Keichs., 1854, 898), in the Segen Gottes mine, with spherosiderite, as a thin coating on calcite, having H.=l, Gk =0-892, Patera. This species (or at least the bog variety from Loch Fyne) is probably identical with the kind of paraffin that fuses at 45 47 C. ; and which has been obtained by the destructive distillation of Boghead coal and peat, and from other sources. Anderson obtained in his analyses of this paraffin : C H Melting T. 1 From Boghead coal, cryst. 85-1 15-115-3 45*5 2 " granular 85-085-3 16'4 52 3. From peat (I) 85-09 15-10 46-7 The Boghead coal (from Boghead and Torbane Hill, near Bathgate in Linlithgowshire) affords on destructive distillation a very large amount of different oils and paraffin, 70 p. c. of the dried mass being volatile. See BATHVILLITE beyond (p. 742). Named after C. Hatchett. 780. OZOCERITE. Part of Native Paraffin. Ozokerit (brought by v. Meyer fr. Slanik, Moldavia) Glocker, Schw. J., bcix. 215, 1833; Magnus, Ann. Ch. Phys., Iv. 217, 1834. Cire fossile Fr. Erdwachs Germ. Like wax or spermaceti in appearance and consistency. G. =0*85 0*90. Colorless to white when pure; often leek-green, yel- lowish, brownish-yellow, brown ; and when brown sometimes greenish by transmitted light. Often having a greenish opalescence. Translucent. Greasy to the touch. Fusing point 56 to 63 C. Comp., etc. The original ozocerite, from Slanik in Moldavia, as described by Glocker (1. c., and Arsb., 1884, 208), was wholly soluble in ether, and gave a yellow solution ; also soluble in oil of turpentine and naphtha; and a little soluble in boiling alcohol. G. of the mass 0'955, Glocker; 0-953, Schrotter. Melting point 62 C., Schrotter. The mineral wax of Urpeth Colliery, after the separation of what was soluble in cold ether (see UBPETHITE, p. 731), afforded Johnston (1. c.) another portion through its solubility in boiling ether ; and this is apparently identical with true ozocerite. While soluble in boiling ether it is sparingly so in boiling alcohol. As obtained from the ether solution it was yellow, and had the consistence of soft wax. A kind from Boryslaw in Galicia, examined by Hofstadter (Ann. Ch. Pharm., xci. 326, 1854), resembled the preceding in its appearance, but was darker colored, being blackish-brown ; in thin pieces reddish-brown to leek-green by transmitted light; G.= 0*944; melting point 60. By fractional crystallization it was separated into parts varying in fusibility from 60 to 65 5' C. That from Truscawitz, Galicia, examined by Walter (J. pr. Ch., xxii. 181) appears to be similar. Analyses: 1, Schrotter (Baumg. ZS., iv. 2, 1836, BibL Univ. de Geneve, iii. 184, 1836); 2, Johnston (L c.) ; 3, Walter (I c.) ; 4, 5, Hofstadter (1. c.) : C H Melting T. Boiling T. G. 1. Slanik 84'43 13-69=98-12 62 63 C. 210 0'953 Schrotter. 2. TurpethC. 86'80 14-06=100-86 58 ? Johnston. 3. Truscawitz, crude 84'62 14-29=98-91 59 ov. 300 Walter. 4. Boryslaw, A. 84'94 14-87 = 99-81 61 Q'944 Hofstadter. 5- B. 85-78 14-29=100-07 65'5 Hofstadter. The A of Hofstadter was the portion separated by fractional crystallization which had 61 0. as the melting point, and the B that which had for this point 65-5. SIMPLE HYDROCARBONS. 733 The above results agree closely, and probably the ozocerite in the specimens examined was but little impure from mixture with other paraffins. Hermann has described a wax-like mixture from seams in a rock in the vicinity of Lake Baikal which he calls JBaikerite (J. pr. Ch., Ixxiii. 230). About 60-18 p. c. of it was soluble in boiling alcohol, 100 parts dissolving 1 ; and this portion appears to be ozocerite. It was tasteless and inodorous; melting point 59 C. ; G.=0'9o. The rest (29-82 p. c.) of the baikerite consisted as follows: 7 -02 wax-like substance insoluble in alcohol; 32'41 viscid resin; 0-39 earthy impuri- ties. The same compound has been obtained from mineral coal, peat, and petroleum, mineral tar, etc., by destructive distillation. The following are examples : 1, Anderson (Rep. Brit. Assoc.. 1856, J. pr. Ch., Ixxii. 379); 2, Hofstadter (1. c.j: C H Melting Point. 1. Rangoon Tar 85-15 15-29=100-44 61 Anderson. 2. From Bitum. shale, Bonn. 86-16 ^14-36 = 100-52 61 Hofstadter. Ozocerite occurs at each of the localities mentioned, in beds of coal, or associated bituminous deposits ; that of Slanik, Moldavia, beneath a bed of bituminous clay shale ; in masses of some- times 80 to 100 Ibs., at the foot of the Carpathians, not far from beds of coal and salt ; that of Boryslaw in a bituminous clay associated with calciferous beds in the formation of the Carpathians, in masses. Reported also from near G-aming in Austria ; in Transylvania, near Moldavia, in the Carpathian sandstone ; at Uphall ha Linlithgowshire. Named from 6cj, I smell, and mipos, wax, in allusion to the odor. 781. ZIETRISIKITE. Cire fossile de Moldavie Magnus, Ann. Ch. Phya., Iv. 217, 1833. Ozockerite (fr. Zietrisika) Malaguti, C. R., iv. 410, 1837, Ann. Ch. Phys., Ixiii. 390, Pogg., xliiL 147. Zietrisikite Dana. Like ozocerite in nearly all physical characters. Hardness like that of beeswax, or harder. G.=O9; 0'946, Malaguti. Color brown. Melting point 90 C. ; 82 84 in the crude or impure mineral. Insoluble in ether. Comp., Var., etc. The almost complete insolubility of this fossil wax in ether distinguishes it decisively from ozocerite. 1. Magnus, who made the first examination of the fossil wax brought by v. Meyer from Slanik. Moldavia, appears to have had a different substance in hand from that examined by docker (by whom ozocerite was named) and by Schrotter, as he states that only a very little of it was dissolved by alcohol or ether, and the rest, after the action of these solvents, was eroded with holes, show- ing the presence of insoluble and soluble constituents. The insoluble was soluble in oil of tur- pentine, and of this part the melting point was 82, and the composition as given below. 2. The wax from Zietrisika, Moldavia, examined by Malaguti, is regarded by him as identical with that of Magnus. It was foliated, couchoidal in fracture, pearly in lustre, deep red-brown in color with a greenish reflection, but in very thin pieces brown, and a little harder than beeswax. It was very slightly soluble in alcohol or boiling ether, and very soluble in oil of turpentine and naphtha, with no action from alkalies or cold sulphuric acid. It melts at 84 C., and boils at above 800. On subjecting it to boiling alcohol, a small portion was dissolved, whose melting point was 75 ; by a second treatment another portion was obtained, having for the melting point 78 ; and at the fourth, the portion dissolved was found to have the same melting point as that of the undissolved mass, which was 90. This then, which he calls brown ozocerite, appears to be the point of fusion of the true zietrisikite, and this alone was analyzed ; as the rest, his yettow ozocerite, he says, " est un melange, j'ai juge inutile d'en faire 1'analyse." Analyses: 1, Magnus (1. c.); 2, 3, Malaguti (1. c.): C H Melting T. Boiling T. 1. Moldavia 84-61 15-30=99-91 82 C. Magnus. 2. Zietrisika, Mold. 84-53 14-22=98-75 90 Above 300 C. MalagutL 3. 84-78 14-37=99-15 90 MalagutL The wax from Zietrisika, in Moldavia, occurs in large masses, and under similar circumstances with that of Slanik. 781 A. Johnston, in his examination of the Urpeth Colliery wax (see URPETHITE and OZOCERITE), after separating by ether (first cold, and then boiling) about five-sixths of the mass, obtained for the 734: HYDKOCAKBON COMPOUNDS. remaining sixth a third portion, almost insoluble in ether, having G. =0-955; color dark brown; consistence like that of wax; melting point 73 C., and boiling point above 260 C. It may be identical with the above, but its melting point would imply that it was distinct. He obtained for its composition C 83-81, H 13'65=97'46. 781B NEFT-GIL (Naphtdachil, Nephatil, Jahrb. Min. 1846, 84. Naphthadil Kenng., Ueb. 1844- '49, 254. Neftdegil Herm., J. pr. Ch., Ixxiii. 220. Neft-gil Fritzsche, ib., 321). A very abundant material hi the naphtha region on Tscheleken I., hi the Caspian. It is a mixture of paraffins and a resin, but appears to be most nearly related to zietrisikite. G-.= 0'956 ; color chocolate-brown; melting point 76 C. Hermann found 66 p. c. of a wax-like substance insoluble in alcohol, and 18 p. c, of another soluble in alcohol, besides 13 -33 p. c. of a resin. In ether a large part was insoluble ; and this portion may be identical with the zietrisikite, or the insoluble paraffin from the Urpeth wax (p. 731). 781C. PYROPISSITE Kenng., Ueb. 1850-'51, 148. Kenngott has thus named an earthy, friable, coaly substance, of grayish-brown color, and without lustre, and having G.=0'493 0-522, which forms a layer 6 to 9 in. thick hi brown coal at Weissenfels, near Halle. It is a mixture of species instead of a mineral, and has not yet been properly investigated. A small part is soluble in alcohol, especially hi boiling, and this, precipitated by adding water, is a wax-like substance, paraffin-like in aspect. But whether true paraffin, or whether an oxygenated wax, related to geocerite (a species derived from a similar earthy brown coal from Gersterwitz, near Weissenfels), has not been ascertained. It melts easily to a pitch-like mass, and hence the name, from wOp, fire, and rrto-o-a, pitch. It affords 62 p. c. of paraffin on dry distillation. On the composition of the related Gersterwitz earthy coal, see pp. 757, 758; also, G. Karsten, ZS. G., ii. 71. And for other papers on a similar material from Helbra, between Mansfeld and Eisleben, see Voigt, Brennbarer Fossil fr. Helbra, Vers. Gesch. Steinkohle, etc., 188, 1802, J. d. M., xv. 77, 1804; G. Heine, id., Jahrb. Min. 1845, 149. Such coals are sometimes called Paraffin coal, and in German Wachskohle. Kenngott refers here also an earthy brown substance from Mettenheim, which melts similarly to an asphalt-like substance ; no other evidence of identity is stated. It occurs incrusting massive limestone. 782. ELATERITE. Subterranean Fungus (fr. Derbyshire) Lister, Phil. Trans., 1673. Elastic Bitumen. Mineral Caoutchouc. Bitume elastique Delameth., J. de Phys., xxxi. 31, 1787. Elastic Bitumen ffatchett, Linn. Trans., iv. 146, 1797. Elastiches Erdpech Klapr., Beitr., m. 107, 1802. Elastisches Erdharz Germ. Elaterit, Fossiles Erdharz, Hausm., Handb., i. 87, 1813. Massive, amorphous. G.=0'905 1-233, fr. Derbyshire. Soft, elastic, sometimes adhering to the fingers (a) ; also moderately soft and elastic ; much like india-rubber (>) ; and occasionally hard and brittle (c), imbedded in the softer kinds. Color brown, usually dark brown. Subtranslucent ; sometimes dark orange-red by transmitted light. Oomp., etc. Johnston analyzed the three kinds, o, &, c, separately. He mentions the action of ether only on the &, from which it separated but 18 p. c. of the mass; and the two analyses given are those of the undissolved material Analyses : C H 1 () 85-474 13-283=98-757. 2 (&) 84-385 12-576=96-961. 3 (&) 83-671 12-535=96-206. 4 (c) 85-958 12-342=98-300. 5 (c) 86-177 12-423=98-600. He states that the loss hi a and c may be partly or wholly oxygen, and that in the case of c, or the insoluble residue, 3-3-8 p. c. is oxygen. He thus leaves the constitution of elaterite in doubt. It appears to be partly a carbohydrogen near ozocerite, and partly an oxygenated insolu- ble material. Mr. Henry, Jr., found 36 to 40 p. c. of oxygen (J. de Ch. Medicale, L 18): but hia results, as Johnston observes, are evidently untrustworthy. It is found at Castleton in Derbyshire, in the lead mine of Odin, along with lead ore and calcite, in compact renifonn or fungoid masses, and is abundant. Also reported from St. Bernard's Well, SIMPLE HYDROCARBONS. 735 near Edinburgh; Chapel quarries in Fifeshire ; a coal mine at Montrelais, at the depth of 230 feet ; and, according to Hausmann (Handbuch, iii. 273), at Neufchatel, and on the island of Zante. A similar material in external characters has been met with at Woodbury, Ct. 783. SETTLING STONES RESIN (New Mineral Resin (fr. Settling Stones) J. F. W. Johnston, Edinb. J. Sci.. II. iv. 122, 1831, Phil. Mag., III. xiv. 88, 1839. Elaterite?) In the form of drops, more or less rounded, or flattened, as if once fluid or soft, and found incrusting the rocky walls of a vein at an old lead mine in Northumberland, known by the name of Settling Stones, resting on and occa- sionally covered by calcite and pearl spar ; the rock is the Mountain limestone (Subcarboniferous). It is hard, brittle under the hammer, but difficult to reduce to powder; 0- =1-16 1-54; color from pale yellow to deep red; a pale green opalescence ; does not melt at 205 C. Burns in the flame of a candle. Yery slightly acted upon by alcohol. COMP., ETC. 0. ratio for ^, H=nearly 2 : 3 (?) ; an analysis affording Johnston (1. c.) : Carbon 85*133 Hydrogen 10-853 Ash 3-256=99-242. But Johnston adds: "It is therefore doubtful whether this resinoid substance contains oxygen or not. It may be only an impure carbo-hydrogen." It is very slightly acted upon by alcohol. Gives empyreumatic products when fused in a closed tube. It has close relations to elaterite. FICHTELITE GROUP. The Fichtelite group, according to the analyses, belongs to the Camphene series of hydrocarbons, the general formula for which is O n H 2 n -4. Petrolene, or more correctly the petrolene group of oils, has been referred to the Camphene series ; and should constitute a group preceding the Fichtelite group, if the analyses were made on pure species, and are to be credited. See p. 729. 784. FICHTELITE. Tekoretin Forchh., Vid. Selsk. Afh. Copenh., 1840, J. pr. Ch., 459, 1840 Fichtelit Bromeis, Ann. Ch. Pharm., xxxvii. 304, 1841 ; T. K Clark, Ann. Ch. Pharm., ciii. 236, 1857, Am. J. Sci, II. xxv. 164. Monoclinic. #=53, / A 7=83 and 97 ; /A i4 =131 30', A ^=127, A 1^=105, i-i A \4 =128, Clark. Crystals lengthened in the direction of the orthodiagonal. H.=l. Lustre somewhat greasy. Color white. Translucent. Brittle. Without taste or smell. Distils over without decomposition. Solidifying temperature 36 C. Easily soluble in ether ; less so in alcohol. Oomp., Van, etc. Ratio of -G, H=5 : 8=Carbon 88-35, hydrogen 11-65. Analyses : 1, Bro- meis (L c.) ; 2, Clark (1. c.) ; 3, Forchhammer (L c.) : 616 \ / ' 1 f* / \ C 1. Redwitz 87'95 2. " (f) 87-13 3. Tecoretin 85*89 H 10-70=98-65 12-86=99-99 12-81=98-70 Melting T. 46 46 45 Boiling T. above 320 360 Bromeis. Clark. Forchh. Decomposed by anhydrous sulphuric acid ; also by heated fuming nitric acid ; soluble in cold nitric. Clark, after a revision of the investigations on fichtelite and the related resins, concludes that there is no doubt of the identity of the substance analyzed by him with Bromeis's fichtelitc, and deduces the empirical formula 6 5 H 8 . 736 HYDKOCAKBON COMPOUNDS. The mineral occurs in the form of shining scales, flat crystals, and thin layers between the rings of growth and throughout the texture of pine wood (identical in species with the modern Finns sylvestris) from peat beds in the vicinity of Redwitz, in the Fichtelgebirge North Bavaria. The crystals described by Clark (f. 616) were obtained artificially by means of ether and alcohol. An oily substance was extracted by Schrotter by means of ether from wood of the same peat bed which afforded the fichtelite ; and this solution yielded two substances, one of which was an oil regarded by him as identical with fichtelite in ratio; it gave on analysis, Carbon 88*58, hvdrogen 1 1-34=99-42. The other substance was crystallized and contained oxygen. Tecoretin was obtained from pine trees of the same species in marshes near Holtegard in Den- mark The resin from the wood, first observed by Steenstrup, was found by Forchhammer, after dissolving it in boiling alcohol to contain two substances crystallizing from the solution at differ- ent temperatures. The tecoretin was the least soluble of the two, or that which crystallized out first (the other was his phylloretin, see p. 737) ; its crystallization was monodinic, and its fusing point 45. From the analysis Clark writes the empirical formula -6H 2 ; but states that the mineral resembles fichtelite hi every other respect. 785. HARTTTB. Hartit Raid., Fogg., liv. 261, 1841. Branchite Savi, Cimento, i. 342, Jahrb. Min. 1842, 459. Monoclinic. Kesembling fichtelite in crystalline form, lustre, color, translucency, and the reactions with alcohol, ether, and the acids. But melts at 74r-75 C. Boiling temperature very high. Comp., etc. Ratio of , H=12 : 20=Carbon 87'8, hydrogen 12-2. Analyses: 1. Schrotter (Pogg., lix. 37); 2, Firia (Cimento, i. 346, Jahresb. 1855, 984): C H 1. Hartite 87*47 12-04 = 99-51 Schrotter. 2. Branchite 87 '0 13-4=100'4 Piria, Piria's analysis corresponds nearly with the ratio 9:16. Obs. Hariite is found in a kind of pine, like fichtelite, but of a different species, the Pence acerosa Unger, belonging to an earlier geological epoch. It is from the brown coal beds of Ober- hart, near Gloggnitz, not far from Vienna. Reported also from Rosenthal near Koflach in Styria, and Pravali in Carinthia. It occurs among the layers or tissues of the wood, and also in clefts in the coal or lignite. Branchite is colorless and translucent, with Gr. = l'0442, and comes from the brown coal of Mt. Vaso in Tuscany. It is soluble in alcohol, like hartite. 786. DINITE Meneghini (Gaz. Med. Italiana, Fircnze, Toscana, July, 1852). Occurs as an aggregation or druse of crystals ; cleavage none ; with the appearance of ice, but with a yellow tinge due to a foreign substance. Inodorous ; tasteless ; fragile, and easily reduced to powder. Insoluble in water ; little soluble in alcohol, very soluble in ether and in sulphuret of carbon. The ethereal solution on standing deposits large crystals of the dinite. Fuses with the warmth of the hand ; heated in a close vessel distils over without undergoing any sensible decomposition. When melted it looks like a yellowish oil ; crystallizes in large transparent crystals on cooling. From a lignite deposit at Lunigiana, Tuscany, where it was found by Prof. Dini. 787. IXOLYTE (Ixolyt Raid., Fogg., Ivi. 345, 1842). Amorphous. H. = 1. G-. = 1'008. Lustre greasy. Color hyacinth-red. Pulverized in the fingers, it becomes ochre-yellow and yel- lowish-brown. Thin fragments subtranslucent. Fracture imperfect conchoidal in the purer varieties. Soaens at 76 C., but is still tenacious at 100 C., whence the name, from if 6s. gluey. likelirdUme, and Aiiw, to dissolve. This species is said to resemble hartite, though differing in the temperature of fusion and other characters. It occurs in a coal bed at Oberhart, near Gloggnitz ; pieces sometimes half an inch thick, associated with hartite. SIMPLE HYDROCARBONS. BENZOLE GROUP. C H G. Boiling T. e 6 H 8 =92-31 7-69=100 0-85 at 15-5 C. 82 C. e, H, =91-30 8-70=100 0-88 at 5 Ill ^ 8 H 10 =90-57 9-43=100 0-86 at 19 139 69 H ia =90-00 10-00=100 0-87 148 10 H 14 =89-55 10-45=100 0-86 at 14 175 Oily fluids at the ordinary temperature. General formula O n H 2n -6. Soluble in alcohol and ether. The species observed in nature, which include all those known of the Benzole series, are the following : 788. BENZOLE 789. TOLUOLE 790. XYLOLE 791. CUMOLE 792. CYMOLE "W. de la Eue and H. Miiller detected in 1856, in Eangoon tar, the first three of the above species, with another designated pseudocumole (isocumole). In 1860 Bussenius and Eisenstuck (Ann. Ch. Pharni., cxiii. 151) announced xylole as present in the petroleum of Sehnde in Hanover; and the same year (ib., cxv. 19) Pebal and Freund detected ah 1 the above five species of the series in the naphtha of Boroslaw in G-alicia. Warren and Storer also (Mem. Am. Ac. Boston, ix. 216) have detected xylole and " isocumole " in the Rangoon tar. None of the series were detected by Pelouze and Cahours in the Pennsylvania petroleum. These oils are produced in the destructive distillation, at high temperatures, of bituminous coals, fatty substances, etc. 793. KONLITE. (Fr. Uznach) Kraus, Pogg., xliii. 141, 1838. Konlit (fr. ib.) Schrotter, ib., lix. 37, 1843 ; (fr. Eedwitz) v. Trommsdorff, Ann. d. Pharm., xxi. 126. Konlemit Hausm., Handb., 1487, 1847 ; Kenngott, Ber. Ak. Wlen, xiv. 272, Min. d. Schweiz, 419, Leipzig, 1866. In folia and grains ; amorphous ; stalactitic. Soft. G.=0'88, Trommsdorff. Color reddish-brown to yellow. Melt- ing point 114 C., Kraus ; 107|- , Trommsdorff. Distils at 200, undergoing decomposition at the same time, and leaving a brown residue. very slightly soluble in cold and hot alcohol ; much more soluble in ether ; the latter solution affording wax-like folia. Oomp. Ratio of 6, H=l : 1; n(6 6 H 6 ) or a polymere of benzole. Fritzsche makes the formula 18 H 18 =3 (6 H 6 ). (Bull Ac. St. Pet., iii. 88, 1860.) Analyses: 1, Kraus (L c.); 2, v. Trommsdorff (1. c.) : C H 1. Uznach, Switz. 92-429 7-571=100 Kraus. 2. Redwitz, Bavaria 90'90 7 '58=98-48 Trommsdorff. The Redwitz mineral may be a different species. Konlite, unlike scheererito, is changed by distillation, yielding a substance which melts by the warmth of the hand. For this product Krauss proposed the name pyroscheererite. In brown coal at Uznach, at the same locality with scheererite ; near Redwitz, Bavaria, in the Fichtelgebirge, with fichtelite ; reported by Kenngott from the brown coal of Fossa in the Eger valley (Ueb., 1850-'51, 147). Named after Konlein, formerly superintendent of the coal works at Uznach. PHYLLORETIN of Forchhammer (J. pr. Ch., xx. 459, 1840) is near the above, and is made identi- cal with it by Fritzsche. It was obtained from an alcoholic solution of a resin from the marshes near Holtegard in Denmark ; the more soluble of the two resins obtained (see p. 736) being the phylloretin. Fusing point 86-87. Dissolves easily in alcohol. Forchhammer obtained Carbon 90-22, 90-12, hydrogen 9'22, 9'26 ; and deduces for the ratio of , H, 8 : 10. 47 738 HYDEOCABBON COMPOUNDS. 794. NAPHTHALIN. Orthorhombic. Commonly, as artificially prepared, in rhombic tables of 122 and 78 with the acute angles truncated, or hexagonal tables. Lustre brilliant. Color white. G.=1'153 at 18 C. ; 0-9778, at 79*2 C., Kopp. ; at which temperature it melts. Boiling point 218 C. Dissolves readily in alcohol, ether, oil of turpentine, fatty oils, etc. Oomp. etc.-6 10 H 8 =Carbon 93-75, hydrogen 6-25=100. The first of the NapUhalin series, the general formula for which is H 2n _ 12 . Burns with a dense smoking flame. Obs. Found sparingly hi Rangoon tar, by De la Eue and Miiller, and by Warren and Storer. Artif. Formed easily from petroleum, coal-naphtha, essential oils, on passing them through red-hot tubes. 795. IDRIALTTB. Quecksilberbranderz pt. Idrialine (fr. Idria) Dumas, Ann. Ch. Phys., 1. 360, 1832. Idrialite Schrotter, Baumg. ZS., iii. 245, iv. 5. In the pure state crystalline in structure. Color white. In nature found only impure, being mixed with cinnabar, clay, and some pyrite and gypsum in a brownish-black earthy material, called, from its^ combustibility and the presence of mercury, inflammable cinnabar (Quecksilberbranderz). Comp., etc. Dumas separated the idrialite by treatment with oil of turpentine. Analyses : 1, Dumas (1. c.); 2, 8, Schrotter (1. c.): Carbon 94'9 94-50 94'80 Hydrogen 5'1 D. 5-19 Schr. 5-49 Schr. Corresponding to the ratio for 7, H about 3 : 2= Carbon 94-74, hydrogen 5-26=100. Insolu- ble in water, and little so in alcohol or ether. Fuses at 205 C. Schrotter found in one specimen of the crude mineral 77-32 idrialite, 17-85 cinnabar, and 2-75 of other impurities. Bodecker (Ann. Ch. Pharm., Hi. 100, 1844) obtained for the composition of a substance he derived from the crude material, () Carbon 91'83, hydrogen 5'30, oxygen 2'87=100, correspond- ing to C" H w (or an oxydized idrialite). He derived it from the ore by sublimation in an atmo- sphere of carbonic acid. Bodecker states that a black material obtained from the condensation- chambers at Idria afforded a substance which has the composition of Dumas's idrialite ; and this he calls IdryZ, supposing it to be the radical of his own idrialite. II. OXYGENATED HYDKOCAKBONS. 796. GEOCERITE. Geocerain L. Bruckner^ J. pr. Ch., Ivii. 14, 1852. Wax-like. Color white. Not observed to crystallize from its solution in alcohol. Melting point near 80 C. ; after fusion solidifies as a yel- lowish wax, hard but not very brittle. Soluble in alcohol of 80 p. c. JN ot acted upon by a hot solution of potash. Oomp. 6 38 H 6fl O a , Bruckner = Carbon 79-24, hydrogen 13-21, oxygen 7-55=100. Analyses : .Bruckner (L c.) : C H 79-06 13-13 [7-811=100. 79-16 13-01 [7-83]=100. ObB. From the same dark-brown brown coal of Gesterwitz that afforded the geomyricite (p. OXYGENATED HYDROCARBONS. 739 739), and from the same solution. The solution, after yielding the geomyricite, and next on adding a hot solution of acetate of lead, a precipitate of a salt of lead and " geocerinsaure " finally afforded, on filtering the hot solution, the geocerite in the state of a jelly, which on drying became a white foliated mass. The distillation product obtained from the same dark -brown brown coal, tallow-like in consist- ence (but in pearly crystals from a subsequent alcoholic solution) afforded Carbon 83-82, hydro- gen 14'01, oxygen [2-17], corresponding to the formula <3 66 H 110 0, as if derived, as follows a? Bruckner states, from the above: 2 (O 28 H 58 2 ) -(& O 2 + H 2 O)=e 65 H 110 O. It is identica\ with the distillation product from the yellowish-brown brown coal of the same locality. Named from yn, earth, and tripos, wax. 797. GEOMYRICITE. Geomyricin L. Bruckner, J. pr. Oh., Ivii. 10, 1852. Wax-like. Obtained in a pulverulent form from a solution, the grains consisting (as apparent under a microscope) of acicular crystals. Color white. Melting point 80 83 C. After fusion has the aspect of a yel- lowish brittle wax. No action in a solution of potash. Soluble easily in hot absolute alcohol and ether, but slightly in alcohol of 80 p. c. Comp., etc. C 3 4 H 68 2 , Bruckner, = Carbon 80-59, hydrogen 13-42, 5*99=100. Analyses : OHO 1. G.=83 80-33 13-50 [6-17] 2. G.=83 79-97 12'85 [7-18J 3. G. = 80 80-21 13-24 [6-55] Burns with a bright flame. Bruckner observes that the composition is very near that of the Chinese wax, Palm wax (from the S. A. palm, Ceroxylon andicola), Carnauba wax (from the S. A. palm, Corypha cm/era), for which Lewy obtained C 36 H 72 2 =Carbon 80 4 59, hydrogen 13*42, oxygen 5*99=100. Obs. Occurs at the Gesterwitz brown coal deposit, in a dark brown layer, similar in most respects to the yellowish-brown which afforded the leucopetrite. Its very slight insolubility in alcohol of 80 p. c. enabled Bruckner to separate resins and other soluble ingredients present in the mass. L. Lesquereux states (priv. contrib.) that the brown coal beds of the basin in which Gesterwitz lies has afforded the palms Flabellaria latania and Phanicites GiebelianiiS, and per- haps others, though none has yet been reported from the particular bed at G-esterwitz. 798. COPALITE. Fossil Copal, Highgate Resin, Afltin, Min., 64, 1815. Retinite pt. Glock., Min., 372, 1831, Said,, Handb., 574, 1845. Fossil Copal J. F. W. Johnston, PhiL Mag., III. :riv. 87, 1839. Copaline Hausm., Handb., 1500, 1847. Like the resin copal in hardness, color, lustre, transparency, and difficult solubility in alcohol. Color clear pale yellow to dirty gray and dirty brown. Emits a resinous aromatic odor when broken. G.=l-010, Johnston; 1'05, Bastock ; 1*053, fr. E. Indies, Kenngott. Comp. Ratio for , H, O=40 : 64 : l=Carbon 85*7, hydrogen 1T4, oxygen 2-9=100. Anal- yses: 1, 2, Johnston (1. c.); 3, Duflos (Min. Unters., ii. 183): C H Ash 1. Yellow trp. 85-677 11 '476 2'847 =100 Johnston. 2. Gray 85-408 11*787 2'669 0-136=100 Johnston. 3. E. ladies 85'73 11'50 2*77 =100 Duflos. Volatilizes in the air by a gentle heat. Burns easily with a yellow flame and much smoke, and hardly any perceptible ash. Slightly acted upon by alcohol. Kenngott's mineral closely resembles the Highgate copalite in its honey-yellow color, and its action with heat and alcohol. Oba. From the blue clay (London clay) of Highgate Hill, near London, from whence it is called Highgate resin. It occurs hi irregular pieces of a pale honey-yellow color. 74:0 HYDKOCAEBON COMPOUNDS. 799. SUCCINITE. "HXwrpov Homer, etc. ? Avyriptov Theophr., Demostr. Ayyo6pioi Diosc., etc. Succinum, Electrum, Lyncurium, Flin., xxxvii. 11, 12, 13. Amber. Succin, Arabre, Fr. Bernsteiii Germ. Succinite pt. Bretth., Char., 75, 1820, 140, 1823. In irregular masses, without cleavage. H.=2 2-5. G.= 1-065 1-081. Lustre resinous. Color yellow, some- times reddish, brownish, and whitish, often clouded. Streak white. Trans- parent translucent. Tasteless. Electric on friction. Fuses at 287 C., but without becoming a flowing liquid. Comp. Ratio for e, H, 0=40 : 64 : 4=Carbon 78-94, hydrogen 10'53, oxygen 10-58=100. Analysis : Schrotter (Pogg., lix. 64) : i C 78-824 H 10-228 10'9=100. But amber is not a simple resin. According to Berzelius (Lehrb., viii. 431, Pogg., xii. 419), it consists mainly (85 to 90 p. c.) of a resin which resists all solvents (properly the species succiaite), along with two other resins soluble in alcohol and ether, an oil, and 2 to 6 p. c. of succinic acid. Schrotter and Forchhammer state that after removing these soluble ingredients, true succinite has the ratio 40 : 32 : 4, which is the ratio deduced from the analyses of the whole mass, and which indicates that the mixed resins are polymeroua with succinite. Their nature has not been investigated. Amber is hardly acted on by alcohol. Burns readily with a yellow flame, emitting an agreeable odor, and leaves a black, shining, car- bonaceous residue. Obs. Amber occurs abundantly on the Prussian coast of the Baltic ; occurring from Dantzig to Memel, especially between Pillau and Dorfe G-ross-Hubnicken. It occurs also on the coast of Denmark and Sweden; in Galicia, near Lemberg, and at Miszau; in Poland; in Moravia, at Boskowitz, etc. ; in the Urals, Russia ; near Christiania, Norway ; in Switzerland, near Bale ; in France, near Paris, in clay, in the department of the Lower Alps, with bituminous coal, also in the department of 1'Aisne, de la Loire, du Grard, du Bas-Rhin. In England, near London, and on the coast of Norfolk, Essex, and Suffolk. It also occurs in various parts of Asia. Also near Catania, on the Sicilian coast, sometimes of a peculiar blue tinge. It has been found in various parts of the Green sand formation of the United States, either loosely imbedded in the soil, or engaged in marl or lignite, as at Gay Head or Martha's Vine- yard, near Trenton and also at Camden in New Jersey, and at Cape Sable, near Magothy river in Maryland. In the royal museum at Berlin there is a mass weighing 18 Ibs. Another in the kingdom of Ava, India, is nearly as large as a child's head, and weighs 2$ Ibs. ; it is intersected by veins of carbonate of lime, from the thickness of paper to one-twentieth of an inch. It is now fully ascertained that amber is a vegetable resin altered by fossilization. This is inferred both from its native situation with coal, or fossil wood, and from the occurrence of insects incased in it. Of these insects, some appear evidently to have struggled after being entangled in the then viscous fluid ; and occasionally a leg or wing is found some distance from the body, which had been detached in the effort to escape. Goppert has shown (Ber. Ak. Berlin, 1853, 450, Q. J. G-. Soc., x., Am. J. Sci., II. xviii. 287) that at least 8 species of plants besides the Pinites succinifer have afforded this fossilized resin, and he enumerates 163 species as represented by remains in amber. Besides pines, species of the family Abietinece, and Cupressinece, have prob ably contributed to it. Amber was early known to the ancients, and called uXwrpo*, ekctrum, whence, on account ot its electrical susceptibilities, we have derived the word electricity. It was named by some lyncu- rium, though this name was applied by Theophrastus also to a stone, probably to zircon or tour- maline, both minerals of remarkable electrical properties. Pliny mentions, as one proposed derivation of ekctrum, the fable, as he regards it, that the sisters of Phaethon, changed into poplars, shed their tears on the banks of the Eridauus (or Padus), and that these tears were called ekctrum, from the fact that the sun was usually called elector; as another, that it comes from Electrifies, the name of certain islands in the Adriatic; or another ekctrides, the name of certain stones in Britannia, from which it exudes. He gives it as his opinion that " amber is an exudation from trees of the pine family, like gum from the cherry, and resin from the ordinary pine ; " and, as proof that it was once liquid, alludes to the gnats, He observes that it had been long called succinum, because of this origin, " quod bons euccum prisci nostri credidere." He says that in his time it was " in request among women only," But "it had been so highly valued as an object of luxury that a very diminutive OXYGENATED HYDROCARBONS. 741 human effigy, made of amber, had been known to sell at a higher price than living men, even in stout and vigorous health." 799A. KRANTZITE (Fossiles Harz (fr. Nienburg), Krantzit, 0. Bergemann, J. pr. Ch., IxxvL 65). Essentially succinite. Occurs in small grains and masses of a light yellow or greenish-yellow color, but reddish or brownish externally. G. =0-968. Kather tender. Sectile and somewhat elastic. The exterior has G.=1'002. Comp. Analysis by Landolt (1. c.) afforded: Carbon 79-25 Hydrogen 10-41 Oxygen 10'34=100. Corresponding nearly to the formula 6 4 o H 64 4 . Only 4 p. c. soluble in alcohol, and 6 p. c. in ether ; and only softens in turpentine. In sul- phuric acid gives a brown solution. Fuses at 225 C., and becomes perfectly fluid at 288 ; and at a higher temperature yields gas and products of distillation. The ether solution affords a brownish amorphous substance, which is elastic like caoutchouc at 12, and fuses at 150. 800. WALCHOWITE. Bergpech pt. (fr. Walchow) Estner, Min., iii., Ite Abth., 114, 1800. Retinit von Walchow Schrotter, lix. 37, 1843. Walchowit Haid., Ueb., 1843, 99, Handb., 574, 1845. In yellow translucent masses, often striped with brown. Lustre resin- ous. Fracture conchoidal. Translucent to opaque. H.=l-5-2. G. = l-0-l-069 ; an opaque variety 1'035. Comp Ratio for -G, H, 0=40 : 64 : 8, Schrotter (Pogg., lix. 61) =80*41 C, 10-66 H, 8-93 0. Fuses to a yellow oil at 250 C., and burns readily ; becomes transparent and elastic at 140 C. But it is a mixture, as alcohol takes up 1'5 p. c., and ether 7*5 p. c.; the insolubk part may be identical with the preceding. Forms a dark brown solution in sulphuric acid. Obs. Occurs in brown coal at Walchow, in Moravia, and formerly called Retinite. Estner also mentions a honey-yellow resin from Uttigshof in Moravia (called Bernstein in the Abh. bohm. Ges., iii. 8), and another of a similar color, but a little greenish, from Litezko in Moravia. 801. BUCARAMANGITB. Resiue de Bucaramanga Boussingault, Ann. Ch. Phys., III. vi. 507, 1842. Resembles amber in its pale yellow color. G-. above 1. Comp. Ratio for 0, H, 0=42 : 66 : 2i=Carbon 82-7, hydrogen 10-8, oxygen 6-5=100. Insoluble in alcohol. In ether softens and becomes opaque. Fuses easily, and burns with a little smoky flame, leaving no residue. Yields no succinic acid. 802. AMBRITE. Ambrit (fr. N. Zealand) Hochstetter, v. Hau&r, Yerh. G. Reichs., Wien, 1861, 4. Amorphous. In large masses. H.