;^ '%0JllV3J0't^ ^OFCALIf '-o'AaVHaiV^ '^(^AaVtiS: iwj'.ii^i j^.' "JI3JI1V0UI • '•■Jco'Mi'irjn-" \C r i i i rr\Tt ^i ' r lit r, tt f ,. • nr * I'/^rM iilJ/MilllJU'- ■-.^IIIBRARYQ^ ^^^tllBRARYO^ %a3AiNrt-3i\v^ '%ojiivo-jo"^^ %ojnvjjo-^ %a3AiNn3\v^^ "^Aavaani^ "^^^Aavaaii^ o FCAUFO/?' i^-?m\ir. -n O ^' si ■ \~. -5^, ■ .^WEUNIVER% ^lOSANCElfj rT-l >- ' <: 9 "^ ?3 C AN APOLOGY FOR THE NERYES: OR, THEIR HFLUEKCE AND IMPORTANCE HEALTH AND DISEASE. BY SIR GEORGE LEFEVRE, M.D., FELLOW OF THE ROYAL COLLEGE OF PHYSICIANS, LATE PHYSICIAN TO THE BRITISH EMBASSY AT THE COURT OF ST PETERSBURG, ETC. ETC. ETC. " Without a nervous system there is no animal, — there can be none ; ■without a circulating one there are myriads." — Dr Macculhch on Fevers. LONDON : LONGMAN, BROWN, GREEN, AND LONGMANS, PATERNOSTER ROW. 1844. MURRAY AND GIBB, PRINTERS, GEORGE STREET, EDINBURGH. 3-f-5 2— S^S. o^ BENJAMIN TRAVERS, Esq., F.R.S., &c. &c. &c. TO WHOSE FRIENDSHIP THE AUTHOR IS INDEBTED FOR THE OPPORTUNITY OF VISITING THE GREATER PART OF EUROPE AS A TRAVELLING PHYSICIAN; AND OF SUBSEQUENTLY PRACTISING HIS PROFESSION DURING A PERIOD OF FOURTEEN YEARS IN THE CAPITAL OF RUSSIA, THIS VOLUME IS GRATEFULLY INSCRIBED. London, October 1844. 60, Brook Street, Grosvenor Sc|iiaiv. PREFACE. If "The Travelling Physician" has been censured by his professional friends for omitting all medical topics in the account of his Rambles, he is at least willing to make the amende honorable^ by the present endeavour to supply the omission. In the physiological part of this work he has con- densed the labours of others into a small compass ; and in the pathological, he has stated the results of his own experience in a northern latitude. He is doubtful whether this will be worthy of his brethren's accept- ance, seeing that the human race is, with few excep- tions, every where subject to the same diseases, and that the treatment of these is pretty generally con- ducted upon the same plan, at least in those countries in which he has sojourned. He has introduced some peculiarities of the German school, both as regards the modus medendi, and the choice of remedies. Goethe has said of book-makers — " Sizt ihr nur immer ! Leimt Zusamnien Braut ein Ragout von andrer Schinaus." Nor is it difficult by gluing together, and collecting VI PREFACE. the fragments of others' labours, to add another volume to shelves ah-eady groaning under their heavy loads. As regards physiology, opinions fluctuate as much in this branch of science as they do in chemistry, — nothing seems stable for any length of time. To reduce a matter to the test of experiment is much more easy than to reduce it to the test of truth. After the sacrifice of hundreds of animals to establish the validity of some favourite theory, it is objected to the experimentalist, that his deductions are fallacious, and then more life is sacrificed to prove that he was wronff. There is at present a leaning towards the re-esta- blishment of old doctrines. In the blood we are again to recognize all those vital phenomena which HoflPman and his disciples could not find upon making a diligent search for them, and when the more delicate and beautiful system, founded on the influence of the nerves, triumphed over the gi'oss and peccant himiours of Boerhaave. The importance of the blood in the animal economy is one of those self-evident ti'uths which require no farther confirmation. If it be not the " life thereof," it is the food of life ; but be it remembered, that without the influence of the nervous system, it loses all its powers and its vitality, which lat- ter is rather borrowed from the nerves than inherent in the blood ; and although this fluid is essential to the well-being of the nervous system, yet it is formed through the instrumentality of the latter ; for blood is PREFACE. yil not blood Indifferently to the animal in which it cir- culates ; it must be of the same kind, and elaborated by one of the same species. It is formed from chyle, by the conjoint aid of chemical and nervous agency, which must be in due force to prepare it properly, and without which its nutritive powers are insufficient for the purposes assigned them. It is usual to speak of the blood as of a viscus, which has existed in the same state from the com- mencement ; the one waxing merely in growth, the other in quantity. Now the blood is ever changing, never the same ; at no one hour of the day is it the same in the body, either as regards its quantity or its quality. Even in a healthy state, the fibrine, the albumen, the red particles, the serum, are never for any length of time in the same proportion to each other ; but when disease manifests itself, the changes become very apparent. The fibrine is in excess in inflamma- tion, and in acute rheumatism it is found in triple pro- portion to what it is in health. The red particles abound in plethoric habits, and are deficient in the leucophlegmatic. The serum increases in the same ratio that the solid parts diminish, and its saline particles are not constant in their proportions. It must be a stumbling-block to the humoral i)utho- logists, who attribute all disease to the state of the blood, that the latter is never in its normal state in Vni PREFACE. the pregnant woman, although she may enjoy the best of health dming the whole period of gestation. It is asserted by those even who strenuously main- tain the vitality of the blood, that the red particles and fibrine alone enjoy this advantage, which is denied to the serum ; yet the latter is as essential to the con- stitution of the blood as either of the former; for when the serum is expressed from them, what becomes of their vitality? Extraneous, adventitious matters may be mixed with the blood, but they do not stand in the same relation to it as the serum, which is part and parcel of it. If the blood be vital, it is so throughout ; but we lean to the opinion that it borrows its vitality from juxtaposition with the vital solids, as iron becomes magnetic within a certain distance of the magnet. It may be wasted to almost any amount, and be reproduced by the nervous power working upon fresh materials. The dehcately framed partm-ient woman, whose requiem was all but sung (life having seemed to ebb away), shall rise triumphant from her couch, when the prick of a thorn or splinter, injuring a nerve, shall prostrate the atldete not to rise again. The blood holds a most important place amongst the vital organs, if it can usurp this title, but it does not hold the first place. To it the muscle owes its power, the nerve its tone ; from it all the secretions are prepared ; but it does nothing of itself; all depends upon its vitality, which it derives from the nerves. PREFACE, IX In the further consideration of the subject, we shall endeavour to establish its full claims physiologically and pathologically, not endowing it with properties, nor attributing to it inteUigence, but giving it its due rank in its triple alliance with muscle and nerve. " The Travelling Physician" sought protection under the authority of a sliding scale for changes in opinions during twenty years of his life; and as he is well aware that a similar scale is applicable to every branch of science, he cannot but feel that a long exile may not have permitted him to keep pace with others in noting the all but daily discoveries that have been made in physiology. But if he has not learnt all that has been done at home, he may comfort himself with the idea that he will have less to unlearn. How much has proved ej)hemeral in this short space of time I Sir Charles Bell's respiratory nerves had a local habitation, and a name, in anatomical text-books and manuals. They have been erased from subsequent editions of the same works. Poisons were proved, as far as experiment can prove anything, to be introduced into the system by means of the blood. This doctrine was set at nought by other experi- ments still more conclusive than the experimentum crucis of Mao;endie. Dr Addison and ]\Ir INIorgan maintained that the nerves alone were the operating agents, and that too upon the undeniable test of experiment. X PREFACE. Other physiologists again maintain that there was fallacy in these proceedings, — the old story, — and the general opinion seems to be in favom* of absorption into the blood to account for the effects of poisons on the system. What are we to tliink, then, of the nerves, — to hear once more of a nervous fluid, visible, ponderable, palp- able, expressible from tubes, when the idea of this structure has been rejected, reviled, and proved fal- lacious, for nearly a century. If those who think they have arrived at the top of the tree find that they have again to descend to the bottom, the Author will have less cause for reproaching the frost and snows of Ilussia, which, if they prevented him from climbing so rapidly as he might have wished, may, at least, have had the merit of lessening the height from which he might have had to fall. London, October 25, Hi44. CONTENTS. ^ti f f- PART I, Introductory— Brain and Nerves— Respiration— Animal Heat, 1 PART II. The Blood, ••...... 23 PART III. Muscular Motion— Circulation— Nutrition— Secretion, . . 33 PART IV. Sympathy— Phrenology— Mesmerism— Sleep— Dreams, . . 48 PART V. Vision— Hearing— Smell and Taste— Feeling— Voice and Speech, 85 PART VI. Influence of Blood upon Nerves— Nervous Complaints— Headaches, 117 PART VII. Epilepsy— Hysteria— Palsy— Catalepsy— Hydrophobia— Trismus Traumaticus— Delirium Tremens— Hooping Cough— Chorea, 155 xn CONTENTS. PART VIII. Cholera Morbus — Scorbutus — Diabetes, . . . .181 PART IX. Fevers, ........ 199 PART X. Ill health — Nervous Coughs — Blood to Head — Ague — Moldavian Fever — Local Diseases of Nerves — Sciatica — Iritis — Knee — Earache — Affection of Jaw, ..... 226 PART XI. Homoeopathy — Instinct and Reason — Memory, . . . 251 PART XII. German Therapeutics, ...... 271 Appendix, ....... SOS ERRATA. Page 16, line 14, for plusquam, &c. read Ilominem, non ui a matre sed a novercu natum. Me Hercle . . Mehercle. their . . its. rebel . . able, effort . . effect, proves . . prove, qu'il, &c. . . qu'il dit a la cigale. La, &c. . . La maniere anglaise a trioniphd. into . . in. conglometion . . conglomeration. 76, . . 15, .. 132, . . 23, .. 156, . . 26, .. 157, . . 14, .. 161, . . 6, .. 200, . . 24, .. 277, . . 23, .. 295, . . 9, .. 353, . . 14, .. ^^ AN APOLOGY FOK THE XERYOl'S SYSTEM. PART I. Introductory — Braiu and Nerves — Respiration — Animal Heat. INTRODUCTION. There has been for some time a leaning of medical opinion to doctrines which Avere exploded, because they were considered as untenable. The coup de grace was supposed to have been given to the humoral pathology, and the views of Hoffman were adopted, and flourished on the spoils of Boerhaave. There is in all sublunary things a principle of pro- pulsion, and one of retrograde movement. It is seldom that the machine makes a dead halt for any space of time ; if it do not go a-head it falls back. Some allow themselves to be carried down the stream, finding that they can make no head against it, — a sort of voluntary compulsion. Thus, even at the present time, and in the light of day, some anti-vaccinators are to be met with, here and there, who glory in every case of small-pox, if it succeed to vaccination, and B Z INTRODUCTIOX. look forvrarcl to tlic re-establishmcnt of Variola as to a medical mlllennmm. When it was observetl by tlie political adversary of a certain premier, tliat he Avas a drag-chain to the coach, it was retorted that, but for this check on its speed, the vehicle would topple over. It is justifi- able from time to time, to look at the foundation of systems upon which so much reposes. When the late Dr Armstrong published his work on fevers, it was hailed by the pupils, and by the jvmior members of the profession, as a Newtonian system of medicine. The treatment of fevers became a matter of certainty. It was a plausible and specious com- position, which caused the most bitter disappointment to those who put his plan of treatment into practice. The author himself, previous to the termination of his career, much modified it. This popular production savoured of the humoral pathology, and has imparted this odour to many subsequent effusions. The snake was only scotched, not killed by Hoffman, if we may judge of the attempts to twist itself into life again, which it is at present makmg. There is nothing extraordinary in this. It is the fate of all systems which have less than mathematical demonstration for their basis, and such evidence has never been claimed by the professors of the healing art. The greater the excitement, the greater will be the reaction; — the collapse follows. It has been too prevalent in found- ing a new system to sink the old to the bottom, whereas much valuable matter is to be picked from a stranded wreck. There is always something good in what is old, and it savours both of ingratitude and INTRODUCTION. 3 of prodigality not to retain what may be serviceable. It is plausible to talk of laying the axe to the root, but Ave should be sure that we have planted a better tree before we fell the old one. Lopping and pruning would often stand us in better service. How much do we lament the ill considered zeal of our ancestors in defacing our ancient places of worship I When John Knox said that the only way to prevent the rooks coming again was to pull down their nests, he was thought, no doubt, to have said a very witty tiling, and told a very plain truth; but both have proved equivocal, and the rooks are again congregating and trying to repair their old nests, and the chisel and the trowel are busy in restoring those works which Cromwell's soldiers and horses so cruelly mutilated. If we could see into futurity, we should often spare ourselves much trouble. If we could be convinced that time changes all things, we should not be so precipi- tate in our actions, but trust more to its influence ; and what is more important, we should avoid reaction. Sweeping reforms introduce consei'vative principles, which merge into restorative, and these again threaten the return to the original sin. In the medical, as in the religious, world, these changes are ringing, and teachers are at work to re-establish the doctrines which once were law in the school of Leyden. If these had been more carefully examined and sifted, they might have been reformed without being wholly rejected as untenable. " The conjecture of the old humoral pathologists was not altogether wrong as to the existence of acrimonies in the blood ; but they committed an error in sup- 4 NERVOUS, MUSCULAE, AND SANGUIFEROUS. posino: tliem to be tlie cause instead of the effects of the disorder." In the present observations Avhich I have to oft'er upon these important matters, it is not intended to trace through the Avhole system of physiology the importance due to the nervous system, but to rei)ro- duce some of the most striking features which present themselves to notice in considering the relative value of the three great vital powers. THE NERVOUS, THE MUSCULAR, AND THE SAN- GUIFEROUS. If the offices consigned to the first be dispassionately considered, — if the weight of duty allotted to it be borne in mind, — if the importance of its functions, upon whose due performance the physical is connected with the moral man, be duly appreciated, there can be no hesitation in assigning it the first claim to con- sideration. In a state of health and tone we recog- nize its powers in the perfection of the five senses ; the smallest derangement of its minutest organization is accompanied by imperfect communion with the external world in any of these five modes of relation- ship. The division of a little chord, finer than the most delicate lute-sti'ing, shall prevent the eye from seeing, the ear from hearing, the tongue from giving utterance ; nor shall there be aroma in the rose, nor smoothness to the finger's touch ; — all shall be dead without, — and then the inmost soul shall wither, pine away, and die. Its importance over the vital and NERVOUS, MUSCULAR, AND SANGUIFEROUS. 5 animal functions equally preponderates. The division of two small chords shall suspend respiration ; and circulation is so dependent upon the duties of this function, that it soon ceases afterwards. In the pro- cesses of digestion, assimilation, and secretion, there is equal evidence of its prior claim to consideration. It is not so easy to test it in these latter operations by mechanical lesion as in the former ; but pathology affords us the same conclusive evidence ; and another power, of which at present we have but imperfect notions, but which offers us much that resembles the nervous, makes that evidence still stronger. Thus the nerves, which preside over digestion, may be subjected to test ; and when, by division of these, this function is suspended, it may be renewed by the substitution of the electric fluid. Moral causes come to our aid in affording us proofs of what secretion owes to the nerves. The eye, lubri- cated by the effusion of the lachrymal gland, shall be deluged with tears, or roll burning in its socket, as the mournful tale or worked-up frenzy shall operate in augmenting or suspending this secretion. The kidney's functions are increased by nervous irritation ; paralysis of the nerves, which are destined to them, as we witness in Ischuria Renalis, suspends then* action, and speedy death ensues.* Thus, tlie vessels to honour and dishonour testify to the truth of the assertion that the nerves are paramount, and it would be waste of time to multiply instances in cor- roboration of the fact. As the lord of the vineyard would gather no grapes * The ancients preserved their tears in little vessels, — Luchrymalki. 6 NERVOUS, MUSCULAR, AND SANGUIFEROUS. nor press any Avine without labourers at his disposal ; but as, under his command, one prepares the ground, another plants the vine, while a third primes and a fourth waters, and all is perfected in due season, so we should find the nerves to hold a broken sceptre, but for the agents which are in readiness to conduct the operations which they control. These are sup- plied by the muscles. What variety do they as- sume in their forms and disposal, not less so in their functions. The brawny deltoid of an athlete, the smallest fibre, stretching and relaxing the tympanum, are of one and the same structure. The sloth mounts his ladder step by step, as he lays hold of the branches with his claws, — the sky-lark soars to the clouds by one and the same means. There is a directing power ; but this would avail nou2;ht if the instrument of obe- dience W'Cre not perfect in its kind. There are the bones and ligaments, which seem to have been rather too mucli neglected by the exclusives. The little round shot of the fo wlers gun brings down the tenant of the air a humble suppliant to the ground ; the muscle no longer obeys the nerve, because it can no longer rely upon the integrity of the bone. How the web is woven, — break but a few of its meshes, and the captive fly defies the spider still. The scratch of the lancet, which shall distort the eye and render expression hideous, shall also make that seemly which was before a blemish in the fea- tures. The twig of a twig is only imj)licated in this performance, but it is muscle or its terminating ex- tremity which is the subject of experiment. " The nerves of expression" is a term somewhat in the NERVOUS, MUSCULAR, AND S.iXGUIFEROUS. 7 usurper's style. Those v;hicli direct it would be less equivocal, for they surely can of themselves express nothing by themselves. The satirist Rabener relates the history of a lawyer, the skin of whose face was so thick that he was never seen to blush. In the performance of all the different functions alluded to, we recognize as fully the co-relative aid of the muscular power to the performance of function, as of the seeming primo-motor. Where fibre is not demonstrable, function proves its existence ; and this, in some instances, in an inverse ratio with its pal- pable operative ; but, as Fontenelle observes, we have very bad eyes. Let us return to the vineyard, whose lord has hired labourers. He visits his garden, and no man is at his work, — all are prostrate, exhausted, unable to labour. He is angry ; and yet, by the appearance of things, the men have not been all the day idle. He calls his steward to explain, for none to whom he ad- dresses himself hath power to speak; and the steward replies, that since they have been in his service, they have tasted neither of food nor drink ; and that they have gradually grown weaker and weaker, till they have fainted away. Then the lord recognizes his fault and his impotency, and he orders to each a small portion of wine ; and as each begins to revive, the portion is increased ; and, after a certain time, the men are again labouring in the vineyard. Now, he who would forbid the " banns between flesh and blood," as the author of Spasm and Palsy, &c., &c., intimates that some are inclined to do, must take but a very nsvrrow view of things, and place 8 NERVOUS, MUSCULAR, AND SANGUIFEROUS. himself In the situation of the improvident lord of the vineyard. This is precisely the case with the blood, which (whatever importance may be assigned it in the ani- mal economy) is more a product of other organs than an organ itself. The horror which nature is said to have of a vacuum is not greater than that which many physio- logists had of attributing vitality to a moving fluid. Yet, as many horrors have been overcome, this also is one which has died away without producing any great convulsion in nature. It has amalgamated itself with those Avonders of which Lucretius speaks in such energetic language : " Nil adeo magnum, nee tam mirabile quidquam Principio, quod non minuant mirarier omnes Paullatim." It is said that the clot of blood becomes organized. The fibrin poured out in inflammation, in a semi-fluid form produces false membranes, which subsequently become organized. Miiller has placed the matter in its fairest and most intelligible light. A few extracts from the division 6, p. 152, will suffice : — " To regard merely the solids as living is incorrect, for there are strictly no organic solids ; in nearly all water consti- tutes four-fifths of their weight Although, then, organic matter generally be considered as merely susceptible of life, and the organized parts as living, yet the blood also must be endowed with life, for its actions cannot be comprehended from chemical and physical laws. The blood is not the only living fluid, as Spalan- NERVOUS, MUSCULAR, AND SANGUIFEROUS. 9 zani's experiments long ago proved beyond all con- troversy. " The blood manifests organic properties ; . . . there subsists between the blood and the organized parts a reciprocal vital action, in which the blood has as large a share as the organs in which it circulates."* In the important share ■which the blood has in all the phenomena of life, we have no evidence of its being influenced by voluntary power after it has been effused. It is then the rudis indigesiaque moles, nor is design traceable in its actions unless it come in contact or relation with more formative powers ; it is false membrane only which it produces ; it is no longer the organ of thought or will. The blood is the food of the system ; and, as fimctions are anni- hilated or suspended by an excess or deficiency of nutriment, as they are deranged by adventitious noxi- ous ingredients mixed with the wholesome provender, so are the nerves and muscles annihilated functionally by precisely the same circumstances, as regards the quantity and quality of their food, Avhich is the blood. This, too, not only as concerns its constitution in the same species, but in its influence upon animals of diff'erent kinds, for it is found, by transfusion, that the blood of an herbivorous animal Avill not support the lite of a carnivorous one, whereas the blood of two animals of the same species may be exchanged with impunity. The nerves and muscles must form the blood Avhicli can alone invigorate them. Here, then, we come at once to the dependencies of the nerves, muscles, and blood, upon each other ; and it is in vain to attempt to isolate them in their mutual influences. They are * MuUer's Physiology. 10 BRAIN AND NERVES. collaborators in all the functions of life, but they are not co-equals. As futile would it be to attempt to separate mind from matter in our present state of limited knowledge; yet matter is not mind, nor is muscle will, nor blood life, nor brain thought, yet these are to life what matter is to mind. We can substitute excitement, which shall rouse irritability in muscle and nerve, but was mind ever supplied by galvanism? The human species may possess a higher power than the rational ; for this is not to be denied in many of its functions to the brute.* Instinct is common to both, nor sufficient for either. The Vicar of Harrow, in his " World without Souls," has put to nought the satire of Monboddo, " that men are monkeys with their tails rubb'd off." BRAIN AND NERVES. In contemplating, the organ of the brain, the care which nature has taken, and the provision which the God of nature has made for the preservation of this most beautiful structure, we have ample evidence of its importance. We are reminded of the parallel which Paley draws between human and Divine works ; whereas, in the former, there is ever an aim to ap- proach what they never reach, viz. perfection; so, whatever proceeds from the hand of the Creator is so perfect in all its parts, whether in great things or * Les animaux deviennent fous et enrages. S'ils n'avaient point de raison pourraient-ils la perdre ? — Dc Wsiss. BRAIN AND NERVES. 1 i small, that all the combined efforts of human skill could not make the slightest improvement. The organiza- tion of the gnat is as complete as that of the camel, nothing is forgotten, nothing omitted in all the infinity of creation. In examining the bony receptacle in which the brain is placed, "sve find the wall built up the strongest ^Yhere it is most hable to injury from accidental causes. Its spherical shape is also a great safeguard. Triple membranes cover the convolutions, the external and strongest of which dips down and separates the hemispheres from each otlier, and, expanding below, places a shield between the great and little bram. These membranes prevent the pressure of the tAvo parts of the organ upon each other. In the arrangement of the vessels, every care is taken that the circulation should meet with the least possible impediment, so that congestions of blood, so detrimental to its functions, should be avoided ; and as the vessels themselves are of more delicate struc- ture than in other parts, and are bent at their entrance into the cranium, the impetus of the blood is thus diminished. The same care is taken of that part of the brain which is lodged in the spinal canal. This is surrounded by thick layers of muscles, and on its dorsal side the spinous processes of the vertebra form a chevaux de /rise for its defence. In mass the brain is the largest organ, with the exception of the liver, hi the whole body; and in the human subject, as regards its surface, is more extensive in proportion than that of any other animal. It is not intended to enter into its minute anatomy. 12 BRAIX AND NERVE&. In oiu" dissections of this organ, we must feel dis- appointed at our ignorance of the functions of its different parts ; but we cannot but admire its beauti- ful and delicate structure, and an instinctive feeling would lead us almost to exclaim, If mind can emanate from matter, here must be its seat. Minute dissection has done much of late years towards the better know- ledge of the functions of its different parts. Its fibrous texture, insisted upon by Dr Gall, and now generally recognized as correct, clears up many of the difficulties which before presented themselves in some of its diseases, and a more wonderful effort still remained to unfold its double structm^e. In this the wisdom of the Creator is not more apparent than his goodness, which is here lavished with unbounded hand. To the moralist, as to the physi- ologist, this proves of the greatest importance in clearing up so much mystery in the history of its functions. The weight of the brain is estimated by Dr Sims at 46 ounces in the adult. Dr Elliotson estimates the .spinal chord at 1^ oz., and the nerves a few ounces more ; so we may state the nervous system of the adult to weigh 50 ounces. Dr Macartney declares he has ascertained the real nervous substance to be so inconsiderable, that he thinks " it is perhaps not assuming too much to suj^pose that the whole nervoue system, if sufficiently expanded, would be found too tender to give any resistance to the touch, too trans- parent to be seen, and probably would entirely escape the cognizance of all our senses." Besides the brain and nerves, there is a third system BRAIN AND NERVES. 13 named the o'ano-lionic. It has been a matter of con- troversy, whether the spinal chord issue from the brain, or the latter be a termination of the former. Some anatomists have asserted that rudiments of the chord are found in the embryo before any trace of brain can be discovered. It is now generally admitted that neither the chord arises from the brain, nor the nerves from the cliord ; for in acephalous foetuses the chord exists. " We must not forget," says Dr Elliotson, " that every part of the nervous system throughout the body is directly connected with others, and in- directly with all the rest, just as every blood-vessel with regard to its system." It is maintained that the nervous system is equally diffused, equally sentient, equally perceptive, tliroughout the whole body. Now these powers are not the same in the nerves and in the brain. The brain is not in the little finger, but the latter is in the brain. A circumstance of common occurrence warrants the truth of this assertion. A man feels his digitals for months after his limb has been amputated ; the impression is so strong that nothing but the assistance of his other senses can convince him that he does not feel the fingers or toes, which, perhaps, he has left in another hemisphere. Perceptive sensation is in the brain, and to whatever region pain may be referred, it has its real seat in the brain. If the nerves be divided, the functions of the parts to which they are distributed cease. If the optic nerve lose its power, the eye no longer sees ; deafness is caused by injury to the auditory nerves ; the division of the phrenic nerve suspends respiration ; the tongue is speechless when the recurrent nerves 14 BIIAIX AND NERVES. are cut. Of the blood's vitality there is no doubt, but we believe this is imparted to it by the nervous system. This is as fully developed in the foetus in utero as in the adult, so that its presence is as neces- sary to the vitality of the child as of the mother. If brain and spinal marrow are wanting, ganglia and nerves supply their place. If muscles are made to contract after the nerves are removed, it is only as long as the nervous influence is inherent in them ; even after all the blood is washed out of them the same will take place for a given time. " The vitality of the blood, its formation and trans- formation into the solids and fluids of the body, the capability seemingly inherent in solids and fluids of certain interchanges which they undergo by means of their reciprocal aflSnities and agencies, still preserving their respective homogeneity; and the resistance which collectively they are enabled to maintain against injury and disease, as well as the power of repair, are referable to their nervous endowment." — Travers on Inflammation, &c., p. 17. " The involuntary functions are closely connected with the encephalon and spinal chord, for the sudden destruction of these parts, or of a certain extent of them, puts a stop to the circulation;"* and is this not a full stop ? It Is not the question of one part of the nei"vous system or one system of nerves, but of nervous struc- ture ; and there is no instance on record of any abortion, where physical structure in the shape of * Dr Elliotsoii. BRAIN AND NERVES. 15 brain, nerve, or ganglion, is wholly absent. The most monstrous formation claims this privilege ; and where brain and spinal chord are wanting, the ganglionic system has been found in excess of development. " The heart never exists without its ganglion, so that the cardiac ganglion, as the heart is the first organ that comes into action, is the commencement of the nervous system."* Is not its first action dependent upon this little ganglion? and can more be requisite to prove the supremacy of the nervous system over the vital func- tions ? In reply to the assertion that " vegetables absorb, assimilate, circulate, secrete, and, in many instances, contract on the application of stimuli, and yet are not supposed to possess nerves," it has been found that strong electric shocks passed through the pith of the trunk destroy the tree. Although it may not be proved that vitality and nervous influence are the same, yet we find them so intimately blended together in all the functions, that it is difficult to separate them. We find, moreover, that injury to the nervous system is followed by more disastrous effects than to any or all the other parts collectively. The division of a nerve is the annihilation of mus- cular power. If a sedative be applied to it, the muscle becomes inert. The point of the stiletto dividing the spinal marrow above the phrenic nerves, fells the ox to the ground. * Dr Elliotson. 16 RESPIRATIOX. — ANIMAL HEAT. If the nervous power be abstracted from the blood it loses its vitality. " By the instrumentality of the nerves, the brain makes the voluntary muscles con- tract, influences the functions of every other part when under the operation of the different passions, and re- ceives impressions made upon every other part." So much in a general sense. We shall now treat of its influence more specially, but only as far as great leadinof and strikins facts are concerned. RESPIRATIOX.— ANIMAL HEAT. The human offspring, launched into the world wholly unprovided by nature against the physical ills which surround it, seeming, as has been said of old, plusqnam novercd qiiam matre nata, is made sensible of the change in its existence by a feeling of distress, which is convertible into a voluntary instinctive effort to breathe. It struggles itself into life. This primary effort by which oi'gans hitherto passive are called upon to play an active part, and one the most essential to its future existence, is allowed by modem physiologists to be the exercise of the volun- tary muscles ; and, as the will is conveyed to these through the agency of the nerves, it must be allowed that this power is the principal instrument in the orchestra of the drama of life. The blood, which nourished it in its dependent state, is no longer meet for the same purpose when the off- spring assumes a substantive existence, nay, it is prejudicial to it, and were it not changed in its chemi- RESPIRATION. — ANIMAL HEAT. 17 cal characters and properties by passing through the lungs, which is effected by the first inspiration, the very strua-^les it makes to breathe would render it at once a caput mortuum. The uses of respiration are the purifaction of this fluid, and the generation of animal heat. The first is efiected by submitting it to the influence of atmo- spheric air, which it receives throughout the immense surface of the expanded lungs, and this process is assumed to be wholly chemical. "We recognize the nervous power in this voluntary action of throwing the blood into the chemical laboratory. In the gene- ration of animal heat we shall find the same power possessing a still greater influence. As regards animal temperature, it must be considered in a double sense, viz. in the chemical acceptation of the term, or caloric, whether free or latent, and in the nervous sense, or the sensation of heat. The standard human temperatm-e is 94° Fahrenheit. It is susceptible of an elevation of 14° under diseased action. Dr Elliotson states that he has found it as high as 107° under the tongue in inflammatory fevers, and in tetanus 110''. In some affections, on the con- trary, there is a great reduction of temperature from the natm'al standard. In the Asiatic cholera the ther- mometer placed in the mouth did not indicate more than from 77° to 79° Fahrenheit, and the same is the averao^e in children affected with the blue disease. In many other affections, the sensation of cold is much greater than would be waiTanted by the thermome- tric indication of the abstraction of the natural tem- perature. Under natural circumstances, some parts 18 RESPiRATiox. — axi:mal heat. of the body are always warmer than others. AVhat are the principal agents employed in the generation of animal heat, and Vvhat the superintendent power ? In a chemical point of view, the whole phenomenon is resolvable into the different capacities with which certain forms of matter are endowed for holding calo- ric ; or it is attributed to a process of combustion continually going on in the extreme vessels by which the carbon of the blood is, by its union with oxygen, converted into carbonic acid gas, and, in this process, heat is evolved, as it is in the ordinary process of the combustion of charcoal, out of the body. A host of evidence proves, that however this process may be eftected, yet, as far as regards animal tempe- rature being maintained in the system, it is the bi'ain which has the supremacy in the direction of the func- tion ; for, were it merely chemical, the same conjunc- tion of matters should produce the same effects, which does not prove to be the case. Sir B. Brodie's experiments afford us evidence, that although the chemical part of the process may be performed under artificial respiration, yet that the animal heat declined rapidly in all cases where the brain had been removed, and this is in perfect harmony with the powers of resist- ing heat and cold, which the nervous system possesses in an extraordinary degree. Dr Elliotson says, that these experiments prove nothing, and insists upon the process being purely chemical. Still, the same author adds, " This does not prevent animal temperature from deserving the epithet vital, because it is re- gulated by the vital laws of the system, although through the instrumentality of chemical changes." It RESPIRATION. — ANIMAL HEAT. 10 depends upon respiration, — true, but upon that respira- tion only which is performed under the direction of the nervous power. It is lost under the artificial method. Between heat as the result of chemical action, and the sensation of heat as a nervous impression, there is a striking difference. It is allowed by those who support the mechanical chemical doctrines, that it is very difficult to account for the difference of tempe- rature in parts of the same animal. The dog's nose puzzles them, as does the circumstance of the sensa- tion of heat in certain diseases, bearing no relation to the real measurable difference of temperature. A range of from 10° to 14' is about the maximum of increase. Now, if we dip one finger in a basin of water at 96°, and the other at the same moment in one of 110°, the difference will be perceptible, but in a triflino- dea'ree. Under other circumstances, this ele- vation, nay, half of it, will be as red-hot ii'on to the part affected. This can only be accounted for by nervous derangement. "What comparison can be made be- tween the sensation of heat in the gouty limb and the sound one, placed, as far as temperature is concerned, in the same cii'cumstances. The latter would hardly be conscious of the addition which causes the excru- ciating pain of this disease, and is a direct proof of offence in the nerves of the part affected, of which this increased temperature is a consequence not a cause. There is a wide difference between heat in its free state and the sensation of heat. In fiirther considering the subject of elevation of temperature in the surrounding medium, and the constancy of that in the animal, we nmst recognize the influence of tliat 20 RESPIRATION. ANIMAL HEAT. vital power which watches and presides over the ma- chine which it animates. Thus we find the body capable of resisting a tempe- rature sufficient to decompose dead matter. Animals, as well as man, have been exposed to a degree of heat exceeding that of boiling water, and without injury ; Avhen, at the same time, a thermometer placed under the tongue, has indicated an elevation of a few degrees only above the natural standard. This power of resistance is but of short duration, for the nervous influence is exhausted by so extraordinary a demand. Chemical agents come into play, and matter is resolved into lifeless form. As regards cold, the same law prevails, the limits are the same. However great the power may be of resisting it, as soon as the nervous energy is exhausted, the system is subject to injury. I have witnessed the effects of cold too long en- dured upon the little postillions, Avho are barbarously exposed to it in the winter season at St Petersburg. The lads bear it for a time, as they sit on their horses, clapping their hands, and singing to keep up their courage ; but this fiiils them by degrees, and, finally benumbed, they fall from their saddles in a state of torpor which nothing but rolling them in the snow will overcome. There is seldom a fete given at St Petersburg, in the extreme cold weather, that occur- rences of this sort are not recorded. In very cold nights the sentries are frequently frozen to death, if not relieved at short intervals. As long as nervous excitement can be kept up, the resistance of cold is very great. General Piroffsky EESPIRATIOX. — ANIMAL HEAT, 21 informed me, that in tlie expedition to Kliiva, not- withstanding the intenseness of the cold, the soklicrs marched along, singing, with the breasts of their coats open, but only as long as they were flushed with the hopes of success. Where there is nothing to excite, and where exposure to cold takes place under tlie common routine of parade, its depressing effects are lamentably felt by those long exposed to it. In the time of the Grand Duke Constantine, a regiment of horse was marched from Strelna to St Petersburg, a distance of twelve miles and upwards. He marched at their head at a foot pace all the way. Pie had well wadded himself, and smeared his face over with oil. It was the gratification of a whim to expose the soldiers to a great degree of cold. They arrived at the square before the palace, and were dismissed to their barracks. The following day one-third of the resfi- ment was in the hospital, attacked by nervous fever, of which many died. There was no stimulus of neces- sity in this case, but the moral feeling aggravated the physical suffering. The soldier is much better taken care of now-a-days in Russia, Cerebral affections are a consequence of reaction Avhen the nervous system has been too much exhausted. I have mentioned else- where the case of the bishop of Nicolai, who died in a few hours of brain fever from exposing himself to severe cold during the performance of a religious rite. AVe find that, when the nerves whicli supply a limb have been di\ided, the temperature falls, and that it is again raised by galvanic power. Mr Earle found a paralyzed limb to indicate only 70°, the sound one 9^". By electricity the former ^vas raised to 77", 22 EESPIRATIOX. — ANIMAL HEAT. Berzelius adopts the opinion, that the nervous influ- ence not merely in connexion with respiration, but in other orf^anic processes, contributes to the production of animal heat ; and IMiiller coincides in this idea, founded upon the spontaneous generation of heat under the influence of passion, — the sudden rush of heat to the face, which is not a mere sensation, — the increase of Avarmth to the body amounting to perspi- ration. On the contrary, the equally rapid diminution of temperature. Tlie coming all over in a cold siceat is an expression of the effects of sudden fear; and sudden sensations of cold are not uncommon conse- quences of depressing moral emotions. The power of maintaining an equable temperature is in a direct ratio with the health of the individual. It is greatest in youth, and decreases wuth age. Ner- vous people are peculiarly subject to chilly feelings, and we know how much more the body is liable to catch cold when exposed to drafts or currents after some degree of fatigue. It lias been a very great mistake in the treatment of the insane to suppose them less susceptible of diminished temperature than those in a sound mind. It is just the reverse, those who are in this lamentable situation requiring more warmth than under ordinary circumstances. The whole of the evidence which can be brought to bear on this subject will tend to place this vital function under the most especial direction of the nervous in- fluence ; and this is not a little corroborated by the circumstance of that which approaches nearest to it in power, viz. Galvanism, being capable of exciting heat in a paralyzed limb. THE BLOOD. 