y »%
 
 ^^''**SBMia2s^Mruni^"''^'
 
 THE 
 
 COMPLETE HERBALIST; 
 
 OB, THB 
 
 PEOPLE THEIR OWIST PHYSICIANS, 
 
 BY THE USE OS* 
 
 NATURE'S REMEDIES; 
 
 DESCRIBING THE 
 
 GREAT CURATIVE PROPERTIES FOUND IN THE 
 HERBAL KINGDOM. 
 
 A NEW AND PLAIN SYSTEM OF HYGIENIC PEINCIPLES. TOGETHER WITH 
 
 COMPREHENSIVE ESSAYS ON SEXUAL PHILOSOPHY, 
 
 MARRIAGE, DIVORCE, &o. 
 
 By Dr. O. PHELPS BKOWN. 
 
 PBICE, TWO DOLLAKS. 
 
 PUBLISHED BY THE AUTHOR, 
 
 JERSEY CITY, N. J. 
 
 1878.
 
 Entered, according to Act of Congress, in the year 1872, by 
 Db. 0. PHELPS BROWN, 
 
 In the office of the Librarian of Congress at Washington.
 
 c 
 
 
 A BRIEF HISTORY OF MEDICINE. 
 
 In presenting this work on Crude Organic Remedies — the Constit- 
 uents of Plants, and their Officinal Preparations — I do not propose to 
 "run a tilt" against any of the systems of Medical Practice, however 
 much some of them may be opposed to common sense and reason, and 
 to the Divine ordinances of Nature ; nor shall I treat with contempt 
 the teachings and practices of great and wonderful names, or oppose 
 the pride, interest, expectation, and conscientious convictions of a 
 learned, honorable, and influential profession ; my object is simply to 
 present many new and curious, if not startling facts, not only well 
 worthy of the earnest consideration of the more intelligent portion of 
 ihe community, who demand reasons the most profound to lead them 
 to conviction of a Truth, but of the great mass of humbler people, 
 who desire, amid all the great Reforms in human society, above all 
 things to secure a " sound mind in a sound body," and to feel something 
 of that exalted state of happiness which alone can arise from the posses- 
 sion of the most robust and rubicund physical and moral Health. 
 
 It must be palpable to every thinking miud that Therapeutical and 
 Pharmaceutical science is the very foundation of the " Healing Art 
 Divine." In the language of Holy Writ, " The Lord has created medi- 
 cines out oftjie earth, and he that is wise will not abhor them.''''* 
 
 Yea, happy he that can the knowledge Rain, 
 To know the Eternal God made naught in vain." 
 
 The use of medicine is no doubt coincident with the History of the 
 Human Race ; but writers generally agree that medicine first became a 
 profession among the Egyptians. The priests o^ the earlier natioaa 
 
 Eccleslastes xxxviii, 4.
 
 4 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 
 
 ■were the practitioners of the Healing Art, but it does not seem that 
 women were excluded from the right of administering medicine for the 
 purpose of healing the sick, since mention is made of a certain Queen 
 Isis, who became gTeatly celebrated among them, and was worshipped 
 as a "Goddess of Health." Although the practitioners among the 
 Egj'ptians, Assyrians, and Jews were in the habit of employing incan- 
 tations, which, of course, produced their good and bad impressions 
 through the medium of the imagination, yet their efficiency in curing 
 diseases was mainly due to their knowledge of the medicinal virtues of 
 many of the vegetable products of Nature. They seemed to look up as 
 high as the stars to know the reason of the operation of the Herbs in 
 the various affections of the human race. 
 
 Among the Greeks, Hippocrates first caused medicine to be regarded 
 as a science^ while ^sculapius was the first who made medicine an ex- 
 clusive study and practice. His sons, Machaon and Podalirius, are 
 celebrated in Homer's " Iliad " for their medical skill as surgeons in the 
 Greek armies or during the Trojan war. Two daughters also of .^scu- 
 lapius, Panakeia and Hygeia, were no less distinguished than their 
 renowned brothers; the latter being the inventor of many valuable 
 herbal preparations, whose success in curing diseases won for her, as in 
 the case of Queen Isis of Egypt, the proud honor and deification of the 
 Greeks as an especial " Goddess of Health." We have no knowledge 
 that ^sculapius or his immediate followers, the Asclepiads^, ever con- 
 ceived the idea of cm-ing disease by drug or mineral preparations. Ab- 
 lutions, bandages, fomentations, ointments, etc., were administered 
 externally, and preparations of aromatic herbs, roots, flowers, balms, 
 gums, etc., constituted their whole materia medica for all internal ail- 
 ments; Next the Pythagorean school became famous, and these were 
 the first to visit the sick at their homes. 
 
 The next most prominent medical practitioner after these was Hip- 
 pocrates, the "Coan S.age," who, being one of the most sagacious, 
 observing, and iadustrious men that ever lived, was entitled the 
 '■'■Father of Medicine.'''' He traveled much in foreign coimtries, devot- 
 ing himself with vmtiring energy to the study and practice of medicine. 
 His writings were numerous, and even to this day his doctrines are ex- 
 tensively recognized. His practice was consistently founded on the 
 phenomena of Nature as exhibited in human beings during health and 
 disease. His materia medica was derived almost wholly from the vege- 
 table kingdom. His internal remedies were purgatives, sudorifics, 
 diuretics, and injections, while his external were ointments, plasters, 
 liniments, etc. The great principle which directed all his operations 
 was the supposed operations of Nature in superintending and regulat- 
 ing all the actions of the system. This mode of practice had the good 
 effect of enabling the practitioner to make himself well acquainted with
 
 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. O 
 
 all the phenomena of disease, and thus to diagnosticate correctly, and 
 to meet the varied indications by the administration of some hefrbal 
 remedy, which would induce the crisis requisite to the removal of dis- 
 ease and restoration to sound or vigorous health. 
 
 About three hundred years before the Christian era, the Ptolemies 
 founded a medical school in Alexandria, Egy^jt. The most famous of 
 the professors were Erasistbatus and Herophilus, who dissected 
 the bodies of criminals obtained from government. They opposed 
 bleeding and violent remedies, trusting more to nature than to art. 
 Herophilus paid particular attention to the action of the heart, and was 
 the first to give anything like an accurate description of the various 
 kinds of piilse^ though Praxagoras of Cos, the last of the Asclepiadte, had 
 before observed the relation which exists between the pulse and the 
 general condition of the system. From that time to the present the 
 pulse has been, as it were, the guide for determining the character, ex- 
 tent, and probable cause of the disease afflicting the patient, and the 
 descriiDtion of treatment required to produce a change for the better. I, 
 however, derive great assistance from the temperament, age, sex, etc. 
 
 We pass over the days of the Dogmatics and Empirics, the Pneu- 
 matics, and other sects of medical practitioners (who, though they em- 
 ployed herbal remedies as a general rule, were strangely given to the 
 promulgations of theories and doctrines utterly at variance with the 
 most ordinary ratiocinations of Philosophy and Reason), imtil we come 
 to the period when Galen first made his appearance, at the request of 
 the Emperor Aurelixjs. Galen was a native of Pergamos, bom A.D. 
 130, having traveled much and written largely on subjects dii'ectly or 
 indirectly connected with mediciae before settling himself at Rome. 
 He was entirely independent in his opinions, paid very little resisect to 
 authority, and so great was his learning and wisdom, and rare skill in 
 medicine, that he came to be regarded by many as an "Oracle." 
 Thoroughly educated in aU the schools of philosophy, he selected from 
 them all except the Epicurean, which he totally rejected. His treatment 
 of disease was j^rincipally by Herbal remedies. From Galen have sprung 
 the sect that is now generally known as Eclectics, who do not confine 
 remedies exclusively to the herbal practice, but employ many of the 
 mineral substances upon which the Allopathic and Homoeopathic sys- 
 tems of medicine of the present day are based. I 
 
 About the middle of the seventeenth century, on the death of Pau- 
 LUS, the Greek school of mediciae terminated, the Arabians having 
 conquered a large portion of the semi-civihzed world, and destroyed an 
 immense Alexandrian library. The Arabian physicians soon adopted 
 the opinions of Galen, but, owing to the invention of chemistiy, it was 
 Bpeedily made subservient to medicine. They produced medical works, 
 Bome of which have enjoyed great celebrity, without having really added
 
 b THK COMPLETE HERBALIST. 
 
 anytliing sabstantial to medical science as previously understood. 
 With AvERROES terminated the Arabic or Saracenic School of medi- 
 cine, the great reputation of which is mainly owing to the circumstance, 
 that from the eighth to the twelfth centuries, when all Europe was 
 sunk in deep barbarism, the principal remains of a taste for literature 
 and science existed among the Moors and Arabs. Their physicians 
 added many vegetable products and a few metallic oxides in the cata- 
 logue of remedies. From the employment of chemical and mineral 
 remedies by the Arabian physicians may be dated the disastrous conse- 
 quences of medical science that were subsequently inaugurated by that 
 Prince of Quacks — Pau.\celsus. 
 
 After the Arabians, from the twelfth to the fifteenth centiiry, the 
 practice of raedicine was chiefly confined to the hands of the priests, 
 who, being men of great learning and followers of ^sculapius, Hippocra- 
 tes, and Galen, became the principal physicians, and a little medicine 
 was taught in the monasteries ; for a long time the Benedictine monks 
 of Monte Casino enjoyed in this respect great reputation. The Jews 
 also became celebrated physicians ; and though not allowed to adminis- 
 ter medicines to Christians, yet obtained access to the courts, and even 
 to the palace of the Roman pontiffs. 
 
 The European feudal system was at length greatly shaken by the 
 Crusades. Mahomet the second, about the middle of the fifteenth cen- 
 tury, captured Constantinople, and soon after the ruin of the Byzantine 
 empire the Reformation occurred, and about the same time the art of 
 printing was invented. These events gave a powerful impulse to the 
 world of mind, and reawakened investigation into all the departments of 
 science, hterature, and the arts ; but, although many works were writ 
 ten, very few facts were gleaned concerning the physiological, anatomi 
 cal, and pathological phenomena incident to the Structure, Health, and 
 DLsease of the human being. 
 
 The alchemic art, however, was at length transferred from Arabia 
 into European countries, and medical chairs were estabhshed in various 
 Universities on the continent during the thirteenth century, and finally 
 LiNACRE, who had been educated at Oxford, and having traveled in Italy, 
 and .spent some time at the court of Florence, returned to England, and 
 euccecdcd in founding medical professorships at Oxford and Cambridge, 
 from which circumstance was laid the foundation of the London Col- 
 lege of Physicians. Thus chemistry, after having been employed in 
 various pharmaceutical processes, was appUed to physiology, pathology, 
 and therapeutics. The chemical doctors were veiy wild and extrava- 
 gant in advancing unnatural theories ; but they had an ever-present 
 champion in the name of Galen, who was well entitled to be called the 
 "Prince of Medical Philosophers." He was a philosopher — a natural 
 philosopher ; for he studied Nature closely, deeply, profoundly, and de-
 
 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 7 
 
 duced his indications of cure from an accurate observation of her laws. 
 His system, however, was destined to be utterly overthrown by an ad- 
 ventvirous vagrant, whose quackery never had its equal on earth. This 
 impudent and unprincipled charlatan was none other than Paracelsus, 
 to whom the medical world is more indebted for the mineral drugging 
 system than to all other physicians who have ever lived. He introduced 
 the mercurial and antimonial practice, which stiU constitutes the great 
 strength of the popular materia medica of the day, and which also con- 
 tinues to exhibit its terribly devastating power on all human constitu- 
 tions that come under its sway or influence. In the fulness of his 
 pride, pomp, and arrogance, Paracelsus burned, with great solemnity, 
 the works of Galen and Avicenna, declaring that he had found the phi- 
 losopher's stone, and that mankind had no further use for the medical 
 werks of others. He lived a disappointed vagabond, and died prema- 
 turely at the age of forty-eight, his famous elixir vitcB having failed to 
 save him from a most horrible fate. Still his abominable doctrines pre- 
 vailed, and his infatuated followers have added several hundred other 
 chemical or mineral preparations to the materia medica of the great 
 Quicksilver Quack. At the present day, among a certain class of phy- 
 sicians, there is hardly a disease in the catalogue of human adments in 
 which the employment of mercury, antimony, arsenic, and other deadly 
 drugs is not employed. 
 
 During the seventeenth century the doctrines of Hippocrates again 
 rose to some consideration in medical philosophy. Anatomy made pro- 
 gress. Hakvey discovered the circulation of the blood ; others traced 
 out the absorbent system, and explained the functions and strvicture of 
 the lungs ; while Boyle disengaged chemistry from the mystery by 
 which it was surrounded, and exjalained its true province to be, "not 
 the manufacture of solid gold, nor liquid nostrums, nor gaseous theories, 
 but an investigation into the change of properties which bodies expe- 
 rience in their action upon each other." 
 
 From this time to the beginning of the eighteenth century, notwith- 
 standing many facts had accumulated in chemistry, anatomy, and phys- 
 iology, physicians, as a body, held no more natural views of the time 
 nature of disease than were advanced by Hippocrates, three thousand 
 years before. Indeed, it is positively certain that none of the most 
 eminent new schools or sects of the present day had been more success- 
 ful in curing diseases than were Hipijocrates, Galen, and Sydenham. 
 Meantime, however, there have arisen physicians, who, while they 
 readUy received aU new facts in respect to the structure of the human 
 organism, still adhered to the instinctive inductions of Nature, and treat- 
 ed diseases with most abundant success by means of Herbal prepara- 
 tions alone. We have at this day as bright a galaxy of names— scholars, 
 philosophers, philanthropists, and humanitarians — as ever adorned any
 
 8 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 
 
 age of the world, devoting themselves with a zeal and industry worthy 
 of all praise to the study and practice of medicine, but, failing to per- 
 ceive the grand remits anticipated in their laborious researches after 
 truth, do not hesitate to admit that our actual information does not in- 
 crease m any degree in proportion to our experience. All their array of 
 learning, and their multitudinous ^\'ritings, have only served to make 
 confusion worse confounded, and all from the very simple fact that they 
 have neglected to follow the requirements of Nature and common sense, 
 in maintaiamg the Herbal Practice as the only true and philosophical 
 foundation of the Healing Art. Amidst all the jarrings, conflicts, and 
 dogmas of the medical world, is it any wonder that the great masses are 
 rapidly losing all confidence in Medical Science, and crying for a more 
 natural system of medication — even one founded in the principles of 
 irrefragable Nature ? With this view I have devoted many years of my 
 life, and having traveled in numerous lands, I feel that I am now quali- 
 fied, from a long medical experience and deep research into the physi- 
 ology of Plants, to present to the world of suffering humanity all those 
 curative elements best calculated to ensure perfect health, and the ut- 
 most length of life, to all who may feel disposed to be guided by the 
 doctrines and system of medication which it is the object of this volume 
 to make known. 
 
 THE HERBAL WORLD. 
 
 In the foregoing pages we have seen, that from the earliest period in 
 the history of the human race to the present time, the administration 
 of the juices and essences of Herbs and Plants, in aU forms of disease, 
 has ever been considered by judicious and philosophical minds as the 
 most rational and natural means of reUeving the economy of aU abnor- 
 mal obstructions and derangements, and restoring all the functions to 
 their original or primitive vigor and healthful workmg. Notwithstand- 
 ing the innovations of the mineral practice, I have ever held most rigidly 
 to the Herbal System of medication ; but having failed to meet with the 
 success reasonably anticipated by pursuing the ordinaiy routine of The- 
 rapeutics, I was finally led to reject the many changes in medical doc- 
 trines and practice, and start forth on a path of investigation of my 
 own into the mysteries of the mineral and vegetable Kingdoms, espe- 
 cially as they might bear upon the he:dth and happiness of the human 
 being; accordingly, early in my professional career I attempted, by 
 proper chemical analyses and practical experiment, to determme the 
 beet Kpccific means for the healing of the maladies of mankind. The
 
 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 9 
 
 results of these researches, since confirmed by many years' successful 
 medical experience based upon them, have but the more strongly 
 strengthened my opi^osition to the use of all the mineral preparations of 
 the modem schools of medicine, and to establish my faith aU the more 
 firmly in the employment of herbal elements exclusively — whether in 
 the materia of roots, barks, seeds, or flowers — as the surest and safest 
 means for the thorough eradication of every form of disease. 
 
 In saying all this, however, I do not deny the fact that many mineral 
 substances enter into the composition of the human being, and are ne- 
 cessary for his full health and perfection — as chalk or lime is requisite 
 to form bone, iron to enrich or strengthen the blood, and other miaeral 
 substances for the formation of the tissues, as phosphorus for the tissues 
 of the brain and nerves, etc. — but I stoutly contend that aU such inor- 
 ganic substances are taken up by plants and distributed to the various 
 tissues and elements of the human being, either in the way of food or 
 medicine, in exactly the precise quantity requisite for man's perfect 
 health, if rightly used, neither in excess or diminution, agreeably to the 
 laws of Nature ; and their virtues are thus prepared and ehminated in a 
 way far superior to any chemical manipulation ever conceived or known 
 to man, with all the elements of chemical science at his command. 
 That this is the case is demonstrated by chemical analyses of plants. 
 Coca contains phosphorus ; twinleaf, the salts of potassa, Hme, iron, 
 magnesia, silica, etc. ; the houseleek, super-malate of hme ; Matico, the 
 salts of lime, iron, sulphur, etc. Spongia usta, carbon, silica, sodium, 
 hme, magnesium, iron, and phosphorus, either in combination or free ; 
 coffee, chlorogenate of potassa ; in fact, all the chemical elements com- 
 posing the organism of man are also found in plants. The reader wiU 
 find these chemical elements given in the histoiy of plants. I also refer 
 him to page 385, where, in the article " Treatment of Chronic Diseases," 
 will be found a full explanation of the author's specialty in curing chronic 
 disorders by chemically prepared herbal remedies. 
 
 The herbal physician has, moreover, decided advantages over the 
 mineral jihysician, with reference to the administration of mineral sub- 
 stances. He gives them, in natural combinations — in such chemical as- 
 sociation which, for exactness and propriety, can only occur in the great 
 laboratory of Nature ; while the dispenser of mineral drugs gives them 
 whoUy as isolated elementary principles, as furnished by the inorganic 
 chemist, who, like all humans, is liable to err. Let us illustrate this 
 advantage by iodine. The algee, such as the fuci and laminarioB (deep- 
 sea-water plants, growing at the depth of three hundred fathoms), furnish 
 this principle in abundance. The mineral physician, not content to 
 administer the alterative in the best possible combination, as it exists in 
 the sea-weed, subjects the plants to chemical operations, releases the 
 iodine, and then either exhibits it by itself or in association with sodium, 
 1*
 
 10 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 
 
 potassium, mercury, etc. The true herbal physician acts more wisely 
 in this respect : he administers the plant in substance, tincture, extract, 
 etc., and has the consciousness that the iodine which Nature furnishes 
 him is pure, and not the inferior adulterated article of commerce. In 
 plants where its chemical nature may be concentred into one compound 
 principle, and the residue but inert matter, it is judicious to separate it 
 from the plant, but radically \VTong to release but one simple elementary 
 mineral quality of the jilant. 
 
 The advocate of mineral medication may retort by asking the use of 
 administering the whole jilant, when the iodine alone constitutes its 
 therapeutical value. Why give the refuse matter with the iodine ? To 
 this sophistical argument and foolish inquiry I will reply. Why eat the 
 whole peach, when its flavor only makes it pleasant as an edible ? Why 
 not release the flavor and fatten on that delectable principle ? 
 
 The best argument, however, in favor of herbal medication, and one 
 which establishes it as the correct philosophy, is the comparison of re- 
 sults from both systems ; and with these the author became fully ac- 
 quainted by practical experiment, and which led him, and not prejudice, 
 to adopt exclusively the herbal system of medication. I may justly 
 claim this system of practice, in its most important relations, as solely 
 my own, and for which I have been the recipient of all encouragement 
 of .scientific men and societies ; but the homage that I value most, and 
 which afforded the motive and stimulated my ambition, is the gratitude 
 of almost numberless invalids whom I have thus been enabled to cure 
 of diseases which were pronoimced, and in fact are, incurable by physi- 
 cians who rely upon minerals for their agents of cure. 
 
 The true theory of disease and its cure is embodied in two chemical 
 forces, which, like the currents of electricity, are positke and negative. 
 Tluis, if the positive force of disease is manifested upon any organ, it 
 disturV)s the harmony and functional action of that organ, and the dis- 
 organization will continue as long as the negative force of cure is not 
 placed in antagonism -with it, to neutralize the activity of the positive 
 force, ^^^aen this is done the autonomy of the organ is re-established, 
 and its function becomes again natural and healthfxil. 
 
 Again, if upon discovery any organ or tissue becomes deficient in its 
 chemical elements, it must be supplied by such plants as contain 
 them ; or if any organ or tissue becomes surcharged with its chemical 
 constituents, negative chemical elements must be exhibited to reduce 
 them to their normal quantities. See article on "Treating Diseases 
 Chemically," page 385. 
 
 These forces in various ways control the whole organic world. Increase 
 the centrifugal force, and the earth flies into space ; remove the centripe- 
 tal, and it rushes headlong to the sun. If they are as they exist, coequal, 
 the earth rolls on in its orbit in grand precision and admirable harmony.
 
 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 11 
 
 Having thus philosophized, and finally realized that the entire tmi* 
 verse was composed of contrary elements — of negative and "positive prin- 
 ciples — yet that the whole worked, or acted, in the most perfect harmony, 
 agreeably to the wisdom of a Great First Cause, when such elements 
 were not disarranged or disturbed by any violation of the laws of pristine 
 Nature, I was soon led to a logical deduction of the general laws which 
 govern the virtues or medicinal properties of all the varieties of plants, 
 with a view to employ them as remedial agents in the cure of disease. 
 In a word, I found in the being, man, an epitome of all creation — found 
 in his organism all the elements of universal nature — and necessarily 
 discerned that, as there are summer and winter, night and day, in regu- 
 lar and systematic succession, such alternations of nature could not but 
 have the most imi^ortant influences in resjject to the health and diseases 
 of the human being — Heaven's last, most perfect work. I realized that, 
 in accordance with the various operations of nature, man remained in 
 health, or became afflicted with disease. Hence it became necessary 
 for me to fully understand or comprehend the cause of any departure 
 from the normal or natural condition of man, and to provide the cure, 
 or the remedy best adapted for the restoration of the equilibrium of the 
 functions of his entire organism. 
 
 I ascertained by experiment what was before a preconceived idea, 
 that plants afforded the best agents to antagonize the force of disease, 
 and to re-establish the integrity of any organ or tissue assailed. The 
 discovery was made apparent, however, that indiscriminate selection of 
 medicinal plants was injudicious, and that the curative property of a 
 plant was developed only in proportion as certain essential conditions 
 were provided. These conditions proved to be those necessary to the 
 full health of man, viz., proper climate, air, and food. 
 
 The first great essential of a plant which is to be selected for its 
 medical qualities is its nativity. If indigenous to the locality or coun- 
 try wherein found, it is a proper one to select. Plants that are intro- 
 duced from other countries are lessened or deprived of their virtues, 
 unless they meet in their new home aU the essential conditions pos- 
 sessed in their native place. 
 
 The geographical distribution of plants is affected by climatic in- 
 fluences, constituents of soil, heat, moisture, altitude of situation, etc. 
 The flowers, shrubs, and trees which adorn the plains of India and 
 South America, are not the same with those which clothe the valleys of 
 England and North America. Nor are their viedicirial properties the 
 sajne, however those herbal products may resemble each other. The 
 plants which flourish on the sea-shore of Great Britain are not the same 
 as those on the coast of Africa, nor are these, again, allied to the mari- 
 time vegetation of ChUi, South America. Nearly all the beautiful 
 plants which adorn our green-houses are natives of a limited space neai
 
 12 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 
 
 the Cape of Good Hope, as are also many of our most beautiful bulbs ; 
 but the medicinal properties of all become weakened and changed by 
 transplantation. The curious stafeUas, that smeU so offensively, are 
 found wild only in South Africa. They are there used for medical 
 purposes by the Aborigines. The trees that bear balsam grow principal- 
 ly in Arabia and on the banks of the Red Sea. The umbelliferous and 
 cinciferous plants spread across Europe and Asia. The Cacti are found 
 only in tropical America, while the lobiat£B and cariophyUacea are sel- 
 dom discovered but in Europe. The peculiar ranges and centres of 
 vegetation, as they are termed, are all owing to chemical, climatic, a ad 
 electrical influences, and yield their medicinal properties in exact ratio of 
 qiuxlity^ in accordance with the latitudes or places in which they are 
 indigenous. 
 
 From the many facts existing, we must believe that there is r ot a 
 single disease in man that may not have its remedy or cure, in some 
 herb or other, if we but knew which i^lant, and where to find it, in this, 
 or that, or any cUme or portion of the world — agreeably to the provi- 
 dence of Nature. 
 
 This fact or law is proven in the lower animal kingdom. Who has 
 not often seen not only our famUiar domestic animals, but many of the 
 untamed creatiires of the forests, fields, and air, seek out some one or 
 peculiar herb, when laboring under sickness or derangement of the 
 functions of its organism ? 
 
 Truly. Nature has wisely implanted a definite instinct in every organ- 
 ic creature, in order to serve for its health, or for its restoration to 
 health from disease. In man, however, such instinct is not so plainly 
 marked, but to him has been given reason and judgment, and (in some 
 few of the race) a disposition to investigate the laws and mysteries of 
 creation, in order to secure his own highest health and perfection, and 
 to find the means for the healing of his kind, when they have become 
 diseased through ignorance, perversion, and violation of the immutable 
 ordinances of Creation. 
 
 As the proverb says, ' ' There are sermons in stones, and books in run- 
 ning brooks ;" so do we behold volumes of wisdom in all the herbal king- 
 dom — in every emerald and variegated leaf, in every tiated blossom — in 
 flW, there is a voiceless language, eternally singing significant psalms it 
 praise of ' ' Him who doeth all things well. " 
 
 Thus we find that adaptation is the lato of the universe — and no- 
 where is it more vividly portrayed than in the growth and develoi^ment 
 of the Uerbal world. 
 
 It will thus be seen that it is only by carefully studying the physiol- 
 ogy or functions, or nature of plants, we can derive instruction for the 
 proper regulation or government of our own organisms. The causes 
 which influence the growth and development of plants, are conditions
 
 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 13 
 
 necessary to be understood, in order to preserve the health or integrity 
 of our systems. 
 
 Dependent upon the causes I have already named, the plants, also, 
 may lose their medicinal virtues ; while much will be owing to the sea- 
 son of the year when they are gathered, in order to adapt them to 
 raedico-chemical purposes. 
 
 For instance, in the Spring of the year the common Nettle plant may 
 afford a palatable food for man ; but if selected at a later period, instead 
 of serving as a savory vegetable, or purifier of morbid elements from 
 the blood and system of man, might be converted iuto or act as a viru- 
 lent or dangerous poison upon his organism. 
 
 In China the Giiueng (so called from the two Chuiese words gen sing, 
 "first of plants") plant or root is regarded — weight for weight — as sil- 
 ver, for mediciual purposes ; whereas the same herb grown in America, 
 or other countries, does not possess a tithe of the value of the Chinese 
 production for healing purijoses. 
 
 The American chamomile, though in all respects the same as the Eu- 
 ropean, is positively inert in its medicinal qualities. 
 
 There must be, therefore, I repeat, a combination of influences to 
 insure the full development of perfection of any plant. There must be 
 not only internal but external stimuli, to develop the virtues of the 
 herb. The external, as we have seen, consist of certain nutritious 
 matters contained in the soQ, water, atmospheric gases, electricity, 
 Mght, and heat, besides the elements of oxygen, both in its combined or 
 simple form, nitrogen, etc. 
 
 If we take a stem cut from a pine tree, in the forests of North Caro- 
 lina, and place it in contact with the trunk of a healthy growing pine, 
 the former would destroy the latter in the course of the season. The 
 worms generated in the severed or decayed stem will pass to the Uving 
 tree, and rapidly cause its destruction. 
 
 Any farmer knows that if the lordly oak be felled in June it will pass 
 into a state of decay in the course of from four to eight weeks ; but if it 
 be cut down at a proper season (which is in Fall and early Spring, when 
 the tree is nearly destitute of sap), it affords the best timber for the 
 building of ships. It may be of interest, also, to state that at such 
 times the transplantation of trees should be made. The tree should be 
 removed at night, and set out in the same relative position to the sun as 
 in its former aspect. If these rules are followed, no tree will rarely 
 ever die, unless its most vital jaarts are too extensively injured. 
 
 We all know that a plant stripped of its leaves will soon perish. 
 Among the reasons for this is, that the absorption by the roots is insuf ^ 
 ficient to supply all the materials for its nourishment. Let us look a 
 little more closely into these phenomena of nature. There must be a 
 certain number of stages for aU herbal growths. First, the ascending
 
 14 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 
 
 sap dissolves the nutritive deposits of the root and stem, and conveys 
 them to assist in the development of leaves and flowers. Hence it ia 
 evident that if the root, bark, or stem be gathered at this season, it will 
 prove deficient in medicinal virtues, or be altogether inert. The leaves 
 also will be found worthless for remedial iDui-poses. On the other hand, 
 if we wait a little longer, or until the phmt is fully developed, we will 
 find that either the bark or root, the leaves or tiowers, are full of rare 
 medicinal virtues. 
 
 The precise moment when all the assimilative processes of the plant 
 have been perfected — whether it be Summer or Winter, Spring or Au- 
 tumn — is the time to gather it for a remedial agent in disease, inasmuch 
 as we know that the laws of chemical decomposition and recombination 
 know no rest ; hence, as in the case of the nettle, while it may be a 
 good food in its earlier stages of development, it would prove a poison 
 in a more advanced stage of its growth. 
 
 The peculiar properties of herbs as medicines will often depend upon 
 the greenness or ripeness of the plant, and other circumstances attend- 
 ant ui^on its cutting, and the length of time it is kept after being 
 gathered. 
 
 For instance, the concrete juice of the Manna ash (Fraxinus Ormis) — 
 the manna of commerce — increases in purgative qualities by age. The 
 Oak -bark, for tanning hides, improves in value for a period of four or 
 five years after it has been stripped from the trunk ; in the same man- 
 ner, its medicinal properties are either diminished or improved, according 
 to the season when the bark is gathered, or the manner in which it is 
 converted into tannic acid for medical or scientific purposes. 
 
 It must be apparent to all, that herbs are Uable to suffer from the 
 vicissitudes of soil, climate, season, etc., and, as a matter of course, 
 from these causes will vary the medicinal principles attributed to them. 
 
 Repeated .niialysia demonstrates the fact, that specimens of the same 
 pLmt, grown in different localities, will vary infinitely in the proportions 
 of the medicinal principles yielded. Take, for example, the Butterfly- 
 weed, or Pleurisy-root {Asclepias Tubei'osa), which grows in the barren 
 and sandy soil of New Jersey, and it will be found to yield from one to 
 two hundred per cent, of its medicinal virtues more than the same plant 
 grown in the rich alluvial soils of the West. Hence, when given as 
 medicine, the quantity must correspond accordingly — be either increased 
 or diminished, in order to secure its proper curative effects upon the 
 system. Thus it is seen that a medicine, prepared from plants culled 
 at an improper season, will prove entirely inert or useless, while the 
 same herb, gathered at a proper time in a proper climate, especially and 
 properly prepared, would secure the restoration of a patient from disease 
 to health. 
 
 There is likewise a wide difference between the virtues of a plant
 
 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 16 
 
 growing in a wild or natural condition, from that of tlie same herb when 
 artificially cultivated. The transference of plants from their native 
 locations, to soils prepared by the hands of man, induces many changes 
 in their individual elements. Many plants formerly used for medicines 
 are now cultivated for the table alone. The small acid root of the Bras- 
 sica Rupa has become the large and nutritious article of diet knowni as 
 the turnip. The dandelion, when growm in natural localities, possesses 
 well-defined medical properties, aU of which are lost when the plant is 
 artificially cultivated. In the cultivated plant the proportions of starch, 
 grajie-sugar, and other non-medical principles are largely increased, 
 while that which is gathered in its wild or native state is known to pos- 
 sess rare virtues in affections of the liver, kidneys, and respiratory 
 organs. In the cultivated rose the stamens are converted into petals. 
 The castor-oil plant in Africa is a woody tree — in our gardens it is an 
 annual. The mignonette, in Europe, is an annual plant, but becomes 
 perennial in the sandy deserts of Egyjit. 
 
 I repeat, from what has been seen it is evident that aU herbs, perhaps, 
 possess some property suitable for medical puri^oses. These virtues may 
 be found in the root of one plant, in the bark of another, in the leaves 
 of another, in the blossoms of another, in the seeds of another, or in the 
 whole combined. Even the color of the flower has much to do with the 
 therapeutic properties of the plant--as, for instance, the Blue Vervain, 
 as used in my Fits and Dyspepsia remedy, is the only kind that is used 
 for medical purposes — all the other species being entirely useless, or else 
 more or less dangerous. 
 
 In fact, it is evident to the comprehension of the simplest mind that- 
 climatic influences have much to do with the full development of plants. 
 This may be illustrated in the Tobacco raised in Cuba and that grown in 
 Connecticut — the one being grown in a Southern and the other in a 
 Northern climate. The poison nicotine is derived from the tobacco 
 plant ; the exhUarating caffeine and t?ieine are obtained from the coffee 
 berry and tea plant. Thus it is possible that some therapeutic agent or 
 other may be derived from every plant grown on the surface of the 
 globe. 
 
 The Red Men of the American forests are never at a loss to know 
 which plant is best, nor the time it should be gathered, to cure them of 
 disease. They know how to treat their complaints in physic, surgery, 
 and midwifery ^vith a skill that far surpasses that of many a learned 
 doctor of the big medical schools, with all their science, and the medical 
 teachings of physicians for upwards of four thousand years. What 
 other guide have the poor Indians — those untutored savages of the 
 woods — but their reason and their instinct, and their practical experi- 
 ence in the use of herbs ? 
 
 This is the same in the East Indies, South America, South Sea
 
 16 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 
 
 Islands, Patagonia, Africa, and other lands. The negroes in the in- 
 terior parts of Africa possess a knowledge of the medicinal properties of 
 plantf5 which is really surjirising, and, by consequence, are rarely afflicted 
 with disease. The art of healing in Sumatra con.sists in the application 
 of plants, in whose medicinal virtues they are surprisingly skilled. In 
 fact, the Sumatrans have a degree of botanical knowledge that sur- 
 prises the European or American. They become acquainted at an early 
 age not only with the names, but the qualities and properties of every 
 shrub and herb among that exuberant variety with which their country 
 abounds. 
 
 In gathering herbs for medical purposes, we should not only know the 
 Beason when they should be culled, but we should be qualified to com- 
 prehend the principles of which the plant is composed — whether they 
 be resins, alkaloids, or neutrals — and be able also to separate the one 
 ingredient or element from the other, as a distinct medicinal property, or 
 combine the whole for the purpose of a compound medical agent. 
 
 Plants by their appearance often invite the invalid to cull them for 
 his restoration, and assume such shapes as to suggest their curative 
 
 properties. For instance, herbs that simu- 
 late the shape of the Lungs, as Lungwort 
 {see figure adjoining), Sage, Hounds-tongue, 
 and Comfrey, are all good for pidmonary 
 complaints. 
 
 Plants which bear in leaves and roots a 
 JicartASke form, as Citron Apple, Fuller's 
 Thistle, Spikenard, Balm, Mint, White-beet, 
 Parsley, and Motherwort, will yield medicinal 
 properties congenial to that organ. Vege- 
 table productions like in figure to the ears, 
 as the leaves of the Coltfoot or Wild Spike- 
 nard, rightly prepared as a conserve and 
 eaten, improve the hearing and memory; 
 
 - . while oil extracted from the shells of sea- 
 
 Liingwort. 
 
 snails, which have the turnings and curvings 
 of the ears, tends wonderfully to the cure of deafness. A decoction of 
 Maiden Hair and the moss of Quinces, which plants resemble the Jiairs 
 of the head, is good for baldness. Plants resembling the human nose, 
 as the leaves of the Wild Water Mint, are beneficial in restoiing the 
 sense of smell. Plants having a semblance of the Womb, as Birthwort, 
 Heart Wort, Ladies' Seal or Briony, conduce much to a safe accouche- 
 ment. Shrubs and Herbs resembling the bladder and gall, as Night- 
 shade and Alkekengi, will relieve the gravel and stone. Liver-shaped 
 plants, as Liverwort (see the following figure), Trinity, Agaric, Fumitory, 
 Figs, etc. , aJI are efficacious in bilious diseases. Walnuts, Indian nuts,
 
 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 
 
 17 
 
 Leeks, and the root of Ragwort, because of their form, when duly pre- 
 pared will further generation and prevent sterility. Herbs and seeds 
 in shape hke the teeth, as Toothwort, Pine-kernel, etc., preserve 
 the dental organization. Plants of 
 knobbed form, like knuckles or joints, 
 as GaUngale, and the knotty odoriferous 
 rush, Calamus, are good for diseases of 
 the spine and reins, foot, gout, knee 
 swellings, and all joint pains whatso- 
 ever. Oily vegetable products, as the 
 Filbert, Walnut, Almond, etc., tend to 
 fatness of the body. 
 
 Plants naturally lean, as Sarsaparilla 
 or long-leaved Rosa Solie emaciate those 
 who use them. 
 
 Fleshy plants, such as Onions, Leeks, 
 and Colewort, make flesh for the eaters. 
 Certain plants, as the Sensitive plant, 
 Nettles, the roots of Mallows, and the 
 herb Neurus, when used as outward ap- 
 plications, fortify and brace the nerves. 
 Milky herbs, as Lettuce and the fruit of 
 the Almond and Fig trees, propagate 
 milk. Plants of a serous nature, as 
 Spurge and Scammony, purge the nox- 
 ious humors between the flesh and the 
 skin. Herbs whose acidity turns milk to 
 
 curd, such as Galium and the seeds of Spurge, wiU lead to procreation. 
 Rue mixed with Cummin wiU relieve a sore breast, if a poultice of them 
 be applied, when the milk is knotted therein ; while plants that are hoUow., 
 as the stalks of Grain, Reeds, Leeks, and Garhc, are good to purge, 
 open, and soothe the hollow parts of the body. Many more instances of 
 Buch adaptation of herbs and plants to diseases of the body might be 
 cited if deemed necessaiy. 
 
 The vitality of plants may be destroyed by giving them deleterious or 
 poisonous substances, such as arsenic, mercury, etc. In fact, mineral 
 poisons act on plants and herbs in nearly the same way they do upon 
 human beings or other animals. 
 
 The color of plants is generally under the influence of solar light ; 
 hence, plants grown in darkness become etiolated or blanched. The 
 green of leaves is due to nitrogen, while in proportion as the oxygen of 
 the air predominates, the leaves put on varied tints, as the beautiful red 
 and crimson assumed by some leaves in Autumn. 
 
 The color of flowers, as a general rule, is influenced by solar Ught, 
 
 Liverwort.
 
 18 
 
 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 
 
 though the magnetic condition of the soil has much to do with the color. 
 For instance, the petals of the common butter-cup are of as brilliant a 
 yellow in town gardens enveloped in the smoke of London as on any 
 country hill, while the tints of the rose remain, when languishing for 
 lack of a clear atmosphere. The flowers of the common hydrangea, 
 which are naturally pink, may be made blue by planting the shrub in 
 soil impregnated with iron. So will certain medical preparations of 
 iron turn blue the human flesh. The color of the flower of the tulips 
 can be turned into white, yeUow, brown, purple, and a beautiful tint of 
 rose, by transplanting the plants from a poor soil to a rich one, and vice 
 versa. 
 
 The fragrances of flowers and plants have their physiological or medi- 
 cal uses. The use of the fragrance in leaves, bark, and wood, is appar- 
 ently to preserve them from the attacks of insects ; as the smell of the 
 red and Bermuda cedars (of which pencils are made) and of Camphor, 
 also a vegetable product, is to keep moths and other vermin from attack- 
 ing substances with which they are in contact. 
 
 Plants sometimes distil or secrete medicinal or nutritive fluids, which 
 are contained in convenient receptacles. Such plants invariably grow 
 tar from the haunts of men. away from the course of streams or vicinity 
 of ponds. Whose ordination is it that such plants have such a habitude ? 
 It is that Providence who, in his bountiful beneficence, places them 
 where the traveler may not die of thirst or disease on his way of dis- 
 covery. This is most beautifully illustrated in the Nejienthes distiUatona 
 
 (see cut), in which the leaves 
 terminate in a most singular 
 manner, forming a sort of urn 
 or vase, surmounted by a cover, 
 which opens and shuts as occa^ 
 sion requires. This vessel is 
 suspended at the extremity of 
 
 a thread-like appendage to a 
 winged petiole, which would 
 eeem to be altogether unfit to 
 support it. An officer of marines 
 writes as follows ; ' ' Three days 
 after my arrival at Madagascar 
 I lost myself during a short ex- 
 cursion into the interior, and was 
 overtaken with an excessive lassitude, accompanied with a devouring 
 thirst. After a long walk I was on the point of yielding to despair, 
 when I perceived close to me, suspended to leaves, some smaU vases, 
 Bomewhat like those used to i)reserve fresh water. I began to think I 
 was under one of those hallucinations by which the sick are often visited 
 
 Nepenthes distillatoria.
 
 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST^ 
 
 19 
 
 in fever, when the refreshing draught seems to fly from their parched 
 hps. I approached it, 
 however, with some 
 hesitation, threw a 
 rapid glance at the 
 pitchers : judge of my 
 happiness when I found 
 them filled with a pure 
 and transparent liquid. 
 The draught I partook 
 gave me the best idea 
 I have reahzed of the 
 nectar served at the 
 table of the gods." 
 Plants of such descrip- 
 tion become extinct if 
 civilization approaches 
 their domain. 
 
 Plants have attri- 
 butes other than medi- 
 cal which are of inter- 
 est to the general read- 
 er besides the botanist. 
 In many instances 
 
 there seems to be a 
 
 striking affinity be- 
 tween the herbal and 
 
 animal kingdom, and 
 
 other instances of the 
 
 repelling character. 
 
 For instance, a most 
 
 remarkable instance of 
 
 irritability by contact ia 
 
 that exhibited by the 
 
 "Venus's Fly -Trap," 
 
 Dionma muscipula, a 
 
 native of Canada, and 
 
 nearly allied to the 
 
 common "Sun-Dew" 
 
 of the British com- 
 mons. Its flowers 
 
 have nothing remark- Venus's Fly-Trap. 
 
 able about them, ex- 
 cept that their petals roll up when they are about to decay ; but the
 
 20 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 
 
 leaves are very curiously constructed. They have broad leaf-like 
 petioles, at whose extremity there are two fleshy tebes, which form the 
 real leaf, and which are armed with strong, sharp spines, three on the 
 blade of each lobe, and a fringe of larger spines round the margin. 
 
 When an insect touches the base of the central spines the leaf col- 
 lapses, and the poor insect is caught, been either impaled by the cen- 
 tral spines or entrapped by the others. The leaf then remains closed, 
 the fringe of long spines being firmly interlaced and locked together tiU 
 the body of the insect has wasted away. This apparatus being the nearest 
 approach to a stomach which has yet being observed in plants, an experi- 
 ment was tried some years ago of feeding a dionma (Venus's Fly-Trap) 
 with very small particles of raw meat, when it was found that the leaves 
 closed in the same way as they would have done over an insect, and did 
 not open again until the meat was consumed. The leaves of this plant 
 possess medicinal properties, which, when properly prepared in tincture 
 or decoction, have been found of exceeding efficacy in many diseases of 
 the digestive organs of the human being. 
 
 Sarracenia^ or Side-Saddle flower, the leaves of which are pitcher- 
 shaped, resembling an old-fashioned side-saddle, six of which generally 
 belong to each plant. Each of these pitchers will hold nearly a wine- 
 glassful, and are generally filled with water and aquatics, which undergo 
 decomposition, or a sort of digestion, and serve as a nutriment to the plant. 
 This animal characteristic is also illustrated in the sensitive jdant 
 (Mimosa Sensitiva), which the slightest touch suffices to make it close 
 
 its foholes. If we cut with 
 scissors the extreme end of one 
 foliole the others immediately 
 approach in succession. This 
 irritation is not local, but com- 
 municates from circle to circle, 
 and propagates itself from leaf 
 to leaf. Up to a certain point 
 it gets accustomed to outside 
 interference. Touching it again 
 Sensitive Plant and again will habituate it to 
 
 the movement and fail to re- 
 spond, as if it were owing in the first instance to fright. 
 
 The sleep of plants vaguely recalls to us the sleep of animals. 
 Their period of sleep is mostly at night, and any interested person may 
 observe this habit in a variety of plants, as many of them when asleep 
 are difficult to recognize in their bearing. The leaves are rolled up, or 
 become reversed, as in the genus Sida and the Lupinus. The Vetch, 
 the Rweet-i)ea, the Broad Bean, in their sleep rest their leaves during 
 the night one against the other.
 
 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 21 
 
 Parental solicitude is displayed in the orach-root {Atriplex Jwrtensis). 
 The leaves of this plant fall back upon the young shoots, and enclosa 
 them whenever the effects of the atmosphere would injure them. This 
 is also seen in the chickweed at night. 
 
 The folding of some flowers in the absence of the sun, and the open- 
 ing of others as soon as that luminary has withdrawn his beams, are 
 ascribable to various causes. The white marigold closes its flowers on 
 the approach of rain, and the dwarf Colendrina folds up its bright 
 crimson coroUa about four o'clock every afternoon ; while, on the con- 
 trary, the plant commonly called Four o'clock^ whose flower remains 
 closed all day, opens precisely at the hour of four. The evening prim- 
 rose wfll not open its large yellow flower till the sun has sunk below the 
 horizon. On the other hand, the Sun-flower is always seen bending its 
 face {vis-d-vis) in the direction of the sun, and follows its course during 
 the entire diurnal round, from its rise in the Orient, or East, in the 
 morning, to its decline in the Hesperian region, or west, in the evening. 
 The Silphiiim lacmtatum, or compass-weed, always points its leaves 
 towards the north star. The Night-blowing Cereus only expands its 
 flowers about midnight. Indeed, some flowers are so regular in their 
 opening or shutting, that the great botanist, LiNN/EUS, formed what 
 he called '■'■Flora's Timepiece," in which each hour was represented 
 by the flower which opened or closed at that particular time. An 
 arrangement of this kind may be seen in the following 
 
 Floral Clock : 
 
 Between 3 and 4 A.M Bind- weed of the hedgerows. 
 
 At 5 A.M Naked stalked Poppy and most of the 
 
 Chichoracese. 
 
 Between 5 and 6 A.M Nipplewort and the Day Lily. 
 
 At 6 A.M Many of the Solanacese (Night-shade) 
 
 family. 
 
 Between 6 and 7 A.M Sow Thistle and Spurrey. 
 
 At 7 A.M Water Lilies, Lettuceb. 
 
 At 7 to 8 A.M Venus' Looking-Glass. 
 
 At 8 A.M Wild Pimpernel. 
 
 At 9 A.M W^ild Marigold. 
 
 At 9 to 10 A.M Ice Plant. 
 
 At 11 A.M Purslain, Star of Bethlehem. 
 
 At 13 Most of the Ficoid, or Mesembryanthe- 
 
 mum family. 
 
 At 2 P.M Scilla Pomeridiana. 
 
 Between 5 and 6 P.M Silene Noctiflora. 
 
 Between 6 and 7 P.M Marvel of Peru. 
 
 Between 7 and 8 P.M Cereus Grandiflorus, Tree Primrose. 
 
 At 10 P.M Purple Convolvulus.
 
 22 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 
 
 In addition to the above, I would remark that certain equinoctial 
 flowers open and close at a fixed time in the same day ; on the morrow, 
 and for several following days, they again open and shut at the same 
 regiilar hours. The Star of Bethlehem opens several days in succession 
 at eleven in the morning, and closes at three. The Ficoides Noctijlara 
 blows several days in succession at seven in the evening, and closes about 
 six or seven in the morning. 
 
 Besides the cases in which flowers open and shut their corollas by the 
 influence of hght, instances are known in which merely the petals roll 
 up by day, and resume their natural shape after sunset. A remarkable 
 circumstance respecting the effect of atmosi^heric influence is, that the 
 same causes do not affect aU plants, and yet no peculiarity of construc- 
 tion has been discovered in those so affected to distinguish them from 
 those that are not. 
 
 Every student of nature can witness much more that is of general 
 interest regarding the habits, so to speak, and characteristics of plants. 
 They have been a favorite theme in all ages. Lovers have dwelt on 
 them and given them a language. Nearly every one delights in the 
 flowering plants. Who would refuse a bouquet of choice flowers ? This 
 attachment to flowers was pathetically iUustrated in the Highland emi- 
 grants in Canada, who wept when they found that the heather would 
 not grow in their newly-adopted soil. And well they might, for it is the 
 flower of their native naountains, and associated with all their brightest 
 and tenderest recollections. In the age of chivalry the daisy was re- 
 nowned ; and St. Louis, of France, took it and a lily for a device in his 
 ring, as emblematical of his wife and country. The thistle, like the 
 famous geese of Rome, saved Scotland, and for this reason it is the na- 
 tional emblem of that coimtry. During the Danish invasion, one of 
 their soldiers placed his naked foot on the spiny leaves of a thistle, and 
 instinctively uttered a cry which awoke the slumbering Scots, who 
 turned upon their foes, defeated, and drove them from their land. 
 
 The poetry attached to plants, however, is not of immediate concern 
 in this volume. It is their medicinal properties which engages our study 
 and demands our labors. Yet I could not so well establish their supe- 
 rior fitness as curative agents above the mineral drug unless I gave that 
 which is of general interest. One fact will be apparent to the reader, 
 that plants have life, and hence are eminently suitable to give life to the 
 suffering patient. The lifeless inorgauic mineral has none, and can give 
 no vital element.
 
 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST, 23 
 
 EPITOME OF BOTAI^T. 
 
 That the reader may more intelligently understand the description 
 of the medicinal plants in this book, the author has deemed it prudent to 
 preface the part of this work dedicated to Herbal Materia Medica with 
 a brief analysis of the plant, as made by the botanist. This becomes 
 particularly necessary, inasmuch as a plant cannot be accurately 
 described unless scientific language be employed ; but, nevertheless, 
 throughout this whole work it has been the aim of the author to use the 
 plainest language, and not to weary the reader by as pedantic employ- 
 ment of technical terms and scientific language. 
 
 Nothing more will be given than the anatomy of the plant, as nothing 
 of systematic botany need be known to the reader to recognize the plant, 
 or to acquaint himself with the medicinal properties thereof. If he has 
 not a common acquaintance with a medicinal plant, but desires it for 
 domestic medication, it is important that he should know that he 
 employs the proper herb, and not use one which simulates it. It has 
 therefore been the aim of the author to give accurate de.scriptions of the 
 herbs, so that the gatherer may not err in his selection of the plant 
 which his case may need. 
 
 All parts of the plant are used in medicine — sometimes the seed only ; 
 in others the flower, the leaves, root, rhizome ; in others two or more of 
 these parts, and, again, in others the whole plant. 
 
 ANATOIVIY OF A PLANT. 
 
 THE ROOT. 
 
 The root of a plant is that portion which is usually found in the earth, 
 the stem and leaves being in the air. The point of union is called the 
 collar or neck of the plant. 
 
 A fibrous root is one composed of many spreading branches, as that of 
 barley. 
 
 A conical root is one where it tapers regularly from the crovsTi to the 
 apex, as that of the carrot. 
 
 A fusiform root is one when it tapers up as well as down, as that of 
 the radish. 
 
 A rapiform root is one when much swollen at the base, so as to be- 
 come broader than long, as that of the turnip. 
 
 A fasciculated root is one when some of the fibres or branches are 
 thickened. 
 
 A tuberiferous root Ls one when some of the branches assume the 
 form of rounded knobs, as that of the potato.
 
 24 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 
 
 A palmate root is one when these knobs are branched. 
 
 Aerial roots are those emitted from the stem into the open air, ai'. 
 that of Indian com. 
 
 A rhizoma, or root stock, is a prostrate stem either subterranean oi 
 resting on the surface, as that of calamus, or blood-root. 
 
 A tuber is an enlargement of the apex of a subterranean branch of 
 the root, as that of the common potato or artichoke. 
 
 A cormus is a fleshy subterranean stem of a round or oval figure, aa 
 in the Indian tumip. 
 
 A bulb is an extremely abbreviated stem clothed with scales, as that 
 of the lUy. 
 
 THE STEM. 
 
 The stem is that portion of the plant which grows in an opposite 
 direction from the root, seeking the hght, and exposing itself to the air. 
 All flowering plants possess stems. In those which are said to be stem- 
 less, it is either very short, or concealed beneath the ground. 
 
 An herb is one in which the stem does not become woody, but dies 
 down to the ground at least after flowering. 
 
 A shrub is a woody plant, branched near the ground, and less than 
 five times the height of man. 
 
 A tree attains a greater height, with a stem unbranched near the 
 gToiind. 
 
 The stem of a tree is usually called the trunk ; in grasses it has been 
 termed the culm. 
 
 Those stems which are too weak to stand erect are said to be decum- 
 bent, procumbent, and prostrate 
 
 A stolon is a form of a branch which curves or falls down to the 
 ground, where they often strike root. 
 
 A sucker is a branch of subterraneous origin, which, after nmning 
 horizontally and emitting roots in its course, at length rises out of the 
 ground and forms an erect stem, which soon becomes an independent 
 plant, as iflustrated by the rose, raspberry, etc. 
 
 A runner is a prostrate, slender branch sent off from the base of the 
 parent stem. 
 
 An ofifset is a similar but shorter branch, -with a tuft of leaves at the 
 end, as in the houseleek. 
 
 A spine is a short and imperfectly developed branch of a woody plant, 
 as exhibited in the honey-locust. 
 
 A tendril is commonly a slender leafless branch, capable of coiling 
 epirally, as in the grape vine. 
 
 TITE LEAP. 
 The leaf is commonly raised on an unexpanded part or stalk which is 
 called the petiole, wliile the expanded portion is termed the lamina.
 
 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 25 
 
 limb, or blade. When the vessels or fibres of the leaves expand im- 
 mediately on leaving the stem, the leaf is said to be sessile. In such 
 cases the petiole is absent. When the blade consists of a single piece 
 the leaf is simple ; when composed of two or three more with a 
 branched petiole, the leaf is compound. 
 
 The distribution of the veins or framework of the leaf in the blade is 
 termed venation. 
 
 A lanceolate leaf has the f onn of a lance. 
 
 An ovate leaf has the shape of ellipsis. 
 
 A cuneiform leaf has the shape of a wedge. 
 
 A cordate leaf has the shape of a heart. 
 
 A reniform leaf has the shape of a kidney. 
 
 A sagittate leaf is arrow-shaped. 
 
 A hastate leaf has the shape of an ancient halberd. 
 
 A peltate leaf is shaped like a shield. 
 
 A serrate leaf is one in which the margin is beset with sharp teeth, 
 which point forward towards the apex. 
 
 A dentate leaf is one when these teeth are not directed towards the 
 apex. 
 
 A crenate leaf has rounded teeth. 
 
 A sinuate leaf has alternate concavities and convexities. 
 
 A pinnate leaf has the shape of a feather. 
 
 A pectinate leaf is one having very close and narrow divisions, like 
 the teeth of a comb. 
 
 A lyrate leaf has the shape of a lyre. 
 
 A runcinate leaf is a lyrate leaf with sharp lobes pointing towards 
 the base, as in the dandelion. 
 
 A palmate leaf is one beariag considerable resemblance to the hand. 
 
 A pedate leaf is one bearing resemblance to a bii^d's foot. 
 
 An obovate leaf is one having the veins more developed beyond the 
 middle of the blade. 
 
 When a leaf at its outer edge has no dentations it is said to be entire. 
 When the leaf terminates in an acute angle it is acute, when in an ob- 
 tuse angle it is obtuse. An obtuse leaf with the apex slightly depressed 
 is retuse, or if more strongly notched, emarginate. An obovate leaf 
 with a wider or more conspicuous notch at the apex become obcordate, 
 being a cordate leaf inverted. When the apex is cut off by a straight 
 transverse hne the leaf is truncate ; when abruptly terminated by a 
 smaU projecting point it is mucronate ; and when an acute leaf has a 
 narrowed apex it is acuminate. In ferns the leaves are called fronds. 
 
 THE FLOWER. 
 
 The flower assumes an endless variety of forms, and we shall assume 
 in the dissection merely the tyj^ical form of it. 
 2
 
 26 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 
 
 The organs of a flower are of two sorts, viz. : 1st. Its leaves or en- 
 velopes ; and 2d, those peculiar organs having no resemblance to the 
 envelopes. The envelopes are of two kinds, or occupy two rows, one 
 above or within the other. The lower or outer row is termed the 
 Calyx, and commonly exhibits the green color of the leaves. The inner 
 row, which is usually of more dehcate texture and forms the most showy 
 part of the flower, is termed the Corolla. The several parts of the 
 leaves of the CoroUa are called Petals, and the leaves of the Calyx have 
 received the analogous name of Sepals. The floral envelopes are col- 
 lectively called the Perianth. 
 
 The essential organs enclosed within a floral envelope are also of two 
 kinds and occupy two rows one within the other. The first of these, 
 those next within the petals, are the Stamens. A stamen consists of a 
 stalk called the Filament, which bears on its summit a rounded body 
 termed the Anther, fiUed ^vith a substance called the Pollen. 
 
 The seed-bearing organs occupy the centre or summit of a flower, and 
 are called Pistils. A pistU is distinguished into three parts, viz. : 1st, 
 the Ovary, containing the Ovales ; 2d, the Style, or columnar pro- 
 longation of the ovary ; and 3d, the Stigma, or termination of the style. 
 
 AH the organs of the flower are situated on, or grown out of, the apex 
 of the flower-stalk, into which they are inserted, and which is called 
 the Torus or Receptacle. 
 
 A plant is said to be monoecious, where the stamens and pistils are in 
 Beparate flowers on the same individual, dioecious, where they occupy 
 Beparate flowers on difEerent individuals, and polygamous where the 
 stamens and pistils are separate in some flowers and united in others, 
 either on the same or two or three difEerent plants. 
 
 THE FRUIT. 
 
 The principal kinds may be briefly stated as follows : — 
 
 A follicle is the name given to such fruit as borne by the larkspur 
 or milkweed. 
 
 A legume or pod is the name extended to such fruit as the pea or 
 bean. 
 
 A drupe is a stone fruit, as the plum, apricot, etc. 
 
 An achenium is the name of the fruit as borne by the butter-cup, «fcc. 
 
 A cremocarp is the fruit of the Poison Hemlock and similar plants. 
 
 A caryopsis is such fruit as borne by the wheat tribe. 
 
 A nut is exemplified by the fruit of the oak, chestnut, &c. 
 
 A samara is the name appUed to the fruit of the maple, birch, and elm, 
 
 A berry is a fruit fleshy and pulpy throughout, as the grape, goose- 
 berry, etc. 
 
 A pome ifl such as the apple, pear, &c.
 
 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 27 
 
 A pepo is the name applied to the fruit of the pumpkin, cucum- 
 ber, &c. 
 A capsule is a general term for all dry fruits, such as lobeUa, »&c. 
 A silique is such fruit as exhibited in Shepherd's purse, &c. 
 A cone or strobile is a collective fruit of the fir tribe, magnoha, &a 
 
 THE SEED. 
 
 The seed, like the ovule of which it is the fertilized and matured 
 state, consists of a nucleus, usually enclosed within two integuments, 
 The outer integument or proper seed coat is variously termed the 
 episperm, spermoderm, or testa. 
 
 An annual jilaut is one which springs from the seed, flowers and 
 dies the same year. 
 
 A biennial plant, such as the radish, carrot, beet, &c., does not 
 flower the first season. 
 
 A perennial plant is one not absolutely depending upon the stock of 
 the previous season, but annually produces new roots and new accumu- 
 lations. 
 
 MEDICIl^AL PROPERTIES AT^D 
 PREPARATIOl^S. 
 
 Every herb employed in the cure of diseases, whether in its natural 
 state or after having undergone various preparations, belongs to the 
 Herbal Materia Medica, in the extended acceptation of the term. It 
 shall, however, be our purpose only to describe each separate herb in its 
 living state, or the medicinal part thereof, and not dwell much upon the 
 forms usually prepared by the apothecary or physician. In this portion 
 of our work we propose to give an account of all the most important 
 medicinal herbs necessary for the cure of diseases. No herb, however, 
 is to be despised or regarded as worthless because of its not finding 
 mention in this work ; but, as previously stated, that each and every 
 plant has its virtues, though to describe all recognized as medicinal 
 would make the work too voluminous, and in price far exceed the 
 reach of the million. The various properties of medicinal agents have 
 been designated as follows : — 
 
 Absorbents or Antacids are such medicines that counteract acidity 
 of the stomach and bowels. 
 
 Alteratives are medicines which, in certain doses, work a graduaJ 
 cure by restoring the healthy functions of different organs. 
 
 Anodynes are medicines which relieve pain.
 
 28 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 
 
 Anthelmintics are medicines which have the power of destroying 
 or expelling worms from the intestinal canal. 
 
 Antiscorbutics are medicines which prevent or cure the scurvy. 
 
 Antispasmodics are medicines given to relieve spasm, or irregular 
 and painful action of muscles or muscular fibres, as in Epilepsy, St. 
 Vitus' Dance, etc. 
 
 Aromatics are medicines which have a grateful smell and an agree- 
 able pungent taste. 
 
 Astringents are those remedies which, when applied to the body, 
 render the solids dense and firmer. 
 
 Carminatives are those medicines which dispel flatulency of the 
 stomach and bowels. 
 
 Cathartics are medicines which accelerate the action of the bowels, 
 or increase the discharge by stool. 
 
 Demulcents are medicines suited to prevent the action of acrid 
 and stimulating matters upon the mucous membranes of the throat, 
 lungs, etc. 
 
 Diaphoretics are medicines that promote or cause perspirable dis- 
 charge by the skin. 
 
 Diuretics are medicines which increase the flow of urine by their 
 action upon the kidneys. 
 
 Emetics are those medicines which produce vomiting. 
 
 Emmenagogues are medicines which promote the menstrual discharge. 
 
 Emollients are those remedies which, when applied to the solids of 
 the body, render them soft and flexible. 
 
 Erriiines are substances which, when applied to the lining mem- 
 brane of the nostrils, occasion a discharge of mucous fluid. 
 
 Epispastics are those which cause blisters when applied to the surface. 
 
 EsciiAROTics are substances used to destroy a portion of the surface 
 of the body, forming sloughs. 
 
 ExPECTORiVNTS are medicines capable of facilitating the excretion of 
 mucus from the chest. 
 
 Narcotics are those substances having the property of diminishing 
 the action of the nervous and vascular systems, and of inducing sleep. 
 
 Rubefacients are remedies which excite the vessels of the skin and 
 increase its heat and redness. 
 
 Sed.vtives are medicines which have the power of allaying the ac- 
 tions of the systems generally, or of lessening the exercise of some par- 
 ticular function. 
 
 SiALAGOOUES are medicines which increase the flow of the saliva. 
 
 Stimulants are medicines capable of exciting the \ital energy, 
 whether as exerted in sensation or motion. 
 
 Tonics are those medicines which increase the tone or healthy ac- 
 tion, or strength of the living system.
 
 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 29 
 
 PHARMACEUTIC PREPARATIONS. 
 
 AcETA or Vinegars are medicinal preparations where vinegar is used 
 ae the dissolving agent. 
 
 .iEtherea or Ethers are ethereal tinctares. 
 
 Aqu^ or Waters consist of water impregnated with some medicinal 
 substance, as a volatile oil. 
 
 Cataplasms are external applications or poultices. 
 
 Cerates are agents intended for external application, and are com- 
 posed of wax, spermaceti, combined with fatty matter, and in which 
 resins and powders, etc., are frequently amalgamated. 
 
 Confections are medicines in the form of a conserve. 
 
 Decoctions are solutions procured from the various parts of herbs 
 by boiling them in water. 
 
 Dragees are sugar-coated pills. 
 
 Enemas or Injections. These consist of medicinal agents in the 
 form of infusion, decoction, or mixture, and designed to be passed into 
 the rectum and other passages. 
 
 Extracts. When an infusion, decoction, or tincture is reduced to a 
 soft soUd mass, by evaporation, it is termed an extract. 
 
 Fluid-Extracts. These are concentrated medicinal principles, not 
 reduced to a solid or nearly semi-fluid consistence, the evaporation not 
 being carried so far as in ordinary extracts. (See page 475) 
 
 Infusions are solutions of vegetable principles in water, effected 
 without boiling. 
 
 Liniments. These preparations are designed for external application, 
 and should always be of such a consistence as wiU render them capa- 
 ble of easy application to the skin with the naked hand or flannel. 
 
 Lotions. These comprise all compounds used as external washes in 
 which vegetable substances are dissolved. 
 
 Mixtures are either liquid or solid compounds, and which are sus- 
 pended in aqueous fluids by the intervention of some viscid matter, as 
 mucUage, albumen, etc. 
 
 Oils are the products of various herbs by distillation with water. 
 
 Pills are medicinal properties formed into a mass and roUed into 
 globular forms. A holus is a large pill. 
 
 Plasters are designed for external application ; the medicinal agent is 
 usually spread on cloth or chamois leather. 
 
 Powders are medicinal herbs in a pulverized state. 
 
 Saturates are similar to fluid-extracts, being, however, prepared 
 without the employment of heat. 
 
 Syrups are liquid medicines of a viscid consistence, produced by con- 
 centrated solutions of sugar alone or mixed with honey. 
 
 Tinctures. These are preparations obtained by subjecting medicinal 
 herbs to the action of alcohol.
 
 30 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 
 
 Trochees or Lozenges are medicinal substances in powder, which 
 are formed into solid cakes by the aid of sugar and gum. 
 
 Unguenta or Ointments are fatty matters, in which are incorpo- 
 rated certain medicines, and are designed for external use. 
 
 Wines. These are tinctures of medicinal agents which are insoluble 
 in water, or which do not require as stimulant a solvent as alcohol, but 
 which are capable of yielding their virtues to wine. 
 
 WEIGHTS Al^D MEASURES. 
 
 That no error may occur, I will here append the weights and meas- 
 ures employed in pharmacy, together with the symbols designating each 
 quantity. It is necessary to understand but two measures, as the 
 author has conformed all the solid or liquid quantities to these meas- 
 ures. These are : — 
 
 1st. — Apothecaries' Weight. 
 
 20 grains (gr. ) 1 scruple. 
 
 3 scruples O) 1 drachm. 
 
 8 drachms (3) 1 ounce. 
 
 12 ounces ( § ) 1 pound (Ih). 
 
 The doses of powders, extracts, and all such that are not fluid are in- 
 tended to correspond with this weight. 
 
 2d. — Apothecaries' Measure. 
 
 60 minims (ITl^) 1 fluid drachm. 
 
 8 fluid drachms (f 3 ) 1 fluid ounce. 
 
 16 fluid ounces (f § ) 1 pint. 
 
 8 pints (0) 1 gallon (cong). 
 
 The quantities of all fluids mentioned in this book agree with this 
 measure, though the word fluid or the symbol (f ) is omitted in most 
 instances. 
 
 It is not to be supposed, however, that in all families measuring grad- 
 uates are to be found ; hence a comparison of these measures with tea, 
 dessert, and table spoons, etc. , becomes necessary to simplify the fluid
 
 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 
 
 31 
 
 measure. The weight of any quantity I should always advise to be cor- 
 rectly ascertained by scales : — * 
 
 Comparison. 
 
 A drop corresponds with a minim. 
 
 A teaspoonful " " " fluid drachm. 
 
 A dessertspoonftd " u u ^j^-gg fluid drachms. 
 
 A tablespoonful " " " one-half flviid ounce. 
 
 A wineglassful " u a ^^^ fluid ounces. 
 
 Ateacupful " " "gm(4f§). 
 
 In the body of this work the quantity has been stated, with but few 
 exceptions, in which each medicine must ordinarily be given to produce 
 its peculiar effects upon the adult patient. But there are circumstances 
 which modify the dose, and demand attention, the most important of 
 which is the age ; hence the following table, exhibiting the dose propor- 
 tioned to the age, should receive careful reference in domestic prac- 
 tice : — 
 
 Table. 
 
 The dose for a person of age being 
 That of a person from 14 to 21 years will be 
 
 7 to 14 " 
 
 Of 
 
 4to 
 
 4 
 
 3 
 
 2 
 
 1 
 
 i 
 
 ;( 
 (( 
 (( 
 
 1 or 1 drachm, 
 f or 2 scruples. 
 
 2 
 
 or ^ drachm. 
 ^ or 1 scruple. 
 ;^ or 15 grains. 
 ^ or 10 grains. 
 
 or 8 grains. 
 
 or 5 grains. 
 "iV or 4 grains. 
 
 1 2 
 
 The following rule, however, is a little more simple : — 
 
 For children under 12 years the dose of most medicines must be 
 
 diminished in the proportion of the age to the age increased by 12 ; 
 
 thus, at two years the dose will be ^ of that for adults, viz. : — 
 
 2^ = j^or-J;at4, itwillbej^ 
 
 4 1 
 16 '^^ 4- 
 
 * The weights used in the British PharmacopcBia are the Imperial or avordupois pound, 
 ounce, and grain, and the terms drachm and scruple, as designating specific weiglits, are 
 discontinued. The ounce contains -i'il}^ grams, and the pound 7,000 grains. The Im 
 perial Measure contains 8 fluid drachms to the ounce, 20 fluid ounces to the pint, and 8 
 pinta to the gallon.
 
 32 
 
 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 
 
 HEEBAL MATEEIA MEDICA." 
 
 ACACIA VERA. 
 
 Common Names. Oum Arabic, Egyptian TJwm. 
 Medicenal Part. The concrete juice or gum. 
 
 Description. — Acacia Vera is a small tree or strub, but sometimes 
 
 attains the height of forty feet. The 
 leaves are bipimiate and smooth, leaflets 
 eight or ten pairs. Spines sharp and in 
 pairs. Flowers in globose heads, and the 
 fruit a legume. 
 
 History. — The tree inhabits the southern 
 portion of Asia and the uj^per portion of 
 Africa. The gum flows naturally from the 
 bark of the trees, in the form of a thick 
 and rather frothy liquid, and speedily con- 
 cretes into tears ; sometimes the discharge 
 is promoted by wounding the trunk and 
 branches. The more mptured the tree, 
 the more gum it yields. The best quality 
 of Gum Arabic is colorless, or very pale 
 yellow-white, shining, transparent in small fragments, hard but pulver- 
 able, inodorous, and of a sweet and viscous taste. It invariably forma 
 a white powder. Cold or hot water dissolves its own weight, forming 
 a thick mucUaginous solution. 
 
 Properties and Uses. — The gum is nutritive and demulcent, and exerts 
 a remarkably soothing influence upon irritated or inflamed raucous 
 surfaces, by shielding them from the influence of deleterious agents, 
 atmospheric air, etc. It is useful, in diarrhoea and dysentery, to remove 
 griping and painful stools, in catarrh, cough, hoarseness, consumption, 
 gonorrhoea, and all inflammatory conditions of the mucous surfaces. For 
 lung diseases it is especially an indispensable vehicle in which to carry 
 the necessary curative and powerful con-ective agents, while at the same 
 time its nutritive qualities also exert a good influence, often supplying 
 the place of food where the stomach is too weak to partake of anything 
 else. It may be given almost ad libitum in powder, lozenge, or solution, 
 alone or combined with syrups, decoctions, etc It constitutes the 
 menstruum of my well-known Acaoian Balsam, see page 4G9. 
 
 Acacia Vera.
 
 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 
 
 33 
 
 ADDER'S TONGUE (Erytheonum Americajtxjm). 
 
 Common Names. Bog-Tooth Violet^ SerpenVs Tongue, etc. 
 
 Medicinal Parts. The bulb and leaves. 
 
 Description. — This is a perennial plant, springing from a bulb at some 
 distance below the surface. The bulb is white internally and fawn- 
 colored externally. The leaves are two, lanceolate, pale green, with 
 purplish or brownish spots, and one nearly twice as wide as the other. 
 It bears a single drooping yeUow flower, which partially closes at night 
 and on cloudy days. Fruit a capsule. 
 
 History. — This beautiful little plant is among the earliest of our spring 
 flowers, and is found in rich open grounds, or in thin woods throughout 
 the United States, flowering in April or May. The leaves are more 
 active than the roots ; both imjiart their virtues to water. 
 
 Properties arid Uses. — It is emetic, emollient, and antiscorbutic when 
 fresh ; nutritive when dried. The fresh root simmered in milk, or the 
 fresh leaves braised and often applied as a poultice to scrofulous tumors 
 or tdcers, together with a free internal use of an infusion of them, is 
 highly useful as a remedy for scrofula. The expressed juice of the plant, 
 infused in cider, is very beneficial in dropsy, and for relieving hiccough, 
 vomiting, and hematemesis, and bleeding from the lower bowels. 
 
 AGRIMONY (Agrimonia Eupatoria). 
 
 Common Names. Cocklehurr or Sticklewort. 
 
 Medicinal Parts. T'he root and leaves. 
 
 Description. — Agrimony has a reddish, tapering, 
 not creeping root, with brown stems covered with 
 soft silky hairs ; two or three feet high ; leaves 
 alternate, sessile, interruptedly pinnate. The sti- 
 pule of the upper leaves large, rounded, dentate, or 
 palmate. The flowers grow at the top of the stem, 
 are yeUow, small, and very numerous, one above 
 another in long spikes, after which come rough 
 heads hanging downwards, which will stick to gar- 
 ments or anything that rubs against them. 
 
 History. — This perennial plant is found in Asia, 
 Europe, Canada, and the United States, along road- 
 sides, and in fields and woods, flowering in July or 
 August. Both the flowers and roots are fragrant, 
 but harsh and astringent to Ihe taste, and yield 
 their properties to water or alcohol. 
 
 Properties and Uses. — It is a mild tonic, alterative, 
 and astringent. Useful in bowel complaints, chronic 
 iaucou.s diseases, chronic affections of the digestive organs, leucorrhoea, 
 2* c 
 
 Agrimony.
 
 34 THE COMPLETE HEKBALIST. 
 
 certain cutaneous diseases, etc. A strong decoction, sweetened witlj 
 honey, is an invaliiable cure for scrofula, if persisted in for a length of 
 time. It is exceedingly useful in gravel, asthma, coughs, and obstmcted 
 menstruation. As a gargle for sore throat and mouth, it is very service • 
 able. 
 Dose. — Povrder, one teaspoonfid ; decoction, a wineglassful. 
 
 ALDER (Pkinos Verticillatus). 
 
 Common Najie. Winterberry. 
 
 MedictnMj Parts. TJie bark and berries. 
 
 Description. — This is an indigenous shrub of irregular growth, with a 
 stem six or eight feet in height ; bark grayish and alternate branches. 
 The leaves are ovate, acute at the base, oUve green in color, smooth 
 above and downy beneath. Flowers small and white ; calyx small and 
 six-cleft ; corolla divided into six obtixse segments. Fruit a berry. 
 
 History. — Black Alder is common throughout the United States and 
 England, growing in moist woods, swamps, etc., flowering from May to 
 July, and maturing its fruit in the latter part of autumn. It yields its 
 virtues to water by decoction or infusion. The bark has a bitterish, sub 
 astringent taste, and the berries have a sweetish taste. 
 
 Properties and Uses. — It is tonic, alterative, and astringent. It Is 
 very beneficial in jaundice, diarrhoea, gangrene, dropsy, and all diseases 
 attended with great weakness. Two drachms of the powdered bark and 
 one drachm of powdered golden seal infused in a pint of boiling water, 
 and, when cold, taken in the course of the day, in doses of a wineglass- 
 ful, and repeated daily, has proved very efiicacious in dyspepsia. Ex 
 temaUy the decoction forms an excellent local application in gangrene, 
 indolent ulcers, and some affections of the skin. The berries are cathar- 
 tic and vermifuge, and form, with cedar apples, a pleasant and efEectuaJ 
 worm medicine for children. 
 
 Dose. — Powdered bark, half a drachm to a drachm ; decoction, a tea- 
 Bpoonful three or four times a day. 
 
 ALE HOOF (Nepeta Glechoma). 
 
 Common Names. Oill-go-by-the-gro%tnd, Ground Ivy^ Cat's-Foot, 
 TurnJioof, &c. 
 
 Medicinal Part. The leaves. 
 
 Description. — This plant is a perennial gray, hairy herb, with a pro- 
 cumbent creeping stem, varying in length from a few inches to one or 
 two feet. The leaves have petioles, cordate, and hairy on both sides. 
 The flowers are bluish purple. The corolla is about three times as long 
 OS the cixlyx. 
 
 History. — This plant is common to the United States and Europe,
 
 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 35 
 
 where it is found in shady places, waste grounds, dry ditches, &c. It 
 flowers in May or August. The leaves impart their virtues to boiling 
 water by infusion. They have an unpleasant odor, and a harsh, bitter- 
 ish, slightly aromatic taste. 
 
 Properties and Uses. — It is stimulant, tonic, and pectoral, and is use- 
 ful in diseases of the lungs and kidneys, asthma, jaundice, hypochon- 
 dria, and monomania. An infusion of the leaves is very beneficial in 
 lead-coUc, and painters who make use of it are seldom, if ever, troubled 
 with that affection. The fresh juice snuffed up the nose often cures 
 the most inveterate headache 
 
 Dose. — Powder, half a drachm to a drachm ; infusion, one or two 
 fluid oujices. 
 
 ALL-HEAL (PRTJira:LLA Vulgaris). 
 
 CoMiioN Names. Hercules Wound Wort, Panay, etc. 
 
 Medicinal Part. Tlie root. 
 
 Description. — This shrub sometimes attains the height of five feet, 
 but is usually much smaller. The stem is strong and round, with many 
 joints, with some leaves thereat. The leaves consist of five or six pair 
 of wings, and when chewed have a bitterish taste. The root is thick 
 and long, the juice of which is hot and biting. The flower is a small 
 and yellow one, and the seeds Avhitish yellow, short and flat. 
   History. — This plant is found in England and other parts of Europe. 
 In England it flowers usually until the end of summer, but in other 
 parts of Europe it flowers from May to December. 
 
 Properties and Uses. — All-heal is a pungent and bitter tonic and anti- 
 spasmodic. It has also vermifuge properties, and is slightly diuretic. 
 It is excellent for cramps, fits, falling sickness, convulsions, etc. (infe- 
 rior, however, to Blue Vervain). In obstructions of the liver it serves a 
 good purjoose. It sometimes cures the toothache by icLserting cotton 
 saturated with the juice into the decayed places of the teeth. 
 
 ALMONDS (Amygdalus Communis). 
 
 Amygdala A>iara, Bitter Almonds ; Amygdala Dulcis, Sxceet Al- 
 monds. 
 
 Medicinal Part. The kernels. 
 
 Description. — The almond tree is from ten to eighteen feet high, with 
 a pale-brown rugged bark, and dividing into many branches. The 
 leaves are of a bright light green, two to four inches long, and about 
 three-fourths of an inch wide. Flowers are moderately large, pink or 
 white, sessile, in pairs, and appealing before the leaves. Calyx reddish, 
 petals variable in size. The fruit is a hoary drupe ; stone oblong or
 
 36 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 
 
 ovate, hard in various deg:rees, always rugged and pitted with irregular 
 holes. Both the bitter and sweet almonds come from this tree. 
 
 Histoi'y. — The almond tree is indigenous to most of the southern 
 parts of Asia and Barbarj', but is cultivated in Southern Europe. The 
 best of the sweet kind comes from Malaga. The sweet kernel is with- 
 out odor, and of a pleasant flavor ; that of the bitter is also inodorous, 
 unless rubbed with water, when it exhales a smell similar to Prussic 
 acid. Its taste is similar to that of peach-meats. Both varieties con- 
 tain oil — the sweet a fixed oil, the bitter both a fixed and an essential 
 oil, impregnated with Prussic acid. The oil of bitter almonds has a 
 golden color, an agreeable odor, an acid bitter taste, combustible, and 
 is a poison acting in the same manner as Prussic acid. One di-achm of 
 this oil, dissolved in three drachms of alcohol, forms the "essence of 
 almonds " much used by confectioners, perfumers, etc. The oil is also 
 much used by soap-makers. 
 
 Proijertles and Uses. — Triturated with water, sweet almonds produce a 
 white mixture called emulsion, or milk of almonds, bearing a remarkable 
 analogy with animal milk. It is used as a demulcent and vehicle for 
 other medicines. The oil is demulcent in smaU quantity, in larger 
 doses laxative. It is frequently employed in cough, diseases dependent 
 upon intestinal irritation, and for mitigating acrimonious urine in calcu- 
 lous affections. 
 
 Dose. — Of the oil, a teaspoonful. 
 
 ALNUS RUBRA (Tag Alder). 
 
 Common Names. Common Alder, Smooth Alder. 
 
 Medicinal Part. The bark. 
 
 Description. — This is a well-known shrub, growing in clumps, and 
 forming thickets on the borders of ponds and rivers, and in swamps. 
 The stems are numerous, and from six to fifteen feet high. The leaves 
 are obovate, acuminate, smooth, and green, from two to four inches 
 long. 
 
 History. — The Alnus Rubra is indigenous to Europe and America, and 
 blossoms in March and April. The bark is the part used medicinally. 
 
 Properties and Uses. — The bark is universally acknowledged to be 
 alterative and emetic, and is especially recommended for scrofula, sec- 
 ondary syphilis (inferior, however, to Rock Rose or Stillingia), and cu- 
 taneous diseases, of which there are many varieties, some of which 
 have imd some of which have not been classified. The active i^rinciple 
 of Alnus Rubra, as prepared for practitioners, is called Alnuin, and is 
 most excellent in cases of dyspepsia produced by inactivity of the gafitrio 
 glands.
 
 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 
 
 37 
 
 AMARANTH (Amakanthus Hypochondriasis). 
 
 Common Names. Prince's Feather, Red Cock's Comb, etc. 
 
 Medicinal Part. The leaves. 
 
 Descriptian. — This is an annual herb, with a stout upright stem, from 
 from three to four feet high. The leaves are ob- 
 long, lanceolate, mucronate, green, with a red 
 ptLqjlish spot, clustered flowers, five stamens. 
 
 History. — This plant is a native of the Middle 
 States, where it is cultivated in gardens as an or- . 
 namental plant, but contains more medicinal virtues 
 in its wild state. It flowers in August. The leaves 
 impart their virtues to water. 
 
 Properties and Uses. — Amaranth is astringent. 
 The decoction drank freely is a valuable domestic 
 remedy for menorrhagia, diarrhoea, dysentery, and 
 hemorrhage from the bowels. It is useful as a 
 local application to ulcers of the mouth and throat, 
 as an injection for leucorrhcea, and as a wash to 
 foul, indolent ulcers. 
 
 ANEMONE (Anemone Nemorosa). 
 
 Amaranth. 
 
 Common Name. Wind Flower. 
 
 Medicinal Parts. Root, herb, and seed. 
 
 Description. — This is a delicate and pretty plant, with a creeping root, 
 simple erect stem, six to nine inches high, bearing but a single flower ; 
 leaves temate ; sepals, four to six ; stamens and ovaries numerous. 
 
 Hint^ry. — This plant is common to Europe and the United States, 
 bearing purplish and white flowers in April and May. The Meadow 
 Anemone of Europe is the most active in its medicinal quaUties. Its 
 active principle is called Anemonine. This plant affords the Pulsatilla 
 of the Ilomaopaths. 
 
 Properties and Uses. — Anemone in solution has been applied exter- 
 nally to scald head, ulcers, syphilitic nodes, paralysis, cataract, and 
 opacity of the cornea, with benefit. A decoction is sometimes used as 
 an emmenagogue for secondary syphilis, whooping-cough, etc. The 
 leaves, fresh and bruised, act as a rubefacient. Care should be taken 
 in its internal administration, as it is acrid and poisonous. 
 
 A plant of the same family. Anemone Cylindrica, is used by the In- 
 dians for the cure of the rattle-snake bite. They chew some of the tops 
 of the plant, swallowing but little of the saliva, then apply it to the bite ; 
 in a few minutes the bite is rendered harmless. 
 
 Dose. — Decoction, a tablespoonful ; anemonine, one grain.
 
 38 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 
 
 ANGELICA (Angelica Atropurpurea). 
 
 CoM^roN Name. Mastericort. 
 
 Medicinal Part. Root, Iwrb, and seed. 
 
 Description.— This plant is five or six feet high. The root has a pnr- 
 ple color ; leaves temate, with large petioles ; calyx five-toothed, with 
 equal petals, and the fruit a nut. 
 
 IliMoi-y. — The plant is perennial, and grows in fields and damp places, 
 developing greenish-white flowers from May to August. The plant has 
 a powerful, peciiliar^ but not unpleasant odor, a sweet taste, afterwards 
 pungent ; but in drying it loses much of these qualities. 
 
 Properties and Uses. — It is aromatic, stimulant, carminative, diapho- 
 retic, expectorant, diuretic, and emmenagogue. It is used in flatulent 
 cohc and heart-bum. It is serviceable in diseases of the urinary organs. 
 The A. Arehangelica, or Archangel, may be substituted for this. 
 
 Dose. — Decoction, two to four ounces ; powder, thirty to sixty grains. 
 
 ANISE (PiMPINELLA AnISXJM), 
 
 CoinioN Name. Aniseed. 
 
 Medicinal Part. TJie fruit. 
 
 Description. —Anise has a perennial, spindle-shaped, woody root, and 
 a smooth, erect, branched stem, about ten or twelve inches in height. 
 The leaves are petiolated, roundish, cordate, serrate ; flowers small and 
 white, disposed on long stalks. Calyx wanting, or minute. The fruit is 
 ovate, about an eighth of an inch long, dull brown, and slightly downy. 
 
 History. — It is a native of Egyi^t, but now cultivated in many of the 
 warm countries of Europe. The Spanish Aniseed is commonly used 
 for medicinal purposes. The odor of anise is penetrating and fragrant, 
 the taste aromatic and sweetish. It imparts its \Trtues wholly to alco- 
 hol, only partially to water. That used in cordials is the Star Anise, 
 which is procured from the Illicium Armatum, a plant of Eastern Asia. 
 Its volatile oil is often fraudulently substituted for the European oil of 
 anise. 
 
 Projierties and Uses. — Stimulant and carminative; used in cases of 
 flatvilency, colic of infants, and to remove nausea. Sometimes added 
 to other medicines to improve their flavor or to correct disagreeable 
 effects. 
 
 Dose.— Oi the seed, twenty to forty grains ; essence, thirty drops to a 
 teafipoonful. 
 
 ALOES (Aloe Spicata). 
 
 Medicinal Part. The inspissated jmee of the leaves. 
 
 Description. — The spiked aloe is an inhabitant of the southern parta
 
 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 39 
 
 of Africa, growing in sandy soil. The stem is woody, rotmd, and about 
 four feet high, and from three to five inches in diameter. The leaves 
 are thick and fleshy, with a few white spots. Spike a foot long ; flow- 
 ers scarlet, and filled with purplish honey. This tree furnishes the 
 Cape Aloes of commerce. There are other varieties, the A. Socotrina and 
 the A. vulgaris. The Socotrine aloes is an inhabitant of Socotra, and 
 the Aloe Vulgaris is generally found in the Ea.st Indies and Barbary. 
 
 History. — Aloes is of a deep brown or oUve color ; odor unpleasant, 
 taste pecuhar and bitter, powder a bright yeUow. These properties 
 change somewhat in the different varieties. It is almost completely 
 dissolved in water. 
 
 Properties and Uses. — Aloes is tonic, purgative, emmenagogue, and 
 anthelmintic. As a laxative its appUcations are limitless. It acts 
 chiefly upon the rectum, causing heat and irritation about the anus ; it 
 is therefore improper, unless associated with other medicines, to give it 
 to patients suffering with piles. It promotes the menstrual flow, but 
 when used for this purpose it had better be combined with myrrh. Its 
 chief use is as a purgative, and it should never be given in inflamma- 
 tory affections, in gastritis or enteiitis, or to females hable to sudden 
 uterine evacuation, or during pregnancy. 
 
 Dose. — Two to ten grains in pUl. 
 
 ASARABACCA (Asarum Etirop^xjm). 
 
 Common Najces. Hazlewort, or Wild Na/rd. 
 
 Medicinal Parts. Boot and leaves. 
 
 Description. — The stem of this plant is very short, simple round and 
 herbaceous, bearing dark-green reniform leaves ; also one drooping 
 flower of purple color, without coroUa. The fruit is a capsule. 
 
 History. — This is a European plant, growing in moist bill y woods, and 
 flowers from May to August. The root, when dried, has a pepper-like 
 odor, spicy taste, and yields an ash-colored powder ; the leaves give a 
 green powder, and have the same medicinal properties as of the root. 
 They impart their virtues to water or alcohol. 
 
 Properties and Uses. — Emetic, cathartic, and errhine. Used princi- 
 pally as an errhine in certain affections of the brain, eyes, face, and 
 throat, toothache, and paralysis of the mouth and tongue. It is used 
 by drunkards in France to promote vomiting. 
 
 Dose. — Powder, 10 or 12 graios ; as an emetic, from one-half to one 
 drachm. 
 
 AYA-PAJS'A (Aya-pana Eupatorium). 
 
 Medicinal Parts. The wIwU plant. 
 
 Description. — While traveling in Paraguay, South America, some
 
 40 
 
 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 
 
 years ago, I became acquainted Math a species of Eupatmum or Lung- 
 wort called Aya-poTia, possessed of most ex- 
 traordinary virtues in consumption and other 
 diseases of the chest. In Paraguay, which is 
 a veiy paradise on earth, numerous medicinal 
 herbs of exceeding great value grow to tho 
 greatest perfection. The Aya-pana belongs 
 to the class of Ewpatorium Perfolkitum^ though 
 qiute unlike the Lungxcort and Thoi^ougli-wort, 
 indigenous to North America. The Aya-pmia 
 is only found on the eastern slope of the 
 Andes, on the mountain sides, along the sun- 
 ny banks of streams, and beautifully luxuriant 
 on all the tributaries to the Amazon, and La 
 Plata especially. It is a perennial plant, with 
 numerous erect, round, hairy stems, five to 
 ten feet high, the stalk plain below, but 
 branching out in numerous stems near the 
 top. The leaves grow on the opposite sides of 
 ya-pana. ^-^^ stalk in pairs, each pair being joined at 
 
 the base. The direction of each pair of leaves is at right angles with 
 that of the pair either above or beneath. The leaves are long and nar- 
 row, broadest at the base where they coalesce, gradually tapering to a 
 seriated point, wrinkled, palish green on the under surface, and beset 
 with white silken hairs, which add much effect to their greenish-gfray 
 color. The flowers are snow-white, slightly tinged with a piu'plish hue 
 at the end, very numerous, supported on hairy peduncles. The calyx 
 is cylindrical, and composed of imbricated, lanceolate, hairy scales, in- 
 closing from twelve to fifteen tubular florets, having their border divid- 
 ed into five spreading segments. There are five black anthers united in 
 a tube, through which a bifid filiform style projects above the flower, 
 rendering the whole a beautiful and picturesque plant. 
 
 Uistory. — It flowers constantly during the diy or sunny season, the 
 blossoms and leaves being only used for medicinal jturposes. The flow- 
 ers are better than the leaves, have an aromatic odor, resembling slight- 
 ly chamomile, and possess a strong bitter taste, somewhat like hore- 
 hound or quassia, which virtue is imparted either to water or alcohol. 
 Resin, guna, balsam, and mucilage are among the principal constituents 
 of the flowers. The flowers are gathered in the morning on sunny days, 
 carefully dried in the sun or by ai'tificial heat, when they are put up in 
 bags or cedar boxes, and become ready for medicinal use. Prepared in 
 this way, the flowers and leaves retain their properties for years, im- 
 proving in their virtues by age, adding to their rich honey-like yellow 
 coloring matter when distilled for medical purposes.
 
 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 41 
 
 Properties and Uses. — This plant may rightly be regarded as a specifio 
 in all forms of pulmonary and bronchial affections. It has also great 
 influence over the valvulax action of the heart, in its healthfvil invigor- 
 ation of the arterial and venous systems, and its wonderful power in 
 expelling carbonic acid from the air-cells and pulmonary vessels, prior 
 to the elimination of rich vermilion blood through the great aorta of 
 the human economy. 
 
 It is one of the ingredients of my ' ' Acacian Balsam " (see page 469), 
 which, with various other remarkable medicinal agents, forms one of the 
 most wonderful remedies for coughs, colds, and consumption ever com- 
 pounded. The plant is not much known in this country, and only im- 
 ported by myself, and can consequently not be had in apothecaries'. 
 
 BALM (Melissa Officinalis), 
 
 Medicinal Part. TJie herb. 
 
 Description. — Balm is a perennial herb, with upright, branching, four- 
 Bided stems, from ten to twenty inches high. The leaves are broadly 
 ovate, acute, and more or less hauy. The flowers are pale yeUow, with 
 ascending stamens. 
 
 History. — Balm is a native of France, but naturalized in England and 
 the United States. It grows in fields, along road-sides, and is weD 
 known as a garden plant, flowering from May to August. The whole 
 plant is officinal or medicinal, and should be collected previous to flow- 
 ering. In a fresh state it has a lemon-like odor, which is nearly lost by 
 drying. Its taste is aromatic, faintly astringent, with a degree of per- 
 sistent bitterness. Boiling water extracts its virtues. Balm contains a 
 bitter extractive substance, a little tannin, gum, and a peculiar volatile 
 oil. A pound of the plant yields about four grains of the oil, which is 
 of a yellowish or reddish-yellow color, very liquid, and possessing the 
 fragrance of the plant in a high degree. The Nepeta Citriodoi-a., a pow- 
 erful emmenagogue, is sometimes cultivated and employed by mistake 
 for Balm. It has the same odor, but may be distinguished by having 
 both surfaces of the leaves hairy. 
 
 Properties and Uses. — It is moderately stimulant, diaphoretic, and 
 antispasmodic. A warm infusion, drank freely, is very serviceable to 
 produce sweating, or as a diaphoretic in fevers. It is also very useful 
 in painful menstruation, and also to assist the courses of females. When 
 given in fevers, it may be rendered more agreeable by the addition of 
 lemon- juice. The infusion may be taken at pleasure. 
 
 BALMONT (Chelone Glabra), 
 
 Common Names. Snake head, Turtle bloom. Salt rheum weed. 
 
 Medicinal Part. The leaves. 
 
 Description. — This is a perennial, smooth, herbaceous plant, with
 
 42 THE compijEte herbalist. 
 
 simple erect stem about two or three feet high. The leaves are oppo- 
 site, sessile, oblong-lanceolate, acuminate, serrate, and of a dark shining 
 green color. The fruit is a capsule. 
 
