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MANUAL OF 
 HERALDRY 
 
THE 
 
 MANUAL OF HERALDRY 
 
 A CONCISE DESCRIPTION OF THE 
 
 SEVERAL TERMS USED, AND CONTAINING 
 
 A DICTIONARY OF EVERY DESIGNATION 
 
 IN THE SCIENCE 
 
 EDITED BY 
 
 FRANCIS J. GRANT, W.S. 
 
 Rothesay Herald 
 
 NEW AND REVISED EDITION, WITH 
 THREE HUNDRED AND FIFTY ILLUSTRATIONS 
 
 o > > > , 
 
 * 9 > I • > 
 
 EDINBURGH: JOHN GRANT 
 
 31 GEORGE IV. BRIDGE 
 1914 
 
^^ 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 ^18 3C.< 
 
 t c « ci t 
 
PREFACE 
 
 The great revival which has taken place in the study and 
 appreciation of the Science of Heraldry, and the wider and 
 more intelligent interest now taken in armory, has induced 
 the publisher to issue a new and revised edition of this 
 work. 
 
 This opportunity has been taken to enlarge and improve 
 the Dictionary of Heraldic Terms, and to cut out much of 
 the repetition which was contained in the opening chap- 
 ters of the previous editions. The space thus gained has 
 been used to give a larger and, in the light of modern 
 research, more correct view of the Origin of Arms, and to 
 add chapters on the Law and Right to Arms and on the 
 Heraldic Executive. 
 
 The chapter formerly given on Precedence has been 
 entirely superseded by inserting the tables now in use in 
 England and in Scotland, and the whole book has been so 
 revised and rewritten as to form practically a new work. 
 
 Though in the past the science has suffered much from 
 the absurd and pedantic origins assigned not only to it 
 but to the armorial achievements of various families, its 
 use as an aid to historical research has been long proved 
 and recognised. How often has the date of the foundation 
 of some ancient castle or abbey been discovered or a 
 portrait identified from the armorial bearings thereon, and 
 many an important point in genealogy elucidated, by the 
 charges borne by the individual members of the family 
 explaining their matrimonial alliances, their position as 
 cadets, or even the origin of the house itself. 
 
 V 
 
 418368 
 
Preface 
 
 Although in the small compass of this volume it has 
 not been found practicable to enter into an elaborate 
 criticism of the various arms used by different families in 
 the United Kingdom, the Editor believes that this Ma?mal 
 will be found of service to the student as well as to the general 
 reader who desires to acquire some correct knowledge of 
 what has been justly called "The Shorthand of History." 
 
 The Editor is indebted to Mr Graham Johnston, Herald 
 Painter in the Lyon Office, for the three illustrations of the 
 royal arms which appear at pages 135, 137, and 139. 
 
 VI 
 
 
CONTENTS 
 
 CHAPTER I 
 
 PAOE 
 
 Origin of Coats of Arms . = , . i 
 
 CHAPTER II 
 The Right to Arms . . ^ . , 6 
 
 CHAPTER III 
 The Heraldic Executive . . • .10 
 
 CHAPTER IV 
 Arms of Dominion, Etc. Tinctures. Furs. . 15 
 
 CHAPTER V 
 
 Lines used in Parting the Field. Differences. 
 External Ornaments of the Shield . . 3i 
 
 CHAPTER VI 
 
 Marshalling Charges on Escutcheons by the 
 
 Rules of Heraldry. . . . .31 
 
 vii 
 
Contents 
 
 CHAPTER VII 
 
 PA.OK 
 
 Order of Precedency . . - . ' 41 
 
 Dictionary of Heraldic Terms . . -53 
 
 CHAPTER VIII 
 
 The Royal Arms. Union Jack. Heraldry in 
 connection with history, architecture, 
 Interior Decoration, Costume, Etc. . . 134 
 
 viu 
 
 lifi 
 
J.J 
 
 MANUAL OF HERALDRY 
 
 CHAPTER I 
 
 ORIGIN OF COATS OF ARMS 
 
 Heraldry is the science which teaches us how to blazon 
 or describe in proper terms armorial bearings and their 
 accessories. 
 
 Modern writers have long discarded the fabulous origin 
 attributed by mediaeval authors to the assumption of arms. 
 We now no longer put forward as genuine such arms as 
 those alleged to belong to Adam and Eve, Noah, Judas 
 Maccabeus, Pontius Pilate, or even those attributed to 
 mythical British kings and Anglo-Saxon monarchs before 
 the Norman Conquest. 
 
 In these earlier works on heraldry, the science has 
 suffered much from the foolish and pedantic attempts 
 made by the writers to attribute its origin to the Greeks 
 and Romans, and even to find traces of it in Scripture in 
 the marks or standards of the tribes of the Children of 
 Israel. It may safely be stated that its introduction was 
 coeval with the use of armour in the Middle Ages, when it 
 became necessary for men to be able to recognise each 
 other as friend or foe in the mclce of the battle. Thus it 
 came that warriors adorned their shields with marks to 
 distinguish each other, and decorated the top of their 
 helmets with crests. 
 
 I A 
 
A \ \ '\ -': /. Manual of Heraldry 
 
 From the earliest times, however, various symbols, 
 emblems and devices were used on their standards and 
 shields by ancient nations, such as the Greeks and 
 Romans, whose shields were decorated with animals and 
 other objects ; and at a later date we have such ensigns as 
 the white horse of the Saxons, the raven of the Norse 
 vikings, the lion of the Normans, and the devices on the 
 shields of the knights depicted in the representation of the 
 Norman Conquest, known as the Bayeux Tapestry. These 
 emblems were, however, not hereditary in families, were 
 changed by their owners at pleasure, and therefore cannot 
 be held to have been heraldic in our modern sense of the 
 word. Similar customs are to be found to this day among 
 such people as the Japanese, and in the totems of the Red 
 Indians and the now extinct Aztecs in North America. 
 
 Mr J. R. Planche {Rouge Croix) in his book. The 
 Pursuiva7it of Arms ^ clearly establishes that at the Norman 
 Conquest the use of armorial bearings was quite unknown, 
 and that heraldry appears as a science at the beginning of 
 the thirteenth century, although arms had undoubtedly 
 been borne for some time previous. The evidence both 
 of chroniclers and artists directly disproves any science or 
 practice being in existence at the time of the first and 
 second Crusades. 
 
 It is a curious circumstance that our earliest and best 
 examples of heraldry should be due to lack of learning. 
 But for the fact that few persons were able to write and 
 had to authenticate all deeds and transactions they entered 
 on with their seals, we should not now have these records 
 of the earlier armorial ensigns. The practice of sealing 
 dates in England from the time of Edward the Confessor, 
 when the authentication of documents by this means was 
 introduced. These seals were originally not heraldic, and 
 
Origin of Coats of Arms 
 
 bore various designs, such as equestrian figures, etc., which 
 in turn became decorated with armorial bearings as heraldry 
 came into vogue. 
 
 The next authority regarding the early arms of the 
 English nobles and knights is the various rolls or armorials 
 preserved in the Heralds' College, in the British Museum 
 and other public libraries, and in private hands. The 
 earliest of these rolls, which are usually long narrow strips 
 of parchment containing a full description of the arms of 
 the nobles and gentlemen, is dated about 1240, and is in 
 the custody of the College of Arms. One of these written 
 in verse and in Norman-French, known as the Roll of 
 Carlaverock, contains a list of the princes, nobles, baronets, 
 and knights who formed part of Edward I.'s army at the 
 siege and capture of that castle in Dumfriesshire, in the 
 year 1300, and gives a minute description of their banners 
 and armorial ensigns. This roll has been twice published, 
 first by Sir Harris Nicolas in 1828 and again by Thomas 
 Wright in 1861. These records show that by that time 
 heraldry had been reduced to a system. 
 
 Amongst the most valuable records of arms now extant 
 are the visitations made throughout England by various 
 heralds during a period commencing in 1530, and ending 
 with that dated 13th May 1686. These not only contain 
 the armorial bearings, but give detailed pedigrees of the 
 various families. 
 
 The most ancient roll of Scottish arms now existing is 
 that contained in the Armorial of Gelre Herald, preserved 
 in the Royal Library at Brussels, and executed about the 
 year 1370, which gives the arms of the King and forty-one 
 coats of Scottish nobles. Another early roll is that of 
 Gilles de Bouvier, Berry King of Arms, preserved in the 
 National Library at Paris, which contains amongst others 
 
 3 
 
Manual of Heraldr 
 
 y 
 
 122 Scottish coats. These two rolls have been reproduced 
 by Mr R. R. Stodart in his book on Scottish Arms, and 
 the former more correctly by Sir Archibald Dunbar in a 
 paper on the subject printed in the Proceedings of the 
 Society of Afitiguaries of Scotland, 1890-91. 
 
 It is, however, to Sir David Lindsay of the Mount, Lyon 
 King of Arms, we are indebted for the earliest official 
 Register of Scottish Arms, compiled about the year 1542, 
 and at present preserved in the Advocates' Library. This 
 has been twice reproduced in facsimile, first in 1822 by 
 Dr David Laing, and secondly in 1878. 
 
 In the thirteenth century the practice of embroidering 
 armorial ensigns on the surcoat worn over a coat of mail 
 gave rise to the expression "coat of arms." 
 
 It was at this time that heraldry was to be seen at its 
 best ; but by the end of the fourteenth century the true 
 origin of arms had begun to be obscured, and ridiculous 
 and fantastic fables were invented to account for the various 
 charges, and to trace their adoption to the commemoration 
 of supposed adventures and exploits of the ancestors of 
 the owners thereof. From having only simple charges 
 on the escutcheon, the same was gradually crowded with 
 additional objects and even pictorial representations. By the 
 eighteenth century it probably reached its lowest depth in 
 England. In 1760 a grant of arms was made to a family 
 named Tetlow, in Lincolnshire, which included, besides 
 thirteen other charges, a book charged with a silver penny, 
 upon which was written the Lord's Prayer, to commemorate 
 the fact that one of the family had accomplished that feat 
 with a quill pen. Other examples, such as the forty-five 
 feet reflecting telescope of Sir John Herschel's arms, might 
 be quoted, but, with the present revival of interest in the 
 science which began in the latter half of the nineteenth 
 
 4 
 
Orimn of Coats of Arms 
 
 o 
 
 century, it is to be hoped that such degradations are now a 
 thing of the past, though some recent grants of the Heralds' 
 College, such as that to Lord Kitchener, leave much to be 
 desired. 
 
 In Scotland, where the number of families is compara- 
 tively limited, the necessity of charging the shield with a 
 multitude of objects has never been required, and the 
 debasement of the science fortunately did not extend to 
 the same extent, a circumstance for which perhaps we are 
 indebted to our great writers, Sir George Mackenzie and 
 Alexander Nisbet, who did much to restore heraldry to a 
 sound historical basis. Still, at the beginning of last 
 century during the Peninsula War, several coats granted 
 contained augmentations representing battle scenes, medals, 
 decorations and other unheraldic objects. Probably one of 
 the most curious is that recorded in 1812 for a Mr Bonar, 
 which has, on a chief a dexter hand proper, vested with a 
 shirt sleeve of the first, issuing from the dexter chief point, 
 holding a shoulder of mutton to a lion passant or. 
 
 Heraldry does not seem to have reached the Highlands 
 of Scotland before the sixteenth century, and a system of 
 bearing arms prevailed there which was not only crude but 
 bore no reference to the accepted laws of armory. Many 
 of the arms of the various chiefs and gentlemen have 
 quarterings which are in no way indicative of descent or 
 alliance, the arrangement of the quarters being often varied 
 to indicate differences between different clans, certain 
 charges such as the lymphad or galley being common to 
 nearly all those of the \Vest Coast and Islands. 
 
CHAPTER II 
 
 THE RIGHT TO ARMS 
 
 It is probable that arms were in early times assumed by 
 the various nobles and gentlemen at their own hand, not 
 to symbolise (says Mr Planche) "any virtue or qualification 
 but simply to distinguish their persons and properties, to 
 display their pretensions to certain honours and estates, 
 attest their alliances or acknowledge their feudal tenures." 
 The charges adopted were those that if possible held some 
 resemblance either in sound or form to the name of the 
 bearer thereof. As time went on and arms multiplied, 
 disputes arose between various persons as to their respective 
 rights to various charges, and their claims were referred to 
 the arbitration of the King as the fountain of all honour. 
 As early as 1385 the celebrated case of Scrope versus 
 Grosvenor as to the right to bear the arms, azure a bend or, 
 was decided in favour of the former by King Richard II. 
 in person. 
 
 It having become necessary that some authority should 
 be established to regulate the wearing of arms, to preserve 
 a record of the rights of families to the same, to assign 
 armorial ensigns to such persons as should be considered 
 worthy to bear such and to prevent the unwarrantable 
 assumption of the same. King Richard III. by Royal 
 Charter in 1483 incorporated the College of Arms or 
 Heralds' College, which exercises control over the use of 
 armorial bearings in England. Similar functions are dis- 
 
 6 
 
 \ 
 
The Right to Arms 
 
 charged in Scotland by the Court of the Lord Lyon, and in 
 Ireland by the Office of Arms. No arms are of any legal 
 authority or are of any value unless they are recorded in 
 one of these offices. 
 
 In England the College of Arms is presided over by the 
 Earl Marshal, and no grant of arms can be made except on 
 a warrant directed by him to Garter, Clarenceux, or Norroy 
 Kings of Arms as the case may be, which warrant proceeds on 
 a petition made to him through one of the officers of arms. 
 The fees of such a grant amount, including a stamp duty of 
 ^lo, to ;£"76, los., and if supporters are included the fee 
 is considerably higher. These charges do not include the 
 fees incurred to the officer of arms by whom the application 
 has been conducted for searches and personal trouble. 
 
 The Court of the Lord Lyon in Scotland is one of 
 the judicatures of that country, and all applications therein 
 are conducted in the forms common to other courts of 
 law. The precise date of its origin is not known, but its 
 jurisdiction and the use of armorial bearings are laid down 
 and regulated by a series of Acts of Parliament, the most 
 important of which are those of 1592, cap. 125; 1672, cap. 
 47; and 30 Victoria, cap. 17, 1867. In this respect armorial 
 law in Scotland differs from that of England. 
 
 Petitions to the Lord Lyon for a grant of arms by a 
 novus ho7Jio, for matriculation by a cadet of a family whose 
 arms are already recorded or for registration of arms borne 
 by one's ancestors before the year 1672, in terms of the 
 statute of that year, may be signed by the petitioner or his 
 counsel or agent. With his petition the applicant will 
 produce the evidence on which he relies to support his 
 pedigree and claim, and whether the application is opposed 
 or not, he must prove his case. Lyon then issues his 
 judgment or interlocutor authorising the Lyon clerk to (i) 
 
 7 
 
Manual of Heraldry 
 
 prepare Letters Patent in favour of the petitioner, granting 
 him the Ensigns Armorial therein mentioned; or (2) in 
 the case of a cadet, to matriculate the ancestor's arms of 
 new with the proper difference in the Public Register of 
 All Arms and Bearings in Scotland. These arms can only 
 be borne by the grantee and his eldest son or heir male in 
 perpetuity; all younger sons must by the statutes above 
 mentioned matriculate of new with their proper differences, 
 in contradistinction to the English practice, where cadets 
 add their marks of cadency at their own hand. The 
 various modes of differencing in England and Scotland are 
 described at pages 24 and 26. The fees for a patent of 
 arms amount to about ;£"44, los., and for a matriculation 
 about ;£"i6, i2s. 6d. If supporters are included in the 
 grant the charges are somewhat higher. An appeal from a 
 judgment of the Lord Lyon will lie to the Inner House of 
 the Court of Session on a question of legal right to a special 
 coat of arms, but not on a question of tinctures or charges. 
 
 In Ireland arms are granted by Ulster without the neces- 
 sity of presenting a formal petition. It is also competent 
 to obtain a confirmation of arms if it can be proved the 
 same have been used for a period of at least 100 years, 
 and the pedigree established for at least three generations. 
 This is not, however, issued as a matter of legal right but 
 of grace, and the arms will be differenced to a certain 
 extent from those previously used. The fees in Ulster's 
 Office are ;£^44 for a grant of arms, j£s9 ^^i^h a grant of 
 supporters, and ;^i6 for confirmation of arms. 
 
 The Lyon Office in Scotland and the Office of Arms in 
 Ireland are offices under the Crown, and all fees drawn 
 there are paid over to H.M. Treasury, in which respect 
 they differ from the Heralds' College in London, whose 
 revenues are the property of the Corporation. 
 
 8 
 
The Right to Arms 
 
 The improper and illegal assumption of arms was 
 prohibited in England from at least the reign of King 
 Henry V. by a proclamation of that monarch, but the 
 English Court of Chivalry, which had jurisdiction in 
 questions of armorial assumption, being practically in 
 abeyance, it has been doubted how far the Courts of 
 Chancery or Common Law have jurisdiction to prevent 
 the wrongful use of arms. In Scotland it is expressly 
 made a statutory offence by the Act of Parliament of 1592, 
 punishable by fine and in certain cases by imprisonment, 
 and the confiscation to the Exchequer of all articles on 
 which the arms may have been placed. This Act has been 
 re-enacted from time to time, and during the eighteenth 
 century numerous prosecutions took place. Though 
 perhaps during last century it has not been so rigorously 
 enforced, the law has been repeatedly put in force to stop 
 the erection of fictitious coats of arms in public places, 
 such as Glasgow Cathedral, M'Ewan Hall in Edinburgh, 
 etc. ; and quite recently the Treasury, acting on the advice 
 of the Lord Advocate, authorised the prosecution of the 
 magistrates of a Scottish Royal Burgh who were using 
 unrecorded arms. 
 
 The jurisdiction of the various offices is regulated by the 
 real domicile of the applicant, and not by his temporary 
 residence in one or other country. This rule, however, 
 does not apply to cadets of families whose arms are on 
 record in Scotland, who notwithstanding their place of 
 residence, even though it be in a foreign country, will 
 matriculate their arms in the Lyon Register. Persons 
 residing in British colonies or temporarily in foreign 
 countries will apply to the office of the country of their or 
 their ancestor's origin ; but arms will not be granted to 
 persons who are not British subjects. 
 
 9 B 
 
CHAPTER III 
 
 THE HERALDIC EXECUTIVE 
 
 The office of Herald is of more ancient origin than the 
 use of arms, upon which science he has conferred his name. 
 In all civilised nations heralds were employed at a very 
 early date as messengers of peace or war from the sovereign 
 of one state to another; in the time of chivalry as the 
 arrangers of tournaments, and in more modern times as 
 the superintendents of processions, coronations, state 
 funerals and other public ceremonies, and making royal 
 proclamations; when it became necessary to regulate the 
 use of arms they were the officers to whom the King 
 delegated his authority in these matters. They existed in 
 most European states by the fifteenth century. In France 
 the heralds were formed into an incorporation by King 
 Charles VL in 1406, under a king of arms called- 
 Mountjoy, and under him were ten heralds and pursui- 
 vants. In England although the office existed from an early 
 period, it would appear from the fact that no herald or 
 pursuivant is mentioned as taking part in the case of Scrope 
 versus Grosvenor in 1385 before referred to, that at that 
 time they had not been entrusted with any jurisdiction in 
 matters armorial. The office of Garter King of Arms was 
 instituted for the service of that order by King Henry V. 
 in 141 7, in place of Windsor Herald, by whom the duties 
 were previously performed, and on 5th January 1420 
 William Bruges was appointed to the office. By this time 
 
 10 
 
 i 
 
The Heraldic Executive 
 
 probably the control of Ensigns Armorial had been 
 entrusted to the heralds, and certainly before 1456, when 
 the beautifully illuminated grant of arms was made to the 
 Tallow Chandlers Company of London by John Smert, 
 Garter. 
 
 The College of Arms or Heralds' College was not, how- 
 ever, incorporated until 1483, when it received a charter 
 from King Richard III. The college is presided over by 
 the Earl Marshal of England, an office now hereditary in 
 the family of Howard, Uuke of Norfolk, under Letters 
 Patent, dated 19th October 1672, in favour of Henry, Lord 
 Howard of Castle Rising, and his heirs of entail. Under 
 him are Garter, principal king of all English arms, and two 
 provincial kings, Surrey, instituted in the reign of King 
 Edward IH., whose title was changed to Clarenceux by 
 King Henry V., with jurisdiction south of the river Trent ; 
 and Norroy, the most ancient, probably a herald before the 
 reign of Edward IL, with jurisdiction over the northern 
 parts of England beyond the said river. There are now 
 six heralds, viz. : — Chester, Windsor, Lancaster, and York, 
 instituted by King Edward HL ; Richmond, by King 
 Edward IV. ; and Somerset, by King Henry VIII. The 
 pursuivants, the lowest degree of officers of arms, are four in 
 number, viz. : — Rouge Croix, called from the red cross of 
 St George in the arms of England ; Blue Mantle, from the 
 blue mantle of France assumed by Edward III. ; Rouge 
 Dragon, from the badge of Wales and also from the 
 supporter assumed by Henry VII. ; and Portcullis, from the 
 badge of that monarch. There were also a number of 
 other officers of arms bearing other titles, whose offices are 
 now extinct. Occasionally for such ceremonies as corona- 
 tions extraordinary heralds and pursuivants are created, as 
 for example at the late King Edward's, Fitzalan Pursuivant; 
 
 II 
 
Manual of Heraldry 
 
 and at King George V.'s, Fitzalan and Carnarvon Pursui- 
 vants. These officers are absorbed into the ordinary estab- 
 lishment as vacancies occur. 
 
 The Scottish officers of arms formed an important part 
 of the Royal Household, and were in attendance on the 
 King on all occasions of state. Besides the duties enumer- 
 ated above, they were employed in accompanying embassies 
 abroad, making royal proclamation throughout the country, 
 carrying important messages of state between the King and 
 his subjects, and a summons for treason could only be 
 served by a herald or pursuivant. 
 
 As early as 1364 mention is made of William Pittolloch, 
 Herald; and in 1365, in the Great Seal Register, of John 
 Trupour, Carrick Herald (probably a mistake for pursui- 
 vant). Lyon Herald appears in 1377, and ten years 
 later as Lyon King of Heralds. Rothesay Herald, officer 
 of the Prince of Scotland, is first mentioned in 1401: 
 Marchmont, a title derived from Marchmont, the ancient 
 name of the Royal Castle of Roxburgh, in 1436 ; Snowdoun, 
 derived from a part of Stirhng Castle, in 1448; Albany, 
 from the Duke of Albany, a title of one of the King's sons, 
 in 145 1 (he is called pursuivant, however, in 1447); Ross, 
 from the Royal Earldom of the same, in 1474; and tslay, 
 from the island of that name, in 1493. Other heralds are 
 also found from time to time, such as Ireland in 1498 and 
 Orkney in 1581. 
 