23 PART 11. THE BLOOD. The name of John Hunter is as intimately associ- ated with the properties and functions of the blood, as that of Harvey with the discovery of its circidation. The great lawgiver of IMount Sinai did not estimate it so highly, when, denominating it the " life thereof," he poured it out in sacrifice, as do some modern physiologists, who sacrifice all to it. In following the footsteps of an idolized predecessor, we sometimes make a stride too far, and inadvertently place ourselves in the foreground ; we take the lead ourselves, and pursue the shadows of objects which have been of our own creation. It was precisely this which led the late Mr Aber- nethy astray, in the tribute he w^ished to pay to the talents and merits of this great physiologist. So anxious was he to do all justice to his doctrines, and render to him all that was his due, that he finally gave to him more than his leg-atees were willino- to claim. When Mr Abernethy broached the opinion that life and electricity were synonymous, he did not take the merit of the discovery to himself, but sanctioned it by the name of John Hunter ; whilst those who did not adopt these opinions, protested that, in all the works of that physiologist, nothing could be found to sub- 24 THE BLOOD. stantiate the idea that John Hunter had ever dreamt of the like in all his reveries : — not a word of shoulder knots was there in the testament. Now, surely it is not doing justice to anv author to treat him in this wise; and, attached as we are to the memory of that great physiologist, we do not consider that it is honoured by the modem school of medical Puseyites, who, under the sanction of his name, preach the doctrinal exclusiveness of" flesh and blood," and sink the more refined influence of the nervous poAver. John Hunter insisted upon the vitality of the blood, and his opinions upon this subject may be considered as established and recognized facts ; and, since his day, the blood and vital fluid have become synonymous terms ; but he nowhere asserted that it possessed more vitality than the other component parts of the system, nay, he only laboured to prove that it possessed as much. He based his theory upon the following rational o-rounds : — If all living structures are alloAved to be formed from the blood, at what precise period in their transition from the fluid to the solid state is this vitality transmitted to them ? Is it not rational to suppose that this principle shoidd be as inherent in the forming as in the formed stiaicture ? This is all that John Hunter maintained, and there are few who do not subscribe to the truth of his opinions upon this matter. But admitting the fact, recognizing the vitality of the blood, as far as the term can be under- stood, still the question is to be mooted as to the source of its vitality. The processes of digestion and assimilation supply THE BLOOD. 25 this fluid to the system, and it may be abstracted almost to its last drop, and again be renewed by these fmictions ; and as we find that these are under the con- trol of the nervous power, and, if it be not in full vigour, they are performed imperfectly, so we may ask at what period the chyle becomes vital in its admixture with the blood, from which, if it receive, to it also doth it impart, vitality. All the arguments brought forward by the most zealous partizansofthelTunterian doctrines in favour ot the blood's vitality, do not attempt to prove more than that it enjoys this with other structures, neither more nor less in degi'ee, nor of a more subtile or intellectual kind. If John Hunter succeeded in establishing the vi- tality of the blood, as a moveable fluid, the changes which take place when at rest, whether confined in its vessels or removed from them, add strength to this opinion — we allude to its coagulation. This is attri- buted to the stimulus of death by Hunter. Mr Travers has styled it the last act of its life, in his neat and classical Essay on Inflammation and the healing process. The mechanical and chemical arguments wholly fail in attempting to account for this singular process. It must be referred to the influence of that great efl:brt which the fluid still makes to move in its usual current ; but, baflBed in its attempt, it is thrown into an eddy, and losing by degrees its nervous power, not without leaving marks of the death-like struggle, stiffening as it cools, it yields to the superior influence of its chemical antagonist. It has often reminded us of that passage in Mon»' C 2Q THE BLOOD. taigne, wiiere he describes a combat between two warriors, and the struggles -svliich the vanquished raade to the last : — " Jamais homme n'a vecu si long-temps dans la mort, jamais homme n'a tombe si debout." Now, as regards this phenomenon of coagulation, it is as much proved to be vital bj negative as by posi- tive evidence, and vitality cannot be implied inde- pendently of nervous influence ; for when this death- struonfle — this last Ions; fiickerinor flame is not sus- tained by nervous influence, which still clings to it for a time, although removed from its channels, as the heart pulsates for a while when removed from the body ; when this influence is too suddenly withdrawn, as when the nervous power is crushed by the thunder- bolt, or exhausted and spent, as in the hunted hare, then the testamentary evidence of the last living act is not apparent ; for, in such instances, coagulation does not take place ; — the blood is found in a fluid state. It will be in harmony with the subject before us to inquire how" much of this fluid may be abstracted without causing death. We shall first speak of hemorrhagy from rupture of blood-vessels, and shall find, at the tlu'cshold of our inquiry, that nature often intervenes in arresting it, and this she does through the agency of the nervous system. The heart, de- prived of its stimulus ceases to pulsate with suflScient force to propel the blood as before, and the ruptured vessel is closed by the coagulated plug. This is efl^ected by the loss of nervous power, not total but partial, causing coagulation, which is the termination THE BLOOD. 27 of a vital process, where exhaustion of nervous power has not been too rapid. The swoon and the fainting fit are the agents by which the life apparently lost is in reality preserved. Now, this singular phenomenon, which preserves the life of the ex-sanguine, is accom- plished through the nerves negatively. It is by robbing them of theu' power that this effect is pro- duced. Deprived of their food, they fall into a state of exhaustion, which very state does, by its consequences, prevent any farther waste of nutriment. This swooning may be accomplished by means of a more subtile kind. Joy, grief, fear, the passions and affections of the mind, may so overcome the nervous power as to jiroduce it. In these cases, the blood is not the controlling but the controlled power. The same may be effected by direct injury to a nerve; any sudden pain may, nay, the treading on a corn shall be sufficient to, prostrate the strongest, and rob the body for the time of all semblance of life. In the state of swoon the blood acts but a passive part ; if it coagulate in the divided trunk, it does so from its being in a state of rest, and perhaps some atmospheric influence may assist ; its propelling power is withdrawn ; and, when this is restored by the re- newal of muscular action, it flows again at a rate commensurate with the force it feels. It is by direct application to the nerves that we endeavour to rouse the fainting man into life ; we dash cold water in his face, on the sentient extremities of a large expansion of nerves, and these outposts transmit the impression to the brain ; reaction takes place, the respiratory muscles arc called into play, the chest expands, the 28 THE BLOOD. blood passes through, the pendulum moves agam, and the life of the swooner is restored in much the same way as it is called into action in the new born child. Let us give to the blood its due in restoring the heart's action. In its retreat from the brain it is choked up in the citadel, congested in the extremities. It cannot overcome the laws of gravity, having lost its vis a tergo ; and, as the difficulty is increased by the erect, we seek relief mechanically by placing the patient in the recumbent posture, that the blood may flow more freely in a horizontal line. This disposition to swooning in an erect position, from robbing the brain of its usual quantity of blood, is illustrated satis- factorily in the following case : — " A lady, past the middle age, was so subject to faint when in the erect posture, that slie was, although otherwise in good health, confined to her bed and sofa; as soon as she attempted to rise she felt faint or even swooned. The cause of this phenomenon for a long time baffled the skill of her medical attendant, till, by some accident, he discovered that she had immensely varicose veins in both legs ; and in the erect posture these became reservoirs for the blood, which accumulated too much in them to be propelled forward ; hence the balance of the circulation was deranged, and the brain, robbed of its usual quantity, manifested symptoms of its Aveakness. By the application of proper bandages, which supported the vessels in an erect posture, this distressing aifection was overcome." * When we consider the importance of this fluid, so n^cessai'y to life that it has been identified with life * Dr Wilson, THE BLOOD. 29 itself, wc arc surprised at the enoraioiis loss which the system is enabled to support. We look ^vith horror on the bleeding soldier and parturient woman drained to the last drop, pale, ex-sanguine, pulseless, motionless, cold to the feel, bedewed with the insensible perspiration converted into sweat, and yet a spark remains. Plow is this ember to be kept alive ? How gently fan the flame or replenish the fuel without extinguishing the spark. Drained of its vital stimulus, where are we to look for a substitute ? Is it our object to replenish it by direct transfusion, about which so much has been said and so little done ? We resort to the nervous system, that it may assist the heart to continue irs action in its debilitated condition, until time be aftbrded to convert other materials into new blood, ^^"e act upon the nerves by applying stimulants to the stomach., which become thus diffused throughout the system, and M'hat remains of the vital fluid is ])ropelled, and its quantity restored at each pulsation. Here we see the mutual dependency of the systems on each other's efforts. The brain and nerves, de- ]>rived of their natural stimulus, become exhausted, and unable to carry on their functions ; but it is only by rousing them that the fluid can be supplied wdiich is necessary to this purpose. This is the peculiarity of the nervous system, — it cannot act without the food which it must itself supply. In speaking of the quantity of blood in the system, great discrepancies exist in the opinions of physiolo- gists upon this subject, — a difference allowing of a range from eight to thirty pounds. Sir Astley 30 THE BLOOD. Cooper estimated it at an ounce per pound of solid. Now, seventy ounces of blood have been taken from the arm, one-fourth of the whole of the vital fluid, Avithout causing complete exhaustion, and the system has rallied again under such a loss, Avhich, if the nervous energy be not too much impaired, will be in time replenished.* It is impossible to calculate how much blood has been lost by parturient women, or how much in cases of menorrhagia, where it streams away daily for weeks together, it is our object merely to insist upon the difference with which the system supports the abstrac- tion of these two powers. We cannot measure or weigh imponderable matter, so that we can have no idea of quantity as regards the nervous or electric fluids ; but we can judge of injury done to that form of matter with Avhich their power is identified ; and we know that if the chord through which it passes or vibrates be offended, the whole system may be thrown into convulsions. The blood may be abstracted to more than a fourth its quantity without making any very marked difference in the system for the time being. The man of Herculean strength shall bare his arm, and lose \\h\i impunity a fourth of the vital fluid. To some it is a pleasurable sensation ; but if, in the operation, some nervous twig be mutilated, such shall be the shock to the sensorium, that it shall fail in its functions, and the colossus shall fall pros- trate on the earth. * Dr Parry estimated it at 20 lb. JVofe. — A woman died of hemorr- hagy, losing "26 lb. From a full blooded young woman, who was beheaded, 25 lb. were collected. — U^risieni. THE BLOOD. 31 If we pass ill review the eiFects of injuries upon tlie nerves from the prick of a thorn, to those resuhing fi'om concussion and compression, — if we regard the moral and physical consequences from the slightest to the greatest injury, we must acknowledge how much more importance has been assigned to the nervous system by nature than to any other components of the living mass ; over the blood it has a decided supe- riority. ^^'e can abstract a very large portion of the latter from the system, — we can exchange it by trans- fusion, and still life goes on ; but all attempts to supply nervous power beyond a momentary galvanic shock, which gives motion to the muscles, but cannot propel tiie dead clot or restore its vitality, have hitherto proved fruitless. Here we see, however, the mutual dependencies of the systems on each other ; the fibre may be made to contract without the assistance of the blood ; for, when wholly deprived of this fluid, contraction will take place from irritation of nerve. The butchers' shambles furnish us with proofs. The muscles of the ox may be thrown Into contraction hours after the eviscerated animal is stretched upon the hooks. The blood plays no part here ; it has flowed into another channel, but the nervous survives the sanguiferous power. In all the experiments made upon dead bodies, where muscular contraction has been pro- duced, no change producing anything like the sem- blance of life has occurred in the blood when coagu- lation has already taken place. It is the first to part with its vitality, which never can be restored ; for chemical action asserts its prerogative, — as soon as 32 THE BLOOD. the vital power yields, the chemical predominates. This death of the blood soon involves that of the muscle and of the nerve. Neither can maintain its privileges in a divided state, either physiologically or even anatomically. We cannot drain away blood from muscle, or tear filament from fibre, without compro- mising the existence of all three ; for that which can- not perform its wonted functions is, de facto, no longer the same. In losing its adjective, constituting shape, it is not cognizable in a substantive form. The mummy can- not be said to possess muscle or nerve. These are not represented by chords and strings, nor does the putrid clot in the barber's shop afford any distinct idea of that once scarlet fluid which, propelled into the muscle by nervous influence, gave beauty to the features. How is the contrast drawn between life and death in the three systems by Ovid in his Mori- bund : — " In vultu color est sine sanguine, himina nioestis Stant immota genis, nihil est in imagine vivi. Ipsa quoque interius cum duro lingua palato Congelat, et vence desistunt posse moveri, Nee flecti cervix, nee brachia reddere gostus, Nee pes ire potest." OvkVs Metamorphoses, MUSCULAR 3IOTIOX. — CIKCULATION, PART III. Muscular ^Motion — Circulation — Nutrition — Secretion. MUSCULAR MOTIOX.— CIRCULATION. Le Gallois confesses, that in his experiments to ascertain the influence of the brain upon the circulat- ing system, he made a horrible sacrifice of animal life. Dr Wilson Phillip, not satisfied -with Le Gallois's views, performed more experiments of the same nature, and perhaps a score of experimental physiologists have pursued the same system of torture to prove, after all their trouble, that the heart has an action independent of the nerves, which, however, influence its movements under oi'dinary circumstances. It is, as has been justly observed, the business and work of a life to know what is true upon any physiological subject. Doubts, contradictions, and discrepancies, no where exist to a greater extent than on the subject of circulation. When Harvc}* laid down the rails, he little dreamt of the squabbles which would exist concerninti; the nature and mode of starting the loco- motive. It will be sufficient to quote one paragraph from Dr KUiotson to satisfy us on the point of nervous co-operation in influencing the action of the heart : — " The great influence of the nerves over the heart is demonstrated by the size of the cardiac nerves, ami by tlic great sympathy between the heart and most di MUSCULAR MOTION. — CIKCULATION. functions, however dlfFerent. A convincing proof of this is the momentary sympathy of the heart during most perfect health with all the passions." He further adds, " Since a supply of nerves and blood is requisite to the action of the voluntary muscles, it has been inquired whether these, both or either, are requisite to the heart also." In alluding to the influence of respiration on the heart's action, we get immediately into a field of con- troversy. Thus, when I was in Paris, I had an opportunity of witnessing the late Sir David Barry's experiments, by Avhich he seemed to prove that the venous circulation is performed by means of pressure, and that during inspiration a vacuum is formed in the thorax by expansion, and during this time the vejious blood is propelled towards tlie heart, whereas during expiration it remains stationary or retrograde. Dr Bostock, avIio published his system of physio- logy a little posterior to these experiments, observes : — " In natural respiration there is no effect produced upon the circulation, and consequently no alteration is felt in the pulse. With respect to all experiments, this great objection exists, that respiration must always be in a forced state from the pain produced, which invalidates the proofs." MuUer adopts the same line of argument, as it is difficult to separate the simple act from the effects of the changes which it produces in the nature of the blood, and the chemical and ner- vous influence accompanying it. " Another phenomenon," says Muller, " which dis- tinguishes the heart from other muscles, is the persis- tence of its rhythmic contractions in their regular MUSCULAR MOTION. — CIRCULATION. 35 order in the difTerent cavities, even when removed from the body and emptied of its blood. This cannot be explained otherwise than by supposing the heart, under these circumstances, to retain, with its nerves, some specific nervous influence." — P. 203. This is proved to be the case by galvanism exciting the heart to contraction after its removal from the body, a statement which has been confirmed by recent experiments. Le Gallois learnt, during his prosecution of this subject, that the brain and spinal marrow had great influence over the heart's action, and that although this might be continued for a certain time after their removal, it was much feebler, nor was circulation per- fectly performed, for Nasse measured the height of a stream of blood flowing from a divided artery, and then by injuring the spinal chord, found it decrease in altitude in direct ratio with the injury. Harvey declared the heart's action sufficient for the circulation ; and notwithstanding the many assertions to the contrary, the German physiologists still adhere to this o[)inion, and maintain that the circulation in the capillaries is wholly dependent on the heart's action, as the most feeble contractions of the heart in a frog, nuich exhausted, are perceptible in the capil- laries. Dr Bostock considers the arteries to possess nniscularity, but asserts that contractility can be eft'ected without the intervention of nerves. This applies only to the involuntary muscles, which are not excited by galvanizing the nerves which go to them. iJr li. couaitlers the cause of contraction as a pro})erty aai fjeneris, and not accounted fur by any 3G MUSCULAR MOTION. — CIRCULATION. liypothesis hitherto known. Others refer contraction entirely to the nerves of both kinds of muscle. As far as is necessary for our purpose, it is suffi- ciently evident tliat the influence of the nervous system is very considerable in promoting and main- taining the circulation of the blood. Its self-propelling power is satisfactorily disproved by Midler. All the apparent motions and flickerings observed in the ca- pillaries are due to mechanical causes acting upon the sides of the vessels, or by the attraction exerted on the blood by the solid walls of the vessels. Dr Elliotson substitutes the term myotility for the irritability of Haller. It is necessary to consider here the influence of the nerves in producing muscular contraction. " Every part of the muscles is amply supplied \^'ith blood and nervous threads. The latter appear to deliquesce into an invisible pulp, and unite intimately with the muscukr fibres." * This is most important to those who can trace the effects of the blood, under jiecidiar circumstances, to this cause, without ascribing them to ofl'ence in the blood itself. Any stimulus applied to a muscle, or to its nerves, excites contraction ; but if this deliquescence of nerve through the muscidar fibre maintains, it must, in ail cases, be an application of stimulus to the nerves. Blood and nerve, then, are inseparable from muscle in its normal state ; and sensibility and contractility are due to their influence. The two phenomena of sensation and contraction are not seated in the same nervous fibrils, as stated * Elliotson. ]MUSCULAK MOTIOX. — CIRCULATION. 37 in the consideration of sympathy. The property of contracting is retained by a muscle for some time after death by the apphcation of stimulus, chemical or mechanical. The muscles of the flank of an ox are seen to play in this way after it has been eviscerated and stretched out upon the hooks ; and if the part be touched with the point of a knife, strong contractions are produced in the muscle. I have often witnessed this in my younger days, and amused myself with the experiment. It is proved that this contractile power is diminished where animals have been destroyed by immersion in carbonic acid gas, or by poisons injected into the blood. This involves the Cj[uestion, Whether it is the blood, as Dr Stevens maintains, which is killed by the poison, or the nervous delicjuescence with which the blood comes in contact in the muscle. " The poison itself is the remote, but the vitiated state of the blood produced by the poison, is the immediate, cause of fever, as certain as that narcotic poisons, when injected into the veins, can instantly destroy the vitality of the blood, and cause death, without producing or leaving the slightest trace in any of the solids."* With respect to the first position, that the vitality of the blood is destroyed, there can be no objection, l)ecause the nervous influence of the blood may be destroyed in the fluid simultaneously with the nervous deliquescence in the muscle, into which the blood penetrates. Although our means of ascertaining the injury done * Stevens on the Blood. 38 MUSCULAR MOTION. — CIRCULATIOX. to the solids be not so complete as to demonstrate any lesion, still we judge by function that such must be the case, for we find that narcotics applied directly to the muscles destroy their irritability, and, if applied to the nerves, deprive them at the point acted upon of the property of exciting muscles to conti'action ; and this is caused to a greater degree by local applica- tion of poison in a concentrated state than when introduced into the veins. The experiment of intro- ducing strychnine into the veins, and dividing the nerve of an isolated muscle, when this muscle alone shall be quiescent, is conclusive that the solids are affected by poisons, that the injury to the nerves is the cause of contraction, and that where sudden death is produced, it is not the vitality of the blood alone which is destroyed, but of the flesh, simultane- ously. The poison of the rattlesnake introduced into the veins is instantaneous death, whereas poisons taken Into the stomach are inert, according to Dr Stevens' ideas. This but proves what nobody disputes, that there is no medium of diffusion equal to the circidating fluid ; but whether it be this primarily that is so aflected, is more than doubtful. A drop of highly concentrated prussic acid placed upon the tongue is as instantaneous in its effects as the bite of the rattlesnake, and much more so ; but this is not caused through the medium of the circulation, but by immediately getting to the brain by volatilization ; and there is no death so instantaneous from the injection of poisons into the veins, as that the brain shall not, by medium of the circulation, be affected by the injury. MUSCULAR MOTION. — CIRCULATION. 39 The presence of blood, and of decarbonized arterial blood, is necessary to the healthy contraction of muscles, as the little muscular power of those affected with the blue disease proves ; but muscular contractility does take place where all the blood has been washed out, and the heart removed. — P. 896, Mailers Physiology. Dr EUiotson combats the opinion that muscular contractility is due to the nervous system ; and still he allows that so much is dependent upon it, that but a fraction is wanting to make it a whole, lie does not ascribe it to the blood, however, but says that " the power of contraction is their own," Avhich coincides with Dr Bostock's ideas. That detached muscles contract under the applica- tion of all stimuli would only argue that nervous ]!Ower is still inherent in them. Where the trunk of the nerve has been divided which supplies them, this contraction is found not to take place. An experiment of Sir Benjamin Brodie's tends to prove that the trunk of a nerve when separated from the brain and spinal chord, retained for a considerable time its faculty of excitin": the muscles to contraction when irritated. ]Muller, who places Sir Charles Bell's experiments on a par with Harvey's, adopts a kind of middle course, but still comes to the nerves for assistance. " Irritation of the gustatory branch of the fifth excites no contrac- tion of the lingual muscles, nor does irritation of the infra-orbital nerve any motion of the nostrils and lips of animals. The fact proves that mere nervous influ- ence, as a general property, does not act as a stimulus for muscular contractions in the manner of other stimuli, but that for the excitement of muscles to contraction, 40 MUSCULAR AMOTION.— CIRCULATION". a specific action of a special class of nerves is neces- sary. The extinction of the mnsculur irritabiUty, after a time, when the nerves have been paralyzed by division, and their accidental union prevented, is the most con- clusive argument in favour of the opinion, that for excitement of muscular contractions, the integrity of the nerves ramifying in the muscles is necessary, and that the muscles themselves are not susceptible of the direct action of stimuli Yet it is evident that the contractility must be a property of muscles themselves, and that the nerves cannot, even during life, impart to them a power which they do not possess themselves. But the manifestation of the contractile property of muscles pre-.supposes a concur- rent action of the nerves." — P. 900. Of the influence of the mind upon the voluntary muscles, sufficient will be found under the head of Mesmerism. As to the iuAoluntary, it is difficult to say where one usurps the functions of the other. Dr Elliotson relates many interesting cases of the mind controlling the supposed involuntary movements. — P. 484. As reffards the share the nervous system has in their functions, it is, from whatever sense it may be derived, as great as in the voluntary.* Colonel Townsend's case is Avell known. The possibility of self-destruction by holding in the breath, was, I re- * The application of a stimulus to the nerve before it has reached the muscle, has the same effect as irritating it in the muscle itself. This i^; a fact well known with regard to the cerebro spinal nerves, but that it is true of the organic or sympathetic nerves also, has been more recently discovered.— iVii7tr, p. t'UO. NUTRITIOX.— SECKETIOX. 41 collect, positively denied by Sir Astley Cooper. The following proves the contrary if it can be depended upon : — A robber, named Coma, when taken before the consul Pupilius, is said, by Valerius Maximus, to have so destroyed himself. Let others, says the his- torian, sharpen the sword, mix the poison, &c., " nihil liorinn Coma, sed, intra pectus inclusa anima, finem sui reperit." — Lib. ix. cap. xii., extern. 1. — Elliotson's Phi/siologi/) p. 492. NUTRITION.— SECRETION. The influence of the nervous system upon the pro- cesses of digestion and assimilation, presents us with many striking facts of a moral and physical kind. It has its usual share of labour in this department of organic life. Dr AVilson Philip's experiments bring us directly to the point. When the eighth pair of nerves is divided digestion ceases, and by the application of galvanism to the divided extremities of the nerves, it is completely restored. Thus a rabbit is enabled to digest [)arsley by this substitute for nervous power. These experiments have been confirmed by others, so that the triumph of the nerves over this function is complete in its physical demonstration.* This applies equally, whatever may be considered to be the means (jf performing the function. Dr Bostock argues the assistance of chemical fermentation, and does not * Dr Carpenter cavils at this conclusion of Dr Wilson, but 1 do nvs of things, and those of his colleague, Dr Gregory, seem to have been correct; for, as the latter has beautifully expressed it, " Nam ut sanguis semel missus nunquam in venas redit, sic neque vires cum illo amissaj in variis morbis unquam refici possunt." The change in this part of the treatment of disease has undergone great modifications, and practitioners no longer boast of their bleedings, ad deliquium, which thev did formerly. This decided practice, as it was styled, and which usurped the claims of confidence, is now proved to have been decidedly bad. I am indebted, perhaps, to the admonitions and example of the discoverer of Nitrogen for tlie success with which my treatment of this case was happily crowned. MESMERISM. This subject must be considered physiologically and morally. In the latter sense it surpasses any- thing which can come within the cognizance of our senses, and, at all events, is out of the pale of medical inquiry. The exhibitions Avhich we have daily made before us, if true, can only be referred to the class of miracles. It may not be amiss to warn tlie public how far, and by ^A'hat complication of machinery, systematic imposture may be carried on. We refer to the Appendix for an extract from M'Crie's Life of John Knox. 68 MESMERISM. Considered physiologically, it may be asked what is true, and what is new in these histories ? and whether, in this view, the whole be not reducible to excited nervous influence, which has at all times pre- vailed under particular circumstances, without usurp- ing any specific name or term ? There is nothing new in the discovery, that pain may be suspended by moral impression ; the number is, perhaps, comparatively few of those who have not proved this in their own persons. The pain of tooth- ache is recognized to be as severe as any to which flesh is heir, — the stoutest are knocked down by it. The celebrated Tom Crib was deprived of all his muscular force during a fit of it ; and yet this agoniz- ing pain, this torture Avhich often makes a man run his head against the wall, is entirely dissipated, not mei'cly for the moment, but for weeks ; — not by oils and opiates, not by the extracting iron, but by the simple rap at the' door of him who is supposed to have the irons in his pocket. The fear of incurring a momentary pain still more severe than the one in operation, is suflficient to expel the latter. "\Ve require no name for this phenomenon ; Ave speak of its eflfects ; and we see, in this instance, that moral causes can operate upon the nervous system, and suspend physical action ; the pain in question being referable to irrita- tion of the nerves. If the passions of the mind, of which fear is one, be still more Avrought upon, the sentient condition of the nerves may be so paralysed as to allow the tooth to be extracted, or the limb to be amputated, Avithout causing pain to the patient. I see no reason to doubt of the veracitA^ of these Avit- MESMERISM. 69 nesses ; I can find no object in deception, no reason to suspect collusion, because there is nothing more extraordinary in the effects of the will directing all its powers to the consummation of one object, than that this should be effected by the operation of one passion. It is the faith which removes mountains. This is a word Avhich seldom finds entree to medical levees ; it sits at the gate like Mordecai, and it is sure to triumph. It will finish by hanging its foes, Scepti- cism and Credulity. It is the same that cured the woman of hemorrhagy, and the man at the pool of Bethesda. AVhy should we suppose that its reign is over ? It is as paramount in the present day as in times gone by. It has existed from the beginning of time, and will endure to the end. It is a part and parcel of our moral existence. It represents a great power equal to a host or army, exercising its influence over our moral and physical being. It is not at our own dis- posal ; it is not in the power of all to believe ; but those who do, and do in right earnest, often reap the fruits of what some Avould style their weakness. — How strong in their weakness. None are so well acquainted with it as those who found systems upon it, which last as long as they can fan the flame ; for it will some- times go out, and may not be rekindled. We appeal to the Ilomoeopathists to tell us what they have accomplished by knowing how to avail themselves of this power. We return to the influence of the will over tlic physical man — over the muscular system, and we shall find that, by continued cftbrt of this will directed to one object, the distorted arm — the contracted leg, have been restored to their normal 70 MESMERISM. state ; as has been proved in our own experience. We see the muscles only through the nerves ; the older physiologists believed them to be expansions of the latter. Mr Hone, in his Every Day Book, relates the following instance of extraordinary muscular ex- ertion: — A man with a wooden leg was leaning against a high gate, when he was suddenly alarmed by the sight of an enraged bull coming full speed at him down the lane. There were no means of escape, and death or horrid mutilation seemed to await him. Under this excitement of fear he made a violent effort, leaped over the gate, and escaped from his foe. Some soldiers in the late wars, under the full excitement of victory, stormed and took a fort. The following day, upon seeing what they had done, they could hardly believe it possible ; they doubted their own achievements. Their commanding officer ordered them to renew the attack in a sham fight ; not a man could mount to the point where he had placed his foot the preceding day. It was a sham fight ; the stimulus of reality w^as wanting to assist the will. A man has been confined to his bed by a fit of the gout, and so perfectly helpless as to require the aid of several men to move him from one side of the couch to the other. In the middle of the night he has been suddenly alarmed by the house taking fire, when he has, without any assistance, jumped out of bed, run down stairs, and gained the street. It is useless to multiply cases of this nature. It may be allowed to draw a parallel between them and some of those effects attributed to mesmerism, and see in what they differ physiologically. MESMERISM. 7 1 The most striking instance on record of the power of the Avill over muscular motion, is presented to us in the case of Colonel Townsend, Avho could, by voluntary effort, suspend the action of the heart for a considerable time, during which he lost all appearance of life. Is there anything in all the distortions and monkey tricks, which we see those exhibit who are said to be under this mesmeritic po\A'cr, so wonderful as this ? tlie suspension of the heart's pulsation by voluntary effort ? I A\itnessed, when in St Petersburg, some children exhibit a great many pranks when mesmerized by a female magnetizer of the name of Tutchanienoff. These children had all some physical defect ; one had a hump on his back, a second, a distorted spine, a tliird, a contracted limb, &c. She promised to put all things straight by the power of her eyes. She Avas of middle stature, very dark complexion, with piercing ])lack eyes. She exhibited in public. She Avas seated in a corner of the room, wore a dark blue riding habit, and had a black velvet cap, with gold tassel, on her head. The children were admitted. They had sallow complexions, were meagre, and in bad condition. They were told to approach her. She avoided looking at them for a time, during which they remained quiet. She suddenly turned her head towards them, and gave a piercing look ; and at the same instant they com- menced their antics. The boy with the hump back took up a folio book, liolding a lid in each hand, and throwing it over his head, thumped the hunch with the body of the leaves. Some muscular power was 72 MESMERISM. employed, but the thumps were not hard enough to hurt him. The contracted arm was pulled by two attendants, one holding the body, whilst another pulled at the arm, and the child vociferated krepka, krepka — pull harder, pull harder. The shortened leg was served much in the same way. This continued for about two minutes, Avhen the exhibition ceased. As soon as the magnetizer turned her eyes from them, the children were powerless. Several of my colleagues were present, and we all agreed that a greater piece of imposture was never attempted. No good was done to the children. This woman continued to per- form her miracles for a long time in St Petersburg, patronized by the nobility. Amongst other feats, she was said, by her look, to have caused long thread-like bodies to issue from the digital extremities of a child, which, from some vibratory motion which they mani- fested, were said to be living Avorms. Still all is not imposture. It is but fair that I should relate the following case as coming under my own cognizance, and that of most of my colleagues. A lady, the wife of a physician, met with the following accident : — Her foot having slipped in mounting the steps to her door, she fell down the area, and concussion of the spine was the consequence. She lost all power of motion in the lower extremities. Various means were resorted to : blisters, setons, frictions, with tar- tarized antimony, galvanism, and, finally, she suffered the excruciating tortures of seven moxas burnt upon the sacrum, at different periods, — all without eftect. She remained a cripple, without any power of moving her limbs, and this for the space of twelve months. JIE.SMERISM. 