=2. G.=:l-034r. Lustre greasy. Color yellowish-gray. Subtrans- parent. Strong electric on friction. Fracture conchoidal. Comp., etc. Ratio deduced for 0, H, 0=40 : 66 : 5=Carbon 76'88, hydrogen 10'54, oxy- gen 12-77. Yon Hauer makes the ratio 32 : 26 : 4, which is not nearer the analysis than the above. Analysis : R. Maly (1. c.) : C H Ash (1)76-53 10-58 12-70 0'19 Wholly insoluble in alcohol, ether, oil of turpentine, benzole, chloroform, and dilute acid. Burns with yellow smoking flame. The ash contains iron, lime, and soda. Obs. Occurs in masses as large as the head in the province of Auckland, N. Zealand. It much resembles the resin of the Dammcura Australia, which abounds on the island, and is often exported with it. 74:2 HYDKOCARBON COMPOUNDS. 803. BATHVILUTE. Bathvillite C. Gr. Williams, Ch. News, vii. 133, 1863. Torbanite pt Amorphous. Dull, and of a fawn-brown color, looking somewhat like wood in the last stage of decay. Opaque. G., after removing air of pores by air-pump, about 1 31. Very friable, but this characteristic may not be essential to the species. Insoluble in benzole. Torbanite has H.=2'25 ; G.=1'18, Heddle ; color clove-brown ; powder yellowish ; tough. Miller ; 2 A, same with ash excluded OHO Ash 1. BafhviUite 58'89 8'56 7'23 25'32 = 100. 1A. " 78-86 11-46 9-68 -=100. 2 Torlcmite 63-10 8'91 8'21 19-78=100. 2A. " 78-67 11-11 10-22 = 100. Williams refers here the torbanite analyzed by Miller. Other analyses of torbanite give less oxygen. The oxygen includes a little nitrogen and sulphur. Williams makes the formula -630, H 60 Os=Carbon 78-60, hydrogen 10'92, oxygen 10'48, agreeing hardly as well with the analyses as the above. Does not melt when heated. In a platinum crucible affords a fatty odor, and burns with a dense smoky flame. No action with moderately dilute nitric acid ; completely carbonized by con- centrated sulphuric acid. Obs. Bathvillite occurs in the torbanite or Boghead coal (of the Carboniferous formation), adjoining the lands of Torbanehill, in the grounds of Bathville, Scotland. It forms lumps which fill cavities in the torbanite. Other cavities are occupied by calcite, pyrite, etc. It may be an altered lump of resin ; or else material which has filtrated into the cavity from the surrounding torbanite. The analysis of Miller shows that some of the torbanite has the same composition. As proof of the absolute purity of the substances analyzed could not be had, the results are open to some doubt, as Williams observes. Yet the mode of occurrence of the bathvillite, and the nearness in composition of this insoluble substance to the equally insoluble succinite, favors the view that it is essentially a good species, and that its composition is not far from that above given. 804. TORBANTTB. Torbanite, although related to cannel coal, has a very nearly uniform com- position, according to all analyses thus far made, excepting that of Miller, and this composition ia like that of bathvillite, excepting less oxygen. It corresponds very nearly with the formula -G 4 o H 68 02-2&=Carbon 82-19, hydrogen 11-64, oxygen 6'17. The mean of five analyses (see p. 757) is, Carbon 81-15, hydrogen 11-48, with oxygen about 6-0, nitrogen 1-37 = 100 ; excluding the nitro- gen, C 82-28, H 11-54, 6-08=100. Taking the oxygen at 5'40 instead of 6'0 (see anal., 1. c.), the formula would become and little rounded masses seldom larger than a pea ; also at Newcastle. 815. STANEKITE. Part of Pyroretin of A. E. Beuss, Ber. Ak. Wien, xii. 651, 1854, J. pr. Ch., IxiiL 155 ; J. Stanek, ib. Stanekite Dana. Eesin-like. Not soluble in any fluid without decomposition, and not at HYDROCARBON COMPOUNDS. all in a solution of potash. Separated from the pyroretin of Eeuss by boiling alcohol, which leaves it behind. Oomp Eatio of e, H, O=39 : 44 : 6, Stanek,= Carbon 76-97, hydrogen 7-24 oxygen 15-79 = 100 Perhaps e, H, 0=40 : 44 : 6=Carbon 77'42, hydrogen 7-09, oxygen 15-48 = 100. Anal- ysis : Stanek (1. c.) : (|) 076-71 H7-30 015-99=100. When heated gives off the odor of succinic acid. Obs.-For locality and characters of the pyroretin of Reuss, affording the above, see p. 744. 816. ANTHRAOOXENITE. Part of Anthracoxen (fr. Brandeisl) Eeuss, T. Laurenz, Ber. Ak. Wien, xxi. 271, 1856, J. pr. Oh., Ixix. 428, 1856. Anthracoxenite Dana. Obtained as a black powder from a resin, by separating the remainder by means of ether, the anthracoxenite being insoluble in ether. Comp. Eatio of 6, H, O=40 : 38 : 7|. Analysis : Laurenz (1. c.) : (I) C 75-274 H 6-187 18-539. 11 p c of ash were separated. Not soluble in menstrua without decomposition. Obs. From a resin-like material, constituting layers 2 in. thick between layers of coal, m the coal beds of Brandeisl, near Schlan in Bohemia ; the mass is amorphous, and has H. = 2'5 ; G= 1-181- lustre externally weak adamantine; color brownish-black, hyacinth-red in thin splinters by transmitted light; streak dull, yellowish-brown ; fracture small-conchoidal ; easily rubbed to a fine powder ; fuses easily ; burns with a yellow smoking flame, and an odor not disagreeable. This substance was named anthracoxene by Reuss. The name is here appropriated to the part insoluble in ether. The soluble part is named schlanite (p. 745). 817. TASMANTTE. Resiniferous Shale (fr. Tasmania), Catal. Internat. Exhib., 1862. Tas- manite A. H. Church, Phil. Mag., IT. xxviii. 465, 1864. In disks or scales thickly disseminated through a laminated shale ; ave- rage diameter of scales about '03 in. H.=2. G.=1'18. Lustre resinous. Color reddish-brown. Translu- cent. Fracture conchoidal. Not dissolved at all by alcohol, ether, benzole, turpentine, or bisulphid of carbon, even when heated. Comp., etc. No action with muriatic acid. Slowly oxydized by nitric. Readily carbonized by sulphuric acid, with evolution of sulphuretted hydrogen. Alkalies in solution without action. Burns readily with a smoky flame and offensive odor ; fuses partially, yielding oily and solid pro- ducts, having a disagreeable smell. Ratio of O, H, 0, S=40 : 62 : 2 : l=Carbon 79*21, hydrogen 10*23, sulphur 5*28, oxygen 5'28=100, corresponding nearly to succinite, in which part of the oxygen is replaced by sulphur. Analysis: Church (L c.), after rejecting 8*14 p. c. of ash: 079-34 H 10-41 S 5'32 04-93 Obs. From the river Mersey, north side of Tasmania. The rock is called combustible shale. A caking bituminous coal from New Zealand, analyzed by C. Tookey in the laboratory of Prof. Percy (see anal. 18, p. 757), contained 2'37 p. c. of sulphur and no iron, the ash being peculiarly white; and Percy remarks (Met., 101, ,102) that the sulphur may have been present in a state similar to that in fibrine. The existence of a sulphur-bearing resin like the above from Tasmania renders it probable that the New Zealand coal is impregnated with a similar insoluble resin ; 2'37 p. c. of sulphur would correspond to the presence of about 44 p. c. of such a resin. 818. DYSODILE. (fr. Melili, Sicily) Paulo Boccone, Recherches et Obs. Nouv., etc., Amsterd., 1674. Dysodile Cordier, J. d. M., xxiii. 275, 1808. Merda di Diavolo Hal. Stinkkohle Germ. HouUle papyrace'e, Tourbe papyracee, Fr. ACID HYDROCARBONS. In very thin leaves or folia, flexible, slightly elastic. G. =1-14 1-25. Color yellow or greenish-gray. Streak shining. Comp., etc. Very inflammable, burning with a bright flame and an odor like that of asafcetida, leaving an ash in the form of laminae, consisting largely, as shown by Ehrenberg, of the siliceous shells of infusoria, especially of Naviculae. Delesse found (These anal. Chim., 1, 1843) a variety from Glimbach, near Giessen, to afford water and volatile matters 49-1, carbon 5*5, ash 45-4- of the last, 17-4 were soluble silica, 1TO sesquioxyd of iron, and 10-0 clay. Very probably near tasmanite, as Church suggests. Obs. Originally from Melili, Sicily, forming a coaly deposit, made up of very thin paper-like leaves, which had evidently been derived from the joint decomposition and alteration of vegetable and animal matter. Reported also from the lignite deposits of Westerwald near Holt ; of Sieg- berg to the north of Sept Montagues ; of Saint Armand in Auvergue ; Glimbach near Giessen ; but the real nature of none of these substances has been investigated. 819. HIRCITE. Hircine Piddington, Arch. Pharm., Ixxiv. 318, Kenng. Ueb., 1853, 134. Amorphous. G.=1'10. Color exteriorly brown, within yellowish-brown. Subtrans- lucent to opaque. Fracture conchoidal. Softens in boiling water, and then has the odor of a resin. In cold alcohol a little soluble ; in boiling about one-half, and the solution, which is gold-yellow, affords white flocks on cooling. Pyr., etc. In the flame of a candle fuses and burns with a yellowish flame, like a bituminous coal, and leaves a tough coaly globule of a peculiarly strong animal odor (whence the name, from hircus, a goat). After complete combustion, leaves an ash. In sulphuric acid soluble, and color of solution blood-red. 820. BAIKEEINITE. Part of Baikerit, Dickflussiges Harz, Hermann (see p. 733). A thick tar- like fluid at 15 0., and a crystalline granular deposit in a viscid honey-like mass at 10 C. Color brown. Translucent. Odor balsamic. Taste like that of wood-tar. Easily and perfectly soluble in alcohol and ether. The alcoholic solution becomes milky when diluted with water. Constitutes 32'61 p. c. of the baikerite. No analysis yet made. 820A. DOPPLEUITE of J. C. Deicke, B. H. Ztg., xvii. 383. (Not Dopplerite according to Kenng., Ueb. 1858, 141.) Grayish, earthy, plastic in the fingers when fresh; becoming dark reddish- brown to black on drying. Yields after drying, combustible substance 83*25, water 12'5, ash 4-25. Burns with a bright flame and intense heat, and differs from dopplerite in this respect, and also hi containing much less water. From a peat bed at Finkenbach in the Canton of St. Gall, Switzerland. III. ACID HYDEOCAEBOISrS. 821. BUTYRELLITE. Bog Butter Williamson, Ann. Ch. Phann., liv. 125, 1845. Butyrit Gloclcer, Syn., 9, 1847. Butyro-limnodic Acid Brazier, Chem. Gaz., 1852, 375. Butyrellite Dana. Crystallizable in needles. Butter -like in consistence. Color white. Melting point of impure native material 47, Brazier ; but of material after solution in alcohol 51, Luck; 52 52'7, Brazier. Easily soluble in alcohol or ether. Comp. O 3a H 4 4 , Brazier= Carbon 75-0, hydrogen 12'5, oxygen 12-6=100, and like palmitic 748 HYDROCABBON COMPOUNDS. acid in ratio. "Williamson gives the less probable formula 33 H 6 604- The following are Wil- liamson's analyses (1. c.): Nos. 1, 2, were the uncrystaUized butyrite; 3, that obtained by_ com- bination with potash (with which it forms a kind of soap) and a separation afterward by acid: OHO 1. UncrystaUized 78-78 12-50 2 " 73-89 12-37 13'74=100. 3'. From potash solution 75-05 12'56 12-39=100. Obs From the peat-bogs of Ireland. The name butyrite being used in chemistry for another substance, it is here changed to the form above. 822. GEOOERELLITE. Geocerinsaure Bruckner, J. pr. Ch., Ivii. 10, 1852. Geoceric Acid. Geocerellite Dana. Color white. Brittle, and easily pulverized. "No crystallization observed. Soluble freely in hot alcohol, and deposited from the solution as a jelly on cooling, with nothing crystalline under the microscope. Melting point 82 C. Comp. 038 H 68 04, Bruckner ; = Carbon 79-24, hydrogen 13-21, oxygen 7'55=100. Analysis : Bruckner (L c.) : (f) Carbon 78-61 Hydrogen 12-70 Oxygen 18-69 =100. The acid was separated by combination with lead by action with a hot solution of acetate of lead. Obs. Separated from the dark brown brown coal of Gesterwitz. See GEOCEEITE, p. 738. 823. BRUCZNERELLITE. Georetinsaure Bruckner, J. pr. Ch., Ivii. 5, 1852. Georetinic Acid. Briicknerellite Dana. Crystallizable in white needles from an alcoholic solution. Dissolves easily in boiling alcohol ; and, if the solution is a concentrated one, crystal- lizes out more or less completely on cooling. Comp. 624 H 44 O 8 , Bruckner, = Carbon 62-61, hydrogen 9-56, oxygen 27-83=100. The lead salt afforded Carbon 43-36, hydrogen 6-59, oxyd of lead 34-58, oxygen [15'47] = 100. Obs. Separated from the yellowish-brown brown coal of Gesterwitz. See LEUCOPETRITE, p. 743. 824. SUCOINELLITE. [Succinum] vertitur [by distillation] partim in oleum sui coloris, partim denique in candidum quiddam et tenue quod similitudinem quandam gerit speciemque salis, Agric., Nat. Foss., 233, 1546. Flos Succini Libav., Alchem. Tract., 399, 1597. Succinic Acid. Succinellite Dana. Orthorhombic. I A 7=120 18', A 1=129 45' ; a : I : 0=1-04:25 : 1 : 1-7425, Eamm. 1 : 1, bas.,=100 30', macr., 135, brack, 96 22'. H.=l. G.=1'55. Lustre vitreous. Colorless or white. An aromatic odor. Soluble in water. Comp. 4 H 6 4 = Carbon 40*7, hydrogen 5'1, oxygen 54-2=100. Evaporates at a low tem- perature, and on cooling condenses in crystals. Obs. Exists in amber, constituting 2 to 6 p. c. of the mass, and easily obtained from it by distillation. Its presence ready formed in this resin is shown by the fact that it may be separated either by water, ether, or alkalies, the amber being left after the treatment without its succinic acid. 825. RETINELLITE. Part of Bright Yellow Loam (fr. Bovey) so saturated with petroleum that it burns like sealing-wax, J. Mittes, Phil. Trans., li. 536, 1760 ; Bitumen from Bovey, Retin asphaltum, Hatchett, ib., 1804, 402 ; Retinite. Resin of Retin Asphalt, Retinic Acid, J. F. W. Johnston, PhiL Mag., III. xii. 560, 1838. Retinellite Dana. ACID HYDROCARBONS. 749 Kesin-like. Light brown. Begins to melt at 121 C., is perfectly fluid at 160, and gives off a resin-like odor at 100 0. Soluble in alcohol, still more freely in ether. Comp. 0. ratio for O, H, 0=21 : 28 : 3. Analysis: Johnston (L c.): C 76-86 H 8-75 14-39=100. Johnston describes salts of retinic acid with silver, lead, and lime. Obs. The retinasphalt of Hatchett, from the Tertiary coal of Bovey in Devonshire, from which alcohol separates the above species, occurs in roundish masses, having H.=l 2 "5 ; G-.= 1-135, Hatchett; lustre slightly resinous in the fracture, often earthy externally; color light yel- lowish-brown, sometimes green, yellow, reddish, or striped ; and is sub transparent to opaque ; often flexible and elastic when first dug up, though brittle on drying. Johnston, after drying the retinasphalt at 300 C., obtained (L c.) 53'92 p. c. of resin soluble in alcohol, 27 '45 of insoluble organic matter, and 13'23 of ash=100. The insoluble portion has not been investigated. Hatchett found (L c.) vegetable resin 55, bitumen 41 (the insoluble part, which he regarded as asphalt, and alludes to in the name retinasphalt), and earthy matter 3=99. A retinite from Halle afforded Bucholz (Schweig. J., i. 290, 1811) 91 parts soluble in absolute alcohol, and 9 parts insoluble. The former gives a yellowish-brown deposit on dilution, and is more soluble in boiling dilute alcohol than in cold ; and it is insoluble in pure ether and turpen- tine. The latter is also insoluble in ether. Both are soluble in alkalies, which would seem to indicate that they are acid in their relations. The resin fuses with more difficulty than most resins, blackens in the heat, and gives out a strong aromatic odor. By distillation yields a brown thick oil, some water containing a little acetic acid, besides carbonic acid and carburetted hydrogen. 826. DOPPLERITE. Dopplerit Said., Ber. Ak. Wien, ii. 287, 1849, lii. 281. Amorphous. In elastic or partly jelly-like masses. When fresh, brown- ish-black, with a dull brown streak and greasy subvitreous lustre ; and when in thin plates reddish-brown by transmitted light. H.=0-5. G.=l-089, Fcetterle. After drying, H.=2-2'5, GL =1-466, and lustre somewhat adamantine. Becomes elastic on drying from exposure to the air. Tasteless. Insoluble in alcohol or ether. Comp., etc. Ratio for -O, H, 0, nearly 10 : 12 : 5, from analyses 2, 3. An acid substance, or mixture of different acids, related to humic acid. Analyses : 1, Schrotter (Ber. Ak. Wien, ii. 287, 1849); 2, 3, F. Miihlberg (Jahrb. a. Reichs., xv. 283, 1865): C H N 1. Aussee 51-09 5-29 42'59 1-03=100 Schrotter. 2. " 55-94 5-20 38-86 =100 Miihlberg. 3. Obbiirg (|) 56'63 5-58 37 "79 =100 Miihlberg. From No. 1, 5-86 of ash are excluded ; from No. 2, 5'18 ; from 3, 5 to 14-2 p. c. All were dried. Schrotter found the loss of water 7 8 -5 p. c. ; and Miihlberg, at 110 C., for No. 2, 20'04 p. c. for an air-dried specimen; for 3, 81*8 p. c. for a jelly-like specimen, and 19'7 for an air-dried. In caustic potash soluble, with a residue of earthy matters. Obs. Found in peat-beds, near Aussee in Styria ; and in Gontin hi Appenzell, and Obbiirg, near Stansstad in Untermilden, Switzerland. Named after Bergrath Doppler, who was the first to bring the substance to notice. C. W. Glimbel has referred here (Jahrb. Min. 1858, 278) a substance from a peat-bed near Berchtesgaden. It is soft, plastic, elastic, black, of waxy lustre, tasteless ; on drying in the air it resembles compact coal, is brittle and velvet-black, and has H.=2'5, G. = 1'439, lustre vitreous, with powder brownish-black. The air-dried material loses, at 80 C., 12 p. c. of water. Unlike dopplerite, it burns with a bright yellow flame, is partially soluble in alcohol, and the alcoholic solution affords a resin (Kenng. Ueb., 1858, 142). A pitch-black coal-like substance from the peat-beds at Kolbenmoor, near Berchtesgaden, the same that are described by G-iimbel, related to dopplerite in composition, and in not burning with a flame when inserted in fragments in the flame of a candle, has been analyzed by C. Gilbert Wheeler (priv. contrib., dated Nuremberg, Jan. 23, 1866). It afforded him : 750 HYDROCARBON COMPOUNDS. 050-98 H5-36 N 3-74 36'U ash 3'78=100. It appears to be the same substance that is here partially described by Gumbel. Mr. Wheeler observes that it is found imbedded in, and entirely surrounded by, the peat ; and specimens show well the transition from peat to the coal-like substance. 827. MELANBLLITE. Part of Melanchym of Haid. (see p. 744). Melanellite Dana. Black and gelatinous, as obtained by Kochleder. Separated from roch- lederite, or the resinous ingredient of melanchyme, by dissolving the latter out by means of alcohol. Oomp etc The jelly-like mass gave on analysis, Carbon 67'14, hydrogen 4-79, oxygen 28-07-100 corresponding to the ratio 48 : 40 : 15=Carbon 67'3, hydrogen 4% oxygen 28-0 = 100 The ratio 48 40 : 16=12 : 10 : 4 affords the percentage C 66-1, H 4'6, 29-3=100. The substance is regarded by Eochleder as an acid related to ulmic acid. But, as it was not combined with a base before analysis, there is no proof of its purity. On the locality and material affording this acid, see ROCHLEDERITE, p. 744. IY. SALTS OF OKGAlSriC ACIDS. 828. MELLITE. Honigstein (fr. Thuringia) Wern., Bergm. J., 1789, i. 380, 395. Honigstein Karst., Mus. Lesk., ii. P. 1, 335, 1789. Succin transparent en cristaux octaedres, Pierre de miel, v. Born, Cat. de Raab, ii. 90, 1790. Mellites Gmelin, Linn. Syst, iii. 282, 1793. Meliilite Kii-wan, Min., ii. 68, 1796. Mellite H., iii. 1801. Honigstein, Melilithus,=:Honigsteinsaure (Acidum melilithicum)+Alaunerde+Wasser, Klapr., Ak. Berlin, 1799, Beitr., iii. 114, 1801. Tetragonal. A 1=33 29' ; #= 0-7454:4:5, Kokscharof. Occurs in octahedrons, with often the planes i-i truncating the basal angles; and sometimes the terminal angle and basal edges truncated, the occurring planes being 0, /, i-i, 1. 1 A 1, pyr.,=118 16', basal, = 93 H' ; 1 A i-i= 121 52'. Cleavage : octahedral, very indistinct. Also in massive nodules, granular in structure. H.=2 2-5. G.=l-55 1-65; 1-636 1/64:2, Kenngott. Lustre resinous, inclining to vitreous. Color honey-yellow, often reddish or brownish; rarely white. Streak white. Transparent translucent. Fracture con- choidal. Sectile. Comp. 3tl M 3 + 18 H=Mellitic acid 40-53, alumina 14-32, water 4515. Analyses : 1, EUaproth (Beitr., iii. 114); 2, Wohler (Pogg., vii. 325) ; 3, J. v. Iljenkof (Koksch., iii. 217): Melliticacid 46 41'4 42'36 Alumina 16 14'5 14-20 Water 38=100 K. 44-1 = 100 "W. 44-161. Pyr., etc. Whitens in the flame of a candle, but does not take fire. Dissolves in nitric acid ; decomposed by boiling water. In a matrass yields water. Obs. Occurs in brown coal at Arten in Thuringia ; at Luschitz near Bilin in Bohemia ; near Walchow in Moravia; in the Govt. of Tula, Russia in Europe ; Nertschinsk, beyond Lake Baikal. 829. PIGOTTTE Johnston (Phil. Mag., III. xvii. 382). A salt of alumina and an organic acid called mudescous acid by Johnston. Composition 4 3tl+e,H lo 4 (the acid) + 27 ft. Formed on granite, in Cornwall, from the action of wet vegetation. Reported also from Wicklow (Ch. Gaz., 1852, 378). 829A. ORGANIC SALTS OP IRON. Native compounds of iron and organic acids have been indicated by Berzelius and other chemists as common in marshes. But none of them has yet been properly investigated, the kinds of acids, as well as the proportions of acid to bases, being undetermined. ASPHALTUM. 751 APPENDIX TO HYDROCARBONS. 830. ASPHALTUM. *A} Kanvov [=Coal-like Sub- stances which have in them more of earth than of smoke or fire] Aristot., MercoipoAoy., iv. 9. E w (river Pontus in Thrace) nvas MBovs oi xaiovrai [=Certain stones which burn] Aristot., Uepl Qnvfji. 'AKot>ariv evOiif tu0pa*aj ruv epvirrofiivuv (? dpvTTOftivuv) 6ia rriv %pa'as slffi yeJ?, etc. [=Those (of minerals) dug for use, which are called simply coals, are earthy, but will kindle and burn like charcoal] (fr. Liguria), Theophr., xvi. (in Schneider's edit.), 315 B.O. 'Evioi Je TUJV dpavffrwv dvOpaicovvTat rr) Kavvei Kal 6iafjiivovffi 7rAw %p6vov [ = Some brittle Stones become by burning like glowing coals, and remain so a long time] (fr. Bena hi Thracia, and the HTDKOCAKBON COMPOUNDS. promontory of Erineas) Theophr., xii. QpaKtas \iOo S Arisiot. Fayyfrw Was Strdbo Tayar^ Xifrs eoa,a f Xi'flos, Diosc., v. 145, 146. Thracius lapis, aetnma Sammothracia, Plin., xxxiii. 30, xxxvii. 67. Gagates Plin., xxxvi. 34. Steiukohle Germ. Houille, Charbon fossile, Fr. Mineral coal is made up of different kinds of hydrocarbons, with perhaps in some cases free carbon ; but the species have not yet been investigated. The distinguishing characters of mineral coal are as follows : Compact massive, without crystalline structure or cleavage ; sometimes breaking with a degree of regularity, but from a jointed rather than a cleavage structure. Sometimes laminated ; often faintly and delicately banded, successive layers differing slightly in lustre. 2; 0-5 2-5. G.=l 1'80. Lustre dull to brilliant, and either earthy, resinous, or submetallic. Color black, grayish-black, brownish-black, and occasionally iridescent ; also sometimes dark brown. ^ Opaque. Fracture conchoidal uneven. Brittle; rarely somewhat sectile. Without taste, except from impurities present. Insoluble in alcohol, ether, naphtha, and benzole, excepting at the most 2 or 3 p. c. (rarely 10 ?) ; usually less than 1 p. c. Insoluble in a solution of potash. Infusible to subfusible ; but often becoming a soft, pliant, or paste-like mass when heated. On distil- lation most kinds afford more or less of oily and tarry substances, which are mixtures of hydrocarbons and paraffin. Var. The variations depend partly (1) on the amount of the volatile ingredients afforded on destructive distillation ; or (2) on the nature of these volatile compounds, for ingredients of similar composition may differ widely in volatility, etc. ; (3) on structure, lustre, and other physical characters. 1. ANTHRACITE (Anthracit Karst., Tab., 58, 96, 1808. Glanzkohle Germ.). H.=2 2-5. G.= 1-32 1-7, Pennsylvania; 1-81, Ehode Island; 1'26 1'36, South Wales. Lustre bright, often submetallic, iron-black, and frequently iridescent. Fracture conchoidal. Volatile matter after drying 3 to 6 p. c. Burns with a feeble flame of a pale color. The anthracites of Pennsylvania contain ordinarily 85 to 93 per cent, of carbon ; those of South Wales, 88 to 95; of France, 80 to 83 ; of Saxony, 81 ; of southern Russia, sometimes 94 per cent. Anthracite graduates into bituminous coal, becoming less hard and containing more volatile matter ; and an intermediate variety is called free-burning anthracite. 2. Native Coke. More compact than artificial coke, and some varieties afford considerable bitu- men. From the Edgehill mines, near Richmond, Ya., according to Genth, who attributes its ori- gin to the action of a trap eruption on bituminous coal. BITUMINOUS COALS (Schwarzkohle ffausm., Handb., 73, 1813. Steinkohle pt. Germ.). Under the head of Bituminous Coals,^a number of kinds are included which differ strikingly in the action of heat, and which therefore are of unlike constitution. They have the common characteristic of burning in the fire with a yellow, smoky flame, and giving out on distillation hydrocarbon oils or tar, and hence the name bituminous. The ordinary bituminous coals contain from 5 to 15 p. c. (rarely 16 or 17) of oxygen (ash excluded); while the so-called brown coal or lignite con- tains from 20 to 36 p. c., after the expulsion, at 100 C., of 15 to 36 p. c. of water. The amount of hydrogen in each is from 4 to 7 p. c. Both have usually -a bright, pitchy, greasy lustre (whence often called Pechkohk in German), a firm compact texture, are rather fragile compared with anthracite, and have G. = T14 1*40. The brown coals have often a brownish-black color, whence the name, and more oxygen, but in these respects and others they shade into ordinary bituminous coals. The ordinary bituminous coal of Pennsylvania has G. = 1'26 1-37 ; of Newcastle, England. 1'27 ; of Scotland, 1-27 1-32; of France, 1 -21-3 3; of Belgium, 1-27 1 -3. The most prominent kinds are the following: 3. CAKING COAL. A bituminous coal which softens and becomes pasty or semi-viscid in the fire. This softening takes place at the temperature of incipient decomposition, and is attended with the escape of bubbles of gas. On increasing the heat, the volatile products which result from the ultimate decomposition of the softened mass are driven off, and a coherent, grayish-black, cellular, or fritted mass (coke) is left. Amount of coke left (or part not volatile) varies from 50 to 85 p. c. A caking coal will lose its caking quality if kept heated for 2 or 3 hours at 300 C., and sometimes ^on mere exposure for a time to the air. MINERAL COAL. Y55 4. NON-CAKING COAL. Like the preceding in all external characters, and often in ultimate composition ; but burning freely without softening or any appearance of incipient fusion. Per- centage of volatile matter same as for caking coal, but the coke is not a proper coke being in pow- der, or of the form of the original coal. There are all gradations between caking and non-caking bituminous coals. In external char- acters the two kinds are alike. They often break into layers : and there is besides a horizontal banding arising from a succession of very thin non-separable layers, slightly differing in lustre or shade of color. Cherry coal or soft coal (of England) is a non-caking coal igniting well and burn- ing rapidly, while splint or hard coal ignites less readily, burns less rapidly, owing to the smaller amount of volatile matter. Coals which do not cake on burning are called free-burning coals, while the caking are called binding coals.. 5. CANNEL COAL (Parrot Coal). A variety of bituminous coal, and often caking ; but differing from the preceding in texture, and to some extent in composition, as shown by its products on distillation. It is compact, with little or no lustre, and without any appearance of a banded structure ; and it breaks with a conchoidal fracture and smooth surfaces ; color dull black or grayish-black. On distillation it affords, after drying, 40 to 66 of volatile matter, and the material volatilized includes a large proportion of burning and lubricating oils, much larger than the above kinds of bituminous coal ; whence it is extensively used for the manufacture of such oils. It graduates into oil-producing coaly shales, the more compact of which it much resembles. The original Parrot coal is a cannel from near Edinburgh, which burns with a crackling noise, whence the name (Percy) ; and Horn coal, a kind from South Wales, which emits when burning something of the odor of burning horn. 6. TORBANITE. A variety of cannel coal of a dark brown color, yellowish streak, without lustre, having a subcouchoidal fracture ; H.=r2'25 ; G. = 1'17 1-2. Yields over 60 p. c. of volatile mat- ter, and is used for the production of burning and lubricating oils, paraffin, illuminating gas. Named from the locality at Torbane Hill, near Bathgate hi Linlithgowshire, Scotland. Alan called Boghead Cannel (see p. 742). 7. BROWN COAL (Braunkohle Germ., Pechkohle pt. Germ., Lignite). The prominent character- istics of brown coal have already been mentioned. They are non-caking, but afford a large proportion of volatile matter. They are sometimes pitch-black (whence Pechkohle pt. Germ.), but often rather dull and brownish-black. G-.=1'15 1'3 ; sometimes higher from impurities. It is occasionally somewhat lamellar in structure. Brown coal is often called lignite. But this term is sometimes restricted to masses of coal which still retain the form of the original wood. Jet is a black variety of brown coal, compact in texture, and taking a good polish, whence its use in jewelry. 8. EARTHY BROWN COAL (Erdige Braunkohle) is a brown friable material, sometimes forming layers in beds of brown coal. But it is in general not a true coal, a considerable part of it being soluble in ether and benzole, and often even in alcohol ; besides affording largely of oils and paraffin on distillation. For a notice of " coal " of this kind see under LEUCOPETRITE, p. 743. Such a coal is sometimes called wax coal and paraffin coal (Wachskohle, Paraffinkohle, Germ.). See also BATHVILLITE, p. 742. 9. MINERAL CHARCOAL. Fibrous charcoal-like substance often found covering the surfaces between layers of coal, and observed in coal of all ages. It is soft, and soils the fingers like charcoal. One variety of it is a dry powder. Oomp. Most mineral coal consists mainly, as the best chemists now hold, of oxygenated hydro- carbons. On page 742 it is shown that the kind of cannel coal called torbanite and the sub- stance bathvillite are closely related in composition, as well as insolubility, to the species of the Succinite group ; and it is probable that other cannel coals contain this or some related compound ; and that oil-producing (not oil-bearing) shales include a similar kind of hydrocarbon. The ordinary bituminous coals often have 10 to 15 p. c. of oxygen, and may be of analogous composition, though differing much in the precise constitution of these hydrocarbons, some containing such as produce a pasty fusion or incipient decomposition when heated (caking), and others such as undergo no Bemi-fusion (non-caking). The brown coals, in which there are 20 to 35 p. c. of oxygen, must include other kinds of oxygenated hydrocarbons, of the insoluble kinds. But microscopic exam- inations appear to show that woody fibre is present in it in various stages of alteration. Besides oxygenated hydrocarbons, there may also be present simple hydrocarbons (that is, con- taining no oxygen). This would seem to follow from the small percentage of oxygen (23 p. c.) in the Tyneside cannel, while the hydrogen is as large in amount as in any cannel or bituminous coals. And there are various bituminous coals, low in oxygen, that suggest the same conclusion. At pres- ent, however, chemistry knows of no simple hydrocarbons that are insoluble in naphtha and benzole. The presence of free carbon is naturally inferred from the composition of coals like the anthra- cites, which afford very little volatile matter. But even these coals contain ordinarily 1'5 to 2*5 p. c. of each oxygen and hydrogen ; and Berthelot holds that they are hydrocarbon compounds like other coals. It is remarkable that in one of the analyses of anthracite from Piesberg, Han- over (anal. 4), no oxygen whatever was found, while there were 2*23 p. c. of hydrogen. 756 HYDROCARBON COMPOUNDS. The portion of coal soluble in naphtha or benzole, although small in amount, indicates the pre- sence of other hydrocarbons simple or oxygenated oils or resins. Their nature remains to be ascertained Fyfe obtained by means of naphtha, from the Torbane mineral, 1-2 and 1-4 p. c. ; from cannel coal, 24 p. c. ; and from Newcastle caking, in three experiments, 4% 5'8, 9-8 p. c. of soluble material. These results do not accord with the ordinary statements with regard to the insolubility of coal, and the subject needs far more extended study. Under microscopic examination, when in thin slices, many bituminous coals (including most cannel coals the gas coals of Nova Scotia, Pelton, etc.) are seen to consist of three kinds of material, as first observed by Button (Geol. Soc. London, 1832-33), and further more particularly by Dr. Aitken of Glasgow (Ronalds & Richardson, Chem. Techn., i. 778). (1) An opaque black substance, which is insoluble in acids as well as other menstrua, and, as suggested, may be free carbon (?). It is stated to be the main constituent of anthracite. (2) A yellow or reddish resin -like substance, which is translucent or transparent, volatile by heat, and insoluble in naphtha, muriatic and nitric acids. (3) Earthy matter, which is more or less soluble in water, and is earthy impurity. The resin-like material, No. 2, may well be a species of the Succinite group (see above). In many pitchy bituminous coals it is impossible to make out the structure here described, on account of their opacity. Some Nova Scotia coal contains yellow matter, which is soluble in ether, and slightly so in turpentine and nitric acid ; and the same is true of that of the Pelton coal ' Many brown coals, as the Bovey, show the structure above described. Coals often contain resins disseminated in visible points through the mass, which may or may not be of soluble kinds. Sulphur is present in nearly all coals. It is supposed to be usually combined with iron, and when the coal affords a red ash on burning, there is reason for believing this true. But Percy mentions a coal from New Zealand (anal 18) which gave a peculiarly white ash, although containing 2 to 3 p. c. of sulphur, a fact showing that it is present not as a sulphid of iron, but as a constituent of an organic compound. The discovery by Church of a resin containing sul- phur (see TASMANITE, p. 746), gives reason for inferring that it may exist in this coal in that state, although its presence as a constituent of other organic compounds is quite possible. The presence of nitrogen, sometimes 2 p. c., proves the presence of nitrogenous hydrocarbons ; but of what nature is unknown. The above review of the composition of coal shows that as yet very little is known as to its actual constituents ; and that no analyses to determine them can be satisfactory which are not carried forward by the aid of the microscope, and by the preparatory separation of the coal into parts, as far as possible, by different menstrua, and the separate analyses of these parts. The impurities present, which constitute the ash of the coal, consist of silica or quartz, oxyd of iron, clay, and other aluminous silicates, or such ingredients as make up the mud and clay of fine soil or alluvium ; also some silica, potash, and soda, derived from the original vegetation. The ash in the purest mineral coal amounts to but 0'25 to 1 p. c. ; but in that which passes for the best there are ordinarily 5 to 8 p. c. ; and in most that is used for fuel there are 8 to 15 p. c. Analyses : Anthracite. 