 Of the pursuivants, Carrick, Pursuivant of the Prince, who 
 was Earl of Carrick, appears first in the year 1365 ; Unicorn in 
 1426; Aliszaiin 1426; Dragancein 1429; Diligence in 1472; 
 Dingwall in 1479; Montrose, Bute and Ormond in 1488; 
 Falkland in 1493; Ireland and Kintyre in 1495 '> March in 
 1515 ; and Ettrick, "pretendit pursuivant," in 157 1. 
 
 The number of heralds and pursuivants became fixed at 
 
The Heraldic Executive 
 
 six of each by the reign of King James VI., and continued 
 at this number till by the Act of 1867 their numbers were 
 gradually reduced to three of each as vacancies occurred. 
 The titles now in use are Ross, Rothesay, and Albany for 
 the heralds; and March, Unicorn, and Carrick for the 
 pursuivants. 
 
 The Office of Arms in Ireland is presided over by Ulster 
 King of Arms, an office dating from the year 1552. Under 
 him is a pursuivant named Athlone, who also acts as 
 Registrar of Arms. There are two heralds attached to the 
 Order of St Patrick, called Dublin and Cork. 
 
 Garter, Lyon, and Ulster are respectively Kings of Arms 
 of the Orders of the Garter, Thistle, and St Patrick ; but 
 there are also Bath, King of Arms of that order, created in 
 1725, and a King of Arms, without title, of the Order of St 
 Michael and St George. 
 
 In England the kings of arms, heralds, and pursuivants 
 are appointed by the Crown, and in Scotland Lyon and 
 Lyon clerk are similarly appointed; but the heralds and 
 pursuivants received their commissions from Lyon. 
 
 The official dress of an officer of arms is called a tabard, 
 which is a surcoat bearing the Royal Arms on the front, 
 back, and sleeves. That of a king of arms is made of 
 velvet, of a herald of satin, and of a pursuivant of flowered 
 damask^silk. At coronations a king of arms wears a crown 
 of gold formed of acanthus leaves rising out of a circlet, upon 
 which is this inscription, " Miserere mei Dominus secundum 
 tuam miserecordiam " ; but on other occasions, in common 
 with the other officers of arms, a black velvet cap whereon 
 is embroidered a rose, thistle, or shamrock, ensigned with 
 a royal crown according to nationality. Kings of arms 
 and heralds have further a collar of S.S., the former being 
 of gold and the latter of silver. 
 
 13 
 
Manual of Heraldry 
 
 While on the Continent there does not exist any institu- 
 tion similar to the heraldic authorities in this country, there 
 is in Germany, Austria, Russia, Belgium, and Holland, 
 through the various chanceries of the orders of knighthood, 
 a direct supervision of arms. In Norway and Sweden, 
 where titles of nobility have been abolished, armorial 
 ensigns are still regulated in the same manner; but in 
 republics such as France and the United States there is 
 no supervision in those matters. Persons in the British 
 Colonies will apply for grants or matriculation of arms to 
 the authority of the country of their origin. 
 
 There is an extraordinary popular delusion exemplified 
 on the stage and in pictures that a herald carries a trumpet, 
 which he sounds before proclaiming. It is difficult to 
 understand how this arose, but probably it had its origin in 
 the fact that on certain occasions he was accompanied by a 
 Royal Trumpeter and the offices were confused. 
 
 In the times of chivalry many of the great nobles had 
 heralds and pursuivants attached to their household whose 
 surcoats bore their lords' arms, but their duties were not 
 armorial. 
 
 14 
 
CHAPTER IV 
 
 Arms of Dominion, Pretension, Concession, 
 
 Community, Patronage, Family, 
 
 Alliance, and Succession 
 
 Arms of Domifiion or Sovereignty are properly the arms 
 of the kings or sovereigns of the territories they govern, 
 which are also regarded as the arms of the State. Thus 
 the Lions of England and the Russian Eagle are the arms 
 of the Kings of England and the Emperors of Russia, and 
 cannot properly be altered by a change of dynasty. 
 
 Anns of Pretension are those of kingdoms, provinces, or 
 territories to which a prince or lord has some claim, and 
 which he adds to his own, though the kingdoms or terri- 
 tories are governed by a foreign king or lord : thus the 
 Kings of England for many ages quartered the arms of 
 France in their escutcheon as the descendants of Edward 
 III., who claimed that kingdom, in right of his mother, a 
 French princess, 
 
 Arjns of Concession are arms granted by sovereigns as 
 the reward of virtue, valour, or extraordinary service. All 
 arms granted to subjects were originally conceded by the 
 Sovereign. 
 
 Arms of Conununity are those of bishoprics, 'cities, 
 universities, academies, societies, and corporate bodies. 
 
 Arms of Patronage are such as governors of provinces, 
 lords of manors, etc., add to their family arms as a token 
 of their superiority, right, and jurisdiction. 
 
 IS 
 
Manual of Heraldry 
 
 Arms of Family^ or paternal arms, are such as are heredi- 
 tary and belong to one particular family, which none others 
 have a right to assume, nor can they do so without render- 
 ing themselves guilty of a breach of the laws of honour 
 punishable by the Earl Marshal and the Kings at Arms. 
 
 Arms of Alliajice are those gained by marriage. 
 
 Arms of Successio?i are such as are taken up by those 
 who inherit certain estates by bequest, entail, or donation. 
 
 Arms of Affection are such as have been assumed out of 
 gratitude to a benefactor, being quartered with the paternal 
 arms. An example of this will be found in the coat of 
 Boyle, Earl of Glasgow, who bears the arms of Boyle, Earl 
 of Burlington, quarterly with the arms of the earldom, as a 
 mark of affection. 
 
 Shields, Tinctures, Furs, Etc. 
 
 The Shield contains the field or ground whereon are 
 represented the charges or figures that form a coat of arms. 
 These were painted on the shield before they were placed 
 on banners, standards, and coat armour; and wherever 
 they appear at the present time they are painted on a plane 
 or superficies resembling a shield. 
 
 Shields in heraldic language are called Escutcheons or 
 Scutcheons, from the Latin word scutum. The forms of the 
 
 shield or field upon which 
 arms are emblazoned are 
 varied according to the taste 
 of the painter. The Norman 
 pointed shield is generally 
 used in heraldic paintings in 
 ecclesiastical buildings : the escutcheons of maiden ladies 
 and widows are painted on a lozenge - shaped shield. 
 Armorists distinguish several points in the escutcheon 
 
 i6 
 
Tinctures 
 
 ^^ 
 
 B 
 D 
 E 
 F 
 H 
 
 in order to determine exactly the position of the bearings 
 or charges. They are denoted in the annexed diagram, 
 by the first nine letters of the alphabet ranged in the 
 following manner : — 
 
 A, the dexter chief 
 
 B, the middle chief 
 
 C, the sinister chief 
 
 D, the honour point. 
 
 E, the fess point. 
 
 F, the nombril point. 
 
 G, the dexter base. 
 
 Hj the middle base. 
 
 I, the sinister base. 
 
 The dexter side of the escutcheon answers to the left 
 hand, and the sinister side to the right hand of the person 
 who looks at it. 
 
 Tinctures 
 
 By the term Tincture is meant that variable hue which 
 is given lo shields and their bearings; they are divided 
 into metals, colours, and furs. 
 
 These colours are denoted in engravings by various lines 
 or dots, a system invented by an Italian in the beginning 
 of the seventeenth century, as follows : — 
 
 Or, which signifies gold^ and in colour 
 yellow, is expressed by dots. 
 
 Argent signifies silver or white: it is 
 left cjuite plain. 
 
 17 
 
Manual of Heraldr 
 
 y 
 
 Gules signifies red: it is expressed by 
 lines drawn from the chief to the base 
 of the shield. 
 
 Azure signifies blue: it is represented 
 by lines drawn from the dexter to the 
 sinister side of the shield, parallel to 
 the chief. 
 
 %V;y^^^V^\^-^v\i^'^ 
 
 Vert signifies greeji : it is represented 
 by slanting lines, drawn from the 
 dexter to the sinister side of the 
 shield. 
 
 Purpure, or purple^ is expressed by 
 diagonal lines, drawn from the sinister 
 to the dexter side of the shield. 
 
 Sable, or blacky is expressed by hori- 
 zontal and perpendicular lines crossing m 
 each other. ■ 
 
 Tenne, which is tawny, or orange colour, 
 is marked by diagonal lines drawn 
 from the sinister to the dexter side of 
 the shield, traversed by perpendicular 
 lines from the chief. 
 i8 
 
S^v\^ ' j^^^^^!: ' \'^# 
 
 Furs 
 
 Sanguine is dark red^ or murrey colour : 
 it is represented by diagonal lines 
 crossing each other. 
 
 These last two tinctures are not of common occurrence. 
 
 In addition to the foregoing tinctures, there are ten 
 roundels or balls used in armory, the names of which are 
 sufficient to denote their colour without expressing the 
 same. For these charges, see under the following titles in 
 the Dictionary, viz. : — Bezant, Fountain, Golpe, Guzes, 
 Hurts, Orange, Pellet, Plate, Pomeis, and Torteaux. 
 
 Furs 
 
 Furs are used to ornament garments of state and denote 
 dignity : they are used in heraldry, not only for the lining 
 of mantles of sovereigns and peers and other ornaments of 
 the shield, but also as tinctures on escutcheons. 
 
 White, represented by a plain shield, like argent. 
 
 Ermine, white powdered with black tufts. 
 
 % % % % 
 
 Ermines, field sable, powdering argent 
 
 '.I \ I \ Erminois, field or, powdering sable. 
 
 *i 
 
 19 
 
Manual of Heraldry 
 
 Pean, field sable, powdering or. 
 
 Vair, argent and azure. It is repre- 
 sented by small bells, part reversed, 
 ranged in lines in such a manner that 
 the base argent is opposite to the base 
 azure. 
 
 CouNTER-VAiR, is when the bells are 
 placed base against base, and point 
 against point. 
 
 Potent, an obsolete word for a crutch : 
 it is so called in Chaucer's description 
 of Old Age. 
 
 " So eld she was that she ne went 
 A foote, but it were by potent." 
 
 The field is filled with small potents, ranged in lines, 
 azure and argent. 
 
 Potent counter-potent, the heads of 
 the crutches or potents touch each 
 other in the centre of the shield. 
 
 20 
 
CHAPTER V 
 
 LINES USED IN PARTING THE FIELD 
 
 Escutcheons of more than one tincture are divided by 
 lines. When the Hne is perpendicular, it is called per pale ; 
 horizontal, per fess; diagonal line from dexter, per bend; 
 diagonal line sinister, per bend sinister; and so forth. 
 
 When a line is not simple and straight, it has an heraldic 
 name expressive of its form. The following are the names 
 of the principal modifications of straight lines used in 
 British heraldry : — 
 
 Engrailed 
 Invected 
 
 Wavy, or unde . 
 
 Embattled, or crenelle 
 Nebule . 
 
 Indented 
 Dancette 
 
 yy-Y-rYYTYY 
 
 njifumifinj 
 
 VWXAAAA/ 
 
 21 
 
Manual of Heraldry 
 
 /~\ 
 
 Angled 
 Bevilled 
 Escartelle . 
 Nowy, or franche . 
 
 Dovetailed . 
 
 Embattled grady : sometimes called 
 battled embattled 
 
 Potent 
 
 Double arched 
 
 Arched, or enarched 
 
 Urdee 
 
 Radiant 
 
 If a shield is divided into four equal parts, it is said to 
 be quartered. 
 
 \Aru\AA 
 
 / 
 
 2 
 
 ;3 
 
 4 
 
 Quartered per Cross. — The shield is divided into 
 four parts, called quarters, by an horizontal and perpen- 
 dicular line, crossing each other in the centre of the field, 
 each of which is numbered. These quarters may in turn 
 
Lines Used in Parting the Field 
 
 be themselves quartered, and when this is the case the 
 leading quarters are called grand quarters, and arc said 
 to be quarterly quartered. 
 
 The escutcheon may be thus subdivided into a great 
 many parts, the shield of Mr Henry Crampton Lloyd, of 
 Stockton-on-Cherbury, Salop, bearing no less than 356 
 quarters. When the number of coats to which a person 
 may be entitled is an odd number, the last quarter is filled 
 up by repeating the first. In practice, however, it is better 
 to limit the number of quarterings, for when the coats are 
 numerous, the charges become so small as to be not easily 
 distinguishable. 
 
 Differences or Brisures 
 
 All members of the same family claim the same bearings 
 in their coat of arms; and to distinguish the principal 
 bearer from his descendants or relatives, it was necessary 
 to invent some sign, so that the degree of consanguinity 
 might be known. These signs are called differences. 
 During the Crusades the only difference consisted in the 
 bordure or border, which, as the name implies, was a border 
 or edging running round the edge of the shield. The colour 
 and form of this border served to distinguish the leaders of 
 the different bands that served under one duke or chieftain. 
 
 The same difference might be used to de- __^ 
 
 note a diversity between particular persons 
 descended from one family. At the present 
 time, in England, they are not used to denote 
 a difference, but as one of the ordinaries 
 to a coat of arms. The annexed example 
 exhibits the arms of the Monastery of Bermondsey. Party 
 per pale, azure and gules; a bordure, argent. This bordure 
 
 23 
 
Manual of Heraldry 
 
 is plain ; but they may be formed by any of the fore- 
 going lines. 
 
 The annexed example is or, a bordure 
 engrailed, gules. 
 
 The differences used by heralds in England, and to a 
 certain extent in Scotland, at the present time, are nine in 
 number. They not only distinguish the sons of one family, 
 but also denote the subordinate degrees in each house. 
 
 The Heir, or first son, the Label 
 
 lsisi\ 
 
 Second Son, the Crescent 
 
 Third Son, the Mullet 
 
 Fourth Son, the Martlet 
 
 Fifth Son, the Annulet 
 
 Sixth Son, the Fleur-de-lis '. 
 
 24 
 
 . M 
 
Differences 
 
 Seventh Son, the Rose 
 
 Eighth Son, the Cross Moline 
 
 Ninth Son, the Double Quatrefoil 
 
 Should either of the nine brothers have male children, 
 the eldest child would place the label on the difference that 
 distinguished his father ; the second son would place the 
 crescent upon it ; the third the mullet ; continuing the same 
 order for as many sons as he may have. 
 
 The label only is used in the arms of the royal family as 
 a difference ; but the points of the label are charged with 
 different figures to distinguish the second and succeeding 
 sons. The arms of the Prince of Wales are distinguished 
 by a label of three points argent ; of the Duke of Connaught 
 by a label, the centre point charged with St George's Cross 
 and each of the other points with a fleur-de-lis azure ; the 
 Duke of Albany, the centre point with St George's Cross 
 and the others with a heart gules ; and the Duke of 
 Cumberland, the centre point charged with a fleur-de-lis 
 argent and the others with a St George's Cross. 
 
 All the figures denoting differences arc also used as per- 
 fect charges on the shield ; but their size and situation will 
 sufficiently determine whether the figure is used as a perfect 
 coat of arms, or is introduced as a difference or diminution. 
 
 2!^ D 
 
Manual of Heraldry 
 
 In Scotland, by statute, all younger sons and cadets 
 being obliged to re-register the family arms, with their 
 proper differences, the usual manner of so doing is by 
 bordure, which is again further differenced among the 
 younger sons of younger sons by being engrailed, invected, 
 indented, embattled, and so forth, as will be seen from the 
 plate showing the scheme of difference at present used in 
 the Court of the Lord Lyon. The compulsory matricula- 
 tion of arms by cadets ensures that the heraldry of the 
 family is maintained on a proper basis, and not, as in 
 England, left to the will of the individuals themselves; 
 and also indicates their position in the family for many 
 more generations than is possible by using single charges. 
 
 Sisters have no differences in their coats of arms. They 
 are permitted to bear the arms of their father, as the eldest 
 son does after his father's decease. 
 
 Guillim, Leigh, and other ancient armorists mention 
 divers figures, which, they assert, were formerly added to 
 coats of arms as marks of degradation for slander, cowardice, 
 murder, and other crimes, and to them they give the name 
 of abatements of honour ; others have called them blots in 
 the escutcheon; but as no instance can be produced of 
 such dishonourable marks having been borne in a coat 
 of arms, they may justly be considered as chimerical, or at 
 any rate obsolete, and unworthy of consideration at the 
 present time. Porney pithily observes "that arms being 
 marks of honour, they cannot admit of any note of infamy, 
 nor would any one bear them if they were so branded." 
 It is true a man may be degraded for divers crimes, par- 
 ticularly high treason ; but in such cases the escutcheon 
 was reversed, trod upon, and torn in pieces, and the entry 
 of his arms in the official registers deleted, to denote a total 
 extinction and suppression of the honour and dignity of 
 
 26 
 
[|>H 
 
 ra> 
 
 13^ 
 
 
 ®> 
 
 ^i> 
 
 CD 
 [1> 
 
 ^I> 
 
 CD 
 
 
 CD 
 CB> 
 
 Cl> 
 
 [To face p. 26. 
 
Differences 
 
 the person to whom it belonged. Examples of such pro- 
 ceedings may be seen in the deletion of the arms of the 
 Earl of Gowrie in 1600 in Sir Robert Forman's Register, 
 and also in the Lyon Register of the arms of Covenanters, 
 in the reign of King Charles II., who had been forfeited. 
 
 The only abatements used in heraldry are those for 
 illegitimacy, which is denoted in England 
 by a baton sinister, and in Scotland by 
 a bordure compony. Examples of this 
 will be found in the escutcheons of 
 certain peers who assume the royal arms 
 as the illegitimate descendants of King 
 Charles the Second and King William the Fourth. 
 
 The charges in heraldry may be said to include almost 
 every object on the earth or in the heavens or under the 
 sea. The most common of these will be found in the 
 Dictionary, where, hovv^ever, it has not been considered 
 necessary to mention objects which are the same as those 
 in common use, unless there is some difference in heraldry. 
 
 There are certain divisions of charges made by writers 
 on heraldry which have not been followed, for the sake of 
 brevity in a work of this size. The principal of these 
 divisions are what are called the Ordinaries and Sub- 
 Ordinaries. These will be found under their respective 
 headings in the Dictionary. 
 
 The External Ornaments of Escutcheons 
 
 The ornaments that accompany or surround escutcheons 
 were introduced to denote the birth, dignity, or office of 
 the person to whom the coat of arms belongs. We shall 
 merely give the names of the various objects in this place, 
 and refer the reader to the different words in the Dictionary. 
 
 27 
 
Manual of Heraldr 
 
 y 
 
 Over regal escutcheons are placed the crown which pertains 
 to the nation over which the sovereign presides. The 
 crown is generally surmounted with a crest : as in the arms 
 of the kings of England from the time of Edward III. the 
 crown is surmounted by a lion statant, guardant, crowned, 
 and that of the King of Scotland with a lion sejant 
 affrontee. 
 
 Over the papal arms is placed a tiara or triple crown, 
 without a crest. 
 
 Above the arms of archbishops and bishops the mitre 
 is placed instead of a crest. 
 
 Coro?iefs are worn by all princes and peers. They vary 
 in form according to the rank of the nobleman. A full 
 description will be found in the Dictionary of the coronets 
 of the Prince of Wales, royal dukes, dukes, marquises, 
 earls, viscounts, and barons. 
 
 Helmets are placed over arms, and show the rank of the 
 person to whom the arms belong: (i) by the metal of 
 which they are made; (2) by their form; (3) by their 
 position. See the word Helmet in the Dictionary. 
 
 Mannings were possibly the ancient coverings of helmets, 
 to preserve them and the bearers from the injuries of the 
 weather, or to keep the head of the wearer from getting too 
 heated by the rays of the sun. They are now formed 
 into scroll-work proceeding from the sides of the helmet, 
 and are great ornaments to an escutcheon. See a more 
 full description under the word Mantling. 
 
 A chapeau is an ancient hat or rather cap of dignity 
 worn by dukes. They were formed of scarlet velvet and 
 turned up with fur. They are frequently used instead 
 of a wreath under the crests of noblemen and even 
 gentlemen. 
 
 The iv7'eatJi was formed by two large skeins of silk of 
 28 
 
 I 
 
External Ornaments 
 
 different colours twisted together. Tliis was worn at the 
 lower part of the crest, as a means of fastening it to the 
 helmet. In heraldry the wreath appears like a roll of 
 two colours composed of the principal metal and prin- 
 cipal colour appearing on the shield. The crest is usually 
 placed upon the wreath. 
 
 The crest is the highest part among the ornaments of a 
 coat of arms. It is called crest from the Latin word crista^ 
 which signifies comb or tuft. 
 
 Crests were used as marks of honour long before the 
 introduction of heraldry. The helmets and crests of the 
 Greek and Trojan warriors are beautifully described by 
 Homer. Their use as armorial bearings, however, was of 
 later date than the introduction of arms, the earliest 
 example being found in 1198 in the lion upon the head- 
 dress of Geoffrey, Count of Anjou. From the fact that 
 families have frequently varied and changed their crests, 
 and that many different families have the same charge, a 
 crest is not of equal importance to the shield from a 
 heraldic point of view, notwithstanding the popular idea to 
 the contrary. Many modern crests such as a sun shining 
 on a sunflower, or a hand pointing to a celestial crown, 
 could not possibly have been worn in the days of chivalry, 
 from the impossibility of wearing such objects on a helmet. 
 The custom of bearing more than one crest is illogical, as a 
 person has only one head, and therefore could not wear 
 two helmets. Crests further should not, as is common in 
 crest brooches, be surrounded by a garter, that being the 
 exclusive right of knights of that order. The German 
 heralds pay great attention to crests, and depict them as 
 towering to a great height above the helmet. Knights who 
 were desirous of concealing their rank, or wished particu- 
 larly to distinguish themselves either in the battlefield or 
 
 29 
 
Manual of Heraldry 
 
 tourney, frequently decorated their helmets with plants or 
 flowers, chimerical figures, animals, etc. ; these badges were 
 also assumed by their descendants. The scroll is a label 
 or ribbon containing the motto : it is usually placed in 
 England beneath the shield and supporters, and in Scotland 
 J above the crest ; see the word Motto in the Dictionary. 
 
 30 
 
CHAPTER VI 
 
 MARSHALLING CHARGES ON ESCUTCHEONS BY THE 
 RULES OF HERALDRY 
 
 The symbolic figures of heraldry are so well known to 
 those acquainted with the science in every kingdom of 
 Europe, that if an Englishman was to send a written 
 emblazonment or description of an escutcheon to a French, 
 German, or Spanish artist acquainted with the English 
 language, either of them could return a properly drawn 
 and coloured escutcheon ; but a correct emblazonment 
 would be indispensable. A single word omitted would 
 spoil the shield. 
 
 I 
 
 It may be necessary to inform the reader that in em.- 
 blazoning an escutcheon, the colour of the field is first 
 named ; then the principal ordinary, such as the fess, the 
 chevron, etc., naming the tincture and form of the ordinary; 
 then proceed to describe the charges on the field, naming 
 their situation, metal, or colour ; lastly, describe the charges 
 on the ordinary. 
 