73 She was carried in a litter to the steam-boat, which took her to Paris by Havre. Upon her arrival there slie was treated bv Recamier. He introduced a series of setons from the nape of the neck to the sacrum, but with no better effect. She was a woman of e-reat moral courage. Kit desperandam. She resolved on trying magnetism. A female treated her, and in six weeks she was going the rounds of a gay Parisian life, with her limbs perfectly restored. This was called mesmerism. Let us instance a case Avhere no sucji power was employed : — In the town of Southam[)ton lived a shoemaker who had a short leg ; he walked upon the point of the toe wdth the help of a stick, and was nicknamed " Hoppy." He had been in that state for years, and was knoAMi to the whole community. The days of acupuncture arrived. AVhat has become of it ? One of these operators visited the town and blew his trumpet. He performed many cures. " Hoppy" presented himself. He undertook to make him walk straight. He pushed pins and needles into the foot, and in a short time the man left off his high shoe, the sole of the foot rested flat upon the ground, he walked without limping, and without the help of a stick. His cure, however, Avas not of long duration. This was acui^uncture. It may be difficult to account for such things, but to deny the evidence of our senses in such instances, is tacitly to give ourselves the lie. In neither of these two instances could there be a question of collusion ; the acts were performed, no matter by what means. In neither of them do Ave see more than has been recognized in the cure of 74 SLEEP. toothache by fear, in the wooden-legged man jumping over the gate, or the gouty man quitting his bed. In all we must admit a moral influence Avhich, for a time, sometimes longer, sometimes shorter, predominates over and controls the physical powers. This influence is, perhaps, always voluntary ; for, as regards muscular motion, it must be borne in mind that the voluntary muscles act independently of the manifestation of the Avill. Sleep-walking cannot be instanced in proof of this, for it is by no means clear that the will is not active in this state. Dr Whytt observes that many of the bodily motions are performed when Ave are insensible of the power of the will excited in their production. We are not aware that the eye-lids are kejtt open by the will ; but when drowsiness and sleep steal upon us, we find it requires a considerable effort to prevent the falling down of the upper curtain. In a physiological sense, all these apparently won- derful phenomena are true, but they are by no means new. Of the rest of mesmerism, as far as the opera- tions of the mind are concerned and its knowledge of things, these are new ; it will require undeniable evidence to prove them true. If they be, they rank with miracles, and are without the pale of physiology. See Appendix. SLEEP. In the few observations to be made upon a subject ■svhich has given rise to so much speculation, it Avill be evident, Avhether sleep be considered as a function SLEEP. 75 of the brain, or as resulting from an exhaustion of nervous power, it is this organ which is principally con- cerned in the process. In no function of the system does the blood play a more important part than in influencing this phenomenon. If it flow too freely, or its momentum be too great, (from Avhatever cause, moral or physical, this may arise,) it is fatal to sleep, and this effect is mechanical and independent of any change in its constitution. Some maniacs will resist sleep for days and nights together, if the nervous system be in a great state of excitement. Where the circulation is weak, as when the body is exhausted by fatigue, so irresistible is the power of sleep, that the culprit at the stake, and the mast-head midshipman, cannot resist its influence. Of the direct eflects of the circulation on this func- tion, proofs are afibrded us by compressing the brain, and large vessels which furnish it with blood. If the carotids be forcibly compressed, a state of sopor is induced. Sir Astley Cooper used to relate the case of a sailor who had been trepanned, the pulsations of Avhose brain were visible through the bony ring, which Avas covered only by integument ; and if the thumb were pressed upon this spot, sleep immediately fol- lowed. The state and condition of the blood must not be lost sight of in these matters ; for, as an increase of momentum in the arterial blood will cause insom- Jiolency, so will a diminished circulation, retarding tlie return of the venous blood, produce sopor and coma, and often apoplectic symptoms. Asphyxia is so produced. If a marchande de modes be crossed in love, she shuts herself in a small room, places a pan T(> SLEEP. of liglited charcoal on the floor, and Hes down to sleep the long sleep. — This is asphyxia. If the mind be excited at the usual time of repose, it is often preventive of sleep ; there is an increased vascular action ; and the Germans have a very forcible term for that tossina; and cjeneral restlessness of bodv accompanying this wakeful state, " Das Blut ist in Wallung." As long as this irritability is kept up by physical or moral causes, sleep will not be induced. John Browne, whose essay upon this function is the chef d'cenvre of his writings, insists upon a due balance between the exciting powers and the excitability as necessary to sound sleej). It is upon the principle of subduing the latter that opium acts as a diffusible stimulus. Me Uerde, he exclaims, opium non sedaf. Feeble doses of this drug, far from producing the de- sired effect, only increase the irritability of the system, and prevent sleep. I have often been surprised at the very small quantity of opium wdiich German practi- tioners employ with a Aiew of inducing sleep, not at the disappointment they experience. Physical and moral causes, as they are in due proportion or in excess, will induce or counteract the process. We understand the expression of an agreeable degree of fatigue, which invites to this state, as an excess of the same prevents it. Moral influences act precisely in the same way ; grief and anxiety repel, as tlie thoughts of anything pleasurable court, sleep. But these have also their limits, and sleep w'ill at last conquer in spite of the aggravated torments of mind and body. When witchcraft was punished as a crime, it was the great object of tlie torturers to keep the poor sufterers awake. SLEEP. (7 which they did by ninning needles into tlieir eyes. Sleeplessness is a characteristic symptom of insanity ; it often precedes it, and is one of the first of the many harbingers of this approaching malady. " If I do not get sleep I shall go out of my senses." is not an uncommon expression from those exhausted by long Avatchfulness. I have known some persons subject to confusion of intellect and waking dreams, who recover their mental energies by a five minutes nap. The force of habit, together with all the innumer- able causes which operate through the inliuence of ex- ternal impressions on the sensorium, the rustling of the leaves, the bubbling brook, the warbler's notes, the fairy tale, the more mechanical influence of the friction of the skin, will not allow us to doubt of the nervous power as one of great importance in the performance of this function. I have a patient at present Avith an affection of the heart, who is lulled to sleep by the nurse taking his hand in hers and tickling it. The child Avill not often go to sleep without the thumb in its mouth. In the language of Shakspeai'e — '' Our little life is rounded by a sleep." l»ut, nevertheless, it is not the image of death, nor is there any analogy between the two. Every function of life is performed during sleep. Respiration, which of all others is the most characteristic of life, so that to cease to breathe is to die, is never so well per- formed as in this state. As to the mental functions, they are, I believe, always awake. ]\Iemory may not assist us to recall what has passed, but it fails us in 78 SLEEP. many other circumstances. Some do not recollect that they have slept at all, and maintain the point in spite of credible Avitncsses to the contrary. I knew a lady avIio insisted that she never slept, and drank Burton ale when she ■went to bed to produce sleep. Being in the habit of waking up very often, she Avould not be convinced, even by the testimony of her husband, that she slept great part of the night. A gentleman, who was hurried to Paris by the distressing news that his son was dying, took a courier with him for expedition. They left town in the evening. 1 he man informed him that he never slept in all his journies by night. In less than ten minutes he was fast asleep, and only awoke at the different stages. On arriving at Dover in the morn- ing, he maintained that he had never closed his eyes. It is not logical to say that the mind is unemployed, because we cannot recollect what occupied it ; for we find memory very treacherous. The state of the somnambulist does not argue that the mind is asleep. The nervous system is awake ; for the muscles are controlled by the will, and there is a determination in the exercise of it. There is a decided object in view, for the movements are directed to some one point. There must be some degree of vision. The man on the roof top does not walk over the parapet, and seldom comes to harm, unless some foolish attempt be made to awaken him. Then there may be fear of his losing his senses and his life at the same time. Lady Macbeth was morally awake when she exhibited this phenomenon. There is nothing more capricious in its visits than SLEEP. 79 sleep. It treats rich and poor, the happy and un- happy, alike, as regards its favours. Some, in the enjoyment of good health, are most indifterent sleepers. " Mr Good gives us a singular instance of a man who never slept, and yet enjoyed a very good state of health till his death, which happened in the seventy- third year of his age. lie had a kind of dozing for about a Cjuartor of an hour once a-day, but even that was not sound, though it was all the slumber lie was ever known to take." — Medico- Clilnoyical Obser- vations. The people of northern latitudes sleep more than those of the south. The Russians boast that they can sleep at all times of the day or night ; and this, Avith the common people, is the case. Most part of their unemployed time is spent in sleep. The influence of sleep upon the faculties of the mind is different in different individuals, as is the refreshment which it affords physically and morally. The autlior of the Waverley novels has stated, that liis powers of authorship required seven hours of total oblivion for their full energy ; he was good for no- thing if he had not so much sound sleep in the twenty- four hours. I knew a gentleman of very nervous character, who was never so nervous, nor seemed so much exhausted, as after a night's sound sleep. The theory of Brown respecting the diffusible stimulus of opium, is not applicable to morphia, which indeed invalidates the theory. " That opium contains two principles, the stinnilant and narcotic, is not now matter of specula- tion ; as they have been separated chemically, and 80 ON Drj:A:.is. tlio narcotic part, morphia, can be used to produce sleep Avitliout the stimulant. The stupor from opium Avas said to be the sedative effect subsequent to, or produced by, the exhau^stion of the stimulus ; but this is not the case ; for, the stimidant part being taken away, the morphia produces sleep as certainly ; thus realizino; the lono;-sou2:ht desideratum of an unstimu- lating opiate." — Billing's Principles of Medicine, p. 87. ON DREAMS. Lord Brougham has hazarded the opinion, thiit dreaming is confined to that period which exists between the sleeping and -waking state ; and that, during sound sleep, people do not dream at all. Although, upon rising in the morning, we may imagine that Ave have been dreaming all night, yet if this state has prevailed, it has been by continual successions of transits from sleep to wake ; and as all standard as to time is lost under such circumstances, so the Avhole of the dreaming period, Avhich may appear to us to have occupied hours, is in reality accomplished in a fcAv seconds. It appears to us that the author has not made out a clear case, and that facts are opposed to this theory. The late Dr Cullen observes, in his Physiology of Sleep, that the body, as Avell as the mind, may be in any state of Avaking ; and as the latter does not go to sleep all at once, but by degrees, so it may aAvake in the same manner. ON DREAMS. 81 As regai'tls the amount of dreaming comprised in the shortest period of time, the idea is not new, how- ever true it may be, for Dr Darwin has advanced the same supposition in his Zoonomia. " The rapidity of the succession of transactions in our dreams is ahiiost inconceivable ; insomuch, that when we are accidentally awakened by the jarring of a door, M'hich is opened into our bed-chamber, we sometimes dream a whole history of thieves or fire in the very instant of waking." — Vol. i. p. 295 ; sect. xviii. 11. In the process of sleep the senses take their depar- ture seriatim. The eyes, covered by the relaxation of the muscles, which hold up the curtain, are no longer conscious of the real fonns of objects presented to them, although lioht be not alto^-ether excluded. They enjov as mucli visual power as some animals do at all times, and it is some time before the halo is quite extinguished. The ear is Ion"' sensible to sound after the functions of the eye have ceased ; and the tongue can still babble out some inarticulate words. The muscular system does not become torpid all at once, sometimes a leg or arm will take precedence of its feUow, fall asleep, or wake up without consent of its partner; hence the sensation in a limb as if it were dropping through, when we first fall asleep, or when anything suddenly rouses us. In the process of waking, the ear is the first of the senses which regains its functions, as it was the last to lose them in that of sleeping. It is susceptible of the impression of sound long before the eye is able to 82 ON DREAMS. distinguish objects, or the muscular power so much awake as to be able to lift up the curtain. This explains the phenomena to which Darwia alludes, of the dreams which take place in this inter- mediate state between the awakening and the broad awake conditions of the sensorium ; and as Cullen has advanced the proposition, both body and mind may be in any state of waking. As the senses, physically, are not able to perform their functions correctly if entirely isolated, but each requires, for the perfect performance of its own special duties, the co-operation of its associates, and runs into error when their correcting influence is suspended, so is the sensorium all abroad and dreaming, when de- prived of the combined influence of the external senses. The thieves and fires vanish, therefore, as soon as the eye has the power to correct the error caused by the insulated impression of sound made upon the ear. It is not to this period alone that dreaming is con- fined. It occurs during the soundest sleep, of which there are suflicient demonstrative proofs. If it were confined to this period, the slightest power exercised by a second person would be suffi- cient to awaken the dreamer, but this is not the case. ]Many who give sufficient evidence of their state of dreaming by the agitation of their features, and by vocal expression, require a good deal of external force to be exerted upon their bodies before they can be made to awake ; and we have known some of the hardest sleepers to be great dreamers, although upon awakening, they are not conscious of having dreamt at all. With many the dreaming state may be thua ON DREAMS. S3 recognizable to a bystander, and yet the dreamer shall have no recollection of Avhat he dreamt, nor can be persuaded that he did dream. Instances are not uncommon of persons waking in a dream by the effects of some external cause, and continuing the same dream when relapsed again into sleep, which proves that dreaming is something more than a succession of ideas crowding upon the imagination, during the period of moral and physical struggle between sleep and wake. Has not many a sportsman had opportunities ot proving, by ocular demonstration, that dogs enjoy the pleasures of the chace in their dreams. Has he not observed his spaniel, after a day's shooting, stretched out upon the rug before the fire, exhausted by fatigue, and enjoying sound repose, — and has he not heard him -uhine and groan, and, finally, give tongue in full cry, and yet so far from the transition state, as to requu-e a hard kick before his dream could be dispelled. This faculty of animals has been beautifully described by Lucretius, in the following lines : — " Venan tumque canes in moUi saepe quiete, Lactant crura tamen subito, vocesque repente, Mittunt, et crebro reducuiit naribus auras, Ut vestigia si teneaut invcnta ferarum ; Expt'rgefactciquc scquuntur inania soepe Cervorum simulacra, fugaj quasi dcdita cernaiit ; Donee discussis redeant erroribus ad se/' Liierd. lib. iv. O.'KI. " Spurzheim has observed, that some do things in their sleep of which they are incapable Avhen awake. J)r Good relates the case of a clergyman, who iiad 84 ON DREAMS. deeply cultivated music, to M'hich he was passionately attached, who composed during his sleep a very beau- tiful ode of about six stanzas, and set the same to very agreeable music ; the impression of which was so firmly fixed in his memory, that on rising in the morning he sat down and copied fi-om his recollection both the music and the poetry." It has been asserted that men have solved problems in their sleep which puzzled them in their waking hours, and, shouting out, Eureka ! they have awaked. THE FIVE SENSES. 85 PART V. Vision — Hearing — Smell and Taste — Feeling — Voice and Speech. THE FIVE SENSES. That tlicse faculties depend upon the perfect inte- grity of the nervous .structure, is a fact too well un- derstood to require any comment. In tracing some of those curious histories which result from various degrees of derangement and disease, the importance of its sound state will be best illustrated. This, however, opens a very wide field of inquiry, over which our limits will allow us to skim but lightly ; a very curious pheno- menon here fii'st presents itself, in the circumstance, that a certain relation and dependency exist througli- out the whole of the systems of created beings, and that even here the perfection of one sense is some- times due to the co-operation of another. Thus, the eye corrects the sense of touch, which again is sometimes requisite to correct vision. " The senses are not," as Spurzheim observes, " of themselves sufficient, inde- pendent of the internal operations of the mind. It is said that the senses correct each other, and they do so in a certain degree, but they do not correct the functions of the senses. Thus we see objects reversed, but the touch assures us they are not so, yet, having been convinced of this by the touch, we do not see 86 THE FIVE SENSES. them otherwise than as before. Some other power vi' the mhid is necessary for this." The organs of the five senses which connect us w ith the external world are subject to lesions of different kinds, by which they are no longer susceptible of impressions, or by which the impressions which they receive do not convey just ideas of things to the sen- soriiun. Tliese erroneous impressions allow of every variety of perversion, and are often productive of most unpleasant consequences. They may be often traced to mechanical injury ; and where this is not evident, still we must judge by derangement of function, that such must exist, although not cognizable by our senses. In the convalescence of fevers, we find that the senses ^vhich had been annulled during the disease return to their perceptive state by slow degrees, while some are more acute than in a natural state. It is long before the eye regains all its vigour. Taste and smell are obliterated or changed from what they should be. Deafness is of long duration, and the sense of touch does not recognize olijects pre- sented to it with the same degree of accuracy as in a liealthy state of the system. The mental powers long feel the injury done to the sensorium ; until it becomes fixed and steady the mind will continue wavering. Memory is sometimes lost for weeks. These effects will be found, iu general, to be in a ratio with the severity of the disease, and its mode of treatment ; in both cases it is the loss of nervous power, which is to be deplored. In those cases of general ill-health which are, ac- cording to Macculloch, ascribable to obscure inter- THE FHTE SENSES. 87 mittents, this morbid state is found to prevail very greatly. He traces it to direct influence on the nerves themselves. " Nor is that consequence a secondary one, origi- nating in false or perverted moral views, or in an alierration of the reasoning faculties ; since it appears on the contrary, where that does or does not exist, and to be absolutely an insensibility or a primary disorder in the nerves of those organs of sense which are the mediums of pleasure." Thus, some have complained, " that beautiful ob- jects, such as pictures, natural scenery, and so forth, Avhich, when in health, had been most pleasurable or engaging, seemed to make no impression at all upon the sense. So those who, as musicians, were accus- tomed to delight in music, not less from science than feeling, complained that they seemed to sufl:er under a positive insensibility as to what used to be a source of the most refined delight, although labouring under no affection of the temper, nor any of those sensa- tions commonly called hypochondriacal; and thus have others complained that the most gratefvd things had ceased to give pleasure, — that the scent of a rose was not only powerless, but produced absolute pain, by reminding them of what it once Avas, while every attempt to revive the former association connected with this and other similar objects of delight was un- availing." — ^facculloch, vol. i. p. 324. The effects of derangement of the nerves are illus- trated by the fact, that " external agencies can give rise to no kind of sensation which cannot also be pro- (Uiccd Ijy internal causes exciting changes in the con- 88 THE FIVE SENSES. dltion of our nerves/' A constant action may tlius be going on internally, and keeping np impressions which distress the hypochondriacal ; and although aris- ino- from within, are as real sources of uneasiness, as if visibly exerted from without. The senses of seemg, hearing, smelling, tasting, and feeling, may be all excited by internal causes without any exciting ex- ternal agent. An increased determination of blood to any of these parts will increase their susceptibility, and excite sensations. Moreover, all these things are accomplished in our dreams ; and the direction of the mind to any one physical ailment will increase it as much as the influence of external impression. If it be established that each organ of sense is capable of but one kind of sensation only, and not of those proper to the other organs of sense, and that one nerve of sense cannot take the place and perform the function of the nerve of another sense, " Still a strong impression made upon a nerve of sense will, by reflex action through the sensorium, excite other senses. There is, however, no power of transposition of one nerve's function to another. The eye cannot hear, nor the ear see, nor did Miss JNIacaulay ever see with her fingers ; but the power of any one sense may be so increased by exercise, as in some measure to com- pensate for the loss of another by increase of its own function, v.'ithout in any way performing that of the lost one. This is very important as regards the sup- posed power of those who see through the skin in the mesmeretic state." VISION. 89 VISION. The integrity of the optic nerve is necessary to vision ; but many circumstances may prevent light getting access to it ; or light may reach it and make no impression upon it if it be too much disorganized. It wastes away for Avant of use, as other parts of the svstem are found to do. It is of some disordered functional states, and not of organic lesion, that any mention is to be made at present. These states may arise from physical causes, which may be either suf- liciently evident, or so obscure, that we cannot recog- nize them. A certain definite time is necessary for tlie impression of objects to be transmitted through the nerve to the brain, and there be painted in their real form. Hence the explanation of all jugglers' tricks, that motion is quicker than vision. This is the explanation of all the rotatory toys : however distant the objects may be in the disk, the rapidity of motion so blends them together, that they form but a single impression on the brain. Seeing double implies some physical derangement. It may be transitory, as when produced by too free potations, and wearing off as the fumes of the liquor evaporate. The story is well known of two able states- men of former days going to the House of Commons after a banquet. On taking their seats, one said to the other, why, I can't see the speaker ; not see hiin ! said his friend, I see two. But this state may be more permanent. I attended an old gentleman in St Pctersburtr Avho laboured for three weeks under 90 visiox. determination of blood to the head, during the whole of which time he saw everything double when both eyes were open. It is when the brain and nervous system have been shattered by moral causes, or by the sequela of phy- sical ones, that the most curious phenomena occur, as regards the visual powers. The author of the Diary of a late Physician has published a ludicrous paper of the spectre dog which followed the man wherever he might be ; he could not shake him off, either in his walks, or in his bed-room, or in the stage coach ; the dog was always there. I know not whether this story be founded on fact or not, but a case very similar occurred in a gentleman, who related it to me : — In great distress of mind, he had taken a quantity of laudanum with the intent to poison himself. It did not accomplish what he intended, but was productive of most distressing nervous affections. Among others, as soon as he was in bed at night, he saw a dog lying at the foot of his bed upon the floor. He got out of bed to verify it, the dog vanished ; when he returned to his couch tliere was the dog again. The most singular item in the history was, that his mind could not rectify the error ; the visual impressions overcame the rational powers. He would leave his bed two or three times in the same night to be shamed by a phantom, and this lasted for full six weeks. At a subsequent period, and previously to his death, which was a melancholy one, he was haunted night after night by a chess-board with men upon it. That ghosts and apparitions have appeared to people cannot be doubted. Carlyle has alluded to the history VISION. 91 of Luther and the blue-bottle fly, and referred it naturally to that imperfect state of the sensorial powers when debilitated by physical exhaustion or moral causes. It is not true that there are ghosts in sub- stantial forms, paradoxically expressing it, but they are visible to the mind's eye. It is nowhere recorded that two people ever saw a ghost at the same time and in company. It might so happen, that of two men walking down a lane at night, one should fancy he saw a ghost and point it out to the other, whose fear might persuade him that he saw something ; but no two men at the same time, and in each other's com- pany, ever saw the same spectral form before their eyes. It is true that Shakspeare makes the ghost of Hamlet's father appear to Marcellus and Bernardo, and afterwards to Hamlet in their company ; but this may be accounted for under circumstances as Avhen — " Time is out of joint." The best ghost story of modern times is to be found in Southey's Life of Wesley, to which I can only refer, as it is a very long one ; but it is evident that the author placed implicit confidence in the truth of the whole history. Dr Ferriar Avas one of the first to give some rational explanation of these seeming wonders. It is reducible to physical certainty, that the im- pression of some bodies on the sensorium lasts long- after the object which caused them is removed from sicfht. After lookinji; at the sun for some time till we are blinded, for, as Lucretius observed, " Sol etlani coucat, contra si tendere pergas," 92 VISION. Ave see the globe of fire a long time. In cases, there- fore, where the mind has long dwelt or has been for- cibly impressed by any circumstance, it forms the subject for a night's dream ; and, as this dreaming state is performed sometimes in a semi-waking state, and when vision may be in some measure in function, so almost any object may substantially represent the mind's picture ; and this illusion may be more com- plete and permanent, as a certain degree of fear with the timid may prevent them from verifying the object by actual examination. The following will go far to prove how such things have oecm'red and found their explanation by close examination, and will also sug- gest the idea, that, for want of this alone, many semblances have been recorded as realities. " A traveller, benighted in the remote Highlands of Scotland, was compelled to ask shelter for the evening at a small lonely hut. When he was to be conducted to his bed-room, the landlady observed, with mysteri- ous reluctance, that he would find the window very insecure. On examination, part of the wall appeared to have been broken down to enlarge the opening. After some inquiry, he was told that a pedlar, who had lodged in the room a short time before, had com- mitted suicide, and was found hanging behind the door of the house, and to convey it through the window was impossible without removing part of the wall ; some hints were dropped that the room had been subsequently haunted by the poor man's spirit. The traveller laid his fire-arms, properly prepared against intrusion of any kind, by the bedside, and retired to rest, not without some degree of apprehen- VISIOX. i)o tiion. He was visited, in a dream, by a friglitful apparition, and, awakening in agony, fomul himself sitting up in bed witli a pistol grasped in his right hand. On casting a fearful glance round the room, he discovered, by the moonlight, a corpse dressed in a shroud reared erect against the wall, close by the window. With much difficidty he summoned up resolution to approach the dismal object, the features of which, and the minutest parts of its funeral apparel, he perceived distinctly. He passed one hand over it, felt nothing, and staggered back to the bed. After a long interval, and much reasoning with himself, lie renewed his investigation, and at length dis- covered that the object of his terror was produced bv the moonbeams forminoj a lono- bright imaae tiu'ough the broken window, on which his fancy, impressed by his dream, had pictured with mischie- vous accuracy, the lineaments of a bc»dy prepared for interment."' Now, many would have put their head under the clothes from fear, and the following day related, with every semblance of truth, that they had seen the corpse of the pedlar. The power of the clouds in reflecting images, and the beautiful and wonderful phenomena of the mirage, oidy remained to be made intelligible to explain many apparitions which were supposed to be supernatu- ral. The Ilartz mountain has been robbed of its mystic wonders. It is })robal)le that the cross which Constantino saw in the air was also some imajjfe reflected from the clouds. Tliese belono; to substantial physical delusions ; for clouds, in the scale of matter. 94 VISION. are very dense bodies compared with gases. Matter is not always gross enough to be visible. It is more in harmony Avith our present subject, to trace the causes of illusions in disturbed states of the nervous powers, to which these physical realities serve as introductory prefaces. " That forms of objects, which have no external prototypes, are exhibited to the mind in certain states of the brain," is advanced by Dr Ferriar ; and we need not quote the instances which he brings forward, having mentioned the case of our friend who was haunted by the spectre dog. " Vriien the brain is partially irritated, the patient fancies he sees animals crowd into his room. These inijiressions take place even while he is convinced of their fallacy." This was precisely the case in that instance. The person knew that no dog was in the room, and yet he got out of bed to verify it. There is something very expressive in the state- ment of Cullen, that the body may be in any state of waking. It may be equally said of the mind, which may be in every state of soundness, from the slightest aberration to complete insanity; or in any state of sleep, from restless dreaming to perfect unconscious- ness. There is a leaking dream ; and there is no better definition for a state of mind which occurs when the ])hysical man is wide awake, and Avhen the system is performing all its functions.. This state implies every degree of disturbed sensorium. The recollection of images in this state converts them into real forms, and gives them a local habitation and a name, — sup- poses them the faculty of speech. It is no imposture. VISION. 95 but self-deception, arising from physical causes ; all the faculties of the sensorium not being fully awake, and still sufficient rational power existing to perforin the common offices of life. In the following, where we acknowledge physical causes, we trace nervous derangement very clearly : " Sauvage mentions, that a woman subject to epi- lepsy saw, during the paroxysm, dreadful spectres, and that real objects appeared magnified to an extra- ordinaiy degree ; a fly seemed as large as a fowl, and a fowl appeared equal in size to an ox. In coloured objects green predominated with her, a curious fact, which I have seen verified in other convulsive diseases. A very intelligent boy, who Avas under my care for convulsions of the voluntary muscles, when he looked at some large caricatures glaringly coloured with red and yellow, insisted that they were covered with green, till his paroxysm abated, during which his in- tellects had not been at all affiscted." The impression was too strong for him to discredit Avhat is styled the evidence of his senses, and yet such evidence often proves very equivocal, as we find that we cannot always trust to one sense exclusively ; that one corrects the other; and it may happen that all the five senses may mislead, if the sensorium coinmnnc, or common sense, be impaired. We find tliat all and each of the five senses do, under certain circumstances, communicate wrong impressions to the brain ; and this may arise in various ways from l)hysical obstruction in the part or in the whole. A\'hcn a man, having taken poison with the intent to kill himself has failed, and is tormented afterwards by 96 -s'lsiON. ociilar spectres, apparitions, &c., we think there is notliing so astonishing in it ; we refer it to a morbid condition of the brain ; words stand for ideas, with- out knowing at all what that condition is. But when in apparent health, and no known cause has inter- vened, then we are lost in Avonder and astonishment, and cannot account for it. Now, we know that pas- sions and affections of the mind are just as capable of producing diseased states of the brain as physical causes ; and by Avhatever means they operate, either by too much pressure upon one part, or by exhaus- tion of another, the nervous equilibrium is lost. We cannot, by thinking it is true, add a cubit to our stature, but we can very easily raise up a giant before us ; and that which is invisible to others, is as real to us as if present in body corporal. " From recalling images by art of memory, the transition is direct to behold- ing spectral objects." If we can so readily account for this whei'e we recognize physical causes, why seek for other interpretations, where, if we do not directly see the cause, we judge, from function, that some must exist ? Once let the imagination be wrought upon, and all the rest will follow. Those who see figures and apparitions will easily be convinced that they hear them speak, and will put Avords into their mouths, Avhich Avill be reflected back to themselves ; and thus divination is, in many cases, to be accounted for ; — so much also for proijhecy. It is wrong to treat all such as impostors ; they really are not so ; if they deceive others, it is because they are too often deceived themselves. But it is still more strange, that others ascribe powers to them wliich they do VISION. 97 not claim themselves ; and it is by adulation and wor- ship that they are made to believe themselves to be what others tell them they are. It is not difficult for a man to repeat a story till he believes him- self to be the hero of the very tale which he has borrowed from another ; and so may the reveries of a disordered sensorium be received with such atten- tion and veneration as to be recognized as prophecy,* and the body physical, from which they spring, be canonized on earth. It is not difficult to prove the truths of such inspiration. We mark when we hit, as Lord Bacon has observed, but not when we miss. This is the history of all second sight and presenti- ments, Avhich latter I have myself often watched and recorded. The fidfilment of one shall produce more faith in their reality than the failui'e of a thovisand. The same holds good in regard to the singular coin- cidences which are perpetually occurring in common life, of people being admonished of the death of their friends by noises in the night, by dreams, and even by seeingthem at noon-day, of Avhich I remember a remark- able case when I was at Dieppe in 1826. A young woman said she saw her brother in the room where others were present, and spoke to him, to the astonish- ment of all. She could not be convinced but that he was there for some time ; — by the next post she heard of his death. If these cases be scrutinized, it will be found that the same people have had the same presentiments many times in their lives, and have never seen them fulfilled. As to the ocular demon- * Here only is the etechiuUii." There is some thing to us much more intelligible in this theory, more consonant with tlie whole train of symptoms, as they usher in the disease; more con-- * Si!e Appendix, 20G FEVERS. sistent Avitli such as develope themselves dunng its progress ; more explanatory of those causes which pre- dispose to it, as of those which maybe said to be morally prophylactic ; more certain guides to the forming a prognosis of its issue, and more indicative of a rational mode of treatment, than in the supposition of the blood being the primary offending agent. In the first place, a sudden shock to the nervous system has produced fever instanter ; and Dr Copland, wlio is well versed by experience in fevers of other climates, states — " When the infecting agent is intense, as when a concentrated animal effluvium, or an accumulated emanation from the bodies of the sick, is directed upon a susceptible person, then the effect may be instiDita- neous as eleetriciti/, as well as most intense. In some rare cases of this kind, as in plague and in other pes- tilential maladies, life may be destroyed in a few hours by the morbid impression which it has been quite incapable of opposing, and against which it has been unable to re-act. I have seen the emanations from typhus fever, from yellow fever, and from pesti- lential cholera, immediately produce sickness, vomit- ing, pain, sinking, and anxiety at the epigastrium ; faintness, oppression at the chest, remarkably weak pulse, headache, and general vital depression, with pale countenance and shrunk surface, and from these the patient has never rallied, the symptoms increasing in severity, and others supervening, until death has occurred in a few hours." — CoplancVs Medical Diet., p. 355, Part VI. In further illustration, regarding the manner in FEVERS. 