1, Regnault (Ann. d. M., III. xii.) ; 2-4, Hilkenkamp & Kempner (Steink. Deutschl., ii. 284, 1865) ; 5, Regnault (1. c.) ; 6, 7, J. Percy (Proc. G. Soc., i. 202, Metal'gy, 105, 1861). Caking coal 8-10, Stein (Steink. Sachs., 1857); 11, Regnault (1. c.); 12, 13, Dick (Percy's Met, 99); 14, C. Tookey (ib.); 15-17, Noad (ib.): 18, C. Tookey (ib.): 19-21, Regnault (1. c.); 22, 23, Marsilly (C. R., xlvi. 891). Non-caking. 24, Regnault (1. c.); 25, Nendtvich (Ber. Ak. Wien, 1851); 26, 27, A. Dick (Percy's Met., 102); 28, 29, Rowney (Edinb. N. Phil. J., ii. 141, 1855): 30, Stein (1. c.); 31-34, Marsilly (L c.); 35, E. Riley (Percy's Met., 102). Whether caking or not, not stated. 36-39, Fleck (Steink. Deutschl., ii. 272, 1865). Cannel coal. 40, Regnault (1. c.) ; 41, Vaux (J. Ch. Soc., i. 320) ; 42, Taylor (Edinb. N. PhiL J., 1. 145, 1851). Torbanite. 43, Anderson (Greg & Lettsom, Mm., 17); 44, Hofmann (ib.); 45, Stenhouse (ib.); 46, Fife (ib.); 47, Metter (J. pr. Ch., Ixxvii. 38). Brown coal. 48-51, Regnault (1. c.); 52, F. Vaux (J. Ch. Soc., v. 1, 318, 1849); 53, Nendtvich (Lc.); 54, Grager (Jahresb. 1848, 261); 55, Schrotter (Jahresb. 1849, 708); 56, Baer (Jahresb. 1852, 733); 57, F. Bischof (B. H. Ztg. 1850, 69); 58, Wagner (Polyt. Centralbl. 1847, 1496); 59, F. Bischof (1. c.); 60, Liebig (Kenngott, 1S52, 257); 61, Woskresseusky (ib ). Mineral charcoal. 62-65, Dr. Rowney (1. c.). AnUiracite. P. c., ash excluded. C H N Ash C H 1. a Wales, Anthr. 92-56 3'33 2'53 1-58 94-05 3-38 2'57 Regnault. 2. Piesberg, Hanover 90'40 1*90 1 73 6'04 96'14 2'02 l'84 n H. & K- MINERAL COAL. 757 C H N S Ash C H N Coke 3. Piesberg, Hanover 87-96 1-97 0-61 9'31 97-15 2-17 0-65 n H.&K. A (' " 9114 2-08 6-81 97-77 2-23 H. &K. 5. Pennsylvania 90-45 2-43 2-45 4'67 94-89 2-55 2'56 Rt. 6. " 92-59 2-63 1-61 0'92 2'25 94-72 2-69 2'58 n P. 7. 84-98 2-45 115 1'22 10'20 94-64 2-73 2'64 p. Caking Coals. 8. Zwickau 76-59 4-12 12-87 0'33 0'81 6'00 81-47 4-38 13-71 0'35 54-64 St. 9. " 72-27 4-16 10-73 0'34 0'88 12'50 82-59 4-76 12'26 0'39 77'29 St 10. Planifcz 81-23 4-43 9-86 0'21 0'55 425 84-84 4-63 10'74 0-23 63'89 St. 11. Epinac 81-12 5-10 11-25 2-53 83-22 5-23 11'55 63'6 Rt. 12. Northumberland 78-65 4-65 14-21 0'55 2'49 80-54 4-76 14-70" Dk. 13. 82-4-2 4-82 11-97 0'86 0'79 83-73 4-90 ll-37 n Dk. 14. 78-6!) 0-00 lo-OT 2-37 1-51 T36 81-01 6-17 10-38 2-44 T. 15. Blaina, S. W. 82-56 5-36 8'22 1'65 0'75 1-46 84-42 5-48 8'40 1-70 Nd. 16. " 83-44 5-71 5-93 1'66 0'81 2'45 86-25 5-90 6-13 1'72 Nd. 17. " 83-00 6-18 4-58 1-49 0'75 4'00 87-14 6-49 4-81 1'56 Nd. 18. N. Zealand 79-00 5-35 7-71 0'89 2'50 3'50 84-90 5-75 8-29 0'96 64-32 T. 19. Rive-de-Gier 82-04 5-27 9-12 3'57 85-08 5-46 9-46 n 72*0 Rt. 20. " 87-45 5-14 3-93 1'70 178 89-04 5-23 5-73 n 68'0 Rt. 21. Alais 89-27 4-85 4'47 1-41 90-55 4-92 4-53 n 78'0 Rt. 22. Valenciennes 84-84 5-53 6'83 2*80 87-28 5-69 7'03 n 67'75 M. 23. Pas-de-Calais 86-78 4-98 5'84 2'40 88-91 5-10 5-99 n 77'05 M. Non- Caking Coals. 24. Bianzy, France 76-48 5-23 16'01 2-28 78-26 5-35 16'39 n 57'0 R. 25. Hungary 0-74 1 55 78-37 3-92 17'70 n 70-60 Nh. 26. S. Staffordshire 76-40 4-62 l7-43 n 0'55 T55 77-68 4-69 17-62" Dk. 27. 72-13 4-32 17-ll n 0-54 6'44 77-32 4-67 17-99 Dk. 28. Scotland 76-08 5-31 13-83 2'09 1"23 1'96 78-59 5-49 13'77 2'15 Ry. 29. " 80-93 5-21 10-91 1'57 0'63 6'75 82-06 5-29 11-06 T59 Ry. 30. Zwickau 80-25 4-01 10-98 0'49 2'99 1'57 83-82 4-19 11-47 0'51 69'59 St. 31. Mons, France 82-95 5-42 10-93 0'70 83-53 5-46 11-01 63'58 M. 32. " " 82-91 5-22 10-13 T74 84-38 5-31 10-31 66'96 M. 33. Pas-de-Calais 82-68 4-18 4-54 8'60 90-46 4-57 4-97 87'62 M. 34. Valenciennes 90-54 3-66 2-70 3'10 93-44 3-78 2'78 93-17 M. 35. Dowlais, S. Wales 89-33 4-43 3'25 1'24 0'55 1'20 90-93 4-51 3-30 1'26 R. 36. Zwickau 80-47 5-54 12-55 1'44 81-65 5-62 12-73 n Fk. 37. " 75-59 2-90 14-44 7'06 81-34 3-18 15-48 Fk. 38. Lugau 76-75 4-85 13*48 4'92 80-72 5-10 14-72 Fk. 39. Littitz, Bohemia 75-69 4-89 16-33 3'08 78-09 5-05 16-86 Fk. Cannel Coal. 40. "Wigan 84-07 5-71 7'82 2'40 85-81 5-85 8'34 59'0 Rt. 41. " 80-07 5-53 8-10 2'12 1-50 2'70 82-29 5-68 8'31 Vx. 42. Tyneside 78-06 5-80 3-12 1-85 2'22 8'94 87-86 6-53 2'53 2'09 Tr. Torbanite. 43. Torbane Hill 64-02 8-90 5-66 0'55 0'50 20'32 80-39 11-17 7-12 1-32 And. 44. " 65-66 8-90 6-34 19'10 81-17 11-01 7-82 Hn. 45. " " 65-5 9-0 6-0 19-5 81-35 11-18 7-45 St. 46. " " 60-25 8-80 3-60 1'50 0'13 25'6 81-12 11-85 4-84 2'19 Fife 47. " " 80-56 12-17 5-82 1'45 M. 48. Dax, France 49. Bouches-du-Rhone 70-49 5-59 63-88 4-58 Brown Coal. 18-93 18-11 4-99 13-43 74-19 5-88 20-13 49'1 Et 73-79 5-29 20'92 n 4M Et 758 HYDEOCAKBON COMPOUNDS. 50. 51. 52. 53. 54. 55. 56. 57. 58. 59. 60. 61. Hesse Cassel 71 '71 Basses Alpes 70-02 Bovey 66-31 Oedenburg, Hung. Meissen, Sax. 58-90 Gloggnitz, Austr. 57-71 Wittenberg 64'07 Teuditz, Prussia 54-02 49-91 Loderburg, " 55-30 Laubach, H. Darmst. 57'28 Irkutsk 47-46 H 4-85 5-20 5-63 5-36 4-49 5-03 5-28 5-20 4-90 6-03 4-56 N 21-67 21-77 22-86 0-57 21-63 22-14 27-55 27-90 32-42 31-95 36-10 33-02 S 2-36 0-91 6-61 3-12 Ash 1-77 3-01 2-27 2-39 7-50 12-54 3-35 12-80 12-47 7-85 0-59 14-95 73-00 72-19 67-85 70-84 68-58 68-42 66-29 61-95 57-02 60-01 57-62 55-81 H 4-93 42-07 n 5-36 22-45 n 5-75 23-39 4-71 24'44 n 6-24 25-18 a 5'33 26'25 n 5-20 28-5P 6-06 31-99 n 5-94 37'04 n 5-31 34-68 6-07 36-31 5-36 38-83 Coke 48-5 RegnauK. 49-5 Regnault. 30-79 Vaux. Nendtv. Grager. Schrotter. Baer. Bischof. Wagner. Bischof. Liebig. Woskr. Mineral Charcoal 62 Glasgow, fibrous 82-97 3'34 6'84 0'75 6-08 63. Stonelaws, granular 72'74 2-34 5'83 19-08 64. Ayrshire, fibrous 73-42 2-94 8'25 15*39 65. Fifeshire, " 74-71 2'74 7'67 14-86 88-36 3-56 7'28, N 0*80 Rowney. 89-89 2-89 7'21 n Rowney. 86-78 3-47 9'75 n Rowney. 87-78 3-21 9-01 n Rowney. 42, The brown coals contain a large percentage of water; No. 52 gave 34-66 p. c. ; No. 53, 18'60 No. 55, 25-15; No. 56, 17'26; No. 57, 48'60 ; No. 59, 49'50. Much the larger part of the above analyses are cited from Percy's excellent chapter on coal m his Metallurgy (1861). The index n signifies that the nitrogen is included with the oxygen. ^ Professor W. R. Johnson obtained the following results hi his examinations of some Americ coals (Rep. on Coals to Congress, 1844) : American 1. Pennsylvania, Anthracite 2. Maryland free-burning bitum. coal 3. Pennsylvania " " 4. Virginia " " 5. Pittsburg, Utum. 6. Cannelton, Ind., " 7. Pictou, Nova Scotia G. 1-5901-610 1-3 1-414 1-3 1-407 1-29 1-45 1-252 1-273 1-318 1-325 Vol. Combust. Fixed Ash and Matter. Carbon. Clinkers. 3-84 87-45 7-37 15-80 73-01 9-74 17-01 68-82 13-35 36-63 50-99 10-74 36-76 54-93 7-07 33-99 58-44 4-97 27-83 56-98 13-39 25-97 60-74 12-51 Coal occurs in beds, interstratified with shales, sandstones, and conglomerates, and sometimes limestones, forming distinct layers, which vary from a fraction of an inch to 30 feet or more in thick- ness. In the United States, the anthracites occur east of the Allegheny range, in rocks that have undergone great contortions and fracturings, while the bituminous are found farther west, in rocks that have been less disturbed ; and this fact and other observations have led some geologists to the view that the anthracites have lost their bitumen by the action of heat. For observations on the geological relations of coal beds, reference may be made to geological treatises. The origin of coal is mainly vegetable, though animal life has contributed somewhat to the result. The beds were once beds of vegetation, analogous, in most respects, in mode of formation to the peat beds of modern times, yet in mode of burial often of a very different character. This vegetable origin is proved not only by the occurrence of the leaves, stems, and logs of plants in the coal, but also by the presence throughout its texture, in many cases, of the forms of the original fibres ; also by the direct observation that peat is a transition state between unaltered vegetable debris and brown coal, being sometimes found passing completely into true brown coal. Peat differs from true coal in want of homogeneity, it visibly containing vegetable fibres only partially altered ; and wherever changed to a fine-textured homogeneous material, even though hardly consolidated, it may be true brown coal. The derivation of coal from woody fibre has been explained in a general way on page 754. From the statements there made it is obvious that the vegetable material, in changing to ordinary mineral coal, has not passed necessarily through the stage of brown coal. When the material MINERAL GOAL. 751) was long steeped in water, and buried under fine mud so as to exclude almost entirely atmospheric air, the decomposition in progress may have carried off most of the oxygen by its combination with the carbon of the plants, to form carbonic acid. Thus it happened probably with the cannel coals, as explained by Newberry, and also, though in general less perfectly, with most of the best bituminous coals. But when the bed had as free access to the air as occurs in the case of peat beds, there would have been a loss of carbon and hydrogen as marsh-gas, and also, probably, through combination with external oxygen, forming carbonic acid and water, while a large part of the oxygen would remain. Between these extremes, of excluded air and very imperfectly excluded, and of pressure from heavy superincumbent earthy beds and little or no pressure, lie the condi- tions which attended the origin of the various kinds of coal, and determined, hi connection with the nature of the vegetation itself, the transformations in progress. Extensive beds of mineral coal occur in Great Britain, covering about -fa the whole area, or 11,859 square miles; in France about T |o, or 1719 sq. m. ; in Spain about -fa, or 3408 sq. m. ; in Belgium p%, or 518 sq. m. ; in Netherlands, Prussia, Bavaria, Austria, northern Italy, Silesia, Spain, Russia on the south near the Azof, and also in the Altai. It is found in Asia, abundantly in China, in Persia in the Cabul territory, and in the Khorassan or northern Persia, in Hindos- tan, north of the Gulf of Cutch, in the province of Bengal (the Burdwan coal field) and Upper Assam, in Borneo, Labuan, Sumatra, several of the Philippines, Formosa, Japan, New South "Wales and other parts of Australia, New Zealand, Kergueleii's Land ; in America, besides the United States, in Chili, at the Straits of Magellan, northwest America on Vancouver's Island near the harbor of Camosack, at Bellmghain Bay in Puget's Sound, at Melville Island in the Arctic seas, and in the British Provinces of Nova Scotia, New Bruuswick, and Newfound- land. In the United States there are four separate coal areas. One of these areas, the Appalachian coal field, commences on the north, in Pennsylvania and southeastern Ohio, and sweeping south over western Virginia and eastern Kentucky and Tennessee to the west of the Appalachians, or partly involved in their ridges, it continues to Alabama near Tuscaloosa, where a bed of coal has been opened. It has been estimated to cover 60,000 sq. m. It embraces several isolated patches in the eastern half of Pennsylvania. The whole surface in Pennsylvania has been estimated at 15,437 sq. m., or the whole area of the State. A second coal area (the Illinois) lies adjoining the Mississippi, and covers the larger part of Illinois, though much broken into patches, and a small northwest part of Kentucky ; it is continued westward over a portion of Iowa, Missouri, Kansas, Arkansas, and northern Texas west of the Mississippi. The latter area is divided along the Mississippi by a narrow belt of Silurian rock ; the whole area is about the same with that of the Appalachian coal field. A third covers the central portion of Michigan, not far from 5000 sq. m. in area. Besides these, there is a smaller coal region (a fourth) in Rhode Island, which crops out across the north end of the island of Rhode Island, and appears to the northward as far as Mansfield, Massachusetts. The total area of coal measures in the United States is about 125,OuO sq. m. Out of the borders of the United States, on the northeast, commences a fifth coal area, that of Nova Scotia and New Brunswick, which covers, in connection with that of Newfoundland, 18,000 sq. m., or f the whole area of these provinces. The mines of western Pennsylvania commencing with those of the Blossburg basin, Tioga Co., those of the States west, and those of Cumberland or Frostburg, Maryland, Richmond or Ches- terfield, Va., and other mines south, are bituminous. Those of eastern Pennsylvania constituting several detached areas one. the Schuylkill coal field, on the south, worked principally at Mauch Chunk on the Lehigh, and at PottsviUe on the Schuylkill another, the Wyoming coal field, worked at Carbondale, in the Lackawanna region, and near Wyoming, besides others interme- diate those of Rhode Island and Massachusetts, and some patches in Virginia, are anthracites. Cannel coal is found near Greensburg, Beaver Co., Pa., in Kenawha Co., Va., at Peytona, etc. ; also in Kentucky, Ohio, Illinois, Missouri, and Indiana ; but part of the so-called cannel is a coaly shale. In England, the principal coal fields are the Manchester of Lancashire and Cheshire; the Great Central of South Yorkshire, Nottingham, and Derby ; that of South Wales, Glamorgan- shire, etc. ; the Newcastle field of northern England. In Scotland, a range of beds extends across from the Firth of Forth to the Firth of Clyde ; whole area 1G50 sq. m. In Ireland, the three are the Limerick fields about the mouth of the Shannon, the Kilkenny fields to the east- ward, and that of Ulster on the north. Cannel coal occurs in Great Britain at Lesmahago in Lanarkshire, about 20 m. from Glasgow ; also near Wigau in Lancashire, and West Wemyss in Fyfe. Mineral coal occurs in France, in small basins, 88 in number, and covering in ah 1 , according to Taylor, T | y of the whole surface. The most important are the basin of the Loire, between the Loire and the Rhone, arid that of Valenciennes on the north, adjoining Belgium. In Belgium, it occupies a western and eastern division, the western hi the provinces of Namur and Hainault, and the eastern extending over Liege. 760 HYDEOCAEBON COMPOUNDS. Brown coal comes from coal beds more recent than those of the Carboniferous age. But much of this more recent coal is not distinguishable from other bituminous coals. The coal of Ridi- mond, Virginia, is supposed to be of the Liassicor Triassic era; the coal of Brora, in Sutherland, and of Bovey, Yorkshire, is Oolitic in age. Tertiary coal occurs on the Cowlitz. in Oregon (anal. 14), and in many places over the eastern slopes of the Rocky Mountains, where a " Lig- nitic formation " is very widely distributed ; but it is rarely in beds of economical importance. The coal known to the Greeks and Romans was probably brown coal. The first sentence, in the synonymy, from Aristotle evidently alludes to mineral coal of some kind ; and the first of the two cited from Theophrastus (a favorite pupil of Aristotle) refers to a similar substance, and per- haps the same specimens. The locality of the latter, Liguria (or northwestern Italy along the Mediterranean), where, he adds, there also is amber, may be taken with some freedom, as articles brought by vessels trading with Ligurian ports, even though coming from French ports beyond, might be referred to Liguria. Elis, on the way to Olympias, is given as another locality. The sentence ends with the statement that " these coals are used by the smiths," showing that the value of the substance as fuel was well understood at the time (4th century B.C.). Theophrastus says further, that it will continue to burn as long as any one blows it, but on stopping it deadens, but may be made to burn again ; and that it burns with a strong disagreeable odor. The second cita- tion from each, Aristotle and Theophrastus, relates to a similar coal. The locality, in Thrace, identifies it with the Thrac.ian stone of Dioscorides and Pliny, the locality of which, according to the former (from Aristotle), was at Sintia, on the river Pontus (on the Macedonian border of Thracia, to the west of the present Constantinople). According to Dioscorides and Pliny (quot- ing further in part from Aristotle's " Wonderful Things heard of"), water would make the Thra- cian stone to burn, and oil extinguish it ; which is either altogether a fable, or a partial truth based on somebody's observation that masses or piles of impure pyritiferous coal will become hot, and sometimes ignited, in consequence of being wet. Aristotle mentions its bituminous odor when burning. The Gagaies (whence our word jet) occurred, according to Dioscorides and Pliny, at Gagas or Gages, a place in Lycia (Asia Minor). The former describes it as black, smooth, and combustible, to which Pliny adds, that it was light, and looked much like wood, and that it emitted a disagree- able odor when rubbed, and burned with the smell of sulphur. It was, in part at least, true lig- nite. Lignite is common in Syria, in the rocks of Mt. Lebanon, as near Beirut ; and beds of coal have been recently opened in Asia Minor. Some of the works or memoirs on coal economically considered are the following : Report to Congress on Coals, by W. R. Johnson, 1844; Statistics of Coal, by R. C. Taylor, 8vo, 2d. ed., Philadelphia, 1855; Report to the British Government on Coals, by De la Beche & Playfair, 1851 ; Ronalds & Richardson's Chemical Technology, Vol. I. on Fuel and its Applications, London, 1855; Percy's Metallurgy, London, 1861; Chem. Unters. d. Steinkohlen Sachsen's, by W. Stein, Leipzig, 1857 ; Die Steinkohlen Deutschland's und anderer Lander Europa's, etc., by Geinitz, Fleck & Hartig, 3 vols., 4to, Miincheu, 1865. TJNOLAS8IFIED SPECIES. 761 SPECIES OF UNCERTAIN PLACE IN THE SYSTEM. 832. AZORITE. New mineral from the Azores /. R Teschemacher, Am. J. Sci., II. iii. 32, 1847. Azorite Dana, this Min., 396, 681, 1850. Tetragonal. In minute octahedrons, with the basal edges replaced; angle of pyramid (by reflective goniometer) 123 15', M A e=133 40'. Cleavage none. H.=4r 4*5. Translucent to opaque. White, with a faint greenish-yel- low tinge, or colorless. Vitreous in fracture. Comp. According to A. A. Hayes, columbate of lime. B.B. infusible ; smaller crystals become opaque white ; larger in outer flame reddish, and light yellow in inner. With borax, on platinum wire, dissolves with extreme slowness and difficulty to a transparent globule, sometimes faint greenish ; with more borax opaque on flaming. With salt of phosphorus slowly dissolved, pro- ducing a faint green color. Obs. Prom the Azores, in an albitic rock, along with black tourmaline and pyrrhite. First distinguished and described by J. E. Teschemacher. The largest crystal seen was but 1^ lines in diameter. There is some resemblance in form to cryptolite (p. 529), but a re-examination of the species by Mr. Hayes corroborates his first announcement that the mineral contains neither cerium nor phosphoric acid. The angle 123 15' is near that of zircon, and it is possible that it is that species. ButTesche- macher says of its hardness, that "it just scratches fluor spar." 833. BREWSTERLINITE. A new fluid in the cavities of minerals D. Br&wster, Ed. Phil. J., ix. 1823; Trans. R. Soc. Edinb., x. 1, 407, 1826; Am. J. Sci., vii. 186, 1824, xii. 214 (with a plate), 1827 ; Phil. Mag., IY. xxv. 174, 1863. Brewsterline Dana, Min., 559, 1850; Brewsto- line, ib., 471, 1854. In a vacuum (or as it occurs in the cavities of crystals) a colorless trans- parent fluid, adhering but slightly to the enclosing mineral, and hence very voluble ; expanding about one-fourth with an increase of 16 C. (30 F.), or between 10 and 27 C. (50 and 80 F.), 21 times more expansible than water ; index of refraction 1*2106, for the fluid from an amethyst from Siberia ; 1*1311 for a kind from a topaz ; boiling point in a vacuum from 23 to 29 C. (74 to 84 F.), the fluid filling the cavities with the warmth of the hand or mouth. On exposure to the air undergoes rapid movements, spreading over the surface and contracting again, and then dries to separate particles or grains, which are lustrous and appear to be opaque, but are transparent by trans- mitted light ; by the approach of moisture, even the moisture of the hand, even after being dry for some days, becomes liquid again, and renews its rapid movements. Soluble without effervescence in sulphuric, nitric, and muriatic acids. Volatilized by heat. Comp. Unknown. The effect of moisture on the dry grains shows that the substance is not one of the hydrocarbon oils, or a resin. Obs. Occurs in cavities of topaz crystals from Brazil, Scotland and Australia, of chrysoberyl, of quartz crystals from Quebec, amethyst from Siberia, and first described by Sir David Brewster. 762 UNCLASSIFIED SPECIES. The cavities are mostly microscopic, but occasionally in. across, or even larger. They are gen- erally arranged in layers, and are sometimes counted by thousands in a single crystal. Brewster counted 30,uOO in a chrysoberyl 4- in. square. The strata run irregularly with reference to the symmetry of the crystal, often intersect one another, and are sometimes curved ; it is rare that 3 or 4 strata are parallel. The very low refracting power, less than that of water, is a remarka- ble character of the fluid (the refraction index of water being 1'336 ; of alcohol 1-361 ; of ether 1-358). The fluid from a quartz crystal from Quebec, which exploded with much force when heated, had a disagreeable taste. In his original memoir Brewster states that the fluid was 32 times more expansible than water, but in the later reference to it in 1863 (Phil. Mag., 1. c.) makes it 21 times. The lower index of refraction, 1-1311, obtained for the fluid of a topaz, is so much below the other, 1-2106, that it may indicate a distinct species. 834. CRYPTOLINITE. A new fluid, etc., Brewster (see for ref., BBEWSTERLINITE). Crypto- line Dana, Min., 559, 1850. A colorless transparent fluid, as observed in the cavities of crystals, like brewsterlinite, but more dense ; adhering like water to the enclosing sur- faces ; expansibility about that of water ; index of refraction 1*2946. Not soluble in, or a solvent of, brewsterlinite, the two, when occurring together, not being miscible. On exposure to the air hardens speedily to a resin-like substance ; bril- liant in lustre ; yellowish ; transparent ; absorbent of moisture, but much less so than brewsterlinite ; insoluble in water and alcohol ; rapidly dissolved with effervescence by sulphuric acid, and soluble also in nitric and muri- atic acids ; not volatilized by heat. Oomp. Nothing is known. Obs. Occurs in the same crystals, and generally the same cavities, with brewsterlinite. This denser of the two fluids, according to Brewster, occupies the angles of the cavities, or the necks or narrow passages which unite two or more large cavities, while the other rarer fluid floats on it, and fills the rest of the cavity, excepting a circular vacuity, occupied only by this fluid in the gaseous state, if at all. 835. HESSENBERGITE. Hessenbergit Kenng., Ber. Ak. Miinchen, 1863, ii. 230. Sideroxen Hessenb., Min. Not., No. 7, 1866. Monoclinic. (7=89 53'= A i-i ; 7 A 7=59 27', A 4=152 20J' ; ail: c=0-59843 : 1 : 0-570967. Observed planes : ; vertical, L i-i, i\ 3, 9 ; clinodome, 4 ; hemidomes, 1-^, |-^, 3-i, -i-i ; hemioctahedral, f 3 - A 7=90 3J' 3 A 3=119 27' i-i A %4, calc.,=126 43' A 3=90 6 i-i A 3-fcl50 51 i-i A , obs.,=127 35 O A -1-^=149 8 7A 14=150 Simple crystals unknown. Twins: composition -face -l-i : 7 A 7=150 39^, i-i A ^=118 '2', A 0=61 44f. H.=7 7'5. Lustre adamantine. Colorless, bluish. Transparent. Comp. A silicate of undetermined constituents. Pyr., etc In a closed tube yields no water, and is unchanged. In the platinum forceps whitens, but does not fuse. In borax melts without intumescence. Heated with cobalt solution becomes gray. No action from muriatic acid. a i im P lanted on crystals of hematite (Eisenrose) at Mt. Mbia, west of the Hospice of St. Gothard. The habit a little after that of euclase. UNCLASSIFIED SPECIES. 763 Named after F. Hessenberg, the crystallographer, of Frankfort on the Main. 836. PARATHORITE. Thorite Shep., Proc. Am. Assoc., ii. 321, 1850. Parathorite Shep., Min., 287, 1857 ; Dana, Brush, Am. J. Sci., xxiv. 124, 1857. Orthorhombic. In minute rectangular and rhombic prisms, with the planes I, i-l, i4 ; /A 7128, /A i4=HQ. H.=:5 5*5. Lustre subresinous. Color garnet-red to pitch-black ; thin edges of black crystals with a ruby translucence, a little like rutile. Trans- lucent to opaque. Comp., Pyr,, etc. In the matrass decrepitates slightly, but does not appear to contain water. B.B. in the platinum forceps glows, fuses with difficulty on the edges, and becomes paler. In borax dissolves to a bead, which is yellow, from iron, wliile hot. and becomes colorless on cooling. With salt of phosphorus gives in the outer flame a bead, yellow while hot and colorless on cooling. In the inner flame the bead assumes a delicate violet color (due to titanic acid ?), Brush. Obs. Occurs imbedded in danburite and orthoclase, and only in very minute crystals, at Dan- bury, Ct. Shepard made the crystallization erroneously tetragonal. There are also other discrepancies in his description, which might lead to the supposition that the mineral here described is a different mineral from Shepard's ; but the evidence to the contrary is complete. 837. PYRRHITB. G. Rose, Pogg., xlviii. 562, 1840. Isometric ; in octahedrons. Cleavage not observed. H.=6. Lustre vitreous. Color orange-yellow. Subtranslucent. Pyr., etc. B.B. infusible, but blackens, and colors the flame deep yellow. In fragments diffi- cultly soluble in salt of phosphorus, but in fine powder it is readily taken up by this salt, as well as by borax, forming a clear glass when cold if only a small portion is used, while if saturated it is yellowish-green, becoming somewhat more intense in R.F. Fused with soda on charcoal, it spreads out and is absorbed by the coal, giving a slight white coating, somewhat resembling oxyd of zinc ; it yields no metallic spangles when the surface of the coal is removed and rubbed in the mortar. Insoluble in muriatic acid (G-. Rose). Obs. Pyrrhite was found by von Perovski of St. Petersburg at Alabaschka, near Mursinskin the Ural, where it occurs in drusy feldspar cavities, containing also lepidolite, albite, and topaz. The largest crystal was but three lines long. Named from nvpfa, yellowish-red or fire-like. With this species J. E. Teschemacher identifies small orange-red, monometric octahedrons, found with albite at the Azores (J. Nat. H. Bost., iv. 499, 1844 ; Proc. id., ii. 108, 1846). along with tetragonal octahedrons of azorite (p. 761). The crystals are a half to two lines long, and those of minute size are transparent. According to chemical and blowpipe trials by A. A. Hayes (Am. J. Sci., II. ix. 423) on speci- mens furnished him by Mr. Teschemacher, these crystals consist of columbate of zirconia, colored apparently by oxyds of iron, uranium, and manganese. B.B. in the forceps, on the first impulse of the heat, becomes darker, and the fine orange color returns on cooling, even if the heat has been high ; at the melting point of cast iron, in the reduction flame, the flame becomes permanently darker and brown. With borax (6 parts to 1 of assay) it dissolves, and affords a clear colorless glass, which becomes instantly opaline or opaque on flaming; transferred to the oxydating flame becomes opaque. With salt of phos- phorus (in the same proportion) in the inner flame gives a clear glass, and when reduced the glass is green; but in the outer becomes yeUow. With a little more of assay the glass remains clear. With soda (12 parts to 1 of assay) dissolves; some clear portions are seen in the globule while hot, but on cooling opacity precedes the crystallization of the globule ; finally a gray-brown slag remains, which, cooled from the outer flame, has a green color, indicating oxyd of manganese. Decomposed by much soda, and the resulting mass, heated with nitric acid, gives a heavy, white, insoluble powder, which with boiling water takes a white flocculent form ; the powder exhibited all the characters of columbic acid (?). The acid solution, when mixed with carbonate of ammonia, remains clear ; heated, some oxyd of iron falls, and the fluid is light 764 UNCLASSIFIED SPECIES. yellow ; with oxalic acid, a white earth separates, which, heated with sulphuric acid to destroy the oxalic acid, dissolves, and the fluid forms with potash, before complete neutralization, a white double salt, which has the characters of that from zirconia, but may also contain oxyd of cerium. The oxalate, when first formed, did not afford, when heated, the cinnamon-brown color characteristic of deutoxyd of cerium. The extremely small amount of the mineral under examination forbids the expression of certainty respecting the base. Although inclining to the opinion of the existence of cerium in the mineral, from the red color of the crystals, Mr. Hayes observes that he obtained no positive proof on this point. 834. ALUBGITE. Alurgit Breith., B. H. Ztg., xxiv. 336. Massive, consisting of scales, -rarely having an hexagonal outline. Cleavage : basal eminent, as in mica H. =2-25 3. G.=2-984 3. Lustre pearly to vitreous. Color purple to cochineal-red; in thinnest plates rose-red ; streak rose-red. Transparent to translucent. Optically uniaxial. Contains much manganese. Occurs with manganese ores at St. Marcel in Piedmont. Named from dXowpyoV, purple. AMERICAN LOCALITIES. 765 CATALOGUE OF AMERICAN LOCALITIES OF MINERALS. The following catalogue may aid the mineralogical tourist in selecting his routes and arranging the plan of his journeys. Only important localities, affording cabinet specimens, are in general included ; and the names of those minerals which are obtainable in good specimens are distinguished by italics. When a name is not italicized the mineral occurs only sparingly or of poor quality. When the specimens to be procured are remarkably good, an exclamation mark (!) is added, or two of these marks (! 1) when the specimens are quite unique. The more exact position of localities may in most instances be ascertained by reference to the descriptions of the species in the pre- ceding part of the Treatise. For the facts included the country is especially indebted to the various Geological Reports of the several States, the American Journal of Science, and the Journals or Transactions of the dif- ferent Scientific Societies or Academies. The author is under special obligations, in the prepara- tion of the Catalogue for this edition of the Mineralogy, to W. W. JEFFERIS, Esq., of Westchester, Pa., Prof. 0. U. SHEPARD, Prof. A. E. VERRILL, Dr. J. S. NEWBERRY, Prof. WM. P. BLAKE, Prof. WM. H. BREWER, Dr. F. A. GENTH, Prof. B. SILLIMAN, Prof. 0. C. MARSH, Prof. A. WINCHELL, Dr. GEORGE SMITH, of Upper Darby, Pa., Dr. T. R. RAND, of Philadelphia, MAINE. ALBANY. Beryl ! green and black tourmaline, feldspar, rose quartz, rutile. AROOSTOOK. Red hematite. BATH. Idocrase, garnet, magnetite, graphite. BETHEL. Cinnamon garnet, calcite, sphene, beryl, pyroxene, hornblende, epidote, graphite, talc, pyrite, mispickel, magnetite, wad. BINGHAM. Massive pyrite, galenite, blende, andalusite. BLUE HILL BAY. Arsenical iron, molybdenite! galenite, apatite ! fluorite t black tourmaline (Long Cove), black oxyd of manganese (Osgood's farm), rhodonite, bog manganese, wolframite. BOWDOIN. Rose Quartz. BOWDOINHAM. Beryl, molybdenite. BRUNSWICK. Green mica, garnet! black tourmaline! molybdenite, epidote, calcite, muscovite, feldspar, beryl. BUCKFIELD. Garnet (estates of Waterman and Lowe), iron ore, muscovite! magnetite. CAMDAGE FARM. (Near the tide mills), molybdenite, wolframite. CAMDEX. Made, galenite, epidote, black tourmaline, pyrite, talc, magnetite. CARMEL (Penobscot Co.). Stibnite, pyrite, made. CORINNA. Pyrite, arsenical pyrites. DEER ISLE. Serpentine, verd-antique, asbestus, diallage, magnetite. DEXTER. Galenite, pyrite, blende, chalcopyrite, green talc. DIXFIELD. Native copperas, graphite. FARMINGTON. (Norton's ledge), pyrite, graphite, bog ore, garnet, staurolite. FREEPORT. Rose quartz, garnet, feldspar, scapolite, graphite, muscovite. FRYEBURG. Garnet, beryl. GEORGETOWN. (Parker's island), beryl! black tourmaline. GREENWOOD. Graphite, black manganese, beryl ! mispickel, cassiterite, mica, rose quartz, garnet, corundum, albite, zircon, molybdenite, magnetite, copperas. HEBRON. Cassiterite, mispickel, idocrase, lepidolite, amblygonite, rubellite I indicolite, green tour- maline, mica, beryl, apatite, albite, childrenite, cookeite. JEWELL'S ISLAND. Pyrite. KATAHDIN IRON WORKS Bog iron ore, pyrite, magnetite, quartz. LETTER E, Oxford Co. Staurolite, macle, copperas. LJNNJBUS. Hematite, limonite, pyrite, bog-iron ore. LITCHFIELD. Sodalite, cancrinite, elceolite, zircon, spodumene, muscovite, pyrrhotite. 706 AMERICAN LOCALITIES. LUBEC LEAD MIXES. Galenite, chalcopyrite, blende. MACHIASPORT. Jasper, epidote, laumontite. MADAWASKA SETTLEMENTS. Vivianite. MINOT. Beryl, smoky quartz. . MONMOUTH. Actinolite, apatite, elceolile, zircon, staurolite, plumose mica, beryl, rutue. MT. ABRAHAM. Andalusite, staurolite. TSonwAT. ChrysoberyU molybdenite, beryl, rose quartz, orthodase, cinnamon garnet. ORR'S ISLAND. Steatite, garnet, andalusite. OXFORD. Garnet, beryl, apatite, wad, zircon, muscovite. PARIS. Green! red! black, and blue tourmaline! mica! lepidolite! feldspar, albite, quartz crys- tals! rose quartz, cassiterite, amblygonite, zircon, brookite, beryl, smoky quartz, spodumene, cookeite, leucopyrite. PARSONSFIELD. Idocrase! yellow garnet, pargasite, adularia, scapolite, galenite, blende, chalco- pyrite. PERU. Crystallized pyrite. PHIPSBURG. Yellow garnet ! manganesian garnet, idocrase, pargasite, axinite, laumontiie! chaba- zite, an ore of cerium ? POLAND. Idocrase, smoky quartz, cinnamon garnet. PORTLAND. Prehnite, actinolite, garnet, epidote, amethyst, calcite. POWNAL. Black tourmaline, feldspar, scapolite, pyrite. actinolite, apatite, rose quartz. RAYMOND. Magnetite, scapolite, pyroxene, lepidolite, tremolite, hornblende, epidote, orthoclase, yellow garnet, pyrite, idocrase. ROCKLAND. Hematite, tremolite, quartz, wad, talc. RUMFOKD. Yellow garnet, idocrase, pyroxene, apatite, scapolite, graphite. RUTLAND. Allanite. SANDY RIVER, Auriferous sand. SANPORD, York Co. Idocrase ! albite, calcite, molybdenite, epidote, black tourmaline. SEARSMONT. Andalusite, tourmaline. SOUTH BERWICK. Made. STREAKED MOUNTAIN. Beryl! black tourmaline, mica, garnet. THOMASTON. Calcite, tremolite, hornblende, sphene, arsenical iron (Owl's head), black manganese (Dodge's mountain), thomsonite, talc, blende, pyrite, galenite. TOPSHAM. Quartz, galenite, blende, tungstite? beryl, apatite, molybdenite. UNION. Magnetite, bog-iron ore. WALES. Axinite in boulder, alum, copperas. WA TERVILLE. Crystallized pyrite. WINDHAM (near the bridge). Staurolite, spodumene, garnet, beryl, amethyst, cyanite, tourma- line. WINTHROP. Staurolite, pyrite, hornblende, garnet, copperas. WOODSTOCK. Graphite, specular iron, prehnite, epidote, calcite. YORK. Beryl, vivianite, oxyd of manganese. NEW HAMPSHIRE. ACWORTH. Beryl ! I mica ! tourmaline, feldspar, albite, rose quartz, columbite I ALSTEAD. Mica! I albite, black tourmaline. AMHERST. Idocrase I yellow garnet, pargasite, calc spar. BARTLETT. Magnetite, specular iron, brown iron ore in large veins near Jackson (on " Bald face mountain "), quartz crystals, smoky quartz. BATH. Galenite, chalcopyrite. BELLOWS FALLS. Cyanite. BENTON. Quartz crystals. CAMPTON. Beryl! CANAAN. Gold in pyrites. CHARLESTOWN. Staurolite m-acle, andalusite made, bog-iron ore. CORNISH. Stibnite, tetrahedrite, rutile in quartz! (rare). CROYDEN. Mite I EATON (3 m. S. ot\Gaknite, blende! chalcopyrite, limonite (Six Mile Pond). FRANCESTON. Soapstone, arsenical pyrites. FRANCONIA. Hornblende, staurolite I epidote! zoisite, specular iron, magnetite, black and red man- ganesian garnets, mispickel! (danaite), chalcopyrite, molybdenite, prehnite. GILFORD (Gunstock Mt.). Magnetic iron ore, native " lodestone." GOSHEN. Graphite, black tourmaline. AMERICAN LOCALITIES. 