 II 
 
 When an honourable ordinary or some one figure is 
 placed upon another, whether it be a fess, chevron, cross, 
 etc., it is always to be named after the ordinary or figure 
 over which it is placed, with either the words surtout or 
 over all. 
 
 31 
 
Manual of Heraldry 
 III 
 
 In the blazoning such ordinaries as are plain, the bare 
 mention of them is sufficient ; but if an ordinary should be 
 formed of any of the curved or angular lines, such as 
 invected, indented, etc., the lines must be named. 
 
 IV 
 
 When a principal figure possesses the centre of the field, 
 its position is not to be expressed ; it is always understood 
 to be in the middle of the shield. 
 
 When the situation of a principal bearing is not ex- 
 pressed, it is always understood to occupy the centre of the 
 field. Ex. See Azure, an annulet argent (p. 54). 
 
 VI 
 
 The number of the points of mullets must be specified if 
 more than five : also if a mullet or any other charge is 
 pierced, it must be mentioned. 
 
 VII 
 
 When a ray of the sun or other single figure is borne in 
 any other part of the escutcheon than the centre, the point 
 it issues from must be named. 
 
 VIII 
 
 The natural colour of trees, plants, fruits, birds, etc., is 
 to be expressed in emblazoning by the word proper ; but if 
 they vary from their natural colour, the tincture or metals 
 that is used must be named. 
 
 32 
 
Marshalling Charges on Escutcheons 
 
 IX 
 
 Two metals or two colours cannot be put one over 
 the other: thus or cannot be placed on argent or gules 
 on azure. 
 
 X 
 
 When there are many figures of the same species borne 
 in coats of arms, their number must be observed as they 
 stand, and properly expressed. The annexed arrangements 
 of roundels in shields will show how they are placed and 
 described. 
 
 The two roundels are arranged in pale, but 
 they may appear in chief or base; or in 
 fess, as in No. ?. 
 
 Three roundels, two over one ; if the single 
 roundel had been at the top, it would 
 have been called 07ie over two. 
 
 % 
 
 © 
 
 ® 
 
 Three roundels in bend. They might also 
 be placed in fess, chief, base, or in pale. 
 
 33 
 
Manual of Heraldry 
 
 Four roundels, two over two. Some writers 
 call them cafito?ied, as they form a square 
 # # I figure. 
 
 Five roundels ; two, one, two, in saltire. 
 
 Five roundels ; one, three, one, or in cross. 
 
 Six roundels ; two, two, and two. 
 
 Six roundels ; three, two, and one. 
 
 There are seldom more figures than seven; but no 
 matter the number, they are placed in the same way, 
 
 34 
 
Marshalling Charges on Escutcheons 
 
 commencing with the figures at the top of the shield, or 
 in chief. If the field is strewed all over with roundels, 
 this will be expressed by the word semee. 
 
 Marshalli?ig coats of arms is the act of disposing the 
 arms of several persons in one escutcheon, so that their 
 relation to each other may be clearly marked. 
 
 In heraldry, the husband and wife are called baron 
 and fe7?i7ne ; and when they are descended from dis- 
 tinct families, both their arms are placed in the same 
 escutcheon, divided by a perpendicular line through the 
 centre of the shield. As this line runs in the same direc- 
 tion, and occupies part of the space in the shield appro- 
 priated to the ordinary called the pale, the shield is in 
 heraldic language said to hQ parted per pale. The arms of 
 the baron (the husband) are always placed on the dexter 
 side of the escutcheon ; and the femme (the wife) on the 
 sinister side, as in the annexed example. 
 
 Parted per pale, baron and femme, two 
 coats ; first, or, a chevron gules ; second, 
 barry of twelve pieces, azure and argent. 
 
 If a widower marries again, the arms of both his wives 
 are placed on the sinister side, which is parted per fess; 
 that is, parted by an horizontal line running in the direction 
 of the fess, and occupying the same place. The arms of 
 the first wife are placed in the upper compartment of the 
 shield, called the chief; the arms of the second wife in the 
 lower compartment, called the base. This practice, how- 
 ever, is not usual, and the husband usually impales the 
 arms of the second wife alone. 
 
 35 
 
Manual of Heraldr^ 
 
 Ex, Parted per pale, baron and femme, three coats 
 
 first, gules, on a bend argent, three trefoils 
 
 vert : second, parted per fess, in chief azure, a 
 
 mascle or, with a label argent for difference. 
 
 In base ermine, a fess, dancette gules. The 
 
 same rule would apply if the husband had 
 
 three or more wives; they would all be 
 
 placed in the sinister division of the shield ; but in none of 
 
 these cases do the arms descend to the children. 
 
 Where the husband marries an heiress, he does not 
 impale his arms with hers, as in the preceding examples, 
 but bears them in an escutcheon of pretence in the centre 
 of the shield, showing his pretension to her arms in con- 
 sequence of his marriage with the lady who is legally 
 entitled to them. The escutcheon of pretence is not used 
 by the children of such marriage; they bear the arms of 
 their father and mother quarterly, and so transmit them to 
 posterity. Annexed is an example of the arms of the wife 
 on escutcheon of pretence. 
 
 Baron and femme, two coats ; first, gules, a 
 saltire argent; second, on an escutcheon 
 of pretence, azure, a chevron, or. 
 
 If a peeress in her own right marries a private gentle- 
 man, their coats of arms are not conjoined paleways, as 
 baron and femme, but are placed upon separate shields 
 by the side of each other; they are sometimes inclosed in 
 a mantle, the shield of the husband occupying the dexter 
 side of the mantle, that of the wife the sinister ; each party 
 has a right to all the ornaments incidental to their rank. 
 The husband, who only ranks as an esquire, has no right 
 
 36 
 
Marshalling Charges on Escutcheons 
 
 to supporters or coronet, but exhibits tiie proper helmet, 
 wreath, and crest. 
 
 The peeress, by marrying one beneath her in rank, con- 
 fers no dignity on her husband, but loses none of her 
 own. She is still addressed as "your ladyship," though 
 her husband only ranks as a gentleman ; and it is for this 
 reason that the arms cannot be conjoined in one shield as 
 baron and femme. 
 
 Ex. Baron and femme, two achievements. 
 First, azure, a pile or, crest a star of six points, argent; 
 second, gules, a cross flory argent, surmounted by an 
 
 ''^^^^msmmmmiM0i'^ 
 
 earl's coronet : supporters, on the dexter side a stag 
 
 ducally gorged and chained, on the sinister side a 
 
 griffin gorged and chained, both proper; motto. 
 
 Honour and Truth. 
 
 In the arms of the wife joined to the paternal coat of the 
 
 husband, the proper differences borne by the father of the 
 
 lady must be inserted. 
 
 If the coat of the husband has a bordure, that must be 
 omitted on the sinister side of the palar line. 
 
 Archbishops and bishops of the Church of England 
 37 
 
Manual of Heraldry 
 
 impale their paternal arms with the arms of the see over 
 which they preside, placing the arms of the bishopric on 
 the dexter, and their paternal arms on the sinister side of 
 the shield; a bishop does not emblazon the arms of his 
 wife on the same shield with that which contains the arms 
 of the see, but on a separate shield. 
 
 Arms of augmentation are marshalled according to the 
 direction of the heraldic authorities ; they may be placed 
 on a canton in the dexter chief of the shield ; in some cases 
 they occupy the whole of the chief, or may take the form 
 of quarterings. The mark of distinction denoting a baronet 
 of England and Great Britain and the United Kingdom is 
 usually placed on an escutcheon, on the fess point of the 
 shield. Baronets of Nova Scotia either place their badges in 
 a canton or suspend them by a tawny ribbon from the shield. 
 
 Knights of the various orders, who by the statutes thereof 
 are entitled to encircle their arms with the collars and 
 insignia, do not surround the shield on which they impale 
 their arms with those of their wives with the same, but bear 
 two shields, the dexter bearing their own arms surrounded 
 with their orders, and the sinister a shield impaling the 
 arms of husband and wife, the shield being encircled with 
 a wreath of laurel. 
 
 Funeral Escutcheons or Hatchments contain the 
 arms of a deceased person within a black lozenge-shaped 
 frame, and placed over the principal entrance to his 
 house for a period usually about a year after the decease, 
 when they were often placed in churches. The practice 
 is not now so common as formerly, and is seldom now 
 seen in Scotland, where it was usual to surround the 
 escutcheon with the seize quartiers of the deceased. The 
 only difference, as will be seen by the annexed examples, 
 is that the ground of the hatchment is black that surrounds 
 
 38 
 
Marshalling Charges on Escutcheons 
 
 the arms of the deceased, whether baron or femme, and 
 white round the arms of the survivor. 
 
 In Fig. I the black is left on the 
 dexter side, showing that the husband 
 is deceased, and that his wife sur- 
 vives him. 
 
 Fig. 2 shows that the husband survives 
 the wife. 
 
 Fig. 3 shows that the husband and his 
 first wife are deceased, and that the 
 second wife is the survivor. 
 
 Fig. 4. The shield on the dexter side 
 of the hatchment is parted per pale ; 
 first, the arms of the bishopric; 
 second, the paternal arms of the 
 bishop. The shield on the dexter 
 side is the arms of the bishop im- 
 paling those of his wife as baron and 
 femme; the ground of the hatch- 
 39 
 
Manual of Heraldry 
 
 ment is black round the sinister side of this shield, showing 
 that it is the wife that is dead. 
 
 Fig. 5 is the hatchment of a lady that 
 has died unmarried. The arms of 
 females of all ranks are placed in a 
 lozenge-shaped shield. 
 
 Fig. 6 is the hatchment of the widow of a bishop ; the 
 arms are the same as those displayed at Fig. 4 : here the 
 lozenge-shaped shield is parted per 
 pale. Baron and femme : — first, 
 parted paleways, on the dexter side 
 the arms of the bishopric, on the 
 sinister side the paternal arms of the 
 bishop. Second, the arms of the 
 femme ; the widow of a bishop has a 
 right to exhibit the arms of the see 
 over which her husband presided, as, though his death has 
 dissolved all connection with the see, she has a right to 
 emblazon all that will honour her deceased husband. 
 
 The frame was sometimes ornamented with skull and 
 cross-bones, and powdered with tears. 
 
 For banners, pennons, guidons, etc., and all other matters 
 where heraldic emblazonment is used in funeral processions, 
 the reader is referred to the Dictionary. 
 
 40 
 
CHAPTER VII 
 
 ORDER OF PRECEDENCY 
 
 The order of precedency to be observed in England was 
 settled by an Act of Parliament passed in the thirty-first 
 year of the reign of Henry VIII. The order has been 
 varied at different periods to accord with the alterations 
 in the families of the reigning monarchs, and the creation 
 of new offices. The following tables show the order of 
 precedency at the present time : — 
 
 Table of Precedency among Men in England 
 
 The Sovereign. 
 
 The Prince of Wales. 
 Younger Sons of the Sovereign. 
 Grandsons of the Sovereign. 
 Brothers of the Sovereign. 
 Uncles of the Sovereign. 
 
 The Sovereign's Brothers' or Sisters' Sons (according to the seniority 
 of their parents). 
 
 The Archbishop of Canterbury, Lord Primate of All England. 
 
 The Lord High Chancellor, or Lord Keeper. 
 
 The Archbishop of York, Primate of England. 
 
 The Prime Minister. 
 
 The Lord Chancellor of Ireland. 
 
 The Lord High Treasurer. 
 
 The Lord President of the Privy Council. 
 
 The Lord Privy Seal. 
 
 The Lord Great Chamberlain. 
 
 The Lord High Constable. ' *j 
 
 The Earl Marshal. p - 
 
 The Lord High Admiral. .u^;!^^^...^ 
 
 The Lord Steward of His Majesty's Household. 
 
 The Lord Chamberlain of His Majesty's Household. 
 
 41 
 
 If Barons, 
 Stat. 31 
 Hen. VIII. 
 
 Above 
 
 their own 
 degree. 
 
Manual of Heraldry 
 
 The Master of Horse. 
 
 Dukes, according to their Patents of Creation, England, Scotland, 
 Great Britain, Ireland, United Kingdom, and of Ireland since the 
 Union. 
 
 Eldest Sons of Dukes of the Royal Blood. 
 
 Marquesses, according to their Patents of Creation, England, 
 Scotland, Great Britain, Ireland, United Kingdom, and of Ireland since 
 the Union. 
 
 Dukes' eldest Sons. 
 
 Earls, according to their Patents as aforesaid. 
 
 Younger Sons of Dukes of Blood Royal. 
 
 Marquesses' eldest Sons. 
 
 Dukes' younger Sons. 
 
 Viscounts, according to their Patents as aforesaid. 
 
 Earls' eldest Sons. 
 
 Marquesses* younger Sons. 
 
 Bishops of London, Durham, and Winchester. 
 
 All other English Bishops, according to their seniority of consecration. 
 
 Secretaries of State and Chief Secretary to Lord-Lieutenant of 
 Ireland, if of the degree of a Baron. 
 
 Barons, according to their Patents as aforesaid. 
 
 Lords of Appeal in Ordinary. 
 
 Speaker of the House of Commons. 
 
 Commissioner of the Great Seal. 
 
 Treasurer of His Majesty's Household. 
 
 Comptroller of His Majesty's Household. 
 
 Vice-Chamberlain of His Majesty's Household. 
 
 Secretaries of State and Chief Secretary to Lord-Lieutenant of 
 Ireland under the degree of Barons. 
 
 Viscounts' eldest Sons. 
 
 Earls' younger Sons. 
 
 Barons' eldest Sons. 
 
 Knights of the Most Noble Order of The Garter. 
 
 Knights of St Patrick. 
 
 Privy Councillors. 
 
 Chancellor of the Exchequer. 
 
 Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster. 
 
 Lord Chief Justice of England. 
 Master of the Rolls. 
 
 The Lords Justices of the Court of Appeal, and President of the 
 Probate, Divorce, and Admiralty Divisions, according to their seniority 
 and order of appointment. 
 
 42 
 
Order of Precedenc 
 
 y 
 
 Judges of the High Court of Justice rank among themselves according 
 to date of appointment. 
 
 Bannerets made under the Royal Standard in open War, by the 
 Sovereign in person. 
 
 Viscounts' younger Sons. 
 
 Barons' younger Sons. 
 
 Sons of Lords of Appeal in Ordinary (Life Peers), according to 
 seniority of creation. 
 
 Baronets of England, Scotland, and Ireland. 
 
 Bannerets not made by the King in person. 
 
 Knights Grand Cross of the Bath. 
 
 Knights Grand Commanders of the Star of India. 
 
 Knights Grand Cross of St Michael and St George. 
 
 Knights Grand Commanders of the Order of the Indian Empire. 
 
 Knights Grand Cross of the Royal Victorian Order. 
 
 Knights Commanders of the Bath. 
 
 Knights Commanders of the Star of India. 
 
 Knights Commanders of St Michael and St George. 
 
 Knights Commanders of the Order of the Indian Empire. 
 
 Knights Commanders of the Royal Victorian Order. 
 
 Knights Bachelors. 
 
 Commanders of the Royal Victorian Order. 
 
 Judges of County Courts in England and Wales and of City of 
 London Court. 
 
 Serjeants-at-Law. 
 
 Masters in Lunacy. 
 
 Companions of the Bath. 
 
 Companions of the Star of India. 
 
 Companions of St Michael and St George. 
 
 Companions of the Indian Empire. 
 
 Members of the 4th Class of the Royal Victorian Order. 
 
 Companions of the Distinguished Service Order. 
 
 Eldest Sons of the younger Sons of Peers. 
 
 Baronets' eldest Sons. 
 
 Eldest Sons of Knights of the Garter. 
 
 Bannerets' eldest Sons. 
 
 Eldest Sons of Knights Bachelors. 
 
 Members of the 5th Class of the Royal Victorian Order. 
 
 Members of the Imperial Service Order. 
 
 Baronets' younger Sons. 
 
 Esquires. 
 
 Younger Sons of Knights. 
 
 Gentlemen. 
 
 43 
 
Manual of Heraldry 
 
 Table of Precedency among Women in England 
 
 The Queen. 
 
 The OuEEN Dowager. 
 
 The Princess of Wales. 
 
 Princesses, Daughters of the Sovereign. 
 
 Princesses and Duchesses, Wives of the Sovereign's Sons. 
 
 Granddaughters of the Sovereign. 
 
 Wives of the Sovereign's Grandsons. 
 
 The Sovereign's Sisters. 
 
 Wives of the Sovereign's Brothers. 
 
 The Sovereign's Aunts. 
 
 Wives of the Sovereign's Uncles. 
 
 Daughters of Dukes of the Blood Royal, 
 
 Wives of the Sovereign's Nephews. 
 
 Granddaughters of Sovereign not bearing style of Royal Highness. 
 
 Duchesses of England, Scotland, Great Britain, Ireland, and United 
 Kingdom. 
 
 Wives of the eldest Sons of Dukes of the Blood Royal. 
 
 Marchionesses of England, Scotland, Great Britain, Ireland, and 
 United Kingdom. 
 
 Wives of the eldest Sons of Dukes. 
 
 Daughters of Dukes. 
 
 Countesses of England, Scotland, Great Britain, Ireland, and 
 United Kingdom. 
 
 Wives of younger Sons of Dukes of Blood Royal. 
 
 Wives of the eldest Sons of Marquesses. 
 
 Daughters of Marquesses. 
 
 Wives of the younger Sons of Dukes. 
 
 Viscountesses of England, Scotland, Great Britain, Ireland, and 
 United Kingdom, 
 
 Wives of the eldest Sons of Earls. 
 
 Daughters of Earls. 
 
 Wives of the younger Sons of Marquesses. 
 
 Baronesses of England, Scotland, Great Britain, Ireland, and 
 United Kingdom. 
 
 Wives of Lords of Appeal in Ordinary (Life Peers), according to 
 seniority of creation of title. 
 
 Wives of the eldest Sons of Viscounts. 
 
 Daughters of Viscounts. 
 
 Wives of the younger Sons of Earls. 
 
 Wives of the eldest Sons of Barons. 
 44 
 
 I 
 
Order of Precedency 
 
 Daughters of Barons. 
 
 Maids of Honour. 
 
 Wives of Knights of the Garter. 
 
 Wives of Knights of St Patrick. 
 
 Wives of Bannerets. 
 
 Wives of the younger Sons of \'iscounts. 
 
 Wives of the younger Sons of Barons. 
 
 Daughters of Lords of Appeal in Ordinary (Life Peers), according to 
 seniority of creation of title. 
 
 Wives of Sons of Lords of Appeal in Ordinary (Life Peers), accord- 
 ing to seniority of creation of title. 
 
 Wives of Baronets. 
 
 Wives of Bannerets not made by King in person. 
 
 Wives of Knights Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath. 
 
 Wives of Knights Grand Commanders of the Star of India. 
 
 Wives of Knights Grand Cross of St Michael and St George. 
 
 Wives of Knights Grand Commanders of the Order of the Indian 
 Empire. 
 
 Wives of Knights Grand Cross of the Royal Victorian Order. 
 
 Wives of Knights Commanders of the Order of the Bath. 
 
 Wives of Knights Commanders of the Star of India. 
 
 Wives of Knights Commanders of St Michael and St George. 
 
 Wives of Knights Commanders of the Indian Empire. 
 
 Wives of Knights Commanders of the RoyaL Victorian Order. 
 
 Wives of Knights Bachelors. 
 
 Wives of Commanders of the Royal Victorian Order. 
 
 Wives of County Court Judges. 
 
 Wives of Companions of the Bath. "^ 
 
 Wives of Companions of the Star of India. r ^ 
 
 Wives of Companions of St Michael and St George. J 
 
 Wives of Companions of the Indian Empire. 
 
 Wives of Members of the 4th Class of the Royal Victorian Order. 
 
 Wives of Companions of the Distinguished Service Order. 
 
 Wives of the eldest Sons of the younger Sons of Peers. 
 
 Daughters of the younger Sons of Peers. 
 
 Wives of the eldest Sons of Baronets. 
 
 Daughters of Baronets. 
 
 Wives of the eldest Sons of Knights of the Garter. 
 
 * This rank is ordinarily accorded to these ladies in regard to the 
 honour conferred upon their husbands, although they are not named in 
 the Statutes of the Orders. 
 
 45 
 
Manual of Heraldry 
 
 Daughters of Knights of the Garter. 
 
 Wives of the eldest Sons of Knights of the Bath. 
 
 Daughters of Knights of the Bath. 
 
 Wives of the eldest Sons of Knights Bachelors. 
 
 Daughters of Knights Bachelors. 
 
 Wives of Members of the 5th Class of the Royal Mctorian Order. 
 
 Wives of Members of the Imperial Service Order. 
 
 Wives of the younger Sons of the younger Sons of Peers, 
 
 Wives of the younger Sons of Baronets. 
 
 Wives of the younger Sons of Knights. 
 
 Wives of Esquires. 
 
 Wives of Gentlemen. 
 
 The Scale of General Precedence in Scotland 
 
 According to Royal Warrant of <)th March 1905 
 
 The Sovereign. 
 
 The Lord High Commissioner to the General Assembly of the Church 
 
 of Scotland during the sitting of the General Assembly. 
 Duke of Rothesay. 
 Younger Sons of the Sovereign. 
 Grandsons of the Sovereign. 
 Brothers of the Sovereign. 
 Uncles of the Sovereign. 
 Nephews of the Sovereign. 
 Note. 
 
 Lords Lieutenant of Counties, 
 
 Lord Provosts of Cities being ex officio Lords Lieutenant of 
 
 Counties of Cities. 
 Sheriffs Principal 
 
 during their term of office, and within the bounds of their 
 respective Counties, Cities, and Sheriffdoms, shall have 
 precedence next after the Royal Family and the Lord High 
 Commissioner. 
 
 Every Lord Lieutenant of a County and every Lord 
 Lieutenant of a County of a City during his term of office, 
 and within the limits of his jurisdiction, shall have prece- 
 dence before the Sheriff Principal having concurrent 
 jurisdiction in the said County or County of a City. 
 The Lord Chancellor of Great Britain. 
 
 The Moderator of the General Assembly of the Church of Scotland 
 during his term of office. 
 