207 ^^■hich infections invade the economy, and their im- mediate or direct effects, the same author observes, — " That certain infectious agents impress the organic nervous system directly and chiefly, is shown by the suddenness of the effects, by the sensations experienced at the time of exposure to those agents, especially to emanations conveyed in the air, by the sense of con- striction and oppression produced in the chest, by the frequent and forcible efforts made to dilate or fill the lungs, as if the impression of the infectious emanation had impared the vital resiliency of these organs, by the offensive odour frequently perceived at the time of infection, by the sickness, fear, and alarm instantly afterwards felt," &c. We must all have had opportunities of hearing patients say, and particularly students in fever wards, that they knew when they took the fever, — they felt it at the time. It is evident, therefore, that the nervous system is the first affected ; and in the progress of the disease, its powers becoming less and less, the blood no longer receiving the same stimulus from it, is affected sub- sequently. " It is difficult to ascertain the state of the blood at the commencement of these fevers, for most of them preclude its abstraction. In some few cases, where blood has been submitted to examination in the early stages, its appearance indicates rather the vital conditions, derived from the organic nervous system supplying the vascular system and vital organs, than any change in its chemical constitution." The blood's vitality is due to the nervous fluid, (a term which recent experiments allow us again to 208 FEVERS. employ) ; but tliis vitality is necessary to stimulate that very system to clue action which supplies the means, and hence their mutual dependency. The blood is no longer nutriment to the nervous system when deprived of its invigorating principle ; and it degenerates, pari passu, with the loss of nervous energy, till it becomes a noxious decomposing mass, as it is found congested in the organs. " The ex- haustion in these diseases arises from, 1st, The pre- vious excitement ; 2d, From the changes induced in the course of this stage, especially at its acme, mani- festly depressing the organic nervous influence, the tenacity of the vascular system, and the action of the heart itself" The power of certain salts, particularly the muriate of soda, the nitrate of potash, the tartrate of potash, &c., as well as of the alkaline carbonates, to render the nervous blood florid, and to effect its fluidity and coagulating powers, was long since demonstrated by Verhugen. — (VoL ii. p. 29.) It is upon the decrease of saline matter in the blood that Dr Stevens founded his practice of administering the alkalies in the treatment of these fevers. " The fact, however, upon which it is based, has not received that confii-mation for which there have been time and opportunity." " The characteristic phenomena of the last stage, the hemorrhages and discoloured blotches, are manifestly owing as much to the exhaustion of organic nervous influence, and of irritability, as to the attendant changes in the blood." These changes are attributed by Dr Stevens to the loss of saline matter, and " the basis of the pathology and treatment is the FEVERS. 209" relation subsisting between the colour of the blood and the saline matter contained in it." But granting that the colour of the blood is changed to its healthy state by these salts, it does not follow that they shall be absorbed into the circulation during the advanced stages of this fever, or that they shall have the effect of rallying the exhausted powers of life. As to both these circumstances, the sanguine expectations of Dr Stevens require confirmation." " The curability of any given case is in a great degree determined by the amount of their primary actions on the brain. It matters not in a practical point of view, whether the brain and other vital organs are primarily or secondarily affected ; that is, whether contagion acts immediately on the nervous system, or mediately through some preliminary con- tamination of our fluids, the result is the same." — Sir .1. Chrichton, p. 120. A convincing proof that the blood is not the first offended in fevers is the condition of the blood itself; for if it be di'awn in the onset of many fevers, it is not so much altered as to manifest any change commen- surate with the effects already produced. It is always in precise ratio with the deterioration of the nervous energy that the blood developes its morbid state. " The occasions on which the blood seems to be more inxmediiitely contaminated by infectious agents, are, first, when a specific virus or morbid secretion is in- serted into a wound, or beneath the cuticle ; and, secondly, ^vhcn putrid or septic matters are similarly applied. The period which elapses between the ino- culation of a specific virus and the development of 210 FEVEns. the constitutional affection, however, by no means shows that the immediate operation is upon the blood, and that this period is required for the production of morbid changes in it. That the organic nervous system is the chief channel by which the first change induced in the part is communicated to the whole body, is shown by the circumstance of the constitu- tional effect being frequently as great Avhilst the local change is slight, as afterwards when it has become fully deYe\oi^e(\r— Copland, p. 357, Part V. From local injury to nerves, as in cases of amputa- tion, fever is sometimes set up, and assumes a typhoid form. How it progresses in local inflammation is well expressed by Mr Travers. " The setting up of fever is gradual. It is not esta- blished under many hours more than local inflamma- tion ; so is the alteration in the properties of the blood which induces it, so are the changes to which it gives rise. Whether the first morbid impression and action be upon the nervous system, transmitted by the nerves of the part injured, or inflamed to the nervous centre, and thence to the organs of circulation, is a moot question. To my mind, the pathognomic signs, as well as the facts of physiology, are in favour of this opinion. The premonitory symptoms, viz. headache, lassitude, disquietude, nausea, chilliness, and rigour, are indications of the more or less troubled condition of the nervous centres ; to these the alteration in the measure and force of the circulation, the permanent and sensible changes upon the internal and external surfices and their secretions, succeed, viz. quick pulse, hot skin, dryness of mouth and fauces-furred tongue. FEVERS. 211 vitiated and scanty excretions, &c. Of the cliangcs that ensue in the parts which are the seat of inflam- mation, we sliall speak in another place ; but that the action of fluid and sohd is reciprocal in the production of inflammation and fever, as it is in the functions of health, and that it is inconsistent with all we see and know of the animal functions ; to imagine the possibility of either being exclusively in fault, is a })roposition which scarcely needs to be exemplified.'' — Travers on Inflammation and the Healing Process, p. G2. The poison of malaria may remain sometime in the system before it manifests its effects. It may be in the blood, A^hich is doubtful ; but when it passes from a latent to a free state, its first offence is to the nerves. These fevers are styled by the Germans masked inter- mittents ; and as they prevail, wdiich they do very much, in Vienna, the German practitioners are very cautious about bleeding in the first stages of synochus, lest the mistake shoidd prove fatal, and the fever unmask itself I had a very marked case of this kind in St Petersburg. A gentleman whom I had often seen and attended, arrived as courier from some of the swampy districts of Turkey. He sent for me in the evening, and, ob- serving him to be in a very nervous state, and much agitated, which, however, I attributed to a very forced march, I ordered him a warm bath, and a sedative. The following day he was somewhat calmer, but there was an indescriljable something in his manner, Avhich I coidd not understand, lie said he thought his liver was out of order, and felt his side, and walked very (piickly up and down the room. I prescribed some 212 FEVERS. colocynth and calomel, and left him for the night. I was sent for early in the morning by the people of the house, who informed me that the gentleman was out of his mind. I found him in the state they described, and had leeches freely applied to his temples. The whole of this day and the following he remained mvich in the same state, more quiet, but talking incessantly about his family and his affairs. He took a large dose of morphine in the evening, and the following day he was more composed. About eleven o'clock a.m. I was sent for to him, as he was supposed to be dying. I found him as black in the face, and as cold to the touch, as in the last stage of cholera. His teeth chat- tered in his head, and the very bedstead shook under him. I immediately recognized his malady, gave him a tumbler of hot brandy and water, and ordered him ten grains of quinine every four hours. He rallied, and at night took a grain and a half of morphine. The next day another fit, about the same time, but less violent, attacked him. I plied him freely with bark, wine, and opium, and in a week he was convalescent. I have had the pleasure of seeing him since I returned to England, and he tells me he has enjoyed excellent health since. Now, I have little doubt, but that he brought this malaria with him from Brailoff. It must be remtjmbered that Dr Stevens maintains that poison in the blood is the cause oi all fevers. It is not to those of the West Indies that he confines himself. Now, we cannot recognize it in those we have seen in this country, not in the one which at- tacked us so severely in the fever hospital of Edin- burgh, when we dreamed for nights and days that we FEVERS. 213 were rowing in a boat ; and when, during convales- cence, neither country air, nor exercise carried to fatigue, would allow us to close our eyelids for weeks. We Avere in a state of nervous tremour all this time not to be described, but of which the recollection will never pass away. During our Russian medical cam- paign, in the fevers which we treated, in which, for the most part, cold and the abuse of spirituous liquors were the exciting causes, we found no reason to abandon old ideas upon the subject, and we can subscribe to the assertion of Dr Billing. From the very nature of fever, Avhich I have de- scribed to be a disease essentially affecting the nervous system, it follows, that the functions of the viscera must be disturbed ; and though, as just pointed out, sometimes disease of one organ predominates, some- times of another, yet every organ suffers more or less congestion in every fever from the loss of nervous influence The phenomena of idiopathic fever show that the nervous system is first implicated, dcbihtated by a mor- bid poison from the first ; and Dr Billing asks tlie ques- tion, "But how is it to be known when the fever was gone?" which he answers, " By referring to its essence the loss of function of the nervous system. The fever is gone where the nervous system begins to regene- rate nervous influence, — when the intellect becomes clear and volition free, however weak, .... for subsultus may still remain, and other marks of great debility, and there may be debility of brain, amounting to childishness, but delirium is gone, and the eye ioUuws objects. Patients themselves can often refer 214 FEVERS. to the exact time of tlic fever passing off." — Billing's Frinciples of Medicine, pp. 179-18G. IMost have had opportunities of sympathizing with patients under this latter circumstance, — the very look is sufficient, on approaching the bed-side, to convince us that the fever is gone. There is often a beautiful expression of the eye, — a tear steals into it. We would almost judge from the look that it is one of gratitude to a supreme power. I was once much struck with this when attending some invalids during the siege of Varna, Avho had come to Odessa, where I was staying. A Russian general, who had been ill for about a fortnight with continued fever of no very severe kind, exclaimed, as I opened his bed-room door in the morning. Doctor, my fever is gone, it went away in the night, and I went to sleep. He was convalescent from this time. We cannot altogether pass over the influence of moral causes in producing and aggravating fever on the one hand, and rendering the system insusceptible of it, and can-ying the patient through, on the other. Mrs Quickly, in alluding to Falstaff's fever,* for it was one of which he died, — he was " shaked by a burning quotidian tertian" traces its origin to this cause, — " The king has killed his heart." Here was the fatal blow, — the sorrow that worketh unto death, — wearing the system out by slow poison to the nerves, and degenerating into fever. The gra- * In this view Falstaff is not an imaginary being. The man living upon the smiles, anrl pining away upon the frowns, of court, is a sad but not single reality, and, as such, worthy of pathological inquiry. FEVERS. 215 dual loss of the nervous power is traced >vith graphic accuracy. AVe find it failing physically. His friend Bardolph's nose, studded with carbuncles, misled his failing visual j^OAvers into the belief, that a flea was sticking upon it. Then the mental powers failing him, he (the ruling passion still strong in death) talks of sack, but " After I saw hira fumble with the sheets, and play with the flowers, and smile upon his fingers' ends, I knew there was but one way with him ; for his nose Avas as sharp as a pen, and he babbled of green fields." The occurrence of fever in a sporadic form leaves room for conjecture, as the term predisposition offers matter of controversy, for we cannot tell a priori that predisposition exists ; and not until the disease has manifested itself do we conclude, at least in many cases, that it did. In passing a regiment in review previous to marching it over the Pontine Marshes, we should not be able to pick out the men who would be attacked by malaria, presuming all to be in good health at the time,forone disease invites to another, and Avhat- ever renders the nerves weak renders them susceptible of impression ; yet, as soon as the man falls down, we say he was predisposed, though Ave Avere unable to say so before hand, and, if Ave had passed judgment in the case, might have erred as to the individual. It is a facon dc parler, and is often an instance of the sub- stitution of Avords for ideas. In adopting the views of those Avho place the first stroke of fever in the nerves, it is much more easy to understand the terra predisposition and its conse- quences ; for, in this vicAV of things Ave have a chain of 216 FEVERS. moral causes continually operating, -svhich act upon these organs. We have seen that moral emotions change the healthy states of the secretions throughout the system, for which the integrity of the nervous influence is requisite. A stronger dose of this moral poison prostrates the man and engenders fever ; now, whether it be possible for a man to fret himself into a fever is a question which many will perhaps dispute, but there is no cause or impediment against such an occurrence. Moral causes continually acting upon the nerves deprive them of their energy, and the blood and secretions by degrees feel this deterioration, become more and more unfit for the purposes to which they are destined, and losing their vital properties cease to impart them; hence they become offending agents, and may be themselves the causes of fever. There is phy- siological as well as moral truth in those lines of Byron, alludino- to blighted ambition and reverses of fortune. It has been the lot of many, as of our fat knight, to be " The sword laid by That eats into itself and rusts ingloriously."" ''^ This fever at the core" does prey and prey upon the system till all healthy action ceases, and morbid con- ditions arise which finally threaten feverish exhaustion. We may suppose Falstaffareal character, and find no better illustration of these views than in his whole history. Broken hearted, disappointed, removed from the scenes of all his former joys, hopeless of their return, finding him upon whom he had rested the broken FEVERS. 217 reed, deserted by tlie man whose frown was noAv death, as his smile had been life, to him, banished even from his atmosphere, rusticated upon a pension granted him Avith the galling moral that he might have wherewith to live and not be tempted to do ill, he was left to himself to brood over his mis- fortunes, to recognize his impotency, to find no sym- pathy, to be pointed at and held up to shame, to he trodden under foot. He was as morally dead as Yorick was physically. He had no courage left, no moral energy, and then his physical nervous powers Avould fail him by degrees. The sack would no longer rouse his spirits though it might drown his cares for the moment. His heart was killed. Here, then, we might presuppose predisposition, and what more likelj than to find his death in an aguish fever.* Of all predisposing causes, in the general acceptation of this term, Avhatcver depresses the nervous energy is by aU considered as the most important, whether from the physical effects of heat and cold, fatigue, hunger, or the moral effects of anxiety. Of all the prophylactics none is equal to moral energy and moral courage. Of this the plague affords us the most striking examples. Nowhere are the fatal * Af^ues often arise from cold damp air, and now and then from a cold east wind alone, and often from great and sudden distress of mind alone, of wliieli / fiuve seen iico aises, and more are mentioned in the annals of medicine. — Sir A. Cliricldon, p. 126. In a patient lahouring under severe symptoms of incipient fever, showing itni'lf in extreme lieat of the skin, of the head and neck, a very quick and full pulse, and a violent headache, 1 have seen all the symp- toms nearly removed in a few seeon[' the hands, and other unequivocal symptoms of fever."' If it be asked how far autopsy assists us in the recog- 230 MALABIA. nition of these diseases of the nerves, Vve must answer that our means of detecting alterations in structure are not sufficient in our present state of knowledge to permit us to recognize any physical alteration. The severest and long protracted torture of a facial nerve shall leave no signs of physical affection. Dr Wilson has brought forward several most in- teresting cases of fatal apoplexy arising from renal disease, where there was " no lesion of the brain, and no effusion on its surfaces or into its ventricular cavities. The fits and all other symptoms in this case terminat- ing by death were, in my opinion, consequent on dis- organization of the kidney, urine was not secreted, the blood was not elaborated, and so by circulation not life but principles ftital to it were in the end con- veyed to the brain as to every structure of the body." — Wilson on Spasm, &c. If, therefore, such infliction of injury to the brain shall be sufficient to annihilate its functions, and leave no trace of its modus ojyeraudi, what are we to expect from the examination of the nervous organs under other circumstances. In many eases we may ask what do we gain fiom an examination of the blood. Do the circumstances of its possessing more or less serum, forming a more loose or solid coagulura, possessing a buffy coat, fully explain to us all we look for to account for effects. IIow often are we not deceived in our expectations ; and if Ave are not disappointed in appearances, we are doubly so in the effects we had anticipated ; all the symptoms of inflammation shall be manifest, and yet the disease shall not be conquered ; whik-t on the other MALARIA. 231 hand, a bleeding shall prove of the most infinite ser- vice, and the blood shall exhibit nothing abnormal. Dr Itichter relates that a consultation of physicians decided upon bleeding the Empress, consort of Peter the Great, who was supposed to have some internal inflammation, but upon examination of the fluid, to their astonishment it presented the characters of de- bility of the system. It is not upon such tests that we can always hope to find our views confirmed. Why is the blood of a pregnant woman always buflfy ? Why is this appear- ance influenced by the rapidity with which it is made to flow — the size of the orifice — the direction into the centre or sides of the vessel. These disorders are the inheritance chiefly of the opulent, and of such as have no active employments, or who have to live or die upon the smiles of court. These are the circumstances which allow disease to take root, and throw out branches of the most eccentric kind. I have stated in an Essay on Thermal Comfort, that no people are less tormented with cough than the inhabitants of Petersburg during the winter season; but spasmodic obstinate coughs in the spring, which wear the patients out with long paroxysms, and the l)erspiration which the muscular eftbrts cause, are not infrequent. These coughs were formerly mistaken for phthisis, and those wlio went away to die got fiit upon their journey ; but the economy of these coughs, if one may be allowed such an expression, and their resistance to every species of medical treatment, lead me to refer them to the ranks of malaria. They are moot capricious in their attacks, sometimes leavinff 232 MALAEIA. the patient for forty-eight hours, and he congratulates himself upon their departure, when a sudden convul- sive fit, simulating pertussis, convinces him of his great mistake. This will torment him incessantly for a whole day and night, when another respite will in- crease his hopes, or sometimes the cough will seem to subside gradually for some days, and then begin de novo. I have twice been attacked in this way myself, and twice has it endured for three months successively, nor yielded to anything but change of air. In both attacks, however, there was a sudden departure of the cough preceded by local pain. In the first instance, after coughing most violently and being almost exhausted by paroxysm, I ate a plateful of raspberries, and drove out into the country. I had not been absent from home above half an hour when I was seized with violent spasms of the stomach, and was obliged to return. I was bent double almost with the pain. I took, upon going into the house, a basin of hot tea. It Avas scalding hot, and as soon almost as I had swallowed it my spasms ceased, and ^vith them the cough entirely left me. It had lasted three months. On another occasion, after precisely the same history, I was at- tacked by a sudden pain in the coccyx, a^ hicli lasted thirty hours, and consisted of continual shocks, as if from electricity, and so severe as to make me start from my seat. When this subsided, my long har- rassing cough also quitted me. In two other attacks I got well as soon as I k^ft the country. Now^, there is something in this so similar to neuralgic affections proceeding from the influence of malaria, that I must attribute it to this cause. From the nervous state MALARIA. 233 which these coughs produce in delicate females, from the perspiration attending them, from the fever occur- ring of an evening, construed into hectic, and from the Avasting of the body, when these symptoms have been })ut together without being duly analyzed, such cases have been referred to the class of phthisis. As far as I have had opportunities of seeing such, I have generally found that there has been some decided local aifection, either toothache, pain in the cheek, rheumatism of the jaw, or eyebrow ague. These cases get well as soon as the patients leave the Gulf of Finland ; nor are moral effects to be lost sight of in the cure of these diseases, and in throwing light upon their nature. The })romise — the faith in the cure which change of air and scene is to effect Avhen the time of migration arri\cs, arc fulfilled at the time. There are few females in St Petersburg who are not subject to nervous headaches. These are, I think, attri- butable in a great measure to the heat of the rooms and the close air of the apartments, which are useful only as preventatives of phthisis, but are far from conducive to strong health; these affections of the head are accompanied by varieties of uneasy feelings, loss of appetite, sleeplessness, vertigo, and more or less of fever. They are not relieved by country air nor the admission of free air into the houses, nor by the re- moval of the double windows at this season, because with the circumstances that permit of these opera- tions, others arise. The emanations from the decayed vegetable matter which were kept under by a coat of snow and hard frost are now let loose, and it is in the s|)ring season that all these affections are most aggra.- 234 MALARIA. vated. This is the season of the greatest moi'tality ; and the breaking up of the ice, and its departure from the Neva, are most dreaded by those who have long been ilL II s'en ira avec le debacle, is a phrase in the mouths of all the Mrs Qaicklys in St Petersburg. It is the turning of the tide with them. To those, however, who are able to get away, it is the speedy return to pristine health. Those who are robust by nature brave this climate with impunity; those whose lives are active, and employments sufficient to occupy their time, enjoy the best of health ; but, to the ailing and nervous, it is a species of martyrdom. Hypochondriacs abound, and I have known such quit the country for fear of worse consequences in a mental sense, and return again in a fev/ months to laugh at their own folly. Dr Macculloch ascribes this state of ill health, and all these symptoms, to which others might also be added, to that poison of malaria, which generates obscure and chronic remittent. Whether a long resi- dence in St Petersburg would lead most to adopt his theory as to the cause, I know not, but I am sure that he would have been strengthened in his vicAVS, by what he would have himself witnessed. A young lady of very full habit, was suddenly attacked with violent pain in the head, which threat- ened of apoplexy. She lived at some distance from town, and some hours elapsed before I saw her ; when I did arrive, she begged me to bleed her or her head would burst. I found the pulse very full and com- pressed, and I took away sixteen ounces of very dark coloured blood. I was requested to remain the night, and during this, as the symptoms Avere not sufficiently MALARIA. 235 relieved, I took away ten more. In the morning she was better, and I did not see her again till late in the evening, when I was induced again to bleed her, and took away eight ounces. The head affection was from this time relieved, but the following day she complained of burning pain at the epigastrium, which was painful upon pressure, and thirty leeches were applied. The inflammatory symptoms were then conquered, and this is the largest quantity of blood which I ever took from one patient during the time I practised in Russia. A day or two after the application of the leeches, I was sent for in a hurry, and was informed that she was dying. Upon my arrival, I was told that she had had a fit, and the attendants supposed her in extremis. She had rallied before I arrived. I was requested to pass the night and following day there, and about the same hour the next day, she Avas attacked in the same manner. Violent spasms of the limbs, accompanied by a shrill cry — convulsive twitchings of the mouth — the eyes turned up in their sockets. There was no rigor. It was decidedly a form of hysteria. I gave her a very brisk dose of calomel, which brought away much offensive matter. The following day the fit returned much at the same time, but less severe ; the calomel was repeated. She Avas removed to town, and finally recovered, after what the Germans style a long mas- querade des Nerfs. Dr ]Macculloch attributes these hysteric affections to the influence of malaria. The attack occurred in the autumn, in the rainy season, and in a marshy situation ; and though I do not attri- bute the first blow to it, still, it is probable, that the 236 MALARIA. depletion made her suscei^tible of some influence of this natm'e, which remained in hei* system for some months afterwards. Rheumatic fevers, and local affections of the inter- costals, are very prevalent. Where these are treated upon the supposition of pleurisy, they are very much prolonged, and sometimes aggravated. I have known fever of a typhoid type supervene to these depletions. Under all circumstances, they are very tedious, and, in general, perfect recovery is not effected till the season of migration arrives. It must be borne in mind that convalescences in these countries are very protracted. There is a disease of convalescence, if it may be so styled. This arises from the circumstance of in-door confinement and heated rooms. It is too great a risk to expose the patient to the rigours of the atmosphere, upon recovering from illness, and nothing but fresh air will complete the recovery ; so that if a person be subjected to any serious illness in the month of November, he is sure to be a prisoner till the following April. This does not prove merely a passive evil, it becomes active, and generates a nervous state, which harrasses both patient and practitioner ; hence the ffreat migration of convalescents wdiich I have men-, tioned, at the breaking up of the ice in the Gulf of Finland. These cases occur more frequently, and are more obstinate, where much depletion has been used. Large bleedings never answer in these lati- tudes ; the vital powers are too much exhausted by them. Even in inflammatory cases, where they can- not be dispensed with, small, but repeated bleedings, MALARIA. 237 arc more suitable than one large one. From ten to twelve ounces, is as much as should be drawn at a time. From Avhat has already been said upon these nervous complaints, and their origin, it will be evident that little is to be expected from any other source than that wliich shall remove the offending agents, or restore the nerves to their normal functional condition. That this state is much aggravated by indiscriminate quack- ing, and by the constant use of blue pill and black draught, cannot for a moment be questioned. This has ))een fully exposed by Dr Macculloch ; and Dr Hol- land, in his Notes and Observations, has added strength to these opinions. " In many instances," says the former, " the change of place, which leaves the medi- cine chest behind, cures the disease." How far the health of families is preserved, or the rising generation rendered vigorous, in consequence of the maternal medicine chest, or the daily visits of the apothecary, is amply evinced by the fact, that in such families, and in such individuals, and often through a long life, sound health is as unknown as a perpetual state of disease is common I must iierc notice the effects of this practice in producing what are called nervous diseases. " The patient was a single lady of thirty, of a vigorous and healthy family, and, to all appearance, of an originally vigorous constitution, without organic affccti(ms, and who had never known any real disease ])eyond the usual disorders of infancy in their more blender forms. Every nervous affection enumerated in AVhytt's formidable catalogue had been, liowevcr, licr torment almost from childhood and on makinir 238 TREATMENT OF AGUE. inquiry respecting her own practice, which experience has taught me to place among the first, the answer WHS, that she had taken salts or calomel almost every day since she was eight years of age, and was sur- prised that she should still be ill, and not in the least degree better." — Maccidloch, Vol. I. p. 465. TREATMENT OF AGUE. If it w^ere to be asked, What will cure a fit of the ao-ue ? it might be replied to by the question. What will not do it ? It is cm^able by every moral emotion, by every drug that acts upon the imagination. Now, those who have passed through the cold stage of intermittents will not be persuaded that it is no reality. The strongest are unnerved by it, — death is sometimes caused by the shock. " He had a fever when he was in Spain ; And when the fit was on him I did mark How he did shake : 'tis true this god did shake. His coward lips did from their colour fly ; And that same eye, whose bend doth a\ve the world, Did lose its lustre ; — I did hear him groan." Now, this was not a matter of mere imagination to Cfcsar, but he might have been cured of all this by a cobweb, by a live spider taken internally, by an abracadabra tied round his neck ; what similar means have not prevented a fit of ague ? " The simplest remedies," says Dr Macculloch, " are those which act iipon the mind, or through it In whatever way these remedies act, the fact itself is TREATMENT OF AGUE. 239 an important one, as relates to the theory of the dis- ease, since that action and the mode of it, also the suddenness, among other things, go far to prove that it is situated in the nervous system, or in the brain and nerves ; and that to influence that system directly and solely is the cure, and probably the end to be arrived at by every remedy." — Vol. i. p. 434. " In enumerating the difterent remedies which act in this way, either from disgust, or the opposite effect, we must not omit the sight of a beautiful woman as having, from the testimony of African travellers, pro- duced a cure. Fear, the sudden necessity of exertion, hope, joy, unexpected success, or sudden grief and disappointment, enter into the same cateo-ory."— P. 437. " As regards the remedies of a domestic nature, which are given with this intent, and are considered stimulants, under whatever form they are given, alcohol, opium, and spices, represent the whole." It is not, however, of the treatment that we have to speak in this essay, except to prove that it is directed to the nervous system for the cure of a ner- vous disease. If it be objected to this, that none of the so called specifics will cure many cases of ague, it must be remembered that these diseases soon produce other consequences, which demand other treatment. Thus, the use of mercurials is directed to the chylo- poictic viscera, which arc impaired by the shock to the nervous system. It is only in the commencement of the disorder, therefore, that we must look for success in the use of these remedies, when to cure a fit is to terminate the disorder. 240 TREATMENT OF AGUE. The blood and secretions maybe secondarily aflPected, but they are not the prime movers of the disease.* Moreover, mercury has a peculiar action on the ner- vous system. I had some opportunities of becoming acquainted with the iSIoldavian and Wallachian fevers, when I was in Odessa, and found Sir A. Chrichton's obser- vation, that bark alone was seldom sufficient for their cure, perfectly true ; but I found it equally apply to the agues in St Petersburg. Dr Baillie has observed, that where bark fails to cure an inter- mittent, a grain of calomel at bed-time, for a few nights successively, will generally accomplish the object, and with this I generally commenced the treat- ment. The following case occurs to me : — A lady of * Dr Stevens observes, " The mind has an influence over the motion of the blood, and there are many reasons for believing that the nervous, like the electric fluid, can produce a sudden change in the quality of the vifhole circulating current. Excessive grief, violent pain, &c., may derange its physical properties, and this derangement of the blood is probably the immediate cause of the fever which sometimes follows ; for, often where such cases are fatal, no appearance can be found in the solids to enable us to explain the cause of death, while the blood is invariably found to be dark in colour in a fluid state, with little disposition to coagulate either while in the vessels or when exposed to the air." — -P. 260. Now, if all these changes can be immediately effected in the blood by a fit of passion, thx'ough the agency of the nervous fluid, — efi^ects which resemble those from the influence of a specific poison, — why should the latter require so long a time before its operation is manifest? and why should it not, when applied to the brain, produce the same consequences as those effected by moral emotions ? Why should not the shock to the nervous system, which is capable of thus changing the blood, be the cause of the fever, as it in reality i-;, and of which the deterioration of the circulating fluid is an efl'ect ? It is surely quite as romantic to attribute fever to an instantaneous derangement of the nervous fluid from the effects of passion, as to a dose of malarious or other poison to the brain. TREATMENT OF AGUE. 241 middle age, and very full habit, -syitli eruptions on the skin, had been long in an indifferent state of health. I can find no better term for it. She was never laid up ; but she was never well ; headache, toothache, chronic rheumatism and flying pains, loss of appetite, &c., had harrassed her for months. She at length was seized with an ague fit, for which her German attendant immediately prescribed bark. It did her no good. She felt its influence, but it did not relieve her from her painful and nervous condition. An English prac- titioner was requested to see her ; he recommended a dose of calomel, to be repeated two or three times before having again recourse to the bark. His views met with decided opposition : but he was attended to, and the patient was radically cured in ten days. Upon the authority of the late Dr Baillie, I gene- rally prescribed a grain of calomel for several nights before I used the bark, and I was seldom disap- pointed. I have succeeded by this plan when others, by commencing immediately with the specific, had failed. In some instances there was not time for such practice, as in the case of the courier, before alluded to ; the fit would be so severe as to threaten danger on its renewal ; and in such cases I must state what I had an opportunity of doing in the Medico- Chirurgical Society, that a very large dose of quinine was the only way of securing success. I mentioned that I had often failed in the commencement of my prac- tice by giving undcr-doses, and that attributing my failure to the bad quality of the drug, I imported some quinine from England. The failure was the same. 1 then [jrc-cribcd it in ten grain doses at three intcr- 242 TREATMENT OF AGUE. vals during the intermission, and I was much more successful. Dr Gregory confirmed my vievrs by re- lating similar occurrences in this country, and urged the employment of full doses in the commencement. When the snake was thus scotched, it Avas necessary to resort to mercury, in the shape of calomel, in small doses, to complete the cure. The muriate of ammonia was most serviceable in this stage of treatment. The following was the usual fonii : — li Amnion, muriat. 5 j. Ext : Taraxac 5 ss. Aqua? : Petroselin, 5 vji. Cujus sumat jeger cochlear ampl. duo ter de die. This, wdth one grain of calomel at night, for four or five times, and then every other night for as many more, seldom failed in ordinary cases. I must state here, that after some, nay, many trials of the blue pill, I was obliged to abandon its use in that latitude, both in the treatment of visceral affections and in the venereal disease. I know not Avhat may be the cause, and I wish some one more able than myself would take up this subject ; but medicines do not act in the same way in all climates. The blue pill constantly baulked me. I latterly employed calomel, and the bichloride. In the case of intermittents, I have to mention a singular anomaly. It is positively fatal to a medical man's reputation, to prescribe arsenic to the higher classes — they will not hear of it. There is no means of disguising it. I did succeed, for some time, by writing SoliUio Fowleri, to which the eye- TREATMENT OF AGUE. 243 brow ague yields in general sooner, than to any other medicine; but it was discovered, and I could not persevere. It is usual, under all circumstances, for a patient to send to the druggist's for a copy of the prescription in the vulgar tongue, and this is sub- mitted to a council of friends before it is taken. There is no means of escape. Now, it is positive that the people take this poison in very large doses. An old lady, who lived in the country, and whose kindness to the poor was un- bounded, spent a deal of money in the purchase of quinine, by which she cured a great many gardeners, -who, living among the enormous cabbage plantations in the neighbourhood of the city, and often lying down to sleep on decaying vegetable matter, are very subject to agues in the spring, when they come from their villages to work in these plantations. She once told me, that an old Avoman in her neighboiu'liood, cured the ague much better than she could, and robbed her of her practice. I was curious to ascertain the modus medendi, and foimd that she sold bottles of beer for this purpose. The effects were violent vomiting and j^iurging, severe cholics, &c., but the disease was cured. Arsenic was the remedy, and the answer as to the (piantity put into the quart of beer, was as mucli an will He upon a sixpence.* I have no doubt, that some were sacrificed in the experiment, but hundreds were cured by this means. In a paper published in the Lancet, on poisons, I have mentioned the precautions taken by government, to * Tlie coin Orttvcuz is as near the size of sixpence as possiMe, it is worth fivepencc-halfpcnny. 244 LOCAL AFFECTIOXS. prevent abuses, by placing all possible difficulty in procuring deleterious drugs fi'om the druggists shops. It is absolutely true, that a person, who cannot buy a grain in this way, can purchase a hundred weight at the wholesale venders without difficulty, even in St Petersburg. LOCAL AFFECTIONS. A gentleman, with whom I was in the habit of associating daily, suffisrcd from attacks of rheumatism, which invaded him at all seasons of the year and times of the day, and without any warning. In the midst of health, at table, in the drawing-room, he would be seized with sudden twitches in the knee or instep, sometimes on the inner side of the leg, which would soon amount to pain, and, in the course of an hour, render him unable to walk across his room without assistance. The following day he would suffer from constitutional fever, and these attacks generally lasted two or three days ; the pain would gradually leave him, or sometimes instantaneously, as it had com- menced. It would occasiona'ly fly from one leg to the other, but was always confined to the lower extremities. The parts w-ere hot to the touch, seldom discoloured, and never sAvollen. Meteorical changes seemed at times to be the most traceable causes of these attacks. Nothing was of any service either in arresting the seizure at once, diminishing its course, or preventing the usual periods of its return. This state of things had continued for years. He quitted St Petersburg during my residence there, and went LOCAL AFFECTIOXS. 