 IIMory. — This valuable medical plant is found in the United States, 
 in damp soils, flowering in August and September. The flowers are 
 ornamental, and vary in color according to the variety of the plant. The 
 leaves are exceedingly bitter, but inodorous, and impart their virtues to 
 water and alcohol. 
 
 Properties and Uses. — It is tonic, cathartic, and anthelmintic ; verj' 
 vnluable in jaundice, liver diseases, and for the removal of worms. In 
 small doses it is a good tonic in dyspepsia, debility of the digestive 
 organs, and during convalescence from febrile and inflammatory dis- 
 eases. An ointment made from the fresh leaves is valuable for piles, 
 inflamed breasts, tumors, and painful ulcers. 
 
 Dose. — Of the powdered leaves, one drachm ; of the tincture, one or 
 two teaspoonsful ; of the active principle, Chelonin.i one or two grains. 
 
 BARBERRY (Berberis Vtjlgaeis), 
 
 Medicinal Part. Bark and berries. 
 
 Description. — Barberry is an erect, deciduous shrub, from three to 
 eight feet high, with leaves of an obovate-oval form, terminated by soft 
 bristles, about two inches long, and one-third as wide. The flowers are 
 BmaU and yellow, in clusters, and the fruit bright-red oblong berries, in 
 branches, and very acid. 
 
 Histoi'y. — This shrub is found in the New England States, on the 
 mountatris of Pennsylvania and Virginia, among rocks and hard gravelly 
 soil. Occasionally it is found in the West on rich groimds. It flowers 
 in April and May, and ripens its fruit in June. Its active principle is 
 Berberina. 
 
 Properties and Uses. — It is tonic and laxative, indicated ia jaundice, 
 chronic diarrhoea, and dysentery. The berries form an agreeable acidu- 
 lous draught, useful as a refrigerant in fevers ; the bark is bitter and 
 astringent, and used in the treatment of jaundice. The bark of the root 
 is the most active ; a teaspoonful of the powder will act as a purgative. 
 A decoction of the bark or berries will be found of service as a wash or 
 gargle in aphthous sore mouth and chronic ophthalmia. 
 
 BAYBERRY (Mykica Cerifera). 
 
 Common Name. Wax Myrtle. 
 Medicinal Part. The bark of the root. 
 
 Description. — This shrub is branching and partially evergreen, and 
 varies in height from two to a dozen feet. The flowers appear in May,
 
 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 
 
 4S 
 
 Bayberry. 
 
 before tlie leaves are fully expanded. The fruits are small and globular, 
 resembling berries, which are at first green, 
 but become nearly white. They consist of a 
 hard stone, inclosing a two-lobed and two- 
 seeded kernel. On the outside of the stone 
 are gunpowder-like grains, and over these is 
 a crust of dry greenish-white wax. 
 
 History. — Bayberry is found in woods and 
 fields, from Canada to Florida. The bark of 
 the root is the officinal part, but the wax is 
 also used. Water must be employed to ex- 
 tract the astringent principles of the root- 
 bark, alcohol to extract its stimulating virtues. 
 The period at which the root shordd be col- 
 lected is the latter part of fall. Cleanse it 
 thoroughly, and while fresh separate the bark 
 with a hammer or club. Dry the bark thor- 
 oughly and keep it in a dry place ; then pulverize, and keep the powder 
 in dark and sealed vessels. In order to obtain the wax, boil the berries 
 in water ; the wax will soon float on the surface, and may be removed 
 when it becomes cold and hardened. 
 
 Properties and Uses. — The bark has been successfully used in scrofula, 
 jaundice, diarrhoea, dysentery, and in other cases where astringent 
 stimulants were indicated. Powdered, it has been employed as a snuff, 
 with curative effect, in catarrh of the head and nasal polypus. It is 
 sometimes applied, in poultice form, to old ulcers, sores, tumors, etc. ; 
 but is better for these when combined with Bloodroot. The wax pos- 
 sesses mild astringent with narcotic properties. The real properties of 
 Bayberry bark are found in a preparation called Myricin., which is a 
 stimulant and astringent, and can be employed to the best advantage in 
 dysentery with typhoid symptoms, chronic diarrhoea, scrofula, and fol- 
 licular stomatitis. Its greatest and most salutary influence is exerted 
 over a diseased condition of the mucous surface. Myricin should be 
 administered internally by the advice of a physician acquainted with 
 its virtues. It may be applied externally to sores, ulcers, etc. , by any- 
 body ; but its immediate effects must be neutralized by a poultice of 
 slippery elm 
 
 ARBERRY (Arctostapitylos Uva-Ursi). 
 
 Common Name. The Upland Cranberry. 
 Medicinal Part. The Leaves. 
 
 Description. — Bearberry is a small, perennial shrub, having a long 
 fibrous root. The stems arc woody and trailing ; bark smooth. The
 
 44 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 
 
 leaves are alternate, evergreen, obovate, acute, and have sTiort petioles. 
 The fruit is a smalL scarlet-colored drupaceoas berry. 
 
 History. — This plant is a perennial evergreen, common in the northern 
 part of Europe and America. It grows on dry, sterile, sandy soils, and 
 gravelly ridges. The berries ripen in winter, although the flowers 
 appear from June to September. The green leaves, picked from the 
 stems in the fall and dried in a moderate heat, are the parts used. 
 These leaves are odorless imtil reduced to powder, when the odor 
 emitted is like that of dried grass. The powder is of a hght brown 
 color, tinged with a yellowish green. The taste is astringent and bit- 
 terish. The properties of the leaves are extracted by alcohol or water. 
 A preparation called Ursin is made from them. 
 
 Properties and Uses. — Uva Ursi is especially astringent and tonic, de- 
 pending upon these qualities for the most of its good effects. It is par- 
 ticularly useful in chronic diarrhcsa, dysentery, profuse menstruation, 
 piles, diabetes, and other similar complaints. It possesses rare curative 
 principles when administered for diseases of the urinary organs, more 
 especially in chronic affections of the kidneys, mucous discharges from 
 the bladder, inflammation of the latter organ, and all derangements of 
 the water-passages. It is also a valuable assistant in the cure of gon- 
 on-hoea of long standing, whites, ulceration of the cervix uteri (or neck 
 of the womb), pain in the vesical region, etc. Many physicians now 
 rely upon it as the basis of their remedy for gonorrhoea which is accom- 
 panied by mucous discharges, and for all kindred afflictions. Its tannic 
 acid gives it great power in rectifying and extirpating the obstinate and 
 disagreeable complaints we have mentioned. 
 
 Dose. — The dose of the powder is ten to forty grains; of the decoc- 
 tion, one to two fluid ounces — (to make this, boil a pint and a half of pure 
 water, containing one ounce of uva ursi, down to a pint) ; of the extract, 
 five to ten gpcains. 
 
 BEARS BED fPoLYTRicniUM Juntperitm). 
 
 Common Names. Hair -carp Moss., Eobin's Itye., Ground Moss. 
 
 Mf-Dicinal Part. The whole plant. 
 
 Description. — This is an indigenous plant, having a perennial stem. 
 Blender, of a reddish color, and from four to seven inches high ; leaves 
 lanceolate, and somewhat spreading. The fruit a four-sided oblong 
 capsule. 
 
 Hixtory. — This evergreen plant is found in high, dry places, along the 
 margins of dry woods, mostly on poor sandy soil. It is of darker green 
 color than the mosses in general. It yields its virtues to boiling water. 
 
 Properties and Uses. — This plant is not much kno\vn as ,a remedial 
 agent, but is nevertheless a valuable remedy. It is a powerfid diuretic,
 
 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 45 
 
 and very serviceable in dropsy. It is very useful in gravel and urinary 
 obstructions. It causes no nausea or disagreeable sensations in the 
 stomacli, and may be used with the hydragogne cathartics with decided 
 advantage in dropsical affections. 
 
 BEAD TREE (Melia Azedarach). 
 
 Common Name. Pride of China. 
 
 Medicinal Part. The hark of the root. 
 
 Descnption. — This is an elegant tree, which attains the height of 
 thirty or forty feet, ^vith a trunk about a foot and a half in diameter. 
 The bark is rough ; leaves bipinnate ; flowers lilac color ; calyx five- 
 parted ; coroUa has five petals ; stamens deep violet ; anthers yellow. 
 The fiTiit is a five-ceUed bony nut. 
 
 History. — It is a native of China, but cultivated in the warm climates 
 of Europe and America. It does not grow to any extent north of Vir- 
 ginia, and flowers early in the spring. Its name of Bead Tree is derived 
 from the use to which its hard nuts are put in Roman Catholic countries, 
 VIZ. , for making rosaries. The recent bark of the root is the most active 
 part for medicinal puqDOses. It has a disagreeably bitter taste and a 
 very unpleasant odor, and imparts its properties to boiling water. 
 
 Properties and Uses. — The bark is anthelmintic, and in large doses 
 narcotic and emetic. It is useful in worm fevers and in infantile re- 
 mittents, in which, although worms are absent, yet the symptoms are 
 similar to those accompanying the presence of worms. 
 
 The fruit is somewhat saccharine, and is an excellent remedy to expel 
 worms. Its pulp is used as an ointment for destroying lice and other 
 ectozoa, as well as in treatnaent of scald head and other diseases of the 
 skin. The oil of the nuts is useful as a local application in rheuma- 
 tism, cramps, obstinate ulcers, etc. 
 
 Dose. — Of the powdered bark, twenty grains ; of the decoction (which 
 is the best form for administration — two ounces of the bark to a pint of 
 water, and boiled down to a half a pint), a tablespoonful every one, two, 
 or three hours, till the desired effect is obtained. A purgative should 
 foUow its employment. — See '■'■ Renovating Pill.,'''' page 469. 
 
 BELLADONNA (Atropa Belladonna). 
 
 Common Names. Dmdh/ Nightshade, Dwale, Black Cherry, etc. 
 
 Medicinal Part. The leases. 
 
 Description. — This perennial herb has a thick, fleshy, creeping root, 
 and an annual erect leafy stem about three feet high. Leaves ovate, 
 acute, entire, on short petioles, and of a dull green color. The flowers 
 are dark purple, and fruit a many-seeded berry. 
 
 History. — This plant is common to Europe, growing among ruins and
 
 46 
 
 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 
 
 •waste places, blossoming from May to August, and maturing its fruit in 
 September. The leaves should be gathered while the plant is in flower. 
 They yield their virtues to water and alcohol. 
 
 Properties and Uses. — Belladonna is an 
 energetic narcotic. It is anodyne, antispas- 
 .modic, calmative, and relaxant ; exceedingly 
 valuable in all convulsive diseases. It is much 
 iised as a preventive of scarlatina, and as a 
 cure for whooping-cough. It dilates the pupil 
 of the eyes very measurably, and they should 
 always be watched whenever the plant is ad- 
 ministered. In the hands of the educated 
 herbal physician it is a very useful remedy ; 
 but I caution my readers not to use it in 
 domestic practice. 
 
 BETH-ROOT (Tkillitoi pendulum). 
 
 CosiiiON Names. Wake Bobtn, Indian Balm, 
 BeUadonaa. Ground Lily, etc. 
 
 Medicestal Part. 27ie root. 
 
 Description. — This is an herbaceous, perennial plant, having an oblong 
 ^tuberous root, from which arises a slender stem from ten to fifteen 
 inches high. The leaves are three in number, acuminate, from three to 
 five inches in diameter, with a very short petiole. The flowers are 
 white, sepals green, petals ovate and acute, styles erect, and stigmas 
 recurved. 
 
 Histori/. — This plant is common in the ]\Iiddle and Western States, 
 growing in rich soils and shady woods, flowering in May and June. 
 There are many varieties, all possessing analogous medicinal properties. 
 These plants may be generally knoAvn by their three net-veined leaves, 
 and their solitary terminal flower, which varies in color in the different 
 species, being whitish-yeUow and reddish- white. The roots have a faint 
 turj^entine odor, and a peculiar aromatic and sweetish taste. "WTien 
 chewed they impart an acid astringent impression to the mouth, caus- 
 ing a flow of saliva and a sensation of heat in the throat and fauces. 
 Trillin e is its active principle. 
 
 Pi'operties and Uses. — It is astringent, tonic, and antiseptic, and is 
 successfully employed in bleeding from the lungs, kidneys, and womb, 
 excessive menstruation, and likewise in leucorrhcea or whites, and cough, 
 asthma, and difficult breathing. Boiled in mUk, it Ls of eminent benefit 
 in diarrhoea and dysentery. The root made into a poultice is very useful 
 in tumors, indolent and offensive ulcers, stings of insects, and to restrain 
 gangrene ; and the leaves boiled in lard are a good application to ulcers, 
 tumors, etc. The red Beth-root will check ordinary epistaxis, or bleed-
 
 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 47 
 
 ing of the nose. The leaves boiled in lard is a good external application 
 in ulcers and tumors. A strong infusion of powdered Beth-root, of from 
 two to four tablespoonf Ills, is the most pleasant form of administration 
 of this valuable remedy. 
 
 Dose of the powdered root is one drachm, to be given in hot water ; of 
 the infusion, two to four ounces. 
 
 BIEDS' NEST (Monotropa Uniflora). 
 
 Common Names. Ice Plant, Fit Plant, Ova-ova, Indian Pipe. 
 
 Medicinal Part. The root. 
 
 Description.— This plant has a dark-colored, fibrous, perennial root, 
 matted in masses like a chestnut vine, from which arise one or more 
 Bhort ivory-white stems, four to eight inches high, adorned with white, 
 sessile, lanceolate leaves. 
 
 History. — This singular plant is found from Maine to CaroUna, and 
 westward to Missouri, growing in shady, solitary places, ia rich moist 
 soil, or soil composed of decayed wood and leaves. The whole plant is 
 ivory-white, resembling frozen jelly, and when handled melts away like 
 ice. It flowers from June to September. It is evidently a parasite of 
 the roots at the base of trees. 
 
 Properties and Uses. — It is tonic, sedative, and antispasmodic. It is 
 useful in fevers, and employed in instances of restlessness, pains, nervous 
 irritability, etc., in place of opium. It cvires remittent and intermittent 
 fevers, and may be employed instead of quinine. Prompt success has 
 followed its use in convulsive diseases. The juice of the plant mixed 
 with rose-water forms an excellent application to sore eyes, or as an in- 
 jection in gonorrhoea. It is very singular that people will use injurious 
 drugs, or permit themselves to take them, when in this queer little herb 
 that grows all around them, and which by its singular character invites 
 attention to it, they can find a sovereign remedy for numberless ills. 
 
 Dose. — Of the powdered root, half a drachm to a drachm, two or three 
 times a day. 
 
 BITTER ROOT (Apocynum Andros^mipolitjm). 
 
 Common Names. Dog's-bane, Milk-weed, etc. 
 
 Medicinal Part. The root. 
 
 Descnption. — This is a smooth, elegant plant, five or six feet high, 
 with a large perennial root. The leaves are dark-green above, pale be- 
 neath, ovate, and about two or three inches long and an inch wide. 
 Corolla white, calyx five-cleft, and stamens five. Fruit a foUicle. Every 
 part of the plant is mUky. 
 
 History. — This plant is indigenous to the United States, growing in 
 dry, sandy soils, and in. the borders of woods, from Maine to Florida,
 
 48 
 
 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 
 
 flowering from May to Augnst. WTien any part of the plant is wounded 
 a mUky juice exudes. The large, milky root is the part used for medi- 
 cinal purposes. It possesses an unpleasant amarous taste. It yields its 
 properties to alcohol, but especially to water. Age impairs its medickial 
 quality. 
 
 Properties and Uses. — Emetic, diaphoretic, tonic, and laxative. It is 
 very valuable in all liver or chronic hepatic affections. In conjunction 
 with Menispcrmin, it is excellent in dyspepsia and amenorrhoea. TVlien 
 it is required to promptly empty the stomach, without causing much 
 nausea or a relaxed condition of the muscular system, the powdered 
 root may be given in two or three scruple doses ; but much prostration 
 is apt to ensue. As a laxative it is useful in constipation. As a tonic, 
 ten or twenty grains may be given to stimulate the digestive apparatus, 
 and thus effect a corresponding impression on the general system. It is 
 also useful as an alterative in rheumatism, scrofula, and syphilis. 
 
 BITTER-S"\VEET (Aii^vKA DuLCis, SoLANUM Dulcamara). 
 
 Common Names. Mortal, Woody Nig7iUlMde, Felon Wort, etc. 
 SIedicinal Part. Bark of root and twigs. 
 
 Description. — Bitter-Sweet is a woody vine, with a shrubby stem 
 several feet in length, having an ashy green bark. Leaves acute, and 
 
 generally smooth, lower one cordate, 
 upper ones hastate. The flowers are 
 pui-ple, and the fruit a scarlet, juicy 
 and bitter berry, which, however, 
 should not be eaten or used. 
 
 nistory. — Bitter-Sweet is common 
 to both Europe and America, growing 
 in moist banks, around dwellings, and 
 in low damp grounds, about hedges 
 and thickets, and flowering in June 
 and July. The berries ripen in au- 
 tumn, and hang upon the vines for 
 several months. After the foliage 
 has fallen the twigs should be gath- 
 ered. Boiling water and dilute alco- 
 hol extract their virtues. 
 
 Properties and Uses. — It is a mild 
 narcotic, diuretic, alterative, diaphor- 
 etic, and discutient. It is serviceable 
 in cutaneous diseases, syphilitic diseases, rheumatic and cachectic affec- 
 tions, ill-conditioned ulcers, scrofula, indurations, sores, glandular 
 Bwellings. etc. In obstructed menstruation it serves a good purpose. 
 
 Bitter-Sweet.
 
 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 49 
 
 It is of incalculable benefit in leprosy, tetter, and aU skin diseases. It 
 excites the venereal functions, and is in fact capable of wide application 
 and use. I regard this plant as important as any in the herbal kingdom, 
 and too little justice is done to it by those under whose care the sick are 
 entrusted. It receives but half the homage that is due to it. 
 
 The world knows the virtues of my "Herbal Ointment" (see page 
 409), and which is in great measure due to Bitter-Sweet, as it is one of 
 the ingredients. 
 
 Dose. — Of the decoction, one or two fluid ounces ; extract, two to five 
 grains ; powdered leaves, ten to thirty grains. 
 
 BLUE FLAG (Iris Versicolor). 
 
 Medicinal Part. The rMzome. 
 
 Dencnftum.- — Blue Flag is an indigenous plant, with a fleshy, fibrous 
 rhizome. The stem is two or three feet in height, round on one side, 
 acute on the other, and frequently branched. The leaves are ensiform, 
 about a foot long, half an inch to an inch wide. The fruit a three-ceUed 
 capsule. 
 
 Hiistoi-y. — Blue Flag is common throughout the United States, grow- 
 ing in moist places, and bearing blue or purple flowers from May to 
 July. The root has a peculiar odor, augmented by rubbing or pulveriz- 
 ing, and a disagreeable taste. It imparts its virtues to boiling water, 
 alcohol, or ether. The root should be sliced transversely, dried, and 
 placed in dark vessels, well closed, and placed in a dark place ; it will 
 then preserve its virtues for a long time. The oleo-resin obtained from 
 it is called Iridin, its active i^rinciple. 
 
 Properties and Uses.- — This is one among our most valuable medicmal 
 plants, capable of extensive use. It is alterative, cathartic, sialogogue, 
 vermifuge, and diuretic. In scrofula and syphilis it acts as a .powerful 
 and efficient agent, and I employ it in my special treatment of chronic 
 diseases extensively and successfully. It is useful in chronic hepatic, 
 renal, and splenitic ailections, but had best be combined with man- 
 drake, poke, black cohosh, etc. It will sometimes salivate, but it need 
 cause no apprehension ; and when this effect is established, it may be dis- 
 tinguished from mercurial salivation by absence of stench, sponginess of 
 the gums, and loosening of the teeth. 
 
 Dose. — Powdered root, five to ten grains ; Iridin, one graiu. 
 
 BLUE VERVAIN (Verbena Hastata). 
 
 Common Names. Wild Hyssop, Bimplcfs Joy. 
 
 Medicinal Part, lite root and herb. 
 
 Description. — ^Vervain is an erect, taU, elegant, and perennial plant.
 
 50 
 
 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 
 
 Blue Vervain. 
 
 with a four-angled stem three or four feet high, having opposite 
 
 branches. The leaves are petiolate, ser- 
 rate, acuminate, and hastate. The flower 
 is a small purplish blue one, sessile, and ar- 
 ranged in long sjiikes. Seeds, four. 
 
 History. — Vervain is indigenous to the 
 United States, and grows along roadsides, 
 and in dry, grassy fields, flowering from 
 June to September. It is also found in 
 England, gi'owing among hedges, by the 
 way-side, and other waste grounds, flower- 
 ing in July, and the seeds ripening soon 
 after. 
 
 Properties and Uses. — Vervain is tonic, 
 expectorant, sudorific, and antispasmodic. 
 It is serviceable in mismenstruation. It is 
 an antidote to poke-poisoning. It expels 
 worms, and is a capital agent for the cure of 
 all diseases of the si3leen and liver. If given 
 in intermittent fever, in a warm infusion or powder, it never fails to 
 effect a cure. In all cases of cold and obstinate menstruation it is a 
 most complete and advantageous sudorific. When the circulation of the 
 blood is weak and languid, it will increase it and restore it to its proper 
 operation. The infusion, taken cold, forms a good tonic ia Cases of 
 constitutional debihty, and during convalescence from acute diseases. 
 Its value has been found to be great in scrofula, visceral obstructions, 
 and stone and gravel. It will correct diseases of the stomach, help 
 coughs, wheezing, and shortness of breath, etc. , but its virtues are more 
 wonderful stiU La the effect they produce upon epilepsy, or falling sick- 
 ness, and fits. 
 
 This great — very great — medicinal value of this plant was brought to 
 my attention by an accidental knowledge of the good it had effected in 
 a long-standing case of epilepsy. Its effects in that case were of the 
 most remarkable character, and I was, therefore, led to study most care- 
 fully and minutely its medicinal peculiarities. I found, after close in- 
 vestigation and elaborate experiment, that, prepared in a certain way, 
 and compounded with boneset, water-pepper, chamomile blossoms, and 
 the best of whiskey, it has no equal for the cure of fits, or falling sick- 
 ness, or anything like fits ; also for indigestion, dyspepsia, and liver 
 complaints of every grade. A more valuable plant is not found within 
 the whole range of the herbal pharmacopoeia. See '■'■Restoratlce Assimi- 
 lant" page 469. 
 
 The follo\ving application is singularly effective in promoting the ab- 
 Borption of the blood, effusion in bruises, and allaying the attendant
 
 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 
 
 51 
 
 pain : Take of Vervain, Senna, and WTiite Pepper, of each equal parts ; 
 make a cataplasm or plaster by mixing with white of eggs. 
 
 It is also most valuable as a cure for diarrhoea, stomachic and enterio 
 paius, bowel complaints, and a superexcellent tonic. 
 
 I first brought the notice of physicians to this plant about twelve yeara 
 ago, previous to which it was unknown as a remedy, but which is now 
 used by very many physicians, whose reports of its virtues in varioua 
 medical journals, published works, and to me by correspondence, are aa 
 flattering as my own. 
 
 Dose. — Of the powdered root, from one to two scruples ; the dose of 
 the tufusion is from two to four wtue-glassf uls three or four times o, 
 day, if an emetic is desired. 
 
 BLACK COHOSH (CiMiciFUGA Kacemosa). 
 
 Common Names. Rattleroot, Squaw Root, Black SnaJce Boot. 
 
 Medicinal Part. The root. 
 
 DescHption. — This plant is a tail, leafy perennial herb, with a largfe 
 knotty root, having long slender fibres. The stem is simple, smooth, 
 and furrowed, and from three to nine feet 
 high. The flower is a small and fetid one. 
 
 History. — It is a native of the United States, 
 inhabiting upland woods and hillsides, and 
 flowering from May to August. The root is 
 the medicinal part. It contains a resin, to 
 which the names of Cimicifitgin or Macrotin 
 have been given ; likewise fatty substances, 
 starch, gum, tannic acid, etc. The leaves of 
 Cimicifuga are said to drive away bugs ; hence 
 its name from cimex, a bug, and fugo, to drive 
 away. 
 
 Boiling water takes up the properties of the 
 root but partially, alcohol wholly. 
 
 Pro])erti(s and Uses. — It is a very active and 
 useful remedy in many diseases. It is slightly 
 narcotic, sedative, antispasmodic, and exerts a 
 marked influence over the nervous system. It is successfully used in 
 cholera, periodical convulsions, fits, epilepsy, nervous excitability, asth- 
 ma, delirium tremens, and many spasmodic affections, and in consump- 
 tion, cough, acute rheumatism, neuralgia, and scrofula. Also, very val- 
 uable in amenorrhoea, dysmenorrhcea, and other menstrual and uterine 
 affections, leucorrhcea, etc. The saturated tincture of the root is a val- 
 uable embrocation in all cases of inflammation of the nerves, tic doulou - 
 reuz, crick in the back or sides, rheumatism, old ulcers, etc. It has an 
 
 Black Coliosh.
 
 52 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 
 
 especial affinity for the uterus, and as it reduces very materially the 
 arterial action, it is, hence, very usefiil la palpitation of the heart, and 
 cardiac affections generally. 
 
 It exerts a tonic influence over mucous and serous tissues, and is a 
 superior remedy in a variety of chronic diseases. In my special practice 
 I use it largely, and its use, in conjunction with other indicated reme- 
 dies, has afforded me flattering success in many chronic affections. 
 
 i>tfse. — Flviid extract, half a drachm to two drachms; solid extract, 
 four to eight grains ; of the tincture the dose is from one to three tea 
 spoonsful ; of Cimicifugin the dose is from one to six grains. 
 
 BLAZING STAR (Liatris Squarrosa). 
 
 Common Names. Oay Feather, DeviVs Bit, etc. 
 
 Medicinal Part. The root. 
 
 Description. — There are three varieties of this plant used in medicine. 
 The above is the most common one. It has a tuberous root, and an 
 erect annual stem from two to five feet high, linear leaves, and flowers 
 eessQe, and of bright purple color. 
 
 Liatris Spicata, or Button Snake Boot, is very similar to the above. 
 
 Liatris Scariosa, or Oay Feather, has a perennial tuberous root, with 
 a stout stem from four to five feet high. The leaves are numerous and 
 lanceolate, lower one on long petioles. 
 
 History. — The two former are natives of the Jliddle and Soathem 
 States, and the latter is f oimd from New England to Wisconsin. These 
 splendid natives flower from August to September. The roots have a 
 hot bitter taste and an agreeable turi^entine odor. The virtues are ex- 
 tracted by alcohol. 
 
 Properties and Uses. — These plants are diuretic, tonic, stimulant, and 
 emmenagogue. The decoction is very useful in gonon-hoea, gleet, and 
 kidney diseases. It is also of service in uterine diseases. As a gargle 
 in sore throat it is of great advantage. These plants axe used for, and 
 Baid to have antidotal powers over snake-bites. 
 
 BONESET (EUPATORIUM Perfollitum). 
 
 Common Name. Thoroughwort. 
 
 Medicinal Parts. The tops and leaves. 
 
 Description. — Boneset is an indigenous perennial herb, with a horizon- 
 tal crooked root ; the stems being round, stout, rough and hairy, from 
 one to five feet high, and the leaves veiny, serrate, rough, and tapering 
 to along point. The flowers are white and very numerous. 
 
 History. — Boneset grows in low grounds, on the borders of swamps and 
 Btreams, throughout the United States, flowering in August and Septem-
 
 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 
 
 53 
 
 ber. Alcohol or boiling water extracts the virtues of the parts used. It 
 has a feeble odor, but a very bitter taste. It contains tannin and the 
 extractive salts of potassa. It is called 
 Boneset on account that it was formerly- 
 supposed to cause rapid union of broken 
 bones. 
 
 Properties and Uses. — It is a very valu- 
 able medicinal agent. The cold infusion 
 or extract is tonic and aperient, the warm 
 infusion diaphoretic and emetic. As a 
 tonic it is very useful in remittent, inter- 
 mittent, and typhoid fevers, dyspepsia, 
 and general debility. In intermittent fever 
 a stong infusion, as hot as can be comfort- 
 ably swallowed, is administered for the 
 purpose of vomiting freely. This is also Boneset. 
 
 attended with profuse diaphoresis, and, 
 
 sooner or later, by an evacuation of the bowels. During the intermis- 
 sion the cold infusion or extract is given every hour as a tonic 
 and antiijeriodic. In epidemic influenza the warm infusion is val- 
 uable as an emetic and diaphoretic, likewise in febrile diseases, ca- 
 tarrh, colds, and wherever such effects are indicated. The warm 
 infusion is also administered to promote the operation of other emetics. 
 Externally., used alone or ia combination with hops or tansy, etc., a 
 fomentation of the leaves applied to the bowels is very useful in iaflam- 
 mation. spasms, and painful affections. 
 
 Boneset is one of the ingredients of my " Restorative AssimUant," 
 and is certainly an excellent adjuvant to the Blue Vervain. (See page 
 409.) 
 
 Dose. — Of the powder, from ten to twenty grains; of the extract, 
 from two to four grains ; of the infusion, from two to four wineglass- 
 fuls. 
 
 BLACK ROOT (Leptahdria Virginica). 
 
 Common Names. Cvlvefs Physic, Tall Speedwell. 
 
 Medicinal Part. The root. 
 
 Description. — It is perennial, with a simple, straight, smooth, herba- 
 ( eous stem, and grows from three to four or five feet in height. The 
 leaves are short petioled, whorled in fours to sevens, lanceolate, acumi- 
 nate, and finely serrated. The flowers are white, nearly sessile, and very 
 numerous. Calyx four-parted, corolla small and nearly white ; stamens, 
 two. The fruit is a many-seeded capsule. 
 
 History. — This plant is indigenous to the United States, but is to be 
 found in good condition only in limestone countries. It is often discov-
 
 54 
 
 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 
 
 ered in new soil, in moist woods, in swamps, etc., but its medicinal vir- 
 tues are feeble, excepting when it is found where there is limestone. 
 The root is the part used. It is perennial, irregular, horizontal, woody, 
 and about as thick as the forefinger. It is gathered in the fall of the 
 second year. The fresh root should never be used, as it is very violent 
 and uncertain in its operations. The dried root, after having been 
 properly prepared, is what may be relied upon for beneficial effects. 
 Leptandrin is its active principle. 
 
 Properties and Uses. — The fresh root is too irritant to be used, although 
 a decoction of it may, with care, be used in intermittent fever. The 
 dried root is laxative, cholagogue, and tonic, and very much used in 
 chronic hepatic diseases. It is an excellent laxative in febrile diseases, 
 and peculiarly applicable in bilious and typhoid fevers. As a laxative 
 and tonic it is very useful in dyspepsia, especially when associated with 
 torpidity of the liver. In diarrhoea and dysentery, as a cathartic it fre- 
 quently effects a cure in one active dose. This admirable remedy is one 
 of the ingredients of my "Renovating Pill," see page 469. 
 
 Dose. — Powdered root, twenty to sixty grains ; infusion, half an 
 ovmce ; leptandrin, one-fourth grain to a grain. 
 
 BLOODROOT (Sanguinaria Canadensis). 
 
 Common Name. Red Ptvacoon. 
 Medicinal Part. The root. 
 Description. — Bloodroot is a smooth, her 
 baceous, perennial plant, with a fibrous root, 
 which when cut or bruised emits an orange- 
 colored juice. From each bud of the root 
 stalk there springs a single leaf about six 
 inches high, and which is cordate and reni- 
 form. The flower is white, stamens short, 
 and anthers yellow. The fruit is a two-valved 
 capsule. 
 
 History. — Bloodroot grows throughoi^t the 
 United States, in shaded woods and thickets, 
 and rich soils generally, and flowers from 
 March to June. Although the whole plant is 
 medicinal, the root is the part chiefly used. 
 The fresh root is fleshy, round, and from one 
 to foiTT inches in length, and as thick as the 
 fingers. It presents a beautiful appearance when cut and placed under 
 a microscope, seeming like an aggregation of minute precious stones. 
 The dried root is dark brown outside, bright yellow inside ; has a faint 
 virose odor, and a bitter and acrid taste. It may be readily reduced to 
 
 Bloodroot,
 
 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 55 
 
 powder. Its active properties are taken up by boiling water or by 
 alcohol. Age and moisture impair the qualities of the root, and it is 
 of the utmost consequence to get that which has been properly gathered, 
 and not kept too long. It yields several principles, among which are 
 sanguinaria, pucciiie, chelidonic acid, a yellowish fixed oU, lignin, and 
 gum. 
 
 Properties and Uses. — The actions of Bloodroot vary according to ad- 
 ministration. In small doses it stimulates the digestive organs, acting 
 as a stimulant and tonic. In large doses it is an arterial sedative. It 
 is usef\il in bronchitis, laryngitis, whooiDiag-cough, and other affections 
 of the respiratory organs. It excites the energies of a tor^jid liver, and 
 has proved beneficial in scrofula, amenorrhoea, and dysentery. Applied 
 to fungous growths, ulcers, fleshy excrescences, cancerous affections, 
 the powder acts as an escharotic, and the infusion is often applied with 
 benefit to skin diseases. 
 
 Dose.- — Of the powder as an emetic, ten to twenty grains ; as a stimu- 
 lant and expectorant, three to five grains ; as an alterative, half a grain 
 to two grains. Tincture, twenty to sixty droijs. 
 
 BOX (Buxus Sempekvikens). 
 
 MEDicnsTAL Part. The leaves. 
 
 Description. — Box is a small, dense-leaved, hard-wood evergreen tree. 
 The leaves are ovate, deep shining green, becoming red in autumn ; 
 flowers pale yellow ; and the fruit a six-seeded globular capsule. 
 
 History. — The box tree is a native of the west of Asia, but grows on 
 dry hills and sandy elevations generally in Europe, and but rarely on 
 similar soil in America. A preparation called Buxina is obtained from, 
 the powdered bark, but the leaves are the parts mainly used in medical 
 practice. They readily impart their virtues to alcohol or water. 
 
 Properties and Uses. — It is cathartic, sudorific, and alterative. The 
 preparations of the leaves are excellent for the expulsion of worms, for 
 purging the bowels, and regulating the action of the liver ; for brealdng 
 fevers, and for purifying the blood and glandular secretions. In syrup 
 it is very valuable as a cure for all diseases of a syphilitic character, and 
 may be u.sed alone to great advantage, where the compound syrup of 
 stillingia cannot be obtained. The still ingia is preferable if it is at all 
 to be had. The dose of a strong decoction, or syrup, of box, is half a 
 fluid ounce, three times a day. In very severe cases the dose may be 
 increased to a fluid ounce ; but this should not be undertaken excepting 
 by the advice of a physician. When intestinal worms are to be destroyed 
 or expelled, the powdered leaves are usuaUy administered in, to chil- 
 dren, doses of five grains ; to adults, in doses of from ten to fifteen 
 grains. It possesses antispasmodic qualities, and has been given with
 
 56 TKE COMPLETE IIEUBALIST. 
 
 good effect in hysteria, epilepsy, chorea (St. Titus' Dance), etc. Chips 
 of the wood (decoction) are useful in chronic rheumatism. The chief 
 value of the Buxits Semj^ervirens, however, centres in its antisyphilitic 
 virtues. I combtae it with corydalis (Turkey pea) and the compound 
 syrup of stillingia, in such a manner that it will surely cure syphilis in 
 the first, second, or third stage ; also certaiu forms of scrofula and 
 Bcurvy. In other diseases it is no better than many other plants men- 
 tioned in this book. 
 
 The reader wiU do well to remember that the common garden box 
 possesses the medical qualities of the Buxus Sempervirens to a feeble 
 extent only. The powerful antisjT)hLlitic virtues of which I have spoken 
 can be procured only from the leaves of the tree reared in Asia, the in- 
 fluences of that climate being requisite to perfect them. 
 
 BlICHU (Baros:ma Crenata). 
 
 Medicinajl Pakt. TJie lectves. 
 
 Descripticm. — This plant has a slender, smooth, upright, perennial 
 Btem, between two and three feet high. The leaves are opposite, flat, 
 about an inch long, ovate or obovate, acute, serrated, and dotted. The 
 flowers are pink, and fruit an ovate capsule. 
 
 nistory. — The Buchu plant is a native of Southern Africa. It does 
 not grow very prolificaUy. There are two other varieties from which 
 the leaves are taken, and which are of equal value with the Baromna 
 Crenata. The leaves are the i)arts ^vhich are termed officinal. The 
 Hottentots gather these leaves (which emit a sort of minty odor) and 
 powder them. "The powder," says a traveler, "they have named 
 Booko^ and they use it for anointing their bodies." They also distil the 
 leaves, and obtaia from them a strong spirituous liquor somewhat re- 
 sembling pale brandy, which they not only use for con\'ivial purposes, 
 but for the cure of vaiious diseases, particularly those which are located 
 in the stomach, bladder, bowels, and kidneys. A decoction of the 
 leaves is systematically applied by them, with success, we are told, to 
 wovmds ; but this is an assertion of which we have no direct proof. As 
 we get them, the leaves are nearly, or quite, an inch in length, and from 
 a sixth to half an inch in width, elhptical, lanceolate, slightly acute, or 
 shorter and obtuse ; their margin is serrated and glandular, upper sur- 
 face smooth, and of a clear shining green, the under surface paler, with 
 scattered oil points. They taste and smell like pennyroyal; but are 
 neither heating nor bitter when chewed. They have to be kept very 
 carefully, if their odor and virtues are desired to be thoroughly preserved 
 for any reasonable length of time. The leaves of aU the varieties are 
 somewhat similar, and possess about tho same qualities. They yield their 
 volatile oU and extractive (upon which their virtues are mainly depen- 
 dent) to alcohol or water.
 
 THE COMPLETE HERI5ALIST. 57 
 
 Properties and Uses. — Buchu is aromatic and stimulant, diuretic and 
 diaphoretic. It is employed in dyspepsia with a palliative effect, but is 
 chiefly administered in chronic inflammation of the bladder, irritation 
 of the membrane of the urethra, uric acid gravel, diabetes in its first 
 stage, and in incontinence of urine. It is recommended, without g-ood 
 reason, for cutaneous and rheumatic affections. I have no doubt Buchu 
 is of some importance in chronic diseases of the urino-genital organs, 
 for I have tried it ; but I am sure that we have many native remedies 
 which are altogether superior, and which are neglected only because the 
 public is so familiar with them that they do not care to give them a fair 
 trial. 
 
 Dose. — Of the powder, twenty to thirty grains ; infusion, two to four 
 ounces ; tincture, one^ or two drachms ; fl. extract, thirty to sixty drops. 
 
 BURNING BUSH (EtroNYMUS Atropurpukeus). 
 
 Common Names. WaJwo, Spindle Tree, etc. 
 
 Medicinal Part. The bark of the root. 
 
 Description.— y^ahoo is a small shrub or bush, with smooth branches, 
 and from five to ten feet high. The leaves are from two to five inches 
 in length, lanceolate, acute, and finely serrate. Flowers dark purple, 
 and the fruit a crimson, five-celled capsule. There is another variety 
 known as Euonynms Americanvs., which is equally useful medicinally, 
 and this and the foreg'oing are both known by the name of Wahoo better 
 than by any other title. 
 
 History. — These jilants grow in many sections of the United States, in 
 woods and thickets, and in river bottoms, flowering in June. The bark 
 of the root has a bitter and unpleasant taste in its natural shape, and 
 yields its quaUties to water and alcohol. The active principle is Euo- 
 nymin. 
 
 Properties and Uses. — It is tonic, laxative, alterative, diuretic, and 
 expectorant. It is serviceable in dyspepsia, torpid liver, constipation, 
 dropsy, and pulmonary diseases. In intermittents it serves a good 
 purpose. 
 
 Dose. — Of the powder, twenty to thirty grains ; tincture, one to four 
 drachms ; Euonymin, one-eighth to half a grain. 
 
 BUTTER WEED (Erigeron Canadense). 
 
 Common Names. CoWs Tail., Pride Weed, Horse Weed, Canada Flea- 
 Bane. 
 
 Medicinal Part. The inJiole plant. 
 
 Description.— This, is an indigenous, annual herb, with a high bristly, 
 hairy stem, from six inches to nine feet high. The leaves are lanceo- 
 late ; flowers small, white, and very numerous. 
 
 History. — Butterweed is common to the Northern and Middle States, 
 3*
 
 58 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 
 
 grows in fields and meadows, by road-sides, and flowers from June tO 
 September. It should be gathered when in bloom, and carefully dried. 
 It has a feeble odor, somewhat astringent taste, and yields its virtues to 
 alcohol or water. 
 
 Properties and Uses. — It is tonic, diuretic, and astringent. It is use- 
 ful in gravel, diabetes, dropsy, and iu many kidney diseases. It can 
 also be employed in diarrhoea, dysentery, etc. The volatile oil may be 
 used instead of the infusion. 
 
 J)ose. — Of the powder, half a drachm; infusion, two to four ounces; 
 fl. extract, teaspoonful ; oil, from four to six drops on sugar. 
 
 CAHINCA (Chiococca Racemosa). 
 
 CoiniON Name. Sruno Berry. 
 
 Medicinal Part. The bark of the root. 
 
 Description. — This is a climbing shrub, with a round branched root, 
 and a stem from eight to twelve feet high. The leaves are ovate and 
 smooth ; flowers white and odorless, and become yellow and redolent ; 
 calyx, five-cleft; corolla, funnel-shaped; stamens, five. The fruit is a 
 small white berry. 
 
 History. — This plant is a native of the West Indies, Florida, and 
 South America. The root has a coffee-like taste, of a reddish-brown 
 color, and a disagreeable odor. It affords the Cahincic Acid, its most 
 important medicinal agent. 
 
 Properties and Uses. — In medium doses it aids the urinary discharge, 
 increases the action of the heart, and promotes perspiration. It has 
 been found efficient in amenorrhoea, rheumatism, syphilis, etc., and ia 
 used in Brazil as an antidote to snake-bites. 
 
 Hose. — Of the powder, from twenty to sixty grains. 
 
 CALICO BUSH (Kalmia Latifolia). 
 
 CoMSiON Names. S/ieep Laurel., Spoonwood, Mountain Laurel, Lamb- 
 kM. 
 
 Medicinal Part. The leaves. 
 
 Description. — This handsome plant is a shrub from four to eight feet 
 high, with crooked stems and a rough bark. The leaves are evergreen, 
 ovate, lanceolate, acute at each end. on long petioles, and from two to 
 three inches long. The flowers are white and numerous. The fruit is 
 a dry capsule. 
 
 /Zwior?/. — Sheep Laurel inhabits the rooky hills and elevated grounds 
 of most parts of the United States. Its beautiful flowers appear in 
 June and July. The leaves are reputed to be poisonous to sheep and 
 other animals, and it is said that birds which have eaten them will 
 poison those who eat the birds. The leaves are the officmal part. At-
 
 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 59 
 
 tention was called to their medicinal virtues by the use which the 
 Indians make of them, viz. , a decoction by which they commit suicide. 
 
 Properties and Uses. — The plant, in medicinal doses, is antisyphilitic, 
 sedative to the heart, and somewhat astringent. It is a most efficient 
 agent in syphilis, fevers, jaimdice, neuralgia, and inflammation. The 
 preparation shovild be used with great care and prudence. In cases of 
 poisoning with this plant, either man or beast, whiskey is the best anti- 
 dote. Externally, stewed with lard, it is serviceable as an ointment for 
 various skin diseases. 
 
 Dose. — The saturated tincture of the leaves is the best form of ad- 
 ministration. It is given in from ten to twenty drops every two or 
 three hours. Powdered leaves, from ten to twenty grains. 
 
 CANCER ROOT (Oroeanche Virginiana). 
 
 Common Name. Beech Drops. 
 
 Medicinal Part. The plant. 
 
 Descriptio7i.—'Ih.\s is a parasitic plant, with a smooth, leafless stem 
 from a foot to a foot and a half in height, with slender branches given 
 off the whole length of it. The root is scaly and tuberous. 
 
 History. —This plant is native to North America, and generally a para- 
 site upon the roots of beech trees, flowering in August and September. 
 The whole plant is of a dull red color, without any verdure. It has a 
 disagreeable, astringent taste It yields its virtues to water and alco- 
 hol. 
 
 Properties and Uses. — An eminent astringent. Used with benefit in 
 fluxes and in diarrhoea, but possesses no property of curing cancer. It 
 can be used with advantage in erysipelas. Locally apjilied to wounds, it 
 prevents or arrests the process of mortification. It is also useful as an 
 application to obstinate ulcers, aphthous ulcerations, etc. , etc. It exerts 
 the same influence upon the capillary system as the mineral drug tinc- 
 ture of iron. 
 
 CANNABIS INDICA. 
 
 « 
 
 Common Name. Indian Hemp. 
 
 Medicinal Part. The root. 
 
 Description. — This is an herbaceous annual, growing about three feet 
 high, with an erect, branched, angular bright green stem. The leaves 
 are alternate, or opposite, on long lax foot-stalks, roughish, with sharply 
 serrated leaflets tapering into a long, smooth entire point. The male 
 flowers are drooping and long, the females simple and erect. The seeds 
 are small, ash-colored, and inodorous. 
 
 History. — Cannabis Indica, or Cannabis Sativa, is a native of the 
 Caucasus, Persia, but grows in the hiUy regions of Northern India. It 
 i« cultivated in many parts of Europe and Asia ; but medicine of value
 
 GO THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 
 
 can only be made from the Indian variety, the active principle of the 
 plant being developed only by the heat of the climate of Hindostan. 
 The dried tops and resin are the parts used. The preparations c;illed 
 Churrus, Gunjah, Bhang, Hashish, etc., sold in this country, are most- 
 ly feeble imitations of the genuine articles, and are comparatively 
 worthless. Even the few specimens of the genuine productions which 
 reach the shops, and are sold at high prices, are crude and inferior, and 
 can in no wise impart the effects which attach to the pure article. It is 
 a matter of great difficulty to procure the genuine article even direct 
 from dealers in India, unless you have had years of experience as a 
 practising herbal physician, and have established bvisiness connections in 
 various parts of the world as an importer of rare and pure medicinal 
 herbs, barks, roots, resins, etc. 
 
 The Cannabis Sativa, or common hemp, possesses similar properties, 
 and can be substituted if the Asiatic hemp is not procurable. 
 
 Properties and Uses. — It is narcotic, anodyne, and antispasmodic. It 
 has been successfully employed in gout, neuralgia, rheumatism, locked- 
 jaw, convulsions, chorea, hysteria, and uterine hemorrhage ; but it is 
 chiefly valuable asan invigorator of mind and body. Its exhilarating 
 qualities are unequalled, and it is a certain restorative in low mental 
 conditions, as well as in cases of extreme debility and emaciation. In 
 such cases it may be regarded as a real rejuvenator. It should be taken 
 by the advice of one experienced in its uses, in order that its merits 
 may be properly and fairly experienced. The spurious hemp should 
 never be taken, as it produces, what the genuine does not, unpleasant 
 consequences. I have used this article in many a preparation with 
 great success. 
 
 CASSIA MAKILANDICA. 
 
 Common Names. American Senna, Wild Senna. 
 
 Medicinal Part. The leaves. 
 
 Description. — This is a perennial herb, growing from four to six feet 
 high, with round, smooth, and slightly hairy stenjs. The leaves have 
 long petiohis, ovate at base ; each petiole has eight or ten leaflets, which 
 are oblong, smooth, mucronate, an inch or two long, and quite narrow. 
 The flowers are bright yellow, and the finit is a legume from two to 
 four inches long. 
 
 History. — The American Senna is to be found from New England to 
 Carolina, growing in rich soils here and there. It flowers from June to 
 September, and the leaves are gathered, for their medicinal virtues, 
 while the plant is in Ijloom. They yield their virtues to alcohol oi 
 water. 
 
 Properties and Uses. — It is one of the most important herbal cathar- 
 tics furnished by America, and is mcutioued here solely on the ground
 
 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 61 
 
 that it is equally valuable as the foreign Senna, or ordinary Senna of 
 the drug-shoi3s, and costs much less. The analysis of the leaves shows 
 that they contain albumen, mucilage, starch, yellow coloring matter, 
 volatile oil, fatty matter, resin, liguin, and salts of potassa, and lime. 
 
 Dose. — Of the powder, from a half-drachm to two and a half 
 drachms ; infusion, four or five ounces 
 
 CATECHU (Acacia Catechu). 
 
 Common Names. Cutch, Gamhii\ Terra Japotiica. 
 
 Medicinal Part. Extract of the wood. 
 
 Description. — Catechu i§ a small-sized tree from fifteen to twenty 
 feet high. The bark is thick, and branches spreading. Leaves bipin- 
 nate. Flowers numerous, white or pale yellow, and the fruit a leguuie. 
 
 History. — This tree is common to the East Indian continent, thriving 
 in Bengal, and on the Malabar coast. As found in the shops it is in 
 square, round, and in-egular pieces, variable in color, friable, odorless, 
 astringent taste. Soluble in hot water, depositing a reddish matter on 
 cooling. 
 
 Properties and uses. — This is a strong astringent. In chronic diar- 
 rhoea, chronic catarrh, chronic dysentery, it proves beneficial, and it is a 
 valuable agent as a local application in throat diseases, especially such 
 as singers are subject to. The tincture is often useful as a local appli- 
 cation to fissured nipples of nui'sing women. 
 
 Z'ose.— Of the powder, from five to twenty grains ; of the tincture, 
 from twenty minims to half an ounce. 
 
 CEDRON (SiMABA Cedron). 
 
 Medicinal Part. The seed. 
 
 Description. — Simaba is a small tree, with an erect stem about half a 
 foot in diameter, branching luxuriantly at the top. Leaves obovate, 
 large, and serrated ; flowers sessile, pale brown, and the fruit a solitary 
 drupe. 
 
 History. — This tree grows in New Grenada and Central America. Its 
 value as a medicinal agent has long been known in Costa Rica, Trinidad, 
 etc. , and from thence was communicated to scientific gentlemen in 
 France. The seed, which is the part used, is about an inch and a half 
 long, nearly an inch broad, and about half an inch thick. It is hard, but 
 can be easily cut by a common knife. It is inodorous, but tastes like 
 quassia or aloes, and yields its properties to water or alcohol. In South 
 America the properties of these seeds were known as early as the year 
 1700. At that time they were applied more especially as an antidote to 
 the bites of poisonous serpents, and similar affections. 
 
 Properties and Uses. — It is an antispasmodic, and one of the most 
 valuable articles of the kind known to educated herbalists. It is very
 
 fcr2 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 
 
 useful in all nervous affections, and is administered in one or two grain 
 doses . As it can only be obtained from those who, like myself, import 
 it especially, it is unnecessary to say that it should not be administered 
 ■without the advice of competent herbal physicians. To give an idea of 
 its value as an antispasmodic, I mention that it is a cure for hydropho- 
 bia, and an antidote for the majority of acro-narcotic poisons. 
 
 CELANDINE (Chelidonium Majus). 
 
 Common Name. Tetter Wort. 
 
 Medicinal Parts. Herb and root. 
 
 Description. — This plant is an evergreen perennial, with a stem from 
 one to two feet iu height, branched, swelled at the joints, leafy, round, 
 and smooth ; the leaves are smooth, spreading, very deeply pinnatified ; 
 leaflets in from two to four pairs, from one and a half to two and a half 
 inches long, and about two-thirds as broad, the terminal one largest, aU 
 ovate, cuneately incised or lobed ; the lateral ones sometimes dUated at 
 the lower margin, near the base almost as if auricled ; c(^or of all, a 
 deep shining green ; the flowers are bright yellow, umbellate, on long, 
 often hairy stocks. 
 
 History. — Celandine is a pale green, fleshy herb, indigenous to Europe 
 and naturalized in the United States ; it grows along fences, by-roads, 
 in waste places, etc. , and flowers from May to October. If the plant be 
 wovmded, a bright yellow, offensive juice flows out, which has a persis- 
 tent, nauseous, bitter taste, with a biting sensation in the mouth and 
 fauces. The root is the most intensely bitter part of the plant, and is 
 more commonly preferred. Drying diminishes its activity. It yields its 
 virtues to alcohol or water. 
 
 Properties and Uses. — It is stimulant, acrid, alterative, diuretic, dia- 
 phoretic, purgative, and vulnerary. It is used internally in decoction 
 or tincture, and externally in poultice or ointment for scrofula, cuta- 
 neous diseases, and pUes. It is likewise good in hepatic affections, or 
 liver complaints, and exerts a special influence on the spleen. As a 
 drastic hydragogue, or purge, it is fuUy equal to gamboge. The juice, 
 when applied to the skin, produces inflammations, and even vesications. 
 It has long been known as a caustic for the removal of warts ; it is also 
 applied to indolent ulcers, fungous growths, etc. , and is useful in re- 
 moving specks and opacities of the cornea of the eye. 
 
 Celandine is from the Greek word Chclidon, which signifies a swallow. 
 The ancients assert that if you put out the eyes of yoimg swallows when 
 they are in the nest, the old ones will restore their eyes again with this 
 herb. It is said that we may mar the apple of the bird's eye with a 
 needle, and that the old birds \vill restore their sight again by means of 
 this herb. Never having made any such cruel experiments, I am not 
 prepared to say whether any such miracolous power of healing losa of
 
 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 
 
 63 
 
 Bight ia a virtue of the plant, or whether it is an instinct or gift inherent 
 of the swallow itself. 
 
 Celandine is also used in curing salt-rheum, tetter, or ringworm. It 
 is superior to arnica as a vulnerary ; an alcoholic tincture of the root 
 (three ounces to a pint) will be found an unrivalled application to pre- 
 vent or subdue traumatic inflammations. 
 
 Dose. — Of the powdered root, from half a drachm to one drachm ; of 
 the fresh juice, from twenty to forty drops, in some bland hquid ; of 
 the tincture, from one to two fluid drachms ; of the aqueous extract, 
 from five to ten grains. 
 
 CENTAUET (Sabbatla. Angularis). 
 
 Common Name. Rose Pink. 
 
 Medicinal Part. The herb. 
 
 Description. — This plant has a yellow fibrous, biennial root, with an 
 erect, smooth, quadrangular stem, with the angles winged, having many 
 opposite branches, and growing from one to two feet in height. The 
 leaves are opposite, fine-veined, smooth, en- 
 tire, from one to five inches in length, and 
 from half an inch to one and a half inches 
 wide, clasping the stem. The flowers are 
 numerous, from an inch and a quarter to an 
 inch and a half in diameter, of a rich rose or 
 carnation color, standing, as it were, at the 
 tops of one umbril or tuft, very lOie those of 
 St. JohrCs wort, opening themselves in the 
 day-time and closing at night, after which 
 come seeds in little short husks, in forms like 
 unto wheat corn. There are three varieties 
 of the Centaury in England, one kind bearing 
 white flowers, another yellow, and another 
 red. All have medicinal properties, although 
 the American variety is considered preferable 
 to the European Centaury. 
 
 Histary. — This plant is common to most 
 parts of the United States, growing in moist 
 meadows, among high grass, on the prairies, and in damp, rich soils, 
 flowering from June to Sei^tember. The whole herb is used. It has 
 a very bitter taste, and yields its virtues to water or alcohol. The best 
 time for gathering it is during the flowering season. In England they 
 use the red Centaury in diseases of the blood, the yeUov;- in choleric 
 diseases, and the white in those of phlegm and water. 
 
 Properties and Uses. — It is an exceUent tonic. It is used in all fall 
 periodic febrile diseases, both as a preventive and a remedy. It is also 
 
 Centaury.
 
 64 
 
 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 
 
 serviceable as a bitter tonic in dyspepsia and convalescence from fevera 
 When administered in warm infusion it is a domestic remedy for worms, 
 and to restore the menstrual secretion. 
 
 Dose. — Of the powder, from half a drachm to a drachm ; of the cold 
 infusion, a teacupful eveiy two or three hours ; of the tincture, a wine- 
 glassful ; of the extract, from two to six grains. 
 
 CENTURY PLANT (Agave Americana). 
 
 Common Name. SouiJi America7i Agave. 
 Medicinal Part. The inspissated juice. 
 
 Description. — This plant, which is also sometimes called the Century 
 Plant, from an erroneous idea that it blossoms but once in a hundred 
 years, is the largest of all herbaceous plants. It is an evergreen, and 
 does not blossom often. 
 
 History. — It flourishes in the warmer latitudes of South America, 
 where its juice is expressed by the natives and allowed to ferment. In 
 this condition it is called pulque, and is used as an exhilarating bever- 
 age. The natives can drink large quantities of this liquor without get- 
 ting very much intoxicated ; but it is very severe upon those who are 
 not accustomed to it. 
 
 Properties and Uses. — The fresh juice is used by the South Americans 
 to regulate the action of the bowels and kidneys, and is considered very 
 
 valuable for dyspepsia and diseases 
 of the bladder. The South Ameri- 
 can women use the juice and the 
 decoction to jiromote menstruation. 
 I can say of my own knowledge 
 that, in proper combination, it is a 
 superior anti-syphilitic, and that in 
 scorbutic affections it is vsdthout 
 many superiors. The dose is from 
 half a fluid ounce to two ounces, 
 three times a day. 
 
 The Agave Virginica, or False 
 Aloe, is not to be confounded with 
 this, as that plant is a laxative and 
 carminative . 
 
 CHAMOMILE (Anthemis No- 
 
 BILIS). 
 
 Medicinal Part. The Flowers. 
 Description. — This is a perennial herb, with a strong fibrous root. 
 The stems in a wild state are prostrate, but in gardens more upright, 
 
 Chamomile.
 
 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 
 
 65 
 
 about a span long, round, hoUo-w, furrowed, and downy; the leaves 
 pale gi-een, pinnate, sessile, with thread-shaped leaflets. The flower-heads 
 terminal, rather larger than the daisy, and of yellow color, or whitish. 
 
 Histoi'y. — Chamomile is indigenous to Southern Europe ; we hare 
 also a common or wild Chamomile {Matricaria CJinmoiiuUa) growing in 
 the United States, but it is not considered as good as the Roman 
 Chamomile for medicinal purijoses, which is the kind I use. The white 
 flowers are the best ; they have an aromatic, agi'eeably bitter taste, and 
 peculiar odor. They yield their properties to alcohol and water. 
 
 Properties and Uses. — Chamomile is a tonic; one or two teacupfuls 
 of the warm infusion wiU usually vomit. The cold infusion is highly 
 useful in dyspepsia, and in all cases of weak or irritable stomachs, also 
 in intermittent and typhoid fevers. The oil is carminative and anti- 
 spasmodic, and is used in flatulency, coUc, cramp in the stomach, hys- 
 teria, nervous diseases, and painful menstruation. 
 
 A poultice of Chamomile will often prevent gangrene, and remove it 
 when present. It is an ingredient in my " Restorative AssimUant," and 
 is a most excellent adjutant and corrigent in that great remedy. 
 
 Dose. — Half a drachm to two drachms of the flowers. Of the infu- 
 sion, half a teacupful to a teacupful ; of the oU, five to fifteen drops on 
 Bugar. 
 
 CHERRY LAUREL (Prunus Laukocerasus). 
 
 Medicinal Part. The leaves. 
 
 Description. — This is a small evergreen 
 shrub or tree with smooth branches. Leaves 
 with short petioles, oval-oblong, seirate, 
 acute, and smooth. Flowers shorter than 
 the leaves, calyx inferior, corolla has five 
 white petals ; stamens about twenty ; and 
 fruit a round, black, smooth drape. 
 
 History. — Originally a native of Asia 
 Minor, from whence it was introduced into 
 Europe in 1576, and subsequently from 
 Europe to the United States. It is now com- 
 mon in gardens and shrubberies. The leaves 
 have scarcely any odor until bniised, then 
 they have a bitter almond odor ; taste very 
 bitter, aromatic, and shghtly astringent. 
 They impart thek vii-tues to water and alco- 
 hol. 
 
 Properties and Uses. — An excellent sedative. Useful in tic-douloureux, 
 phthisis, spasmodic cough, palpitation of the heart, and in aU spasmodic 
 affections. ^ 
 
 Cherry LanreL
 
 OG THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 
 
 Dose. — Powdered leaves, four to eight grains; laurel water, ten to 
 thirty drops. 
 
 CHICKWEED (Stellaria Media). 
 
 Medicinal Part. The herb. 
 
 Description. — This plant is an annual or biennial weed, from six to 
 fifteen inches in length, with a prostrate, brittle, and leafy stem. The 
 leaves are ovate-cordate ; the lower ones on hairy petioles. The flowers 
 ai-e small and white, petals two-parted, stamens three, five, or ten. 
 
 History. — It is a common plant in Europe and America, growing in 
 fields and around dwellings, in moist, shady places. It flowei-s from 
 the beginning of spring till the last of autumn. The seeds aie eaten by 
 poultry and birds. The whole herb is used when recent. 
 
 Properties and Uses. — It is a cooling demulcent. The fresh leaves 
 braised and applied as a poultice to indolent, intractable ulcers, even 
 when of many years' standing, wiU produce most immediate and de- 
 cided beneficial results, to be changed two or three times a day. The 
 bruised leaves wiU likewise be found an invaluable application in acute 
 ophthalmia. An ointment made by braising the recent leaves in. fresh 
 lard, may be used as a cooling application to erysipelatous and other 
 forms of ulceration, as well as many forms of cutaneous diseases. 
 
 CHOCOLATE ROOT, Geum Rivale ( Water Avens), Geum Virgini- 
 an um ( White Avens). 
 
 Common Names. Throat Root, Purple Avens. 
 
 Medicinal Part. The root. 
 
 Descriptio7i. — Geum Rivale, or Purple Avens, is a perennial, deep 
 green herb; woody root; leaves nearly lyrate, crer.ate-deutate, and 
 from four to six inches long. The flowers are few and yellowish piirple 
 in color. 
 
 Geum Vxrginianum, or Throat Boot, is also a perennial, with a 
 small, crooked root. The stem is two or three feet high. The leaves 
 are pinnate or lyrate ; flowers rather small and white ; and the fruit an 
 achenium. The former is common to the United States and Europe, 
 flowering in June or July, and the latter only to the United States, 
 flowering from June to August. 
 
 History. — These plants, with other varieties, have long been used in 
 domestic practice. The whole herb contains medicinal properties, but 
 the officinal aiid most efficient part is the root. Boiling water or alcohol 
 extracts their virtues. 
 
 Proj^ertir.'i ami Uses. — Is tonic and astringent. It is used in pa.'ssive 
 and chronic hemorrhag(!s, chronic diarrhoea and dysentery, leucor-
 
 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 
 
 67 
 
 rhoea, dyspepsia, pulmonary affections, congestions of the abdominal 
 viscera, etc. 
 
 Dose.— Of the powder, from twenty to thirty grains ; of the decoc- 
 tion, from two tablespoonftds to a wineglassful, three or four times a day. 
 
 CINCHONA. 
 
 Common Names. Peruvimi Bark, Jesuits' Bark. 
 
 Medicinal Part. The bark. 
 
 Description.— T^e bark is obtained from the Cincluma Calisaya, Cin- 
 cfiona Condaminea, Cindwiia Succirubra, and Cinchona Lancifolia. 
 These trees are all evergreen trees or shrubs. Their generic character 
 is to have opposite entire leaves ; flowers white, or usually roseate or 
 purplish, and very fragrant ; calyx a turbinated tube ; coroUa salver- 
 shaped ; stamens, five ; anthers, linear ; 
 style, simple ; stigma, bifid. The fruit a 
 capsule, ovate or oblong, filled with nume- 
 roiis winged seeds. About thirteen varie- 
 ties of cinchona are known to commerce, 
 but the above are the most important. Of 
 these species the former three yield re- 
 spectively the pale, yellow, and red cin- 
 chona barks, and the fourth is one of the 
 sources of quinine. 
 
 Histm-y. — Cinchona is a very old dis- 
 covery, and takes its name from the wife 
 of the Sjianish viceroy, Count de Cinchon, 
 who was cured of fever by it, at Lima, 
 about the year 1638. For some time after 
 its introduction into Europe, the Jesuits, 
 who received the bark from their brethren 
 in Peru, alone uised it, and kept to them- 
 selves the secret of its origiu ; and their 
 use of it was so successful that it received 
 the name which stDl clings to it of "Jesuits' Bark." The bark richest 
 in the antiperiodic alkaloids is the Cinchona Calisaya. The geograph- 
 ical range of the cinchonas appears to be exclusively confined to the 
 Andes, within the boundaries of Peru, Bolivia, Equador, and New 
 Granada. Thirteen species furnish the barks of commerce, and all of 
 them are found growing from one to ten thousand feet above the level 
 of the sea. The four species we have named at the head of this article 
 are, however, the only ones recognized by the United States Pharma- 
 copoeia, and are the favorites everywhere. Since the seventeenth cen- 
 tury these barks have been the study of men versed in medical and 
 chemical science, and they and the preparations made fi^om them rank 
 
 Cinchona.
 
 68 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 
 
 among the most important articles of the Materia Medica. It contains 
 numerous active principles, but the most important, and one chiefly 
 used, is quinine. 
 
 Properties and Uses. — Cinchona bark is tonic, antiperiodic, astringent 
 to a moderate extent, and eminentlj' febrifuge. It is topically (or ex- 
 ternally) antiseptic, and is of much value when applied to gangrenous 
 ulcerations, or used for gargles and washes in erysipelas, ulcerated sore 
 throat, mouth, etc. I do not recommend the use of the bark in cases 
 where the stomach is mry much weakened (although it is employed in 
 every disease in which there is deficient tone), because the woody fibre 
 in the powder will most generally disagree. When taken internally it 
 imparts a sensation of warmth to the stomach, which gradually spreads 
 over the whole body ; the pulse becomes stronger and is accelerated, 
 and the various organs are gently stimulated. It may be used with 
 benefit in ordinary cases of dyspepsia, general debility, and all febrile, 
 eruptive, and inflammatory diseases, in whatever stage they may be. 
 In all cases of night-sweating, or great feebleness, it is valuable. As 
 an antiperiodic it is not siirpassed by anything else used. When it 
 excites nausea, add an aromatic ; if purging, ojoium ; if costiveness, 
 rhubarb. . 
 
 Quinine is a white flocculent powder, inodorous, and has a very bitter 
 taste. It is very sparingly soluble in warm water, still less so in cold 
 water. It is readily soluble in hot alcohol, and tolerably so in ether. It 
 is always best to administer quinine instead of the bark, unless some of 
 the effects of the other i^rinciples are desired. 
 
 Dose. — Of the powder, half a drachm to a drachm ; fluid extract, ten 
 to sixty drops ; of quinine, from one to fifteen grains, according to 
 purpose. 
 
 CINQUE-FOIL (PoTENTiLLA Canadensis). 
 
 Common Name. Five- Finger. 
 
 Medicinal Part. The root. 
 
 Deacripiion. — This perennial plant has a procumbent stem from two 
 to eighteen inches in length. The leaves are palmate, leaflets obovate, 
 and flowers yellow, on sohtary pedicels. 
 
 There are two varieties of this plant, the P. ramiUa, which is very 
 ismall and delicate, flowering in April and May, and growing in diy, 
 sandy soils, and the P. Simj)lcx, a larger plant, growing in richer soils, 
 and flowering from June to August. 
 
 History. — Five-finger is common to the United States, growing by 
 road-sides, on meadow banks and waste grounds, and flowering from 
 April to October. The root is the part used. It has a bitterish, styptic 
 taste, and yields its virtues to water. 
 
 Properties and Uses. — It is tonic and astringent. A decoction is use-
 
 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 69 
 
 ful in fevers, bowel complaints, night sweats, menorrliagia, and other 
 hemon-hages. It makes an excellent gargle for spongy, bleeding gums, 
 and ulcerated mouth and throat. 
 
 The PoTENTiLLA ToRMENTiLLA, or Sept-Foil of Europe, possesses 
 similar quahties, and may be used by my readers in that countiy if the 
 American root is not to be obtained. 
 
 CLEAVERS (Galium APARmE). 
 
 Common Names. Ooose Grass, Catchweed, Bed-Straw. 
 
 Medicinal Part. The herb. 
 
 Descriptwn.- — It is an annual succulent plant, with a weak, procum- 
 bent, quadrangular, retrosely-i^rickled stem, which grows from two to six 
 feet high, and is hairy at the joints. The leaves are one or two inches 
 in length, and two or three lines in breadth ; rough on the margin and 
 tapering to the base. The flowers are white, small, and scattered. 
 
 History. — This plant is common to Europe and the United States, 
 growing in cultivated grounds, moist thickets, and along banks of rivers, 
 and flowering from June to Sej^tember. In the gi'een state the plant 
 has an iinpleasant odor ; but it is inodorous when dried, with an acidu- 
 lous, astringent, and bitter taste. Cold or warm water extracts the vir- 
 tuet> of the plant ; boiling water destroys them. The roots dye a 
 permanent red. 
 
 Properties a7id Uses.- — It is a most valuable refrigerant and diuretic, 
 and wiU be found very beneficial in many diseases of the urinary organs, 
 as suppression of urine, calculous affections, inflammation of the kid- 
 aeys and bladder, and in the scalding of urine in gonorrhoea. It is con- 
 tra-indicated in diseases of a passive character, on account of its 
 refrigerant and sedative effects on the system, but may be used freely 
 in fevers and all acute diseases. An infusion may be made by macerat- 
 ing an ounce and a half of the herb in a pint of warm water for two 
 hours, of which from two to four fluid ounccB may be given three 
 or four times a day when cold. It may be sweetened with sugar or 
 honey. It has also been found useful in many cutaneous diseases, as 
 psoriasis, eczema, lichen, cancer, and scrofula, and is more particularly 
 useful in these diseases when they are combined with strumous diathe- 
 sis. The best form for administration is that of the inspissated juice, 
 which may be in one or two drachm doses, thi-ee times a day. 
 
 The plant called Galium Tinctorium, or Small Cleavers, is nervine, 
 anti-spasmodic, expectorant, and diaphoretic. It is used successfully in 
 asthma, cough, and chronic bronchitis, exerting its influence principally 
 upon the respiratory organs. The plant has a pungent, aromatic, pleas- 
 ant, persistent taste. A strong decoction of the herb may be given in 
 doses of from one to four fluid ounces, and repeated two or three times
 
 70 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 
 
 a day, according to circumstances. The root of this plant will also dye a 
 permanent red. 
 
 COCA (Erythroxtlon Coca). 
 
 Medicfnal Part. The herb. 
 
 Description. — I first became acquainted with this most remarkable 
 plant many years ago, while traveling in BoUvia, South America, in the 
 beautiful valleys of the Cordilleras. The Coca is a bush which rarely 
 attains six feet in height, and does not often exceed three. Its foliage 
 is of a bright green, its flowers white, and its fruit small and red. When 
 the plants are just about eighteen inches high they are transplanted 
 from the seed-beds into fields called cocales. The ripe leaves are gath- 
 ered with the fingers. They are dried by spreading them in the sun, 
 Bometimes on woollen cloths. The operation requires gi-eat care, for the 
 plant must be protected from all dampness, which changes its color, and 
 thus diminishes its value. It is then packed in bags, weighing from 
 fifty to one hundred and fifty pounds, which are often transported to 
 great distances. In the Vice-royalty of Lima, in the latter part of the 
 last century, Castelnau represents the consumption of the leaf at three 
 and a half millions of pounds, and worth one million and a quarter of 
 Spanish dollars, while at the same time the total consumption in Peru 
 was two and a half millions of dollars. The importance of the Coca 
 trade, however, is diminishing as the Ked Man disappears. The Indians 
 mix the Coca with a small quantity of lime, and constantly carry a small 
 bag of it on all their excursions. They take it from three to six times 
 a day. Dr. GscnuDi [Travels in Peru., page 453] mentions an Indian of 
 sixty-two years of age, who was employed by him, and though at very 
 hard work for five days, took no other noui-ishment, and rested but two 
 hours of the night. Immediately, or soon after this, he accomplished a 
 journey of one hundred miles in two days, and said that he was ready 
 to do the same thing again if they woiild give him a new supply of Coca. 
 Castelnau says he himself knew of instances as extraordinaiy. In the 
 time of the Incas the Coca was regarded as sacred. 
 
 Properties itnd Uses. — Its physiological actions are as follows : — 
 
 1. It stimulates the stomach and promotes digestion. 
 
 2. In large doses it augments animal heat and accelerates the pulse 
 and respiration. 
 
 3. It induces slight constipation. 
 
 4. In moderate doses, from one to four drachms, it stimulates the 
 nervous system, so as to render it more tolerant of muscular fatigxie. 
 
 5. In larger doses it gives rise to hallucinations and true delirium. 
 
 6. Its most precious property is that of inducing the most pleasant 
 visions {'■'■ phantasmagaria'''') without any subsequent depression of the 
 nervous energies.
 
 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 
 
 71 
 
 7. Probably it diminishes some of the secretions. 
 
 The Coca has doubtless many other medical properties of a high order, 
 and deserves further investigation. 
 
 It stimulates powerfully the digestive functions, while at the same 
 time it exercises a calmative influence over the mucous membranes of 
 the stomach and bowels. In this double action upon the stomach — 
 stimvilant and calmative — it resembles Columbo. 
 
 It is anti-spasmodic, and is of great service in many nervous disorders, 
 and particularly in spermatorrh<£a and all debilities of the generative 
 organs. 
 
 I make a pill from the solid extract of Coca, combined with lime and 
 valuable Herbal remedial agents, which I call the Napoleon Herb Pill, 
 owing to its powerful tonic properties. It is designed to cure all forms 
 of debility afflicting either sex. Its powers are promptly manifested in 
 cases of sexual debility, whether from seli-produced causes, long study, 
 severe mental excitement, or general breaking-down of the nervous 
 system from whatever cause. It is equally effectual for the female weak- 
 ness and debility so universal among women at the present day. These 
 pills are, with explicit directions, put up in sealed bottles. Sent, prepaid 
 by mail, to any address, on receipt of $3.00 for 100 pills. We also use 
 Coca in various forms in our prepared courses of medicine for special 
 cases. 
 
 COLOOYNTH (CucumisColocynthis.) 
 
 Common Name. Bitter Cucumber. 
 
 Medicikal Part. The fruit divested 
 of its rind. 
 
 Description. — Colocynth is an annual 
 plant, with a whitish root, and prostrate, 
 angular, and hispid stems. The leaves 
 are alternate, cordate, ovate, many-lobed, 
 white with hairs beneath. Flowers yel- 
 low and solitary ; petals small ; and fruit 
 globose, smooth, size of an orange, yel- 
 low when ripe, with a thin sohd rind, and 
 a very bitterish flesh. 
 
 History. — This plant is a native of the 
 south of Europe, Asia, and Africa. The 
 fruit assumes a yellow or orange color 
 externally during the autumn, at which 
 
 time it is pulled and dried quickly, either in the stove or sun. That 
 which is deprived of its rind, very white, Ught spongy, and with- 
 out seeds, is the best article ; all others are more or less inferior in 
 
 Colocynth.
 
 7f? THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 
 
 quality. It contains, besides oils, resins, and gnms, bassorin and the 
 sulphates of lime and magnesia. ColocyntJdn is its active principle. 
 
 Prcqicrties and Uses. — It is a powerful hydragogue cathartic, pro- 
 ducing copious watery evacuations. It should never be used alone, but 
 be combined with other cathartics. It may be used advantageously in 
 passive dropsy and cerebral derangements. In combination with hyos- 
 cyamus it loses its irritant properties, and may be so employed when- 
 ever its peculiar cathartic effects are desired. Hippocrates used colo- 
 cynth as a pessary to promote menstruation. 
 
 Dose. — Five to ten grains. 
 
 COLT'S FOOT (TussiLAGO Farfaka). 
 
 Common Names. Cough Wort, FoaHs Foot, Hoi'se Hoof, and BuWs 
 Foot. 
 
 MEDicrNAL Part. TJie leaves. 
 
 Descriptio-n. — Colt's foot has a long, perennial, creeping, fibrous rhi- 
 zome. The leaves are erect, cordate, sharply dentate, smooth green 
 above, and pure white and cottony beneath. They do not appear until 
 the flowers are withered, and are from five to eight inches long, and 
 about an inch broad. The flowers are large and bright yellow. 
 
 Ilistoi'y. — This plant grows in Europe, the Crimea, Persia, Siberia, 
 and the East Indies, from the sea-shore to elevations of neai'ly eight 
 thousand feet. It also grows in the United States, in wet places, on the 
 sides of brooks, flowering in March and April. Its presence is a certain 
 indication of a clayey soil. The loaves are rather fragrant, and continue 
 so after having becu carefully dried. The leaves are the parts used, 
 though all parts of the plant are active, and should always be employed, 
 especially the leaves, flowers, and root. The leaves should be collected 
 at about the period they have nearly reached their full size, the flowers 
 as soon as they commence opening, and the root immediately after tha 
 maturity of the leaves. "When dried, all parts have a bitter, mucilagin- 
 ous taste, and yield their proiierties to water or diluted alcohol. 
 
 Properties and Uses. — It is emollient, demulcent, and slightly tonic. 
 The decoction is usually administered in doses of from one to three or 
 four fluid ounces, and is highly serviceable in coughs, asthma, whooping- 
 cough, and other pulmonary complaints ; also useful in scrofula. The 
 powdered leaves form a good errhine for giddiness, headache, nasal ob- 
 structions, etc. It is also used externally in fonn of poultice in scrofu- 
 lous tumors. 
 
 COLUTMBO (CocctTLUS palmatus). 
 Medicinal Part. I'he root. 
 
 DencrijAion. — Columbo, so important in the present practice of medi- 
 cine, is a climbing plant, with a perennial sort which is quite thick and
 
 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 73 
 
 branching. The root is covered with a thin brown skin, marked with 
 transverse warts. The stems, of which one or two proceed from the 
 same root, are twining, simple in the male plant, branched in the female, 
 round, hairy, and about an inch or an inch and a half in circumference. 
 The leaves stand on rounded glandular-hairy footstalks, and are alter- 
 nate, distant, cordate, and have three, seven, or nine lobes and nerves. 
 The flowers are small and inconspicuous. 
 
 History. — This plant inhabits the forests near the southeastern coast 
 of Africa, in the neighborhood of Mozambique, where the natives call 
 it Kalumb. The root is dug up in the dry season in the month of March, 
 and is cut in slices, strung on cords, and hung up to dry. The odor of 
 Columbo is sUghtly aromatic ; the taste bitter, and also mucilaginous. 
 The root is easily pulverized, but spoils by keeping after having been 
 reduced to a powder. It is best to powder it only as it is required for 
 use. The active principle of Columbo is called Colambiii. The root also 
 yields Berberin., an excellent stomachic, which is produced from the 
 Barberry. 
 
 Properties and Uses. — It is one of the purest bitter tonics in the world, 
 and in dyspepsia, chronic diarrhoea, and dysentery, as well as in con- 
 valescence from febrile and inflammatory diseases, it can hardly be sur- 
 passed as a remedial agent. It is most useful in the remittent and 
 intermittent fevers of hot climates. It is used in many combinations, 
 according to indications. 
 
 Dose. — Of the powder, ten to thirty grains ; of the infusion, one or 
 two ounces ; of the tincture, from one to two drachms. 
 
 COMFREY (Symphyttjm Officinale). 
 
 Medicinal Part. The root. 
 
 Description. — Comfrey has an oblong, fleshy, perennial root, black on 
 the outside and whitish within, containing a glutinous or clammy, taste- 
 less juice, with divers very large, hairy, green leaves lying on the ground, 
 so hairy, or so prickly, that if they touch any tender parts of the hands, 
 face, or body, it will cause it to itch. The stalks are hollowed and cor- 
 nered, very hairy, having leaves that grow below, but less and less up to 
 the top ; at the joints of the stalk it is divided into many branches, at 
 the ends of which stand many flowers, in order one above another, which 
 are somewhat long and hollow like the finger of a glove, of a pale, 
 whitish color ; after them come small black seeds. There is another sort 
 which bears flowers of a pale purple color, having similar medicinal pro- 
 perties. 
 
 History. — Comfrey is a native of Europe, but naturalized in the United 
 States, growing on low grounds and moist places, and flowering aU sum- 
 mer. The root is officinal and contains a large amount of mucilage, 
 which is readily extracted by water. 
 4
 
 74 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 
 
 Properties and Uses. — The plant is demulcent and slightly astringent. 
 All mucilaginous agents exert an influence on mucous tissues, hence 
 the cure of many pulmonary and other aiiections in which these tissues 
 have been chiefly implicated, by their internal use. Physicians must 
 not expect a serous disease to yield to remedies which act on mucous 
 membranes only ; to determine the true value of a medicinal agent, they 
 must first ascertain the true character of the affection, as well as of the 
 tissues involved. Again, mucflaginous agents are always beneficial in 
 scrofulous and anaemic habits. Comfrey root is very useful in diarrhoea, 
 dysentery, coughs, hemoptysis or bleeding of the lungs, and other pul- 
 monary affections ; also in leucorrhoea and female debility : aU these be- 
 ing principally affections of mucous membranes. 
 
 It may be boiled in water, wine, or made into a syrup, and taken in 
 doses of from a wineglassful to a teacupful of the preparation, two or 
 three times a day. 
 
 Externally the fresh root, bruised, forms an exceUent application to 
 bruises, rui)tures, fresh wounds, sore breasts, ulcers, white swellings, 
 etc. 
 
 CUNDUIIANGO (Equatoria Gakciana). 
 
 Medicenal Part. The bark of the vine. 
 
 Descnption. — Cundurango, or Condor Vine, a name derived from two 
 words, cundur and angii, whose marveUous medicinal properties have late- 
 ly been made known to the world, and which is now so greatly interesting 
 the medical profession, is a climbing vine, resembling much in its habits 
 the grape vine of our forests. The vines are from three to five inches 
 diameter. They are quite flexible when fresh, but when dry very brit- 
 tle. The bark is externally of a greenish-gray color, and has numerous 
 smaU warty excrescences. The leaves are large, sometimes reaching 
 six inches in length by five in breadth, opposite, simple, entire, dentate, 
 cordate, and of a dark green color. The flowers are small, arranged in 
 complete umbels ; stamens five ; petals five ; sep.als five ; and filaments 
 small. The fniit is a pair of pods, and seeds numerous and dark brown. 
 It should be more properly caUed Cundurangu. as there is no <? in the 
 language of the Incas. 
 
 History. — This plant is a native of the Andes Mountains in South 
 America, especially the southern portion of Equador, and found most 
 plentifully in the mountains surrounding the city of Loja. It is gener- 
 ally found on the western exposure of the Andes, at an altitude of 4,000 or 
 5,000 feet. Its virtues were known to the Indians of the locality for a long 
 time. The tradition is that it was regarded by them as poisonous, and 
 that an Indian woman unintentionally cured her husband, who suffered 
 from a very j)ainful cancer, giving him to drink bowlfuls of decoction of 
 Cundurango, believing and hoping it would prove fatal. It was intro-
 
 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 75 
 
 duced into medical practice by Dr. Egni^uren, brother of the Governor 
 of the province of Loja, both of whom ciired many cases of sy^ihilis and 
 cancerous ulcers in the trial of it. The subject was brought to the 
 notice of our government by our minister at Quito. The Department 
 of State, at once realizing the value of the discovery and the intense in- 
 terest with which our people would seek after information concerning 
 it, published a circular, setting forth its great value as a remedy. This 
 action of the government at once inspired that confidence to which the 
 plant is entitled. It was tested in a case of cancer afflicting the mother 
 of Vice-President Colfax, and at once asserted its value. It has since 
 been used by progressive physicians, and the success it has given in can 
 cerous and syphilitic affections renders it worthy of the name of a speci 
 fie, equally as much so as cinchona. It is a singular coincidence that 
 these two specific products of the herbal world should grow in the same 
 regions. The natives insist that there are two varieties of the bark, the 
 amarillo^ or yellow, and bianco^ or white ; but upon inspection I find 
 they are the same, the difference in color depending upon the strong 
 rays of the sun. When freshly cut the vines give an abimdance of 
 milky, viscous juice or sap, the odor of which is balsamic, and flavor 
 decidedly bitter and aromatic. 
 
 Its price is exceedingly high, but this has not deterred me from using 
 it where I deemed it necessary in special cases. I can furnish it by mail, 
 put up in sealed bags, at $5.00 per half pound, with directions for making 
 it into syrup (which is the best method of preparing it), with dose, etc. 
 The fluid extract is much higher, $3.00 per ounce. 
 
 Properties and Uses. — An unequalled remedy for cancer, syphilis, ulcers, 
 etc. In a short period, when taken, the typical symptoms subside, the 
 pain is diminished, the discharge thickens and becomes less offensive, 
 the tumor becomes softer, the deposits lessen, the expression improves, 
 and a cure is speedily effected. It has also diuretic and tonic powers, 
 and cures many nervous diseases. I have given this remedy competent 
 trials in cases of cancer and syphilis, and the results were so satisfactory 
 as to surprise me. 
 
 Dose. — Of the powder, one to two drachms ; fluid extract, one drachm. 
 (Much that is spurious is sold in the market.) 
 
 COPAIBA (CoPAiFEKA Officinalis). 
 
 Common Name. Balsam of Copaiba. 
 
 Medicinal Part. The oleo-resinous juice. 
 
 Description. — Copaiba is a tall and handsome tree, with many small, 
 crooked branches, and a grayish-brown bark. The leaves are large and 
 equally pinnated, leaflets in pairs of from two to five, petioles short. 
 The flowers are white ; calyx four-parted ; stamens, ten ; fruit obo- 
 vate, two-valved, and one-seeded.
 
 76 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 
 
 nistory. — There are several species which furnish oil of copaiba, 
 all natives of South America and West Indies. The juice is ob- 
 tained by deep incisions being made in the trunk during or following 
 the wet season ; the balsam (which, however, is not a balsam, as it con- 
 tains no benzoic acid) flows freely, being clear, transparent, and fluid, 
 but becoming pale yellowish in time. The oU is unpleasant in smell 
 and taste. 
 
 Properties and Uses. — In large doses Copaiba is an irritant, but in 
 proper doses it is stimulant, cathartic, and diuretic. It exerts a favor- 
 able influence on the mucous tissues of the system, diminishing exces- 
 sive secretions, and for this purpose it is chiefly employed. Taken 
 internally it gives warmth to the gastric region, and sometimes provokes 
 nausea and emesis. It is especially useful in chronic mucous affections, 
 as gonorrhcBa, bronchitis, diseases of the bladder, gleet, chronic catarrh, 
 diarrhoea, and dysentery, etc., etc. It was formerly regarded as a 
 specific for gonorrhoea, but has lost some of its prestige. Locally it is 
 an excellent application to fistulas, chilblains, old ulcers, etc. 
 
 Dose. — From twenty to sixty drops in emulsion with yolk of egg and 
 mint or cinnamon water. 
 
 CKANBERRY (High).— (Viburnum Opulus.) 
 
 Medicinal Part. The bark. 
 
 Description. — It is a nearly smooth and upright shrub, or small tree, 
 usually from five to twelve feet in height, with several stems from the 
 same root branched above ; the leaves are three-lobed, three-veined, 
 broadly -wedged shape, and crenately toothed on the side. The flowers 
 are white, or reddish-white ; the fruit ovoid, red, very acid, rijiens late, 
 and remains upon the bush after the leaves have fallen. It resembles 
 the common cranberry, and is sometimes substituted for it. 
 
 History. — It is indigenous to the northern part of the United States 
 and Canadas, being a handsome shrub, growing in low rich lands, woods, 
 and borders of fields, flowering in June, and presenting at this time a 
 very showy appearance. The flowers are succeeded by red and veiy 
 acid berries, resembling low cranberries, and which remain through the 
 winter. The bark is the officinal part, as met with in di'ug-stores. 
 It is frequently put iip by Shakers, when it is somewhat flattened fi-om 
 ,:>ressure. It has no smell, but has a peculiar, not unpleasant, bitterish, 
 and astringent taste. It yields its properties to water or diluted alcohol. 
 Vihiirnine is its active principle. 
 
 Prtyi)ertie.H nml U.ses. — It is a powerful antispasmodic, and hence gene- 
 rally kno^vn among American practitioners as Cramp Bark. It is vciy 
 effective in cramps and spasms of all kinds, as asthma, hysteria, cramps 
 of femides during pregnancy, preventing the attacks entirely if used 
 daily for the last two or three months of gestation.
 
 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 77 
 
 The following forms an excellent preparation for the relief of spas- 
 modic attacks, viz. : take of Cramp bark, two ounces ; scull-cap skunk 
 cabbage, of each one ounce ; cloves, half an ounce ; capsicum, two 
 drachms. Have all in powder, coarsely bruised, and add to them two 
 quarts of sherry or native wine. Dose of this, half a wiaeglassful two 
 or three times a day. 
 
 It may here be remarked that a poultice of the fruit of the Low Cran- 
 berry is very efficacious iu indolent and malignant ulcers, malignant 
 scarlet fever, applied to the throat ; in erysipelas, and other similar dis- 
 eases. Probably the High Cranberry will effect the same result. 
 
 Dose. — Of the decoction, or vinous tincture, one glassful two or three 
 times a day. 
 
 CRANESBILL (Geranium Maculatum). 
 
 Common Names. Dove's Foot, Crow Foot, Alum Root, Spotted Gera- 
 nium, etc. 
 
 Medicinal Part. The root. 
 
 Description. — This plant has a perennial, horizontal, thick, rough, and 
 knotty root, Avith many small fibres. The stems are grayish-green, 
 erect, round, and a foot or two high. The leaves are spreading and 
 hairy, and the blossoms large, and generally purple, mostly in pairs. 
 The Dove's Foot, or Cranebill, which grows in England, is a different 
 plant, beaiing many small bright-red flowers of five leaves apiece, though 
 it possesses medicinal properties similar to the American varieties. 
 
 Histm'y. — Geranium is a native of the United States, growing in 
 nearly all parts of it, in low grounds, open woods, etc. , blossoming from 
 April to June. The root is the officinal part. Its virtues are yielded to 
 water or alcohol. Oeranin is its active principle. 
 
 Properties and Uses. — It is a powerful astringent, used in the second 
 stage of dysentery, diarrhoea, and cholera infantum ; in infusion, with 
 milk. Both internally and externally it may be used wherever astrin- 
 gents are indicated, in hemorrhages, indolent ulcers, aphthous sore 
 mouth, ophthalmia, leucorrhoea, gleet, hematuria, monorrhagia, dia- 
 betes, and excessive chronic mucous discharges ; also to cure mercurial 
 salivation. Relaxation of the uvula may be benefited by gargling with 
 a decoction of the root, as well as aphthous ulceration of the mouth 
 and throat. From its freedom from any nauseous or unpleasant quali- 
 ties, it is well adapted to infants and persons with fastidious stomachs. 
 In cases of bleeding piles, a strong decoction of the root should be in- 
 jected into the rectum, and retained as long as possible. Troublesome 
 epistaxis, or bleeding from the nose, wounds, or small vessels, and from 
 the extraction of teeth, may be checked effectually by applying the 
 powder to the bleeding orifice, and, if possible, covering with a com- 
 press of cotton. With Aletri's Farinosa ( Unicorn root) in decoction, and
 
 78 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 
 
 taken intemaily, it has proved of superior efficacy in diabetes and in 
 Bright's disease of the kidneys. A mixture or solution of two parts of 
 hydrastin and one of geranin will be found of unrivalled efficacy in all 
 chronic mucous diseases, as in gleet, leucorrhoea, ophthalmia, gastric 
 affections, catarrh, and ulceration of the bladder, etc. A decoction of 
 two parts of geranium and one of sanguinaria (Bhodroot) forms an ex- 
 cellent injection for gleet and leucorrhoea. 
 
 Dose of geranium powder, from twenty to thirty grains; of the de- 
 coction, a tablespoonf ul to a wineglassful. 
 
 CRAWLEY (CoRALLORHizA Odontorhiza). 
 
 Common Names. Dragon's Claw, Cm'al root^ etc. 
 
 Medicinal Part. The root. 
 
 I)esc7-iption.—TMB is a singular, leafless plant, with coral-like root- 
 stocks. The root is a collection of small fleshy tubers ; the flowers, 
 fiom ten to twenty in niimber, are of a brownish-green color, and the 
 fruit a large oblong capsule. 
 
 History. — The plant is a native of the United States, growing about 
 the roots of trees, in rich woods, from Maine to Florida, flowering from 
 July to October. The entire plant is destitute of verdiu-e. The root 
 only is used for medical purposes. It is small, dark brown, resembling 
 cloves, or a hen's claws ; has a strong, nitrous smell, and a mucilagi- 
 nous, slightly bitter, astringent taste. 
 
 Properties and Uses. — It is probably the most powerful, prompt, and 
 certain diaphoretic in the materia medica ; but its scarcity and high 
 price prevents it from coming in general use. It is also sedative, and 
 promotes perspiration without producing any excitement in the system. 
 Its chief value is as a diaphoretic in fevers, especially in typhus, and 
 inflammatory diseases. It has proved effectual in acute erysipelas, 
 cramps, flatulency, pleurisy, and night-sweats ; it relieves hectic fever 
 without debilitating the patient. Its vii'tues are especially marked in 
 the low stages of fevers. 
 
 Combined with caulophyllin it forms an excellent agent in amenor- 
 rhcea and dysmenoiThoea, or scanty or painful meusti'uation, and is un- 
 surpassed in after-pains, suppression of lochia, and the febrile symptoms 
 which sometimes occur at the parturient period. 
 
 In fevers Crawley may be advantageously combined with leptandrLn 
 or podophyllin, when it is found necessary to act upon the bowels cr 
 liver ; and mixed with dio.scorein it wUl be fomid almost a specific in 
 flatulent and bilious colic. 
 
 Dose. — From twenty to thirty grains of the powdered root, given in 
 water as warm as the patient can drink, and repeated everj- hour or two,
 
 THE COMPLETE HEKBALIST. 79 
 
 according to circumstances. The powder should always be kept in well- 
 closed vials. It constitutes the fever powders of some practitioners. 
 
 CROWFOOT (Rajstunculus Btilbosus). 
 
 Medicinai. P.\bts. The cormus and herb. 
 
 Description. — This plant is not to be confounded with the Geranium 
 maculatwn, which is also caUed Crowfoot. The cormus or root of this 
 herb is a perennial, solid, fleshy, roimdish, and depressed, sendiag out 
 radicles from its under sides. The root sends up annually erect hairy 
 stems, six to eighteen inches in height. The leaves are on long petioles, 
 dentate and hairy. Each stem supports several sohtary golden-yeUow 
 flowers ; sepals, oblong and hairy ; petals, five, cordate ; stamens nu- 
 merous and hairy. 
 
 UistM'y. — This plant is common in Eurojie and the United States, 
 growing in fields and pastures, and flowering in May, June, and July. 
 There a great many varieties, but all possess similar quahties, and des- 
 ignated by the general name of Butter-cup. When any part of these 
 plants is chewed, it occasions much pain, inflammation, excoriation of 
 the mouth, and much heat and pains in the stomach, if it be taken 
 internally. 
 