 46 
 
Order of Precedency 
 
 The Keeper of the Great Seal of Scotland (The Secretary for Scotland) 
 
 (if a Peer), 
 The Keeper of the Privy Seal of Scotland (if a Peer). 
 The Hereditary High Constable of Scotland. 
 The Hereditary Master of the Household in Scotland. 
 Dukes of England. 
 Dukes of Scotland. 
 Dukes of Great Britain. 
 Dukes of the United Kingdom and Dukes of Ireland created since the 
 
 Union of Great Britain and Ireland. 
 Eldest Sons of Dukes of Blood Royal. 
 Marquesses of England. 
 Marquesses of Scotland. 
 Marquesses of Great Britain. 
 Marquesses of the United Kingdom and Marquesses of Ireland created 
 
 since the Union of Great Britain and Ireland. 
 Eldest Sons of Dukes. 
 Earls of England. 
 Earls of Scotland. 
 Earls of Great Britain, 
 Earls of the United Kingdom and Earls of Ireland created since the 
 
 Union of Great Britain and Ireland. 
 Younger Sons of Dukes of Blood Royal. 
 Eldest Sons of Marquesses. 
 Younger Sons of Dukes. 
 The Keeper of the Great Seal (The Secretary for Scotland) (if not a 
 
 Peer). 
 The Keeper of the Privy Seal (if not a Peer). 
 The Lord Justice-General, 
 The Lord Clerk Register. 
 The Lord Advocate. 
 The Lord Justice-Clerk. 
 Viscounts of England. 
 Viscounts of Scotland. 
 Viscounts of Great Britain. 
 Viscounts of the United Kingdom and Viscounts of Ireland created 
 
 since the Union of Great Britain and Ireland. 
 Eldest Sons of Earls. 
 Younger Sons of Marquesses. 
 Barons of England. 
 Barons of Scotland. 
 Barons of Great Britain. 
 
 47 
 
Manual of Heraldry 
 
 Barons of the United Kingdom and Barons of Ireland created since the 
 
 Union of Great Britain and Ireland. 
 Eldest Sons of Viscounts. 
 Younger Sons of Earls. 
 Eldest Sons of Barons. 
 Knights of the Garter. 
 Privy Councillors. 
 Senators of the College of Justice (Lords of Session), and the Chairman 
 
 of the Land Court.* 
 Younger Sons of Viscounts. 
 Younger Sons of Barons. 
 Sons of Law Life Peers. 
 Baronets. 
 
 Knights of the Thistle. 
 Knights of St Patrick. 
 
 Knights Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath. 
 Knights Grand Commanders of the Order of the Star of India. 
 Knights Grand Cross of the Order of St Michael and St George. 
 Knights Grand Commanders of the Order of the Indian Empire. 
 Knights Grand Cross of the Royal Victorian Order. 
 Knights Commanders of the Order of the Bath. 
 Knights Commanders of the Order of the Star of India. 
 Knights Commanders of the Order of St Michael and St George. 
 Knights Commanders of the Order of the Indian Empire. 
 Knights Commanders of the Royal Victorian Order. 
 Solicitor-General for Scotland. 
 Lyon King of Arms. 
 Sheriffs Principal. 
 Knights Bachelor. 
 Sheriffs-Substitute. 
 
 Commanders of the Royal Victorian Order. 
 Companions of the Order of the Bath. 
 Companions of the Order of the Star of India. 
 Companions of the Order of St Michael and St George. 
 Companions of the Order of the Indian Empire. 
 Members of the Fourth Class of the Royal Victorian Order, 
 Companions of the Distinguished Service Order. 
 Eldest Sons of Younger Sons of Peers. 
 Eldest Sons of Baronets. 
 Eldest Sons of Knights of the Garter, of the Thistle, and of St Patrick. 
 
 ^^ Royal warrant of i6th April 1912^ 
 48 
 
Order of Precedency 
 
 Eldest Sons of Knights. 
 
 Members of the Fifth Class of the Royal Victorian Order. 
 
 Younger Sons of Baronets. 
 
 Younger Sons of Knights. 
 
 King's Counsel. 
 
 Esquires. 
 
 Gentlemen. 
 
 The Scale of Precedence for Ladies in Scotland 
 
 The Queen. 
 
 The OuEEN Dowager. 
 
 Duchess of Rothesay. 
 
 Daughters of the Sovereign. 
 
 Wiv'cs of Younger Sons of the Sovereign, 
 
 Granddaughters of the Sovereign. 
 
 Wives of Grandsons of the Sovereign. 
 
 Sisters of the Sovereign. * / 
 
 Wives of Brothers of the Sovereign. 
 
 Aunts of the Sovereign. 
 
 Wives of Uncles of the Sovereign. 
 
 Nieces of the Sovereign. 
 
 Wives of Nephews of the Sovereign. 
 
 Duchesses in the rank of their Husbands, viz. : — 
 
 Duchesses of England. 
 
 Duchesses of Scotland. 
 
 Duchesses of Great Britain. 
 
 Duchesses of the United Kingdom and Duchesses of Ireland 
 of titles created since the Union of Great Britain and 
 Ireland. 
 Wives of the Eldest Sons of Dukes of Blood Royal. 
 Marchionesses in the rank of their Husbands, viz. : — 
 
 Marchionesses of England. 
 
 Marchionesses of Scotland. 
 
 Marchionesses of Great Britain. 
 
 Marchionesses of the United Kingdom and Marchionesses of 
 Ireland of titles created since the Union of Great Britain and 
 Ireland. 
 Wives of Eldest Sons of Dukes. 
 Daughters of Dukes. 
 
 49 G 
 
Manual of Heraldry 
 
 Countesses in the rank of their Husbands, viz. : — 
 
 Countesses of England. 
 
 Countesses of Scotland. 
 
 Countesses of Great Britain. 
 
 Countesses of the United Kingdom and Countesses of Ireland of 
 titles created since the Union of Great Britain and Ireland. 
 Wives of Younger Sons of Dukes of Blood Royal. 
 Wives of Eldest Sons of Marquesses. 
 Daughters of Marquesses. 
 Wives of Younger Sons of Dukes. 
 Viscountesses in the rank of their Husbands, viz. : — 
 
 Viscountesses of England. 
 
 Viscountesses of Scotland. 
 
 Viscountesses of Great Britain. 
 
 Viscountesses of the United Kingdom and Viscountesses of Ire- 
 land of titles created since the Union of Great Britain and 
 Ireland. 
 Wives of Eldest Sons of Earls. 
 Daughters of Earls. 
 Wives of Younger Sons of Marquesses. 
 Baronesses in the rank of their Husbands, viz. : — 
 
 Baronesses of England. 
 
 Baronesses of Scotland. 
 
 Baronesses of Great Britain. 
 
 Baronesses of the United Kingdom and Baronesses of Ireland of 
 titles created since the Union of Great Britain and Ireland. 
 Wives of Eldest Sons of Viscounts. 
 Daughters of Viscounts. 
 Wives of Younger Sons of Earls. 
 Wives of Eldest Sons of Barons. 
 Daughters of Barons. 
 Maids of Honour to the Queen. 
 Wives of Knights of the Garter. 
 Wives of Younger Sons of Viscounts. 
 Wives of Younger Sons of Barons. 
 
 Daughters of Law Life Peers (Lords of Appeal in Ordinary). 
 Wives of Sons of Law Life Peers (Lords of Appeal in Ordinary). 
 Wives of Baronets. 
 Wives of Knights of the Thistle. 
 Wives of Knights of St Patrick. 
 
 Wives of Knights Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath. 
 Wives of Knights Grand Commanders of the Order of the Star of India. 
 
 50 
 
 I 
 
Order of Precedency 
 
 Wives of Knights Grand Cross of the Order of St Michael and St George. 
 
 Wives of Knights Grand Commanders of the Order of the Indian 
 Empire. 
 
 Wives of Knights Grand Cross of the Royal Victorian Order. 
 
 Wives of Knights Commanders of the Order of the Bath. 
 
 Wives of Knights Commanders of the Order of the Star of India. 
 
 Wives of Knights Commandersof theOrder of St Michael and St George. 
 
 Wives of Knights Commanders of the Order of the Indian Empire. 
 
 Wives of Knights Commanders of the Royal Victorian Order. 
 
 Wives of Knights Bachelor and Wives of Senators of the College of 
 
 Justice (Lords of Session), and of the Chairman of the Land Court.* 
 
 Taking precedence among themselves according to the dates of 
 
 their husbands' creation as Knights or appointment as Senators 
 
 of the College of Justice respectively. 
 
 Wives of Commanders of the Royal Victorian Order. 
 
 Wives of Companions of the Order of the Bath. 
 
 Wives of Companions of the Qrder of the Star of India. 
 
 Wives of Companions of the Order of St Michael and St George. 
 
 Wives of Companions of the Order of the Indian Empire. 
 
 Wives of Members of the Fourth Class of the Royal Victorian Order, 
 
 Wives of Companions of the Distinguished Service Order, 
 
 Wives of Eldest Sons of Younger Sons of Peers. 
 
 Daughters of Younger Sons of Peers. 
 
 Wives of Eldest Sons of Baronets. 
 
 Daughters of Baronets. 
 
 Wives of Eldest Sons of Knights of the Garter, of the Thistle, and of 
 St Patrick. 
 
 Wives of Eldest Sons of Knights. 
 
 Daughters of Knights. 
 
 Wives of Members of the Fifth Class of the Royal Victorian Order. 
 
 Wives of Younger Sons of Baronets. 
 
 Wives of Younger Sons of Knights. 
 
 Wives of Esquires. 
 
 Wives of Gentlemen. 
 
 The foregoing tables may in certain circumstances be 
 departed from, e.g., at a public function given in honour of 
 a certain person, that person will take precedence of all 
 others next the host. 
 
 * Royal warrant of i6th April 1 91 2. 
 51 
 
Manual of Heraldry 
 
 Dowager peeresses take precedence of the wives of their 
 sons. 
 
 A peeress in her own rank, or a peer's daughter who may 
 have married a commoner, retain their own rank and status. 
 
 Baronets of the three countries or of the United Kingdom 
 rank according to their respective creations. 
 
 Ambassadors rank after the children of the sovereign to 
 whose court they are accredited. 
 
 Officers of the navy and army rank mter se according to 
 their respective ranks. 
 
 PubUc bodies have no scale of precedence as between 
 themselves, but they may have such among their own 
 members. 
 
 There are also separate rolls of precedence for Ireland, 
 India, and for certain of the principal Colonies. 
 
 I 
 
 52 
 
Dictionary of Heraldic Terms 
 
 Abaisse. a French word, generally used in heraldry 
 instead of the English word abased. When the fess, 
 or any other ordinary properly placed above the fess 
 point of the shield, is brought below it, that ordinary 
 is said to be abaisse. 
 
 Abatement. Any figure added to coats of arms tending 
 to lower the dignity or station of the bearer. Thus, the 
 baton sinister, denoting illegitimacy, is an abatement. 
 
 Achievement. The coat of arms (helmet, crest, mantling, 
 motto) fully emblazoned according to the rules of 
 heraldry. The lozenge-shaped achievements that are 
 displayed on the outside of the houses of persons 
 deceased are commonly called hatchments. 
 
 Addorsed. Any animals set back to back. See Lion. 
 
 Affrontee. Showing full face or front. 
 
 Allerion. An eagle displayed, without 
 beak or feet. 
 
 Ex, Argent, an allerion gules. 
 
 Alternate. Figures or tinctures that succeed each other 
 
 by turns. 
 Ambulant. In the act of walking. 
 
 53 
 
Manual of Heraldry 
 
 Amethyst. A precious stone of a violet colour, the name 
 of which was formerly used instead of purpure, to 
 denote the purple tincture when emblazoning the arms 
 of the English nobility. 
 
 Annulet. A small circle borne as a charge 
 in coats of arms. 
 
 Ex. Azure, an annulet argent. Annu- 
 lets are added to arms for a dif- 
 ference. See Differences, p. 24. 
 
 Ancient. A small flag or ensign. The bearer of the flag 
 was called by its name. lago was ancient to the troops 
 commanded by Othello. 
 
 " This is Othello's ancient, as I take it. 
 The same indeed, a very valiant fellow." — Shakspeare. 
 
 Apaumy. An open hand, showing the palm. 
 
 Archbishops. Church dignitaries of the first class. There 
 are but two in England — the Archbishop of Canter- 
 bury and the Archbishop of York. The former is the 
 first peer of England next to the royal family, and 
 has the title of Grace given to him ; and likewise Afost 
 Reve7'end Father in God. He is styled Lord Primate 
 of all England^ and Metropolitan. 
 
 The Archbishop of York has precedence of dukes 
 and great officers of state, except the Lord Chancellor. 
 He is called His Grace and Most Reverend Father i?i 
 God; and styled Primate of England^ and Metrot)olitan. 
 
 Argent. The French word for silver, of 
 which metal all white fields or charges 
 are supposed to consist. See p. 1 7. 
 
 54 
 
Dictionary of Heraldic Terms 
 
 Armed. This word is used to express the horns, hoofs, 
 beak, teeth, or talons of any beast or 
 bird of prey, when borne of a different 
 tincture from those of their bodies. 
 
 Ex. Crest, a demi-griffin argent, armed ^^.^ ^^ 
 gules. 
 
 Armes Parlantes, or Canting Arms, are such as are 
 adapted from the name of the person who bears them, 
 e.g., Bells for Bell. 
 
 Arms. A word derived from the Latin arnia., which signi- 
 fies in heraldry a mark of honour, serving to distinguish 
 states, cities, families, etc. 
 
 Arrows. Short darts feathered at the ends. 
 
 Ex. Argent, three arrows paleways, points 
 in chief sable, feathered proper. 
 
 AsPECTANT. Animals placed face to face in a charge are 
 said to be aspectant. If they are about to attack each 
 other, they are said to be combatant. 
 
 Assumptive. Arms assumed without legal authority. 
 
 AssuRGENT. A man or beast rising out of the sea is said 
 to be assurgent. 
 
 At Gaze. See Gaze. 
 
 Attired. When the horns of a stag are of 
 a different tincture to its head, it is said 
 to be attired of that tincture. 
 Ex. Argent, a stag lodged, proper, 
 attired or. 
 
 Augmentation. This word signifies in heraldry a par- 
 ticular mark of honour, granted by the sovereign in 
 55 
 
Manual of Heraldry 
 
 consideration of some noble action, or by favour, 
 and either quartered with the family arms, or borne 
 on an escutcheon, chief, or canton. 
 
 Ex. Ermine, on a chevron azure, three 
 foxes' heads erased, argent. The 
 augmentation is on a canton azure, 
 a fleur-de-lis argent. 
 
 Azure. The French word for blue: it is 
 represented in heraldic engraving by 
 parallel lines, as in the annexed ex- 
 ample. 
 
 Badge. A distinctive mark, without 
 motto or wreath, worn by servants, 
 retainers, and followers of royalty 
 or nobility, who, being beneath the 
 rank of gentlemen, have no right to 
 armorial bearings. The rose and 
 crown is the badge of the servants, 
 etc., of the kings of England : they 
 are displayed as in the annexed 
 example. 
 
 Banded. Anything tied with a band. 
 
 Ex. Argent. Three arrows proper, 
 banded gules. 
 
 Banner. The principal flag of a knight. The great 
 banner borne at the funeral of a nobleman contains 
 all the quarterings of his arms : it varies in size accord- 
 ing to the rank of the deceased. The banner of the 
 56 
 
 i 
 
Dictionary of Heraldic Terms 
 
 sovereign is five feet square ; that of a prince or duke, 
 four feet square; for all noblemen of inferior rank, 
 three feet square. 
 
 Banner Roll is a small square flag containing a single 
 escutcheon of the deceased. 
 Thus, if there are twelve 
 quarterings in the banner, the 
 same number of banner rolls will 
 be required to be borne in the 
 funeral procession. The annexed 
 engraving shows the banner and 
 banner roll. 
 
 Bar. a diminutive of the fess {q.v.), occupying one-fifth 
 of the shield. It may be placed in any part of the 
 
 field. It has two diminutives, the closet 
 
 and barulet. 
 
 Ex. Ermine, two bars gules. 
 
 Barbed. Bearded. It is also applied to 
 the small green leaves about roses. 
 
 Ex. Azure, a rose argent, barbed, and 
 seeded proper. 
 
 Bardings. Horse trappings charged with armorial bearings. 
 
 Baron. The lowest title of the peerage of Great Britain. 
 It originally was a dignity held in conjunction with the 
 possession of certain lands held under feudal tenure, 
 on condition of performing certain services to the king. 
 In the reign of King John the right to sit in Parlia- 
 ment was restricted to those barons who should be 
 57 H 
 
Manual of Heraldry 
 
 specially summoned by royal writ. The creation of 
 peers by writ of summons was, however, superseded 
 in the time of Richard II. by the introduction of 
 letters patent. The first person ennobled in this 
 manner was John Beauchamp of Holt, who was 
 created Baron Beauchamp by letters patent dated 
 loth October 1387. This form of creating lords of 
 parliament was introduced into Scotland by James I., 
 and a distinction made between the minor barons (or 
 landed proprietors who held their estates under a charter 
 of barony) and these lords. A baron's mantle has two 
 rows of ermine, and his coronet, a circlet of silver gilt, 
 surmounted by six silver balls at equal distances, with 
 cap of crimson velvet having a golden tassel on the 
 top, was first granted by King Charles II. 
 
 Baron and Femme. Terms used in heraldry to denote 
 
 the arms of a man and his wife, marshalled together. 
 
 See pp. 35-38. 
 Baronet. See Knight Baronet. 
 Barrulet. The smallest diminutive of the bar. The 
 
 closet is half the bar ; the barrulet half 
 
 the closet. 
 
 Ex. Gules, two barrulets argent. 
 
 Barry. A field divided transversely into several equal 
 parts exceeding five in number, and consisting of two 
 different tinctures interchangeably dis- 
 posed. They must always be an even 
 number. 
 
 Ex. Barry of eight pieces, azure and 
 argent. 
 
 58 
 
Dictionary of Heraldic Terms 
 
 Bars, Gemels. See Gemels. 
 
 Bar-wise. Crossing the field in the manner of a bar. 
 
 Base. The lowest part of the shield. 
 
 Baton. Batune. Baston. Is a fourth part of the bend, 
 and is couped at both ends. It is generally used in 
 England as an abatement in coats of arms to denote 
 illegitimacy, and is seldom used except by the natural 
 issue of royalty and their descendants, and is then 
 represented as a baton sinister. 
 
 Ex. Or, a cross gules, over all a baton 
 sinister arsjent. 
 
 Battering Ram. An instrument used for battering down 
 walls previous to the use of gunpowder. 
 
 Ex. Argent, a battering ram proper. 
 
 Battle Axe. An ancient military weapon. 
 
 Ex. Argent, three battle axes gules, two 
 over one. 
 
 Beaked. The beak of a bird being of a different tint 
 from the body is said to be beaked of a tincture or 
 metal. 
 
 Ex. An eagle's head erased gules, 
 beaked or. 
 
 59 
 
Manual of Heraldry 
 
 Beaver. That part of the helmet that 
 defends the sight. 
 
 Belled. Having bells. 
 
 Ex. Argent, a barrulet gules, belled 
 with three bells proper. 
 
 MMMMM 
 
 Bend. One of the honourable ordinaries formed by two 
 diagonal lines drawn from the dexter chief to the 
 sinister base; it generally occupies a 
 fifth part of the shield if uncharged, 
 but if charged, one-third. 
 
 Ex. Azure, a bend argent. 
 
 Bend Sinister. Is the reverse of the bend, being drawn 
 from the sinister to the dexter side of the shield ; it is 
 seldom found in coats of' arms, as it is reckoned an 
 abatement. 
 
 Ex. Argent, a bend sinister gules. 
 
 In Bend. Figures placed in a slanting direction from 
 the dexter chief to the sinister base 
 are said to be in bend. 
 
 Ex. Or, three torteaux in bend. 
 
 60 
 
Dictionary of Heraldic Terms 
 
 Bendlet. a diminutive of the bend, of 
 the same shape, but only half the width 
 of the bend. 
 
 Ex, Gules, two bendlets invected 
 argent. 
 
 Bendy. This word serves to denote a field divided 
 diagonally into several bends, varying in metal and 
 colour. 
 
 Ex. Bendy of six pieces, azure and 
 argent. 
 
 Besant, or Bezant. Gold coin of Byzantium; 
 when they appear in a coat of arms their 
 colour is not described : a besant is always or. 
 
 Bevilly. Dovetailed. 
 
 O 
 
 Billets. This charge is, by some authors, supposed to 
 represent tiles or bricks ; by others that it represents 
 a letter or billet. The name and form of the charge 
 most accords with the latter opinion. 
 
 Ex. Argent, three billets azure, two 
 over one. 
 
 Bishops of the Church of England are spiritual peers of the 
 realm, and as such have precedence next to viscounts, 
 the Bishops of London, Durham, and Winchester pre- 
 ceding the others, who rank according to date of 
 appointment. Twenty-four of their number sit in the 
 House of Lords. 
 
 6i 
 
Manual of Heraldry 
 
 Blazon. To describe in proper heraldic language and 
 colours all that belongs to coats of arms. 
 
 B'oRDURE, or Border. This is the most ancient difference 
 in coats of arms, to distinguish different branches of 
 the same family. It is a border round the edge of the 
 shield. Its situation is always the same; but the inner 
 edge may be varied. 
 
 Rx. Argent, a sinister hand couped at 
 the wrist and erected gules, within 
 a bordure azure. 
 
 BoTTONNY. See Cross Bottonny. 
 
 BouGET. An ancient water - bucket, frequently borne in 
 shields of arms. 
 
 Ex. Argent, a bouget proper. 
 
 Braced. Two figures of the same form, interlacing each 
 other. 
 
 Ex, Vert, two triangles braced, argent. 
 
 Brased and Brazed are words sometimes used by ancient 
 armorists. They always describe things interlaced or 
 braced together. 
 
 Brisure. a mark of cadency or difference. 
 
 62 
 
Dictionary of Heraldic Terms 
 
 Broad Arrow. An ancient weapon of war, thrown by 
 an engine. It is frequently borne as a charge in coats 
 of arms. 
 
 Ex. Argent, a broad arrow gules. 
 
 Brouchant. Placed over, or overlying. 
 
 Caboched, Caboshed, or Cabossed. Beasts' heads borne 
 without any part of the neck, and full 
 faced. 
 
 Ex. Argent, a stag's head caboshed, 
 proper. 
 
 Cadency. See p. 23. 
 
 Caltrap, or Cheval Trap. An iron instrument made to 
 annoy an enemy's cavalry. They were formed of iron, 
 being four spikes conjoined in such a manner that one 
 was always upwards. It is found in 
 many ancient coats of arms. 
 
 Ex. Argent, a caltrap proper. 
 
 Canting Heraldry. See Armes Parlantes. 
 
 Canton. The French word for corner. It is a small 
 square figure, generally placed at the 
 dexter chief of the shield, as in the 
 annexed example. When it is charged 
 the size may be increased. It is said 
 to represent the banner of the ancient 
 knights banneret. 
 
 63 
 
Manual of Heraldry 
 
 Celestial Crown. Distinguished from any 
 other crown by the stars on the points 
 or rays that proceed from the circlet. 
 
 Champagne. A narrow piece cut off the base of a shield 
 by a straight line. 
 