767 GRAFTON. Mica! (extensively quarried at Glass Hill, 2 m. S. of Orange Summit), a'bite! blue, green, and yellow beryls! (1 m. S. of 0. Summit), tourmaline, garnets. GRANTHAM. Gray staurolite I HANOVER. Garnet, a boulder of quartz containing rutile! black tourmaline, quartz. HAVERHILL. Garnet! arsenical pyrites, native arsenic, galenite, blende, iron and copper pyrites, magnetic and white iron pyrites. HILLSBORO' (Campbell's mountain). Graphite. HILLSDALE. Rhodonite, black oxyd of manganese. JACKSON. Drusy quartz, tin ore, arsenopyrite, native arsenic, fluorite, apatite, magnetite, molyb- denite, wolfram, chalcopyrite, arsenate of iron. JAFFREY (Monadnock Mt.).- Cyanite. KEENE. Graphite, soapstone, milky quartz. LANDAFF. Molybdenite, lead and iron ores. LEBANON. Bog-iron ore. LISBON. Staurolite, black and red garnets, granular magnetite, hornblende, epidote, zoisite, specular iron. LYME Cyanite (N.W. part), black tourmaline, rutile, pyrite, chalcopyrite (E. of E. village), stibnite. MERRIMACK. Rutile! (in gneiss nodules in granite vein). MOULTONBOROUGH (Red Hill). Hornblende, bog ore, pyrite, tourmaline. NEWPORT. Molybdenite. ORANGE. Slue beryls! Orange Summit, chrysoberyl, mica (W. side of mountain). ORFORD. Brown tourmaline (now obtained with difficulty), steatite, rutile, cyanite, brown iron ore, native copper, malachite, galenite. PELH AM. Steatite. PIERMONT. Micaceous iron, barite, green, white, and brown mica, apatite. PLYMOUTH. Columbite, beryl RICHMOND. lolite! rutile, steatite, pyrite. RYE. Made. SADDLEBACK MT. Black tourmaline, garnet, spinel. SHELBURNE. Galenite, black blende, chalcopyrite, pyrite, manganese. SPRINGFIELD. Beryls (very large, eight inches diameter), manganesian garnets ! in mica slate, albite, mica. SULLIVAN. Tourmalines (black), in quartz, beryl? SURREY. Amethyst, calcite. SWANZEY (near Keene). Magnetic iron (in masses in granite). TAMWORTH (near White Pond). Galenite. UNITY (estate of James Neal). Copper and iron pyrites, chlorophyllite, green mica, radiated wtinolite, garnet, titaniferous iron ore, magnetite. WALPOLE (near Bellows Falls). Made. WARREN. Chalcopyrite, blende, epidote, quartz, pyrite, tremolite, galenite, rutile, talc, molybde- nite, cinnamon stone ! pyroxene. WESTMORELAND (south part). Molybdenite! apatite! blue feldspar, bog manganese (north vil- lage), quartz, fluorite, chalcopyrite, oxyd of molybdenum and uranium. WHITE MTS. (notch behind " old Crawford's house "). Green octahedral fluor, quartz crystals, black tourmaline, chiastolite. WILMOT. Beryl. WINCHESTER. Pyrolusite, rhodochrosite, psilomelane, magnetite, granular quartz. VERMONT. ADDISON. Iron sand, pyrite. ALBURGH. Quartz crystals on calcite, pyrite. ATHENS. Steatite, rhomb spar, actinolite, garnet. BALTIMORE, Serpentine, pyrites I BARNET. Graphite. BELVIDERE. Steatite, chlorite. BENNINGTON. Pyrolusite, brown iron ore, pipe clay, yellow ochre. BERKSHIRE. Epidote, hematite, magnetite. BETHEL. Actinolite ! talc, chlorite, octahedral iron, rutile, brown spar in steatite. BRANDON. Braunite, pyrolusite, psilomelane, limonite, lignite, white clay, statuary marble ; fossil fruits in the lignite, graphite, chalcopyrite. AMEKICAN LOCALITIES. BRATTLEBOROUGH.-Black tourmaline in quartz, mica, zoisite, rutile, actiuolite, scapolite, spodu- -Tak, dolomite, magnetite, steatite, chlorite, gold, native copper, blende, galenite, blue spinel, chalcopyrite. BRISTOL. Rutile, brown hematite, manganese ores, magnetite. BROOKFEELD. Mispickel, pyrite. CABOT. Garnet, staurolite, hornblende, albite. CASTLETON. Roofing slate, jasper, manganese ores, chlorite. CAVENDISH. Garnet, serpentine, talc, steatite, tourmaline, asbestus, tremolite. CHESTER. Asbestus. feldspar, chlorite, quartz. CHITTENDEN. Psilomelane, pyrolusite, brown iron ore, specular and magnetic iron, galenite, iolite. COLCHESTER. Brown iron ore, iron sand, jasper, alum. CORINTH. Copper pyrites (has been mined), pyrrhotite, pyrite, rutile, quartz. COVENTRY. Ehodonite. CRAFTSBURY. Mica in concentric balls, calcite, rutile. DERBY. Mica (adamsite}. DUMMERSTON. Rutile, roofing slate. FAIRHAVEN. Roofing slate, pyrite. FLETCHER. Pyrite, octahedral iron, acicular tourmaline. GRAFTON. The steatite quarry referred to Grafton is properly in Athens ; quartz, actinolite. GUILFORD. Scapolite, rutile, roofing slate. HARTFORD. Calcite, pyrite ! cyanite in mica slate, quartz, tourmaline. IRASBURGH. Rhodonite, psilomelane. JAY. Chromic iron, serpentine, amianthus, dolomite. LOWELL. Picrosmine, amianthus, serpentine, cerolite, talc, chlorite. MARLBORO'. Rhomb spar, steatite, garnet, magnetite, chlorite. MENDON. Octahedral iron ore. MIDDLEBURY. Zircon. MIDDLESEX. Rutile! (exhausted). MONKTON. Pyrolusite, brown iron ore, pipe clay, feldspar. MORETOWN. Smoky quartz ! steatite, talc, wad, rutile, serpentine. MORRISTOWN. Galenite. MOUNT HOLLY. Asbestus, chlorite. NEW FANE. Glassy and asbestiform actinolite, steatite, green quartz (called chrysoprase at the locality), chalcedony, drusy quartz, garnet, chromic and titanic iron, rhomb spar, serpentine, "rutile. NORWICH. Actinolite, feldspar, brown spar in talc, cyanite, zoisite, chalcopyrite, pyrite. PITTSFORD. Brown iron ore, manganese ores. PLYMOUTH. Spathic iron, magnetic and specular iron, both in octahedral crystals, gold, galenite. PLYMPTON. Massive hornblende. PUTNEY. Fluorite, brown iron ore, rutile, and zoisite, in boulders, staurolite. READING. Glassy actinolite in talc. READSBORO'. Glassy actinolite, steatite, hematite. RFPTON. Brown iron ore, augite in boulders, octahedral pyrite. ROCHESTER. Rutile, specular iron cryst, magnetite in chlorite slate. ROCKTNGHAM (Bellows Falls). Cyanite, indicolite, feldspar, tourmaline, fluorite, calcite, prehm'te, staurolite. ROXBURY. Dolomite, talc, serpentine, asbestus, quartz. RUTLAND. Magnesite, white marble, hematite, serpentine, pipe clay. SALISBURY. Brown iron ore. SHARON. Quartz crystals, cyanite. SHOREHAM. Pyrite, black marble, calcite. SHREWSBURY. Magnetite and chalcopyrite. STARKSBORO'. Brown iron ore. STIRLING. Chalcopyrite, talc, serpentine. STOCKBRIDGE. Mispickel, magnetic iron ore. STRAFFORD. Magnetite and chalcopyrite (has been worked), native copper, hornblende, cop- peras. . Blende, galenite, cyanite; chrysolite in basalt, pyrrhotite, feldspar, roofing slate, TOWNSHEND Actinolite, black mica, talc, steatite, feldspar. Tw?. Magnetite, talo, serpentine, picrosmine, amianthus, steatite, one mile southeast of village of South Troy, on the farm of Mr. Pierce, east side of Missiscd, chromic iron zaratite. VKRSHIBE. Pyrite, chalcopyrite, tourmaline, mispickel, quartz. AMERICAN LOCALITIES. 769 WARDSBORO'. Zoisite, tourmaline, tremolite, hematite. WARREN. Actinolite, magnetite, wad, serpentine. WATERBURY. Mispickel, chalcopyrite, rutile, quartz, serpentine. WATERVILLE. Steatite, actinolite, talc. WEATHERSFIELD. Steatite, specular iron, pyrite, treniolite. WELLS' RIVER. Graphite. WESTFIELD. Steatite, chromic iron, serpentine. WESTMINSTER. Zoisite in boulders. WINDHAM. Glassy actinolite, steatite, garnet, serpentine. WOODBURY. Massive pyrite. WOODSTOCK. Quartz crystals, garnet, zoisite. MASSACHUSETTS. ALFOED. Galenite, pyrite. ATHOL. Allanite, fibrolite, (?) epidote/ babingtonite ? AUBURN. Masonite. BARRE. Rutile I mica, pyrite, beryl, feldspar, garnet. GREAT BARRINGTON. Tremolite. BEDFORD. Garnet. BELCHERTOWN. Allanite. BEENAEDSTON. Magnetite. BEVEELY. Columbite, green feldspar, cassiterite. BLANFOED. Serpentine, anthophyllite, actinolite ! chromite, cyanite, rose quartz in boulders. BOLTON. Scapolite! petalite, sphene, pyroxene, nuttalite, diopside, boltonite, apatite, magnesite, rhomb spar, allanite, yttrocerite f cerium ochre ? (on the scapolite), spinel. BOXBOROUGH. Scapolite, spinel, garnet, augite, actinolite, apatite. BRIGHTON. Asbestus. BEIMFIELD (road leading to Warren). lolite, adularia, molybdenite, mica, garnet. CARLISLE. Tourmaline, garnet! scapolite, actiuolite. CHARLESTOWN. Prehnite, laumontite, stilbite, chabazite, quartz crystals, melanolite. CHELMSFORD. Scapolite (chelmsfordite), chondrodite, blue spinel, amianthus I rose quartz. CHESTER. Hornblende, scapolite, zoisite, spodumene, indicolite, apatite, magnetite, chromite, stilbite, heulandite, analcite and chabazite; at the Emery Mine, Chester Factories. Corundum, margarite, diaspore, epidote, corundophilite, chloritoid, tourmaline, menaccanite! rutile, biotite, indianite? andesite? cyanite. CHESTERFIELD. El ue, green, and red tourmaline, deavelandite (albite), lithia mica, smoky quartz, microlite, spodumene, cyanite, apatite, rose beryl, garnet, quartz crystals, staurolite, cassiterite, colum- bite, zoisite, uranite, brookite (eumanite), scheelite, anthophyllite, bornite. CONWAY. Pyrolusite, fluorite, zoisite, rutile 1 1 native alum, galenite. CUMMINGTON. Rhodonite! cummingtonite (hornblende), marcasite, garnet. DEDHAM. Asbestus, galenite. DEERFIELD. Chabazite, heulandite, stilbite, amethyst, carnelian, chalcedony, agate. FITCHBURG (Pearl Hill). Beryl, staurolite ! garnets, molybdenite. FOXBOROUGH. Pyrite, anthracite. FRANKLIN. Amethyst. GOSHEN. Mica, albite, spodumene! blue and green tourmaline, beryl, zoisite, smoky quartz, colum- bite, tin ore, galenite, beryl (goshenite), pihlite (cymatolite). GREENFIELD (in sandstone quarry, half mile east of village). Allophane, white and greenish. HATFIELD. Barite, yellow quartz crystals, galenite, blende, chalcopyrite. HAWLEY. Micaceous iron, massive pyrite, magnetite, zoisite. HEATH. Pyrite, zoisite. HINSD ALE. Brown iron ore, apatite, zoisite. HUBBARDSTON. Massive pyrite. LANCASTER. Cyanite, chiastolite! apatite, staurolite, pinite, andalusite. LEE. Tremolite I sphene / (east part). LENOX. Brown hematite, gibbsite (?). LEVEEETT. Barite. galenite, blende, chalcopyrite. LEYDEN. Zoisite, rutile. LITTLETON. Spinel, scapolite, apatite. LYNNFIELD. Magnesite on serpentine. MARTHA'S YINEYARD. Brown iron ore, amber, selenite, radiated pyrite. MENDON. Mica! chlorite. 49 f^O AMERICAN LOCALITIES. MIDDLEPIELD. Glassy actinolite, rhomb spar, steatite, serpentine, feldspar, drusy quartz, apatite, zoisite, nacrite, chalcedony, talc! deweylite. MILBURY. Vermiculite. MONTAGUE. Specular iron. NEWBURY. Serpentine, chrysotile, epidote, massive garnet, sidente. NEWBURYPORT. Serpentine, nemalite, uranite. NEW BRAINTREE. Black tourmaline. NORWICH. Apatite I black tourmaline, beryl, spodumene! triphyhne (altered), blende, quarts crystals, cassiterite. NORTHFIELD. Columbite, fibrolite, cyanite. PALMER (Three Rivers). Feldspar, prehnite, calc spar. PELHAM. Asbestos, serpentine, quartz crystals, beryl, molybdenite, green hornstone, epidote, ame- thyst. PLAINFIELD. Cummingtonite, pyrolusite, rhodonite. RICHMOND. Brown iron ore, gibbsite ! allophane. RocKPORT.Danalite, cryophyllite, annite, cyrtolite (altered zircon), green and white orthoclase. ROWE. Epidote, talc. SOUTH ROY ALSTON. Beryl!! (now obtained with great difficulty), mica! ! feldspar! allanite. Four miles beyond old loc., on farm of Solomon Hey wood, mica! beryl! feldspar! menaccanite. RUSSEL. Schiller spar (diallage?), mica, serpentine, beryl, galenite, chalcopyrite. SALEM. In a boulder, cancrinite, sodalite, elaeolite. SAUGUS. Porphyry, jasper. SHEFFIELD. Asbestus, pyrite, native alum, pyrolusite. SHELBURNE. Rutile. SHUTESBURY (east of Locke's Pond). Molybdenite. SOUTHAMPTON. Galenite, cerussite, anglesite, wulfenite, fluorite, barite, copper and iron pyrites, 'blende, corneous lead, pyromorphite, stolzite, chrysocolla, STERLING. Spodumene, chiastolite, spathic iron, mispickel, blende, galenite, chalcopyrite, pyrite. STONEHAM. Nephrite. STURBRIDGE. Graphite., garnet, apatite, bog ore. ;SWAMPSCOT. Orthite, feldspar. TAUNTON (one mile south). Paracolumbite (titanic iron). TURNER'S FALLS (Conn. River). Chalcopyrite, prehnite, chlorite, chlorophceite, spathic iron, mala- chite, magnetic iron sand, anthracite. TYRINGHAM. Pyroxene, scapolite. UXBRIDGE. Galenite. > WARWICK. Massive garnet, radiated black tourmaline, magnetite, beryl, epidote. WASHINGTON. Graphite. WESTFIELD. Schiller spar (diallage), serpentine, steatite, cyanite, scapolite, actinolite. WESTFORD. Andalusite I WEST HAMPTON. Galenite, argentine, pseudomorphous quartz. WEST SPRINGFIELD. Prehnite, ankerite, satin spar, celestite, bituminous coal. WEST STOCKBRIDGE. Hematite, fibrous pyrolusite, spathic iron. WHATELY. Native copper, galenite. WILLIAMSBDRG. Zoisite, pseudomorphous quartz, apatite, rose and smoky quartz, galenite, pyro- lusite, chalcopyrite. WILLIAMSTOWN. Cryst. quartz. WINDSOR. Zoisite, actinolite, rutik ! ^ WORCESTER. Mispickel, idocrase, pyroxene, garnet, amianthus, bucholzite, spathic iron, gale- nite. WOBTHINGTON. Cyanite. ZOAR, Bitter spar, talc. RHODE ISLAND. BRISTOL. Amethyst. CRANSTON. Actinolite in talc. CUMBERLAND. Manganese, epidote, actinolite, garnet, titaniferous iron, magnetite, red hematite, chalcopyrite. FOSTER. Cyanite. GLOUCESTER. Magnetite in chlorite slate. JOHBSON. Talc, brown spar. .NATIOI See WARWICK. NEWPORT. Serpentine. .PORTSMOUTH. Anthracite, graphite, asbestus, pyrite. AMERICAN LOCALITIES. 77| SMITHFIELD. Dolomite, calcite, litter spar, nacrite, serpentine (bowenite), tremolite asbestus quartz, magnetic iron in chlorite slate, talc ! anatase. WARWICK (Natic village). Masonite, garnet, graphite. WESTERLY. Ilmenite. CONNECTICUT. BERLIN. Barite, datolite, blende, quartz crystals. BOLTON. Staurolite, chalcopyrite. BRADLEYVILLE (Litchfield). Laumontite. RmSTOL.Chalcocitet chalcopyrite, barite, bornite, talc, allophane, pyromorphite, calcite, mala- chite, galenite, quartz. BROOKFIELD. Galenite, calamine, blende, spodumene, pyrrhotite. CANAAN. Tremolite and white augite! in dolomite, canaanite (massive pyroxene). CHATHAM. Mispickel, smaltite, chloanthite (chathamite), scorodite, niccolite, beryl, erythrite. CHESHIBE. Barite, dialcocite, bornite cryst., malachite, kaolin, uatrolite, prehnite, chabazite, datolite. CHESTER. Sillimanite! zircon, epidote. CORNWALL. Graphite, pyroxene, actinolite, sphene, scapolite. DANBURY. Danburite, oligoclase, moonstone, brown tourmaline, orthoclase, pyroxene, para- thorite. FARMINGTON. Prehnite, chabazite, agate, native copper. GRANBY. Green malachite. GREENWICH. Black tourmaline. HADDAM. ChrysoberyU beryl! epidote! tourmaline! feldspar, garnet! iolite! oligoclase, chlo- rophyllite 1 automolite, magnetite, adularia, apatite, columbite I zircon (calyptolite), mica, pyrite, marcasite, molybdenite, allanite, bismuth, bismuth ochre, bismutite. HADLYME. Chabazite and stilbite in gneiss, with epidote and garnet. HARTFORD. Datolite (Rocky Hill quarry). KENT. Brown iron ore, pyrolusite, ochrey iron ore. LITCHFIELD. Gyanite with corundum, apatite, and andalusite, menaccanite (washingtonite), chal- copyrite, diaspore, niccoliferous pyrrhotite, margarodite. LYME. Garnet, suns tone. MERIDEN. Datolite. MIDDLEFIELD FALLS. Datolite, chlorite, etc., in amygdaloid. MIDDLETOWN. Mica, lepidolite with green and red tourmaline, albite, feldspar, columbite! preh- nite, garnet (sometimes octahedral), beryl, topaz, uranite, apatite, pitchblende ; at lead mine, galenite, chalcopyrite, blende, quartz, calcite, fluorite, pyrite, sometimes capillary. MILFORD. Sahlite, pyroxene, asbestus, zoisite, verd-antique marble, pyrite. NEW HAVEN. Serpentine, asbestus, chromic iron, sahlite, stilbite, prehnite. NORWICH. Sillimanite, monazite! zircon, iolite, corundum, feldspar. OXFORD, near Humphreysville. Cyanite, chalcopyrite. PLYMOUTH. Galenite, heulandite, fluorite, chlorophyllite ! garnet. ROARING BROOK (Cheshire). Datolite ! calcite, prehnite, saponite. READING (near the line of Danbury). Pyroxene, garnet. ROXBURY. Spathic iron, blende, pyrite ! ! galenite, quartz, chalcopyrite. SALISBURY. Brown iron ore, ochrey iron, pyrolusite, triplite, turgite. SAYBROOK. Molybdenite, stilbite, plumbago. SIMSBURY. Copper glance, green malachite. SOUTHBURY. Rose quartz, laumontite, prehnite, calc spar, heavy spar. SOUTHINGTON. Heavy spar, datolite, asteriated quartz crystals. STAFFORD. Massive pyrites, alum, copperas. STONINGTON. Stilbite and chabazite on gneiss. THATCHERSVILLE (near Bridgeport). Stilbite on gneiss, babbingtonite ? TOLLAND. Staurolite, massive pyrites. TRUMBULL and MONROE. Chlorophane, topaz, beryl, diaspore, pyrrhotite, pyrite, scheelite, wolf- ramite (pseudomorph of scheelite), rutile, native bismuth, tungstic acid, spathic iron, mispickel, argentiferous galenite, blende, scapolite, tourmaline, garnet, albite, augite, graphic tellurium, (?) mar- garodite. WASHINGTON. Triplite, menaccanite! (washingtonite of Shepard), rhodochrosite, natrolite, anda> lusite (New Preston), cyanite. WATERTOWN, near the Naugatuck White sahlite, monazite. WEST FARMS. Asbestus. AMERICAN LOCALITIES. WILLIM ANTIC. Topaz, monazite, ripidolite. WINCHESTER and WILTON. Asbestus, garnet. NEW YORK. ALBANY CO -BETHLEHEM. Calcite, stalactite, stalagmite, calcareous sinter, snowy gypsum COEYMAN'S LANDiNG.-Gypsum, epsom salt, quartz crystals at Crystal Hill, three miles south of ^GuiLDERLAND.-Petroleum, anthracite, and calcite, on the banks of the Norman's Kill, two miles south of Albany. WATERVLIET. Quartz crystals, yellow drusy quartz. ALLEGHANY CO. CUBA. Calcareous tufa, petroleum, 3 miles from the village. CATTARAUGUS CO. FREEDOM. Petroleum. CAYUGA CO. AUBURN. Celestite, calcite, fluor spar, epsomite. CAYUGA LAKE. Sulphur. LUDLOWVILLE. Epspmite. UNION SPRINGS. Selenite, gypsum. SPRINGPORT. At Thompson's plaster beds, sulphur I selemte. SPRINGVILLE. Nitrogen springs. CLINTON CO. ARNOLD IRON MINE. Magnetite, epidote, molybdenite. FINCH ORE BED. Galcite, green and purple fluor. CHATAUQUE CO. FREDONIA. Petroleum, carburetted hydrogen. LAONA. Petroleum. SHERIDAN. Alum. COLUMBIA CO. AUSTERLITZ. Earthy manganese, wulfenite, chalcocite ; Livingston lead mine, vitreous silver ? CHATHAM. Quartz, pyrite in cubic crystals in slate (Hillsdale). CANAAN. Chalcocite, chalcopyrite. HUDSON. Epidote, selenite I NEW LEBANON. Nitrogen springs, graphite, anthracite ; at the Ancram lead mine, galenite, barite, bknde, wulfenite (rare), chalcopyrite, calcareous tufa ; near the city of Hudson, epsom salt, brown gpar, wad. DUTCHESS CO. AMENIA. Dolomite, limonite, turgite. BECKMAN. Dolomite. DOVER. Dolomite, tremolite, garnet (Foss ore bed), staurolite, limonite. FISHKILL. Dolomite ; near Peckville, talc, asbestus, graphite, hornblende, augite, actinoUte, hydrous anthophyllite, limonite. NORTH EAST. Chalcocite, chalcopyrite, galenite, blende. PAWLING. Dolomite. RHINEBECK. Calcite, green feldspar, epidote, tourmaline. UNION VALE. At the Clove mine, gibbsite, limonite. ESSEX CO. ALEXANDRIA. Kirby's graphite mine, graphite, pyroxene, scapolite, sphene. CROWN POINT. Apatite (eupyrchroite of Emmons), brown tourmaline ! in the apatite, chlorite, quartz crystals, pink and blue calcite, pyrite ; a short distance south of J. C. Hammond's house, garnet, scapolite, chalcopyrite, aventurine feldspar, zircon, magnetic iron (Peru), epidote, mica. KEENE. Scapolite. LEWIS. Tabular spar, colophonite, garnet, labradorite, hornblende, actinolite ; ten miles south of the village of Keeseville, mispickel. LONG POND. Apatite, garnet, pyroxene, idocrase, coccolite ! ! scapolite, magnetite, blue calcite. MclNTYRE. Labradorite, garnet, magnetite. MORIAH, at Saridtord Ore Bed. Magnetite, apatite, allanite! lanthanite, actinolite, and feld- spar; at Fisher Ore Bed, magnetic iron, feldspar, quartz; at Hall Ore Bed, or "New Ore Bed," magnetite, zircons; on Mill brook, calcite, pyroxene, hornblende, albite; in the town of Moriah, magnetite, black mica. AMERICAN LOCALITIES. 773 NEWCOMB. Labradorite, feldspar, magnetic iron, hypersthene. PORT HENRY. 'Brown tourmaline, mica, rose quartz, serpentine, green and black pyroxene, horn- blende, cry st. pyrite, graphite, tabular spar, pyrrhotine, adularia ; phlogopite ! at Cheever Ore Bed, with magnetite and serpentine. ROGER'S ROCK. Graphite, tabular spar, garnet, colophonite, feldspar, adularia, pyroxene, sphene, coccohte. SCHROON. Calcite, pyroxene, cliondrodite. TICONDEROGA. Graphite I pyroxene, sahlite, sphene, black tourmaline, cacoxene ? (Mt. Defiance). WESTPORT. Labradorite, prehnite, magnetite. WILLSBORO'. Tabular spar, colophonite, garnet, green coccolite, hornblende. ERIE CO. ELLICOTT'S MILLS. Calcareous tufas. FRANKLIN CO. CHATEAUGAY. Nitrogen springs, calcareous tufas. MALONE. Massive pyrite, magnetic iron ore. GENESEE CO. Acid springs containing sulphuric acid. GREENE CO. CATSKILL. Calcite. DIAMOND HILL. Quartz crystals. HERKIMER CO. F AIRFIELD. Quartz crystals, fetid barite. LITTLE FALLS. Quartz crystals I barite, calcite, anthracite, pearl spar, smoky quarto ; one mile south of Little Falls, calcite, brown spar, feldspar. MIDDLEVILLE. Quartz crystals ! calcite, brown and pearl spar, anthracite. NEWPORT. Quartz crystals. SALISBURY. Quartz crystals ! blende, galenite, iron and copper pyrites. STARK. Fibrous celestite, gypsum. HAMILTON CO. LONG LAKE. Blue calcite. JEFFERSON CO. ADAMS. Fluor, calc tufa, barite. ALEXANDRIA. On the S.E. bank of Muscolonge Lake, fluorite, phlogopite, chalcopyrite ; on High Island, in the St. Lawrence River, feldspar, tourmaline, hornblende, orthoclase, celestite. ANTWERP. Stirling iron mine, specular iron, chalcodite, spathic iron, millerite, red hematite, crys- tallized quartz, yellow aragonite, niccoliferous iron pyrites, quartz crystals, pyrite ; at Oxbow, calcite ! porous coralloidal heavy spar ; near Vrooman's lake, calcite ! idocrase, phlogopite ! pyroxene, sphene, fiuorite, pyrite, chalcopyrite ; also feldspar, log-iron ore, scapolite (farm of David Eggleson), serpen- tine, tourmaline (yellow, rare). BROWNSVILLE. Celestite in slender crystals, calcite (four miles from Watertown). NATURAL BRIDGE. Feldspar, gieseckite ! steatite, pseudomorphous after pyroxene. NEW CONNECTICUT. Sphene, brown phlogopite. OMAR. Beryl, feldspar, specular iron. PHILADELPHIA. Garnets on Indian river, in the village. PAMELIA. Agaric mineral, calc tufa. PILLAR POINT. Massive heavy spar (exhausted). THERESA. Fluor, calcite, specular iron ore, hornblende, quartz crystals, serpentine (associated with the specular iron), celestite, strontianite ; the Muscolonge Lake locality of fluor is exhausted. WATERTOWN. Tremolite, agaric mineral, calc tufa, celestite. WILNA. One mile north of Natural Bridge, calcite. LEWIS CO. DIANA (localities mostly near junction of crystalline and sedimentary rocks, and within two miles of Natural Bridge). Scapolite! tabular spar, green coccolite, feldspar, tremolite, pyroxene ! sphene I ! mica, quartz crystals, drusy quartz, cryst. pyrite, pyrrhotite, blue calcite, ser- pentine, rensselaerite, zircon, graphite, chlorite, specular iron, bog-iron ore, iron sand, apatite. GREIG. Magnetite, pyrite. LOWVILLE. Cakite, fluorite, pyrite, galenite, blende, calc tufa. MARTINSBUEGH. Wad, galenite, etc., but mine not now opened, cakite. WATSON, BREMEN. Bog-iron ore. MONROE CO. ROCHESTER. Pearl spar, calc spar, snowy gypsum, fluor, celestite, galenite, blende, barite, hornstone. 774 AMERICAN LOCALITIES. MONTGOMERY CO. CANAJOHARIE. Anthracite. PALATINE. Quartz crystals, drusy quartz, anthracite, hornstone, agate, garnet. ROOT. Pearl spar, drusy quartz, blende, barite, stalactite, stalagmite, galenite, pyrite. NEW YORK CO. CORLEAR'S HOOK. Apatite, brown and yellow feldspar, sphene. KINGSBRIDGE. Tremolite, pyroxene, mica, tourmaline, pyrites, rutile, dolomite. HARLEM Epidote apophyllite, stilbite, tourmaline, vivianite, lamellar feldspar, mica, NEW YORK. Serpentine, amianthus, actinolite, pyroxene, hydrous anthophyllite, garnet, stauro- lite, molybdenite, graphite, chlorite, jasper, necronite, feldspar. NIAGARA CO. LEWISTON. Epsomite. LOCKPORT. Cekstite, calcite, selenite, anhydrite, fluorite, dolomite, blende. NIAGARA FALLS. Calcite, fluorite, blende, dolomite. ONEIDA CO. BOONVILLE. Calcite, tabular spar, coccolite. CLINTON. Blende, lenticular argillaceous iron ore ; in rocks of the Clinton Group, strontianite, celestite, the former covering the latter. ONONDAGA CO. CAMILLUS. Selenite and fibrous gypsum. COLD SPRING. Axinite. MANLIUS. Gypsum and fluor. SYRACUSE. Serpentine, celestite, selenite, barite. ORANGE CO. CORNWALL. Zircon, chondrodite, hornblende, spinel, massive feldspar, fibrous epidote, hudsonite, menaccanite, serpentine, coccolite. DEER PARK. Cry st. pyrite, galenite. MONROE. Mica! sphene! garnet, colophonite, epidote, chondrodite, allanite, bucholzite, brown spar, spinel, hornblende, talc, menaccanite, pyrrhotite, pyrite, chromic iron, graphite, rastolyte, moronolite. At WILKS and O'NEIL Mine in Monroe. Aragonite, magnetite, dimagnetite (pseud. ?), jenkinsite, asbestus, serpentine, mica. At Two PONDS in Monroe. Pyroxene ! chondrodite, hornblende, scapolite ! zircon, sphene, apatite. At GREENWOOD FURNACE in Monroe. Chondrodite, pyroxene! mica, hornblende, spinel, scapo- lite, biotite ! menaccanite. At FOREST OF DEAN. Pyroxene, spinel, zircon, scapolite, hornblende. Town of WARWICK, WARWICK VILLAGE. Spinel! zircon, serpentine! brown spar, pyroxene! hornblende! pseudomorphous steatite, feldspar! (Rock Hill), menaccanite, clintonite, tourmaline (R. H.), rutile, sphene, molybdenite, mispickel, marcasite, pyrite, yellow iron sinter, quartz, jasper, mica, coccolite. AMITY. Spinel! garnet, scapolite, hornblende, idocrase, epidote! clintonite! magnetite, tourmaline, warwickite, apatite, chondrodite, talc! pyroxene! rutile, menaccanite, zircon, corundum, feldspar, sphene, calc spar, serpentine, schiller spar (?), silvery mica. EDENVILLE. Apatite, chondrodite ! hair-brown hornblende ! tremolite, spinel, tourmaline, Warwick- ite, pyroxene, sphene, mica, feldspar, mispickel, orpiment, rutile, menaccanite, scorodite, copper pyrites. WEST POINT. Feldspar, mica, scapolite, sphene, hornblende, allanite. PUTNAM CO. CARMEL (Brown's quarry). Anthophyllite, schiller spar (?), orpiment, mispickel, epidote. COLD SPRING. Chabazite, mica, sphene, epidote. PATTERSON. White pyroxene ! calc spar, asbestus, tremolite, dolomite, massive pyrite. PHILLIPSTOWN. Tremolite, amianthus, serpentine, sphene, diopside. green coccolite, hornblende, scapolite, stilbite, mica, laumontite, gurhofite, calc spar, magnetic iron, chromite. PHILLIPS Ore Bed. Hyalite, actinolite, massive pyrite. RENSSELAER CO. Hoosic. Nitrogen springs. LANSINGBURGH. Epsomite, quartz crystals, pyrite. TROY. Quartz crystals, pyrite, selenite. RICHMOND CO. ROSSVILLE. Lignite, cryst pyrite. QUARANTINE. Asbestus, amianthus, aragonite, dolomite, gurhofite, brucite, serpentine, tak, mag- nesite. AMERICAN LOCALITIES. 775 KOCKLAND CO. CALDWELL. Cakite GRASSY POINT. Serpentine, actinolite. HAVERSTRAW. Hornblende, barite. LADENTOWN. Zircon, malachite, cuprite. PIERMONT. Datolite, stilbite, apophyllite, stellite, prehnite, thomsonite, calcite, chabazite. STONY POINT. Cerolite, lamellar hornblende, asbeslus. ST. LAWRENCE CO. CANTON. Massive pyrite, cakite, brown tourmaline, sphene, serpentine, talc, rensselaerite, pyroxene, specular iron, chalcopyrite. DEKALB. Hornblende, barite, fluorite, tremolite, tourmaline, blende, graphite, pyroxene, quartz (spongy), serpentine. EDWARDS. Brown and silvery mica! scapolite, apatite, quartz crystals, actinolite, tremolite, specular iron, serpentine, magnetite. FINE. Black mica, hornblende. FOWLER. Barite, quartz crystals ! specular iron, bknde, galenite, tremolite, chalcedony, bog ore, satin spar (assoc. with serpentine), iron and copper pyrites, actinolite, rensselaerite (near Somer- ville). GOUVERNEUR. Cakite! serpentine! hornblende! scapolite! orthoclase, tourmaline! idocrase (one mile south of G.), pyroxene, apatite, rensselaerite, serpentine, sphene, fluorite, barite (farm of Judge Dodge), black mica, phlogopite, tremolite ! asbestus, specular iron, graphite, idocrase ; (near Somer- ville in serpentine) spinel, houghite, scapolite, phlogopite, dolomite ; three-quarters of a mile west of Somerville, chondrodite, spinel; two miles north of Somerville, apatite, pyrite, brown tour- maline ! ! HAMMOND. Apatite ! zircon ! (farm of Mr. Hardy), orthoclase (loxolase), pargasite, barite, pyrite, purple fluorite, dolomite. HERMON. Quartz crystals, specular iron, spathic iron, pargasite, pyroxene, serpentine, tourma- line, bog-iron ore. MACOMB. Blende, mica, galenite (on laud of James Averil), sphene. MINERAL POINT, Morristown. Fluorite, blende, galenite, phlogopite (Pope's Mills), barite. OGDENSBURG. Labradorite. PITCAIRN. Satin spar, associated with serpentine. POTSDAM. Hornblende ! eight miles from Potsdam on road to Pierrepont, feldspar, tourmaline, black mica, hornblende. ROSSIE (Iron Mines). Barite, specular iron, coralloidal aragonite in mines near Somerville, lirnonite, quartz (sometimes stalactitic at Parish iron mine), pyrite, pearl spar. ROSSIE Lead Mine. Cakite! galenite! pyrite, celestite, chalcopyrite, spathic iron! cerussite, an- glesite, octahedral fluor, black phlogopite. Elsewhere in ROSSIE. Cakite, barite, quartz crystals, chondrodite (near Yellow Lake), feldspar ! pargasite! apatite, pyroxene, hornblende, sphene, zircon, mica, fluorite, serpentine, automolite, pearl spar, graphite. RUSSEL. Pargasite, specular iron, quartz (dodec.), calcite, serpentine, rensselaerite, magnetite. SARATOGA CO. GREENFIELD. Chrysdberyl! garnet! tourmaline! mica, feldspar, apatite, graphite, aragonite (in iron mines). SCHOHARIE CO. BALL'S CAVE, and others. Calcite, stalactites. CARLISLE. Fibrous sulphate of baryta, cryst and fib. carbonate of lime. MIDDLEBURY. Anthracite, calcite. SHARON. Calcareous tufa. SCHOHARIE. Fibrous celestite, strontianite ! cryst. pyrites ! SENECA CO. CANOGA. Nitrogen springs. SULLIVAN CO. WURTZBORO'. Gaknite, blende, pyrite, chalcopyrite. TOMPKINS CO. ITHACA. Calcareous tufa. ULSTER CO. ELLENVILLE. GaZmYe, blende, chakopyrito! quartz, brookite. MARBLETOWN. Pyrite. WARREN CO. CALDWELL. Massive feldspar. 776 AMEKICAN LOCALITIES. CHESTER. Pyrite, tourmaline, rutile, chalcopyrite. DIAMOND ISLE (Lake George). Calcite, quartz crystals. GLENN'S FALLS. Rhomb spar. JOHNSBURG. Fluorite! zircon! ! graphite, serpentine, py rite. WASHINGTON CO. FORT ANN. Graphite, serpentine. GEANTILLE. Lamellar pyroxene, massive feldspar, epidote. WAYNE CO. WOLCOTT. Barite. WESTCHESTER CO. ANTHONY'S NOSE. Apatite, pyrite, cakite I in very large tabular crystals, grouped, and sometimes incrusted with drusy quartz. DAVENPORT'S NECK. Serpentine, garnet, sphene. EASTCHESTER. Blende, copper and iron pyrites, dolomite. HASTINGS. Tremolite, white pyroxene. NEW ROCHELLE. Serpentine, brucite, quartz, mica, tremolite, garnet, magnesite. PEEKSKILL. Mica, feldspar, hornblende, stilbite, sphene. RYE. Serpentine, chlorite, black tourmaline, tremolite. SINGSING. Pyroxene, tremolite, pyrite, beryl, azurite, green malachite, white lead ore, pyromor- phite, anglesite, vauquelinite, galenite, native silver, chalcopyrite. WEST FARMS. Apatite, tremolite, garnet, stilbite, heulandite, chabazite, epidote, sphene. YONKERS. Tremolite, apatite, calcite, analcite, pyrite, tourmaline. YORKTOWN. Sillimanite, monazite, magnetite. NEW JERSEY. ANDOVER IRON MINE (Sussex Co.). Willemite, brown garnet ALLENTOWN (Monmouth Co.). Vivianite, dufrenite. BELVILLE. Copper* mines. BERGEN. Calcite! datolite! pectolite (called stellite)! analcite, apophyllite! prehnite, sphene, stil- bite, natrolite, heulandite, laumontite, chabazite, pyrite, pseudomorphous steatite imitative of apo- phyllite. BRUNSWICK. Copper mines ; native copper, malachite, mountain leather. BRYAM. Chondrodite, spinel, at Roseville, epidote. CANTWELL'S BRIDGE (Newcastle Co.), three miles west. Yivianite. DANVILLE (Jemmy Jump Ridge). Graphite, chondrodite, augite, mica. FLEMINGTON. Copper mines. FRANKFORT. Serpentine. FRANKLIN and STERLING. Spinel! garnet! rhodonite! willemite! franklinite! red zinc ore! dysluite! hornblende, tremolite, chondrodite, white scapolite, black tourmaline, epidote, pink calcite, mica, actinolite, augite, sahlite, coccolite, asbestus, jeffersonite (augite), calamine, graphite, fluorite, beryl, galenite, serpentine, honey-colored sphene, quartz, chalcedony, amethyst, zircon, molybdenite, vivianite, tephroite, rhodochrosite, aragonite. Also algerite in gran, limestone. FRANKLIN and WARWICK MTS. Pyrite. GREENBROOK. Copper mines. GRIGGSTOWN. Copper mines. HAMBURGH. One mile north, spinel! tourmaline, phlogopite, hornblende, limonite, specular iron. HOBOKEN. Serpentine (marmolite), brucite, nemalite (or fibrous brucite), aragonite, dolomite. HURDSTOWN. Apatite, magnetic pyrites, magnetite. IMLEYTOWN. Vivianite. LOCKWOOD. Graphite, chondrodite, talc, augite, quartz, green spinel. MONTVILLE (Morris Co.). Serpentine, chrysotik. MULLICA HILL (Gloucester Co.). Vivianite lining belemnites and other fossils. NEWTON. Spinel, blue, pink, and white corundum, mica, idocrase, hornblende, tourmaline, scapo- lite, rutile, pyrite, talc, calcite, barite, pseudomorphous steatite. PATTERSON. Datolite. PENNSYLVANIA. BERKS CO. MORGANTOWN. At Jones's mines, one mile east of Morgantown, green malachite. AMEKICAN LOCALITIES. 