 Properties and Uses. — This plant is too acrid to be used internally, 
 especially when fresh. WTien applied externally it is powerfully rube- 
 facient and epispastic. It is employed in its recent state in rheumatic 
 neuralgia and other diseases where vesication and coim^ter-irritation 
 are indicated. Its action, however, is generally so violent that it is sel- 
 dom used. The beggars use it to produce and keep open sores to excite 
 sympathy. It has been used with success in obstinate cases of nursing 
 sore-mouth — an infusion being made by adding two drachms of the 
 recent root, cut into small pieces, to one pint of hot water, when cold a 
 tablespoonful being given two or three times a day, and the mouth fre- 
 quently washed with a much stronger infusion. 
 
 CUBEBS (Piper Cubeba). 
 
 Medicinal Part. The berries. 
 
 Description. — This is a perennial plant, with a climbing stem, round 
 branches, about as thick as a goose-quill, ash-colored, and rooting at the 
 joints. The leaves are from four to six and a half inches long by one 
 and a half to two inches broad, ovate-oblong, acummate, and very 
 smooth. Flowers arranged in spikes at the end of the branches ; fruit, 
 a berry rather longer than that of black pepper. 
 
 Uistory. — Cubebs is a native of Java and other i-slands of the Indian 
 Ocean, growing in the forests without cultivation. The fruit is gathered 
 before fully ripe, and then dried. It afEords a volatile oil, which is mucb
 
 80 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 
 
 used. Cubebs has a pleasant, aromatic odor, and a hot, bitter taste. 
 Cubebin is the active principle. 
 
 Properties and Uses. — It is mildly stimulant, expectorant, stomachic, 
 and carminative. It acts particularly on mucous tissues, and arrests 
 excessive discharges, especially from the urethra. It exercises an influ- 
 ence over the urinaiy apparatus, rendering the urine of deeper color. 
 It is successfully employed in gonorrhoea, gleet, leucorrhoea, chronic 
 bladder diceases, bronchial affections, and atony of the stomach and 
 bowels. 
 
 Dose. — Of the powder, half a drachm to a drachm ; tincture, two 
 fluid drachms ; oil, ten to thirty drops. 
 
 DAISY (Leucanthemum Vulgare). 
 
 Common Names. Ox-eye Daisy.^ White Weed. 
 
 Medicinal Parts. The leaves and flowers. 
 
 DcscriiMon. — This is a perennial herb, having an erect, branching, 
 and furrowed stem, from one to two feet high. The leaves are few, 
 alternate, lanceolate-serrate, the lower ones petiolate ; the upper ones 
 small, subulate, and sessile. 
 
 History. — The plant was introduced into the United States from 
 Europe, and is a very troublesome weed to farmers in nearly &yexj sec- 
 tion. It bears white flowers in June and July. The leaves are odorous 
 and somewhat acid ; the flowers are bitterish ; they impart their virtues 
 to water. 
 
 Properties and Uses. — It is tonic, diuretic, and anti-spasmodic, and, in 
 large doses, emetic. It is used as a tonic instead of Chamomile flowers, 
 and is serviceable in whooping-cough, asthma, and nervous excitability. 
 Very beneficial externally and internally in leucorrhoea. Its internal 
 use is highly recommended in colliquative perspiration. Externally it 
 is a good application to wounds, ulcers, scald-head, and some other 
 cutaneous diseases. Dose of the decoction, from a wineglassful to a 
 teacupful, two or three times a day. The fresh leaves or flowers will 
 destroy or drive away fleas. 
 
 DANDELION (Leontodon Taraxacum). 
 
 Medicinal Part. The root. 
 
 Description. — Dandelion is a perennial, top-shaped herb, having a 
 very milky root. The leaves are aU radical, shining green in color, 
 sessile, and pinnate. The scape or flower stem is onger than the 
 leaves, five or six inches in height, and bearing a single yellow flower. 
 The fruit is an achenium. 
 
 History. — This plant is a native of Greece, but is now found growing 
 abundantly in Europe and the United States, in fields, gardens, and 
 along road-sides, flowering from April to November. The root only is
 
 THE COMPLETE IIEUJ3ALIST. 81 
 
 the officinal part, and should be collected when the plant is in flo^^'ex*. 
 Alcohol or boiling water extracts its properties. The young plant is 
 frequently used as a salad or green, and possesses some slight narcotic 
 properties. 
 
 Properties and Uses. — The dried root possesses but Uttle medicinal 
 virtue ; but when fresh, is a stomachic and tonic, with slightly diirretio 
 and aperient actions. It has long been supposed to exert an influencse 
 upon the biliary organs, removing torpor and engorgement of the liver 
 as well as of the spleen ; it is also reputed beneficial in dropsies owing to 
 want of action of the abdominal organs, in uterine obstructions, chronic 
 diseases of the skin, etc. Its virtues, however, are much over-rated. 
 
 DEVIL'S BIT (Helonias Diocia). 
 
 Common Name^ False JJnimrn Root, Drooping Star Wort, etc. 
 
 Medicinal Pakt. The root. 
 
 Description. — This is an herbaceous perennial plant, with a largo 
 bulbous root, from which arises a very smooth angular stem one or two 
 feet in height. The cauline leaves are lanceolate, acute, and small ; 
 the radical leaves (or those springing from the root) are broader and 
 from four to eight inches in length. The flowers are small, very numer- 
 ous, greenish-white, disposed in long, terminal, nodding racemes, re- 
 sembling plumes. The fruit is a capsule. 
 
 History. — This plant is indigenous to the United States, and is abun- 
 dant in some of the Western States, growing in woodlands, meadows, 
 and moist situations, and flowering in June and July. 
 
 Properties and Uses. — In large doses it is emetic, and when fresh, sia- 
 lagogue. In doses of ten or fifteen grains of the powdered root, repeated 
 three or four times a day, it has been found very beneficial in dyspepsia, 
 loss of appetite, and for the removal of worms. It is beneficial in cohc, 
 and in atony of the generative organs. It is invaluable in uterine dis- 
 eases, acting as a uterine tonic, and gradually removing abnormal con- 
 ditions, whUe at the same time it imparts tone and vigor to the repro- 
 ductive organs. Hence, it is much used in leucorrhoea, amenorrhoea, 
 dysmenorrhoea, and to remove the tendency to repeated and successive 
 miscarriage. The plant will kiU cattle feeding on it, and the decoction, 
 insects, bugs, and lice. 
 
 Dose. — Of the powder, from twenty to forty grains ; of the decoction, 
 from a wineglassful to a teacupful. 
 
 The Hdonias Bidlata, with purple flowers, and probably some othei 
 species possess similar medicinal virtues. 
 
 DOCK (EuMEX Crispus). 
 
 Medicinal Part. The root. 
 
 Description. — There are four varieties of Dock which may be used in
 
 82 
 
 TUE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 
 
 medicine : the Rumex Aquaticus (Great AVater Dock) ; Rumex Britan- 
 ?u"ca (Water Dock); Rumex Abtusifolms (Blunt-leaved Dock); and the 
 R. Crispns, or Yellow Dock. They all possess simi- 
 lar medicinal qualities, but the Yellow Dock is the 
 only one entitled to extensive consideration. It has 
 a deep, spindle-shaped yellow root, with a stem 
 two or three feet high. The leaves are lanceolate, 
 acute, and of a lig-ht green color. The flowers are 
 numerous, jjale green, drooping, and interspersed 
 with leaves below. The fruit is a nut contracted at 
 each end. 
 
 Histoi'y. — The Docks are natives of Europe, ex- 
 cepting the blunt-leaved, which is indigenous, but 
 they have all been introduced into the United States. 
 Yellow Dock grows in cultivated grounds, waste 
 grounds, about rubbish, etc. , flowering in June and 
 July. The root has scarcely any odor, but an as- 
 tringent bitter taste, and yields its virtues to water 
 and alcohol. 
 
 Properties and Uses. — Yellow Dock is an altera- 
 tive, tonic and detergent, and eminently useful in scorbxitic, cutaneous, 
 scrofulous, cancerous and syi3hilitic affections, leprosy, elephahtiasis, 
 etc. For all impurities of the blood 
 it has no equal, especially if pro- 
 perly compounded with appropriate 
 adjutants and corrigents. The fresh 
 root bruised in cream, lard, or 
 butter, forms a good ointment for 
 various affections. This admirable 
 alterative is one of the ingredients 
 of my Blood Purifier (see page 469), 
 in which it is associated with other 
 eminent alteratives, making the 
 compound worthy of the reputation 
 it has achieved. 
 
 DOGWOOD (CoRNus Florida). 
 
 Dock. 
 
 Common Names. 
 
 Boxwood, 
 
 Dogfwood. 
 
 Flowering Cornel, Green Ozier. 
 
 Medicinal Part. 77ie bark. 
 
 Description. — Dogwood is a small 
 indigenous tree from twelve to thirty feet high, with a very hard ani 
 compact wood, and covered with a rough and brownish bark. The tree 
 is of slow growth. The leaves are opposite, smooth, ovate, acute, dark
 
 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 83 
 
 green above, paler beneath. The flowers are very small, of a greenish 
 yellow color, and constitute the chief beavity of the tree when in bloom. 
 The fruit is an oval drupe of a glossy scarlet color, containing a nut with 
 two cells and two seeds. 
 
 History. — This tree grows in various parts of the United States ; it 
 flowers in April and May. The fruit matures in autumn. The wood is 
 used for many purposes. The bark yields its virtues to water and alco- 
 hol. The chemical qualities are tannic and gaUic acids, resin, gum, oil, 
 wax, Uguin, Hrae, potassa, and iron. 
 
 Properties and Uses. — It is tonic, astringent, and slightly stimulant. 
 It is an excellent substitute for Peruvian bark, and may be used when 
 the foreign remedy is not to be obtained, or when it fails, or where it 
 cannot be administered. The bark should only be used in its dried state. 
 Cornine., its active principle, is much used as a substitute for quinine. 
 
 Dogwood, or green ozier, exerts its best virtues in the shape of an 
 ointment. It is detergent in all inflammatory conditions, destructive to 
 morbid growths, and at variance with diseased nutrition. It stimulates 
 granulations, increases the reparative process, induces circulation of 
 healthy blood to the parts, removes effete matter, vitalizes the tissues, 
 and speedily removes pain from the diseased parts. It fulfils these 
 conditions in my great healing remedy, the "Herbal Ointment," see 
 page 469. 
 
 Dose. — Of the powder, twenty to sixty grains; extract, five to ten 
 grains ; comine, from one to ten grains. 
 
 DRAGON ROOT (Arum TRrpnYLLUM). 
 
 Common Names. Wake Robin, Indian Turnip, Jack in the Pulpii, eto. 
 
 Medicinal Part. The cormus w root. 
 
 Description. — This plant has a roimd, flattened, perennial rhizome; 
 the upper part is tunicated like an onion. The leaves are generally one 
 or two, standing on long, sheathing footstalks ; leaflets oval, mostly 
 entire, acuminate, smooth, and paler on the under side. 
 
 History. — It inhabits North and South America, is found in wet loca- 
 tions, and flowers from May to June. The whole plant is acrid, but the 
 root is the only part employed. It is of various sizes, turnip-shaped, 
 dark and corrugated externaUy, and milk-white within, seldom exceed- 
 ing two and a half inches in diameter. When first dug it is too fiercely 
 acrid for internal employment, as it will leave an impression upon the 
 tongue, lips, and fauces, like that of a severe scald, followed by inflam- 
 mation and tenderness, which, however, may be somewhat mollified by 
 mUk. It exerts no such influence upon the external skin, except upon 
 long and continued application. The root loses its acrimony by age, 
 and should always be used when partially dried. In addition to its 
 acrid principle, it contains a large proportion of starch, with a portion
 
 81 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 
 
 of gum, albumen, and saccharine matter. When the acrid matter is 
 driven off by heat, the root yields a pure, delicate, amylaceous matter, 
 resembling arrow-root, very white and nutritive. 
 
 Properties and Uses. — It is acrid, expectorant, and diaiihoretic, used 
 in asthma, hooping-cough, chronic bronchitis, chronic rheumatism, pains 
 in the chest, colic, low stages of ty]jhus, and general debility ; exter- 
 nally in scrofulous tumors, scald-head, and various skin diseases. 
 
 Dose. — Of the gi'ated root, in syrup or mucilage, ten grains, three or 
 four times a day. 
 
 ELDER (Sambucus Canadensis). 
 
 Medicinal Parts. The floiccrs and berries. 
 
 Description. — This is a common, well-known native American plant, 
 from five to twelve feet high, with a shruljby stem, filled with a light 
 and porous pith, especially when young. The bark is rather scabrous 
 and cinereous. The leaves are nearly bipinnate, antiposed. The flowers 
 are numerous, white, in very large level-topped, five-parted cymes, and 
 have a heavy odor. The European Elder, though larger than the Ameri- 
 can kind, is similar in its general characteristics and iDroperties. 
 
 History. — It is an indigenous shmb, growing in all parts of the United 
 States, in low, damp grounds, thickets, and waste places, flowering in 
 June and July, and maturing its berries in September and October. 
 The officinal parts are the flowers, the berries, and the inner bark. 
 
 Properties and Uses. — In warm infusion the flowers are diaphoretic 
 and gently stimulant. In cold infusion they are diuretic, alterative, 
 and cooling, and may be used in all diseases requiring such action, as in 
 hepatic derangements of children, erysipelas, erysipelatous diseases, etc. 
 In infusion with Maiden-hair and Beech-drops, they will be found very 
 valuable in all ciysipclatous diseases. TJie expressed juice of the berries.^ 
 evaporated to the consistence of a syrup, is a valuable aperient and 
 alterative ; one ounce of it wUl purge. An infvision of the young leaf- 
 biids is likewise purgativej and sometimes acts with violence. The 
 flowers and expressed juice of the berries have been beneficially em- 
 ployed in scrofula, cutaneous diseases, syphilis, rheumatism, etc. The 
 inner green bark is cathartic ; an infusion of it in wine, or the expressed 
 juice, will purge moderately in doses from half a fluid ounce to a fluid 
 ounce. Large doses i)roduce cmesis or vomiting. In small doses it pro- 
 duces an efficacious deobstruent, promoting all the fluid secretions, and 
 is nmch used in dropsy, especially that following scarlatina and other 
 febrile and exanthematous complaints, as well as in many chronic dis- 
 eases. Beaten up with lard or cream, it forms an excellent discutient 
 ointment, of much value in l)uriis, scalds, and some cutaneous diseases. 
 The juice of tlie root in half-omice doses, taken daily, acts as a hydra- 
 gogue cathartic, and stimulating diuretic, and will be found valuable in all
 
 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 85 
 
 dropsical affections. The icucr bark of Elder is hydragogue and emetico- 
 cathartic. Has been successfully used in epilepsy, by taking it from 
 branches one or two years old, scraping off the gray outer bark, and 
 steeping two ounces of it in. five ounces of cold or hot water for forty- 
 eight hours. Strain and give a wineglassful every fifteen minutes when 
 the fit is threatening : the patient fasting. Resume it every six or eight 
 days. 
 
 ELECA3IPANE (Inula Helenium). 
 
 Medicinal Part. The root. 
 
 Description. — This plant has a thick, top-shaped, aromatic, and pe- 
 rennial root, with a thick, leafy, round, solid stem, from four to six feet 
 high. The leaves are large, ovate, dark gi-een above, downy and hoary 
 beneath, with a fleshy mid-rib. The flowers are of a bright yellow color, 
 and the fruit an achenium. 
 
 History. — Elecampane is common in Europe, and cultivated in the 
 United States. It grows in pastures and along road-sides, blossoming 
 from July to September. The root is the part used, and should be 
 gathered in the second year of its development, and during the fall 
 months. It yields its properties to water and alcohol, more especially 
 to the former. 
 
 Properties and Uses. — It is aromatic, stimulant, tonic, emmenagogue, 
 diuretic, and diaphoretic. It is much used in chronic ijulmouary affec- 
 tions, weakness of the digestive organs, hepatic torpor, dyspepsia, etc. 
 
 Dose. — Of the powder, from one scruple to one drachm ; of the infu- 
 sion, one to two fluid ounces. 
 
 ERGOT (Secale Cornutum). 
 
 CojiMON Names. Spurred or Smut Eye. 
 
 Medicinal Part. The degenerated seeds. 
 
 Description. — Ergot is the name given to the fungoid, degenerated 
 seeds of the common rye, which is the result of a parasitic plant called 
 Oidium Abortifaciens. 
 
 Histoi'y. — Ergot consists of grains, varying in length, of a violet-black 
 color ; odor fishy, peculiar, and nauseous. Their taste is not very marked, 
 but is disagreeable and slightly acrid. They should be gathered previous 
 to harvest. • 
 
 Properties and Uses. — Ergot has a remarkable effect upon the human 
 system, and when persisted in for a length of time as an article of food 
 manifests certain symptoms termed ergotism. Its chief use as a medicine 
 is to promote uterine contractions in slow, natural labors. It is also 
 useful in checking menorrhagia, uterine hemorrhages, and to expel 
 polyiji. It is also employed in gonorrhoea, amenorrhoea, paraplegia, 
 paralysis of the bladder, fever and ague.
 
 86 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 
 
 This is a valuable remedy to the obstetrician and midwife, but its use 
 should not be persisted in too long, as it often produces dangerous 
 symptoms. 
 
 Dose. — Of the jjowder, five, ten, or fifteen grains ; fluid extract, thirty 
 drops. 
 
 ERYNGO (Eryngium Aquaticum). 
 
 Common Names. Buttynsnake Root, liattlesnake^ s Master, etc. 
 
 Medicinal Part. The root. 
 
 Description. — This indigenous, perennial herb has a simple stem from 
 one to five feet high. The root is a tuber ; the leaves are one or two 
 feet long, half an inch to an inch wide, and taper-pointed. The flowers 
 are white or pale, and inconspicuous. 
 
 History. — This plant is indigenous, growing in swamps and low, wet 
 lands from Vii'ginia to Texas, especially on prairie lands, blossoming in 
 August. The root is the officinal part. Water or alcohol extracts its 
 properties. 
 
 Properties and Uses. — It is aphrodisiac, exciting venereal desires and 
 strengthening the procreative organs. It is also dmretic, stimulant, 
 diaphoretic, expectorant, and, in large doses, emetic. Very Useful in 
 dropsy, nephritic and calculous affections, also in scrofula and syphilis. 
 It is valuable as a diaphoretic and expectorant in pulmonary affections. 
 It is a good substitute for Senega. The pulverized root, in doses of two 
 or three grains, is very effectual in hemorrhoids and prolapsus ani. Two 
 ounces of the pulverized root, added to one pint of good Holland gin, is 
 effectual in obstinate cases of gonorrhoea and gleet, to be administered 
 in doses of one or two fluid drachms, three or four times a day. By 
 some practitioners the root is employed as a speoiJJc in gonorrhoea, gleet, 
 and leucorrhcea ; used internally in syrup, decoction, or tincture — and 
 the decoction applied locally by injection. Used externally and inter- 
 nally, it cures the bites of snakes and insects. 
 
 Dose. — Of the powder, from twenty to foi-ty grains ; of the decoction, 
 which is principally used, from two to four fluid ounces, several times a 
 day. 
 
 EYE-BRIGHT (Euphrasia Officinalis).. 
 
 Medicinal Part. T7ie leaves. 
 
 Description. — This is an elegant little annual plant, with a square, 
 downy, leafy stem, from one to five inches in height. The leaves are 
 entirely opposite, ovate or cordate, and downy ; the flowers very abun- 
 dant, inodorous, with a brilliant variety of colors. The fruit is an ob- 
 long pod, filled with numerous seeds. 
 
 History. — Thia plant is indigenous to Europe and America, bearing
 
 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 87 
 
 red or wliite flowers in July. The leaves are commonly employed; 
 they are inodorous, but of a bitter, astringent taste. Water extracts 
 their virtues. 
 
 Properties and Virtues. — Slightly tonic and astringent. Useful in 
 form of infusion or poultice, in catarrhal ophthalmia ; also of service ia 
 all mucous diseases attended with increased discharges ; also, ia cough, 
 hoarseness, ear-ache, and head-ache, which have supervened upon catar- 
 rhal affections. Four fluid ounces of the infusion taken every morning 
 upon an empty stomach, and also every night at bed-time, has been 
 found successful in helping epilepsy. 
 
 FERNS (FiLiCES). 
 
 Royal Flowering Fern. Osmunda Regalis. 
 
 Common Name. Buckhorn Brake. 
 
 Medicinal Part. The root. 
 
 Descrij)tion. — This Fern has a hard, scaly, tuberous root, quite fibrous, 
 and a whitish core in the centre. The fronds are tliree or four feet 
 high, bright green, and doubly pinnate. The numerous leaflets are 
 sessile and oblong, some of the upper ones cut. 
 
 History. — This beautiful Fern is found in meadows, and low, moist 
 grounds, throughout the United States, blossoming in June. The main 
 root or caudex is the ofBcinal part ; it is about two inches long, and has 
 the shape of a buck's horn. It contains an abundance of mucilage, which 
 is extracted by boiling water. The roots should be collected in August, 
 or about the latter part of May, and dried with great care, as they are 
 apt to become mouldy. 
 
 The Osmunda Cinnamomea, or cinnamon-colored Fern, is inferior to 
 the preceding, but is frequently used for the same medical purposes. 
 
 Properties and Uses. — Mucilaginous, tonic, and styptic. Used in 
 coughs, diarrhoea, and dysentery ; also used as a tonic during conva- 
 lescence from exhausting diseases. One root, infused in a pint of hot 
 water for half an hour, will convert the whole into a thick jelly, very 
 valuable in leucorrhoea and other female weaknesses. The mucilage 
 mixed with brandy is a popular remedy as an external application for 
 subluxations and debility of the muscles of the back. For internal use 
 the roots may be infused in hot water, sweetened, and ginger, cinnamon, 
 brandy, etc. , added, if not contra-indicated. 
 
 FEMALE FERN (Polypodium Vulgare). 
 
 Common Names. Rock Polypod, Brake Root., Common Polypody. 
 Medicinal Parts. The root and tops. 
 
 Description. — This perennial has a creeping, irregular, brown root. 
 The fronds are from six to twelve inches high, green, smooth, and
 
 88 
 
 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 
 
 deeply pinnatified. The fruit on the lower surface of the fronds is in 
 large golden dots or capsules. 
 
 Ilistori/.— This tern is common on shady rocks in woods and moun- 
 tains throughout the United States. The root has a peculiar and rather 
 unpleasant odor, and somewhat sickening taste. "Water extracts its 
 properties. 
 
 Properties and U-te-i. — This plant is pectoral, demulcent, purgative, 
 and anthelmintic. A decoction of syrup has been found very valuable 
 in pulmonaiy and hepatic diseases. A strong decoction is a good purga- 
 tive, and will expel tenia and other worms. Dose of the powdered 
 plant, from (me to four drachms. Of the decoction or syrup, from one 
 to four fluid ounces, three or four times a day. 
 
 MALE FERN (AsPiDiUJi Filix Mas). 
 
 Medicinal Part, llierhkome. 
 
 Description.— KiAe Fern has a large, perennial, tufted, scaly rhizome, 
 sending forth yeaiiy several leaves, three or four feet high, erect, oval, 
 
 lanceolBjte, acute, 
 pinnace, bright 
 green, and''; leafy 
 nearly to tl|e bot- 
 tom ; their stalks 
 and midribs having 
 tough, brown, and 
 transparent scales 
 throughout. Leaf- 
 lets numerous, 
 crowded, oblong, ob- 
 tuse, and crenate 
 throughout. 
 
 Hi story. — Male 
 Fern grows in all 
 parts of the United 
 States and Europe. 
 The root has a dark 
 brown epiderm, is 
 almost inodorous, 
 and a nauseous swest 
 taste. It contains a green fat oil, gum, resin, lignin, tannic acid, 
 pectin, albumen, etc. It should be gathered from June to September. 
 After gathering, it should be carefully prepared, as on the preparation 
 its ^^rtuoa depend. It loses its virtues in two years if not properly 
 preserved. 
 
 
 "3 
 
 Male Fern.
 
 THE COMPLETK HERBALIST. 89 
 
 Properties and Uses. — It is used for the expulsion of worms, especially 
 tape- worms. It was used as such by PUny, Dioscorides, Theophrastus, 
 and Galen. It was the celebrated secret remedy of Madame NoufCer, the 
 widow of a Swiss surgeon, who sold her secret to Louis XVI. for 18,000 
 francs. It is, in fact, a royal anthelmintic, and worthy of all the high 
 commendations it has received from ages past up to the present time. 
 It is one of the ingredients of my " Male Fern Vermifuge." See page 
 4G9. 
 
 FEVERFEW (Pyrethrum Parthenium). 
 
 Medicinal Part. The herb. 
 
 Description. — Feverfew is a perennial herbaceous plant, with a taper- 
 ing root, and an erect, round, and leafy stem about two feet high. The 
 leaves are alternate, petiolate, hoary green, with leaflets inclining to 
 ovate and dentate. The flowers are white and compound, and the fruit 
 a wingless, angular, and uniform achenium. 
 
 History.— The j^lant is a native of Europe, but common in the United 
 States ; found occasionally in a wild state, but generally cultivated in 
 gardens, and blossoms in June and July. It imparts its virtues to water, 
 but much better to alcohol. 
 
 Proj)erties and Uses. — It is tonic, carminative, emmenagogue, vermi- 
 fuge, and stimulant. The warm infusion is an excellent remedy in 
 recent colds, flatulency, worms, irregular menstruation, hysteria, sup- 
 pression of urine, and in some febrile diseases. In hysteria or flatulency, 
 one teaspoonful of the comiiound spirits of lavender forms a valuable 
 addition to the dose of the infusion, which is from two to four fluid 
 ounces. The cold infusion or extract makes a valuable tonic. The 
 leaves, in poultice, are an excellent local application in severe pain or 
 swelling of the bowels, etc. Bees are said to dislike this plant very 
 much, and a handful of the flower-heads carried where they are will 
 cause them to keep at a distance. 
 
 FIGWORT (Scrophtjlaria Nodosa). 
 
 Medicinal Parts. The leaves and root. 
 
 Description. — Figwort has a perennial, whitish, and iibrous root, with 
 a leafy, erect, smooth stem from two to four feet high. The leaves 
 are opposite, ovate ; the upper lanceolate, acute, of deep green color, 
 and from three to seven inches in length. The flowers are small, and 
 dark purple in color. The fruit is an ovate-oblon-g capsixle. 
 
 History. — This plant is a native of Europe, but is found growing in 
 different parts of the United States, in woods, hedges, damp copses, 
 and banks, blossoming from July to October, The plants known by 
 the names of Carpcntefs Square, Heal All, Square Stalk, etc. (<?. Mari-
 
 90 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 
 
 landica and <S. Lnnceolata), are all mere varieties of Figicort, possess- 
 ing similar medicinal properties. The leaves and root are the officinal 
 parts, and yield their virtues to water or alcohol. The leaves have 
 an offensive odor, and a bitter, unpleasant taste ; the root is shghtly 
 acrid. 
 
 Projjerties and Uses. — It is alterative, diuretic, and anodyne ; highly 
 beneficial in hepatic or liver diseases, dropsy, and as a general deob- 
 Btruent to the glandular system when used in infusion or syrup. Ex- 
 ternally, in the form of fomentation or ointment, it is valuable in 
 bruises, inflammation of the mammae, ringworm, piles, painful swell- 
 ings, itch, and cutaneous eruptions of a vesicular character. The root, 
 in decoction and drunk freely, will restore the lochial discharge when 
 suppressed, and reheve the pains attendiug difficult menstruation. This 
 plant possesses many valuable and active mediciaal properties. 
 
 Dose. — Of the infusion or syrup, from a wiueglassf ul to a teacupf uL 
 
 FIREWEED (Erecthites Hieractifolius). 
 
 Medicinal Parts. The root and herb. 
 
 Description. — This plant has an annual, herbaceous, thick, fleshy, 
 branching, and roughish stem, from one to five feet high. The leaves 
 are simple, alternate, large, lanceolate or oblong, acute, deeply dentate, 
 BessUe, and light green. The flowers are whitish, and the fniit an 
 achenium, oblong and hairy. 
 
 Histoiy. — This indigenous rank weed grows in fields throughout the 
 United States, in moist woods, in recent clearings, and is especially 
 abundant in such as have been burned over. It flowers from July to 
 October, and somewhat resembles the Sowthistle. The whole plant 
 yields its virtues to water or alcohol. It has a peculiar, aromatic, and 
 somewhat fetid odor, and a slightly pungent, bitter, and disagreeable 
 taste. 
 
 Properties and Uses. — It is emetic, cathartic, tonic, astringent, and 
 alterative. The latter three qualities are the most valuable. It is an 
 unrivalled medicine in diseases of the mucous tissues. The spirituous 
 extract which I use in my practice is most excellent, in cholera and 
 dysentery, promptly arresting the discharges, relieving the pain, and 
 effecting a speedy cure. It is invariably successful in summer com- 
 plaints of children, even in cases where other means have failed. 
 
 FROST-WEED (Heliantitemum Canadense). 
 
 Common Names. Rock Rose, Frost Plant, etc. 
 
 Mp:djcinal Part. The hcrh. 
 
 Descrijjtion. — Rock Roso is a pereunial herb, with a simple, ascending
 
 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 
 
 91 
 
 Kock Rose. 
 
 downy stem, about a foot high. The leaves are alternate, from eight to 
 
 twelve inches long, about one-fourth as wide; 
 
 oblong, acute, lanceolate, erect, and entire. The 
 
 flowers are large and bright yellow, some with 
 
 petals, and some without petals. The flowers 
 
 open in sunshine and cast their petals next day. 
 
 History. — It is indigenous to aU parts of the 
 United States, growing in dry, sandy> soils, and 
 blossoming from May to July. The leaves and 
 stems are covered with a white down, hence its 
 name. The whole plant is officinal, having a bit- 
 terish, astringent, slightly aromatic taste, and 
 yields its properties to hot water. Prof. Eaton, 
 in his work on botany, records this curious fact of 
 the plant : "In November and December of 181G 
 I saw hundreds of these plants sending out broad, 
 thin, curved ice crystals, about an inch in breadth 
 from near the roots. These were melted away by 
 day, and renewed every morning for more than 
 twenty-five days in succession." 
 
 Properties and Uses. — This plant has long been 
 used as a valuable remedy for scrofu.la, in which disease it performs some 
 astonishing cures. It is used in f onn of decoction, syrup, or fluid extract, 
 but had better be used in combination with other remedies. In combi- 
 nation with CorydaUs Formosa and Stillingia it forms a most valuable re- 
 medy. It is tonic and astringent, as well as an tiscrof ulcus. It can be used 
 with advantage in diarrhoea, as a gargle in scarlatina and aphthous ulcer- 
 ations, and as a wash in scrofrdous ophthalmia. Externally, a poultice of 
 the leaves is appUed to scrofulous tumors and ulcers. An oil has been 
 procured from the plant which is said to be highly valuable in cancerous 
 affections. 
 
 The HeliantJiemum, Coi'ymbosum, or Frost- weed, growing in the pine 
 barrens and sterile lands of the Southern and Jliddle States, possesses 
 similar qualities, and may be employed if the former frost-weed is not 
 to be had. This excellent alterative is a constituent of that happy com- 
 bination of alteratives composing my "Blood Purifier," see page 469. 
 
 FUMITORY (FuMARiA Officinalis). 
 
 MEDicrNAL Part. The leaves. 
 
 Description. — Fumitory is an annual, glaucous plant, with a sub-erect, 
 much branched, spreading, leafy and angular stem, growing from ten to 
 fifteen inches high. The leaves are mostly alternate. Culpepper, who 
 knew the plant which is now used, better than anybody else, said that 
 " at the top of the branches stand many small flowers, as it were in a long
 
 92 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 
 
 Bpike oue above another, made like little birds, of a reddish pm-ple 
 color, with whitish bellies, after which come small round husks, contain- 
 ing small black seeds. The root is small, yellow, and not very long, and 
 full of juice when it is young. " The fruit, or nut, is ovoid or globose, 
 one-seeded or valveless. The seeds are crestless. 
 
 History. — Fumitory is found growing in cultivated soils in Europe 
 and America, and flowers in May, June, and Jxily. The leaves are the 
 parts used. Culpepper recomm#nded the whole plant, but the modem 
 decision is to use the leaves, gathered at the proper times, alone. They 
 have no odor, but taste bitter under all circumstances. They are to be 
 used when fresh, and possess the .same qualities as Culpejjper affixes to 
 the fresh root, viz. : malate of lime and bitter extractive principles. 
 
 Properties and Uses. — Its virtues are chiefly tonic, and those who suf- 
 fer from diseases of the stomach know too well that a tonic, if properly 
 defined, is, simple as it may be, one of the most important remedies 
 for human ailments nature has provided. Its chief value is found 
 in its action upon the liver. It is used, in combination, with excel- 
 lent effect in cutaneous diseases, liver complaints, such as jaixndice, 
 costiveness, scurvy, and in debility of the stomach. An infusion of the 
 leaves is usually given in a wineglass (full) every four hours. The flow- 
 ers and tops have been applied, macerated in wine, to dyspepsici' with 
 partial good effect. 
 
 GAMBIR PLANT (Uncaria Gambir). 
 
 JlEDicrNAL Part. Extract of the leaves and young shoots. 
 
 Description. — Gambir is a stout climbing shrub with round branches. 
 Leaves ovate, lanceolate, acute, smooth, and have short petioles. Flow- 
 ers in loose heads, green and pink ; calyx short, coroUa funnel-shaped ; 
 Btamens five, and the fruit a two-ceUed capsule. 
 
 History. — It is an inhabitant of the East Indian Archipelago, where it 
 is extensively cultivated. On the island of Bingtang alone there are 
 GO, 000 Gambir plantations. It affords what is known as pale catechu. 
 It is chiefly imported from Singapore. It is found in cubes which float 
 on water, externally brown, internally pale brick red, breaking easily. 
 Taste bitter, very astringent, and mucilaginous. BoQing water almost 
 completely dissolves it. It is used in the arts for tanning. 
 
 Properties and Uses. — It is employed as an astringent. In various 
 affections of the mouth it is an efficacious astringent. It is also excel- 
 lent as a stomachic in dyspeptic complaints, especially when accom- 
 panied with pyrosis. It should be used just before taking food. It is 
 an excellent astringent in chronic diarrhcea and dysentery. 
 
 Hose. — From ten to forty graina.
 
 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 
 
 93 
 
 GELSEMIN (Gelseminum Sempervirens). 
 
 Common Names. Telloio Jessamine, Woodbine, Wild Jessamine. 
 
 Medicinal Part. The root. 
 
 Descriptio7i.— This plant has a twining, smooth, glabrous stom, with 
 opposite, perennial, lanceolate, entire leaves, which are dark green 
 above and pale beneath. The flowers are yellow, and have an agreeable 
 odor. Calyx is very small, with five sepals, corolla funnel-shaped, sta- 
 mens five, pistils two, and the fruit a two-ceUed capsule. 
 
 History. — Yellow jessamine abounds throughout the Southern States, 
 growing luxuriantly, and climbing from tree to tree, forming an agree- 
 able shade. It is cultivated as an ornamental vine, and flowers from 
 March to May. The root yields its virtues to water and alcohol. Gelse- 
 min is its active principle. It also contains a fixed oil, acrid resin, yel- 
 low coloring matter, a heavy volatile oil, a crystalline substance, and 
 salts of potassa, lime, magnesia, ii'on, and silica. 
 
 P roj^erties and Uses. — It is an unrivalled febrifuge, possessing relaxing 
 and antispasmodic properties. It is efficacious in nervous and bilious 
 headache, colds, pneumonia, hemorrhages, leucorrhcea, ague-cake, but 
 es^secially in all kinds of fevers, quieting all nei-vous irritability and 
 excitement, equalizing the cii'culation, promoting perspiration, and rec- 
 tifying the various secretions, without causing nausea, vomiting, and 
 purging, and is adapted to any stage of the disease. It may follow any 
 preceding treatment with safety. Its effects are clouded vision, double- 
 sightedness, or even complete prostration, and inability to open the 
 eyes. These, however, pass completely off in a few hours, leaving the 
 patient refreshed, and completely restored. When the effects are in- 
 duced no more of the remedy 
 is requii'ed. It is also of great 
 service in various cardiac dis- 
 eases, spermatorrhoea, and other 
 genital diseases ; but its use 
 should be confined entii-ely to 
 the advice of the physician. 
 
 Dose. — The tincture is the 
 foi-m ia which it is employed. 
 The dose is from ten to fifty 
 drops in a wineglass half full 
 of water ; to be repeated every 
 two hours, as long as required. 
 
 Gentian. 
 
 GENTIAN (GentianaLutea), 
 
 Medicinal Part. The root. 
 
 Description. — This plant has a long, thick, cylindrical, wrinkled, 
 
 ringed, forked, perennial root, browTi externally, and yellow within,
 
 94 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 
 
 with a stem three or four feet high, hollow, stout, and erect ; leaves 
 ovate-oblong, five- veined, pale, bright green ; the blossoms are large, of 
 a bright yellow, in many-flowered whorls ; and the fruit is a capsule, 
 stalked, oblong, and two-valved. 
 
 History. — This plant is common in Central and Southern Europe, es- 
 pecially on the Pyrenees and Alps, being foimd from 3,000 to 5,000 feet 
 above the level of the sea. The root affords the medicinal portion, and 
 is brought to America chiefly from Havre and Marseilles. It has a 
 feeble aromatic odor, and a taste at fii'st faintly sweetish, and then 
 purely, intensely, and permanently bitter. It imparts its virtues readily 
 to cold or hot water, alcohol, wine, spuits, or suliihuric ether. 
 
 Properties and Uses. — Is a powerful tonic, improves the appetite, 
 strengthens digestion, gives force to the circulation, and slightly elevates 
 the heat of the body. Very useful in debility, exhaustion, dyspepsia, 
 gout, amenorrhoea, hysteria, scrofula, inter mittents, worms, and di- 
 arrhoea. 
 
 Dose. — Of the powder, ten to thirty grains ; of the extract, one to ten 
 grains ; of the infusion, a tablespoonf ul to a wineglassful ; of the tinc- 
 ture, one or two teaspoonfuls. 
 
 Uncrystallized gentianin is a most valuable substitute for quinia, 
 acting as readily and efficaciously on the spleen, in doses of from Qfteen 
 to thirty grains, twice a day. 
 
 Gentiana Catesbei, or the Blue., or American Gentian., has a 
 perennial, branching, somewhat fleshy root, with a simple, erect, rough 
 stem, eight or ten inches in height, and bears large blue flowers. It 
 grows in the grassy swamps and meadows of North and South Carolina, 
 blossoming from September to December. The root is little inferior to 
 the foreign gentian, and may be used as a substitute for it in all cases, 
 in the same doses and preparations. 
 
 Gentiana Quinqueflora, or Five -flowered Oentian^ sometimes 
 called Gall-weed, on account of its intense bitterness, is very useful in 
 headache, liver complaint, jaundice, etc. The plant is found from 
 Vermont to Pennsylvania, and a variety of it is common throughout 
 the Western States. It grows in woods and pastures, and flowers in 
 September and October. It may be regarded as a valuable tonic and 
 cholagogue, and deserves further investigation of its therapeutic pro- 
 perties. 
 
 There is another kind of gentian {Oentiana Ochroleuca)., known by 
 the names of Marsh Gentian, Yellowish-white Gentian, Straw-colored 
 Gentian, and Sampson Snake-weed. It has a stout, smoothi.sh, ascend- 
 ing stem, one or two inches in height, its leaves two to foiu" inches long, 
 and three-fourths to an inch and a half in width, with straw-colored 
 flowers two inches long by three-quarters thick, disposed m a dense, 
 tenniual cyme, and often in axillaiy cymes. It is found in Canada
 
 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 95 
 
 and the Southern and Western States, though rarely in the latter, blos- 
 soming hi September and October ; the root is the officinal part, although 
 the tops are often employed. They are bitter, tonic, anthelmintic, and 
 astringent. Used in dyspepsia, intennittents, dysentery, and aU diseases 
 of periodicity. 
 
 To two ounces of the tops and roots pour on a pint and a half of boil- 
 ing water, and when nearly cold add a half-jpint of brandy. Dose, from 
 one to three tablespoonfuls every half -hour, gradually increasiug as the 
 stomach can bear it, lengthening the intervals between the doses. It Ls 
 also used for bites of snakes, etc. 
 
 GILLENIA (GiLLENiA Trifoliata), 
 
 Common Name. Indian Physie. 
 
 Medicinal Part. The bark of the root. 
 
 Description. — Gillenia is an indigenous, perennial herb, with an irre- 
 gular, brownish, somewhat tuberous root, having many long, knotted, 
 stringy fibres. The several stems are from the same root, about two or 
 three feet high, erect, slender, smooth, and of a reddish or brownish 
 color. The leaves are alternate, subsessile ; leaflets lanceolate, acumi- 
 nate, sharply dentated ; flowers are white, with a reddish tinge ; and 
 the fruit a two-valved, one-celled capsule. Seeds are oblong, brown, 
 and bitter. 
 
 History. — This species is found scattered over the United States from 
 Canada to Florida, on the eastern side of the Alleghanies, occurring in 
 open hilly woods, in light gravelly soU. The period of flowering is in 
 May, and the fruit is matured in August. The root yields its virtues to 
 boiling water and alcohol. 
 
 Properties and Uses. — It is emetic, cathartic, diaphoretic, expectorant, 
 and tonic. It resembles ipecac in action. It is useful in amenorrhcea, 
 rheumatism, dropsy, costiveness, dyspepsia, worms, and intermittent 
 fever. It may be used in all fevers where emetics are required. 
 
 Dose. — As an emetic, twenty to thirty-five grains of the powder, as 
 often as required ; as a tonic, two to four grains ; as a diaphoretic, six 
 grains in cold water, and repeated at intervals of two or three hours. 
 
 GOSSYPIUM HERBACEUM. 
 
 Common Name. Cotton. 
 
 Medicinal Part. The inner lark of the root. 
 
 Description. — Cotton is a biennial or triennial herb, wath a fusiform 
 root, with a round pubescent branching stem about five feet high. The 
 leaves are hoary, palmate, with five sub-lanceolate, rather acute lobes ; 
 flowers are yellow ; calyx cup-shaped, petals five, deciduous, with a 
 purple spot near the base ; stigmas, three or five ; and the fruit a three 
 or five-celled capsule, with three or five seeds involved in cotton.
 
 96 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 
 
 History. — It is a native of Asia ; but is cultivated extensively in many 
 parts of the world, and in the Southern portions of America more suc- 
 cessfully than anywhere else. The inner bark of the recent root is the 
 part chieflj' used in medicine. Its active principle, which is that admin- 
 istered by aU educated herbal physicians, is called Qossypiin. 
 
 Projierties and Usea. — The jDreparation Gossypiiri is most excellent for 
 diseases of the utero-genital organs. In these diseases it evinces its sole 
 and only virtues, and it ought, on every occasion where it can be pro- 
 cured in its purity, to be used in the stead of ergot, or smut rye, in 
 cases of difficult labor. The latter wiU produce uterine inflammation, 
 and puei-peral fever, whUe gossypiin will achieve the beneficial effects 
 for which ergot is usually administered, and leave the system perfectly 
 free from any prejudicial after-results. The active piinciple of fresh cot- 
 ton root forms a most wonderfid uterine tonic, ard, if correctly prepared, 
 will be found invaluable in sterility, vaginitis, whites, menstrual irregu- 
 larities, gi-een sickness, etc. I do not recommend the use of the decoc- 
 tion of the root by inexperienced persons. The seeds are said to possess 
 superior anti-periodic properties. 
 
 GLOBE FLOWER (Cephalanthus Occidentalis). 
 Common Names. Button Bush, Pond Dogwood, etc. i 
 
 Medicinal Part. — The bark. * 
 
 Description. — This is a handsome shrub, growing from six to twelve 
 or more feet high, with a rough bark on the stem, but smooth on the 
 branches. The leaves are opposite, oval, acuminate, in whorls of three, 
 from three to five inches long by two to three wide. The flowers are 
 white, and resemble those of the sycamore, and the fruit a hard and dry 
 capsule. 
 
 Ilintory.- — This plant is indigenous, and found in damp places, along 
 the margins of rivers, ponds, etc., flowering from June to September. 
 The bark is very bitter, and yields its virtues to water and alcohol. 
 
 Projicrties and Uses. — Tonic, febrifuge, aperient, and diuretic. It is 
 used with much success in iatermittent and remittent fevers. The inner 
 bark of the root forms an agreeable bitter, and is employed in coughs and 
 gravel. It deserves more notice than it receives, for my experience with 
 it teaches me that it is a valuable medicinal plant. 
 
 GOLDEX SEAL (Hydrastis Canadensis). 
 
 Common Names. Yelhio Puccoon, Ground Pasj)berry, Turmerie 
 Jl(K)t, etc. 
 
 Medicinal Part. The root. 
 
 DeKoription. — This indigenous plant has a perennial root or rhizome, 
 wliich is tortuous, knotty, creeping, internally of a bright yellow color, 
 with long fibres. The stem is erect, simple, herbaceous, rounded, from
 
 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 
 
 97 
 
 six to twelve inches high, bearing two unequal terminal leaves. The 
 two leaves are alternate, palmate, having from three to five lobes, hairy, 
 dark-green, cordate at base, from four to nine iaches wide when full 
 grown. The flower is a soUtary one, small, white or rose-colored, aud 
 the fruit resembles a raspberry, is red, and consists of many two-seeded 
 diupes. 
 
 Ilistorp. — Golden seal is found growing in shady woods, in rich soils, 
 aiid damp meadows in different parts of the United States and Canada, 
 but is more abundant west of the Alleghanies. It flowers in May and 
 June. The root is the officinal part. Its virtues are imparted to water 
 or alcohol. The root is of a beautiful yel- 
 low color, and when fresh is juicy, and used 
 by the Indians to color their clothing, etc. 
 
 Properties and Uses. — The root is a pow- 
 erful tonic, at the same time exerting an 
 especial influence upon the mucous surfaces 
 and tissues, with which it comes in contact. 
 Internally, it is successfully administered in 
 dyspepsia, chronic affections of the mucous 
 coats of the stomach, erysipelas ; remittent, 
 intermittent, and typhoid fevers ; toipor of 
 the liver, and wherever tonics are required. 
 In some instances it proves laxative, but 
 without any astringency, and seems to rank 
 in therapeutical action between rhubarb and 
 blood-root. 
 
 A strong decoction of two parts of Golden 
 Seal and one part of Geranium or CranebiU, 
 is very valuable in gleet, chronic gonorrhoea, 
 and leucorrhcea, used in injection. It is likewise of much benefit in ^?^- 
 cipient stricture., spermatorrhoia., and inflammation and ulceration of the 
 internal coat of the bladder. Ulceration of the internal coat of the 
 bladder may be cured by the decoction of Golden Seal alone. It must 
 be injected into the bladder, and held there as long as the patient can 
 conveniently retain it. To be repeated three or four times a day, im- 
 mediately after emptying the bladder. 
 
 Dose. — Of the powder, from ten to thirty grains ; of the tincture, from 
 one to two fluid drachms. 
 
 GoUcn Seal. 
 
 GOLD THREAD (Coptis Tuifolia). 
 
 Common Name. Mouth-root. 
 Medicinal Part. The root. 
 
 Description. — This plant has a small, creeping, pereimial root, of a 
 bright yellow color ; the stems are round, slender, and at the base are 
 o Q
 
 98 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 
 
 invested with ovate, acuminate, yellowish scales. The leaves are ever- 
 green, on long, slender petioles ; leaflets roundish, acute at base, small 
 and smooth, and veiny and sessile. The flower is a small starry white 
 one, and the fruit an oblong capsule, containing many small black 
 seeds. 
 
 History. — Goldthread is found growing in dark swamps and sphagnous 
 woods in the northern parts of the United States, and in Canada, 
 Greenland, Iceland, and Siberia. It flowers early in the spring to July. 
 The root is the medicinal part, and autumn is the season for collect- 
 ing it. 
 
 Properties and Uses. — It is a pure and powerful bitter tonic, some- 
 what like quassia, gentian, and columbo, without any astringency. It 
 may be beneficially used in aU cases where a bitter tonic is required, and 
 is decidedly efficacious as a wash or gargle, when a decoction, in various 
 ulcerations of the mouth. In dyspepsia, and in chronic inflammation 
 of the stomach, equal parts of goldthread and golden seal, made into 
 a decoction, with elixir vitriol added in proper quantity, will not only 
 prove effectual, but in many instances wfll permanently destroy the 
 appetite for alcoholic beverages. 
 
 Dose. — Of the powder or tincture, from half a drachm to a drachm ; 
 of the decoction, the dose is from one wineglassful to a teacupfut, The 
 tincture, made by adding an ounce of the powdered root to a pint of 
 diluted alcohol, is preferable to the powder. The dose is from twenty 
 drops to a teaspoonful, three times a day. 
 
 GUAIAC (GuAiACUM Officinale). 
 
 Common Name. Lignum Vitce. 
 
 JIedicenal Parts. The wood and resin. 
 
 Description. — This is a tree of slow growth, attaining a height of from 
 thirty to forty feet ; stem commonly crooked ; bark fiin-owed ; wood 
 very hard, heavy, the fibres crossing each other diagonally. Leaves 
 bijugate ; leaflets obovate or oval, obtuse, and evergreen. Flowers light 
 blue, and the fruit an obcordate capsule. 
 
 Jlistori/.— This tree is an inhabitant of the West Indian Islands, and 
 on the neighboring part of the continent. The wood is used by turners 
 for making block-sheaves, pestles, etc., and is very hard and dm-able. 
 Both the wood and resin are used in medicine. Alcohol is the best 
 solvent. 
 
 Properties and Uses.— The wood or resign, taken internally, commonly 
 excites a warmth in the stomach, a dryness of mouth, or thirst. It is 
 an acrid stimulant, and increases the heat of the body and accelerates 
 the circulation. If the body be kept warm while using the decoction, it 
 is diaphoretic ; if cool, it is diuretic.
 
 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 99 
 
 It is used in ckronic rheumatism, cutaneous diseases, scrofula, and 
 syphilitic diseases. 
 
 Dose. — Decoction of the wood, two to four ounces ; of powdered resin, 
 five to twenty grains ; tinctiu-e, one to four tluid drachms. 
 
 HAZEL (Witch) (HAMAiiELis Virginica). 
 
 Common NAirES. Winterbloom., Snaj^ping-Jiazelnut, Spotted Alder. 
 
 Medicinal Parts. The bark and leaves. 
 
 Description. — This indigenous shrub consists of several crooked, 
 branching stems, from the same root, from four to six inches in diame- 
 ter and ten to twelve feet high, covered with a smooth gray bark. The 
 leaves are on short petioles, alternate, oval or obovate ; flowers yellow ; 
 calyx small, petals four, and the fruit a nut-like capsule or pod. 
 
 History. — It grows in damp woods, in nearly all parts of the United 
 States, flowering from September to November, when the leaves are 
 falling, and maturing its seeds the next summer. The barks and leaves 
 are the parts used in medicine. They possess a degree of fragrance, 
 and when chewed are at first somewhat bitter, very sensibly astringent, 
 and then leave a pungent sweetish taste, which remains for a considera- 
 ble time. Water extracts their virtues. The shoots are used as dicining 
 rods to discover water and metals under ground by certain adepts in 
 the occult arts. 
 
 Properties and Uses. — It is tonic, astringent, and sedative. A decoc- 
 tion of the bark is very useful in hemoptysis, hematemesis, and 
 other hemorrhaj,-es or bleedings, as well as in diarrhoea, dysenteiy, 
 and excessive mucous discharges. It is employed mth great advantage 
 in incipient phthisis or consumption, in which it is supposed to unite 
 anodyne influences with its others. 
 
 The Indians use it in the form of poultice, in external inflammations, 
 swellings, and all tumors of a painful character. 
 
 The decoction may be advantageously used as a wash or injection 
 for sore mouth, painful tumors, external inflammations, bowol com- 
 plaints, prolapsus ani and uteri, leucorrhoea, gleet, and ophthalmia. 
 
 An Ointment made with lard, and a decoction of white-oak bark, 
 apple-tree bark, and witch-hazel, is a very valuable remedy for hemor- 
 rhoids or piles. 
 
 The following forms a useful preparation : Take equal parts of witch- 
 hazel bark, golden seal, and lobelia leaves, the two first made into a 
 strong decoction, after which add the lobelia to the hot liquid, and 
 cover ; when cold, strain. This decoction, as a collyrium, will fre- 
 quently and speedily cure the most obstinate and long-standing cases of 
 ophthalmia. 
 
 Dose of the witch-hazel decoction alone, from a wineglassful to a tea- 
 cupful, three or four times a day.
 
 100 
 
 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 
 
 HELLEBORE (American) (Veratrum Yiride). 
 
 Common Names. Swamp Hellebore^ Indian Poke^ Itch-weed. 
 Medicinal Part. The rhizome. 
 
 Description. — This plant has a perennial, thick, and fleshy rhizome, 
 ttmicated at the upper part, sending off a multitude of large whitish 
 roots. The stem is from three to five feet high ; lower leaves from six 
 inches to a foot long, oval, acuminate ; upper leaves 
 gradually narrower, linear, lanceolate, and all alter- 
 nate. The flowers are numerous and green, part 
 of them barren. 
 
 Ilistoi'y. — American Hellebore is native to the 
 United States, growing in swamps, low grounds, 
 and moist meadows, blossoming in June and July. 
 The roots should be gathered in autumn, and as it 
 rapidly loses its virtues, it should be gathered an- 
 nually and kept in weU-closed vessels. When 
 fresh, it has a very strong, unpleasant odor, but 
 when dried is inodorous. It has a sweetish-bitter 
 taste, succeeded by a persistent acridity. 
 
 Properties and Uses. — It has many very'^valua- 
 ble properties. It is slightly acrid, confining this 
 action to the mouth and fauces. It is unsiirpassed 
 by any article as an exj^ectorant. As a diaphoretic, 
 it is one of the most certain of the whole materia 
 medica, often exciting gi'eat coolness and coldness 
 of the surface. In suitable doses it can be relied 
 upon to bring the pulse down from a hundred and 
 fifty beats in a minute to forty, or even to thirty. 
 Sometimes it renders the skin merely soft and moist, and at others 
 produces free and abundant perspiration. In fevers, in some diseases 
 of the heart, acute rheumatism, and in many other conditions which in- 
 volve an excited state of the circulation, it is of exceeding great value. 
 As a deobstruent or alterative, it far surpasses iodine, and therefore 
 used with great advantage in the treatment of cancer, scrofula, and con- 
 sumption. It is nervine, and never narcotic, which property renders 
 it of great value in all painful diseases, or such as are accompanied 
 with spasmodic action, convulsions, morbid irritability and irritative 
 mobility, as in chorea, epilepsy or fits, pneumonia, puerperal fever, 
 neuralgia, etc., producing these effects without stupefying and torpify- 
 ing the system, as opium is known to do. As an emetic, it is slow, but 
 certain and efficient, rousing the liver to action, and vomits without 
 occasioning prostration or exhaustion like other emetics, being the 
 more valuable in not being cathartic. It is peculiarly adapted as a!i 
 
 Hellebore.
 
 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 
 
 101 
 
 emetic in whooping-cough, croup, asthma, scarlet fever, and in all cases 
 where there is much febrile or inflammatory action. As an arterial 
 sedative it stands unparalleled and unequalled, while in small doses it 
 creates and promotes appetite beyond any agent known to medical men. 
 It has recently come into use, and may be justly regarded as one of 
 the most valuable contributions to the list of medicines in a hundred 
 years. 
 
 Dose. — Veratrum is usually given in the form of a tincture, the for- 
 mula being of the dried root, eight ounces to sixteen ounces diluted 
 .835 alcohol, macerating for two weeks, then to be expressed and fil- 
 tered. To an adult eight drops are given, which should be repealed 
 every three hours, increasing the dose one or two drops every time 
 nntU nausea or vomiting, or reduction of the pulse to sixty-five or sev- 
 enty, ensue, then reduce to one-half in all cases. Females and persons 
 from fourteen to eighteen should commence with six drops and increase 
 as above. For children, from two to five years, begin with two drops, 
 and increase one drop only. Below two years of age, one drop is suf- 
 ficient. If taken in so large a dose as 
 to produce vomiting or too much de- 
 pression, a full dose of morphine or 
 opium, in a little brandy or ginger, is 
 a complete antidote. In pneumonia, 
 typhoid fever, and many other diseases, 
 it must be continued from three to 
 seven days after the symptoms have 
 subsided. In typhoid fever, while 
 using the veratrum, quinia is absolutely 
 inadmissible. It is administered in a 
 little sweetened water, and its employ- 
 ment in moderate doses, or short of 
 nausea, may be continued indefinitely 
 without the least inconvenience. 
 
 The Helleborus Niger, Black Hel- 
 lebore., inhabiting the subalpine and 
 southern parts of Europe, was formerly 
 much used in palsy, insanity, apoplexy, 
 dropsy, epilepsy, etc. , but is now more 
 or less discarded. It has diuretic and emmenagogue properties, but 
 as it is very toxical in effects, its use is not to be advised in domestic 
 practice. 
 
 HENBANE (Hyoscyamus Niger). 
 
 Medicinal, Parts. The leaves and seeds. 
 
 Description. — Henbane is a biennial plant. It has a long, thick, spin- 
 dle-shaped, corrugated root, which is of a brown color externally, but 
 
 HeUebonis Niger.
 
 103 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 
 
 ■whitish internally. The stem sometimes reaches the height of two 
 feet, but often stops at an altitude of six inches. The leaves are large, 
 oblong, acute, alternate, and of a pale, dull green color. They have 
 long, glandular hairs upon the midrib. The flowers are funnel-shaped, 
 of a dull yellow color, with purijle veins and orifice. The seeds are 
 many, small, obovate, and brownish. 
 
 Histary. — Henbane is original with Europe, but has been naturalized 
 in America. It grows in waste grounds, and flowers from July to Sep- 
 tember. The leaves and seeds are the parts medicinally used. The 
 leaves are collected in the second year, when the plant is in flower ; the 
 seeds are gathered when perfectly ripe. It grows more plentifully than 
 elsewhere in America, in the waste grounds of old settlements, in grave- 
 yards, and around the foundations of ruined houses. Bruise the recent 
 leaves, and they emit a strong narcotic odor, like tobacco. Dry them, 
 and they have little smell or taste. Their virtues are completely ex- 
 tracted by diluted alcohol. The active principle of Henbane is called 
 Jlyosckmiia, but all the recognized preparations are now known by the 
 general name of Hyoscyamus. 
 
 Properties and Uses. — Henbane is a powerful narcotic, but, unless im- 
 properly and injudiciously used, it is not ' ' dangerously " poisonous, as 
 we learn from King. All narcotics are ' ' dangerously " poisonous if dan- 
 gerously administered. Nature grows wild her most potent medicinal 
 herbs, and those which, if used by persons who understand them, are 
 curative of the very worst alflictions of the human race, are also de- 
 structive to a small extent if applied and admiuistered by parties who 
 have not thoroughly studied their properties. Medicinally used. Hen- 
 bane is calmative, hypnotic, anodyne, and antispasmodic. It is much 
 better than opium, as it does not produce constipation. It is always 
 given, where opium does not agree, with the very best effects. I use it 
 principally to cause sleep, and remove irregular nervous action. Com- 
 bined with other preparations mentioned in many parts of this volume, 
 it is most excellent for gout, rheumatism, asthma, chronic cough, neu- 
 ralgia, irritations of the urinary organs, etc. The leaves make fine ex- 
 ternal preparations for glandular swellings or ulcers, etc. I instruct my 
 patients never to use it, under any circumstances, without the advice of 
 a good herbal physician. 
 
 HOARHOUND (Marrubium Vulgare), 
 
 MEDicrNAL Part. Theherb. 
 
 Description. — This well-known herb has a fibrous, perennial root and 
 numerous annual, bushy stems, leaf}', and branching from the bottom 
 to one or two feet in height. The leaves are roundish-ovate, rough and 
 veiny above, woolly on the under surface, one or two inches in diam- 
 eter ; the flowers small and white.
 
 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 103 
 
 Ektory.—RoaAoxmd is a native of Europe, but has been naturalized 
 in the United States, where it is very common. It grows on dry sandy 
 fields, waste grounds, and road-sides, flowering from June to September. 
 The entire plant has a white or hoary appearance ; the whole herb is 
 medicinal, and should be gathered before its efflorescence. It has a 
 peculiar, rather agreeable, vinous, balsamic odor, and a very bitter, aro- 
 matic, somewhat acrid and persistent taste. Its virtues are imparted to 
 alcohol or water. 
 
 Properties and Uses. — A stimulant, tonic, expectorant, and diuretic. 
 It is used in the form of syrup., in coughs, colds, chronic catarrh, 
 asthma, and aU pulmonary affections. The warm infusion will produce 
 perspiration and flow of urine, and is used with great benefit in jaun- 
 dice, asthnaa, hoarseness, amenorrhoea, and hysteria. The cold infusion is 
 an excellent tonic in some forms of dyspepsia. It \vill expel worms and 
 act as a purgative in large doses. It enters into the composition of 
 several syrups and candies. 
 
 Dose. — Of the powder, one drachm ; of the infusion or syrui), from 
 half to a teacupfuL 
 
 HOUND'S TONGUE (Cynoglosstjm Officinale). 
 
 Medicinal Parts. The leaves and root. 
 
 Description. — This biennial plant has an erect stem one or two feet 
 high. The leaves are hoary, with soft down on both sides, acute, lan- 
 ceolate, radical ones petiolate, cauUne ones sessile, with cordate bases. 
 The flowers are in clusters, calyx do^vny, corolla reddish purple, and 
 fruit a depressed acheuium. 
 
 History. — Cynoglossum Officinale grows on the road-sides and waste 
 places of both Europe and America. The leaves and the root are the 
 parts used in medicine ; but the preference I give to the root. This, 
 upon being gathered, emits an unpleasant and somewhat heavy odor, 
 which vanishes when it is dried. Its taste is bitter and mawkish. The 
 fresh root is spoken of by several herbalists as being better than the 
 desiccated or dried, but this probably arises fTom the fact that the roots 
 they used had not been gathered at the proper time, dried in the cor- 
 rect way, or kept in a skilful manner. The dried root is quite as active 
 as the fresh, if prepared by a person who knows its qualities. 
 
 Properties and Uses.— It is chiefly valuable for coughs, catarrhs, 
 bleeding from the lungs, and other disorganizations of the respiratory 
 apparatus. The leaves and root are both applied, with great benefit, 
 as a poultice to old ulcers, scrofulous tumors, bums, goitre, and recent 
 bruises and abrasions. In my several remedies the values of many 
 of the plants described at length in these pages are most thoroughly 
 embraced. The object in giving such plants a descriptive space each 
 is to enable the reader, in extraordinary emergencies, to be 7iis own
 
 104 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 
 
 •physician until he can g-et a better one, and to show him that what 
 he treads on may, without his knowledge, contain the germs of his 
 rejuvenation. 
 
 Cynoglossum Morrisoni, or Virginia Mouse-ear, Beggars' Lice, 
 Dysentery Weed, etc., is an annual weed with an erect hairy, leafy 
 stem, two to four feet high. Leaves three to four inches long, oblong, 
 lanceolate ; flowers very small, white, or pale blue. It grows in rocky 
 grounds and among rubbish. The whole plant has an unpleasant odor. 
 The root is the medicinal part. It is very efficacious in diarrhoea and 
 dysentery. The root may be chewed or given in powder or infusion ad 
 libitum. 
 
 HOPS (Htxmtjltjs Luptilus). 
 
 Medicinal Part. The strobiles or cones. 
 
 Description. — This well-known twining plant has a perennial root, 
 with many annual angular stems. The leaves are opposite, deep green, 
 serrated, venated, and very roixgh. The flowers are numerous and of a 
 greenish color. Fruit a strobile. 
 
 Ilistoi'y. — This plant is found in China, the Canary Islands, all parts 
 of Europe, and in many places in the United States. It is largely .culti- 
 vated in England and the United States for its cones or strobiles, -v^hich 
 are used medicinally, and in the manufacture of beer, ale, and porter. 
 The odor of hops is peculiar and somewhat agreeable, their taste slightly 
 astringent and exceedingly bitter. They yield their virtues to boiling 
 water, but a better solvent than water is diluted alcohol. Lupulin is 
 the yellow powder procured by beating or rubbing the strobiles, and 
 then sifting out the grains, which form about one-seventh part of the 
 Hops. Lupulin is in globose kidney-shaped grains, golden yellow and 
 somewhat transparent, and preferable to the Hops itself. LnpuUte is 
 the bitter principle of Hops, and is obtained by making an aqueous 
 solution of Lupulin. 
 
 Projierties and Uses. — Hops are tonic, hypnotic, febrifuge, antilithic, 
 and anthelmintic. They are principally used for their sedative or hyp- 
 notic action — -producing sleep, removing restlessness, and abating pain, 
 but sometimes failing to do so. A pillow stuffed with Hops is a favorite 
 way for obtaining sleep. The lupulin or its tincture is used in delirium 
 tremens, nervous irritation, anxiety, exhaustion, and does not disorder 
 the stomach, nor cause constipation, as with opium. It is also u.seful iu 
 after-pains, to prevent chordee, suppress venereal desires, etc. Exter- 
 nally, in the form of a fomentation alone, or combined with Boneset or 
 other bitter herbs, it has proved beneficial in pneumonia, pleurisy, gas- 
 tritis, enteritis, and as an application to painful swellings and tumors. 
 An ointment, made by boiling two parts of Stramonium leaves and one 
 of Hops in lard, is an excellent application in salt rheum, ulcers, and
 
 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 105 
 
 painful tumors. It is a powerful antaphrodisiac, composing the genital 
 organs, quieting painful erections in gonorrhoea, etc. 
 
 Dose. — Fluid extract, half a drachm to a drachm ; solid extract, five 
 to twenty grains ; tincture (two and a half ounces of hops to one pint of 
 alcohol), three to six drachms ; infusion (four drachms to one pint of 
 hot water), a wineglass to a cupful of Lupxilin^ the dose six to ten 
 grains ; tinct. of Lupulin (two ounces of Lupulin to one pint of alcohol), 
 one to two teaspoonfuls in sweetened water. Fifteen to twenty grains 
 well rubbed up with white sugar ia a mortar is very efficacious in pria- 
 pism, chordee, and spermatorrhoea. 
 
 HOUSE-LEEK (SEMPERvrvuM Tectorum). 
 
 Medicinal Part. The leaves. 
 
 Description. — House-leek has a fibrous root, with several tufts of ob- 
 long, acute, extremely succulent leaves. The stem from the centre of 
 these tufts is about a foot high, erect, round, and downy ; flowers large, 
 pale rose-colored, and scentless. Offsets spreading. 
 
 History. — This perennial plant is a native of Europe, and is so succu- 
 lent that it vsdll grow on dry walls, roofs of houses, etc. It flowers in 
 August. It is much cultivated in some places. The leaves contain 
 super-malate of lime. 
 
 Properties and Uses. — The fresh leaves are useful as a refrigerant 
 when bruised, and applied as a poultice ia erysipelatous affections, burns, 
 stings of iasects, and other inflammatory conditions of the skin. The 
 leaves, sliced in two, and the inner surface applied to warts is a positive 
 cure for them. It can be used for many skin diseases. The leaves also 
 possess an astringent property, serviceable in many cases. 
 
 HYSSOP (Hyssopus Officinalis). 
 
 Medicinal Parts. The tops and leaves. 
 
 Description. — Hyssop is a perennial herb, with square stems, woody 
 at the base, and a foot or two in height, with rod-like branches. The 
 leaves are opposite, sessile, linear, and lanceolate, green on each side ; 
 flowers, bluish-purple, seldom white ; stamens four. 
 
 History. — It is an inhabitant of Europe and this country, being raised 
 principally in gardens, and flowers in July. The taste of the leaves is 
 hot, spicy, and somewhat bitter, and yield their virtues to water and 
 alcohol. They contain yellow oil and sulphur. 
 
 Properties and Uses. — Stimrdant, aromatic, carminative, and tonic. 
 Generally used in quinsy and other sore-throats, as a gargle with sage. 
 As an expectorant it is beneficial in asthma, coughs, etc. The leaves 
 applied to bruises speedily relieve the pain and remove the discolora- 
 tion. 
 
 5*
 
 106 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 
 
 IBERIS AMAEA. 
 
 Common Name. Bitter Candy Tuft. 
 
 Medicinal Part. The seeds. 
 
 Description. — This plant has a herbaceous stem, about a foot in 
 height, with acute, toothed leaves, and bright white flowers. 
 
 History. — The leaves, stem, root, and seeds are used ; the seeds espe- 
 cially. The plant is an annual, carefully cultivated in Europe, but 
 grows wild also. It flowers in June and July. 
 
 Properties and Uses. — The ancients employed it in gout, rheumatism, 
 and diseases of a kindred nature. We use it, compounded with other 
 herbal preparations, for such diseases in their worst fonns, and we also 
 use it by itself, in certain proportions, to allay excited action of the 
 heart, particidarly where the heart is enlarged. In asthma, bronchitis, 
 and dropsy it is now considered one of the most excellent ingredients of 
 certain cures for those afliictions. The dose is from one to five grains of 
 the powdered seeds. 
 
 ICELAND MOSS (Cetraria Islandica). 
 
 Medicinal Part. Tlie plant. 
 
 Descrijition and History. — Iceland Moss is a perennial, f oliaceot^s plant 
 from two to four inches high ; a native of Britain and the northern 
 countries of Eiu-ope, particularly Iceland. It is diversified in its color, 
 being brownish or grajish-white in some parts, and of a reddish hue in 
 others. It is without odor, with a mucilaginous, bitter, somewhat 
 astringent taste, and when dry the lichen is crisp, cartilaginous, and cori- 
 aceous, and is convertible into a grayish-white powder. It swells up in 
 water, absorbing more than its own weight of that fluid, and communica- 
 ting a portion of its bitterness to it, as weU as a little mucilage ; when 
 long chewed it is converted into a mucilaginous pulp, and when boiled 
 in water the decoction becomes a linn jelly on cooling. 
 
 Properties and Uses. — It is demulcent, tonic, and nutritious. Used 
 as a demulcent in chronic catarrh, chronic dyscnteiy, and diarrhoea, and 
 as a tonic in dyspepsia, convalescence, and exhausting diseases. Boiled 
 with milk it forms an excellent nutritive and tonic in phthisis and gen- 
 eral debUity. Its tonic virtues depend upon its cetrarin^ which, if re- 
 moved, renders the lichen merely nutritious. 
 
 IRON WEED (Vernonia Fasciculata). 
 
 Medicinal Part. The root. 
 
 Dcicrijyt'on. — This is an indigenous, perennial, coarse, purplish-greeu 
 weed, with a stem from three to ten feet high. The leaves are from 
 four to eight inches long, one or two broad, lanceolate, tapering to each 
 end. Corolla showy, and dark purple.
 
 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 107 
 
 History. — This is a very common plant to tlie Western States, growing 
 in woods and prairies, and along rivers and streams, flowering from July 
 to September. The root is bitter, and imparts its virtues to water and 
 alcohol. 
 
 Properties and Uses. — It is a bitter tonic, deobstruent, and alterative. 
 In powder or decoction the root is beneficial in amenorrhoea, dysmenor- 
 rhcea, leucorrhcea, and menorihagia. It is useful in scrofula and some 
 cutaneous diseases. 
 
 Dose. — Of the decoction, one or two fluid ounces ; of the tincture, one 
 or two fluid drachms. The leaves or powdered root make an excellent 
 discutient application to tumors. 
 
 IVY (American) (Ampelopsis QumQijEFOLiA). 
 
 Common Names. Woodbine, Virginia Creeper., Five Leaves, False 
 Orape, Wild icood-vine. 
 
 Medicinal Parts. The bark and twigs. 
 
 Description. — This is a woody vine, with a creeping stem, digitate 
 leaves ; leaflets acuminate, petiolate, dentate, and smooth ; flowers in- 
 conspicuous, greenish, or white ; and the fruit a berry, acid, dark blue, 
 and small. 
 
 History. — The American Ivy is a common, famUiar, shrubby vine, 
 climbing extensively, and, by means of its radiating tendrils, supporting 
 itself fii-mly on trees, stone walls, churches, etc., and ascending to the 
 height of from fifty to a hundred feet. The bark and the twigs are the 
 parts usually used. Its taste is acrid and persistent, though not un- 
 pleasant, and its decoction is mucilaginous. The bark should be col- 
 lected after the berries have ripened. It is like the ivy of England and 
 other countries. 
 
 Properties and Uses. — Alterative, tonic, astringent, and expectorant. 
 It is used principally in form of syrup in scrofula, dropsy, bronchitis, 
 and other pulmonary complaints. An old author affirms that there is a 
 very great antipathy between wine and ivy, and therefore it is a remedy 
 to preserve against drunkenness, and to relieve or cure intoxication by 
 drinking a draught of wine in which a handful of bruised ivy leaves 
 have been boiled. 
 
 Dose. — Of the decoction of syrup, from one to four tablespoonfuls, 
 three times a day. 
 
 JALAP (Ipomcea Jalafa). 
 
 Medicinal Part. Tlieroot. 
 
 Description. — Jalap has a fleshy, tuberous root, with numerous round- 
 ish tubercles. It has several stems, which are smooth, browmish, sUghtly 
 rough, with a tendency to twine. The leaves are on long petioles, the
 
 108 
 
 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 
 
 Jalap. 
 
 first hastate, succeeding ones cordate, acuminate, and mucronate. The 
 
 calyx has no bracts ; corolla funnel-shaped, 
 pui-ple, and long. Fruit a capsule. 
 
 History. — This plant grows in Mexico, 
 at an elevation of nearly six thousand feet 
 above the level of the sea, near Chicanquiaco 
 and Xalapa, from which it is exported, and 
 from which last-named place it also receives 
 its name. It is generally imported in bags, 
 containing one or two hundred pounds. The 
 worm-eaten root is the most energetic, aa 
 the active part is untouched by them. It is 
 soluble in water and alcohol. 
 
 Properties and Uses. — Jalap is irritant 
 and cathartic, operating energetically, and 
 produces liquid stools. It is chiefly em- 
 ployed when it is desired to produce an 
 energetic influence on the bowels, or to 
 obtain large evacuations. In intestinal in- 
 flammations it should not be used. ^ 
 Base. — Powder, ten grains. 
 
 JAMESTOWN WEED (Datura Stramonium). 
 
 CoM^^iON Names. Thorn- Apple, Stinkwced, Apple-peru, etc. 
 
 MEDicmAL Parts. The leaves and seeds. 
 
 Description. — This plant is a bushy, smooth, fetid, annual plant, two 
 or three feet in height, and in rich soil even more. The root is rather 
 large, of a whitish color, giving off many fibres. The stem is much 
 branched, forked, spreading, leafy, of a yellowish-green color. The 
 leaves are large and smooth, from the forks of the stem, and are uneven 
 at the base. The flowers are about three inches long, erect, large, and 
 white. The fruit is a large, dry, prickly capsule, with four valves and 
 numerous black reniform seeds. There is the Datura Tatvla, or pui-ple 
 Stramonium, which differs from the above in having a deep purple stem, 
 etc. 
 
 History. — Stramonium is a well-known poisonous weed, growing upon 
 waste grounds ;uad road-sides, in all parts of the United States. It is 
 found in very m;uiy parts of the world. The whole plant has a fetid, 
 narcotic odor, which diminishes as it dries. Almost every part of the 
 plant is possessed of medicinal properties, but the officinal parts are the 
 leaves and seeds. The leaves should be gathered when the flowers are 
 full-blown, and carefully dried in the shade. They impart their proper- 
 ties to water, alcohol, and the fixed oils. The seeds are small, reniform, 
 compressed, roughish, dark brown or black when ripe, grayish-brown
 
 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 109 
 
 when, unripe. They yield what is called Daiuria^ which may be obtained 
 by exhausting the bruised seeds with boiling rectified alcohol, and 
 then proceeding as for the active principle of other seeds of a similar 
 character. 
 
 Properties and Uses. — In large doses it is an energetic narcotic poison. 
 The victims of this poison suffer the most intense agonies, and die in 
 maniacal delirium. In medicinal doses it is an anodyne, antispasmodic, 
 and is often used as a substitute for opium. It is used with fair effect 
 in cases of mania, epilepsy, gastritis, delirium tremens, and enteritis ; 
 also in neuralgia, rheumatism, and all periodic pains. The dried and 
 smoked leaves are useful in spasmodic asthma, but as there are other 
 means much more certain to cure, and less dangerous, I, and other her- 
 balists, seldom or never recommend them. Daturia is seldom employed 
 in medicine, being a very active and powerfrd poison. I should advise 
 my readers never to emjiloy it, vmless they be physicians ; but I deemed 
 proper to give it a place in this work, as its medicinal qualities are quite 
 important, if its use is intrusted to proper and educated persons. 
 
 JUNIPER (JuNiPERUS Communis). 
 
 Medicinal Part. The berries. 
 
 Descri^^tion. — This is a small evergreen shrub, never attaining the 
 height of a tree, with many very close branches. The leaves are 
 attached to the stem in threes. The fruit is fleshy, of dark-purplish 
 color, ripening the second year from the flower. 
 
 Histoi'y. — Juniper grows in diy woods and hills, and flowers in May. 
 The American berries contain less virtue than those imported from 
 Europe. The oil is contained in the spirituous hquor called Holland 
 gin. The berries yield their properties to hot water and alcohol. 
 
 Properties and Uses. — The berries and oil are stimulating, carmina- 
 tive, and diuretic. It is especially useful in averting mucous discharges, 
 especially from the iirethra. 
 
 Dose^ — Of the berries, from one to two drachms ; of the oil, from four 
 to twenty minims. 
 
 KINO (Pterocarpus Marsupium), 
 
 Medicinal Part. Concrete juice. 
 
 JJescHption. — Kino is a leafy tree, vdth the outer coat of the bark 
 brown, and the inner red, fibrous, and astringent. Branches smooth, 
 leaves alternate ; leaflets, from five to seven, alternate, elliptical, and 
 rather emarginate ; flowers very numerous, white, with a tinge of yel- 
 low ; fruit a legume on a long petiole. 
 
 Hiatvry. — Kino is the juice of the tree, obtained by making longitu- 
 dinal incisions in the bark. It flows freely, is of a red color, and by 
 dryiugr it in the sun it cracks into irregular angular masses. The frag-
 
 110 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST, 
 
 ments are reddish, black, translucent, and niby-red on the edges, in- 
 odorous, and very astiingent. When chewed it tinges the saliva blood- 
 red. Alcohol dissolves about two-thirds of it. It is chiellj imported 
 fi-om Malabar. It inhabits the Circur moimtains and forests of the 
 Malabar coast. 
 
 Properties and Uses. — Employed in medicine as an energetic astrin- 
 gent only, principally in obstinate chronic diarrhoea. It is also adminis- 
 tered as an astiingent in leucorrhoea and sanguineous exudations. As a 
 topical remedy, it is ai)plied to llabby ulcers, and used as a gargle, in- 
 jection, and wash. 
 
 Dose. — Of the powder, from ten to thirty grains. 
 
 KIDNEY LIVER-LEAF (Hepatic A Americvna). 
 
 Medicinal Part. The plant. 
 
 Description. — This is a perennial plant, the root of which consists of 
 numerous strong fibres. The leaves are all radical, on long, hairy pe- 
 tioles, smooth, evergreen, cordate at base, the new ones appearing later 
 than the flowers. The flowers appear almost as soon as the snow leaves 
 the ground in the spring. Fruit an ovate achenium. 
 
 Hepatica Actitaloba, or Ueart Liver-lc(iJ\ which possesses the^same 
 medicinal qualities, differs from the above in having the leaves with three 
 ovate, pointed lobes, or sometimeis five-lobcd. They both bear white, 
 blue, or purplish flowers, which apjiear late in March or early in Aj^ril. 
 
 History. — These plants are common to the United States, growing in 
 woods and upon elevated situations — the former, which is the most com- 
 mon, being found on sides of hills, exposed to the north, and the latter 
 on the southern aspect. The plants yield their virtues to water. 
 
 Properties and Uses. — It is a mild, mucilaginous astringent, and is 
 freely used in infusion, in fevers, dis^eases of the liver ; and for bleed- 
 ing from the lungs, coughs, etc., it is a most valuable curative. 
 
 Dose. — Infusion taken ad libitum. 
 
 KOUSSO (Bkayera Anthelmintica). 
 
 Medicinal Part. The leaves. 
 
 Description. — This is a tree, growing about twenty feet high, with 
 round rusty branches. The leaves are crowded, alternate ; leaflets 
 oblong, acute, and sen-ate ; flowers small, greeni.sh, and becoming pur- 
 ple ; the fruit so far unknown. 
 
 History. — This tree gi-ows upon the table-lands of Northeastern Abys- 
 sinia, at an elevation of several thousand feet. The flowers are the 
 parts used. They are gathered when in full bloom, and are used in 
 their fresh state, but are equally valuable when properly dried. After 
 drying they are powdered, and in this form they are mixed with warm
 
 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 
 
 Ill 
 
 Kousso. 
 
 water and administered. The value of this medicine has been known 
 for a long time, having been introduced in the French practice over 
 forty years ago. It is qiiite 
 difficult to procure even the 
 adulterated or spurious ar- 
 ticle ra America or England ; 
 the genuine is not to be ob- 
 tained at any price in the 
 drug-stores. In the stores, 
 however, can be obtained, at 
 great cost, an active resinous 
 principle, extracted from the 
 flovirers, and sometimes the 
 unripe fruit, to which the 
 names of Tamiin and Kmis- 
 »m have been given. The 
 dose of this is set down at 
 twenty grains. 
 
 Prcq^ertles and Uses. — In 
 large doses it wUl produce 
 heat of the stomach, nausea, 
 and sometimes vomiting, 
 and occasionally will act 
 
 powerfully on the bowels ; bitt this is only when injudiciously taken. 
 Its chief ijroperty is developed in the destruction and expulsion of worms, 
 espedally the twpe-icwm. It is the surest of all remedies for that dis- 
 tressing affliction, when compounded with other ingredients which I 
 have mentioned elsewhere. Taken in the proper dose, it seems to have 
 no general effect, but operates wholly and solely upon the worms. The 
 dose of the powdered flowers in infusion is half an ounce to half a pint 
 of warm water. It must be reduced for children. If the medicine does 
 not operate in four hours, use castor-oil. It is one of the ingi-edients of 
 nay Male Fern Vermifuge. (See page 469.) 
 
 LADIES' SLIPPER (Cypripedium Pubescens). 
 
 Common Names. American Valerian., JJmhel, Nerve-root, Yelloio- 
 Mbccasin flower, Noali^s Ark. 
 
 Medicinal Part. The root. 
 
 Description. — This indigenous plant has a perennial, fibrous, fleshy 
 root, from which arise several round leafy stems, from twelve to eighteen 
 inches high. The leaves are from three to six inches long, by two or 
 three broad, oblong, lanceolate, acuminate, pubescent, alternate, gene- 
 rally the same number on each side. Flowers large and very showy, 
 and pale yellow.
 
 112 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 
 
 History. — This plant grows here in rich woods and meadows, and 
 flowers in May and June. There are several varieties of it, but as they 
 all possess the same medicinal properties, a description of each is not 
 requisite or desirable. 
 
 Properties and Uses. — The fibrous roots are the parts used in medi- 
 cine, and they should be gathered and carefully cleansed in August or 
 September. The properties and uses are various. The preparations 
 made from these roots are tonic and stimulant, diaphoretic, and anti- 
 spasmodic, and are considered to be unequalled in remedying hysteria, 
 chorea, nervous headache, and all cases of nervous irritability. Com- 
 bined with a certain foreign plant of a mucilaginous character, and 
 growing near the sea-shore, it is an unfailing cure of fever and ague. 
 The preparation has, however, to be skilfully comijounded. Any one 
 afflicted by fever and ague may write to me for particulars and I will 
 gladly and promptly furnish them. They are also used for delirium, 
 neuralgia, and hypochondria. The form of preparation is an alcoholic 
 extract. 
 
 Dose. — From ten to twenty grains ; tincture, from one to three fluid 
 drachms ; infusion, from one to four fluid ounces. "When made into 
 powder, one drachm in warm water is a dose, and may be repeated, in 
 season, as often as may be required. 
 
 LARCH (Abies Larix). 
 
 Medicinal Part. Resinous exudation. 
 
 Deserifition. — Larch is a very lofty and graceful tree, with wide- 
 spreading branches. The buds are alternate, perermial, cup-shaped, 
 scaly, producing annually a pencil-like tuft. Male flowers drooping, 
 about half an inch long, yellow ; female flowers erect, larger than the 
 male flowers, and variegated with green and pink ; cones erect, ovate, 
 about an inch long, purple when young, reddish-brown when ripe. 
 
 History. — The Larch grows in the mountainous regions of Europe, 
 and yields the article of use and commerce known as Venice turpentine. 
 The bark contains a large amount of tannic acid. 
 
 Properties and Uses. — The medicinal properties are those known to be 
 confined to turpentine. 
 
 LARGE FLO^VERING SPURGE (Euphorbia Corollata). 
 
 Common Names. Blooming Spurge^ Milk-weed, Bowman^s Root., 
 etc. 
 
 Medicinal Part. The lark of the root. 
 
 Description. — This is a perennial plant with a round, slender, erect 
 stem, one or two feet high, with a yellowish, large, and branching root. 
 The leaves are scattered, sessile, oblong-obovate, smooth in some plants.
 
 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 113 
 
 very hairy in others, and from one to two inches in length, Flowera 
 white and showy, and fruit a three-celled capsule. 
 
 History. — This plant grows ijlentifuUy in Canada and the United 
 States, in dry fields and woods, and flowers from Jime to September. 
 The bark of the root is the part used. The plant is readily detected by 
 a milky fluid which exudes from the stem, when that is broken. This 
 fluid, if applied to warts or wens, is of great benefit, in most cases ban- 
 ishing the offensive excrescences. 
 
 Properties and Uses. — It is emetic, diaphoretic, expectorant, andepis- 
 pastic. As an emetic the powdered bark of the root (say from fifteen to 
 twenty grains) is mild, pleasant, and efficacious. 
 
 Dose.- — As an expectorant it is administered three grains at a time, 
 mixed with honey, molasses, or sugar ; as a cathartic, from four to ten 
 grains are required. It is regarded, in doses of fifteen or twenty grains, 
 as one of the very best remedies ever discovered for the dropsy. It 
 has cured hydrothorax and ascites when aU other means have failed. 
 
 LARKSPUR (Delphinum Consolida). 
 
 Medicinal Parts. The root and seeds. 
 
 Description. —Larkspur is an annual herb, with a simple slender root, 
 a leafy stem, from a foot and a half to two feet high, with alternate 
 spreading branches. The leaves are sessile ; flowers bright blue and 
 purple. 
 
 Delphenum Staphisagiiia, or Stavesaere., which possesses the same 
 properties as Larkspur, but to a greater degree, is an elegant upright 
 herb, about the same height as Larkspur. Leaves broad, palmate, and 
 petioled. Flowers bluish-gray. Fruit a capsule. 
 
 History. — Larlcspur is a native of Europe, but has become naturalized 
 in the United States, growdng in woods and fields. Stavesacre is native 
 to Europe, growing in waste places. 
 
 Properties and Uses. — In medicinal doses emetic, cathartic, and nar- 
 cotic. It has also vermifuge properties. The whole plant contains 
 an acid principle which is sure death to all kinds of domestic vermin. 
 The flowers and leaves were extensively used in the United States army 
 during the rebeUion, to kill lice, and it is pretty weU authenticated that 
 the same substance forms the basis of the many preparations offered for 
 the destruction of all noxious insects whose room is better than their 
 company. The flowers are emmenagogue, diuretic, and vermifuge. 
 A tincture of the seeds, it is said, will cure asthma and dropsy. Also a 
 specific for cholera morbus. 
 
 Dose. — Two ounces of the seed added to one quart of diluted alcohol 
 makes the tincture, of which ten drops may be given three times a dsij^. 
 This, however, should be used only in extreme cases.
 
 114 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 
 
 LAVENDER (Lavandula Vera ajstd Lavandula Spica). 
 
 Medicinal Part. The flowers. 
 
 DescripUon. — Lavandula Vera is a small shrub from one to two feet 
 high, but sometimes attaining six feet. The leaves are oblong-linear 
 or lanceolate, entire, opposite, and sessile. The flowers are of lilac 
 color, small and in whorls. 
 
 Lavandula Spica is more dwarfish and more hoary than the last. 
 Leaves oblong-lanceolate. This plant is not used in medicine, but fur- 
 nishes the oil of i^pike, much used in the preparation of artistical var- 
 nishes and by porcelain painters. 
 
 lUtitory. — Lavandula Vera grows in the dry soils of Southern Europe, 
 and flowers in July and August. It is largely cultivated in this covmtry. 
 The whole plant is aromatic, but the flowers are the parts l^sed, and 
 should be gathered shortly after their appearance, and carefully dried. 
 The disease to which this plant is subject can only be prevented by not 
 allowing them to grow too closely together. 
 
 Froperties and Uses. — It is a tonic, stimulant, and carminative, useful 
 mostly in diseases of the nervous system. 
 
 LEVER-WOOD (Astrya Virginica). * 
 
 Common Names. Iron-inood, Hop-Tiornbeam,. 
 
 Medicinal Part. T?ie inner wood. 
 
 Description. — This small tree of from twenty-five to thirty feet in 
 height is remarkable for its fine, naiTow, brownish bark. The wood ia 
 white, hard, and strong ; leaves oblong-ovate, acuminate, serrate, and 
 somewhat downy. Flowers, fertile and sterile, green, and appear with 
 the leaves. 
 
 History. — The inner wood and bark are the parts in which reside the 
 curative virtues, and the latter, which are immense, readily yield to 
 water. The tree flowers ia April and May, and is common to the Uni- 
 ted States. The bark and wood should be gathered ia August or Sep- 
 tember. 
 
 Propen-ties and Vse^s. — Lever-wood is anti-periodic, tonic, and altera- 
 tive. It is very good ia cases of intermittent fever, neuralgia, nervous 
 debflity, scrofula, and dyspepsia. It is sometimes admioistered, with 
 fair success, as a remedy for fever and ague. 
 
 -Dose.— Decoction, one or two fluid ounces, three or four times a day. 
 
 LIFE-ROOT (Senecio Aureus). 
 
 Common Names. Sqvaw-iceed, liagwort, False Valerian, Golden 
 Senecio, and Female TtegulaU/r. 
 Medicinal Parts. Tlie root and herb. 
 Description.— Li£e-ioot has an erect, smoothish stem, one or two feet
 
 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 115 
 
 high. Radical leaves are simple and rounded, mostly cordate and 
 long petioled, lower caiiliae leaves lyrate, upper ones few, dentate and 
 sessile. Flowers golden-yellow. 
 
 History. — The plant is perennial and indigenous, growing on low 
 marshy grounds, and on the banks of creeks. The northern and west- 
 em parts of Europe are where it is mostly found, and the flowers culmi- 
 nate in May and June. The root and herb are the parts employed for 
 medical purposes. There are several varieties of this plant, but as all 
 possess the same medicinal properties, it is unnecessary to specify them. 
 The whole herb is used of all the varieties. 
 
 Properties and Uses. — It is diuretic, pectoral, diaphoretic, and tonic, 
 and exerts a very powerful and pecxiliar influence upon the reproductive 
 organs of females. This has given it the name of Female Regulator. 
 Combmed with the LUy, and other native and foreign plants, it is one 
 of the most certain cures ia the world for aggravated cases of leucor- 
 rhcea ; also in cases of menstrual suppression. It will operate excellently 
 in gravel, and other urinary affections. 
 
 Dose. — Ordinary decoction, four ounces. 
 
 LILZ (Meadow) (Lilitjm Candidu>i). 
 
 Medicinal Part. The root. 
 
 Description. — The thick stem of this plant is from three to four feet 
 high, and arises from a perennial bulb or root. Leaves scattered, lan- 
 ceolate, and narrowed at the base. Flowers are large, snow-white, and 
 smooth inside. 
 
 History. — The Meadow Lily is an exotic. It is a native of Syria and 
 Asia Minor. The flowers are regarded as being very beautiful, but are 
 not vised for medical purposes. The plant is principally cultivated for 
 the flowers. The bulb is the part used for its curative properties. 
 Water extracts its virtues. 
 
 Properties and Uses. — It is mucilaginous, demulcent, tonic, and 
 astringent. It is chosen by some of our best botanical practitioners as a 
 certain remedy for leucorrhoea and falling of the womb, and for those 
 affections, when combined with Life-Root and other herbal prejjarations, 
 is without an equal. Sometunes the recent root is used to advantage 
 in dropsy. Boiled in mUk, it is also useful for ulcers, inflammations, 
 fever-sores, etc. I use it in combination with other indicated plants as 
 an injection in leucorrhoea, with very gratifying success. 
 
 LION'S FOOT (Nabulus Albus). 
 
 Common Names. White Lettuce, Rattle-snake Root. 
 
 Medicinal Part. The plant. 
 
 Description. — This indigenous perennial herb has a smooth stem, stout
 
 116 
 
 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 
 
 and purplish, from two to four feet high. Radical leaves angoilar- 
 hastate, cauline ones lanceolate, and all irregularly dentate. 
 
 Sistory. — This plant grows plentifully in moist woods and in rich soils, 
 from New England to Iowa, and from Canada to Carolixia. The root, 
 leaves, and juice of the plant are employed. 
 
 Properties and Uses. — A decoction of the root taken internally will 
 operate most favorably in cases of dysentery. The milky juice of the 
 plant is taken internally, while the leaves, steeped in water, are applied 
 as a poultice (and frequently changed) for the bite of a serpent. 
 
 LOBELIA (Lobelia Inflata). 
 Common Names. Indian Tobae-co., Wild Tobacco. 
 Medicinal Parts. The leaves and seeds 
 
 Description. — Lobelia is an annual or biennial indigenous plant, with 
 a fibrous root, and an erect, angular, very hairy stem, from six inches to 
 three feet in height. The leaves are alternate, 
 ovate-lanceolate, serrate, veiny, and hairy ; flow- 
 ers small, numerous, iiale-blue ; fruit a two-ceUed 
 ovoid capsule, containing numerous smaU brown 
 seeds. 
 
 History. — Lobelia flowers from July to Novem- 
 ber, and grows in nearly all parts of the United 
 States, in iields, woods, and meadows. The whole 
 plant is active, and the stalks are used indisoi'imi- 
 nately with the leaves by those who are best ac- 
 quainted with its properties. The root is sup- 
 posed to be more energetic, medicinally, than any 
 other part of the plant. The proper time for 
 gathering is from the last of July to the middle 
 of October. The plant should be dried in the 
 shade, and then be preserved in packages or cov- 
 ered vessels, more especially if it be reduced to 
 powder. It was used in domestic practice by the 
 people of New England long before the time of 
 Samuel Thompson, its assumed discoverer. 
 