 Chapeau. Cap of maintenance or dignity, borne only by 
 sovereign princes. It is formed of jjg^^ 
 crimson or scarlet velvet, lined with ^^ffUfiW 
 ermine. In certain crests it is used in place of the 
 torse or crest wreath. 
 
 Chaplet. An ancient ornament for the head, granted to 
 gallant knights for acts of courtesy. It is frequently 
 borne as a charge in a shield of arms, 
 
 and always tinted in its natural colours. 
 £x. Argent, a chaplet proper. 
 
 Charge. The figures or bearings contained in an 
 escutcheon. 
 
 Checky. The field covered with alternate 
 
 squares of metal or colour and fur. ^ jjj' 
 
 £^x. Checky, sable and argent. 
 
 Chevron. This ordinary is supposed to 
 represent the rafters of the gable of a 
 house. 
 
 J^x. Or a chevron gules. 
 64 
 
Dictionary of Heraldic Terms 
 
 Chevron couched. One which springs from either the 
 dexter or sinister side of the shield. 
 
 Chevronel. The diminutive of the chevron, being one- 
 half its size. 
 
 Ex. Argent, two chevronels gules. 
 
 Chief. One of the honourable ordinaries. It is placed 
 on the upper part of the shield and con- 
 tains a third part of it. The letters show 
 the points in the chief. A is the dexter 
 chief; B, the middle chief; C, the sinister 
 chief. 
 
 n 
 
 Chimerical Figures. Imaginary figures, such as griffins, 
 dragons, harpies, etc. ; all of them will be found under 
 their proper names. 
 
 Cinque Foil. Five leaves conjoined in the 
 centre. 
 
 Civic Cap. A cap of dignity borne by 
 mayors of cities or corporate bodies : 
 it is formed of sables garnished with 
 ermine. 
 
 Civic Crown. A wreath of oak leaves and acorns. 
 
 Clarion. This charge is so called from its 
 resemblance to a horn or trumpet. It 
 is really a lance rest. 
 
 Ex, Azure, three clarions or. 
 
 6s 
 
Manual of Heraldry 
 
 Clenched. The fingers pressed towards the palm of the 
 hand. 
 
 Ex. Azure, a dexter arm vambraced 
 couped, the fist clenched proper. 
 
 Close. Applied to a bird with its wings 
 closed. 
 
 Closet. A diminutive of the bar, being only one-half its 
 width. 
 
 Ex. Or, two closets azure. 
 
 Closegirt. a figure whose dress is fastened round the 
 waist. 
 
 Ex. Gules, an angel erect with wings 
 expanded or, dress closegirt. 
 
 Cloue. Nailed, said of horseshoes, etc., when the nails 
 are of a different tincture. 
 
 Coat Armour, or Surcoat. A loose 
 garment worn over the armour of 
 a knight ; hence the term coat of 
 arms. On this garment were em- 
 blazoned the armorial bearings of 
 the wearer. 
 
 66 
 
Dictionary of Heraldic Terms 
 
 Cockade. The black cockade is worn by the servants of 
 persons holding direct commission from the sovereign, 
 and dates from the time of George I., who bore it as a 
 vassal of the Emperor. There are two varieties — the 
 fan-shaped, which is the military, and a round shape, 
 which is naval and civil. 
 
 Cockatrice. A chimerical animal, a cock 
 with a dragon's tail and wings and two 
 legs. 
 
 Collared. Having a collar. Dogs and inferior animals 
 are sometimes collared ; the supporters and charges 
 are generally said to be gorged. See Gorged. 
 
 Combatant. A French word for fighting. See Lion. 
 
 Compartment. A panel or mound placed below the 
 shield on which the supporters rest ; or occasionally a 
 motto may be placed. 
 
 Complement. The heraldic term for the full moon. 
 When this figure is introduced as a charge in a coat 
 of arms, it is called a moon in her complement. 
 
 Compony. a term applied to a bordure, pale, bend, or 
 any other ordinary, made up of squares of alternate 
 metal and colour. The bordure compony is the mark 
 of illegitimacy in Scotland. 
 
 Ex, Argent, an inescutcheon azure, a 
 bordure compony or and gules. 
 
 67 
 
Manual of Heraldry 
 
 Conjoined. Joined together. 
 
 Ex. Argent, three legs armed, con- 
 joined at the fess point at the 
 upper extremity of the thigh, 
 flexed in a triangle, garnished and 
 spurred or. 
 
 CoNTOURNEE. Facing the sinister. 
 
 Cony. • An heraldic name for a young rabbit. 
 
 Cordon. A silver cord which encircles the arms of a 
 widow. 
 
 Coronet. See Crown. 
 
 CoTiSE. One of the diminutives of the bend, being one- 
 fourth of its size ; cotises are generally borne on each 
 side of the bend. 
 
 Ex. Gules, a bend argent, between 
 two cotises of the same. 
 
 The cotises are frequently of a different tincture 
 from the bend they cotise. 
 
 CoucHANT. The French word for lying down with the 
 breast towards the earth, and the head raised. See 
 Lion Couchant. 
 
 CoucHEE. Is applied to a shield when it is placed in a 
 diagonal position. 
 
 Count. A nobleman that was deputed by the king to 
 govern a county or shire : the title is not used in the 
 British Peerage ; his rank is equal to an earl. 
 68 
 
Dictionary of Heraldic Terms 
 
 Counter. In heraldry implies contrariety, as in the 
 
 following examples : — 
 Counter-changed. Is the division of the shield into two 
 
 parts, one colour and one metal, and arranging that 
 
 the charges placed upon the metal are 
 
 of the colour, and vice versa. 
 
 Ex. Per pale, or and azure, on a 
 chevron, three mullets all counter- 
 changed. 
 CouNTER-coMPONY. Is applied to an ordinary of two 
 
 checks in width of alternating tinctures. 
 Counter-embattled. Embattled on both sides. 
 CouNTER-FLORV. Any ordinary ornamented with fleurs- 
 de-luce : the points of the flowers run 
 alternately in a contrary direction. 
 
 Ex. Or, a pale purpure, flory and 
 counter-flory gules. 
 
 Counter-passant. Two animals passing the contrary 
 
 way to each other. 
 
 Ex. Or, two lions passant counter- 
 passant gules, the uppermost 
 facing the sinister side of the 
 escutcheon, both collared sable, 
 garnished argent. 
 
 Counter-salient. Two animals leaping 
 different ways from each other. 
 
 Ex. Argent, two foxes counter-salient 
 proper. 
 
 69 
 
Manual of Heraldry 
 
 CouPED. From the French word couper^ to cut. The 
 cross in the example is couped, part of it being cut off, 
 so as not to touch the eds^es of the shield. 
 
 Ex. Azure, a cross couped argent. 
 
 Couped. The head or limbs of any animal cut close is 
 called couped. 
 
 Ex. Argent, a boar's head couped 
 proper. 
 
 Couple-close. One of the diminutives of the chevron, 
 half the size of the chevronel. 
 
 Ex. Argent, three couple-closes inter- 
 laced vert. 
 
 CouRANT. Running. 
 
 Ex. Argent, a stag courant proper. 
 
 Coward, or Coue. Signifies an animal ^yith its tail between 
 its legs. 
 
 Crenelle. The French heraldic term for 
 embattled. See Embattled. 
 
 70 
 
Dictionary of Heraldic Terms 
 
 Crescent. The crescent moon with its horns turned up- 
 wards. 
 
 Ex. Azure, a crescent argent. 
 
 Crest. The ornament on the upper part of the hehiict in 
 heraldry placed over coats of arms. 
 
 The English royal crest is a crown surmounted by 
 a lion statant guardant crowned, or. 
 
 The Scottish royal crest is an imperial crown sur- 
 mounted by a lion sejant guardant, displaying a sceptre 
 and sw^ord or. 
 
 The Irish royal crest is an ancient diadem sur- 
 mounted by an embattled tower, a stag courant issuing 
 from the portal. 
 
 The crest of Wales is a dragon passant guardant, 
 gules. 
 
 Crests are usually displayed upon a wreath as 
 in the annexed example, which is a demi-lion 
 rampant; but when they issue from 
 a crown, coronet, or cap of mainten- 
 ance they have no WTeath. Ladies, with 
 the exception of the sovereign, have 
 no crest. See Helmet, Wreath, and 
 Mantling. 
 
 Crested. , A cock or other bird, whose comb is of 
 a different tincture from the body, is said to be 
 crested. 
 
 71 
 
Manual of Heraldry 
 
 Crined. This is said of an animal whose 
 hair is of a different tincture from its 
 body. 
 
 Ex, Argent, a mermaid gules, crined 
 
 Crosier. The pastoral staff of a bishop or abbot : a very 
 frequent charge in ecclesiastical arms. 
 
 Ex, Or, a crosier gules, in bend. 
 
 Cross. An honourable ordinary, more used as a charge 
 in a coat of arms than any of the others. During 
 the Crusades for the recovery of the Holy Land, 
 the troops of the different nations that joined in the 
 Crusade displayed crosses on their banners and arms : 
 every soldier bore a cross upon his dress; this was 
 composed of two pieces of list or riband of equal 
 length, crossing each other at right angles. Thus, the 
 English knights adopted the cross of St George, and 
 the Scottish the saltire of St Andrew. The soldiers 
 of France attached their national emblem, the fleur-de- 
 lis, to the ends of the members of the cross; hence 
 the introduction of the cross flory. The Crusaders 
 from the Papal dominions placed transverse pieces on 
 each member of the plain cross, and by this means 
 transformed it into four small crosses springing from a 
 centre, forming what is now called the cross crosslet. 
 It would be impossible within the limits of this work 
 to give an example of all the crosses that have been 
 introduced as bearings in coats of arms. Berry, in his 
 72 
 
Dictionary of Heraldic Terms 
 
 comprehensive work on heraldry, gives nearly two 
 hundred examples, without giving all that might be 
 found. The following are the crosses most used in 
 British heraldry. 
 
 Cross. 
 
 Cross potent. 
 
 Cross flory. 
 
 Cross bottonny. 
 
 Cross pattee. 
 
 Cross raguly. 
 
 Cross patonce. 
 
 73 
 
Manual of Heraldry 
 
 Cross moline. 
 
 ^ 
 
 Cross quarter-pierced. 
 
 Cross of Calvary. 
 
 Cross fitchy. Cross patriarchal. Cross potent 
 
 rebated. 
 
 Crown and Coronets. 
 
 The crown of the King of Coronet of the Prince 
 
 of Wales. 
 
 the United Kingdom. 
 
 Of a royal duke. 
 
 Of a princess of Britain. 
 
 74 
 
Dictionary of Heraldic Terms 
 
 Of a duke. 
 
 Of a marquess. 
 
 Of an earl. Of a viscount. Coronet of a baron. 
 
 Crusily. Having the field semee of crosses crosslet. 
 Cubit Arm. The hand and arm cut off at the elbow. 
 
 CuRTANA. The pointless sword of mercy is 
 the principal in dignity of the three swords 
 that are borne naked before the British 
 monarchs at their coronation. 
 
 Dancette. a zig-zag figure with spaces 
 between the points, much larger than 
 in the indented. 
 
 Ex. Argent, a pale, dancette vert. 
 
 Debruised. Any charge that has an ordinary placed upon 
 it is said to be debruised. 
 
 Ex. Argent, a lion rampant guard- 
 ant gules, debruised by a fess 
 azure. 
 
 75 
 
Manual of Heraldry 
 
 Decressant, or Decrescent. A moon in its wane, whose 
 horns are turned to the sinister side of 
 the escutcheon. 
 
 Ex. Azure, a moon decrescent proper. 
 
 Degraded. Applied to a cross where the arms end in 
 steps. 
 
 Demi, or Demy. This particle is always joined to a substan- 
 tive, and signifies half; as, a demi-lion, i.e.^ half a lion. 
 
 Detriment. The moon is said to be in its detriment 
 when it is eclipsed. 
 
 Ex, Argent, the moon in her detri- 
 ment sable. 
 
 Dexter. A word used in heraldry to signify the proper 
 right side of anything ; that is, the side on the left of 
 the spectator. 
 
 Diadem. A circle of gold with points rising from it, worn 
 by ancient kings as the token of royalty. The diadem 
 of most of the monarchs of Europe, as 
 represented in ancient statuary, stained 
 glass and paintings, resembles the 
 annexed engraving; the kings of England, from the 
 Conquest to Henry VII., all wore a diadem of this 
 shape. 
 
 Diamond. The hardest and most valuable of precious 
 stones; it was formerly used by English heralds to 
 denote black or sable in blazoning the arms of the 
 nobility. 
 
 76 
 
Dictionary of Heraldic Terms 
 
 DiFFERENXE. The term given to a certain figure added to 
 coats of arms to distinguish one family from another, 
 and to show how distant younger branches are from 
 the elder or principal branch. See p. 23. 
 
 Dimidiated, Is when two coats in union are divided per 
 pale, and one half of each removed. 
 
 Diminution. A word sometimes used instead of differ- 
 ence. 
 
 Dismembered or Couped in all the points. Cut in pieces, 
 but without any alteration in the form of the original 
 figure. 
 
 Displayed. A bird whose wings are expanded and legs 
 spread is said to be displayed. 
 
 Ex. Argent, 
 sable. 
 
 an eagle displayed 
 
 Distinguished Service Order. Instituted 6th September 
 1886, is conferred on officers of the navy and army 
 who have been honourably mentioned in despatches 
 of meritorious or distinguished service in war. 
 
 Dormant. The French word for sleeping, used to denote 
 the posture of a lion, or any other beast reposing. 
 See Lion. 
 
 Doublings. The lining of robes of state, and also of the 
 mantlings in coats of arms. 
 
 Double Tressure. Two tressures, or orles, 
 one within the other. 
 
 77 
 
Manual of Heraldry 
 
 Double Tressure Flory Counter-florv 
 which surrounds the Royal Arms of 
 Scotland is not now granted in Scotland 
 to subjects except as a mark of royal 
 favour. It is generally indicative of 
 royal descent. 
 
 Dovetailed. A term borrowed from carpentry to show 
 tinctures joined together by reversed wedges, which, 
 being shaped like doves' tails, are by joiners called 
 dovetailing. 
 
 Ex. Quarterly per pale dovetailed, or 
 and gules. 
 
 Dragon. An imaginary monster with four legs; a mix- 
 ture of beast, bird, and reptile. It is frequently borne 
 
 in crests and charges. 
 
 Ex. Argent, a 
 nowed vert. 
 
 dragon proper, tail 
 
 Dragon's Head. Part of a celestial constellation, used 
 by ancient English heralds to denote tenne when em- 
 blazoning the arms of sovereigns ; this style of heraldry 
 has become obsolete. 
 
 Dragon's Tail. Part of the same constellation ; formerly 
 used to denote sanguine. 
 
 Duke. The highest degree of British peerage next to the 
 Prince of Wales. This title is derived from the Latin 
 word dux : the title of duke was known in other parts 
 
Dictionary of Heraldic Terms 
 
 of Europe long before it was introduced into England. 
 The first person that was created a duke in that 
 country was Edward the Black Prince, who was 
 created Duke of Cornwall in 1337 by his father, 
 Edward III. The title has since that time belonged 
 to the first - born son of the monarch of England. 
 The earliest dukedom in Scotland was that of 
 Rothesay, bestowed in 1398 by King Robert III. on 
 his eldest son, a title still borne by the Prince of Wales, 
 and at the same time the King's brother, the Earl of 
 Fife, was advanced to the dignity of Duke of Albany. 
 His mantle has four rows of ermine on the cape, and 
 his coronet is formed of a circle of gold, surmounted 
 by eight golden strawberry leaves, with a cap of crimson 
 velvet, turned up ermine, and surmounted by a golden 
 tassel (see p. 75). 
 
 Eagle. Aqtdla in ornithology. In heraldry the eagle is 
 accounted one of the most noble bearings. It is 
 sometimes borne double headed as in the arms of the 
 Emperor. 
 
 Eaglet is a diminutive of eagle, properly signifying a 
 young eagle. In heraldry, when several eagles are on 
 the same escutcheon, they are termed eaglets. 
 
 Earl. The third degree of British peerage. Under the 
 Danish and Saxon kings this was the highest title 
 known in England conferred upon a subject. The 
 dignity both in England and Scotland originally was 
 territorial, and a part and pertinent of the lands com- 
 prised in the earldom and the title passed with the 
 ownership of the estate. For many centuries earldoms 
 have been created by Letters Patent under the Great 
 Seal, the succession being in terms of the remainder 
 79 
 
Manual of Heraldry 
 
 contained therein. An earl's mantle has three rows of 
 ermine on the cape, and his coronet is a circle of 
 silver gilt surmounted by eight silver balls raised on 
 points with gold strawberry leaves between the points, 
 and a cap of crimson velvet, turned up ermine, and 
 surmounted with a golden tassel. 
 
 Earl Marshal of England. A very ancient, and 
 formerly a very important, ofiicer, who had several 
 courts under his jurisdiction, as the Court of Chivalry, 
 the Court of Honour. He still presides over the 
 Heralds' College, and nominally over the Marshalsea 
 Court. The title of Earl Marshal of England is now, 
 and has been for some centuries, hereditary in the family 
 of Howard, Duke of Norfolk. He has no jurisdiction 
 out of England. The Earl Marischal of Scotland, a 
 title held by the Keith family, and attainted in the 
 person of George, loth Earl, in 1716, had no jurisdic- 
 tion in matters armorial. 
 
 Eastern or Antique Crown. A crown with rays pro- 
 ceeding from a circle, called by heralds 
 an Eastern crown, is found in ancient 
 achievements. The annexed cut shows 
 its form. 
 
 Elevated. Applied to wings raised above the head. 
 
 Embattled. A line, formed like the battlements on a wall 
 or tower, is said to be embattled or crenelle. When 
 the line is used to form one of the 
 ordinaries, that ordinary is said to be 
 embattled. See the lines, p. 21. 
 
 JLx. Gules, three towers embattled 
 argent. 
 
 80 
 
 I 
 
Dictionafy of Heraldic Terms 
 
 When a fess, chevron, or bend is said to be 
 embattled it is only so on the upper side, but 
 when embattled on both sides it is called counter- 
 embattled. 
 
 ^A". Gules, a bend sinister embattled 
 argent. 
 
 Embattled grady. Where the embattlements gradually 
 rise one above another. 
 
 ^3^ 
 
 Ex. Argent, a fess gules, embattled 
 grady. See the lines, p. 22. 
 
 Embowed. Anything bent or curved, like a 
 bow. 
 
 Ex. Gules, a dolphin naiant em- 
 bowed or. 
 
 Emerald. The name of a precious stone formerly sub- 
 stituted for vert in emblazoning the arms of the 
 nobility of England. 
 
 En Arriere. An expression borrowed from the French, 
 to signify any creature borne with its back to view. 
 
 Ex. Argent, an eagle proper en arriere. 
 
 81 
 
y 
 
 Manual of Heraldry 
 
 Endorse. The smallest diminutive of the pale, being 
 one-fourth of its size. It is never charged with any- 
 thing. 
 
 Ex. Argent, a pale between endorses 
 gules. 
 
 Enfiled. Applies to a weapon which pierces or passes 
 through another object, such as a heart, a ring, etc. 
 
 Engrailed. Any object being edged with small semi- 
 circles, the points turning outwards, is said to be 
 engrailed. 
 
 Ex. Argent, a pale azure engrailed. 
 
 Enhanced. A term applied to bearings placed above 
 their usual situation. 
 
 Ex. Argent, three bendlets, enhanced 
 gules. 
 
 Ensigned. This word, in heraldic description, means 
 having some charge placed above. 
 
 Ex. Argent, a man's heart gules, en- 
 signed with a celestial crown or. 
 
 Entire. Means that the charge is extended to the side of 
 
 the shield. 
 Eradicated. Torn up by the roots. 
 
 82 
 
Dictionary of Heraldic Terms 
 
 Erased. Signifies anything torn or plucked off, with a 
 ragged edge, from the part to which nature affixed it ; 
 generally applied to the head and limbs of man or 
 beast. 
 
 Ex. Argent, a leg erased at the midst 
 of the thigh gules. 
 
 Erect. This is said of any charge, naturally horizontal, 
 being placed in a perpendicular direction. 
 
 £x. Argent, a boar's head erect, and 
 erased. 
 
 Ermine. A white fur with black spots, 
 represented as in the annexed example. 
 See p. 19. 
 
 4: % 4 : 
 
 Ermines. This fur is represented by white 
 spots on a black field. See p. 19. 
 
 
 Erminois. a fur, the field or, the spots 
 or tufts sable, as in the annexed 
 example. See p. 19. 
 
 83 
 
 
Manual of Heraldry 
 
 Escallop. The shell of a sea-fish, used to 
 ^ decorate the palmers on their way to 
 
 and from Palestine ; frequently used as 
 a charge in heraldry. 
 
 EscARBUNCLE. A charge originally formed from the 
 iron bands radiating from the centre of the shield to 
 strengthen it. 
 
 EscROLL. The roll or strip of parchment on which the 
 motto is placed. 
 
 Escutcheon. This word is sometimes used to express 
 the whole coat of arms, sometimes only the field 
 upon which the arms are painted. 
 It more generally denotes the painted 
 shields used at funerals. The field, 
 if the husband is dead and wife 
 survives, is black on the dexter side 
 only; if the wife is deceased, it is 
 black on the sinister side; if both, 
 it is black all over. The example shows that this is 
 the escutcheon of a deceased baron, whose lady sur- 
 vives. See p. 38. 
 
 Escutcheon of Pretence. A small escutcheon, on which 
 a man bears the coat of arms of his wife, who is an 
 heiress. See p. 36. 
 
 Ex, Argent, a chevron or, between 
 three crosslets sable, on an 
 escutcheon of pretence gules, three 
 quatrefoils argent. 
 
 Esquire. The degree below a knight and above a gentle- 
 man. Those to whom this title is due by right are 
 84 
 
Dictionary of Heraldic Terms 
 
 all the younger sons of noblemen and their eldest sons 
 in perpetuity, the eldest sons of baronets, of all knights 
 and of their eldest sons in perpetuity, kings of arms, 
 heralds, officers of the navy and army of rank of 
 captain and upwards, sheriffs of counties for life, 
 J.P.'s, serjeants-at-law, king's counsel, serjeants-at- 
 arms, companions of orders of knighthood, certain 
 officers of royal household, deputy lieutenants, com- 
 missioners of the court of bankruptcy, masters of the 
 supreme court, royal academicians, and any person 
 whom the sovereign designs "esquire" in a commis- 
 sion. For the helmet of an esquire, see p. 93. 
 
 EsToiLE. The French word for a star. It 
 differs from the mullet in the number 
 of points, and four of the points being 
 rayant. 
 
 Fer-de-moline. Same as Millrind {q.v.). 
 
 Fess. An honourable ordinary occupying the third part of 
 the shield between the centre and the base, formed by 
 two horizontal lines drawn above and below the centre 
 of the shield. V 
 
 Ex. Argent, a fess gules. 
 