777 chrysocolla, magnetite, pyrite, cbalcopyrite, aragonite, talc; two miles N.E. from Jones's mine, graphite, sphene; at Steele's mine, one mile N.W. from St. Mary's, Chester Co., magnetite, mica- ceous iron, coccolite, brown garnet. READING. Smoky quartz crystals, zircon, stilbite, iron ore ; at Eckhardt's Furnace, allanite with BUCKS CO. BUCKINGHAM Township. Crystallized quartz. SOUTHAMPTON. Near the village of Feasterville, in the quarry of Geo. Yan Arsdale, graphite, pyroxene, sahlite, coccolite, spJiene, green mica, calcite, wollastonite, glassy feldspar sometimes opalescent, phlogopite, blue quartz, garnet, molybdenite, zircon, pyrite, moroxite. CARBON CO. SUMMIT HILL, in coal mines. Kaolinite. CHESTER CO. BIRMINGHAM TOWNSHIP. Amethyst, smoky quartz, serpentine ; in Ab'm Dar- lington's lime quarry, calcite. EAST BRADFORD. Near Buffington's bridge on the Brandywine, green, blue, and gray cyanite, the gray cyauite is found loose in the soil in crystals ; on the farms of Dr. Elwyn, Mrs. Foulke, Wm. Gibbons, and Saml. Eritrikin, amethyst. Ac Strode's mill, asbestus, magnesite, anthophyllite, oligo- clase, drusy quartz, collyrite ? on Osborne's Hill, wad, manganesian garnet (massive), sphene, schorl ; at Caleb Cope's lime quarry, fetid dolomite, necronite, garnets, blue cyanite, yellow actinolite in talc ; near the Black Horse Inn, indurated talc, rutile; on Amor Davis' farm, orthite! massive, from a grain to lumps of one pound weight ; near the paper-mill on the Brandy wine, zircon, associated with titaniferous iron in blue quartz. WEST BRADFORD. Near the village of Marshalton, green cyanite, rutile, scapolite, pyrite, stauro- lite ; at the Chester County Poor-house limestone quarry, chesterlite ! in crystals implanted on dolo- mite, rutile I in brilliant acicular crystals, which are finely terminated, calcite in scalenohedrons, zoisite, damourite ? in radiated groups of crystals on dolomite, quartz crystals. CHARLESTOWN. Pyromorphite, cerussite, galenite, quartz. SOUTH COVENTRY. In Chrisman's limestone quarry, near Coventry village, augite, sphene, graphite, zircon in iron ore (about half a mile from the village). EAST FALLOWFIELD. Soapstone. EAST GOSHEN. Serpentine, asbestus. WEST GOSHEN. On the Barrens, one mile north of West Chester, amianthus, serpentine, cellular quartz, jasper, chalcedony, drusy quartz, chlorite, marmolite, indurated talc, magnesite in radiated crystals on serpentine, hematite, asbestus ; near R. Taylor's mill, chromite in octahedral crystals, deweylite, radiated magnesite, aragonite, staurolite, garnet, asbestus, epidote; zo-isite on hornblende at West Chester water-works (not accessible at present). NEW GARDEN. At Nivin's limestone quarry, brown tourmaline, necronite, scapolite, apatite, brown and green mica, rutile, aragonite, fibrolite, kaolinite. KENNETT. Actinolite, brown tourmaline, brown mica, epidote, tremolite, scapolite, aragonite; on Wm. Cloud's farm, sunstone! ! sphene. At Pearce's old mill, zoisite, epidote, sunstone; sunstone occurs in good specimens at various places in the range of hornblende rocks running through this township from N.E. to S.W. LOWER OXFORD. Garnets, pyrite in cubic crystals. LONDON GROVE. Rutile, jasper, chalcedony (botryoidal) ; in. Wm. Jackson's limestone quarry, yellow tourmaline, tremolite; at Pusey's quarry, rutile, tremolite. EAST MARLBOROUGH. On the farm of Baily & Brothers, one mile south of Unionville, bright yellow and nearly white tourmaline, chesterlite, albite ; near Maryborough meeting-house, epidote, serpentine, acicular black tourmaline in white quartz ; zircon in small perfect crystals loose in the soil at Pusey's saw-mill, two miles S.W. of Unionville. WEST MARLBOROUGH. Near Logan's quarry, staurolite, cyanite, yellow tourmaline, rutile, gar- nets ; near Doe Run village, hematite, scapolite, tremolite ; in R. Baily's limestone quarry, two and a half miles S.W. of Uniouville, fibrous tremolite, cyanite, scapolite. NEWLIN. On the serpentine barrens, one and a half miles N.E. of Unionville, corundum! mas- sive and crystallized, also in crystals in albite, often in loose crystals covered with a thin coating of steatite, talc, picrolite, brucite, green tourmaline, with flat pyramidal terminations in albite, unionite (rare), euphyllite, mica in hexagonal crystals, feldspar, beryl! in hexagonal crystals, one of which weighs 51 Ibs., chromic iron, drusy quartz, green quartz, actinolite, emerylite, chlorotoid, dial- lage, oligoclase; on Johnson Patterson's farm, massive corundum, titaniferous iron, clinochlore, eme- rylite, sometimes colored green by chrome, albite, orthoclase, halloysite, margarite, garnets, beryl; on J. Lesley's farm, corundum, crystallized and in massive lumps, one of which weighed 5200 Ibs., diaspore! ! emerylite! euphyllite crystallized! green tourmaline, transparent crystals in the euphyllite, orthoclase ; two miles N. of Unionville, magnetite in octahedral crystals ; one mile E. of Unionville, hematite ; in Edwards's old Limestone quarry, purple fluor, rutile. 778 AMEKICAN LOCALITIES. EAST NOTTINGHAM. Sand chrome, asbestus, chromic iron in octahedral crystals. WEST NOTTINGHAM. At Scott's chrome mine, chromic iron, foliated talc, marmolite, serpentine, chalcedony, rhodochrome ; at the magnesia quarry, deweylite, marmolite, magnesite, leelite, serpentine, sand chrome. EAST PIKELAND. Iron ore. WEST PIKELAND. In the iron mines near Chester Springs, gibbsite, zircon, hydro-hematite, hema- tite (stalactitical and in geodes). PENN. Garnets, agalmatolite. PENNSBUEY. On John Craig's farm, brown garnets, mica ; on J. Dil worth's farm, near Fairville, muscovite ! in hexagonal prisms from one quarter to seven inches in diameter ; in the village of Fairville, sunstone; near Brin ton's ford on the Brandy wine, chondrodite, sphene, diopside, augite, coccolite ; at Mendenhall's old limestone quarry, fetid quartz, sunstone. POCOPSON. On the farms of John Entrikin and Jos. B. Darlington, amethyst. SADSBUEY. Rutile ! ! splendid geniculated crystals are found loose in the soil for seven miles along the valley, and particularly near the village of Parkesburg, where they sometimes occur weigh- ing one pound, doubly geniculated and of a deep red color; near Sadsbury village, amethyst, tourmaline, epidote, milk quartz. SCHUYLKILL. In the railroad tunnel at PHCENIXVILLE, dolomite ! sometimes coated with pyrite, quartz crystals, yellow blende, brookite, calcite in hexagonal crystals enclosing pyrite; at the WHEATLEY, BEOOKDALE, and CHESTEE COUNTY LEAD MINES, one and a half miles S. of Phoanixville, pyromorphite ! cerussite / galenite, anglesite! ! quartz crystals, chalcopyrite, barite, fluorite (white), stohite, wulfenite! calamine, vanadinite, blende! mimetene! native copper, malachite, azurite, limo- nite, cakite, sulphur, pyrite, indigo copper, black oxide of copper, phosphochalcite, gersdorffite. THOENBUEY. On Jos. H. Brinton's farm, muscovite containing acicular crystals of tourmaline, rutile, titaniferous iron. TEEDYFPEIN. Pyrite in cubic crystals loose in the soil, UWCHLAN. Massive blue quartz, graphite. WAEEEN. Melanite, feldspar. WILLISTOWN. Magnetite, chromite, actiuolite, asbestus. WEST-TOWN. On the serpentine rocks 3 miles S. of West Chester, clinochlore ! je/erisite ! mica, asbestus, actinolite, magnesite, talc, titaniferous iron. EAST WHITELAND. Pyrite, in very perfect cubic crystals, is found on nearly every farm in this township, quartz crystals found loose in the soil. WEST WHITELAND. At Gen. Trimble's iron mine, stalactitical hematite I wavellite ! ' in radiated stalactites. WAEWICK. At the^Elizabeth mine, and Keim's old iron mine adjoining, one mile N. of Knauer- town, aplome garnet! in brilliant dodecahedrons, flosferri, pyroxene, micaceous iron, pyrite in bright octahedral crystals in calcite, chalcopyrite massive and in single tetrahedral crystals, magnetite, fascicular hornblende ! bornite, malachite, brown garnet, calcite, byssolite ! serpentine : near the vil- lage of St. Mary's, magnetite in dodecahedral crystals, melanite, garnet, actinolite in small radiated nodules; at the Hopewell iron mine, one mile N.W. of St. Mary's, magnetite in octahedral crystals. COLUMBIA CO. At Webb's mine, yellow blende in caloite ; near Bloomburg, cryst. magne- DAUPHIN CO. NEAE HUMMERSTOWN. Green garnets, cryst. smoky quartz, feldspar. DELAWARE CO. ASTON TOWNSHIP. Amethyst, corundum, emerylite, staurolite, fibrolite, black tourmaline, pearl mica, sunstone, asbestus, anthophyllite, steatite; near Tyson's mill, garnet, staurohte ; at Peter's mill-dam in the creek, pyrope garnet. _ BIEMINGHAM. Fibrolite, kaolin (abundant), crystals of rutile, amethyst: at Bullock's old quarry, zircon, bucholzite, nacrite, yellow crystallized quartz, feldspar BLUE HILL. Green quartz crystals. ^ ESTE 7 R '^ m t %5 \ *?"* ^ r aZ T ' l&ryl > CTystaU f f dds par, garnet, cryst. pyrite, molyb- aemte, molybdic ochre, chalcopyrite, kaolin. CmcHESTEE.-Near Trainer's mill-dam, beryl, tourmaline, crystals of feldspar, kaolin; on Wm. Eyre's farm, tourmaline. CoxcoKD.-Crystals of mica, crystals of feldspar, kaolin abundant, drusy quartz of a blue and folr ' me . ersc r haum > stellated tremolite, some of the rays 6* in. diameter^ anthophyllite, fibrolite, ular crystals of rutile, pyrope in quartz, amethst actinolite or . r > , n. ameer anopye, roe, ; ular crystals of rutile, pyrope in quartz, amethyst, actinolite, manganesian garnet, beryl; in breen s creek, pyrope garnet. fJ Cy ?? ite ' garnet ' staurolite zoisite, quartz, beryl, chlorite, mica, limonite. manganese, crystals of feldspar; one mile east of Edgemont AMERICAN LOCALITIES. 779 GREEN'S CREEK. Garnet (so-called pyrope). MARPLE. Tourmaline, andalusite, amethyst, actinolite^ anthophyllite, talc, radiated actinolite in talc chromite, drusy quartz, beryl, cryst. pyrite, titanic iron in quartz, chlorite. MIDDLETOWN. Amethyst, beryl, black mica, mica with reticulated magnetite between the plates, manganesian garnets I large trapezohedral crystals, some 8 in. in diameter, indurated talc, hexagonal crystals ot'rutile, crystals of mica, green quartz! anthophyllite, radiated tourmaline, staurolite, titanic iron, fibrolite, serpentine; at Lenni, chlorite, green and bronze vermiculite ! green feldspar ; at Min- eral Hill, fine crystals of corundum, one of which weighs If Ibs., actinolite in great variety, 'bronzite, green feldspar, moonstone, sunstone, graphic granite, magnesite, octahedral crystals of chromite in great quantity, beryl, chalcedony, asbestus, fibrous hornblende, rutile, staurolite. NEWTOWN. Serpentine, hematite. UPPER PROVIDENCE. Anthophyllite, tremolite, radiated asbestus, radiated actinolite, tourmaline, beryl, green feldspar, amethyst (one found on Morgan Hunter's farm weighing over 7 Ibs.), andalusite} (one terminated crystal found on the farm of Jas. Worrall weighs 7- Ibs. ) ; at Blue Hill, very fine crystals of blue quartz in chlorite, amianthus in serpentine. LOWER PROVIDENCE. Amethyst, green mica, garnet, large crystals of feldspar ! (some over 100 Ibs. in weight). RADNOR. Garnet, marmolite, deweylite, chromite, asbestus, magnesite, talc, blue quartz, picro- lite, limonite, magnetite. SPRINGFIELD. Andalusite, tourmaline, beryl, titanic iron, garnet ; on Fell's Laurel Hill, beryl, garnet ; near Beattie's mill, staurolite, apatite ; near Lewis's paper-mill, tourmaline, mica. THORNBURY. Amethyst. HUNTINGDON CO. NEAR FRANKSTOWN. In the bed of a stream and on the side of a hill, fibrous celestite (abundant), quartz crystals. LANCASTER CO. DRUMORE TOWNSHIP. Quartz crystals. FULTON. At Wood's chrome mine, near the village of Texas, brucite!! zaratite (emerald nickelj, pennite ! ripidolite ! kammererite ! baltimorite, chromic iron, williamsite, chrysolite ! marmo- lite, picrolite, hydromagnesite, dolomite, magnesite, aragonite, calcite, serpentine, hematite, menacca- nite, geuthite, chrome-garnet, bronzite ; at Low's mine, hydromagnesite, brucite (lancasterite), picro- lite, magnesite, williamsite, chromic iron, talc, zaratite, baltimorite, serpentine, hematite ; on M. Boice's farm, one mile N.W. of the village, pyrite, in cubes and various modifications, anthophyllite ; near Rock Springs, chalcedony, carnelian, moss agate, green tourmaline in talc, titanic iron, octahedral magnetite in chlorite; at Reynold's old mine, calcite, talc, picrolite, chromite. GAP MINES. Chalcopyrite, pyrrhotite (niccoliferous), millerite in botryoidal radiations, vivianite I (rare), actinolite, pyroxene crystals, siderite. PEQUEA VALLEY. Eight miles south of Lancaster, argentiferous galenite (said to contain 250 to 300 oz. of silver to the ton ?), vauquelinite at Pequea mine ; four miles N.W. of Lancaster, on the Lancaster and Harrisburg Railroad, calamine, galenite, blende ; pyrite in cubic crystals is found in great abundance near the city of Lancaster ; at the Lancaster zinc mines, calamine, blende, tennant- ite ? smithsonite (pseud, of dolomite), aurichalcite. LEBANON CO. CORNWALL. Magnetite, pyrite (cobaltiferous), chalcopyrite, native copper, azurite, malachite, chrysocolla, cuprite, allophane, brochantite, serpentine, quartz pseudomorphs ; gale- nite (with octahedral cleavage), fluorite. LEHIGH CO. FRIEDENSVILLE. At the zinc mines, calamine, smithsonite, hydrozincite, massive blende, sulphid of cadmium, quartz, allophane, zinciferous clay ; near Allentown, magnetite, pipe- iron ore ; near Bethlehem, on S. Mountain, allanite, with zircon and altered sphene in syenite, magnetite, black spinel, tourmaline. MONROE CO. In CHERRY VALLEY. Cakite, chalcedony, quartz; in Poconac Valley, near Judge Mervine's, cryst. quartz. MONTGOMERY CO. CONSHOHOCKEN. Fibrous tourmaline, titanic iron, aventurine quartz, phyllite ; in the quarry of Geo. Bullock, calcite in hexagonal prisms, aragonite. LOWER PROVIDENCE. At the Perkiomen lead and copper mines, near the village of Shannonville, azurite, blende, galenite, pyromorphite, cerussite, wulfenite, anglesite, barite, calamine, chalcopyrite, malachite, chrysocolla, brown spar. WHITE MARSH. At D. 0. Hitner's iron mine, five and a half miles from Spring Mills, limonite in geodes and stalactites, gothite, pyrolusite, wad, lepidocrocite ; at Edge Hill Street, North Penn- sylvania Railroad, titanic iron; one mile S.W. of Hitner's iron mine, limonite, velvety, stalactitic, and 780 AMEKICAN LOCALITIES. fibrous, fibres three inches long, gothite, pyrolusite, velvet manganese, wad; near Marble Hall, at Hitner's marble quarry, white marble, granular barite, resembling marble ; at Spring Mills, limon- ite ; at Flat Rock Tunnel, opposite Manayunk, stilbite, heulandite, chabasite, beryl, feldspar, mica. NORTHUMBERLAND CO. Opposite SELIM'S GEOYE. Calamine. NORTHAMPTON CO. Near EASTON. Zircon ! (exhausted), nephrite, coccolite, tremolite, pyroxene, sahlite, lirnonite, magnetite, purple calcite. PHILADELPHIA CO. FEANKFOED. On the Philadelphia, Trenton and Connecting Rail- road, basinite; at the quarries on Frankford Creek, stilbite, molybdenite, hornblende; on the Con- necting Railroad, wad, earthy cobalt. FAIEMOUNT WATEE WOEKS. In the quarries opposite Fairmount, lime uranite ! copper uranite, crystals of feldspar, beryl, pseudomorphs after beryl, tourmaline, albite, wad, menaccanite. GOEGAS' and CEEASE'S Lane. Tourmaline, cyanite, staurolite, hornstone. HESTONVILLE. Alunogen, iron alum. HEFT'S MILL. Alunogen, tourmaline, cyanite, titanic iron. MANAYUNK. At the soapstone quarries above Manayunk, talc, steatite, chlorite, vermiculite, anthophyllite, staurolite, dolomite, apatite, asbestus, brown spar, epsomite. MAGAEGE'S Paper-mill. Staurolite, titanic iron, hyalite, apatite, green mica, iron garnets in great abundance. McKiNNEY's Quarry, on Rittenhouse Lane. Feldspar, apatite, stilbite, natrolite, heulandite, epi- dote, hornblende, erubescite, malachite. SCHUYLKILL CO. TAMAQUA, near POTTSYILLE, in coal mines. Kaolinite. DELAWARE. NEWCASTLE CO. BEANDYWINE SPEINGS. Bucholzite, fibrolite abundant, sahlite, pyroxene ; Brandywine Hundred, muscovite, enclosing reticulated magnetite. DIXON'S FELDSPAE QUAEEIES, six miles N.W. of Wilmington (these quarries have been worked for the manufacture of porcelain). Adularia, albite, oligoclase, beryl, apatite, cinnamon-stone /, / (both granular like that from Ceylon, and crystallized, rare), magnesite, serpentine, asbestus, black tour- maline ! (rare), indicolite f (rare), sphene in pyroxene, cyanite. DUPONT'S POWDEE MILLS. " Hypersthene." EASTBUEN'S LIMESTONE QUAEEIES, near the Pennsylvania line. Tremolite, bronzite. QUAEEYVILLE. Garnet, spodumene, fibrolite, sillimanite. Near NEWAEK, on the railroad. Sphasrosiderite on drusy quartz, jasper (ferruginous opal), cryst. spathic iron in the cavities of cellular quartz. WAY'S QUAEEY, two miles south of Centreville. Feldspar in fine cleavage masses, apatite, mica, deweylite, granular quartz. WILMINGTON. In Christiana quarries, metalloidal diallage. KENNETT TUENPIKE, near Centreville. Cyanite and garnet. HARFORD CO. Cerolite. KENT CO. Near MIDDLETOWN, in Wm. Folk's marl pits. Vivianite! On CHESAPEAKE AND DELAWAEE CANAL. Retiuasphalt, pyrite, amber. SUSSEX CO. Near CAPE HENLOPEN. Yivianite. MARYLAND. BALTIMOEE (Jones's Falls, If miles from B.). Chabazite (haydenite), heulandite (beaumontite of Lev 7)> pynte, lenticular carbonate of iron, mica, stilbite. Sixteen miles from Baltimore, on the Gunpowder. Graphite. Twenty-three miles from B., on the Gunpowder. Talc. Twenty-five miles from B., on the Gunpowder. Magnetite, sphene pycnite Thirty miles from B., in Montgomery Co., on. farm of S. Eliot Gold in quartz. AMERICAN LOCALITIES. 781 Eight to twenty miles north of B., in limestone. Tremolite, augite, pyrite, brown and yellow tourmaline. Fifteen miles north of B. Sky-blue chalcedony in granular limestone. Eighteen miles north of B., at Scott's mills. Magnetite, cyanite. BARE HILLS. Chromite, asbestus, tremolite, talc, hornblende, serpentine, chalcedony, meerschaum baltimorite, chalcopyrite, magnetite. CAPE SABLE, near Magothy R. Amber, pyrite, alum slate. CARROLL Co. Near Sykesville, Liberty Mines, gold, magnetite, pyrite (octahedrons), chalcopyrite, linnseite (carrollite) ; at Patapsco Mines, near Finksburg, bornite, malachite, siegenite, linnceite, rem- ingtonite, magnetite, chalcopyrite ; at Mineral Hill mine, bornite, chal copy rite, ore of nickel (see above), gold, magnetite. CECIL Co., north part. Chromite in serpentine. COOPTOWN, Harford Co. Olive-colored tourmaline, diallage, talc of green, blue, and rose colors, ligniform asbestus, chromite, serpentine. DEER CREEK. Magnetite ! in chlorite slate. FREDERICK Co. Old Liberty mine, near Liberty Town, black copper, malachite, chalcocite, spe- cular iron ; at Dolly hyde mine, bornite, .chalcopyrite, pyrite, argentiferous galenite in dolomite. MONTGOMERY Co. Oxyd of manganese. SOMERSET and WORCESTER Cos., north part. Bog-iron ore, vivianite. ST. MARY'S RIVER. Gypsum! in clay. VIRGINIA AND DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. ALBEMARLE Co., a little west of the Green Mts. Steatite, graphite, galena. AMHERST Co., along the west base of Buffalo ridge. Copper ores, etc. AUGUSTA Co. At Weyer's (or Weir's) cave, sixteen miles northeast of Staunton, and eighty-one miles northwest of Richmond, calcite, stalactites. BUCKINGHAM Co. Gold at Garnett and Moseley mines, also pyrite, pyrrhotite, calcite, garnet; at Eldridge mine (now London and Virginia mines) near by, and the Buckingham mines near Maysville, gold, auriferous pyrite, chalcopyrite, tennantite, barite; cyanite, tourmaline, actinolite. CHESTERFIELD Co. Near this and Richmond Co., bituminous coal, native coke. CULPEPPER Co., on Rapidan river. Gold, pyrite. FRANKLIN Co. Grayish steatite. FAUQUIER Co., Barnet's mills. Asbestus ; gold mines, barite, calcite. FLUVANNA Co. Gold at Stockton's mine ; also tetradymite at " Tellurium mine." PHENIX Copper mines. Chalcopyrite, etc. GEORGETOWN, D. C. Rutile. GOOCHLAND Co. Gold mines (Moss and Busby's). HARPER'S FERRY, on both sides of the Potomac. Thuringite (owenite) with quartz. JEFFERSON Co., at Shepherdstown. Fluor. KENAWHA Co. At Kenawha, petroleum, brine springs, cannel coal. LOUDON Co. Tabular quartz, prase, pyrite, talc, chlorite, soapstone, asbestus, chromite, actinolite, quartz crystals ; micaceous iron, bornite, malachite, epidote, near Leesburg (Potomac mine). LOUISA Co. Walton gold mine, gold, pyrite, chalcopyrite, argentiferous galenite, siderite, blende, anglesite ; boulangerite, blende (at Tinder's mine). NELSON Co. Galenite, chalcopyrite, malachite. ORANGE Co. Western part, Blue Ridge, specular iron ; gold at the Orange Grove and Vaucluse gold mines, worked by the " Freehold" and " Liberty " Mining Companies. ROCKBRIDGE Co., three miles southwest of Lexington. Barite. SHENANDOAH Co., near Woodstock. Fluorite. MT. ALTO, Blue Ridge. Argillaceous iron ore. SPOTSYLVANIA Co., two miles northeast of Chancellorville. Cyanite; gold mines at the junction of the Rappahannock and Rapidan ; on the Rappahannock (Marshall mine) ; Whitehall mine, affording also tetradymite. STAFFORD Co., eight or ten miles from Falmouth. Micaceous iron, gold, tetradymite, silver, galenite, vivianite. WASHINGTON Co., eighteen miles from Abingdon. Rock salt with gypsum. WYTHE Co. (Austin's mines). Cerussite, minium, plumbic ochre, blende, calamine, galenite. On the Potomac, twenty-five miles north of Washington city. Native sulphur in gray compact limestone. NORTH CAROLINA, ASHE Co. Malachite, chalcopyrite. 782 AMERICAN LOCALITIES. BUNCOMBE Co. Corundum (from a boulder), margarite, coruudophilite, garnet, chromite, barite, fiuorite, rutile, iron ores, oxyd of manganese, zircon. BURKE Co. Gold, monazite, zircon, beryl, corundum, garnet, sphene, graphite, iron ores. CABARRUS Co. Phenix Mine, gold, barite, chakopyrite, auriferous pyrite, quartz pseudomorph after barite, tetradymite ; Pioneer mines, gold, limonite, pyrolusite, barnhardtite, wolfram, scheelite, tungstate of copper, tungstite, diamond, chrysocolla, chalcocite, molybdenite, chakopyrite, pyrite ; White mine, needle ore, chalcopyrite, barite; Long and Muse's mine, argentiferous galenite, pyrite, chaloopyrite, limonite ; Boger mine, tetradymite ; Fink mine, valuable copper ores ; Mt. Makins, tetrabedrite, magnetite, talc, blende, pyrites, proustite, galenite ; Bangle mine, scheelite. CALDWELL Co. Chromite. CHATHAM Co. Mineral coal, pyrite. CHEROKEE Co. Iron ores, gold, galenite, corundum, rutile. DAVIDSON Co. King's, now Washington mine, native silver, cerussite, anglesite, scheelite, pyro- morphite, galenite, blende, malachite, black copper, wavellite, garnet, stilbite; five miles from Washington mine, on Faust's farm, gold, tetradymite, oxyd of bismuth and tellurium, chalcopyrite, limonite, spathic iron, epidote ; near Squire Ward's, gold in crystals, electrum. FRANKLIN Co. At Partis mine, diamonds. GASTON Co. Iron ores, corundum, margarite ; near Crowder's Mountain (in what was formerly Lincoln Co.), lazulite, cyanite, garnet, graphite; also twenty miles northeast, near south end of Clubb's Mtn., lazulite, cyanite, talc, rutile, topaz, pyrophyllite. GUILFORD Co. McCulloch copper and gold mine, twelve miles from Greensboro', gold, pyrite, chakopyrite (worked for copper), quartz, spathic iron. The North Carolina Copper Co. are working the copper ore at the old Fentress mine : at Deep River, compact pyrophyllite (worked for slate-pencils). HENDERSON Co. Zircon, sphene (xanthitane). JACKSON Co. Alunogen ? at Smoky Mt. ; at Webster, serpentine, chromite, genthite, chrysolite, talc. LINCOLN Co. Diamond; at Randleman's, amethyst! rose quartz. MACON Co. Chromite. MCDOWELL Co. Brookite, monazite, corundum in small crystals red and white, zircons, garnet, beryl, sphene, xenotime, rutile, elastic sandstone, iron ores, pyromelane. MECKLENBURG Co. Near Charlotte (Rhea and Cathay mines) and elsewhere, chakopyrite, gold; chalcotrichite at McGinn's mine; barnhardtite near Charlotte; pyrophyllite in Cotton Stone Moun- tain, diamond ; Flowe mine, scheelite, wolframite ; Todd's Branch, monazite. MONTGOMERY Co. Steele's mine, ripidolite, albite. MOORE Co. Carbonton, compact pyrophyllite. ROWAN Co. Gold Hill mines, thirty-eight miles northeast of Charlotte, and fourteen from Salis- bury, gold, auriferous pyrite ; ten miles from Salisbury, feldspar in crystals, Msmuthine. RUTHERFORD Co. Gold, graphite, bismuthic gold, diamond, euclase, pseudomorphous quartz, chal- cedony, corundum in small crystals, epidote, pyrope, brookite, zircon, mouazite, rutherfordite, samarskite, quartz crystals, itacolumite ; on the road to Cooper's Gap, cyanite. STOKES AND SURREY Cos. Iron ores, graphite. UNION Co. Lemmond gold mine, eighteen miles from Concord (at Stewart's and Moore's mine), gold, quartz, blende, argentiferous galenite (containing 29*4 oz. of gold and 86'5 oz. of silver to the ton, Genth), pyrite, some chalcopyrite. YANCEY Co. Iron ores, amianthus, chromite. SOUTH CAROLINA. ABBEVILLE DIST. Oakland Grove, gold (Dorn mine), galenite, pyromorphite. amethyst, garnet. ANDERSON DIST. At Pendleton, actinolite, galenite. kaolin, tourmaline CHARLESTON. Seknite. CHEOWEE VALLEY. Galenite, tourmaline, gold. CHESTERFIELD DIST. Gold (Brewer's mine), talc, chlorite, pyrophyllite, pyrite, native bismuth, carbonate of bismuth, red and yellow ochre, whetstone, enargite DARLINGTON. Kaolin. EDGEFIELD DIST. Psilomelane. GREENVILLE DIST. Galenite, phosphate of lead, kaolin, chalcedony in buhrstone, beryl, plum- bago, epidote, tourmaline. y ' KERSHAW DIST. Rutile. LANCASTER DiST.-Gold (Bale's mine) talc, chlorite, cyanite, elastic sandstone, pyrite; gold also at Blackman's mine, Massey's mine, Ezell's mine. NEWBERRY DIST. Leadhillite (?). PICKENS DIST. Gold, manganese ores, kaolin. EICHLAND DIST. Chiastolite, novaculite. AMERICAN LOCALITIES. 783 SPARTANBURG DIST. Magnetite, chalcedony, hematite ; at the Cowpens, limonite, graphite, lime- stone, copperas; Morgan mine, leadhillite, pyromorphite, cerussite. SUMTER DIST. Agate. UNION DIST. Fairforest gold mines, pyrite, chalcopyrite. YORK DIST. Limestones, whetstones, witherite, barite. GEORGIA, BURKE AND SCRIVEN Cos. Hyalite. CHEROKEE Co. At Cauton Mine, chalcopyrite, galenite, clausthalite, plumbogummite, hitch- cockite, mispickel, lanthanite, harrisite, cantonite, pyromorphite, automolite, zinc, staurolite, cyanite ; at Ball-Ground, spodumene. CLARK Co., near Clarksville. Gold, xenotime, zircon, rutile, cyanite, specular iron, garnet, quartz. DADE Co. Halloysite, near Rising Fawn. FANNIN Co. Staurolite, chalcopyrite. HABERSHAM Co. Gold, iron and copper pyrites, galenite, hornblende, garnet, quartz, kaolinite, soapstone, chlorite, rutile, iron ores, tourmaline, staurolite, zircon. HALL Co. Gold, quartz, kaolin, diamond. HANCOCK Co. Agate, chalcedony. HEARD Co. Molybdite, quartz. LINCOLN Co. Lazulite ! ! rutile ! I hematite, cyanite, menaccanite, pyrophyllite, gold, itacolu- mite rock. LUMPKIN Co. At Field's gold mine near Dahlonega, gold, tetradymite, pyrrhotite, chlorite, me- naccanite, allanite, apatite. RABUN Co. Gold, chalcopyrite. WASHINGTON Co., near Saundersville. Wdvellite, fire opal. ALABAMA. BIBB Co., Centreville. Iron ores, marble, barite, coal, cobalt. TUSCALOOSA Co. Coal, galenite, pyrite, vivianite, limonite, calcite, dolomite, cyanite, steatite, quartz crystals, manganese ores. BENTON Co. Antimonial lead ore (boulangerite ?). FLORIDA. NEAR TAMPA BAT. Limestone, sulphur springs, chalcedony, cornelian, agate, silicified shells and corals. KENTUCKY. ANDERSON Co. Galenite, barite. CLINTON Co. Geodes of quartz. CRITTENDEN Co. Galenite, fluorite, calcite. CUMBERLAND Co. At Mammoth Cave, gypsum rosettes ! calcite, stalactites, nitre, epsomite. FAYETTE Co. Six miles N.E. of Lexington, galenite, barite, witherite, blende. LIVINGSTONE Co., near the line of Union Co. Galenite, chalcopyrite. MERCER Co. At McAfee, fluorite, pyrite, calcite, barite, celestite. OWEN Co. Galenite, barite. TENNESSEE. BROWN'S CREEK. Galenite, blende, barite, celestite. CARTER'S Co., foot of Roan Mt. Sahlite, magnetite. CLAIBORNE Co. Calamine, galenite, smithsonite, chlorite, steatite, magnetite. COCKE Co., near Brush Creek. Cacoxene ? kraurite, iron sinter, stilpnosiderite, brown hematite. DAVIDSON Co. Selenite, with granular and snowy gypsum, or alabaster, crystallized and com- pact anhydrite, fluorite in crystals ? calcite in crystals. Near Nashville, blue celestite (crystallized, fibrous, and radiated), with barite in limestone. Haysboro', galenite, blende, with barite as the gangue of the ore. DICKSON Co. Manganite. 784: AMERICAN LOCALITIES. JEFFERSON Co. Calaminc, galenite, fetid barite. KNOX Co. Magnesian limestone, native iron, variegated marbles ! MAURY Co. Wavellite in limestone. MORGAN Co. Epsom salt, nitrate of lime. POLK Co., Ducktown mines, southeast corner of ; State. Black copper! chalcopynte, pyrite, native copper bornite, rutile, zoisite, galenite, harrisite, alisonite, blende, pyroxene, tremolite, sul- phates of copper and iron in stalactites, allopbane, rahtite, chalcocite (ducktownite), chalcotrichite, azurite, malachite, pyrrhotite, limonite. BOAN Co., eastern declivity of Cumberland Mts. Wavellite in limestone. SEVIER Co., in caverns. Epsom salt, soda alum, saltpetre, nitrate of lime, breccia marble. SMITH Co. Fluorite. SMOKY MT., on declivity. Hornblende, garnet, staurohte. WHITE Co. Nitre. OHIO. BAINBRIDGE (Copperas Mt., a few miles east of B.). Calcite, barite, pyrite, copperas, alum. CANFIELD. Gypsum ! DUCK CREEK, Monroe Co. Petroleum. LAKE ERIE. Strontian Island, celestite ! Put-in Bay Island, celestite ! sulphur / calcite. LIVERPOOL. Petroleum. MARIETTA. Argillaceous iron ore; iron ore abundant also in Scioto and Lawrence Cos. OTTAWA Co. Gypsum. POLAND. Gypsum I MICHIGAN. BREST (Monroe Co.). Cakite, amethystine quartz, apatite, celestite. GRAND RAPIDS. Selenite, fib. and granular gypsum, cakite, dolomite, anhydrite. LAKE SUPERIOR MINING REGION. The four principal regions are Keweenaw Point, Isle Royale, the Ontonagon, and Portage Lake. The mines of Keweenaw Point are along two ranges of eleva- tion, one known as the Greenstone Range, and the other as the Southern or Bohemian Range (Whitney). The copper occurs in the trap or amygdaloid, and in the associated conglomerate. Native copper! native silver! chalcopyrite, horn silver, gray copper, manganese ores, epidote, prehnite, laumontite, datolite, heulandite, orthoclase, anakite, chabazite, compact datolite, chryso- colla, mesotype (Copper Falls mine), konhardite (ib.), anakite (ib.), apophyllite (at Cliff mine), 'tool- lastonite (ib.), cak spar! quartz(in crystals at Minnesota mine), compact datolite, orthoclase (Superior mine), saponite, black oxyd of copper (near Copper Harbor, but exhausted), chrysocolla ; on Cho- colate River, galenite and sulphid of copper ; chalcopyrite and native copper at Presq' Isle ; at Albion mine, domeykite; at Prince Yein, barite, cakite, amethyst; at Michipicoten Ids., copper nickel, stilbite, analcite ; at Albany and Boston mine, Portage Lake, prehnite, anakite, orthoclase, cuprite; at Sheldon location, domeykite, whitneyite, algodonite; Isle Royale mine, Portage Lake, compact datolite ; Quincy mine, calcite, compact datolite. MARQUETTE. Manganite, galenite ; twelve miles west at Jackson Mt., and other mines, hematite, limonite, gdthite I magnetite, jasper. MONROE. Aragonite, apatite. POINT AUX PEAUX (Monroe Go.). Amethystine quartz, apatite, celestite, cakite. SAGINAW BAY. At Alabaster, gypsum. STONY POINT (Monroe Co.). Apatite, amethystine quartz, celestite, calcite. ILLINOIS. GALLATIN Co., on a branch of Grand Pierre Creek, sixteen to thirty miles from Shawneetown, down the Ohio, and from half to eight miles from this river. Violet fluorite ! in carboniferous lime- stone, barite, galenite, blende, brown iron ore. HANCOCK Co. At Warsaw, quartz ^geodes ! containing cakite! chalcedony, dolomite, blende! brown spar, pyrite. aragonite, gypsum, bitumen. HARDIN Co. Near Rosiclare, cakite, galenite, blende ; five miles back from Elizabethtown, bog iron ; one mile north of the river, between Elizabethtown and Rosiclare, nitre. DA VIES Co. At Galena, galenite, calcite, pyrite, blende; at Marsden's diggings, galenite t oienae, cerussite, pyrite ! in stalactitic forms. JOLIET. Marble. QUINCY. Cakite! pyrite. SCALES MOUND. Barite, pyrite. AMEKICAN LOCALITIES. 785 INDIANA. LIMESTONE CAVERNS ; Cory don Caves, etc. Epsom salt. In most of the southwest counties, pyrite, sulphate of iron, and feather alum ; on Sugar Creek, pyrite and sulphate of iron; in sandstone of Lloyd Co., near the Ohio, gypsum; at the top of the blue limestone formation, brown spar, calcite. MINNESOTA. NORTH SHORE OP L. SUPERIOR (range of hills running nearly northeast and southwest, extending from Fond du Lac Superieure to the Kamanistiqueia River in Upper Canada). Scokcite, apophyllite, prehnite, stilbite, laumontite, heulandite, harmotome, thomsonite, fluorite, barite, tourmaline, epidote, hornblende, calcite, quartz crystals, pyrite, magnetite, steatite, blende, black oxyd of copper, mala- chite, native copper, chalcopyrite, amethystine quartz, ferruginous quartz, chalcedony, carnelian, agate, drusy quartz, hyalite ? fibrous quartz, jasper, prase (in the debris of the lake shore), dogtooth spar, augite, native silver, spodumene ? arsenate of cobalt ? chlorite ; between Pigeon Point and Fond du Lac, near Baptism River, saponite (thalite) in amygdaloid. KETTLE RIVER TRAP RANGE. Epidote, nail-head calcite, amethystine quartz, calcite, undeter- mined zeolites, saponite. STILLW ATER. Blende. FALLS OF THE ST. CROIX. Green carbonate of copper, native copper, epidote, nail-head spar. RAINY LAKE. Actinolite, tremolite, fibrous hornblende, garnet, pyrite, magnetite, steatite. WISCONSIN. BIG BULL FALLS (near). Bog iron. BLUE MOUNDS. Cerussite. LAC DU FLAMBEAU R. Garnet, cyanite. LEFT HAND R. (near small tributary). Malachite, chalcocite, native copper, red copper ore, earthy malachite, epidote, chlorite ? quartz crystals. LINDEN. Galenite, smithsonite, hydrozincite. MINERAL POINT and vicinity. Copper and lead ores, chrysocolla, azurite ! chalcopyrite, malachite, galenite, cerussite, anglesite, blende, pyrite, barite, calcite, marcasite, smithsonite t (so-called dry-bone). MONTREAL RIVER PORTAGE. Galenite in grieissoid granite. SANK Co. Specular iron ! malachite, chalcopyrite. SHULLSBURG. Gaknite! blende, pyrite; at Emett's diggings, galenite and pyrite. IOWA. Du BUQUE LEAD MINES, and elsewhere. Galenite! calcite, blende, black oxyd of manganese; at Ewing's and Sherard's diggings, smithsonite, calamine ; at Des Moines, quartz crystals, selenite ; Makoqueta R., brown iron ore; near Durango, galenite. CEDAR RIVER, a branch of the Des Moines. Selenite in crystals, in the bituminous shale of the coal measures ; also elsewhere on the Des Moines, gypsum abundant ; argillaceous iron ore, spathic iron ; copperas in crystals on the Des Moines, above the mouth of Saap and elsewhere, pyrite, blende. FORT DODGE. Celestite. MAKOQUETA. Hematite. NEW GALENA. Octahedral galenite, anglesite. MISSOURI. BIRMINGHAM. Limonite. JEFFERSON Co., at Valle's diggings. Gaknite, cerussite, anglesite, calamine, chalcopyrite, mala- chite, azurite, witherite. MINE A BURTON. Galenite, cerussite, angksite, barite, calcite. DEEP DIGGINGS. Carbonate of copper, cerussite in crystals, and manganese ore. MADISON Co. Wolframite. MINE LA MOTTE. Galenite! malachite, earthy cobalt and nickel, bog manganese, sulphuret of iron and nickel, cerussite, caledonite, plumbogummite, wolframite, siegenite, smaltite. ST. FRANCIS RIVER. Wolframite. PERRY'S DIGGINGS, and elsewhere. Galenite, etc. Forty miles west of the Mississippi and ninety south of St. Louis, the iron mountains, specular iron, limonite; 10 m. east of Iron ton, wolframite, tungstite. 