 Properties and Uses. — Administered internally it is emetic, nauseant, 
 expectorant, relaxant, sedative, anti-spasmodic, and secondarily cathar- 
 tic, diaphoretic, and astringent. It is extensively used to subdue 
 spasms, and will give relief in epilepsy, tetanus, cramps, hysteria, cho- 
 rea, and convulsions ; but it is merely a temporary relief when admin- 
 istered internally, and if not used with great skill and caution in that 
 way, may do as much harm as good. Applied externally, in the form 
 of an ointment, combined with healing and soothing barks and roots, it 
 is decidedly the best counter-irritant known to mankind. In this shape 
 
 Lobelia.
 
 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 117 
 
 its equal has never been. discoYered, and probably never will be. Thia 
 is one of the ingredients of the "Herbal Ointment," a fuU description 
 of which wiU be found on page 469 of this work. There are any num- 
 ber of officinal preparations of LobeUa, but it is the opinion of the au- 
 thor that its chief value consists in being made into an ointment, with 
 other rare and potent ingredients. There is nothing in nature that can 
 favorably compare with it in tliis form. In other shapes it may be use- 
 ful ; but it is also dangerous unless given with care. 
 
 LOUSEWORT (Gerakdia Pedicularia). 
 
 ComjVION Names. Fever-weed, American Foxglove, etc. 
 
 JVIedicinal Part. The herb. 
 
 Description. — The stem of this plant is bushy, taU, two or three feet 
 in height. The leaves are numerous, opposite, ovate-lanceolate ; flow- 
 ers large, yellow, and trumpet-shaped ; calyx five-cleft, corolla yellow, 
 and fruit a two-celled capsule. 
 
 History. — This most elegant plant grows in dry copses, pine ridges, 
 and barren woods and mountains, from Canada to Georgia, flower- 
 ing in August and September. "Water or alcohol extracts its virtues. 
 
 Properties aud Uses. — It is diaphoretic, antiseptic, and sedative. 
 Used principally in febrile and inflammatory diseases ; a warm infusion 
 produces a free and copious perspiration in a short time. Very valuable 
 in ephemeral fever. 
 
 Dose. — Of the infusion, from one to three fluid oimces. 
 
 LUNGWORT (PuLMONARLA. Officinalis). 
 
 Medicinal Part. The leaves. 
 
 Description. — This rough plant has a stem about one foot high. The 
 radical leaves ovate, cordate ; cauline one, ovate and sessile. Flowers, 
 blue ; calyx, five-angled ; corolla, funnel-shaped ; stigma, emargtaate ; 
 and the fruit a roundish, obtuse achenium. (See Illustration, page 16.) 
 
 History. — Lungwort is a herbaceous perennial, growong in Europe and 
 this country in northern latitudes. In Europe it is a rough-leaved 
 plant, but in this country the entire plant is smooth, which exhibits the 
 pecuhar chmatic influence. It is showy, and freely cultivated. It 
 flowers in May. The leaves are used for medical purposes. They are 
 without any particular odor. Water extracts their properties. 
 
 Properties and Uses. — It is demulcent and mucilaginous, and in de- 
 coction very useful in bleeding from the lungs, and bronchial and catar- 
 rhal affections, and other disorders of the respiratory organs. Its virtues 
 seem to be entirely expended upon the lungs, and it is certainly an effica- 
 cious remedial agent for all morbid conditions of those organs. It ia an 
 ingredient in the "Acacian Balsam," see page 469,
 
 118 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 
 
 JIADDER (RUBIA TiNCTORUM). 
 
 Medicestal Part. The root. 
 
 Description. — This plant has a perennial, long, cylindrical root, about 
 the thickness of a quill, and deep reddish-brown. It has several herba- 
 ceous, brittle stems. The leaves are from four to six in a whorl, lanceo- 
 late, mucronate, two or three inches long, and about one-thii-d as wide. 
 Flowers small and yellow. 
 
 Histcn'y. — Madder is a native of the Mediten-anean and Southern 
 European coimtries. The drug is chiefly imported from Holland and 
 France. The root is collected in the third year of the plant, when it is 
 freed from its outer covering and dried. It is valued as a dye-stuff for 
 its red and purple. 
 
 Properties and Uses. — It is sometimes used to promote the menstrual 
 and urinary discharges, but is not in very great favor. Combined in a 
 preparation with other ingredients, it is of some considerable remedial 
 value. 
 
 Dose. — Thirty grains, three or four times a day. If used frequently, 
 it wUl color the bones red. 
 
 MAD-DOG W'EED (Alisma Plantago). 
 
 Common Name. Water Plantain. * 
 
 Medicinal Part. The leaves. 
 
 Description. — This perennial herb has all radical, oval, oblong, or 
 lanceolate leaves, from four to six inches in length, on long radical 
 petioles. The flowers are small and white, and the fruit a three-cor- 
 nered acheuium. 
 
 History. — It inhabits the North American continent as well as Europe, 
 grows in wateiy jjlaces, and flowers in July. 
 
 Properties and Uses. — It was once considered a capital remedy for 
 hydrophobia, hence its name ; but experience has demonstrated that aa 
 a cure for this horrible infliction it is impotent. In urinary diseases 
 and affections, an infusion of the leaves, which must be dried and pow-. 
 dercd, is very efficacious. 
 
 Dose. — Of the infusion above mentioned, from four to six fluid ounces, 
 three or four times a day. The fresh leaves, when bruised, form a very 
 good but mild counter-irritant. 
 
 MAIDENHAIR (Adiantum Pedatum). 
 
 Medicinal Part. The herb. 
 
 Description. — This is a most delicate and graceful fern, growing from 
 twelve to fifteen inches high, with a slender, polished stalk. Frond 
 pcdate, with pinnate branches. 
 
 History. — Maidenhair is perennial, and grows throughout the United
 
 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 119 
 
 States in deep woods, on moist, ricli soil. The leaves are bitterish and 
 somewhat aromatic, and part with their virtues upon being immersed in 
 boUing water. 
 
 Properties and Uses. — It is refrigerant, expectorant, tonic, and sub- 
 astringent. A decoction of the plant is most gratefuUy cooling in febrile 
 diseases, and it is a great benefit in coughs, catarrh, hoarseness, influenza, 
 asthma, pleurisy, etc. The decoction, or syrup, can be used freely. 
 
 MAGNOLIA (IVlAGNOLiA Glauca). 
 
 Common Names. White Bay, Beaver-tree, Sweet Magnolia, Swamp 
 Sassafras, etc. 
 
 MEDicrNAL, Part. The bark. 
 
 Description. — This tree varies in height from six to thirty feet, being 
 taUer in the South than in the North. The leaves are alternate, petioled, 
 entire, and of elliptical shape. The flowers are large and solitary, and 
 of gratefrd odor. The fruit is a cone. 
 
 Histori/.— The therapeutical virtues of these trees are found in the 
 bark and fruit. The bark of both the trunk and the root is employed. 
 The odor is aromatic, and the taste bitterish, warm, and pungent. It is 
 gathered during the sjiring and summer. It has smooth and ash-colored 
 bark, elegant, odoriferous, cream-colored flowers, and can be found in 
 morasses from Massachusetts to the Gulf of Mexico. It flowers from 
 May to August. There are other varieties which do not require especial 
 mention or description. 
 
 Pro2)erties and Uses. — The bark is an aromatic, tonic bitter, and is 
 also anti-periodic. It is used much in the stead of cinchona, and will 
 remedy the intermittent fevers when cinchona has failed. It is used 
 frequently as a substitute for Peruvian Bark, as it can be continued for 
 a longer time and with more safety. Properly prepared it may be used 
 as a substitute for tobacco, and will break the habit of tobacco-chewing. 
 
 Dose. — In powder, half -drachm or drachm doses, five or six times a 
 day. The infusion is taken in wineglassful doses, five or six times a 
 day. The tincture, made by adding two ounces of the cones to a pint 
 of brandy, will be found beneficial in dyspepsia and chronic rheumatism. 
 
 MALLOW (Common) (Malva SYL^':ESTRIs). 
 
 Common Name. High-mallow. 
 
 Medicinal Part. The Herb. 
 
 Description. — This plant is a perennial, and has a round stem two or 
 three feet high, and a tapering, branching, whitish root. The leaves 
 are alternate, deep green, soft, and downy. The flowers are large, 
 numerous, and of purple color ; calyx five-cleft ; petals five ; stamens 
 indefinite ; poUen large, whitish. 
 
 Hiatory. — The maUow is a native of Europe, but is naturalized in thia
 
 120 
 
 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 
 
 country. It grows abundantly in fields, waysides, and waste places, and 
 flowers from May to October. The whole plant, especially the root, 
 aboujads in mucilage. 
 
 Properties and Uses. — It possesses the properties common to mucila- 
 ginous herbs, aiid an infusion thereof forms an excellent demulcent ia 
 coughs, irritations of the air-passages, flux, affections of the kidney and 
 bladder, etc. In inflammatory conditions of the external parts, the 
 bruised herb forms an excellent application, making, as i-t does, a natural 
 emollient cataplasm. 
 
 Malva Rotundifolta, or Loio-mnUoio, called by children, who are 
 fond of eating the fruit, cheeses, possesses similar qualities. 
 
 MANDRAIvE (Podophyllum Peltatum). 
 
 CosiMON Names. Map-Apple, Wild Lemon, Baccoon-berrp, Wild 
 Mandrake. 
 Medicinal Part. The root. 
 
 Description. — This plant, which is illustrated by a cut, is an iadigenous 
 perennial herb, with a jointed, dark-brown root, about half tbe size of 
 
 the finger, very fibrous, and internally 
 yellow. The stem is simple, r»und, 
 smooth, erect, about a foot high, di- 
 viding at the top into two petioles, 
 from three to six inches long, each 
 supporting a leaf. The leaves are large, 
 palmate, oftener cordate, smooth, yel- 
 lott-ish-green on top, paler beneath. 
 The flower is solitary in the fork of 
 the stem, large, white, and somewhat 
 fragrant. The fruit is fleshy, of a 
 lemon color, and in flavor resembles 
 the strawben-y. 
 
 There is another plant called man- 
 drake, but which is the Atropa Man- 
 dragoi'a, a plant belonging to the 
 night-shade iamily. The cut I give 
 of this plant is quite truthfiil. It is 
 not used in medicine. It inhabits the 
 shores of the Mediterranean, and found 
 lurking in dai'k woods, in the gloomy thickets on the banks of sluggish 
 rivers. It is fetid, poisonous, and repulsive. Even its golden fruit has 
 this nauseous odor. How, then, came it ever to usurp its dominion over 
 men ? Its strong narcotic powers may have had some influence ; but 
 the peculiar form of its root, in which the resemblance of the human 
 
 Mandrake.
 
 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 
 
 121 
 
 shape, as will be observed, is quite apparent, probably led to its use in. 
 magic. 
 
 In popular belief, it became invested with half -human attributes ; and 
 cries and groans attested its pain when torn from the ground. Gathered 
 with peculiar rites under the 
 shadow of a gallows, it caused 
 money to multiply, but death 
 overtook the daring searcher for 
 mandrake who committed an 
 error in the ritual. There is 
 nothing new under the sun, and 
 as no small number of the old- 
 time magical effects are renewed 
 under new names, our book may 
 reach some spot where the man- 
 drake has been brought forward 
 by some new schemer, and play 
 its part in deluding the silly. 
 
 History. — The Mandrake is 
 foimd throiighout the United 
 
 States, in low, shady situations, 
 rich woods, and fields, and flow- 
 ers in May and June. The fruit 
 matures ia September and Octo- 
 ber. It is scarcer in New England than elsewhere. The Indians were 
 weU acquainted with the virtues of this plant. The proper time for 
 collecting the root is in the latter part of October or early part of 
 November, soon after the fruit has ripened. Its active principle is 
 Po&yphyUin, which acts upon the liver ia. the same manner, but far 
 superior to mercury, and with intelligent physicians it has dethroned 
 that noxious mineral as a cholagogue. 
 
 Properties and Uses. — Mandrake is cathartic, emetic, alterative, an- 
 thelmintic, hydragogue, and sialagogue. It is an active and certaia 
 cathartic. As a deobstruent it has no superior, acting through and upon 
 all the tissues of the system, and its action continues for a long time. 
 In bilious and ty^jhoid febrUe diseases it is very valuable as an emeto- 
 cathartic, break ng up the disease quickly. In chronic liver diseases it 
 has no equal in the whole range of medicine. It can also be used as an 
 alterative. In constipation it acts upon the bowels without disposing 
 them to subsequent costiveness. It is also very beneficial in uterine 
 diseases, and its office as a great remedj' is extensive. It is one of the 
 ingredients of my ' ' Renovating Pill. " See page 469. 
 
 Dose. — Of the powdered root, as a cathartic, from ten to thirty grains ; 
 of the tincture, from ten to forty drops. 
 6 
 
 Atropa Mandragora.
 
 122 
 
 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 
 
 MATICO (Piper Angustifolium). 
 
 Medicinal Pakt. The leaves. 
 
 Description. — This is a tall shrub, presenting a singular appearance 
 from its pointed stem and branches. The leaves are harsh, short- 
 stalked, oblong-lanceolate, and acuminate. Flowers her- 
 maphrodite. 
 
 History. — This plant grows at Huanaco and elsewhere 
 in Peru. The dried leaves are the parts used, and have a 
 strong fragrant odor, and a warm, aromatic taste. They 
 contain a dark -green resin, chloroiahyll, brown and yellow 
 coloring matter, gum, nitrate of potassa, maticine^ a vola- 
 tile oil, salts, and lignin. The plant has long been used 
 by the Indians of Peru in venereal diseases, but mostly 
 for diseases of the mucous membranes, over which it has 
 a complete mastery. Having been employed as a me- 
 chanical agent to stanch blood by a soldier, it has received 
 the name of Soldiers' Herb. 
 
 Properties and C/ses.^Matico is an aromatic stimtilant. 
 It is extremely useful to arrest discharges from m-ucous 
 surfaces, leucorrhcea, gonorrhoea, and catarrh of the blad- 
 der. As a topical agent for stanching blood it is excel- 
 lent, and is used by surgeons to arrest venous hemorrhage. 
 For the above affections Matico serves its office well, but its greatest use 
 and efficacy is exhibited in nasal catarrh. It is an absolute specific for 
 this disease. I have long employed it — even before it was admitted in 
 the various pharmacopoeias — in my special treatment for catarrh, and I 
 have yet to find a case in which it failed. I use it both internally and 
 topically, and combine it with such other remedial agents as are sug- 
 gested by the character of each individual case. Catarrh (see page 3(53) 
 has long been regarded by the profession as incurable, but in this 
 remedy the incontrovertible aphorism that " every disease has its speci- 
 fic " is still further exemplified, and human progress will ere long com- 
 plete the analogy, if they but investigate the majestic tree, the lowly 
 shrub, or creeping herb. 
 
 Matico Leaf. 
 
 MECHAMECK (Convolvulus Panduratus). 
 
 Common Names. Wild Jalap., Man-in-the- Earth., Man-in-the- Ground, 
 Wild Potato. 
 
 Medicinal Part. The root. 
 
 Description. — This has a perennial, very large tapering root, from 
 which arise several long, round, slender, purplish stems, from four to 
 eight feet high. The leaves are cordate at base, alternate, and acunii-
 
 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 123 
 
 nate, and about two or three inclies long. Flowers large and white, 
 opening iu the forenoon ; fruit an oblong, two-celled capsule. 
 
 History. — Mechameck belongs to the United States, and grows ia 
 light, sandy soils. It flowers from June to August, but is rarely found 
 in northern latitudes. The root is the officinal part. Its best solvent ia 
 alcohol or spirits. Water will extract its active properties. 
 
 Properties and Uses. — It is a cathartic if powdered and taken in doses 
 of from forty to sixty grabis. The infusion, taken in wiueglassful doses 
 every hour, is useful in dropsy, strangury, and calculous affections. It 
 seems to exert an influence over the lungs, liver, and kidneys, without 
 excessive diuresis or catharsis. The milky juice of the root is said to 
 be a protection against the bite of the rattlesnake. 
 
 MEADOW SAFFRON (CoLcnicuM Autumnale). 
 
 Medicinal Parts. The cormus and seeds. 
 
 Description. — The cormus of this plant is large, ovate, and fleshy. 
 The leaves are dark-green, very smooth, obtuse, above a foot long, an 
 inch and a half broad, keeled, produced in the spring along with the 
 capsules. Flowers several, bright-purple, with a white tube appearing 
 in the autumn without the leaves. Fruit a capsule, seeds whitish and 
 polished. 
 
 History. — It grows in meadows and low, rich soils in many parts of 
 Europe, and is common in England. The plant is annual or perennial, 
 according to the manner in which it is proisagated. The root resem- 
 bles that of the tulip, and contains a white acrid juice. The bulb should 
 be gathered about the beginning of July, and the seeds early in August. 
 ColcMcia is the active principle. 
 
 Properties and Uses. — It is sedative, cathartic, diuretic, and emetic. 
 Used in gout and gouty rheumatism, drojDsy, palpitation of the heart ; 
 care should be used in its employment. The tincture is the best form 
 of administration, of which the dose is from twenty to sixty drops. 
 
 MONKSHOOD (Aconitum Napellus). 
 
 Common Name. Wolfs-hane. 
 
 Medicinal Parts. Leaves and root. 
 
 Description. — This plant has a small napifoma root, and simple, 
 straight, erect stems, about five feet high. The leaves are alternate, 
 petioled, dark-green above, paler beneath. The flowers are large, deep 
 bluish-purple, sometimes white, and hairy ; fruit a capsule. 
 
 History. — This perennial herb is a native of most parts of Europe, 
 growing in wooded hills and plains, and is much cultivated in gardens. 
 It flowers in May and June. All parts of the jilant contain powerfully 
 poisonou-S properties ; but the root is the part most generally employed 
 for medical purposes. It yields Aconitina.
 
 124 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 
 
 Properties and Uses. — Although Aconite in the hands of the intelli- 
 gent physician is of great service, it should not be used in domestic 
 practice. In improper doses all preparations of aconite act as an 
 energetic acro-narcotic poison. As a sedative and anodyne, it is useful 
 in all febrile and inflammatoiy diseases, and, indeed, in all affections in 
 which there is an increase of nervous, vascular, or muscular action. In 
 acute rheumatism, pneumonia, peritonitis, gastritis, and many other 
 acute disorders, it has been used with the most decided advantage. 
 Its action is more especially displayed in the highest grades of fever 
 and inflammation. 
 
 Dose. — The best preparation is the alcoholic extract, formed by evapo- 
 rating a tincture made of a pound of aconite and a quart of alcohol. 
 The dose of this is one-eighth of a grain. 
 
 MOSS (CoRSicAJsr), (Fucus Helmestthicorton). 
 
 Medicinal Part, llie wJiole plant. 
 
 Description. — This marine plant has a cartilaginous, tufted, entangled 
 frond, with branches marked indistinctly with transverse streaks. The 
 lower part is dirty -yellow, the branches more or less purple. * 
 
 Histwy. — It is found gro-ndng on the Mediterranean coast, and es- 
 pecially on the Island of Corsica. It is cartilaginous in consistence, is 
 of a dull and reddish-bro^^^l color, has a bitter, salt, and nauseous taste, 
 but its odor is rather pleasant. Water dissolves its active princiiiles. 
 
 Properties and Uses. — It is an excellent anthelmintic. The influence 
 it exercises upon the economy is entirely inappreciable, but it acta 
 very powerfully on intestinal worms. Dr. Johnson says : "It destroys 
 any worms domiciliating in the bowels as effectually as choke-damps 
 would destroy the life of a miner." This excellent vermifuge plant is 
 one of the ingredients of my Male Fern Vermifuge, see page 4^9. 
 
 Dose. — From ten to sixty grains, mixed with molasses or syrup, or in 
 infusion. 
 
 The Fucus Vesiculosis, Sea-wrack, or Bladder Fucus, possesses an- 
 alogous properties. 
 
 MOTHERWORT (Leontjrus Cardiaca), 
 
 Medicinal Parts. The to]}s and leaves. 
 
 Description. — This perennial plant has stems from two to five feet in 
 height. The leaves are opposite, dark-green, rough, and downy. The 
 flowers are purplish or whitish-red ; calyx, rigid and bristly ; corolla, 
 purplish ; anthers in pairs, and fruit an oblong achenium. 
 
 History. — Motherwort is an exotic plant, but extensively introduced 
 into the United States, growing in fields and pastures, and flowering 
 from May to September. It has a peculiar, aromatic, not disagreeable
 
 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 125 
 
 odor, and a slightly aromatic bitter taste. It yields its properties to 
 water and alcohol. 
 
 Properties and Uses. — It is antispasmodic, emmenagogue, nervine, and 
 laxative. In amenorrhoea from colds it is excellent, if given in warm 
 infusion. It is very useful in hysteria, nervous complaints, pains pecu- 
 liar to females, delirium tremens, wakefulness, liver affections, etc. , etc. 
 It is a veiy valuable remedy for many purposes, and deserves greater 
 attention than it receives. 
 
 Dose. — Decoction, two to four ounces ; extract, three to six grains. 
 
 MULLEIN (Verbascum Thapsus). 
 
 Medicinal Parts. The leaves a/id flotcers. 
 
 Description. — This biennial plant has a straight, tall, stout, woolly, 
 simple stem. The leaves are alternate, oblong, acute, and rough on both 
 Bides. The flowers are of a golden-j^ellow color ; calyx, five-parted ; 
 corolla, five-lobed ; stamens, five ; and fruit, a capsule or pod. 
 
 History. —Mullein is common in the United States, but was undoubt- 
 edly introduced from Europe. It grows in recent clearings, slovenly 
 fields, and along the side of roads, flowering from June to August. 
 The leaves and the flowers are the parts used. They have a faint, 
 rather pleasant odor, and a somewhat bitterish, albuminous taste, and 
 yield their virtues to boiling water. 
 
 Properties and Uses.- — It is demiTlcent, diuretic, anodyne, and anti- 
 spasmodic, the infusion being useful in coughs, catarrh, bleeding from 
 the mouth or lungs, diarrhoea, dysentery, and jiiles. It may be boiled in 
 milk, sweetened, and rendered more palatable b}' aromatics, for internal 
 use, especially bowel complaints. A fomentation of the leaves in hot 
 vinegar and water forms an excellent local application for inflamed 
 piles, ulcers, and tumors, mumps, acute inflammation of the tonsils, 
 malignant sore throat, etc. A handful of them may be also placed in 
 an old teapot, with hot water, and the steam be inhaled through the 
 spout, in the same complaints. 
 
 MYERH (Balsamodendron Myrrha). 
 
 Medicinal Part. T/ie resinous exudation. 
 
 Description. — This plant has a shrubby, arborescent stem, epinescent 
 branches, a very pale gray bark, and yellowish-white wood. The leaves 
 are temate, on short petioles ; leaflets, obovate ; flowers, unknown. 
 
 History. — The Myrrh-tree grows in Arabia, and in the regions between 
 Abyssinia and the Red Sea. The juice flows naturally, like cherry-tree 
 gum, upon the bark. At first it is soft and pale yeUow, but by drying 
 becomes hard, darker and redder, and forms the medicinal Gum MyrrJi. 
 It is readily powdered, and has a peculiar, agreeable, balsamic odor, 
 and a bitter, aromatic, not unpleasant taste.
 
 126 
 
 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 
 
 Properties and Uses. — It is a stimulant of the nmcous tissues, and 
 used to promote expectoration, as well as menstruation ; and is highly 
 useful in enfeebled conditions of the body, excessive mucous secretion, 
 chronic catarrh, leucorrhcea, etc. Also in laryngitis, bronchitis, humoral 
 asthma, and other diseases of the air-tubes, accompanied with profuse 
 secretion, but expelled with difficulty. It is vah^able in suppressed 
 menses and cases of ana;mia ; also as a local application to indolent 
 Bores, gangrenous ulcers, aphthous or sloughy sore throat, spongy and 
 ulcerated condition of the gum, caries of the teeth, etc. 
 
 Dose. — In powder and pill, ten to thirty grains ; of the tiucture, from 
 half to two teaspoonfuls. 
 
 NARROW LEAF VIRGINIA THYME (Pycaj^themum Virginicum). 
 
 Common Name. Prairie Hyssop. 
 
 Medicinal Part. The plant. 
 
 Description. — This pubescent plant has a simple stem, growing from 
 one to two feet high. The leaves are sessile, entire, and linear ; flow- 
 ers are white, and fruit an achenium. 
 
 Ilistory. — It is f oiuid in low grounds, dry hills, and plains, from\ Ohio 
 and Illinois extending southward, and flowering in July and Ai^gust. 
 The whole plant is used, and has the taste and odor peculiar to the*mint 
 family. 
 
 Properties and Uses. — It is diaphoretic, stimulant, antispasmodic, 
 carminative, and tonic. A warm infusion is very useful in puerperal, 
 remittent, and other forms of fever, coughs, colds, catarrhs, etc. , and is 
 also of much benefit in spasmodic diseases, especially colic, cramp of the 
 stomach, and spasms of infants. The cold infusion is a good tonic and 
 stimulant during convalescence from exhausting diseases. It forms a 
 most certain remedy for catarrh when combined with other native and 
 foreign herbs and roots. 
 
 Dose. — From one to four fluid ounces of the warm or cold infusion, 
 several times a day. 
 
 The P. Pihsum, P. Aristatum or Wild Basil, and P. Incanum, have 
 similar properties. 
 
 NETTLE (Urtica Dioca). 
 
 Common Name. Great Stinging Nettle. 
 
 Medicinai, Parts. The root and leaves. 
 
 Description. — This is a perennial, herbaceous, dull-green plant, armed 
 with small prickles, which emit an acrid fluid when pressed. The stem 
 is from two to four feet high ; root creephig and branchiug. The leaves 
 are opposite, cordate, lance-ovate, and conspicuously acuminate. Flow- 
 ers are small and green. 
 
 History. — The Common Nettle is well known both in America and in
 
 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 127 
 
 Europe, and grows in waste places, beside hedges and in gardens, flow- 
 ering from June to September. The leaves and root are the parts used. 
 The prickles of the Common Nettle contain Formic Acid. The young 
 shoots have been boiled and eaten as a remedy for scui-\'^y. 
 
 Properties and Uses. — It is astringent, tonic, and diuretic. In decoc- 
 tion they are valuable in diarrhoea, dysenteiy, and piles ; also in hemor- 
 rhages, scorbutic and febrile affections, gravel, and other nejihritic com- 
 plaints. The leaves of the fresh Common Nettle stimulate, inflame, 
 and raise blisters upon those portions of the skin to which they may be 
 applied, and they have, as a natural consequence, often been used as a 
 powerful rubefacient. They are also an excellent styptic, checking the 
 flow of blood from surfaces almost immediately upon their application. 
 The seeds and flowers are given in -wine for agues. 
 
 Dose. — Of the powdered root or leaves, from twenty to forty grains ; 
 of the decoction, from two to four fluid ounces. 
 
 Urtica Urens, or Dwarf Nettle., possesses similar qualities, and is 
 very efficacious in uterine hemorrhage. 
 
 Urtica Pamila, Cool-weed, Rich-toeed., or Stingless Nettle., has also 
 active properties. It gives relief in inflammations, painful sweUings, 
 erysipelas, and the topical poison of rhus. 
 
 NET LEAF PLANTAIN (Goodyera Pubescens). 
 
 Common Names. Scrofula-weed, Addefs Violet, Rattle-s7inTce Leaf, 
 etc. 
 
 Medicinal Part. The leaves. 
 
 DescHption. — The scape or stem of this plant is from eight to twelve 
 inches high, springing from a perennial root. The leaves are radical, 
 ovate, and dark green. The flowers are white, numerous, and pubes 
 cent. 
 
 History. — This herb grows in various parts of the United States, in 
 rich woods and under evergreens, and is commoner southward than 
 northward, although there is a variety ( Ooodtjera Beperis) which is plen- 
 tiful in colder regions of America. It bears yeUowish-white flowers in 
 July and August. The leaves are the parts employed, and yield their 
 virtues to boiling water. 
 
 Properties and Uses. — It is anti-scrofulous, and is known to have cured 
 severe cases of scrofida. The fresh leaves are steeped in milk and ap- 
 plied to scrofulous ulcers as a poultice, or the bruised leaves may be laid 
 on them, and in either case they must be removed every three hoiu's ; 
 at the same time an infiision must be taken as freely as the stomach wiU 
 allow. It is also good as a wash in scrofulous ophthalmia. In my opin- 
 ion scrofula is one of the most obstinate and many-shaped alflictiona 
 to which the human race is subjected, but ia the production of this and
 
 128 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 
 
 other native and foreign plants, nature lias shown her great charity 
 and kindness towards us. 
 
 NIGHTSHADE (Garden) ( Solan um Nigrum). 
 
 Medicinal Part. The leaves. 
 
 Description. — This is a fetid, narcotic, bushy herb, with a fibrous 
 root, and an erect, branching, thornless stem, one or two feet high. 
 Leaves are ovate, dentated, smooth, and the margins have the appear- 
 ance as if gnawed by bisects. Flowers white or pale-violet ; fruit, a 
 berry. 
 
 History. — This plant is also called Deadly Nightshade, but is not to 
 be confounded with Belladonna. It is found growing along old walls, 
 fences, and in gardens, in various parts of the United States, flowering 
 in July and August. The leaves yield their virtues to water and alcohol. 
 
 Properties and Uses. — It is a narcotic and sedative, producing, when 
 given in large doses, sickness and vertigo. One to three grains of the 
 leaves, infused in water, will produce a copious perspiration and purge 
 on the day following. They have been freely used in cancer, scurvy, 
 and scrofulous affections, in the form of an ointment. Verj' small 
 doses are taken internally. These should always be prescribed^ and 
 their effects watched by a physician. It is better to use the plant only 
 in the form of an ointment. The berries axe poisonous, and will pro- 
 duce torpor, insensibility, and death. 
 
 NORWAY PINE (Abies Excelsa). 
 
 Medicinal Part. The concrete juice. 
 
 Description. — This is a large tree, often having a diameter exceeding 
 four feet, and attaining an altitude of one hundred and forty feet. 
 Leaves are short, scattered, mucronate, dark-green, and glossy above. 
 
 'Hifitori/. — It is an inhabitant of Germany, Russia, and Norway, and 
 other northern parts of Europe, as well as of Asia. It affords the Frank- 
 incense of commerce, which, when boiled in water and strained, forms 
 the ofliciual Biiv(jujidij Pitch. 
 
 Propertie.'< (tud Uses. — Burgundy Pitch is generally used externally 
 to produce a redness of the surface, with a slight serous exhalation. It 
 is emploj'cd as a counter- irritant in chronic diseases of the lungs, 
 stomach, intestines, etc , and is regarded with favor as a local applica- 
 tion in rheumatic affections. 
 
 NUX VOMICA (Stkyciinos Nux Vomica). 
 
 Medicinal Part. The seeds. 
 
 Description. — This is a moderate-sized tree, with a short and pretty
 
 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 
 
 J 29 
 
 Nux Vomica. 
 
 thick trunk. The wood is white, hard, and bitter. The leaves are op- 
 posite, oval, and smooth on both sides. 
 Flowers small, greenish-white, funnel- 
 shaped, and have a disagreeable odor. 
 The fruit is a berry, round, and about 
 the size of a large apple, enclosing five 
 whitish seeds. 
 
 History. — It is an inhabitant of Cor- 
 omandel, Ceylon, and other parts of 
 the East Indies. The active princi- 
 ples of the seeds are strychnine and 
 hrucia. 
 
 Properties and Uses. — It is an ener- 
 getic poison, exerting its influence 
 chiefly upon the cerebro-spinal system. It is supposed to affect the 
 spinal cord principally. It is a favorite medicine for paralysis and ner- 
 vous debility generally. If a poisonous dose is given it will produce 
 spasms like tetanus or lock-jaw. It is tonic, and increases the action 
 of various excretory organs. Where want of nervous energy exists it is 
 an admirable remedy. Its range of service is quite extensive, and valu- 
 able for many indications ; but as great caution is required in its ad- 
 ministration, it should only be employed by the educated physician. 
 
 OAK — ^White, Red, akd Black (Quercus Alba, Rubra, and 
 
 TiNCTORIA). 
 
 Mediclnal Part. The bark. 
 
 Description.— These forest-trees vary in size, according to the climate 
 and soil. In diameter they are from three to six feet ; in height, from 
 sixty to a hundred feet. They are too well known to require any botan- 
 ical description. 
 
 History. — Quercus is a very extensive and valuable genus, consisting 
 of many species, a large proportion of which grow in the United States. 
 Their usual character is that of astringent, and the three above described 
 are those which have been more particularly employed in medicine. The 
 bark of the tree is the portion used. White oak bark is the one chiefly 
 used in medicine. It is of a pale broi^Tiish color, faintly odorous, very 
 astringent, with a slight bitterness, tough, breaking with a stringy or 
 fibrous fractirre, and not readily powdered. It contains a very large 
 proportion of tannic acid. Black oak bark is also used as an astringent 
 externally, but is rarely employed internally, as it is liable to derange 
 the bowels. It is also used in tanning and for dyeing. Red oak bark 
 also contains considerable tannin, and is chiefly applied externally m the 
 treatment of cancers, indolent ulcers, etc. 
 
 Properties and Uses. — The bark is slightly tonic, powerfully astrin.' 
 6' I
 
 130   THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 
 
 gent, and antiseptic. It is useful internally in chronic diarrhoea, chronio 
 mucous discharges, passive hemorrhages, and wherever an internal as- 
 tringent is required. In colliquative sweats the decoction is usually 
 combined with lime-water. The gargle and injection are extensively 
 used for sore throat, whites, piles, etc. A bath of the decoction is often 
 advantageous in cutaneous diseases, but should only be used when or- 
 dered by a physician. 
 
 Dose. — Of the decoction, one or two fluid ounces ; of the extract, from 
 five to twenty grains. 
 
 QUERCUS INFECTORIA, or Dyers' Oak, is a small shrub, which fur- 
 nishes the morbid excrescences, Galls, which, or the gallic acid obtained 
 from them, may be used wherever an astringent is called for. 
 
 OLD IIAN'S BEAED (Chionantuus Virginica). 
 
 Common Names. Fringe Tree, Poison Ash. 
 
 Medicinal Part. Bark of the root. 
 
 Description. — This is a shrub or small tree, growing from eight to 
 twenty-five feet high. The leaves are opposite, oval, oblong, veiny, and 
 smooth ; flowers are in dense panicles ; calyx very small ; corolla snow- 
 white, consisting of four petals ; and fruit a fleshy, oval, purple diaipe. 
 
 History. — This plant is very ornamental, and is much cultivated in 
 gardens, from Pennsylvania to Tennessee. It grows on river-banks and 
 on elevated places, presenting clusters of snow-white flowers in May 
 and June. The bark of the root, which imparts its properties to water 
 or alcohol, is the part used. 
 
 Properties and Uses.— The bark is aperient, alterative, and diuretic, 
 with some narcotic properties. An infusion is recommended for bilious, 
 typhoid, and intermittent fevers. To convalescents who are suffering 
 from the effects of exhaustive diseases it is an excellent tonic and re- 
 storative. It can be used to advantage as a poultice for ulcers, wovmds, 
 and external inflammations. 
 
 Dose. — Of the infusion, from the half a fluid ounce to two fluid ounces, 
 repeated several times through the day, according to the influence it ex- 
 erts upon the system. 
 
 OLD FIELD BALSAM (Gnapualium Polycepiialum). 
 
 Common Names. Indian Posy, Sweet-scented Life Everlasting, 
 White Balsam, etc. 
 
 Medicinal Part. The herb. 
 
 Descri]ition.—Thh indigenous herbaceous annual has an erect, whitish, 
 woolly, and much branched stem, one or two feet high. The leaves are al- 
 ternate, sessile, lanceolate, acute, and entire ; flowers tubular and yellow. 
 
 HiMory. —Old Field Balsam is f oimd in Canada and various parts of 
 the United States, growing in old fields and on dry barren lands, flower-
 
 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 131 
 
 ing' in July and Augrist. The leaves have a pleasant, aromatic smell, 
 and are the parts used. They readily yield their properties to water. 
 
 Praperties and Uses. — It is an astringent. Ulcerations of the mouth 
 and throat are relieved by chevnng the leaves and blossoms. In fevers 
 a warm iufusion is found to be very serviceable ; also in quinsy, and 
 pulmonary and bronchial complaints. It is also valuable, in infusion, 
 for diseases of the bowels and hemorrhages ; and the leaves, applied to 
 bruises, indolent tumors, and other local affections, are very efficacious. 
 
 Antemaria Margabitacea, or Pearl-flowered Life Everlasting, a 
 perennial, possesses similar medicinal qualities. 
 
 OPIUM (Papaver Somniferum). 
 
 Common Name. Poppy. 
 
 Medicinal Part. Concrete juice of unripe capsule. 
 
 Description. — An annual herb, with an erect, rotmd, green, smooth 
 stem, from two to four feet high. Leaves large, oblong, green ; margina 
 wavy, incised, and toothed ; teeth sometimes tipped with a rigid hair. 
 Flowers large, calyx smooth, and the fruit a large, smooth, globose cap- 
 sule. There are two varieties, the black and lohite. 
 
 History. — A native of Asia and Egypt. It grows apparently wild in 
 some parts of Europe and in England, but has escaped the gardens. 
 Cultivated in Asia Minor, Egyj^t, Persia, and India, for the opium ob- 
 tained from it. The white variety is cultivated on the plains of India, 
 and the black in the Himalayas. Its virtues have been knowoi to the 
 ancients ; for Homer speaks of the poppy growing in gardens. Poppy 
 capsules contain a small quantity of the principles found in opium, and 
 the effect is similar, but much weaker than it possesses. They are used 
 medicinally ; but opium is almost universally used. 
 
 Properties and Uses. — Opium is a narcotic and stimulant, acting 
 under various circumstances as a sedative, antispasmodic, febrifuge, 
 and diaphoretic. It is anodyne, and extensively used for that purpose. 
 It contains many active principles, morphia and codeia being, however, 
 the most important. There is no herbal medicine more extensively 
 used, as well as abused, than Opium, and though a valuable remedy, its 
 indiscriminate use is pernicious, as it is capable of doing great harm. 
 Laudanum and paregoric are the forms mostly used in domestic prac- 
 tice, but the "soothing syrups" and "carminatives" found in every 
 nursery and household all contain Opium in some form, and work a 
 great deal of mischief. 
 
 Dose. — Opium, one grain ; laudanum, twenty drops ; paregoric, a tea- 
 Bpoonful.
 
 132 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 
 
 PAPOOSE BOOT (Caulophyllttm Thalictroides). 
 
 Common NAirss. Blue Cohosh, Squato Root, etc. 
 
 Medicinal Part. TJic root. 
 
 Description. — This is a smooth, glaucous plant, purple when young', 
 with a high, round stem, one to three feet hisrh. Leaves bitemate or 
 tritemate, leaflets oval, petiolate, pale beneath, and from two to three 
 inches long. The flowers appear in May or June. 
 
 History. — It is a handsome perennial plant, growing in all parts of 
 the United States, near running streams, and in low, moist, rich 
 grounds ; also in swamps and on islands. The seeds, which ripen in 
 August, make a decoction which closely resembles cofEee. The berries 
 are dry and rather mawkish. Its active principle is CaulojihylUn. 
 
 Propej'ties and Uses. — It is princijially used as an emmenagogue, 
 parturient, and antispasmodic. It also possesses diuretic, diaphoretic, 
 and anthelmintic properties. It is employed in rheumatism, colic, 
 cramps, hiccough, epilepsy, hysteria, uterine inflammation, etc. It is a 
 valuable remedy in all chronic uterine diseases, but should be given in 
 combination with such other remedies as the case requires. 
 
 Zfose. — Of the decoction, from two to four fluid ounces, three or four 
 times a day. 
 
 PAREIRA BRAVA (Cissampelos Pareira). 
 
 CojiMON Na.mks. Velvet Leaf, Ice Vine. 
 
 Medicinal Part. 7' he root. 
 
 Description. — This plant is a shrub, with a round woody root and 
 smooth stems. Leaves roundish, peltate, subcordate, and smooth 
 above when full grown. Flowers sIfeaU, and the fruit a scarlet, round, 
 reniform, shrivelled beny. 
 
 History. — This is a native of the West India Islands and the Spanish 
 Main. It is sometimes imported under the name of abuta or butua 
 root. It comes in cylindrical pieces, sometimes flattened, and some as 
 thick as a child's arm, and a foot or more in length. The alkaloid 
 obtained from it has been called Ci-ssampelin, or Pelosin. 
 
 Propn-tics and Uses. — Tonic, diuretic, and aperient. Used in chronic 
 inflammation of the bladder, and various disorders of the urinary 
 organs. It is also serviceable in leucorrhoea and gonorrhoea. It is 
 highly beneficial in calculous affections, rheumatism, and jaundice. 
 
 Z'wse.— Of the infusion, one to four ounces; extract, ten to twenty 
 grains. 
 
 PARSLEY (PETKI)SELINUM SATIVUM). 
 
 Medicinal Part. The root. 
 
 Description. — This biennial plant has a fleshy, spindle-shaped root
 
 TIIK COMPLETE HERBALIST. 133 
 
 and an erect, smooth, branching stem. The radical leaves are biter- 
 nate, bright green, and on long petioles ; leaflets wedge-shaped. Flow- 
 ers white or greenish, and petals rounded and barely emarginate. 
 
 History. — Although Parsley is reared in all parts of the civilized 
 world as a culinary vegetable, it is a native of Europe. The root is the 
 officinal part. From the seeds French chemists have succeeded in ob- 
 taining an essential oU, named Apiol, which has proved to be a good 
 substitute for quinia in intermittent fevers, and for ergot as a partu- 
 rient. 
 
 Projjertieff and Uses. — It is diuretic, and veiy excellent in dropsy, 
 especially that following scarlatina and other exanthematous diseases. 
 It is also frequently used to remedy retention of urine, strangury, and 
 gonorrhoea. The seeds are sometimes used as carminatives. They kill 
 vermin in the head. The leaves, bruised, are a good application for 
 contusions, swelled breasts, and enlarged glands. The bruised leaves 
 applied to the breasts are used by wet-nurses to " dry up " the milk. 
 
 Dose. — Of the oil, for diuretic purposes, three or four drops a day ; of 
 the infusion, two to four fluid ounces, three or four times a day. 
 
 PARTRIDGE BERRY (Mitchella Repens). 
 
 Common Names. One Bei'ry, Checkerberry^ Winter Clover, Deer- 
 terry^ Squnw-viue, etc. 
 
 Medicinal Part. The vine. 
 
 Description. — This indigenous evergreen herb has a perennial root, 
 from which arises a smooth and creeping stem. The leaves are ovate, 
 slightly cordate, opposite, flat and dark -green ; flowers are white, often 
 tinged with red, in pairs, very fragrant, and have united ovaries. Calyx 
 four-parted ; corolla funnel-shaped ; stamens four, inserted on the co- 
 rolla. The fruit is a dry berry-like double drupe. 
 
 History. — Partridge Berry is indigenous to the United States. It 
 grows both in dry woods and swamjjy places, and flowers in June and 
 July. The berry is bright scarlet and edible, but nearly tasteless. The 
 leaves, which look something like clover, remain green throughout the 
 winter. The whole plant is used, readily imparting its virtues to alcohol 
 or boiling water. 
 
 Properties and Uses. — Partridge Berry is parturient (producing or 
 promoting child-birth, or labor), diuretic, and astringent. In all uterine 
 diseases it is highly beneficial. The Indian women use it for weeks 
 before confinement, in order to render i^arturition safe and easy. Ladies 
 who wash to use it for that purpose, however, should consult an herbal 
 physician of experience for a proper, safe, and effectual preparation. 
 The remedy is exclusively American, not being used, or even noticed, by 
 European practitioners. 
 
 Dose. — Of a strong decoction, from two to four fluid ounces, three ox
 
 134 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 
 
 four times a day. The berries are good for dysentery. They are also 
 highly spoken of as a cure for sore nipples. The application for the 
 nipples is made by boiling a strong decoction of the leaves down to a 
 thick liquid, and then adding cream to it. It is not, however, equal to 
 the Herbal Ointment, for an account of which see page 4G9. 
 
 PENNYROYAL (Hedeoma Pulegioides). 
 
 Common Names. Tickweed^ Squawmint, etc. 
 
 Medicinal Part. The 7ierb. 
 
 Description. — This is an indigenous annual plant, with a fibrous, yel- 
 lowish root, and an erect, branching stem, from six to twelve inches 
 high. The leaves are half an inch or more long, opposite, oblong, and 
 on short petioles ; floral leaves similar. The flowers are quite small and 
 light-blue in color. 
 
 History. — This plant should not be confounded with the Mentha pule- 
 gioides, or European Pennyroyal. It grows in barren woods and dry 
 fields, and particularly in limestone countries, flowering from June to 
 September and October, rendering the air fragi-ant to some distance 
 around it. It is common to nearly all parts of the United States. It is 
 said to be very obnoxious to fleas. "» 
 
 Prapei'ties and Uses. — It is stimulant, diaphoretic, emmenagogue, and 
 carminative. The warm infusion, used freely, will promote perspira- 
 tion, restore suppressed lochia or after-flow, and excite the menstrual 
 discharge when recently checked. It is very much used by females for 
 this last purpose — a large draught being taken at bedtime, the feet being 
 previously bathed in hot water. 
 
 PEONY (P^onia Officinalis). 
 
 Medicinal Part. The root. 
 
 DescrijMon. — Peony has many thick, long-spreading, perennial roots, 
 running deep into the ground, with an erect, herbaceous, large, green, 
 and branching stem, about two or three feet high. The leaves are large ; 
 leaflets ovate-lanceolate and smooth. The flowers are large, red, and 
 solitary ; and fruit a many-seeded, fleshy follicle. 
 
 History. — This plant is indigenous to Southern Europe, and is culti- 
 vated in gardens in the United States and elsewhere, on account of the 
 elegance of its large flowers, which appear from ]\Iay to August. The 
 root is the officinal part. This, with the seeds and flowers, yields its 
 virtues to diluted spirits. 
 
 Properties and Usm. — It is antispasmodic and tonic, and can be ad- 
 vantageously employed in chorea, epil(!psy, spasms, and various ncrvoua 
 affections. An infusion of value is made by adding an ounce of the root, 
 in coarse powder, to a pint of a boiling liquid, composed of one part of 
 good gin and two parts of water.
 
 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 
 
 135 
 
 Dose. — Two or three fluid ounces (sweetened), three or four times a 
 day. 
 
 PERUYIAN BALSAM (Mykospekmum Peruifekum). 
 
 Medicinal Part. The balsamic exudation. 
 
 Description. — The tree from which this is procured is large, with ,i 
 thick, straight, smooth trunk, and a coarse, gray, compact, heavy, gran- 
 ulated bark. The bark is of a pale straw color, filled with resin, wliich, 
 according to its quantity, changes the color to citron, yeUow, red, or dark 
 chestnut ; smell and taste grateful, balsamic, and aromatic. The leaves 
 are pinnate ; leaflets alternate, o"blong or ovate, acuminate, and emar- 
 ginate. The flowers are ia axillaiy racemes, and the fruit is a pendu- 
 lous, straw-colored samara. 
 
 Ilistoi'y. — The tree is common to the forests of Peru, and flowers 
 from July to October. The natives call it Quinquino. It contains a 
 large amount of balsamic juice, which yields copiously when the bark is 
 incised. Balsam of Peru, in thin layers, has a dark, reddish-brown 
 color ; in bulk it is black, or of the color of molasses. The natives steep 
 the fruit in rum, caU the liquid balsamito, and use it largely for medical 
 purposes. 
 
 Properties and Uses. — It is expectorant and stimulant, acting especially 
 on mucous tissues. Its reparative action on the lungs in consumption is 
 decided, removing the secretions, healing the ulcers, and expelling the 
 tuberculous matter. In all chronic diseases of the lungs and bronchial 
 tubes it is without a superior. Externally it can be applied to old ulcers, 
 wounds, ringworm, etc. 
 
 This valuable remedy is one of the ingredients of my 
 " Acacian Balsam," wherein it is properly combined 
 with many other valuable associates. 
 
 PINKROOT (Sptgelia Marilandica). 
 
 Common Names. Carolina Pink or Worm Grass. 
 
 Medicinal Part. The root. 
 
 Description. — This herbaceous, indigenous plant has 
 a perennial, very fibrous, yellow root, which sends iip 
 several erect, smooth stems of purplish color, from six 
 to twenty inches high. The leaves are opposite, ses- 
 sile, ovate-lanceolate, acute, or acuminate, entire, and 
 smooth. Flowers few in number and chib-shaped. 
 Fruit a double capsule. 
 
 History. — It inhabits the Southern States, and is 
 seldom found north of the Potomac. It was used by 
 the Indians as an anthelmintic liefore the discovery of 
 America, and was formerly collected for the market by the Creeks and 
 
 Pinkroot.
 
 136 
 
 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 
 
 Cherokees in the northern part of Georgia, but since their removal the 
 supply comes from the far Southwest. 
 
 Properties and Uses. — It is an active and certain vermifuge, especially 
 among children. Given alone it is very apt to produce various unpleas- 
 ant symptoms, increased action of the heart, dizziness, etc. I extract 
 from the root a resinous principle, to which I have given the name of 
 Spigeliin, which has all of the \'irtues of the root, but does not produce 
 any derangement. I employ the Spigeliin in my " Male Fern Vernu- 
 fuge." See page 469. 
 
 PIPSISSEWA (Chimaphila IJmbellata). 
 
 CoADioN Xames. Wintergreen, Prince's Pine, Oround HoUy, etc. 
 Medicfnal Part. TJie whole plant. 
 
 Description. — This is a small evergreen, nearly herbaceous, perennial 
 herb, with a creeping rhizome, from which spring several erect stems, 
 
 woody at their base, and from four to 
 eight inches high. The leaves are from 
 two to three inches long, on short petioles, 
 and of dark green-color, paler below. 
 The flowers are of light-purple color, 
 and exhale a fragrant odor. The pbllen 
 is white, and the fruit is an erect five- 
 celled capsule. 
 
 History. — This plant is indigenous to 
 the north temperate regions of both 
 hemispheres, and is met with in dry, 
 shady woods, flowering from May to 
 August. The leaves have no odor when 
 dried, but when fresh and rubbed they 
 are rather fragrant. Boiling water or 
 alcohol extracts their virtues. They con- 
 tain resin, gum, lignin, and saline sub- 
 stances. 
 
 Properties and Uses. — ^It is diiiretic, tonic, alterative, and astringent. 
 It is psppcially useful in scrofula and chronic rheumatism. In diseases 
 of the kidneys and drop.sy it exerts a decided curative power. In uri- 
 narj' diseases it is preferable to uva iirsi, on account of being less obnox- 
 ious to the stomach. In dropsy it cannot be so well depended upon 
 without the use of some more active measures in combination with it. 
 
 Pipsissewa. 
 
 PLEURISY ROOT (Asclepias Tuderosa). 
 
 Co.MMON Names. Butterfly-iceed, Wind-root, Tub&r-root. 
 
 Mj-iDiciNAL Part. The root. 
 
 Description. — This plant has a perennial, large, fleshy, white, fusiform
 
 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 
 
 137 
 
 Pleurisy Root. 
 
 root, from which numerous stems arise, growing from one to three feet 
 high, which are more or less erect, round, hairy, green or red, and grow- 
 ing in bunches from the root. The leaves are alternate, lacceolate, 
 hairy, dark green above, and paler beneath. 
 The flowers are numerous, erect, and of a 
 beautifully bright orange color. The fruit 
 is a long, narrow, green follicle. Seeds are 
 ovate, and terminate in long Bilken hairs. 
 
 History.— It is a native of the United 
 States, more particularly of the Southern 
 States, inhabiting gravelly and sandy soils, 
 and flowering in July and August. The 
 root is the medicinal part. When fresh 
 it has a disagreeable, slightly acrimonious 
 taste, but when dried the taste is slightly 
 bitter. Boiling water extracts its virtues. 
 Asdepin is the active principle. 
 
 Properties and Uses. — Pleurisy Root is much used in decoction or 
 infusion, for the purpose of promoting perspiration and expectoration 
 in diseases of the respiratory organs, especially pleurisy, inflamma- 
 tion of the lungs, catarrhal affections, consumption, etc. It is like- 
 wise carminative, tonic, diuretic, and antispasmodic, but does not 
 stimulate. Acute rheumatism, fever, dysentery, etc., are benefited 
 by a free use of the warm infusion. It is also highly efiBcacious in 
 Bome cases of dyspepsia. In uterine difficulties it has also been 
 found of great value. Its chief use, however, is in bronchial and 
 pulmonary complaints, and it serves its indications in these com- 
 plaints most admirably. It is one of the ingredients of my Acacian 
 Balsam. See page 469. 
 
 Dose. — Of the powder, twenty to sixty grains, three or four times a 
 day. Of a strong tincture, one or two wineglasses full four or fiva 
 times a day, until perspiration is produced. 
 
 POKE (Phytolacca Decandra). 
 
 Common Names. Pigeon-berry^ Garget., Scoke, Coakum, etc. 
 
 Medicinal Parts. The root, leaves, and berries. 
 
 Description. — This indigenous plant has a perennial root of large 
 size, frequently exceeding a man's leg in diameter, fleshy, fibrous, easily 
 cut or broken, and covered with a thin brownish bark. The stems are 
 annual, about an inch in diameter, round, smooth, when young green, 
 and grow from five to nine feet in height. The leaves are scattered, 
 petiolate, smooth on both sides, and about five inches long and three 
 broad. The flowers are numerous, small, and greenish-white in oolor ; 
 and the berries are round, dark-purijle, and in long clusters.
 
 138 
 
 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 
 
 History. — This plant is common in many parts of the cormtiy, grow- 
 ing in dry fields, hillsides, and roadsides, and flowering in July and 
 August. It is also found in Europe and northern parts of Africa. The 
 leaves should be gathered just previous to the ripening of the berries. 
 The berries are collected when fully matured. Phytolacdn is its active 
 principle. 
 
 Properties and Uses. — Poke is emetic, cathartic, alterative, and slightly 
 narcotic. The root excites the whole glandular system, and is very use- 
 ful in syphilitic, scrofulous, rheumatic, and cutaneous diseases. It is 
 an excellent remedy for the removal of mercurio-syphilitic affections. 
 Very few, if any, of the alteratives have superior power to Poke, if it 
 is properly gathered and prepared for medicinal use. It is an ingre- 
 dient in my " Blood Purifier," which will be found fully described on 
 page 469. 
 
 POJIEGRANATE (PtnsriCA Granatum). 
 
 Medicinal Parts. The rind of the fruity and bark of the root. 
 Description. — This is a smaU tree or shrub. The leaves are opposite, 
 entire, smooth, and two or three inches long. The flowers are large, 
 red, two or three, and nearly sessile. Calyx five-cleft, coroUa consists 
 of five much crumpled petals. The fruit is a large pericarp,* quite 
 pleasant in flavor, and quite watery. 
 
 llb^torij. — The Pomegranate is Asiatic, but has been naturalized in 
 the West Indies and the Southern States. 
 
 Properties and Uses. — The flowers and rind of 
 the fruit are astringent, and are used for the ar- 
 rest of mucous discharges, hemorrhages, night- 
 sweats, and diarrhoea accompanying consumption. 
 They are also very good for intermittent fever and 
 tape-worm. The bark of the root is used as a 
 specific for tape-worm, but its chief virtues are 
 healing and balsamic, if taken for ulcerations of 
 the lungs. 
 
 Dose. — The dose of the rind or flowers in powder 
 is from one to two scruples, and in decoction from 
 one to three fluid ounces. 
 
 PRICKLY ASH (Xakthoxylum Fraxinetjm). 
 
 CoiMON Names. Yellow-wood. Toothache-buf<h, 
 etc. 
 Prickly Ash. MEDICINAL Parts. The bark and berries. 
 
 Description. — This indigenous shrub has a stem 
 ten or twelve feet high, with alternate branches, which are armed 
 with strong conical prickles. The leaves are alternate and pinnate,
 
 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 139 
 
 leaflets ovate and acute. The flowers are small, greenish, and appear 
 before the leaves. The fruit is an oval capsule, varying from green 
 to red in color. 
 
 Hktory. — It is a native of North America, growing from Canada to 
 Virginia, and west to the Mississippi, in woods, thickets, and on river 
 banks, and flowering in April and May. The medicinal parts render 
 their virtues to water and alcohol. Xanthoxyline is its active principle. 
 
 Properties and Uses. — Prickly Ash is stimulant, tonic, alterative, 
 and sialagogue. It is used as a stimulant in languid states of the 
 system, and as a sialagogue in paralysis of the tongue and mouth. 
 It is highly beneficial in chronic rheumatism, colic, syphUis, hepatic 
 derangements, and wherever a stimulating alterative is required. 
 Dose of the powder, from ten to thirty grains, three times a day. The 
 berries are stimulant, carminative, and antispasmodic, acting especially 
 on the mucous tissues. 
 
 The Aralia Sjrinosa, or Southern Prickly Ash, differs from Xanthoxy- 
 lum, both in botanical character and medicinal virtues. 
 
 PRIVET (LlGUSTRUM VULGARE). 
 
 Common Names. Privy, Prim, etc. 
 
 Medicinal Part. The leaves. 
 
 Deserij)tion. — This is a smooth shrub, growing five or six feet high. 
 The leaves are dark-green, one or two inches in length, about half as 
 wide, entire, smooth, lanceolate, and on short petioles. The flowers 
 are small, white, and numerous, and fruit a spherical black berry. In 
 England the Privet is carried up with many slender branches to a rea- 
 sonable height and breadth, to cover arbors, bowers, and banqueting 
 houses, and brought or wrought into many fantastic forms, as birds, 
 men, horses. 
 
 History. — It is supposed to have been introduced into I ^rica from 
 England, but it is indigenous to Missouri, and found growing in wild 
 woods and thickets from New England to Virginia and Ohio. It is also 
 cultivated in American gardens. The leaves are used for medicinal 
 purjioses. They have but little odor, and an agreeable bitterish and 
 astringent taste. They yield their virtues to water or alcohol. The 
 berries are reputed cathartic, and the bark is said to be as effectual as 
 the leaves, as it contains sugar, mannite, starch, bitter resin, bitter 
 extractive, albumen, salts, and a peculiar substance called Ligvstrin. 
 
 Properties and Uses. — The leaves are astringent. A decoction of 
 them is valuable in chronic bowel complaints, ulcerations of stomach 
 and bowels, or as a gargle for ulcers of mouth and throat. It is also 
 good as an injection for ulcerated ears with ofi'ensive discharges, leu- 
 corrhoea, etc. This ingredient I use in a wash for leucorrhosa, which 
 never fails to cure.
 
 140 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 
 
 Doie. — Of the powdered leaves thirty to sixty grains, three times a 
 day ; of the decoction two to four teacupfuls. 
 
 QUASSIA (PrcK^NiA Excelsa). 
 
 Common N^vmes. Bitter-wood^ Bitter-ash. 
 
 Medicinal Part. 2'he toood. 
 
 Descrij)tion. — This is a tree growing from fifty to one hundred feet 
 high, with an erect stem, three or more feet ia diameter at the stem. 
 The bark is grajash and smooth. The leaves are alternate, unequally 
 pinnate ; leaflets opposite, oblong, acuminate, and unequal at the 
 base. Flowers are small, pale or yellowish-green. Fruit three drupes, 
 about the size of a pea. The Quassia Amara, or bitter quassia, is a 
 shrub, or moderately-sized branching tree, having a grayish bark. 
 
 History. — Quassia Amara inhabits Surinam, Guiana, Colombia, Pan- 
 ama, and the West India Islands. It flowers in November and Decem- 
 ber. The bark, wood, and root, which are intensely bitter, are used 
 to the greatest advantage in malignant fevers. For the medicinal parts 
 of this tree, as they seldom reach England or America, we get as a 
 substitute the Picrmia Excelsa of Jamaica and other neighborihg isl- 
 ands, which flowers in October and November, and in the two svteceed- 
 tng months matures its fruit. 
 
 Properties and Uses. — Quassia is tonic, febrifuge, and anthelmintic. 
 Cups made of the wood have been used for many years by persons re- 
 quiring a powerful tonic. Any liquid standing in one of these vessels 
 a few moments will become thoroughly impregnated by its peculiar 
 medicinal qualities. Wherever a bitter tonic is required, Quassia is an 
 excellent remedy. 
 
 Dose. — Of the powder, thirty grains ; of the infusion, from one to 
 three fluid ounces ; of the tincture, one or two fluid drachms, and of 
 the extract, from two to ten grains. 
 
 QUEEN OF THE MEADOW (Eupatorium Purpureum). 
 
 Common Names. Grarel-root, Joe-pie, Trumpet-weed. 
 
 Medicinal Part. The root. 
 
 Description. — This is a herbaceous plant, with a perennial, woody 
 root, with many long dark-brown fibres, sending up one or more solid 
 green, sometimes purplish, stems, five or six fe(!t in height. The leaves 
 are oblong-ovate or lanceolate, coarsely serrate, and from three to six 
 in a whorl. The flowers are tubular, purple, often vaiying to whitish. 
 
 History. — Queen of the Meadow grows in low places, dry woods or 
 meadows, in the Northern, Western, and Middle States of the American 
 Union, and flowers in August and September. The root is the officinal 
 part. It has a smell resembling old hay, and a slightly bitter, aromatic
 
 THE COMPLETE HERBAXIST. 141 
 
 taste, which is faintly astringent but not unpleasant. It j-ields its 
 properties to water by decoction or spirits. 
 
 Properties and Uses. — It is diuretic, stimulant, astringent, and tonic. 
 It is used in aU chronic urinary disorders, as well as in hematuria, gout, 
 and rheumatism, with moderate good effect. 
 
 Dose. — Of the decoction, from two to four fluid ounces, three or four 
 times a day. 
 
 RAGGED CUP (SiLPniUM Perfoliatxjji). 
 
 Common Name. Indian Cup-plant. 
 
 IVlEDiciNAL Part. The root. 
 
 Description. — This plant has a perennial, horizontal, pitted rhizome, 
 and a large smooth herbaceous stem, from four to seven feet high. The 
 leaves are opposite, ovate, from eight to fourteen inches long by four 
 to seven wide. The flowers are yellowish, and the fruit a broadly 
 ovate winged achenium. 
 
 History. — This plant is common to the Western States, and is found 
 growing in rich bottoms, bearing numerous yellow flowers, which are 
 perfected in August. It has a large, long, and crooked root, which is 
 the part used medicinally, and which readily imparts its properties to 
 alcohol or water. It will yield a bitterish giim, somewhat similar to 
 frankincense, which is frequently used to sweeten the breath. 
 
 Properties and Uses. — It is tonic, diaphoretic, and alterative. A 
 strong infusion of the root, made by long steeping, or an extract, is 
 said to be one of the best remedies for the removal of ague-cake, or en- 
 larged spleen. It is also useful in intermittent an-^l remittent fevers, 
 internal bruises, debility, ulcers, liver affections, and as a general alter- 
 ative restorative. The gum is said to be stimulant and antispasmodic. 
 The spleen is an organ whose functions the very best of the old-school 
 physicians cannot define ; but that it is the seat of very many most dis- 
 tressing diseases is a fact which not one of them will pretend to deny. 
 It is, as nearly as can be ascertained by the most laborious research, a 
 dependent of the hver and stomach, and what deranges it deranges 
 both the stomach and the liver. 
 
 SiLPHiUM Gummipertjm, or Rosin-weed, and Silphium LAcrar- 
 ATUM, or Cornjiass-iceed, are used in intermittent fever, and are bene- 
 ficial in dry, obstinate coughs. They often cure the heaves in horses. 
 
 EATTLE BUSH (Baptisia Tinctoria). 
 
 Common Names. Wild Indigo., Horsefly Weed. 
 
 Medicinal Part. The bark of the root and leaves. 
 
 Description. — The blackish and wood root of this perennial plant 
 sends up a stem which is very much branched, round, smooth, and from 
 two to three feet liigh. The leaves are small and alternate, leaflets
 
 142 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 
 
 rounded at their extremity ; calyx four- cleft, and fruit a short, bluish- 
 black legume. 
 
 History. — This small shrub grows in dry places in many parts of the 
 United States, and bears bright yellow flowers in July and August. 
 The fruit is of a bluish-black color in the form of an oblong pod, aud 
 contains indigo, tannin, an acid, and bapUsin. Any portion of the 
 plant, when dried, yields a blue dye, which is, however, not equal in 
 value to indigo. If the shoots are used after they acquire a green color 
 they %vill cause drastic purgation. Alcohol or water wUl take up the 
 active properties of this plant. Mediciaally, both the root and the 
 leaves are valuable, and deserve to be better known than they are at 
 present as remedial agents. The virtues of the root reside chiefly in 
 the bark. 
 
 Properties and Uses. — It is purgative, emetic, astringent, and anti- 
 septic. For its antiseptic qiaalities or projierties it is more highly 
 esteemed than for any other. A decoction of the bark of the root is 
 efficacious in the cure of all kinds of external sores and ulcerations. It 
 is used La decoction or syrup, for scarlatina, typhus, and all oases where 
 there is a tendency to putrescency. As a fomentation it is very, useful 
 in ulcers, tumors, sore nipples, etc. , and may be so used if you "^cannot 
 get a superior remedy, as the Herbal Ointment. 
 
 Dose. — Of the decoction, one tablespoonful every two or four hours, 
 as required. The decoction is made by boiling one ounce of the pow- 
 dered bark in two pints of water vmtil they are reduced to one pint. 
 
 RED RASPBERRY (Ruuus Strigosus.) 
 
 MEDicmAL Parts. Tlie hark of the root, and leaves. 
 
 Description. — This is a shrubby, strongly hispid plant, about four feet 
 high. Leaves, pinnate ; leaflets, oblong-ovate. Flowers, white ; co- 
 rolla, cup-shaped ; and fruit, a red berry, of a rich delicious flavor. 
 
 History. — The Red Raspberry grows wild, and is common to Canada 
 and the Northern and liliddle United States. It grows in hedges and 
 thickets, and upon neglected fields. It flowers in May, and its fruit 
 ripens from June to August. The leaves aud bark of the root are the 
 parts used medicinally. They impart their properties to water, giving 
 to the infusion an odor and flavor somewhat similar to black tea. 
 
 Properties and Uses. — It is very useful as an astringent. An infusion 
 or decoction of the leaves has been found an excellent remedy in diar- 
 rhoea, dysentery, and cholera infantum, and all diseases of a kindred 
 nature. It is somewhat freely used as a wash and injection for leucor- 
 rhoea, gleet, gonorrhoea, and prolapsus uteri and ani. The decoction of 
 the leaves combined with cream will suppress nausea and vomiting. It 
 is sometimes used as an aid in labor, aud has been efficacious in promot-
 
 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 143 
 
 ing uterine contractions -when ergot has failed. This plant is one of tho 
 ingredients of my prepared remedy for the above diseases. 
 
 Dose. — Of the decoction, from one to four fluid ounces, several times 
 a day. Of the pulverized root bark, which is sometimes used, from 
 twenty to thirty grains. 
 
 The Rubv^ Trivially, or Dcirbcrry, and Ruhus ViUosus, or Blackberry, 
 contain similar medical qualities, and may be used instead. 
 
 RED ROOT (Ceanothus Americanus). 
 
 Common Names. Neio Jorsey Tea., Wild Snow-baU. 
 
 Medicinal Part. The bark of the root. 
 
 Description. — This plant has a large root with a red or brownish bark, 
 tolerably thick, and body of dai-k-red color. The stems are from two 
 to four feet high, slender, with many reddish, round, smooth branches. 
 The leaves are ovate or oblong-ovate, serrate, acumiuate, rather smooth 
 above, and cordate at the base. The flowers are minute and white, and 
 fruit a dry capsule. 
 
 History. — This plant is very abundant in the United States, especially 
 in the western portions thereof. It grows in dry woodlands, bowers, 
 etc. , and flowers from Jiine to August. The leaves are sometimes used 
 as a substitute for Chinese tea, which, when dried, they much resemble. 
 The root, which is officinal, contains a large amount of Prussic acid. 
 Ceanothine is the name that has been given to its active principle. 
 
 Properties and Uses. — Red Root is astringent, expectorant, sedative, 
 anti-spasmodic, and anti-syphilitic. It is used vrith great good effect in 
 dysentery, asthma, chronic bronchitis, whooping-cough, and consump- 
 tion. It is also successftdly used as a gargle in aphthse of children, 
 sore mouth subsequent to fevers, and sore throats. 
 
 Dose. — Of decoction, one tablespoonful three times a day. 
 
 RHATA]STr (Krameria Triaxdria). 
 
 Medicinal Part. The root. 
 
 Description. — The root of this plant is horizontal, very long, -with a 
 thick bark. The stem is round and procumbent, branches two or three 
 feet long ; when young, white and silky ; when old, dark and naked. 
 The leaves are alternate, sessile, oblong and obovate, hoary and entire. 
 The flowers are red on short stalks. Calyx has foxir sepals, and corolla 
 four petals. The fruit is a dry, hairy drupe. 
 
 History. — Rhatany flowers all the year round, and grows upon the 
 sandy, dry, and gravelly hills of Peru. The root is the officinal part, 
 and is dug up iu Large quantities after the rains. It was made officinal 
 in 1780 by Ruiz, but long before that the natives had used it as a strong
 
 144 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 
 
 astringent for various diseases, afflictions, maladies, and complaints 
 In Portugal, to which the Peruvians send the bulk of the roots gathered, 
 it is used to adulterate red wines. The best method of extracting the 
 medicinal qualities of the root, is to put it powdered in a displacer and 
 pass water through. This will bring a brick-red aqueous solution, 
 which will embrace all the medicinal virtues. There is a false Rhatany, 
 the source of which is unknown. 
 
 Properties and Uses. — It is a powerful astringent, and slightly tonic. 
 It is beneficial wherever powerful astringents are required, and may be 
 used to advantage, if properly prepared, for all diseases which call for 
 the application of a decided astringent. 
 
 EHEUJVIATISM ROOT (Jeffersonia Dephylla). 
 
 Common Names. Twin-leaf^ Ground- Squirrel Pea. 
 
 Medicinal Part. The root. 
 
 Description. — This plant is perennial, and has a horizontal rJiizoma or 
 fleshy root, with matted fibrous radicles. The stem is simple, naked, 
 one-flowered, and from eight to fourteen inches in height. The leaves 
 are in pairs, broader than long, ending in an obtuse point, smooth and 
 petioled ; flowers, large and white ; and fruit an obovate capsule. 
 
 History. — This plant is found from New York to Marj'land and Vir- 
 ginia, and in many parts of the Western States. It grows chiefly in 
 limestone soil, but also is found in woods and near rivers, irrespective of 
 limestone, and flowers in April and May. The root is the part used, 
 and its virtues are extracted by water or alcohol. A chemical analysis 
 of this plant showed it to contain tannic acid, gum, starch, pectin, fatty 
 resin, bitter matter, similar to polygalic acid, carbonate and sulphate of 
 potassa, lime, iron, magnesia, silica, etc. 
 
 Properties and. Uses. — It is diuretic, alterative, antispasmodic, and a 
 stimulating diaphoretic. It is successfully \ised in chronic rheumatism, 
 secondary or mercurio-syphilis, dropsy, in many nervous affections, 
 spasms, cramps, nervous excitability, etc. As a gargle it is useful in 
 diseases of the throat. 
 
 Dose. — Of the decoction, from two to four fluid ounces, three or foux 
 times a day. Of the saturated tincture, from one to three fluid drachms, 
 three times a day. 
 
 RHUBARB (RuEUM Palmatum). 
 
 Medicinal Part. The root. 
 
 Description. — The scientific world happens to be in much argument 
 as to the exact plant or plants from which Rhubarb is produced. It is,
 
 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 
 
 145 
 
 Rheum Palmatum. 
 
 however, well known to all instructed herbalists that Rhubarb is the 
 root of a Rheum, and that the plant 
 from which the drug- of the shops is 
 obtained chieflj^ inhabits Chinese Tar- 
 tary, and grows wild on the mountains 
 and highlands of that section of the 
 globe. Tliat the truth of its botanical 
 identity is not elicited is owing- to a 
 severe prohibition of the Chinese gov- 
 ernment. Every sacrifice to obtain the 
 true plant or the seed has been in vain. 
 
 History. — There are several varieties 
 met with in commerce termed the Rus- 
 sian, Chinese, English, ar.d French Rhubarb, among which the R,ussian 
 is considered the best. The names are given, not that they are pro- 
 duced in indicated countries, but of the channels by which they are 
 thrown upon the market. Rhubarb has a peculiar aromatic odor, bit- 
 ter, faintly asti'tngent taste, and when chewed tinges the saliva yeUow. 
 It contains oxalate of lime in abundance. 
 
 Properties and Uses. — Rhubarb is cathartic, astringent, and tonic ; as 
 a cathartic it acts by increasing the muscular action of the bowels 
 rather than augmenting their secretions. It is much used as a laxative 
 for infants, its mildness and tonic qualities making it peculiarly appli- 
 cable. It is a valuable medicine. 
 
 Dose. — Of the powder, as a purgative, from ten to thu-ty grains. As 
 a laxative, from five to ten grains. As a tonic, from one to five grains. 
 Of the tincture or syrup, one to two fluid drachms. 
 
 ROSEMARY (Rosmarinus Officinalis). 
 
 Medicinal P.\rt. T/te tops. 
 
 Description. — Rosemarj' is an erect, perennial, evergreen shrub, two 
 to four feet high, with numerous branches of an ash color, and densely 
 leafy. The leaves are sessile, opposite, and linear, over an inch in 
 length, dark-green and shining above, and downy. The flowers are 
 few, bright blue or white. Calyx purplish. 
 
 History. — Rosemary is a native of the countries surrounding the 
 Mediterranean, and is cultivated in nearly every garden for its fra- 
 grance and beauty. It flowers in April and May. The parts used in 
 medicine are the flowering tops. 
 
 Proj)erties and Uses.— It is stimulant, antispasmodic, and emmena- 
 gogue. The oil is principally employed as a perfume for ointments, lini- 
 ments, and embrocations. 
 
 Dose. — Of the oil, internally, from three to six drops. 
 7 K
 
 146 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 
 
 PYROLA (Round-leaved) (Pyrola Rotund ifolla.). 
 
 Common Najies. False Wzntergreen, S7dn-leaf, Canker- Lettuce, 
 Pear-leaf Wintergreen, etc. 
 
 Medicinal Part. The herb. 
 
 DescHption. — This is a low, perennial, evergreen herb. The leaves are 
 radical, ovate, nearly two inches in diameter, smooth, shining, and 
 thick. The jietioles are much long-er than the leaf. The flowers are 
 many, large, fragi'ant, white, and drooping. The fruit is a five-celled, 
 many-seeded capsule. 
 
 Hutory. — This plant is common in damp and shady woods in various 
 parts of the United States, flowering in June and Jixly. The whole plant 
 is used, and imparts its medicinal properties to water. 
 
 Properties and ITftes. — It is astringent, diuretic, tonic, and antispas- 
 modic. The decoction is much used in all skin diseases, and is good to 
 eradicate a scrofulous taint from the system. It is used in injection for 
 whites and various diseases of the womb. The herb is applied with 
 profit as a poultice to tdcers, swellings, boUs, felons, and inflammations. 
 The decoction will be found beneficial as a gargle for sore throat and 
 mouth, and as a wash for sore or ophthalmic eyes. Administer ii inter- 
 nally for gravel, ulceration of the bladder, bloody urine, and other 
 urinary diseases ; also, for epilepsy and other nervous afl'ections. 
 
 Pose. — Of the decoction, one fluid ounce, three times a day; of the 
 extract, two to four grains. 
 
 SAFFRON (Dyers') (Cartiiamus Tinctorius). 
 
 Common Names. iSnfflower, Pastard Saffron. 
 
 Medicinal Part. The flowers. 
 
 Pescription. — This annual plant has a smooth, striate stem, from one 
 to two feet high, and branching at the top. The leaves are alternate, 
 ovate-lanceolate, sessile, smooth, and shining. The flowers are numer- 
 ous, long, slender, and orange-colored. Corolla five-cleft. 
 
 History. — This plant is cultivated in England and America, although 
 it is a native of Egypt and the countries surroimding the Mediterranean. 
 The orange-red florets are the officinal parts. The cultivated Saftiower 
 is usually sold in the shops, and contains two coloring matters : the first 
 of which is yellow and soluble in water ; the second a beautiful red, 
 and readily soluble in alkaline solutions only. 
 
 Prr/f,erties and Uses.— It will restore the menstrual discharge when 
 the latter has been recently suppressed by cold, if used in warm infu- 
 Bion. It will also, when taken in the same form, produce an action of 
 the bowels. In measles, scarlet fever, and other eruptive maladies, it is 
 also considered an excellent diaphoretic. The seeds are sometimes used 
 aa purgative and emmenagoguc, but, in my opinion, are of no great
 
 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 147 
 
 ralue. The infusion is made by boiling a drachm or two of the flowers 
 in water, and may be taken tolerably freely. 
 
 SAGE (Salvla. Officinalis). 
 
 Common Name. Garden Sage. 
 
 Medicinal Part. TJie leaves. 
 
 Description. — Sage is a plant with a pubescent stem, erect branches, 
 hoary with down, leafy at the base, about a foot or foot and a half 
 long. The leaves are opposite, entire, petioled, ovate-lanceolate, the 
 lowermost white, with wool beneath. The tlowers are blue and in 
 whorls. 
 
 Jlistory. — Sage is a native of Southern Europe, and has been natural- 
 ized for very many years in this country as a garden plant. The leaves 
 and tops should be carefully gathered and dried during its flowering 
 season, which is in June and July. They have a pectdiax, strong, aro- 
 matic, camphorous odor, and a sharp, warm, sUghtly bitter taste, wliich 
 properties are owing to its volatile oU, which may be obtained by distill- 
 ing the plant with water. It imparts its vktues to boiling water in inf u- 
 Bion, but more especially to alcohol. 
 
 Properties and Uses. — It is feebly tonic, and astringent, expectorant, 
 diaphoretic, and having properties common to aromatics. The infusion 
 is much valued in cases of gastric debility, checking flatulency with 
 speed and certainty. 
 
 The warm infusion will cause active diuresis by checking its diapho- 
 retic tendency. It is called by some a most capital remedy for sperma- 
 torrhcea, and for excessive venereal desire, and I am one of those who 
 know from experience in my practice that it is grand for what is termed 
 sexual debility when its use is indicated. The infusion is much used 
 as a gargle for inflammation and ulceration of the throat and relaxed 
 uvula, either alone or combined with vinegar, honey, or sumach. 
 
 ST. IGNATIUS' BEAN (Ignatius Amara). 
 
 Description. — The Ignatius Amara is a branching tree with long, ta- 
 per, smooth, scrambling branches. The leaves are veiny, smooth, and 
 a span long. The flowers are long, nodding, and white, and smell like 
 jasmine. The fruit is small and pear-shaped, and the seeds number 
 about twenty, are angular, and are imbedded in a soft pulp. 
 
 History. — The tree is indigenoiis to the Philippine Islands, and the 
 seeds thereof are the St. Ignatius' Bean of the drug-shops. The bean 
 yields its properties best to alcohol, but will also yield them to water. 
 It contains about one-third more strychnia than nux-vomica, but is sel- 
 dom used for the production of strychnia on accoxint of its extreme 
 scarcity. 
 
 Properties and Uses. — Very similar to nux-vomica seeds, but more en-
 
 148 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 
 
 ergetic. It is used in nervous debility, amenorrhoea, chlorosis, epilepsy, 
 wonas, etc., with partial good effect, but is a dangerous article however 
 well prepared, and shovdd be used only by the advice of a professional 
 gentleman, upon whose tnith and ability you may place the utmost con- 
 fidence. It should not be employed in domestic practice. 
 
 Dose. — Of the powdered seed, one grain ; of the alcoholic extract, one- 
 eighth of a grain. 
 
 ST. JOHN'S WORT (Hypericum Perforatum). 
 
 Medicinal Parts. The tops andfloiccrs. 
 
 Description. — This is a beautiful shrub, and is a great ornament to 
 our meadows. It has a hard and woody root, which abides in the 
 groiind many years, shooting anew every year. The stalks nm up about 
 two feet high, spreading many branches-, having deep-green, ovate, ob- 
 tuse, and opposite leaves, which are full of small holes, which are 
 plainly seen when the leaf is held up to the light. At the tops of the 
 stalks and branches stand yellow flowers of five leaves apiece, with 
 many yellow threads in the middle, which, being bruised, yield [a red- 
 dish juice, like blood, after which come small, round heads, wh^ein is 
 contained small blackish seed, smelling like resin. The fruit is a three- 
 celled capsule. 
 
 Ilistory. — This plant grows abundantly in this country and Europe, 
 and proves exceedingly annoying to farmers. It flowers from June to 
 August. It has a peculiar terebinthine odor, and a balsamic, bitterish 
 taste. It yields its properties to water, alcohol, and ether. 
 
 Projiertics and Uses. — It is astringent, sedative, and diuretic. It 
 euppresses the urine, and is very applicable in chronic urinary affec- 
 tions, diarrhoea, dj-sentery, jaundice, monorrhagia, hysteria, nervous 
 affections, hemoptysis, and other hemorrhages. Externally, in fomen- 
 tation, or used as an ointment, it is serviceable in dispeUing hard tumors, 
 caked breasts, bruises, etc. 
 
 Dose. — Of the powder, from half a drachm to two drachms ; infusion, 
 one to two ounces. 
 
 SANICLE (Sanicula Marilandica). 
 
 Common Name. Black-snake Boot. 
 
 Mkiucinal Part. 27ie root. 
 
 Descnption. — Sanicle is an indigenous, perennial herb, with a smooth, 
 furrowed stem, from one to three feet high. The leaves are digitate, 
 mostly radical, and on petioles from six to twelve inches long. Cau- 
 line leaves few, and nearly sessile. The flowers are mostly barren, 
 white, sometimes yellowish, feilile ones sessile. 
 
 Jli-ttori/. — It is common to the United States and Canada, and ia 
 found in low woods and thickets, flowering in June. The fibrous i-oot
 
 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. l-t9 
 
 is aromatic in taste and odor. It imparts its virtues to water and 
 alcohol. 
 
 Properties and Uses. — In its action upon the system it resembles 
 valerian very much, possessing nervine and anodyne properties. Do- 
 mestically, it is used with advantage in intermittent fevers, sore-throat, 
 erysipelas, and cutaneous affections. It is very efficacious in chorea, 
 and is very beneficially employed ia various nervous affections. 
 
 Dose. — Powder, one drachm ; decoction, from one to four ounces. 
 
 SAESAPARILLA (Smilax Officinalis). 
 
 Medicinal Part. The root. 
 
 Description. — The stem of this plant is twining', angular, and prickly, 
 the young shoots being xmarmed. The leaves are ovate-oblong, acute, 
 cordate, smooth, and about a foot long. The petioles are an iuch long, 
 bearing tendrils above the base. Botanically, nothing is known of the 
 flowers. This pUmt grows in New Granada, on the banks of the Magda- 
 line, near Bajorque. Great quantities are sent to Mompox and Cartha- 
 gena, and from thence to Jamaica and Cadiz. 
 
 The Smilax Sypihilitica^ S. Papyracea., S. Iledica, S. China., and S. 
 SarsapariUa are all members of the same family of plants ; their medi- 
 cinal qualities are similar, and they form the SarsapariUa of commerce, 
 with the exception of the S. SarsapariUa, which is native to the Uni- 
 ted States, flowering from May to August. The American plant is re- 
 garded by some as inert, but why so I do not know. The plant exten- 
 sively known in the South as Bamboo Brier., which is but a species of 
 SarsapariUa, certainly possesses medicinal qualities equal, if not superior, 
 to commercial SarsapariUa. ProfessionaUy, I employ the Honduras 
 SarsapariUa, which I regard as the best. 
 
 History. — The SarsapariUa of commerce consists of veiy long roots, 
 having a thick bark of a grayish or brownish color. They have scarcely 
 any odor, but possess a mucilaginous taste. Those roots that have a 
 deep orange tint are the best, and the stronger the acrid and nauseous 
 qualities, the better are the properties of the root. Water and alcohol 
 extract its medicinal qualities. By chemical analysis it contains sulse- 
 parin, a coloring matter, starch, chloride of potassium, an essential oil, 
 bassorin, albumen, pectic and acetic acid, and the several salts of lime, 
 potassa, magnesia, and oxide of iron. 
 
 Properties and Uses. — An alterative. When properly prepared it ex- 
 erts a favorable change over the system. It has great repute in syphi- 
 litic diseases. In several chronic diseases, as of the skin, rheumatic af- 
 fections, passive dropsy, etc., it is of service. Its chief use, however, 
 is an adjuvant to other alteratives ; its individual properties being too 
 feeble to answer all the conditions required of an alterative. 
 
 Bose. —Of the powder, thirty grains ; of the infusion or syrup, f our 
 fluid ounces.
 
 150 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 
 
 SASSAFRAS (Latjrus Sassafras). 
 
 Medicinal Part. The bark of the root. 
 
 Descri'ption. — This is a small tree, varj'ing in height from ten to forty 
 feet. The bark is rough and grayish, that of the twigs smooth and 
 green. The leaves are alternate, petiolate, bright green, very variable 
 in form, smooth above and dov\Tiy beneath. The flowers appear before 
 the leaves, are small, greenish-yellow ; fruit an oval succulent drupe. 
 
 Hist<y)'y. — Indigenous to North America, and common to the woods 
 from Canada to Florida, and flowering in the latter part of April or 
 early in May. The bark has an aromatic, agreeable taste, and similax 
 odor. It yields its properties to hot water by infusion, and to alcohol. 
 
 Properties and Use.s. — It is a warm, aromatic stimulant, alterative, 
 diaphoretic, and dim-etic. It is much used in alterative compounds as a 
 flavoring adjuvant. In domestic practice it enjoys a wide field of appli- 
 cation and use, especially as a so-called spring-renovator of the blood, 
 
 SAVORY (Summer) (Satureja Hortensis). 
 
 Medicinal Part. The leaves. 
 
 Description. — This annual plant has a branching, bushy stem,»about 
 eighteen inches in height, woody at the base, frequently changing to 
 purple. The leaves are numerous, small, entire, and acute at the end. 
 The flowers ai-e pink-colored. Calyx tubular, corolla bilabiate, sta- 
 mens diverging. 
 
 History. — It is a native of the south of France. It is extensively cul- 
 tivated for culinary purposes in Europe and America, and flowers in 
 July and August. The leaves are the part employed. They have an 
 aromatic odor and taste analogous to those of thyme. 
 
 Properties and Uses. — It is a stimulant, carminative, and emmena- 
 gogue. k warm infusion is beneficial in colds, menstrual suppression, 
 and wind colic, for which it is a specific. The oil inserted into the 
 carious teeth will often relieve the tooth-ache. 
 
 Satureja Mont^vna, or Winter Savory.^ possesses similar qualities. 
 
 Dose. — From tvfo to four ounces of the infusion, several times a day. 
 
 SCULL-CAP (SCUTELLAKIA LATERIFLORA). 
 
 CoivrMON Names. Blue Scull- Cap, Side-Flowering Scull-Cap, Mad- 
 Do(]ipeed, and IIood-iDort. 
 
 Medicinal Part. The whole plant. 
 
 Description. — Scull-cap has a small, fibrous, yellow, perennial root, 
 with an erect and very branching stem, from one to three feet in height. 
 The leaves are on petioles about an inch long, opposite, thin, subcordato 
 on the stem, ovate on branches, aciiminate, acute, and coarsely serrate. 
 The flowers are sir all. and of a pole-blue color.
 
 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 151 
 
 History. — It is an indigenous herb, growing in damp places, meadows, 
 ditches, and by the side of ponds, flowering in July and August. The 
 whole plant is medicinal, and should be gathered while in flower, dried 
 in the shade, and kept in well-closed tin vessels. Chemically it contains 
 an essential oil, a yellowish-green fixed oil, chlorophyll, a volatile mat- 
 ter, albumen, an astringent princixDle, lignin, chloride of soda, salts of 
 iron, silica, etc. 
 
 Properties and Uses. — It is a valuable nervine, tonic, and antispasmodic, 
 used in chorea, convulsions, fits, delirium tremens, and aU nervous af- 
 fections, supporting the nerves, quieting and strengtherdng the system. 
 In delirium tremens an infusion dnmk freely will soon produce a calm 
 sleep. In aU cases of nervous excitability, restlessness, or wakefulness, 
 etc. , it exerts beneficial results. 
 
 Dose. — Of the fluid extract, from half to a teaspoonful; of the tinc- 
 ture (four ounces scull-cap to a pint of diluted alcohol), one to two tea- 
 spoonfuls ; of the infusion, a wineglassful, three times a day. 
 
 SENEKA (PoLYGALA Senega). 
 
 Common Name. Seneca Snake-Boot. 
 
 Medicinal Part. The root. 
 
 Description. — This indigenous plant has a perennial, fii-m, hard, branch- 
 ing root, with a thick bark, and sends up several annual stems, which 
 are erect, smooth, from eight to fourteen inches high, occasionally tinged 
 with red. The leaves are alternate, nearly sessile, lanceolate, with a 
 sharpish point, smooth ; flowers white ; calyx consists of five sepals, 
 corolla of three petals ; and capsules are smaU, two-ceUed and two- 
 valved. 
 
 IlitiUrry. — It is found in various parts of the United States, in rocky 
 woods and on hill-sides, flowering in July. It is more abundant in the 
 West and South than in the East. The officinal root varies in size from 
 two to four or five lines in diameter, crooked, and a carinate Hne ex- 
 tends the whole length of it. Its chemical constituents are polygaUc, 
 virgineic, pectic, and tannic acids, coloring matter, an oil, cerin, gum, 
 albumen, salts of alumina, silica, magnesia, and iron. 
 
 Properties and Uses. — In large doses emetic and cathartic ; in ordi- 
 nary doses it stimulates the secretions, acting particularly as a siala- 
 gogue, expectorant, diuretic, diaphoretic, and emmenagogue. In active 
 inflammatory diseases it should not be employed. In protracted pneu- 
 monia, commencing stages of croup, humoral asthma, etc. , it is a good 
 expectorant. 
 
 Dose. — Powder, five to twenty grains ; infusion or syrup, half an ounce 
 to two ounces ; polygalic acid, one-fourth to oae-half grain.
 
 152 
 
 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 
 
 Skunk Cabbage. 
 
 SKtnS'K CABBAGE (Symplocaupus Foettdtjs). 
 Common Names. Skunk-weed^ Pole-cat weed, Meadow Cabbage. 
 Medicinal Parts, llie roots and seeds. 
 
 Description. — This plant has been a troublesome one for botanists to 
 
 classify ; but the term Sym.plocarpus is now 
 generally preferred. It is perennial, having a 
 large, abrupt root, or tuber, with numerous 
 crowded, fleshy fibres, which extend some dis- 
 tance iato the groimd. The spathe appears 
 before the leaves, is ovate, spotted, and striped, 
 pui-ple and yellowish-green, the edges folded 
 inward, and at length coalescing. The flowers 
 are numerous, of a dull purple within the 
 spathe, on a short, oval spadix. Calyx consists 
 of four fleshy, wedge-shaped sepals ; coroUa, 
 none ; stamens, four ; seeds round and fleshy, 
 and about as large as a pea. 
 
 Histoi'y. — Skunk Cabbage is a native of the 
 United States, growing in moist grounds, flow- 
 ering in March and April, and maturing its *fruit 
 in August and September, forming a rough- 
 ened, globular mass, two or three inches ia 
 diameter, and shedding its bullet-like fruit, one-third to half an inch in 
 diameter, which are filled with a singular solid, fleshy embryo. The 
 parts used are the seeds and roots, which have an extremely disagree- 
 able odor, AVater or alcohol extracts their virtues. Chemically it con- 
 tains a fixed oU, wax, starch, volatile oil and fat, salts of lime, silica, 
 iron, and manganese. 
 
 Prt/jierties and Uses. — Internally it is a stimulant, exerting expecto- 
 rant, antispasmodic, vidth slightly narcotic influences. It is successfully 
 used in asthma, whooping-cough, nervous irritability, hysteria, fits, epi- 
 lepsy, convulsions, chronic catarrh, pulmonary and bronchial affections. 
 Externally, hi the form of an ointment, it aids reparative processes, 
 discusses tumors, stimulates granulations, cases pain, etc. It is an in- 
 gredient in my world-renowned " Herbal Ointment." (See page 469.) 
 
 JMse. — Fluid extract, twenty to eighty drops ; tincture (three ounces 
 of root or seed to a pint of alcohol), half a teasi30onful ; syrup (two 
 ounces of fluid extract to eight ounces of simple syrup), two or three 
 teaspoon fuls. 
 
 SOAP-WORT (Saponarta OKFicrsALis). 
 
 Common Name. Bouncing Bet. 
 
 Mp:uicinal Parts. The root and leaves. 
 
 Description. — This is a stout perennial, herbaceous plant, with a stem
 
 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 163 
 
 from one to two feet in height. The leaves are lanceolate, smooth : 
 flowers are many, large, flesh-colored, or pale-pmk, and often double ; 
 fruit an oblong one-ceUed capsule. 
 
 History. — This plant grows in roadsides and waste places in Europe 
 and the United States. It flowers in the early part of July La Europe, 
 but in America in the early part of August. The leaves and root are the 
 parts used medicinally. They have a sweet and bitter taste combined, 
 "with a suksequent persistent pungency and a benumbing sensation." 
 When the root and leaves are subjected to the extractive powers of 
 water they yield a residue something like soap-suds. Their active pro- 
 perties are brought out by either water or alcohol — by the latter particu- 
 larly. The root gives a principle called Sa^x/nia, which is very valuable. 
 
 Pnqyerties and Uses. — It is largely and valuably employed in the 
 treatment of diseases of the liver, scrofulous, syphilitic, and cutaneous 
 afflictions of a severe character ; also catarrh, rheumatism, gonorrhoea, 
 whites, and green sickness. Saponin can be prepared only by a com- 
 petent herbal chemist. In its absence use decoctions of the leaves and 
 roots. Dose of tne decoction, from one to two fluid ounces, three times 
 a day. I employ the saponaceous qualities of this plant, which I ex- 
 tract from the root by chemical processes in my laboratory, as a con' 
 stituent of my " Renovating Pill." (See page 469.) 
 
 SOLOMON'S SEAL (CoNV all aria Multiflora). 
 
 Medicinal Part. The root. 
 
 Description. — The stem of this plant is smooth, from one to four feet 
 high, and growing from a perennial root. The leaves are alternate, 
 lanceolate, smooth, and glossy above, paler and pubescent beneath; 
 flowers greenish -white, and fruit a dark-blue or blackish beiTy. There 
 is another variety, the Convallaria Bacemosa, the root of which posses- 
 ses similar qualities to that of Solomon's Seal. 
 