 ■I 
 
 Fess Point. The exact centre of the 
 escutcheon, as seen in the annexed 
 example. 
 
 Fetterlock. A handcuff. 
 
 8s 
 
Manual of Heraldry 
 
 Field. The whole surface of the shield or escutcheon ; it 
 is the ground upon which the tinctures, furs, ordin- 
 aries, and charges are represented. 
 
 Figured. Those bearings which are de- 
 picted with a human face are said to 
 be figured. 
 
 Ex. Gules, three bezants figured proper. 
 
 Fillet. The only diminutive belonging to 
 the chief; its width is one-fourth of the 
 chief, and is always placed at the base 
 of it. 
 
 Fimbriated. An ordinary having a narrow 
 border of a different tincture is said to 
 be fimbriated. 
 
 Ex. Azure, a bend gules, fimbriated 
 
 FiTCHY. Is from the French word fiche^ fixed. It is 
 generally applied to crosses which have their lower 
 branch pointed, so that it could be fixed in the ground. 
 See Cross fitchy. 
 
 Flag. See Banner, Standard, Gonfanan, Guidon, 
 Pennon. 
 
 Flanches. Are formed of two curved lines placed opposite 
 and nearly touching each other in the 
 centre of the shield. 
 
 Ex. Azure, a flanche argent. 
 86 
 
Dictionary of Heraldic Terms 
 
 Flank. The dexter and sinister sides of an escutcheon 
 between the chief and the base. 
 
 £lx. Argent, three mullets gules, accom- 
 panied with seven cross crosslets 
 fitchy sable — three in chief, one in 
 fess, two in flanks, one in base. 
 
 Flasques. a subordinate ordinary formed by curved 
 lines placed opposite each other, but not so near as 
 in flanches. 
 
 Azure, a flasque argent. 
 
 Fleur-de-lis. Supposed to represent the 
 garden-lily. It is the bearing of the 
 Bourbons of France, and is not an in- 
 frequent charge on British arms. It is 
 the mark of a sixth son. 
 
 Flexed. Bent or bowed. 
 
 Flory. Signifies flowered or adorned with the fleur-de-lis. 
 
 Fountain. A roundel that is barry wavy of six argent 
 and azure. 
 
 Fourchee, Queue Fourchee. Divided into two parts, 
 e.g., a lion with a double tail. 
 
 Fret. Two laths interlaced in saltire with 
 a mascle. 
 
 £x. Azure, a fret argent. 
 
 87 
 
Manual of Heraldry 
 
 Fretty. This word denotes a field covered with fretwork 
 or laths, crossing each other diagonally 
 and interlacing each other. 
 
 Ex. Gules, fretty argent. 
 
 Fructed. Bearing fruit or seeds. 
 
 FuRisoNS. Representations of the steel with which a flint 
 was struck. 
 
 The Fusil. Is longer and narrower than the lozenge : the 
 upper and lower ends are more acute. 
 
 Ex. Or, a fusil purpure. 
 
 Galley, or Lymphad. An ancient vessel 
 propelled by oars. It is largely used in 
 the arms of those West Highland clans 
 who formed the vassals of the ancient 
 Lord of the Isles. 
 
 Game. An obsolete French word, signifying 
 a leg, and is still used in heraldry, for the 
 leg of a lion or other creature borne in 
 coats of arms. 
 
 Garb. The heraldic term for a sheaf of any 
 kind of corn. 
 
 Ex. Argent, a garb proper. 
 
 88 
 
 4 
 
Dictionary of Heraldic Terms 
 
 Garnished. Ornamented. 
 
 Garter, or Bendlet. One of the diminutives of the bend, 
 being half the size. 
 
 Ex. Or, a garter vert. 
 
 Garter. One of the insignia of the most noble order of the 
 knights of the garter. It is formed of 
 blue velvet edged with gold wire, and 
 lined with white satin ; on the velvet is 
 embroidered the motto of the order, 
 
 HONI SOIT QUI MAL Y PENSE. See KnIGHT. 
 
 Gauntlet. Armour for the hand. 
 
 Gaze. An intent look. This is said of a deer standing 
 still, and turning its head to look earnestly at any 
 object. 
 
 Ex. Argent, a stag at gaze proper. 
 
 Gemels. This word is a corruption of the 
 French word jumelles, which signifies 
 double. The example contains two 
 double bars, which in heraldic language 
 would be called two bars gemels. 
 
 89 
 
Manual of Heraldr^ 
 
 Gillyflower. A flower resembling a carnation or pink. 
 
 GoBONY. Same as Compony {q.v.). 
 
 GoLPS. Roundels of a purple tincture. The 
 colour is not stated, as the name denotes 
 the colour. 
 
 GoNFANAN. A long flag suspended from a transverse bar 
 attached to a staff, and pointed or swallow-tailed. It 
 is an ecclesiastical banner. 
 
 Gorged. Any animals that have collars 
 round the neck are said to be gorged. 
 
 Ex. A swan's head erased at the 
 neck, ducally gorged or. 
 
 Gorges. Whirlpools. 
 
 Griffin, or Gryphon. A chimerical animal, 
 the fore part having the head, legs, and 
 talons of an eagle, and the other part, 
 with tail and hind legs, being that of the 
 lion. It has large wings, like an eagle's. 
 
 GuARDANT. Looking out from the field. 
 
 Guidon. A small semi-oval flag used in i 
 funeral processions. It is generally 
 charged with the paternal arms of 
 the deceased. 
 
 GuiGE. A shoulder belt worn over right shoulder and 
 used sometimes to support the shield. 
 
 Gules. Signifles red. It is represented in 
 
 engraving by lines running parallel 
 
 with each other, from the chief to the 
 
 base, as in the example. See p. iS. 
 90 
 
Dictionary of Heraldic Terms 
 
 GuTTKE. A term derived from the Latin s; 
 word gittfiii a drop. A field is sprinkled 
 or semee of drops of gold, silver, de 
 larmes (tears), de sang (blood), etc. 
 
 6 
 d 
 
 a 6 c> 
 
 Q. 
 
 GuzES. Roundels of a sanguine tincture. 
 
 GvRON. A triangular figure formed by two 
 lines from one of the angles of the shield 
 to the centre. The gyron may be drawn 
 in any part of the shield, but it is gener- 
 ally placed as in the annexed example. 
 
 GvRONNY. When the field is covered with gyrons, their 
 points uniting in the centre. 
 
 Ex. Gyron ny of eight pieces, azure, 
 argent and gules. 
 
 Habergeon. A coat of mail : it is also called a corselet 
 and cuirass 
 
 Ex. Argent, an habergeon proper. 
 
 Habited. Clothed figures, either as charges or supporters, 
 are said to be habited. 
 
 Hame. a horse collar. 
 
 Harpy. A chimerical animal, having the 
 head and breast of a woman, and the 
 body and legs of a bird. 
 
 91 
 
Manual of Heraldry 
 
 Hatchment, or Funeral Escutcheon. See p. 38. 
 
 Hauriant. a fish, in a perpendicular direction, with its 
 head upwards. 
 
 Ex. Argent, a salmon hauriant proper. 
 
 Helmet. An ancient piece of defensive armour for the 
 head ; it covered the face, leaving an aperture in the 
 front, secured by bars : this was called the visor. The 
 helmet is now placed over a coat of arms; and by the 
 metal from which it is made, the form, and position, 
 denotes the rank of the person whose arms are 
 emblazoned beneath it. 
 
 The helmets of sovereigns are formed of burnished 
 gold: those of princes and peers, of every degree, 
 silver, garnished with gold; knights, esquires, and 
 gentlemen, polished steel. 
 
 All helmets were placed on profile till about the 
 year 1600, when the present arrangements appear to 
 have been introduced into armory. 
 
 The position of the helmet is a mark 
 of distinction. The direct front view 
 of the grated helmet belongs to sove- 
 reign princes, and has six bars. 
 
 The grated helmet in profile is com- 
 mon to all degrees or peerage, with 
 five bars. 
 
 92 
 
Dictionary of Heraldic Terms 
 
 The helmet without bars, with the beaver 
 open, standing directly fronting the spec- 
 tator, denotes a baronet or knight. 
 
 The closed helmet seen in profile is 
 appropriated to esquires and gentlemen. 
 See Crest, Beaver, Mantling. 
 
 Herald. See p. lo. 
 
 HiLTED. The handle of a sword tinctured. 
 
 Ex. Argent, a sword proper couped, 
 hilted or. 
 
 Honour Point. That part of the shield 
 between the middle chief and the fess 
 point. In the annexed example the 
 large dot in the centre shows the fess 
 point; the point within the letter D, 
 the hofioiir poi7it. 
 
 Horned. This term is used to denote that the horn of 
 a unicorn is of a different tincture from his body. 
 
 Ex, Azure, three unicorns' 
 erased proper, horned or. 
 
 93 
 
 heads 
 
Manual of Heraldry 
 
 HuMETTY. A term used to denote an ordinary, parts of 
 which are couped or cut off, so that it 
 does not touch the eds^es of the shield. 
 
 Ex, Argent, a fess humetty gules, 
 between three mullets sable. 
 
 Hurst. K clump of trees. 
 
 Hurts. Blue roundels : the colour is ex- 
 pressed in the name ; therefore the tincture 
 is not otherwise named in emblazoning a 
 coat of arms. 
 
 Imbued. Weapons spotted with blood are said to 
 be imbued. The example shows a spear- 
 head imbued. 
 
 Impaled. Two coats of arms, conjoined pale- 
 ways, in one shield. 
 
 Ex. Argent, a fess gules, impaled with 
 argent, a bend azure. See p. 35. 
 
 Imperial Service Order. Instituted 8th August 1902, 
 and conferred on civil servants after twenty-five years' 
 (sixteen years in an unhealthy region and twenty in 
 India) meritorious service. 
 
 Increscent. The new moon, with her 
 horns turned towards the dexter side of 
 the shield. 
 
 Ex. Azure, a moon increscent argent. 
 
 94 
 
Dictionary of Heraldic Terms 
 
 Indented. A serrated figure, much smaller 
 than the dancette. 
 
 Ex. Or, a chief gules, indented. 
 
 Inescutcheon. The name given to small escutcheons 
 forming a bearing of a coat of arms. 
 
 Ex. Argent, three inescutcheons gules. 
 
 Invected. a line formed with small semicircles, with the 
 points turned inward. Any ordinary drawn with this 
 line is called invected. 
 
 Ex. Argent, a bend gules, invected 
 between two hurts. 
 
 Irradiated. Surrounded by rays of light. 
 
 Issuant, or Issuing. Proceeding from, or issuing out of. 
 
 Jesses. Straps of hawk's bells. 
 
 King of Arms. See p. \o et seq. 
 
 Knight. A title of honour conferred upon a subject for 
 eminent services performed in war. In the course of 
 time, knights who had gained riches and high titles 
 formed societies under the control and direction of 
 their monarchs in every part of Europe. The limits 
 of this work will only permit us to notice the orders 
 of knighthood introduced into Britain. 
 95 
 
1 
 
 /y Manual of Heraldry 
 
 The Knights-Bachelors were the earliest order of knight- 
 hood in England. The title was formerly only con- 
 ferred for services in war. It was merely personal, and, 
 like the knighthood conferred upon individuals at the 
 present time, did not descend to their posterity. 
 
 Knights-Banneret. This ancient and honourable order 
 has become extinct. It obtained the title of banneret 
 from the knights having the right of having a square 
 banner borne before them on the field of battle, and 
 at jousts and tournaments. Sir W. Segar gives the 
 following account of the creation of a knight- 
 banneret : — " It is a military order, and 
 can only be conferred upon persons 
 that have performed some heroic act 
 in the field. When this action is known 
 to the king, or general of the army, he 
 commands the attendance of the gallant 
 warrior, who is led, between two knights, 
 into the presence of the king or general 
 with his pennon of arms in his hand, and there the 
 heralds proclaim his merit, and declare him fit to 
 become a knight-banneret, and thenceforth to display 
 a banner in the field. Then the king or general 
 causes the point of the pennon to be cut off to make 
 it square; it is then placed at the top of his lance, 
 and the new-made knight returns to his tent, the 
 trumpets sounding before him." Knights-banneret 
 were certainly created in the reign of Edward I., but 
 how long before that time it is impossible to tell. 
 
 Knights of the Garter. This is the oldest and most 
 honourable order of knighthood in Europe : it was 
 founded by Edward III. in 1344; the fraternity con- 
 96 
 
Dictionary of Heraldic Terms 
 
 sists of twenty-five knights, to which are added the 
 princes of the blood royal. The King is the sovereign 
 of the order; their officers are a prelate, chancellor, 
 registrar, and king of arms. 
 
 The college of the order is in Windsor Castle, with 
 the chapel of St George and the chapter-house. 
 These buildings were erected by the royal founder 
 expressly for the accommodation of the Knights of 
 the Garter. 
 
 The garter is considered the principal ensign of this 
 order : it is worn on the left leg below the knee ; it is 
 formed of blue velvet, edged w^ith gold : on the velvet 
 is embroidered the motto of the order, honi soit qui 
 MAL Y PENSE (Dishonoured be he who thinks ill of it). 
 
 The collar is of gold, weighing thirty ounces troy 
 weight, and contains twenty-six enamelled garters, 
 and within each a red rose ; the garters are con- 
 nected by knots. Attached to this collar is a pendant 
 representing St George (the patron Saint of the 
 order) attacking the dragon ; it is of gold enamelled, 
 and may be enriched with jewels at the pleasure of the 
 possessor. 
 
 Knights of the Thistle. The most ancient Order of 
 the Thistle was revived by James VIL, King of Great 
 Britain, 1687, and incorporated by Queen Anne in 
 1703, w^hose statutes were confirmed by George I. 
 The order consists of the sovereign and sixteen 
 brethren or knights. Their motto is nemo me impune 
 EACESSiT ; their badge or jewel, St Andrew, supporting 
 a cross, surrounded with rays of gold. The officers 
 of the order include a chancellor, dean, secretary, 
 king of arms, and gentleman usher of the Green" 
 97 N 
 
Manual of Heraldry 
 
 Rod. The chapel of the order is in St Giles 
 Cathedral, Edinburgh. 
 
 Knights of St Patrick. This illustrious Irish order was 
 founded by George III., 1783. It consists of the 
 sovereign, a grand master, the princes of the blood 
 royal, and twenty-two knights. The lord-lieutenant 
 for the time being is grand master. The device on 
 the jewel of this order is argent, a saltire gules sur- 
 mounted with a trefoil vert, charged with three imperial 
 crowns or, the whole inclosed in a circle of gold, bear- 
 ing the motto QUis separabit. mdcclxxxiii. 
 
 Knights Baronet. A degree of honour next to a baron, 
 
 created by King James VII., in 16 19, to induce 
 
 the English gentry to settle in the pro- 
 vince of Ulster. The title is knight and 
 
 baronet ; it is hereditary. The arms of 
 
 baronets of England, Great Britain, and 
 
 the United Kingdom are distinguished 
 
 by an augmentation of a human hand 
 
 gules, borne on an escutcheon in the centre or chief 
 
 of the shield. 
 Knight Baronet of Nova Scotia. An order instituted 
 
 by King James VI., in 1625, to induce 
 
 capitaHsts to settle in that part of North 
 
 America. The title is hereditary : the 
 
 arms, which are borne on a canton, or 
 
 on a badge suspended below the shield, 
 
 are argent, St Andrew's Cross azure, 
 
 surtout an escutcheon or, with a lion 
 
 rampant gules within a double tressure 
 
 of the same, ensigned by a royal crown. 
 
 These creations ceased in 1707. 
 
 98 
 
 BADGE OF 
 NOVA SCOTIA 
 
Dictionary of Heraldic Terms 
 
 Knights of the Bath. An ancient and honourable 
 military order of knighthood. It was established in 
 England by Henry IV., in 1399, who at his coronation 
 created 46 Knights of the Bath, and revived by 
 George I., in 1725. The chapel of this order is 
 Henry VII.'s chapel in Westminster Abbey : the Dean 
 of Westminster for the time being is always dean of 
 the Order of the Bath. The number of the knights is 
 according to the pleasure of the sovereign. At the 
 close of the Peninsular War the Prince Regent, after- 
 wards George IV., remodelled this order of knight- 
 hood; and to enable himself to bestow marks of 
 honour upon the naval and military officers who had 
 distinguished themselves on the ocean and in the 
 field, he divided the order into three classes. The 
 first and highest are called Knights Grand Crosses 
 of the Bath, who must be of the rank of major-general 
 in the army or rear-admiral in the navy. 
 
 The second class is called Knights Commanders 
 of the Bath; a great number of naval and military 
 officers above the rank of captains in the navy and 
 colonels in the arrny. are admitted into this class. 
 
 The third class is styled Companions of the Order 
 of the Bath, and is open to officers of inferior rank. 
 
 There has also been a civil division of this order 
 since 1847. 
 
 Knights of St Michael and St George. Instituted on 
 27th April 1818; is chiefly conferred on those who 
 have rendered distinguished services in the colonies 
 and in foreign affairs. 
 
 Knights of the Order of the Star of India. Insti- 
 tuted 23rd February 186 1, this order is conferred on 
 99 
 
Manual of Heraldr 
 
 7 
 
 princes and chiefs in India, and on such other persons 
 who have rendered important and loyal services to 
 the Indian Empire. 
 
 Knights of the Order of the Indian Empire. Insti- 
 tuted 31st December 1877, to commemorate the pro- 
 clamation of H.M. Queen Victoria as Empress of 
 India. Is conferred on the same classes of persons 
 as the Order of the Star of India. 
 
 Knights of the Royal Victorian Order. Instituted 
 
 2ist April 1896, and conferred on those who have 
 
 merited royal favour, and have rendered important 
 services to the Crown. 
 
 Label. The mark of cadency of an 
 
 eldest son during his father's life- Z-XZ_SHA 
 time. See p. 24. 
 
 Lambrequin. See Mantling. 
 
 Langued. a term derived from the French word latigtie^ 
 tongue. It signifies in heraldry that the tongue of a 
 bird or beast is of a different tincture from the body. 
 
 Larmes. Tears. 
 
 Lion. The lion was early adopted as a charge in heraldry, 
 and was appropriated by sovereigns and leading nobles 
 for their arms. It thus appears in the arms of the 
 kings of Scotland, Norway, and Denmark, and on 
 those of the families Bohun, FitzAlan, and Percy in 
 England, and Dundas, Home, Wallace, Dunbar, 
 Lyon, and others in Scotland. The earliest example 
 to be found is on the seal of Philip I., Duke of 
 Flanders, in 11 64. The following are the most 
 
 IQQ 
 
J J 
 1 > 
 
 1 ,' 
 
 Dictionary of HcraMic^ Terni^ 
 
 usual positions in which the Hon appears in shields 
 of arms : — 
 
 Rampant. 
 
 Rampant guardant. 
 
 Rampant reguardant. 
 
 Salient. 
 
 Statant guardant. 
 
 Passant. 
 
 When the lions' heads are placed in the same posi- 
 tion as in rampant guardant and reguardant, they are 
 then said to be passant guardant and reguardant. 
 
 Sejant. 
 
 Couchant. 
 
 lOI 
 
 Dormant. 
 
]cl y\ ; Mariii'2[] of Heraldry 
 
 If two or more lions are introduced, they are 
 supposed to be lion's whelps, or in heraldic terms 
 lioncels. 
 
 Two lioncels addorsed 
 or back to back. 
 
 Lioncels combatant. 
 
 Lion rampant double- 
 headed. 
 
 A tricorporate lion 
 guardant. 
 
 There are a number of other ways of introducing 
 this charge. Many of them will be seen under the 
 proper words that describe their condition, such as 
 the word debruised, where the lion is confined by a 
 fess or other charge passing over it; demi-lion, or 
 half lion; but the examples here given will be suf- 
 ficient to explain their positions, active or passive. 
 They are introduced in arms of every metal and 
 tincture known in heraldry. 
 
 Livery Colours. Are formed from the principal metal 
 and tincture of the shield. When that tincture is 
 gules, red being the royal livery, it is used in a duller 
 tone by subjects. 
 
 I02 
 
Dictionary of Heraldic Terms 
 
 Lodged. A stag sitting on the ground with 
 its head erect, is said to be lodged. 
 
 Lozenge. A diamond-shaped figure, but not rectangular, 
 two of its angles being acute and two obtuse. The 
 arms of ladies are always displayed on a lozenge 
 instead of an escutcheon. 
 
 ^<V^ 
 
 Ex. Or, a lozenge vert. 
 
 LozENGY. Covered with lozenges. 
 
 Ex. Lozengy gules and argent. 
 
 Lucy, or Luce. A pike (fish). 
 
 Luna. The moon : it formerly signified argent in em- 
 blazoning the arms of sovereigns. 
 
 Lymphad. See Galley. 
 
 Manche. An ancient sleeve with long hangings to it. 
 
 Ex, Argent, a manche gules. 
 
 103 
 
Manual of Heraldry 
 
 Maned. When the manes of horses, unicorns, etc., are of 
 a different tincture from their bodies they are said to 
 be maned of that colour. 
 
 Mantle. A long robe or cloak of state. 
 
 Mantling, or Lambrequin. The flowing drapery forming 
 the scroll-work displayed on either side of the helmet 
 from beneath the wreath, representing the ancient 
 covering of the helmet, used to protect it from stains 
 v^ - — or rust. It is coloured from the principal tincture and 
 
 metal of the shield, and is described as gules doubled 
 argent, and so forth, in the cases of persons under the 
 rank of peers. A peer's mantling is gules doubled 
 ermine, and the sovereign's, or doubled ermine. For 
 many years in Scotland it was customary to make 
 the mantlings of all subjects gules doubled argent, 
 but under the present Lyon the ancient practice was 
 revived. When the mantling incloses the escutcheon, 
 supporters, etc., it represents the robe of honour worn 
 by the party whose shield it envelops. 
 
 Marquess. The second order of nobility in Britain, next 
 in rank to a duke. The title was first conferred in 
 England in 1386 on Robert de Vere, who was then 
 created Marquess of Dublin, and in Scotland in 1475-6 
 on James, second son of King James IIL, who was 
 created Marquess of Ormonde at his baptism. The 
 mantle of a marquess has three and a half rows of 
 ermine on the cape, and his coronet is a circle of silver 
 gilt surmounted by four gold strawberry leaves and four 
 silver balls alternately, and a cap of crimson velvet, 
 turned up ermine, and surmounted by a golden tassel, 
 See p. 75. 
 
 104 
 
Dictionary of Heraldic Terms 
 
 .Marshal. Originally a farrier, but now a title of honour. 
 See Earl Marshal. 
 
 To marshal. To place persons in due order, according to 
 their precedency, in public processions, such as corona- 
 tions, proclamations of peace or war, funerals, etc. 
 