50 786 AMERICAN LOCALITIES. ARKANSAS. BATESVILLE. In bed of White R., some miles above Batesville, gold. GREEN Co. Near Gainesville, lignite. HOT SPRINGS Co. At Hot Springs, thuringite; Magnet Cove, broofate! schortomite, elceohte, magnetite, quartz, green coccolite, garnet, apatite, perowskite, rutile, ripidolite, thomsonite (ozarkite). INDEPENDENCE Co. Lafferay Creek, psilomelane. LAWRENCE Co. Hoppe, Bath, and Koch mines, smithsonite, dolomite, galenite ; nitre. MARION Co. Wood's mine, smithsonite, hydrozincite (marionite), galenite; Poke bayou, braunite f OUACHITA SPRINGS. Quartz! whetstones. PULASKI Co. Kellogg mine, 10 m. north of Little Rock, tetrahedrite, tennantite, nacrite, galenite, blende, quartz. CALIFORNIA. The principal gold mines of California are in Tulare, Fresno, Mariposa, Tuolumne, Calaveras, El Dorado, Placer, Nevada, Yuba, Sierra, Butte, Plumas, Shasta, Siskiyou, and Del Norte counties, although gold is found in almost every county of the State. The gold occurs in quartz, associated with sulphids of iron, copper, zinc, and lead ; in Calaveras and Tuolomne counties, at the Mellones, Stanislaus, Golden Rule, and Rawhide mines, associated with tellurids of gold and silver; it is also largely obtained from placer diggings, and further it is found in beach washings in Del Norte and Klamath counties. The copper mines are principally at or near Copperopolis, in Calaveras county ; near Genesee Valley, in Plumas county; near Low Divide, in Del Norte county; on the north fork of Smith's River ; at Soledad, in Los Angeles county. The mercury mines are at or near New Almaden and North Almaden, in Santa Clara county ; at New Idria and San Carlos, Monterey county ; in San Luis Obispo county ; at Pioneer mine and other localities in Lake county ; in Santa Barbara county. ALPINE Co. Morning Star mine, enargite, stephanite, polybasite, barite, quartz, pyrite. AMADOR Co. At Volcano, chalcedony, hyalite. ALAMEDA Co. Diabolo Range, magnesite. BUTTE Co. Cherokee Flat, diamond. CALAVERAS Co. Copperopolis, chakopyrite, malachite, azurite, serpentine, picrolite, native' copper, near Murphy's, jasper, opal ; albite, with gold and pyrite ; Mellones mine, calaverite, petzite. CONTRA-CASTA Co. San Antonio, chalcedony. DEL NORTE Co. Crescent City, agate, caruelian ; Low Divide, chalcopyrite, bornite, malachite ; on the coast, iridosmine, platinum. EL ^DORADO Co. Pilot Hill, chalcopyrite ; near Georgetown, hessite, from placer diggings ; Roger's Claim, Hope Valley, grossular garnet, in copper ore ; Coloma, chromite ; Spanish Dry Dig- gings, gold. FRESNO Co. Chowchillas, andalusite. INGO Co. Ingo district, galenite, cerussite, dolomite, barite, atacamite, calcite, grosmlar garnet! LAKE Co. Borax Lake, borax! boric acid, glauberite; Pioneer mine, cinnabar, native mercury, selenid of mercury; near the Geysers, sulphur, hyalite. Los ANGELES Co. Near Santa Anna River, anhydrite; William's Pass, chalcedony; Soledad mines, chalcopyrite, garnet, gypsum ; Mountain Meadows, garnet, in copper ore. MARIPOSA Co. Chalcopyrite ; Centreville, cinnabar; Pine Tree mine, tetrahedrite; Burns Creek, limomte; Geyer Gulch, pyrophyllite ; La Victoria mine, azurite! near Coulterville, cinnabar, gold. MONO Co. Partzite. MONTEREY Co. Alisal Mine, arsenic; near Paneches, chalcedonv; New Idria mine, cinnabar; near New Idria, chromite, zaratite, chrome garnet; near Pachecos Pass, stibnite. NEVADA Co.-Grass Valley, gold! in quartz veins, with pyrite, chalcopyrite, blende, mispickel, alenite, quartz, biotite; near Truckee Pass, gypsum; Excelsior Mine, molybdenite, with molybdite and gold ; Sweet Land, pyrolusite. PLACER Co. Miners' Ravine, epidote ! with quartz, gold PLUMAS Co.-Genesee Valley, chalcopyrite; Hope 'mines, bornite, sulphur. BARBARA Co. San Araedio Canon, stibnite, asphaltum, bitumen, maltha, petroleum, cin- nabar, lodid of mercury; Santa Clara River, sulphur. SAN DIEGO Co.-Carisso Creek, gypsum; San Isabel, tourmaline, orthoclase, garnet. SAN FRANCISCO Co. Red Island, pyrolusite and manganese ores. TVm^T 1 /] ,f EA ?'~~ . New ^ lra aden, cinnabar, cakite, aragonite, serpentine, chrysolite, quartz; north Almaden, chromite; Mt. Diabolo Range, magnesite. AMERICAN LOCALITIES. 787 SAN Luis OBISPO Co. Asphaltum, cinnabar. SAN BERNARDINO Co. Colorado River, agate, trona; Temescal, cassiterite; Russ District, gale- nite, cerussite; Francis mine, cerargyrite. SHASTA Co. Near Shasta City, hematite, in large masses. SISKIYOU Co. Surprise Valley, selenite, in large slabs. SONOMA Co. Actinolite, garnets. TULARE Co. Near Visalia, magnesite, asphaltum. TOOLUMNE Co. Tourmaline, tremolite; Sonora, graphite; York Tent, chromite; Golden Rule mine, petzite, calaverite, altaite, hessite, magnesite, tetrahedrite, gold ; Whiskey Hill, gold I TRINITY Co. Cassiterite, a single specimen found. LOWER CALIFORNIA. LA PAZ. Cuproscheelite. LORETTO. Natrolite, siderite, selenite. NEVADA. CARSON VALLEY. Chrysolite. CHURCHILL Co. Near Ragtown, gay-lussite, trona, common salt. COMSTOCK LODE. Gold, native silver, argentite, stephanite, polybasite, pyrargyrite, proustite, te- trahedrite, cerargyrite, pyrite, chalcopyrite, galenite, blende, pyromorphite, arsenical antimony, arsenolite, quartz, calcite, gypsum, cerussite, cuprite, wulfenite, amethyst, kiistelite. ESMERALDA Co. Alum, 12 m. north of Silver Creek; at Aurora, fluorite, stibnite; near Mono Lake, native copper and cuprite, obsidian ; Columbus district, borate of lime ; Walker Lake, gyp- sum, hematite ; Silver Peak, salt, saltpetre, sulphur, silver ores. HUMBOLDT DISTRICT. Sheba mine, native silver, jamesonite, stibnite, tetrdhedrite, proustite, blende, cerussite, calcite, bournonite, pyrite, galenite, malachite, xanthocone (?). MAMMOTH DISTRICT. Orthoclase, turquois, hiibnerite, scheelite. REESE RIVER DISTRICT. Native silver, proustite, pyrargyrite, stephanite, blende, polybasite, rhodochrosite, embolite, tetrahedrite! cerargyrite, embolite. SAN ANTONIA. Belmont mine, stetefeldtite. Six MILE CANON Selenite. ORMSBY Co. W. of Carson, epidote. STOREY Co. Alum, natrolite, scolezite. ARIZONA. On and near the Colorado, gold, silver, and copper mines ; at Bill Williams's Fork, chrysocolla, malachite, atacamite, brochantite ; Dayton Lode, gold, fluorite, cerargyrite ; Skinner Lode, octahe- dral fluorite ; at various places in the southern part of the territory, silver and copper mines ; Heiutzelmann mine, stromeyerite, chalcocite, tetrahedrite, atacamite. OREGON. Gold is obtained from beach washings on the southern coast ; quartz mines and placer mines in the Josephine district ; also on the Powder, Burnt, and John Day's rivers, and other places in eastern Oregon ; platinum, iridosmine, on the Rogue River, at Port Orford, and Cape Blanco. IDAHO. In the Owyhee, Boise, and Flint districts, gold, also extensive silver mines; Poorman Lode, cerar- gyrite! proustite, pyrargyrite ! native silver, gold, pyromorphite, quartz, malachite; polybasite; on Jordan Creek, stream tin ; Rising Star mine, stephanite, argentite, pyrargyrite. COLORADO. The principal gold mines of Colorado are in Boulder, Gilpin, Clear Creek, and Jefferson Cos., on a line of country a few miles W. of Denver, extending from Long's Peak to Pike's Peak. A large 788 AMERICAN LOCALITIES. nortion of the gold is associated with veins of pyrite and chalcopyrite ; silver and lead mines are at Td near Georletown, Clear Creek Co., and to the westward in Summit Co on Snake and Swan rivers; Willis Gulch, near Black Hawk, enargite with pyrite, fiuorite, scorodite? CANADA. CANADA EAST. ABERCROMBIE. Labradorite. BAY ST. PAUL. Jfenoccontfe / apatite, allanite, rutile (or brookite?). AUBERT. Gold, iridosmine, platinum. BOLTON. Cftromifc, magnesite, serpentine, picrolite, steatite, bitter spar, wad. BOUCHERVILLE. Augite in trap. BROME. Magnetite, chalcopyrite, sphene, menaccanite, phylhte, sodahte, cancrimte, galenite, cliloritoid. CHAMBLT. Analcime, chabazite and calcite in trachyte, menaccamte. CHATEAU KICHER. Labradorite, hypersthene, andesite. DAILLEBOUT. Blue spinel with clintonite. GRENVILLE. Tabular spar, sphene, idocrase, calcite, pyroxene, steatite (rensselaente), garnet (cinnamon-stone), zircon, graphite, scapolite. HAM. Chromite in serpentine, diallage, antimony I senarmontite / kermewte, valentimte, stibnite. INVERNESS. Variegated copper. LAKE ST. FRANCIS. Andalusite in mica slate. LANDSDOWNE. Barite. LEEDS. Dolomite, chalcopyrite, gold, chloritoid. MILLE ISLES. Labradorite ! menaccanite, hypersthene, andesite, zircon. MONTREAL. Calcite, augite, sphene in trap, chrysoh'te, natrolite. MORIN. Sphene, apatite, labradorite. ORFORD. White garnet, chrome garnet, millerite, serpentine. OTTAWA. Pyroxene. POLTON. Chromite, steatite, serpentine, amianthus. EOUGEMONT MTS. Augite in trap. SHERBROOKE. At Suffield mine, albite ! native silver, argentite, chalcopyrite, blende. ST. ARMAND. Micaceous iron ore with quartz, epidote. ST. FRANCOIS BEAUCE. Gold, platinum, iridosmine, ilmenite, magnetite, serpentine, chromite, soapstone, barite. ST. JEROME. Sphene, apatite, chondrodite, phlogopite, tourmaline, zircon, molybdenite, magnetic pyrites. ST. NORBERT. Amethyst in greenstone. STUKELET. Serpentine, verd-antique ! schiller spar. SUTTON. Magnetite in fine crystals, specular iron, rutile, dolomite, magnesite, chromiferous tak, bitter spar, steatite. UPTON. Chalcopyrite, malachite, calcite. VAUDREUIL. Limonite, vivianite. YAMASKA. Sphene in trap. CANADA WEST. BALSAM LAKE. Molybdenite, scapolite, quartz, pyroxene, pyrite. BRANTFORD. Sulphuric acid spring (4-2 parts of pure sulphuric acid in 1000). BATHURST. Barite, black tourmaline, perthite (orthoclase), peristerite (albite), bytownite, pyroxene, mlsonite. BROME. Magnetite. BRUCE MINES. Calcite, dolomite, quartz, chalcopyrite. BURGESS. Pyroxene, albite, mica, sapphire, sphene, chalcopyrite, apatite, black spinel! spodu- mene (in a boulder), serpentine. BYTOWN. Calcite, bytownite, chondrodite, spinel. CAPE IPPERWASH, Lake Huron. Oxalite in shales. CLARENDON. Idocrase, DALHOUSIE. Hornblende, dolomite. DRUMMOND. Labradorite. ELMSLEY. Pyroxene, sphene, feldspar, tourmaline, apatite. FITZROY. Amber, brown tourmaline, in quartz. AMERICAN LOCALITIES. 789 GGGTINEAU RIVER, Blasdell's Mills. Calcite, apatite, tourmaline, hornblende, pyroxene. GRAND CALUMET ISLAND. Apatite, phlogopite! pyroxene! sphene, idocrase!! serpentine, tremo- lite, scapolite, brown and black tourmaline ! pyrite, loganite. HIGH FALLS OF THE MADAWASKA. Pyroxene! hornblende. HULL. Magnetite, garnet, graphite. HUNTERSTOWN. Scapolite, sphene, idocrase, garnet, "brown tourmaline ! HUNTINGDON. Calcite! . I NNISKILLEN. Petroleum. KINGSTON. Celestite. LAC DES CHATS. Island Portage. Brown tourmaline ! pyrite, calcite, quartz. LANARK. Raphilite (hornblende), serpentine, asbestus. LANDSDOWN. Barite! vein 27 in. wide, and fine crystals. MADOC. Magnetite. MARMORA. Magnetite, chalcolite, garnet, epsomite, specular iron. MAIMANSE. Pitchblende (coracite). McNAB. Specular iron, barite. MICHIPICOTEN ISLAND, Lake Superior. DomeyMe, niccolite, genthite. NEWBOROUGH. Chondrodite, graphite. SOUTH CROSBY. Chondrodite in limestone, magnetite. ST. ADELE. Chondrodite in limestone. ST. IGNACE ISLAND. Calcite, native copper. SYDENHAM. Celestite. TERRACE COVE, Lake Superior. Molybdenite. WALLACE MINE, Lake Huron. Specular iron, nickel ore, nickel vitriol. NEW BRUNSWICK.* ALBERT Co. Hopewell, gypsum ; Albert mines, coal (albertite) ; Shepody Mountain, alunite in clay, calcite, iron pyrites, manganite, psilomelane, pyrolusite. CARLETON Co. Woodstock, chalcopyrite, hematite, limonite, wad. CHARLOTTE Co. Campobello, at Welchpool, blende, chalcopyrite, bornite, galenite, pyrite ; at head of Harbor de Lute, galenite ; Deer Island, on west side, calcite, magnetite, quartz crystals ; Digdignash River, on west side of entrance, calcite! (in conglomerate), chalcedony; at Rolling Dam, graphite; Grandmanan, between Northern Head and Dark Harbor, agate, amethyst, apophyllite, calcite, hematite, heulandite, jasper, magnetite, natrolite, stilbite ; at Whale Cove, calcite ! heuland- ite, laumontite, stilbite, semi-opal! Wagaguadavic River, at entrance, azurite, chalcopyrite in veins, malachite. GLOUCESTER Co. Tete-a-Gouche River, eight miles from Bathurst, chalcopyrite (mined), oxyd of manganese ! ! formerly mined. KINGS Co. Sussex, near Gloat's mills, on road to Belleisle, argentiferous galenite ; one mile north of Baxter's Inn, specular iron in crystals, limonite ; on Capt. McCready's farm, selenite I ! RESTIGOUCHE Co. Belledune Point, calcite! serpentine, verd-antique ; Dalhousie, agate, carnelian. SAINT JOHN Co. Black River, on coast, calcite, chlorite, chalcopyrite, hematite ! Brandy Brook, epidote, hornblende, quartz crystals ; Carleton, near Falls, calcite ; Chance Harbor, calcite in quartz veins, chlorite in argillaceous and talcose slate ; Little Dipper Harbor, on west side, in greenstone, amethyst, barite, quartz crystals ; Moosepath, feldspar, hornblende, muscovite, black tourmaline ; Musquash, on east side harbor, copperas, graphite, pyrite ; at Shannon's, chrysolite, serpentine ; east side of Musquash, quartz crystals ! ; Portland, at the Falls, graphite ; at Fort Howe Hill, calcite, graphite; Crow's Nest, asbestus, chrysolite, magnetite, serpentine, steatite; Lily Lake, white augite? chrysolite, graphite, serpentine, steatite, talc; How's Road, two miles out, epidote (in syenite), steatite in limestone, tremolite ; Drury's Cove, graphite, pyrite, pyrallolite ? indurated talc; Quaco, at Lighthouse Point, large bed oxyd of manganese; Sheldon's Point, actinolite, asbestus, calcite, epidote, malachite, specular iron ; Cape Spencer, asbestus, calcite, chlorite, specular iron (in crystals) ; Westbeach, at east end, on Evans' farm, chlorite, talc, quartz crystals ; half a mile west, chlorite, chalcopyrite, magnesite (vein), magnetite ; Point Wolf and Salmon River, asbestus, chlorite, chrysocolla, chalcopyrite, bornite, pyrite. VICTORIA Co. Tabique River, agate, carnelian, jasper ; at mouth, south side, galenite ; at mouth of Wapskanegan, gypsum, salt spring ; three miles above, stalactites (abundant) ; Quisabis River, blue phosphate of iron, in clay. * For a more complete list of localities in New Brunswick. Nova Scotia, and Newfoundland, see catalogue by 0. C. Marsh, Am. J. ScL, II. xxxv. 210, 1863. ' 790 AMERICAN LOCALITIES. WESTMORELAND Co. Bellevue, pyrite; Dorcester, on Taylor's farm, cann el _ coal; clay iron- stone- on Ayres's farm, asphaltum, petroleum spring; Grandlance, apatite, selenite (in large crys- tals)- Memramcook, coal (albertite); Shediac, four miles up Scadoue River, coal YORK Co. Near Fredericton, stibnite, jamesonite, berthierite; Pokiock River, stibnite, tin pyrite ? in granite (rare). NOYA SCOTIA. ANNAPOLIS Co. Chute's Cove, apophyllite, natrolite; Gates's Mountain, analcite, magnetite, mesolite! natrolite stilbite; Martial's Cove, analcite! chabazite, heulandite; Moose River, beds of magnetite- Nictau River, at the Falls, bed of hematite; Paradise River, black tourmaline, smoky quartz ' ! Port George, faroelite, laumontite, mesolite, stilbite ; east of Port George, on coast, apo- phyllite containing gyrolite ; Peter's Point, west side of Stonock's Brook, apophyllite I calcite, heu- landite laumontite ! (abundant), native copper, stilbite ; St. Croix Cove, chabazite, heulandite. COLCHESTER Co. Five Islands, East River, barite ! calcite, dolomite (ankerite), hematite, chalco- pyrite; Indian Point, malachite, magnetite, red copper, tetrahedrite ; Pinnacle Islands, analcite, calcite, chabazite! natrolite, siliceous sinter; Londonderry, on branch of Great Village River, barite, ankerite, hematite, limonite, magnetite ; Cook's Brook, ankerite, hematite ; Martin's Brook, hema- tite, limonite ; at Folly River, below Falls, ankerite, pyrite ; on high laud, east of river, ankerite, hematite, limonite; on Archibald's land, ankerite, barite, hematite; Salmon River, south branch of, chalcopyrite, hematite; Shubenacadie River, anhydrite, calcite, barite, hematite, oxyd of manga- nese ; at the Canal, pyrite ; Stewiacke River, barite (in limestone). CUMBERLAND Co. Cape Chiegnecto, barite ; Cape D'Or, analcite, apophyllite ! ! chabazite, faroelite, laumontite, mesolite, malachite, natrolite, native copper, obsidian, red copper (rare), vivian- ite (rare) ; Horse-shoe Cove, east side of Cape D'Or, analcite, calcite, stilbite ; Isle Haute, south side, analcite, apophyllite ! ! calcite, heulandite ! ! natrolite, mesolite, stilbite ! Joggins, coal, hema- tite, limonite; malachite and tetrahedrite at Seaman's Brook; Partridge Island, analcite, apophyl- lite! (rare), amethyst! agate, apatite (rare), calcite! ! chabazite (acadiolite), chalcedony, cat's-eye (rare), gypsum, hematite, heulandite! magnetite, stilbite! ! ; Swan's Creek, west side, near the Point, calcite, gypsum, heulandite, pyrite; east side, at Wasson's Bluff and vicinity, analcite! ! apophyl- lite! (rare), calcite, chabazite! ! (acadiolite), gypsum, heulandite! ! natrolite! siliceous sinter; Two Islands, moss agate, analcite, calcite, chabazite, heulandite ; McKay's Head, analcite, calcite, heulandite, siliceous sinter! DIGBY Co. Brier Island, native copper, in trap ; Digby Neck, Sandy Cove and vicinity, agate, amethyst, calcite, chabazite, hematite! laumontite (abundant), magnetite, stilbite, quartz crystals; Gulliver's Hole, magnetite, stilbite!; Mink Cove, amethyst, chabazite! quartz crystals; Nichol's Mountain, south side, amethyst, magnetite !; William's Brook, near source, chabazite (green), heu- landite, stilbite, quartz crystals. GUYSBORO' Co. Cape Canseau, andalusite. HALIFAX Co. Gay's river, galenite in limestone ; southwest of Halifax, garnet, staurolite, tour- maline ; Tangier, gold ! in quartz veins in clay slate, associated with auriferous pyrites, galenite, hematite, mispickel, and magnetite ; gold has also been found in the same formation, at Country Harbor, Fort Clarence, Isaac's Harbor, Indian Harbor, Laidlow's farm, Lawrence town, Sherbrooke, Salmon River, Wine Cove, and other places. HANTS Co. Cheverie, oxyd of manganese (in limestone) ; Petite River, gypsum, oxyd of man- ganese; Windsor, calcite, cryptomorphite (boronatrocalcite), howlite, glauber salt. The last three minerals are found in beds of gypsum. KINGS Co. Black Rock, centrallassite, cerinite, cyanolite ; a few miles east of Black Rock, prehnite ? stilbite ! ; Cape Blomidon, on the coast between the cape and Cape Split, the following minerals occur in many places (some of the best localities are nearly opposite Cape Sharp) : anal- cite! I agate, amethyst! apophyllite ! calcite, chalcedony, chabazite, gmelinite (ledererite), hema- tite, heulandite! laumontite, magnetite, malachite, meaolite, native copper (rare), natrolite! psilome- lane, stilbite ! thomsonite, faroelite, quartz ; North Mountains, amethyst, bloodstone (rare), ferru- ginous quartz, mesolite (in soil) ; Long Point, five miles west of Black Rock, heulandite, laumontite! I stilbite! !; Morden, apophyllite, mordenite ; Scot's Bay, agate, amethyst, chalcedony, mesolite, natro- lite ; Woodworth's Cove, a few miles west of Scot's Bay, agate ! chalcedony ! jasper. LUNENBURG Co Chester, Gold River, gold in quartz, pyrite, mispickel ; Cape la Have, pyrite ; The "Ovens," gold, pyrite, mispickel! Petite River, gold in slate. PICTOU Co Pictou, jet, oxyd of manganese, limonite ; at Roder's Hill, six miles west of Pictou, barite ; on Carribou River, gray copper and malachite in lignite ; at Albion mines, coal limonite East River, limonite. QUEENS Co. Westfield, gold in quartz, pyrite, mispickel ; Five Rivers, near Big Fall gold in quartz, pyrite, mispickel, limonite. AMERICAN LOCALITIES. 791 RICHMOND Co. West of Plaister Cove, barite and calcite in sandstone ; nearer the Cove, calcite, fluorite (blue), siderite. SHELBURNE Co. Shelburne, near mouth of harbor, garnets (in gneiss) ; near the town, rose quartz ; at Jordan and Sable River, staurolite (abundant), schiller spar. SYDNEY Co. Hills east of Lochaber Lake, pyrite, chalcopyrite, siderite, hematite ; Morristown, epidote in trap, gypsum. YARMOUTH Co. Cream Pot, above Cranberry Hill, gold in quartz, pyrite ; Cat Rock, Fouchu Point, asbestus, calcite. NEWFOUNDLAND. ANTONY'S ISLAND. Pyrite. CATALINA HARBOR. On the shore, pyrite ! CHALKY HILL. Feldspar. COPPER ISLAND, one of the Wadham group. Chalcopyrite. CONCEPTION BAY. On the shore south of Brigus, bornite and gray copper in trap. BAY OF ISLANDS. Southern shore, pyrite in slate. LAWN. Gaknite, cerargyrite, proustite, argentite. PLACENTIA BAY. At La Manche, two miles eastward of Little Southern Harbor, galenite / ; on the opposite side of the isthmus from Placentia Bay, barite, in a large vein, occasionally accom- panied by chalcopyrite. SHOAL BAY. South of St. John's, chalcopyrite. TRINITY BAY. Western extremity, barite. HARBOR GREAT ST. LAWRENCE. West side, fluorite, galenite. FOREIGN LOCALITIES. With reference to foreign localities, consult for EUROPE generally, Leonhard's Topogr. Min. GREAT BRITAIN, Greg & Lettsom's Min. ; Brooke & Miller's Min. FRANCE, Dufrenoy's Min. ; Descloizeaux's Min. SWITZERLAND, Kenngott's Min. der Schweiz. GERMANY, Hausmann's Min. ; Quenstedt's Min. AUSTRIA, Zepharovich's Min. Lex. SWEDEN, Hisinger's Min. Schwed. FINLAND, A. E. Nordenskiold's Finl. Min. RUSSIA, Kokscharof 's Min. Russl. For the full titles of the works here referred to, see pp. rxxix-xlv. SUPPLEMENT. 793 SUPPLEMENT. THIS supplement contains descriptions of some species imperfectly known, and notices of new or described species which came to hand too late to be inserted in the preceding part of this work. The numbers affixed to the species indicate their places in the system. (480, p. 522). Mean of four closely agreeing analyses by Marignac (Bib. Univ. Geneve, Aug. 25, 1867, p. 286) : Ob, Ti Sn Th Ce La, Di Y Fe Oa ign. 51-45 0-18 15-75 18'49 5'60 1'12 3'17 2'75 1-07=99'58. G.=5'23. The amount of metallic acids varied between 51*15 and 51-75. Analyses of the metallic acid gave the relation, Cb 29-31, Ti 22*14, differing materially from Hermann's results. Marignac, having previously examined the acids of euxenite (see p. 522), concludes that the rela- tion between the metallic acids is the same as in aeschynite, and that these two minerals differ mainly in the character of the bases they contain ; and that both may be represented by the general formula 5 R Ti+ 2 B 2 Cb. AGNESITE. Carbonate of Bismuth W. Macgregor, Sowerby's English Min., Beud., Tr., ii. 375, 1832; Agnesite B. & M. Min., 591, 1852. An earthy steatite-like mineral from St. Agnes in Corn- wall, having G.=4-31, made by Macgregor to consist of C 5] -3, JBi 28-8, Fe 2-1, &1 7'5, Si 6*7, H 3 6=100 ; which result is pronounced by Beudant as probably " quelque grande erreur," and so proved by Thomson (Min., ii. 594), who states, after personal trials, that it did " not effervesce with acids, and contained only a trace of bismuth " ; and also by Greg and Lettsom, who examined a specimen in the late Mr. Allan's collection, from Mr. Macgregor, with the same result as to effer- vescence, and say that it may be an impure bismuth ochre. Allan appears to have thought it unworthy of a place in his edition of Phillips' Mineralogy (1837), and does not even allude to it under bismuth ochre. ALTAITE (48, p. 44). This rare species has been identified at the Stanislaus mine, Gal, and F. A, Genth has also observed it in minute quantities associated with petzito at the Golden Rule mine, Cal. (Am. J. Sci., II. xlv. 311). The mineral from the former locality is tin- white, with a yel- lowish tinge, tarnishing to bronze-yellow; streak gray; with H.=3, and has a distinctly cubic cleavage. Composition, after deducting in 1, 1/03 p. c., and in 2, 1'96 of quartz : 1. Te 37-31 Pb 60-71 Ag 1-17 Au 0-26=99-45. 2. [37-00] 47-84 11'30 3-86=100-00. No. 1 is the first complete analysis of this species, and confirms the assumption of Rose that it is a compound analogous to hessite. Dr. Genth calculates No. 1 to contain 99-25 p. c. of altaite and 2-20 of hessite ; and No. 2, 77'42 altaite, and 23-11 p. c. hessite. An earlier result on another specimen obtained by Genth, after separating carbonates and excluding 8 p. c. free gold, and 3-45 quartz, gave Te (37-14), Ag 44-49, Pb 18-37 = 100-00. This may represent 70-85 hessite, and 29-26 altaite. ' The material appeared to be pure, but Genth states that further investigation is needed to ascertain whether there is a teUurid of silver, or tellurid of silver and lead, which has a white color and cubic cleavage. AMPHIBOLE (247, p. 232). Compact asbestus from Bolton, Mass., afforded T. Peterson (Jahresb. for 1866, 924,1868): Si 58-80 3tl tr. Fe 3-05 Mg 22-23 Ca 16'47 H , Tasch. Min., xi. 394, 1817 ; Selbit -Hai'd., Handb., 506, 1845. A grayish ore, made a carbonate by Selb, its discoverer, in 1788, at the mine Wenzel near Wolfach, with the composition (Widenmann, 1. c., here cited from Lenz, 1. c.), Carbonic acid 12, oxyd of sil- ver 72*5, antimony 15 -2, with carbonic acid and oxyd of copper. According to "Walchner (Mag. f. Pharm., xxv. 1) it is only a mixture ; and, according to Sandberger (Jahrb. Min. 1864, 221), one of Selb's original specimens, under the lens, proved to contain within earthy argentite, besides dolomite and silver, and all parts afforded a sulphur reaction. Del Rio described a carbonate of silver from Real Catorce, Mexico, where it is called Plata Azul (Gilb. Ann., Ixxi. 11), which also is regarded as a mixture. SERPENTINE (411, p. 464). An analysis of the dark green noble serpentine of Newburyport, Mass., gave T. Petersen (Jahresb. 1866, 931, 1868) Si 41'76, 3tl tr., Fe 4'06, Mg 41-40, H 13-40 = 100-62. G.=2'804. SILICATE OP YTTRIA Damour, L'Institut, 1853, 78. H.=5 6; scratches glass. G.=:4-391. Color brown. Probably a silicate of yttria. B.B. whitens, but infusible. Not soluble in salt of phosphorus. Sulphuric acid heated to 300C. decomposes it, leaving a siliceous residue. From the diamond sands of Bahia, Brazil. TENORITB (Melaconite, 178, p. 136). The tenorite, or oxyd of copper (CuO) in small delicate folia, occurring at Vesuvius, possesses, according to Maskelyne (Rep. Brit. Assoc., 1865, 33), double refraction, and moreover is optically biaxial. This author also states that there are two equal cleavages inclined to one another 72. As the names tenorite and melaconite were given the same year, and tenorite was made non-isometric (hexagonal) by its describer, it appears to be right that tenorite should be sustained for the above mineral, and melaconite be left for the isome- tric kind, if any such proves to be a native species. That there is an isometric form of this Cu has been announced by Becquerel, as stated on p. 137. Tenorite may have the form and dimen- sions found by Jenzsch in crystals of Cu from the hearth of a furnace (1. c.), or those approxi- mately of brookite ; and this would place it near Irookite in the system, under the chemical for- mula -Gu 2 (analogous to that of brookite). Having this place in the arrangement it would be numbered 198B. Melaconite crystals from Cornwall, collected by Mr. Tailing, have been described by Maske- lyiie (1. c.) as monodinic, with the planes 0, i-i, I, 1, -1, 6-i, 6-6, and A -=80 28'. No measured angles are given, but only the deduced dimensions. They have basal cleavage easy. The crystals are often twins, and the composition-face in some of them is i-i. H. a little -above 4 ; G.:=5-82527. Church has ascertained that the crystals are essentially pure Cu 0. It would appear, according to these observations, that this oxyd of copper is trimorphous ; and there exists a doubt whether tenorite may not have this oblique form. TETBADTMTTB (31, p. 30). F. A. Genth has analyzed tetradymite from Highland, Montana Ter- ritory, and from the Phoenix mine, Cabarras Co., N. C., as follows (Am. J. Sci., II. xlv. 317): Te Bi S e Cu Quartz. 1. Montana 47-60 50'43 0-90 0'78 = 100-01. 2. Phoenix mine 36'28 57'70 5'01 Fe 0'54 0'41 =99*94. No. 1 gives the ratio of Bi and Te 2 : 3, like the tetradymite from Fluvanna Co., \ r a., and Field's mine, Ga. No. 2 contains a small amount of pyrite, leaving 4-40 p. c. sulphur combined with the bismuth, and giving the ratio of S, Te, Bi=l : 2-03 : 2=Bi 2 S s +2 Bi 2 Te 3 . TETRAHEDRITE (125, p. 100). The following are new analyses : 1. Mineral from the Goodwin mine near Prescott, Arizona, bv F. A Genth (Am J Sci II xlv. 320). 2. An argentiferous variety (freibergite) from the Foxdale mine, Isle of Man, by D. Forbes (PhiL Mag., IV. xxxiv. 350), who calls it polytelite, though not the true polytelite of Glocker (p. 04), by whom this name was introduced ; G. =4'97 . Forbes mentions a similar variety from the Tyddynglwadis mine in N. Wales. 320) 8. Freibergite from the De Soto mine, Star City, Nevada, by B. S. Burton (Am. J. ScL, H. xlv SUPPLEMENT. 805 S Sb As Cu Fe Zn Ag Pb I.Arizona 26'97 24'67 tr. 38-16 1'05 6'23 3-21 =100'29 Genth. 2. Isle of Man 27-48 24-85 22-62 480 4'65 13*57 143, quartz 0'34=99'74 Forbes. 3. Nevada 24-35 27'35 27'40 4'27 2"31 1459 ,insoL 0'35= 100 62 Burton. From No. 1, 4*22 p. c. of quartz have been deducted. TIEMANNITE (65, p. 56). Analysis of this species from Charlotte mine, at Clausthal in the Harz, gave T. Petersen (Jahresb. 1866, 919), after excluding oxyd of iron and gangue, Se 24-88, S 0-20, Hg 75-15, Pb 0-12=100-35. G. = 7'15. TITANITE (329, p. 383). Hessenberg, in No. 8 of his Min. Not. (1868), describes and figures crystals of sphene from Zillerthal, Greiseralp, St. Marcel (greenovite), Santorin. In the lettering on the figures, pp. 383, 384, and in the accompanying text, the minus symbols should properly (according to the principle on p. xxvii) \>Q plus, and the reverse. TRICHITE, BELONITE. The name Trichite (from 0m, hair) is applied by Zirkel (ZS. G., xix. 744, 1867) to microscopic capillary forms, often curved, bent, or zigzag, sometimes stellately aggregated, opaque and black or reddish-brown, of undetermined nature, which he detected in some kinds of glassy or semi-glassy volcanic rocks ; and Belonite (ib., 738) to microscopic acicular crystals (whence the name, from /feAo'nj, a needle), colorless and transparent. The trichite, he states, is not pyrox- ene or hornblende ; the belonite may be a feldspar. TRIDYMITE Vom Rath, Vorgetr. Ch. Ges. Bonn, March 7, 1866, pub. in 1868 (copy rec'd from v. R., May 8, 1868). (231 A.) Besides the two well-known forms of silica, quartz and opal, and the two problematical forms described by Jenzsch (pp. 201, and below), another is announced by v. Rath under the above name. Tridymite occurs in small hexagonal tables, colorless and transparent, which are usually com- pound, and mostly of three individuals. It has G. = 2'2 2'3, or the low specific gravity of opal, instead of that of ordinary quartz. Vom Rath alludes to the possibility of its being a pseudo- morph of some unknown mineral, but observes that it has the double refraction of a substance optically uniaxial. It occurs in druses in a volcanic porphyry, from Cerro St. Cristoval, near Paehucha, Mexico, along with crystals of hematite and needles of a gold-lustred hornblende. Named in allusion to its compound forms of three individuals, or trins, from rpi6vfios. URANOPHANE Welsky, ZS. G., v. 427, 1853, xi. 384. (376B?) Orthorhombic, /A 7=146 from /A *'-*=: 107 ; a macrodome of about 90. Crystals microscopic acicular six-sided prisms in druses, containing also sometimes crystals of torbernite. Color of isolated crystals honey-yellow, of masses leek-green, sometimes blackish-green from mixture with uraninite. Optically ortho- rhombic. H. below 3. G.=2-6 2-8 ; 2-78 of a specimen not wholly pure. Lustre of face i-i pearly, elsewhere vitreous. Analyses by Grundmann (ZS. G., xi. 390) : Si Xl 8 Mg Ca K fi Bi Sb Te Fe' Pb Cu Ag S 1. 15-81 5-65 49-84 1'35 4'69 l'7l 0'12 14'11 1'73 1'46 0'43 0'57 0'29 0'21 O'll 1'66= 99-74. 2. 11-19 2-80 54-23 1-19 3'58 0'80 0'05 12-19 1'77 1'86 0'22 0'89 0'38 5'24 ? 3'96= 100-34. Separating the sulphids as impurities from No. 1, "Websky deduces the 0. ratio for K, K, Si, H!=l : 5 : 4 : 6, making it hence, if the water be taken as accessory, a f-subsilicate ; whence the formula ( E 3 + ^)Si+3fi:. The specimen for the second analysis contained some uraninite. Found in granite, at Kupferberg in Silesia. YALAITE. Valait W. Eelmhacker, Jahrb. G. Reichs, xvii. 210, 1867. Crystallized. Partly in small hexagonal tables, but forms not distinct. Also massive. H. below 1'5. Lustre shining. Color pitch-black. Streak black. Odor aromatic when nibbed between the fingers. Fracture uneven. Belongs among the resins, but composition undetermined. B.B. swells to more than 10 times its former bulk, and becomes a light, porous mass, which in a higher heat is reduced to a grayish ash. Occurs in thin crusts on dolomite and calcite, or in druses of small crystals, in the Rossitz-Osla- waner Coal formation, Moravia. It is associated with hatchettite, and the same bed affords some mineral oil. 806 SUPPLEMENT. YESTAN Jenzsch, Pogg., cv. 320, 1858. Quartz under a triclinic form, according to Jenzsch's observations. The angles are stated to be only approximative. Two of them, 95^ and 133, are very near fi A R and fiA-B in ordinary quartz; Gr. = 2 65 2-66, as in quartz. The observa- tions need confirmation. The crystals here referred occur mostly in melaphyre, and the localities mentioned are mainly in Saxony and the Thuringer Wald. YOLGEBITE (229, p. 188). The name Volgerite was given by the author (Min., 142, 1854) to Volger's mineral, for which Yolger wrote the formula adopted as that of the species on p. 188. The African mineral analyzed by Cumenge, which is 1 referred on the same page to Yolgerite, although of somewhat doubtful composition, is the Cumengite of Kenngott (Min., 29, 1853). WASITE J. F. Bohr, Pogg., cxix. 572, 1863. A mineral resembling allanite, of a brownish-black color, but yellowish-brown in thin splinters and powder, with traces of cleavage in one direction. According to a qualitative examination by Bahr, it contains silica, alumina, yttria, sesquioxyd of iron, cerium, didymium, calcium, manganese, lime, alkali, a trace of uranium, without glucina, together with the oxyd of a new metal he named wasium (after the royal family of Wasa, Sweden). In a later paper (Ann. Ch. Pharm., cxxxii. 127), Bahr makes this oxyd thoria, Nickles had sug- gested previously that it might be impure cerium. From Eonsholm, an island near Stockholm. The relations of the mineral remain doubtful. WEKNERITE (299, p. 320). The pink scapolite of Bolton, Mass., yielded T. Petersen (Jahresb 1866, 928, 1868) gi 48-34, l 29'09, Oa 15'40, Na, with a little K [6'55], & 0'62=100. G.= 2-719. The analysis agrees very closely with that by Wolff (p. 320). WOHLEEITE (265, p. 261). According to new optical investigations by Descloizeaux (L'Institut, 1868, 35), wohlerite crystals are monoclinic instead of orthorhombic. ZOISITE (280, p. 290). Damour (C.R., Ixiii. 1038) found on analysis of an ancient stone implement from Ueuchatel a composition corresponding to that of saussurite, Si 50'69, &1 25*65, 3?e 2-50, Mg 5-76, Oa 10 61, Na 4'64, ign. 0-30=100-15. .