 History. — Both plants are to be found throughout the United State? 
 and Canada. They flower from May to August. The root, which is 
 the part used, is inodorous, but has a sweetish mucUagitious taste, which 
 is followed by a slight sense of bitterness. 
 
 Froj)erties and Uscfi. — The root is tonic, mucilaguious, and astringent. 
 The decoction is successfully used in whites, pectoral affections, menor- 
 rhagia, female debility, inflammation of the stomach and intestines 
 eiysipelas, neuralgia, itch, local inflammations, etc. Dose of the decoc- 
 tion, one to three ounces, three times a day. 
 
 SORREL (Wood) (Oxalis Acetosella). 
 
 Medicinal Part. The loJujle herh. 
 
 Description. — This is a smaU perennial herb, with a creeping and 
 scaly-toothod root-stock. The leaves are numerous, radical, and on 
 
 7*
 
 154 
 
 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 
 
 long, weak, hairy stalks ; leaflets broadly obcordate, and of yellowish- 
 green color. Flowers white, yellowish at the base, and scentless. Fruit 
 a five-lobed, oblong capsule. 
 
 History. — It is indigenous to Europe and this country, growing in 
 woody and shady places, and flowering from April to June. It is in- 
 odorous, and has a pleasantly acid taste. The acidity is due to oxalic 
 acid, which, in combination with potassa, forms the binoxolate of that 
 alkali. The '■'■Salts of Sorrel" formerly so much used to remove tnk- 
 spots and iron-mai'ks from linen, is merely this salt separated from the 
 plant. 
 
 Properties and Uses. — Cooling and diuretic ; useful in febrile diseases, 
 hemorrhages, gonorrhoea, chronic catarrh, urinary affections, scurvy, 
 etc. Care is to be observed in its use. 
 
 RuMEX AcETosA, or Garden Sorrel, Rumex Acetosella, or Sheep 
 Sorrel, and Rumex Vesicarius possess similar qualities. 
 
 SQUIRTING CUCUIVIBER (Momordica Elaterium). 
 
 Medicinal Part. The feculence of the juice of tiie fruit. 
 
 Descnption. — This hispid and glaucous plant has several stems grow- 
 ing from the same root. The leaves are cordate, Some- 
 what lobed, and on long stalks. Flowers monoecious and 
 yellow. Fruit oblong, obtuse at each end, separating from 
 its sialk with violence, and expelling its seeds and mucus 
 with considerable force, in consequence of the sudden con- 
 traction of the sides. 
 
 History. — This plant is indigenoias to the south of Eu- 
 rope, growing in poor soils, in waste places, and flowering 
 in July. The juice aroiind the seeds is the oflScinal part, 
 and which, when properly prepared, forms the Ebtterium 
 of commerce. It must be collected a little before the 
 period of ripening. 
 
 Projiertics and Uses. — It is an energetic hydragogue 
 cathartic, operating with great violence in doses of a few 
 grains, and very apt to cause diffuse inflammation of the 
 stomach and bowels, characterized by vomiting, griping 
 pain, and profuse diarrhoea. It is used chiefly in obstinate 
 dropsy, and as a revulsive in cerebral affections, or wher- 
 ever a revcllent effect is desired. Owing to its active 
 cathartic properties, it is always best to commence with 
 very small doses, from the uncertainty of the preparation. 
 
 Dose. — From one-eighth to one-half a gxain. 
 
 Squirting 
 Cucumber.
 
 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 155 
 
 STAR-GKASS (Aletris Farinosa). 
 
 Common Names. Colic-root^ Ague-root^ Crow-corn, Unicorn root, etc 
 
 Medicinal Part. T?ie root. 
 
 Descriptio7i. — This plant has a perennial root, with radical leaves, 
 sessile, lying flat on the ground, ribbed, broad, lanceolate, smooth, the 
 large ones being about four inches long. The flower-stem is from one 
 to three feet high, erect and simple, bearing a bell-shaped flower, which, 
 as it grows old, has a wrinkled, mealy appearance. The fruit is a tri- 
 angular capsule. 
 
 History. — It is indigenous to North America, growing in low grounds, 
 sandy soils, and at the edges of woods. Its flowers are white, and ap- 
 pear from May to August. The root is the part used. Alcohol is the 
 best solvent. 
 
 Properties and Uses. — Its root, when thoroughly dried, is an intensely 
 bitter tonic, and in decoction or tincture is of great utility in dyspep- 
 sia, general or local debility, flatulent colic, hysteria, etc. It greatly 
 strengthens the female generative organs, affording protection against 
 miscaxTiage ; and in chlorosis, amenorrhcea, dysmenorrhoea, engorged 
 condition of the uterus, prolapsus of that organ, is a very superior vege- 
 table agent. 
 
 Dose. — Of the powdered root, from five to ten grains, three times a 
 day; of the saturated tincture, five to fifteen drops. 
 
 STILLINGIA (Stillingia Sylvatica). 
 
 Common Names. Queeii's Root, Qtieen^s Delight, Tawroot, and 
 Silcer-leaf. 
 
 Medicinal Part. The root. 
 
 Description. — 'Yhis perennial herb has a glabrous, somewhat angled 
 stem, from two to four feet high, which, when broken, gives out a milky 
 sap. The leaves are sessile, somewhat leatheiy, and tapering at the 
 base. The flowers are yellow, and arranged on a tenninal spike. Fruit 
 a three-grained capsule. 
 
 Ili-Htory. Queen's Root grows in sandy soils, and is a native of the 
 southern part of the United States. The root is the part used. It 
 should be used as soon after being gathered as possible, as age impairs 
 its properties. The latter yield to water, but are better extracted by 
 diluted alcohol. Its properties appear to be owing to a very acrid oil, 
 known as the Oil of Stillingia. 
 
 Froperties and Uses. — In large doses stillingia vomits and purges, ac- 
 companied wnth more or less prostration of the system. In less doses 
 it is an alterative, exerting an influence over the secretory functions 
 unsurpassed by any other known alterative. It is veiy extensively used in 
 all the various forms of primary and secondary syphilitic affections ; also 
 in scrofulous, hepatic, and cutaneous affections ; also, with combinations
 
 156 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 
 
 of anise or caraway, for laryngitis and bronchitis. The oil, unless well 
 mcorporated with some mucilaginous or saccharine substance, should 
 never be used iuternally. This great alterative is one of the principal 
 sjonstituents in my ' ' Blood Purifier. " See page 469. 
 
 Dose. — Tincture, half a drachm to a drachm ; decoction, one or two 
 ounces. 
 
 STONEROOT (CoLLiNsoNiA Canadensis). 
 
 Common Names. Ilardhack., Horseweed., Ueal-aU^ Sichweed, Ox- 
 brd/n, etc. 
 
 Medicinal Part. The plant. 
 
 Description. — This plant has a knobby root, and a four-sided stem, 
 from one to four feet in height. The leaves are thin, broadly ovate, 
 acuminate, coarsely serrate, from six to eight inches long, and from two 
 to four broad. Flowers large, corolla greenish-yellow ; stamens two, 
 and very long ; seeds four, of which two or three are sterile. 
 
 History. — This plant grows in moist woods from Canada to Carolina, 
 and flowers from July to September. The whole plant has a strong 
 odor and a pungent and spicy taste. The odor of the fresh root is 
 slightly disagreeable. The whole plant is generally used, and ha$ its 
 value. The chief virtues of the plant are, however, concentrated in* the 
 root, which 'should always be used when fresh. Its active priaciple is 
 CoUinsonin, which name is derived from its discoverer, Peter Collinson. 
 
 Properties and Uses. — It is used with good effect in chronic catarrh 
 of the bladder (as are other plants mentioned elsewhere), whites, and 
 weak stomach. It exerts a strong influence over all the mucous tissues. 
 It is a very fair stimivlant, and a gentle tonic and diuretic. The prepa- 
 ration called Collinsomn is very valuable as a remedy for hemorrhoids, 
 and all other diseases of the rectum, and for such afflictions I recom- 
 mend it highly. It is chiefly used in inveterate and chronic cases. The 
 largest dose is five grains ; the average dose two grains. The infusion 
 or decoction of the plant may be moderately used without additional 
 remedies, and in some instances so may the ColUttsonin ; hvA in about 
 every case a skilful combination of the latter with other standard prepa- 
 rations is necessary to insure easy and speedy restoration to good health. 
 Stoneroot is used externally — the leaves particularly — in fomentation 
 and poultice, and biTiises, wounds, blows, sprains, contusions, cuts, ul- 
 cers, sores, etc. I cannot call the attention of the reader too strongly to 
 the effect the preparation called Collinsonin has upon all affections of the 
 urinary organs. It should be combined with other indicated remedies. 
 
 SUMACH (Rhus Glabkum). 
 
 Medicinal Parts. The bark and fruit. 
 
 Description. —Sumach is a shrub, from six to fifteen feet high, con-
 
 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 157 
 
 eisting of many straggling' branches, covered with a pale-gray bark, hav- 
 ing occasionally a reddish tint. The leaves are alternate, consist of from 
 six to fifteen leaflets, which are lanceolate, acuminate, acutely serrate, 
 shiaiag and green above, whitish beneath, becoming red in the fall. 
 The flowers are greenish red, and fruit a small red drupe, hanging in 
 clusters, with a crimson down, extremely sour to the taste, which is due 
 to malate of lime. 
 
 History. — Sumach grows in the thickets and waste grounds of Canada 
 and the United States. It flowers in June and July, but matures its 
 fruit ia September and October. The bark and berries are oificinal. 
 The berri( s should be gathered before rains have washed away the acid 
 properties which reside in their external, downy efliorescence. Both 
 the bark and berries yield their active influence to water. Great care 
 is to be taken in the selection of several species of Rhus, as many of 
 them are highly poisonous. 
 
 Pi'(ypcrtieJi and Uses. — The berries are refrigerant and diuretic; the 
 bark is tonic, astringent, and antiseptic. The bark of the root has 
 sometimes been used with success in decoction or syrup as a palliative 
 of gonorrhoea, leucorrhoea, diarrhoea, hectic fever, dysentery, and scrof- 
 ula. Combined with the barks of white pine and slippery elm, in cer- 
 tain particular doses of decoction, it will, with other very simple treat- 
 ment, cure syphilis. 
 
 Dose. — From one to three fluid ounces of the decoction of bark. Of 
 the infusion of berries, from one to four fluid ounces. 
 
 SWAMP BEGGARS' TICK (Bidens Connata). 
 
 Medicinal Parts. TJie root and seeds. 
 
 Descrijitwn. — This herb has a smooth stem, from one to three feet 
 high. The leaves are lanceolate, opposite, serrate, acuminate, and de- 
 current on the petiole. Flowers, terminal ; florets, yellow ; and fruit, 
 a wedge-formed achenium. 
 
 History. — This is a common weed, foiind in wet grounds, rich fields, 
 Bwamps, and ditches, from New England to Missouri. It flowers in Au- 
 gust. The root and seeds are employed medicinally, and may be used 
 in decoction, infusion, or tincture. 
 
 Properties and Uses. — The root and seeds are emmenagogue and ex- 
 pectorant ; the seeds, in powder or tincture, have been used iu ame- 
 norrhoca, dysmenorrhoea, and some other uterine derangements, and an 
 infusion of the root has proved beneficial in severe cough. It has been 
 used with great success for palpitation of the heart, and for croup. For 
 this latter afliiction a strong infusion of the leaves, sweetened with 
 honey, and admiuistered in tablespoonful doses every fifteen minutes 
 until vomiting is produced, is regarded a cure. The leaves heated to 
 the form of a poultice and laid upon the throat and chest iu cases of
 
 158 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 
 
 bronchial and laryngeal attacks from exposure to cold, etc., are very 
 beneficial. 
 
 BiDENS BiPiNNATA, or Spanish Needles, and Bidens Frondosa, or 
 Beggar Tick, can be employed, medically, the same. 
 
 SW'EET GUM (LiQUiDAMBAR Styraciplua). 
 
 Medicinal Part. The concrete juice. 
 
 Descnption. — The Sweet Gum tree grows to the height of from fifty 
 to sixty feet. Its bark is gray and deeply furrowed, and there are corky 
 ridges on the branches ; the leaves are palmate, rounded, smooth, and 
 shining, fragrant when bruised, and turn a deep red in the fall. Fruit, 
 a kind of strobUe. 
 
 History. — This tree is very abundant in the Southern and Middle 
 States, and can be found in the moist woods of nearly all parts of the 
 Union. From incisions made in the tree a gum exudes which is resin- 
 ous and adhesive, and somewhat like white tvu'pentine in appearance. 
 
 Properties and Uses. — As a remedy for catarrhs, coughs, and pulmo- 
 naiy affections generally, it is without an equal, although physicians g'en- 
 erally do not use it in their practice. It is also very valuable for fever- 
 sores, fistula, scrofula, etc., when made into an ointment. * 
 
 Dose. — The dose internally is from ten to twenty grains, according to 
 circumstances. 
 
 TACAIVIAHAC (PoPULUS Balsamifera). 
 
 Common Najie. Balsam Po^ilar. 
 
 Medicinal Part. The buds. 
 
 Descnption. — This tree, also called Tacamahac Poplar, attains the 
 height of from fifty to seventy feet, witli a trunk about eighteen inches 
 in diameter. The branches are smooth, round, and deep browm. The 
 leaves are ovate, gradually tapering, and pointed, deep-green above, and 
 smooth on both sides. 
 
 History. — This tree is found in Siberia, and in the northern parts of 
 the United States and Canada. In America it is in blossom in AprU. 
 The leaf-buds arc the officinal part. They should be collected in the 
 spring, in order that the fragrant resinous matter with which they are 
 covered may be properly separated in boiling water, for upon this their 
 virtues depend. They have an agreeable, incense-like odor, and an un- 
 plea.sant, bitterish ta.ste. The balsamic juice is collected in Canada in 
 shells, and sent to Europe under the name of T(tca;nah<tca. Alcohol, or 
 spirits, is the proper solvent. The Populws BaUamifera is generally 
 confounded with the Popi/lus Candicd/is, from whose buds we get the 
 virtues known as the Balm of Gilead j but it is much the superior tree 
 ior medical purposes. 
 
 Properties and Uses. — The buds are stimulant, tonic, diuretic, and
 
 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 159 
 
 anti-scorbutic. In tinctTire they have been beneficially employed in 
 affections of the stomach and kidneys, and in scurvy and rheumatism. 
 Sometimes they are applied in that form as a remedy for affections of 
 the chest. The bark is known to be tonic and cathartic, and wlU prove 
 of sei-vice in gout and rheumatism. 
 
 Dose. — Of a tincture of the buds, from one to four fluid drachms ; of 
 an extract of the bark, five to fifteen grains, three times a day. 
 
 PoPTJLTJS Tbemuloides, White Poplar^ or Aspen, the well-known 
 tree, furnishes us with PopuU/i and Salad a ; and is tonic and febrifuge, 
 useful in intermittents. It has also good diuretic properties, and is 
 beneficial in urinary affections, gonorrhoea, gleet, etc. 
 
 TANSY (Tanacettjm Vulgare). 
 
 Medicinal Part. T/ie herb. 
 
 Description. — Tansy has a perennial creeping root, and an erect herba- 
 ceous stem, one to three feet high. The leaves are smoothish, dark- 
 green ; flowers, golden-yeUow ; fruit, an achenium. 
 
 History. — Indigenous to Europe, but has been introduced into this 
 country and cultivated by many ; but grows also spontaneously in old 
 grormds, along roads, flowering in the latter part of summer. Drying 
 impairs much of the activity of the plant. It contains volatile oil, wax, 
 stearine, chlorophyll, bitter resin, yeUow coloring matter, tannin with 
 gallic acid, bitter extractive gum, and tanacetic acid, which is crystalli- 
 zable and precipitates lime, baryta, and oxide of lead. 
 
 Proj)erties and Uses. — It is tonic, emmenagogue, and diaphoretic. In 
 small doses, the cold infusion wiU be found useful in convalescence from 
 exhausting diseases, dyspepsia, hysteria, and jaundice. The warm in- 
 fusion is diaphoretic and emmenagogue. It bears a good reputation in 
 Buppressed menstruation, but should be used only when the suppression 
 is due to morbid causes. 
 
 THYME (TnYMus Vulgaris;. 
 
 Medicnal Part. The herb. 
 
 Description. — Thyme is a small undershrub, with numerous erect 
 stems, procumbent at base, and from six to ten inches ua height. The 
 leaves are oblong-ovate, lanceolate, and numerous. The flowers are 
 bluish-purple, small, and arranged on leafy whorled spikes. 
 
 History. — A native of Europe, but introduced into this country, and 
 extensively cultivated in gardens for culinary purposes. It blossoms in 
 the summer, when it should be collected and carefully dried. It has a 
 Btrong, pungent, spicy taste and odor, both of which are retained by care- 
 ful drying. The herb yields its properties to boiling water and alcohol. 
 
 Properties and Uses. — Tonic, carminative, emmenagogue, and anti- 
 epasmodic. The cold infusion is beneficial in dyspepsia with weak and
 
 IGO THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 
 
 irritable stomacli. The warm infusion is useful as a parturient, also in 
 hysteria, dysmenorrhcca, flatulence, colic, and to promote perspiration. 
 The leaves are used externally in fonientation. 
 
 The Thymus Serpyllus, Wild 17ii//ne or Mother of Thyme, has simi- 
 lar virtues to the above. 
 
 TOLU (Myrospermum Toluiferum). 
 
 MEDicmAii Part. The hnlmmic exudation. 
 
 DeacHptioii. — A full botanical description of this tree has not yet been 
 given, but it is supposed that it is similar to the Balsam of Peru tree, 
 differing only in the leaflets, which in this tree are thin, membranous, 
 obovate, tajier-poiiited ; the terminal ones larger than the others. 
 
 Hiatory. — It is a tree which gi-ows throughout the forests of South 
 America, especially on the elevated parts near Carthagena, Tolu, and 
 in the Magdaleua provinces of Columbia. The balsam is obtained by 
 making incisions into the tree, and which flows into wax vessels. It 
 is exported from Carthagena in tin, earthen, and other vessels. It has 
 a pale, 5-ello\\'ish-red or brown color, solid and brittle, an agreeable 
 vanilla-lLke odor, and a sweetish ai'omatic taste. It is soluble in alco- 
 hol, ether, and essential oils. * 
 
 Projierties and Uses. — It is, like Balsam of Peru, a stimulant, tonic, 
 and expectorant, and cannot be equalled for its curative effects in cases 
 of consumption, catarrh, bronchitis, asthma, and all inflammatory, ulcer- 
 ated, spasmodic, or other morbid conditions of the respiratory organs 
 and their adjuncts. The balsam dissolved in ether, and the vapor 
 therefrom inhaled, is reported beneficial in coughs and bronchial affec- 
 tions of long standing, and I have no doubt it is so, as its virtues in such 
 complaints are very wonderful. 
 
 TURKEY CORN (Corydalis Formosa). 
 
 Common Navies. Wild Turkey-pea, Staggei'-weed, Choice Didytra. 
 
 Medicinal Part. The root. 
 
 Descripti<m. — This indigenous perennial plant has a tuberous root, 
 and a stem from six to ten inches in height. The leaves are radical, 
 rising from ten to fifteen inches high, and somewhat tritemate. The 
 scape is naked, eight to twelve inches high, and bearing from six to ten 
 reddish-purple nodding flowers. The fruit is a pod-shaped, many- 
 Bcedfjd capsule. 
 
 Ili.st'ivy. — This beautiful little plant flowers very early in the spring, 
 and the root should only be gathered while the plant is in flower. It 
 grows in rich soil, on hills, among rocks, and old d(!cayod timber, and is 
 found westward and south of New York to North Carolina. The alka- 
 loid, Corydalia, is the active principle. 
 
 Properties and Uses. — Tonic, diuretic, and alterative. In all syphi*
 
 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 161 
 
 Stic, scrofulous, and cachectic conditions it is one of the best remedies. 
 Its tonic properties render it valuable as an alterative in all enfeebled 
 conditions. Its tonic properties are similar to Gentian, Columbo, and 
 other pure bitters. Its magical properties as an alterative renders it 
 one of the most valuable remedies in the whole range of medicine. Cory- 
 dalia may be substituted for the herb. It is one of the ingredients in 
 my " Blood Purifier." (See page 469.) 
 
 Dose. — Of the infusion, one to four ounces ; saturated tincture, half to 
 two drachms ; corydalia, one-half to a grain. 
 
 VALERIAN (Valeriana Officinalis). 
 
 Common Name. Great 'Wild Valerian. 
 
 Medicinal Part. The root. 
 
 Descnj)tion. — This is a large herb, with a perennial, tuberous, fetid 
 root, most aromatic when growing in dry pastures, and a smooth, hollow, 
 furrowed stem, about four feet in height. The leaves are pinnate, oppo- 
 site ; leaflets, from seven to ten pairs, lanceolate, coarsely serrated, and 
 on long foot-stalks. The flowers are flesh-colored, smaU, and fragrant. 
 
 History. — Valerian is a Euroijean plant, growing in wet places, or even 
 in dry pastures, flowering in June and July. Several varieties grow ia 
 America, and are used, but the English Valerian is by all odds the best. 
 The officinal part is the root. The taste of the root is warm, camphora- 
 ceous, slightly bitter, somewhat acrid, and nauseous. The odor is not 
 considerable ; it is fetid, characteristic, and highly attractive to cats, 
 and, it is said, to rats also. Besides valerianic acid the root contains 
 starch, albumen, valerianin, yeUow extractive matter, balsamic resin, 
 mucUage, valerianate of potassa, malates of potassa and hme, and phos- 
 phate of lime and silica. 
 
 Proj)erties and Uses. — Valerian excites the cerebro-spinal system. In 
 large doses it causes headaches, mental excitement, visual fllusions, gid- 
 diness, restlessness, agitation, and even spasmodic movements. In 
 medicinal doses it acts as a stimulating tonic, anti-spasmodic, and cal- 
 mative. It is temporarily beneficial in all cases where a nervous stim- 
 ulant is required. The extract is worthless. The infusion and fluid ex- 
 tract contain all the virtues of the plant. 
 
 Dose.—Ot the infusion, one or two fluid ounces, as often as may be 
 prescribed by a physician. 
 
 VANILLA (Vanilla Aromatica). 
 
 Medicinal Part. TJie fruit or jwds. 
 
 Description. — Vanilla Aromatica is a shrubby, climbing, aerial para- 
 site, growing in the clefts of rocks, or attaching itself to the trunks of 
 trees. It suspends itself to contiguous objects, and is truly an aerial 
 plant. The stem is round, about as thick as the finger, from twenty to
 
 162 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 
 
 tMrty feet in length, and oftener thicker at the summit than at the base. 
 The leaves are alternate, oblong, entire, on short petioles, green, fleshy, 
 and pointed by a species of abortive tendril. The flowers are yellowish 
 white. The fruit is a species of bean, yellow or buff color, of an agreea- 
 ble aromatic odor ; the beans must be diied with care or they will lose 
 their properties. 
 
 History. — Vanilla grows in Mexico and other parts of tropical South 
 America. There are several species which are supposed to furnish the 
 Vanilla of commerce. It yields its virtues to water or alcohol. 
 
 Properties and Uses. — It is an aromatic stimulant, and is used, in in- 
 fusion, in hysteria, rheumatism, and low forms of fever. It is also 
 called an aphrodisiac, powerfully exciting the generative system. Va- 
 nilla is said to exhilarate the brain, prevent sleep, increase muscular en- 
 ergy, and stimulate the sexual propensities. 
 
 WAFER-ASH (Ptelea Trtfoliata). 
 
 CoTMON Names. Wing-seed, Shrubby Trefoil, Swamp Dogwood, etc. 
 
 Mediclnal Part. The bark of the root. 
 
 Description. — This is a shrub from six to eight feet in height, wiih the 
 leaves trifoliate, and marked with pellucid dots ; the leaflets are sessile, 
 ovate, shortly acuminate, downy beneath when yoimg. The flowers are 
 polygamous, greenish- white, nearly half an inch in diameter, and of 
 disagreeable odor. Stamens, mostly four ; style short, and fruit a two- 
 celled samara. 
 
 History. — Wafer- Ash, or Ptelea, is a shrub common to America, grow- 
 ing most abundantly west of the Alleghanies, in shady, moist places 
 and edges of woods, and also in rocky places. It flowers in June. The 
 bark of the root is officinal, and yields its virtues to boiling water. 
 Alcohol, however, is its best solvent. Pteleiu is its active principle. 
 
 Pro])erties and Uses. — It is especially tonic and unirritating. It is 
 said to be very useful as a promoter of the appetite, and as a remedy for 
 general debility. It will be tolerated by the stomach when other tonics 
 are rejected. Some think it equal, in cases of fever (intermittent), to 
 qiiinia. In convidescence from fever it serves an admirable pur^iose. 
 
 Dose. — Of the i:)owder, ten to thirty grains ; of the tincture, one or two 
 drachms ; of the extract, live to ten grains ; ptelein, one or two grains. 
 
 WALNUT (White), (Juglans Cinekea). 
 
 Common Names. Butternut, Oil Nut, etc. 
 
 Medicinal Parts. Inner bark of the root, and leaves. 
 
 Description. — This indigenous tree attains a height of from thirty to 
 fifty feet, with a trunk about four feet in diameter ; the branches are 
 wide-spreading, and covered with a smooth gray bark. The leaves are 
 alternate, twelve to twenty inches long, and consist of seven or eight
 
 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 
 
 163 
 
 pairs of leaflets, which are oblong-lanceolate, and finely serrate. Male 
 and female flowers distinct upon the same tree. Fruit a dark-colored 
 hard nut, kernel oily, pleasant-flavored, and edible. 
 
 JuGLA^sis Nigra, or Black Walnut, a well-kno\TQ tree, is also medicinal. 
 
 Histoj-y. — Butternut is found throughout the New England, Middle, 
 and Western States, on cold, uneven, rocky soils, flowering in April and 
 May, and maturing its fruit at or about the middle of autumn. Its 
 officinal parts are its leaves and the inner bark of the root. The latter 
 should be gathered from April to July. It contains resin, fixed oil. sac- 
 charine matter, lime, potassa, a peculiar principle, and tannic acid. The 
 Black Walnut flowers and ripens its fruit at the same time with the But- 
 ternut. Jtiglnndin is the active principle. 
 
 Properties and Uses. — Butternut is a gentle and agreeable cathartic, 
 and does not induce constipation after its action. In cases of habitual 
 constij^ation or other intestinal diseases, it has considerable value. Jt 
 is used in decoction in cases of fever, and in the murrain of cattle. The 
 juice of the rind of the Black Walnut wUl cure herpes, eczema, porrigO; 
 etc., and a decoction of it has been used to remove worms. The Euro- 
 pean walnut has been found to be efiicacious in cases of scrofula. 
 
 WATER PEPPER (Polygonum Punctatum). 
 
 Common Name. Smartweed. 
 
 Medicinal Part. T/ie whole herb. 
 
 Description. — This is an annual plant, 
 with a smooth stem, branched, often de- 
 ciimbent at the base, of reddish or green- 
 ish-brown color, and growing from one to 
 two feet high. The leaves are alternate, 
 lanceolate, petiolate, with pellucid dots, 
 wavy, and scabrous on the margin. The 
 flowers are small, greenish-white or puii^Ie, 
 and are disposed in loose, slender, drooping, 
 but finally erect spikes. 
 
 History. — It is a well-known plant, grow- 
 ing in England and America, in ditches, low 
 grounds, among rubbish, and about brooks 
 and water-courses. It flowers in August 
 and September. The whole plant is offici- 
 nal. It has a biting, pungent, acrid taste, 
 and imparts its virtues to alcohol or water. 
 It should be collected and made into a tinc- 
 ture while fresh. When it is old it is almost 
 worthless. The English variety of this plant possesses the same properties. 
 
 Properties and Uses. — It is stimulant, diuretic, emmenagogue, anti- 
 
 Water Pepper.
 
 164 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 
 
 septic, diaphoretic, etc. The infusion in cold water has been found 
 serviceable in gravel, colds and coughs, and in xnUk sickness. In cholera, 
 the patients wrapped in a sheet moistened with a hot decoction have 
 recovered. 
 
 It is used as a wash in chronic erysipelatous inflammations. The 
 fresh leaves bruised with the leaves of May-weed, and moistened with 
 the oil of turpentine, and applied to the skin, will speedily vesicate. 
 The infusion in cold water forms an excellent local application in the 
 sore mouth of nursing women, and in mercurial ptyalism or salivation. 
 The decoction or infusion in hot water is not so active as when prepared 
 in cold or warm water. It has very many virtues ; and its office in. my 
 " Restorative Assimilant" (see page 469) it performs weU. 
 
 Dose. — Of the infusion, from a wineglassful to a teacupful, three or 
 foiir times a day. 
 
 VVORMSEED (CnENOPODiuM Anthelminticum), 
 
 Common Name. Jerusalem Oak. 
 
 Medicinal Part. The seeds. 
 
 Description. — This plant has a perennial branched root, with an. erect, 
 herbaceous stem, from one to three feet high. The leaves are alter- 
 nate, oblong-lanceolate, of yeUowish-green color, and marked belieath 
 with smaU resinous particles. The numerous flowers axe of the same 
 color as the leaves. Seeds solitary and lenticular. 
 
 llistoi'y. — This plant grows in waste places in almost all parts of the 
 United States, flowering from July to September, and ripening its seeds 
 throughout the fall, at which time they should be collected. The whole 
 plant has a disagreeable odor, and the seeds partake of the same odor. 
 
 Properties and Uses. — Anthelmintic and antispasmodic. Excellent t» 
 expel the lumbrici from children. The oil is the best form of adminis 
 tration, which may be given in doses of four to eight drops on sugar. 
 The infusion with milk is also given often in wineglassful doses. 
 
 WORMWOOD (Artemisia Absinthium). 
 
 Medicin.\l Parts. T/ie tops and leaves. 
 
 Uescription. — This is a perennial plant, with a woody root, branched 
 at the cro\vn, and ha\'ing numerous fibres below. The whole herb is 
 covered with close, silky hoarincss ; the stems are numerous, bushy, 
 and from one to two feet in height. Their lower part exists for some 
 years, from which young shoots spring forth every year, decaying in 
 cold weather. The leaves are alternate, broadish, and blunted, the 
 lower ones on long petioles, upjicr ones on shorter, broader, and some- 
 what winged ones. 
 
 lUxtorji. — Wormwood grows nearly all over the world, from the 
 United States to Siberia. It flowers from June to September. The
 
 THE COMPLETE HEIliSALIST. 165 
 
 tops and leaves are the parts used. The dried herb, with the flowers, 
 has a whitish ^ay appearance, a strong, aromatic odor, and is extreme- 
 ly bitter to the taste. Alcohol or water takes up its active principles. 
 It yields what is known to druggists as Absinthine. 
 
 Properties and Uses. — It is anthelmintic, tonic, and narcotic. It is 
 used for many diseases, among which may be enumerated intermittent 
 fever, jaundice, worms, want of appetite, amenorrhcea, chronic leucor- 
 rhoea, obstinate diarrhoea, etc. It is also used externally in country 
 places as a fomentation for sprains, bruises, and local inflammations. 
 Taken too often, or in large quantities, it will irritate the stomach, and 
 dangerously increase the action of the heart and arteries. 
 
 Dose. — Of the powder, ten to twenty grains ; infusion, one or two 
 ounces. 
 
 Santonin., a weU-known anthelraintic, is the peculiar principle ob- 
 tained from the Artemisia Sardonica. 
 
 Dose. — Three or four grains, twice a day. 
 
 YAM (WILD), (DioscoREA Villosa). 
 
 Common Name. Colic root. 
 
 IVIedicinal Part. The root 
 
 Description. — This is a delicate twining vine, with a perennial root. 
 From this root proceeds a smooth, woolly, reddish-brown stem, the sixth 
 of an inch in diameter, and from five to fifteen or eighteen feet long. 
 The leaves average two to four inches in length, and about three-quar- 
 ters of their length in width. They are glabrous on the upper surface, 
 with soft hairs on the lower. The flowers are of a pale greenish yellow 
 color, and are very small. The seeds are one or two in each cell, and flat. 
 
 History. — There are several species of yam-root which grow in the 
 West Indies, and which che natives eat as we do potatoes, but these are 
 not medicinally Hke the Dioscorea Villosa, which I have described 
 above, and which is a slender vine growing wild in the United States 
 and Canada, and found rixnning over bushes and fences, and twining 
 about the growths in thickets and hedges. The farther south we go the 
 more prolific it is. It flowers in June and July. The root, which is 
 the part used, is long, branched, crooked, and woody. From this is 
 made a iireparation called Dioscorein., or Dioscorin, which contains all its 
 active qualities. 
 
 Properties and Uses. — Antispasmodic. Half a pint of the decoction 
 has been used, in almost innumerable cases of bilious colic, with great 
 good effect ; the same is also employed for spasm of the bowels, and to 
 allay violent nausea ; especially., however, the unaccountable nausea of 
 pregnant women. Dioscorein possesses the properties of the crude root 
 in a marvellous degree. I use it mainly for bilious colic ; it is the very 
 best reUef and promptest cure now known. I also give it in some forms
 
 166 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 
 
 of uterine disease (always, however, combined with other material of a 
 similarly excellent character), but my use of it is chiefly for bilious 
 colic, and for this I commend it to the public. 
 
 Doxe. — Of the decoction, two to four ounces; tincture, twenty to 
 sixty drops ; Dioscorein, one to four grains. 
 
 YARROW (Achillea Millefolium"). 
 
 Common Names. Milfoil, Tliousand Seal, Nose-bleed. 
 
 Medicinal Part. The herb. 
 
 Descriptioji.—Yaxrow, also called Thousand Seal, is from ten to twenty 
 inches high, with a simple stem, branching at the top, and many long, 
 crowded, alternate and dentate leaves spread upon the ground, finely 
 cut, and divided into many parts. The flowers are white or rose-col- 
 ored, and aiTayed in knots iipon divers green stalks, which arise from 
 among the leaves. Fruit an oblong, flattened achenium. 
 
 History. —Yarrow inhabits Europe and North America ; it is found in 
 pastures, meadows, and along road-sides, flowering from May to Octo- 
 ber. The plant possesses a faint, pleasant, peculiar fragrance, and a 
 rather shaqD, rough, astringent taste, which properties are due to tannic 
 and achiUeic acid, essential oil, and bitter extractive, alcohol or water 
 being its proper menstruvim. 
 
 Properties and Uses. — It is astringent, alterative, and diuretic, in de- 
 coction. It is efficacious in bleeding from the lungs and other hemor- 
 rhages, incontinence of urine, piles, and dysentery. It is valuable in 
 amenorrhoea, or suppressed or restrained menses, flatulency, and spas- 
 modic diseases. It forms a useful injection in leucorrhoea or whites, 
 also in menorrhagia, or profuse or too long continued menstruation. An 
 ointment cures wounds, ulcers, fistulas, and the head bathed in a decoc- 
 tion prevents the falling out of the hair ; while the leaves chewed in 
 the mouth will frequently ease the tooth-ache. Achilles is supposed 
 to be the first that left the virtues of this herb to jjosterity, hence the 
 active principle of this plant is called Achilleine, which is much used as a 
 substitute for quinia in intermittent fevers in the South of Europe. 
 
 Dose. — The infusion of Yarrow is given in doses of from a wineglass- 
 ful to a teacupful, three or four times a day ; the essential oU from five 
 to twenty drops. In menorrhagia or profuse menstruation, a table- 
 spoonful of the saturated tincture may be given three or four times a 
 day. 
 
 Achillea PtarmirM, or Sneeze-wort, has leaves entirely different from 
 the Yarrow, and should not be mistaken one for the other. The whole 
 of this plant is pungent, exciting an increased flow of saliva ; and the 
 powder of the dried leaves, when snuffed into the nostrils, produces 
 sneezing, which is supposed to be owing to their Email, sharp, and mar- 
 ginal teeth.
 
 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 
 
 167 
 
 YELLOW PAMLLA (Menispekmum Canadense). 
 
 CoJiMON Names. Vine-maple, Moonseed. 
 
 Medicinal Part. TJie root. 
 
 Description. — This plant has a perennial, horizontal, very long woody 
 root, of a beautiful yellow color. The stem is round and climbiag, and 
 about a foot in length. The leaves are roundish, cordate, peltate, 
 smooth, glaucous green above, paler 
 below, entire, and four or five inches 
 in diamete*. The flowers are in clus- 
 ters, and are small and yellow. The 
 fruit, a drupe, is about the third of 
 an inch in diameter, and one-seeded. 
 
 History. — Yellow Parilla grows in 
 moist woods and hedges, and near 
 streams, from Canada to Carolina, 
 and west to the Mississippi. It flow- 
 ers in July. The root, which is the 
 part used, has a bitter, lasting, but 
 not unpleasant acrid taste, and yields 
 its virtues to water and alcohol. It is 
 caUed, not without justice, American 
 Sarsaparilla, and its active principle, 
 known as merdspermin, shows that it 
 might have received a name less ex- 
 pressive of its merits. 
 
 Properties and Uses. — The authors 
 of herbalist dispensatories have set 
 down YeUow Parilla as ' ' tonic, laxa- 
 tive, alterative, and diuretic," and it seems to possess all these qualities. 
 Every plant of medicinal value, however, possesses one virtue which is 
 paramount to all others. Yellow Parilla is essentially and particularly 
 anti-syphilitic, anti-scroihxlous, anti-scorbutic, and anti-mercvirial. As 
 a purifier of the blood, it is equal to the imiDorted sarsaparilla as we 
 get the latter, and its active principle, menispermin, may be used with 
 great good effect in all diseases arising from either hereditary or ac- 
 quired impurities of the system. It exerts its influence principally on 
 the gastric and salivary glands, and is found expressly beneficial in 
 cases of adhesive inflammation, and where it is found necessary to 
 break up organized deposits, and hasten disintegration of tissue. I use 
 it principally for those diseases arising from a vitiated condition of the 
 blood, but sometimes apply it to dyspepsia. A decoction of the plant 
 may be used to advantage as an embrocation in gouty, rheumatic, and 
 cutaneous affections. The dose of the menispiermia is from one to four 
 grains. When it produces vomiting reduce the dose. 
 
 Tellow Parilla.
 
 168 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 
 
 r>L^isr TS 
 
 THEIR COLLECTION ANI> PRESEKVATION . 
 
 A Physician who would cure diseases, or seek to assist Nature to throw 
 off all morbid accumulations from the body, should have a single eye to 
 the perfection, purity, or quality of the remedial agents he may feel called 
 upon to employ. Plants should be gathered at a proper period, and under 
 correct climatic influences, and always chosen from those in a wild or un- 
 cultivated state. 
 
 The roots of an annual plant will yield their most active medical 
 properties just before the flowering season, whereas this class of roots are 
 erroneously gathered after the flowering season ; in consequence, thej' are 
 less active, and do not retain their qualities for any reliable time. The 
 roots of the biennial plants are most energetic If gathered when the leaves 
 have fallen fiom the plant, in the autumn of the first j'ear ; while the 
 roots of perennial plants are most active when gathered between the decay 
 of the flowers and leaves and the renewal of verdure of the following 
 Spring. Bulbs are to be collected as soon as matured, or soon aftef the 
 loss of the foliage, in order to secure their most active principles. 
 
 Herbaceous stems should be collected after the foliage, but beford the 
 blossoms have developed themselves, while ligneous or woody stems 
 should be collected after the decay of the leaves and previous to the vege- 
 tation of the succeeding Spring. 
 
 Barks are to be gathered in the Spring previous to flowering, or in 
 Autumn after the foliage has disappeared. Spring is the best time to 
 gather resinous barks, and Autumn for the others. 
 
 Leaves are best when gathered between the period of flowering and 
 maturation of the fi-uit or seeds. Biennial plants, however, do not perfect 
 themselves the first year, consequently their leaves should be gathered 
 only during the second year of the growth of the plant. 
 
 Flowers are to be collected when about to open, or immediately after 
 they have expanded, although I prefer the buds. Flowers, buds, and leaves, 
 are to be gathered in dry weather, after the dew is off from them, or in 
 the evening before it falls, and freed from all impurities. Aromatics 
 should be collected after the flower-buds are formed, while stalks and 
 twigs are best if erathered soon after the decay of the flowers. Berries, suc- 
 culent fruits, and seeds are to be collected only when ripe, except in some 
 few cases where tlie medicinal virtue is contained in the unripe article. 
 Roots are to be well washed, rejecting all worm-eaten or decayed portions. 
 Bulbs are cleaned and dried as roots. Barks, stems, twigs, and woods are 
 best dried iu a moderate suu-()eat, and sliould be taken every night into a 
 well-ventilated room, where the dew or rain will not touch them, and laid 
 upon sticks, slats, or boards which are some few inches apart, so that the 
 air may be well circulated through. The best method of drying leaves is 
 to strip them from the stem, lay them loosely upon a flooring where the 
 sun shines moderately and the air circulates sutliciently to avoid mould — 
 keep them well stirred. The custom of steaming or moistening leaves in 
 order to pack them moie solidly after having been dried, is exceedingly 
 improper, as the articles become thereby much deterioi-ated in quality 
 and soon get musty. 
 
 Seeds are dried in the same manner as stems and leaves. Aromatic herbs 
 and annual plants are dried as advised for leaves similarly prepared.
 
 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 
 
 169 
 
 MECHANICAL ARTICLES. 
 
 The followiu;; articles, so necessary in mauy instances, will be sent, prepaid 
 toy mail, secmcly packed from observation. We ofter thmn to our parrmis ite- 
 cause of tlieirbeiiiK in many respects superior to others offered for sale at double 
 the price we ask for them. 
 
 EAR TRUMPETS. 
 
 The conversation tube suits the most 
 obstinate cases of deafness, and is particu- 
 larly convenient at the dinner-table and 
 in company, as private conversation can 
 be carried on without attracting the atten- 
 tion of others. 
 
 Conversation Tubes.— Worsted, Silk, German Silver $3. Nickle Plated, 
 
 Ivory Mounts, $3, $5, ,f 10. Nickle Plated $5. $5.00. 
 
 There are thousands of persons with one or both ears supposed lo be perfectly 
 useless, who in many cases might hear very well were the sonorous undulations con- 
 veyed to them by anificial Ear Trumpets, thus drawing blood to the parts and re- 
 storing healthy action. The hearing will thus Oe greatly improved, if not 
 altogether cured. 
 
 URINALS. 
 
 We have taken great pains to have the urinals offered below, light, soft, durable 
 and of a fine finish. Thoy are manufactured from the finest quality of vulcanized 
 rubber. 
 
 Fig. 91 represents 
 a Day and Night 
 Urinal. The long 
 tube connecting the 
 scrotal and penis 
 portion to the reser- 
 voir will allow the 
 wearer to move and 
 turn in bed without 
 changing the posi- 
 tion of the reservoir. 
 This tube can be re- 
 moved and the other 
 portions joined to- 
 gether, which per- 
 mits it to be worn 
 during the day while 
 attending to busi- 
 ness. Fig. 94 has a 
 perfect scrotal sup- 
 port attached. 
 
 Children's Urinals, 
 with reservoir, $4 ; 
 without reservoir. $3
 
 170 
 
 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 
 
 HARD RUBBER SYRINGE. 
 
 The above syringe is very durable, being made of hard rubber. By insert,in<» the 
 appropriate tubes (furnished with it), it can be used as a rectum, vaginal or urethra 
 
 syrinsre. This 
 is the best 
 article of the 
 ^ kind made, 
 and we will 
 send it by 
 maQ to anv 
 of 
 
 part 
 
 the 
 
 country, packed securely from injury or observation in a nice paper box, on the 
 receipt of price, $2.50. Price with only one tube, straight, male or female , as de- 
 sired $2 00 
 
 HARD RUBBER VAGINAL SYRINGES. 
 Every lady sutfering from leticorrhoea, or female weakness, should possess one 
 of these syringes. Various excellent decoctions, composed of healing herbal in- 
 gredients are given in these pages, which 
 jif injected according to directions (fol- 
 ^^lowins at the same time my hygienic 
 directions) will in the generality of cases eti'ect a cure. Those desiring farther in- 
 formation may write a brief description of their case, and I will give farther 
 advice by return mail. Price, prepaid by mail, *■" "' 
 
 MALE SYRINGE. 
 To parties desiring such an article, we ofTer 
 this syringe as being the best in market. 
 Price by mail, prepaid. 60 cents. We pack the 
 above syringes securely in a nice box, entirely 
 secure from observation. 
 
 EAR SYRINGE. 
 
 Those desiring an ear syringe will tind this 
 an excellent one — made of hard rubber it is 
 easily cleansed and does not get out of order. 
 
 BREAST PUMP. 
 This pump is of hard rubber— cannot break easily or 
 
 Price, prepaid by mail, $1.25. 
 Bed Frinal, 
 
 get out of order. Easily used and a superior article. 
 Price, prepaid by mail, $3.00. 
 
 HARD RUBBER BED URINAL,No. 9. 
 
 This urinal can be used without inconvenience by the 
 invalid in bed, without the npsistance of a nurse. First 
 having the end of the rubber tube placed in the vessel 
 under the bed, the urine will be conducted therein, 
 Suitable for either sex. 
 
 RUBBER AIR CUSHIONS. The air cushion is 
 
 one of the greatest 
 luxuries of the age, 
 greatly contributii g 
 to the comfort of ii.- 
 valids. Those of- 
 fered arc of the bcs-t 
 quali'y and mo.'^t de- 
 eirable styles. Chair cushions (reeded), square or rounded 
 (fee cuf), $6. Chair tus-hioiis ueeded) \\ith back, $12. 
 Carriage rnshious, $8. Hospital cushions, $8.
 
 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 171 
 
 ESSAYS 0]Sr HTGIEI^E, ETC. 
 
 Food and Drinks. 
 
 Man is an omnivorous creature, partaking of the nature both of the 
 carnivorous and herbiverous animal. Hence, it is reasonable to suppose 
 that man should subsist on a mixed diet, consisting both of animal and 
 vegetable substances. To settle this matter, we must appeal to man's 
 organization. His structure will tell us something we need not mistake. 
 All the works of the Creator show design. Everything he has made has 
 a use, and is so contrived as to be adapted to that use. Lions, tigers, 
 and other animals, for example, which feed on flesh alone, have a short 
 aUmentary canal — it being only about three times the length of an animal's 
 body. Animals which eat no flesh — a sheep for example — have very long 
 second stomachs ; while the duodenum, or second stomach of the human 
 beiug, is of a medium capacity ; which fact, in connection with the pe- 
 culiar formation of his teeth and his erect or upright position, prove con   
 clusively that man was destined to adapt himself to any clime, and to 
 partake of any kind of food, animal or vegetable, as may be naturally 
 BuppUed for his subsistence by the hand of Providence. For instance, 
 the inhabitants of the Polar regions subsist principally on animal sub- 
 stances, and that, too, of the most oleaginous or fatty sorts. 
 
 Those tribes of men, laborers, hunters, etc., living in cold climates, 
 who subsist almost wholly on flesh, fish, or fowl, devour on an average 
 about seven pounds per diem. In fact, the quantity of animal food con- 
 sumed by some human beings, who are flesh-eaters in practice, seems 
 almost incredible. Captain Parry relates the case of an Esquimaux lad, 
 who at a meal, which lasted twenty hours, consumed four pounds of raw 
 as well as four pounds of broiled sea-horse flesh, one and a half pints of 
 gravy, besides one and three-quarter pounds of bread, three glasses of 
 raw spirits, one tumbler of strong grog, and nine pints of water. Cap- 
 tain Cochrane states, in a " Narrative of Travels through Siberian Tar- 
 tary,''^ that he has repeatedly seen a Yakut or Largouse eat forty pounds 
 of meat in a day ; and it is stated that the men in the Hudson's Bay 
 Company are allowed a ration of seven or eight pounds of ordinary flesh 
 meat per diem. 
 
 Charles Francis Hall, in his work called ' ' Arctic Researches and Life 
 among the Esquimaux,'''' relates his strange experiences among the tribes 
 of the country, with whom he became, as it were, naturalized. Sj^eak- 
 ing of the kinds of food they used, and the enormous quantity con-
 
 172 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 
 
 sumed, Captain Hall remarks : — " The skin of the Mysticetus (Greenland 
 whale) is a great treat to the Esquimaux, who eat it raw. The ' black 
 skin ' is three-fourths of an inch thick, and looks like india-rubber. It 
 is good eating in a raw state, even for a white man, as I know from ex- 
 perience ; but when boiled and soused in vinegar it is most excellent." 
 The Captain afterwards saw the natives cutting up the Jcrang (meat) of 
 the whale into such huge slices as their wives could cany ; and as they 
 worked they kept on eating, until boat-load after boat-load was sent 
 over the ice to be deposited in the villages of the vicinity. All day long 
 were they eating, which led the Captain to exclaim : " ^Vhat enormous 
 stomachs these Esquimaux have ! " He came to the conclusion, how- 
 ever, that the Esquimaux practice of eating their food raw is a good one 
 — at least, for the better preservation of their health. To one educated 
 otherwise, as we civilized whites are, the Esquimaux custom of feeding 
 on uncooked meats is highly repulsive ; but eating meats raw or cooked 
 is entirely a matter of education. ' ' God has made of one blood aU na- 
 tions of men to dwell on the whole face of the earth, and has determined 
 the times before appoiuted, and the bounds of their habitations." Take 
 the Esquimaux away from the Arctic regions, and they would sooA dis- 
 appear from the face of the earth. 
 
 The Esquimaux are a hardy and happy people ; are comparatively free 
 from diseases, and are never known to die of scrofula or consumption, as 
 one of the consequences of eatrag so enormously of oleaghious or greasy 
 animal substances. 
 
 On other hand, in contrast to the gormandizing propensities of the Es- 
 quimaux, there are many examples of people living in cold climates sub- 
 sisting on coarse bread, not exceeding the average amount of one jjound 
 of wheat, rye, or corn, daily ; but such persons, unless exceedingly ac- 
 tive iu their habits, seldom escape from the penalties of scrofula and con- 
 sumption, for the simjjle reason that they soon fail to sup2ily themselves 
 with the meats or fatty animal substances necessary for the boat and life 
 of the body. The Canadian teamsters live almost exclusively upon bread 
 and fat, which, ia a temperate climate, would produce nausea and skra 
 eruptions. 
 
 In warm climates, as in China, Hindoostan, Africa, and the tropics, the 
 food of the natives is principally composed of vegetables and fruits — rice 
 being the general diet, with only animal or other food enough to amount 
 to a condiment or seasoning. Though the amount of food consumed by 
 some of the nations is very small, and their habits very temperate, we do 
 not find that even they are any the less liable to many of the diseases 
 which afflict those who eat largely of a mixed diet. It is reasonable to 
 suppose, however, that less food and lighter clothing are required in 
 warm or hot climates than in these of the temperate and frigid. 
 
 The negroes on the plantations of Mssissippi and Alabama grow sleek
 
 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 173 
 
 and live to an advanced age by subsisting largely on fat pork and homi- 
 ny, com bread, sweet potatoes, rice, etc. In tlue pampas of Brazil and 
 Buenos Ayres, where immense herds of wild cattle are found, the hunt- 
 ers catch these bovines, strip them of their hides and horns, and, if hun- 
 gry, wUl cut out a huge chunk of beef, half roast it, and eat it without 
 salt or bread. In some parts of Brazil the natives feed on a flour made 
 from the roots of a certain plant or tree, moistening the same with the 
 juice of the orange or lemon. Others find support in the yam, the ba- 
 nana, or plantain, etc., while they are hugely addicted to drinking a spe- 
 cies of whiskey called aguardiente. 
 
 In Asia and Africa many of the natives derive their staple nutrition 
 from gum acacia, and among us many an invahd has derived healthy 
 nourishment from preparations containing gum acacia, when his stomach 
 would neither bear nor digest any other article in the shape of food. In 
 Peru the Indians wUl subsist for a month at a time by chewing a plant 
 called erj'throxylin coca, and in the mean time perform journeys of hun- 
 dreds 01 miles. The Hindoos live principally on rice, and are considered 
 a long-lived and a very docile people. On the other hand, many of the 
 Indian tribes of North America, who live on roots, barks, berries, etc., 
 are very savage and warlike in their habits. The Chinese drink strong 
 tea, and the Tui'ks coffee equally as strong, without apparent detriment 
 to their general health. The laboring Scotch thrive partially on oatmeal 
 porridge, without using a particle of meat. The Irish want nothing bet- 
 ter than plenty of potatoes, cabbage, and buttermilk. The English, 
 French, German, Italian, Spanish, and other civilized people of Europe 
 live upon mixed diet, though each have their peculiar Ukes and dislikes 
 in the shape of dishes, and the average health of each nation is about the 
 same. So in America they eat everythuig and anything, without particu- 
 lar injury to the constitution, except when eating too fast and too much 
 at a time, which is a proverbial national error. 
 
 People are liable to eat what they have been taught or educated to eat, 
 without stopping to inquire concerning any physiological laws on the 
 subject. Scrofula is the most prevalent of aU diseases, — this fact being 
 justly attributed not to pork or food of any kind, but to the manner in 
 which the people are lodged, living in small or unventUated apartments, 
 crowded together and breathing foul air and the pestiferous etliuvias of 
 their own bodies. 
 
 There can be no doubt that many of the maladies incident to the hu- 
 man race are produced through the agency of improper food, over-feed- 
 ing, etc., on the internal organs ; yet it can be readily shown that a fai" 
 greater o.mount of maladies are induced through the medium of atmos- 
 pheric impressions and vicissitudes on the external surface of the body. 
 More diseases arise from breathing foul air, or from lack of the natural 
 atmospheric air, than from the worst or poorest kind of food. DLseaae,
 
 174 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 
 
 therefore, is not so much a result of the kind of food we eat, as it is in 
 the quantity and quality. What may be excellent for one man may be 
 very injurious for another ; custom, habits, idiosyncrasies, tempera- 
 ments, etc., having- a great deal to do ia the digestion of food, and con- 
 verting it iato wholesome or nutritious blood, capable of supplying all the 
 tissues of the body with their natural needs or stimuli. Very few people 
 seem to know what their stomachs were intended for, or even know 
 where they are situated. All sorts of deleterious substances are 
 crammed into the stomach by thousands of people. When any article 
 of food is repidsive to any of the senses, it had better be avoided as an 
 article of diet. This antipathy is so intense ia some as to amount to ac- 
 tual idiosyncrasy. The sympathy and antipathy displayed by some per- 
 sons with regard to alimentary food or drinks are extremely curious. 
 Some notable instances are on record. BoYLE fainted when he heard 
 the splashing of water or liquids. ScALiGER turned pale at the sight of 
 water-cresses ; Erasmus became feverish when he saw a fish. Zimmer- 
 man tells us of a lady who shuddered when touching the velvety skin of 
 a peach. There are whole f amiUes who entertain a horror of cheesij ; on 
 the other hand, there was a physician. Dr. Starke, of Edinburgh,' who 
 lost his life by subsisting almost entirely upon it. Some people ihave 
 been unable to take mutton even when administered in the microscopic 
 form of pills. There is a case of a man falling down at the smell of 
 mutton, as if bereaved of life, and in strong convulsions. Sir James 
 Eyre, in his well-known little book, mentions three curious instances of 
 idiosyncrasy : the case of a gentleman who could not eat a single straw- 
 berry with imi^unity ; the case of another, whose head would become 
 frightfully swollen if he touched the smallest particle of hare ; the case 
 of a third, who would ine\atably have an attack of gout a few hours 
 after eating fish. We ourselves know of a lady iu Connecticut who will 
 turn pale and faint at the smell of an apple. She could certainly claim 
 innocence with reference to tempting any Adam. 
 
 This ignorance of the uses of the stomach, or rather abuse of the func- 
 tions, is sometimes the source of much suffering and disease. Besides 
 the gastric tubes which supjaly the stomach with the gastric juice, which 
 is necessary to dissolve the food before it can be converted into blood, it 
 is extensively covered with a net-work of nerves and blood-vessels, ren- 
 dering the stomach very sensitive and very hable to intlammation. This 
 inflammation sometimes becomes very active, producing vomiting, pain, 
 fever, etc. , aU caused by imjirudence in diet. It is a warning. If the 
 warning be not heeded, this inflammation becomes chronic ; the nerves 
 lose their sensibility ; the stomach becomes inactive, and that most dis- 
 tressing of all diseases, dyspepsia (and often epilepsy or fits), takes up its 
 abode as a permanent guest. Most frequently it comes on more slowly 
 and without apparent wamiag.
 
 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 175 
 
 The food we eat has to be properly digested. People are apt to sup- 
 pose that digestion is performed in the stomach only. This is a mistaka 
 The stomach performs the greater part of the work, but it is greatly as- 
 sisted by other organs besides. Digestion really begins in the mouth. 
 Besides the teeth, which are the true organs of digestion, there are situ- 
 ated in the cavity of the mouth three small bodies called saUvary glands, 
 which pour out a lluid called saliva (or spittle), which is just as necessary 
 to the proper digestion of food as the gastric juice itself. The more 
 thoroughly the food is mixed with saliva, the more perfect will be di- 
 gestion. This should teach us to eat slowly, and to chew so well that 
 every mouthful of food may contain a proper amount of it. It shoidd 
 also teach us that this saliva is too valuable a substance to be contami- 
 nated with tobacco-juice, or wasted in expectoration from smoking, es- 
 pecially where the temperament is nervous. Saliva is constantly being 
 poured into the cavity of the mouth, whether we are asleep or awake. 
 As a general thing, in a healthy person, about five wine-glasses frdl of sa- 
 liva are secreted in a day. 
 
 We eat that the body may be supported with blood, for our food, be- 
 fore it can become a part of the body, must first be converted into blood. 
 A full-grown, healthy working-man consumes in one year about twelve 
 hundred pounds of victuals and drink — that is, about eight times his own 
 weight ; yet, if he should weigh himself at the end of the year, he would 
 find that he weighs very httle more or less than he did at the beginning. 
 Now what has become of the t ./elve hvindred pounds he has eaten ? It 
 has been wasted away. With every motion, every breath, avery opera- 
 tion of the mind, the body has been wasted, and food has been required 
 to support the waste. 
 
 The one great cause of the wasting of the body, and of the constant 
 demand for food, is action. If the muscles could be kept from moving, 
 our lungs from breathing, and our minds from thinking, then we might 
 not require food, for there would be uo waste. This condition of things, 
 of course, could never exist without death speedily follo%ving. 
 
 Exercising violently excites hunger, since it makes us breathe faster, 
 and therefore causes us to inhale more air. A man of sedentary habits 
 does not require so much food as a laboring man, because he does not 
 waste away as fast. Much of the wasted material of the body is carried 
 off by the lungs, in the form of carbonic acid. The skin, too, does its 
 share of the work. It not only assists in breathing, but it also carries 
 out of the system a large portion of its dead particles. 
 
 Children require more food in proportion than adults, because they are 
 growing, and therefore, so to speak, need more to build up their bodies. 
 After we have attained our growth, we neither gain nor lose our weight, 
 provided we are in health, for we consume as much food as the body 
 wastes. This is called a state of equilibrium. As old age comes on th«'
 
 176 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 
 
 body begins to decline in weight, and then we waste more than we con- 
 sume. 
 
 Food may be distinguished into two kinds, viz. , nitrogenized and non- 
 nitrogenized. The first class is called the plastic elements of nutrition, 
 and is designed solely to make blood and to form the substance of the 
 tissues in the general structure of man ; while the non-nitrogenized kind 
 is necessary to keep up the animal heat, by yielding hydrogen and car- 
 bon, to be exhibited in the lungs. The elements of human nutrition and 
 recuperation are vegetable fibrine, albumen, caseine, and animal flesh 
 and blood ; while the elements of respiration are fat, starch, gum, cane 
 sugar, grape sugar, sugar of milk, wine, beer, and spirits. The elemen- 
 tary principles or proximate elements of food consist in water, gum, su- 
 gar, starch, lignin, jeUy, fat, fibrine, albumen, caseine, gluten, gelatine, 
 acids, salts, alcohol, etc. All these elements are found in sufficient 
 abundance in either the vegetable or animal kingdoms, and are to be 
 used according to the natural wants of man, or the supply of the waste. 
 No precise rules, therefore, can be laid down to suit every particular 
 state of either disease or health. Every one, accordingly, should eat and 
 drink only those things which he may find by experience, habits, or .pecu- 
 liarities to best agree with his condition, and reject aU substances '^^hich 
 he may iind injurious to his health and general weU-being. It is the 
 ]jrovocative variety, or the over-stimulation of the palate, that does the 
 greater mischief to health. The plainer the food and the fewer the 
 dishes, the greater will be the immunity from disease. Whether the 
 diet be vegetable or animal substances, the result will be the same in rel- 
 ative proportion to the nutriment yielded. Fish, for scrofulous and con- 
 sumptive persons, is a most excellent diet, containing a principle called 
 iodine. 
 
 Meats contain the most nitrogen, the nitrogenous portions of our food 
 make flesh, and go to supply the wear and tear and wastes of the body ; 
 these are ultimately passed from the system in the urine. If more ni- 
 trogenous food is eaten than is needed to supply these wastes. Nature 
 converts it more rapidly into living tissues, which are, with correspond- 
 ing rapidity, broken down and converted into urine. This is when the 
 food is digested ; but when so much is eaten that it cannot be digested. 
 Nature takes alarm as it were, and endeavors to remedy the trouble in 
 one of three ways. The stomach rebels and casts it ofE by vomiting, it 
 is worked out of the system by attacks of diarrhoea, or the human crea- 
 ture is made uncomfortable generally, and is restless both by day and 
 by night ; as a further punishment his appetite is more or less destroyed 
 for several meals afterwards. Little or no nitrogen is poured off with 
 the ]iersj)iration, breathing, or f ceces. 
 
 Wiatever diet we use, whether animal or vegetable, the secret of ita 
 iitiUty lies not only in the quantity and quality, but in the manner in
 
 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 177 
 
 whicli either kind is cooked, when so prepared for food. Much ignorance 
 prevails everywhere in this matter of cooking the substances that are 
 requisite for the sustenance of our bodies. Let any person, unable to 
 eat broccoli or greens cooked in a quart of water, try the efEect of having 
 them cooked in a gallon of water, or of having the quart of water changed 
 three or four times during the process of cooking, and he wiU soon dis- 
 cover the diilerence. If good potatoes are ' ' watery, " it is l:)ecause they 
 are ill-cooked. Fried dishes, rich gravies, and pastry should be avoided 
 because of their tendency to develop fatty acids in the stomach. 
 
 We may reasonably suppose that the physiology of digestion is yet too 
 imperfectly understood to enable us to lay down any precise laws as to 
 what to eat, drink, and avoid. With a little vigilance, however, each 
 person can ascertain for himself what foods do and do not agree with 
 him. As before intimated, the peculiarities in this respect are remark- 
 able. Some cannot endure fat ; others cannot get along without it. 
 Some cannot touch mutton ; others are made iU by eggs. Let each find 
 out his own antipathy. Suppose the case of a healthy man — so healthy 
 that he cannot be healthier. We will say the quantity of blood in his 
 body IS thirty pounds, and that he loses one pound of this in every 
 twenty- four hours. Is it not plain enough that he must eat as much 
 food in the same time as wih supply the waste of blood he has lost ? But 
 if he should eat as much as wiU furnish a pound and a half of blood, he 
 wiU have half a pound of blood too much in Ms system. Should he go 
 on adding an extra half pound of blood daily more than is required to 
 supply the tissues, what then will be the consequences ? Bursting of the 
 blood-vessels. But good Dame Nature has measurably guarded against 
 any such plethoric catastrophe ; for, after having supplied the waste of 
 the body, the undue quantity of blood is converted into fat or adipose 
 matter, thus restoring the blood's volume to a due standard. But this 
 quasi fat is of no use to the body. It does not give it strength ; on the 
 contrary, it is an encumbrance to the machinery, and, in more ways than 
 one, is an evil. He, therefore, who eats too much, even though he di- 
 gests or assimilates what he eats, and should be fortunate enough to 
 escape apoplexy, or some other disease, does not add a single particle to 
 his strength. He only accumulates fat, and incurs the evils thereunto 
 appertaining — one among many of which I wUl mention— I mean the ac- 
 cumulation of fat about the heart, and interfering, to a most dangerous 
 degree, with the heart's action. A man's strength resides in his arte- 
 rial blood — in his muscles and bones and tendons and ligatures — in his 
 brawn and sinew ; and his degree of strength depends upon the vigor, 
 size, and substance of these ; and if he were to eat without ceasing, he 
 could not add to their size and substance one atom, nor alter their origi- 
 nal healthy dimensions. Therefore it is a most uiischievoua fallacy to 
 suppose that the more a man eats the stronger he grows. 
 8* M
 
 278 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 
 
 The quantity of food taken daily should just be sufficient to restore to 
 the blood what the blood has lost in restoring the waste of the body, and 
 that should always be proportioned to the degree of bodily exertion tm- 
 dergone. But how are we to know the exact amount of the waste that is 
 daUy going on in our system, in order to apportion the quantity of food 
 thereto ? Nature tells us not only when, but how much we ought to eat 
 and drink. 
 
 For instance, when you are excessively thirsty, and when you are in 
 the act of quenching your thirst with a draught of cold water, you know 
 when you have drunk enough by the cessation of thirst ; but there is 
 another token, which not only informs you when you have drunk enough, 
 but which also prevents you from drinking more, that is, if you drink 
 water only. While you are in the act of drinking, and before your thirst 
 has been allayed, how rich, how sweet, how delicious is the draught, 
 though it be but water ! But no sooner has thirst been quenched, than 
 behold, in an instant aU its dehciousness has vanished ! It is now dis- 
 tasteful to the palate. To him, then, who requires drink, water is de- 
 licious ; for him who does not require drink, water not only has no rehsh, 
 but impresses the palate disagreeably. To a man laboring unde^ the 
 very last degree of thirst, even foul ditch water would be a delfbiooa 
 draught ; but his thirst having beer quenched, he would turn from it 
 with disgust. In this instance of water-drinking, then, it is clear that 
 the relish depends not on any fiavor residing in the water, but on some 
 certain condition of the body. It is absurd to say that you caunot drink 
 water because you do not like it, for this only proves that you do not 
 want it ; since the reUsh with which you enjoy drink depends upon the 
 fact of your requiring di-ink, and not at all upon the nature of the drink 
 itself. 
 
 Now apply this to eating instead of drinking. Place before a hungry 
 workman stale bread and fat pork, flanked by a jug of cold water. 
 While his hunger remains unappeased, he will eat and drink with an ea- 
 ger relish ; but when his hunger has been appeased, the bread and meat 
 and water have lost what he supposed to be their delicious flavor. 
 
 If we ate only simple and natural food, plainly cooked, there would be 
 no danger of eating too much — the loss of relish and the feeling of dis- 
 gust, consequent upon satisfied hunger, would make it impossible. In- 
 deed, this sense of satiety is as much and as truly a natural token, 
 intended to warn us that we have eaten enough, as the sense of hunger 
 is a token that we require food. 
 
 As hunger instructs us when to eat, so disrelish teaches us when we 
 should desist. It would seem that the very ne plus ultra of the cook's 
 art is to destroy the sensation of disreUsh, which is almost as necessary 
 to our health as hunger itself. Thus it appears the object of modem 
 cookery is to make the stomach bear a large quantity of food without
 
 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 179 
 
 nausea — to cram into the stomach as much as it can possibly hold with- 
 out being sick. 
 
 The rule which should regulate the quantity of food to be used is 
 found in that sensation of disrelish which invariably succeeds to satisfied 
 appetites. If you be content to live plainly and temperately, you will 
 never eat too much, but you will always eat enough ; but if you would 
 rather incur the penalty of disease than forego the pleasure of dining 
 daintily, all I can say is, you are welcome to do so — but do not plead 
 ignorance — blame only yourself. 
 
 I have stated already that certain people have been known to eat 
 from seven to forty pounds of meat or food in a single day. On the 
 other hand, persons have lived on twelve ounces of food a day, and 
 were actually exempt from disease. Dr. Franklin, in his younger days, 
 confined himself solely to ten pounds of bread a week, drinking water 
 only in the mean time. Rev. John Wesley lived to a great age on six- 
 teen ounces a day, although he led a very active life as a preacher of 
 the gospel ; and a celebrated Italian nobleman, who led a dissipated 
 life till near fifty years of age, suddenly reformed his habits, and Uved 
 on twelve ounces a day with a single glass of wine, until he had reached 
 the hiindredth year of his age. Was the wine one of the means by which 
 he prolonged his life ? It no doubt served to cheer his spirits. And 
 this leads me to consider somewhat the nature of stimulants. By 
 stimulants I mean ardent spirits, wines, and strong ales. Are they 
 necessary as articles of diet? They are not always, but have their 
 uses. They are iiemicious to the general organism, if too freely in- 
 dulged in. Liquids which contain or make solids are better than 
 wines, etc., yet both have their uses. MUk, the moment it reaches the 
 stomach, is converted into curds and whey. The whey passes off by 
 the kidneys — the solid curd nourishes the body. Now, if we evaporate 
 a glass of wine on a shallow plate, whatever solid matter it contains 
 will be left dry upon the plate, and this wUl be found to amount to 
 about as much as may be laid on the extreme point of a penknife blade ; 
 and a portion, by no means all — but a portion of this sohd matter I wOI 
 readily concede is capable of nourishing the body- — and this portion is 
 only equal to one-third of the flour contained in a single grain of wheat ! 
 If we want nourishment merely, why not eat a grain of wheat instead 
 of drinking a glass of wine ? Yet wine has its uses as an exhilarant to 
 the mind and body. 
 
 Once placed beyond the reach of the seductions of the palate, the 
 simple rule of drink what you want and as much as you want will of 
 itself suggest the needful limitation. Physiology tells us plainly 
 enough, not only why liquids are necessary, but how all superfluous 
 quantities are rapidly got rid of. 
 
 An interdict has been placed against hot drinks, which, if directed
 
 180 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 
 
 against tea and coffee so hot as to scald the mncons membrane, is ra- 
 tional enough, but is simply absurd when directed against hot in favor 
 of cold drinks ; the aroma of tea and coffee is produced by heat, conse- 
 quently the pleasant, stimulating effect is considerably diminished when 
 they are allowed to get cold. 
 
 Great diversity prevails as to the kinds of drinks which should be 
 used. Some interdict tea, others only (jreen tea ; some will not hear 
 of coffee ; others allow mild beer, but protest against the bitter. "WTio- 
 ever very closely examines the evidence will probably admit that the 
 excessive variations in the conchisions prove that no unexceptionable 
 evidence has yet been offered. By this I mean that the evil effects 
 severally attributed to the various liquids were do direct conseqiaences 
 of the action of such liquids, but were due to some other condition. 
 We often lay the blame of a restless night on the tea or coffee, which 
 would have been quite inoffensive taken after a simpler dinner, or at 
 another hour. 
 
 When a man uniformly finds a cup of tea produce discomfort, no 
 matter what his dinner may have been, nor at what hour he drinks it, 
 he is justified in the inference that tea disagrees with him ; if he finds 
 that the same effect follow whether he take milk or sugar with his- tea, 
 then he has a strong case against the tea itself, and his experience is 
 evidence as far as it goes. But we should require a great deal of evi- 
 dence as jjrecise as this, before impugning the wide and massive in- 
 duction in favor of tea, which is dra^vn from the practice of millions. 
 Had tea in itself been injurious, had it been other than positively 
 beneficial, the discovery would long ago have been made on a grand scale. 
 
 The same may be said of coffee. Both tea and coffee may be hurt- 
 ful when taken at improper times, or by bilious persons ; and a httle 
 vigilance will enable each person to decide for himself when he can, 
 and when he cannot, take them with benefit. 
 
 I may briefly state my opinion that the great objection against ^\'ine8 
 is its pleasantness, which is apt to lure us iuto drinking more than is 
 needful. Wine is quite unnecessary for robust men living under healthy 
 conditions ; but to them it is also, when moderately taken, quite hanri- 
 less. For many delicate men and women, living under certain un- 
 healthy conditions, it is often indispensable. The physician must 
 decide in all such cases. 
 
 Many think they cannot do without something to drink at regular 
 meals. Cold milk at meals has the disadvantage, if used freely, of 
 engendering constipation, biliousness, and the long train of minor symp- 
 toms which inevitably follow these conditions. 
 
 Warm drinks arc preferable in moderate quantities. Field hands on 
 cotton and sugar plantations find a wholesome drink in a mixture of 
 molasses, ginger, and water. Thia is a safe driuk for harvesters, as ai^e
 
 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 181 
 
 many other temperate household preparations. A recipe for many of 
 these will be found in the proper department of this work. 
 
 Whatever we eat or whatever we drink, let it be only enough barely 
 to appease the instincts of hunger and thirst. If we rigidly do this, we 
 shall seldom or never be afflicted with dyspepsia, liver complaints, heart 
 disease, and the thousand ills to which flesh is heir, but will continue 
 to enjoy unceasing rubicund health and vigorous old age. 
 
 Clothing. 
 
 Clothing must be adapted to the climate in which a person lives. 
 Warm or heavy clothing is rendered imperative in a northern cUmate, 
 while the lightest and thinnest can only be tolerated in the torrid zones. 
 It is, however, a physiological fact that the more the whole surface of 
 the body is exposed to the external air, within certain limits, the more 
 vigorously is its functional action jDerf ormed, and the better is it enabled 
 to preserve its own proper temperature, as well as to resist all unwhole- 
 some impressions from vicissitudes of weather, or the extremes of heat 
 and cold. It should always be as light and loose as possible without 
 bodily discomfort. 
 
 The substances principally employed for clothing are linen, cotton, 
 silk, wool, hair, or down. Woollens or flannels, being bad conductors 
 of heat, afford the greatest immediate protection from cold ; and for 
 the same reason are less debilitating to the cutaneous function than is 
 generally supposed. The most healthy clothing for a cold climate, es- 
 pecially the year round, is undoubtedly that made of wool. If worn 
 next to the skin by all classes in summer and winter, an incalculable 
 amount of coughs, colds, diarrhoeas, dysenteries, and fevers would be 
 prevented, as also many sudden and ijremature deaths from croup, 
 diphtheria, and inflammation of the lungs and bladder. Of course, the 
 clothing should be regulated in amount according to the degree of the 
 heat of the weather at the time prevailing. In a very hot day, for in- 
 stance, a single garment might be sufficient, but on a colder day an 
 additional garment should be added, and in this way keep the equi- 
 librium of the temperature of the body uniform as possible day by day, 
 the year round. Winter maladies would be prevented by the ability of 
 a woollen garment to keep the natural heat about the body, instead of 
 conveying it away as fast as generated, as is done by linen, flaxen, 
 cotton, and silken garments. Indeed, the laboring classes, or those com- 
 pelled to toil in the sun, would enjoy better health by wearing light 
 wooUen clothing, than by wearing linen or cotton fabrics. Among the 
 Irish emigrants and others who arrive in the United States during the 
 summer season, we find many clothed entirely in woollen garments, 
 frequently wearing heavy cloaks or coats, and actually feeling less dis- 
 comfort from the heat than those of our native-bom citizens who are in
 
 182 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 
 
 the habit of wearing linen or cotton next to their skin, and similar fab- 
 rics over these for outer clothing. It is more healthful to wear wooUeu 
 next to the skin, especially in summer, for the reason that woollen 
 textures absorb the moisture of perspiration so rapidly as to keep the 
 skin measurably dry all the time. It is curious to notice that the water 
 is conveyed by a woollen garment from the surface of the body to the 
 outer side of the garment, where the microscope shows it condensed in 
 miUions of pearly drops ; while it is in the experience of all observant 
 people, that if a linen shirt becomes damp by perspiration, it remains 
 cold and clammy for a long time afterwards, and, unless removed at 
 once, will certainly cause some bodily ailment, as palsy, rheumatism, 
 etc. To sit dowTi, or remain inactive with a linen or cotton shirt wet 
 with perspiration, will speedily cause a chill to the whole body, leading 
 not unfrequently to some sudden and fatal disease. In the night-sweats 
 of consumption, especially, or of any debilitated condition of the sys- 
 tem a woollen or flannel night-dress (light for w'arm weather) is im- 
 measurably more comfortable than cotton or linen, because it prevents 
 that sepulchral dampness and chilliness of feeling which are otherwise 
 inevitable. The British government make it imperative that every 
 sailor in the navy shall wear flannel shirts in the hottest dlimates, a rule 
 that shoidd be adopted by all persons everywhere exposed to variable 
 weather, to extreme heats and colds, merely regulating the amount of 
 wooUen garments worn to suit the variable temperatures of climates and 
 seasons. In saying all this, however, we must remember that comfort 
 is very much a matter of habit ; and therefore we should make due 
 discrimination between .the natural sensation of health and the morbid 
 sensitiveness produced by false customs. For instance, some keep their 
 V'hole bodies constantly covered by many layers of woollen garments, 
 and yet go into a shivering fit at every unusual breath of cold air. The 
 reason is, they never adapt their habiliments gradually to the degree of the 
 heat or cold of the season. If it be deemed advisable to wear woollen 
 clothing all the year round, whether summer or winter, it does not 
 follow that we are to wear more than one or two extra folds of clothing 
 in addition to the uuder garments. The true rule is not to cover all 
 parts of the body equally with the same amount of clothing. The fleshy 
 parts require the least clothing, and the limbs and feet, or less muscular 
 parts, the most. Yet we often wear, in addition to under clothing, a 
 thick vest, coat, and overcoat ; and to these will add heavy scarfs of fur 
 or wool to the neck, etc., while the legs and feet are seldom clad in 
 more than a single additional garment to the drawers and stockings. 
 These parts require more clothing, especially in the winter season, than 
 any other parts of the body. Furs are worn in the United States more 
 for ornament than benefit. They are the warmest clothing materials 
 known ; yet are not adapted for general wear, iDasmuch as they are
 
 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 183 
 
 apt to overheat the body, and thus render it keenly susceptible to colda 
 and other afflictions. By consequence, fur neck cloths, caps, etc., are 
 very pernicious for the head and throat, inducing catarrhs, quinsy sore 
 throat, and similar afflictions. On the contrary, a light woollen waist- 
 coat worn constantly over the breast, summer and winter, would guard 
 against these and other evils, and insure vigorous strength to the lungs 
 or respiratoiy apparatus, and thus should not be dispensed with even in 
 dog-days. The simple rule is to keep the head cool and the feet warm 
 at all seasons of the year. Cheap and pretty silks, of which there are 
 many varieties, are materials which are admirable for ladies' evening, 
 dinner, or walking dresses, and cost less in the end than other fabrics. 
 
 While I contend that woollen or flannel clothing is the most suitable 
 for the colder or even the more temperate climates, it is not for me to 
 object to the use of linen or cotton clothing for those living in the torrid 
 or tropical climes. Indeed, cotton and linen would seem best adapted 
 to such climes. In the north, many persons cannot wear flannel next 
 to the skin, on account of inducing some peculiar cutaneous affection ; 
 while others prefer such fabrics from choice, although exposed to all 
 vicissitudes, never experiencing any evil effects from such a course. 
 Such persons usually lead an active, out-door life, or are accustomed to 
 exposing their bodies frequently, especially their chests, to atmospheric 
 influences. 
 
 In a strictly hygienic regulation of dress, however, the color of the 
 clothing is not to be disregarded. White color reflects the rays of the 
 Bun ; black absorbs them. Light colored clothing is, therefore, more 
 comfortable and sanitary in warm weather than dark colored, because 
 the former repels the heat, while it is readily received and retained by 
 the latter. The heat-reflecting or heat-retaining property of different 
 fabrics varies exactly with their lighter or darker shades of color. This 
 difference, however, is much greater in the luminous rays of light than 
 in the non-lummous. When, therefore, we are not exposed to the sun, 
 the subject of color is of very little importance. The absorbing power 
 of dark surfaces renders the skins of dark-colored animals, as well as 
 the darker persons or races of the human family, less liable to be 
 scorched or blistered by the direct rays of the sun than are those of a 
 lighter color. 
 
 As to the cut or fashion of garments, that is a matter to be decided 
 by the taste or habits of the wearer. Fashion, however, is very arbi- 
 trary, and seldom consults hygiene in matters of dress. Of late years 
 ehe has really much improved, as to the regulation of attire with regard 
 to both health and elegance. The hooped skirt, which at the outset of 
 its career was so mercilessly ridiculed, has proved to be a great blessing 
 to the ladies, as it enables them to dispense with a heavy drag of solid 
 skirts, and gives their lower limbti free and easy play and motion. The
 
 184 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 
 
 hats or head-coverings now worn by both sexes are, in a sanitary point 
 of view, far superior to those worn by our immediate ancestors, being 
 very light, and affording free ventilation, which is indispensable for the 
 avoidance of headaches, rushing of blood to the head, and many other 
 afflictions. 
 
 I can therefore only say that the first physiological rule for dress is 
 to have all garments as light in texture and as loose in fashion as is 
 consistent with bodily comfort, or such as will admit of the most perfect 
 freedom in the exercise of every muscle in the body. Inequality of 
 clothing, as before remarked, is a far more frequent cause of colds than 
 deficient clothing. For instance, if a person exposes a part of the body 
 usually protected by clothing to a strong current of cold air, he will take 
 cold sooner than by an equal exiDOsure of the whole body. A great 
 safeguard against disease is to regulate the texture and quantity of 
 clothing according to the temperature of the climate in which a person 
 lives, avoiding extreme colds or extreme heats '; keeping the clothing 
 always fresh and clean (especially that of the feet), and wearing a dif- 
 ferent garment at night from that worn during the day, not omitting 
 the cleanliness of the whole body in the general hygiene of wearing 
 apparel. "^ 
 
 Sleep. 
 
 Sleep is as much a necessity to the existence of all animal organiza- 
 tions as light, air, or any other element incident to their maintenance 
 and healthful development. The constitutional relation of man to the 
 changes of the seasons, and the succession of days and nights^ implies 
 the necessity of sleep. Natural or functional sleep is a complete cessa- 
 tion of the operations of the brain and sensory nervous ganglia, and 
 is, therefore, attended with entire unconsciousness. Thoroughly heal- 
 thy people, it is believed, never dream. Dreaming implies imperfect 
 rest — some disturbing cause, usually gastric irritation, exciting the brain 
 to feeble and disordered functional action. Individuals of very studious 
 habits, and those whose labors are disproportionately intellectual, 
 require more sleep than those whose duties or pursuits require more 
 manual and less mental exertion. The waste of nervous influence in 
 the brain of literary or studious persons requires a lo'jger time to be 
 repaired or supplied than in those even who endure the largest amount 
 of physical toil, without particular necessity for active thought while 
 engaged in their daily manual pursuits. But no avocation or habit 
 affects this question so much as the quality of the inge.=ta. Those who 
 subsist principally iirion a vegetable diet, it is said, require less sleep 
 than those who subsist on both animal and vegetable food. It seems 
 certain that herbivorous animals sleep less than the carnivorous ; while 
 the omnivora require more sleep than the herbivora and less than the
 
 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 185 
 
 camivora. Man, therefore, partaking most of the omnivorous, living 
 on a mixed diet of animal and vegetable food, requires more sleep than 
 the ox, the horse, or the sheep, but much less than the lion, the tiger, 
 or the bear. 
 
 Physiologists are not well agreed respecting the natural duration of 
 sleep. Indeed, no positive rule can be laid down on this subject ; the 
 statute of Nature, however, appears to read : Retire soon after dark, 
 and arise vdth the first rays of morning light ; and this is equally 
 applicable to all climates and all seasons, at least in all parts of the 
 globe proper for human habitations, for in the cold season, when the 
 nights are longer, more sleep is required. 
 
 History shows that those who have hved the longest were the longest 
 sleepers, the average duration of sleep being about eight hours. The 
 time of sleep of each individual must depend on his temperament, man- 
 ner of life, and dietetic habits. For instance, John Wesley, with an 
 active nervous temperament and a rigidly plain vegetable diet, and who 
 performed an immense amount of mental and bodily labor, slept but 
 four or five hours out of the twenty-four ; while Daniel Webster, with a 
 more powerful frame but less active organization, and living on a mixed 
 diet, had a "talent for sleeping" eight or nine hours. Benjamin Frank- 
 lin used to say that seven hours sleep was enough for any man, eight 
 hoiirs for a woman, and nine hours for a fool ! Nevertheless, the inva- 
 riable rule for all whose habits are correct, is to retire early in the even- 
 ing, and sleep as long as the slumber is quiet, be the time six, seven, 
 eight, or nine hours. Those who indulge in late sxippers, or eat heartily 
 before retiring, are usually troubled with unpleasant dreams, nightmare, 
 and are oftentimes found dead in the morning. Restless dozing in the 
 morning is exceedingly debilitating to the constitution. Persons ad- 
 dicted to spirituous liquors and tobacco, in connection with high-seasoned 
 food, are in danger of oversleeping even to the extent of very consider- 
 ably increasing the stupidity and imbecility of mind, and indolence and 
 debility of body naturally and necessarily consequent upon those habits. 
 Sleeping in the daytime, or after meals, is not a natural law of the phy- 
 siology of man. No one requires to sleep after a meal unless he has 
 eaten more food than his system required. Sleep may be indulged in 
 during the day when sufficient sleep is not had at night ; but this sleep- 
 lessness at night need seldom occur were our habits made conformable 
 to the general hygienic requirements of Nature. Children may sleep all 
 they are inclined to. The position of the body is of some importance. 
 It should be perfectly flat or horizontal with the head, a little varied by 
 a small pillow. Sleeping with the head elevated by two or three pillows 
 or bolsters is certainly a bad habit. The neck is bent, the chest is com- 
 pressed, and the body unnaturally crooked. Children are made round- 
 Bhouldered from their heads being placed on high pillows. The beda
 
 186 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 
 
 should be made of straw, corn-husks, hair, various palms and grasses, 
 never of feathers, which can only be mentioned in reprehension. Tha 
 bed-clothing should always be kept scrupulously clean, and adapted to 
 the season of the year, while the bed-rooms should always be sufficiently 
 large and airy as best conducive to sound sleep and general vigorous 
 health. 
 
 Bathing. 
 
 Were all to follow the natural laws of their organization in respect to 
 eating, drinking, clothing, exercise, and temperature, an occasional bath 
 or washing would be sufficient ; but as the laws of life and health are 
 transgressed iu a thousand ways, the sum total of all the unphysiologi- 
 cal habits of civilized life is a condition of body characterized by deficient 
 external circulation, capillary obstruction, and internal congestion or en- 
 gorgement. To counteract this morbid condition of the system, bathing 
 of the whole body, on regular occasions, cannot, or should not, be 
 omitted. For hygienic jjurposes, the particular process is merely a 
 matter of convenience. You may bathe in a river if you like, or may 
 employ the shower-bath ; but these modes are no more beneficial *than 
 the towel or sponge-bath. After the ablution, in whatever manner per- 
 formed, care should be taken to thoroughly rub the body with a crash 
 towel. The best time for such piu'ification of the body is on rising from 
 bed in the morning. The temperature of the water should be ada^ited 
 to suit different circumstances of constitutional health and disease. 
 Cold or cool baths are best for those in robust health ; but those who are 
 deficient in blood, or have a low vitality, should use tejjid water. 
 Extremely feeble persons should commence with warm water, and grad- 
 ually reduce the temperature as reaction im^jroves. Sponging the body 
 with .spirits or vinegar may prove highly beneficial in many cases of 
 debility, where water would be injurious. Excessive bathing tends to 
 make the skin harsh and scaly by diluting the secretions of the sebaceous 
 glands, the oil of which is intended to be regularly and naturally poured 
 out to the surface of the skin in order to keep it smooth, glossy, and 
 soft. Bathe as often as may be necessaiy to keep the skin clean, and 
 you will then have fulfilled the requirements of hygienic bathing. 
 
 Exercise. — 1*iiysical and Mental Development. 
 
 Everj-thing tends to prove that man was destined to lead a life of 
 bodily action. His formation — his physical structure generally, and 
 that of his joints pai-ticularly his great capacity for speed and laborious 
 exertion — the Divine injunction, that " he shall live by the sweat of his 
 brow" — the bodily imbecility and enfeebled health invaiiably conse- 
 quent upon sedentary habit — all go to prove that he was destined to 
 lead a life of physical activity. Most people are apt to dccpise many of
 
 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 187 
 
 tlie aids to healtli, because of their very simplicity. A sensible Dervish, 
 in the Eastern aMegoiy, well aware of this weakness of human nature 
 to despise simple things, and venerate those they do not understand, 
 when called to the Sultan to cure him of a disease, did not dare to 
 simply advise him to take exercise ; but he said to him : — " Here is a 
 ball which I have stuffed with certain rare and precious medicLues. 
 And here is a bat, the handle of which I have also stuffed with similar 
 medicines. Tour Higness must take this ' bat and with it beat about 
 this ball, until you perspire very freely. You must do this every day. " 
 His Highness did so ; and, in a short time the exercise of playing at bat 
 and ball with the Dervish cured the Sultan's malady. But it should be 
 remembered that there are a great naany cases where medicines must 
 be given to assist nature, besides the employment of exercise to facili- 
 tate the recovery of the patient. 
 
 Nevertheless, exercise is one of the chief aids of all others I must re- 
 commend to be adopted as eminently essential for the remedying of bad 
 health, and of preserving that which is already good. It is impossible 
 for a healthy adult to be otherwise than active in body or mind, or both ; 
 while it may be asserted, with abundant reason, that laziness is actually 
 a disease, dependent on some abnormal condition of the organism. A 
 variety of social circumstances may operate to produce an indolent dis- 
 position of mind and inactive habit of body, but these also produce a pri- 
 mary condition of ill-health. 
 
 The function of respiration, by which the blood is vitalized, and the 
 nutrition of the muscular structure, on which depend all the motive 
 power or strength of the system, are intimately connected with the cir- 
 culation of the blood, and this with active exercise. Without this, there 
 must be unhealthy accumulation somewhere ; and, as the larger arteries 
 are not permanently dilatable, while the veins and capillary arteries are 
 BO, this accumulation or congestion must take place hi the veins and ca- 
 pillary or hair-like arteries. 
 
 When the circulation is feeble from lack of bodily exercise, or other 
 cause, the blood creeps sluggishly along the minute vessels composing the 
 elementary tissue of the body ; these veins and capillaries become 
 gorged, which engorgement operates as a still further impediment to the 
 free flow of the blood. The blood, when not chculated with due energy 
 through the ultimate tissues, becomes deteriorated in quality, and so, in 
 turn, fails to supply that proper nutrition upon which, according to its 
 degree of purity, all the tissues and functions of the body depend. If 
 the propelling power arising from breathing pure air and using active 
 bodily exercise is not sufficiently energetic, the circulation through the 
 elementary tissue is so slow that the blood loses its healthful arterial hue 
 before it has reached the extremities of the hair-hke arteries ; and thua 
 that part of the tissue which ought to be filled with arterial blood is
 
 188 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 
 
 gorged only with black venous blood, from whicli the proper secretion 
 necessary to the nutrition of the body, cannot be separated, either in due 
 abundance or of a healthy quality. Hence, if this state of congestion be 
 permitted to exist from lack of active exercise and consequent free res- 
 piration, so as to vitalize the blood, there must needs be a speedy wast- 
 ing of flesh, and all the other phenomena of consumption or any other 
 disease. The strength of the system is intimately connected with the 
 circulation of the blood, as stimulated in its flow by means of active 
 bodily exercise and pure air. 
 
 This principle is well illustrated in the effects of gymnastics and train- 
 ing, by which the muscles of any part of the body are remarkably invig- 
 orated by regular systematic exercise. People of all trades and occupa- 
 tions find those parts of the muscular system which are habituaUy the 
 most exercised to be the most i>owerful. 
 
 For healthful purposes all that is necessary is, any way, to exercise all 
 parts of the body to a degree of fatigue without exhaiistion ; that is, to 
 a degree which will insure an energetic circulation of the blood through- 
 out the entire economy. All exercises, however, to secure their full 
 benefit, should be coujded either with some object of utility or amuse- 
 ment, otherwise the mind is apt to labor adversely to the body. < 
 
 When I say that exercise is what is wanted to restore to health the 
 weak and languid, I mean that it is not so much exercise that is wanted 
 as the exhilarating effect which the enjoyment of exercise produces. A 
 man who exercises half an hour unwillingly in his wood-shed, is not bene- 
 fited in the degree one is who takes an hour's walk for pleasure through 
 a beautiful country. 
 
 It is the enjoyment of exercise in which consists its chiefest excellence. 
 It is the diversion of the mind from the ailments of the body. The in- 
 valid is by this drawn away from himself. 
 
 What can better accompUsh this object than amusement? Laughter 
 and lively talk may be said to be a species of exercise — mental exercise 
 — which is very often as beneficial to an invalid as physical exercise. 
 Anything that will induce a fit of laughtei must have an influence in 
 promoting an active circulation of blood, and, as we have seen, it is ne- 
 cessary to health that the blood should be duly aerated and flow with en- 
 ergy through the system. Whatever means may be employed to give 
 rapid circulation to the blood must be conducive to health. I beUeve, 
 then, most fully in using all proper means of amusement which will cheer 
 the invalid, and thus be a mental stimulus or atixUiary to the preservation 
 and restoration of health. 
 
 So, not only are amusements which afford exercise to the mental facul- 
 ties useful, but occupation — some useful business pursuit, which requires, 
 and hence secures, atteijtior. and labor during several hours of each day 
 — is absolutely essential to the high sanitary condition of the body, for
 
 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 189 
 
 nothing else will insure so constant, regnlar, and equally divided exer- 
 cise for both mmd and body. 
 
 Walking, running, leaping, hopping, dancing, rowing boats, etc., are 
 physiologically adapted to strengthen the whole muscular system. Even 
 boxing and fencing are to be advised when properly regulated. Wres- 
 tling is a dangerous method of developing muscular power. Ten-pins, 
 billiards, etc., are excellent exercises, but useful employment is better. 
 Singing, declaiming, reading, etc., are admirable methods of cultivat- 
 ing the vocal powers, and increasing the capacity of the respiratory ap- 
 paratus. Riding on horseback, hunting, fishing, etc. , are all more or less 
 beneficial in the prevention of disease and promoting good health. Ri- 
 ding in easy carriages, sailing in boats, swinging, and other passive exer- 
 cises, are all to be duly considered as remedial expedients for invalids. 
 
 Amid the many vicissitudes of fortune and the moral crosses to which 
 female life is doomed, I recommend healthful exercise of the body, in 
 order that the material fabric may be fortified against the thousand 
 causes of disease continually assailing the sex. 
 