 Marshalling Arinis. The disposing of several coats of 
 arms belonging to distinct families in the same escut- 
 cheon, together with their ornaments, parts, and 
 appurtenances. See p. 31 et seq. 
 
 Martlet. An imaginary bird said to be without legs; 
 it is used both as a charge and a difference for a 
 fourth son. 
 
 Ex. Argent, a martlet gules. 
 
 Mascle. An open lozenge-shaped figure perforated through 
 its whole extent except a narrow border. 
 
 Ex. Argent, a mascle vert. 
 
 Membered. a term used to express the legs of a bird 
 when they are of a different tincture from its body. 
 
 Mercury. The name of the planet, used by ancient 
 heralds to describe purple in blazoning the arms of 
 sovereigns. 
 
 Metal. The two metals used in heraldry are gold and 
 silver, called or and argent. It is agamst the rules of 
 heraldry to place metal upon metal or colour upon 
 105 o 
 
Manual of Heraldry 
 
 colour, unless for special reasons. Therefore, if the 
 field be of any colour, the bearing must be of one 
 of the metals ; and, on the contrary, if the field be of 
 one of the metals, the bearing must be of some colour. 
 A well-known exception to this rule is found in the 
 arms of Jerusalem — argent, a cross potent between 
 four crosslets or. 
 
 MiLLRiND. The iron plate placed on the top of a grind- 
 stone to protect the hole in the centre from the action 
 of the axis; it is a charge frequently borne on 
 escutcheons of persons connected with 
 agriculture. 
 
 Ex. Argent, a millrind gules. 
 
 Mitre. A sacerdotal ornament for the head, worn 
 by archbishops and bishops on solemn occasions. 
 Certain English abbots formerly wore 
 mitres, and they are frequently found 
 as charges in the arms of abbeys and 
 monasteries. The annexed is a repre- 
 sentation of the mitre of the archbishops 
 and bishops of the Church of England, 
 borne as a mark of distinction over the arms of the 
 see, or over their paternal achievements, when impaled 
 with the arms of their see. 
 
 The Bishops of Durham were formerly 
 princes of the Palatinate of Durham, and 
 wore a ducal coronet surmounted by a 
 mitre. They still retain the coronet and 
 mitre as an heraldic distinction, borne 
 over the arms of the bishopric. 
 io6 
 
Dictionary of Heraldic Terms 
 
 MoND. A globe encircled with a band and 
 surmounted with a cross pattee; it is an 
 ensign of royalty, signifying dominion. 
 
 jMorion. a steel cap or helmet formerly worn by foot 
 soldiers below the rank of gentlemen. 
 
 &^ 
 
 Motto. A word or short sentence inserted in a scroll, 
 which is generally placed beneath the escutcheon in 
 England; but in Scotland, unless in the case of a 
 second motto, it is placed above the crest. The 
 motto frequently alludes to the name of the bearer 
 of the arms, as the motto of Lord Fortescue — • 
 FORTE SCUTUM SALUS DUCUM, A strong shield is 
 the safety of commanders. Sometimes the motto 
 is the watchword or war-cry in the battle where the 
 original bearer won the honours that are retained by 
 his descendants. Mottoes are not granted by the 
 Heralds' College, but in Scotland they are always 
 part of the achievement registered. 
 
 Mount. A mound placed on the base of the shield out 
 of which a charge may issue. 
 
 Mullet. From the French word molette^ the rowel of 
 a spur : it is a star with five points, as in the annexed 
 example; when more points are used the number is 
 stated. It is sometimes pierced, when 
 it is described as a spur revel. 
 
 Ex. Azure, a mullet or. 
 
 MuRAiLE, A French term for walled. 
 
 107 
 
Manual of Heraldr 
 
 y 
 
 Murrey. A word used by ancient armorists instead of 
 sanguine. 
 
 Naiant. a French term for swimming. This term is 
 used in heraldry when a fish is drawn in an hori- 
 zontal position. 
 
 Ex. Argent, a salmon proper, naiant, 
 its head towards the sinister side of 
 the shield. 
 
 Naissant. a French word signifying coming out. It is 
 used when a lion or any other animal appears to be 
 rising out of the centre of an ordinary. 
 
 Ex. Or, from the midst of a fess gules, 
 a lion rampant naissant. 
 
 -m\ 
 
 Nebulk, or Nebuly. A French word, 
 
 signifying cloudy, represented by O O O f/ D D 
 a curved line, thus — 
 
 Nimbus. The halo placed round the head of a saint. 
 
 Nobility. Under this denomination are comprehended 
 in Britain — dukes, marquesses, earls, viscounts, and 
 barons only. Archbishops and bishops are included 
 in the rank of clergy. Nobility on the Continent 
 means that a person is a gentleman of coat armour. 
 
 NoMBRiL Point. That part of the shield below the fess 
 point. See p. 17, letter F. 
 
 Norroy. The name of one of the kings of arm*. 
 See p. II. 
 
 108 
 
Dictionary of Heraldic Terms 
 
 NowF.D. This word signifies tied or knotted, and is ap- 
 plied to serpents, wiverns, or any animals whose tails 
 are twisted and enfolded like a knot. 
 
 Ex. Argent, a serpent nowed proper. 
 
 Ogresses. Black roundels. 
 
 Opinicus. a fabulous animal resembling a dragon in the 
 fore part and wings, with a beaked head and ears, the 
 hind part and four legs being similar to a lion, but 
 with a short tail. 
 
 Or. The French word for gold. This tincture is denoted 
 in engraving by small points. See p. 1 7. 
 
 Ex. 
 
 Or, a bend gules. 
 
 ^->j 
 
 Oranges. Roundels tinctured tenne. 
 
 Orb. See Mond. 
 
 Orders of Knighthood. See Knight. 
 
 Ordinary. A term used to denote the simple forms 
 which were first used as heraldic distinctions, and 
 therefore called honourable ordinaries. They are 
 the chief, pale, bend, fess, chevron, cross, and 
 saltire. There are fourteen subordinate ordinaries, 
 viz. : — Canton or Quarter, Inescutcheon, Orle, 
 Tressure, Bordure, Flanche, Lozenge, Mascle, Rustre, 
 Fusil, Billet, Gyron, Fret, Roundel. The form, size, 
 and place that the honourable and subordinate ordi- 
 109 
 
Manual of Heraldry 
 
 naries occupy in an achievement are all described in 
 this Dictionary under their different names. 
 
 Orle. Is a perforated inescutcheon composed of double 
 lines going round the shield at some dis- 
 tance from its edge; it is half the width 
 of the bordure. 
 
 Ex. Argent, an orle azure. 
 
 Over All, or Surtout. This expression describes a 
 figure borne over another and obscuring part of it. 
 
 Ex. Quarterly or and gules, over all a 
 bend vair. 
 
 Pale. One of the honourable ordinaries formed by two 
 perpendicular lines drawn from the base to the chief. 
 The pale occupies one-third of the shield. 
 
 Ex. Azure, a pale or. 
 
 Pall. A scarf in the shape of the letter Y, forming part 
 of the vesture of a Roman Catholic prelate. It is 
 introduced as the principal bearing of the Archbishops 
 of Canterbury, Armagh, and Dublin. 
 
 Ex. Azure, on a pall argent, four 
 crosses fitchy sable, in chief a cross 
 pattee of the second. 
 
 no 
 
Dictionary of Heraldic Terms 
 
 Pallet. A diminutive of the pale, which 
 is one-half of its width. 
 
 Paly. A field divided by perpendicular lines into several 
 equal parts of metal and tincture interchangeably dis- 
 posed. 
 
 Ex. Paly of four, argent and gules. 
 
 Panache. A plume of feathers set upright and borne as a 
 crest. 
 
 Papingoes. Parrots or popinjays. 
 
 Party, or Parted. Signifies divided, and applies to the 
 several parts of an escutcheon parted by a line, which 
 always runs in the direction of one or more of the 
 honourable ordinaries, as may be seen in the follow- 
 ing examples : — 
 
 Parted per Pale and per Bend Sinister. 
 Counter-changed, or and gules. 
 
 Parted per Pale and per Chevron. 
 Gules and or, counter-changed. 
 
 Ill 
 
Manual of Heraldry 
 
 Parted per Fess. A shield parted in the centre by an 
 horizontal line through the fess point. V 
 
 Ex. Parted per fess, engrailed, argent 
 and gules. 
 
 Parted per Pale. This signifies a shield parted by a 
 perpendicular line down the centre, so that 
 one shield may contain two coats of arms. 
 
 Ex. Parted per pale, gules and argent. 
 
 Paschal Lamb, or Holy Lamb. The badge of the 
 Knight Templars. 
 
 Ex. Argent, a lamb passant, carrying 
 
 a banner charged with a cross. 
 
 In Scotland the banner is that of 
 
 the country. 
 
 Passant. Passing or walking. See Lion passant and 
 Passant guardant. 
 
 Patonce. See Cross. 
 
 Pattee. a cross small in the centre, wide at the ends. 
 
 See Cross. 
 Patrl\rchal Cross. Cross used by patriarchs in the 
 
 Greek Church. See Cross. 
 Peacock. A peacock with his tail expanded is said to 
 
 be in his pride. 
 Pean. The name of a fur, the field sable, the tufts or. See 
 
 p. 2 0. 
 
 Pearl. A precious stone, used by ancient heralds for 
 argent in emblazoning the arms of peers. 
 
 112 
 
Dictionary of Heraldic Terms 
 
 Peer. Name given to all persons included in the rank of 
 nobility. 
 
 Pegasus. A winged horse. 
 
 Pellets, or Ogresses. Black roundels. 
 
 Pendant. A shield suspended or hanging from a branch 
 of a tree, or from a nail. Shields of arms frequently 
 appear drawn thus in architecture, and when described 
 are said to be pendant. 
 
 Pennons. Small flags borne at the end 
 of a lance of an esquire or gentleman, 
 bearing his paternal arms. The end 
 of the pennon was cut off upon the 
 person being created a knight ban- 
 neret. See Banneret. Penoncels 
 or Pencils were small flags decorat- 
 ing the helmet or the horse armour. 
 They are now only used at funerals. 
 The large flag in the engraving is a 
 pennon ; the smaller, penoncels or 
 pencils. 
 
 Pheon. .V missile instrument with a barbed head, thrown 
 from a crossbow. The head of a dart barbed and 
 engrailed. 
 
 Ex. Argent, a pheon proper. 
 
 1 1 
 
Manual of Heraldry 
 
 Pierced, or Perforated. Cut through the centre. 
 
 Ex. Argent, a mullet pierced, sable, 
 on a chief azure, three mullets 
 pierced, of the first. 
 
 Piety. A pelican is said to be "in her piety" when 
 seated on her nest and vulning her breast to feed her 
 young. 
 
 Pile. An angular figure like a wedge, formed by lines 
 running from the dexter and sinister chief 
 to the middle base. It may also issue 
 from the base or side. 
 
 Ex. Argent, a pile purpure. 
 
 In Pile. Arms or other charges that are placed so as to 
 form the shape of a pile are said to be 
 borne in pile. 
 
 Ex. Argent, three swords in pile, 
 points downwards. 
 
 Plate. One of the six roundels ; its colour is argent, but 
 the tincture is not mentioned, as the plate is always 
 silver. 
 
 Plenitude. The moon "in her plenitude" means a 
 full moon. 
 
 PoMEis. (ireen roundels. 
 
 Pommelled. The pommel of the sword is the 
 round ball or knob at the end of the hilt. 
 
 114 
 
Dictionary of Heraldic Terms 
 
 Portcullis. A grating suspended by 
 chains, used to defend the entrance 
 to a castle. It was the badge of the 
 houses of Tudor and Beaufort. 
 
 Potent. The ancient name of a crutch : when the field 
 is covered with figures like small crutches it is called 
 potent ; when the heads of the crutches touch each 
 other it is called counter-potent. See 
 p. 20, and also Cross. L f^\fi 
 
 Ex. Argent and azure, potent and 
 counter-potent. 
 
 ?5^ 
 
 
 Powdered. See Semee. 
 
 Prinxe. The title of Prince of Wales is usually conferred 
 by special creation upon the eldest son of the British 
 monarch. It is not a hereditary title. All other sons, 
 grandsons, brothers, uncles and nephews, are called 
 princes of the blood royal. 
 
 Princess. Daughter of a sovereign. In Britain the eldest 
 daughter of the monarch is called the Princess Royal ; 
 the others by their Christian names. 
 
 Proclamation. A publication by the authority of the 
 King. Proclamations of a new sovereign, of peace or 
 war, or other matters of importance, are usually read 
 by one of the heralds at the Mansion House and other 
 places in the City of London, and at the Mercat Cross 
 of Edinburgh; but in Scotland those of a new sovereign 
 are also made at the Gate of Edinburgh Castle, Holy- 
 rood Palace, and the Pier and Shore of Leith. 
 
 Proper. This word is used to denote that charges in an 
 escutcheon appear in their natural colour. 
 "5 
 
Manual of Heraldry 
 
 PuRPURE. The colour of purple, described in 
 engraving by lines drawn diagonally from 
 the sinister to the dexter side of the shield. 
 
 J 
 
 M 4- 
 
 Pursuivants. See p. \i et seq. 
 
 Quadrate. Square, See Cross Quadrate. 
 
 Quartered. A shield divided into four equal parts by 
 a cross is said to be quartered. The quarter occu- 
 pying the dexter chief is marked i, or the 
 first quarter; that occupying the sinister 
 chief, 2 ; the dexter base, 3 ; the sinister 
 base, 4; as in the annexed example. 
 When a primary quarter is itself quartered, 
 it is said to be counter-quartered, and is 
 then called a grand quarter. Arms are quartered to 
 indicate descent from an heiress, for dominion, or as 
 an augmentation or special concession. See p. 22. 
 
 Quartered, or parted per Saltire. A 
 field divided by diagonal lines crossing 
 each other in the centre of the field. 
 
 Quarterings. An escutcheon divided into any number 
 of squares is said to contain as many quarterings; 
 they may be as numerous as the arms required. 
 When a shield has a great many coats as quarterings, 
 the same bearings should not be repeated, if possible. 
 
 Quarter foil. A four-leaved flower. 
 
 116 
 
Dictionary of Heraldic Terms 
 
 Quarterly. This term is used to signify that the shield is 
 quartered. In describing the royal arms of the United 
 Kingdom we should say : Quarterly, first and fourth gules, 
 three lions passant guardant, or. Second, or, a lion ram- 
 pant gules, with a double tressure of the same, flory and 
 counter-flory. Third, azure, a harp or, stringed, argent. 
 
 Quarter-pierced. See Cross Quarter-pierced. 
 
 Radiant, or Rayonee. Any charge having 
 rays or beams about it. 
 
 Ex. Argent, a fess sable, radiant. 
 
 
 Raguly. Any bearing that is ragged, like the trunk or 
 limbs of a tree lopped of its branches, is said to be 
 raguly. See Cross. 
 
 Rampant. Any animal erect, having one hind paw on the 
 ground, the other three paws and tail elevated, head 
 looking to the dexter, is said to be rampant. See 
 Lion rampant. 
 
 Ray. a stream of light proceeding from a luminous body. 
 
 Ex. Azure, a ray of the sun issuing "V^i^H 
 
 out of the dexter corner of the ^K% 
 
 escutcheon. The lines on each ^^^^ 
 
 side are not noticed. ^ - = 
 
 Reflexed. Curved and carried backwards. 
 Reguardant. An animal looking towards the sinister side 
 
 of the shield. See Lion reguardant. 
 Rest. The figure inserted in the illustration of the word 
 
 " clarion " is by some writers on heraldry thought to 
 
 represent a rest for a lance, and they give the charge 
 
 that name. See Clarion. 
 117 
 
Manual of Heraldry 
 
 Riband. A diminutive of the bend, being one-third less 
 than the garter or bendlet, and never more than 
 one-sixth of the field. 
 
 Ex. Gules, a riband or. 
 
 Rising. Applied to a bird about to fly. 
 
 Roundels. Small round figures, all named from different 
 metals and tinctures. See titles, Bezant, Fountain, 
 GoLPS, GuzES, Hurts, Orange, Pellet, Plate, 
 PoMEis, and Torteaux. 
 
 RuBv. A precious stone, formerly used instead of gules. 
 
 Rustre. a lozenge pierced with a circular opening. 
 
 Sable. The term used in heraldry for black. 
 
 Salient. An animal springing forward. See Lion 
 
 SALIENT. 
 
 Saltire. One of the honourable ordinaries, by Scottish 
 heralds called St Andrew's Cross, being a representa- 
 tion of the cross of his martyrdom. It is formed of 
 two bands crossed diagonally in the form of the 
 letter X. If uncharged it occupies one-fifth of the 
 shield, if charged one-third. 
 
 Ex. Argent, a saltire gules. 
 
 Sanglier. a wild boar. 
 
 Sanguine. One of the heraldic tinctures. It is a dark 
 red or blood colour. By some armorists it is called 
 ii8 
 
Dictionary of Heraldic Terms 
 
 murrey. The latter word is considered obsolete. See 
 p. 19. 
 
 Sapphire. The name of a precious stone, formerly used 
 to express azure. 
 
 Sardonyx. A precious stone, formerly used to denote 
 sanguine in emblazoning the arms of the English 
 nobility. 
 
 Saturn. The name of a planet, used to denote sable in 
 emblazoning the royal arms by ancient armorists. 
 
 Sceptre. A royal staff; an ensign of sovereignty borne 
 in the hand. It was originally a javelin without a 
 head. Sceptres of the present time are splendidly 
 decorated with jewellery. The sceptre with the dove 
 is of gold, three feet seven inches long ; the cir- 
 cumference of the handle is three inches, and two 
 inches and a quarter at the end of the staff; the 
 pomel is decorated with a fillet of table diamonds 
 and ether precious stones; in the centre is an orna- 
 ment of enamel and gems, and gold open work with 
 gems and diamonds ; the mond at the top is enriched 
 with a band of rose diamonds ; upon the mond is a 
 small cross of Calvary, over which is a dove of white 
 enamel with its wings expanded, as the emblem of 
 mercy, the eye, beak and feet of gold. 
 
 The royal sceptre ivith the cross is of gold; it is 
 in length two feet nine inches, the fleur-de-lis of six 
 leaves; the mond and the cross pattee above it are 
 richly embellished with amethysts and diamonds. 
 The upper part is wreathed; collars of gems and 
 enamels enclose a smooth portion as a handle ; and 
 the foot is formed of rich sprays of gold and enamels 
 jewelled with coloured stones and diamonds. 
 119 
 
Manual of Heraldry 
 
 Scrape. A diminutive of the bend sinister, being half 
 its size. It is seldom used in heraldry. 
 
 Ex. Argent, a scrape gules. 
 
 Scroll. The riband above or below the escutcheon, on 
 which the motto is inscribed. 
 
 Seeded. When the seed of a rose or any other flower is 
 of a different tint from the petal, it is called seeded. 
 
 Segreant. This term is used to describe a griffin or 
 wyvern displaying its wings as if about to fly. 
 
 Ex. A griffin rampant, segreant, 
 uules. 
 
 Seize-Quartiers are the arms of the sixteen great-great- 
 grandparents of an individual. 
 
 Sejant. French word for sitting. See Lion sejant. 
 
 Sejant guardant. Sitting, but with head full faced, 
 or affrontee. 
 
 Semee. a French word for strewed. A lield powdered or 
 strewed with any object is said to be semee ; thus a 
 shield may be semee of fleur-de-lis, semee of hearts, etc. 
 
 Set Foil, or Six Foil. Six leaves conjoined 
 in the centre. 
 
 Shake Fork. A charge resembling the letter Y. 
 
 I20 
 
Dictionary of Heraldic Terms 
 
 Sinister. A term used in heraldry to signify the left side 
 of any object; that is, the side on the right of the 
 spectator. Thus a bend proceeding from the top of 
 the left side of the shield is called a bend sinister. 
 
 SiNOPLE. See Vert. 
 
 Slipped. Torn from the stock or branch. 
 
 ILx. Azure, three laurel leaves slipped. 
 
 Sol. a planet, formerly used to denote or in emblazoning 
 royal arms. It is the Latin name for the sun. 
 
 Sol, or the Sun in its Splendour. The sun is said to be 
 in its splendour when it is figured (that is, delineated 
 with a human fr.ce) and surrounded with rays. Some- 
 times this figure is called a sun in its glory. 
 
 JZx. Azure, the sun in its splendour. 
 
 Square-pierced. Pierced with a small square orifice. 
 
 Standard. A large narrow flag, bearing the whole of the 
 achievements of the monarch or nobleman. Those 
 of the English had the flag of that country, the red 
 St George's Cross on a white ground, next the hoist, 
 and those of the Scots the white saltire of St Andrew 
 on a blue ground, beyond which was emblazoned the 
 badges and motto of the owner. The royal standard, 
 when placed before the pavilion of the monarch, either 
 at a tourney or in an encampment, was eleven yards 
 long and three yards broad. 
 
 121 Q 
 
Manual of Heraldry 
 
 The length of the standard, when borne in the field, 
 denoted the rank of the leader. That of a duke was 
 seven yards long; a peer of lower degree raised a 
 standard five yards in length; that of a knight 
 banneret was only four. In modern times standards 
 of peers or knights banneret are seldom displayed but 
 in funeral processions. The standard is then long 
 and narrow, and pointed at the end ; that of a duke 
 is about fifteen feet in length ; peers of lower degree 
 about twelve. 
 
 The flag borne as the ensign of a regiment of cavalry 
 is called a standard. The flags of foot soldiers are 
 called colours, and are usually two in number, one 
 being called the king's and the other the regimental. 
 
 Star. This celestial figure is always represented as argent, 
 and has six rays or points ; if it has more points the 
 number must be named. See Estoile. 
 
 Statant. An animal standing still, with all its legs on the 
 ground. See Lion statant. 
 
 Sub-ordinary. See Ordinary. 
 
 Supporters are figures placed on each side of the shield 
 as if to support it. Supporters in English heraldry 
 are granted only to persons included in the rank of 
 • nobility, or to knights grand cross of various orders 
 under the statutes of the same. They are usually 
 two in number, but single supporters occur occa- 
 sionally. In England supporters are granted under 
 royal warrant, but in Scotland Lyon has power to 
 confer them on certain classes of persons who by 
 custom have been held to be entitled to such. They 
 are peers, the representatives of the minor barons who 
 sat in parliament before 1587, chiefs of clans, gentle- 
 122 
 
Dictionary of Heraldic Terms 
 
 men who can prove the immemorial usage from a 
 period long anterior to the passing of the Act of Parlia- 
 ment, 1672, and persons on whom the sovereign has 
 conferred the right by royal warrant. Baronets, as 
 such, are not entitled to supporters. 
 
 Surmounted. When a figure or bearing has another placed 
 over it, it is said to be surmounted. 
 
 Ex. Gules, a sword erect in pale, 
 argent, surmounted by two keys 
 in saltire, or. 
 