=3-203-43. A zoisite from Pinzgau has part of the alumina replaced by oxyd of chrome, according to F. Sandberger (Jahrb. Min. 1867, 834). A chrome zoisite has also been mentioned by Breithaupt as occurring in Salzburg. GENERAL INDEX. Abichite, 570. Abrazite, 418. Acadialite, 434. Acanthite, 51. Acerdese, 171. Achates, 194. Achirite, 401. Achmatite, 281. Achmit, 224. Achroite, 365. Achtaragdite, 478. Acicular Bismuth, 100. Aciculite, 100. Acmite, 224. Actinolite, Actinote, 232. Adamantine spar, 138. Adamas, 21, 138. Adamine, Adamite, 565. Adamsite, 309. Adelpholite, 525 ; 275. Adinole, 349. Adularia, 352. JSdelforsite, 212, 400. ^Edelite, 410. ^Egirine, ^Egyrite, 223. JEnigmatite, 285. ^Erosite, 94. Aes cyprium, 14. ^Eschynite, 522, 793. Aftonite, 104. Agahnatolite, 480 ; 452, 454, 483. Agaphite, 580. Agaric mineral, 680. Agate, 194. Agnesite, 793. Agustite, 530. Aigue-marine, 245. Aikinite, 100. Ainalite, 159. Akanthit, 51. Akanticone, 281. Akmit, 224. Akontit, 78. Alabandin, Alabandite, 46. Alabaster, 637. Alalite, 214. Alaun, 651. Alaunstein, 658, 659. Albertite, 753. Albin, 415. Albite, 348 ; 324. Alexandrite, 155. Algerite, 323. Algodonite, 37. Alipite, 404. Alisonite, 84. Alizite, v. Alipite, 404. Allagite, 227. Allanite, 285. Allemontite, 18. Allochroite, 268. Alloclasite, 81. Allogonite, 546. Allomorphite, 616. Allopalladium, 12. Allophane, 419. Alluaudite, 542. Almandin, Almandite, 267. Alstonite, 698. Altaite, 44, 793. Alum, Native, 651, 652. Ammonia, 651. Feather, 654. Iron, 654. Magnesia, Manganese, So- da, 653. Alumian, 631. Alumina, 137. Fluate, 126. Fluosilicate, 376. Hydrate, 168. Hydro-Sulphate, 658. MeUate, 750. Phosphates, 575, 587. Sulphate, 631, 649, 658, 662. Alumina and Lime Phosphate, 587. Carbonate, 709. Alumine fluatee alcaline, 126. phosphatee, 575, 587. sulfatee, 631, 649, 658, 662. Aluminilite, 658. Aluminite, 658. Aluminum, Fluorid, 126. Alumocalcite, 199. Alumstone, 658. Alun, 651. Alunite. 658. Alunogen, 649. Alurgite, 764. Alvite, 511. Amalgam, Native, 13. Gold, 14. Amausite, 351. Araazonstone, 355. Amber, 740. Amblygonite, 545. Ambrite, 741. Amethyst, 193. Oriental, 138. Amiant, 234, 465. Amianthoide, 234. Amianthoide magnesite, 175. Amianthus, 234, 465. Ammiolite, 547. Ammonalun, 651. Ammonia alum, 651. Ammonia, Bicarbonate, 705. Muriate, 114. Phosphate, 551. Sulphate, 635. Ammonia and Soda, Phosphate 551. Amoibite, 72. Amphibole, 232, 793. Amphibolite, 235, 343. Amphigene, 334. Amphigenyte, 335. Amphilogite, 311. Amphithalite, 587. Amphodelite, 337. Anagenite, v. Chrome ochre. Analcite, Analcime, 432. Analcime carnea, 317. Analzim, 432. Anatase, 161. Anauxite, 458. Andalusite, 371, 794. Andesine, Andesite, 344. Andes* te, 345. (j Andradite, 268. Andreasbergolite, 439. Andreolite, 439. Anglarite, 556. Anglesite, 622. Anglesite, Cupreous, 663. Anhydrite, 621. Ankerite, 685. Annabergite, 560. Annite, 308. Anuivite, 103. 808 GENEKAL INDEX. Anorthite, 337, 794. Antholite, 284; 230, 231. Anthophyllite, 231 ; 208. Hydrous, 242. Anthosiderite, 407. Anthracite, 754. Anthraconite, 677. Anthracoxen, 745, "746. Anthracoxenite, 746. Anthrax, 138, 147. Antiedrite, 417. Antigorite, 465. Antimoine natif, 18. oxide, 184. oxide sulfure, 186. sulfure, 29. sulfure nickelifere, 73. sulfure plombo-cuprif^re, 96. Antimon, Gediegen, 18. Antimon-arsen, 18. Antimonate of Lead, 591. Antimonbleispath, 591. Antimonblende, 186. Antimonbliithe, 184. Antimonfahlerz, 100. Antimonglanz, 90. Antimonite of quicksilver, 547. Antimonial arsenic, 18. copper, 85. . copper glance, 96. nickel, 61. ochre, 187, 188. silver, 35. Antimonite, 29. Antimonkupferglanz, 96. Antirnonnickel, 61. Antimonnickelglanz, 73. Antimonocher, 187. Antimonophyllite, 185. Antimonoxyd, 184. Antimonsaures bleioxyd, 591. Antimonsilber, 35. Antimonsilberblende, 94. Antimony, Native, 18. Arsenical, 18. Gray, 29; 90. Oxyd, 184. Plumose ore of, 91. Red, 186. Sulphid, Sulphuret, 29. White, 184. Antimony blende, 184, bloom, 184. glance, 29. ochre, 187, 188. Antozonite, 124. Antrimolite, 430. Apatelite, 657. Apatite, 530. Aphanese, Aphanesite, 570. Aphanyte, 240. Apherese, 563. Aphrite, Aphrizite, 365, 678. Aphrodite, 457. Aphroselenon, 640. Aphrosiderite, 502. Aphthalose, Aphthitalite, 615. Aphthonite, 104. Apjohnite, 653. Aplome, 268. ApophyUite, 415. Apyrite, 365. Aquamarine, 245 : 530. Arseoxene, 609. Aragonite, 694. Aragonspath, 694. Arcanite, 615. Arcticite, 319. Arendalite, 281. Arfvedsonite, 243. Argent antimonial, 35. antimonie sulfure, 94 ; 93 bromure, 115. come, 115. fragile, 106. gris antimonial, 93. iodure, 117. molybdique, 32. muriate, 115. natif, 9. noir, 106. seleniure, 39. sulfure, 38. sulfure flexible, 55. sulfure fragile, 106. sulfure antimonifere et cu- prifere, 93. Argentine, 678. Argentite, 38. Argentopyrite, 39. ArgiUyte, 359. Argyrit, 38. Argyroceratite, 115. Argyrose, 38. Argyrythrose, 94. Aricite, 418. Arkansite, 164. Arksutite, 128. Armenian whetstone, 138. Arquerite, 14. Arragonite, 694. Arsenate of lime, 554. Arseneisen, 76, 77. Arseneisensinter, 589. Arsenglanz, 18. Arsenic, Antimonial. 18 Native, 17. jaune, 27. oxyde, 183. rpuge, 26. sulfure, 27. Sulphid, 26, 27. White, 183. Arsenical antimony, 18. bismuth, 18. Arsenicite, 554. Arsenigesaure, 183. Arsenikalkies, 76. Arsenikantimon, 18. Arsenikbleispath, v. Mimelite Arsenikbluthe, 183, 554. Arsenikeisen, 76. Arsenikalfahlerz, 104. Arsenikglanz, 18. Arseuikkalk, 183. Arsenikkies, 76, 78. Arsenikkobaltkies, 71. Arsenikkupfer, 36. Arsenikmangan, 61. Arseniknickel, 60, 70. Arsennickelglanz, 72. Arseniksaures, 564. Arseniksilber, 35. Arseniksilberblende, 96. Arsenik-sinter, 574. Arsenikspiessglanz, 18. Arsenikwismuth, 18, 391. Arseniosiderite, 584. Arsenite, 183. Arsenocrocite, 584. Arsenomelan, 87, 92. Arsenolite, 183. Arsenopyrite, 78, 394. Arsenosiderite, 76. Arsenous acid, 183. Asbeferrite, 234. Asbestus, 234; 216. Blue, 243. Asbolan, Asbolite, 181. Asparagus-stone, 530. Aspasiolite, 485 ; 301. Asperolite, 402. Asphaltene, 729, 751. Asphaltum, 751. Aspidelite, 383. Asteria, 138. Astrakanite, 643. Astrophyllite, 308. Atacamite, 121, 794. Atelesite, 392. Atlaserz, 713. Atlasite, 716. Atheriastite, 323. Atramenstein, 645. Atramentum, 645. Attacolite, 580. Auerbachite, 275. Augerlite, 580. Augite, 216. Auina, 332. Auralit, 485. Aurichalcite, 712. Auriferous pyrites, 6. Auripigmentum, 27. Aurotellurite, 81. Aurum graphicum ,81. paradoxum, 19. Automolite, 149. Autunite, 586. Aventurine, quartz, 193. feldspar, 335, 346, 355. Axinite, 297. Azorite, 761. ,zure spar, or stone, 572. GENERAL INDEX. 809 Azurite, 715; 572. Babingtonite, 227, 794. Bagralicnite, 285. Baierine, 515. Baikalite, 215. Baikerinite. 747. Baikerite, 733. Balas ruby, 147. Ballesterosite, 63. Baltimorite, 503 ; 465. Bamlite, 373. Bardiglione, 621. Barilla de cobre, 15. Barnhardtite, 67, 794. Baralite, v. Bavalite. Barite, 616. Barolite, 697. Baroselenite, 616. Barrandite, 574 ; 584. Barsowite, 340. Barytocolestin, 616. Barystrontianite, 699. Baryta, Carbonate, 697. Garb, of lime and, 698. Sulphate, 616. Sulphato-carb., 698. Baryt, Barytes, 616. Barytite, Barytine, 616, Baryt-Harmotome, 439. Barytocalcite, 701 ; 698. Barytocelestite, 620 ; 617. Barytophyllit, 504. Basalt, 343. Basaltine, 216. Basanite, 195. Basanomelan, 143. Basicerine, 126. Bastite, 469 ; 209. Bastonite, 308. Bathvillite, 742. Batrachite, 255. Baudisserite, 686. Baulite, 359. Bauxite, 174. Bavalite, 796. Bayldonite, 565. Beaumontite, 444. Beauxite, 174. Beehilite, 597. Beckite, 196. Beilstein, 233. Beinbrech, v. Tufa. Bell-metal ore, 68. Belonit, 100, 805. Benzole, 737. Beraunite, 558. Berengelite, 753. Berg-butter, 655. Berg-crystal, v. Quartz. Bergholz, 406. Bergmannite, 426. Bergmehl, 680. Bergmilch, 680. Bergol, 723. Bergpech, 741, 751. Berggriin, 713. Bergsalz, 112. Bergseife, 476. Bergtheer, 751. Berliuite, 571. Bernstein, 740, 741. Beryl, 245, 794. Berthierine, 511. Berthierite, 86. Berzelianite, 46, 795. Berzeliite, 544. Berzeline, 46 ; 362. Berzelite, 120. Beudantite, 589. Beurre de Montagne, 655. Beustite, 281. Bieberite, 647. Biharite, 483. Bildstein, 480. Bimsstein, v. Pumice, 359. Bindheimite, 591. Binnite, 90 ; 87. Biotine, 337. Biotite, 304. Bismite, 185. Bismuth, 19. Acicular, 100. Carbonate, 716. Cupreous, 86, 98, 100. Native, 19. Oxyd, 185. Silicate, 391. sulfure plombo-argentifere, 36. sulfure plombo-cuprifere, 100. Sulphuret, 30. Telluric, 30, 31. Bismuth-glance, 30. blende, 391. nickel, 47. ochre, 185. silver, 36. Bismuthaurite, 795. Bismuthine, 30. Bismuthinite, 30. Bismutholamprite, 30. Bismutite, 716. Bitterkalk, 682. Bittersalz, 644. Bitter spar, 682. Bitterspath, 682. Bitterstein, 290. Bitume liquide, 723. glutineux, 728. Bitumen, 751. Elastic, 734. Bituminoses holz, 755. Bituminous coal, 754. Black copper, 136 ; 181. hematite, 180. manganese, 162. silver, 106. lead, 24. Black jack, 48. Blakeite, 652. Blattererz, 82. Blatterkies, v. Marcasite. Blattertellur, 82. Blatterzeolith, 444. Blaubleierz, 40. Blaueisenerz, 556. Blaueisenstein, 243. Blauspath, 572. Blei-aluminat, 577. Blei, Gediegen, 17. Bleichromat, 629. Bleifahlerz, v. Bournonite. Bleigelb, v. Wulfenite. Bleiglanz, 40. Bleiglas, 622. Bleiglatte, 136. Bleigummi, 577. Bleilasur, 663. Bleihornerz, 703. Bleimolybdat, 607. Bleini^re, 591. Bleinierite, 591. Bleioxyd, 136. Bleischeelat, 606. Bleischimmer, 91. Bleisulphotricarbonat, 624, Bleischweif, 40. Bleivitriol, 622. Blende, 48. Blodite, 643. Bloodstone, 194. Blue asbestus. 243. feldspar, 572. iron earth, 556. John, 123. malachite, 715. spar, 572. vitriol, 648. Blumenbachite, 46. Blumite, 604. Blutstein, 140. Bobierrite, 795. Bodenite, 289. Bohnerz, 172. Bog-butter, 747. Bog-iron ore, 172, 178. manganese, 181. Bole, Bolua, 476. Bolivianite, 109. Bolognian spar, 616. Bolopherit, 215. Boltonite. 255. Bonsdorffite, 485 ; 301. Boracic acid, 594. Boracite, 595. Borax, 597. Borazit, 595. Bordite, 398. Borickite, 588. Boric acid, 594. Bornine, 30. Bornite, 44. Bornstein, v. Bernstein. 810 GENERAL INDEX. Borocalcite, 599. Boronatrocalcit, 598. Borosilicate of lime, 380. Bosjemanite, 654. Botallackite, 121. Botryogen, 657. Botryolite, 380. Botryt. 657. Boulangerite, 99, 795. Bourboulite, 800. Bouruonite, 96 ; 373. Bournonit-nickelglanz, 74. Boussingaultite, 635. Bowenite, 465. Bragite, 525; 276. Branchite, 736. Branderz, v. Idrialite. Brandisite, 508. Braunbleierz, 535; 610. Braunbleioxyd, 167. Brauneiseustein, 172. Braunite, 163. Braunkohle, 755. Brauuspath, 682. Braunstein, 162. Piemontischer, 285. Grauer, 165. Schwarzer, 162. Braunsteinkies, 46. Braunsteinkiesel, 268. Bredbergite, 270. Breislakite, 216. Breithauptite, 61 ; 83. Breunnerite, 686. Brevicite, 426. Brewsterite, 445. Brewstoline, 761. Brewsterlinite, 761. Brittle silver ore, 106. Brocatello, 678. Brochantite, 664, 795. Bromargyrite, 116. Bromic silver, 116. Bromite, 116. Bromlite, 698. Bromsilber, 116. Bromyrite, 116. Brogniardite, 90. Brogniartin, 627. Brongnartine, 664. Bronzite, 208; 215, 508. Brookite, 164. Brosite, Brossite, 682. Brown coal, 755. iron ore, 169. hematite, 169. ochre, 169. spar, 682 ; 685, 686. Briicknerellite, 748. Brucite, 175 ; 363. Brushite, 552. Bucaramangite, 741. Bucholzite, 373. Bucklandite, 285. Buhrstone, 196. Bunsenite, 134. Buntbleierz, 535. Buntkupfererz, 44. Buratite, 712. Bustamite, 225. Buttermilcherz, 115. Butyrellite, 747. Butyrite, 747. Byssolite, 234. Bytownite, 340. Cabocle, see Hydr. Phosphate of Alumina and Lime, 587. Cabrerite, 561. Cacholong, 1.99. Cacoxenite, Cacoxene, 584. Cadmia, 407. Cadmium, Sulphuret of, 59. Cadmium-blende, 59. Cairngorm stone, 193. Oalaite. 580. Oalamine, 407; 692, 711. Electric, 407. Green, 712. Calamite, 233. Calaverite, 795. Oalcareobarite, 617. Calcareous spar, 670. tufa, 680. Calcedoine, 194. Calcimangite, 678. Calcinitre, 593. Calciocelestite, 620. Calcioferrite, 578. Calcite, 670, 795. Dale-sinter, 680. alcouranite, 586. Oalderite, 269. Caledonite, 625. Oalk, 616. Callainite, 572. )allais, 580. Calomel, 111. Calstronbarite, 616. "alyptolite, 273. Campylite, 537. Canaanite, 220. 322, 803. Cancrinite, 329. Candite, 147. )anehlstein, 266. 3annel Coal, 755. 3antonite, 83, 84. Caoutchouc, Mineral, 34. Capillary pyrites, 56. Papillose, 56. 3apnite, 692. 3aporcianite, 399. Carbocerine, 709. Carbonado, 22. arbon diamantaire, 22. Darbunculus, 138, 147, 265. Jarchedonius, 265. Carinthine, 235. Carmenite, 52. Carminite, 545. Carminspath, 545. Carnallite, ll8. Carnat, 474. Carcatite, 344. Carnelian, 194. Carolathine, 420. Carpholtte, 419. Carphosiderite, 661. Carphostilbite, 424. Carrara Marble, 680. Carrollite, 69. Cassinite, 356. Cassiterite, 157, 796. Cassiterotantalite, 514. Castelnaudite, 528. Castellite, 386. Castillite, 46. Castor, 229. Catapleiite, 401. Cataspilite, 483 ; 301. Catilinite, 796. Cat's-eye, 193 ; 640. Cavolinite, 327. Gawk, 616. Celadonite, 463. Celestite, Celestine, 619; 677. Celestobarite, 617. Centrallassite, 796. Cerargyrite, 114. Cerasine, Cerasite, 120, 703. Cerine, 285. Cerinite, 445, 796. Cerinstein, 413. Cerite, 413. Cerium, Carbonate, 709, Muorid, 126. Silicate, 413. Cerolite, 470. Ceroxydulkohlensaures, 709. Cerussite, Ceruse, 700. Cervantite, 187. Ceylanite, Ceylonite, 147. Chabazite, Chabasie. 434. Chalcanthite, 648 ; 646. Chalcanthum, 645. Chalcedony, 194. ChalchihuitL 293. Chalcites, 645. Chalcocite, 52. Chalcodite, 460. Chalcolite, 585 ; 586. Chalcophacite, 567. Chalcophyllite, 571. Chalcopyrite, 65. Chalcosine, 52. Chalcostibite, 85. Chalcotrichite, 133. Chalilite, 424. Chalk, 679. Chalkosiderit, 583. Chalkosin, 52. Chalybite, 688. Chamasite, 16. Chamoisite, 511. ChanarciUite, 36. GENERAL INDEX. 811 Chathainite, 70. Chaux arseniatee, 544. boratee siliceuse, 380. cartaonat^e, 670, 682. fluatee, 123. phosphatee, 530. sulfatee 621 ; 637. Chelmsfordite, 319. Chenevixite, 583. Chenocoprolite, 798. Cherokine, 535. Chert, 195. Chesterlite, 352. Chessy copper, 715. Chessylite, 715. Chiastolite, 371. Childrenite, 579. Chileite, 612; 169. Chilenite, 36. Chiltonite, v. Prehnite. Chimborazite, 694. Chiolite, 128. Chiviatite, 86. Chladnite, 208. Chloanthite, 70. Chlor-apatite, 531. Chlorastrolite, 412. Chlorite, 497. ferrugineuse, 497. Chloritoid, 504. Chloritspath, 504. Chlorkalium, 111. Chlormerkur, 111. Chloromelan, 503. Chloropal, 461. Chlorophgeite, 510. Chlorophane, 123. Chlorophanerit, 462. Chlorophyllite, 301, 485. Chlorospinel, 147. Chlorquecksilber, 111. Chlorsiiber, 115. Chlorspath, 120. Chodneffite, 128. Chondrarsenite, 562. Chondrodite, 363. Chonicrite, 494. Chrismatine, Chrismatite, 728. Christiauite, 337, 438. Christophite, 48. Chrombleispath, 629. Chromchlorit, 495. Chromeisen stein, 153. Chrome ochre, 510. Chromgliramer, 309. Chromic iron, 153. Chromite, 153. Chromoferrite, 153. Chromphosphorkupferbleispath 631. Chryolith, 126. Chrysoberyl, 155, 796. Chrysocolla, 402 ; 597, 713. Chrysolite, 256 ; 272, 367, 376, 530, 796. Chrysolite, Titaniferous, 255. White, 255. Iron, 258. Iron-manganese, 259. Chrysophane, 508. Chrysoprase, 194, 246. Chrysoprase earth, 510. Chrysotile, 465. Churchite, 555. Chusite, 258. Cimolite, 457. Cinnabar, 55. Cinnamon-stone, 266. Cipolino, 678. Cirrolite, 579. Claudetite, 796. Clausthalite, 42, 796. Clay, 473, etc. Clayite, 108. Cleavelandite, 348. Cleiophane, 48. Clingmanite, 506. Clinkstone, 359. Clinoclase, Clinoclasite, 570. Clinochlore, 497 ; 504. Clinoedrit, 101. Clintonite, 508. Cluthalite, 433. Coal, Mineral, 753. Boghead, 742, 755. Brown, 755. Cannel, 755. Cobalt, Arsenate of, 558. Arsenical, 68, 70. Black, 181. Carbonate, 711. Earthy, 181. Glance, 71. Gray, 70. gris, 70. ochre, 558. oxid6 noir, 181. Eed, 558. Sulphate, 647. Sulphuret, 47, 68. White, 70, 71. Cobalt bloom, 558. Cobalt glance, 71. Cobaltine, Cobaltite, 71. Cobalt-mica, 558. Cobalt pyrites, 68. Cobalt vitriol, 647. Coccinite, 117. Coccolite, 214. Coke, 754. Colestin, 619. Collyrite, 420 ; 476. Colly rium, 473. Colophonite, 268. Columbite, 515. Comptonite, 424. Conarite, 405. Condrodite, 363. Condurrite, 36, 797. Confolensite, 459. Conichalcite, 565. Conite,' 682. Connellite, 627. Cookeite, 489. Copal, Fossil, 739. Copaliue, Copalite, 739. Copiapite, 655 ; 656. Copper, 14. Antimonial, 85. Arsenate, 562, 564, 567. Arsenical, 36, 37. Black, 136. Blue, 65, 715. Carbonate, 713, 715. Chlorid, 121, 122. Chromate, 630. Emerald, 401. Gray, 101. Indigo, 83. Muriate, 121. Oxychlorid, 121, 122. Oxyd, 133, 136. Phosphate, 563, 568. Purple, 44. Pyritous, 65. Red, 133. Selenid, 46. Silicate, 401, 402. Sulphate, 648. Sulphato-chlorid, 627. Sulphuret, 52; 44, 65, 83. Yanadate, 611. Variegated, 44. Vitreous, 52. Copper and lead, Selenid of, 43 Copper froth, v. Tyrolite. Copper glance, 52. Copper green, 402. Copper mica, 571. Copper nickel, 60. Copper ore, 136. Blue, 715. Emerald, 401. Green, 713. Octahedral, 133. Velvet, 666. Yellow, 65. Copper pyrites, 65. Copper-uranite, 585. Copper-vitriol, 648. Copperas, 645. Soda, v. Jarosite. Potash, v. Jarosite. White, 650. Yellow, 655. Copperasiue, 660. Coprolites, 534. Coquimbite, 650. Coracite, 154. Corallinerz, 55. Cordierite, 299. Corindon, 137. Cornaline, 194. Corneine, 240. Corneous lead, 703. 812 Cornubianite, v. Felsite. Cornwallite, 569. Corsilyte, 235. Coruudellite, 506. Corundophilite, 504. Corundum, 137. Corynite, 74. Cosalite, 797. Cottaite, 353. Cotunnite, 117. Couzeranite, 326. Covelline, Covellite, 83. Craie de Biancon, 45. Crednerite, 166. Crichtonite, 143. Criptomorphite, 599. Crispite, 169. Cristianite, 337. Crocalite, 426. Crocidolite, 243. Crocoite, Crocoisite, 628. Cronstedtite, 503. Cross-Stone, 371. Crucite, 371. Cryolite, 126, 797. Cryophyllite, 316. Cryptolite, 529. Cryptoline, Cryptolinite, 762. Crystallus, 189. Cuban, Cubanite, 65. Cube ore, 578. Cube spar, 621. Cubizit, 432. Cuboite, 432. Cuivre arseniat^ 564, 571. arsenical, 36. carbonate, 713, 715. gris, 101. hydrosiliceux, 402. jaune, 65. muriate, 121. natif^U. oxide rouge, 133. phosphate, 563, 568. pyriteux, 65. pyriteux hepatique, 44. selenie, 39, 46. spicifbrme, 52. sulfate, 648. sulfure, 52. sulfure argentifSre, 54. vanadate, 611. veloute, 666. vitreux, 52. Cumengite, Cummingtonite, 234; 225. Cupreine, 53. Cupreous anglesite, 663. manganese, 181. Cuprite, 133. Cuproplumbite, 42. Cuproscheelite, 606. Cuprouranite, 585. Cyanite, 375. Cyaneus, 331. GENEEAL INDEX. Cyanochroite, 649. Cyanolite, 797. Cyauosite, Cyanose, 648. Cyanotrichite, 666. Cyclopeite, 216. Cyclopite, 340. Cymatolite, 455. Cymophane, 155. Cyprine, 276. Cyprite, 52. Cyrtolite, 275. Dalarnite, 78. Daleminzite, 51. Damourite, 487. Danaite, 78. Danalite, 265. Danburite, 299. Dannemorite, 234. Daourite, 365. Darwinite, 37. Datholite, Datolite, 380. Datolith, 380. Davidsonite, 245. Davite, 649. Davyue, Davina, 327. Dechenite, 609. Degeroite, 489. Delanovite, 459. Delawarite, 356. Delessite, 497. Delphinite, 181. Delvauxite, Delvauxene, 583 ; 588. Demidoffite, 402. Demant, 21. Demantspath, 138. Dendrachates, 195. Derbyshire spar, 123. Dermatin, 471. Descloizite, 609. Desmin, 441, 442. Devilline, 665. Devonite, 575. Deweylite, 469. Diabase, 240 ; 343. Diabase Porphyry, 343. Diaclasite, 210. Diadochite, 588. Diagonite, 445. Diallage, Green, 215, 235. Hydrous, 221. Metalloidal, 208, 209. Talkartiger, 210. Diallogite, 691. Diamant, 21. Diamond, 21. Dianite, 516. Diaphorite, v. Allagite. Diaspore, 168. Diastatite, 235. Dichroite, 299. Didrimite, 311. Didymite, 311. Digenite, 52. Dihydrite, 568. Dillenburgite, 402. Dillnite, 421. Dimagnetite, 151. Dimorphite, Dimorphirie, 28. Dinite, 736. Diopside, 214. Dioptase, 248, 401. Dioryte, 240; 351. Dioxylite, 628. Diphanite, 507. Diploite, 337. Dipyre, 326. Discrasite, 35. Disomose, 72. Disterrite, 508. Disthene, 375. Ditroyte, 328. Dog-Tooth Spar, 672. Doleryte, 343. Dolomite, 681 ; 685. Dolomite sinter, 708. Domeykite, 36, 797. Donacargyrite, 93. Dopplespath, 677. Dopplerite, 749; 747. Doranite, 436. Dreeite, 626. Dreelite, 626. Dry-bone, 692. Ducktownite, 68. Dufrenite, 583. Dufrenoysite, 92 ; 87, 90. Dumasite, 503. Dunyte, 258. Dyoxylite, 628. Dysclasite, 398. Dyscrasite, 35. Dyskolite, v. Saussurite. Dysluite, 149. Dysodile, 746. Dyssnite, 227. Dyssyntribite, 479. Earthy calamine, 711. cobalt, 181. manganese, 181. Edelforsite, 212. Edelith, 410. Edenite, 235. Edingtonite, 417. Edwardsite, 539. Egeran, 276. Ehlite, 568. Ehrenbergite, 458. Eisen, Grediegen, 15. Eisenapatit, 543. Eisenalaun, 654. Eisenblau, 556, 572. Eisenbliithe, 694. Eisenchlorid, 118. Eisenchlorit, 497. Eisenchrom, 163. Eisenerde, Blaue, 572. Grime, 392. GENERAL INDEX. 813 Eisenerz, Trappisches, 143. Eisenerz, Hystatisches, 143. Eisenglanz, 140. Eisengliinmer, 140, 556. Eisengynmite, 470. Eisenkies, 62. Rhombischer, 75. Eisenkiesel, v. Ferruginous Quartz, 193. Eisenkobalterz, 70. Eisenmulm, 150. Eisennatrolith, 426. Eisennickelkies, 47. Eisenopal, v. Semiopal. Eisenoxyd, 140. Eisenoxydhydrat, 167, 169, 172. Eisenoxyd, Schwefelsaures, 655, 657, 660. Eisenpecherz, 54, 543. Eisenperidot, 258. Eisenplatin, 11. Eisenphyllit, 556. Eisenrahm, 172. Eisenresin, 718. Eisenrose, 143. Eisenrutil, 169. Eisensinter, 589. Eisenspath, 688. Eisenstassfurtit, 596. Eisensteinmark, 474. Eisentitau, 143. Eisenvitriol, 657. Eisspath, 355. Eisstein, 126. Ekebergite, 324. Ekmaunite, 490. Elseolite, 327. Elasmose, 44, 82. Elasmosine, 82. Elaterite, 734. Electrum, 3, 740. Elhuyarit, 419. Eliasite, 175. EUagite, 430. Embolite, 115. Embrithite, 99. Emerald, 245. Emerald nickel, 710. Emeraude, 245. Emeril, 139. Emery, 138. Emerylite, 506. Emmonite, 699. Emplectite, 86. Enargite, 107, 797. Enceladite, 600. Endellionite, 96. Engelhardite, 273. Enstatite, 208. Ephesite, 507. Epichlorito, 493. Epidosyte, 284. Epidote Group, 281 ; 290. Epiglaubite, 554. Epiphosphorite, 535. Epistilbite, 443. Epsom salt, Epsomite, 643. Erbsenstein, 679. Ercinite, 439. Erdkobalt, 181. Erdharz, 734. Erdmannite, 285, 414. Erdol, 723. Erdpech, 751. Erdwachs, 732. Eremite, 539. Erinite, 569 ; 459. Brian, Erlanite, 797. Ersbyite, 361. Erubescite, 44. Erusibite, 660. Erythrine, 558. Erythrite, 558 ; 352. Escherite, 281. Esmarkite, 301, 380, 485. Essonite, 266. Etain, natif, 17. oxyde, 157. sulfure, 68. Eucairite, 39, 797. Euchroite, 566. Euchysiderite, v. Pyroxene. Euclase, 379. Eucolite, 248. Eudialyte, Eudyalite, 248. Eudnophite, 433. Eugenesite, v. Selenpalladite. Eugenglanz, 107. Eukairite, 39. Eukamptite. 307, 487. Euklas, 379. Eukolite, 249. Eulysyte, 259. Eulytine, Eulytite, 391. Eumanite, 165. Euosmite, 743. Euphyllite, 488. Eupyrchroite, 530. Eusynchit, 609. Euxenite, 521. Euzeolith, 443, 444. Evansite, 585. Exanthalose, 637. Exitele, Exitelite, 184. Fadererz, 91. Fahlerz, Fahlite, 100. Fahlunite, 484; 301. Hard, 299. Fargite, 426. Faroelite, 424. Fasciculite, 240. Faserkiesel, 373. Faserzeolith, 426. Fassaite, 216. Faujasite, 433. Fauserite, 645. Fayalite, 258. Feather alum, 654. Feather ore, 91. Federalaun, 654. Federerz, 91. Feitsui, 293. Feldspar Group, 335. Feldspar, Blue, 572. Common, 352. Labrador, 341. Potash, 352. Soda, 348. Lime, 341. Glassy, 352. Feldstein, 352. Felsite, 349, 352. Felsobanyite, 662. Feldspath, 352. apyre, 371. tenace, v. Saussurite. nacre, 352. Fer azure, 556. arseniate, 578. arsenical, 76, 77, 78. carbonate, 688. chromate, 153. hydro-oxide, 169. natif, 15. oligiste, 140. oxide, 140. oxidule, 149. magnetique, 149. muriate, 118. phosphate, 556. speculaire, 140. sulfate, 657 ; 646. sulfure, 57, 62. sulfure magnetique, 58. Ferberite, 604. Fergusonite, 524. Ferrocalcite, 678. Ferrocobaltite, 72. Ferrotantalite, 514. Ferrotitanite, 390. Fettbol,461. Fettstein, 327. Feuerblende, 93. Feuerstein, 195. Fibroferrite, 656. Fibrolite, 373. Fichtelite. 735. Ficinite, 590. Fieldite, 104. Figure-stone, 480 ; 483, 452. Fiorite. 199. Fireblende, 93. Fischaugenstein, 415. Fischerite, 582. Flexible silver ore, 55. Fliegenstein, v. Arsenic. Flint, 195. Flintkalk, 682. Float -stone, 199. Flockeuerz, v. Mimetite. Flos ferri, 694. Flos succini, 748. Flucerine, 126. Fluellite, 126. 814 GENERAL INDEX. Fluccerine, 126. Fluocerite, 126. Muochlore, 512. Fluor-apatite, 531. Fluor, Fluorite, 123. Fluor Spar, 123. Flussspath, 123. Foliated tellurium, 82. Fontainebleau limestone, 678. Forbesite, 560. Forsterite, 255. Fournetite, 42. Fowlerite, 225. Francolite, 530. Franklinite, 152. Frauenglas, v. Mica. Freibergite, 101. Freieslebenite, 93. Fritzscheite, 587. Frugardite, 276. Fuchsite, 309. Fuller's Earth, 458, 473. Fullonite, v. Onegite. Funkite, 215. Fuscite, 319. Gabronite, 324. Gadolin, G-adolinite, 293 ; 285. Gagates, 760. Gahnite, 149 ; 147, 276. Galactite, 426. Galapektit, 473, 475. Galena, Galenite, 40. Galenoceratite, 703. Gallicinite, 647. GaUitzenstein, 647. Galmey, 407. Gamsigradite, 236. Ganomatite, 798. Gansekothig-erz, 798. Garamanticus, 265. Garnet, 265. Bohemian, 267. Oriental, 267. Tetrahedral, 264. White, 334. Garnsdorffite, 661. Gay-Lussite, 706. Gearksutite, 130. Gedrite, 231. Gehlenite, 370. Geierite, 77. Gekrosstein, 621. Gelbantimouerz, 187. Gelbbleierz, 607. Gelbeisenerz, 655, 660. Gelbeisenstein, 174. Gelberde, 172. Gelberz, 81. Gelferz, v. Chalcopyrite. Genthite, 471. Geocerellite, 748. Geoceric Acid, 748. Geocerite, 738. Geomyricite, 739, 798. Geocronite, 105. Georetinic Acid, 748. Gersdorffite, 72, 798. Geyserite, 199. Gibbsite, 177. Gibraltar Stone, 680. Gieseckite, 479; 329. Giftkies, 78. Gigantolite, 480; 301, 486. Gilbertite, 798. GiUingite, 492. Giobertite, 686. Girasol, 198. Gisrnondiue, Gismondite, 418, 798. Glagerite, 476. Glance copper, 52. Glanzarsenikkies, 77. Glanzbraun stein, 162. Glanzkobalt, 71. Glaserite, 615. Glaserz, Glanzerz, 38. Glaskopf, 140. Glasspat, 123. Glaubapatite, 535 ; 554. Glauber salt, 636. Glauberite, 627. Glaucodot, 80 ; 81, 798. Glaucolite, 319. lauconite, 462. Glaucophane, 244. "laukosiderit, 556. Glimmer, 302, 309. "linkite, 256. Globosite, 584. lockerile, 662. G-lossecollite, 475. "lottalite, 417. G-melinite, 436; 437. 3-neiss, 359. G-okumite, 276. Gold, 3, 799. old amalgam, 14. GoldteUur, 81. Grongylite, 480. Rroshenite, 245. oslarite, 647. Gothite, 169. 3-otthardite, 92. G-rahamite, 753. "ramenite, 461. Grammatite, 233. rammite, v. "Wollastonite. Granat, 265. ranatite, 388. Granite, 359. ranulyte, 352. Graphic gold, 81. tellurium, 81. Graphite, 24. rastite, 500. Jraubraunsteinerz, 165, 170. Grauerz, v Galena. raukobalterz, 47. raugiltigerz, 101. Graukupfererz, v. Tennautite Graulite, 644. Graumanganerz, 165, 170. G-rausilber, v. Selbite. Grauspiessglanzerz, 29. Grauspiessglaserz, 29. Gray antimony, 29. copper, 100. Green diallage, 215, 235. earth, 462, 463. iron ore, 583. lead ore, 535. malachite, 713. vitriol, 646. Greenlandite, 516. Greenockite, 59. Greenovite, 383. Grenat, 265. Grenatite, 388. Grengesite, 501. Groppite, 486. Groroilite, 181. Grossularite, 266. Grothite, 386. Griinauite, 47. Griinbleierz, 535, 537. Griineisenerde, 583. Griineisenstein, 583. Grunerde, 462, 463. Griiuerite, 234. uanite, 551. Guano, 535. uarinite, 383. Guayacanite, 107. G-ummierz, 179. Grummispath, 577. Gummite, 179, 475. Ghirhofian, Gurhofite, 682. Gurolite, 398. uyaquillite, 745. Gyrnnite, 469. ~yps, 637. ypsum, 637. Gyrolite, 398. ETaarkies, 56; 75. Saarsalz, 644. lasmachates, 195. Isematoconite, 676. Haematite, 140. lafnefjordit, 346. laidingerite, 552 ; 86. lair-salt, 644. lalbazurblei, v. Caledonite. lalbvitriolblei, 628. Halite, 112. Hallite, 658. Halloylite, 475. lalloysite. 475. lalochalzit, 121. lalotrichine, 654. lalotrichite, 654; 649. lammochrysos, 302. lampshirite, 457. Harmotome, 439, 799. GENERAL INDEX. 815 Harringtortite, 430. Harris! te, 53. Hartbraunstein, 163. Hartiu, 742. Hartite, 736. Hartkobalterz, 71. Hartmanganerz, 180. Hartmannite, 61. Hartspat, 371. Hatchettite, Hatchettine, 731 728. Hauerite, 64. Hausmannite, 162. Haiiyne, Haiiynite, 332 ; 333. Haydenite, 434. Hayesine, 599 ; 597. Haytorite, 196: 382. Heavy spar, 616. Hebetine, 262. Hecatolite, 354 Hedenbergite, 215. Hedyphane, 537. Heliolite, 355. Heliotrope, 194. Hellefliuta, 349, 353. Helminth, 502. Helvetan, 801. Kelvin, Helvite, 264. Hematite, 140; 167, 799. Black, 180. Brown, 172. Hemichalcit, 86. Hemimorphite, 407. Hepatinerz, 133, 402. Hepatite, 616. Heraelion, 149. Hercynite, 148. Herderite, 546. Hermannite, 225. Hermesite, 101. Herrerite, 692. Herschelite, 437. Hessenbergite, 762. Hessite, 50. Heteroclin, 163, 226. Heteromerite, 276. Heteromorphite, 91. Heterosite, 542. Heulandite, 444 ; 443. Hielmite, 519. Highgate resin, 739. Himbeerspath, 691. Hircine, Hircite, 747. Hisingerite, 489. Hislopite, 463, 678. Hitchcockite, 577. Hoernesite, 556. Hoevelit, Hovellit, 111. Hogauite, 426. Hohlspath, 371. Holmesite, v. Seybetite. Holmite, 508. Holz, Bituminoses, 755. Holzkupfererz, 564. Holzopal, v. Wood Opal. Homichlin, 67. Honey-stone, Honigstein. 75u. Hopeite, 544. Hornblei, 703. Hornblende, 232. Hornerz, 114. Hornfels, 195. Horumangan, 227. Horn quicksilver, 111. Horn silver, 114. Hornstone, 195. Horse-flesh ore, 44. Hortonite, 222. Houghite, 179. Houille, 754. Houille papyracee, 746. Hovite, 709. Howlite, 598. Huascolite, 42. Hiibnerite, 603. Hudsonite, 216. Humboldtine, 718. Humboldtilite, 280. Humboldtite, 380. Humite, 363. Hunterite, 457. Hureaulite, 561. Huronite, 341 ; 301, 485. Huyssenite, 799. Hverlera, 478. Hversalt, 654. Hyacinth, 138, 266, 274, 276. Hyalite, 199. Hyalomelan, 245. Hyalophane, 346, 799. Hyalosiderite, 256. Hyblite, 484. Hydrargillite, 177, 580. Bydraulic limestone, 575, 679. Hydroapatite, 535. Hydroborocalcit, 599. Bydrobucholzite, 799. Hydroboracite, 695. Hydrochlore, 512. Hydrodolomite, 708. Sydrolanthanit, 709. ETydrohsematite, 167. rlydrolite, 436. 3ydromagnesite, 707. 3ydromagnocalcit, 708. ETydronickelmagnesite, 707. lydrophane, 199. 3ydrophite, 470. lydropit, 225. lydrosilicite, 799. 3ydrous anthophyllite, 175. 3ydrosteatite, 453. lydrotalc, 495. lydrotalcite, 178, 799. lydrotephroite, 260. lydrozincite, 711. lypargyrite, 88. lypersthene, 209 ; 215. lypochlorite, 392. Hyperyte, 343. Hyposclerite, 349. Hypostilbite, 441. Hypoxanthite, 800. Hystatiie, 143. laspachates, 195. laspis, 194.' Iberite, 481 ; 301. Ice, J35. Ice spar. 355. Iceland spar, 677. Ichthyophthalmite, 415. Idocrase, 276. Idrialine, Idrialite, 738. Iglesiasite, 700. Iglite, Igloite, 694. Ildefbnsite, 515. Illuderite, 290. Ilmenite, 143; 525. Ilmenorutile, 159. Ilvaite, 296. Indianite, 337. Indicolite, 365. Indigo copper, 83. Inolite, 680. lodic silver, 1 1 7. quicksilver, 117. lodite, 117. lodquecksilber, 117. lodsilber, 117. lodyrite, 117. lolite, 299. Hydrous, 301, 484. Iridium, Native, 12. Iridosmine, 12. Irite, 154. Iron, 15. Arsenate, 578. Antimouial sulphuret, o Berthierite. Arsenical, 76, 77. Borate, 600. Carbonate, 688. Carburet of, 24. Chlorid of, 118. Chromic, 153. Columbate, 514, 515. Cupreous arsenate, 574. Diarsenate, 589. Hydrous oxyds, 169. Magnetic, 149. Meteoric, 15. Native, 15. Oligist, 140. Oxalate, 718. Oxyd, 140. Oxydulated, 149. Phosphates, 583, 584, 556. Silicates, 258, 611. Sulphate, 646, etc. Sulphid, Sulphuret, 57, 58 62. Tantalate, 514. Titaniferous, 143. Tungstate, 601. 816 GENERAL INDEX. Iron and Mauganese Tungstate, 601. Iron alum, 654. Iron earth, Blue, 556. Iron natrolite, 426. Iron ore, Argillaceous, 141, 172. Arsenicated, 578. Axotomous, 143. Bog, 169, 172, 174,178. Brown, 172; 169. Calcareous, 688. Clay, 141, 172, 688. Green. 583. Jaspery, 141. Lenticular, 141. Magnetic, 149. Micaceous, 140. Ochreous, 140, 169. Octahedral, 149. Pitchy, 589. Ked, 140. Sparry, 688. Specular, 140. Titaniferous, 143. Iron pyrites, 62. Magnetic, 58 ; 57. White, 75. Iron rutile, 169. Iron sand, 143, 149. Iron sinter, 575. Ironstone, Clay, 141, 169, 688. Blue, 556. Brown, 172. Iserine, Iserite, 144, 145. Isophane, v. Franklinite. Isopyre, 392. Itabiryte, 141. Itacolumyte, 22, 195. Ittrierite, 333. Ivaarite, 391. Ixiolite, 514. Ixolyte, 736. Jacksonite, 410. Jade, Common, 233 ; 290, 292. Jade tenace, 290. Jadeite, 292. Jalpaite, 39. Jamesonite, 90, 800. Jargon, 272. Jarosite, 660. Jasper, 195. Jaulingite, 800. Jayet, v. Jet. Jefferisite, 494. Jeffersonite, 215. Jeiletite, 268. Jefreinoffite, 276. Jenkinsite, 470. Jenzschite, 201. Jet, 760. Jewreinowite, 276. Johannite, 666. Johnite, 580. Johnstonite, 40. Jollyte, 492. Jordanite, 88. Joseite, 31. Jossaite, 631. Junckerite, 688, 697. Jurinite, 164. KB. Many names spelt with an initial K in German, begin with C in English. Kaiuit, 642. Kakochlor, 181. Kakoxene, 584. Kalait, 580. Kalamit, 233. Kalchstein, 670. Kalialaun, 652. Kalifeldspath, 352. Kalinite. 652. Kaliphite, 172. Kalisalpeter, 592. Kalisalzsaures, 111. Kalisulphat, 615. Kalkgranat, 268. Kalk-Harmotome, 438. Kalk-Malachit, 715. Kalkoligoklas, 346. Kalksalpeter, 593. Kalkspath, 670. Kallait, 580. Kallochrom. 629. Kalomel, 111. Kalzedon, 194. Kammererit, 495. Kammkies, 75. Kampylite, 537. Kanelstein, 266. Kaneite, 61. Kaolin, 473; 324, 345, 361. Kaolinite, 473. Kapnikite, 225. Kapnicite, 576. Kapnite, 692. Karelinite, 185. Karneol, 194. Karpholite, 419. Karphosiderit, 661. Karphostilbite, 424. Karstenite, 621. Kassiterit, 157. Kastor, 229. Katapleiit, 401. Kataspilit, 483. Katzenauge, 193. Katzen-Silber, 302, 454. Kausimkies, 76. Keffekilite, 4-78 Keilhauite, 387. Kenngottite, 88. Keramohalite, 649. Keraphyllite, v. Carinthine. Kerargyrite, 114. Kerasine, 120, 703. Kerasite, 120, 703. Kerate, 114. Kermes, Kermesite, 186. Kermesome, 186. Kerolith, 470. Kersantyte, 348. Kibdelophan, 143. Kiesel, 189. Kieselcerit, 413. Kieselgalmey, 407. Kieselgyps, 621. Kieselkupfer, 402. Kieselmalachit, 402. Kieselmangan, 225. Kieselspath, v. Albite. Kieselwismuth, 391. Kieselzinkerz, 407 Kieserite, 641. Kilbrickenite, 105. Killinite, 480. Kirwanite, 800. Kischtimite, 703. Klaprothine, 572. Klaprothite, 572. Klipsteiuite, 511. Klinoclas, 570. Klinochlor, 497. Knauffite, 611. Knebelite, 260. Knistersalz, v. Halite. Kobaltarsenikkies, 78. Kobaltbeschlag, 558. Kobaltbleiglanz, 43. Kobaltbliithe, 558. Kobaltglanz, 71 ; 68. Kobaltkies, 68. Kobaltmanganerz, 181. Kobaltnickelkies, 68. Kobalt-Scorodit, 574. Kobaltsulfuret. 47. Kobaltvitriol, 647. Kobellite, 99. Koboldine, 68. Kochsalz, 112. Koelbingit, 284. Kohle, 753. Kohlensaurer Kalk, 686. Kohlenvitriolbleispath, 628. Kokkolit, 214, 215. Kokscharoffite, 242. Kollyrit, 420. Kolophonit, 268. Konarit, 405. Kondroarsenit, 562. Konichalcit, 665. Konigiue, 664. Konleinite, 737. Konlite, 737. Korite, 484 Korynit, 74 Kottigite, 561. Korund, 137. Kotschubeit, 497. Koupholite, 410. Krablite, 359. Krantzite, 741. Kraurite, 583. GENERAL INDEX. 817 Kreittonite, 149. Kremersite, 119. Kreutzkristalle, 439. Kreuzstein, 439. Krisoberil, 155. Krisolith, 256. Krisuvigite, 664. Kroeberite, 59. Krokalith, 426. Krokidolite, 243. Krokoit, 629. Kryolite, 126. Kryptolith, 529. Kubizit, 432. Kuboit, 432. Kiihnite, 544. Kuboizit, 434. Kupaplirite, 570. Kupfer, Gediegen, 14 Salzsaures, 121. Kupferantimonglanz, 85. Kupferbleiglanz, 42. Kupferbleispath, 663 ; 42. Kupferblende, 104. Kupferbliithe, 133. Kupferdiaspore, 5C8. Kupferfahlerz, 100. Kupferglanz, Kupferglas, 52. Kupferglimmer, 571. Kupfergrim, 402. Kupferhornerz, 121. Kupferindig, 83. Kupferkies, 65. Kupferlasur, 716. Kupferlebererz, 133. Kupfermanganerz, 181. Kupfernickel, 60. Kupferpecherz, 402. Kupferphyllit, 571. Kupfersammterz, 666. Kupfersehaum, 570. Kupferschwarze, 136. Kupfferite, 230. Kupfer-smaragd, 401. Kupfer-uranit, 585. Kupfer-vitriol, 648. Kupferwasser, 645. Kupfer wismutherz, 86, 98. Kupferwismuthglanz, 86. Kuprein, 52. Kiistelite, 9. Kyanite, 375. Kymatine, 234. Kypholite, v. Serpentine. Kyrosite, 76. Labradorite, 341. Labrador feldspar, 341. Labrador hornblende, 209. Lagonite, 600. Lagunite, 600. Lampadite, 181. Lamprophanite, 663. Lanarkite, 628. Lancasterite, 707. Langite, 665. Lanthanite, 709. Lanthanocerite, 413. Lapis-lazuli, 331. Lapis Ollaris, 451. Larderellite, 600. Lardite, v. Pagodite. Lasionite, 575. Lasurfeldspath, 353. Lasurite, 715. Lasurstein, 331. Latialite, 332. Latrobite, 337. Laumonite, Laumontite, 399. Laurite, 74. Lavendulan, 560. Lavroffite, Lawrowit, 216. Lazulite, 572. Lazur-Apatit, 530. Lead, 17. Aluminate, 577. Antimonial sulphuret, 96, 99. Antimonate, 591. Argentiferous, 41. Arsenate, 537. Black, 24. Carbonate, 700. Chlorid, 117. Chloro-carbonate, 703. Chromate, 628, 630. Corneous, 703. Cupreous sulphate, 663. Cupreous sulphato-carbon- ate, 625. Hydro-aluminous, 577. Molybdate, 607. Murio-carbonate, 703. Native, 17. Oxychlorid, 119,120. Oxyds, 136, 163. Phosphate, 535. Selenafce, 669. Selenids, 42, 44. Subsesquichromate, 630. Sulphate, 622. Sulphato-carbonate, 625, 628. Sulphato-chlorid, 627. Sulphato-tricarbonate, 624, 626. Supersulphuretted, 41. Sulphid, Sulphuret, 40. Tellurid, 44. Tungstate, 606. Vanadate, 610. "White, 700. Lead and Copper. Chromate, 630. Chromo-phosphate, 631. Lead glance, 40. Lead ochre, 136. Lead ore, Green, 535, 537. Red, 628. White, 700. 