245 to England, whence I learnt that he had no return of his complaints. ^Sciatica is a common affection in Russia, but not more obstinate than in other countries. The most effectual plan of treatment, -svlien taken early, consisted in full doses of colchicum, calomel, and opium at night, and blisters to the part affected. The latter might often be dispensed -with. I have known the tibial nerve the seat of the disease, and causing great pain, particularly at night. This, in one case, was soon cured by calomel and opium. The following plan was adopted for the cure of a very obstinate case of a sciatica, in a young man of my acquaintance, whose complaint had baffled all the ordi- nary means. Needles were pushed deep into the part affected, and heated red hot by a spirit lamp. The cure was permanent after one such species of firing. I do not remember who proposed the operation, nor Avhether it came from the faculty. I can testify that there was no return of the disease for years, and, I believe, never since that period. The brow ague, as I have observed, yields more readily to arsenic than to any other remedy ; but I have found that one application of leeches always ex[)edited the cure. It was only possible to employ the former with English or Germans. The pes anserinus is subject to become affected, and always, as far as I could trace it, from exposure to cold, and to a sudden impression of it. It is not uncommon to see people rub one cheek. It is not very severe, and often yields to opiate liniments. Iritis is a very common disease in St Petersburg, 246 LOCAL AFFECTIONS. and, from its very obstinate nature, I have reason to think that malaria has something to do with it. I have witnessed several cases ; and have observed that those subject to it were rheumatic and gouty subjects. It is also not uncommon for it to fly to the other eye, when one only has been affected for some time. It is a very common sequel of ill treated syphilis. The treatment has appeared to me unsatis- factory ; but in this, as in many other cases, the plan of continually changing remedies without giving any thing time to effect that for which it was first pre- scribed, appears to me the chief error of German practice. Upon none is the maxim of Hippocrates more necessary to be inculcated than on the Germans in this respect, and it is rather an anomaly in their character, for, in most matters, they are a most patient and persevering people. Mercury is not given to affect the system in this disease. A few mercurial purges may be presciibed in the commencement. Leeches are employed ; but in their application the law is to apply them as far as possible from the part affected. Sinapisms to the feet, the brow smeared Avith mercurial ointment very gently, and the hydriodate of potash in ten grain doses, form the basis of the treatment. A rag dipped in laudanum is hung as a curtain before the eye, and this alternated with a bag containing aromatic herbs. The most rigid abstinence is enjoined, and a dark room. I have seldom known the affection subdued in less than six weeks. Relapses are very common ; and, in the cases which I can now call to mind, vision has never been completely restored ; a haze sweeps before the LOCAL AFFECTIONS. 247 eye. The active treatment which is adopted in this country at the commencement, is often deferred till late in the disease, and then makes but little impression. Epidemic opthalmia has frequently made great ravages among the troops. The Knee is subject to malarious affection, of which I have seen several cases. The first which occurred to me was in the commencement of my career in the north; and I am certainly indebted to Dr MaccuUoch's essay for the success of my treatment. A young man of particularly nervous habits, and who had led a gay life, sent for me the day after his wedding. I found him quite lame, unable to walk, suffering considerable pain, and in a general state of tremor. He could hardly speak distinctly. He told me that he was subject to such attacks occasionally, but this was more severe than usual. He was very nervous. There was neither redness nor swelling, but the patella was exquisitely sensitive. I gave him frequent doses of camphor, valerian, and ammonia, and a grain of opiiun at night. The following day he was considerably better, and in the night the attack entirely left him. He died of nervous fever some years afterwards. A much more obstinate case was that of a youug Avoman, who suffered from violent pain in the knee, and who went through the severest treatment for months, Avithout any alleviation. She was subjected to repeated applications of leeches and blisters, and other stimulating applications. Finally, several raoxas were burnt upon the knee, but all to no effect. There was a symptom in her case, which should have led to a different plan from that which was so futilely prac 248 LOCAL AFFECTIONS. tised ; an intermission, viz. of pain for hours daily, the worst paroxysm occurring towards evening. No change in the size of the joint was at any time visible, but it was warmer than usual during the time of pain. I Avas consulted in the case, and recommended quinine, but it was not persevered in, and I could not counte- nance the severe methods of local treatment which were proposed. An old woman persuaded her to tie a string of bottle corks upon the thigh, an hour or two before the wonted paroxysm, promising that it would act as a charm. Faith was placed in her words, and it did so. She missed the paroxysm for several evenings ; as the faith, however, decreased, the pain returned again. Had any thing more of the same kind been adopted, I believe it would have succeeded. This circumstance confirmed me in the idea of the real nature of the disease, and that it belonged to painful neuralgia, from constitutional causes. She migrated in the spring, and since her absence from Russia, has not suffered the slightest inconvenience. I shall add but one more case of neuralgia, which occurred, though not in my own practice. It was one of a young girl of twelve years of age, who suf- fered every evening from lancinating shooting pains in one ear, often so severe as to cause her to cry out and become almost distracted. It resisted various remedies, and finally yielded to mercury. The place of her residence was a i)eaty soil, and the neighbour- hood never free from fevers of the remittent kind ; and it was here that I met with all the worst cases of scarlatina. LOCAL AFFECTIONS. 249 With respect to the use of quinine in all these loc.il affections, as far as my own experience is concerned, I have found it of very little service. Arsenic, where it could be given, has seemed more beneficial ; from calomel and opium, there has often been speedy and positive relief afforded ; but change of air and locality, are the sovereign specifics for these, as for the more general manifestation of constitutional symptoms, from one and the same cause. Now, -what has been said concerning the treatment of constitutional fevers, is equally applicable to local neuralgic affections. The same moral emotions, the same charms, the same quackery, wdiich cure the ague fit, will drive away the toothache. It is the triumph of faith, the influence of belief in both cases. The following case occurred to me early in life, and I believe the first after obtaining the warrant "Universis ct Singulis.*' I had just arrived in London from Edin- burgh, and met with a friend whom I had knowai some years before in the country, where he was employed as an officer of engineers upon the trigonometrical survey. After exchanging a few w^ords, he said to me, Do not you perceive what is the matter wdth me ? I replied in the negative. Wliy, he continued, I can- not open my jaws, and am half-starved. I then found that he could not open his mouth wide, w^ithout caus- ing great pain in the articulation of the jaws. lie informed me that he had been upon the survey in the Shetland Islands, where he had been exposed to all kinds of weather, and had thus got locked jaw. Upon finding that he had been, as he styled it, par-boiled in liot baths, and had taken bark and arsenic without any 250 LOCAL AFFECTIONS. effect ; and, moreover, finding that there was a good deal of pain upon pressure, I told him that I could cure him, and that he should be able to eat a biscuit in a Aveek's time. He shook his head, and doubted much of such a possibility. I begged him to let me try, and told him as the means would be vei*y simple, he need not be afraid. He consented to allow me to put on leeches the same even- ing, and while they were still attached and bleeding, he exclaimed, good God, I can open my jaw^s — before they were all removed, he said the pain was gone, and the movement of the jaw was quite easy to him. He slept better that night than he had done for months, and the following day Avas surprised to find that he could masticate his food without difficulty — there was, however, still some degree of stiftness. I advised a second application of the leeches, to Avhich he readily consejited, and from that time he Avas radically cured. I have stated this case just as it occurred, for I knoAv I shall be pardoned for that selt- confidence, which is the portion of a Tyro, and this was one of a Tyro's lucky hits. It is interesting, hoAvever, as regards the affection itself, and a proof that diseases resembling local neu- ralgia are not to be treated under all circumstances by nervous medicines. I consider this to have been a case of inflammation of the cartilages of the jaw, and not of the nerves. Some years after, the same patient was affected with iritis, from similar exposure to cold. HOMCEOPATHT. 251 PART XL Homoeopathy — Instinct and Reason — Memory. HOMCEOPATHY. Although nervous disorders arise from local circum- stances, and the removal of these sometimes cures the complaint, still they demand medical attention, and are prolific sources of revenue. It is here that the homoeo- pathists have unfolded their banner opportunely, and marched triumphant over the field. It is as easy to prove that hundreds of nervous affec- tions have been allowed to get well under this treat- ment, as it would be diflficult to decide that any diseased organic structure has been thus restored to its normal state. This system is, in the truest sense, the " art of amusing the patient whilst nature cures the disease." I have elsewhere endeavoured to analyze, in some measure, the claims of tliis new species of quackery, and I shall reproduce the arguments here as not out of place in the consideration of a variety of affections, Avhich are proved curable by moral influence. According to the principle laid down by the author of the system, it implies the doctrine, that deranged animal functions are remediable by the application of such agents as would, if administered in the normal 252 IIOMCEOrATHY. state, produce similar dei'angements. This is asserted on the authority of Hahneman, "who, in the observa- tion that fire draws out fire, instances the application of his theory in the practice of Dv Kentish ; and the difference between^homoeoj)athy and allopathy is this, that one goes along Avith the disease, the other wars against it. We shall not enlarge upon the various coincidences which seem, a priori, to justify this statement, but shall state our belief, that a definite combination of atoms is as necessary to produce specific action in the animal as in the chemical laboratory, and that a spe- cific disease is not the result of indefinite combinations, as gases are not formed by indefinite mixtiues of certain ingredients. If we take the combinations of oxygen with nitrogen, we have an opportunity of examining several compounds which differ from each other in colour, in smell, and in external characters, as they do more essentially in the effects which they produce in the animal economy. It may be stated, therefore, that chemical combinations are the result of elective aflfinities, without which election matters do not combine chemically. It is more than probable that such elective principle is active in the formation of specific diseases, for we believe in these and in their appropriate remedies. Organic chemistry seems to confirm these ideas. AVe choose for illustration, that affection, which is parti- cularly brought forward by the homoeopathists to prove that certain agents applied to the body will produce morbid action in a state of health, and that the normal state will be restored by the application of the same HOlICEOrATIIY. ZOO agents, — Ave instance scarlatina. If belladonna berries be swallowed inadvertently, nausea, vomiting, fever, and a scarlet eruption will ensue. Hence belladonna is employed as the natural remedy for the cure of scarlatina. It is used, also, as a prophylactic against its contagious influence. We have known whole nur- series put upon a course of this drug, where a child has been labouring under the disease. This is a comprehensive style of practice, — a kind of medical trinity, recognizing, in the same agent, the power of creating, annihilating, and preventing, a particular malady. But to come to the point. Is a scarlet skin, accompanied by the aforementioned symptoms, suffi- cient to constitute the specific disease, scarlatina ? AVe have seen enough of this disastrous complaint to prevent us from regarding it as merely an eruptive fever of a common kind ; but to induce us to believe that we recognize in its mode of attack, its progress, its fatality, or in its sequela, some specific morbid poison not producible by a dose of belladonna, the effects of wliich are no more comparable to those caused by the real disease than is the redness of the flagellated schoolboy to the efflorescence of the same eruptive malady. Let us trace the progress of the two affections through all their stages before we admit their identity. Docs belladonna produce a scarlet eruption in all individuals to whom it is administered, or does not this effect come under the category of idiosyncracy, as we see it results from eating salmon, shell-fish, mush- I'ooms, &c., in peculiar constitutions? How many deaths are upon record of the disease produced by 254 HOMCEOrATHY. belladonna, Avliere it has not been taken in sufficient quantity to act as a sudden poison ? When its influence has been sufficient only to simu- late scai-latina, Avhat proportion of mortality is there in the simulated and real disease ? Do patients affected by the former sink in the course of forty-eight hours from the outset, often with little suffering, slight fever, scanty eruption, slight derangement of senso- rial powers, but with difficult breathing, livid fauces, difficult deglutition, and with swoUen purple fingers, as they do but too frequently in the latter. Is the desquamation which follows in the one case, M'here the patient survives a slight furfuraceous, peel- ing off the cuticle ? or does the skin come aAvay from the arms and hands like a leather glove ? Is such ever the case in belladonnic disease ? Are ulcerations of the tympanum, exfoliation of the bones, violent inflam- mation of the eyes, morbid secretions from the lach- rymal passages, swelhngs, abscesses of the v.'hole chain of glands in the neck, dropsical efiusions into the cavities, hydrocephalus, are these ever the sequela of irritation from belladonna ? Is the affection produced by it communicable by contagion ? If these symptoms have never coincided in the pro- gress of the two diseases, there are no grounds upon which to establish their identity. If they are not the same diseases they are not produced by the same causes, nor are the remedial agents the same. Genuine scarlatina can no more be produced by a combination of belladonna with the animal secretions, than a specific gas can be formed by the mechanical mixture of un- combinable elements. nOMCEOPAXnY. 20D It is again stated that mercury will produce all the symptoms of the venereal disease, hence the true homoeopathic rationale of administering it for the cure of syphilis. That it does cure tliis complaint is beyond doubt ; but no justification of its use is to be founded upon the bare circumstance of its causing an eruption which simulates those of secondary symptoms ; for as twenty grey horses will never make a white one, so a variety of merely similar symptoms does not consti- tute identity of disease. If, then, the diseases be not the same, the argument falls to the ground, — the prin- ciple fails upon which the whole scheme is based, and there is no medical signification in the term Homa-o- pathy. Take another view of the subject. Supposing that the remedy which we apply for the cure of a malady should be capable of producing the same, if adminis- tered in the normal state, what principle warrants the conclusion, that by adding fuel to fire we can control a furnace ? If a disease be characterized by a variety of dis- tressing symptoms, is there any philosophy in adding to their number or intensity by the employment of similarly exciting agents ? Can we subject life to the laws of inorganic matter, and, upon the principle that similarly electrified bodies repel each other, generate a positive morbid electricity, in the hope, that when the already positively electrified morbi^l pole shall be brought in contact with the similarly electrified arti- ficial end, the two will fly off from each other? AYe might, upon such principles, recognize the unity of disease, — " the chronothermal principle, the electric 256 HOMGEOrATIIY. state of the brain, and class love and pregnancy among the varieties of intermittent fever." The term Homoeopathy is lost sight of in the prac- tice of the system, just as the name of Butler is lost in his hero Hudibras. In its general acceptation, the public only recognizes the infinitesimal dose system, ■which, with that same public, constitutes the great charm of homoeopathy. It is rightly conceived by those who hold their burnt children's fingers to the fire, and keep them there as long as the increase of pain can be tolerated by the sufferers. The principle is directly opposed to tlie ancient belief, " chaque mal est gueri par maladie contraire" the idea upon which the old King Charles acted when he invoked the aid of Joan of Arc to remedy the dis- asters accruing to the state from his amours with Agnes Sorel. We do not deny that advantages are to be derived from infinitesimal doses of medicine. Much mischief has been generated by long and protracted drugging wuth powerful remedies in chronic disorders, many of which would have been benefited by rare interfer- ence, or, which comes to the same thing, by homoeo- pathic treatment. " It can do no harm." This is its rock of salva-- tion. This sweUs the ranks of Ilahneman ; but if such nonentities be negative for harm, can they be positive for good ? Is the drowning man, Avhom physical exhaustion incapacitates for saving himself, more in- indebted to the one bystander who Avill not lend him a helping hand than to the other who makes HOMCEOPATHT. 257 o-reat efforts to save him, altliougli he may foil in tlie attempt. But in reahty this practice does effect positive good, inasmuch as by that part of it which inculcates abstin- ence, regularity of diet, sober hours, the avoiding of all physical and moral excitement, great assistance is afforded to the vis medicatrix natura;; — add to which the faith in the remedy which works such Avonders over all disorders likely to be influenced by it, viz. the nervous. It is only ascribable to the perverseness of our natures that Ave implicitly conform to particular re- gulations, when they are associated with something new, although we should never comply with them if prescribed under other circumstances. Would patients but do one half for an ordinary practitioner that they do for an honifcopathic one, they would soon be able to dispense with both. In all cases of a nervous and chronic character, where little is to be gained from medicine, and much from moral treatment from the removal of existing causes, from the stimulus of novelty, and from faith in nonentities, this system is invaluable. I had one fair opportunity of testing homoeopathy. General slipped in the winter season and bruised his shoulder; he thought it was dislocated, and sent for me to examine it. I found that there was no luxation, but very severe contusion. I ordered thirty leeches and fomentations. The following day the tumefaction had much subsided, but he still com- j)lained of a good deal of pain. He said to me half in joke, how long Avill it take to cure this by the ordinary mode of treatment. It is not so easy to say I replied. 258 HOMCEOrATIIY. You Avill long feel the effects of such a blow, and pro- bably you will not use your arm freely for a week or two. He paused, and then said, my lady is at present under the care of an homceopathic doctor, and she is very anxious that I should let him treat me ; have you any objection to meet him here to-moiTow. I replied that I should have the greatest pleasure in doing so, as I was anxious to test the practice, and this was a good opportunity. (I must observe that he had him- self great faith in it, but did not think it good for a bruise.) The following day we met, and my colleague examined the arm and was fully acquainted with what had been done, nor at the time did he make any the slightest objection to my practice. I informed him of the conversation which I had had with the General, and of my statement, as to the probable time required for the cure in the ordinary plan of treatment. I told him I was willing to put the case entirely into his hand if he could promise greater expedition. Yes, he assured me, " Uber-morgen," the day after to-morrow, all wdll be right. He applied a lotion of arnica, and gave a powder of arnica at night. I saw the patient the fol- lowing day ; the ann was no better, but he had passed a good night. Upon meeting the doctor the day after, and finding things no better, I reminded him of his promised cure. He shook his head and said, " Had you not applied the leeches it would have been the case." But you did not say so at first, I replied, although you Avere aware they had been applied. He continued his treatment for some days, when I was again applied to, as the plan had failed, — the pain and weakness yielded to the ordinary means. HOMCEOPAxnv. 259 Even in this case I think the operation of the nervous influence is to be traced. The powder pro- duced the rest at night, because the faith was sufficient in the commencement to quiet the nerves ; but this charm vanished as soon as the homoeopathist pro- nounced that the previous treatment had interfered with tlie results to be expected from his plan. In the apology wdiich we offer for the influence of the nervous system, we find that this homoeopathic quackery holds an important place. AVe shall not pursue the subject farther at present, as enough, we think, has been brought forward to rescue the nervous system from the submersion which threatens it by the revival of the humoral pathology. These doctrines are again reviving, and there is, doubt- less, much in them worthy of consideration ; but it is the misfortune under Avhich all systems labour, that their advocates, carried away by intoxicating potions of adulterated liquors, find the flavour of the genuine jui^te milieu too mawkish for their tastes. In such paragraphs as the following, we cannot recognize the spu'it of calm research which should guide us in the pursuit of inquiries where the broad path leads to a precipice, and the narrow path is so entangled with intricate vmderwood, as utterly to impede our progress. Those beautiful prairies of the far west, whose carpets are bedecked with the richest flowers, which ask for the hand to gather them, whose forests dotted .'iI)out like islands in the sea, arc not encumbered by tliorn or briar, but allow of ready and iminterrupted transit throughout, without entangling the traveller's 260 noMCEorAxnY. foot by a single snare, — these are not the regions of tlie physiologist. It is a mazy path which he has to tread, with but little light to guide hira, and that little often proving an ignis fatuus. " Self-moving, self-producing, maintaining its own fluidity, arresting its own current by self-coagulation, the blood, in its wide range of capacity, is affected directly and at once by the countless agents of vital impression " The blood entire is sensitive as the individual nerve of external impression, instantaneously and simultaneously perceived through all its distributions." We cannot subscribe to such opinions ; and those, perhaps, who do, may with equal justice object to such as those with which we terminate these observa- tions, as too exclusive on the side of the question which we have embraced. In the language of the late Dr Macculloch, than whom few ranked higher among scientific men, " Nor can physiology and physic well forget their offices, — forget that it is not the circulating system, that system which has almost drawn all favour to itself even in their minds, but the nervous system which is the prime mover : the cause even of all circulation, of all motion, of life itself; that it is the life ; that the nerves are the man — the animal ; and that every thing else, the whole animal structure, in all its parts, is a mere machine and a chemical laboratory, as purely subservient to the nervous system as is a steam-engine to the intelligence of man. Without a nervous system there is no animal, — there can be none ; without a circulating one there are myriads." IXSTIXCT AND KEASOX. 2G1 INSTINCT AND REASON * Much has been said, and great are the pains which have been taken, to draw the line between Instinct and Eeason, and the whole seems to resolve itself into the conclusion, that what is denominated instinct in the brute is dignified by the title of reason in the man, and vice versa. If the latter were a simple fsiculty, such misrht hold good, but if it be considered as a compound one, then the totality of all the component parts is alone the privilege of the human species. The one, as much as the other, is dependant upon organization. Instinct is not the same at all periods of animal life any more than reason. It is matured with the development of the organs. Young animals are said to be foolish, as are young children. What meaning is attached to the saying, that old birds are not to be caught with chaff? It can only imply that tlicy know better, and this includes mental educa- tion. ]Many of the reasoning faculties are compre- liended in tliis species of knowledge. Dr Bostock, in his Elements of Physiology, has allowed that instinct has the preponderance over reason in animals, and that the instinctive faculties are weak in the human subject ; but he does not deny rational faculties to brutes. It will entirely depend upon the meaning we attach to the word reason, in order to prove in what the difference consists between it and instinct. Many of the wonderful feats related of animal sagacity are, I think, referable to instinct * Sec p. 10, Part I. 262 INSTINCT AND REASON. only. On the other hand, it is not true that this said faculty, whatever it may be, is the attribute of any exclusive species. It is the property of the whole race. All animals are capable of education, — all are not equally so, — all do not possess the same quantity of natural talent. It has been said by some, that education can only be carried to a certain extent Avith the lower order of animals, e. y., that after teaching the elephant a certain number of tricks, his education is finished, — he can go no farther. I very much^doubt this assertion ; he goes as far as his keeper wishes for the purposes of his hire. Animals are said to have no idea of the uses of fire, nor how to supply it. Thus, a monkey sitting in the corner of the chimney, with logs of wood around him, will let the fire go out and shiver with cold, and yet never put a bit vipon the embers ; still I have known a dog to open the door of the stove Avith his foot when he found it shut, and this he did regularly when he came into the parlour previous to lying downbefore the stove. Again, it is argued, that in the construction of the honey cell, it is an instinctive faculty which has led the bee to economize space : this is certainly true, but it is not proved that the insect can make no other arrangement. On the contrary, if the work be pai-- tially destroyed, the bee will restore it as it was before ; but if, in consequence of continual depredation upon parts of it, it is easier to complete it upon another plan, it will abandon the original instinctive model and change the style of architecture. It is difficult to suppose that animals can dream upon mere instinctive powers, and yet, as we have instanced in the chapter INSTINCT AND REASON. 263 on dreams, there is no doubt of the fact. Memory is one of their attributes whether sleeping or waking. The effects of liquors upon the animal senses are the same as upon the human, though it is only the pig which seems to take pleasure in tliis species of recrea- tion. The passions are all in full force among them, — love, hatred, revenge, jealousy, are of daily obser- vance. I once saw the effects of the latter upori a quail, that literally died of chagrin. A young lady had a pet quail that lived in her room, and which she fed and caressed. A squirrel was introduced, and on the young lady paying more attention to this new guest than to her old favourite, the bird ran about the room distracted, whining and crying, would not touch food, and died on the second day. How far animals are capable of laying down plans for the execution of their purposes, when revenge is their object, the anecdote related of the monkey in the Penny ^Magazine affords an astonishing proof. " A monkey tied to a stake Avas robbed by the Johnny Crows (in the West Indies) of his food, and he conceived the folloAving plan of punishing the thieves. He feigned death, and laid perfectly motion- less on the ground, near to his stake. The birds approached by degrees, and got near enough to steal his food, which he allowed them to do. This he re- peated several times, till they became so bold as to come within the rcacli of liis claws, lie calculated his distancx', and laid hold of one of them. Death was not his plan of punishment. He was more refined in his cruelty. He plucked every feather out of the bird, and then let him go and show himself to his compa- 264 iNSTEsrcT and reason. nions. He made a man of him, according to the ancient definition of a " biped Avithout feathers." It is difficult to say, therefore, in -what the differ- ence consists, if we look to the two only in the sense of powers resulting from organization ; and that these two powers, or these modifications of the same power, depend upon it, cannot be doubted ; for they grow with the growth, and strengthen with the strength of the latter, and are impaired or annihilated in the physical injuries which it sustains. The diflference is only in degree, but this is so great as almost to constitute two distinct powers. If the dog be capaljle of availing himself of the comforts of a stove fire, he will never, by any stretch of his mental powers, be able to invent a safety lamp. If, however, the higher powers of reason be denied to animals they are not, on the other hand, charge- able with some of its less noble attributes. It is doubtful w^hether they possess that species of sophistry which allows man, under certain circum- stances of self-deception, to make evil appear good, — and of necessity a virtue. If a dog Avere caught by the leg in a trap or gin, would he find such means of consoling himself as Hudibras did when his feet were fast in the stocks ? It was then, and not till then, perhaps, that the knight understood the value of his spiritual half — the uncon- finable part — the free agent : — " Quoth he, — Th' one half of man, his mind. Is sui juris uneonfineil. And cannot be laid by the heels, Whatever the other moiety feels." INSTINCT AND REASON. 265 It was by dwelling upon the advantages of one that he lost all feeling of the other, as others have done before him. Plere then, as he himself expresses it, the rationalia have advantages over the animalia, and pur- suing his system still farther, sophistry allowed him to believe that his valour was increased by his defeat. The rational faculties of Ralplio were of a much less noble order, and mark the difference between the man and the philosopher. His mode of reasoning ap- jiroaches, or rather hardly soars above, that which the dog woidd have manifested under similar circum- stances : — " Quoth Ralph, — How great I do not know, We may by being beaten [iroic. But none that see, how here we sit, AVill judge us overgrown with wit." The sophistry of Hudibras allowed him to glory in his captivity, — his mind soared as his body became debased. Ealpho's inferior soul was downcast and mortified, — he regretted the want of that Avit or cun- ning which (had he possessed it) might have preserved him from his disgraceful imprisonment. The dog might feel as much in a similar case. We say of animals that they go mad, — that they lose their senses. We say the same of our species, but we say also that they go out of their minds. This is not said of animals. There seems to be some difference between the two, if we may judge from what language implies. We never say that a man goes out of his soul, — to lose one's soul has a totally different signification. Soul implies, therefore, more than mind or senses ; N 2Q(^ MEMORY. and is not the union of mind, sense, and soul, the power which constitutes human reason ? MEMORY* It was in the gardens of the Tuileries that I met with an old college friend. He was promenading a young lady, who seemed to me to have some difficulty in making herself understood, and still more in under- standing her cavalier. They soon parted company, and my old acquaintance came up to me, and com- plained of the difficulties he found in speaking the French language. " I always had a bad memory, you know, but I can remember facts better than words." I should have instantly recognised my man by this expression alone. He went by the name of " The jMan of Facts" when he was at college ; and it was to this alone that he ascribed all superiority. To possess more facts than one's neighbour was to have the greatest advantage over him. When asked how he got through his examination, he replied, "well enough ;" but regretted that he had not so many facts as the professors who examined him ; and he sighed for his want of memory. Now, nothing can be more erroneous than his ideas upon the subject. A man may possess an im- mense number of facts, and yet be a very great goose. There are two kinds of memory, — the one purely mechanical, which those possess who retain names, dates, and some facts, — the other is the result of an '' From Fraser's Magazine. MEMORY. 267 impression made upon the feelings ; and the complaint of want of memory is in general nothing more than the obtuseness of an important portion of the intellectual faculties. Few clever men complain of want of me- mory, or find difficulty in retaining those things which form a part or parcel of their intellectual enjoyments. The lover of poetry may not be able to recollect when the battle was precisely fought, but if he have ever read Campbell's " Hohenlinden," he can never forget it. He may have read it but once, may not be able to repeat a line of it, but there it is indelibly impressed upon his feelings, — he can call it up when he pleases. It is as much his own as the author's. The man with- out memory or without susceptibility of impression, Avhich is almost synonymous, may have read it many times, and yet know nothing about it ; his eyes have passed over it, but it has not passed through those portals to be indeUbly stamped upon the sensorium. His ear may, perhaps, again recognise the sound of the words, but still the thing itself has escaped his memory, and from the best of all reasons — that it was never there. The want of memory, of which such complain, may be compared to FalstaflPs deafness, " Kather out, please you. It is the disease of not listening, the malady of not marking, that I am troubled Avithal." He who has summed up every thing, and placed all things in their true light, has not been wanting in the true definition of memory. When the Ghost says to Hamlet, " Remember me," he replies, " Yes, as long as memory holds a place in this distracted globe." Here is precisely what we contend for, viz. that 2G8 MEMORT. true memory is made up of impression. Such is implied in the tone of Hamlet's reply, that it would be impossible to forget it, that nothing less than the dissolution of the moral and physical world could prevent him from remembering the scene which he had just witnessed. It became hereafter no matter of will with him to do so. To tell him to forget it or to remember it, would be synonymous. It formed from that time a portion of his moral existence, in- separable but by general dissolution. It is precisely the same in other matters; that which has made a very strong impression is never forgotten ; it may not always be at hand, but it is still there : circumstances may again call it forth, fresh as it was deposited in the storehouse of the mind. The man without memory is the man whose mind is not organized to receive such impressions as excite those sensations which guarantee durability ; such as read the book and lay it down, and forget where they left off; a state which may occur to all at times, when the mind may be preoccupied, but which is habitual with those who complain of bad memories. In these arguments a healthy state of body and mind is presupposed ; for by nothing is the faculty of memory so impaired as by physical derangements. It may be annihilated by organic affections, or it may be suspended, or go to .sleep. It may happen that the power of speech and the use of language be annulled, that all moral existence may seem extinguished, whilst the physical powers continue their functions ; but when the causes operat- ino- these effects shall have been removed, then shall blessed memoiw return with all its force to the point MEMORl^ . 269 where its functions had been suspended. The fol- h)wlng case, quoted from the lectures of the late Sir Astley Cooper, illustrates this position in a most satisfactory manner : — A sailor falling from the yard- arm was taken up insensible, and carried into the hospital in Gibraltar, where he remained in the same state for many months ; he was conveyed from thence to England, and admitted into St Thomas's Hospital. " He lay upon his back with very few signs of life, breathing, his pulse beating, some motion in his fingers, but, in all other respects, apparently deprived of all powers of mind, volition, or sensation. Upon the examination of his head, a depression was discovered, and he was ti'epauned at a period of thirteen months and a few days after the accident. The man sat up in his bed four hours after the operation, and, upon being asked if he felt pain, immediately put his hand to his head. In four days from this time he was able to get out of bed and converse, and in a few more days he was able to say where he came from, and remembered meeting with the accident; but from that time up to the period when the operation was performed [i. e. for a period of thirteen months and and upwards), his mind remained in a perfect state of oblivion," Nothing was remembered which occurred between the periods of the infliction of tlie wound which caused the pressure, and the removal of the piece of bone which produced it, because nothing during that long time liad made any impression on the sensorium. There was a distinct separation of animal (rum moral existence. 270 MEMORY. Mr Herbert Mayo has published a case of double consciousness with temporary loss of memory. It is rather complicated in a metaphysical point of view, but proves satisfactorily the power of impression. There was no loss of memory where the former had had its due influence. Some physical impediment in the circulation operated to prevent its manifestation at will ; but it was there, and as soon as the obstruc- tion was removed, memory again triumphed. I believe, therefore, that we are not far from wrong in accvising our friend of that w^ant of perception, and of impression, w^hich so much limited the number of his facts, that he retained but very few; and his complaint against his memory was unjust and ill- founded, inasmuch as the food w^ith which it is nou- rished must be duly digested and assimilated, before it form an integral part of that intellectual state, which seldom complains of want of memory. PECULIARITIES OF GERMAN PRACTICE. 