 SuRTOUT. The French word for " over all." See Escut- 
 cheon OF Pretence and Over All. 
 
 Tabard. The official dress of officers of arms. Seep. 13. 
 
 Talbot. A dog formerly used for hunting. It is formed 
 something between a hound and a beagle. 
 
 Ex, Argent, a talbot's head erased, 
 semee of billets. 
 
 Tenn£, or Tawnev. One of the tinctures used in gem- 
 blazoning arms. It signifies orange colour, and is 
 represented in engraving by lines drawn diagonally 
 from the sinister to the dexter side of the shield, 
 traversed by perpendicular lines from the base to the 
 chief. See p. i8. 
 
 Thunderbolt is depicted by a twisted bar, inflamed at 
 the ends, with wings, and having four forked and 
 barbed darts in saltire issuing from its centre. 
 
Manual of Heraldry 
 
 Tiara. The pope's mitre, with its triple 
 crowns. 
 
 TiERCED. Is when the field of the shield is divided into 
 three equal portions. 
 
 Tincture. A term used in heraldry to express colour. 
 See p. 17. 
 
 Topaz. The name of a precious stone, formerly used 
 instead of or in emblazoning the arms of the English 
 nobility. 
 
 Torse. The crest wreath. 
 
 ToRTEAUX. Red roundels. 
 
 Ex. Argent, three torteaux in bend 
 sinister. 
 
 ToRTiLLY. A description applied to an ordinary when 
 wreathed. 
 
 Tournaments were combats of honour, in which knights 
 entered the lists to gain reputation in feats of 
 arms. The name is derived from totirfier, to turn, 
 from the horsemen turning frequently as they rode 
 round the enclosure, and during the course of the 
 engagement. The design of tournaments was to train 
 the nobility to the use of arms ; none, therefore, were 
 admitted to these sports but persons of noble birth, 
 who could prove their descent, at least, by three 
 generations. They were also required to be men of 
 unspotted honour and integrity. 
 124 
 
Dictionary of Heraldic Terms 
 
 I'he knights generally made their appearance four 
 days before the combat. They endeavoured to excel 
 each other in the splendour of their equipage and 
 dress, and in the excellence and beauty of their horses, 
 which were adorned with the most costly caparisons. 
 
 Their arms were lances of light wood, without iron 
 at the top; swords without edge or point; in some 
 instances wooden swords were used. The knights 
 were formed into two parties, and entered the lists 
 by different barriers, riding round the lists several 
 times to pay their respects to their sovereign and the 
 ladies. At length the quadrils, or troop, took their 
 stations, and when the charge was sounded, the 
 knights rushed against each other with the utmost 
 impetuosity. The clashing of swords, the sounding 
 shields, the war-cry of the knights, who shouted the 
 name of their ladye-love in the midst of the mimic 
 strife, greatly excited the spectators, who, in return, 
 cheered and encouraged the combatants. When the 
 knights were brave and determined, the contest lasted 
 some hours ; the vanquished, that is, those who were 
 thrown from their horses, withdrew from the lists as 
 quietly as possible, leaving the field to their successful 
 opponents. The victory was decided by the number 
 of knights unhorsed. The prizes to the victors were 
 adjudged and delivered by the queen and the ladies. 
 
 Sometimes this entertainment was followed by 
 jousts. Two cavaliers, out of gallantry, would break 
 a lance in honour of the ladies. These were followed 
 by others until the lists were again cleared for the 
 tournament. The difference between tournaments 
 and jousts was, that the former were in the nature 
 of battles, the latter of duels. 
 125 
 
Manual of Heraldry 
 
 When the sports were over, the heralds and pur- 
 suivants declared the names and titles of the knights, 
 and proclaimed the heraldic ornaments which the 
 emperor, king, or prince that presided at the tourna- 
 ment granted to those whom he pleased to reward or 
 favour. 
 
 Notwithstanding all the precautions to prevent the 
 mischief that might happen at these martial exercises 
 few were exhibited in which a great number were not 
 wounded, some killed in the melce^ others crushed by 
 the falling of the scaffolds, or trod to death by the 
 horses. Kings, princes, and gallant knights from 
 every part of Europe have perished at different times 
 while attending or taking part in those mimic battles. 
 Successive popes thundered out their anathemas 
 against all that encouraged this warlike and dangerous 
 amusement. Those who perished in these sanguinary 
 entertainments were denied the honour of Christian 
 burial; and yet, so strong was the passion of the 
 nobility of Europe for these martial sports, that no 
 bulls, decretals, or anathemas of the Church were able 
 to restrain them. The use of gunpowder, and the 
 consequent inutility of armour to defend the person in 
 battle, gradually put an end to these animating shows. 
 The tragical death of Henry II. of France, in 1559, 
 who was accidentally killed in a tournament, caused 
 laws to be passed prohibiting their being held in that 
 kingdom. They were continued in England till the 
 beginning of the seventeenth century. 
 
 An attempt was made to revive these martial 
 
 exhibitions in Scotland by Lord Eglintoun, who 
 
 proclaimed a tournament to be held at Eglintoun 
 
 Castle on the 28th and 29th of August 1839. The 
 
 126 
 
Dictionary of Heraldic Terms 
 
 lists were duly prepared, a covered pavilion was erected 
 for the accommodation of the ladies, which would 
 contain 3000 persons. In front of this pavilion was the 
 throne of the Queen of Beauty (Lady Seymour) and her 
 attendants. Around the lists, at convenient distances, 
 were arranged the tents or pavilions of the knights, 
 over which floated the gonfalon, or great banner, 
 emblazoned with the arms and motto of the knight to 
 whom the tent was appropriated. The knights vied 
 with each other in the decoration of their pavilions; 
 all was in accordance with ancient customs. The 
 procession of the king of the tournament, the Queen 
 of Beauty, with the judges, heralds, pursuivants, hal- 
 berdiers, musicians, men-at-arms, as also the splendid 
 retinues of the noble challenger and the gallant knights, 
 presented a scene unparalleled for magnificence and 
 heraldic emblazonment since the days of Edward IV. 
 Unfortunately, the continued rain cast a gloom over 
 this animated spectacle, which nevertheless excited 
 the highest admiration of all who beheld it. 
 
 Transposed. Charges or 
 their usual situation. 
 
 bearings 
 
 placed contrary to 
 
 Ex. Argent, a pile azure, issuing from 
 the chief between two others, trans- 
 posed. 
 
 Trefoil. Three-leaved grass : the shamrock 
 of Ireland. 
 
 ^.v. Argent, three 
 over two. 
 
 trefoils gules, one 
 
 127 
 
Tres- 
 
 Manual of Heraldry 
 
 Tressure. An ordinary not so broad as an orle. 
 sures are frequently borne double, and 
 sometimes treble, and are occasionally 
 ornamented with fleurs-de-lis. The 
 example contains only a single tressure. 
 The arms of the King of Scotland 
 exhibit an example of a double tressure 
 flory and counter-flory. See Double Tressure 
 
 Trick is used to describe arms which instead of being 
 emblazoned in the ordinary way are merely sketched 
 in, and the colours indicated by abbreviations or signs. 
 
 Tricorporated. Three lions rampant, conjoined under 
 one head, guardant, in the fess point. See Lions. 
 
 Tripping. The motion of deer, between running and 
 walking. 
 
 Ex. Argent, a stag proper, tripping. 
 
 Trussed. 
 
 With closed wings. 
 
 TuRBAND. In coats of arms, where the 
 knight was a Crusader, this figure often 
 appears. It was the form of the sultan's 
 turban at that period. 
 
 TuRRETEi). A wall or castle having small 
 turrets. In the annexed example the 
 square tower has circular turrets at the 
 angles, and is therefore said to be turretcd. 
 
 128 
 
 I 
 
 i 
 
Dictionary of Heraldic Terms 
 
 Tusked. Any animal having tusks of a different tincture 
 from its body is said to be tusked of that colour. 
 
 Ex. Argent, a boar's head, erased 
 proper, tusked gules. 
 
 Tynes. The branches of a stag's antlers. 
 Undy. a term used to express the word wavy. 
 
 Ex. Argent, a bend undy, gules. 
 
 Unguled. When hoofs, nails, claws, or talons are of a 
 different tincture from the principal charge. 
 
 Urchin. A hedgehog. 
 
 Urdy, or Champaine. See p. 22. 
 
 Vair. a kind of fur formerly used for Uning 
 the garments of knights. It is represented 
 in engraving by the figures of small bells 
 ranged in lines, as in the annexed example. 
 Unless the colour of the fur is named, vair 
 is always argent and azure. 
 
 Vambraced. Clad in armour. Applied to the arms of 
 the human body. 
 
 Ex. Argent, three dexter arms, vam- 
 braced, couped. 
 
 129 
 
Manual of Heraldry 
 
 Vamplate. The circular plate of steel fixed on a tilting 
 lance to protect the hand. 
 
 Venus. The name of the planet, used for the colour 
 vert by ancient heralds, who emblazoned the arms 
 of sovereigns by planets instead of metals and 
 colours. 
 
 Verdee, or Verdoy. Semee of leaves or plants. 
 
 Ex. Vert, a bordure argent, verdoy of 
 trefoils. 
 
 Vert. Green. It is represented in engraving 
 by diagonal lines drawn from the dexter 
 to the sinister side of the shield. See 
 p. 1 8. 
 
 Viscount. A title of honour, a degree below an earl, 
 derived from the title vice-comes or sheriff of a county. 
 It was first conferred in England in 1440, when Henry 
 VI. created John, Lord Beaumont, to be Viscount 
 Beaumont. The senior viscountcy in Scotland is that 
 of Falkland, created loth November 1620. 
 
 Voided. A term applied when any part of an ordinary is 
 left open to the field. 
 
 Ex. Gules, a bend sinister, voided, 
 argent. 
 
Dictionary of Heraldic Terms 
 
 Voider. A subordinate ordinary occupying nearly the 
 whole of the field. 
 
 ^.v. Azure, a voider argent. 
 
 Volant. The French word for flying. It is 
 used in heraldry to express the same 
 action. 
 
 VoRANT. Swallowing or devouring : any animal, in a 
 charge, devouring another creature. 
 
 Ex. Argent, a serpent crowned or, 
 vorant an infant. 
 
 VuLNED. Wounded; used in emblazonry to denote an 
 animal wounded. 
 
 VuLNiNG. Any creature in the act of 
 wounding itself. 
 
 Ex. Argent, a pelican's head and neck, 
 erased, vulning. 
 
 Walled. A term sometimes used in heraldry, when an 
 ordinary is edged or guarded by an em 
 battled wall. 
 
 Ex, Azure, on a pale, walled on each 
 side with three battlements argent, an 
 endorse gules. 
 
 131 
 
Manual of Heraldry 
 
 Wattled. Having a comb and gills like a cock. 
 
 Wayy, or Undy. Curved lines, undulating like the waves 
 of the sea. 
 
 Ex. Argent, the lower half of the shield 
 three bars wavy, azure. 
 
 Winged. When the wings of a bird, or those of chimerical 
 figures which are drawn with wings, are of a different 
 tincture to their bodies, they are said to be winged. 
 Thus, in the arms of the state of Venice, there is a 
 lion sejant guardant, winged or. 
 
 Wings disclosed. When the wings are open, but pointing 
 downwards. 
 
 Wings erect. Wings are called erect when 
 their long feathers point upwards. 
 
 Wings inverted. When the feathers point 
 downwards. 
 
 
 Wivern. a chimerical animal, the upper part resembling 
 a dragon, and resting on a tail nowed. 
 
 Ex, Argent, a wivern, wings raised. 
 
 132 
 
Dictionary of Heraldic Terms 
 
 Wreath. A chaplet of two different-coloured silks 
 wound round each other, and placed on the top of 
 the helmet, to which and to the 
 crest it was secured by laces. In 
 depicting a wreath below a crest 
 it should be shown as slightly 
 curved. It is formed of the livery colours, which are 
 the principal metal and tincture of the shield. 
 
 133 
 
CHAPTER VIII 
 
 THE ROYAL ARMS. UNION JACK. HERALDRY IN CON- 
 NECTION WITH HISTORY, ARCHITECTURE, INTERIOR 
 DECORATION, COSTUME, ETC. 
 
 Heraldry may be considered as the symbolic history of 
 the royal, noble, and private families of Britain, from the 
 Conquest to the reign of Elizabeth ; but it would require 
 a volume of far greater pretensions than this to enter fully 
 upon the heraldic history of even the peerage; which 
 assertion may be borne out by merely glancing at the 
 shields containing the arms of the British monarchs during 
 that period. 
 
 It was not until the reign of Richard I., about the year 
 1 189, that the shield bearing gules, three lions passant 
 guardant or, became the cognizance of the English sove- 
 reigns. Arms have been attributed to Edward the Con- 
 fessor (azure, a cross moline cantoned with five martlets 
 or), and to the first four Norman kings (gules, two lions 
 passant guardant or) ; but there is no authority for these> 
 Edward III., in consequence of his pretensions to be 
 King of France, quartered first and fourth the lilies of 
 France in 1340, and Henry IV. in 1405 changed the 
 field from semee of lilies to azure, three fleurs-de-lis or. 
 This coat remained unaltered till the Union of the Crowns 
 in 1603, when quarters were added for Scotland and 
 Ireland. In England the arms were marshalled ist and 
 
 134 
 
The Royal Arms 
 
 4th France and England quarterly, 2nd Scotland, 3rd 
 Ireland, till the union of the parliaments in 1707. William 
 III., however, bore the arms of Nassau on a shield of 
 pretence. By the Treaty of Union with Scotland the royal 
 arms were to be such as Her Majesty Queen Anne should 
 by order in council approve of. By an order of 17th 
 
 The Royal Arms. 
 
 April 1707 these arms were appointed to be as follows: — 
 Quarterly ist and 4th England and Scotland per pale, 2nd 
 France, 3rd Ireland. On the succession of the House of 
 Hanover in 17 14 the arms of Hanover were placed in the 
 fourth quarter. The arms were again altered at the union 
 with Ireland by proclamation, dated 1st January 1801, to 
 quarterly 1st and 4th England, 2nd Scotland, 3rd Ireland, 
 
 135 
 
Manual of Heraldry 
 
 over all in a shield of pretence Hanover, ensigned with 
 an electoral bonnet, changed in 1816 to a crown. On the 
 accession of Queen Victoria, the Kingdom of Hanover 
 having passed to the Duke of Cumberland, the arms of 
 that kingdom were deleted from the royal arms, and the 
 present form came into use. 
 
 Supporters were not introduced in English heraldry 
 previous to the reign of Richard II. The shield of this 
 monarch is supported on each side by an angel habited, 
 and beneath the shield by a white hart couchant, gorged 
 and chained or, beneath a tree. The shield of Henry IV., 
 the founder of the Lancastrian dynasty, was supported on 
 the dexter side by a swan, on the sinister side by an 
 antelope, both gorged and crined or. The shield of 
 Henry V. was supported on the dexter side by a lion 
 rampant guardant, crowned or; on the sinister side by 
 an antelope, gorged and chained. Henry VI. had two 
 antelopes as supporters to his achievement. The shield of 
 the gallant Yorkist, Edward IV., is supported on the dexter 
 side by a lion rampant argent, the tail passed between his 
 legs, and turned over his back ; on the sinister by a white 
 hart, and in some instances by a bull. The supporters of 
 the shield of Richard III. were two boars rampant argent, 
 tusked and bristled or. Henry VIL, as a descendant of 
 the Welsh prince, Cadwalladar, assumed the red dragon as 
 the supporter of the dexter side of his shield ; the sinister 
 being supported by a greyhound argent, collared gules. 
 The shield of Henry VIII. was supported on the dexter 
 side by a lion guardant, crowned or; on the sinister by 
 a dragon gules. Edward VI. had the same supporters. 
 Mary, on her marriage with Philip of Spain, impaled the 
 arms of Spain and England as baron and femme ; the 
 dexter side of the shield was supported by the imperial 
 
 136 
 
Heraldry in History, etc. 
 
 eagle, the sinister by a lion rampant, crowned or. Under 
 Queen Elizabeth the crowned lion rampant of England 
 resumed his place as the supporter of the dexter side of 
 
 The Royal Arms, as officially used in Scotland. 
 
 the shield, and the red dragon on the sinister. On the 
 union of England with Scotland, the supporters of the 
 royal arms in England were, on the dexter side a lion 
 
 137 s 
 
Manual of Heraldry 
 
 guardant, crowned or; on the sinister, a unicorn argent 
 maned and unguled or, gorged and chained of the same. 
 The supporters of the royal arms have continued the same 
 to the present time. 
 
 In Scotland these various arrangements of the royal arms 
 since the Union of the Crowns have not been acquiesced 
 in. Within that realm the arms, crest and supporter of the 
 Scottish king have always borne precedence over those of 
 the English, and this has been officially recognised by 
 various orders by the sovereign in council approving of 
 this form for use on the Great Seal and other official seals 
 used in that country. It has further been enjoined by a 
 recent order by the Secretary for Scotland for use by all 
 government departments, and a special design for this 
 purpose was prepared under the direction of Lyon King of 
 Arms. The earliest use of arms by a Scottish monarch is 
 found on the Great Seal of King Alexander attached to a 
 charter, dated 1222, upon which appears a lion rampant 
 within the double tressure flory counter-flory. In 147 1 
 the Scottish Parliament passed an Act which, fortunately, 
 was not acted on, ordering the tressure to be deleted from 
 the royal arms, and in 1558 it was enacted that the arms of 
 the Dauphin of France should be impaled with those of 
 Queen Mary. By Act of Parliament in 1654 the arms of 
 Scotland, viz., azure, a saltire argent, were ordered to be 
 placed on the Great Seal in place of those of the king, which, 
 however, were restored at the Restoration. 
 
 The first appearance of supporters to the Scottish 
 royal escutcheon is to be found on the Privy Seal of 
 James I. (1429), which is supported by two lions rampant 
 guardant. The unicorn does not appear on the Great Seal 
 till the reign of Queen Mary, 1555; but on one of the 
 buttresses of Melrose Abbey, dated 1505, there is a tablet 
 
 i 
 
Heraldry in History, etc. 
 
 with the royal arms supported by two unicorns, and still 
 earlier a single unicorn is found on the gold coinage of 
 King James III. supporting the shield. 
 
 The Arms of the King of Scotland. 
 
 Ireland never having been a kingdom in the same sense 
 as England and Scotland, did not have any arms until com- 
 paratively modern times. The harp, now used to represent 
 
 139 
 
Manual of Heraldry 
 
 Ireland, was first introduced into the royal arms at the Union 
 of the Crowns in 1 603. It had previously, however, appeared 
 on the Irish coins of the Tudor sovereigns, which, before 
 that time, had borne the three crowns in pale, which had 
 been granted by Richard 11. to Robert de Vere, Duke of 
 Ireland, as an augmentation to his arms. It was also 
 carried at the funeral of Queen Elizabeth as the banner 
 of Ireland. 
 
 The Royal Banner, or, as it is more popularly and 
 incorrectly called, the "royal standard," contains the four 
 quarterings of the royal arms. No subject may fly this 
 flag unless the king is personally present. In Scotland a 
 practice has arisen in recent times of flying the old royal 
 banner of the Scottish kings, in the mistaken idea that it is 
 the national flag. This not only displays a lack of historical 
 knowledge on the part of the persons who do so, but it 
 is illegal, as it is the exclusive personal property of the 
 sovereign, and a contravention of the Act of 1672. 
 
 The national flag of the United Kingdom is the Union 
 Jack, which may be flown by any British subject. It was 
 first composed in 1606 by conjoining the flag of England 
 (argent, a cross gules) with that of Scotland (azure, a saltire 
 argent), the red cross of St George fimbriated white being 
 superimposed on the Scottish ensign. As the Scottish 
 people resented this placing of the English cross on the 
 top of their flag, it was generally flown in Scotland with the 
 Scottish saltire above the St George's Cross until 1707, when 
 the Jack was declared to be the flag of Great Britain. On 
 the union with Ireland in 1801 another saltire, supposed to 
 be St Patrick's Cross, was conjoined with that of Scotland 
 in such a manner that in the part next the hoist the Scottish 
 half is uppermost, and in the other half the Irish one is 
 
 so placed. 
 
 140 
 
Heraldry In History, etc. 
 
 The white ensign, which is the flag of England with a 
 Union Jack in the dexter canton, is the flag of the ships of 
 His Majesty's navy and the royal yacht squadron, and 
 should not be flown on land except at naval and coastguard 
 stations. The blue ensign is assigned to certain govern- 
 ment departments and members of royal yacht clubs 
 holding an Admiralty warrant. The red ensign is dis- 
 tinctive of the mercantile marine. These three flags 
 until 1864 were the distinguishing ensigns of the three 
 squadrons (red, white, and blue) of the royal navy. 
 
 Heraldry had taken too firm a hold of the minds of 
 the higher classes of society to escape the notice of the 
 architects who were engaged by the sovereigns of England 
 and by the wealthy barons to erect those splendid ecclesi- 
 astical edifices that still exist as the architectural gems of 
 Britain. Westminster Abbey teems with heraldic ornament, 
 not only in the chapel of Henry VH., but in those parts of 
 the structure erected at a much earlier period. During 
 the time when those styles of Gothic architecture prevailed 
 that are now called the decorated and the perpendicular, 
 the roof, the columns, the stained-glass windows, the seats, 
 altar, tombs, and even the flooring, were filled with em- 
 blazonment. 
 
 Nor was heraldic ornament confined to architecture. 
 It formed the grand embellishment of the interior of the 
 palaces and baronial castles. The canopies of state, the 
 furniture and plate, were all emblazoned with the arms 
 of the royal and noble owners. And even at the present 
 day, heraldry is far more effective for interior decoration 
 than the unmeaning Italian scroll-work that is substituted 
 for it. 
 
 One of the finest examples of the ornamental effect of 
 heraldic decoration will be found in the recently erected 
 
 141 
 
Manual of Heraldry 
 
 Chapel of the Knights of the Thistle at St Giles Cathedral, 
 Edinburgh, and it is to be much regretted that owing to 
 the smallness of the building the full scheme of decoration, 
 by having the banners of the knights placed over their 
 stalls, has had to be abandoned. 
 
 Numerous instances may be found, either in stained 
 glass, monumental brasses, or illuminated genealogies, of 
 female figures bearing heraldic devices on their apparel. 
 A married lady or widow had her paternal arms emblazoned 
 upon the fore part of her vest, which by ancient writers is 
 called the kirtle, and the arms of the husband on the 
 ma,ntle, being the outer and the most costly garment, and 
 therefore deemed the most honourable. This is called 
 bearing arms kirtle and mantle. 
 
 In some of the later monumental brasses the arms on 
 female figures are arranged differently; the arms of the 
 baron appearing on the outside of the mantle, hanging over 
 the dexter shoulder, the paternal arms of the femme on the 
 lining of the mantle turned outwards on the sinister side of 
 the fissure. 
 
 142 
 
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