 Woman comes earUer to maturity by several years than man. The 
 tree of hfe blossoms and bears fruit sooner in the one sex than in the 
 other. It also sooner withers and sheds its leaves, — but does not sooner 
 die. Female life at any period is fully as good, — perhaps a little better 
 in respect to probable duration, — than that of the male. It is during the 
 period of from fourteen to twenty-one years that the seeds of female 
 diseases are chiefly sown — or, at least, that the soil is specially prepared 
 for their reception and growth. The predi.sposition to infirmities and 
 disorders of various kinds is affected by acts of omission and commis- 
 Bion. In the first class need I mention the deficiency of healthy exer- 
 cise of the body in the open air, and of intellectual exercise in judicious 
 studies. The hoop and the skip-rope, even in city homes, might useful-- 
 ly supersede the piano, the hari>, and guitar, for one hour in the day, at 
 least. In schools and seminaries there is no excuse — -and, indeed, in 
 many of them this salutary, jjoint of hygiene is well attended to. In 
 others, however, gymnastic exercises have been hastily thrown aside^ 
 partly because some enthusiasts have carried them to excess — paHly be- 
 cause they were supposed to be inimical to the effeminacy of shape and 
 features so much^rized by parents and progeny, — but chiefly, I suspect, 
 from that languor and disinclination to exertion which characterize the 
 higher and even the middle classes of female youth. This deficiency of 
 exercise in the open air may be considered the parent of one-half of fe- 
 male disorders. The pallid complexions, the languid movements, the 
 torpid secretions, the flaccid muscles and disordered functions (including 
 glandular swellings), and consumption itself, attest the truth of this as- 
 sertion. 
 
 The exercises of small children consist in giving them the largest lib-
 
 190 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 
 
 erty and plenty of room. The cradle is 'a most pernicious method of 
 exercising a chUd to sleep, and should be discarded from every family. 
 For the ordinary or wakeful exercises of a child, the modem "baby 
 jumper " will be found a preferable contrivance. Among the poorer 
 classes, the children, for want of room to stir in, are apt to become 
 sickly, puny, peevish, and often idiotic. 
 
 The best time for exercise is in the morning, an hour or so before 
 breakfast, when the stomach is partially empty. If it should happen to 
 be entirely empty, or nearly so, it should be fortified with a cracker or 
 two, or some other light aliment. Vigorous evening exercises may also 
 be employed by persons of sedentary habits with great advantage. 
 " Night work," when mental or physical, is at once a violation of the 
 natural order of things. 
 
 Thus, if you would preserve your health, you must take exercise, but 
 not exercise exceeding your strength. Remember, the body must be 
 induced to throw off its waste by action before it can be nourished. 
 Nevertheless, it should also be remembered, that exercises of extreme 
 severity are never required in ordinary cases of health, while in disease 
 it must be incompatible with the strength and circumstances which 
 Burrovind the patient. With plentiful bodily exercise you can scarlpely 
 be ill, — without bodily exertion you cannot possibly be well. By "well," 
 I mean the enjoyment of as much strength as may be consistent with 
 your natural physique. 
 
 Exercise should be taken to the extent of quickened breathing and 
 sensible perspiration. If in health, walk, when possible, at least from 
 one to two miles every morning before breakfast. The invahd should 
 go out into the open air, and ramble to the degree of strength he may 
 possess, avoiding fatigue. 
 
 Exercise gives health, vigor, and cheerfulness, sound sleep and a keen 
 ai>petite. Indeed, the effects of sedentary thoughtfulneas are diseases 
 that embitter and shorten life — interrupt rest — give tasteless meals, 
 perpetual languor, and ceaseless anxiety. 
 
 Cheerful exercise, when at all practicable to be taken, whether active 
 or passive, is absolutely an indispensable means to prevent or guard 
 against disease, and to assist in the recuperative action of medicine 
 when the body has become diseased. t 
 
 Air and Sunshine. 
 
 As air may be said to be the very pabulum of life, it is highly essen- 
 tial that it should be pure, — inasmuch as any deterioration of it never 
 fails to render the blood impure, and thus liltimately to affect both 
 mind and body. 
 
 Air covers the entire globe, pressing alike upon land and water, hav- 
 ing a depth of about forty -five miles. This vast ocean of air we caU an
 
 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 191 
 
 atmosphere, from two Greek words, signifying vapor and space, — it being 
 an immense fluid sphere or globe. This atmosphere presses upon man, 
 and upon every object on the surface of the earth, with a force equal to 
 fifteen pounds to every square inch. A man of average size has a sur- 
 face of two thousand five hundred square inches ; accordingly, the air in 
 which he lives presses upon him with a weight of eighteen tons. This 
 would of course crush every bone in his body, but for the fluids within 
 him, which estabUsh an equihbrium, and leave him unoppressed. 
 
 Pure air contains seventy-nine parts of nitrogen and twenty-one 
 parts of oxygen. If we add a single part more of oxygen to the air, it 
 would no longer be atmospheric air, but aqua fortis, an element capable 
 of destroying everything coming beneath its terrible power. 
 
 The quantity of air consumed by a man of average size at each inspi- 
 ration, is from fifteen to forty cubic inches, according to the capacity of 
 the lungs. Thus, in about an hour, a person consumes about six thou- 
 sand and sixty-six pints, or two hogsheads of air. This air meets in the 
 lungs in one hour, about one half of that amount of blood, or twenty- 
 four in twenty-four hours. In other words, the quantity of blood which 
 circulates through the system is estimated to be about one-eighth of 
 the weight of the body. So that a man weighing one hundred and 
 fifty pounds will have in his circulation about eighteen and three- 
 quarter pounds of blood. The whole of this large quantity of blood has 
 been proved, by carefid experiment, to circulate through the blood- 
 vessels in the almost incredible brief period of sixty-five and seventy- 
 six one-hundredths seconds of time, and that is veiy little over one 
 muiute ! This indeed seems wonderful, when we consider the vast ex- 
 tent of vessels it has to travel through ; the arteries, the veins, and the 
 minute capillaries through which it must be urged with no little force. 
 
 The physiology of the resi^iratory functions explains the relation of an 
 abundant supply of air to the maintenance of health and the attainment 
 of longevity. Fresh air in the lungs is so immediately essential to life, 
 that most animals in less than one minute, when deprived of it, suffo- 
 cate, become unconscious, and appear to be dead, — real death occurring 
 in a few minutes if air is not supplied. 
 
 There are at least three objects to be accomplished by breathing, 
 namely : the renewal of the blood and the taking of imi^urities out of it ; 
 the warming of the body ; and the finishing up of the process of diges- 
 tion, and the change of chyle into nutritive blood. That carbonic acid 
 and water are borne out of the lungs with every breath may be easily 
 proved. If we breathe into lime-water, it wUl become white. This is 
 owing to the carbonic acid in the breath uniting with the hme, and pro- 
 ducing carbonate of Hme. Then if we breathe upon a piece of glass, it 
 becomes wet, showing that there is watery vapor in the breath. That 
 the blood receives oxygen from the air we breathe, is proved by the fact
 
 192 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST, 
 
 that the in-going breath has one-fourth more oxygen in it than the out- 
 going. The lungs, then, take out of all the air we breathe one-fourth 
 of its oxygen. If we breathe it over a second, a third, or a fourth time, 
 it not only has less oxygen each time, and is less viseful for the purposes 
 of respii'ation, but it becomes positively more hurtful by reason of the 
 poisonous carbonic acid which, at every out-going breath, it carries with 
 it from the lungs. 
 
 Equal in importance with the quantity of air we breathe is its purity. 
 The supply of air for an ordinary man to breathe each minute, is from 
 seven to ten cubic feet. Now, suppose a himdred persons to be con- 
 fined in a room thirty feet in length, breadth, and height, the room 
 containing nearly thirty thousand cubic feet, it follows that the whole 
 air of the room would be rendered unfit for respiration on account of the 
 vast volume of carbonic acid thrown out of the lungs and skin of the 
 one hundred persons thus crowded together. This proves the import- 
 ance of always having an abundant supply of pure atmospheric air 
 always kept in circulation in crowded assemblies, chiu'ches, school- 
 rooms, theatres, factories, workshops, and dwellings. 
 
 Consider the effect of sleeping in a small room, seven feet by iline, 
 not furnished with the means of ventilation. If a person sleeps eight 
 hours in such a room, he will spoil during the time one thousand nine 
 hundred and twenty cubic feet of air, rendering the air of the room 
 positively dangerous to breathe. Every disease is aggravated by the 
 breathing of bad air ! Yet it is common to close all the doors and 
 windows where sick i^ersons are confined, lest the patients shovdd take 
 cold. This is a bad practice. The sick should have plenty of fresh 
 air. Their comfort is promoted by it, and their recovery hastened. It 
 it utterly impossible for the lungs to be expanded in an impure atmos- 
 phere, because the air-passages, imtated by the extraneous particles, 
 spasmodically contract to keep them out. The consequence of this is, 
 those persons who reside permanently in an atmosphere charged with 
 foreign ingredients or miasms, find their lungs continually contract- 
 ing. 
 
 All sedentary habits weaken the abdominal muscles, and thereby 
 lessen the activity of the breathing process. Intense mental applica- 
 tion, if long continued, powerfully diminishes the respiratory functions. 
 Persons habitually in deep thought, with the brain laboring at its utmost 
 capacity, do not breathe deep and free, and are consequently short- 
 lived. All crooked or con.strained bodily positions affect respiration 
 iujurionsly. Heading, writing, sitting, standing, siieaking, or laboring, 
 witli the trunk of the body bent forward, is extremely hurtful. In all 
 mechanical or manual labor, the body should be bent or lean on the 
 hip joints. The trunk sliould always be kept straight. Dispense with 
 bed-curtains, if you can. In bleep the head should never be raised
 
 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 193 
 
 very high, as that position oppresses the hings ; nor should the sleeper 
 incline toward the face with the shoulders thrown forward. 
 
 Grates and fire-i:)laces secure much better ventilation than stoves. 
 No stove, especially furnaces, should be used without the means of the 
 free admission of external air into the room. Lamps, candles, g-as-burn- 
 ers, etc., are so many methods of consuming oxygen and rendering the 
 air irrespirable. Smoking lamps are a very common source of vitiated 
 air. The bad air of steamboats, railroad cars, stages, omnibuses, etc., 
 are a soiu-ce of constant suffering to many. I may here remark that 
 the general misapprehension of the theory of catching cold frequently 
 produces the evil sought to be avoided. More colds are taken in over- 
 heated than in too cold places, and still more are owiug to vitiated 
 or foul air. In sleeping and other apartments, where thorough ventUa- 
 tion is impossible, the air may be rapidly changed and materially fresh- 
 ened, by opening all the doors and windows, and then swinging one 
 door violently forward and backward. The rules of ventilation apply to 
 all rooms and apartments alike, whether in dwelling-houses or travelling 
 vehicles. There is no necessity for breathing air which has lost a part 
 of its oxygen and acquired a portion of carbonic acid. The supply of 
 good air is ample. 
 
 In connection with a full supply of atmospheric air to every human 
 being, the importance of plenty of sunshine is not to be overlooked. 
 Pure air for the lungs and bright sunlight for the eyes, is a physiological 
 maxim which should never be forgotten. The nutritive process is ma- 
 terially checked in all vegetable and animal life when deprived of light 
 for a considerable time. In the case of vegetables, they become etio- 
 lated or blanched. Almost the entire population of our large cities 
 who occupy back rooms and rear buildings where the sun never shines, 
 and cellars and vaults below the level of the ground, on the .shaded 
 side of narrow streets, is more or less diseased. Of those who do not 
 die of acute diseases a majority exhibit unmistakable marks of imper- 
 fect development and deficient vitality. During the prevalence of epi- 
 demics, as the cholera, the shaded side of a narrow street invariably 
 exhibits the greatest ratio of fatal cases. A certain amount of shade 
 is essential to comfort, but when it reaches the point of excluding 
 stmshine to a large degree, it becomes a positive evil. Let us always 
 welcome the visits of the healthful air and glowing sunshine, and look 
 out continually for the essential conditions of vigor and cheerfulness. 
 
 Old Age, or Longevity. 
 
 The true philosophy of life is to live and enjoy — to use and not abuse 
 the essentials to human longe\-ity and happiness. As we read in Holy 
 Writ, in the earlier history of man, when the air was free from infec- 
 tion, the son exempt from pollution, and man's food was plain and
 
 194 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 
 
 naktral, individuals lived on the average four or five hundred years ; 
 the maximum point of longevity recorded — that in the case of Methu- 
 selah — being nine hundred and sixty-nine years. Without speculating 
 upon the problem whether the years of the early historians included the 
 same period of time as the years of our present almanac, it is sufficient 
 'for all practical pur^joses to know the general law, that human lives 
 may be lengthened to one or two hundred years, or dwindled to the 
 " shortest sj^an," by our vokmtary or individual habits. If it can be 
 proved that any one man has lived one hundred, two hundred, or even 
 thi-ee hundred years, under favorable hygienic circumstances, it will be 
 sufficient evidence of a physiological principle that most men may attain 
 to similar extreme longevity, by a mere simple obedience to the natural 
 laws of his being. 
 
 The examples of extreme longevity are too numerous to be detailed 
 even in a book of many pages, but a few examples may be cited on this 
 point. Haller, the celebrated English physician, during his time col- 
 lected more than one thousand cases of persons in Europe who attained 
 the ages of from one hundi'ed to one hundred and seventy years. lu 
 Baker's " Curse of England," we find a list of one hundred individuals 
 whose ages ranged from ninety-five to three himdred and sevetity ! 
 Twenty-two of these reached the age of one hundred and fifty and up- 
 wards, and thirty exceeded one hundred and twenty years. Modem 
 statistics exhibit numerous examples of persons in the United States 
 and all parts of the world attaining more than one hundred years. In- 
 deed, it was common to the American Indians, previous to the introduc- 
 tion of ' ' fire-water " among them, to live to one hundred years of age ; 
 although, as a general rule, the duration of life among savage races is 
 much shorter than among the civilized and cultivated people of the 
 globe. 
 
 In our present artificial state of society, it is not probable that one in 
 a thousand persons dies a natural death. Alas ! disease and violence 
 sweep, with few exceptions, the entire human famUy to an untimely 
 grave. Even the celebrated Thomas Parr, who died at one hundred 
 and fifty-two years of age, came to an unnatiu-al death by eating too 
 heartily at a feast given in his honor by an English king ; while Richard 
 Lloyd, who was in full health and vigor at one hundred and thirty-two 
 years, died soon after from being persuaded to eat tiesh meat and drink 
 malt liquor, to which he had never been accustomed in all his life before. 
 
 On physiological principles, natural death results from a gradual con- 
 solidation of the structures of the body. In infancy the fluids are iv 
 much larger proportion than the solids, but as we grow older the fluids 
 decrease and the solids increase — thus gradually changing the flexibility 
 and elasticity of youth to the stiffness and immobility of age. Thus 
 in a perfectly normal condition of the organism, all the functions,
 
 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 195 
 
 powers and senses decline in the same harmonious relations in which 
 they were developed. As the process of condensation goes on equally 
 and imperceptibly, the motive jjowers grow torpid, the nutritive func- 
 tions are enfeebled, the sensibility becomes dull, the external senses are 
 obtunded, and lastly, the mental manifestations disappear — ^death occurs 
 without a struggle or a groan. 
 
 Certain pohtical and social economists have attempted to prove that 
 old age and a vast population are not desirable things, on the ground 
 that, while population increases geometrically, the alimentary produc- 
 tions of the earth only increase arithmetically ; hence, that some scheme 
 of death or destruction is requisite or indispensable to kill off, or clear 
 the ground of existing human beings as fast as the coming generations 
 demand their places. In other words, that it is necessary that disease, 
 violence, pestilence, murder, wars, and death should prevail, because of 
 the earth's incapacity to produce sufficient food for the whole race of 
 human beings, were all permitted to live out their natural lives and die 
 a natural death. A small amount of rational investigation will show 
 the fallacies of all such theories. Indeed, u.nder existing governments 
 and social arrangements, more than three-fourths of all the lands and 
 all the labor, so far as the production of the means of human sustenance 
 is concerned, is literally wasted, or worse than wasted ; while a large 
 extent of the earth's surface has never yet been brought under cultiva- 
 tion, and that part v»hich is cultivated the best admits of vast improve- 
 ment. 
 
 Casting all speculation aside, it will not be denied that this earth was 
 made the residence of man, and that Uod expressly enjoined upon him 
 io be fruitful, and to occupy and replenish the earth, giving him at the 
 Bame time dominion over all the vegetable and animal kingdoms, as a 
 means for subsistence and happiness, while progressing through the 
 gradual stages of his natural or terrestrial existence. Hence, the Crea- 
 tor did not bring man into existence without first furnishing him with 
 the means of an abundant supply of all the elements requisite for a long 
 life of health and joy. Man, however, has grossly violated the laws of 
 nature, and blundered on in his perversity, till life has actually become 
 a grievous burden, and extreme old age a great and moral curse instead 
 of a divine and special blessing. 
 
 Were it necessary, a thousand reasons might be given for believing 
 that the earth now has, and always will have, room and food enough 
 for aU the population that cm be produced by human beings who live 
 agreeably to the laws of their natural organism. Indeed, it is a phUo- 
 Bophical maxim that "intensive life cannot be extensive." The races 
 of man have now a hurried, stimulated, forced and disorderly exist- 
 ence, marrying at too early an age, bringing myriads of children into 
 the world, ' ' scarce half made up," only to perish by thousands in tho
 
 196 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 
 
 earliest infancy, or to drawl out a miserable and unhealthy existence, if 
 their lives are prolonged to manhood's estate, and sink at last, even 
 then, into prenaature graves, from continued and perverse abuses of the 
 hygienic and dietetic rules of life. 
 
 As already said, if the body develops itself slowly and healthfully 
 (as it always will in its natural state), it is only reasonable to suppose 
 that the periods of infancy, childhood, and adolescence or maturity 
 would be greatly prolonged by the more simple conformity to the ori- 
 ginal laws of our being ; the period of youth might and would be 
 extended to what we now call " old age," say " threescore and ten," 
 and ''threescore and ten" would be but the beginning of vigorous 
 manhood to be indefinitely prolonged, reaching on to a hundred, or even 
 two hundred years ! 
 
 The special means to insure sound health and a long life are to avoid 
 all errors in diet and personal habits. As the fluids and solids of the 
 human organism are formed from the materials taken into the stomach 
 as food and drink, it follows that we all ought to abstain more than we 
 do from concentrated materials of aliment, and live more on fruits and 
 vegetable substances, and fret ourselves less with the cares of.' the 
 world ; so all individuals would be able to maintain the juices of* the 
 body, and reduce, in a large degree, the solid elements which induce 
 rigidity of muscles, thickening of membrane, contraction of organs, all 
 leading to disease, premature debility, old age, and death. 
 
 Let us all then strive to return to the elementary principles of organic 
 or human life. Let our diet be plain, simple, and of a juicy nature. 
 Let us refrain from excesses of all kinds, whether connected with our 
 mental or physical ijowers, and thereby secure a long lease on life, at- 
 tended with a thousand blessings unknown to those who lead ' ' fast 
 lives," eat and drink immoderately, and indulge in the various forms of 
 intemperate or luxurious habits. It is never too late to commence a 
 reform in all these things. The oldest person now living might prolong 
 his life to an indefinite period, by avoiding the eiTors named, and sub- 
 mitting himself to the prior-ordeal mandates of nature. To assist 
 Nature in her work of regeneration and recuperation of the human or- 
 ganism, my "Renovating Pills" will be found of most wonderful effi- 
 cacy in connection with the hygienic and dietetic requirements already 
 indicated. They will thus prolong the period of youth to vigorous 
 manhood, and vigorous manhood to the extremest limit of life ever yet 
 vouchsafed to the human being. The already " old and feeble," so 
 called, may be sure of having their lives greatly prolonged, and finally, 
 in the inevitable ordinances of Heaven, or the laws of gradual lu'ogress 
 and decay, passing away with cheerful resignation and peace to that 
 xnysterious bourae from which no mortal traveller ever has returned.
 
 the complete herbalist. 197 
 
 Life, Health, and Disease. 
 
 What is life ? In general terms life may be said to be a subtle ema- 
 nation of Deity — a principle that pervades aU the works of creation, 
 whether organic or inorganic. It is a sort of Entity, whose nature is 
 as mysterious and unfathomable as that of Divinity himself. Many 
 scientific men have contended that life is electricity^ and arguments and 
 experiments have been adduced to show that such is the fact. For 
 instance, a scientific body of France pulverized stone, and by the use of 
 electricity produced from the atoms Kving insects. But this and simdar 
 experiments are accepted as evidence that electricity is not life, but is a 
 leading phenomenon of its actuality. Life is something neither physical 
 nor spiritual. It is allied to both, but is neither. It is not soul, for 
 soul is something infinitely higher than life — a something of which life 
 itself is but an inadequate, visible manifestation. 
 
 Health is perhaps a subtle thing, yet most importantly palpable to 
 our senses and perceptions. It is that state of the human body in which 
 the structure of all the parts is sound, and theii* functions regularly and 
 actively performed, rendering the individutil fit for aU the duties and 
 enjoyments of life. Or, in other words, it is that condition of the ani- 
 mal economy when the functions of all the organs, beginning with the 
 heart and lungs, act in natural and harmonious relation, the one with the 
 other, and the whole together, rendering existence not only a state of 
 completeness, but a pleasure, a beauty, and a charm, and therefore the 
 chiefest cause and leading feature of aU from which the human being 
 derives that phase of joy called bliss. In the various temperaments the 
 phenomena of health are somewhat different ; hence, what would at once 
 preserve it in one, might not preserve it in or restore it to another, until 
 some reasonable period of time had elapsed. Health varies much in 
 people of the many occupations which necessity and circumstancea 
 compel them to adopt for a livelihood or for pleasure, and the acute- 
 ness of the senses which would be necessaiy in some recreative or pro- 
 ductive occupations, would be morbid in persons otherwise engaged. 
 But the general symptoms of health are, in all temperaments, a spark- 
 ling eye, a clean skin, a white and rose-blended complexion (unless 
 where the temperament naturally prescribes a rich and glowing olive), 
 ruby lips, pearly teeth, \intainted breath, glossy hair, expanded chest, 
 elastic spine, muscular limbs, symmetrical waist, well bviUt and firm 
 pelvis, fleshy thighs and calves, and a buoyant grace of the whole body. 
 Added to these we have a rich and melodious voice (wherever the 
 shghtest hoarseness or discordance of tone is noticed look for dan- 
 ger), and a calm and cultivated spirit in the old, a joyous spirit in the 
 young. What munificent gifts are these, and who should fail, by every 
 means in his power, to secure them ? Disease is the opposite of health.
 
 198 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 
 
 and means any departure from the normal condition of the general 
 organism, or any impairment or derangement of any fmiction by which 
 the regular action of any other one or of the whole are made or forced 
 to work in an irregular or unnatural manner — producing and entailing 
 disorder, pain, misery, and death ! We see disease in the lustreless and 
 phrenzied eye, in the pallid and sunken cheeks, in the parched lips, in 
 the jaundiced or yellow skin, in the contracted chest, in the difficult 
 respiration, in the racking cough, in the expectoration of tubercles and 
 sputa from the Ivmgs, in the palpitating heart, in the scrofulous sores 
 and ulcers, in the bloated or attenuated abdomen, in the disabled legs 
 and arms, in decayed teeth and toothless jaws, in fetid breath, in 
 crooked spine, in the deformed pelvis, in all derangements of the sexual 
 organs, in baldness, in disordered stomach and bowels, in neuralgias, 
 rheumatisms, leprosies, spasms, epilepsies, palsies, loss of the senses of 
 sight, hearing, smelling, taste and touch, hyi^ochondrias, manias, drunk- 
 enness, pains, aches, wounds, bruises, maimings, and in innumerable 
 other agonies ! With the simple methods by which health can be pre- 
 served by those who were born to health, how astonishing it is that dis- 
 ease and misery are the general rule, and health and pleasure the 
 exception ! Who of all the human race may now say, " I have health ! 
 I am actually living in a state of nature, or in that perfect mental and 
 physical condition in which I was or ought to have been bom." Not 
 one, is my reply. We may therefore regard life as a negative rather 
 than a positive quality of existence. Occasionally there may be freedom 
 from the slightest degree of actual suffering, and yet that pleasurable 
 condition which would be natural to the regular co-operative work of all 
 the organs of the body will be wanting. 
 
 In health our moments tly on lightning wing, and we are scarcely 
 conscious of their rapid exit ; in sickness, on the contrary, our moments 
 are clogged with leaden heels, and pass in that lingering manner as to 
 render our sufferings seemingly the more acute by reason of the slow 
 or tardy march of time. To the sick, time does not pass lightly, but 
 with the heavy tread of a giant. 
 
 How inestimable is that state of being comprehended under the name 
 of health ! — yet how few are ever led to consider its jiriceless value and 
 importance. Health, perfect health, is not to be found in our present 
 age among the races of men ; yet even in its negative aspect, its most 
 deteriorated quality, what were all the joys, aU the riches, aU the ad- 
 vantages of this world without its possession ? Unless aU, from the 
 highest to the lowest, from the king to the beggar, learn to prize health 
 and avoid disease, — death, who is no respecter of persons, will continue 
 to reap his rich harvests among them all. Ctesar could not escape, nor 
 could the renown of a thousand victories dilf use an auodynic or soporific 
 influence over the pillow of the great Napoleon, nor save the laurels of
 
 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 199 
 
 Marengo from the blighting mists of St. Helena ! Intellectual cultiva- 
 tion oftentimes sows the seeds of physical deterioration. When we see 
 that the prince is equally liable to the same physical and mental mis- 
 eries as the vagrant, it becomes everybody to bear ia remembrance the 
 axiom that a sound body is the natural basis of a sound mind, and vice 
 verm,^ and that every rational method should be adopted to preserve 
 them. I have shown brietly that there is no condition or state of man 
 that is exempt from disease and death. It may now be asked, Are 
 there no means of preventing the ravages of the one, and postponing 
 the sad triumph of the other ? No means of restoring lost health, or of 
 rendering sickness compatible with contentment, or even happiness 
 itself ? Yes. The severest diseases are and may be prevented ; and 
 are curable and cured — even consumption itself when judicious treat- 
 ment is applied. All right-thinking persons will admit that sickness 
 may be obviated, disease mitigated, and even death robbed of his prey 
 for years, by approved remedies ritrhtly employed. 
 
 Regulating the Passions. 
 
 It has been truly said that we may religiously observe all the laws of. 
 hygiene in relation to air, hght, drink, food, temperatiu-e, exercise, 
 clothing, sleep, bathing, and the excretions, and yet lack One thing— one 
 grand essential to human health and happiness. Yes, if our passions 
 are our masters and not our slaves, tney will nile and ruin us instead of 
 obeying and serving our behests. There is, therefore, no single hygienic 
 influence more conducive to health, happiness, and long life, than a 
 cheerfid, equitable temper of mind ; and there is nothing that will more 
 surely disorder the bodily fimctions, exhaust the vital energies, and 
 stamp premature infirmities on the constitution, and hurry us on to an 
 early grave, than an uneven, imtable, fretful, or passionate mental 
 habit. 
 
 Medical men, at least, well know that a violent fit of passion will sud- 
 denly arrest, alter, or modify the various organic secretions. Excessive 
 mental emotion will deprave and vitiate the secretions as readily as a 
 deadly poison taken into the stomach. A paroxysm of anger will render 
 the bile as acid and irritating as a full dose of calomel ; excessive fear 
 wiU relax the bowels equal to a strong infusion of tobacco ; intense grief 
 wiU arrest the secretions of gastric juice as effectually as beUadoima ; 
 and violent rage will make the saliva as poisonous as will a mercurial 
 salivation. There are many persons whose rage, either thoroughly real 
 or exaggerated, is so violent that they froth at the mouth, and are 
 thrown into spasms or violent convulsions. These fits of anger are often 
 assumed, however, by designing parties for the purpose of frightening 
 stem parents and guardians and others into the support of their own 
 views and wishes. Such persons, finding their displays copied from
 
 200 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 
 
 nature of no avail, will suddenly become tame as lambs, but the effect 
 upon their general health is found in the appearance of many nervous 
 disorganizations, which, if the cause be often repeated, become per- 
 manent. 
 
 Thousands of facts of the above kind could be mentioned, but enough 
 has been presented to demonsti-ate the law that a sound body cannot 
 exist unless connected with a well-balanced mind. A vigorous exercise 
 of the higher mental powers, a lively cultivation of the intellectual 
 faculties and the moral affections, will never fail to sustain and elevate 
 the human character, while, on the other hand, the violent indulgence 
 of the animal propensities and the lower order of the passions, will wear 
 out the mental machinery and enervate all the physiological powers. 
 Will not the inspiration of love exalt the soul to the realms of " bUss, 
 exquisite bliss ? " WiU not the influence of hatred depress the soul, 
 and sink it to the nethermost depth of misery and despair ? Contrast 
 the emotions of benevolence, or gratitude, or veneration, or conscien- 
 tiousness, or mirthfulness, or faith, or hope, with that of envy, revenge, 
 jealousy, fear, grief, remorse, or despair ! The first are as refreshing 
 .to the soul as the gentle dews of morn to the tender blades of grass ; 
 the other as withering as the fiery blasts of a crater to the verdant Vcdes. 
 The one energizes the mind and reanimates the body — the other sinks, 
 chills, and enfeebles both ; one manufactures, creates as it were, vital 
 power — the other wastes and destroys body and soul. 
 
 Those who would maintain permanent and uniform health and live 
 to an old age, will perceive the necessity for cultivating all the nobler 
 impulses of our nature with unremitting care and judgment. "WTien we 
 "nourish wrath to keep it warm," we only add to the venom of a 
 malicious heart. That anger which "dwells only in the bosom of 
 fools," should have no inheritance in the bosom of the wise and 
 thoughtful of our race. The "evils of life," whatever they may be, 
 arc often " blessings in disguise," and therefore should be met with a 
 brave fortitude and courage, instead of wailing, complaining and lamen- 
 tation. Fretting, scoldiug, and fault-finding, not only aggravate all 
 the necessary evils of life, but gi'eatly multiply them, ^\^len we in- 
 dulge in these faults, we but sow the dragon's teeth to reap a harvest of 
 greater sorrows. More than this, we dissipate unwisely our best talents 
 and energies, and render life a curse instead of a blessing. The grand 
 essential, therefore, of a cheerful mind is self-control. This is the great 
 law of mental hygiene. Before any one can acquire sclf-govemment, 
 he must learn to govern the animal propensities, and make them sub- 
 servient to the intellectual faculties and moral sentiments. It may 
 require long, patient, and thorough discipline ; it may cost mixch self- 
 denial, and appear to demand great temjjorary saciificos, but it is worth 
 all it may cost. Occasionally it is acquired through lung years of bitter
 
 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 201 
 
 experience ; and sometimes the greater part of a life is spent in suffer- 
 ing disappointments, troubles, and crosses, ere the mind is found at 
 peace with itself, and in right relations to all surrounding nature. 
 Happy are they who can, even in such expensive schools, learn the art 
 of adapting themselves to the invariable laws of the viniverse, which 
 they cannot successfully oppose or in any respect alter ! Indeed, 
 the only guarantee a man can have for a long life of health and happi- 
 ness is to constantly cherish and maintain an even, cheerful, and hope- 
 ful spirit. 
 
 Things for the Sick-Room. 
 
 Barley Water. — Pearl barley, two ounces ; boiling water, two 
 quarts. Boil to one quart and strain. If desirable, a little lemon-juice 
 and sugar may be added. This may be taken freely in all inflammatory 
 and eruptive diseases : Measles, Scarlet Fever, Small-Pox, etc. 
 
 Rice Water. — Rice, two ounces; water, two quarts. Boil one hour 
 and a half, and add sugar and nutmeg to suit the taste. When milk is 
 added to this it makes a very excellent diet for children. Should the 
 bowels be too loose, boil the milk before adding. 
 
 Sage Tea. — Dried leaves of Sage, half an ounce ; boiling water, one 
 quart. Infuse for half an hour and strain ; may add svigar if desired. 
 Balm, PeiDpermint, Spearmint, and other teas are made in the same 
 manner. 
 
 A Refreshing Drink in Fevers. — Boil an ounce and a half of 
 tamarinds, two ounces of stoned raisins, and three ounces of cranber- 
 ries in three pints of water until two pints remain. Strain, and add 
 a small piece of fresh lemon-peel, which must be removed in half an 
 hour. 
 
 Arrow Root Jelly. — Stir a tablespoonful of arrow root powder 
 into half a cupful of cold water, pour in a pint of boiling water, let it 
 stand five or ten minutes, and then sweeten and flavor it to suit the 
 taste. 
 
 Irish Moss Jelly. — Irish Moss, half an ounce ; fresh milk, one and 
 a half pints. Boil down to a pint. Strain and add sugar and lemon- 
 juice suflBcient to give it an agreeable flavor. 
 
 Isinglass Jelly. — Isinglass, two ounces ; water, two pints. Boil 
 to one point. Strain, and add one pint milk and one ounce of white 
 sugar. This is excellent for persons recovering from sickness, and for 
 children who have bowel complaints. 
 
 Tapioca Jelly. — Tapioca, two large spoonfuls ; water, one pint. 
 Boil gently for an hour, or until it appears like a jelly ; add sugar, wine, 
 and nutmeg, with lemon-juice to flavor. 
 
 Rice Jelly. — Mix a quarter of a pound of rice, picked and washed, 
 with half a pound of loaf sugar, and just sulScient water to cover it.
 
 202 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 
 
 Boil until it assumes a jelly-like appearance. Strain, and season to suit 
 the taste and condition of the patient. 
 
 Grapes. — In all cases of fever, very ripe grapes of any kind are a 
 beneficial article of diet, acting as both food and drink, and possessing 
 cooling- and soothing properties. They are also extremely grateful to 
 every plate. 
 
 Toast. — To make a most excellent toast for a reduced or convalescent 
 patient, take bread twenty-four or thirty-six hours old, which has been 
 made of a mixture of fine wheat flour and Indian meal, and a pure yeast 
 batter mixed with eggs. Toast it until of a delicate brown, and then 
 (if the patient be not inclined to fever) immerse it in boiled milk and 
 butter. If the patient be feveiish, spread it hghtly with cranberry jam 
 or calves'-foot jelly. 
 
 Rice. — In all cases where a light and nice diet for parties who have 
 been or are afllicted with diarrhoea or dysentery is required, rice, in 
 almost any cooked form, is most agreeable and advantageous. It may 
 be given with benefit to dyspeptics, unless costiveness accompanies the 
 dyspepsia. To make rice-pudding, take a teacupful of rice, and as 
 much sugar, two quarts of milk, and a teaspoonful of salt. Bake, Jwith 
 a moderate heat, for two hours. Rice flour made in a batter,* and 
 baked upon a griddle, makes a superb cake ; and rice-flour gruel, seasoned 
 to the taste, is most excellent for the sick-room. 
 
 Bread Jelly. — Boil a quart of water and let it cool. Take one- 
 third of a common loaf of wheat bread, slice it, pare off the crust, and 
 toast it to a light browTi. Put it in the water in a covered vessel, and 
 boU gently, till you find, on putting some in a spoon to cool, the Liquid 
 has become a jelly. Strain and cool. When used, warm a cupful, 
 sweeten wdth sugar, and add a little grated lemon-peel. 
 
 Rice Gruel. — Ground rice, one heaping table-spoonful; water, one 
 quart. BoU gently for twenty minutes, adding, a few minutes before it 
 is done, one table -spoonful of ground cinnamon. Strain and sweeten. 
 Wine may be added when the case demands it. 
 
 Water Gruel. — Oat or com meal, two table-spoonfuls ; water, one 
 quart. Boil for ten minutes, and strain, adding salt and sugar if de- 
 sired by the patient. 
 
 Sago Gruel. — Sago, two table-spoonfuls ; water, one pint. Boil 
 gently until it thickens ; stir frequently. May add wine, sugar, and 
 nutmeg, according to circumstances. 
 
 Arrow-Root Gruel. — Arrow root, one table-spoonful ; sweet mUk 
 and boiling water, each one half pint. Sweeten with loaf-sugar. This 
 is very good for children whose bowels are irritable. 
 
 Decoction op Bran. — New wheat bran, one pint; water, three 
 quarts. Boil down to two quarts, strain off the liquor, and add sugar, 
 honey or molasses, according to the taste of the jjationt.
 
 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 203 
 
 Tapioca. — Tapioca is a very delightful food for invalids. Make an 
 ordinary pudding of it, and improve the flavor agreeably to the desire 
 of the patient or convalescent, by adding raisins, sugar, prunes, lemon- 
 juice, wine, spices, etc. 
 
 Beep Liquid. — When the stomach is very weak, take fresh lean 
 beef, cut it into strips, and jilace the strips into a bottle, with a little 
 salt. Place into a kettle of boiling water and let it remain one hour. 
 Pour oil the liquid and add some water. Begin with a small quantity, 
 and use in the same manner and under similar circumstances as beef 
 tea. This is even more nourishing than beef tea. 
 
 Beep TejV. — Cut one pound of lean beef into shreds, and boil for 
 twenty minutes in one quart of water, being particular to remove the 
 Bcum as often as any rises. WTien it is cool, strain. This is very nour- 
 ishing and palatable, and is of great value in all cases of extreme 
 debility where no inflammatory action exists, or after the inflammation 
 is subdued. In very low cases, a small tea-spoonful may be adminis- 
 tered every fifteen or twenty minutes, gradually increasing the amount 
 given as the powers of life return. In cases of complete prostration, 
 after the cessation of long exhausting fever, it may be used as directed 
 above, either alone or in conjunction with a little wine. 
 
 Pan ADO. — Put a little water on the fire with a glass of wine, some 
 sugar, and a little grated nutmeg ; boil aU together a few seconds, and 
 add pounded crackers or crumbs of bread ; and again boO. for a few 
 minutes. 
 
 French Milk Porridge. — Stir some oatmeal and water together, 
 let the mixture stand to clear, and pour ofif the water. Then put more 
 water to the meal, stir it well, and let it stand till the next day. Strain 
 through a fine sieve, and boil the water, adding milk while so doing. 
 The proportion of water must be small. With toast this is admirable. 
 
 CoM.MON Milk Porridge will be found very palatable in ordinary 
 cases. Everybody knows how to make it. 
 
 Buttermilk Pap. — Fresh buttermilk, four parts ; water, one part ; 
 mix, bon, and thicken with Indian meal. Eat with butter, sugar, or 
 molasses. 
 
 Coffee MiLic.^Put a dessert-spoonful of ground coffee into a pint 
 of milk ; boil it a quarter of an hour with a shaving or two of isinglass ; 
 let it stand ten minutes, and then pour ofP. 
 
 Restorative Jelly. — Take a leg of well-fed pork, just as cut iip, 
 beat it, and break the bone. Set it over a gentle fire, with three gal- 
 lons of water, and simmer to one. Let half an ounce of mace and the 
 Bame of nutmegs stew in it. Strain through a fine sieve. When cold, 
 take off the fat. Give a chocolate-cup the first and last thing, and at 
 noon, adding salt to suit the taste. This is very valuable in all cases 
 oi debUity where animal food is admissible.
 
 204 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 
 
 Drink in Dysenteut. — Sheep's suet, two ounces ; milk, one pint ; 
 starch, half an ounce. Boil gently for thirty minutes. Use as a com- 
 mon drink. This is excellent for sustaining the strength in bad cases 
 of dj'sentery. 
 
 Crust Coffee. — Toast slowly a thick piece of bread cut from the 
 outside of a loaf, until it is well browned, but not blackened. Then 
 turn upon it boiling water of a sufficient quantity, and keep it from half 
 an hour to an hour before using. Be sure that the liquid is of a rich 
 brown color before you use it. It is a most excellent drink in all cases 
 of sickness and convalescence. 
 
 Cranheury Water. — Put a tea-spoonful of cranberries into a cup of 
 water and mash them. In the mean time boil two quarts of water with 
 one large spoonful of com or oatmeal, and a bit of lemon-peel ; then add 
 the cranberries and as much fine sugar as will leave a smart flavor of the 
 fruit— also a wiae-glassful of sherry. Boil the whole gently for a quar- 
 ter of an hour, then strain. 
 
 Wese Wiley. — Heat a pint of new milk until it boils, at which mo- 
 ment pour in as much good wine as will curdle and clarify it. BoQand 
 set it aside until the curd subsides. Do not stir it, but pour the whey ofF 
 carefully, and add two piuts of boiling water, with loaf-sugar. < 
 
 OR-\nge Whey. — Milk, one piut ; the juice of an orange, with a por- 
 tion of the peel. Boil the milk, then put the orange to it, and let stand 
 till it coagulates. Strain. 
 
 Mustard Wiiey. — Bruised mustard seed, two table-spoonfuls ; milk, 
 one quart. Boil together for a few minutes until it coagulates, and 
 strain to separate the curd. This is a very useful drink in dropsy. A 
 tea-cupful may be taken at a dose, three times a day. 
 
 Sii'PETS. — On an extremely hot plate jiut two or three slices of bread, 
 and pour over them some of the juices of boiled beef, mutton, or veal. 
 If there be no butter in the dish, sprinkle over them a little salt. 
 
 Chicken Brotii. — Take half a chicken, divested of all fat, and break 
 the bones ; add to this half a gallon of water, and boil for half an hour. 
 Season with salt. 
 
 Vegetarle Soup. — Take one potato, one turnip and one onion, with 
 a little celery or celery seed. Slice and boil for an hour in one quart of 
 water. Salt to the taste, and pour the whole upon a piece of diy toast. 
 This forms a good substitute for animal food, and may be used when the 
 latter would be improper. 
 
 Calves'-Foot Jelly. —Boil two calves' feet in one gallon of water, 
 until reduced to one quart. Strain, and when cool, skim carefully. 
 Add the white of six or eight eggs, well beaten, a pint of wine, half pound 
 of loaf sugar, and the juice of four lemons. Mix them well, boU for a 
 few minutes, stirring constantly, and pass through a flannel strainer. In 
 some cases the wine should be omitted.
 
 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 206 
 
 Slippery Elm Jelly. — Tako of the flour of slippery elm one or two 
 tea-spoonfuls ; cold water, one pint. Stir, until a jeUy is formed. 
 Sweeten with loaf sugar or honey. This is excellent for all diseases of 
 the throat, chest, and lungs, coughs, colds, bronchitis, inflammation of 
 lungs, etc. It is very nutritious and soothing. 
 
 Nutritive Fluids. — Below will be found directions for preparing 
 three nutritious fluids, which are of great value in aU diseases, either 
 acute or chronic, that are attended or followed by prostration, — debility, 
 whether general, or of certain organs only, derangement of the digest- 
 ive organs, weak stomach, indigestion, heartburn, or sour stomach, con- 
 stipated bowels, torjndity or want of activity of the liver, thin or poor 
 blood. They are highly nutritious, supplying to the blood in such a form 
 that they are most easily assimilated, the various elements which are 
 needed to enrich it, and thus enable it to reproduce the various tissues 
 of the body that have been wasted by disease. In cases where the stom- 
 ach has become so weakened and sensitive that the Ughtest food or 
 drinks cannot be taken without causing much uneasiness and distress, 
 these fluids are invaluable. They strengthen the stomach and neutralize 
 all undue acidity, while, at the same time, they soothe the irritation by 
 their bland and demulcent quaUties. When carefully and properly pre- 
 pared, according to the direction following, they very nearly resemble 
 rich new milk in color and consistency, while their taste is remarkably 
 pleasant. Care should be taken that all the ingredients are of the best 
 quality. Soft water must be used in aU cases. Fresh rain-water is to 
 be preferred, but spring water may be used if perfectly soft. Hard 
 water will cause the fluids to be of a yeUow color, and if the milk is 
 old, they are apt to separate. 
 
 Fluid No. 1. — Put one pint of new milk (the fresher the better) and 
 two pints of soft water in a vessel perfectly free from all greasy matter, 
 over a slow fire. Rub two even tea-spoonfuls of superfine wheat flour 
 and two tea-spoonfuls of carbonate of magnesia, together with a little 
 milk, into a soft batter, free from lumps ; add this to the mUk and water 
 as soon as they begin to boil. Boil gently for five minutes— /io longer, 
 stirring constantly. Pour into an earthen or glass dish to cool, adding, 
 at the same time, two tea-spoonfuls of loaf sugar, and one tea spoonful 
 each of saleratus and table salt, rubbed fine ; stir until cold. The fluid 
 must not be allowed to remain in a metallic vessel of any kind, and it 
 must be kept in a cool place. 
 
 Fluid No. 2. — Put one pint of fresh milk and two pints of soft water 
 in a vessel over a slow fire. Rub together with a little fresh cream into 
 a soft batter, free from lumps, one table-spoonful each of good sweet 
 rye flour, ground rice, and pure starch — which add to the milk and 
 water as soon as they begin to boil. Boil for five minutes, stirring con-
 
 206 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST, 
 
 Btantly. Remove from the fire, and add three tea-spoonfuls of loaf su- 
 gar and one tea-spoonful each of saleratus and table salt. Observe the 
 same precautions as in No. 1 . 
 
 Fluid No. 8. — Put in a vessel, over a slow fire, one pint of fresh 
 milk and two pints of soft water. When they begin to boil, add one 
 table-spoonful of wheat flour, two table-spoonfuls pure starch, and two 
 tea-spoonfuls of carbonate of magnesia, rubbed together with a little 
 mUk into a soft batter, free from lumps. Boil gently for five minutes, 
 stirring constantly. Poiir into an earthen vessel to cool, and add one 
 tea-spoonful of the best gum arabic, dissolved in a little warm water, one 
 tea-spoonful each of saleratus and table salt, and one table-spoonful of 
 pure strained honey. Stir until cold. The same precaution must be 
 observed as in prejiaring No. 1. 
 
 Directions. — One half pint or less of these fluids may be taken at a 
 dose, and at least three pints should be taken during the day, and the 
 amount gradually increased to two or three quarts. Commence with 
 No. 1, and use two weeks : then use No. 2 for the same length of time, 
 after which No. 3 is to be used for two weeks. Continue their use as 
 long as necessary, taking each for two weeks before changing. In all the 
 diseases enumerated above, the use of these fluids, in connection with 
 proper herbal remedies, will ensure a speedy restoration to health. , 
 
 Gum Acacia Restorative. — Take two oimces of pure white gum 
 Arabic,- — procure the lump, the powdered is very apt to be adulterated, 
 — pulverize it well, and dissolve by the aid of a gentle heat in a gUl of 
 water, stiiTing constantly. When it is entirely dissolved, add three 
 table-spoonfuls of piire strained honey. Let it remain over the fire until 
 it becomes of the consistency of a jelly. The heat must be very gentle, 
 it must not boil. If desirable, flavor with lemon or vanilla. This will 
 be found a very pleasant article of diet for delicate stomachs. When 
 the articles used are pure it will be transparent and of a light golden 
 color. This wiU be borne by the weakest stomach, when everything else 
 is rejected. It is highly nutritious. 
 
 Malt Infusion. — Infuse one pint of ground malt, for two hours, in 
 three pints of scalding water. The water should not be brought quite to 
 the boiling point. Strain, add sugar, if desired ; flavor with lemon- 
 juice. This is an excellent di'ink in inflammatory fevers, acute rheuma- 
 tism, etc. 
 
 Peas. — Take young and fresh shelled green peas, wash them clean, 
 put them into fresh water, just enough to cover them, and boil them till 
 they take up nearly all the water. Season with salt, pepper, and but- 
 ter. This dish, if jjrepared according to directions, and eaten wai'm, will 
 not hami any invalid — not even one suffering from diarrhoea. 
 
 Milk. — In some cases where a milk diet is advisable, owing to the 
 peculiar condition of the patient's stomach, it will cause distress. This
 
 THE COMPLETE HEBBALIST. 207 
 
 is frequently the case when there is undue acidity. In such cases let it 
 be preiDared in the following manner, and it will be found to set well : —   
 Take a tea-cupful of fresh mUk, heat nearly to boiling ; dissolve in it a 
 tea-spoonful of loaf sugar ; pour into a large-sized tumbler, and add 
 sufficient plain soda-water to fUl it. Prepared in the above directed 
 manner it will be perfectly free from all unpleasant effects. 
 
 Soups for the Convalescent. — To extract the strength from 
 meat, long and slow boUing is necessary ; but care must be taken that 
 the pot is never off the boil. All soups should be made the day before 
 they are used, and they should then be strained into earthen jjans. 
 When soup has jellied in the pan, it should not be removed into another. 
 When in danger of not keeping, it should be boiled up. 
 
 Eggs. — In cases of extreme debility, eggs are most excellent. They 
 should never be boiled hard. The best way to prepare them is to beat 
 them well with milk and sugar. Where it will be appropriate to the 
 case, add some fine pale sherry wine. 
 
 Milk for Infants. — Fresh cow's milk, one part ; water, two parts ; 
 sweeten with a very little loaf sugar. "^Vhen children are raised by hand, 
 it is always necessary to dilute the milk. As the child advances in age, 
 the proportion of water stated above may be gradually lessened. 
 
 Water Gruel.— Com or oatmeal, two table-spoonfuls; water, one 
 quart. Boil ten or fiteen minutes, and strain. Add salt and sugar to 
 suit the taste of the patient. This should be used freely, during and 
 after the operation of cathartic medicines. 
 
 HOW TO ASSIST THE DOCTOR 
 
 The Sick-Rooh. 
 
 If there is a choice of rooms, the patient's welfare demands that he 
 should be placed in the one aifording to a greater degree light, pure air, 
 warmth, etc. The patient should not be put into the room which is 
 dark and gloomy, but let it be one that is light and cheerful, and with a 
 fire-place in it, if possible. 
 
 If the illness be fever, an ophthalmic affection, brain disease, or other 
 disease requiring quiet, a back room away from the family should be se- 
 lected, as quiet is absolutely nece.ssary, and the i^atient will not care to 
 look at anything or to speak much. If, however, he be suffering from an 
 accident, he will be more contented and cheerful if he is placed near to 
 the rest of the family, where he can assist in the conversation, watch 
 your movements, and see you at your labors. It will greatly tend to
 
 208 THK COMPLETE HERBALIST, 
 
 make him forget to a greater extent his misfortune, and it will also save 
 time in waiting upon him. 
 
 The room should be free from all unpleasant odors, and should not be 
 exposed to disagi-eeable efflu\aa from water-closets, sinks, etc. The fur- 
 niture of the room should be but very simple and plain, and, in inf ectioua 
 diseases, but very little should be placed in the room. If you have ever 
 been in a hospital, you may have noticed the bare floors, the iron bed- 
 steads, the absence of woollen bed-clothing, and the plaia tables, and 
 most probably pitied the iamates for their lack of comforts, and iuvolun 
 tarUy the thought may have arisen in your mtud that fortune is more 
 propitious to you when sick, for your sick-room wouldhave at least a good 
 carpet, upholstered furniture, and your bed an easy one to repose upon, 
 and plentifully supplied with woollen blankets, etc. But you and many 
 more are also deluded in this respect. If you will bear in mind that 
 woollen fabrics retain smelU much longer than cotton and linen, and are 
 therefore less sanitary, you would probably not consider them so advan- 
 tageous. The room should have no upholstered chairs or sofas, cane- 
 bottomed or plain wood are preferable, and it would be better if no car- 
 pet was on the floor, except perhaps a narrow strip for you to walk upon 
 to prevent noise, but a clean boarded floor, kept clean and sweet by 
 scrubbing and " elbow-grease " is infinitely better. It is better to )iave 
 no curtains ; but if the room looks too cheerlees without them, use light 
 muslin or something which will easily wash. 
 
 The position of the bed is also very important. In case of accident 
 the bed should be placed where the patient feels most comfortable, only 
 it should be placed where there is a good light to see and dress the 
 wound ; but in fever and small-pox the bed should occupy the position 
 between the door and fireplace. The reason for this is, that as fire can- 
 not bum without air, there must be a draft to feed it ; as this becomes 
 heated and escapes up the chimney, it is replaced by a fresh supply 
 drawn in through the door and window. This prevents a spread of the 
 disease, as the chimney acts as a ventilating shaft, carrying away the 
 impurities of the room. A stove will also do this, but to a much less 
 extent. It is very apparent, therefore, that if a person stands between 
 the bed and the fire-place, he must breathe air laden with the effluvia 
 from the patient, whereas, on the other side, that is, between the bed 
 and door, he inhales air that has not yet come m contact with the pa- 
 tient. If, from the form of the room, the bed cannot be placed in this 
 position, the space between the window and the bed should always be 
 Bufji-cient to stand in. 
 
 The room shoidd always be fully prepared before the patient is placed 
 in it, as the setting it to rights is not only annoying, but may do positive 
 harm to the patient. The fire, if any is wanted, should particularly be 
 previously built, for veiy often the chimney refuses to draw weU, and
 
 THE COMPLETE EERBALIST. 209 
 
 the poor patient is choked with the smoke. He may suffer fromi a chest 
 complaint, and his difficulty of breathing be so aggravated as to put him 
 in a miserable plight. The windows should not be so fastened that you 
 cannot open them, especially from the top. An equable temperature 
 should be kept up, neither too hot nor too cold, and extremes avoided. 
 
 The bed itself is very worthy of consideration. Unqualifiedly, the best 
 is a hair mattrass, but, as this is so expensive, it cannot be expected to 
 be found in every house, but, unless obliged, use no feather bed. It is 
 too soft, and the patient sinks into holes, so that, in case of wounds or 
 bums, you cannot get at them i^roperly, and besides, if the feathers 
 get wet, you cannot easily put them right again. Good clean straw or 
 chaff, evenly packed, is far superior. It costs but little, to begin with, is 
 more comfortable, far superior in a sanitary point of view, and has this 
 advantage : that in case of being spoiled, it can be emptied, the cover 
 washed, and refilled without loss of time, and at a very trilling expense. 
 
 The bed should not be too wide, for if the patient needs help, the at- 
 tendant is obhged to move him kneeling on the bed, or at arms' length, 
 should he be lying in the middle. 
 
 It is often a matter of much concern how to change the bed-clothing 
 in case of fracture or low states of disease, where the patient cannot be 
 moved from the bed. The following method should be pursued : — roll 
 up the clothes to be changed tightly to the middle, lengthwise, not across 
 the bed ; put on the clean things with half the width rolled up close to 
 the other roU, lift the patient on the newly made part, slip off the soiled 
 clothes, unroll the clean ones, and the bed is made. 
 
 Before the patient is put to bed scour the floor right weU, and wash it 
 with hot water with a few pennies' worth of chloride of lime, or, if you 
 cannot get this, use a Kttle quicklime, and rub it well into cracks and 
 comers. The whole of the lime need not be removed, a.s the little par- 
 ticles left sticking in the cracks and pores of the wood will prevent in- 
 . sects, give a clean, sweet smell to the place, and tend to keep away in- 
 fection. After the room is thoroughly dried, it is ready for the sick oc- 
 cupant. 
 
 If aU this is done, you will have the heaWdeHt sick-chamber possible, 
 and rob the disease of its exciting causes. He must then be well nursed, 
 and as this is so important, the author will next consider 
 
 Nurses and Ndrsing. 
 
 Next to the physician, the nurse has responsibilities that must be faith- 
 fully discharged, as the life of the patient is not alone dependent upon 
 the skill of the physician, but in a great measure also upon careful nurs- 
 ing. Eveiy physician will tell you that he recollects cases in his practice 
 where all his skill would have been unavailing had it not been for the 
 
 . excellent nursing that the patient received. 
 
 o
 
 210 ' THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 
 
 Tt i» a common opinion that svomen only can nurse. This is erroneous, 
 as men are frequently met with, especially husbands and brothers, who 
 are quite as g'entle in their touch, quite as considerate about little wants, 
 and fax more tender and thoughtful than almost any woman. A male 
 nurse has, moreover, one great advantage — his strength. Ask that wife 
 who requires lifting from the bed, and she wiU tell how safe she feels in 
 her husband's strong arms, and what a comfort it is to be lifted by him. 
 It is a dreadful feeling for a patient not to have full confidence in the 
 power of the person assisting, and the nervous shock induced by the fear 
 of being let fall, may take days to recover from. It is, therefore, not to 
 be thought that nursing is peculiarly woman's work, but that men axe 
 just as capable. 
 
 A nurse should have five qualifications — sobriety, cleanliness, firmness, 
 gentleness, and patience. 
 
 Sobriety. — The drunken nurse should not be allowed to cross the door- 
 sill of the sick-room. It is no place for her, — she cannot be trusted. 
 Human Mf e is too precious to be entrusted to the care of one who cannot 
 resist the temptation to indulge in intoxicating drinks. 
 
 Cleanliness. — The nurse should not only keep the room clean, but 
 always be clean herself. A very little thing will spoil the appetite of a 
 eick person, and nothing offensive, as dressings from wounds or burns, 
 Bhould be allowed to remain in the room. All necessary vessels should 
 be emptied as soon as done with, well washed out, and left in the open 
 air. It should be remembered that bad air is just as poisonous to a per- 
 son as bad food, and hence it should be frequently changed by opening 
 the window. The dreaded draft will do no harm, but bears upon its 
 wings the elements conducive to the health of both patient and attend- 
 ants. The fever-poison is weakened by admixture with pure air just in 
 the same proportion as spirits are weakened by the addition of water. 
 The food that the patient cannot eat should not be left in the room — it 
 will breed distaste for it if always in the sight of the patient. The 
 drinking-water should be frequently changed, as it absorbs all the gases 
 in the room, so that if the patient is allowed to drink it, it actually puts 
 back into his stomach what his body exhaled. Always give him fresh 
 water, then, when he wants to drink. 
 
 Firmness. — The lesson that firmness is not rudeness should be learned 
 first. It is not to be expected that a suffering person knows as well 
 what is best for him as those whose brains are clear. If, therefore, a 
 certain thing is best to be done, do it, do it kindly, but do it, and the 
 patient will thank you afterwards. 
 
 Gentleness. — It shoiild never be forgotten that gentleness is an abso- 
 lute requirement of a nurse. If the poor patient suffers from rheuma- 
 tism or a broken liml), and the bed-clothes must be changed, it should 
 be done gently, and all needless suffering avoided. If his position in
 
 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 211 
 
 bed requires change, do not torture him, but gently move him, and 
 avoid all jerks and knocks with great care. 
 
 Patience. — Need a word be said to the effect that of all beings nurses 
 should especially be patient ? It should never be forgotten that the dif- 
 ference is a great one between the nurse and the person under his or her 
 care, and it should be remembered that in their own experiences they 
 have been cross and irritable even when they were well, that they were 
 easily pvit out, and so peevish and fretful from the slightest causes. 
 They should then consider how it must be wdth the person taken sud- 
 denly from active life and compelled to lie still in one position, or with 
 one whose whole body is racked with pain. The one, therefore, who 
 loses patience, however sorely tried, and who cannot bear with these 
 trials for a while, should stay away from the sick-room in the capacity 
 of nurse. 
 
 Nursing, in a great measure, is a natural gift either in man or woman, 
 just as much as music, painting, and other things are. It is not every 
 one, therefore, who is fit for a nurse, not because they wilfully do 
 wrong, but they are not adapted for it. There are many good-hearted 
 yet thoughtless people who would never make good, handy nurses witli 
 all the training in the world. 
 
 The awkward nurse is a queer creature, and she is everlastingly get- 
 ting into some trouble. If she is going up stairs with her hands full, 
 she is sure to step on the bottom of her dress, and either drops what 
 she is carrying or falls herself. If the fire wants coal, she throws on a 
 whole scuttleful, a good part of which falls upon the fender, and the 
 poor patient is so terrified that he cannot rest for hours. If she has a 
 hole in her dress, or a bit of braid is loose, it will be sure to catch a 
 chair or the fire-irons, bringing them down with a rattle. If of matronly 
 age and wears caps, she will have strings so long that when she stoops 
 over to catch the patient's whisper, the ends will tickle his nose or other 
 parts of his face. At least one of her fingers is sure to be enveloped in 
 a rag tied on with black cotton. If the patient wants a little bread and 
 butter, the knife that has been used for cutting cheese or peeling onions 
 is unerringly used. If she is cooking cabbage or frying bacon in the 
 next room, she always forgets to close the door leading to the patient's 
 room, fills it with a strong smell which sickens him, and then says that 
 it is too bad that the patient caimot eat a morsel of food. If the patient 
 thirsts, she will fill the glass full to the brim, put her hand under his 
 head, bend his neck till his chin toucheathis breast, then puts the glass 
 to his lips, spills a good i^art of it on his clothes, and thinks he is very 
 awkward to choke over a mouthful of water. If a candle is to be 
 lighted, she sticks it in between the bars of the grate, which soon fiUs 
 the room with the rank smell of biuTiing tallow, and when she finally 
 succeeds ui lighting it, she finds she has a wick several inches long,
 
 212 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 
 
 gained at the expense of the melted tallow ; or if it be gas, she takes a 
 Bhort bit of paper, turns the gas full on, makes a sudden blaze like a 
 flash of lightning, forgcjts the bit of paper in her hand while she is regu- 
 lating the blaze, bums her fingers, throws the lighted paper on th'^ 
 floor, and puts her foot on it. All this doec not escape the patient's 
 notice, and he gets so nervous and frightened that he loses his night's 
 rest. If the patient is so far convalescent as to be able to sit up in bed 
 to take his food, she will, of course, put the tray on his knees, then 
 assist him into the sitting posture, and ten chances to one the things 
 are upset all over the counterpane. 
 
 Then there is the f^isny rmrse, and there are many of this sort. Hei 
 zeal to benefit the patient is so great, that she sadly overdoes it : she 
 bustles in and out of the room every few minutes, wearies the patient 
 by persistently asking him if he cannot eat something, which she would 
 willingly walk miles to get if wanted, raising him up, tucking in the 
 bed clothes, drawing up and lowering the blinds ; one, in fact, who is 
 perfectly miserable if she is not constantly on the move. The fussy 
 nurse is generally a kind-hearted, loving creature, and it is her very 
 goodness which makes her weary the patient, who congratulates him- 
 Belf on the relief gained whenever she vacates the room. 
 
 Then we have the careless, slovenly nurse. Doctors are always sus- 
 picious of this person ; they can never feel sure that their patients reblly 
 Lad the right quantity of medicine ; if she happened to remember it 
 they would get it, but if not, she would make up for it by giving a 
 double dose next time. There is no clean glass or cup when wanted. 
 Food is taken to the patient, and if he cannot eat it, it is left there for 
 hours. There are so many crumbs of bread in the bed that it feels to 
 the patient hke lying on a gx-avel walk. Cinders cover the hearth all 
 over, and the fire is black. The slops, which should have been removed 
 in the evening, are hid under the bed, filling the room with bad smells. 
 Those bits of meat, crumbs of bread, and other matters which have 
 fallen on the floor are left there ; the consequence is, that being winter, 
 the mice and perhaps rats finding a wann room and something to eat, 
 think it a comfortable place, and use it accordingly. No one can im- 
 agine the degree of comfort these scampering animals afford to the 
 helpless creature in bed. 
 
 Next we have the cruel nurse, who does her duty, but not from love ; 
 she carries out the doctor's orders exactly. In matter of duty she is 
 iullt;xiblc ; if the medicine has to be taken at a certain time, she brings 
 it to the minute, and worries the patient into taking it on the instant. 
 Her law in all things is like that of the Medes and Persians, which 
 altereth not. She may be perfectly honest in her dealings, but the 
 utter absence of tenderness and compassion makes her an undesirable 
 nurse.
 
 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 213 
 
 And lastly, we have wliat I tmst is a very rare character, the dis7ione.it 
 nurse. She drinks all the wine, and partakes pretty freely of the food 
 intended for the patient, and tells the doctor that the patient ought to 
 get better according to the quantity of nourishment he gets through. 
 She is also dishonest in another way : she finds it a great deal of trouble 
 to make the patient take his medicine, so she just empties it away, a 
 regular dose at a time, so that when the doctor calls, he may see that 
 the bottle is gradually emptying. 
 
 AH these characters are to be met with, and doctors find one or more 
 of them in various sick-rooms every day. Now, it is not well to be too 
 exacting in such matters, but as a good nurse is, next to a good physici.an, 
 necessary to properly combat disease, it is well to object to what are 
 positive faults. 
 
 A good nurse should be tender and compassionate, and ought to have 
 all her five senses in a healthy, active condition. SigJit., that she may 
 be able to read directions, or read aloud to the patient, and watch the 
 change of countenance. A quick-sighted nurse will not need to wait 
 for the sufferer to make his demands ; she wiU see in a moment what is 
 wanted from the motion of the eye, or the lips, or a finger. Hearing., 
 that she may be able to catch the faintest whisper, and not oblige a 
 weak patient to exert the voice or repeat liis requests. Feeling, that 
 she may readily detect the temperature of the skin of the patient, and 
 not use any application which will either scald with heat or chill with 
 oold. Smell, that all impurities in the atmosphere of the room may be 
 readily detected. Taste, that she may not ofEer food unfit to be used, 
 or improperly cooked if good in itself. 
 
 She need not be highly educated, biit she should be able to read 
 writing, so that she can fully understand the directi(5ns on the labels. 
 She ought to have a knowledge of common and every-day affairs, and 
 possess the qualification of "common sense." But she must not place 
 too high a valuation on her own opinion or skill, as that may cause her 
 to use either in opposition to the wishes of the doctor. She must dc 
 everything for the patient that she can, and deal with the doctor fairly.
 
 214 THE COMPLETE IIEKBALIST. 
 
 PAET II. 
 
 DISEASES. 
 
 The great difficulty of treating disease, by those who are not physicians, 
 5s the liability to mistake the character of the affection, being unable 
 through obscurity of the symptoms to ascertain the organ or tissue af- 
 fected. Without entering minutely into diagnosis, the author wiU en- 
 deavor to simpHfy the study of morbid conditions of the human body, 
 BO that the unscientific may more readily ascertain the disease and apply 
 the appropriate remedy or treatment. 
 
 1. General condition pertaining to : 
 
 a. Temperature and dryness of skin. 
 
 b. Condition of pulse— full and quick, or slow and weak. 
 
 c. Appearance of tongue. ^ 
 
 d. State of bowels and kidneys. "^ 
 
 e. Desire for food and drink. • ^ 
 
 2. The general ajipearance of the patient. 
 
 a. Size — emaciation or increase, general or local. 
 
 b. Aspect of face or expression. 
 
 c. Changes of color of skin. 
 
 3. The position or posture. 
 
 a. In bed — the manner of lying, on the back or either side, quiet, 
 
 restless, etc. 
 b Out of bed — posture, gait, stifEness, loss of power of limbs, etc. 
 
 4 The sensations of the patient. 
 
 Whenever any of these conditions are at variance with the normal 
 state, the presumption, or rather certainty, is that some organ or tissue 
 is assailed by disease. Some of the general indications of the patient 
 in many cases often make known the character of the affection, when 
 not suggested by other symptoms. For instance, the skin is remarka- 
 bly moist and soft in delirium tremens ; the perspiration profuse and 
 sour in acute rheumatism ; exhaustmg sweats in the latter stages of 
 consumption or profuse suppuration ; the crackling f eehng of emphy- 
 sema, and the pitting under pressure in droi)sy. 
 
 The pulse is hard and wiry in abdominal inllanunations ; in acute 
 hydrocephalus its frequency is very great, slow and labored in brain dis- 
 eases, irregular in disease of the heart, almost imperceptible in cholera 
 or in the latter stages of the low fevers.
 
 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 215 
 
 The tongue covered with a thin white layer is indicative of disorder 
 of the stomach ; when patchy, the stomach is considerably irritated , 
 when yellow, the patient is bilious ; when shining, glazed, and chapped, 
 it indicates long -continued inflammation or ulceration of the bowels; 
 aphthous patches indicate imperfect nutrition, etc. 
 
 In cholera the stools resemble rice-water ; when clay-colored, it de- 
 notes a deficiency of bUe ; when yeast-Uke, fermentation takes place in- 
 stead of digestion. 
 
 The urine is dark-colored in fevers, very limpid and abundant ia 
 hysteria, scanty ui dropsies, acid in rheumatism. 
 
 The aspect is often very significant. In scrofula the comers of the 
 nose and lips are swollen, iu chlorosis a waxy pallor is observed, in 
 malignant diseases a sallow hue, in heart-diseases a blue color of the 
 lips, in pneumonia a dusky flush, ia phthisis a hectic flush. When the 
 expression is anxious, it indicates disease of the heart and dyspnoea ; 
 when i^inched and contracted, there is much suffering, as in the low 
 forms of fever ; the skin is white in anasmia, yeUow in jaundice and 
 malignant cases ; it has a muddy hue in splenic diseases, blue in cholera, 
 and livid in commencing mortification. 
 
 If the patient's head is elevated by choice in bed, it denotes heart-dis- 
 ease ; when he is very feeble he Lies on his back ; in peritonitis the knees 
 are drawn up ; in cramps or pain of the abdomen, he Ues on his side. 
 
 In order that the reader raay not have a confused idea of what ia 
 meant by inflammation, I will describe it insomuch as to give its 
 jihenomena. These are redness, heat, swelling, and pain. When all 
 these are present it constitutes inflammation. When a fever or disease 
 partakes of this character, it is inflammatory. Chronic inflammation is 
 characterized by aU the essential conditions of the acute f onn, differing, 
 however, in this, by being preceded through all its changes with symp- 
 toms so mild that it is only after a certain time that the jiatient is much 
 inconvenienced constitutionally. Inflammation always denotes increase 
 of activity of the vascular system. When of a localized character, the in- 
 crease is noticed in the capfllary circulation ; when general, as m fevers, 
 or of some important organ, the whole circulatory apparatus is abnor- 
 mally active 
 
 Ml\smatic Fevers. 
 
 These, as signified by name, owe their origin to, or are caused by, a pe- 
 culiar principle to wliich the name of malaria or miasm has been given. 
 Of the chemical nature of miasm we literally know nothing ; but we 
 have abimdant evidence that it is a specific cause of disease. There are, 
 practically, two kinds of malaria : First, koino-miasmata, the product 
 of vegetable decomposition, or terrestrial emanations ; second, Idio-mias- 
 mata, tho deleterous etfluvia originating from the decomposition of
 
 216 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 
 
 matter derived from the human body. Both of these are prolific causes 
 of disease, jot the profession, owing to the subtile nature of the miasms, 
 are in a great degree ignorant as to the manner of operation. These 
 two causes may act separately, and produce their different symptoms, 
 or they may operate together, causing a confusion of morbid phe- 
 nomena. 
 
 ''Marsh gas," or the product of vegetable decomposition, owing to 
 its diversification, is of course the greater cause of disease. Two re- 
 quisites, heat and moistiu'e, are necessary for its production ; .and 
 hence, where these abound in any quantity, so proportionably is the 
 miasm evolved. For this reason, low, marshy lands are at certain sea- 
 sons very unhealthy, while those regions at a greater elevation are pecu- 
 liarly healthy in this respect. Wherever vegetation is profuse, and to 
 which abundant heat and moisture are contributed, there we mny 
 reasonably expect a plentiful product of miasm and consequent disease. 
 Experiments have proved that in decomposition of vegetable matter, 
 animal matter — infusoria — is produced in very rapid succession, having 
 an exceedingly short-lived existence. These infusoria are inhaled at 
 every breath, as the air contains swanns of them, but which are imper- 
 ceptible to any of the senses. It is reasonable to suppose that they, in 
 a great measure, contribute largely to periodic fevers. The^diseasea 
 generally classed as Malarial are Intermittent, Remittent, Yellow,' \ind 
 Tyjihus Fevers. ^ 
 
 Intermittent Fever. 
 
 This is commonly called Fever and Ague, or Chills and Fever. As 
 the name implies, the fever is not constant, as in the continual fevers, 
 but inteimits, so that in its career there are well-marked periods of ab- 
 sence of febrile symptoms. It is a fever characterized by a succession 
 of attacks, with equal intervals and intermissions, that are complete, 
 but irregular, owing to the paroxysms being of uncertain duration. By 
 t?^ it' ;v;ans meant the time from the beginning of one paroxysm to the 
 beginning of the next, and by intermission the period of time between 
 the close of one paroxysm to the beginning of the next. The length of 
 the interval detei-mincs the variety of ague. When the interval i.s 
 twenty-four hours, it is called quutidinn ; thirty-six hours, tertian ; and 
 when seventy-two hours, it is called quartan. These varieties dupli- 
 cate, and are then call< d double quotidian, etc. 
 
 The disease is announced by a paroxysm which has three stages, 
 the cold, the hot, and the sweating. The cold stage is well marked ; 
 the i)aticnt yawns, has a feeling of weakness, stretches, no appetite, 
 and no inclination to move. Paleness is observed in the face and ex« 
 treinities ; the patient shakes, the teeth chatter, and the skin shrinks, 
 causing horripilation or "goose-flesh."
 
 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 217 
 
 When bhis stage declines, the hot stage comes on, which is character- 
 ized by a high fever. This is followed by the sweating stage, which 
 increases from a mere moisture at first to a profuse perspiration. After 
 this the body returns to its natui-al temperature, and apparent health 
 returns. 
 
 Dui-ing the cold stage the circulation is thrown upon the internal or- 
 gans, the spleen becomes congested, which organ is enlarged, causing 
 what is known as the ague cake. 
 
 A quotidian begins generally in the morning, a tertian at noon, and a 
 quartan in the afternoon. The cold stage is shortest in the quotidian, 
 and longest in the quartan. Intermittent fever is more common in the 
 spring and autumn than at other seasons of the year, and ta fall more 
 severe and dangerous. 
 
 Treatment. —Commence treatment with a cathartic, as senna or the 
 Renovating Pill. In the cold stage give hot drinks, and even stimulants 
 may be of service. Induce warmth and comfort by extra covering, 
 foot-baths, bottles filled with hot water applied to the surface, etc. In 
 the hot stage, cooling drinks and anything that mollifies febrile action. 
 
 When an intermission ensues, administer Peruvian bark, or, prefera- 
 bly, one of its active principles, quinine. This can be given in a large 
 dose, or smaller doses repeated. Fifteen grains may be given at once or 
 in successive doses. It may be taken in pills or in solution with elixir 
 of vitriol. Quinine is a specific in this disease, and it rarely ever fails 
 in curing every case, if the patient be placed under its influence. Pecu- 
 liar head symptoms and buzzing in the ears denote the influence of this 
 admirable remedy. My experience has not taught me that there is 
 much danger in an overdose, and I consider it more or less harmless ; 
 yet, like every other remedy, it must be judiciously and intelligently 
 administered. The web of the black spider rolled up in five-grain piUs, 
 and taken, one pill at a time every two hours, is a valuable domestic 
 remedy. Decoctions of dogwood bark are successful in many cases j so 
 also of the bark of the tulip tree. 
 
 Remittent Fever. 
 
 This is commonly called B'dlovs Fever. It is a disease whose attack 
 is generally sudden and well marked, without prominent premonitory 
 symptoms, if any, at all times. There is sense of languor and debility 
 for a few days previous to the onset ; slight headache, lack of appetite, 
 furred tongue, bitter taste in the mouth in the morning, pain in the 
 joints, and a feeling of uneasiness. 
 
 The first onset is announced by a rigor or chill, distinct in character, 
 
 though generally brief and sometimes slight, but at times severe and 
 
 prolonged. Sometimes the chill is first felt in the feet ; at other times 
 
 commences at the shoulder-blades, or in the back, running from thence 
 
 10
 
 218 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 
 
 througli the whole body. Usually there is but one well-marked chill ; 
 the paroxysms of fever returning subsequently, and seldom preceded by 
 a cold stage. 
 
 The symptoms of this disease intensify at certain periods of the day ; 
 preceded occasionally, but not generally, by a chill. Between this 
 period of severity in the febrile symptoms and a similar period follow- 
 ing there is generally a decrease in the violence of the symptoms, dur- 
 ing which the fever moderates, but does not, as in intermittent fever, 
 totally disappear. It remits in severity, and hence the name. The 
 pulse in the hot stage ranges from one hundred to one hundred and 
 thirty. The pains in the head, back, and limbs are almost insufferable. 
 The covering of the tongue is yellowish or dirty white, and in severe 
 cases, in the advanced stage, the tongue is parched, brown or nearly 
 black in the centre, and red at the edges. Food is distasteful, and 
 nausea and vomiting ensue, with frequently pain, upon pressure, in the 
 epigastrium. The bowels are at first costive, but become loose, and the 
 fajces are dark and offensive. 
 
 Treatment. — Give an emetic or cathartic in the formative stage. 
 When the disease is fully developed, sponge the body all over several 
 times a day with cold or tepid water, whichever is most grateful to the 
 patient, and give cooling drinks, as the effervescing draught. \Vhen 
 the fever is high, moderate it with tincture or fluid extract of ^een 
 hellebore, in doses of from three to ten drops. Dover's powder should 
 be given as a diaphoretic. Ice-water can be drunk at pleasure. A 
 mustard poultice should be placed over the pit of the stomach when- 
 ever tenderness exists. 
 
 Quinine is the great remedy in this disease also, and should be admin- 
 istered in the same manner as advised in fever and ague. It is to be 
 given in a remission. ■\\'henever the fever has been subdued by large 
 doses of quinine, its administration should not be abniptly ceased, but 
 be continued in smaller or tonic doses for several weeks af tei-ward. 
 
 There is a form of fever called Vongtstive. It is also called pcrnicioits 
 fever. It is not essentially remittent, but may also be intermittent in 
 character. The congestion may only operate upon one of the internal 
 organs, or upon all of them. Congestion may ensue in the earlier or 
 later stage of the disease. There is usually congestion of the brain, 
 and profound stupor follows. It assumes all types of periodic fevers, 
 but is more frequently quotidian or tertian. The first attack generally 
 simulates a simple attack of intermittent, and excites but little atten- 
 tion. The second attack is severe, producing great coldness, and the 
 patient has a deathlike hue of face and extremities. As the disease 
 advances, the heat of the skin becomes pungent. The skin also be- 
 comes dry, husky, and parched, followed, after a time, by a cold, 
 clammy sensation. The eyes ore dull and watery, and at times glsissy ,
 
 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 219 
 
 the countenance dull, sleepy, and distressed ; the tongue trembles upon 
 protmsion, indicating weakness, and is at first covered with whitish fur, 
 which changes to either brown or black ; the breathing is difficult, and 
 inspirations often thirty to the minute. Pressure over the liver, stom- 
 ach, or bowels occasions pain ; and the mind is often disturbed, and falls 
 into lethargy and stupor, or is delirious. 
 
 The treatment is the same as in remittent fever. Quinine and the 
 other remedies are of the some signal service. In stupor friction is 
 to be made along the course of the spine with spirits of turpentine or 
 ammonia. 
 
 In convalescence the diet must be light and nutritious, and as strength 
 returns may be increased. Exercise out of doors should be encouraged. 
 If recovery be slow, it should be hastened by wine, ale, or brandy, and 
 the usual vegetable tonics. 
 
 Any i^ersou who is suffering from almost a continuity of the disease, 
 or the so-called chronic form of malarial fever, desirous of correspond- 
 ing with me on the subject, I should be most happy to reply to, for in 
 the vast and beneficent domain of Herbalism there are many remedies 
 that can be advised as curative, to mention which would occupy too 
 much space in a volume of this size. We can be eclectic in Nature's 
 laboratory. 
 
 Yellow-Fever. 
 
 The first symptoms of this fever seem identical with remittent, often 
 well marked by periodicity, but finally reaction occurs, and it assumes 
 a typhoid character. The disease is ushered in generally with a chill, 
 Bcvere at times, though usually moderate, of short duration, and rarely 
 repeated. The chill is followed by slight fever, with increased heat of 
 surface ; but this rarely rises to any considerable height, and continues 
 only for two or three days, when, in cases likely to prove fatal, it is suc- 
 ceeded by coldness of surface, etc. Sweating exists in many cases. 
 The pulse is singular in character, but rarely rises above a hundred ; 
 the tongue is moist and white for the first few days, but as the disease 
 advances it becomes red, smooth, shining, and dry, having a black 
 streak in the middle. The most prominent symptoms are nausea and 
 vomiting. In fatal cases the vomiting is persistent, and towards the 
 termination the green biUary matter thrown up changes to a thin black 
 fluid, having a sediment like the grounds of coft'ee. This is the terrible 
 Mack vomit (vomita-nigra) of yellow-fever. The bowels are generally 
 costive, and the abdomen tender upon pressure. Severe headache 
 generally exists, and the countenance bears a singular expression, in 
 which a smile seems to play upon the Lips, but the rest of the face bears 
 a wild or sad look. Restlessness is common to this disease night and 
 day. Blood often escapes from the nose, gums, ears, atomach, bo.wels,
 
 220 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 
 
 and urinary passaf^es. The skin bears a tinged color similar to that in 
 jaundice. The disease appears both endemicaUy and epidemically. At 
 first the disease is hard to recognize, presenting but the usual symp- 
 toms of fevers in their incipient stage, with no symptoms to distinguish 
 the disease, or, if any, very obscure ; but when the severe pain in the 
 back and loins exists, the conjunctiva injected, and a red flush of the 
 face and forehead is present, the identity of the disease is no longer in 
 doubt, especially when extraneous circumstances, calculated to suggest 
 the probabihty of an attack of yellow-fever, are also present. 
 
 Tkeatment.— In the early stage of the attack it should be treated 
 as regards medicines, the same as a case of malarial fever. If any de- 
 rangement of the stomach exists, a gentle emetic is proper ; this rouses 
 the nervous system from its lethargy, promotes the action of the liver 
 and, by determining the blood to the surface, restores the capillary cir- 
 culation. The best emetic for this purpose is lobelia combined with 
 boneset. The febrile stage requires a thorough bath with tepid water 
 and whiskey over the entire surface, ■w'ith friction by rubbing with a 
 towel or the hand. Large mustard-poultices should be placed over the 
 spine and abdomen. Immediately upon the decline of fever if the 
 symptoms denote urgency, administer the antiijeriodic remedies advised 
 in intermittent and remittent fever. The sulphate of quiniq, may be 
 combined with tannin, because the astringent properties of the tahuin 
 have a beneficial eft'ect in subduing inflammatory action of the mucous 
 membranes. This remedy should not be delayed a moment if the pa- 
 tient is in a period of prostration, and its retention by the stomach 
 should be favored by anod;yTies, carminatives, or stimulants, as the case 
 may require. Oil of turpentine and Cayenne pepper can also be com- 
 bined with advantage m this disease. The strength of the patient must 
 be supported by every means that can be employed— gruel and weak 
 animal broths, bread-water, my nutritive fluids, milk and water, etc 
 are important means for this object. The revulsive influence of a 
 blister over the stomach is of great service in this stage. If reaction i.s 
 induced and convalescence established, the remaining strength of the 
 patient must be carefuUy husbanded by proper tonics and wholesome 
 and digestible diet, increasing the. quantity as the patient gams strength, 
 All exposed to yellow-fever should avoid the night-air and sudden 
 changes of temperature ; they should sleep in the highest part of the 
 house ; be moderate in taking exercise ; they should take nutritious but 
 not stimulating food, and never expose themselves to mfccted air with 
 empty stomachs or when fatigued. 
 
 Typhus Fever. 
 This is also called Hospital, Jail, Camp, Putrid, and Skip Fever. It 
 is usuaUy preceded by lassitude, debility, and loss of appetite, and
 
 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 221 
 
 nshered in by rigors and chills, and characterized by frequent exacerba- 
 tions and declines during its progress. It generally presents itself as 
 an epidemic, and runs a ixniform course. From the third to the seventh 
 day of the fever the peculiar petechial eruption occurs. It is of a florid, 
 reddish, or reddish-pink color, disappearing on pressure, which distin- 
 guishes it from the petechite of typhoid. The breathing is hurried, the 
 skin dry and hot, the tongue thickly coated, and the thirst urgent. 
 There is great distress about the head, which often results in delirium. 
 This stage of excitement continues generally, with little increase or 
 abatement in the symptoms, for some time. The fever is greatest 
 towards evening, least in the morning. The bowels are generally cos- 
 tive, and if it continues for some time, all the secretions become vitiated, 
 the body exhaling a nauseous odor, and the tongue, gums, and teeth 
 become coated with a dark-brown slime. Collapse generally follows, 
 voluntary powers depressed, surface relaxed, and diminished in temper- 
 ature, often covered with a clammy sweat ; pulse small and tremulous. 
 The tongue becomes black and dry, voice faint, breathing short, feeble, 
 and very anxious. The mental functions become greatly disordered, 
 the patient is restless and fearful, his delirium is low-muttering, and he 
 lies in a state of stupor from which he can be scarcely aroused. Often 
 an initatlng cough is present, coming on as if in convulsive paroxysms. 
 In this stage of collapse the patient is disposed to lie on his back, with 
 his feet dra^vn up, and there is a great tendency in his body to slide 
 towards the foot of the bed. As the disease progresses, aU the symp   
 toms of prostration increase. A convulsive motion of the tendons, as 
 as in typhoid, is observed ; his stupor becomes fixed ; hiccough, in- 
 voluntary discharges from the bowels, a cadaverous smell of the body, 
 generally occur towards the close of the disease. Death, in violent 
 cases, is generally preceded by extreme prostration, cold, clammy 
 sweats, involuntary fecal discharges, and a discharge of grumous blood 
 from the mouth, nose, and anus ; or by convulsions. 
 
 This is a contagious disease, and emphatically one of poverty and low 
 life. 
 
 Treatment. — Place the patient in a well-ventilated apartment, wash 
 the body with soap and water, and give an emetic and cathartic, if the 
 patient's condition requires it. Then give quinine in two or three grain 
 doses every two or three hours, until its effects are observable. Con- 
 trol the fever with veratmm, as advised in typhoid cases. If great 
 prostration is jaresent, add capsicum or prickly-ash to the quinine, which 
 should be continxied in regular doses throughout the greater part of the 
 course of the disease. A decoction of ladies'-slipper, or, preferably, cy- 
 pripedta, in two or three grain doses every two hours, should be given 
 in delirium or tendinous convulsions. Support the strength with iced- 
 milk, chicken-broth, beef -tea, milk-punch, etc. The bladder should re-
 
 222 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 
 
 ceive attention, and, if distended, should be evacuated by the influence 
 of a sitz-bath, or by a catheter. In cases of cerebro-spinal congestions, 
 make counter-irritations along the course of the spine, apply cold water 
 to the head, and bottles of hot water to the feet. Convalescence is to 
 be aided by the proper tonics, as golden-seal, columbo, etc., and com- 
 plete repose should be allowed to the convalescent. 
 
 ERUPTIVE OR EXANTHEIMATOUS FEVERS. 
 
 These are all characterized by fever and the usual constitutional dis- 
 turbances, together with an eruption or exanthem distinguishing each 
 variety. They owe their origin to animal or vegetable malaria, or both 
 combined, and the peculiarities of this class are, that they, when once 
 affecting the system, render the patient comparatively exempt from any 
 future attack of the disease. 
 
 Typhoh) Fever. 
 
 This is a very insidious disease, its commencement being scarcely per- 
 ceptible. The patient has a sense of indisposition, but is unable to de- 
 scribe his condition. He feels slight debility, a dull and heavy feeling 
 in the head, which increases and terminates in violent frontal headache. 
 At full development of the disease, the limbs are weak, accompanied by 
 lameness, and sometimes rheumatic pain. The bowels may at li^st be 
 constipated, but in a few days the tendency is to diarrhoea. The pulse 
 is quickened, a creei^ing, chilly sensation is felt, and the skin is dry and 
 warm. The tongue is but slightly coated, and the appetite often 
 remains until' the disease is fully developed. After the full develop- 
 ment, a number of small vesicles, called sudammw, may be observed on 
 the abdomen. They are small, and may escape notice unless carefully 
 observed. On the fifth day after the occurrence of these, another erup- 
 tion occurs, which consists of small red or purple spots, resembling tlea- 
 bites. These spots are called petechiw. If these are observed, the dis- 
 ease is unmistakably typhoid fever. "WTien the abdomen is percussed, 
 it yields a drum-like resonance, and a gurgling may be heard on the 
 right side, a little below the navel. Nervous symptoms arise, frequently 
 delirium, great pain in different parts of the body, stupor, and a buzzmg 
 noise in the head are often complained of. The tongue becomes red, 
 and is protruded with much difficulty, pulse increases, eyes have a 
 watery appearance, and remain partly open when asleep. The breath- 
 ing becomes difficult, mouth half open, and a black substance (soi'den) 
 collects on the teeth. The urine becomes nearly suppressed, and has a 
 dark-red appearance. The bowels bloat, and evaciiations of frothy and 
 watery excrement are frequent. If the disease is about to terminate vmf a- 
 vorably, the patient becomes stupid, with low, muttering delirium, his 
 muscles jerk, hiccoughs, picks at bed-clothes, and labors mxder profound
 
 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST, 223 
 
 coma. The anatomical character of this disease is ulceration of certain 
 glands, called Peyerian, of the intestines, which are sometimes perforat- 
 ed by the process, when, of course, death inevitably follows. The course 
 of the disease is from 11 to 21 days. 
 
 Treatment. — If the disease is suspected, the patient should be placed 
 in bed, and his bowels evacuated by warm-water injections, if costive. 
 If indigestible food is contained in his stomach, an emetic of lobeUa 
 should be administered. Rice-gruel should then be given. The tinc- 
 ture of American Hellebore should, on the approach of the febrile parox- 
 ysm, be given until the pulse becomes less frequent, and perspiration 
 ensues. Lye and slipperv'-elm poultices should be applied to the abdo- 
 men as long as bowel symptoms prove troublesome. Quinine and Hy- 
 drastin should be exhibited, with a view to overcome the periodicity of 
 the fever. At the same time a cold infusion of marsh mallow, acacia, 
 and flax-seed, should be taken. Apply cold water to the head, and keep 
 the feet warm. Control the fever throughout its whole course with the 
 veratrum or aconite. If the patient is restless and unable to sleep, give 
 a little morphine in a decoction of Ladies'-slipper. If the diarrhoea is 
 persistent, let the patient take a decoction of rhus and cranes-bill. 
 When the red tongue is noticed, administer the spirits of tixrpentine, in 
 from six to ten drop doses, three or four times a day. Beef-tea, brandy, 
 etc., should be given to support the strength through the course of the 
 disease. During convalescence care shotdd be taken that the patient 
 does not eat hearty food. Convalescence should be assisted by golden- 
 seal and other tonics. The danger in the treatment of this disease is 
 over-medication, and hence only such agents as are chemically called 
 for should be given, and the patient's strength well supported through- 
 out the course of the fever. 
 
 Diphtheria. 
 
 Diphtheria is scarcely more than a modification of scarlet fever. The 
 patient first complains of lassitude, headache, loss of appetite, has 
 rigors and chills, active and quick pulse, a light furred tongue, red- 
 ness of the back of mouth, enlargement of the glands about the neck, 
 a hot, dry, and pungent skin, and in most cases an exudation upon the 
 mucous surfaces of the upper air-passages. This soon becomes or- 
 ganized into a tough, white membrane, covering the soft palate and 
 tonsils. These sometimes degenerate into ulcers. The breathing in 
 consequence of this membrane becomes hurried and difficult, pulse 
 quick, and frequently the asphyxia ensuing ends in death ; it generally 
 reigns as an epidemic and is regarded as contagious. 
 
 Treatment. — The first step in the treatment should be a thorough 
 emetic and an active cathartic ; free perspiration should be produced 
 by aconite or veratrum, and the kidneys should be kept in vigorous
 
 224 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 
 
 operation. Flannel cloths, wet with the compound tincture of capsi- 
 cum, myrrh, and lobelia, should be apj^lied to the neck, changed every 
 half hour, and applied as hot as the patient can bear it. Jugs of hot 
 water should be applied to the feet. The iullammatiou of the throat 
 should be subdued by a gargle of a hot decoction of golden-seal. If 
 the disease assumes an unfavorable aspect, give a powder containing 
 one grain of quinine, one-half grain of capsicum, and one grain of hy- 
 drastin every two hours. If the patches ulcerate, use a gargle of su- 
 mach and wild indigo. For the difficulty of breathing give sanguinaria 
 and lobelia in emetic doses for the purpose of di.slodging the membrane. 
 The secretions should be increased even to ptyalisra by irisin, the effect 
 of which will be to overcome the adhesiveness of the membrane. The 
 " Herbal Ointment " used for this purpose, and also to subdue the local 
 inflammation, acts specifically and should be used in all cases. 
 
 During convalescence the diet should be nutritious, and baths, fresh 
 air, and a liberal amount of fresh fruits ordered. 
 
 Small-Pox ( Variola). 
 
 The symptoms are divided into four periods. The period of invasion oc- 
 cupies about three days, and is marked by languor, lassitude, restlessness, 
 stretching, gaping, petulance, sullen mood ; these are followed by Ghills 
 and rigors. Towards evening the skin becomes hot and dry, pain ati^icks 
 the head, loss of appetite, nausea, and frequently lumbago. On the 
 third day, heat, fever, flushed face, headache, and in ehil<lren some- 
 times convulsions. The period of eruption commences on the fourth day 
 (often on the third), with the appearance of a series of small red circular 
 points (papula;). They do not rise above the surface then, but can be 
 Been in it, and felt by the finger. They are situated in the substance 
 of the skin, and roll about uuder the finger, the size that of a small pin's 
 head. These gradually enlarge, the patient in the mean time sufEerihg 
 severely, until the period of suppuration arrives. The fever is now- 
 great, the hands, feet, and face swell, and salivation is profuse and con- 
 stant. There is hoar.seucss and pain, and the saliva emits a most dis- 
 agreeable odor. Then comes the period of recovery. The pustules 
 scab, the fever and other unpleasant symptoms gradually disappear, 
 and. if all goes right, the danger is over from the twelfth to the fif- 
 teenth day after the eruption. 
 
 WTiat is known as cmjhient small-pox is when the pustnlus are very 
 numerous and running together ; and when all the symptoms are very 
 severe, the disease is known as m<dii/iiaiit. Variola patients emit a 
 peculiar fetid odor, which is characteristic, and distinguishes it from 
 Varioloid. 
 
 Tri;.\t.\ii:nt.— An active purge should be given at the outset. For 
 this puipose a combination like the " Ileiiovatiug Pills" should be
 
 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 225 
 
 selected, as the catharsis produced is thorough and unattended with 
 subsequent debility or costiveness. Diaphoretics should be given to 
 promote early appearance of the eruption. The patient should be 
 placed ia a cool and well-ventilated room, and frequently sponged with 
 tepid water. Not much treatment of a medicinal character is required. 
 The fever should be controlled by aconite or veratrum, as in all active 
 fevers. If complicated with pneumonia, pleurisy, etc., the treatment 
 necessary is such as is advised in those diseases. Pitting to a great 
 extent may be avoided by sweet-oU applied to hands and face. 
 
 Varioloid is but modified small-pox. It has all the essential charac- 
 teristics of the dLsease except its virulence. The treatment is the same 
 as advised for small pox. 
 
 The utility of vacciaation is a mooted question. It has unquestion- 
 ably done great harm, as in many cases scrofulous and syphilitic taints 
 have been implanted. Aside from this, however, it has been the means 
 of almost banishing the dreadful plague from existence, and its practice 
 should be encouraged. Great care, however, should be exercised in 
 the selection of the vaccine virus, so that its purity is unquestionably 
 established before being used as an agent of prevention. 
 