271 PART XII. GERMAN THERAPEUTICS. SOME PECULIARITIES OF GERMAN PRACTICE. German Therapeutics hold a middle rank of action between the French and the English, being more energetic than the former, and less so than the latter. The Germans boast of a simplicity of prescription, and have a horror of contrarieties, carrying this to a ludicrous nicety, and an unmeaning orthodoxy. Thus, a solution of sulphate of magnesia in an infusion of roses, or the combination of a laxative with an astrin- gent, meets with the severest criticism from those, who profess as much abhorrence of a contreHens in prescription, as nature does of a vacuum. There is much to commend in simplicity of prescription ; and the nudtifarious ingredients which formerly entered into the British recipe, have not undeservedly merited the stigma of farrago, applied to the latter by conti- nental practitioners. Dr Paris long since pointed out the error, and has done much to rectify it. The study of pharmaceutic chemistry, and the supe- rior education of the genei'al practitioner of modern days, have almost accomplished this desideratum ; still, we do meet with combinations of materials, which would be better for a little sifting. To Dr Pereira we 272 SOME PECULIAEITIES OF are indebted for the most valuable information upon these matters ; and the labour he has bestowed upon this subject, has been fully appreciated by the highest authorities at home and abroad. The Germans find the advantage, and it is one of some importance, of administering many remedies per se, which if diffused in mixtures rendered palatable by syrups, undergo decomposition. Thus, chlorine water, which is a very favourite remedy with them, is decomposed by sugar. Colchicum, cherry laurel Avater, tincture of digi- talis, are generally prescribed in form of drops, to be taken in water. The pure and simple influence of such remedies upon the system, and their impression upon disease, are best recognized in this shape. An exception to this is found in their forms of de- coctions, which are the essence of a large proportion of the vegetable kingdom ; and in the influence of minute doses, they countenance the practice of the homoeopathists. Their ideas, well or ill founded as they may be, of infinitesimal doses, are illustrated in the preparation of a decoction much esteemed for the cure of eruptions which disfigure female beauty. It is composed of sarsaparilla, dulcamara, pine tops, beet root, buds of the bii'ch and broom, &c., but the most active ingredient is a small piece of the glass of antimony, tied up in a muslin bag, and boiled for a limited time in the decoction which is supposed to be impregnated by it, although it may have lost no weight in the operation. A German prescription seldom boasts otherwise of more than two or three ingredients. Nothing is held inert, if it be stronger than distilled water ; and if GERMAN PRACTICE. 273 active remedies be administered in a variety of other menstrua, the latter are not chosen indifferently, but with a specific view, and to perform a part in the operation of the whole. One carminative water can- not be substituted for another, it being granted that each has a specific action on- the system. I have known a practitioner cavil at the use of black currant jelly, in the sore throat of scarlatina. In respect to dietetics, their views are peculiar upon some points. In the treatment of fevers, any thing from the animal kingdom is strictly prohibited ; not a drop of milk is allowed, — not even a few drops sufficient to discolour the tea, and this prejudice I have found to prevail throughout the Russian empire with all classes of people. It is considered a matter of the greatest importance. Gruel is the universal form of food alone permitted in febrile complaints, and this in small quantity. Sago is a stepping-stone to more nutritous diet. Tea, with lemon juice instead of milk, and toast and water, made l)v pouring boiling water upon toasted bread, and nut by plunging a bit of burnt bread into cold water, as we manufacture it. They lay great stress upon articles of diet, during the treatment of diseases of all kinds ; and when it is a question of undergoing a course of mineral waters, tables are constructed and suspended in all the eating rooms of the hotels, specifying what provisions are permitted to be used. Salad is so strictly prohibited, that it is not permitted to be served at the tables of the healthy, during what is styled the season in Carlsbad. It is sonic fifty years siuce an English ])ra(;titi(»iK'r 274 SOME PECULIARITIES OF laid the foundation of a reputation, afterwards Avell sustained, by deciding upon changing the modus me- dendi, in a case of fever in a patient of high rank. He insisted upon bleeding, contrary to the opinion of a host of practitioners, all of Avhom, in those days, were imbued with the doctrines of John Brown, so that the Brunonian practice was the law of the land at the period alluded to. It was the late Sir James Leighton, who first ventured upon this innovation ; and from the circumstance of the rank of the patient, of the times as regarded the estimation in w hich medicine was held, &c., he gave the coup de grace to the treat- ment of febrile diseases, as it had been conducted for many years in the North of Europe. How long a period was employed in fully working this change, I am not enabled to say, but certainly nothing can have been more complete than the over- throw of the system, if I may judge from what is now the current practice in public andprivate, of the pre- sent school of medicine. The treatment of fevers is antiphlogistic in the strictest sense of the term ; and, perhaps, convales- cences are longer than they would otherwise be, if the depleting system were not carried to such great lengths as it often is. There is nothing Avorthy of peculiar note in the nature of the remedies administered ; the patients are purged freely with neutral salts, in a mixture of senna tea, a potion well known under the name of the Vienna laxative. The common saline mixture with antimony, is given very freely; and if the animal temperature is very much increased, the nitrate GERMAN PRACTICE. 275 of soda is generally preferred to the nitrate of potash, as possessing more antiphlogistic virtues. It is cus- toraaiy to keep the head cool, with evaporating lotions, and if there be much congestion and fulness of the vessels, leeches are generally applied. In the applica- tion of these, it is always the object to apply them, as far as possible, from the part affected, upon the prin- ciple that, by unloading these vessels, there is a greater influx of blood into them than before. Thus, I have seen in cases of severe headache in febi-ile affections, a large application of leeches made to the loins. In inflammations of the eyes, they are applied behind the ears or the back of the neck, but the favourite treatment is to bleed from the foot. The same holds ffood with blisters, which are not favourite remedies, and sinapisms are for the most part pre- ferred. These are applied in succession upon the ancles, calves of the legs, inner part of the thighs, and on the arms, and between the shoulders. They are not allowed to remain longer than to produce a pun- gent sensation of heat. Vesication is not desirable. The lancet is seldom used in simple cases of fever, where there is not decided determination of blood to any organ, producing pain and uneasiness. Cupping is of rare employment, and those who do perform it, are so little cm fait at it, that I have never seen it performed in a dexterous manner. The Germans adhere to critical days, and often use a bath upon the eve of an expected crisis. In so doing, cold water is poured over the head, whilst the body enjoys an elevated temperature. From what little I have seen of its application, I cannot speak 276 SOME PECULIARITIES OF very favourably of the bath in fevers, when they are fully formed. The patient is generally exhausted by the operation, without any compensating benefit. When nervous symptoms manifest themselves, then valerian and small doses of camphor form the basis of the treatment. Bark is never given as an anti-spas- modic or a tonic, unless the disease assume an inter- mittent tendency. If subsultus tendinum and other indications of nervous debility appear, musk is ad- ministered, and old Rhine wines in moderate quantity. I should, upon the whole, say, that the practice under such circumstances is not so bold, and active treat- ment is delayed to a longer period than it would be by English practitioners. The following case will, perhaps, in some measure illustrate this. An admiral high in the service, was attacked with simple fever and pleuritic symptoms, which in a few days assumed a nervous character, but not of an alarming nature. The patient had been an invalid for years, and subject to all kinds of nervous affections, for Avhich he had taken very strong reme- dies, and had often, from circumstances of situation, been obliged to prescribe for himself. He had been in the habit of taking musk and ammonia in very large doses — of the former to the amount of tho'ty grains. He ate food very highly seasoned with cayenne. pepper, &c., drank strong wines and bottled porter. Such were his usual habits, and without such aid he was always in a state of depression. His mind was actively employed in abstruse studies, and having been, early in life, subject to fits, abstemious living was subversive of his moral and physical power. geema:^ practice. 277 He had been ill about ten days when I first saw him, and had been treated very judiciously by a German practitioner, but he was low and nervous, and wished to see one of his countrymen. His pulse was frequent but feeble, his skin hot and tongue loaded, he had not slept for several nights, and as there was some very slight twitching about the angles of the mouth, it was proposed to give him an infusion of arnica ; he had been well purged previously, and had been taking saline medicines, but without producing any sensible effect. I saw him towards the evening, and from what I knew of his former mode of life, resolved upon chang- ing the plan. I proposed tliat he should take a large tumbler of bottled porter at bed time. This was strongly objected to by his attendant, who washed his hands of all responsibility. I took it upon myself, and gave him the delicious draught, as he styled it, with my own hands. Tlie following day I met my colleague on my Avay to the patient's house, who addressed me, with that good nature and good feeling, which during four- teen years, I ever experienced from the faculty of St Petersburg. La maniere anglaise a triuempho. The patient, soon after taking the porter, slept for eight hours successively, and awoke in a state almost of con- valescence. The porter was continued, and bark and wine were prescribed subsequently, and in a day or two nutri- tious food completed the cvu'e. The Germans adhere to their Rhine wines for medi- cinal use, and seldom use port or sherry. It did not require, perhaps, so sudden a change in the plan of 278 SOME PECULIARITIES OF treatment as is here detailed, nor would the case, under any circumstances, have done badly, but it is probable that convalescence was thus much expe- dited under the peculiar circumstances in which this person had been placed by his former habits of life. Of the cold effusion in fevers I have had few oppor- tunities of seeing it employed in foreign practice. I have known it used in scarlatina, but not at that point when the least good could be expected from its em- ployment, — or rather, when it could only do harm. Of this disease I can only speak in terms of horror, as I have witnessed its fatal issue in this country ; and as I have alluded to it in the chapter on homoeopathy, I can only say that no one plan of practice has seemed to me to be preferable to another. Whenever several members of a family have been attacked, some have always sunk so rapidly that no means could avail to make an impression on the complaint. I should say, that in those cases which are stamped at first with symptoms of decreased vital energy, the system of stimulus, — the use of the warm bath, wine and ammonia, would offer the best chances of a happy issue ; and that this plan is generally deferred too long, — that a few hours may decide upon the life of the patient ; and that in cases where this disease attacks a family, the visits of the medical man can hardly be too frequent. I may state here that I have had the disease three times myself. Once in infancy, and twice I have gained it fi'om attendance on patients. The only peculiarity in the German practice is the use of belladonna, which they invariably prescribe upon GERMAN PRACTICE. 279 the homoeopathic principle, which I have endeavoured to prove to be a false one. Severe and fatal as this disease is in the north of Russia, equally mild and insignificant in their conse- quences do the measles show themselves. I cannot call to mind a single fatal case, not merely in my own practice, but in that of any of my colleagues, during my residence in the Eussian capital. It announces Itself with very severe catarrhal symptoms, but the appearance of the eruption is generally the termina- tion of the complaint. In the treatment of fevers I have merely sketched the ordinary routine of practice, but I must add, that after Dr Stevens' visit, and his explanation of his views upon this subject, the saline practice was adopted by one of my countrymen, and that upon a very extensive scale, as he had an hospital at his command. He employed the oxymuriate of potash, the carbonate of soda, and the muriate of soda, in the same proportions as recommended by the author, and he seemed much -atisfied Avith the effects which followed this new svstem. He told me that he found the tongue set cleaner under this treatment, and the disease upon the whole assumed a milder form than under the more usual method; but where the nervous system manifested much depression, it was not by any means more useful than the old plan, and that more powerful medicines were substituted. The fact is, that in wliatever manner „ ,, Porcelain & Glass 25 neid (Dr.) on Warming and Ventilating 25 Savage's Dictionary of Printing - - 27 Steam Engine (The), by the Artisan Club 28 Urc's [Jictiouary of Arts, Manufactures, and Mines 31 Wathen's Arts, etc. of Ancient Egypt - 31 BIOGRAPHY. Aikin's Life of Addison .... 5 Bell's Lives of the most Eminent British Poets 6 Biographical Dictionary of the Society for the Diffu.ion of Useful Knowledge - 6 Dover's Life of the King of Prussia . . 10 Dunbam'i Lives of the Early Writers of Great Britain - - - 10 ,, Lives of the British Dramatists 10 Foritcr's Statesmen of the Commonwealth of England 11 Gleig's Lives of the most Eminent British Military Commanders .... 11 Grant (Mrs.) Memoir and Correspondence 11 Hunter's Life of Oliver Heywood - . Ifi James's Life of the DUck Prince • - IG BIOGRAPHY. Pages James's Lives of the most Eminent Foreign Statesmen ... - - - Ifi Maunder's Biographical Treasury - - 21 Roscoe's Lives of Eminent British Lawyers 20 Russell's Correspondence of the Duke of Bedford G Shelley's Lives of the most Eminent Lite- rary Men of Italy, Spain, and Portugal 27 ,, Lives of the most Eminent French Writers . - - 27 Smith's Memoirs of the Marquis De Porabal 28 Southev's Lives of the Bridsh .Admirals . 28 Tate's Horatius Restitutus . . - 29 BOOKS OF GENERAL UTILITY. Black's Treatise on Brewing . - - 6 Donovan's Domestic Economy - - 10 Hand-Book of Taste- - - - - 12 Hints on Etiquette 13 Hudson's Parent's Hand-Book - - 15 ,, Executor's Guide • * - 15 „ On Making Wills - . - 15 Lorimer's Letters to a Young Master Mariner ------ 18 Maunder's Treasury of Knowledge - - 22 ,, Scientific and Literary rreasury 22 ,, Treasury of History - - 22 ,, Biographical Treasury - - 22 ,, Universal Class-Book - - 22 Parke's Domestic Duties . - - - 24 Riddle's English-Latin and Latin-English Dictionaries - - . - - - 25 Short Whist . - - - . - 27 Thomson's Domestic Management of the Sick Room ... - - - 30 Tomlins' Law Dictionary - - - - 30 Webster's Ency. of Domestic Economy - 32 BOTANY AND GARDENING Callcotl's Scripture Herbal . . . s Conversations on Botany . . . g Drummond's First Steps to Botany . - 10 Glendiuning On the Culture of the Pine Apple 11 Greenwood's (Col.) Trcc-Liftcr - . 12 llcnslow's Botany 13 Hosre On Cultivation of the Grape Vine on Open Walls 13 ,, On the Management of the Roots of Vines 13 London: Printed by Ma , Ivy.lane,St. Paul', ANALYTICAL INDEX Hooker's British Flora . • - ,1 Icones Plantarum ,, and Taylor's MuscologiaBrita Jacks 's Pictorial Flora - - - - Knapp's Gramiiia Britanaica - - - Liudley's Theory of Horticulture „ Outlines of the First Principles of Horticulture - ,, Guideto theOrchardandKitchen Garden t. Introduction to Botany - „ Flora Medica . - . - ,, Synopsis of British Flora - Loutlon's Hortus Britannicus - - - ,, ,, Lignosus Londinensis - ,, Encyclop^diaof Trees & Shrubs ,, ,, Gardening ,, ,, Plants J, „ Agriculture ,, Suburban Garden aud Villa Com- panion - - - - ,, Cemeteries and Churchyards - Rcpton's Landscape Gardening aiid Land- scape Architecture - - - - nivers's Rose Amateur's Guide Roberts on the Vine .... Rogers's Vegetable Cultivator - Smith's Introduction to Botany ,, English Flora .... „ Compenilium of English Flora - CHRONOLOGY. Blair's Chronological Tables - Nicolas's Chronology of History Riddle's Ecclesiastical Chronology - Tate's Horatius Restitutus ... Wathen's Chronology of Ancient Egypt ■ COMMERCE AND MERCANTILE AFFAIRS Kane's (Dr.) Industrial Resources of Ireland . - - . - . 1 Lorimer's Letters to a Young Master 31 Ma M*Culloch's Dictionary of Commerce and Commercial Navigation Spackman's Statistical Tables Steel's Shipmaster's Assistant ... GEOGRAPHY AND ATLASES. Butler's Sketch of Ancient and Modern Geography .... „ Atlas of Modern Geography ,, ,, Ancient Geography Hall's New General Atlas ... M*Culloch*s Geographical Dictionary Malte.Brun's Geography Murray's Encyclopaedia of Geography HISTORY AND CRITICISM. Adair's (SirR.), Memoir of a Mission to Vienna Addison's History of the Knights Templars Bell's History of Russia .... Blair's Chron. aud Historical Tables Bloorafield's Translation ofThucvdides - ,, Edition of Tbucydidis - Cooley's History of Maritime and Inland Discovery ...... Crowe's History of France ... Dunham's History of Spain and Portugal ,, History of Europe during^the Middle Ages .... ,, History of the German Empire „ History of Denmark, Sweden, and Norway ... Pages Dunham's History of Poland - - .10 Fergus's History of United States of America 10 Grant (Mrs.) Memoir and Corespondence 11 Grattan's Historv of Netherlands . .11 Halsted'sLifeof Richard III. - - li Horslev's (Bp.) Biblical Criticism . - 14 Jeffrey's (Lord) Contributions to the Edinburgh Review - - - . 16 Keightley's Outlines of History - . 16 King's (Lord) , Speeches and Writings (with Memoir) ..... 16 Laing's Kings of Norway - - - 16 Macaulay's Essays contributed to the Edinburgh Review - . - - 20 Mackintosh's History of England . - 20 ,, Miscellaneous Works . 20 M'CuUoch's Dictionary, Historical, Geo. graphical, and Statistical - . . 20 Maunder's Treasury of History - . 22 Moore's History of Ireland . - .23 Muller's Mythology 23 Nicolas's Chronology of History - .24 Rome, History of 26 Russell's Correspondence of the Duke of Bedford ....-.- 6 Scotfs HlstoiT of Scotland - - - 27 Sismondi's History of the Fall of the Roman Empire - - - 27 ,, Historv of the Italian Re- publics - - - - 27 Stebbing's History of the Christian Church 28 ,, History of the Reformation . 28 Switzerland, History of - - - - 29 Sydney Smith's Works - ... 27 Thirhvall's History of Greece ... 30 Tooke's History of Prices - . - 30 Turner's History of England . . 31 JUVENILE BOOKS, Iiicludint; Mrs. MurceCs yVorks. Boy's (the) Country Book, By W. Howitt 15 „ Own Book .... 6 Howitt's (M.) Child's Picture and Verse Book - - - - 14 „ (W.) Jack of the Mill - - 14 Ladies' (the Young) Book ... 32 Marcet's Conversations — On the History of England - - 21 On Chemistry 21 On Natural Philosophy • - - 21 On Political Economy - - - 21 On Vegetable Physiology . - - 21 On Land and Water . - - - 21 Marcet's the Game of Grammar - -21 ,, Mary's Grammar - - - 21 ,, Lessons on Animals, etc. - - 22 „ Conversations on Language - 21 Marryat's Masterman Ready - - - 22 „ Settlers in Canada ... 22 Maunder's Universal Class Book - - 22 Pycroft's fthe Rev^J.), English Reading Summerly s (Mrs. Felix) Mother's Priu MEDICINE. Bull's Hints to Mothers - „ Management of Children Copland's Dictionary of Medicine • EUiotson's Human Physiology Frankum on Enlarged Abdomen Holland's Medical Notes - - - - Maeleod On Rheumatism ... Marx and Willis (Drs.) On Decrease of Disease ...... Pereira On Food and Diet Recce's Medical Guide . . . - Sandby On Mesmerism ... 2U 1U CATALOGUE OF NEW WOUlvS. MISCELLANEOUS. Beale's (Miss) Vale of the Towcy Black's Treatise on Brewing: - liray's Philosophy ot Necessity CKvendish's Debates (Uavers's Forest Life Colto l)e Morgan On Probabilities - Good's Book of Nature - - - Graham's English . - - - ,, Helps to English Grammar Guest's Mabinogion - . - . Hand-Book of Taste - . . - Hobbes (Thos.), English Works of Holland's Progressive Education Howitt's Uural Life of England ,, Visits to Remarkable Places ,, Student-Life of Germany - ,, Rural and Social Life of Gc many . . - - ,, Colonization and Christianity ,, German Experiences Humphreys' Illuminated Books Jeffrey's (Lord) Contributions to the Edinburgh Review - - - - Laing's (S.,jun.) Prize Essay On National Distress ------ Letters on American Debts - - - Life of a Travelling Physician - Loudon's (Mrs.) Lady's Country Companiol Macaulav's Critical and Historical Essays Mackintosh's 'SirJames^ Miscellaneous Works Marx and Willis (Drs.) On Decrease of Disease ------- Miiller's Mythology - - - - - Peter Plymlej's Letters . . . . Prism of'lmagination (The) - _ - Pycroft's English Reading Sandby On Mesmerism - - - - Seaward's (Sir E.) Narrativeof his Ship- wreck - Smith's (Rev. Sydnev) Works Summerly's (Mrs. Felix) Mother's Primer Taylor's Statesman . - - - - Walker's Chess Studies - - . - WiUoughby's (Lady) Diary - - - NATURAL HISTORY IN GENERAL. Callow's Popular Coni-hology - - - 8 Gray's Figures of Molluscous Animals - 12 „ anu Mitchell's Ornithology - - 12 Kirby and Spence's Entomology - - 17 Lee's Taxidei my - - - - 18 „ Elements of Natural History - - 18 M.arcet's Conversations on Animals, etc. 22 Proceedings of the Zoological Society - 25 Stephens's British Coleoptera - - - 28 Swainson on the Study of Natural History 29 ,, Animals . - . . 29 „ Quadrupeds - - - - 29 „ Birds - .... 29 Animals in Menageries - 29 sh, Amphibians, & Reptiles 29 Ins mals Transactions of the Zoological Society Turton's Shells of the British Islands Wulcrton's Essays on Natural History Wcstwood's Classification of Insects 31 NOVELS AND WORKS OF FICTION. f:arl.-n'» Uo-scofTistclOn ... 8 Doctor (the; ... . . 10 (Mary) Diary ,, Home - ,, Neighl)Ours „ The H Fa Matryat's Masterman Jieady ughte nily, . Pages 21 Settle 1 Canada Rambles of the Empenir Ching Tih TroUope's (Mrs.) The Laurringtons - 31 ONE VOLUME ENCYCLOP/EDIAS AND DICTIONARIES. Blaine's Encyclopa;dia of Rural Sports - fi Brande's Dictionary of Science, Litera- ture, and Art .... - - 7 Copland's Dictionary of Medicine . - 9 Gwilt's Encyclopaedia of Architecture - 12 Johnson's Farmer's Encyclopaedia . Ifi Loudon's Encyclopaedia of Trees and Shrubs 18 ,, Encyclopaedia ofGardening ,, Encyclopaedia of Agriculture . 19 „ Encyclopaedia of Plants - - 19 ,, Rural Architecture 19 M'CuUoch's Dictionary, Geographical, Statistical, and Historical 20 ,, Dictionary, Practical, Theo- retical, etc. of Commerce 20 Murray's Encyclopaedia of Geography - 23 Savage's Dictionary of Printing . . 27 Ure's Dictionary of Arts, Manufactures, and Mines 31 Webster's Encyclopaedia of Dom. Economy 32 POETRY AND THE DRAMA. Aikin's (Dr.) British Poets - . - 27 Baillie's New Dramas .... 5 ,, Plays of the Passions - ■ ■ b Chalenor's Walter Gray - - - - 8 ,, Poetical Remains - - - 8 Goldsmith's Poems 30 Horace, by Tate ..... '.'9 L E. L's. Poetical Works ... 18 INIacaulay's Lays of Ancient Rome . - 20 Montgomery's Poetical Works - - 22 Moore's Poetical Works - - - - 23 ,, Lalla Rookh . - . - '23 ,, Irish Melodies - . - . '23 „ Illustrated by Maclise 23 Moral of Flowers '23 Shakspeare, by Bowdlcr - . - .27 Southey's Poetical Works - . . 28 ,, British Poets - . - - 27 Spirit of the Woods . - - .28 Thomson's Seasons . . . .30 POLITICAL ECONOMY AND STATISTICS. Kane's (Dr.) Industrial Resources of Ireland - - 16 M'CuUoch's Geographical, Statistical, and Historical Dictionary - 20 ,, Political Economy - - 21 Smith's Wealth of Nations - . - 28 Spackraan's Statistical Tables . . .28 Strong's Greece as a Kingdom - - 29 Tookc's History of Prices . - - 30 RELIGIOUS AND MORAL WORKS, ETC. Amy Herbert, Edited bv Prof. Sewell . 6 Biiilcy's Essays on the Pursuit of Truth - 6 Dloomticld's Greek Testament - - (i „ (-'ollegc and School ditto - fi ,, Greek and English Lexicon to New Tcstamcnl - - Border's Oriental Customs - - - 7 Burns's Christian Pliilosophy - ,, ,, Fragments - - - o Callcott's Scripture Herbal ' ' ' -l Dibdin's Sunday Library - . - - -9 Doddridge's Family Kxpositor - - - lU Kiiglisliman's Hebrew and Chaldee Cou- cordance _.---- 10 Ford's New Devout Communicaut - - 11 ,, Ccutiiry of Prayers - - • H Horsley's (Bp ) Biblical Criticism - - 14 Kippis's Collection of Hymns, etc. - • 16 Marriage Gift ------ ~2 Parkcs's Domestic Duties . - - 24 Pearson's Prayers for Families - - 24 Kiddle's Letters from a Godfather - - 25 Robinson's Greek and Knglish Lexicon to the New Testament . - - - 26 Sandford On Female Improvement - 26 „ On Woman - - - - 26 Spalding's Philosophv of Christian Morals 23 Tate's History of St. Paul - - - 29 Tayler's (Rev. C. B.) Margaret; or, the ' Pearl - - - 29 ,, Sermons - - 29 I' „ DoraMelder- - 29 Turner's Sacred History - - - - 31 Wardlaw On Socinian Controversy - 31 Willoughby-s (LaJy) Uiary - - - 32 RURAL SPORTS. Blaine'sDictionary of Sports • " • 5 Hansard's Fishing in Wales - - - 13 Hawker's Instructions to Sportsmen - 13 Loudoii's{Mrs.) Lady's Country Companion 18 llonald's Fly-fisher's F-ntomolog;,- - - 26 Thacker's Coursing Rules - - - 29 ,, Courser's Remembrancer - 311 THE SCIENCES IN GENERAL, AND MATHEMATICS. Bakewcll's Introduction to Geology - 5 Ualmain's Lessons on Chemistry - - 5 lirnnde's Dictionary of Science, Litera- ture, and Art - - " " "7 Brewster's Optics - - - - " 7 Conversations on Mineralogy - - ■ 9 De la Bcrhe on theGcology of Cornwall.etc. 10 Donovan's Chemistry - - - - 10 Egerton's Treatise on Photography - - 10 Farev on the Steam Kngine - - - 10 Fosbroke on the Arts, Manners, Manufac- tures, and Institutions of the Greeks and Romans 11 Greener's Science of Gunnery - - 12 ,, On the Gun - - - - 11 Herschcl's Natural Philosophy - - 13 ,, Astronomy - - - - 13 Holland's Manufactures in Metal - - 13 Hunt's Researches on Light - 16 Kane's Elements of Chemistry - - 16 K.ater and Lardner's Mechanics - - 16 l.ardner's Cabinet Cyclop.-cdia - - 1? ,, Hydrostatics and Pneumatics - 17 ,, and Walker's Klectricity - 1? ,, Arithmetic - - - - 17 ,, Geometry - - - - 17 ,, Treatise on Heat - - - 17 Lectures On Polarised Light - - - 17 I.loyil On Light and Vision - - - 18 Mackenzie's Physiology of Vision - - 20 Marcet's (Mrs.) Conversations on the M.I eley's Practical Mechanics Moselev's Engineering and Architecture Narriei'i's Elements of Geometry - - -" ,, Astronomy and Geodesy - - 26 Owen's Lectures On Comparative Anatomy 24 Parnell On Roads - - - - " "-^^ Pearson's Practical Astronomy - - -4 Phillips's Pal;eozoic Fossils of Cornwall, etc. 24 „ Guide to Geology - - " ^'^ ,, Treatise on Geology - - - 24 „ Introduction to Mineralogy - 24 Poisson's Mechanics - - - 24 Portlock's Report on the Geology of Londonderrv - - - - ■ 'x! Powell's Natural Philosophy - - - 2o Roberts's Dictionarv of Geology - - 26 Sandhurst Mathematical Course - - 26 Scoresby's Magnetical Investigations - 27 Scott's Arithmetic and Algebra - - 26 Thomson's Algebra ----- 30 Wilkinson's Engines of War - - - 32 Wood On Railroads - - • - 32 TOPOGRAPHY AND GUIDE BOOKS. Addison's History of the Temple Church 5 ,, Guide to ditto - - - - 5 Britton's Picture of Loudon - - - ( Hewitt's German Experiences - - - lo TRANSACTIONS OF SOCIETIES. Transactions of the Entomological Society 30 ,, Zoological Society - 30 J, Linniean Society - 30 ,, Institution of Civil Engineers - - 31 Roy.al Institute of British Architects - 30 Proceedings of the Zoological Society - 25 TRAVELS. Allan's Mediterranean . - - - .5 Beale's (Miss) Vale of the Towey - - 6 China, Last Year in . - - - 8 Chorley's Music and Manners in France and Germany ----- 9 Dc Custine's Russia - - - - 9 Harris's Highlands of Ethiopia - - 13 Howitt's Wanderings of a Journeyman Tailor 15 ,, German Experiences - - - 15 Laing's Notes of a Traveller - - - 17 ,, Residence in Norway - - - 17 „ Tour in Sweden - - - - 17 Life of a Travelling Physician - - - IS Modern Syrians ----- 22 Postans's Sindh ----- 25 Seaward's Narrative of his Shipwreck - 27 Strong's Greece as a Kingdom - - 29 Wilde's Voyage to Madeira, etc. - - 32 VETERINARY MEDICINE Field's Veterinary Records - - - 11 Morton's Veterinary Toxicological Chart 23 ,, ,, Medicine - - 23 Percivall's Hippopathology - - - 24 ,, Anatomy of the Horse - - 24 Spooner on the Foot and Leg of the Horse 23 Turner On the Foot of the Horse - - 31 White's Vcterinarv Art - - - - 32 „ Cattle Medicine ... 32 CATALOGUE. ADAIR (Sill ROBERT)— AN HISTORICAL MEMOIR OF A MISSION TO THE COURT OF VIKNNA IN 1806. By the Right H.)norabli: Sir Robert Ailnii ,(i.C.l5. With a Selectiou from his Despatclies, published by permission of the proper Aulltoritics. 8vo. 18». cloih. "Sir Robert Adair's valuable Memoir needs no commendation. Its ohvioxts utility, the nature of its contents, and the name of the author, will command the notice and appreciation of statesm-'n and historians,-' — Athenteum. " The vindication of Mr. Fox, from the obsirvations of Mr. Gentz and others, iscomplete ; and the Memoir is altogether a work which must be deferred to by future historians us the authority on the important affairs of which it treats."— Tail's Magaiilic. AIKIN.-THE LIFE OF JOSEPH ADDISON. lllustrrited by many of his Letters aini Privntc Papers never before published. By Lucy Aikin. 2 vols. postSvo. with Portrait from Sir Godfrey Knellcr's Picture. ISJ- clotli. "In the execution of her labour. Miss .rlihin has exercised praiseworthy diligence; she has ransacked among those fine and inexhaustible sources of personal and national interest —family papers, and has succeeded in rescuing from the obscurity of worm-eaten chests, and from the bondage of red tape, many documents which thyow light on the most doubtful parts of Addison's history, and relieve his character from the reproaches attempted to be cast on it. She has produced, both in style and mutter, a very interesting work, creditable to her feelings and talents, and honourable to her industry."--liritiimni\. ALLAN.— A PICTORIAL TOUR IN THE MEDITERRANEAN; Comprising Malta, Dalmatia, Turlscy, Asia Minor, Grciian Archipelago, Egypt, Nubia, Greece, Ionian Islanils, Sicily, Italy, and Spain. By J. H. Allan, Member of the Atlicnian Arclueological Society, and of the Egyptian Society of Cairo. Imp. 4to. containing upwards of 40 I,itlini;raphed Drawings, and 70 Wood Engravings, 3/. 3s. cloth. "A most ariist-tike and interesting work, full of beautiful views, and interspersed with many charming woodcuts of scenery and antiquities.^^ — Literary Gazette. ADDISON.— THE KNIGHTS TEMPLARS. By C.i;. Addison, of the Inner Temple. 2d Edition, enlarged, 1 vol. square crown 8vo. with Illustrations, ISs. cloth. ADDISON.— THE TEMPLE CHURCH IN LONDON: Its History and Antiquities. By C. G. Addison, Esq., of the Inner Temple, author of "The History of the Knights Templars." Square crown 8vo. with 6 Plates, 5s. cloth. Also, A FULL AND COMPLETE GUIDE, HISTORICAL AND DESCRIPTIVE, TO THK TEMPLE CHURCH. (From Mr. Addison's "History of the Temple Church.") Square crown Svo. 35. sewed. AMY HERBERT. By a Lady. Edited by the Rev. William Scwell, B.D. of Exeter College, Oxford. 2vol3. foolscap Svo. 9s. cloth. "' Amy Herbert' paints nature to the life. It is by ' a Lady,' for whose soundness Mr. fleierll is sponsor. It is admirably adapted for the youn^ of the higher classes, and we sincerely hope it mail not be the fair author's last production." — Christian Rcmcnibrnncer. BAILEY. -ESSAYS ON THE PURSUIT OF TRUTH, And on the Pi ogress of Knowledge. By Samuel Bailey, author of "Essays on the Formation and Publication of Opinions," "Berkeley's Theory of Vision," etc. 2d Edition, revised and enlarged, Svo. 9s. 6d. cloth. " Mr. Bailey is an admirable writer, both as to the general tone of thought and sentiment, and as to his style, which is clear, forcible, and elegant. On the class of subjects to which he has chief y directed his attention, no man writes what is more worthy of being read, or what is acceptable to a larger class of readers. The peculiar quality of his powerful essays Is the practical and useful conviction they produce oj truths as obvious as they are important, but which are strangely neglected by the majority of mankind. We do not often meet with a book which we can more strongly recommend."— imimrcT. BAILLIES (JOANNA) NEW DRAMAS. 3 vols. Svo. If. Ifis. boards. BAILLIES fJO.\NNA) PLAYS ON THE PASSIONS. 3 vols. Svo. W. Us. 6rf. boards. BAKEWELL.— AN INTRODUCTION TO GEOLOGY. Intended to coiivev Practical Knowledge of the Science, and comprising the most important recent Discoveries'; with Explanations of the Facts .and Phenomena which serve to confirm or invalidate v.arious Geological Theories. By Robert Bakewell. Fifth Edition, considerably enlarged, Svo. with numerous Plates and Woodcuts, 21». cloth. BALMAIN.- LESSONS ON CHEMISTRY, For the Use of Pupils in Si.hnols, .Iiiiiiur Students in Universities, and Renders who wish to learn the fundamental Prinei|des and leading Facts: with Questions for Examination, Glossaries of Chemical Terms and Chemical Symbols, and an Index. By William H. BalniBin. With numerous Woodcuts, illustrative of the Decompositions, foolscap Svo. fij. cloth. CATALOGUE OF NEW WORKS BAYLDON.-ART OF VALUING RENTS AND TILLAGES, And the Tenant's Right of Entering and Quitting Farms, explained by several Specimens of Valuations; and Remarks on the' Cultivation pursued on Soils in different Situations. Adapted to the Use of Landlords, Land-Agents, Appraisers, Farmers, and Tenants. By J. S. Bayldon. 6th Edition, corrected and revised by John Donaldson, Land-Steward, author of a "Treatise on Manures and Grasses." 8vo. lOj. 6ii. cloth. BAYLDON. — TREATISE ON THE VALUATION OF PROPERTY FOR THE POOR'S RATE; showing the Method of Rating Lands, Buildings, Tithes, Mines, Woods, Navigable Rivers and Canals, and Personal Property; with an Abstract of the Poor Laws relating to Rates and Appeals. By J. S. Bayldon, author of "Rents and Tillages." 1 vol. 8vo. 75. 6rf. boards. BEALE (ANNE)-THE VALE OF THE TOWEY ; Or, Sketches in South Wales. Bv ,\niic Scale. Post Svo. 10.». 6d. cloth. " The prrusiil n/this agrernhle volume of Sketches hiis afforicd us cimsiderable nmmement. Miss Benle is a lively and i?itelligeia chronicler, who tells her stories in a manner to make them run on smooth and pleasantly " —Vn'iteA Service Gazette. BEDFORD CORRESPONDENCE. — CORRESPONDENCE OF JOHN, FOURTH DUKE OF BEDFORD, selected from the Originals at Woburn Abbey: with Introductions by Lord John Russell. Svo. vol. 1 (ir-C-lSl, 18». cloth; vol. 2 (1/49-6 '), 15s. cl. ** The second volume includes a correspondence having relation to the period from the Peace of Aii-la-Chapelle to the death of George II. Its most remarkable portion bears upon an important question, on which there still eaist some differences of opinion, ri-. the intrigues which led to the junction of the Duke of Newcastle and Pitt, in 1757. The letters respecting the state of Ireland under the riceroyalty of the Duke of Bedford also, are nut a little interesting."— t'lotnm^^ Herald. •,• /"(.;. ///. to complete the work, is in preparation. BELL.— LIVES OF THE MOST EMINENT ENGLISH POETS. By Robert Bell, Esq. 2 vols, foolscap Svo. with Vignette Titles, 12s. cloth. BELL.— THE HISTORY OF RUSSIA, From the Earliest Period to the Treaty of Tilsit. By Robert Bell, Esq. 3 vols, foolscap Svo. with Vignette Titles, 18s. cloth. BIOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY Of the Society for the Diffusion of Useful Knowledge. Half-volumes. 1 to 7- (A.\ to Az-Zubevdi -comprising the letter A) . Svo. 12s. each, cloth. *,* Published Quarterly .— The work will probably not exceed Thirty Volumes. " We have carefully examined the articles under letter A, now completed, and have no reason to complain of any want of tinijormity. There seems to have been, on the whole, a judicious apportioning of space, according to the importance of the individual. In order to secure this necessary uniformity, a societii, which had no pecuniary projit as its end, was more likely to succeed than a private publisher, or body of publishers. In style, execution, and completeness, the lives are far superior to thtise of any biographical dictionary with which we are acquainted. The only one, indeed, with which, for completeness, it can be compared, is the I'rench ' Biographic Universele,' but in this respect it has very greatly the advnu- ta^e.'' [The reviewer ii.stitates a comparison in favour of the English work, too long to be quoted, and ends his parairraph as follows :]-" So that the .Society's Dictionary must be regarded as a labour not only for Great Biitain, ^ut for Europe. In all the articles there are two points in which they are fuller and more accurate than any previous work of the kind : and these are, the titles, dates, and places of publication of books, and their editions, and the sources from whence the materials have been derived for the biography."— AtheniEUia. BLACK— A PRACTICAL TREATISE ON BREWING. Based on Chemical and Economical Principles: wilh Formula; for Public Brewers, and Instructions for Private Families. By William Black. Third Edition, revised and cor- rected, with considerable Additions. The Additions revised by Professor Graham, of the London University. Svo'. 10s. 6d. cloth. "This comprehensive and informing essay will be found invaluable to the practical brewer and private families: to the former we re'cooimend it as a work ably treating of their art; to the latter, as one which they will Jind an ej/lcimt and correct guide. This edition fully bears out the statement on the title-page — that it has been ' much enlarged and improved.'" Chemist. BLAINE.— AN ENCYCLOP/EDIA OF RURAL SPORTS; Or, a complete Account, Historical, Practical, and Descriptive, of Hunting, Shooting, Fishing, Racing, and other Field Sports and Athletic Amusements of the present day. By Delabere P. Blaine, Esq., author of " Outlines of the Veterinary Art," " Canine Pathology," etc. etc. With nearly 600 Engravings on Wood, by R. Branston, from Drawings by Aiken, T. Land- seer, Dickes, etc. 1 thick vol. Svo. 21. Ws. cloth. BLAIR'S CHRONOLOGICAL AND HISTORICAL TABLES, From the Creation to the present Time ; with Additions and Corrections from the most authen. tit Writers ; including the Computation of St. Paul, as connecting the Period from the Exode to the Temple. Under the revision of Sir Henry Ellis, K.H., Principal Librarian of the British Museum. Imperial Svo. 31s. 6d. half-bound morocco. " The arrangement adopted iu this extended edition of Dr. Blair's valuable work is most adviirable; each table comprisiua the space of half a century, and exhibiting, in parallel columns, contemporary kings and rulers, the chief events that marked the history of their tune, and the most celebrated characters who flourished in their age. As an aid to the study of history, and as a general work of reference, the tables are of great utility ; and we are satisjird that, as their merit becomes known, no one to whom they arc accessible will ever take up a history without hnviug this volume open before him. It is to our view an indispensable companion'to every collection of history, however small."— Mrit^nnUi. PRINTED FOR LONGMAN, BROWN, AND CO. / BLOOMFIELD.— HISTORY OF THE PELOPONNESIAN WAR. By TliutvdMles. Newly Translated into English, and accompanied with very copious Notes, Philnloijiral and Explanaton-, Historical and Geographical. By the Rev. S. T. Bloomfield, D.U. F.S.A. 3 vols. 8vo. with Maps and Plates, -21. 5s. boards. BLOOMFIELD— HISTORY OF THE PELOPONNESIAN WAR. By Thucydides. A New Recension of the Text, with a carefully amended Punctuation ; and copious Notes, Critical, Philological, and Explanatory, almost entirely original, but partly selected and arranged from the best Expositors : accompanied with full Indexes, both of Greek Words and Phrases explained, and matters discussed in the Notes. The whole illus- trated by Maps and Plans, mostly taken from actual Surveys. By the Rev. S.T. Bloomfield, D.D. F.S.A. 2 vols. 8V0.38J. cloth. BLOOMFIELD.— THE CREEK TESTAMENT : With copious English Notes, Critical, Philological, and Explanaton-. Bv the Rev. S.T. Bloomfield, D.D. F.S.A. oth Edit, improved, 2 vols. 8vo. with a Map of Palestine, 4U». cloth. BLOOMFIELD.-COLLECE AND SCHOOL CREEK TESTAMENT; With English Notes. By the Rev. S. T. Bloomljeld, D.D. 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PRINTED FOli LONGMAN, BROWN, AND CO. 9 CHORLEY— MUSIC AND MANNERS IN FRANCE AND GERMANY: A Series of Travelling Sketches of Art ami Society. By H. F. Chorley, Esq., author of " Couti," 3 vols, post Svo. 31s. 6d. boards. CL.WERS.— FOREST LIFE. ByMaryClavers, an Aclu.il Settler; autoor of " A New Home, Who'll Follow?" 2 vols, fcap. Sto. pp. 642, l'2s- cloth. COLTON.— LACON; OR, MANY THINGS IN FEW WORDS. Bv the Rev. C. C. Colton. New Edition, Svo. 12j. cloth. CONVERSATIONS ON BOTANY. 'Jth Edition, improved, pp. 302, foolscap Svo. with 22 Plates, 7J.6d. cloth; with the Plates coloured, 12». cloth. The object of thistrork is to enable children and young persons to acquire a knowledge oj the vegetable productions of their native country, by introducing to them, in a familiar manner, the principles of the Linncean System of Botany. For thispurpose, the arrangement of Linnxus is briefly explained; a native plant of each class, tcith a fete exceptions, is examined, and illustrated by an engraving ; and a short account is added of some of the prineipal foreign species. CONVERSATIONS ON MINERALOGY. With Plates, engraved by Jlr. and Mrs. Lowry, from Original Drawings. 3d Edition, eularijed. 2 vols. 12mo. Us. cloth.' COOLEY.— THE HISTORY OF MARITIME AND INLAND DISCOVERY. By W. D. Cooler, Esq. 3 vols, foolscap Svo. with Vitrnette Titles, ISs. cloth. COPLAND.