52 Lead ore, Yellow, 607. Lead vitriol, 622. Leadhillite, 624. Leberblende, 50. Leberkies, 75 ; 58. Leberstein, 616. Lecoutite, 635. Ledererite, 436. Lederite, 383. Leedsite, v. Leelite, 353. Lehmauite, 290. Lehrbachite, 44. Lehuntite, 426. Lemnian Earth, 457. Lennilite, 356. Lenziuite, 476. Leonhardite, 401. Leopoldite, 111. Lepidokrokite, 169. Lepidolite, 314. Lepidomelane, 307. Lepolite, 337. Lesleyite, 800. Lettsomite, 666. Leucanterite, 660. Leucaugite, 216. Leuchtenbergite, 500. Leucite, 334. Leucitophyr, 335. Leucolite, 326, 376. Leucocyclite, 415. Leucopetrite, 743. Leucophanite, 260. Leucopyrite, 76. Leuzit, 334. Levyne, Levynite, 431. Lherzolyte, 147. Libethenite, 563. Liebenerite, 479 ; 329, 563. Liebigite, 717. Lievrite, 296. Lignite, 755. Ligurite, 383. Lilalite, 314. Lillite, 493. Limbilite, 258. Lime, Arsenate, 554. Borate, 380, 597. Borosilicate, 380. Carbonate, 670. Fluate, 123. Nitrate, 593. Oxalate, 718. Phosphate. 530. Silicate, 210. Sulphate, 621, 637. Titanate, 146. Tungstate, 605. Lime-Malachite, 715. Limestone, 678. Hydraulic, 679. Magnesian, 681. Limnite, 178; 172. Limonite, 172. 818 GENERAL INDEX. Linarite, 663. Lincolnite, 444. Lindackerite, 590. Lindsayite, 340. Linnseite, 68. Linseite, 340. Linsenerz, 567. Linsenkupfer, 567. Liparite, 123. Liroconite, 567. Litheosphorus, 616. Lithionglimmer, 314. Lithionite, 314. Lithographic Stone, 679. Lithomarge, 460, 473, 475, 480. Loboit, 276. Loganite, 242, 496. Lolingite, 77; 76. Lomouite, 399. Lonchidite, 76. Lophoite, 501. Lotalite, 215. Loweite, Loveite, 643. Lowigite, 659. Loxoclase, 352. Lucullite, Lucullan, 677. Lumachslle, 679. Lunnite, 568. Lupus metallorum, 29. Lychnis, 138, 147. Lydian stone, 195. Lyellite, 665. Lyncurium, 272, 740. Lythrodes, 479. Made, 371. Maclureite, 216, 363. Magneferrite, 152. Magnesia, Pure, 685. Borate, 595. Carbonate, 685. Chlorid, 118, 119, 122. Fluophosphate, 538. Fluosilicate, 363. Hydrate, 175. Hydro-carbonate, 707. Native, 175. Nitrate, 593. Sulphate, 643. Magnesia alum, 653. Magnesian limestone, 682. pharmacolite, 544. Magnesie hydratee, 175. carbonatee, 686. nitratee, 593. phosphatee, 538. Magnesinitre, 593. Magnesioferrite, 152. Magnesite, 685 ; 456. Magneteisenstein, 149. Magnetis, 451. Magnetic iron ore, 149. Magnetic pyrites, 58. Magnetite, 149, 800. Magnetkies, 58. Magnetopyrite, 58. Magnoferrite, 152. Malachite, Blue, 715. Green, 713. Lime, 715. Malacolite, 214. Malacon, Malakon, 275. Maltha, 728. Malthacite, 458. Mamanite, 642. Mandela to, 678. Manganalaun, 653. Mangan, Kohlensaures, 691. Manganamphibole, 225. Manganblende, 46. Manganepidote, 285. Manganerz, G-rauer, 165, 170. Kupferhaltiges, 166. Prismatoidisches, 171. Schwarzer, 162. Manganese, Oxyd, 162, 163, 165, 166. Hydrous oxyds, 162, 170. 180. Arseniuret, 6L Black, 162. Bog, 181. Carbonate, 691. Chlorid, 122. Cupreous, 181. Earthy, 181. Gray, 165. Phosphate, 541, 543. Red, 225. Silicates, 225, 260. Sulphid, 46, 64. Manganese-Ore, Brachytypous, 163. Prismatic, 165. Pyramidal, 162. Manganese alum, 653. Manganese spar, 225. Manganglanz, 46. Mangangranat, 268. Manganite, 170. Mangankiesel, 225. MangankUpfererz, 166. Mangankupferoxyd, 166. Manganocalcite, 697 ; 678. Mangauopal, v. Opal. Manganschaum, 181. Manganspath, 691. Marasmolite, 48. Marble, 670. Yerd-antique, 678. Marcasite, 75; 62, 800. Marceline, 163, 226. Marcylite, 137; 121. Marekanite, v. Pearlstone. Margarite, 506 ; 489. Margarodite, 487 ; 310. Marialite, 326 ; 332. Marionite, 711. Marl, 679. Marmatite, 48. Marmolite, 465. Martinsite, 112, 641. Martite, 142. Mascagnine, Mascagnite, 635. Maskelyne, 665. Masonite, 504. Massicot, 136. Matlockite, 119. Mauilite, v. Labradorile. Medjidite, 667. Meerschaum, 456. Megabasite, 604. Megabromite, 115. Mehl-Zeolith, 426, 430. Meionite, 318. Melaconite, 136. Melanasphalt, 753. Melanchlor, 543. Melanchym, 744, 750. Melanellite, 750. Melanglanz, v. Stephanite. Melanhydrit, 483. Melanite, 267. Melanochroite, 630. Melanolite, 490. Melanteria, 645. Melanterite, 646, 800. Melilite, Mellilite, 280 ; 750. Melinite, 477. Melinophane, 263. Meliphanite, 263. Mellate of alumine, 750. Mellite, 750. Melinose, 607. Meionite, 801. Melopsite, 478. Menaccanite, 143. Menakerz, 383. Mendipite, 120. Mendozite, 653. Meneghinite, 105. Mengite, 525 ; 539. Menilite, 199. Mennige, 163. Mercure argental, 13. sulfure, 55. iodure, 117. Mercury, Antimonite, 547. Amalgam, 13. Chlorid, 111. Horn, 111. lodid, 117. Native, 13. Selenid, 56. Sulphid, 55. Merda di Diavolo, 746. Merkurblen.de, 55. Merkurglanz, 56. Meroxene, 307. Mesi tine, Mesitite, 687 ; 688. Mesitinspath, 687. Mesole, 424. Mesolin, 431. Mesolite, 430. Mesotype, 424, 426, 430. GENERAL INDEX. 810 Mesotype epointee, 415. Messingbliithe, 712. Metabrushite, 553. Metachlorite, 503. Metaxite, 465. Metaxoite, 494. Miascyte, 328, 359, Miargyrite, 88. Mica Group, 801. Mica, Hexagonal, 304. Lithia, 314. Oblique, 309. Rhombic, 302. Mica des peintres, 24, Mica pictoria, 24. Mica schist, 359. Micaphilit, 371. Micarelle, 324. Michaelite, 199. Michaelsonite, 289. Microbromite, 115. Microclin, 355. Microcosmic salt, 551. Microlite, 513. Middletonite, 745. Miemite, 682. Miesite, 535. Mikroklin, 355. Millerite, 56. Miloschin, Miloschite, 510. Mimetene, Mimetite, 537. Mimetese, Mimetesite, 537. Mineral caoutchouc, 734. coal, 753. charcoal, 755. oil, 723, 728, 737. pitch, 728, 751. resin, 739-747. tallow, 731. tar, 728. wax, 727, 730. Minium, 163; 55. Mirabilite, 636. Misenite, 615. Mispickel, 78. Misy, 655 ; 645, 660. Mizzonite, 325. Mocha Stone, 195. Modumite, 71. Mohsine, 76, 77. Mohsite, 143. Mollit, 572. Molochites, 713. Molybdanbleispath, 607. Molybdanglanz, 32. Molybdanochre, 185. Molybdansilber, 32. Molybdate of lead, 607. Molybdate of iron, 186. Molybdena, sulphid of, 32. Molybdene sulfure, 32. Molybdenite, 32. Molybdic ochre, 185. silver, 32. Molybdine, Molybdite, 185. Molysite, 118. Monazite, 539. Monazitoid, 539. Mondstein, v. Moonstone. Monheimite, v. Kapnite. Monimolite, 546. Monophan, 443. Monradite, 221, 406. Monrolite, 373. Montanite, 668, 801. Monticellite, 255. Montmartite, 637. Montmorillonite, 459. Moonstone, 347, 350, 352, 640. Morasterz, 172, 174, 178. Mordenite, 446. Morenosite, 648. Moresnetite, 409. Mornite, 341. Moronolite, 660. Moroxite, 530. Morvenite, 439. Mosandrite, 295. Mossottite, 694. Mountain green, 713. cork, 234. leather, 234. Muldan, 353. Muller's glass, 199. Mullerine, Mullerite, 8*. Mullicite, 556. Mundic, 62. Murchisonite, 352. Muriacite. 621. Muromontite, 289. Murrhina, 194. Muscovite, 309, 801. Muscovy glass, 309. Miisenite, v. Siegenite. Mussite, 214, 702. Myelin, 373. Mysorin, 715. Nacrite, 309; 455, 473. Nadeleisenerz, 169. Nadelerz, 100. Nadelstein, 694. Nadelzeolith, 426. Nagyagererz, 82. Nagyagite, 82. Naphtha, 723. Naphthadil, 734. Naphthaline, 727, 738. Nasturan, v. Pitchblende. Natrocalcite, 677. Natrolite, 426 ; 324. Natrolite, Iron, 426. Natron, 705. alaun, 653. salpeter, 592. Natroborocalcite, 598. Natronspodumen, 346. Naumannite, 39. Necronite, 352. Needle ore, 100. Needle spar, v. Aragonite. Needlestone, 426. Nefelina, 327. Neft-gil, 734. Nemalite, 175. Neoctese, 574. Neolite, 406. Neoplase, 657. Neotokite, 491. Neotype, 678. Nepheline, 327. Nephelite, 327. Nephrite, 233; 237, 290, 292, 801. Nephelindoleryte, 328. Nertschinskite, 476. Neurolite, 482. Newjanskite, 12. Newkirkite, 171. Niccolite, 60. Nickel, Antimonial, 61. Arsenate, 561 ; 548. Arsenical, 60, 72. Bismuth, 47. Carbonate, 710. Copper, 60. Emerald, 710. Hydrate, 710. Oxyd, 134. Silicate, 404, 471, 510. Sulphate, 648. Sulphid, Sulphuret, 56. White, 77. Nickel glance, 72. green, 560. ochre, 560. stibine. 73. vitriol, 648. Nickel & cobalt, Arsenate of, 560. Nickel & iron, Sulphuret or Sulphid of, 47. Nickelantimonglanz, 73. Nickelarsenikglanz, 72. Nickelarsenikkies, 72. Nickelbluthe, 560. Nickelglanz, 72. Nickel-Gymnite, 471. Nickeliferous gray antimony, 73. Nickeline, 60. Nickelkies, 56. Nickelocker, 560. Nickeloxydul, 134. Nickelspiessglanzerz, 73. Nickelwismuthglanz, 47. Nicopyrite, 47. Nierenstein, 233. Nigrine, 159. Niobite, 515. Nipholite, 128. Nitratine, 592. Nitre, 592. Nitrocalcite, 593. Nitromagnesite, 593. Nontronite, 461. 820 GENEEAL INDEX. Noralite, 236. Nordenskioldite, 233. Nordmarkite, 389. Nosean, Nosin, Nosite, 333. Notite, 484. Tussierite, 535. Nuttallite, 319. Obsidian, 359. Ochran, 477. Ochre, Antimony, 187, 188. Bismuth, 185. Brown, 172. Chrome, 510. Iron, 140. Molybdic, 185. Plumbic, 136. Eed, 140, 167. Tantalic, 188. Telluric, 188. Tungstic, 186. Uranic 668. Yellow, 172. Vitriol, 662. Ochroito, 413. Ockergelb, 172. Octahedrite, 161. Odoiitolite, 580. (Ellacherite, 489. (Erstedite. 275. Ogcoite, 502. Oil, G-enesee or Seneca, 725. Oisanite, 161, 281. Okenite, 398. Oktibehite, 16. Olafit, 349. Oligist iron, 140. Oligoclase, 346. OligoklasaMt, 349. Oligon spar, 688. Oligophyre, 348. Olivenchalcit, 563. Olivenerz, 563, 578. Olivenite, 564. Olivine, 257. Omphacit, 223. Onegite, 169. Oncosin, 480. Onofrite, 56, 802. Onyx, 195; 680. Oolite, 679. Oosite, 480. Opal, 198. Opal-allophane, 421. Operment, 27. Ophiolite, 465. Ophite, 464 ; 468. Opsimose, 511. Or natif, 3. graphique, 81. Orangite, 413. Oravitzite, 477. Orichalcite, 712. Ornithite, 553. Oropion, 476. Orpiment, 27. Orthite, 285. Orthoclase, 352, 802. Orthose, 352. Oserskite, 694. Osmelite, 396. Osmiridium, 12. Osteocolla, 680. Osteolite, 530. Ostranite, 273. Ottrelite, 506. Ouvarovite, 270. Owenite, 507. Oxacalcite, 718. Oxalite, 718. Oxhaverite, 415. Ozarkite, 424 ; 329. Ozocerite, Ozokerit, 732; 728, 731, 733. Pachnolite, 129. Pacite, 81. Paederos, 198. Pagodite, 480 ; 454. Paisbergite, 225. Pateo-Natrolith, 426. Palagonite, 483; 222, 802. Paligorskite, 406. Palladium, Native, 12. Palladium gold, 4. Panabase, 100. Paracolumbite, 143. Paradoxite, 353. Paraffin, 730. Paragonite, 487. Paralogite, 325. Paraluminite, 661. Paranthine, Paranthite, 318 ; 319. Parasite, 595. Parastilbite, 444. Parathorite, 763. Pargasite, 285. Parisite, 702. Parophite, 479. Partschin, Partschinite, 293. Partzite, 188. Passauite, 324. Pastreite, 656. Pateraite, 608. Patrinite, 100. Pattersonite, 801. Paulit, 209. Pazit, 81. Pearl-mica, 506. Pearl sinter, 199. Pearl-spar, 682 ; 685. Pearlstone, 359. Peastone, v. Pisolite. Pechblende, Pecherz, 154. Pechkohle, 755. Pechopal, 198. Pechstein, 359. Pechuran, 154. Pectolite, 396. Peganite, 582. Pegmatolite, 352. Pektolith, 396. Pele's Hair, 360. Peliom, 299. Pelicanite, 457. Pelokonite, 181. Pencatite, 708. Pennine, Penninite, 495. Pennite, 708. Pentaklasit, 213. Peutlandite, 47. Peplolit, 485. Percy lite, 122. Periclase, Periclasite, 134. Peridot, 256, 367. Peridoto bianco, 255. Periklas, 101. Periklin, 349. Peristerite, 349. Perlglimmer, 506. Perlit, 359. Perlstein, 359. Perthite, 356. Perofskite, 146. Perowskine, 541. Perowskit, 146. Petalite, 229. Petrified wood, 196. Petrolene, 729, 751. Petroleum, 723. Petrosilex, 349, 353. Pettkoite, 631. Petuntze, 475. Petzite, 51. Pfaffite, 91. Pfeifenstein, v. Catlinite. Phacolite, 434. Pha3stine, 469. Pharmacolite, 554; 544. Pharmakochalcit, 564. Pharmacosiderite, 578. Phenacite, Phenakit, 263. Phengite, 309. Phillipsite, 438. Phlogopite, 302. Phcenicite, 630. Phcenikochroite, 630. Phcestine, 209. Pholerite, 472, 473 ; 421 Phonite, 327. Phonolyte, 359. Phosgenite, 703. Phosphid of iron and nickel, 61 Phosphocerite, 529. Phosphochalcite, 568. Phosphorblei, v. Pyromorphite. Phosphoreisensinter, 588. Phosphorgummite, 179. Phosphorite, 530. Phosphorkupfererz, 563, 568. Phosphorsaures, 568, 572. Photicite, 227. Photizit, 227. Photolite, 396. Phrenitoid, 326. Phthanyte, 195. Phyllite, 506. Phylloretin, 737; 736 Physalite, 376. Piauzite, 753. Pickeringite, 653. Picotite, 147. Picranalcime, 433. Picrofluite, 512. Picrolite, Pikrolit, 465. Picromerite, 642. Picropharmacolite, 554. Picrophyll, Pikrophyll, 220, 406. Picrosmine, Pikrosmin, 405. Picrotanite, 144. Picrotephroite, 259. Picrothomsonite, 426. Picryte, 258. Pictite, 383. Piddingtonite, 232. Piedmontite, 285. Pierre grasse, 327. Pigotite, 750. Pihlite, 455. Pilsenite, 32. Pimelite, 510. Pinguite, 461. Pinite, 479 ; 301. Pinitoid, 480. Piotine, 472. Pipestone, v. Catlinite. Pirenait, 269. Pirop, 267. Pisanite, 646. Pi-solite, 679. Pissophane, Pissophanite, 661. Pistacite, Pistazit, 281. Pistomesite, 688. Pitch, Mineral, 728, 751. Pitchblende, 154; 179. Pitchstone, 359. Pitchy iron ore, 589. Pitkarandite, 221. 406, 452. Pittasphalt, 751. Pitticite, Pittizit, 589. Pittinerz, 175. Pittinite, 175. Pittolium, 728. Plagioclase, 802. Plagionite, 89. Planerite, 576. Plasma, 194. Plaster of Paris, 637. Plata azul, 804. bismutal, 36. cornea, 115. verde, 115, 116. Platinum, Native, 10. Platiniridium, 11. Plattnerite, 167. Platyophthalmon, 29. Pleonaste, 147. Plessite, 73. Pleuroclaae, 538. GENERAL INDEX. Plinian, 80. Plinthite, 477. Plomb antimonie sulfure, 96, 99. arseniate, 537. carbonate, 700. chloro-carbonate, 703. chlorure, 117, 119, 120. chromate, 628, 630. hydro-alumineux, 577. molybdate', 607. natif, 17. oxychloriodure*, 120. oxide, 136, 163. seleniure, 42, 44. sulfate, 622. sulfure, 40. Plombgomme, 577. Plombierite, 802. Plumbeine, 42. Plumbago, 24. Plumbic ochre, 136. Plumbocalcite, 678. Plumbogummite, 577. Plumboresiuite, 577. Plumbostib, 99. Plumbum candidum, 17. nigrum, 17. Plumites, 91. Plumose ore, 91. Plumosit, 91. . Poikilit, 44. Poikilopyrite, 44. Poix minerale, 728. Polianite, 165. Pollucite, PoUux, 249. Polyadelphite, 268. Polyargite, 480; 340. Polybasite, 107. Polycrase, 523. Polychroilite, 485. Polychrom, 535. Polyhalite, 641. Polyhydrite, 493. Polykras, 523. Polylite, 216. Polymignyte, 523. Polysphaerite, 535. PolyteHte, 104; 101, 804. Polyxen, 10. Poouahhte, 428. Porcelain clay, 473. Porcelain spar, 324. Porcellophite, 464. Porphyry, 359. Porpezite, 4. Porricin, v. Pyroxene. Portite, 458. Porzellauerde, 473. Porzelanit, 324. Portor, 679. Potash alum, 652. Potash, Muriate, 111; 118. Nitrate, 592. Sulphate, 614, 615. Potassium, chlorid, 111, 118. 821 Potstone, 451.- Pounxa, v. Borax. Prase, 194. Prasin, 568. Praseolite, 485 ; 301. Prasilite, 503. Predazzite, 708. Pregattit, 487. Prehnite, 410. Prehnitoid, 326. Preunnerite, 677. Prochlorite, 501. Prosopite, 130. Protheite, 215. Protobastite, 208. Proustite, 96. Prussian blue. Native, 558. Przibraraite, 169; 48. Psathyrit, 742. Psaturose, 106. Pseudoalbite, 344. Pseudoapatite, 531. Pseud ogalena, 48. Pseudomalachit, 568. Pseudonepheline, 327. Pseudolibethenit, 563. Pseudophite, 496. Pseudosommite, 327. Pseudotriplite, 542. Psilomelane, 180. Psimythite, 624. PteroUte, 308. Puflerite, 441. Pumice, 359. Purple copper, 44. Puschkmite, 281. Pycnite, 876. Pyrallolite, 220, 406, 451. Pyrantimonite, 186. Pyrargillite, 485. Pyrargyrite, 94. Pyrauxite, 454. Pyreneite, 268. Pyrgom, 216. Pyrite, 62, 802. Pyrites, Arsenical, 78; 76. Auriferous, 62. Capillary, 56. Cellular, 75. Cockscomb, 75. Copper, 65. Erubescent, 44. Hepatic, 75. Hydrous, 75. Iron, 62. Magnetic, 58 ; 57. Prismatic Iron, 75, 76. Radiated, 75. Spear, 75. Tin, 68. Variegated, 44. White iron, 75. Pyraurite, 179. Pyrochlore, 512 ; 513. Pyrochroite, 177. 822 GENERAL INDEX. Pyroclasite, 535. . Pyroguanite, 535. Pyrolusite, 165. Pyromelane, 803. Pyromeline, 648. Pyromorphite, 535 ; 637. Pyrope, 267. Pyrophyllite, 454. Pyrophysalite, 376. Pyropissite, 734. Pyroretin, 744, 745. Pyroretinite, 744. Pyrorthite, 285. Pyroscheererite, 737. Pyrosclerite, 493. Pyrosiderite, 169. Pyrosmalite, 414. Pyrostibite, 186. Pyrostilpnite, 93. Pyrotechnite, 615. Pyroxene, 212, 803. Pyroxenyte, 220, 359. Pyrrhite, 763. Pyrrholite, 480. Pyrrhosiderite, 169. Pyrrhotine, 57. Pyrrhotite, 58 ; 57, 803. Quartz, 189, 803. Ferruginous, 193. Granular, 195. nectique, 199. resinite, 198. Quecksilberfahlerz, 101. Quecksilberbranderz, 738 ; 55. Quecksilberhornerz, 111. Quecksilberlebererz, 55. Quellerz, 178. Quicksilver, Native, 13. Antimonite, 547. Chlorid, 111. Horn, 111. lodid, 117. Sulphuret, 55. Selenid, 56. Quincite, 406. Rabenglimmer, 314. Radauite, 341. Radelerz, 96. Radiated pyrites, 75. Radiolite, 426. Rahtite, 48. Raimondite, 656. Rammelsbergite, 77 ; 70. Randanite, 199. Raphanosmite, 43. Rapidolite, 319. Raphilite, 233. Raseneisenstein, 172, 174, 178 Rastolyte, 486. Ratholite, 396. Ratofkit, 123. Rauhkalk, 682. Raumit, 485. Rauschgelb, 26, 27. Rautenspath, 682. Razoumoffskin, 460. Realgar, 26. Red antimony, 186. chalk, 141. copper ore, 133. hematite, 140. iron ore, 140. iron vitriol, 657. lead ore, 628. manganese, 691. ochre, 141, 167. silver ore, 94, 96. vitriol, 647. zinc ore, 135. Reddle, 141. Redruthite, 52. Reichite, 677. Reissacherite, 181. Reissbley, 24. Refdanskite, 803. Remingtonite, 711. Remolinite, 121. Rensselaerite, 451. Resigallum, 26, 27. Resin, Mineral, etc., 739-747. Highgate, 739. Retinasphalt, 748. Retinalite, 464. Retinellite, 748. Retiuic Acid, 748. Retinite, 739 ; 753. Retzbanyite, 100. Retzite, v. JEdelforsite. Reussin, 637. Reussinite, 744. Rhsetizite, 375. Rhodalose, 647. Rhodalite, 459. Rhodium gold, 41. Rhodizite, 596. Rhodochrome, 495. Rhodochrosite, 691. Rhodoial, 558. Rhodonite, 225. Rhodophyllite, 495. Rhombenglimmer, 302, 304. Rhomb-spar, 682. Rhyacolite, 352. Richtnondite, 803. Richterite, 234; 215. Riemannite, 419. Ripidolite, 497 ; 501. Risigallum, 26. Rittingerite, 94. Rock cork, v. Hornblende, crystal, 193. meal, 680. milk, 680. salt, 112. soap, 476. Rochlandite, v. Serpentine. Rochlederite, 744. Rcemerite, 655. Rcesslerite, 556. Rohwand, 685. Rogenstein, 679. Romanzovit, 266. Romeine, Romeite, 547. Roschgewachs, 106. Rose quartz, 193. Roselite, 560. Rosellan, v. Rosite. Rosite, 340 ; 85, 480. Rothbleierz, 628. Rothbraunstein, 225. Rotheisenerz, 140. Rother vitriol, 647. Rothgiiltigerz, 94, 96. Rothkupfererz, 133. Rothnickelkies, 60. Rothoffit, 268. Rothspiessglanzerz, 186. Rothspiesglaserz, 186. Rothzinkerz, 135. Rottisite, 471. Rubellan, 304. Rubellite, 365. Ruberite, 133. Rubicelle, 147. Rubin, 138. Rubinblende, 94. Rubinglimmer, 170. Ruby, Spinel, Balas, Almandine, 147. Oriental, 138. Ruby-blende, 94. Ruby silver, 94, 96. Ruby sulphur, v. Realgar, Ruthenium, Sulphuret, 74. Rutherfordite, 526. Rutile, 159. Ryacolite, 352. Saccharite, 344. Safflorite, 70. Sagenite, 159, 193. Sahlite, 215. Sal ammoniac, 114. gemme, 112. Salamstein, v. Sapphire. Saldanite, 649. Salmare, 112. Salmiak, 114. Salt, Common, 112. Saltpeter, 592. Salts of Iron, 750. Salzkupererz, 121. Samarskite, 520. Samian Earth, 473. Sammetblende, 169. Sammeterz, 666. Samoite, 478. Samteisenerz, 169. Sandaraca, 26. Sandbergerite, 104. Sandstone, 195. Sanidin, 352. Saponite, 472 ; 459. GENERAL INDEX. 823 Sappare, 375. Sapphire, 138. d'eau, 299. Sapphirine, 391. Sapphlrus, 331. Sarcolite, 317, 436. Sard, 194. Sardachates, 195. Sardinian, 622. Sardonyx, 195. Sartorite, 87. Saspachite, 447. Sassolite, Sassolin, 594. Satin spar, 637, 678. Satersbergite, 76. Saualpit, 290. Saussurite, 290; 321, 341. Saustein, 677. Savite, 426. Saynite, 47. Scarbroite, 421. Scapolite Group, 317. Schaalstein, 210. Schabasit, 434. Schapbachite, 36. Schatzellit, 111. Schaumspath, 678. Scheelbleispath, 606. Scheelin calcaire, 605. ferrugine, 601. Scheelite, 605, 803. Scheelitine. 606. Scheelsaure, 186. Scheelsaures blei, 606. Scheelspath, 605. Scheererite, 727. Schefferite, 215, 242. Schieferspath, 678. Schilfglaserz, 93. Schiller-spar, 469; 209, 210, 221. Schillerstein, 221. ScManite, 745. Schmelzstem, 326. SchmirgeL 139. Schneiderite, 399. Schonjt, 642. Schorl, 205, 365. Schorl rouge, 159. Schorlartiger beril, 376. Schorlite, 377. Schorlomite, 390. Schorza, 281. Schreibersite, 61. Schrifterz, Schrift-tellar, 81. Schrotterite, 421. Schulzifc, 105. Schuppenstein, 316. Schiitzit, 619. Schwarzbraunstein, 162. Schwartzembergite, 120. Schwarzerz, 46, 100, 106. Schwarzgiltigerz, 101, 106. Schwarzmanganerz, 162. Schwarzspiessglaserz, 96. Schwatzite, 101. Schwefel, Natiirlicher, 20. Schwefelantimonblei, 99. Schwefelkies, 62. Schwefelkobalt, 47. Schwefelnickel, 56. Schwefelquecksilber, 55. Schwefelsaure, 614. Schwefelsilber, 38, 51. Schwerbleierz, 167. Schwerspath, 616, 619. Schwerstein, 605. Schweruranerz, 154. Schwimmkiesel, 199. Scleretinite, 744. Scleroclase, 87, 92. Scolecite, 428. Anhydrous, 361. Scolexerose, 361. Scorodite, 574. Scorza, 281. Scotiolite, 489. Scoulerite, 424. Sebesite, 233. Seeerz, v. Limonite. Seifenstein, 472. Seladonite, 463. Selbite, 804. Selenblei, 42. Selenbleikupfer, 43. Selenbleispath, 669. Selenite, 637. Selenkobaltblei, 43. Selenkupfer, 46. Selenkupferblei, 43. Selenkupfersilber, 39. Selenmercur, 56. Selen palladium, 12. Selenquecksilber, 56. Selenquecksilberblei, 44. Selenschwefelquecksilber, 56. Selensilber, 39. Selensulphur, 21. Selwynite, 509. Semeliue, 383. Semi-opal, 199. Senarmontite, 184. Seneca oil, 725. Sepiolite, 456. Serbian, 510. Sericite, 487. Sericolite, v. Satin spar. Serpentine, 464, 804. Severite, 476; 460. Seybertite, 508. Sexangulites, 42. Shepardite, 62. Siberite, 365. Sicilianite, 619. Sideretine, 589. Siderite, 688; 193, 572. Sideritis, 149. Sideroborine. 600. Siderochalcit, 570. Siderochrome, 153. Sideroclepte, 258. Sideroconite, 676. Siderodot, 688. Sideroferrite, 16. Sideromelane, 360. Sideroplesite, 688. Sideroschisolite, 604. Siderosilicite, 484. Siderose, 688. Siderotantal, 514. Sideroxene, 762. Siegelerde, 458. Siegelstein, 149. Siegenite, 68, 69. Sienite, 240, 359. Silber, G-ediegen, 9. Silberamalgam, 13. Silberfahlerz, 101. Silberglanz, 38. Biegsamer, 55. Silberglas, 38. Silberhornerz, 114. Silberkupferglanz, 54. Silberphyllinglanz, 83. Silberspiessglanz, 35. Silberwismuthglanz, 36. Silex, 189. Silice gelatineuse, v. Hyalite. Silicifled wood, 196. Siliceous sinter, 195. Silicite, 341. Silicoborocalcite, 598. Sillimanite, 373. Silvanite, 81 ; 19. Silver, Antimonial, 35. Antim. sulphuret, 93, 94. Arsenical, 35. Bismuthic, 36. Black, 106. Brittle sulphuret, 106. Bromic, 116. Carbonate, 804 Chlorid, 114. Chlorobromid, 115. Cupreous sulphuret, 54. Flexible sulphuret, 55. Gray (Freieslebenite), 93. Horn, 114. lodic, 117. Muriate, 114. Native, 9. Eed, or Ruby, 94, 96. Selenic, 39. Sulphuret, 38, 51. Sulphuret of Copper and, 54. Telluric, 50. Vitreous, 38. Silver glance, 38. Silver ore, Brittle, 106. Flexible, 55. Red, or Ruby, 94, 96. Sinopite, 477. Sinter, Siliceous, 195, 199. Sismondine, 504. 824 GENERAL INDEX. Sisserskite, 12. Skapolith, 318. Skleroklas, 87, 92. Skogbolit, 514. Skolezit, 428. Skolopsite, 333. Skorodit, 574. Skutterudite, 71. Slate-spar, 678. Sloanite, 446. Sraaltine, Smaltite, 70. Smaragdus, 245, 681. Sraaragdite, 215, 235. Smaragdochalcit, 121, 401. Smectite, 458; 475. Sm elite, v. Kaolin. Smirgel, 138. Smithsonite, 692 ; 407. Smyris, 139. Snarumite, 316. Soapstone, 451, 472. Soda, Borate of, 597. Carbonate of, 705 ; 706. Muriate of, 112. Nitrate of, 592. Sulphate, 615 ; 636. Soda alum, 653. Soda copperas, v. Jarosite. Soda nitre, 592. Soda spodumene, 346. Sodaite, 324. Sodalite, 330. Sodium, Chlorid, 112. Soimonite, v. Corundum. Solfatarite, 649, 653. Sombrerite, 535. Somervillite, 280, 402. Sommite, 327. Sonnenstein, v. Sunstone. Soude, v. Soda. Sordawalite, 244. Sory, 645. Soufre, 20. Spadaite, 405. Spaniolite, 101. Spargelstein, 530. Sparkies, v. Speerkies. Sparry or Spathic iron, 683. Spartaite, 678. Spartalite, 135. Spatheisenstem, 688. Spear Pyrites, 75. Speckstein, 451. Specular Iron, 140. Speerkies, 75. Spessartite, 268. Speiskobalt, Weisser, 70. Sphaerite, 587. Sphaerosiderite, 690. Sphserostilbite, 442. Sphasrulite, 359. Sphalerite, 48. Sphene, 383. Sphenoclase, 280. -Sphragidite, Sphragid, 458. Spiauterit, 59. Spiegelglanz, 32. Spiesglanzsilber, 35. Spiessglanz, Gediegen, 18. Spiessglauzocher, 187. Spiesglanzweiss, 184. Spiessglanzblei, 96. Spiessglanzblende, 186. Spiesglas, 18. Spiessglaserz, 29. Spiesglassilber. 35. Spilyte, 352. Spinel, 147. Spinel ruby, 147. Spinellan, 333. Spinelle zincif^re, 149. Spinthere, 383. Spodumene, 228. Soda, 346. Spreustein, 426. Sprodglanzerz, 106. Sprodglaserz, 106; 107 Sprudelstein, 696. Staffelite, 534. Stahlkobalt, 72. Stahlstein, 688. Stalactite, 679. Stalagmite, 679. Stanekite, 745. Stangenschorl, Weisser, 376. Stangenspath, 616. Stangenstein, 376. Stannine, Stannite, 68. Stannite, 159. Stanzait, 371. Stasstfurtit, 595. Staurolite, 388 ; 439. Staurotide, 388. Steargillite, 459. Steatite, 451, 472. Steel ore, 688. Steinheilite, 299. Steinkohle, 754. Steinmannite, 41. Steinmark, 474, 475. Steinol, 723. Steinsalz. 112. Stellite, 396. Stephanite, 106. Stercorite, 551. Sternbergite, 54. 3tetefeldtite, 188. ~tibi, 29. Stibiconite, 188. ^tibihe, 29. Btibiogalehite, 591. Stibium,, 29. Stiblite, Stiblith, 188. tibnite, 29. Stilbite, 442 ; 444. Stilbit anamorphique, 444. Blattriger, 444. Stillolite, v. Opal. Stilpnomelane, 460. Stilpnosiderite, 172. Stinkkohle, 746. Stimmi, 29. Stinkstone, 677. Stolpenite, 459. Stolzite, 606. Strahlbaryt, 616. Strahlenkupfer, 570. Strahlerz, 570. Strahlkies, 75. Strahlstein, 233, 281, 583. Strahlzeolith, 442. Strakonitzite, 221, 406. Stratopeite, 491; 227. Striegisan, 575, 582. Stroganovite, 323. Stromeyrite, 54. Stromit, v. Rhodochrosite. Stromnite, 699. Strontia, Carbonate, 699. Sulphate, 619. Strontianite, 699. Strontianocalcite, 678. Struvite, 551. Stiibelite, 492. Studerite, 104. Stylobat, 370. Stylotyp, Styloptypite, 98. Stypterite, 649. Stypticite, 656. Succinellite, 748. Succinite, 740; 266. Succiuic acid, 748. Sulphatite, 614. Sulphur, Native, 20. Selenic, 21. Sulphuric acid, 614. , Sumpferz, 172, 174, 178. Sundvikite, 340. Sunstone, 346, 355. Susannite, 626. Svanbergite, 590. Swinestone, 677. Syenite, 240, 359. >yepoorite, 47. Syhedrite, 442. Sylvan, Gediegen, 19. Sylvane graphique, 81. . ^ylvanite, 81 ; 19. iylvine, Sylvite, 111, 3ymplesite, 558. Syntagmatite, 235. Szaibelyite, 594. 'abergite, 493, 495, 497. 'abular spar, 210. Tachhydrite, 119. 'achylyte, 245. 'achyaphaltite, 275. Tasnite, 16. n afelspath, 210. Tagilite, 566. "ale, 451, ?alc-apatite, 535. Talc phosphorsaurer, 588. GENERAL INDEX. 825 Talc zographique, v, Celadonite. Talc chlorite, 500. Talcite, 309. Talcoid, 454. Talkeisenerz, 150. Talkerde-Alaun, 653. Talkspath, 680. Talkhydrat, 175. Talksteinmark, 373. TaUingite, 122. Tallow, Mineral, 731. Taltalite, 365. Tamarite, 571. Tannenite, 86. Tantalic ochre, 188. Tankite, 337. Tantale oxyde yttrifere, 519. Tantalite, 514; 518. Tapiolite, 518. Targionite, 40. Tarnowitzite, 694. Tasmanite, 746. Tauriscite, 644. Tautoklin, 685. Tautolite, 285. Tavistockite, 582. Taylorite, 614. Tecticite, 644. Tekoretin, 735. Telesie, 138. Tellur, Gediegen, 19. Tellurbismuth, 30. Tellurblei, 44. Tellure auro-argentifere, 81. auro-plombifere, 81. natif auro-ferrifere, 19. Tellurgoldsilber, 51. Telluric bismuth, 30. Telluric ochre, 188. Telluric silver, 50. Tellurige saure, 188. TeUurite, 188. Tellurium, Bismuthic, 30, 31, 32. Black, 82. Foliated, 82. Graphic, 81. Native, 19. White, Yellow, 81. Tellurium glance, v. Nagyagite. Tellurous acid, 188. Tellursilber, 50. Tellursilberblei, v. Sylvanite. Tellurwismuth, 30, 31, 32. Tengerite, 710. Tennautite, 104. Tenorite, 136, 804. Tephroite, 259. Teratolite, 473. Terenite, 323. Ternarbleierz, 624, Terre verte, 462, 463. Teschomacherite, 705. Tesselite, 415. Tesseralkies, 71. Tetartine, 348. Tetradymite, 30; 31, 32, 804 Tetrahedrite, 100, 804. Tetraphyline, 541. Texalith, 175. Texasite, 710. Thalheimit, 78. Thalite, 472. Thallite, 281. Tharandite, 682. Thenardite, 615. Thermonatrite, 705. Thermophyllite, 465. Thierschite, 718. Thiorsauite, 337. Thomaite, 697. Thomsenolite, 129. Thomsonite, 424 ; 329. Thoneisenstein, 688. Thonerde Schwefelsaure, 631, 649, 658. Thouerdephosphat, 575. Thorite, 413 ; 763. Thraulite, 492. Thrombolite, 562. Thulite, 290. Thumite, Thummerstein, 297. Thuringite, 507. Tiemanuite, 56, 805. Tile ore, 133. Tikerodite, 43. Tin, Native, 17. Oxyd, 157. Sulphuret, 68. Tin ore, 157. Tin pyrites, 68. Tinder ore, 91. Tinkal, 597. Tinkalzit, 598. Tirolite, 570. Titaneisen, 143. Titane anatase, 161. oxyde, 159, 161, 164. silico-calcaire, 383. Titanic acid, 159, 161, 164. iron, 143. Titanite, 383, 805. Tiza, v. Ulexite. Tombazite, 72. Topaz, 376. False, 193. Oriental, 138. Topazolite, 268. Topazoseme, 378. Topfstein, v. Potstone, 451. Torbanite, 742. Torbernite, Torberite, 585. Torrelite, 515. Touchstone, 195 ; Tourbe papyracee, 746. Tourmaline, 365. Towanite, 65. Trachyte, 359. Traubenblei, 535. Traversellite, 214, 221, 406. Travertine, 680. Trcmenheerite, 25. Tremolite, 233. Trichalcite, 562. Trichite, 805. Trichopyrit, 56. Triclasite, 484. Tridymite, 805. Trinacrite, 484. Tripestone, 621. Triphane, 228. Triphylite, Triphyline, 541. Triplite, 543. Triploklas, 424. Tripolite, 199. Tritomite, 412; 272. Troilite, 57. TroUeite, 577. Trombolite, 562. Trona, 706. Troostite, 262. Tscheffkinite, 387. Tschermigite, 651. Tuesite, 474. Tufa, Calcareous, 680. Tungstate of iron, 601. of lead, 606. of lime, 605. Tungsten, 605. Tungstic acid or ochre, 186. Tungstite, 186. Turgite, 167. Tiirkis, 580. Turmalin, 865. Turnerite, 540. Turquois, 580 ; 572. Tyrite, 524 Tyrolite, 570. Uddevallite, 144 Uigite, 412. Ulexite, 598. UUmannite, 73. Ultramarine, 331. Unghwarite, 461. Unionite, 290. Uraconise, Uraconite 668. Uralite, 222. Uralorthite, 285. Uranatemnite, 154. Uranbliithe, 667. Urane oxydule', 154. Uranglimmer, 585 ; 586. Urangreen, 667. Urangriin, 667. Urangummi, 179. Uranin, Uraninite, 154 Uranisches Pittin-Erz, 175. Uranisches Grummi-Erz, 179. Uranite, 585 ; 586. Uranium, Carbonate, 717. Oxyd, 154. Phosphate, 585, 586. Sulphate, 666, 667, 668. Urankalk-Carbonat, 717. Uranmica, 585. 826 GENEEAL INDEX. Uranochalcite, 667. Uranochre, 668. Oranoniobit, 520; 154. Uranophane, 805. Uranotantal, 520. Uranoxyd, 154. Uranpecherz, 154, 175, 179. Uranphyllit, 585. Uranvitriol, 666. Urao, 706. Urdite, 539. Urpethite, 731. Uwarowit, 270. Valaite, 805. Valencianite, 352. Valcntinite, 184. Yanadite, 610. Vanadic ochre, 167. Vanadinbleierz, 610. Yanadinite, 610. Yargasite, 220. Yariegated copper, 44. Yariolyte, 344, 359. Yariscite, 582. Yarvacite, 166, 171, 182. Yauqueline, Yauquelinite, 630. Velvet copper ore, 666. Yerd-antique, 465, 678. Yermiculite, 493. Yermilion, 56. Yermontite, 78. Yestan, 806. Vesuvianite, 276. Yesuvian salt, 615. Yierzonite, 477. Yillarsite, 409. YiUemite, 262. Yilnite, 210. Yiolan, 223. Yitreous copper, 52. silver, 38. Vitriol, Blue, 648 Green, 646. Lead, 622. Nickel, 648. Red, or Cobalt, 647. Red Iron, 657. White, or Zinc, 647. Yitriolgelb, 660. Vitriol ochre, 662. Yitriolbleierz, 622. Yivianite, 556. Yoglianite, 668. Voglite, 717. Yoigtite, 307, 486. Volknerite, 178. Volborthite, 611. Volcanic glass, 213. Vojcanite, 359. Yolgerite, 188, 806. Voltaite, 652. Yoltzite, Yoltzine, 50. Voraulite, 572. Vorhauserite, 464. Vosgite, 343. Vulpinite, 621. Wad, 181. Wagit, 407. Wagnerite, 538. Walchowite, 741. Waldheimite, 242. Walkthon, Walkerde, 458. Wallerian, 236. Walmstedtite, 686. Wandstein, 685. Warringtonite, 664. Warwickite, 600. Washingtonite, 143. Wasite, 806. Wasserblei, 32. Wasserbleisilber, 32. Wasserkies, 75. Water, 135. Wavellite, 575. Websterite, 658. Wehrlite, 32, 296. Weichbraunstein, 165. Weicheisenkies, v. Wasserkies. Weichmangan, 165. Weissbleierz, 700. Weisserkies, 75. Weisserz, 76. Weissgolderz, 81. Weissgiiltigerz, 101, 104. Weissian, v. Scolecite. Weissigite, 353. Weissite, 301, 485. Weisskupfer, 36. Weisskupfererz, 75. Weissnickelkies, 70, 77. Weisspiessglanzerz, 184. Weissstein, 352. Weiss-Sylvanerz, 81. Weisstellur, 81. Wernerite, 319; 318, 324,806. Wheel-ore, 96. Whewellite, 718, White antimony, 184, arsenic, 183. copperas, 647, 650. iron pyrites, 75. lead ore, 700. nickel, 77. tellurium, 81. vitriol, 647. Whitneyite, 37. Wichtine, Wichtisite, 244. Wiesenerz, 172, 174, 178. Wilhelmite, 262. Willemite-, 262. Williamsite, 262, 465. Wilsonite, 480 ; 323. Wiluite, 266, 276. Wiserin, 528. Wismuth, Gediegen, 19. Wismuthblende, 391. Wismuthbleierz, 36. Wismuthglanz, 30. Wismuth-Kupfererz, 86, 98. Wismuthochre, 185. Wismuthoxyd, Kolens., 716. Wismuthsilber, 36. Wismuthspath, 716. Withamite, 281. Witherite, 697. Wittichenite. Wittichite, 98. Wittingite, 491. Wocheinite, 174. Wodankies, v. GersdorfiBte. Wohlerite, 261, 806. Wolchite, 96. Wolchonskoite, 509. Wolfram, 601. Wolframite, Wolframine, 601; 186. Wolframbleierz, 606. Wolframochre, 186. Wolfsbergite, 85; 91. Wollastonite, 210 ; 396. Woluyn, 618. Wood, petrified, 196. Wood-opal, 199. Woodwardite, 666. Worthite, 373. Wulfenite, 607. Wundererde, v. Teratolite. Wurfelerz, 578. Wiirfelgyps, 621. Wurfelspath, 621. Wurfelzeolith, 432, 434. Wurtzite, 59. Xanthitan, v. Titanite. Xanthite, 276. Xanthoconite. 108. Xanthokon, 108. Xanthophyllite, 508. Xanthopyrites, 62. Xanthorthit, 285. Xanthosiderite, 174; 655. Xenolite, 373. Xenotime, 528. Xonaltite, 397. Xylite, Xylotile, 406. Xylochlore, 415. Xylokryptit, v. Scheererite ? Xyloretinite, 742. Yanolite, 297. Fellow copperas, 655. copper ore, 65. lead ore, 607. tellurium, 81. Yenite, 296. Ypoleime, 568. Ytterbite, 293. Yttererde, Phosph., 528. Yttergranat, 268. Ytternussspath, 125. Ytterspath, 528, 710. Yttria, Fluate, 125. Phosphate, 528. Tantalate, 519. GENERAL INDEX. 827 Yttria, Silicate, 804. Yttrocalcit, 125. Yttrocerite, 125. Yttrocolumbite, v. Yttrotantal- ite. Yttroilmenite, 519, 520. Yttrotantalite, 519. Yttrotitanite, 387. Zala, v. Borax. Zamtite, 710. Zaratite, 710. Zeagonite, 418. Zeasite, v. Opal. Zeilanite, 147. Zellkies, 75. Zeolite Section, 421. Zeolite, Feather, 426. Foliated, 442, 444. Efflorescing, 399. Needle, 426. Pyramidal, 415. Cubic, 432, 434. Zeugite, 553. Zeuxite, 370. Zeylanite, 147. Zianite, v, Kyanite. Ziegelerz, 133. Zietrisikite, 733. Zigueline, 133. Zfflerfhite, 234. Zinc, Arsenate, 561. Carbonate, 692, 711. hydrate cuprifere, 570. lodid and Bromid, 122. Native, 17. oxide, 135. oxide silicifere, 262. Oxysulphuret, 50. Phosphate, 544. Ked Oxyd, 135. Silicate, 262, 406. Siliceous Oxyd, 407. Sulphate, 624, 647. Sulphid, Sulphuret, 48. Zinc blende, 48. Zinc bloom, 711. Zincfahlerz, 104. Zinc vitriol, 647. Zinc ore, Red, 135. Zincite, 135. Zinconise, 711. Zinkarseniat, 561. Zinkazurite, 713. Zinkbluthe, 711. Zinkenite, 88. Zinkglas, 407. Zinkit, 135. Zinkkieselerz, 407. Zinkosite, 624. Zinkoxyd, 135. Zinkphyllit, 544. Zinkspath, 692. Zinkvitriol, 647. Zinn, G-ediegen, 17. Geswefeltes, 68. Zinnerz, 157. Zinnkies, 68, Zinnober, 55. Zinnstein, 157. Zinnwaldite, 314. Zippeite, 667. Zircon, 272. Zirconite, 273. Zoisite, 290, 806. Zolestein, 619. Zorgite, 43. Zundererz, 91. Zurlite, 280. Zwieselite, 543. Zygadite, 352. so isr, 535 Broadway, New York, PTJJ3LISH .AJ^ID OFFER FOR Free ~by mail when paid, for in advance. 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