 Chicken Pox {Varicella). 
 
 This is a very mild eruptive disease, characterized by a shght fever 
 of short duration, aud followed by vesicles which desquamate about the 
 fifth or sixth day. The fever is sometimes ushered in by slight rigors, 
 though there is seldom any chill. There is often headache, and vomit- 
 ing occasionally. The eruption appears in one or two days after the 
 inauguration of the fever. It consists of red spots at first, which 
 quickly become vesicular, and are frequently attended with itching. 
 
 Treatment. — Very little treatment i^ required, except incases of 
 feeble vitality, when the disease often assumes a severe character. In 
 such cases the stomach and bowels should be well cleansed, the surface 
 sponged with hot water, and the fever controlled with arterial sedatives. 
 Tonics should be given if the patient is enfeebled. The diet should be 
 nutritious, but composed of easily digested articles. 
 
 Measles (Rubeola). 
 
 This is an acute inflammation of the entire skin, of an infectious and 
 contagious nature. It is ushered in with chills, followed by heat, drow- 
 siness, pain in head, back, and limbs, sore throat, dry cough, and other 
 symptoms common to febrile action, growing in violence until the fourth 
 day. Then the eruption appears, producing heat and itching. The 
 breaking out appears in patches of half -moon shape, which disting-uishes 
 this disease from the other eruptive diseases. They reach their height 
 at the fifth day on the face and neck, and on the legs about the seventh 
 10* P
 
 a26 
 
 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 
 
 day. Their decline is in the same order as appearance, disappearing^ 
 about the tenth day, when the scarfskin peals oil in the shape of scurf. 
 Treatment. — If the attack be a mild one, all the treatment neces- 
 sary consists in light diet, acid and demulcent drinks, as flaxseed-tea 
 decoction of slippery-elm, etc. Sponging with tepid water is very 
 grateful to the sufEerer ia aU cases. If during the first stage the 
 eruption should be tardy ia its coming, it shoidd be hastened by a 
 warm bath, and sweating drinks made from saffron, mulleui, penny- 
 royal, summer savory, etc. If tardy on account of excessive fever, give 
 ttucture of green hellebore, ipecac, lobelia, snake-root, etc. In en- 
 feebled constitutions stimulants are necessary. 
 
 Scarlet Fever {Scarlatina). 
 
 Also a contagious disease. The eruption is in the shape of pimples 
 of a scarlet hue, displayed iu patches over the whole svirface. The 
 fever is usually more rutense than ia measles, and accompanied by sore 
 throat, swollen face, and coated tongue. The greatest degree of red- 
 ness is attained at the third or fourth day. The decline is the same as 
 in measles. Scarlet fever is distinguished from other diseases by the 
 swollen condition of the flesh, which spreads out the fingers pecuhai'ly. 
 The throat becomes ulcerated, and swallowing is attended with pain 
 and difficulty, 
 measles. 
 
 The following will show the difference between scarlet fever and 
 measles : — 
 
 In Scarlet Fever. In Measles. 
 
 There is no cough, which also distinguishes it» f rom 
 
 The cmption is bright scarlet. 
 It appears on the second day. 
 Is quite smooth to the touch. 
 Is in small round spots. 
 Disappears on pressure. 
 The face is quite dry. 
 
 The eruption is dark-red color. 
 Does not appear till the fourth day. 
 Is raised. 
 
 Is larger and crescent-shaped. 
 Doos not disappear. 
 
 Face swelled ; running from the eyes and 
 and nose. 
 
 Treatment. — This should be cooling in its nature, cooling drinks, 
 S]:)onging with cold water, etc. In ordinaiy cases little more is required, 
 excepting a few drops of tincture of belladonna may be given several 
 times per day. When high fever exists, give the remedies advised in 
 measles. Hot foot-baths are advisable. As this is a prostrative disease, 
 .Deef-tea and the ordinary stimulants should be given from the first. 
 What is called malignant scarlet fever is only a severer form than the 
 above. Gargles of sage and Cayenne jjepperare used to aUay the throat, 
 afEections. The abscesses in the region of the ear, and consequent deaf- 
 ness, can be obviated by subduing the inflanmiation of that part by the 
 usual methods.
 
 the complete herbalist. 227 
 
 Nettle Rash. 
 
 This commences with fever, lusting two or three days ; then itching 
 pimples, diversified in shape, appear, which go off during the day and 
 come again at night. Teething causes it sometimes, while at other 
 times it is due to improper diet. 
 
 Tkeatment. — This is indicated by the cause. If due to indigestible 
 food, the stomach must be unloaded by an emetic of blood-root or 
 ipecacuanha. A lotion of vinegar and water is of service. Tonics and 
 simple diet will com^Dlete the ciu'e. 
 
 Erysipelas. 
 
 This disease commences vsdth languor, aching or soreness of the 
 limbs, chilliness, alternating with flushes of heat. The pulse is quick, 
 skin hot, tongue foul, appetite gone, thirst, nausea sometimes; vom- 
 iting, headache, restlessness, sore throat, swelling and tenderness of 
 the glands of the neck, arm-pits, or groin, according to the seat of the 
 cutaneous inflammation. The eruption usually makes its appearance, 
 about the third day of the fever, in the form of a small reddish spot, 
 somewhat elevated, painful or tender to the touch. This occurs most 
 frequently upon the face, especially on the side of the nose, cheek, or 
 rim of the ear. In some instances the inflammation advances slowly, 
 in others it spreads quickly over large portions of the body, accom- 
 panied by tumefaction, and a burning and stinging pain in all cases. 
 About the third day of the inflammation smaU blisters, filled with yel- 
 low serum, appear, which break about three days afterward. On the 
 fifth or sixth day they begin to dry, and on the seventh or eighth form 
 crusts or scabs, which desquamate, and a new skin forms. In phlegmon- 
 ous erysipelas the inflammation involves not only the skin, but the sub- 
 cutaneous tissues also, and the symptoms are aU severer. It often 
 assumes a very malignant type, and is then a disease of a most fatal 
 character. It is liable to attack wounds ; and those who are nursing 
 patients suffering with erysipelas should never wait upon a woman who 
 has been but recently confined, as she wiU be very liable to contract 
 pueriieral peritonitis, a very fatal disease. 
 
 Treatment. — Give a lobelia emetic, a mild purge, and a hot bath 
 at the commencement. In the mild form cover the inflamed patch 
 with coUodion, and renew every two or three hours. The emetic and 
 purge should be followed with quinine in two or three grain doses every 
 three hours. The inflamed surface should also be washed with a de^ 
 coction of the bark, or a solution of quinine. Bruised cranberries are a 
 good application. Cloths wrung out of a hot decoction of white -oak; 
 bark and golden-seal shovild be apphed to the inflamed part to pre- 
 vent spreadipg- In wounds apply lint saturated with compound tine-; 
 ture of myn'h and capsicum. If the fever is violent, treat it as in all
 
 228 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 
 
 other febrile cases. A nutritive diet should follow medical treatment 
 as soon as the disease has passed its active career. 
 
 Rose Rash {Roseola). 
 
 This is an eruptive disease of little importance. The f ebrUe symp- 
 toms are slight, more or less attended with gastric derangement, which 
 continues two or three days before the rash appears and subsides with 
 it. The cruj^tion generally commences upon the face, is of uniform 
 redness, and causes itching or tingling. The rash continues from one 
 to five days, and is followed by a slight scaling off of the skin. It is 
 often the accompaniment of dentition and is not contagious. 
 
 Treatment. — Little more is necessary than a warm bath and a few 
 drops of veratnim. If the eruption is troublesome, two or three drops 
 of tincture of Belladonna should be added to a tumbler of water, and a 
 teaspoonful given occasionally. 
 
 Erythema. 
 
 The eruption of this disease is of superficial redness, generally in ir- 
 regular patches, slightly elevated, and attended with heat, tingling, and 
 sometimes slight pain. It may be local or owing to constitutional dis- 
 turbance. It may be caused by friction of contiguous surfaces, as in the 
 groin and arm-pits, iu fat infants, particularly when not frequently 
 washed. When owing to constitutional causes, it usually appeals on 
 the face, breast or limbs. It lasts from a few days to a week or longer. 
 
 Treatment. — If the cause can be ascertained, it should be removed 
 by the proper remedies. Anoint the affected part with a little lime- 
 water and sweet-oil, or bathe with a strong decoction of golden-seal. 
 Glycerine may also be api^lied, but if you can procure the '* Herbal 
 Ointment" (see page 469) I advise its application, as it is a specific for 
 this and kindred affections. 
 
 Glanders. 
 
 This may be contracted from the horse, and is a very malignant dis- 
 ease. It is characterized by a purulent and sometimes bloody discharge 
 from the nose, a peculiar pustular eruption, and by tumors iu different 
 parts of the body. Its initial stage is the same as in aU eruptive fevers, 
 attended with neuralgic pains in the limbs. In the course of four or 
 five days the eruption makes its appearance in different parts of the 
 body, usually most abundant upon the face and limba The discharge 
 from the nose ensues in th<^ course of a week or ten days, being at first 
 yellowi.sh, afterwards bloody, and vciy offensive. The body fiiiallj' ex- 
 hales a fetid odor, the mind wanders, delirium and coma follow, and 
 by the end of the second week, or during the third, it generally proves 
 fatal, if not arr(.sied sooner iu its course. It is fortimately very rare ;
 
 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 229 
 
 and attendants upon a horse affected with glanders should be very care- 
 ful that they do not come in contact with the vii-us. The affected 
 horse should be shot, as the disease is very seldom curtd. 
 
 Treatment. — Support the strength of the patient, and stimulate the 
 emunctories. This can be best achieved by a thorough alcoholic vapor 
 bath, followed by an active lobelia emetic and a brisk cathartic. After 
 this give quinine, three grains, and baptisin, two grains, every two or 
 three hours, for a day or two. The nostrils should be syringed with 
 warm water, to which a few drops of creosote has been added, three or 
 four times a day. The throat may be gargled with the same prepara- 
 tion. Support the strength with chicken-broth, rice-gruel, cream, 
 punch, porter, ale, etc. If this course is not effectual, repeat every 
 three or four days. 
 
 Dandy Fever {Dengue). 
 
 This disease occasionally prevails as an epidemic in the southern sea- 
 coast towns. There is pain, stiffness of the neck, back, and loins, and 
 swelling of the muscles of the limbs and joints. Intolerance of light, 
 restlessness, chilliness, fever, headache, a full and quick pulse, red 
 eyes, a hot and dry skin, and an intense thu'st prevail. The fever 
 usually lasts from one to two days, when a gradual remission occurs, 
 and the patient feels quite comfortable. After an interval of two or 
 three days the fever returns, the pains are increased, the tongue is 
 thickly coated, the stomach irritable, and the patient becomes dejected 
 and fretful. Nausea is a prominent symptom, but seldom any vomiting 
 occurs. About the sixth or seventh day an eruption, resembling scar- 
 latina, appears, and gives relief to the distressing symptoms. It dis- 
 appears after two or three days, the color of the skin gradually fading, 
 with slight desquamation. The duration of the disease is about eight 
 days. The causes are evidently miasmatic poison, in concert with epi- 
 demic influence. 
 
 Treatment. — Essentially the same as in scarlatina, accompanied 
 with such remedies as advised in rheumatism. Quinine, in antiperiodic 
 doses, should also be administered, and the anodynes should be given 
 if the pains are severe. Tonics may be required in some cases ; and in 
 convalescence, frequent baths, a generous diet, and out-door exercises 
 should be prescribed. 
 
 Purpura. 
 
 This affection is characterized by a greater or lesser number of livid 
 spots on the skin, from extravasated blood. In simple cases the effu- 
 sion is confined to the skin and cellular tissues, mostly occurring on the 
 arms, legs, and breasts. The spots at first are small, and resemble flea- 
 bites. The countenance is pale, and the patient complains of debility,
 
 230 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 
 
 loss of appetite, in-eg-nlarity of the bowels, and periodic fever. If al- 
 lowed to progress, it will assume a form known as jmrpura hemorrhagica^ 
 in which the spots are longer, and resemble whip-marks or violent bruises. 
 They are bright red at first, but become purple or .livid. A great 
 variety of symptoms are presented by each case, and the disease is a 
 very singular one. 
 
 TREATME^'T. — In the simple form a very liberal diet of fresh vege- 
 tables, out-door exercise, and some simple tonic, are all that is neces- 
 sary. In the hemorrhagic character, quinine, in one or two grain doses, 
 should be given every three hours. Diet should consist of green vege- 
 tables, salt meats, eggs, and the free use of lemonade. A liniment of 
 camphor, whiskey, and turijentine should be externally applied. If in- 
 ternal hemorrhage occurs, give oil of erigeron, in five-drop doses, every 
 half hour ; or matico, in from five to ten grain doses, may be adminis- 
 tered everj' twenty minutes until it ceases. 
 
 ANATOlVry OF THE ORGANS OF DIGESTION. 
 
 Mouth. — The mouth is separated from the nose by the hard and soft 
 palate, and communicates. It is bounded in front by the lips, and its 
 sides l)y the cheeks. The space between the hps and teeth is called the 
 vestibule. The mouth is lined by a mucous membrane, which is covered 
 by numerous glands, some being mucous and some salivary. The '^louth 
 contains a double row of teeth, thirty-two in the aggregate, performing 
 the first process in digestion, the masticntwn of food. 
 
 Tongue. — The tongue is an oblong, flattened, muscular body, which 
 varies in size and shape ; it is the organ of taste, and also of importance 
 in speech and mastication. Its posterior extremity or root is attached 
 to a bone, called the hyoid., by yellow fibrous tissue. Its anterior ex- 
 tremity is called the tip ; its intervening portion its body. The mucous 
 covering of the tongue is very thick uj^on its upper surface, and very 
 thin upon its imder sm-face. Upon its upper surface are a number of 
 projections, of various sizes and shapes, called pa/pilkB. The largest are 
 eight or nine in number, called papillw ma.vim(P^ and are situated at the 
 posterior portion of the tongue, in two convergent lines. The smallest 
 papilla) are fine and pointed, and are found near the middle of the 
 tongue, and are termed flUform. The intermediate papillaj are most 
 abundant, some oi wlrLchaxa conical, oi\ieTs fungiform. The tongue 
 assists in the process of deglutition. 
 
 Palate.— Thii palate separates the back portion of the nose from 
 the mouth, and is divided into two parts. The hard palate, of a bony 
 base, covered by mucous membrane, which is continuous with that 
 of the mouth ; the soft palate is the membranous separation between 
 the back portion of the mouth aud nose. From the middle the 
 uvula projects, about three-quarters of an inch in length ; from each
 
 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST, 
 
 231 
 
 Bide of the uvula there are two divergent crescentic folds of mucous 
 membrane, which are called lateral half -arches ; the space between 
 which constitutes the fauces. 
 
 Between the anterior and posterior arches of each side is the 
 tonsil gland. The tonsils are about the size of an almond, and consist 
 of a collection of large mucous f oUicles. 
 
 Salivary Glands. — The salivary glands are of light pink color, and 
 their secretion is of great sei^vice in mastication and digestion. These 
 are three in number — the parotid, submaxillary, and sublingual. The 
 parotid is the largest ; it Ues on the side of the face in front of t,he 
 ear, and beneath the sldn. The submaxillary lies in a depression on 
 the internal face of the lower jaw-bone. The sublingual is the small- 
 est of the three ; it is situated under the tongue. 
 
 Phai'ynx. — The pharynx is a muscular and membranous sac, com- 
 municating with the mouth, nose, oesophagus, larynx, and the tube 
 (Eustachian) leading to the ear. Its length is about five inches, al- 
 though this varies by extension and contraction. Its uses are for deglu- 
 tition, respiration, and modulation of the voice. 
 
 (Esophagus. — This is the canal that conveys the food from the pharynx 
 to the stomach. Its length is about nine or ten inches, and its dia- 
 meter is not uniform, gradually increasing (as it descends). Its upper 
 portion is the narrowest part of the alimentary canal ; and hence 
 foreign bodies which are too large to pass through the alimentary 
 canal are generally arrested in the neck. It never contains air. Deglu- 
 tition is performed by the contraction of the longitudinal fibres of the 
 oesophagus, which shor- 
 ten the passage, and by 
 contraction of its circu- 
 lar fibres successively 
 from above downward. 
 Stomach. — The stom- 
 ach is a conoidal sac, 
 somewhat bent or curv- 
 ed, and situated below 
 the breast-bone or in 
 the epigastric region. 
 The left^ extremity is 
 much the larger, and 
 terminates in a rounded 
 sac ; at the upper por- 
 tions of this extremity 
 is the cardiac orifice^ 
 where the ccsophagus is 
 continued into the stomach, immediately below the diaphragm. The 
 
 The Stomach.
 
 232 ' THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 
 
 rig'ht extremity is continuous with the intestines, and its orifice is 
 called the 'pyloric. The structure of the pylorus is much thicker than 
 that of any other portion. The stomach is held in its position by the 
 ojsophagus' and the duodenum,'" as well as by reflexions of the perito- 
 neum. The upper and lower curvatures of the stomach are called the 
 greater and lesser cuvatures. ° " Near the pyloric extremity of the stom- 
 ach is a small dilatation' called the antrum fyhri. The dimensions of 
 the stomach are variable, depending upon the mode of life. It has four 
 coats ; the peritoneal, muscular, cellular and mucous. 
 
 In the stomach the food receives the admixture of the gastric juice, 
 which is the solvent agent of digestion. The fluids taken into the 
 stomach are for the most part absorbed from it ; the solids, with the 
 exception of the insoluble parts, are by the action of the gastric juice 
 reduced to a substance called chyme., which in general is grayish, semi- 
 fluid, homogeneous, with a slightly acid taste and smell. The chyme is 
 then poured into the duodenum through the pyloric orifice for the 
 subsequent action of the intestines. 
 
 Intestines. — The intestinal canal is from thirty to thirty-five feet in 
 length, and is divided into large and sm.all intestines. The small intes- 
 tine is four-fifths of the length of the whole canal, reaching , from the 
 pylorus to the large intestine ; it is cylindrical, and about ona inch in 
 diameter; there is a gradual diminution La calibre as it descends. ', Its 
 coats are the same as those of the stomach. The naucous coat is Very 
 vascular, and its absorbents are very numerous. The glands are the 
 crypts or follicles of Lieberkuhn, the glands of Peyer, the solitary 
 glands, and Brunner's glands. 
 
 The small intestine is divided into duodenum, jejunum, and ileum. 
 
 The Duodenum commences at the pylorus, and is about twelve inches 
 long. The common duct formed by the junction of the bile and gall 
 ducts opens into it about four or five inches from the pylorus. The 
 Jejunum (from jejunus, em.pty) constitutes the upper two-fifths of tha 
 small intestine, and the ileum the remaining three-fifths. 
 
 The large intestine reaches from the ileum to the anus, and is one- 
 fifth in length of the whole canal; it differs much from the small 
 intestine, and has a sacculated appearance. It likewise has four coats. 
 It is di%'ided into cascum, colon, and rectum. 
 
 The Ccecum is a cul-de-sac or blind sac, and the commencement of 
 the large intestine, and hence often called the caput coli. At the 
 uiferior portion is a worm-like process called the appendix vermiformis. 
 On the side of the caecum is the ileo-cwcal valve, an elliptical opening 
 whereby the small intestine empties into the large. 
 
 The Colon, is the largest portion of the large intestine ; gradually 
 diminishes in diameter until it terminates in the sigmoid or S-like 
 tlexure on the left side. It ascends on the right side, and forming an
 
 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 233 
 
 arch transversely, descends upon tlie left side. The Rectum is the ter- 
 minating portion of the large intestine, and reaches from the sigmoid 
 flexure to the amis. It is somewhat barrel-shaped, being larger in the 
 middle than at either end. 
 
 DISEASES OF THE DIGESTIVE ORGANS. 
 Stomatitis. 
 
 This is characterized by inflammation of the mouth. It may involve 
 the whole membrane, or be confined to isolated portions. The first 
 prominent symptom is a loss of taste, and a sensation similar to that 
 produced by scalding liquids. The surface is red, very tender, and 
 painful. The inflammation may extend to the fauces, nasal passages, 
 and Eustachian tube. The stomach often becomes irritable, bowels loose, 
 and the patient debilitated and emaciated. When caused by vitiated 
 secretions, produced by the disturbed condition of the lymphatics while 
 suckling, it is known as ^'•nursing sore-Tnouth^^^ or technically, follicular 
 stomatitLi. It may then extend to the stomach and bowels, causing 
 ulceration, diarrhoea, dyspepsia, dysentery, and great prostration of the 
 nervous system ; and if not arrested, the mucous membranes of the air 
 passages are involved, producing cough, expectoration, tuberculous de- 
 generation and death. The teeth may fall out, and the gums be ab- 
 sorbed. 
 
 AphthoB or Thrush is another form of stomatitis. It is generally cha- 
 racterized by small ulcers scattered over the surface, or in patches of 
 white exudation, which may become thick and absorbed, and leave a 
 raw-looking surface, or a foul spot. Children are very liable to it, and it 
 is generally caused by acidity of the stomach, or general derangement 
 of that organ by improper diet or unhealthy milk. 
 
 Tkp:atment. — This depends upon the cause, which, if ascertained, 
 should be removed. If due to carious teeth, they should be removed, 
 and if owing to dyspepsia, the proper remedies should be given. The 
 mouth should be frequently washed with a warm decoction of golden 
 seal. The system should be supported with tonics, a generous diet, and 
 a liberal use of fresh succulent vegetables, as grapes, etc., should be 
 prescribed. Sage-tea gargles are very usefvil. The mother should also 
 pay attention to her diet, so as not to supply the babe with improper 
 milk. If due to acidity of the stomach, the necessary absorbents 
 should be administered. 
 
 Glossitis. 
 
 This is inflammation of the substance of the tongue, involving its 
 muscular structure. It usually commences with a throbbing pain in the 
 tongue, followed soon after mth redness and swelling. In the course
 
 234 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 
 
 of a few hours the tongue enlarg-es so much as to fill the whole mouth, 
 forces open the jaws, and protrudes from the mouth. Some fever usu- 
 ally accompanies it. Swallowing is usually almost impossible, speech 
 gone, abscesses may form, and the tongue may even become mortified. 
 Treatment.— If due to a disordered state of the stomach, an active 
 lobeUa emetic should be given, and followed with an anti-biUous purge, 
 like the Renovating Pill. If due to scalds or bums, the mouth should be 
 washed with mucilage of flaxseed and slippery elm. If due to mercui-y, 
 vapor baths should be taken, a free use of the syrup of stillingia resorted 
 to, and equal parts of charcoal and yeast used as a gargle. 
 
 Quinsy {Tonsillitis). 
 
 This consists of inflammation of the tonsils, which may in many 
 cases extend to the adjacent tissues. It usuaUy commences with a slight 
 chill, foUowed by much febrile excitement, uneasy feelmg in the throat, 
 and difficulty of swaUowing, which increases in severity very rapidly 
 until at last deglutition becomes almost impossible. There is a constant 
 disposition to swallow, in order to free the fauces from a tenacious, 
 colorless mucus which adheres to that part. The respiration is not 
 much affected unless in bad cases. From the commencement there is 
 fever, severe headache, and a rapid pulse. The termination is usually 
 an abscess, which at length opens, and a discharge of very fetid pus en- 
 Bues, which affords relief. The duration of the disease is usually afcout 
 a week, and is scarcely ever fatal. 
 
 Treatment.— Administer a free lobeUa emetic, and anoint the throat 
 thoroughly with the Herbal Ointment. In ordinary forms this will be 
 sufficient. If an abscess, however, forms, it should be evacuated by 
 an incision. In malarial districts, quinine in anti-periodic doses may be 
 necessary, and if the fever is severe, veratrum should be given. The 
 throat should be gargled with a decoction of golden seal, and to prevent 
 termination into induration and permanent enlargement, alteratives 
 Bhould be given, especially in strumous habits. 
 
 Pharyngitis. 
 
 This is characterized either by acute, sub-acute, or chronic inflamma- 
 tion of the pharj-nx. There is slight pam upon pressure, or in the act 
 of swallowing. It is seldom attended with fever, but in severe cases 
 abscesses may form, causing great difficulty in swaUowing and breath- 
 ing. In the acute form the inflammation is usually Umited to the 
 mucous membrane, and simply constitutes an ery thematic affection. 
 The clironic form is known as " dergi/maii's sore throat,'' and is attended 
 with a dry, hacldng cough, hoarseness, and a sense of fatigue of the 
 vocal organs after a slight exercise. 
 
 Treatment. — The treatment of simple pharyngitis is but little more
 
 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST, 235 
 
 than merely to regulate the stomach and bowels, the external applica- 
 tion of cold packs, and a few days' resj;. In the chronic form an in- 
 vigorating and tonic course of treatment should be pursued, in connec- 
 tion A\ath rest, baths, and pure air. To relieve the local difficulty, one 
 grain of stillingia may be mixed with a drachm of sugar, divided into ten 
 powders, of which one should be taken every two hours. The inhala- 
 tion of hot vapor from bitter herbs is to be recommended. Blood-root 
 • in connection -with constitutional treatment is highly beneficial. Patients 
 will find that my "Acacian Balsam " in the chronic form is a virtual 
 specific ; the Herbal Ointment should also be outwardly apphed. If 
 owing to a complicated constitutional disorder, or if it exists in associa- 
 tion with catarrh, it constitutes an affection reciuiring the most skilful 
 treatment, and those who may wish my advice in such cases may refer 
 to page 390 for general directions for consultation. 
 
 Paeotitis {Mumps). 
 
 Mumps is an inflammatory affection of the salivary glands, especially 
 the parotids. It generally commences with slight fever, stiffness of the 
 jaws, and a slight pain or swelling in one jr both parotid glands. The 
 parts are hot, painful, and very tender upon pressure. Mastication and 
 swallowing become painfxil, which causes considerable nervous irrita- 
 bihty. Metastasis to the breasts of the female and to testicles of the 
 male is liable to occur, especially if the patient is subjected to undue 
 exposure. Inflammation of the brain may occur in some cases. It 
 reaches its height in about four days, disappeaiing entirely about the 
 seventh. 
 
 Treatment. — Keep the patient quiet, and give a mild purge. For 
 external application a Uuiment of goose-fat and camphor is very bene- 
 ficial. If there be much fever, resort to the usual anti-febrile treat- 
 ment. If inflammation of the brain should ensue, resort to active 
 cathartics, and give small doses of macrotin and quinine. The " Herbal 
 Ointment " will be found a superior remedy, see page 469. 
 
 ffiSOPHAGITIS. 
 
 This is an inflammation of the oesophagus, or that portion of the 
 alimentary canal which conveys the food from the pharynx to the 
 stomach. Heat and pain, increased by swaUowiug, at some point along 
 the tube, are the earliest symptoms. Occasionally there is pain between 
 the shoulders, and, perhaps, tenderness on pressure, with more or less 
 difficulty in swallowing. Hiccough, an eructation of glairy mucus, and 
 vomiting, are sometimes present. There is also more or less constitu- 
 tional disturbance. Ulcers and abscesses may form. It may become 
 chronic, and stricture of the canal at any part of its passage may result,
 
 236 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 
 
 which may so effectually prevent deglutition as to cause death by 
 starvation. 
 A Treatment. — In the acute form, the stomach should be cleansed by 
 a lobelia emetic, and the bowels opened by a purge. The surface 
 should be sponged with hot water, and sufficient tincture of veratrum 
 given to maintain a gentle diaphoresis. In the chronic form the altera- 
 tives are to be administered, and the bowels occasionally purged. The 
 patient should be confined mostly to a vegetable diet of fluid character. 
 Frequent sips from a decoction of golden seal and slippery elm should 
 be taken. Stricture of the oesophagus should only be treated by a 
 competent physician, as the means emi)loyed for its cure might do more 
 harm in improper hands than any possible good. 
 
 Inflammation op the Stomach (Gastritis). 
 
 This usually commences in the acute form with violent vomiting and 
 a burning pain in the region of the stomach. Swallowing becomes diffi- 
 cult, thirst id intense, tongue is dry and smooth, headache often violent, 
 delirium and prostration are present. If the stomach only is inflamed, 
 there is constipation ; but if the bowels also are affected, there is 
 diaiThoea. The attendant fever is as common, and the disease may 
 assume such a gravity that death inevitably ensues, especially in per- 
 foration of the stomach. Chronic gastritis is a common disorder. It is 
 generally of a mUd character, unless of long continuance, when it niay 
 occasion considerable organic disorder. Its approach is gradual, present- 
 ing a variety of symptoms, but may be known from dyspepsia in there 
 being more pain at some particular point, and more frequent vomiting 
 after taking food. 
 
 Treatment. — Give an emetic, and cleanse the stomach by means of 
 large draughts of warm water. Counter-irritation should be resorted to 
 over the stomach. The vomiting may be checked by opium, and the 
 tincture of crawley may be given to control the fever. If produced by 
 a con-osive poison, the necessary antidotes will, of course, be required. 
 All solid foods should be withheld, and the drinks should be mucilagi- 
 nous, as marshmallow, slippery elm, gum-water, etc. 
 
 The treatment of chronic gastritis is not so easily stated. It depends 
 greatly upon associated conditions and complications. Diet is an import- 
 ant element in the treatment. My '* Restorative AssimUant" internally, 
 and "'Herbal Ointment" externally, generally cure each case; but 
 some cases are of such a serious character that a cure can only be 
 effected by special symptomatic treatment. Those desiring to consult 
 me are referred to questions, page 390 . 
 
 Cancer op tiik STOM.\cn. 
 The early .symptoms of cancer of the stomach are usually similar to 
 chronic gastritis. The appetite is impaired, and frequent nausea and
 
 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 237 
 
 vomiting supervene. The pain in the stomach is of a lancinating char- 
 acter. The gastric functions are impaired, and the mucous discharges 
 become sour and purulent, finally bloody, and if subjected to micro- 
 scopical examination, cancer cells are found. The complexion has a 
 yellowish -white, waxen appearance, which distinguishes cancer from 
 other diseases of the stomach. 
 
 Treatment. — The treatment consists chiefly in combating the 
 symptoms as they occur. Cundurango should be given a fair trial in all 
 cases. If the disease has reached a certain stage, no remedy will pro- 
 duce a radical impression ; but I have the assurance that I have cured 
 many cases of well-defined cancer of the stomach, in more or less 
 advanced stages of the disease, by the employment of consistent and 
 energetic chemical treatment. 
 
 Heart-Burn {Oastralgia). 
 
 Two forms of heart-bum are commonly observed : one, attended by 
 acid eructations, causing irritation of the throat and fauces; and 
 in the other, the ejections from the stomach are rancid and alkaline, 
 and connected -with a gnawing pain and distention of the stomach. It 
 principally occurs during digestion, and may be of every grade of sever- 
 ity. It is caused by excess of acid, or an accumulation of gas, in the 
 stomach. 
 
 Treatment. — This depends upon the cause. If acid, administer 
 pulverized charcoal, with a little magnesia, or, what is just as good, 
 compound spirits of lavender. If alkaline, give lemon-juice as often as 
 required. 
 
 Gastralgia, or Gastrodynia. 
 
 This is a neuralgic affection of the stomach, and is often a symptom 
 of dyspepsia. The appetite is generally impaired, though sometimes 
 remains good. There is a gnawing pain in the stomach, and a strong 
 disposition to vomit. The tongue is usually foul, the skin cool, and 
 pulse quite disturbed. 
 
 Treatment. — If owing to long-continued use of indigestible or im- 
 proper food, abandon it, and change to other articles. Take quinine, 
 and a little cherry laurel water, to subdue the neuralgic affection, and 
 tonics to restore the tonicity of the stomach. 
 
 Spasm op the Stomach. 
 
 This consists of a sense of pain, stricture, or contraction, occurring 
 in paroxysms. The stomach feels as if rolled into a ball, or drawn 
 towards the back. It assumes different degrees of violence, being often 
 exceedingly painful. 
 
 Treatment. — It is instantly relieved by a dose of some preparation
 
 238 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 
 
 of wild gum, in combination with a fourth of a grain of gelsemin. 
 External application of the "Herbal Ointment" acts equally as specifi- 
 cally. 
 
 Water-Brash {Pyrosis). 
 
 This also occurs generally in paroxysms. The pain is intense, and of 
 a burning character. An eructation of a thin, insipid, watery liquid 
 occurs, and, when discharged, affords momentary relief. 
 
 Treatment. — Qiiinine and the general tonics will remove this diffi- 
 culty. Certain habits, as inebriety, anxiety of mind, etc., are to be 
 overcome, and a generous diet indulged in. 
 
 Dyspepsia, or Indigestion. 
 
 This is one of the most common affections in the whole catalogue of 
 diseases. Scarcely a human being lives that has not or will not be a 
 victim to this harassing disease. In simple indigestion, the symptoms 
 vary much in nature and severity. One may suffer severely, while 
 another has merely slight depression of spirits. Loss of appetite, nausea, 
 vomiting, constipation alternating with diarrhcea, furred tongue, foul- 
 ness of breath, palpitation of the heart, pains in various parts, dull 
 headache, hjqiochondriasis, etc., are present in all cases. The patient's 
 appetite may at one time be wholly lost ; at other times it is morbid 
 and ravenous, which, if indulged in, will only add to his misery. There 
 is seldom any healthy feeling of hunger, but, in place ^f this, the 
 patient has a most miserable sensation of hollowness or sinking at the 
 region of the .stomach. Nausea and vomiting are the most distressing 
 symptoms of dyspepsia ; the former may occur soon after the food is 
 swallowed, or it may be deferred for an hour or two. The matter 
 ejected is most frequently sour, and mixed with bile, often having the 
 flavor of rotten eggs, which is due to a gas kno^ivTi as sulphuretted 
 hydrogen. This gas, in ascending, often brings the solid food into the 
 throat and mouth, making the patient almost a ruminant animal. Suf- 
 fering is experienced when the stomach is full or empty, though it differs 
 in various cases. Sometimes not much uneasiness is felt until several 
 hours after eating, when all its attendant horrors are manifested. This 
 is due to fermentation of the food. Water-brash, gastralgia, spasm of 
 the stomach, etc., are constant companions of the dyspeptic, and his 
 days are most miserably spent, whUe his nights are not much better, 
 because his sleep is not refreshing; the body is not reposed, and he is 
 the frequent victim of hori'ible nightmares. A dyspeptic patient suffers 
 from every variety of indisposition, and it is easy to learn from his 
 dejected countenance and woe-begone look that he yearns for that com- 
 fortable human existence that only a healthy digestive apparatus 
 affords to man. He is fretful and peevish, dissatisfied with others and
 
 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 239 
 
 with himself ; has individually no comfort, and allows but little to those 
 around him ; everything that was formerly bright and cheerful now 
 bears a gloomy aspect; his smiles are derisive, his opinions cynical ; and 
 everything that is bright, cheerful, and lovable has gone with the 
 enjoyment of good health. The disease is in fact a malady that em- 
 braces in its symptoms and consequences nearly every physical and 
 mental torture known to mankind. 
 
 Treatment. — WTien it arises from inertia of the stomach, it may be re- 
 moved by stomachics. If produced by bad habits, it can only be cor- 
 rected by strict adherence to the physiological laws controlling the 
 digestive functions. When it occurs from softening of the mucous mem- 
 branes and. a deficiency of the gastric secretion, alnuin is a good reme- 
 dy ; and chelonin acts well in chronic inflammation of the organ. 
 When dependent upon nervous debility, herbal phosphorus and cypre- 
 pedin act well. Constipation should be relieved by leptandrin and simi- 
 lar cathartics. Diet and hygiene form a very important part in the treat- 
 ment, and these should receive very careful attention. Fresh air, 
 baths, friction, out-door exercise, careful avoidance of overloading the 
 stomach, are indispensable adjuncts to all treatment. It is but just to 
 myself, and eminently due to my readers, to acquaint them with my 
 mode of treating dys^jepsia, and which, I confidently assert, is attended 
 with as specific results as can be expected from any medicinal agents. It 
 is my sincere beUef that failure is impossible if the remedies are taken 
 faithfully, for a reasonable length of time. I advise in all cases and in 
 aU forms of the disease, my "Restorative AssimUant," "Renovating 
 Pills," and " Herbal Ointment." The Assimilant is taken internally, in 
 prescribed doses, three times a day ; the pUls are taken as occasion re- 
 quires, to keep bowels regular, and the Herbal Ointment is rubbed exter- 
 nally, once or twice a day, over the region of the stomach and bowels. 
 The philosophy of this treatment is obvious ; the Assimilant restores the 
 tonicity of the digestive organs, increases secretion of gastric juice, pro- 
 motes chymification, stimulates the accessory organs of digestion, and, 
 by its assimilative properties, increases the functional action of the 
 absorbents, and restores the chemical process of digestion to its healthy 
 state. The pUls increase the peristaltic motion of the bowelg, augment 
 biliary discharges, stimulate the mesenteric glands, whQe, at the same 
 time, they give tonic power to the whole alimentary canal. The oint- 
 ment, by its discutient properties, removes all inflammation, localizes 
 healthy blood to the organs and tissues, and prevents centralization of 
 morbific agents. 
 
 These remedies at once assert their value, and gain complete mastery 
 over the disease in a short time ; and should any of my dyspeptic read- 
 ers, though faithless in medicinal relief from repeated failures, bQ 
 pleased to give them a tria.1, the author is confident that the medicines
 
 240 
 
 THE COMPLETE HERBAXIST. 
 
 will cure them and restore them to vigorous health, so that they may 
 once more enjoy the boon of healthy digestive organs. (See page 469.) 
 
 ANATOMY OF THE LIVER. 
 
 The liver is the largest glandular organ in the body ; its office is to 
 secrete bile. It is oblong and oval in shape, and occupies the position 
 on the right side, under the lower ribs. It weighs from four to five 
 pounds ; it measures from ten to twelve inches transversely, and from 
 six to seven antero-posteriorly ; its greatest thickness is from four to five 
 inches. On the upper sui-face it is convex, and on the lower concave. 
 Its color is of a reddish-brown, with occasional spots of black. 
 
 The under surface of the liver presents a deep fis.sure, called umbilical 
 or longitudinal, reaching from the anterior'" to the posterior" notch, 
 
 containing the r e- 
 mains of the umbili- 
 cal vein of foetal life. 
 Sometimes this fis- 
 sure is converted into 
 a foramen,' or open- 
 ing, the right and left 
 lobes being connect- 
 
 ed. 
 
 At right an^lea 
 
 to this fissure is Mo- 
 ther, called the trans- 
 verse^ ' fissure, con- 
 taining the portal 
 vein, hepatic artery, 
 and hepatic duct, 
 bound together by the capsule of Glisson, a membrane of cellular tissue. 
 The f/itU-blnddrr^" lies in a deep depression upon the under surface of the 
 right lobe of the liver. The hbidus quadratus' is that portion of the liver 
 included between the depression occupied by the gall-bladder and the 
 longitudinal and transverse fissures. At the posterior and inferior por- 
 tion of the liver is a triangular lobe called the lohulus SpigeUi.'' The elon- 
 gated ridge running from the lobulus Spigelii outwardly is the lobulus 
 eauckttui-.^ These lobules are, however, all contained in the two lobes of 
 the liver. The rif/ht labe^ is the largest and thickest, and the lefP ter- 
 minates in a thin cutting edge. The structure of the liver may be seen 
 by tearing the liver of any animal. This will show a granulated arrange- 
 ment, and each of these grannies is usually called an dcinus. These aci- 
 ni consist of a terminal branch of the portal vein and hepatic artery, to- 
 gether with the incipient radicles of the hepatic duct and hepatic vein, 
 and in the capillary network thus constituted are niunerous cells, which 
 Bei;rete the bile.
 
 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 241 
 
 The liver is liable to a variety of disorders, and, when affected, exerts 
 a marked influence on the organs and tissues of the body. The func- 
 tions of the organ are so important that impairment arising from any or- 
 ganic cause quickly disturbs the harmony and health of the whole econ- 
 my. Its office Ls to eliminate the superfluous carbon from the blood. 
 This carbon enters into chemical combination with other substances, 
 forming the compound known as bUe, and which is poured into the duo- 
 denum, or upper bowel, where it assists greatly in the process of diges- 
 tion. 
 
 DISEASES OF THE LIVER. 
 
 Hepatitis. 
 
 Inflammation may be confined to its outside covering, or involve the 
 entire substance of the liver. It usually makes its appearance with 
 sympathetic fever, pain, a sense of tension on the right side, inability 
 to lie on the left side, difficulty of breathing, a dry cough, vomiting, 
 and a troublesome cough. As the morbid action increases, high fever, 
 with hot skin, thirst, and scanty urine is observed. The pain is acute 
 and lancinating, and is apt to run up to the right coUar-bone, and to 
 the top of the shoulder. The pain is increased by coughing, breath- 
 ing, and lying on the left side. A soreness is felt by pressing over the 
 liver, and usually, when enlarged, is readily recognized by the touch. 
 The piiLse is full and hard, bowels costive, stools clay-colored, and 
 the tongue is covered with a dark-brown, or even black coat, and there 
 is a bitter taste in the mouth. 
 
 Treatment. — Evacuate the stomach and bowels, and apply hot 
 packs, rubefacients, or even vesicants in some cases, to the region of the 
 liver. The purges should be such that will thoroughly evacuate the 
 bowels with watery discharges, as jalap, elaterium, etc. Promote 
 perspiration by a spirit vapor bath, or by American hellebore, or other 
 diaphoretics. ^\'hen the urine is red and scanty, an infusion of marsh- 
 mallow, pumpkin-seeds, or traUuig arbutus should be given. Quinine, 
 gelsemin, and irisin may be necessary in some cases. . 
 
 CHRONIC HEPATITIS. 
 
 Chronic inflammation of the liver usually involves the entire organ, 
 and may be the result of the acute form, although it exists independ- 
 ently of it. It is a disease very common in the South and West, and 
 Ls evidently owing to malarial poison, in connection with heat and at- 
 mospheric vicissitudes. It is a very insidious disease, and the whole 
 organ may assume a pathological condition before attracting any spe- 
 cial attention. The most common symptoms are a disordered stomach, 
 occasional vomiting, a sense of fulness and weight iu. tlie riylit side, ir 
 11 Q
 
 242 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 
 
 regular bowels, pains in one or both shoulders, unhealthy stools, yel- 
 lowness of skin, eyes, and urine, a short dry cough, disturbed appetite, 
 febrile exacerbations towards night, and general emaciation. The pa- 
 tient is generally despondent, his temper is iiTitable and peevish, and 
 he is frequently the prey to the dread of some impending evil. The 
 exercise of his mental faculties is often impossible in a Uterary or argu- 
 mentative direction, and the loss of the cherished attribute of manhood 
 is most frequently added to his misery. If the patient be a female, 
 Bexual congress becomes to her a revolting union, and her husband's 
 approaches create in her only a feeling of disgust and scorn. 
 
 Treatment. — The diet should be regulated, outdoor exercise should 
 be taken, baths liberally xised, and chafing liniments applied over the 
 liver ; keep the bowels open with leptandrin, or decoction of the plant, 
 and give one-tenth of a grain of gelsemin with two gi'aius of quinine, 
 every three or four hours, untU about twenty doses have been taken. 
 ThLs may be followed by dandelion and blackroot in small doses four or 
 five times a day. An alterative like irisin may also be given. I also most 
 Btrongly advise my "Restorative Assimilant," "Herbal Ointment," 
 and "E-enovating Pills ;" to be used about the same as ordered in dys- 
 pepsia. The pills, especially, exercise specific control over morbid con- 
 ditions of the liver, and frequently cure the disease, unaided h^ other 
 remedies. ^ 
 
 It is frequently the case that chronic inflammation of the Uver is so 
 complicated that it will not respond to any ordinary treatment. In such 
 cases a careful analysis of the symptoms and general condition of the 
 patient must be made, and the treatment so modified and varied as to 
 suit all the conditions of the case. In these cases it is difficult to desig- 
 nate the required treatment, as each indi\'idual case is characterized by 
 its ovra pathological jihenomena, and requires essentially particular 
 treatment. My success in the treatment of these stubborn cases has ex- 
 ceeded even my o^vn anticipations in many instances, and I now like to 
 combat the "bUious" foe with my herbal weapons — and success usu- 
 ally crowns my efforts. Those who wish to consult me are referred 
 to page 390. 
 
 CIRRHOSIS. 
 
 The result of chronic inflammation of the areolar tissue of the entire 
 organ is often induration or cirrhosis of the liver. The tissues become 
 so firm, and ultimately so constricted, as to diminish the caliber of the 
 portal vein, hepatic artery, and duct, resulting in the wasting away or 
 atrophy of the lobular structure, and the hepatic cells become studded 
 with fat. This condition sadly interferes with the circulation of the 
 blood through the portal vein, producing inflammation of gastric and in- 
 testinal linings. It is the liab-nailed liver of some writers. The usual
 
 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 243 
 
 Bymptoms are constipation, a dry skin, hig-h-colored urine, fickle appe- 
 tite, and derangement of the nervous   system. The spleen often be- 
 comes enlarged, while the liver diminishes in size, the pain becomes more 
 intense, and frequently the kidneys are also involved. Digestion is 
 feeble, chills, hectic fever, and night-sweats are often present, and fre- 
 quently a dropsical condition of the lower Mmbs and abdomen is ob- 
 served. 
 
 Treatment. — All alcoholic stimulants should be avoided, and the 
 action of the liver aroused by jirickly ash, leptandrin, dandelion, emetics, 
 etc. The tonics should be given, and Indian hemp should be administered 
 in sufficient quantities to maintain a gentle influence upon the bowels 
 and kidneys The alteratives, if indicated, should be exhibited, and 
 continued as long as required. 
 
 This disease is certainly an unfavorable one for treatment in its 
 advanced stages, but my treatment in well-defined cases has been 
 attended with the most favorable results, and I hope ere long that the 
 result of my investigations into the morbid character of the disease ta 
 all its phases, that I have made for many years, will enable me to still 
 more rob the disease of its formidable nature. 
 
 Gall-Stones. 
 
 These concretions are generally oval or pear-shaped, and formed 
 in the gall-bladder or hepatic ducts. They vary in size, from that of a 
 small pea to a fowl's egg, and ia chemical composition present choles- 
 terine, coloring matter, and the salts of lime, magnesia, etc. They 
 occur oftener in females than ia males, from the fact that their inactive 
 life is more conducive to their formation. They give rise to a dull, 
 heavy pain in the region of the liver, and more or less febrile excitement. 
 In their passage through the duct they cause the most excruciating pain, 
 which is accordingly intensified in proportion to the size of the stone. 
 Impaction of the cystic duct, vdth complete obstruction and inflamma- 
 tion, ulceration, and perforation of the duct and bladder may occur, 
 givmg rise to great difficulties. 
 
 Tueatment. — To reduce the spasm, Dover's powder, or other ano- 
 dynes, should be given, and hot packs or fomentations should be 
 applied externally. A vapor bath and lobelia emetic often afford great 
 relief. Belladonna plasters should be applied over the region of the 
 liver, as they dilate the cystic duct, and alleviate the pains. Thorough- 
 wort is a good remedy, and should be freely taken. If the stones can 
 be found in the alvtne discharges, their chemical character should be 
 definitely ascertained, and the proper chemical treatment resorted to in 
 order to prevent their re-formation. Those who may desire my services 
 in this respect can forward to me the stones, and on receipt I will care- 
 fully analyze them, and suggest the proper treatment.
 
 24:4 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 
 
 Jaundice {Icterus). 
 
 The most prominent symptoms are yellowness of the skin, eyes, and 
 urine, owing to the deposit of the coloring matter of the bile in the 
 blood. The appetite is impaired, the food is loathed, an uncomfortable 
 feeling of a load at the pit of the stomach is felt. The stomach is sour, 
 ■sometimes there is sickness and vomiting, a bitter taste in the mouth, a 
 dull pain at the right side, sleepiness, and an uncomfortable feeling of 
 lassitude at all times distresses the patient. The urine is heavily tinged 
 with bUe, and the stools clay colored. It is usually idioi^athic, but may 
 be a concomitant of other diseases. Tor^iidity of the liver is the chief 
 cause, yet any functional disorder of the organs may cause it. 
 
 Tkeatment. — If caused by inactivity of the liver, the organ should 
 be aroused by a lobelia emetic and active autibUious purges. I can 
 certainly advise no better cathartic for this purpose than my Renovating 
 Pill. The liver should be further stimulated to action by the applica- 
 tion of an irritating plaster over the region of the Uver. Tonics, like 
 quinine, poplar, and lii-iodeudron, may be necessary in some cases. The 
 diet should consist of fresh vegetables, and as much out-door exercise 
 should be taken as the patient can bear. 
 
 The liver is the seat of many other diseases, but as they are more, or less 
 rare, of difficult detection, and treatment difficult, I deemed it pinident not 
 to enter upon any consideration of them. The organ may hypertroiihy or 
 atrophy, its blood-vessels may become diseased, it may be affected by syph- 
 ilitic taint, it may become fatty, it may degenerate into a waxy or albumi- 
 nous mass ; disease may change it into a pigment or nutmeg liver ; it may 
 be the seat of hydatids or parasites, tumors or cancer may assail it. and 
 finally it may be the seat of tuberculous matter of a miliary character. 
 The symptoms produced by these morbid conditions are so obscure, and 
 many of them the common propei'ty of all, that none but a skilful 
 physician is capable of recognizing the identity of the affection ; and I 
 advise all patients who are suffering from any liver disease that presents 
 phenomena, not recognizable in the simjiler affections of the organ, to 
 intrust his case to a competent physician. 
 
 I have devoted nearly a lifetime to the study of liver diseases, and I 
 am ready to maintain that my success in their treatment is greater than 
 by any other system of medication. I am daily consulted with refer- 
 ence to some chronic disease of the liver, both in person or by letter, and 
 patients under treatment are scattered in all sections of the country. 
 Constant communication by correspondence enables me to treat such 
 cases as satisfactorily as by personal interview, as is attested by the 
 gratifying success achieved iu all cases. (See page 390. )
 
 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 
 
 245 
 
 ANATOMY OF 
 
 THE SPLEEN. 
 
 The organ ^ ' ', occupying the right of the following cut, 
 spleen. It is a soft vascular organ, of a purplish color, 
 true gland, as it has no duct. 
 
 The shape of the spleen is irregular and variable, but it is generally 
 the section of an ovoid, with a convex suii'uce resting against the dia- 
 
 ls the 
 It is not a 
 
 Ppleeii and Pancreas. 
 
 phragm, opposite the ninth, tenth, and eleventh ribs, and a convex sur- 
 face directed towards the stomach. 
 
 It varies in size more than any other organ in the body. It is gene- 
 rally five inches long and three wide, and weighs from five to seven 
 ounces. The proper substance of the spleen is a soft, pulpy mass, of a 
 reddish-brown color, resembling grumous blood. Its office in the econo- 
 my is not well understood, but is evidently concerned in the blood- 
 depurating process. It is numerously supplied with lymphatics. The 
 long and flat gland lying between the spleen and duodenum, in the left 
 of the cut, is the Pancreas, or siceet-bread. It is of a light-pink color, 
 and is about seven inches long. Its right extremity ", or head is much 
 the thickest part, and is often called the lesser jmncreas. Its left 
 extremity gradually diminishes in breadth until it touches the spleen 
 *""'. The superior edge has a groove for the passage of the splenic 
 artery. Its structure is conglomerate. Its excretory duct is called 
 the duct of Wirstmgius. 
 
 Its -secretion is somewhat similar to saliva, hence it is often called the 
 ahdomliial salivary gland. Its secretion contains a larger amount of 
 solid matter than the saliva, and assists in the process of digestion. 
 
 Splenitis. 
 
 The functions of the spleen have formerly been the cause of much 
 controversy, nor are they better understood at the present day ; but the 
 organ is evidently concerned somewhat in the blood-making process
 
 246 THE COMPLETE nERBALIST. 
 
 buc that it performs a very important part is doubtful, as the whole 
 organ has been removed without affecting the health in the least. 
 In some countries, the practice of removing the spleen in pigs, for the 
 purpose of facilitating the fattening practice, has been resorted to, 
 which fact has suggested to some over-confident analogists the propriety 
 of removing the spleen in the human subject as a remedy for debilitj". 
 
 Splenitis prevails most in malarious districts, and is a frequent residt 
 of chills and fever. A feeling of weight, tightness, sometimes pain in 
 the left side, which is increased by ijressure, or an attempt to lie on the 
 left side, are the earliest symptoms. The organ enlarges— sometimes 
 so much that it can readily be felt by the hand. It is known by the 
 name of "ague-cake," and causes numbness and weakness of the legs, 
 difficulty of breathing, palpitation of the heart, obstinate constipation, 
 vomiting of food, piles, dry skin, and occasionally dropsical affections. 
 
 Tkeatmknt. — This does not differ much with the treatment advised 
 for acute and chronic inflammation of the liver. Quinine, in combina- 
 tion -ndth leptaudrin and irisin, is indicated in all cases. Counter-inica- 
 tion should also be made over the splenic region, and, when comphcated 
 with dropsy, the required directions should be administered. My 
 "Restorative Assimilant," " Herbal Ointment," and " Renovating Pills" 
 cure every case, if taken for a reasonable length of time. ^ ,-v 
 
 The spleen may also be affected with dropsy, or become studded with 
 tuberculous matter. In such events the treatment is the siiin.6 as for 
 dropsy and tubercular depositions of any other tntcruul organ. 
 
 Diseases op the Pancreas. 
 
 The pancreas is rarely the seat of disease. The symptoms of its 
 morbid couditions are usually obscure. It may be affected by inflam- 
 mation, passive or acute. In typhoid, typhus, and puerperal fevers, it 
 occasionally becomes involved in inflammatiorf! The symptoms of dis- 
 ease of this gland are usually pain in the epigastrium, enlargement and 
 tenderness, a sensation of heat and constriction, salivation, nausea and 
 vomiting, diarrhoea, loss of appetite, despondency, chills, alternated 
 with flushes of heat, and debility, with great emaciation. The vomiting 
 in some instances is very obstinate ; the matters ejected are thin, ropy, 
 and of a sour or saltish taste. Jaundice is often observed. 
 
 TliE.VTMENT. — Control the disease by equalizing the circulatiod with 
 hot i^acks, veratrum, aconite, mild purges, etc. In the chronic form, 
 administer mandrake, blue flag, and poke-root, as these remedies are 
 known to increase the functions of this gland. Lobelia and capsicum, in 
 some cases of chronic congestion and inflammation, act with decided 
 benefit. In all diseases of this gland it would be well, however, to 
 intrust the treatment to a competent herbal physiciaiL
 
 the complete herbalist. 247 
 
 Diseases op the Bowels. 
 
 The intestinal tube is very seldom affected throug-hout its whole 
 extent, but inflammation may involve any portion of it at one time. If 
 the duodenum is affected it is called Duodenitis, if the c;ecum or blind 
 gut is inflamed, it receives the name of Typhilitis, if it involves the 
 small intestine, it is called EtiteriUs. These diseases are very rare, 
 however, and their consideration as separate affections is of not much im- 
 portance, except to the nosologist. The treatment is upon general prin- 
 ciples and corresponds withthat given in all inflammatory affections of 
 the intestinal mucous membrane. Dysentery is a typical case of enteric 
 inflammation, hence we will commence with the consideration of it. 
 
 Dysentery {Colitis). 
 
 This is also known as bloody flux, and consists of an inflammation of 
 the membrane of the colon and rectum, and characterized by small 
 mucous or bloody evacuations, griping, and straining. The disease 
 comes on with loss of appetite, costiveness, lassitude, shivering, heat of 
 skin and quick pulse. These are followed by griping pain in the bowels 
 and a constant desu'e to go to stool. The passages are mostly small in 
 quantity, and composed of mucus mixed with blood. These passages 
 are attended with severe griping and straining, technically known as 
 tormina and tenesmus. Nausea and vomiting sometimes attend the 
 early stages. When the natural fi^ces pass off, they are. usually formed 
 in round compact balls, called acybala. Fever is commonly present, with 
 a feeble, almost thread-like pulse. The discharges have but little odor 
 at first, but become exceedingly offensive as the disease advances. The 
 chronic form is characterized by frequent small evacuations, consisting 
 mostly of mucus, but sometimes mixed with pus, bile, fccces and blood. 
 The symptoms are the same, but less intense than in the acute form. 
 Emaciation, debility, dropsy, and consumption result, if not arrested. 
 When the liver and stomach become disordered at the commencement, 
 it is called bilious dysentery. Various forms of the disease are known 
 as adynamic, intermittent and remittent, typhous, rheumatic and epi- 
 demic dysentery ; but it is not necessary to classify the disease under 
 these heads. 
 
 Tre.\tment. — A free lobelia emetic may be given at the outset, and 
 the bowels evacuated by a purge ; castor-oil with laudanum is the best 
 for this purpose. After the purge, take twenty grains of quinine and 
 one drachm of leptandrin, divide into six powders and take one every 
 hour until all are taken. The tenesmus should be relieved by injecting 
 into the rectum five or six ounces of starch water, containing about 
 twenty drops of laudanum, as often as is necessaiy. Ipecacuanha is a 
 superior remedy. Gelsemin may be given afterwards, and if required 
 the fever should be controlled by veratmm. The patient should Ue
 
 248 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 
 
 quietly in bed, and his diet should consist of grapes, baked apples, flour 
 porridge, bread, rice, coffee, beef -tea and ripe fruit. The astringents are 
 of course necessary, and for this purpose tannic and gallic acids, kino, 
 rhatany, opium, capsicum, cranesbill, etc. , can be given. Tonics should 
 be combined when the patient is weak, and if the debility is very great 
 the alcoholic stimulants should be administered. I can with safety 
 recommend my ' ' Restorative Assimilant " as a sure cure for both acute 
 and chronic dysentery, as well as for all bowel complaints. The Herbal 
 Ointment should be rubbed externally on the whole abdomen to relieve 
 the inflammation. In the chronic form, the astringents, with such other 
 remedies as may be indicated by the symptoms, are all that is necessary. 
 
 DlARRHfEA. 
 
 This common disorder is characterized by frequent and urgent de- 
 mands to evacuate the bowels. It is usually preceded by a sense 
 of indigestion, fulness of stomach, flatulency, and more or less coUc 
 pains. The pain generally subsides after an evacuation, and re- 
 turns as an indication of another discharge. The discharges may be 
 thick, consisting of ingesta, or they may be serous, or of a rice-water 
 appearance. Sometimes they consist of disintegrated mucous mem- 
 branes, blood, and bile. There is usually a disagreeable sinkiuo^ sen- 
 sation in the abdomen along with the discharge, witli exhaustion, a 
 cool skin, and a feeble irregular pulse. It may be attended with fiver, 
 indicating extensive initation of the mucous coat. The lu-ine is usually 
 scanty. When the discharges are composed of serum, and highly 
 colored with either yellow or green bile, it is called bilious diarrhoea ; 
 when composed principally of mucus, it is known as mucous diarrhoea, 
 and when of a thin, watery character, the name of serous diarrhoea is 
 given to it. The disease may become chronic. 
 
 TUKATMENT. — If it occurs in children, a little paregonc, or essence of 
 peppermint or spearmint, usually cures in a short time. Opium in com- 
 bination with ipecac, as in. the Dover's powder, is an excellent remedy. 
 The astiingents are all mdicated. Starch injections, as advised in dysen- 
 teiy, should also be resorted to, and counter-irritation of the abdomen 
 is also serviceable. In the chronic form the tonics should be combined 
 with the astringents. I cannot recommend my ' ' Restorative Assimilant " 
 (see page 409) too strongly. It is certainly an admirable remedy for 
 this complaint, relieving it most instantly. 
 
 Cluonic diarrhoea may often be so dependent upon a vitiated con- 
 dition of the system that it becomes quite difhcult to cure. In such 
 cases the most careful treatment is necessary to overcome the dLscase. 
 Duiing the war, and also afterwards, the author was consulted for this 
 nib ctioii by th<jse who contracted it in the army in thousands of caaes ; 
 but under proper treatment all recovered.
 
 the complete herbalist. 249 
 
 Constipation. 
 
 By this is understood a collection of excrementitious matters in some 
 pai-t of the intestinal tube. It is marked by unfrequency of stool, and 
 by the recun-ence of fulness and tension in parts of the abdomen. It 
 occurs in patients of a lax and weak habit of body, or it may arise 
 from rigidity of the muscles. It may also be due to imperfect func- 
 tional action of the stomach, liver, pancreas, etc., in which case the in- 
 tellectual faculties are dull, the complexion is sallow, the skin dry, urine 
 scanty, acidity of the stomach, and headache. Sometimes the accumu- 
 lation of faecal matter is so great that the masses can be felt through 
 the abdominal walls. It is frequently caused by an atonic condition of 
 the muscular structure of the intestines, and in very many cases it re- 
 sults from neglect to attend to the calls of nature. These calls should 
 be imperative, and whenever the desire arises they should not be disre- 
 garded, but obeyed as quickly as opportunity allows. I once knew a 
 sea-captaia who only evacuated his bowels when in port, and who re- 
 marked to me that when he " battened down the hatches of his vessel, 
 he also battened do^vn the hatches of his body, and no matter how long 
 the voyages, no stools are made. " The consequences were, that when- 
 ever he came to port he had a hard time to be relieved of his fajcal ac- 
 cumulations. In many other cases no movement of the bowels was 
 observed for ten or twelve weeks. Constipation is attended with vari- 
 ous sympathetic affections, and iinally deranges the blood, impairs the 
 health, tone, and vigor of the whole system. It is frequently the cause 
 of ]iiles, strangury, dysmenorrhoea, amenorrhoea, leucorrhoea, apoplexy, 
 epilepsy, dyspepsia, insanity, etc. 
 
 Tre.\tment. — The cause of the difficulty should be carefully studied, 
 and the proper treatment resorted to. The diet should be composed of 
 laxative articles of food, as fresh fruits, unbolted-liour bread, etc. If 
 dependent upon a lax state of the muscular fibres, golden seal, in com- 
 bination with mandrake and blackroot are the jjroper remedies, and 
 when due to vitiated secretions of the stomach, liver, etc. , the American 
 Columbo .should be given. In atony of the bowels, nux vomica should be 
 carefully administered with the cathartics. Cathartics and enemas are of 
 course indicated for present relief in all cases, and those should be se- 
 lected which operate sufficiently, without causing irritation of the mu- 
 cous membranes. Kneading the bowels often overcomes habitual consti- 
 pation. There exists no better remedy than my " Renovating Pills," they 
 cure every case of habitual constipation. The bowels may become ob- 
 structed from other causes, Iiitiissnsception, or invagination of the 
 bowels, or when one part of the bowel is drawn into another portion, 
 produces complete closure of the canal. The bowels also become 
 twisted. ThcBe conditions mav be known by the vomitiug of stercora- 
 11*
 
 250 THE (.:OJIPLETE HERBALIST. 
 
 ceous or faecal matter, and when this is observed, instant medical aid 
 should be called for, as the condition is one of great danger, and re- 
 quires intelligent treatment. 
 
 Intestinal Worms. 
 
 Every animal seems to be a nest for other animals, and man is no 
 exception to the rule. There are five varieties of intestinal worms, aU 
 more or less familiar to every one of my readers. 
 
 1. Ascaris lumhricoidcs. — This worm resembles the common earth- 
 worm, and is supposed to belong to the same species. It varies in size 
 from foui- to eighteen inches in length ; it also varies in color, having in 
 some instances a whitish pink hue, and in others a dull, dirty-yellow 
 color. It feeds on the chyme found in the intestines, upon absorption 
 from which the growth of the human system depends. They are gene- 
 rally found in the smaller tntestiues. 
 
 2. Ascaris vermiculdris^ — This worm is sometimes improperly called 
 the thread-worm, for there is another variety more like a thi-ead than 
 this. It is commonly called the maw-worm, and is the smallest known. 
 The male is exceedingly smaU, but the female is about half an inch 
 long. It is very slender, and about the size of small sewing-thread. 
 From the fact that it inhabits the rectum chiefly, it is often called the 
 seat-worm. This is the animal so troublesome and annoying to childnin, 
 but is occasionally also found in adults. The child infested with tham 
 runs about during the day apparently well, but when night comes it com- 
 plains of itching in the rectum, which is sometimes excessively annoying. 
 
 3. Tricocephalus dispar. — This is the long thread-worm, from one to 
 two inches in length, h\xt sometimes reaches a length of four inches. It 
 is like a small thread, except at the posterior extremity, where it is 
 enlarged. It is not so often found as the others. It is of light color. 
 The male is smaller than the female, and differs little in shape. It is 
 common to all parts of the intestinal canal. 
 
 4. Tania solium or vidgaris. — This is the common tape-worm. Of 
 this family there is but one variety in the United States, though there 
 is another peculiar to other parts of the world. It varies greatly in 
 length and size. The ordinary length is from seven to fifteen feet, but 
 it sometimes arrives at the enormous length of one hundred feet. It is 
 of a flat, ribbon-like shape, abovit one-qtiarter of an inch in breadth in 
 the largest places, and tapers to almost a mere thread at the caudal 
 extremity. Its color is whitish or yellowish ; and it is made up of nu- 
 merous segments or joints, which arc most distinct and jierfcct at a dis- 
 tance from the head. These segments resemble a gourd-seed, and are 
 four-;nded. The head is smaller than most of the body, with a small 
 point in the centre with oj)eniugs. It is supposed that tliis animal can 
 exist or reproduce itself if but a single joint exists, but this is doubtful
 
 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 
 
 251 
 
 unless the head exists. When the head is evacuated the remainder will 
 decay and be also expeUed. This animal is hermaphrodite, and im- 
 pregnates itself. It inhabits the small intestines. Persons affected 
 with this worm frequently pass joints, but it often remains in the body 
 for a long time without its presence being thus revealed. 
 
 5. Twiiia lata, or hothriociphalus latns. — This is the broad tape- . 
 worm, and does not exist in this country unless imported. It is found 
 in Central and Western Europe. It is much broader, and the joints are 
 shorter than in the common long tape-worm. The joints are more per- 
 
 Sections of the Tape Worm. 
 
 feet, well developed, and thrown off iu connected rows, and by a cavity 
 in the centre, and not in the border of the joint. It varies in length 
 from one to twenty feet. 
 
 Almost every variety of symptoms is found to result from the irrita- 
 tion that worms produce in the human system. The symjitoms, however, 
 occur mostly in children, and are generally produced by the long, round, 
 or common worms. The abdomen is prominent, full or bloated ; the 
 appetite variable and caimcious ; sometimes deficient and sometimes vo- 
 racious. The breath is usually offensive, the tongue has a white-coated 
 appearance, and often the ujDper lip will be much swollen. The eye- 
 lids also swell often, sometimes so much that the child can barely see ; 
 and occasionally swollen patches will present themselves in other parts 
 of the body. Children troubled with worms are apt to pass restless 
 aights, and frequently start in their sleep. Paleness around the mouth, 
 extending up the sides of the nose, is another common symptom. Itch- 
 ing of the anus is the most common and only particular effect produced 
 by the small worms. St. Vitus' dance and epilepsy often result from 
 verminous iiTitation, but the latter is usually harmless when jiroperly 
 treated. A dry, choking cough is a symptom i^ecuJiar of worms. Itch- 
 ing of the nose is a common symptom, and the child is almost inces- 
 santly rubbing that member.
 
 252 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 
 
 The symptoms of tape-worm are somewhat peculiar, and deserve a 
 brief notice. Persons of all ages are subject to them, but they are most 
 common to middle age. The distui-bance they occasion is that of great 
 uneasiness and distress, which often, sooner or later, destroys the gene- 
 ral health. Uneasiness in the head, sometimes pain, slight giddiness 
 and ringing in the ears, are the symptoms most complained of. The 
 coimtenance changes frequently from a flushed to a pale condition; 
 twitching of the muscles, especially those at the mouth, and a pinched, 
 contracted appearance of the nostrils, accompanied with itching, are 
 pecuhar symptoms of tape-worm. The appetite is variable, the eyelids 
 swollen, the breath offensive, etc., and other symptoms common to 
 other worms are present also in tape-woraa. Nausea occurs at times, 
 with ejections of frothy mucus. The patient grits his teeth in sleep ; 
 and the abdomen seems full, with contraction of the navel. After a 
 night's sleep there is a sensation of an animal moving about in the 
 bowels, accompanied by darting pains, which subside after eating. The 
 patient becomes weak and nervous, and finally, worn out with excite- 
 ment, gets hyiiochondriacal and even deranged. Of course, the most 
 unequivocal symptom is a discharge of joints of the worm. 
 
 Treatment. — This varies with the symptoms of each case. If con- 
 vulsions exist, the first step should be to subdue these by brisk frictiop 
 and warm applications along the spine and abdomen. Anti-spasmodic^ 
 Lu these cases should be given ; also sweating drinks. If these symp- 
 toms are relieved, the compound powder of senna and jalap may be 
 given with pink and wormwood in sufficient doses to produce free 
 evacuations of the bowels. This is to be repeated for two or three days, 
 and is usually successful. It is equally reliable in the treatment of the 
 long thread-wonn. The powder is composed of three drachms each of 
 the above herbs decocted in a pint of water ; dose, a tablespoouful. It 
 produces sometimes alarming symptoms, but these, however, are harm- 
 less and of short duration. Pinkroot and wormwood are good remedies, 
 however, given in any form. The melia azedarach, or the Pride of 
 China, given in decoction, is a favorite remedy ; so also is the burr of 
 the red cedar, the efficacy depending upon the turpentine it contains. 
 Santonine in doses of three or five grains is efficacious, and very service- 
 able because it is tasteless, and therefore readily administered. Blue ver- 
 vain is a good remedy, and for this reason my ' ' Restorative Assimilant " 
 is so efficient for the expulsion of worms. Seat, or maw-worms, are 
 best expeUed by injections of moderately strong salt and water, or soap- 
 suds. Turpentine in emulsion also makes an efficient injection. 
 
 For tape-worm various remedies are used. Kousso, pumpkin-seeds, 
 and turjientine have each a good reputation. Male Fern, however, is 
 the most specific remedy that can be used. It is certain to dislodge the 
 distressing enemy.
 
 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST, 253 
 
 Mj "Male Fern Vermifuge" is without doubt the best vermifuge 
 ever compounded and offered to the public. It instantly expels the 
 minor worms, and the tape-wonn is quickly dislodged by it. It is com 
 posed of such articles as make it applicable to every variety of worms, 
 and it is veritably infallible in its effect. (See page '469.) 
 
 I admonish all persons to avoid eating pork that is not well cooked, 
 for it is an established and indisputable fact that tape-worm is caused 
 by eating raw pork, provided that it is not in a healthy condition. That 
 which is commonly known as "measly pork" contains the germs of 
 tape-worm, and should not be eaten unless thoroughly cooked. Tape- 
 worm is most prevalent among the peasants of Central Europe, being 
 they subsist largely on raw pork. 
 
 Peritonitis. 
 
 This is an inflammation of the serous membrane lining the abdominal 
 cavity, and investing the viscera, and may be either acute or chronic. 
 During the early stages of the disease there is a feeling of lassitude, pain 
 in the back and limbs, chills alternating with flushes of heat, headache 
 and a feeling of iineasiness about the abdomen. As soon as the febrile 
 action is established, the pain becomes sharp and severe. The abdomen 
 is very tender, the slightest pressure by the hand causing most intense 
 pain. The patient lies on his back, with his knees drawn up and shoul- 
 ders elevated, finding that this relaxes the abdominal muscles, and pre- 
 vents pressure by the bedclothes. Nausea, vomiting, thirst, constipation 
 and suppression of urine, are frequent symptoms. The face is pale and 
 contracted, respiration is oppressed, each inspiration aggravates the 
 pain ; pulse is frequent and small, tongue moist, and the patient is 
 generally wakeful. The abdomen becomes tympanitic, and when a fatal 
 termination is approached it becomes very much distended. The pulse 
 also becomes feeble and quick, and the countenance assumes a ghastly 
 appearance. It is very rapid in its course, death sometimes occurring 
 within twenty-four hours. Puerperal peritonitis is only another variety 
 of this disease, and attacks women in child-bed. It may arise idiopathi- 
 cally, or it may be caused by wounds, blows, falls, etc. 
 
 Treatment. — The stomach and bowels should be evacuated by an 
 emetic and purge. If associated with malarial influence quinine should 
 be given. The fever should be controlled by veratrum. A large mustard 
 plaster or turpentine stupe should be applied to the abdomen. Large 
 doses of opium to allay the pain are also indicated. The patient should 
 drink freely of marsh-mallow or flaxseed tea, and be supported by tonics, 
 beef -tea, etc. 
 
 Summer Complaint (Cholera Infantum). 
 
 This is a complaint which usually attacks children between the ages of 
 two months and three years ; il occurs in the warm season, and is chiefly
 
 254 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 
 
 confined to cities. It is very fatal. It commences with a profuse diar- 
 rhoea, stools thin and variously colored. The stomach becomes irritable, 
 and rejects everything. Loss of flesh, languor, and prostration follow, 
 and stools become colorless and odorless, skin is dry and harsh, head and 
 belly hot, thirst is great, and fever at night-fall. Delirium is present iu 
 many cases, indicated by violent tossing of the head, etc. 
 
 Treatment. — The child should be removed to a vicinity abounding in 
 pure air, if possible ; otherwise, in a large and airy room, and may even 
 be taken into the open air occasionally. Its food should consist of the 
 farinaceous articles of diet, if weaned ; otherwise, of its mother's milk ; 
 mucilaginous drinks can also be given. If the vomiting be obstinate, 
 give camphor, or a little opium, or combined, as in paregoric. The 
 astringents, as turmeric and cranesbill, must be given to check the diar- 
 rhoea. Rhubarb is a good remedy, also leptandrin, prepared chalk, etc. 
 Lime-water is grateful, and should be given. Charcoal is the proi^er 
 remedy when the stools are very offensive. 
 
 Cholera Morbus. 
 
 This is characterized by violent purging and vomiting of bilious matter, 
 attended with griping, sickness and a constant desire to go to stool. The 
 attack is usiially abrupt, but it is sometimes preceded by loss of apjia- 
 tite, nausea, headache, chilliness, colicky pains, etc. It occurs genei:- 
 ally at night, and the vomiting and purging occur in quick successiorr. 
 The evacuations are usually copious, consisting of the ingesta first, but 
 afterwards of a sour, acrid, serous liquid, causing a scalding sensation in 
 the throat ; there is slight tenderness over the abdomen, hiccough, anxie- 
 ty, restlessness and exhaustion. The pulse is quick, small and feeble, 
 the skin cool and moist, or bathed in clammy perspiration. It is quite 
 a serious disease and runs a rapid course — death often occurring within 
 twenty-four hours. 
 
 Treatment. — If the stomach is overloaded with indigestible food a lo- 
 belia emetic shotdd be given in connection with warm ginger tea. Hot 
 packs or nuistard plasters should be placed on the abdomen, and bottles 
 of hot water to the feet. Lumps of ice should be placed in the mouth to 
 allay the patient's thirst. Opium is a very good remedy, and may be 
 given by mouth or by injection. A tea made of chamomile flowers or 
 columbo often succeeds well. Where great exhaustion is felt, a brandy 
 toddy yhould be given. 
 
 Asiatic Ciioi-era. 
 
 This is an endemic disease of India, and visits other lands by travel- 
 ling in what is called the cholera cycle. The Hindoos caU it jnirrhee 
 morlii (rapid death) ; the Mahometans, eunerum vaudi (diarrhoea and 
 vomiting) ; and the Arabs, d houwah (hurricane). It is evidently
 
 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 255 
 
 caused by a noxious malaria arising from human or animal decomposi- 
 tion. It is characterized by three stages. The first is marked by 
 derangement of the digestive organs, rumbling in the bowels, pain in 
 the loins or knees, twitching of the calves of the legs, impaired appetite, 
 thirst, and especially a slight diarrhoea. These symptoms continue from 
 a few hours to several days. The pulse is frequently very slow, the 
 tongue is furred, and a sense of great debility is present in all cases. In 
 the second stage vomiting occurs, and the characteristic rice-water stools 
 make their appearance. These stools are thin and wateiy, and have a 
 peculiar spermatic odor. The cramps become excessively severe, draw- 
 ing the muscles into knots. The tongue is pale and moist, pulse feeble, 
 the breathing hurried, with distress about the heart, great thirst, and 
 the secretion of urine nearly stopped. The thin, colorless fluid dis- 
 charged by vomiting and purging is the watery portion of the blood, and 
 when so much has been discharged that the blood cannot circulate 
 freely, the patient smks into the third, or stage of collapse. This is 
 characterized by great prostration, the pulse being hardly perceptible, 
 skin cold and clammy, face blue or purple, eyes much sunken, hands 
 dark-colored, looking like a washerwoman's, breathing short and 
 laborious, a sense of great heat in the stomach, intense thirst, inanition, 
 and death. Recoveries from the third stage seldom occur. 
 
 Treatment.— In the first place the diarrhoea should receive prompt 
 attention. The patient should lie in bed, and from five to ten drops of 
 laudanum every two or three hours should be given. The astringents 
 should also be administered. Morphine can also be given. The diet 
 should be carefully regulated, and eveiy symptom promptly met with 
 an apiiropriate remedy. In the second stage the treatment should be 
 energetic, quinine should be given, and the sinking powers sustained with 
 tonics, beef -tea, etc. ApiU containing opium, camphor, and cayenne pep- 
 per should also be administered. Brandy may also be given freely. I 
 also advise my " Restorative Assimilant " as a good remedy ; it should 
 be taken in full doses. Its success has been very gratifying wherever it 
 has been used. 
 
 In the third stage the above remedies are to be pursued with increased 
 energy, especially the stimulants, and every effort should be made to 
 promote the warmth of the body. 
 
 Prolapsus op the Rectum. 
 
 This is more common to children than to adults, and is frequently 
 a sequel to protracted diarrhoea, the falling caused by the debility occa- 
 sioned thereby. It is also associated with disease of the digestive 
 organs, and is peculiar to persons of feeble habit, or of a scrofulous or 
 tuberculous diathesis. It causes pain in the lumbar region, constipation, 
 Bometimes diarrha;a, cardiac irritation, and general prostration.
 
 256 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 
 
 Treatment. — The bowels should be replaced as soon as possible tc 
 prevent inflammation, that would naturally follow. The bowel can be 
 replaced with the finger, well greased with sweet oil, gently pressing the 
 tumor within the fundament. Cold water should be applied to the 
 parts, and a decoction of white oak bark should be injected. A T- 
 bandage should be applied to restrain the bowel from protrusion. 
 
 An.\l Fistula. 
 
 This consists of an abscess occurring in some portion of the cellular 
 tissue around the anus. As suppuration occurs the pus can be detected 
 by the touch, and which sooner or later makes its way to the surface, 
 and is discharged. While the abscess is forming the patient is consider- 
 ably feverish, and feels a tenderness about the anal region. At first the 
 discharge is a bloody pus, which in time becomes watery and acrid, or 
 sanious. The channel through which it passes is called the fistula. If 
 it communicates with the rectum, the fistula is said to be complete ; but 
 if it does not perforate the mucous membrane, it is said to be incomplete 
 or blind. Fistula is more liable to occur in scrofulous and consumptive 
 persons than in others, though it may be caused by piles, habitual con- 
 stipation, or the presence of foreign bodies in the rectum. ^ ,^ 
 
 Treatment. — Durinjr the active inflammatory state the bowels 
 should be evacuated by a mild purge, and if the pain is severe, an opiilte 
 may be given. Flaxseed poultices, or hot fomentations, should be applied, 
 and as soon as fluctuation is quite e%adent, an incision should be made, 
 and the pus evacuated. A weak decoction of white oak bark may then 
 be injected, and the parts drawn together by adhesive straps. The 
 poultices should be continued as long as there is any hope to prevent a 
 fistulous opening. If the fistula does occur, it gives great annoyance, 
 and is quite difficult to cure. The surgical treatment consists in intro- 
 ducing a ligature through the fistulous opening into the bowels and out 
 the anus, securing it to a small piece of cork, and twisting it once 
 or twice a day until it cuts through, or by dividing the septum by 
 a knife, and healing it from the bottom. Others cauterize the fistula, and 
 attempt to stimulate adhesive granulations in that way. I grant that 
 success attends all these surgical operations, but T do not see the pro- 
 priety of subjecting the patient to all the attendant pain and confine- 
 ment to bed when a cure can be as radically effected in as short a space 
 of time by purely medicinal treatment. I have cured very many cases, 
 and in no instance have resorted to cautei'ization or the knife. Cou- 
 Bultation, either in person or by letter, is free with reference to such 
 cases. (See page 1590). 
 
 Piles {He77io7r7iolds). 
 By these are understood the existence of small excrescences wthin
 
 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 257 
 
 the rectum and arotind the anus, which are characterized by a varicose 
 condition of the hemorrhoidal veins. They may be situated either 
 internally or externally, and when blood is discharg-ed they are called 
 bleeding piles, if not, blind piles. The tumors vary in size from a pea 
 to a hen's egg. Thej^ are more common in women than men, owing to 
 the sedentary habits of the former. They are caused by olistruction of 
 the portal circulation, drastic purgatives, habitual constipation, preg- 
 nancy, uterine misplacement, etc. 
 
 Treatment. — If costiveness exists, give some mild purgative, as 
 senna and leptandrin, or the "Renovating Pill," and keep bowels gently 
 open, so as to secure one passage a day. Thoroughwort, in decoction, 
 is also very useful. A compound decoction, or an ointment made of 
 witch-hazel, white oak bark, and sweet-apple tree, applied to the 
 tumors, very often cures them. In congestion of the liver, or derange- 
 ment of the portal circulation, resort to the treatment advised in chronic 
 hepatitis. If there is much inflammation, apply a slippery elm, stramo- 
 nium, or poke-leaf poultice. Daily injections of cold water are also 
 very useful. The diet should be regulated, and fatigue should be 
 avoided. As a remedy for either internal or external piles, I can recom- 
 mend nothing better than my "Herbal Ointment." If thoroughly 
 applied to the tumors about twice a day, it gives instant relief, and 
 ciu'es them in a short time. 
 
 DISEASES OF THE ABSORBENT SYSTEM. 
 
 These are diseases affecting the lymphatic glands. The lymphatic 
 system is that jiarticular system of organs inservient to the formation 
 and circulation of lymph, and consists of glands and vessels. When any 
 of these glands become inflamed, the affection is lymj)hangeitis^ angeio- 
 leuciUs.1 or lymphadenitis. 
 
 Scrofula. 
 
 This is commonly known as " King's Evil," and derives its name from 
 the Latin scrofa, a sow, because it was supposed that it also affects 
 swine. It is most apt to occur in persons of sanguine temperament, 
 with thick upper lip. When fully developed, it gives ri.se to a deposit 
 of tuberculous matter. It is characterized by a morbid state of the 
 system, manifested by glandular swellings, chiefly in the neck, suppu- 
 rating slowly, and healing with difficulty. At first there appear small, 
 hard, movable kernels about the neck, just under the skin. These are 
 the affected lymphatic glands. No redness or soreness is perceptible at 
 first, but when in course of time they reach the size from a filbert to a 
 hen's egg, or even larger, they come to a head and break, discharging a 
 watery fluid, or a mixture like whey and curd. No great pain is seldom 
 if ever felt. WTien the ulcers heal, they are apt to leave a puckered 
 
 R
 
 258 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 
 
 condition of the skin, and ugly scars. There is scarcely any tissue or 
 organ in the body that scrofula does not assail, and it forms the basis, 
 in many cases of disease, of all their virulence and stubbornness. 
 Strumous habits are very common, being mostly hereditary ; but they 
 may also be contracted by bad habits, or be the sequel to low vitality or 
 prostrating diseases. The taint is apt to become universal if in marriage 
 the health of either party is not considered of equal importance with 
 affection, etc., etc. It impairs the functions of all the organs; it 
 renders the mental faculties more or less imbecile ; it gives to the 
 patient a heavy, sullen, and forbidding appearance, and is destructive 
 of all beauty of form or sprightliness of character. It is so serious a 
 disease that no one affected with the taint, however slight it may be, 
 should defer such rational treatment as will cure him of one of the 
 greatest enemies of mankind. 
 
 Treatment. — How lamentable it is that we have no Kings now a 
 days, whose "sacred touch" will cure the prevalent scrofida. In olden 
 times persons beUeved that if the scrofrdous patient could get into the 
 presence of the King, and be touched by his royal hand, his disease 
 would vanish in nothingness. Hence the name of "King's Evil." 
 This folly reached its height in the reign of Charles II. and after the 
 Restoration ; the number who flocked to the royal palaces to receive the 
 "touch" is said to have been immense— no less than ninety-two ihou- 
 sand in twelve years. If Kings are no longer divine, and whose sacred 
 touch no longer cures, we are not left hopeless, for the products made 
 by a divine hand as manifested in the herbal world afford us abun- 
 dant agents of cure, if we but have the wisdom not to ignore them, and 
 the inteUigence to use them properly. 
 
 Rational treatment shoidd be preventive and curative. The pre- 
 ventive treatment consists in regulating the diet and to supply all the 
 chemical material lacking in the histogcnic character of the tissues. 
 The habit3 should be conformed to weU-established hygienic laws, and 
 the digestive and assimilative organs should especially be elevated in 
 tonicity and healthfuhiess. Exercise and bathing are very important, 
 and must not be neglected. "When it manifests itself by its characteris- 
 tic features, tumors, ulcers, etc., the herbal alteratives alone will effect 
 the cure. The best of these are rock- rose, stillingia, corydalis for- 
 mosa, yeUow-dock, fig-wort, sarsaparilla, etc. If the system is debili- 
 tated the tonics should also be given to give tone to the various organs 
 of the body. The ulcers should be treated as all chronic indolent 
 ulcers— the best application to them being my " Herbal Ointment." My 
 "Blood Purifier" (see page 4G9) is composed of the choicest alteratives 
 known, and acts specifically in the cure of this disease, and ever since it 
 has been given to the pubUc, its success was asserted in every case in 
 which it received a competent trial.
 
 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 259 
 
 Certain cases of scrofula, in which nearly all the tissues and organs are 
 involved, and where the vitality of the system is at a low point, energetic 
 special treatment is necessary. In such cases the author can be con- 
 sulted, according to directions given on page 390. 
 
 Tabes Mesenterica. 
 
 This consists of an engorgement and tubercular degeneration of the 
 mesenteric glands, followed by emaciation and general disorder of the 
 nutritive functions. It occurs particularly in children of a scrofulous 
 diathesis, and in those who are weaned too soon, or fed on indigestible 
 substances. The disease is often owing to irritation in inflammation 
 of the lining membrane of the intestines, giving occasion to enlarg- 
 ment of the glands of the mesentery, or duplicature of the peritoneum. 
 Diarrhoea, emaciation, loss of appetite, or sometimes immoderate appe- 
 tite, hardness and swelling of the abdomen, and toward the end hectic 
 fever, are the chief symptoms of this disease. Recovery is seldom from 
 this disease, if it has attained such a stage in which the glands have 
 become extensively disorganized. 
 
 Treatjiext. — Digestible food, fresh air, etc. must be provided for 
 the iiatient, and the bowels should be kept soluble. The treatment 
 ad\ased in scrofula should be resorted to in this disease. The patient's 
 strength is especially to be well supported by good food, tonics and sti- 
 mulants. This disea.se is commonly known as '^^ op7ieme" in certain 
 localities, which literally means taking of or wasting away, and per- 
 sons can yet be found who ascribe the miserable condition of the child 
 to the power of witchcraft, and the celebrated ' ' witch doctors " do 
 vet find employment and supply their amulets or engage in heathenish 
 incantations. I advise every mother when the first symptoms of this 
 disease are recognized to at once engage skilful medical aid, and her child 
 may oftentimes be saved. 
 
 ANATOMY OF THE RESPIRATORY ORGANS. 
 Larynx. 
 
 The Im'pihT is a canal formed of cartilages, whose various movements 
 regulate the voice. It is situated in the median Une in the upper and 
 anterior part of the neck. It can readily be felt from the exterior, and 
 is commonly called ' ' Adam's Apple. ' ' It forms the commencement of 
 the wind-pipe, and in shape is cylindrical below and prismatic above. 
 It is larger in males than in females, which accounts in a measure for 
 the different t|uality of the voice between the sexes. 
 
 It is composed of five cartilages ; viz., thjToid, cricoid, two arytenoid, 
 and epiglottis. The thyroid is the largest ; it occupies the upper anterior 
 portion of the larynx. The cricoid is next in size, and situated at the 
 base of the larynx. Its form is that of a laterally-compressed thick
 
 260 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 
 
 ring. The arytenoid cartilages are two in number, pyramidal in shape, 
 and situated at the upper and back portion of the larynx. The epiglottis 
 is a thin, oval, cartilaginous plate, behtad the root of the tongue, and 
 attached to the angle of the larynx ; it resembles a leaf ia shape, and 
 is perforated with numerous foramina or holes. During deglutition it 
 is pressed over the rima gMtidis, thus preventing either solids or Liquids 
 from entering the respiratory tract. 
 
 Within the larynx are two ligaments on either side. The inferior liga- 
 ments are usually called the vocal chords, though they are more properly 
 ligaments. The space between thein is called the rima glottidis, and the 
 space between the superior Ugaments is the glottis. The larynx is lined 
 with mucous membrane, inflammation of which constitutes laryngitis. 
 
 Trachea. 
 
 The traeliea ' (see figure) is a cylindrical tube, four or five inches long, 
 reaching from the larynx to the point of division into the bronchial tubes. 
 It is formed of from sixteen to twenty cartilaginous rings, united by 
 elastic Ugamentous tissue. It is lined with mucous membrane contin- 
 uous ^\ith that of the larynx, which is extremely vascular, and covered 
 with numerous foUicles. 
 
 The hroncld " ' or bronchial tubes are essentially of the same stric- 
 ture and arrangement as the trachea ; the right bronchus is shorter and 
 of larger diameter than the left. The bronchial tubes ramify into 
 numerous sub-divisions, which finally terminate in the lobules of the 
 lungs. 
 
 In front of the first two lings of the trachea and upon the sides of 
 the larynx is the thyroid gland. It is sometimes much enlarged, consti- 
 tuting goitre. 
 
 The Lungs. 
 
 The lungs are the organs of respiration properly ; they are two in num- 
 ber, and situated in the chest, placed side by side, being separated from 
 the abdomen by the diaphragm. 
 
 The size varies with the capacity and condition of the chest, age, in- 
 spiration, expiration, and disease. They are conical in shape, are longer 
 posteriorly than anteriorly, and have concave bases. The color of the lungs 
 is of a pinki.sh gray, mottled with black ; these black spots are more nu- 
 merous in adult life than in infancy. The vight lung is shorter but larger 
 than the left, whose transverse diameter is somewhat diminished by the 
 position of the heart. It has three lobes, the left having but two. 
 
 The structure of the lungs is spongy, and its compression between 
 the fingers j)roduces a crackling sound called crepitation. It consists 
 of air-vesicles^", held together by cellular tissue, called parenchyma., 
 through which blood-vessels and air-vessels axe ramified. A certain
 
 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 
 
 261 
 
 number of air-cells communicate with each other, and with a single 
 branch of the bronchial tube ; these are separated from neighboring cells 
 by partitions of parenchyma, and thus are formed the lobules in which 
 the aeration of the blood is performed. 
 
 The Lungs. 
 
 Pleura. 
 
 The pleura is a serous membrane investing each lung, and then reflected 
 upon the walls of the chest. That portion in contact with the chest ia 
 called the pleura coHtcdis ; that covering the lungs, the pleura pidmonalis. 
 
 DISEASES OF THE RESPIRATORY AND CIRCULATORY SYS- 
 
 TEMS. 
 
 CORYZA. 
 
 This is the " running at the nose " or " cold in the head," so frequently 
 contracted. It consists of acute inflammation of the Schneiderian or 
 mucous membrane of the nose, and the sinuses connecting with it. It 
 causes considerable annoyance, and often creates some constitutional dia-
 
 262 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 
 
 turbance. It is caused by the partial application of cold, as to the back 
 of the head or neck, to the feet, etc. , and the effect is especially apt to 
 be produced after perspiration from heat or exertion. When it reigns 
 epidemically it is called injhuiiza. 
 
 Treatment. — It \\dll usually subside without any treatment, but the 
 subsidence can be greatly hastened by hot baths, a draught of ginger 
 tea upon retiring, and the inhalation of some hot aromatic vapors, such 
 as of balm, water-pepper, etc. 
 
 OZCENA. 
 
 This consists of chronic inflammation of the nostrils, with an uneasy 
 feeling, heat, and stiffness of the nose, swelling of the mucous mem- 
 brane, and an offensive discharge. The nostrils are sometimes closed, 
 owing to the thickness of the membrane. The discharge is often quite 
 purulent, of a yellowish or greenish color, or sanious, and tinged with 
 blood. It is very frequently associated with ulceration, and caries or ne- 
 crosis of the bone. The breath is usually extremely oft"ensive, and the 
 sense of smell is occasionally lost. It is frequently the result of scrofu- 
 lous, scorbutic, or syphilitic taint, and is a serious and disgusting disease. 
 
 Treatment. — The constitutional symptoms should receive special at- 
 tention, and if owing to or connected with scrofulous or syphilitic taint 
 the general treatment for those diseases should be given. The stomach 
 and bowels should receive careful attention, the digestion being in-^g- 
 orated by alnuin, vibumin, etc. A salt water bath should be taken 
 every morning to stimulate the emunctories. The vapors of tar, naph- 
 tha, astringent and narcotic herbs are very beneficial ; an inhaling of 
 mecca oil through an atomizer is successful and necessary in obstinate 
 cases. Tonics, as quinine, etc., are necessary in some cases. Those 
 persons who may wish the treatment to be directed by a competent 
 physician, and who desire prompt relief and cure, may consult me, as I 
 have given special attention to this disease, and have cured the most 
 obstinate cases. 
 
 Catarrh. 
 
 We now come to a disease that is a bane to the existence of many a 
 person. The catarrhal patient is never happy, for he knows that he is 
 inseparably connected with a disease that is excessively annoying to 
 himself and no less disagreeable to those with whom he comes in con- 
 tact. It consists of inflammation of the mucous membrane lining the 
 nose and sinuses or cavities connecting with it. It is a very common 
 affection, arising from repeated colds, damp apartments, wet feet, in- 
 sufficieut clothing, hot rooms, a sudden check of perspiration, and a 
 rheumatic or scrofulous disposition predisposes to an attack. The 
 symptoms are weariness, paius in the back and limbs, frontal headache,
 
 TIIE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 263 
 
 increased discharge from the nose, hoarseness, sore throat, impaired 
 vision, fever, constant hawking-, cough, and, if the disease contiaues, 
 partial or complete deafness. By the constant dropping of the secre- 
 tions into the throat, the catarrhal inflammation is made to extend to the 
 mucous membrane of the throat and larynx, causing gastritis, tonsQlitis, 
 laryngitis, pharyngitis, and bronchitis. Consumption is not an unfre- 
 quent sequel to catarrh, and it may so undermine the vitality of the 
 system that the most energetic and rational treatment will only re- 
 establish it. A case that illustrates the ravages of catarrh in its ordi- 
 nary severe forms is given in the following letter: — 
 
 Washington, D. C, April 3, 1871. 
 Dr. O. Phelps Brown. 
 