— A DICTIONARY OF PRACTICAL MEDICINE; Comprising General Pathology, the N.ature and Treatment of Diseases, Morbid Structures, and the Disorders especially incidental to Climates, to Sex, and to the different Epochs of Life, with numerous approved Formula of the Medicines recommended. By James Copland, M.D., Consulting Phvsician to Queen Charlotte's Lving-in Hospital; Senior Physician to the Royal Infirmary for Children ; Member of the Roval College of Physicians, London ; of the Medical and Chirurgical Societies of London and iicrlin, etc. Vols. 1 and 2, ,Svo. 3». cloth ; and Part 9, -Is. C,d. boards. *.* To be completed in one more Volume. CROCKER'S ELEMENTS OF LAND SURVEYING. Fifth Edition, corrected throughout, and considerably improved and modernized, bv T. G. Bunt, Land Surveyor, Bristol. To which are added, TABLES OF SIXFIGUKK LO(;.\UITHMS, etc., superintended by Richard Farley, of the Nautical Almanac Establi.sh- mcnt. 1 vol. post Svo. 1'2». cloth. ♦,♦ The vork throughout is entirely revised, and much new matter has been added; there are nete chapters, containing very full and minute Directions relntinn to the modern Practice of Surveying, both with and without the aid of angular instruments. The method of Plotting Estates, and castingior computing their Areas, are described, etc. etc. The chapter on Levelling also is new. CROWE.— THE HISTORY OF FRANCE, From the Earliest Period to the Abdication of Napoleon. By E. E. Crowe, Esq. 3 voU. foolscap Svo. with Vignette Titles, ISj. cloth. DAIILM.VNN.— HISTORY OF THE ENGLISH REVOLUTION. By F. C. Dahlmann, late Professor of Iliston- .it the Unircr.'iity of Goltingen. Translated from the German, by H. Evans Lloyd. Svo. lOj. M. cloth. " Professor Duhlmuvn's hook is, in short, a rapid sketch of the whole nf what uc call the Modern History of England, Jrom its start at the Coroualion of Henry the Seventh, to its intermediate tetlfemrnt at the ( oronatiou of llilliam the Third. fVe have no English sum- maru of the history it relates St brief, eomp, nitious, and impartial. M. Dahlmann is a very earnest as well as intelliL^rnt writer: and the steady advance of Hie popular principle in England, through an almost uninterrupted march of to o centuries, is startlivgly refected ,u hi, clear and transparent relation. Mr. Lloyd's translation is very well executed."— Kxammer. DAVY (SIR lIUMl'ilRY;. -AGRICULTURAL CHEMISTRY: With Notes by Dr. John Davy. Gth ?;dilion, Svo. with 10 Plates, \hs. cloth. limal Origin ; Manures of Mineral Origin, or Fossil Manures ; Improvement of Lands by Burning ; Experiments on the Nutritive Qualities of different Grasses, etc. Introduction; The General Powers of Matter which Influence Vegetation: the Organiza- tion of Plants ; Soils ; Nature and Constitu- tion of the Atmosphere, and its Influence on Vegetables; Manures of Vegetable and DK CUSTINE.— RUSSIA. By the Marquis De Cuitine. Translated from the French. 2d Edition, 3 vols, post Svo. SU.Crf. cloth. " ire are inclined to think -and it is n painful reflection- that ifons. Pe Custine's remark- able volumes contain a more accurate account of the slate and condition of Hussia than any other work of recent date, without exception. The author hasmnnifeslly penetrated through that superficial glitter andgori(eou, array which have blinded the eyes of loo many travellers to the imperfections and defects of this great empire, and has shewn it us it really is . To do Mil in the rate of Russia requires many and favourable opportunities of observation, con- siderable shrewdness, and a courage and determination not easily to be daunted: ull which MonM. I)e funline b.:s proved himself to have possessed in an eminent degree; and the result IS, a work which those who are desirous to know Hunia as it realty is, and not as it would fain impose itself on the world to be, would do well („ consult, lie firomise our readers equal surprise and plenlurr from the perusal of his very clever iioo*."-Geiilleman'H Mag. 10 CATALOGUE OF M F.W WORKS DE LA BECHE.-REPORT ON THE GEOLOGY OF CORNWALL, DEVON, AND WEST SOiMEUSF.T. By Henry T. Ue la Bcihe, F.R.S. etc., Director of the Ordnarict Geological Survey. Published bv Order of the Lords Commissioners of H. M. Treasury. Svo. with Maps, Woodcuts, and 12 larfje Plates, 14s. cloth. DE MORGAN.— AN ESSAY ON PROBABILITIES, .And on their Ap|ilicatiou to Life Contingencies and Insurance Offices. By Aug. De Morgan, of Trinity College, Cambridge. 1 vol. foolscap Svo. with Vignette Title, 6s. cloth. DOCTOR (THE), ETC. o vols, post Svo. -21. V2s. M. cloth. ^^ Admirably as the myitery of the ^Doctor' hat been preserved up to the present moment, there is no longer any reanon for affecting secresy on the subject. The author is Uohert Southey ; he acknowledged the fact shortly before his last illness to his most conjidential friend, an M.P. of high character. In n private letter from Mrs. Southey, dated february l7,1HW, she not only states the fact, but adds that the greater part of a sixth volume had gone through the press, and that Soutliey looked foricard to the pleasure of drauius; her into it as a contributor; giving her full authority to ajhrm that her husband is the author." Robert Bell, Esq., in The Story Teller. DODDHIDGE.— THE FAMILY EXPOSITOR; Or, a Paraphrase and Version of the New Testament : with Critical Notes, and a Practical Improvement of each Section. Bv P. Doddridge, D.D. To which is prefixed, a Life of the Author, by A. Keppis, D.D. F.R.S.'and S.A. New Edition, 4vols. Svo. It. 16». cloth. 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By Dr. Dunham. 5 vols, foolscap Svo. with Vignette Titles, 1/. lOs. cloth. TIIK HISTORY OF SWEDEN, DENM.\RK, AND NORWAY. By Dr. Dunham. 3 vols. foolscap Svo.with Vignette Titles, IBs. cloth. il. foolscap Svo. with Vignette Title, 6«. cloth. THF. LIVES OF THE EARLY WRITERS OF GRE.AT BRITAIN. By Dr. Dunham, R. Bell, Esq., etc. 1 vol. foolscap Svo. with Vignette Title, 6s cloth. THE LIVES OF BRITISH DRAM.'VTISTS. By Dr. Dunhatn, R. Bell, Esq., etc. 2 vols. foolscap Svo. with Viguette Titles, 12j. clotli EGERTON —A TREATISE ON PHOTOGRAPHY; Containing the latest Discoveries appertainini; to the Daguerreotype. CompUed from Com* munications by MM. Daguerre and Arago, and other Eminent Men of Science. By N. P. Lerebours, Optician to the Observatory, Paris, etc. Translated byJ.Egerton. Post Svo. with Plate of Apparatus, 7«* Gd. cloth. ** A translation of M. Lerebours^ celebrated * Treatise on Photography.* This work will be peculiarly acceptable to the scientijic worldy contatuxng^ as it does, the latest discoveries and improvements in the art of which it treats; together with a vast variety of practical instruc- tions^ valuable hints respecting the choice of plates, apparatus ^ etc.; indeed, all the details and minutiiB necessary to lead to successful results."— ExamineT. ELLIOTSON.— HUMAN PHYSIOLOGY: With which is incorporated much of the Elementary Part of the "Institutiones Physiologic^"' of J. F. Blumeiibach, Professor in the University of Gottingen. By John EUidtsou, M.D. Cantab. F.R.S. Fifth Edition. Svo., with numerous Wood-cuts, 2/. iJs. cloth. ENGLISHMAN'S HEBREW AND CHALDEE CONCORDANCE OF THE OLD TESTAMENT; being an attempt at a Verbal Connexion between the Original and the English Translations: with Indexes, a List of the Proper Names and their occur- rences, etc. etc. 2 vols, royal Svo. cloth, 31. 13j- firf ; large paper, 4/. 14.i. Grf. *' The labour bestowed upon this important work has seldom^ we should suppose, hteu equalled; and we have the fullest conviction, from the merely cursory es^nmination we are able to give to such a stjipendous task, that the result justijies all the labour, time, and money ea-pended upon it. Indeed, the whole book bears the most palpable evidence of honest carefulness and unwearied diligence — the points of prime worth in a Conrordatice ; and trherever we have dipped into its pages (about 18(10 , we have, in every case, had our opinion of its neatness, accuracy, and lucid order, conjinnt d arid increased.^^—lAtCTRry Gazette. FAREY.-A TREATISE ON THE STEAM-ENGINE, Historical, Practical, and Descriptive. By John Farcy, Engineer. 4to. Illustrated by numerous Woodcuts, and 25 Copper-plates. 5/. os. in boards. FERGUS.— THE HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, From the Discovery of America to the Election of General Jackson to the Presidency. By the Rev. H. Fergus. 2 vols, foolscap Svo. with Vignette Titles, 12s. cloth. PRINTED FOR LONGMAN, BROWN, AND CO. 11 I KIELD. - POSTHUMOUS EXTRACTS FROM THE VETERINARY RECORDS OF THK LATE JOHN FIELD. Edited by his Brother, Williiim Field, Vete- rinary Surgeon, London. 8vo. 8s. boards. "A colteclion of Temarliable cases of disease in the horse, observed bn the late Mr. Field, during his extensive prftctice; with a few papers on particular diseases, either read before the Veterinary Medical Society, or, seemingli/, sketched trith that end in ricir. To pass a decided judgment on the veterinarv value of the volume is beyond our power ; but the cases appear to be noted with great clearness in their symptoms, treatment, and post-mortem ciamivatiun. We should conceive the work likely to be of considerable use to veterinary surgeons,— who, luckv people! do not as yet appear overburdened with books on their business ; and not with- out interest to the medical practitioner, who would study comparative surgery as well as comparative anatomy." — Spectator. FORD. -THE NEW DEVOUT COMMUNICANT, .\ceorJiug to the Church of Enffland ; containing an Account of the Institution, Pravcrs, and Meditations, before and after the Administration, and a Companion at the Lord's Table. Bv the Rev. J.imes Ford, B.D. 7th Edit., ISmo. ij. Cd. bound in cloth, gilt edges; tcap. Svo. 35. Gd. bound. FORD.— A CENTURY OF CHRISTIAN PRAYERS, On FAITH, HOPE, and CHARITY: with a Morning and Evening Devotion. By the Rev. James Ford, B.U. 3d Edition, ISmo. 4s. cloth. FORSTER. -STATESMEN OF THE COMMONVJ/EALTH OF ENGLAND. With an Introductory Treatise on the Popular Progress in English History. By John Forsler, Esq. vols, foolscap Svo. with Original Portraits of Pym, Eliot, Hampden, Cromwell, and an Historical Scene after a Picture by Cattemiole, 1/. lOj. cloth. The Introductory Treatise, intended as an Introduction to the Study of the Great Civil War in the Seventeenth Century, separately, price 2«. Gd. sewed. The above 5 vols, form Mr. Forster's Portion of the Lives of Eminent British Statesmen, by Sir James Mackintosh, the Right Hon. T. P. Courtenay, and John J'orster, Esi). 7 vols, foolscap Svo. with Vignette Titles.lL is. cloth. FOSBROKE— A TREATISE ON THE ARTS, MANNERS, MANUFAC- TURES, and INSTITUTIONS of the GREEKS and ROMANS. By the Rev. T. U. Fosbroke, etc. i vols, foolscip Svo. with Vignette Titles, I'Js. clotli. FRANKUM. — DISCOURSE ON THE ENLARGED AND PENDULOUS ABDOMEN, shewing it to be a Visceral Alfection, .attended with Important Conse.iuenccs in the Human Economy ; with cursory Observations on Diet, Exercise, and the General Management of Health: for the use of the Dyspeptic. By Richard Frankum, Esq. Surgeon. The Second Edition, augmented, with a Dissertation on Gout, suggesting new Phvsioliigical Views as to its Cau,se, Prevention, and the best Course of Treatment. Fcap. Svo. 5j. cloth. GLEIG.— LIVES OF THE MOST EMINENT BRITISH MILITARY COM- MANDERS. By the Rev. G. R. Gleig. 3 vols, foolscap Svo. witli Vignette Titles, ISs. cloth. GLENDINNING — PRACTICAL HINTS ON THE CULTURE OF THE PINEAPPLE. Bv R. Glerulinning, Gardener to the Right Hon. Lord RoUe, Bicton. limo. with Plan of PincK-, 6j. clotli. GOOD.— THE BOOK OF NATURE. A Popular Illustration of the General L.a«s and Phenomena of Creation. By John Mason Good, M.D. F.R S. etc. 3d Edition, corrected, 3 vols, foolscap Svo. 21j. cloth. GRAH.VM.- ENGLISH; OR, THE ART OF COMPOSITION explained in a Series of Instructions and Ex:imples. By G. F. Graham. 2d Edition, revised and improved. Foolscap Svo. 7s. cloth. GRAHAM.— HELPS TO ENGLISH GRAMMAR; Or, Easy Exercises for Young Children. By the Delgiai. Itevulution in IHJU. By T. C. Grattan, Esq. 1 vol. foolscap Svo. with Vignette Titles, Us. clotli. GRAY.— FIGURES OF MOLLUSCOUS ANIMALS, Selected from various. Auth..r». Klched for the Use of Stu.lcnls. By Mari.l Emma have never met vith a compendious treatise on art, and the ptiticiples whie/i should guide taste in judging of its productions, that contained moie e^cclletit matter than this small unpretending volume. It is eipressll/ compiled for the instruction of the public, and itith a view to that era in art ithich the decoration of the new Houses of Parliament, and the present display of the cartoons in n'estminsler Hall, may be expected tu create. It exhibits the opinions of the best artists and critics of all ases. It is not intended to instruct the itudent in art, though he mav profit much by its lessons, but to tell the observer how he mai) judge nf the productions of the Jine arts. It is not flattering to set out irith sni/iug that England, in the art of design, is not only immeasurably behind Itnln, hut falls short of what France aspires to, and Germany has accomplished ; but this is qualified by the admission that England is, nevertheless, quite capable of efficient progress."— Ta.iVs Magazine. HANSARD.— TROUT AND SALMON FISHING IN WALES. By G. A.Hansard, l-Jmo. 6».6rf. ciotli. HARRIS— THE HIGHLANDS OF /ETHIOPIA; Being tlie .Account of Eigliteen Jlontlis' Residence of a British Embassy to ttie Cliristian Court of Slioa. By Major W. C. Harris, author of " Wild Sports in Southern Africa," etc. 2d Edition. 3 vols! Svo. with Map and Illustrations, 21. 25. cloth. ".fir II illiam Harris has produced a work of eitraordinary interest and value ; a narrative which will take a permanent place in the library, as the best authority ever yet given to the wurld on all the subjects to which it relates. It has, moreover, for present readers, the charm of p.rf ret freshness and novelty. The wri(i">'s inquiries extend to the minutest particulars of the habits, manners, customs, political and social economy of the people, among whom he was a welcomed t/ijiior. "—Forei^cn and Colonial Review. HAWKER.-INSTRUCTIONS TO YOUNG SPORTSMEN In all that relates to Guns and Shooting. Bv Lieut. Col. P. Hawker. 9th edition, corrected, enlarged, and iuiprovod, with Eighty-five Plates and Woodcuts, by Adlard and Branston, from Drawings by C. Varley, Dicks, etc. 21». cloth. " H'e have to often spoken favourablii of preceding editions of this popular work, that we need only notice the opportune publication of the Ninth, Schick has just made its appearance, and which brings every branch of sporting, in relation to the Jitld and gun, down to the present time; giving interesting notes of whatever has been done in the way of change and improvement." — Literary Gazette. HENSLOW. — THE PRINCIPLES OF DESCRIPTIVE AND PHYSIOLO- GICAL BOTANY. Bv J. S. Henslow, M.A. F.L.S. etc. 1 vol. foolscap Svo. with Vignette Title, and nearly /(I Woodcuts, (Is. cloth. HEIISCHEL.— A TREATISE ON ASTRONOMY. By Sir John Herschcl. New Edition. 1 vol. fcap. Svo. Vignette Title, 6». cloth. HERSCHEL. — A PRELIMINARY DISCOURSE ON THE STUDY OF NATURAL PHILOSOPIiy. By Sir John Hcrschel. New Edition. 1 vol. foolscap Svo. with Vignette Title, Gj. cloth. HINTS ON ETIQUETTE AND THE USAGES OF SOCIETY: With a Glance at Bad Habits. 'By P^ytoyoq. "Manners make the Man." 23d Edition, revised (with additions) by a Lady of Rank. Foolscap Svo. 2». 6d. handsomely bound in fancy cloth, gilt edges. . o , . General Observations ; Introductions— Letters of Introduction— Marriage— Dinners— bmoking; Snuff— KiVihiou— Dress— Music— Dancing— Conversation— Adviceto Tradespeople— Visiting; Visiting Cards — Cards— Tattling— of General Society. HOARE.— A DESCRIPTIVE ACCOUNT OF A NEW METHOD OF PLANTING AND MANAGING THE ROOTS OF GRAPE VINES. By Clement Hoare, author of ".\ Treatise on the Cultivation of the Grape Vine on Open Walls." 12mo bs. cl. •,♦ The facts, proved by experiments carried on by Mr. Hoare for a series oj years, are so extraordinary, that there is every reason to believe they will effect a complete revolution in the planting of the Crape fine. HOARE— A PRACTICAL TREATISE ON THE CULTIVATION OF THE GRAPE VINE ON Ol'EN WALLS. By Cl.ninit Hoare. :i.l Edition, Svo. 75. Crf. cloth. HOBllES.— ENGLISH WORKS OF THOMAS HOBBES, Of Malnusburv; now first collected bv Sir William Molesworth, Bart. Vol.10, contain- ing the Translation of Homer's Iliad and Odyssey. Svo. IO5. cloth, to non-subseribcrs, 12s. Nine preceding Volumes have been published of the English and Latin Works. Vols. 8 and t), recently publiihed, comprise the Translation of Thucydides. HOLLAND— PROGRESSIVE EDUCATION : Or, Considerations on the Course of Life. Transl.ited from the French of Madame Necker de Sausiure. By Mi.ss lloU.inrl. 3 >ol .. foolsca|> Hvo. 1()5. firf. cloth. •,* The Third Volume, forming an appropriate conclusion to thefirst two, separately ,7s. C,d. HOLLAND— A TREATISE ON THE MANUFACTURES IN METAL. By John Holland, E»q. 3 vols. looUcap Svo. with Vignette litles, and about MU Woodeuts, l»l«. cloth. 14 CATALOGUE OF NEW WOUKS HOLLAND.— MEDICAL NOTES AND REFLECTIONS. By Henry Hollaud, M.D. F.R.S. etc. Follow of ihe Royal College of Physicians, Physician Extraordinary to the Queen, and Physician in Ordinary to His Royal HighnessPrince Albert. 2d Edition, Ivol. 8vo. pp. 654. ISj. cloth. HOOKER.— THE BRITISH FLORA. In 2 vols. Vol.1.; coraprisinj the Phajnogamous or Flowering Plants, and the Ferns. BySir William Jackson Hooker, K.H. LL.U. F.R.A. and L.S. etc. etc. etc. 5th Edition, with Additions and Corrections; and 1/3 Figures, illustrative of the Umbelliferous Plants, the Composite Plants, the Grasses, and the Ferns. Vol. I. Svo.pp. 502, with 12 Plates, 14s. plain ; with the plates coloured, 24.?. cloth. Vol. II. in Two Parts, comprising the Cryptogamia and the Fungi, completing the British Flora, and forming Vol. V., Parts 1 and 2. of Smitli's English Flora, 24j. boards. HOOKER.— ICONES PLANTARUM; Or, Figures, with brief Descriptive Characters and Remarks, of New and Rare Plants, selected fiom the Author's Herbarium. By Sir W.J. Hooker, K.H. LL.D. etc. 4vol8.Svo. with 4UL1 Plates, 5/. 12s. cloth. HOOKER AND TAYLOR.-MUSCOLOCIA BRITANNICA. Cont.iining the Mosses of Great Britain and Ireland, systematically arranged and described ; with Plates, illustrative of the character of the Genera and Species. By Sir W.J. Hooker and T.Taylor. M.D. F.L.S. etc. 2d Edition, 8vo. enlarged, 3l8. 6rf. plain ; 3/. 3l. coloured. HORSLEY (BISHOP).- BIBLICAL CRITICISM ON THE FIRST FOUR- TEEN HISTORICAL BOOKS OF THE OLD TESTAMENT; AND ON THE URST NINE PROPHETICAL BOOKS. Bv Samuel Horslev, LL.D. I'.R.S. K.A.S. Lord Bishop uf St. Asaph. Second Edition, containing Translations by the Author, never before published, together with copious Indexes. 2 vols. Svo. tHJs. cloth. HOWITT (MARY).— THE CHILD'S PICTURE AND VERSE BOOK, Commonlv called " Otto Speckter's Fable Book." Translated by Mary Howitt. With French and German on corresponding pages, and illustrated with ICiO Engravings on Wood, by G. F. Sargent. Square 12mo. 10s. Gfi. boards. " Otto Speckter's illu$lTations are well ciilculnted to please children ; some hy their truth, others by their humour. The verses, tun, are in ii kindly spirit—some sly-some chiming in those cu,al-and bells measures which ouf;ht never to he out of the ear of such as write Jor the very young- Mrs. Howitt has, in naturalising this book, done a good deed with a good grace.'' AthenaMim. HOWITT (MARY).— THE H FAMILY: TRALINNAN ; AXEL AND ANNA ; and other Talcs. By Fredrika Bremer. Translated by Maiy Howitt. 2 vols, post Svo. with Portrait of the Author, 21s. boards. " One great charm of Fredrika Bremer is her quiet icay of doing every thing. Whethrr she soars into the mysticism of German metaphysics, or gives the gossip of the tca-tuble- ,rhether she utters the most biting sarcasm, or gives expression to the kindlieit feeling, it is nil done without the least appearanc of effort. This elegant repose pervades her story of th- ' U Family,' and makes us like it in some respects better than any other of her writing's." John Bull. THE PRESIDENT'S DAUGHTERS, includ- ing NINA. By Fredrika Bremer. Translated by Mary Howitt. 3 vols, post Svo. 31s. Iirf. THE NEIGHBOURS. A Story of Everyday Life in Sweden. By Fredrika Bremer. Translated bv Marv Howitt. 3d Edition, revised and corrected, 2 vols, post Svo. l.Ss. THE HOME ; or. Family Cares and Family Joys. By Fredrika Bremer. Translated by Mary Howitt. 2d Edition. 2 vols, post Svo A NEW SKETCH OF EVERY-DAY LIFE : A DIARY. Together with STRIFE ai PEACE. By Fredrika Bremer. Translate 2^' ' I bv M.ary Howitt. 2 vols, post Svo. 21s. HOWITT.— THE RURAL LIFE OF ENGLAND. Bv William Howitt. Third Edition, corrected and revised, medium Svo. with Engravings Wood by Bewick and Williams, uniform with " Visits to Remarkable Places," 21s. cloth. Life of the Aristot Life of the Agricultural Population. Picturesque and Moral Features of the Country. Strong Attachment of the English to Country Life. The Forests of England. Habits, Amusements, and Condition of the People; in which are introduced Two New Chapters, descriptive of the Rural Watering Places, and Education of Rural Population. HOWITT.— VISITS TO REMARKABLE PLACES; Old Halls, Battle-Fields, and Scenes illustrative of Striking Passages in English History and Poetry. By William Howitt. New Edition, medium Svo. with 4U Illustrations by S. Willian.s, SECOND SERIES, chiefly in the Counties of DURHAM and NORTHUMBERLAND, with a Stroll along the BORDER. 1 vol. medium Svo. with upwards of 40 highly-finished Woodcuts, from Drawings made on the spot for this Work, by Alessrs. Carmichael, Richardsons, and WeldTaylor, 21s. cloth. IIOWITT.-THE LIFE AND ADVENTURES OF JACK OF THE MILL, Commonly called " Lord Othmill ;" created, for his eminent services. Baron Waldeck, ao.l Knight of Kitcottie; a Fireside Story. By William Howitt. 2 vols, foolscap Svo. with 4(1 Illustrations on Wood by G. F. Sargent, 15s. cloth. *' This agreeable story will be a great favourite uith a large class of juvenile readers, and will sustain the unwearied interest even of those who hare passed the season of youth. The stvle is racy, animated, and sparkling; the story never Jiags, and its moral bearing is mi, si e/ctHfn«."— Eclectic Review. PRINTED FOR LONGMAN, BROWN, AND CO. 15 HOWITT-THE RURAL AND SOCIAL LIFE OF GERMANY: With Characteristic Sketches of its chief Cities and Scenery. Collected in a General Tour, and durine a Residence in that Country in the Years lS40-4i. Bv William Howitt, author of "The Rural Life of Eugland," "Visits to Remarkable Places," "The Boy's Country Book," etc. 1 vol. mediuiu Sro., with above 50 Illustrations, 21». cloth. " IFe cordially record our conviction of the value of Mr. Hatcitfs volume, and strongly leco'iimeud its early perusal. It is both instructive and entertaining, and will be found to familiarize the English reader with farms of character and modes oj social life, vattly dijfer- ent from anything witnessed at home."— EclticUC Review. HOWITT.— GERMAN EXPERIENCES: Addressed to the English, both Goers Abroad and Stayers at Home. By ^V^Uiam Howitt. Foolscap Svo. "/s. 6d. cloth. " The minute practical information given in this book respecting Germany, and the modes of living there, will be found of great use to the English resident, who. for the purpose of educa- tion or economy, sets up his tent in that country. It is a book full of facia-factt of direct utility to the travelling English "—Court Journal. HOWITT.— WANDERINGS OF A JOURNEYMAN TAILOR, through EUROPE and the EAST, during the vears 1824 to 1S40. Bv P. D. Holthaus, from Werdohl in Westphiilia. Translated from the Third German Edition, by William Howitl, author of "The Rural and Social Life of Germany," etc. etc. Foolscap Svo. with Portrait of the Tailor, 6j. cloth. HOWITT —THE STUDENT-LIFE OF GERMANY. From the Unpublished MS. of Dr. Cornelius. By William Howitt. Svo. with 24 Wood- Eugravings, and 7 Steel Plates, tls. cloth. " German student-life has, of course, its brighter side and pleasanter traits. Its generous friendships, its buoyant spirits, its noble songs, its intense study, at the list may well com- pensate for many of its darker features. In this volume there is no want of material to form a very sufficient notion of German jfurf. which hare surprised «, by the accuracy of tktir est cation, and the effect produced by merely mechanical means.- (Juarlcrly Ruiew. 16 CATALOGUE OF NEW WORKS HUNT.-RESEARCHES ON LIGHT: An Examination iif nil tin- Phenomena connected with the Chemical nnd Molecular Chanpts produced by the Influence of the Solar Rays ; embracing- all the known Photograjihic I'lu- ccsses, and new Discoveries in the Art. Bv Robert Hunt, Secretary of the Royal Cornwall Polytechnic Society. Svo. with Plate and Woodcuts, lUs. 6rf. cloth. " Mr. Hunt's reputation it so melt established, that we need only mention hit pleasing volume to secure it a favourable reception from the philosophical public.'^ Jameson's New Edinburgh Philosophical Journal. HUNTER. -THE RISE OF THE OLD DISSENT, Kxemplified in the I.ifc of Oliver Ilevwood : Kith a Sketch of the subsequent History of the English Prssbytcrian Dissenters. By the Rev. Joseph Hunter, F.S.A. Svo. 7». cloth. JACKSON —PICTORIAL FLORA ; Or, British Botany Delineated, in 1500 Lithographic Drawings of all the Species of Floweriui; Plants indigenous' to Great Britain : illustrating the descriptive works on English Botany of Hooker, Lindley, Smith, etc. By Miss Jackson. Svo. 15s. cloth. JAMES.— A HISTORY OF THE LIFE OF EDWARD THE BLACK PRINCE, and of various Events connected therewith, whicii occurred during the Reign of Edward 111. King of England. By G. P. R. James, Esq. 2d Edition, 2 vols, foolscap Svo. with Map, 1.5s. cloth. JAMES.— LIVES OF THE MOST EMINENT FOREIGN STATESMEN. BvG.P. R. James, Esq., and E.E. Crowe, Esq. 5 vols. foolscaD Svo. with Vignette Titles. 3b». cloth. LORD JEFFREY.-CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE EDINBURGH REVIEW. By Franci8 JeCfrey, now one of the Judges in the Court of Session in Scotland. 4 vols. Svo. 48s. cloth. JOHNSON.- THE FARMER'S ENCYCLOP/EDIA, And DICTIONARY of RURAL AFFAIRS: embracing all the recent Discoveries in Agri- cultural Chemistry; adapted to the comprehension of unscientific Readers. By Cuthbert W. Johnson, Esq., F.R.S. Barrister-at-Law, Corresponding Member of the Agricultural Society of Konigsberg, and of the Maryland Horticultural Society , Author of several of the Prize Essays of the Royal Agricultural Society of England, and other Agricultural Works ; Editor of the ** Farmer's Almanack," etc. 1 thick vol. Svo. illustrated by Wood Engravings of the best and most improved Agricultural Implements. 2/. 10s. cloth. ** Cuthbert Johnson's * Farmer's Encyclopadia' is one of the best books of its class'* Dr. Lindley, in The Gardener's Chronicle. KANE. -THE INDUSTRIAL RESOURCES OF IRELAND. Bv Robert Kane, M.D. Secretary to the Council of the Roval Irish Academy, Professor of Natural Philosophy to the Royal Dublin Society, and of Chemistry to the'Apothecarics' Hall of Ireland. Post Svo. "s cloth. *' We have been much struck by a work recently published, by Professor Kane, on the * Industrial Resources of Ireland.' The volume contains a masterly view of the physical materials upon which Irish industry might work. The fuel, the water-power, the minerals, the composition and capabilities of the soil, the nature and locality of manures, and the means of internal covimunication ejristing in the country, are successively taken up, analysed, and laid before the reader, iu their scientijic as well as their practical bearings. Nothing can leave a stronger impression of the mismanagement from which Ireland has suffered than Dr. Kane's clear and business-like statement of the demerits of wealth and power which have so long lain almost idle in her possession." — Morning Chronicle. KANE.— ELEMENTS OF CHEMISTRY; Including the most Recent Discoveries and Applications of the Science to Medicine and Pharmacy, and to the Arts. By Robert Kane, M.D. M.R.I. A. Professor of Natural Philosophy to the Royal Dublin Society. Svo. with 236 Woodcuts, 24«. cloth. KATER AND LARDNER.— A TREATISE ON MECHANICS. By Captaiu Kater and Dr. Lardner. New Edition. 1 vol. foolscap Svo. Vignette Title, and lii Plates, comprising 224 distinct figures, 6s. cloth. KEIGHTLEY. -OUTLINES OF HISTORY, From the Earliest Period, By Thomas Keightley, Ksq. New Edition, corrected and con- siderably improved, foolscap Svo. pp. 468, 6*. cloth ; or 65. f>d. bound. KING —A SELECTION FROIVI THE SPEECHES AND WRITINGS OF THE LATE LORD KING. With a short Introductory Memoir, by Earl Fortcsque. Demy Svo, Portrait, 12s. cloth. *' Earl Fortescue has rendered good service to both economic and moral science by this seasonable publication. His selections are most judiciously made, and will raise his relative's high character as an able and iipright politician^ whose vievs were singularly in advance 0/ his a^e, white evert/ parliametttary session adds proof of their soundness. In ?iis Memoir, his Lordship has shcvn that he can not only appreciate Lord Kintr, but that he is well able to inaintai?! the principles and enforce the doctrines to which his illustrious relative devoted his /i/r."— Athenaeum. KIPPIS.— A COLLECTION OF HYMNS AND PSALMS, For Public and Private Worship. Selected and prepared by A. Keppis, D.D., Abraham Rees, I>.D., the Rev. Thomas Jervis, and the Rev, T. Morgan. To which is added, a Supplement. New Edition, corrected and improved, 18nio. bs. bound. PRINTED FOR LONGMAN, BROWN, AND CO. 17 KIRBY AND SPENCE.— AN INTRODUCTION TO ENTOMOLOGY; Or, Elenicats of the Natural History of Insects: com|)risinf an account of noxious and useful Insects, of their Mctamor|)hoses, Food, Stratagems, Habitations, Societies, Motions, Noises, Hybernation, Instinct, etc. Bv VV. Kirby, M.A. F.R.S. & L.S. Rector of Barham ; and \V. Spence, Esq., F.R.S. S: L.S. '6th Edition, corrected and considerably enlarged, 2 vols. Svo. 11. n». 6rf. cloth. The Jirst two volumes of the ^' Introduction to Entomoln^y" arc now puhVtthed n> a separate tcorh, distinct from the third and fourth volumes, and, though much enlarged, at a considerable reductitm of price, in order that the numerous class oj readers who confine their study of insects to thai of their manners and economy, need not lie burthened with the cost of the technical portion oj the work relating to their anatomy , physiology , etc, KNAPP.— CRAMINA BRITANNICA; Or, Representiitions of the British Grasses: with Remarks and occasional Descriptions. By I. L. Knapp, Esq. F.L.S. & A.S. 2d Edition, 4to. with IIS Plates, beautifully coloured, 3/. ICs. boards. ** ^fost of th-" persons interested in the art of distinguishing grasses are country gentlemen and farmers, who know nothini; of botiini/, and cannot use the tecninal descriptions or analy- tical figures of botanists. To that great class such a booh is invaluuhle. It ought, in fact, to form part of the library of every one interested in rural a/fairs : for Ihrre are few plants so difficult to distinguish as grasses, not any more lo, and none n-hiih it is more important to know eorrectli), because of their various uses and qualities. IVith Mr. Kuupp's book before him, tio one can have the least difficulty in making himself master of the subject.'''' Gardeners' Chronicle. LAING, (S., JUN.)-NATIONAL DISTRESS: Its Causes and Remedies. Bv Samuel LainK, J"n., Esq., late Fellow of St. John's College Cambridge. Svo. 7s. 6Ve have been rather profuse i7i our e:rtracts from this curious and most characteristic old histori/. But it is long since we have met with a work so spirited, and so ntintsing, and at the same time afordiug such valuable infiirmatiou respecting a race to whom we are so largely indebeld, as this venerable Chronicle of Snorro A^Kr/esoH."- Eclectic Review. LAING.— A TOUR IN SWEDEN In 1m;jS; comprising Observations on the Moral, Political, and Economical State of the Swedish Nation. By Samuel Laing, Esq. Svo. I2s. cloth. LAING.— NOTES OF A TRAVELLER On the Social and Political State of France, Prussia, Switzerland, Italy, and other parts of Europe, during the present Century. By Samuel Laing, Esq. 2d Edition, Svo. ICs. cloth. LAING.— JOURNAL OF A RESIDENCE IN NORWAY During the years 1S34, 1S35, and 183G; made with a view to ini|uire into the Rural and Political Economy of that Country, and the Condition of its Inhabitants. By Samuel Lain;;, Esq. 2d Edition, Svo. I4s. cloth. LARDNER'S CABINET CYCLOP/EDIA; Comprising' a Series of Original Works on History, Biography, Literature, the Sciences, Arts, and Manutactures. Conducted and edited by Dr. Lardner. The Series complete in One Hundred and Thirty-three Volumes, 39/. 18». (One Volume remains to be published.) The Works separate, fi«. per volume. " In the completeness of its treatises the Cabinet Cyclopa:dia is unrivalled; and now that the vhole plan is carried out, it cihibits an CTtensive body of available knowledge, such as this or po '.ther country has everyil presentedin a popular and convenient form."— Britannia. LARDNER.— A TREATISE ON ARITHMETIC. By Dr. Lardner, LL.I>. F.R.S. 1 vol. foolscap .Svo. with Vignette Title, r,s. cloth lettered. LARDNER AND WALKER.— A MANUAL ON ELECTRICITY, MAG- NETISM, and METKOUOLO(;y. By Dr. Lardner, LL.l). I'.K.S., and C. V. Walker, Secretar)' of the Eleclrical Society. 2 vols, foolscap Svo. \2s. LARDNER.— A TREATISE ON GEOMETRY, And its Appliciitiorj to the Arts. By Dr. Lardner. 1 vid. foolscap Svo. Vignette Title , and upwards of 2(KJ figures, il«. cloth. LARDNER.— A TREATISE ON HEAT. By Dr. Lar.lner, LL.D. etc. 1 vol. fcap. Mvo. with Woodcuts an> Plants cultivated in the neighbourhood of London. To which are added their usual Prices in Nurseries. ByJ.C. Loudon, F.L.S. etc. Svo. 7s. Gd. LOUDON.-ON THE LAYING-OUT, PLANTING, AND MANAGEMENT OF CE.METF.RIES ; and on the Improvement of Churchyards. By J. C, l.ou.l.ui, F.L.S., etc. Svo. with GO Engravings, 12». cloth. LOW. -ON LANDED PROPERTY, AND THE MANAGEMENT OF ESTATES; Comprehending the Hclati. ins between Landlord and Tenant, an. I tlie I'l ini ipl. s a. .1 Furrns of Leasej; the Construction of Farm buildings, Enclosurck, Drains, Eml>ankments, and other Works j and the Economy of Woods, Mines, etc. By David Low, F K.S.E. etc , Hvo. Jn the press. 20 CATALOGUE OF NEW WORKS LOW. — THE BREEDS OF THE DOMESTICATED ANIMALS OF GREAT BRITAIN described. By David Low, Esq. F.R.S.E., Professor of Affriculturc in the Univer- sity of Edinburgh ; Memberof the Roval Academy of Agriculture of Sweden; Corresponding Member of the Conseil Royal d'Agriculture de France, of the Societe Roval tt Centrale, etc. etc. The Plates from drawings by W. Nicholson, R.S.A., reduced from a Series of Oil Paintings, executed for the Agricultural Museum of the University of Edinburgh by W. Shiels, R.S.A. In 2 vols, atlas quarto, with 56 [ilates of animals, beautifully coloured after Nature, 16^ I69. half-bound in morocco. Or in four separate portions, as follow : — The OX, in 1 vol. atlas quarto, with 22 Plates, I The HORSE, in 1 vol, atlas quarto, with 8 price Rt. Ifis. M. half-bound morocco. Plates, price 3/. half-bound morocco. The SHEEP, in 1 vol. atlas quarto, with 21 The HOG, in 1 vol. atlas quarto, with 5 Plates, Plates, price 6?. 16s. 6rf. half-bound morocco. I price 21. 2». half-bound morocco. LOW.— ELEMENTS OF PRACTICAL AGRICULTURE; Comprehending the Cultivation of Plants, the Husbandry of the Domestic Animals, and the Economy of the Farm. By David Low, Esq. F.R.S.E., Professor of Agriculture in the Uni- versity of Edinburgh. 8vo. 4th Edition, with Alterations and Additions, and above 200 Wood- cuts, 21». cloth. *^ Low's ^Elements of Practical Agriculture^ is the best work on farming t7i ojir lavgnage.^'' Gardeners' Chronicle. MACAULAY. -CRITICAL AND HISTORICAL ESSAYS CONTRIBUTED TO the EDINBURGH REVIEW. By the Right Hon. Thomas Babington Macaulay. 3dEdition, 3 vols. 8vo.3fis. cloth. MACAULAY. -LAYS OF ANCIENT ROME. By T. B. Macaulay, Esq. 5th Edition, crown Svo. pp. 192, 10s. Gd. cloth. MACKENZIE.— THE PHYSIOLOGY OF VISION. By W. Mackenzie, M.D., Lecturer on the Eye in the University of Glasgow. Svo. with Woodcuts, Uls. 6d. boards. MACKINTOSH'S (SIR JAMES) MISCELLANEOUS WORKS; Including his Contributions to the Edinburgh Review. Collected and Edited by his Son. 3 vols. Svo. — In the press. MACKINTOSH, ETC.— THE HISTORY OF ENGLAND. By Sir James Mackintosh ; W. Wallace, Esq. ; and Robert Bell, Esq. 10 vols, foolscap Svo. with Vignette Titles, 3(. cloth. MACLEOD.— ON RHEUMATISM, And on the Affections of the Internal Organs, more especially the Heart and Brain, to which it gives rise. By R. Maclcod, M.D. Physician to St. George's Hospital. 1 vol. Svo. pp. 1/2, 7s. cloth. M'CULLOCH.— A DICTIONARY, GEOGRAPHICAL, STATISTICAL, AND HISTORICAL, of the v.irious Countries, Places, and Principal Natural Objects in the World. ByJ.R.M'CuUoch, Esq. 2 thick vols. Svo. illustrated with Six large important Maps, 4/. cloth. " The ea-tent uf information this Dictionary affords on the subjects referred to in its title is trull) surprising. It cannot fail to prone a vade meciim to the student, whose inquiries will be guided by its light, and satisfied by its clear and frequently elaborated communications. Evert) public room in which commerce, politics, or literature forms the subject of discussion, ought to be furnished with these volumes."— (Mohe. M'CULLOCH.— A DICTIONARY, PRACTICAL, THEORETICAL, AND HISTORICAL, OF COMMERCE, AND COMMERCIAL NAVIGATION. By J. R. M'Culloch, Esq. An entirely New Edition (1844), 8vo., illustrated with Maps and Plans, 50». cloth; or 55». strongly half-bound in Russia, with flexible back. " Without eraggeration one of the most wonderful compilations of the age. The power of continuous labour, the wide range of inquiry, and the power of artistical finish, which have been brought into play by this work, are probably unrivalled in the history of literature . . Compared with all previous attempts to compile a commercial dictionary, Mr. M'Cnlloch's appears as the realisation of an idea which former projectors had conceived too vaguely to be able to carry into execution. It is superior to them all, quite as much J or the spirit of judirious selection brought by the author to his task, as for any other quality. The great merit of the work is, that, while omitting nothing of essential importance, it contains nothing that is useless or merely cumbrous . . . The success of the earlier editions of Mr. M'Cnlloch's Dictionary is, after all, the best proof of its merit; the facts attending it prove that the mercautile, political, and literary public were in want of such a work, and that they were satisfied with the manner in which Mr. M'Culloch had performed his task. Ao readfr can rise from the perusal of any one of the larger articles without feeling that no previous writer has concentrated so much valuable information within so small acompnss, or conveyed his inform- ation in so agreeable a style. And the remark is equally applicable to all the numerous articles of which this crammed volume is composed .... It is, indeed, invaluable as a book of reference to the merchant, the insurance-agent, the statesman, and the journalist ; audits articles, from the care and talent with which they are eirecuted, are as well calculated to supply the wants of the patient inquirer as of the hurried man of business. Mr. M'( nlloch occupies a high place amongst the authors of the day as a hard-headed original thinker in political economy: a still higher, as one of the most zealous and successful labourers in rendering that science popular ; but, of all his publications, his Commercial Dictionary is the one least likely to encounter the rivalry of a work of superior or even equal value." Abridged fr07n The Spectator of March 16, 1844, PRINTED FOR LONGMAN, BIIOWN, AND CO. 21 M'CULLOCH.— THE PRINCIPLES OF POLITICAL ECONOMY: With some Enquiries respecting tlieir Application, and a Sketch of the Rise and Progress of the Science. By J. R. M'Culloch, Esq. New Edition, enlarged and corrected throughout, 8vo. 15». cloth. MALTE-BRUN.— A SYSTEM OF UNIVERSAL GEOGRAPHY, Founded on the Works of Malte-Brun and Balbi, embracing an Historical Sketch of the Progress of Geographical Discovery, the Principles of Mathematical and Physical Geography, and a complete Description, from the most recent sources, of the Political and Social Condition of all the Countries in the World; with numerous Statistical Tables, and an Alphabetical Index of 12,000 Names. 8vo. 30s. cloth. MARCET (MRS.)-CONVERSATIONS ON THE HISTORY OF ENGLAND. For the Use of Children. Bv Mrs. Marcet, author of " Conversations on Chemistry," etc. 2d Edition, ISmo. os. cloth. Part II. continuing the History to the Reign of George the Third, separately. Is. M. •' Juvenile literature will freely own hoii> much it ij indebted to Mrs. Marcet, not only for thf present, but all her preceding works. She imparts interest to dry and dull details; and, irhile she teaches, begets a desire in her pupils for further knoirledge, so pleasantly imparted. These ' Conversations,' admirably suited to the capacities of children, may be skimmed advan- tageously by ' children of a larger srou-th."'—t,ileiaTy Gazette. MARCET.— CONVERSATIONS ON CHEMISTRY; In which the Elements of that Science are familiarly Explained and Illustrated by Experi- ments. 14th Edition, enlarged and corrected, 2 vols, foolscap 8vo. 14s. cloth. MARCET.— CONVERSATIONS ON NATURAL PHILOSOPHY; In which the Elements of that Science are familiarly explained, and adapted to the compre- hension of Young Persons. 10th Edition, enlarged and corrected by the Author. ) vol. fcap. 8vo., with 23 Plates, lUs. 6d. cloth. CONTENTS. Of the General Properties of Bodies; the At- traction of Gravity; the Laws of Motion; Compound Motion; the Mechanical Powers ; Astronomy; Causes of the Earth's Motion i the Planets; the Earth ; the Moon; Hydro- statics; the Mechanical Properties of Fluids ; i Opt MARCET.— CONVERSATIONS ON POLITICAL ECONOMY; In which the Elements of that Science are familiarly explained. 7th Edition, revised aud enlarged, 1 vol. foolscap 8vo. 7s, 6d. cloth. CONTENTS. of Springs, Fountains, etc.; Pneumatics; the Mechanical Properties of Air; on Wind and Sound; Optics; the Visual Angle and the Reflection of Mirrors: on Refraction and Colours ; on the Structure of the Eye, and Introduction; on Property; the Dh Labour; on Capital; on Wages and Popula- tion ; on the Condition of the Poor ; on Value and Price; on Income; Income from Landed Property; Income from the Cultivation of nd ; Income from Capital lent; on Money; Commerce ; on Foreign Trade; on Ex- nditure and Consumption. MARCET.— CONVERSATIONS ON VEGETABLE PHYSIOLOGY; Comprehending the Elements of Botany, with their application to Agriculture. 3d Editii I vol. foolscap 8vo. with Four Plates, 9s. cloth. CONTENTS. 1 the Seed ; on the Classification of Plants; on Artificial Systems; on the Natural Sys- tem; Botanical Geography; the Influence' of Culture on Vegetation; on the Degeneratiou and Diseases of Plants; on the Cultivation of Trees ; on the Cultivation of Plants which Produce Fermented Liquors ; on the Culti- vation of Grasses, Tuberous Roots, and Grain; on Oleaginous Plants and Culinary Veget- ables. Introduction; on Roots; on Stems; oi on Sap; on Cambium and the peculiar Juices of Plants; on the Action of Light and Heat on Plants; on the Naturalization of Plants; on the Action of the Atmosphere on Plants ; on the Action of Water on Plants ; on the Artificial Mode of Watering Plants; on the Action of the Soil on Plant's ; on the Propa- gation of Plants by Subdivision ; on Grafting; on the Multiplication of Plants by Seed ; the Flower ; on Compound Flowers ; on Fruit ; MARCET.— CONVERSATIONS FOR CHILDREN; On Land and Water. 2d Edition revised and corrected, 1 vol. foolscap Svo., with coloured Maps, shewing the comparative .Altitude of Mountains, .5s. 6rf. cloth. MARCET.— CONVERSATIONS ON LANGUAGE, For Children. By Mrs. Marcet, author of " Mary's Grammar," etc. ISmo. 4». 6rf. cloth. " In these fonversations .Mrs. Marcet travels over a sri-at deal of ground with hrr wonted skill in adaptinif knotrledge to the capacity nf the young. The nature of articulate sounds, and the organs of speech, the history of mankind to indicate the formation of different languages, the manner in which English has been indebted to Latin, the probable or possible origin of language, and the use of cognomens and names, are all familiarly displayed in this instructive little ro/Kmif."-Spectator. MARCET— THE GAME OF GRAMMAR, With a Book of Conversations, shewing the Rules of the Game, and aflTording Examples of the manner of playing at it. In a varnished box, or done up as a post Svo. volume, 8». MARCET. -MARY'S GRAMMAR; Interspersed with Stories, and intended lor tlic Use of Children. 7th Edition, revised and enlarged, IHmo. 3s. 6(/. half-bound. " A sound and simple work for the earliest a^f»."— Quarterly Review. 22 CATALOOUE OF NEW WORKS MARC ET.— LESSONS ON ANIMALS, VEGETABLES, AND MINERALS. By Mrs. Marcct, author of "Conversations on Cliemistrv," etc. I2n.o. is. cloth. " Oi:f of Mrs. Marcel's carefully writtfn boohs of histruction, hi which natural history is made pleasajit and intelligible for the young.'" — Athenteuni. MARRIAGE GIFT. By a Mother. A Legacy to her Children. Post8vo.5». cloth, giltertpres. " "The best of Robinson Crusoe's numerous descendants, and one of the most captivating of modern children's books. The only danger is, lest parents should dispute with their children the possession 0/ !<. "-Quarterly Review. MARX AND WILLIS.— ON THE DECREASE OF DISEASE EFFECTED BY THK PROGRESS OF CI VILIZATIOX. IJj C K. H. Marx, M.U. Professor of Medicine in tlie University of Gottingen, etc.; and R. Willis, M.l). Member of the Royal College of Physicians, etc. Foolscap Svo. 4s. cloth. " This little treatise, although evidentli/ designed for professional perusal, is perfectly intelligi'ile to the educated reader ; and right glad shall we be to see it ertensieely circulated out of the profession ; it is a work which does such credit to the hearts and the heads of its authors.'^— huacet. MARRYAT.— THE SETTLERS IN CANADA. Written for young People. By Captain Marryatt, CD. author of "Peter Simple," *' Masterman Ready," etc. 2 vols. fcap. Svo. 12s. cloth. MARRYAT.— MASTERMAN READY; Or, the Wreck of the Pacific. Written for Young People. By Captain Marryat. 3 vols, fools- cap Svo. with numerous Engravings on Wood, 22s. 6rf. cloth. •»* The volumes, separately, Js.Qd. each, cloth. MAUNDER.— THE TREASURY OF HISTORY; Comprising a General Introductory Outline of Universal History, Ancient and Modern, and a Series of separate Histories of every principal Nation that exists ; developing their Rise, Progress, and Present Condition, the Moral and Social Character of their respective Inhabitants, their Religion, Manners, and Customs, etc. etc. By Samuel Maunder. Fcap. Svo. 10s. clothj bound in roan, 12s. ** In the * Treasuri/ of History' we see the same utility of purpose, the same diligence and painstahine; with the materials, the same skill and talent in putting them together, and, in fine, the same t^eneral ea-celleuce which have marked all Mr. Mnunder's productions. The arrangement is most clear and judicious, and the infor/nntion furnished at once so concise and ample, that within this small volume we Jind a very complete and satisfactory epitome of the history of the world from ancient to modern times.^' — Literary Gazette. MAUNDER.— THE TREASURY OF KNOWLEDGE, And LIBRARY of REFERENCE: containing a new and enlarged Dictionary of the English Language, preceded by aCompendious Grammar, Verbal Distinctions, etc. ; a new Universal Gazetteer; a Compendious Classical Dictionary; a Chronological Analysis of General History; a Dictionary of Law Terms, etc. etc. By Samuel Maunder. 14th Edition,;foolscap Svo., with two engraved Frontispieces, 8s. firf. cloth , bound in roan, 10s. 6rf, MAUNDER.— THE SCIENTIFIC AND LITERARY TREASURY: A New and Popular Encycloptcdia of Science and the Belles Lettres; including all Branches of Science, and every Subject connected with Literature and Art. The whole written in a familiar style, adapted to the comprehension of all persons desirous of acquiringinfotmation on the subjects comprised in the work, and also adapted for a Manual of convenient Refer- ence to the more instructed. By Samuel Maunder. 3d Edition, fcap. Svo. with an engraved Frontispiece, 10s.; bound in roan, 12s. MAUNDER.- THE BIOGRAPHICAL TREASURY: Consisting of Memoirs, Sketches, and brief Notices of above 12,000 Eminent Persons of all Ages and Nations, from the Earliest Period of History; forming a new and complete Dic- tionary of Universal Biography. 4th Edition, with a " Supplement,'^ from the Accession of Queen Victoria to the Present time. Foolscap Svo. with engraved Frontispiece, Ss. 6rf. cloth ; bound in roan, 10s. 6d. MAUNDER.—THE UNIVERSAL CLASS-BOOK: A new Series of Reading Lessons (original and selected) for Every Day in the Year; each Lesson recording some important Event in General History, Biography, etc., which happened on the day of the month under which it is placed, or detailing, in familiar language, interest- ing facts in Science ; also a variety of Descriptive and Narrative Pieces, interspersed with Poetical Gleanings : Questions for Examination being appended to each day's Lesson, and the whole carefully adapted to Practical Tuition. By Samuel Maunder, author of "The Treasury of Knowledge." 2d Edition, revised, 12mo. 5j. bound. MODERN SYRIANS; Or, Native Society in Damascus, Aleppo, and the Mountains of the Druses. FVom Notes made during a Residence in those parts in 1841, 42, and 43. By an Oriental Student. Post Svo. 10s. 6rf. *' A pleasant and sensible volume, written by an active and observant traveller, A series of short agreeable sketches of native manners, costumes, and conversations, collected during a tour in Syria, especially in the neighbourhood of Damascus, Aleppo, and the mountains of the UrMsps."— Athena!um. MONTGOMERY'S (JAMES) POETICAL WORKS. New and only complete Edition. With some additional Poems and Autobiographical Prefaces. Collected and edited by Mr. Montgomery. 4 vols, foolscap Svo. with Portrait, and 7 other beautifully sngraved Plates, 20s. cloth ; or bound in morocco, with gilt edges, 1/. 16s PRINTED FOR LONGMAN, BROWN, AND CO. 23 MOORE'S POETICAL WORKS; Containing thu Author's recent Introduction and Notes. Complete in one volume, uniform with Lord Byron's Poems. With a New Portrait, by George Richmond, engraved in the line manner, and a View of Sloperton Cottas;e, the Residence of the Poet, by Thomas Creswick, A R.A. MediumSvo 1/. l5. rloth. *.* Also, an Edition in 10 vols, foolscap 8to. with Portrait, and 19 Plates, 21. lOJ. cloth; morocco, 4/. 10s. MOORE'S LALLA ROOKH. Twentieth Kdition (1842), 1 vol. medium 8vo. beautifully illustrated with 13 Engravings, finished in the highest style of art, -]s. handsomely bound in cloth and ornamented; morocco, 35j. ; or 4i3. with 1 ndia Proof Plates, cloth. MOORE'S LALLA ROOKH. Twenty-first Edition (lS4i), 1 vol. foolscap 8vo. with 4 Engravings, from Paintings by Westall, 10s. 6rf. cloth ; or 14s. handsomely bound in morocco, with gilt edges. MOORE'S IRISH MELODIES. New Edition, imp. 8»o. illustrated with above 50 Designs by Maclise, etched on Steel, 2/. 2».; Proofs oil Indifi l'aper,4/.4s. ; before letters (of Illustrations only), 6/. 6s.— /n the press. •»* Tfte Poetry mid Designs viill doth be engrnveit, nud each page smrounded with art Ornamental Border. MOORE'S IRISH MELODIES. Fifteenth Edition (1843), with Engraved Title and Vignette, 10s. cloth lettered ; or 13s. 6rf. handsomely bound in morocco, with gilt edges. MOORE.— THE HISTORY OF IRELAND. By Thomas Moore, Esq. Vols. 1 to 3, with Vignette Titles, 18s. cloth. [To be completed in one more volume. " Mr. Moore fortunately brings to his labours not only extensive learning in the rarely- trodden paths of Irish bistort/, bat strict impartiality, rendered still more clear and uncom- promising by an ennobling love of liberty. Every page of Ids work contains evidence of research; and innuinerable passages might be cited in proof of the independent and truth- seeking spirit of the author.''— Atheuxuni. MORAL OF FLOWERS. 3d Edition, 1 vol. royal Svo. with 24 beautifully coloured Engravings, 1/. 10s. half-bound. MORTON.— A VETERINARY TOXICOLOCICAL CHART, Containinir those Agents known to cause Death in the Horse ; with the Symptoms, Antidotes, Action on the Tissues, and Tests. By VV. J. T. Morton. 12mo. 6s. in case j 8s. 6d. on rollers. MORTON.— A MANUAL OF PHARMACY, For the Student in Veterinary Medicine ; containing the Substances employed at the Royal Veterinary College, with an Attempt at their Classification, and the Pharmacopoeia of that Institution. By W. J. T. Morton. 3d Edition, 12mo. 10s. cloth. MOSELEY.— ILLUSTRATIONS OF PRACTICAL MECHANICS. By the Rev. H. Moselev, M.A., Professor of Natural I'hilosophy and Astronomy in King's College, London ; being the First Volume of the Illustrations of Science by the Professors of King's College. 1 vol. feap. Svo. with numerous Woodcuts, 8s. cloth. MOSELEY.— THE MECHANICAL PRINCIPLES OF ENGINEERING AND ARCHITECTURE. By the Rev. H. Moselev, M.A.F.R.S., Professor of Natural Philosophy and Astronomy in King's College, London; .and author of "Illustrations ot Mechanics," cti-. 1 vol. Svo. with Woodcuts and Diagrams, H.48. cloth. •' The worh of Mr. Moseley is an elaborate, profound, accurate, and eteirant abstract, and purely mathematical disijnifition, on the theoretical principles of mechanics ; and mill serve to increase the author's high reputation as a mathematician." — t^\.\\c\\^\\xA, MULLER.— INTRODUCTION TO A SCIENTIFIC SYSTEM OF MYTHOLOGY. By C. O. Miiller, author of "The History and Antiiiuities of the Doric Race," etc. Trans- lated from the German by John Lciteh. Svo. uniform with " Miiller's Dorians," 12s. cloth. " Miiller's Introduction is a work of great merit, and, in our opinion, the interest which it must ercite in all who set a proper value on the knowledi-e of antir/uiti,, can scarcely be exaggerated. It is the hey to the poetry of Greece, since without a correct understanding of mythology, it is impossible to appreciate that poetry. No school, college, or classical library can be complete without .Miiller's valuable ' Introduction to .Mythology.' "--Sunday Times. MURRAY.-ENCYCLOP/EDIA OF GEOGRAPHY; Comprising a complete Description of the Earth: exhibiting its Relation to the Heavenly Bodies, its Physical Structure, the Natural History of each Country, and the Industry, Com- merce, Political Institutions, and Civil and Social State of all Nations By Hugh Murray, F.R.S.F,.: assisted in Astronomy, etc. by Professor Wallace; Geology, etc. by Professor Jameson; Botany, etc. by Sir W. J. Hooker; Zoology, etc. by W. Swaiiison, Esq. New Edition, with Supplement, bringing down the Statisticaf Information contained in the Work, to December 1813: with >fi Maps, drawn by Sidney Hall, and upwards of 1000 other Engravings on Wood, from I)ra\yings by Swainson, T. Landseer, Sowerby, Strutt, etc. repre- senting the most remarkable Olijccls of Nature and Art in eyery Region of the Globe. 1 vol. Svo. containing upwards of I.OIMJ pages, 3/. cloth. •,* The Supplement, containing the moat important recent information, may be had separately, price Is. 24 CATALOGUE OF NEW WORKS NirOLAS.— THE CHRONOLOGY OF HISTORY, Containing Tables, Calculations, anil Statements indispensable for ascertaiuinjf the Dates of Historical Events, and of Public and Private Documents, from the Earliest Period to the Present Time. By Sir Harris Nicolas, K.C. M.G. Second Edition, corrected throughout. 1 vol. foolscap 8vo. with Vignette Title, 6j. cloth. " fVe slroimli/ rccowmryid to historical students the clear and accurate ' Chronoloi;!/ uf Hiatorii,' by Sir /[arris Nicolas, which contains all the iiiformaliun that can be practically rcvHirprf."— Quarterly licvicw. OWEN. —LECTURES ON THE COMPARATIVE ANATOMY AND PHYSI- 0I,0(;Y0FTHE INVEHTEBRATE .animals, delivered at the RoyalCollege of Surfreous in 1813. By Richard Owen, F.R.S. Huntcrian Professor to the College. I'rom Notes taken by William White Cooper, M.R.C.S. and revised by Professor Owen. With Glossary and Index. 8vo with nearlv 140 Illustrations on Wood, 14s cloth. " Bii all who know the importance of Profesxor Owen's labours in the vast field of com- parative analomt/. this work uill he hailed with delight, ft treats only oj the anatomy of hivertehratri. Alllion^'h delivered to medical men, the lectures contain a vast amount of matter interrsthm to all who wish to huow something oJ the wonderful laws which govern the strnetnre and functions of animated beings. IVe can also recommend them as being admirable e.ramples of the application of tht^ principles of inductive science to the studu of onranised m.,/(er."-Dr. Undley, in (Ap Gardeners' Chronicle. *•* A Second and conchiding Volume, being the Lectures ^on Vertebrata delivered by Prof. Owen during the present session, is in the Press. PARKES.— DOVIESTIC DUTIES; Or, Instructions to Young Married Ladies on the Management of their Households and the Regulation of their Conduct in the various RelatioiiS and Duties of Married Life. By Mrs. W. Parkes. 5th Edition, foolscap 8vo. <)s. cloth. PARNELL.— A TREATISE ON ROADS ; Wherein the Principles on which Roads should be made arc explained and illustrated by the Plans, Specifications, and Contracts made use of by Thomas Telford, Esq. on the Holyhead Road. liy the Right Hon. Sir Henry Parnell, Dart., Hon. Memb. Inst. Civ. Eng. London. Second Edition, greatly enlarged, with 9 large Plates, II. Is. cloth. PEARSON.-PRAYERS FOR FAIVilLIES: Consisting of a Form, short, but comprehensive, for the Morning and Evening of everyday in the week. Selected bv the late K. Pearson, D.D., Master of Sidney Sussca College, Cambridge To which is prefixed, a Biographical Memoir of the Editor. New Edit. 18mo. Ss. 6rf. cloth. PEARSON.— AN INTRODUCTION TO PRACTICAL ASTRONOMY: By the Rev. VV. Pearson, LL.D. F.R.S. etc. Rector of South Kilwortli, Leicestershire, and Treasurer to the Astronomical Society of Loudon. 2 vols. 4to.with Plates, 71. Js. boards. Vol. 1 contains Tables, recently computed, for facilitating the Reduction of Celestial Obser- vations ; and a popular Explanation of their Construction and Use. Vol.2 contains Dcscri])tions of the various Instruments that have been usefully employed in determining the Places of the Heavenly Bodies, with an Account of the Methods of Adjusting and Using them. PERCIVALL.-THE ANATOMY OF THE HORSE; Embracing the Structure of the Foot. By VV.Percivall, M.R.C.S. 8vo. pp.478, IJ. cloth. PERCIVALL.-HIPPOPATHOLOCY • A Systematic Treatise on the Disorders and Lameness of the Horse ; with their Modern and most approved Methods of Cure ; embracing the Doctrines of the Engliiih and French Veteri- nary Schools. Bv \V. Percivall, M.R.C.S., Veterinary Surgeon in the First Life Guards. Vol. 1, Svo., 105. M. boards ; vol. 2, Svo., 14». boards. PEREIRA.— A TREATISE ON FOOD AND DIET: With Observations on the Dietetical Regimen suited for Disordered States of the Digestive Organs; and an Account of the Dietaries of some of the prin.'ipal Metropolitan and other " ' " ■ " ■ inals. Children, the Sick, etc. By Jnn. Pereira, ia Mcdiea." 8vo. 16». cloth. lition of the entire subject of alimentary sub- the prof essionnl student and improving to the ge'ieral render. The chapter on Dietaries-a most important subject ably treated— has a present and vital interest."~T^\t's Magazine. PHILLIPS.— AN ELEMENTARY INTRODUCTION TO MINERALOGY: Comprising a Notice of the Characters and Elements of Minerals ; with Accounts of the Places and Circumstances in which tlicv are found. By William Phillips, F.L.S. M.G.S. etc. 4tli Edition, considerably augmented by R. Allan, F.R.S. E. 8vo. numerous Cuts, 12s. cloth. PHILLIPS.— FIGURES & DESCRIPTIONS OF THE PAL/EOZOIC FOSSILS OF CORNWALL, DEVON, and WEST SOMERSET; observed in the course of the Ordnance Geological Survey of that District. By John Phillips, F.R S. F.G.S. etc. Publi.sheri by Order" of the Lords Commissioners of H. M. Treasury. Svo. with 60 Plates, comprisiiig very numerous Figures, Its. cloth. PHILLIPS.— A GUIDE TO GEOLOGY. By John Phillips, F.R.S. G.S. etc. 1 vol. foolscap , Svo. with Plates, 5J. cloth. PHILLIPS— A TREATISE ON GEOLOGY. BvJohn Phillips, F. U.S. G.S. etc. 2 vols, foolscap Svo. with Vignette Titles and Woodcuts, lis. cloth. Establishment.s for Paupers, Li] natics, Criir IM D. F.R S., author of "Elemc nts of Mate Dr. I'ereira's booh contains s ich an e:rpo icrs and diet as must be alike a cceptable tc erni render. The chapter on Dietaries- ient and vital interest."- Tail s Magazine. PRINTED FOR LONGMAN, BROWN, AND CO. 25 PORTEH.— A TREATISE ON THE MANUFACTURE OF SILK. By G. R. Porter, Esq. 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" Fnr th" interesting drtaih of the manners and custnnis of the Sindhians of all classes, and the various particulars which make up the description oj the country, we refer the r'-nder to Capt. Postan's valurble work, which cannot fail to alf'ord him eaual information «Hrfam«»fmfK«."— Asiatic Journal. t J POWELL.— THE HISTORY OF NATURAL PHILOSOPHY. From the F.arliest Periods to the Present Time. By Baden Powell, M. A., Savilian Professor of Mathematics in the University of Oxford. 1 vol. fcap. Svo. Vignette Title, 65. cloth. PROCEEDINGS OF THE ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF LONDON. Svo. The last Part published is Part lu for 1842, 6s. cloth. PYCROFT.— A COURSE OF ENGLISH READING; Adapted to every Taste and Capacity. With Anecdotes of Men of Genius. By the Rev James Pycroft, B..\., Trinity College, 0.\ford, author of "Greek Grammar Practice " "Latin Grammar Practice," etc. Foolscap Svo., 6s. 6rf. cloth. ' " This course is admirably adapted to promote a really intellectual study of history, philosophy , aud the belles lettres, as distinguished from that mere acrumulatioti of words and dates in the memory which passes for education. U'e would recommrud to every idle and inaltentire reader, whether old or young, the author's sound and judicious advice, ' How to remrmberwhat we read.'-'— luhiiBuil. , " ' REECE.— THE MEDICAL GUIDE: For the use of the Clergy, Heads of Familie.'s, Seminaries, and Junior Practitioners in Medi- cine; comprising a complete Modern Dispensatory and a Practical Treatise on the distin- ETiishing S)Tnptoms, Causes, Prevention, Cure, and Palliation of the Diseases incident to the Human Frame. By R. Reece, M.D., late Fellow of the Royal College of Surgeons of London etc. 16th Edition, Svo. 12j. boards. ' REID (DR.)-ILLUSTRATIONS OF THE THEORY AND PRACTICE OF VENTILATION: with Remarks on Warming, Exclusive Lighting, aud the Communication of Sound. Bv D. B. Reid, M.D. F.R.S.E. etc. Svo. with Diagrams, and a'U Eneravini^s on Wood, ICs. cloth. b , g a ingson " /Ke regard this as a booh of considerable interest and importance, and which mu>l com- mand a large share of public attention, as it contains a complete development of the tlieoru and practice— that is, the science and the art of ventilation, made known to the public lor the first time. There is not a chapter that does not offer a great number of novel and important suggestions, well worthy of the careful consideration alike of the public and the professions. It is, besides, full of curious illustrations; the descriptions and application of the 'principles' being interspersed throughout, with a variety of umusin" anecdotes bearinir upon the general suiject."-MurmngChiumclt:. »""i KEPTON.— THE LANDSCAPE GARDENING & LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURE of the late Humphrey Hepton, Esq.; being his entire Worlis on these subjects. New Edition, with an Historical and Scicutitic Introduction, a systematic Analysis, a Biographical Notice, Notes, and a copious Alphabetical Index. By J. C. Loudon, F.L.S., etc. Originally published in oue folio and three quarto volumes, and now comprised in 1 vol. Svo. illustrated by upwards of 250 Engravings, and Portrait, 3«j. cloth ; with coloured Plates, 31. 6s. cloth. RIDI)LE-A COMPLETE ENGLISH-LATIN AND LATIN-ENGLISH DIC- TIONARY compiled from the best sources, chielly German. By the Rev. J. E Riddle M A. :i.l Kdition, corr..-ctcd and enlarged. Svo. 31s. 6,/. cloth. *,• Separately -The English-Latin part. Ids. 6rf. cloth ; the Latin- English part, 21*. cloth RIDDLE.— A DIAMOND LATIN ENGLISH DICTIONARY. lor the waistcoat-pocket. A Guide to the Mcaniiiu', Quality, and ric'ht Accentu.tinn „f Latin Classical Words. By the Rev. J. E. Iiiddle,M.A Roval 32mo 4,. hound RIDDLE.- LETTERS FROM AN ABSENT GODFATHER: Or, a Compendium of Religious Instruction lor Young Persons. By the Rev. J. E. Riddle, M.A. Foolscap Kvo.Gs. cloth. .ui, RIDDLE.— ECCLESIASTICAL CHRONOLOGY; Or, Annals of the Christian Church fron, its Foundation to the present Ti.ne. Containing a View of General Church History, and tiic Course of Secular Events ; the Li.nits of the Church and its RelalionB to the State j ControverHicB j Sects and Parties: Hites Institutions «„.! Discipline : Ecclesiastical Writers. The whole arranged acc.,r,lin, „ >!„■ /.ricr of Dates' a dividcMl into Seven Period,. To which arc mided, Lfsts of Councils a,,,! Pones PatrL;^ and Archbishops of Canterbury. By the Ucv. J. E. Ridillc, M.A. Svo. l.',,. cloth. 26 CATALOGUE OF NEW WORKS RIVERS.— THE ROSE AMATEUR'S GUIDE: Coutaiiiiiitr ample Descriptiniis of nil the fine leading varieties of Roses, regularly classed in their respective Families; their History and mode of Culture. By T. Rivers, Jun. Third Edition, corrected and improved, foolscap Svo. 6<. cloth, " Mr. Rivers is the bfst nuthority on the subject of the cnltiiintiOn of the rose ; his book is unea-ceptiiinnbte and coniprehemive^ ntiri snpplien^ nideed. all the information regarding the viirious varieties that can be desired "—Gentleman's Maga/.ine. ROBERTS.-A COVIPREHENSIVE VIEW OF THE CULTURE OF THE VINE under GLASS, liv James Kolierts, Gardener to M. Wilson, Esq., Eshton, Hall, Yorkshire. limo.Ss. 6HELLEY.- LIVES OF THE MOST EMINENT FRENCH WRITERS. By .Mrs. Shelley and others. 2 vols, foolscap Svo. with Vignette Titles, 12s. cloth. HORT WHIST: Its Rise, Progress, and Laws ; with Observations to make anv one a Whist Player; containing also the Laws of Piquet, Cassino, Ecarte, Cribbage, Backgammon. Bv Major A • * • • «. 7tb Edition. To which are added, Precepts for Tyros. By Mrs. B *•'**• Foolscap 8vo' 3s. cloth, gilt edges. SISMONDI.— THE HISTORY OF THE ITALIAN REPUBLICS: Or, of the Origin, Progress, and Fall of Freedom in It.ilv. from A.D. 470 to ISO.",. Bv J. C. L. De Sismondi. I vol. foolscap Svo. with Vignette Title, iis. cloth. SIS.^IONDI.-THE HISTORY OF THE FALL OF THE ROMAN EMPIRE. Comprisinga Viewof the Invasion and Settlement of the Barbarians. ByJ.C.L. Dt Sismondi. 2 vols, foolscap Svo. with Vignette Titles, 12». cloth. SMITH— AN INTRODUCTION TO THE STUDY OF BOTANY. Bv Sir J. E. Smith, late President of the Linnie.-in Socictv. 7th Edition (1S33) , corrected • in which the object of Snutli's "Grammar of Bolanv" is combined with that of the "Intro- duction." Bv Sir William Jackson Hooker, K.ll. LL.D. etc. 1 vol. Svo pp 5m with :t(i Steel Platek, Ifis. cloth ; coloured Plates, 2/. 12.». Grf. cloth. "' SMITH -COMPENDIUM OF THE ENGLISH FLORA. By sir J. E. Smith. 2d Edition, with Additions and Corrections. lJmo.7».C vo1s.8vu.3/.12j. boards. CONTENTS : VoU. I. to IV. the Flowering Plants and the Ferns, 2/. Ss. Vol. V. Part 1,12». -Cryplogamia; comprising l Vol. V. Part 2, 12».— The Fungi- coninletina the Mt.Bscii, Hcpatica.-, Lichens, Chara- the work, by Sir \V. J. Hooker, and the eex, and Algic. By Sir W. J. Hooker. I Rev. M. J. Berkeley, F.L.S. etc. SMITH.— THE WORKS OF THE REV. SYDNEY SMITH. 2d Edition, :i vuk. ^Svo. witii Portrait. p|>. 1112, :t-MARCARET; Or, the Pearl. By the Rev. Charles D. Tavler, M.A. Rector, of St. Peter s, Chester, author of" May You Like It," '< Records of a Good Man's Life," etc. Foolscap Svo. 6s. " Th' design of thil vfrv ph-asiiig nnd ntlractivr story is to shew the rrrors of Trnctarinn- ism, und the Hnppy rffects that Jlowfrom a strict discharge of our duties, reliisioiis and niornl. The book is trrilteu in a style eatremely graceful, and is nltogether free from that narrow minded spirit which hat biit too frequently appeared of late in works oj the same descrip- tion."— Atlns. TAYLER (REV. CHARLES B.)— TRACTARIANISM NOT OF COD. Plain Sermons for the Times. By the Rev C U. Taykr, Rectoi of St. Peter's, and Evening Lecturer at St. Mary's Church, Chester.- 7" the press. TAYLER (REV. CHARLES B.)-DORA WELDER : A Story of Alsace. By Meta Sander. A Translation. Edited by the Rev. C. B. Tavler, iiuthor of " Records of a Good Man's Life," etc. Fcp. Bvc, pp. '2>i0, 2 Illustrations, 7s. cloth. TAYLOR.— THE STATESMAN. By Henry Taylor, Esq., author »f "Philip Van ArlcveUlc." l'2mo.0s.firf. boards. THACKKR.- POCKET COMPENDIUM OF COURSING RULES ABYE-LAWS, For Use in the Field. By Thomas Tliaikcr. Is. 6rf. sewed. 30 CATALOGUE OF NEW WORKS TIIACKER.— THE COURSER'S ANNUAL REMEMBRANCER, AND STUD- BOOK; beini; an Alphabetical Return of the Ruiiiiiiig- at all the Pubik- Coursiiiit Clubs in England, Ireland, and Scotland, for the Season 1841-42; with the Pedigrees (as far as received) of the Dogs that won, and the Dogs that ran up second for each Prize ; also, a Return of all Single Matches run at those Meetings; with a Preliminary Essay on the Decision of Short Courses. By T.Thacker. 8vo. lUs. cloth. THIRLWALL.— THE HISTORY OF GREECE. Bv the Right Rev. the Lord Bishop of St. David's. 8 vols. foolscapSvo. with Vignette Titles, 2/. 8s. cloth. THOMSON'S SEASONS. Edited bv Bolton Cornev, Esq. Illustrated with Seventy-seven Designs drawn on Wood by the following Members of the Etching Club :— J. Bell, Sculptor. I J. C. Horsley. i Frank Stone. | H. J. Townsend, C.W.Cope. J. P Knight. C.Stonhouse. T. Webster.A.R.A. Thomas Creswick. I R. Redgrave, A.R. A. ' F. Tavler. I Engraved by Thompson and other eminent Engravers. Square crown 8vo. 21s. clolh ; in morocco in the best manner by Hayday, 3Gs. " Few works of Ihn class hiive a fairer prospect nf popularity than this new edition of Thomson, illustrated by the members of the Etching Club. Most of the designs are in arcord- ntice with the spirit of the author— some of them beautiful. The landscape vignettes con- tribnted by Mr. Creswick entitle him to a first place as a book illustrator ; exhibiting a versattlitu of talent for which his warmest admirers C'luld hitherto have hardly ventnrej to give him credit. Mr. F. Tuylcr is not far behind, as his designs at pp. 11, 12, aud-^li, will most sntisfactorili) prove; and he comes one step nearer historical art than Mr. Creswick, in riaht of hii clever management of rustic figures. Messrs. Cope, Horsley, Redgrave, and Bell, with all their true English feeling, and the grace of their euuceptions, are a degree more ambitious. Mr. Hell's preparatoru outline of 'Spring' sines indications of grace, poetry, and fancy, worthy of being carried to the highest perfection. This book is beuuti- fully'brought out: the vignettes are from copper, blocks produced by the electrotype process. This Hives a peculiarity of effect to the impressions more easy to perceive than to describe. Other of our classical' pwms are to follow, illustrated in a similar fashion . Mr. Bolton Carney's labours are not the less to be commended because they are unobtrusive; the work is extremely well edited, and therefore entitled to a place on the library shelf as well as on the drawing-room table.'' — Atliena?um. Uniform with " Thomson's Seasons," GOLDSMITH'S POETICAL WORKS, illustrated with Engravings on Wood, from Designs by Members of the Etching Club.— /n the press. THOMSON. -AN ELEMENTARY TREATISE ON ALGEBRA, Theoretical and Practical. By James Thomson, LL.D. Professor of Mathematics in the University of Glasgow. 12mo. 5s. cloth. *' For clearness, simplicity, and completeness, it would be difficult to imagine a superior performance to Dr. Thomson's. Any intelligent indiridual might teach himself from it, and in the hands of an able master it must prove invaluable. We recommend it to mathematical readers, teachers, aud students, as incomparably the best elementary treatise and the most comprehensive text book af the science."— Atl^s. THOMSON.— THE DOMESTIC MANAGEMENT OF THE SICK ROOM, Necessary, in Aid of Medical Treatment, for the Cure of Diseases. By Anthony Todd Thomson, M.D. F.L.S. etc. 1 vol. post Svo. pp. 518, lUj. 6d. cloth. TOMLINS. — A POPULAR LAW DICTIONARY; Familiarly explaining the Terms and Nature of f^nglish Law; adapted to the comprehension of Persons not educated for the Legal Profession, and affording Information peculiarly useful to Magistrates, Merchants, Parochial Officers, and others. 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TRANSACTIONS OF THE ROYAL INSTITUTE OF BRITISH ARCHITECTS OF LO.N'UOX : e.Jusi?,tiTn; ul a Scries of Papers on " Antiquities," and '• Construction." By R. Willis, M.A. F.R.S. etc. , Ambrose Poynter ; Herr Hallmann, of Hanover : Dr. Faradav ; Mr. Bracebridge; Herr Beuth, of Berlin ; Joseph Gwilt, F.S.. A. F.A.S. ; Mr. C. H. Smith ; Mr. C. Fowler, Hon. Sec; Mr. W. .A. Nicholson, of Lincoln; and Mr. J. P. Papworth. Vol. I. Part 2, 4to. with numerous lithographic and woodcut Illustrations, 24s. cloth. *,* Part I. Vol. I. uniform with the above, 16s. cloth. TRANSACTIONS OF THE LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON. The List Part published is Part 2, Vol. XIX. 4to. with Plates, 21s. PRINTED rOR LONGMAN, BROWN, AND CO. 31 TRANSACTIONS OF THE INSTITUTION OF CIVIL ENGINEERS. 4to. Vol. II. with 'IVenty-three finely engrHveri Fhacs. 28.1. cli.th Vol. HI., with Nineteen finely engraved Plates. 2/. l-'s. Grf. eloth. TROLLOPE— THE LAURRINCTONS ; OR, SUPERIOR PEOPLE. By Jlrs. 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THE HISTORY of the REKJNS of EDWARD VI., MARY, and ELIZABETH; being the Second Part of the Modern History of England. 3d FMition, 2 vols. Svo. 32s. boards. TURNER.— THE SACRED HISTORY OF THE WORLD. Philosophically considered. By S. Turner, F.S. A. R. A.S.L. New Edit. 3 vols. Svo. '12s. bds. Vol. 1 considers' the Creation and System of the Earth, and of its Vegetable and Animal Races and Material Laws, and Formation of Manliind. Vol. 2, the Divine Economy in its special Relation to Mankind, and in the Deluge, and the History of Human Affairs. Vol. 3, the Provisions for the Perpetuation and Support of the Human Race, the Divine System of our Social Combinations, and the Supernatural History of the World. TURNER.— A TREATISE ON THE FOOT OF THE HORSE. And a New System of Shoeing, by Onesided Nailing; and on the Nature, Origin, and Symptoms of the Navicular Joint Lameness, with Preventive and Curative Treatment. By James Turner, M.R.V.C. Royal Svo. pp. lis, 7s. 6rf. boards. TURTON'S (DR.) MANUAL OF THE LAND AND FRESHWATER SHELLS OF THE BRITISH ISLANDS. A urw E.liti.in, thcimi-hh r, vised, aiul with considerable Additions. Bv Join, K.hvaril Grriv, Kicpcr ..f th.- Zn,,l,,L;i. al C.iU.. i tii.ii in the British Museum. 1 vol. post Svo. Willi Woodcuts.and 12 coloured Plates, lis. i loth. URE.-DICTIONARY OF ARTS, MANUFACTURES, AND MINES: Containing a clear Exposition of their Principles and Practice. By Andrew Urc, M.D. F.R.S. M.G.S.M.A.S. Lond.; M. Acad.N.S. Philad. ; S. Ph.Soc.N. Germ. Hanov. ; MuUii. etc. etc. Third Edition, corrected. Svo. illustrated with I24U Woodcuts, 5U$. cloth. In the prf.ts, by the same Author, RECENT IMPROVEMENTS IN ARTS, MANUFACTURES, AND MINES; being a Supplement to his Dictionary. WALKER, (GEO.)-CHESS STUDIES : Comprising One Thousand Games actually Played during the last Half Century , presenting a unique Collection of Classical and Brilliant Specimens of Chess Skill in every stage of the Game, and thus forming a complete F^neyclopiudia of Reference. By George Walker. Medium Svo. 10s. 6d. sewed. " 7'Ats collection of specimens of chess skill is unique, and forms a complete encyelopeedin of reference to the student and phiyer. It contains npteards of KKIO games, alt'af the,,, the classical ejploits of the best chess warriors oj the itne. Knerv student and Inner of the faicinattng g-ame should possess himself of .Mr. liuU.er's 6f(«A'."— F:.\ap-.iner. WARDL.^W. -DISCOURSES ON THE PRINCIPAL POINTS OF THE SOCINIAN CONTROVERSY-theUnityofGod,and the Trinity of Persons in the Godhead -the Supreme Divinity of Jesus Christ— the Doctrine of the Atonement -the Christian Character, etc. By Ralph Wardlaw, D.D. 5th Edition, Svo. I5». cloth. WATERTON'.— ESSAYS ON NATURAL HISTORY, Chiefly Ornithology. By Charles Waterton, Esq., author of "Wanderings in South America." With an Autobiography of the Author, and u View of Walton Hall. 5th Edition, foolscap Svo. 8s. cloth. SECOND SERIES. With Continuation of Mr. Waterton's Autobiography. Fcap. Svo. with Vigi.ette by T. Creswick, A.R.A. 6s. Grf. cloth. " /( ginet us hearty pleasure to meet with .Mr. IVaterton asain. To miserable mortals ' close in populous cities pent.' his hooks ore as a vinurous autumn air. He is a charmirg uriter. Candid, rordiul. uood-hearteri, and full of the molt masculine si/mpathies. His .\iilol,i(,.;rnphv Kill rank u-ith the most piquant and compreh-nsiiie pieces of tuat hind of uritiui; in the lanLfuane. Ilis Essays, Kith little of the learned pretences, have a store of cheerful WLydom in them which i/ields unfailing instructiuensss and plea\ure.^^ l^.xantiiicr. WATIIEN.-ARTS, ANTIQUITIES/ AND CHRONOLOGY OF ANCIENT EGYPT, from Personal Oli»,rvatiojis in IKW. I'.v G. IJ. W.alic ii, Ar.:hitcct. KoyulSvo. with Plates and Woodcuts, fron. the Author's own Sketches, ll',«. i loth. " To commend or recommend .Mr. Ifatheo's volume, aflrr what we have extracted from it, would he superjluous. The aulir/uary, the scholar, the philosopher, the artist, in short, even/ educated man who reads, either for instruction or entertainment, must he interested in its rich and varied contents."— Eclcclic Review. 32 CATALOGUE OF NEW WORKS, ETC. WEBSTER.— AN ENCYCLOP>EDIA OF DOMESTIC ECONOiVlY ; Comprising such subjects as are most immediately connected with Hotisekeepiug ; Tlie Construction of Domestic Edifices, with the modes nf Warminif. Ventilatinsr, a Lightinif them— A description of the various articles of Furniture, with the natnre of thi Materials -Duties of Servants— A genernl account of the Animal and Vegetable Suhstanc used as Food, and the methods of preserving and preparing them by Cooking— Mak Bread— The Chemical Nature and the Preparation of all kinds of Fermented Liquors ul as Beverage — Materials emploved in Dress and the Toilet — Business of the Launir; Decription of the various Wheel Carriages— Preservation of Health-Domestic Medici etc. etc. etc. By Thomas Webster, F.G.S., etc.; assisted bv The late Mrs. Parkes, autl of " Domestic Duties." 1 thick vol. .8vo. illustrated with nearly lUOU Woodcuts. oOj. i "TAe title-page sufficientlu itidicatei the aide range nf topics inrlnded in this mmt usej Encyclopedia, and all are treated with a fulness which leaves nothinir to br desired. It h been the object of the editor to combine science with practice, a knowledge of principles w the ordinari) details and daily recurring duties of domestic life. In some departments of t tcork Mr. Webster has been assisted bv a ladi/ whose quaVifications are bei/nnd dispute, . the result of their united labours is the production of a volume which exhausts the subi and defies all competition. The work is richly illustrated with woodcuts, adding greath its rialue. We strongly recommend every ladu, and all others who are concerned in management of domestic a fairs, to make themselves familiar with Mr. Webster's volume, wl muit speedily be regarded as an indispensable book of reference to every housekeep^ Ecle : Re WESTWOOD.— INTRODUCTION TO THE MODERN CLASSIFICATION C INSECTS ; comprising an Account of the Habits and Tr.ansformations of the differe Families ; a Svnopsis of all the British, and a Notice of the more remarkable Fore Genera. By J.O. Westwood, Sec. Ent. Soc. London, F.L.S.. etc. 2 vols, illustrated n above 150 \Voodcuts, comprising about 2500 distinct Figures, 2/. "is. cloth. WHITE'S COMPENDIUM OF THE VETERINARY ART ; Containing Plain and Concise Observations on the Construction and Management of t Stable; a brief and popular Outline of the Structure and Economy of the Horse ; theNatat Symptoms.and Treatment of the Diseases and Accidents to which the Horse is liable : theb Method of performing various Important Operations ; with Advice to the Purchasers of Horse and a copious Materia Mcdica and Pharmacopoeia. 17th edition, entirely reconstructed, wi considerable Additions and .\lterations, bringing the work up to the present state of Vete uary Science. By W. C. Spooner, Svo. with coloured Plate, 16>. cloth. WHITE'S COMPENDIUM OF CATTLE MEDICINE ; Or, Practical Observations on the Disorders of Cattle ,ind other Domestic Animals, exce the Horse. 6th Edition, re-arranged, with copious Additions and Notes. By W. C. Spoon< Vet. Surgeon, author of a "Treatise on the Influenza," and a "Treatise on the Foot a Leg of the Horse," etc. Svo. 9s. cloth. WHITLEY.— THE APPLICATION OF CEOLOCY TO AGRICULTURE; And to the Improvement and Valuation of Land : with the Nature and Properties of Soi and the Principles of Cultivation. By Nicholas Whitley, Land Surveyor. Svo. 7s. 6d. WILDE. -NARRATIVE OF A VOYACE TO MADEIRA. TENERIFFE, AN ALONG THE SHORES OF THE MEDITERRANEAN. By R. Wilde, Surgeon, 2d Edition, corrected and enlargeO, Svo. with Illustrations, I8s. cloth. WILKINSON.— THE ENGINES OF WAR, ETC. Being a History of .\ncient and .Modern Projectile Instruments and Engines of Wai Sporting; including the Manufacture of Fire Arms, the Histon- and Manufacture of Gu powder, of Swords, and of the cause of the Damascus Figure in Sword Blades, with soi Observations on Bronze: to which are added. Remarks on some Peculiarities of Iron, and the extraordinary Effect produced bv the Action of Sea Water on Cast Iron ; with Detail various miscellaneous Experiments; By H.Wilkinson, M.R.A.S. Svo. 9s. cloth. WILLOUGHBY (L.-^DYj-A DIARY. Purportiug to have been kept bv LADY WILLOUGHBY of Parham, in the Reign Charles I.; embracing some Passages of her Domestic History from lli35 to 164S. To give additional interest to the work, it has been printed and bound in the style of period to which it refers. Small 4to. ISs. boards ; or in morocco, by Hayday, 21. is. " The real Lady Willoucrhby could not have left a more beautiful, a more affecting, t more instructive record. The pleasures and pains of the domestic life of a young mart woman in the first fourteen years of her marriage ; that blending of welcom responsibilities with trembling and tearful enjoyments maidenhood to wifehood and • • ■ delicacy." — Examiner. WOOD.— A PRACTICAL TREATISE ON RAILROADS, AND INTERIC COMMUNICATION in GENERAL. Coiitainini; numerous Experiments on the Powers the Improved Locomotive Engines, and Tables of the comparative Cost of Conveyance Canals, Railways, and Turnpike Roads. By Nicholas Wood, Colliery Viewer, Memb. In Civ. Eng. etc. ' Third edition, very greatly enlarged, with 13 large Plates, and several n^ Woodcuts. 1/. lis. 6rf. cloth. YOUNG LADIES' BOOK (THE): transition fr' rhood; tuere never drawn with a hand of more estjuisi .\ Manual of Elegant Recreations, Exercises, and Pursuits. 4th Edition, with numero beautifully execuled Engravings on Wood. i;. Is. elegantly bound in crimson silk, lin with imitation of Mechlin lace. 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