 Respected Sir : — My catarrh, which had almost destroyed 
 my power of speech, had nearly lost me the senses of smell and taste, 
 and was rapidly extending to the lungs, by dropping down, has dis- 
 appeared. I owe this great blessing to your course of treatment. I 
 applied to you by advice of acquaiutances, with many doubts ; but a 
 "drowning man catches at a straw," and I wrote you a full description 
 of my sufferings. I cannot be too grateful to Providence for ha\'ing 
 directed me to do this. Use my name in any way you please for the 
 benefit of others afflicted as I was, etc. 
 
 S. Brown Mills. 
 
 This patient describes the effect of nasal catarrh, as developed in 
 himself, but partially. He has omitted to say that his breath was so 
 offensive that people could not sit in the room with him; that the 
 matter was discharged so copiously that it descended into the stomach, 
 causing vomitiog, reducing him in strength and flesh to a comparative 
 skeleton ; that he had inflammation and elongation of the soft palate 
 (uvula) ; had lost his appetite, and was troubled with hectic fever. 
 
 He was subject to the usual despondency and hopelessness of patients 
 suffering from long-standing catarrh, and it required every effort to 
 arouse his drooping spirits to anything like natural vivacity. In fact, 
 the symptomatic hopelessness and great depression of the spirits in 
 catarrhal patients is often a greater barrier to speedy cure than the 
 pathological condition of the disease itself. 
 
 Treatment. — It is only in the chronic form that catarrh presents diffi- 
 culties requiring the most patient and skillful treatment. 
 
 It is not merely a local disease, but dependent upon a vitiated con- 
 dition of the blood ; hence, merely local treatment will prove ineffec- 
 tual : therefore the only successful method of treating this disease, is in 
 combining proper local treatment with appropriate constitutional medi« 
 cation, 
 
 For years this complaint baffled the skill of physicians universally, 
 and I myself, came to the conclusion, that to really eradicate the disease
 
 264 
 
 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 
 
 from the system, a combination of remedies were required : a remedy to 
 cleanse the blood ; a remedy for local application ; a remedy to circulate 
 the bloood, thus arousing the system to action and a medicine to stimu- 
 late the liver, to aid the system in throwing off the disease. The follow- 
 ing treatment meets all these requirements and has proved effectual in 
 curing many thousands of individuals — many of whom represented 
 cases of long standing in the most advanced stages of this really 
 dangerous complaint : 
 
 Accident first brought to my notice Dr. Lane's Catarrh Cure, and I 
 tested it with perfect success in many instances, in conjunction with my 
 Blood Purifier, Herbal Ointment, and Renovating Pills. 
 
 The following treatment is what I advise in cases of catarrh : A 
 course of the Blood Purifier, consisting of six bottles, taken inter- 
 nally to^cleanse the blood. The Herbal Ointment well rubbed in at 
 least once a day across the small of the back, sparingly over the stomach 
 and bowels, and about the forehead and between the eyes to arouse 
 action, assist digestion, soothe the nervous system, and remove irri- 
 tation. The Renovating Pills taken only often enough to keep the bowels 
 soluble and regulated to one passage per day. They arouse the liver to 
 action and thus aid in throwing off disease. 
 
 Dr. Lane's Catarrh Cure may be snuffed up the nostrils from the palin 
 of the hand ; or, a small syringe may be used ; or the Nasal Douche, 
 
 which is preferable to any other 
 contrivance for the purpose (see 
 illustration) of conveying the ca- 
 tarrh cure gently but thoroughly 
 to the afflicted membranes. The 
 price of the " Nasal Douche " is 
 seventy-five cents and ten cents 
 extra for postage. The catarrh 
 cure should be diluted with warm^ 
 soft water, in preference to 
 cold, as the latter has a tenden- 
 cy to produce irritation, or spas- 
 modic action. Those prefering 
 the douche will find it of very 
 great convenience and efficiency, 
 as all parts of the inflamed 
 surface can be reached by its 
 aid. 
 
 Catarrh can be mastered by 
 the above treatment, and I know 
 of no other that will thoroughly 
 
 Dr. O. Phelps Brown's 
 Nasal Douuho Aiiiiaratus,
 
 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 265 
 
 and permanently cure it. Rational treatment will succeed in this, as in 
 other diseases, and those suffering from its presence should act promptly 
 in arresting its progress. 
 
 We consider the following medicine sufficient to cure the generality 
 of cases : a course of Blood Purifier consisting of six bottles, the price 
 of which is five dollars ; two bottles of Dr. Lane's Catarrh Cure of 
 double strength, one dollar and fifty cents each, three dollars ; one large 
 pot of Herbal Ointment, fifty cents, and a small box of Renovating 
 Pills, twenty-five cents : total, eight dollars and seventy-five cents. 
 
 Those desiring to send for my course of treatment for catarrh, may 
 send the money by post office order, or registered letter at my risk, and 
 I will promptly forward the medicine on the receipt of the same by ex- 
 press with full directions for use. Sufferers should not fail to possess 
 the Nasal Apparatus, illustrated above, as by its use the nasal cavities 
 can be thoroughly cleaned and medicated. 
 
 I have spoken thus confidently regarding the above treatment, know- 
 ing how successful ii has proved in thousands of cases of catarrh. 
 
 I am willing to give my advice, or opinion when desired to do so, in 
 any case, free of charge, either at my office or by letter. Address Dr. 
 O. Phelps Brown, 21 Grand St., Jersey City, N. J. 
 
 Laryngitis. 
 
 This consists of an inflammation of the parts composing the larynx, 
 especially the mucous membranes, and may be either acute or chronic. 
 When it is known that in the larynx are situated the vocal organs, 
 and that the aperture for the air to reach the lungs is situated at the 
 apex, it can readUy be conceived why inflammation impairs the voice 
 or impedes the respiration. In the acute form there is hoarseness, a 
 pain about the larynx or "Adam's apple," cough, and difficulty of 
 Bwallowdng. If the iuflammation is violent the patient's life is in im- 
 minent danger from strangulation, caused by closure of the riyna 
 ghttidis. The voice is often completely lost. In bad cases the patient 
 starts up suddenly in bed beggmg for air ; his lips assume a livid or 
 purplish color, the surface becomes cold, the pulse frequent and feeble, 
 the countenance ghastly, perspiration clammy, and finally death occurs 
 from insufficient aeration of the blood. The chronic form is more com- 
 mon than the acute, and is generally associated with induration or 
 ulceration of the mucous membrane. It causes great debility, emaci- 
 ation, night-sweats, loss of appetite, vomiting and diarrhoea, and the 
 patient often dies in a state of hectic exhaustion. 
 
 Trkatment. — Control the circulation with veratrum, administer an 
 emetic and piirge, and apply hot packs to the throat. Hot water 
 should be used frequently as a gargle. The inhalation of hot vapors, 
 aa that of belladonna, lobelia, stramonium, mullein, sweet fern, etc..
 
 266 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 
 
 gives great relief. Some practitioners use ice-bags in place of hot packs 
 to the throat. They seem to answer the same purpose. In case of 
 impending strangulation, no objection should be made to laryngotomy, 
 if in the opinion of the physician or surgeon it is deemed necessary. 
 In the chronic form the disease demands the same treatment, though 
 modified to suit the conditions of the case. A gargle of golden seal, 
 and a syrup of Ceanothus Americanus, or frost-wort, taken internally, 
 are very beneficial. Mecca oil is also used with great advantage. 
 Tonics and stimulants become necessary if the strength is failing. I 
 can offer to the patient an almost sure cure in my " Acaciau Balsam," 
 which is to be taken internally, and my "Herbal Ointment," applied 
 externally. 
 
 If complicated, or owing to syphilitic contamination, special treatment 
 (see page 390) is advised. 
 
 Bronchitis. 
 
 Inflammation of the bronchial mucous membrane is of common 
 occujrence. Its severity is proportionate to the size of the tube in- 
 volved. The disease may exist independently, but is often associated 
 with lung diseases. It may exist either in the acute or chronic form. 
 Iq the former variety, affecting the large and middle-sized tubes, 
 coryza, sore throat, hoarseness, and slight chills are the first symptoms ; 
 lassitude and pain in the limbs are also present, and as the disease piro- 
 gresses there is a sensation of heat, soreness, and rawness of the 
 bronchial surface, oppressed breathing, and a spasmodic cough and pain. 
 The cough in the early stage is followed by a clear, frothy expectoration, 
 with a saHne taste, which changes to yellowish or greenish sputa, or it 
 may be streaked with blood. If the small tubes are involved, the pulse 
 is extremely frequent, great difficulty of breathing, blue appearance of 
 the countenance, coldness of surface, and a tendency to asphyxia is 
 noted. As soon as the disease becomes chronic the febrile symptoms 
 disappear, but the pulse remains frequent, and the cough and dyspnoea 
 are persistent, though to some extent relieved by free expectoration. 
 The sleep is irregular, and night-sweats frequent, occasioning great 
 debility. The cough becomes croupy, and diarrhoea often attests ap- 
 proaching dissolution. 
 
 Treatment. — A hot bath, hot packs, and veratrum wUl often termi- 
 nate the career of the acute form at the outset. In the more screre forma 
 an emetic should be given, and the hot packs or chafing Mniments to 
 the chest and throat frequently renewed. Blood-root and other expec- 
 torants should be given, and qiunine should be administered if the dis- 
 ease is associated with malarial influence. The tonics may become neces- 
 Bary to suistain the strength. The vapors of mecca oil, goose-grease, 
 and bitter herbs are beueficiaL In the chronic form the treatment
 
 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 267 
 
 varies with the cause. If owing to syphilitic taint the treatment for 
 that disease should be given, and if rheumatic in origin, colchicum, in 
 connection with tonics, is the treatment indicated. The inhalation of 
 the various vapors before alluded to should also be instituted, and the 
 strength of the patient carefully husbanded by tonics, beef-tea, wine 
 whey, etc. A remedy that combines both tonic and expectorant quali- 
 ties is found in my " Acacian Balsam," which generally cures the worst 
 cases very quickly. The " Herbal Ointment " should at the same time 
 be thoroughly rubbed upon the chest, throat, and back. Consultations, 
 either in person or by letter, will receive carefid and prompt attention. 
 
 Croup. 
 
 Croup is an inflammation of the mucous membrane of the larynx and 
 trachea, or windpipe. It is one of the scourges of childhood. False 
 membranous croup is owing to an oozing of a peculiar fluid, which 
 thickens into apparent membranes, and adheres to the surface of the 
 windpipe. In membranous croup, there is much greater danger than in 
 the simpler form. 
 
 The symptoms are, difficult breathing, hoarseness, loud and shrill 
 cough, with fever. When the symptoms are violent at first, the disease 
 will be in all probability not fatal, as the membranous croup comes on 
 insidiously, and is scarcely ever ushered in by high inflammation. 
 
 Treatment.— An early and effective emetic is indicated in all cases. 
 Some mechanical emetic, as ipecacuanha, alum, etc. , should be preferred. 
 Flaxseed poultices, my "Herbal Ointment," and irritating liniments 
 Bhould be applied to the neck. The Dover's powder should be given to 
 promote perspiration and rest. Inhalation of vapor from hot water and 
 mulleLa leaves is of great service. The bowels should be kept regular. 
 In membranous croup, if the membrane cannot be dislodged by emetics, 
 and suffocation is imminent, tracheotomy becomes necessary. Croup 
 may often be prevented by tying a bag containing powdered rosin, 
 which is electro-negative, around the throat at night. 
 
 Pneumonia. 
 
 This ia commonly called lung fever. It is characterized by inflamma- 
 tion of the parenchyma or texture of the lungs. The patient is gener- 
 ally found lying on his back, complains of pain in his side, has more or 
 less difficulty of breathing, a cough at first dry, but soon accompanied 
 by bloody phlegm. As the disease becomes severe, the i^hlegm becomes 
 veiy tenacious, so that it will adhere to the spit-cup if turned upside 
 down Three characteristic stages are observed in this disease, viz., 
 congestim)., hepatizntion, and softening. In the iirst stage the lungs be- 
 come engorged with blood or congested, and if the lungs are percussed a 
 duU sovind is elicited, and if the ears are applied to the chest a minute
 
 268 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 
 
 crackling sound is heard, similar to that produced by rubbing fine hair 
 between the fingers and thumb. It is only heard during inspiration, and 
 is caused by the air breaking up the mucous adhesions. The urine ia 
 scanty and high colored. In the second stage the lungs become solid, 
 or hepatized, resembling the liver. Some writers call it red softening. 
 The dulness becomes more distinct upon percussion, and a whistling 
 sound is heard if the ear is placed to the chest. The cough is naore or 
 less dry, but the fever is aggravated. There is great prostration, rest- 
 lessness, complete loss of appetite, constipation, a loaded brown tongue, 
 and the respiration is hurried and imperfect. In the third stage the 
 lung softens and becomes filled with matter, and portions of the lung 
 are apt to give way. The cavities may be detected by increased reso- 
 nance at some parts by percussion, and the cavernous breathing by aus- 
 cultation. There is also a metallic tinkling heard, and the sputum be- 
 comes more Uquid, looking like prune-juice, and the general condition 
 of the patient worse in every respect. If the disease advances into this 
 stage, recovery is not very probable. 
 
 Pneumonia may be double or single ; the right lung suffers, however, 
 more frequently than the left. If pleurisy is associated with it, it is 
 called fleuTo-'pneumonia. WTien characterized by great debility .and 
 prostration, and is of a low type, it is called typhaid pneumonia. TJ'he 
 pneumonia of children is called lobular, as it is generally confinec^ to 
 one or two lobes of the lung. 
 
 Treatment. — Bleeding formerly was done in each case, and is again 
 receiving attention by some physicians, but I deem it injudicious, as a 
 general thing, though it may be of benefit in some plethoric cases. The 
 treatment should be commenced with a mUd cathartic, and the fever 
 should be controlled with veratrum. The expectorants should be ad- 
 ministered, and in cases of great prostration, beef-tea and alcoholic 
 stimulants must be given. The chest should be blistered, and a cloth 
 smeared with lard should be placed on the raw surface. Sleep should 
 be promoted by lupxilin or the opiates, and if great difficulty of breath- 
 ing exists, tvirjieutine should be poured on hot water, and the patient 
 allowed to breathe the vapor. Fresh air, quietude, and rest, with 
 frequent sponging of the body with tepid water, should not be neglected. 
 
 Asthma. 
 
 This is characterized by difficult breathing, occurring in paroxysms, 
 accompanied by a wheezing sound, a great desire for fresh air, and un- 
 attended by fever or organic disease of the lungs or heart. It is evi- 
 dently caused by an irritable condition of the ccrcbro-spinal system or 
 mcdulla-oblougata, which deranges the nervous influence through the 
 cervical and puoumogastric nerves. It is also called P/U/u-kIo. The attack 
 generally comes on suddenly, but in some cases for a few days befoi-e
 
 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 269 
 
 the onset there is loss of appetite, flatulence, belching' of wind, languor, 
 chilliness, and drowsiness. The attack generally occurs at night, when 
 the nervous system is at its lowest ebb. At first a sense of tightness, 
 with a feeling of constriction about the chest, is felt, which inten- 
 sifies into a fearful struggle for breath. The patient assumes various 
 postures to facilitate in emptying and filling the lungs, and the feeling 
 that he must have fresh air, induces him to rush to the window and put 
 his head far out to catch the stirring breeze. The hands and feet are 
 cold, the expression haggard and anxious, the body wet with perspira- 
 tion, and the pulse irregular. The paroxysms usually last for some hours, 
 when breathing becomes more easy. If the symptoms subside without 
 expectoration it is called dry asthma^ but when any phlegm is raised it 
 is known as Immoral asthma. The paroxysms may recur every night, 
 remitting gradually in severity, before a final subsidence takes place. 
 The very troublesome complaint, which seems to combine the peculiari- 
 ties of asthma and coryza, occurring in some persons during hay -mak- 
 ing, or even later, is called liay asthma. This complaint is often a dis- 
 tressing one. 
 
 Treatment. — During the paroxysm the inhalation of vapor of hot 
 water, or that arising from a decoction of anti-spasmodic herbs, such as 
 conium, belladonna, etc. , lessens the severity of the spasm. The follow- 
 ing preparation is a veiy good remedy : Ethereal Tincture of Lobelia 3 ij ; 
 Tincture of assaf cetida, 3 i ; laudanum, 3 ss ; fluid extract of stilUngia, 
 § ij ; simple syrup, 3 iv ; mix, and take a tablespoonful every two hours. 
 Electro-magnetism, smoking stramonium leaves, iahaling the smoke 
 from burning paper, dipped in a solution of saltpetre, are all beneficial. 
 The anti-spasmodics, especially cherry-laurel water, should be taken to 
 prevent the occurrence of frequent attacks. In hay asthma, changes 
 of locality wiU often save the patient from an attack. The tincture of 
 lobelia is a very good remedy. Quinine and nux vomica carefully ad- 
 ministered are good remedies. Chloride of Ume placed in a saucer in 
 the sleepiug-room often gives reUef. My " Acacian Balsam" internally, 
 and the " Herbal Ointment" rubbed externally on the chest, and up and 
 down the spine, have cured many cases. Many interesting cases have 
 come under my notice and treatment, but space forbids any aUusion to 
 them. By sisecial treatment I think every case can be cured. 
 
 Pleurisy. 
 
 This is characterized by inflammation of the pleura or serous mem- 
 brane enclosing the lungs. The disease usually commences with a chill, 
 which is succeeded by a sharp, lancinating pain in the side ; cough, 
 short and quick breathing, and fever. The pain is usually called a stitch 
 in the side, and is felt somewhere in the mammary region. It is in- 
 creased by inspiration, cough, and motion, lying on the affected side, OC
 
 270 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 
 
 by pressure. As the pain subsides, the efifusion of a serous liquid occurs 
 into the pleural cavity. The cough is usually short and dry, though a 
 little frothy mucus may be expectorated. Severe pain often attends, 
 and the patient tries to suppress the cough as much as possible. The 
 breathing is more or less difficult in most cases, and the patient is said 
 to have a catch in his breath. When the effusion is both sudden and 
 copious, the function of one lung may be more or less suspended. The 
 fever is usually considerable, and presents the usual phenomena of 
 febrile affections. At some stages the patient's voice is said to be (sgo- 
 'pJwnonis^ or similar to a goat's. 
 
 Tre.\tment. — Commence with a mild cathartic, and though opposed 
 to bleeding, yet if there is a human ailment requiring bleeding it is 
 pleurisy, as it often gives prompt relief from pain. Sweating should 
 be encouraged at the outset, and for this purpose the tincture of 
 Virginia snake-root, in teaspoonful doses, every half -hour, is the best. 
 It may be given in an infusion of catnip, balm, or pleurisy root. The 
 affected side may be fomented with hops, tansy, wormwood, etc., 
 applied very hot, or it may be blistered. The fever is to . be con- 
 trolled and the perspiration kept up with full doses of vecatrum. 
 Dover's powder may be given to procure sleep. The diet should be^ of 
 the very lightest kind. The alteratives may be given if the effusio^ is 
 not absorbed, and should these fail, the surgeon may perform paraeen- 
 tenis, or tapping of the side. 
 
 APNCEA, OR ASPHYXIA. 
 
 Literally the word asphyxia means pulseless, and was for a long time 
 only used in that sense, but is now applied generally to all cases of sus- 
 pended uidmatkm. It is produced by the non-conversion of venous or 
 blue blood of the lungs into arterial, or red blood. Death is caused in all 
 cases from want of oxygenized blood, and the stagnation that results 
 in the pulmonary capillaries. There are several varieties of asphyxia ; 
 and as life can in many cases be revived, I shall state the procedure 
 of resuscitation in each case. 
 
 Asphyxia by Extreme Cold. 
 
 When a person is subjected to extreme cold, the first symptoms are 
 painful feelings, followed by sensations similar to those produced by 
 inhalation of carbonic acid gas. He becomes benumbed, indifferent to the 
 danger of his situation ; the muscular system becomes enervated, step 
 grows tottering, speech imperfect ; and as these influences increase, the 
 breathing becomes irregular and slow, the muscular powers fail, and 
 he sinks into a state of insensibility and death. 
 
 TliEATiiENT. — Rub the person with snow if practicable, or the whole
 
 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 271 
 
 body may be submerged in cold water for a short time. These applica- 
 tions should be gradually increased in temperature until the surface 
 approaches a natural state, or the muscles and joints are sufficiently 
 relaxed to admit of free motion. Then resort to artificial respiration 
 as in drowning. 
 
 Asphyxia by Inhalation op Gases. 
 
 Some gases cause death by spasmodic closure of the glottis, others 
 by want of oxygen. Carbonic acid gas is the most common noxious 
 gas. 
 
 Treatment. — Place the patient in a region where pure air abounds, 
 and then practise artificial respiration. 
 
 Asphyxia by Submersion, Drowning. 
 
 Death in this case is not caused by the stomach and air passages 
 being filled with water, but ensues in consequence of the person being 
 plunged in a medium unfit for respiration. In no case where the body 
 is recovered immediately after drowning, should the means of resusci- 
 tation be left vmemployed. Life has been revived even in cases that 
 were submerged half an hour. 
 
 Treatment. — 1st. Treat the patient instantly, on the spot, in the 
 open air, freely exiDOsing the face, neck, and chest to the breeze, except 
 in severe weather. 
 
 2d. Send for the nearest medical aid, and for clothing, blankets, etc. 
 
 3d. Place the patient gently on the face, the forehead resting on 
 his wrist. This empties the mouth of fluids, and allows the tongue to 
 fall forward, which leaves the entrance to the pipe free. 
 
 4th. Turn the patient slightly on his side, and apply ammonia, snuff, 
 or other ii-ritating substances, to the nostrOs ; then dash cold water on 
 the face, previously rubbed briskly untU it is warm. If there be no 
 success, instantly — 
 
 5th. Replace the patient on his face, and turn the body gently, but 
 completely, on the side and a little beyond, and then on the face, 
 alternately ; repeating these measures with deliberation, efliciency, and 
 perseverance, fifteen times to the minute. When the patient reposes 
 on the chest, this cavity is compressed and expiration takes jilace ; the 
 pressure is removed when turned on the side, and inspiration occurs. 
 
 6th. When in the prone position, make equable but efficient pressure 
 along the spine, augment expiration, and remove it before rotation on 
 the side, to facilitate inspiration. 
 
 7th. Induce circulation and warmth, while continuing these measures, 
 by rubbing the limbs upward with firm pressure and with energy, using 
 handkerchiefs, etc. 
 
 8th. lleplace the patient's wet clothing by such other covering aa
 
 272 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 
 
 can be instantly procured, each bystander furnishing a coat or waist- 
 coat. Meantime, and from time to time, let the surface of the body be 
 slapped freely with the hand, or let cold water be dashed briskly over 
 the surface, previously rubbed dry and warm. 
 
 Let the patient often inhale diluted pure hartshorn, as this stimulates 
 the respiratory organs. 
 
 Consumption (Phthisis). 
 
 This is a constitutional affection manifesting itself in most essential 
 changes in the tissue of the lungs. It may be acute or chronic. The 
 acute form, or gaUoping consumption^ commences with chills, fever, 
 rapid pulse, cough, pain and difficulty of breathing, which are soon fol- 
 lowed by night-sweats, hectic fever, great emaciation, exhaustion, and 
 if its course is not arrested, death. The chronic variety is, however, 
 that which we usually meet with. 
 
 For the sake of convenience, I will class the symptoms of consump- 
 tion into four general stages, viz. , the Incipient stage ; the Solidification 
 stage; the Maturation or Softening stage ; and the Ulceration a7id Sup- 
 puration stage. 
 
 The first stage of Tubercular Phthisis is generally stated to be that to 
 which the physical signs indicate a deposit in the lungs. Eviderily, 
 however, there is, and must be, an antecedent state of disordered health 
 before the most skilful observer can detect the soi.md which indicates 
 the least shade or degree of solidification of the lungs, whether by 
 means of the stethoscope, or other methods usually resorted to by the 
 profession for such purpose. When the physical signs are observed, the 
 use of the stethoscope, etc. , may be regarded as little more than profes- 
 sional display, without a particle of advantage, except as developing in 
 some degree the actual amount of lesion or injury then sustained by the 
 tissues of the lungs. There must be a causative agent that originates 
 the predisposition or tendency to the deposit of tubercles in the tis- 
 sues, or which elaborates or prepares the material in the system, from 
 which only tubercle is formed. Biit we should not wait to see tJie 
 physical signs decchped if we would expect wiiform and luypefal treatment 
 of tubercular consumption. 
 
 From my own long experience in the specialty of thoracic diseases, I 
 do not hesitate to say that the actual first set of symptoms of consump- 
 tion consists simply in the wasting of fleshy particularly if this is attended 
 with, or by, a low scale of health and strength. Such loss of muscle, 
 plumpness, as well as juices and fat, is first noticed in three principal 
 places. The first region of flesh-consuming is usually the face ; the 
 second, the hands ; the third, over the sacral or hip bones. The sacral 
 region, where it first gives out, is lame and sore. The hands look poor 
 and ' ' scrawny ; " the muscles of the arms and legs are soft and flabby.
 
 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 273 
 
 If the face shows it first, the eyes stare; the brow, temples, and 
 scalp look lean ; the miiscular tissues of all the limbs soon waste, and 
 the pectoral muscles, as also all the chest muscles, waste away, and 
 then the breathing is already become imperfect and weak. 
 
 The diminished respiration is soon attended with cough ; then pains 
 are felt through the breast or thorax. 
 
 The patient next is sensible of something wrong, and is conscious of 
 a sense of general debihty. The fact is, nutrition is lost. The vital 
 powers are flagging, for the zcasti/iff of the body^ in sjiiic of eating^ is 
 moi-e ra/pid than the req)air. 
 
 Then comes a state of ^'pirit depression — not the ca-wie of consump- 
 tion, but caused by the already deficient vitality, and all the more 
 helping on the grand catastroi^he ; for it is a law ui our being, that 
 where ner'ce structure is not itself nourished, it, too, will fail in its 
 work, just as surely as muscle fibre fails of power fiom the same cause. 
 To recapitulate : — 
 
 1. — Incqnent sta/je. This may present itself at a very early age, or 
 may appear in middle age, and the first indications are, generally, a 
 subdued and saddened feeling, the former buoyancy of spirits subsides, 
 and the person becomes languid. The face begins to assume a sickly 
 hue, and, to a practised eye, tells a sad tale. The skin becomes whiter, 
 and a nei-vousness and sometimes irritable disposition of mind appears ; 
 and if any hint be given about consumption threatening, the person 
 rebels against it, and will not tolerate such an idea. The appetite and 
 digestion frequently become impaired, and may manifest itself in 
 capricious fancies for certain sorts of food. A shght cold or any ex- 
 citement will bring on diarrhcea. The breath is short, and the breath- 
 ing hurried ; running or walking up an incline, or ascending a flight of 
 stairs, is unpleasant, and attended by a fluttering and palpitation of the 
 heart. The strength and weight of the body diminish, but this varies. 
 The sleep is disturbed, the skin becomes hot, there are burnings of the 
 palms of the hands, and cold feet ; a short, dry, teasmg cough, or 
 tickling, or hawking up of mucus from the throat appears. There is 
 also a feeling of fever ishness and uneasiness after meals, which are 
 unfavorable symptoms, indicating the first ww/Z-assimUation of the food, 
 which, if not rectified, will inevitably deposit the germ of tubercles, 
 and hence no time should now be lost in opposing the disease, before 
 it lays siege to the citadel of the body. 
 
 2. — SoUdificatkm. The cough, which at first appeared very trifling, 
 now begins to assume an anxious aspect, and becomes troublesome. It 
 may not as yet be attended with expectoration, and if it be, the matter 
 expectorated is of a ropy and viscid natiure. The breathing becomes 
 more impeded; hectic fever sets in, with chills and heats, while the 
 weakness of both body and miud increases, although the intellect ia 
 13* S
 
 274 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 
 
 Bometimes extremely bright or sound to the very last. Pains, like 
 those of pleurisi/, are felt about the chest, and are indications of those 
 itijlammatory effusions and adhesions which attest the progress of the 
 disease, and the infraction of the lung structure, and the impeding of 
 the access of air to the cells of the lungs. The blocking up of the air- 
 cells constitutes the stage of Solidification^ and thus interferes with the 
 due motives or functions of the chest, and, if not arrested, creates an 
 afflux of fluid to the parts, thus promoting congestion and fresh de- 
 posits in the lungs. 
 
 Z.— Maturation and Softening. In this stage, all the former symp- 
 toms are aggravated, and consumption is now confirmed. Fresh de- 
 posits in the lungs occur, and hasten the maturation and softening. 
 These local lesions in their turn re-act on the system at large, aggravat- 
 ing the general infection and depressing the vital powers. Hence the 
 advancing inertia of all the vital powers— the universal languor, loss of 
 flesh, and strength, and weight. The cheeks and lips become blanched 
 — painfully contrasting with the cii'cumscribed hectic patch of the for- 
 mer. The expectoration is changed, and becomes more copious, opaque, 
 and viscid, more massive, and frequently streaked with blood, ^or mixed 
 with flocculent, wool-like, or curdy particles. It is most troublesoriie in 
 the mornings, and when going to bed. The feverishness and general 
 exhaustion increase ; restless nights, with perspirations, hurried breath- 
 ing, change in voice, and emaciation also increases. The appetite fails 
 —either constipation or diarrhoea, more frequently the latter, comes on, 
 with great increase of cough and vomiting after meals. If the disease 
 advance to this stage, it wiU require much vigilance and judgment to 
 arrest its progress, as the mischief in the lungs is now very great, and 
 ulcers, rapidly forming, constitute what is called tubercles. 
 
 4. — Ulceration and Siqypuration. The disease now assumes a totally 
 different aspect, and becomes exceeding formidable in its nature and 
 results. The cough becomes more severe, and the expectoration green- 
 ish, yeUow, or even sometimes like tufts of wood chewed, appearing, 
 when viewed in water, like jagged round balls. Hemorrhage, or bleed- 
 ing from the lungs, is Kkely to come on, and the difHculty of breathing 
 is very great. The patient can scarcely lie down ; many times he must 
 be kept with his head bolstered up in a chair, or in his bed, when sleep 
 is desired. Sometimes the voice is reduced to a mere whisper, while in 
 others it remains quite strong to the last. The perspiration, or night- 
 sweats, are very copious, and very exhaustive of the vitality of the 
 organism. The xdcers or tubercles in the lungs increase, causing large 
 excavations, from which issue copious expectorations, sapping and un- 
 dermining the foundation of the entire system. 
 
 The most unpractised eye can now at once detect the ravages of this 
 disease in the altered appearance of the whole frame ; the body ia
 
 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST, 275 
 
 reduced to a mere skeleton ; the eyes axe smiken ; cheek bones promi- 
 nent, with sunken cheeks ; the head bends forward ; the chest Is wasted, 
 and the breathing becomes distressingly painful. The mental faculties 
 generally become impaired ; yet a gi'acious God. amid all this suffering, 
 frequently permits the faculties to remain intact until the last ember 
 bums out. 
 
 Treatment. — This resolves itself into such a management of the 
 case as will tend to prevent the development of the disease, or its 
 removal when it exists. It will be seen that consumption has its origin 
 in a vitiated and defective condition of the general organism. This 
 may occur as the result of hereditary predisposition, or from defective 
 nutrition, oi from imperfect development of either a part or the whole of 
 the organic structure, and general disobedience to the physiological law 
 of the general organism. AVhenever this predisposition exists, the de- 
 fective organization, as far as practicable, shotdd be remedied by a 
 faithful adherence to the laws of physiology and dietetics. Children 
 possessing this organization should not be confined too closely in schools 
 or to study, but should be reared in the country, and be exposed to 
 fresh air and out-door exercise. Both boys and girls should be allowed 
 to ramble through the fields, and indulge in those gymnastic exercises 
 which tend to give strength and -v^gor to the system generally, such as 
 jumping the rope, rolling the hoop, flying the kite, hoeing, wheeling, 
 riding on horseback, etc. , and not be studiously confined in-doors, be- 
 cause it is a "delicate child." Tidy mothers should not be horrified 
 if they find their child of fraU organization making mud-pies, or that 
 he has torn his frock in climbing an apple-tree. Their diet should be 
 plain and nutritious, consisting of bread and milk, oatmeal porridge, 
 baked apples and milk, vegetables, and a liberal amount of meat once 
 or twice a day. Their sleeping apartments should be weU ventilated, 
 and they should be warmly clad in aU seasons. Misses, upon the 
 approach of the catamenial flow, should be weU instructed that the feet 
 should be kept warm and diy, that washing and bathing in cold water 
 should be avoided, and aU exposure to cold and moisture is hurtful. 
 
 The medicinal treatment of consumption has been extensive, and to 
 enumerate aU that has been tried and recommended would fill a volume. 
 Some recommend inhalations ; these answer their purjiose well for tem- 
 porary relief. The disease must be treated upon general principles. 
 The cough should be aUayed by appropriate remedies, the occasional 
 diarrhoea checked by the astringents, the debility removed by tonics, 
 and vitality stimulated by alcoholic liquors. It is beyond question, that 
 epirit-drinking has been beneficial in a. number of cases, if taken rgiig- 
 larly and moderately. Phosphorus is a good remedy, especially if given 
 in a form as it exists in erytlirq^tylon coca. External irritants, as Croton 
 oil to the chest, answer very well The blood of the consumptive con-
 
 276 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 
 
 tains too much oxygen, and too little carbon ; hence to snpply this defi- 
 ciency cod-liver oU, which is a highly carbonaceous food, is excellent. 
 It gives warmth to the body, and supplies the disease with material for 
 destruction, without expense to the body. The chalybeates may also be 
 given to give strength and enrich the blood in its red particles. Change 
 of climate is rarely beneficial. The diet must be highly nutritious ; fresh 
 air, occasional baths, and plenty of friction, should not be neglected. 
 ■WTiile tavestigatuig the best means of treating this disease, I deemed 
 that if a combination could be made that would prove remedial to all 
 the morbid characters of consumption, that would antagonize each 
 pathological condition as they arose, thus holding the disease in abey- 
 ance, and allow the forces of reparation and recuperation to mend the 
 ravages of the disease, that such a combuiation would most surely cure 
 the disease. After various experiments, I, finally, by intimate know- 
 ledge of the chemical elements of plants and the pathology of the dis- 
 ease, was led to compound the " Acacian Balsam," which has stood the 
 test for years, and the thousands of testimonials of the permanent cure 
 of many bad cases of consumption attest its \artues. 
 
 It is a superior exhUartmt. It purifies all the fluids and secretions in 
 the shortest reasonable period. It nourishes the patient who is too 
 much reduced to partake of ordinary food. It will supply the pla£!e of 
 food for a month at a time. It strengthens, braces, and vitalize^ the 
 brain. It heals all internal sores, tubercles, ulcers, and inflammations. 
 It stimulates, but is not followed by reaction. It at once obviates ema- 
 ciation, building up wasted flesh and muscle, as the rain vivifies and 
 enhances the growth of the grass. It is without a rival as a tonic, and 
 it immediately supplies electricity or magnetic force (as if it were a bat- 
 tery) to every part of the enfeebled and prostrate body. In conjunc- 
 tion with the balsam, I also advise external application of the " Herbal 
 Ointment" (which answers all the purposes of counter-irritants) to the 
 chest, throat and back, and the bowels regulated with the "Renovat- 
 ing Pill" (see page 409). 
 
 ANATOMY OF THE HEART. 
 
 The heart is a hollow muscular organ, surrounded by a membranous 
 sac called the pericardium. It lies between the two pleurae of the 
 lungs, and rests upon the cord-like tendon of the midriff, in the cavity 
 of the chest. 
 
 Its .shape is conoidal, though it is somewhat flattened upon that side 
 that rests upon the tendon of the diaphragm. Its apex inclines to the 
 left side, touching the walls of the thorax between the fifth and sixth 
 ribs. It maittures about five inches and a half from its apex to its base, 
 three and a half inches in the diameter of its base, and wdglts about six 
 or eight ounces. It contains fuur caoities, which perform two f imctions :
 
 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 277 
 
 that of receiving the blood and emptying the blood into the lungs, and 
 that of receiving it again after it has been oxygenated, and distributing 
 it throughout the vascular system. The receptacles are auricles, and 
 the ventricles propel the blood to the lungs and through the body. 
 
 The auricle and ventricle of the riffht side receive and propel the 
 venous blood into the lungs. The auricle and ventricle of the left side 
 receive and propel the arterial blood throughout the system. 
 
 The blood circulates as foUovrs : The ascending and descending vena 
 cavEe empty the blood (venous) into the right auricle ; from here it 
 passes to the right ventricle, through an opening protected by a valve, 
 dovrawards ; from the right ventricle it is propelled through the pul- 
 monary artery, which divides into two branches, to the lungs ; in the 
 lungs it is oxygenated by the inspired air ; it is then brought from the 
 lungs, by four pulmonary veins, into the left auricle. The left auricle 
 has an opening communicating with the left ventricle, protected by 
 a valve opening downwards, and from the left ventricle it passes into 
 the aorta, thence to be distributed throughout the body. 
 
 The light auricle is a cavity of irregular shape, somewhat oblong, and 
 like a cube ; anteriorly it has a convexity 
 which is called its sin us ; superiorly there is 
 an elongated process resembling the ear of an 
 animal, whence the term auricle. Its walls 
 are thin, and composed of muscular fibres, 
 which are called muscidi peatinati, on accovmt 
 of their parallel arrangement, resembling the 
 teeth of a comb. The superior '% and in- 
 ferior vena cavse enter the auricle from be- 
 hind. The elevation between the orifices is 
 called the tuberculum Loweri. The coronary 
 veins open into this cavity, and their orifices 
 are protected by the valves of Thebesiiis. 
 The opening to the ventricle is circular, and 
 surrounded by a dense white line. '^^° Heart. 
 
 The right ventricle ', is a triangular cavity, with thick walls, and of 
 greater capacity than any other cavity of the heart. Its muscular 
 structure is in the form of large fleshy bundles, called columnce carnem, 
 from which proceed thin, white cords, called cJwrdm tendincm, which are 
 attached to the edge of the tricuspid valve. This valve is circular, 
 having at its lower edge thi-ee spear-pointed processes, whence its name. 
 It closes downwards, and prevents the blood from returning into the 
 auricle, and, therefore, it passes out by the puhnonary artery \ The 
 valves protecting the orifice of the pulmonary artery open outwards, and 
 are called the semi-lunar valves. They are formed by three half -moon- 
 shaped folds of the lining membranes, and their use in to prevent fch»
 
 278 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 
 
 blood retiiming from the artery to tlie ventricle, when it dilates. 
 Behind each valve is a pouch or dilatation, called the Sinus of Valsalva, 
 into which the blood flows by its reflux tendency upon the dilatation of 
 the ventricle, and thus these valves are closed. The pulmonaiy artery 
 is of the same diameter as the aorta, but its walls are thinner. After its 
 ori^n it curves upwards and backwards, and divides into two branches, 
 the right of which is larger than the left ', and passes under the arch of 
 the aorta. 
 
 The left aiiricle ^, is more concealed from its natural position than the 
 right. The four pulmonary veins enter into it, which give it a quad- 
 rangular shape. Its walls are muscular and somewhat thicker than 
 those of the right auricle. The partition between the auricles is not 
 always perfect even in adult life. 
 
 The left ventricle *, forms by its cavity the apex of the heart ; it is 
 like a cone in shape. Its walls are thick, and its columnce carnem nume- 
 rous, strong and projecting ; the chordcR tendinea are well developed, and 
 attached to the bicuspid or 7nitral valve. This valve consists of two 
 leaflets, one of which is much larger than the other. The contraction of 
 the ventricle closes the valve, and the blood passes out by the aorta ". 
 The heart is supplied with blood by the right and left coronary . arte- 
 ries " "^; the veins which accompany them empty by a common trunk 
 into the right auricle. 
 
 It will thus be seen what a complex piece of machinery the human 
 heart is, and how vital the organ must be. It will be apparent to every 
 reader that the least interruption or derangement of its functional ac- 
 tion is sure to be manifested upon the integrity of the general system. 
 Any valvular derangement or breaking down of the septum between the 
 auricles and ventricles will allow the commiugliug of arterial with ve- 
 nous blood, threatening death with asphyxia. Atrophy and hypertrophy 
 interfere with the muscular action of the walls of the heart, and, in 
 fact, it ^vill be obvious from the complex character of the structural 
 anatomy and the importance of the functional actions of the heart, that 
 any disease assailing the organ is attended with danger. 
 
 In circulation the contraction of all the cavities is followed by their 
 dilatation. The contraction is called the systole ; the dilatation, the 
 diastole. What is called the impidse of the heart occurs during the 
 diastole. The heart's impulse is the shock communicated by its apex to 
 the walls of the thorax, in the neighborhood of the fifth and sixth 
 ribs. The impulse is not the same as the arterial pulse. The heart 
 emits two sounds, first and second, followed by an interval. The first 
 are the longest. The following table shows the connection of the 
 Bounds of the heart with its movements : — 
 
 First Sou7id. — Second stafie of ventrictilnr diastole. Ventricular svstolc, and auricu- 
 lar diastole. luipulsc iiguiust tlie cUuBt. ruJ.>o iu tUc tvrbtirieBi
 
 THE COMPLETE HEKBALIST. 279 
 
 Second Sound. — First stage of ventriculai- diastole. 
 
 Interval.— &aor:t repose, then auricular systole, and second stage of ventricular dias- 
 tole, etc. 
 
 Each cavity of the heart will hold about two fluid ounces, but it is 
 probable that the ventricles do not entirely empty themselves at each 
 stroke ; they will therefore discharge about one and one-half ounces at 
 each pulsation. Reckoning 75 pulsations to the minute, there wUl pass 
 through the heart in this time 112 ounces or 7 lbs. of blood. The whole 
 quantity of blood in the human body is equal to about one-fifth of its 
 weight, or 28 lbs. in a person weighing 140 lbs. This quantity would 
 therefore pass through the heart once in four minutes, or about fifteen 
 or twenty times an hour. It is very probable that circulation is much 
 more rapid than this estimate. The number of contractions of the 
 heart in a minute is about 70 or 75. The frequency of its action gradu- 
 ally diminishes from the commencement to the end of life. Just after 
 birth it ranges from 140 to loO, in old age Go to 50. Age, sex, muscular 
 exertion, emotions, and temperament exert a controlling influence over 
 the he'art's action. In persons of sanguine temperament the heart beats 
 more frequently than in those of the phlegmatic, and in the female 
 sex more frequently than in the male. Its action is also increased after 
 a meal, and by rising from a recumbent to a sitting or standing posture. 
 The time of day also affects it ; the i^ulse is more frequent in the morn- 
 ing, and becomes gradually slower as the day advances. 
 
 The pulse is always a sure index of health or disease. In inflanama- 
 tion and fevers the pulse is much more frequent than during health. 
 "VMien the vital powers decline it becomes frequent and feeble. In ner- 
 vous affections with more oppression than exhaustion of the forces, the 
 pulse is often remarkably slow. 
 
 The membrane lining the interior of the heart is called the endocar- 
 dium,., and the enveloping membrane on the exterior the peTtcardium. 
 
 DISEASES OF THE HEART AJ^D CIRCULATORY SYSTEM. 
 
 Palpitation. 
 
 This is the most common disease of the heart, and may be connected 
 with various structural changes of the organ, yet it frequently exists 
 independently of any organic lesion, and is often sympathetically de- 
 pendent upon dyspepsia, hypochondria, hysterics, mental agitation, 
 venereal excesses, masturbation, etc. It may also be due to a low and 
 deficient state of the blood, or anmmia. The impulse is weak, flutter- 
 ing, or tumultuous, generally increased by trifling causes. The beats 
 are increased in frequency, sometimes marked by intermission, and oc- 
 casionally accompanied by a bellows murmur. The comi^lexion is gen- 
 erally pallid and bloodless, the lips and inside of mouth also pale, the
 
 280 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 
 
 pulse quick and jerking, and the patient complains of breathlessness 
 and fainting. He dislikes animal food, but relishes acids. In females 
 the deficiency of menstrual flow is superseded by the whites, or some- 
 times the flow becomes very profuse. 
 
 Treatment. — Durmg the paroxysm a compound of yellow jessamine, 
 Bcull-cap, and ladies'-shpper should be given, in sufficient doses every 
 hour, until relieved. The feet should be bathed in warm water and 
 the patient avoid all exertion or excitement. If due to anemia, the 
 proper remedies as well as nourishing diet shoiild be prescribed. If co- 
 existent with dyspepsia, hypochondria, etc., the proper treatment for 
 those affections should be instituted. 
 
 Angina Pectoris. 
 
 This disease presents rather difficult pathological features. By some 
 writers it is caUed neuralgia of the heart. The principal symptoms are, 
 violent pain about the breast bone, extending towards the arms, anxiety, 
 difficulty of breathing, and sense of suffocation. The paroxysm may 
 be brought on by fast walking, over-eating, or violent exercise, but they 
 may also come on when the patient lies quietly in bed. If connected with 
 ossification, or other morbid conditions, it is an affection of great danger. 
 
 Treatment. — During the paroxysm the most powerful stimulating 
 and narcotic anti-spasmodics are required. The feet should be placed 
 in warm water, a large mustard plaster should be applied over the car- 
 diac region, and one drop of the tincture of aconite may be given every 
 minute or two, until the spasm is reUeved. If it is associated with any 
 organic disease of the heart, the proper treatment for such disease 
 should be instituted, and if due to a neuralgic affection of the organ, 
 the proper remedies for neuralgia should be given. Patients suffering 
 from this dangerous disease should lose no time in consulting some well- 
 skilled physician. 
 
 Pericarditis. 
 
 This consists of inflammation of the sac in which the heart is con- 
 tained. It does not essentially differ from other serous inflammations, 
 as there may be exudation and liquid effusion, the quantity varying 
 from a few ounces to a few pints. The disease is usually ushered in 
 with a slight chill, followed with fever, or it may commence with faint- 
 ing. Pain, oppression, weight, palpitation, cough, hurried and difficult 
 respiration, frequent and irregular pulse, inability to lie on the left side, 
 headache, delirium, faiutness, anxiety, debility, restlessness, and great 
 nervous irritability usuaUy attend the attack. The face and extremi- 
 ties are swollen, and the urine scanty and high-colored. The essential 
 conditions of fever are always present, the i)Tilse sometimes attaining 
 120 to the muiutc. If the acute form advances for eeveral weeks it
 
 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 281 
 
 becomes chronic, or may by insidious advances be chronic from tb 
 first. The symptoms are nearly the same as in the acute form. 
 
 Treatment. — The treatment should be commenced by a lobclr 
 emetic, an active purge, and the application of hot packs to the chest- 
 The tincture of veratrum should be given in sxiificient quantities to con 
 trol the inflammation and lessen the action of the heart. Usually, from 
 two to five drops every half hour is sufficient. If associated with rheu- 
 matism, colchicum, cannabis sativa, or macrotys racemosa, shoidd be 
 given. In malarial districts, quinine becomes necessary. Blistering or 
 local depletion may be necessary iu some cases. 
 
 Endocarditis. 
 
 This is an inflammation of the internal lining of the heart. There is 
 at first pain about the heart, whose disordered action may be violent, 
 or else feeble, irregular, and intennitting. There is more or less diffi- 
 culty of breathing, and the organ gives forth some abnormal sounds, 
 such as the bellows murmur, the rasping and sawing murmur, arising 
 from thickening of, or deposit on, some of the valves. One or more of 
 the above symptoms occui'iing during the course of acute rheumatism, 
 may be considered a sign of endocarditis. The patient generally lies on 
 his back, and his pain may sometimes be so slight as scarcely to be no- 
 ticed, but in dangerous cases there is extreme anguish, liable to be 
 followed by orthopncea, or necessity of being in the erect posture 
 to be able to breathe, followed by restlessness, delirium, and death. 
 The murmurs may occur at any stage of the disease, from the very 
 beginning towards the close. 
 
 Treatment. — The treatment is essentially the same as for pericar- 
 ditis in the commencement of the attack, with the exception that it 
 may be necessary to administer stimulants in some cases. Leeches may 
 be applied to the cardiac region, and between the shoulders. Digitalis 
 and veratrum should be cautiously administered to control the heart's 
 action. If associated with rheumatism, colchicum should be given. 
 Mustard poultices, blisters or hot packs may be applied to the chest to 
 hasten the absoi-ption of the deposit of lymph. 
 
 If myocarditis, or inflammation of the entire substance of the heart, 
 complicates either pericarditis or endocarditis, the active treatment ad- 
 vised in the latter diseases will remove it. 
 
 Chkonic Valvular Disease of the Heart. 
 
 Tliis frequently results from chronic endocarditis. They may either 
 be contracted or distorted, preventing accurate closure, or ulceration 
 may occur through the valves. Vegetations and a peculiar deposit may 
 take place under the tissue of the valves, and occasionally there is a 
 deposition of cartilaginous or osseous matter, and iu rheumatic or gouty
 
 282 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST, 
 
 Bubjects, of the urate of soda, or the valves may become atrophied oi 
 wasted away. The effects in slight cases may occasion but little diffi- 
 culty, but in severe it is apt to produce hypertrophy and dilatation, 
 dropsy, local intlammations, and ultimately death. These results are 
 owing- to an impediment in the forward movement of the blood, and to 
 the regurgitation of the same, producing an accumulation behind. This 
 is plainly illustrated in an affection of the mitral valve. If its orifice is 
 contracted by deposits, the blood accumulates in the left auricle by the 
 impediment, and distends it ; congestion of the pulmonary veins is the 
 consequence ; the lungs share in the congestion, and pulmonary apo 
 plexy may be the result. This of course occasions an insufficient supply 
 of blood to the general system, which the heart is willing to relieve, 
 and, therefore, makes greater efforts, but becomes hypertrophied or en- 
 larged in so doing. Again, suppose some insufficiency in the mitral 
 valve, owing to ulceration, for example, the blood will regurgitate into 
 the left auricle at each pulsation, it produces the same effects. If the 
 semilunar valves axe contracted, a less supply of blood is sent to the gen- 
 eral system, but congestion of the heart and consequent enlargement 
 and dilatation of the left ventricle may occur. The general symptoms of 
 valvular disease is difficulty of breathing, increased by muscular efforts' ;or 
 emotion, palpitations, the pulse intermittent or jerky. Distinctive miir- 
 murs accompany these affections ; in mitral deficiency we hear a prolong- 
 ed murmur in a low key, like whispering the word "w//6>;" in contrac- 
 tion of the aortic valves we have a comparatively superficial sound like 
 whispering the letter " z ; " in regurgitations we hear squashing sounds. 
 Treatment. — The mitigation of the urgent symptoms may be accom- 
 plished by ladies'-slipper, hops, or henbane. In violent action of the 
 heart cherry laurel water may be given with the henbane. Hot foot- 
 baths and mustard plasters may also be necessary. In sudden palpita- 
 tion and difficulty of breathing, the compound spirits of lavender should 
 be given. Collinsonia is the proper remedy if hypertrophy of the valves 
 is suspected. In valvular insufficiency the tonics and a liberal diet 
 should be prescribed. Conium, belladonna, digitalis, irisin, veratrum, 
 Btramonium, and cannabis sativa, are also extensively used in various 
 combination, if they are indicated. 
 
 Atrophy op the Heart. 
 
 This may result from various causes. When it exists, greater reso- 
 nance accompanies percussion, and the two sounds of the heart %vill be 
 more feeble, but more distinctly heard. The symptoms are pallor, cold- 
 ness and dropsy of the extremities, cough, irregular respiration, palpita- 
 tion, oppression ; in females, irregularity or vicarious menstruation. It 
 may occur with the exhausting diseases, as cancer, consumption, dia- 
 betes, etc.
 
 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 283 
 
 Treatment. — The patient should avoid all excesses in mental and 
 bodily exercise. The diet should consist of rich animal broth, with a 
 liberal amount of fats and sugar, cod -liver oil, and the tonics should be 
 administered. 
 
 Hypertrophy and Dilatation op the Heart 
 
 As these are generally coexistent, they should be considered together. 
 The dimensions of the heart may be increased either by augmentation 
 of its muscular walls, or enlargement of its cavities. The former ia 
 hypertrophy, the latter dilatation. The most prominent symptom ia 
 difficulty of breathing, produced by any exertion; also palpitations, 
 which are sometimes so violent as to shake the whole body. The 
 secondaiy signs are violent headache, vertigo, buzzing in the ears, flashes 
 of light, pulmonary congestion, pneumonia, apoplexy of the lungs, con- 
 gestion of the liver, bilious disorders, and general and local dropsy. 
 The patient's suflEering is often extreme, and, unable to lie in bed, he Ls 
 forced to assume constantly a sitting posture, with the body bent for- 
 ward. Death usually occurs suddenly in syncope or fainting. Valvular 
 disease is the most frequent cause, though they may be caused by rheu- 
 matic irritation, excessive exertion of the organs from any cause, as 
 violent exercise, playing on wind instruments, violent passions, intem- 
 perance, etc. 
 
 Treatment. — The exciting cause should be removed, especially valvu- 
 lar disease. The patient's habits of life and occupation should be regu- 
 lated, and his diet moderated. Mild cathartics should occasionally be 
 given and passive exercise engaged in. Digitalis is the special medicme ; 
 cherry laurel water is also used for the same purpose. These should be 
 carefully administered. The tincture of aconite and colchicuin should 
 be given where it has resulted from rheumatism. In dilatation the 
 tonics, cod-liver oil, and animal food should be prescribed. Digitalis is 
 also specially required. Wild cherry bark is an excellent tordc, and as 
 nervous symptoms are very apt to be present in females, opium, bella- 
 donna, valerian, etc. , may be given with advantage. Eveiy effort should 
 be made to enrich the blood. 
 
 Cyanosis, or Blue Disease. 
 
 In this disease the skin bears a leaden or puiple tinge over the whole 
 body. There is a reduction of warmth, and labored breathing. It is 
 due to the admixture of blue or venous blood with arterial or red blood, 
 and caused by the right and left sides of the heart remaining open after 
 birth, or by obstruction of the pulmonary artery, thereby withholding 
 the blood from the lungs and preventing arterialization. It is a disease 
 confined to infants, and is almost necessarily fatal. 
 
 Treatment. — The circulation must be sedated by allowing the child
 
 284 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 
 
 complete rest, or by the careful administration of veratrum ; good food, 
 fresh air, and protection from extremes of heat and cold are necessary. 
 Apply friction to the head and body by some soft cloth. If syncope 
 occurs, the child should be placed in a warm bath, and camphor applied 
 to its nostrils. 
 
 The heart is liable to be assailed by other diseases. Softening of the 
 heart may take place without inflammation ; it may result in rupture of 
 the heart. Various indurations of the heart may occur, as of the 
 fibrous, cartilaginous and osseous character. Fatty degeneration is a 
 rare disease. Tubercle^ cancer^ and polypi are also noticed. 
 
 The heart is the most important organ in the body ; hence its diseases 
 to the physician are full of interest. Nothing gives to a person greater 
 anxiety than the suspicion or knowledge that he is affected with heart 
 disease. The dread of sudden death is universal, and so it generally 
 occurs in cardiac diseases. The most important requisite in the treat- 
 ment is its early application, as most of the diseases can be cured if 
 treatment is bestowed in time, and hence it behooves every one who 
 feels some abnormal action or imeasiness about the heart to engage 
 treatment, or seek competent medical aid as soon as possible. Those 
 who desire to consult me are referred to page 390. My experience in 
 the treatment of heart diseases has been in extent second to none in this 
 country, and the success has been most gratifying. \ 
 
 DISEASES OF THE BLOOD-VESSELS. 
 
 Arteritis. 
 
 Inflammation of the arteries is rare in the acute form. The symp- 
 toms are pain and tenderness along the course of the vessel, attended 
 with a thrill or throbbing. Lymph is effused within the vessel, often 
 producing a complete arrest of the circulation, and resulting in gan- 
 grene. It is highly probable that in spontaneous senile gangrene the 
 cause is arteritis. Chronic arteritis is more common, but difficult to 
 discover. Deposits occur in the arteries, exciting ulceration, or ossifica- 
 tion may occur in old age. 
 
 Treatment. — Give a mUd purge, a hot bath, and sufficient veratrum 
 to control the circulation. The inflamed part should be fomented, blis- 
 tered, or stimulating liniments and counter-irritation may be appUed. 
 The alteratives are always indicated. 
 
 Aneurism. 
 
 This is a pulsating sac, filled with blood, which communicates with 
 an artery. True aneurism consists of a sac formed by one or more of 
 the arterial coats. Fake aneurism is owing to a complete division of
 
 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 285 
 
 the arteria^ coats, either from a wound or external ulceration ; the sac 
 formed of cellular tiseue. Every artery may be affected with any 
 aneurism, Lat the aorta, carotids, axUlary, brachial, iliacs, femorals, 
 and popliteals are the arteries most commonly affected. The tumor at 
 first is small, gradually increasing, soft and quite compressible, being 
 filled only with liuid blood. It pulsates sjiichronously with the heart, 
 and is increased by pressure on the side furthest from the heart. A 
 peculiar thrill is imparted to the hand, and which can be heard if the 
 ear is applied. The strength of the part is much impaired as the tumor 
 enlarges, and the circulation in the extremity weaker. During the 
 progress of the tumor the adjacent parts are displaced and absorbed, 
 even bone is rendered carious and absorbed by constant pressure of the 
 aneurism. The pain and numbness increase, and the general health 
 fails, and at length the tumor may burst, opening upon the skin or some 
 Internal cavity, and jirovQ fatal. 
 
 Treatment. — Complete rest, and the frequent application of hot- 
 packs to the tumor should at first be prescribed. A stimulating lini- 
 ment may be rubbed over the part. One composed of the compound 
 tincture of myrrh and the oil of origanum answers the purpose well. 
 The " Herbal Ointment" is an excellent application. The gentle appli- 
 cation of electro-galvanism should be resorted to if the above treatment 
 does not suffice. Pressure by well-secured jaads, or by the thumbs and 
 fingers, continued for a long time, is often tried and successful in some 
 cases. If the above treatment fails, some corapetent surgeon should be 
 consulted, who wiU in practicable cases ligate the artery. Valsalva had 
 a curious plan of treatment for aneurism. It consisted of repeated blood- 
 letting, with food enough merely to support life. A cure worse than 
 the disease. 
 
 Phlebitis and Varicose Veins. 
 
 This is an inflammation of the veins. The signs are pain and tender- 
 ness in the course of the vessel, which soon becomes cord-like and 
 knotted, by which it may be distinguished from arteritis. There are 
 swelling and redness of the adjacent parts, the redness being in streaks. 
 The hmb below the part is swollen, from obstruction of the circulation 
 and effusion of serum. Pus is a frequent production of phlebitis, in 
 which case perfect occlusion of the vein above occurs, with the forma- 
 tion of an abscess, or the pus passes into the heart and produces 
 excessive prostration. Varicose veins are the sequel generally to 
 phlebitis. 
 
 Treatment. — The treatment consists in fomentations, leeching, and 
 occasional purging. The alteratives should also be given. The topical 
 application of tinctures of lobelia and arnica are also useful. Rest is 
 enjoined. The abscesses and consequent ulceration should be treated
 
 286 
 
 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 
 
 upon general principles. If the veins become varicosed, astringent 
 applications, and careful bandaging, slioiUd be resorted to. 
 
 The best method of curing varicose veins, however, is by elastic 
 stockings. These give an equable pressure, which can be so regulated 
 as to afford any compression desired, on every part of the leg where 
 the varicose veins exist. If the veins are varicosed throughout the 
 whole length of the limb, the full-length stocking should be worn ; if 
 confined only to the leg, the stocking represented on the right-hand 
 side of the cut is alone necessary, and in some cases the knee-caps and 
 anklets are only required, depending upon the situation of the varicose 
 
 veins. These elastic 
 contrivances are not 
 only radical cures, 
 but patients suffering 
 from varicose veins 
 have no idea what 
 ease and comfort 
 they afford. They 
 give a very agreeable 
 support to the Hinb, 
 prevent varicose ul- 
 cers, besides quickl^ 
 reducing the enlarged 
 
 Elastic Stookinors, Knee-Caps and AnkletB. veins tO natural size. 
 
 Measurement :— Size of nukle, calf and kiico. They are made of the 
 best silk, are very durable, and not so expensive as not to be afforded by 
 the poorest sufferer. All those desiring these admirable contrivances 
 are requested to correspond with the author ; — preliminary correspond- 
 ence as to size, measurement, etc., is in all cases essential to secure 
 that perfect adaptation which is indispensably necessary in order to 
 afford relief and cure. Great harm is done if the elastic appliance is 
 not eligible in every respect, and therefore patients should hesitato 
 before purchasing those inferior, half cotton articles, which are pur- 
 chasable everywhere ; they do not fulfil the conditions required of 
 them, and are capable of doing great injury, owing to the unequal 
 compression they afford. Prices as above. 
 
 Milk Leo (Phlegmasia Dolens). 
 
 This is caused by inflammation of the crural veins, hence called 
 srural phlebitis. The inflammation is owing to the pressure of the 
 gravid womb. The i)opular idea that in this disease the woman's milk 
 has fallen into her leg, and which has inflamed, is absurd. The disease 
 begins in from two to seven weeks after delivery, with pain in the lower 
 bowel, groin, or thigh. In several days the pain dimmiahes, and the
 
 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 287 
 
 Hmb bepns to swell, in the calf first most frequently, and from thence 
 extending upward. The skin becomes entirely white, smooth, and 
 glossy, does not pit when pressed, is painful to the touch, and is hotter 
 than the skin of the other limb. Fever is always present. 
 
 Treatmknt. — The patient should lie upon her back, with the swelled 
 limb placed upon pillows, or a bolster, raised so that the foot shall be 
 a little higher than the hip, and she should by no means endeavor to 
 walk until the leg is nearly well. A narrow blister can be applied along 
 the course of the vein, and digitalis may be carefully administered. 
 Take an old flannel petticoat, with the hem cut off, and the gathers let 
 out, and dip it in vinegar and hot water, equal parts, wring it out, and 
 cover the whole limb with it. A blanket or oiled silk may be placed 
 underneath to keep it from wetting the bed. Kcpeat this and keep it 
 up for six hours, and when it becomes tedious to the patient, it should 
 be removed, and the limb bathed with warm sweet oil, two parts, and 
 laudanum, one part, and then covered with flannel. In two or three 
 hours return to the hot water and vinegar, keep up for five or six hours, 
 then resume the warm sweet oil and laudanum, and in this way alter- 
 nate until the inflammation is subdued, or until the calf of the iimb can 
 be shaken. The bowels should be gently moved, and the diuretics 
 administered, and in cases whci'e the inflammation lasts, and the fever 
 is considerable, veratrum should be given. If recovery does not take 
 place after the active inflammation has subsided, the limb should be 
 entirely enveloped by a spiral bandage, or, what is much better, the 
 full-length elastic stocking represented on the foregoing page should be 
 worn. This gives immediate relief, reduces the leg to natural size, and 
 permits the patient to exercise without any injurious results following. 
 Those desiring this indisi^ensable article are requested to correspond 
 with the author. 
 
 DISEASES OF THE BLOOD. 
 
 Scurvy (Scorbutus). 
 
 This disease was known to the ancients. The first distinct account 
 of scurvy is contained in the history of the Crusades of Louis IX. 
 against the Saracens of Egypt, during which the French army suffered 
 greatly from it. Lord Anson's voyage, in which more than eighty of 
 every hundred of the original crews perished from the disease, is fami- 
 liar to every reader of history. This disease illustrates the importance 
 of vegetable food to the human being, as it is a direct result of a diet 
 free from vegetable substances. It used to be very prevalent in the 
 English and American navies, but is now obviated by the ration of lime- 
 juico in th-e former, and fresh or desiccated vegetables in the latter. It
 
 288 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 
 
 commences witli a feeling of langfuor, or general debility and mental 
 despondeiicy ; a sense of fatigue is experienced on the slightest exer- 
 tion ; the face is either pale or sallow, and presents an appearance of 
 pufEness ; the gums are swoUen, soft, and of a purplish color, and 
 bleed easily ; the breath becomes offensive, and an eruption appears on 
 the body. The mucous surfaces frequently bleed, the feet become 
 swollen and hard and painful, and a disposition is evinced to inflam- 
 mation of a low grade of the viscera, and also to hemorrhagic effusions. 
 The tongue and appetite remain unaffected, and death is produced 
 either by debility or hemorrhage —the intellect remaining sound to the 
 last. 
 
 Treatment. ^ — Nothing will avail in the absence of fresh vegetable 
 food, and hence the chief treatment consists in giving vegetable food, or 
 the vegetable acid, as citric acid or lemon-juice. Cabbage and potatoes 
 are excellent, and milk is a good article of diet. If fresh vegetables 
 cannot be obtained, dried fruits should be substituted. If the disease 
 has advanced, and there is sponginess of the gums, myricin, rhusia, 
 and hydrastin may be given in combination with capsicum and cream. 
 If active hemorrhage occurs, the oils of turpentine, solidago, and mecca 
 oil may be used to advantage. If chronic blood derangement foUd^s, 
 as is often the case, the alteratives should be given, of which ^y 
 ' ' Blood Purifier " (see page 4G9) is the best. 
 
 HEMORRHAGES. 
 Bleeding from the Nose (Epistaxis). 
 
 There is no part of the body more disposed to hemorrhage than the 
 mucous membrane of the nose. The blood effused through this mem- 
 brane escapes generally through the nostrils, but may enter the mouth 
 through the posterior nares. It is often symptomatic of diseases of the 
 liver, spleen, and other organs, and generally attends the last stages of 
 malignant and low fevers. It may be slight or dangerously profuse. 
 In jilethoric or robust patients it constitutes often a means of relief to 
 the vascular system. 
 
 Treatment. — When it becomes necessary to check the hemorrhage, 
 the patient should be placed in a cool room, the head elevated or held 
 upright, and tlic feet plunged in warm water containing mustard. 
 The neck should be bared, and cold water aspersed over it and the face. 
 Lemonade and cooling drinks may also be given. When it becomes 
 habitual, or periodic, and especially if it be vicarious of menstruation, 
 it may be anticipated by local depletion on the nape of the neck. In 
 the passive states of the disease, the astringents should be injected 
 into the nose. Tannin, matico, Monsel's solution, etc., are the best.
 
 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 283 
 
 If it will not stop, the nostrils should be plugged both anteriorly and 
 posteriorly, 
 
 HEMOPTYSIS. 
 
 This is a hemorrhage from the respiratory organs. The blood that 
 is expectorated comes from three different sources. It may come from 
 the mucous membrane of the bronchial tubes, from a vessel ulcerated 
 in a tuberculous cavity as in consumption, and from an aneurism of the 
 aorta, or from the large trunks arising from it, in which case it soon 
 proves fatal. Some cases depend on suppression of the menses, and 
 are habitual and not dangerous, but in the majority of cases it is caused 
 by disease of the heart, or consequent to irritation of tubercles. It 
 may be simple, the blood being all spit up, or it may be attended by an 
 infiltration of blood into the minute tubes and air cells, rendering a 
 portion of the lung solid. The symptoms are some degree of pain or 
 oppression at the chest, with cough, which brings up mouthfuls of 
 blood, fluid or clotted. The quantity may vary from a tea-spoonful to 
 several pints, so that the patient may be suffocated by the abundance 
 of the blood. 
 
 Treatment. — A free current of air should be allowed to pass over the 
 patient, his covering should be light, and a mild purge should be given 
 to him. The feet should be placed in hot water. If dependent upon 
 derangement of the menses, the sitz-bath (hot) should be ordered, and 
 matico or other astringents be given. Or it may be arrested by putting 
 one drachm of the oil of origanum in a pint bottle, and allow the patient 
 to inhale the vapor. If matico, tannin, or other vegetable astringents 
 are not at hand, common salt, acetate of lead, sulphuric acid, and alum 
 may be used in case of emergency. Small doses of digitalis should be 
 given to control the circulation. 
 
 Hematemesis. 
 
 This is hemorrhage from the stomach. Whatever irritates the mucous 
 surface of the stomach, or interrupts the return of blood from that 
 organ is liable to cause this disease. Blows and injuries received by the 
 abdomen, violent concussions of the tmnk, pressure, intemperance, 
 worms, powerful emetics, suppression of menstrual discharge, appli- 
 cation of cold, or of cold and moisture to the lower extremities 
 during perspiration, or the catamenial flow, prolonged constipation and 
 pregnancy, are all liable to cause it. The blood is usually vomited 
 profusely, is sometimes mixed with food, and generally of dark color. 
 The premonitory symptoms are pain or tension about the stomach, 
 .with faiutuess or a sense of sinking, or of anxiety at this region, flatu- 
 lent or acrid eructations, lassitude with irregular chills and flushes ot 
 heat. 
 
 13 T
 
 290 THE COMPLETE HKRBALIST. 
 
 Treatmenj. — Apply ice to the region of the stomach, and give a full 
 dose of the oil of turpentine conjoined with castor oil, to be repeated 
 if rejected. Administer the astringents, ia all cases the vegetable, but 
 if not at hand, acetate of lead, creasote, tincture of iron, alum whey, 
 sulphuric acid, etc., can be given. During the discharge total absti- 
 nence is to be observed, but afterwards, mild mucilaginous drinks and 
 farinaceous food in small quantity may be given, and the transition tn 
 solid and more nutritious food should be carefully conducted. 
 
 H.EMATURIA. 
 
 The source of the blood voided through the urethra may be either 
 from the kidney, bladder, or urethra. When it proceeds from the 
 kidneys, it is attended with a sense of heat and pain in the loins, and 
 sometimes with coldness of the extremities, and the blood is intimately 
 mixed with the urine. "Wlien the disease is in the ureters, there is a 
 sense of pain in their course, and fibrous shreds having the shape of the 
 ureters axe voided. When the hemorrhage is from the bladder, it is 
 usually preceded by heaviness and tension in that region, extending to 
 the x^erineum, groins, and small of back ; the urine is passed with diffi- 
 culty ; the blood is little, if at all, combined with the urine. If "^rom 
 the urethra, the blood is red, liquid and pure, and comes away gene^"ally 
 drop by drop. 
 
 Treatment. — This depends tipon its seat and cause. If from the 
 kidneys, the oils of origanum, copaiba, cubebs and turpentine should be 
 administered, and hot packs applied externally. If the urine is alkaline, 
 as in typhus fever and scurvy, the acids should be given. If from the 
 bladder or urethra, matico or other vegetable astringents should be 
 injected. The avoidance of stimulants and absolute rest shovdd be 
 insisted on in every case. 
 
 Dropsies. 
 
 If in man a large venous trunk is compressed or obliterated, so that 
 the blood no longer circulates through it, while the collateral vessels 
 can relieve but imperfectly, dropsical effusion is sure to take place. 
 The effusion is proportionate to the size and importance of the vein 
 obliterated. If, for instance, in the vena cava, or large vein in the 
 abdomen, an obstacle should prevent the return of the blood, the two 
 lower extremities and the scrotum will become filled with serum. If 
 the trunk of the portal vein is more or less obUterated, the serous col- 
 lection takes place in the abdomen. If the obstniction occurs at the 
 very centre of circulation, namely the heart, and the return of blood 
 everywhere enibaiTassod. the dropsy becomes general ; hence dropsy is 
 one of the most common symptoms of heart diseases. Dropsy is often 
 caused by cold, applied in such a manner as to check the sccretiona of
 
 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 291 
 
 the skin ; is often connected with eruptive diseases, as scarlatina ; it 
 may result from granular degeneration of the kidneys, debility, exhaus- 
 tion from loss of blood, etc. ; or from obstruction to the return of 
 venous blood, owing to tumors, hypertrophy of the liver, glandular 
 enlargements, etc. 
 
 Bright's Disease of the Kidney. 
 
 This is a dropsy owing to a disease of the kidneys. Dr. Bright, of 
 England, first pointed out, 1827, the frequent connection which exists 
 between dropsy and what has since been called gramilar degeneration 
 of the kidneys, or " Bright's Disease." This state of the kidneys is not 
 an inflammation, but a slow degeneration of its structure, commencing 
 by an abnonnal deposit of fat in the cells lining the little tubes in the 
 kidneys. It is a degeneration similar to the tubercular dei^osit, or the 
 fatty liver common in consumption, and may properly receive the name 
 of fatty kidney. It is a slow, insidious disease, beginning generally 
 much further back than the patient is aware of. By degrees the tubes 
 of the kidneys become blocked up with excessive fatty deposits ; the 
 result of this is, that the tubes become dilated, so as to press on the 
 network of the portal veins which surround them. The veins being 
 thus compressed, the capillaries which open into them are unable to 
 discharge their contents, and so become distended with blood, and 
 either allow serum to exude from their waUs, or else bui-st and admit 
 the escape of red particles and fibrine. This may be illustrated in a 
 familiar way. If the mouth of all the little brooklets that flow into a 
 brook be effectively dammed up, so that the brook received none of 
 their supply, the brooklets by constant accession would naturally over- 
 flow their banks and inundate the adjacent land, and the brook go dry. 
 So as the accumulation of the fat goes on, the portal networks of veins 
 and the uriniferous tubes waste away or become atrophied, and hence 
 shrinking of the kidney and deficiency of the kidney ensue. Albumen 
 is always present in the urine in this disease This can be discovered 
 by boiling the urine in a small tube, the albumen becoming like the 
 white of an egg boiled. Urea, a natnral constituent of the urine, is 
 deficient. 
 
 The syinptoms in the first stage are weakness and dyspepsia, and the 
 blood loses its red particles very rapidly, but there is little to call 
 attention to the kidneys. In the second stage the symptoms are a 
 pallid, pasty complexion, a dry hard skin, drowsiness, weakness, indi- 
 gestion, and frequent nausea, often retching the first thing in the niom- 
 ing, and palpitation of the heart. A most characteristic symptom is 
 that the patient is awakened several times in the night with desii-e to 
 make water. In the third stage, if the patient is exposed to cold, the 
 kidney becomes congested ; anasarca or general diopsy with perhaps
 
 292 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 
 
 ascites, makes its appearance ; debility increases, the urinary secretion 
 becomes more inefficient, urea and other excrementitious matter accu- 
 mulate in the blood ; a drowsiness and coma, signs of efEusion of blood, 
 are sure precursors of death. It is caused by intemperance, privation 
 of air and light, and neglect of proper exercise ; frequent exposure to 
 cold, and the other causes of scrofula and consumption. 
 
 Treatment. — This is one of those harassing complaints which phy- 
 sicians in family practice seldom have the patience to investigate and 
 manage with sufficient care. 
 
 The condition of the stomach, bowels and skin should receive especial 
 attention. Free action of the skin should be maintained, as in this 
 way the kidneys are relieved and the blood purified. Stimulating 
 diuretics should not be used. Mecca oil, tonic teas, etc. , may be given. 
 There is no better specific agent than helonin, from three to ten grains 
 a day. Eupurpurin and populin may also be given with good effect. 
 Vapor baths are beneficial, and counter-irritation should be made over 
 the region of the kidneys. 
 
 It is my confident belief that this grave disease can be "tiured in 
 nearly every instance if not too far advanced. I am induced to such 
 a belief by the success that attends my treatment. I should be h^ppy 
 to correspond with any one of my readers who may suspect this affec- 
 tion, and shaU cheerfully analyze any uriae that may be sent to me for 
 that purpose, as in my laboratory there are all conveniences for that pur- 
 pose. (See page 390). For those under my treatment the analyses are 
 gratuitously made, but to others a fee of $5 must iu all instances be 
 remitted. 
 
 Ascites. 
 
 This is a collection of water in the beUy, though sometimes the fluid 
 is outside of the peritoneum and next to the muscles. There is a sense 
 of distension and weight, especially on the side on which the patient lies. 
 When the collection is large, the breathing becomes short and difficult, 
 and the swelling is uniform over the whole abdomen. In some instances 
 the fluctuation may be heard when the patient moves about. This 
 sound distinguishes this complaint from pregnancy or peritonitis. There 
 are generally loss of appetite, dry sldn, costiveness, scanty urine, oppres- 
 sion of the che.st, cough, colic pains, and variable pulse. A frequent 
 cause of this complaint is chronic inflammation of the peritoneum ; it 
 is also produced by scarlet fever, hob-naUed liver, and other diseases of 
 that organ — in short, whatever obstructs the portal circulation. 
 
 Treat JIENT. — The remedies for this disease are mainly diuretics 
 and purgatives. Digitalis is an excellent remedy, but sliould be cau- 
 tiously administered. The patient should have as a constant drink an 
 infusion of two parts of hair-cap moss, and one each of juniper berries 
 and dwarf -elder bark ; al.so aii infusion of queen of the meadow. The
 
 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 293 
 
 purgatives that produce watery stools, such as elaterium, should be 
 given. The compound infusion of parsley is about the best agent to 
 promote the absorption of the fluid. The skin should be kept well 
 open, and the strictest temperance both in eating and drinking must 
 also be observed. If aU medicinal treatment fails, the surgeon should 
 be called, who will perform paracentesis ahdmninis^ or tapping the 
 abdomen ; but this should be deferred until all other means have failed. 
 
 Hydrothor^vx. 
 
 This is a dropsy of the pleura, rarely existing as an independent 
 affection, but generally associated with a general dropsical condition of 
 the system. It is particularly liable to be connected with organic heart 
 disease. When the effusion is slight, only a slight uneasiness is felt in 
 the lower part of the chest, but aa it increases, the patient suffers 
 uneasiness in assuming the recumbent posture, a cough and difficulty of 
 breathing being the result. The latter often becomes very severe, the 
 face swells, the cheeks assiime a purple and the lips a livid hiie, the 
 skin is dry, urine scanty, bowels constipated, thirst, and more or less 
 mental excitement ensues. 
 
 Treatment. — If owing to heart disease, that affection should receive 
 special attention. The fluid may be evacuated by means of small doses 
 of elaterium and podophyllum, followed by a free use of chimaphila, 
 galium aparine, and aralia hispida. Other diuretics may also be used, 
 and the general rules of treatment observed as advised in Ascites. 
 
 Dropsy op the Heart. 
 
 This consists of a collection of fluid within the pericardium. There 
 is a feeling of uneasiness, or pressure in the cardiac region, a slight 
 cough, difficult and irregular respiration, faintness, disinclination to lie 
 down, a feeble pulse, capricious appetite, disturbed sleep and delirium. 
 If there is stupor, cold extremities, the perspiration clammy, and the 
 action of the heart very much disordered, it usually proves fatal. 
 
 Treatment. — Same as for Hydrothorax. Tapping may become 
 necessary in both cases. 
 
 Dropsy op the Ovaries. 
 
 This consists of an accumulation of fluid in one or more cells within 
 the ovary, or in a serous cyst connected with the uterine appendages. 
 The ovary loses its original form and structure, and frequently attains 
 an immense size, containing several gallons of water. The effusion 
 sadly interferes with respiration, and it causes exhaustion and often 
 peritonitis. The serum may exist within the cavity of the abdomen, 
 or be confined within the cystic tumor. As the tumor enlarges, it 
 ascends the pelvis and occupies more and more of the abdominal cavity,
 
 294 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 
 
 and may float loosely in the fluid within it, and form adhesions to the 
 peritoneum, omentum, or neighboring viscera. 
 
 Treatment. Galvanism is often very successful. The current 
 should be passed through the tumor, and be as strong as the patient 
 can bear it, and should be passed in all directions for half an hour 
 several times a day. The hydragogue cathartics and diuretics should 
 also be given, and the alteratives administered. The strength of the 
 patient should be well supported. 
 
 This disease is curable by medicinal treatment alone in its early 
 stag'es if propei'ly treated, but may become so far advanced under 
 improper management, that tapping becomes necessary, or, if the 
 patient's strength will allow, the removal of the whole tumor. 
 
 The author would be pleased to correspond with any lady suffering 
 from this serious disease. 
 
 Dropsy of the Scrotum (Hydrocele). 
 
 This is a collection of water in the membrane which surrounds the 
 testicles. It is often caused by rheumatism, gout, scrofula, -etc. In 
 some cases the accumulation is very large. It may be disttnguis)ied 
 from scrotal hernia by pressing the tumor towards the anus ; i^ it 
 bounds rapidly forward it is hydrocele. 
 
 Treatment. — The following is excellent. Take queen of the 
 meadow, one ounce ; colt's foot, one-fourth pound ; yellow parilla, 
 one-fourth pound. Make one quart of decoction or syrup, and take one 
 table-spoonful three times a day. A suspensory bandage should be 
 worn. These can be had from me at reasonable prices. In some casea 
 the scrotum must be tapped, and the vinous tincture of hemlock bark in- 
 jected to prevent the return of the effusions. 
 
 I have under my treatment at all times many dropsical patients, and 
 if received under my care at a reasonable early stage, no necessity for 
 tapping arises, and th? patient is cured by medicinal treatment alone. 
 Any one desirous of consulting me, may refer to page 390 for the neces- 
 sary question to be answered. 
 
 ANATOMY OF THE imiNARY ORGAJs^S. 
 Kidneys. 
 
 The kidneys are two hard glands for the secretion of urine, placed in 
 each lumbar region, jtist above the hips; they are outside of the perito- 
 neum, or lining membrane of the abdomen, and surrounded with an 
 abundance of fat. The riglit kidney is rather lower than the left, oa 
 account of the superposition of the liver. The length is about four in-
 
 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 
 
 295 
 
 ches, and the breadth two inches. The shape is oval, resembling' a 
 bean ; the position upright, and the fissure (or hilum) is directed to the 
 spinal column. The upper end of the kidney is rather larger than the 
 lower. It is covered by a strong fihvozis capstde. The color is a reddish 
 brown. Upon making a longitudinal sec- 
 tion of the kidney, as represented in cut, 
 two different structures are presented. The 
 internal is of a darker color, and consists of 
 about fifteen of what are called the cones 
 of Malfiigld^^ which are arranged in three 
 rows, the apex of each converging towards 
 the hilum. This constitutes the medullary 
 portion of the kidneys.   The external 
 structure is of lighter color usually, is ex- 
 tremely vascular, and of a granulated ar- 
 rangement ; it constitutes the cortical por- 
 tion. The urine is formed in the tortuous 
 tubes of the cortical substance,^ between 
 whose walls are a number of small bodies 
 called corpuscles of Malpighi. At the apex 
 of each cone is the papilla renalls, and in the 
 centre of each papilla is a slight depression, 
 called foveola. Each papilla is surrounded 
 by a small membranous cup, called infundibulum,* into which the urine 
 is first received as it oozes from the orifices of the papillas. Four or 
 five of these infundibula join to form a common trunk, called calyx,^ and 
 the junction of about three calyces forms a common cavity, called the 
 pelvis,^ which is conoidal in shape, and from which proceeds the ureter,' 
 the excretory tube of the kidney, which conveys the urine to the blad- 
 der. The ureter is a cylindrical tube of the size of a quill, with thin, 
 extensible walls. It enters the inferior fundus of the bladder very 
 obliquely, and opens by a very small orifice. 
 
 Just above the kidney, and reposing on its upper extremity, placed 
 one on each side, are two small bodies, varying much in size, called the 
 supra-renal capisulcs} They have no secretion, consequently no duct, 
 but evidently perform important functions in foetal life, when they aro 
 much larger. 
 
 Bladder. 
 
 The bladder is a musculo-membranous sac for the reception of urine. 
 It is situated in the cavity of the pelvis, behind the pubic bones, and in 
 front of the rectum in the male, but in the female the uterus and vagina 
 are between the rectum and bladder. In shape the bladder is oval, the 
 larger end being dowiTwards ; in women it is more spheroidal ; in chil- 
 
 The Kidney.
 
 296 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 
 
 dren it is pear-shaped. It is divided into a superior and iDferioi fundus, 
 a I'odi/, and neck. 
 
 Its dimensions vary with health and disease. Ordinarily it will hold 
 about a pint. At the neck of the bladder is a circular muscle, called 
 the sphincter, which, in a state of contraction, retains the urine in the 
 bladder imtil the necessity to voiding it arises. The urethra is described 
 under anatomy of the sexual organs. 
 
 DISEASES OF THE UEINARY ORGANS. 
 
 Nephkitis. 
 
 This is inflammation of the kidneys, and which may occur either in its 
 substance, its lining membrane, or in its capsule. The symptoms are 
 deep-seated pain in the small of the back, extending down the groins in 
 one or both sides, increased by pressure ; urination either increased or 
 diminished, urine scanty and high-colored, and mixed with blood or 
 gravelly matters. If both kidneys are affected the urine may be sup- 
 pressed, and comatose symptoms present themselves. Chills, fever,, vie- 
 ranged stomach, and constipation nearly always attend it. The testjcle 
 is retracted, which distinguishes this disease from lumbago, etc. * It 
 runs verj' rapidly into suppuration, the sign of which is the appearance 
 of pus in the urine. 
 
 Treatment. — The disease should be controlled by the use of hot 
 packs, vapor baths, lobeha emetics, mild purges, and the internal admin- 
 istration of aconite and veratrum. The mucilaginous drinks should be 
 drunk, and the opiates given if the pain is very severe. In chronic 
 nephritis, where there is debility of the organ, the best remedies are 
 turpentine, copaiba, buchu, uva uisi, pareira brava, and pipsissewa. 
 
 Diuresis. 
 
 This is the diabetes insipidus of some writers. By this term is under- 
 stood the excessive secretion of pale, Umpid urine, without sugar. 
 The principal symptoms are insatiable thirst and the elimination of a 
 large qiiantity of urine. These symptoms are usually preceded 'by a 
 variable appetite, constipation, and derangement of the functions of the 
 skin. The copious flow of urine may only be occasional, following over- 
 mental or physical excitement. It may be distinguished from diubctes 
 meliitv^ by the absence of sugar in the urine. 
 
 Trkat.ment. — The skin should receive special attention, and excess 
 of drinking should be avoided. The constitutional debility should be 
 overcome with baths, and the general tonics ; apocynin, from one-eighth 
 to one-fourth of a grain, four or five times a day, is a specific for this 
 disease.
 
 the complete herbalist. 297 
 
 Diabetes Mellitijs. 
 
 This is characterized by increase of urine, containing sugar. The 
 first indications of this disease are languor, dry, and harsh skin, intense 
 thirst, paia in the small of back, constipation, with alternate chill and 
 fever. After a time the general health gives way, and there are muscu- 
 lar weakness, loss of sexual power, pain in the loins, coldness of extrem- 
 ities, a burning sensation ia the hands and feet, loss of weight, and a 
 chloroform odor of breath. The gums become spongy, the teeth decay, 
 the mind becomes depressed and irritable, and the appetite voracious. 
 Consumption is often a sequel to this disease. The urine has a sweetish 
 taste, due to the presence of sugar, which can readily be discovered by 
 adding yeast to the urine, which gives rise to various fermentation. 
 
 Treatment. — A healthy state of the general system should be main- 
 tained by fresh air, frequent baths, and a generous diet. No saccharine 
 or starchy articles of food should be eaten. The bowels and liver should 
 be gently stimulated by small doses of leptandrin and leontodin. Great 
 success is obtained by the use of unicorn root. Mecca oil has also been 
 successfully employed in this disease. 
 
 Diabetic patients who may desire the author to treat them, may con- 
 sult him as directed on page 310. 
 
 Gravel (Lithiasis), 
 
 This disorder consists in the deposition from the urine, within the 
 body, of an insoluble sand-like matter. In health the urine carries off 
 the results of the waste and disintegration of the tissues in a soluble 
 state, but when these matters are in excess the urine frequently deposits 
 them after being voided, on cooling. This often occurs after irregulari- 
 ties of diet, without actually being a morbid condition, but when the 
 accumulation is excessive it causes a serious disease. The gravels are 
 chemically either urates, lithates, phosphates, or oxalates, according to 
 the diathesis of the patient. The passage of gravel or renal calculi from 
 the kidneys to the bladder through the ureters, causes the most excruci- 
 ating pain. When anything in the bladder, as a mucous shred or a large 
 gravel, acts as a nucleus, the constant accessions to this nucleus form 
 what is known as stone in the bladder, which may be of various sizes. 
 
 In gravel the patient has a diill aching pain in the back, attended with 
 urgent and frequent desire to urinate, preceded by cutting or scalding 
 pains in the urethra, neck of bladder, or in the course of the ureters. 
 In stone we have the same symptoms, but the sudden stoppage of the 
 stream during micturition is always suggestive of its presence in the 
 bladder, and the patient has a constant desire to relieve the pain by pull- 
 ing at the end of his penis. 
 
 Treatment. — Diluents should be freely used, and a strict attentiou 
 13*
 
 298 THE COMPLETE nERBALIST. 
 
 paid to diet. Animal food should be sparingly eaten, and alcoholic 
 drinks totally avoided. The chemical nature of the gravel should be 
 ascertained, and when this is done the chemical opposites administered. 
 No treatment will avaU, if not in chemical opposition to the diathesis of 
 the patient. If medicinal treatment is ineffectual after a stone has been 
 formed, the surgeon should be consulted, who wUl remove it by an oper- 
 ation called Uthotrity or another termed Utlioiitripsy. 
 
 Unless the stone be too large, my experience is that solvent treatment 
 will prove effectual in nearly every case. The solvent treatment consists, 
 of course, of such herbal agents as are chemically opposed to the nature 
 of the calculus. By such a course of medication my success has been 
 most gratifying. 
 
 Ischuria, or Suppression of Urine. 
 
 This frequently attends inflammatory diseases, especially acute 
 nephritis. It may either arise from an irritation of the kidney beyond 
 the point of secretion, or from a torpor or paralysis of the kidneys. It 
 is important to distinguish it from retention of unne. It is sometimes 
 very dangerous, being attended with vomiting, drowsiness, coma apd 
 convulsions. A vicarious secretion from the skin, bowels, etc., is also 
 often established. It is evidently due to a sort of paralysis of the nerve 
 centres. 
 
 Treatment. — Leeches may be placed over the loins, and digitalis or 
 squill administered. The demulcent drinks should be freely used. If 
 nric acid is in excess, some carbonate may be given. If dependent 
 upon torpor, the stimulating diuretics, as turjientine, should be used. 
 Frequent hot sitz-baths are also beneficial. 
 
 Incontinence op Urine (Enuresis). 
 
 This is often associated -with some constitutional weakness. The 
 bladder may be exclusively irritated and not be able to hold the urine, 
 or the little circular muscle at the neck of the bladder may be debili- 
 tated or paralyzed, owing to acridity of the urine. In some cases it may 
 be owing to debUity of the kidneys. 
 
 Treatment. — A course of tonics, sea-bathing, cold baths, warm 
 clothing, etc. , together with astringents and stimulating diuretics, will 
 usually cure it. Small doses of the extract of belladona wiU also afford 
 relief. In case of paralysis of the bladder, nux vomica, electricity, coun- 
 ter-irritant application to the spine, and local irritants are necessary. 
 
 Cystitis. 
 
 This is an inflammation of the bladder. The symptoms are pain 
 above the pubes, tenderness on pressure, the pain extending into the 
 penis, scrotum, and perineum, producing straining and pain in urination ;
 
 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 299 
 
 sometimes pain over the abdomen, which is swollen, or the inflamma- 
 tion may extend to the peritoneum, causing peritonitis. It may termi- 
 nate in suppuration, the pus appearing ia the urine, or, if the ^abscess 
 occurs ia the coats of the bladder, it may open sviddenly. It is caused 
 by direct irritation as by a catheter ; also by gonorrhoea, difficult labor, 
 turpentine, cantharides, etc. When the inflammation becomes chronic 
 it is called " Catarrh of the Bladder.'''' 
 
 Treatment. — Mucilaginous drinks should be freely used, such as de- 
 coctions of marsh-mallow, uva ursi, etc. Dover's powder may be given 
 to relieve the pain. About three grains of populin and one-fourth of a 
 grain of gelsemium given three or four times a day, exerts a marked bene- 
 ficial influence in this disease ; linseed oil and essential tincture of 
 hydrangea are also remedies of great value. The chronic form will 
 require special treatment, in accordance to condition and nature of each 
 case. 
 
 ANATOIVIY OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM. 
 
 The principal divisions of the nervous system are the brain, spinal 
 marrow, and nerves. The tissue of this system is included in mem- 
 branes or sheaths, and consists of two differently colored pulpy materials, 
 one of which is white or medullary, and the other gray, cortical, or 
 cineritious. The sheath of the nerves is called the neurilemma, and the 
 internal material neurine. All ganglia and nervous centres consist of a 
 ntixture of white fibres and gray globules. 
 
 An anastomosis is the interchange of fasciculi between two trunks, 
 each fasciculus remaining unaltered, although in contact with another. 
 A combination of anastomoses into a network is called a plexus. 
 
 Spinal Marrow. 
 
 The spinal marrow is the medullary column included within the bones 
 or vertebras of the spinal column. It has three coverings : 1st, The 
 dura mater, which is a white fibrous membrane, and forms the external ; 
 2d, The arachnoid, a serous membrane, forming the middle covering. 
 It is extremely thin and transparent ; 3d, The pia mater, a cellular mem- 
 brane, forming the immediate covering. It is very vascular, consisting 
 almost entirely of vessels. 
 
 The Brain. 
 
 The brain consists of four principal parts : medulla oblongata, pons 
 varolii, cerebrum, and cerebellum. Like the spinal marrow it also has 
 three coverings bearing the same names. The dura mater adheres very 
 firmly to the bones of the cranium, and consists of two lamiuEe, which 
 are divided into folds called falx cerebri, teatorium, and falx ccrehdli.
 
 300 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 
 
 The medulla oblongata is the upper part of the spinal cord ; it is coni- 
 cal in shape, and extends from the iirst bone of the spinal column to the 
 pons varolii. Its divisions are the corpoi'b pyramidale^ olivare and resti- 
 forme. 
 
 The pons varolii is cuboidal in shape, and situated just in front of the 
 medulla. 
 
 The cerebrum is the largest mass composing the brain. It is oval in 
 shape, and weighs from three to four pounds. It is divided into two 
 hemispheres, each hemisphere consisting of an anterior, middle, and 
 posterior lobe. The surface presents a number of convolutions, or gyi% 
 each separated by deep fissures, or sulci. The interior of each hemi- 
 sphere is medullary in character, and the surface of each convolution is 
 cineritious for the depth of about one-sixth of an inch. 
 
 The ventricles of the brain are five in number : they are called the 
 right and left lateral, the third, fourth, und fifth ventricles. 
 
 The more minute anatomy of the cerebrum is exceeding complex, and 
 not of special imiiortance in a i:)opular work of this kind. 
 
 The cerebellum constitutes about one-sixth of the brain, and-- is con- 
 tained between the occiput and tentorium. It is oblong and flattened 
 in shape, and composed of white and gray substances. i 
 
 Cranial Nerves. 
 
 These are nine in number, and all enaerge from the foramina, or 
 opening at the base of the brain. They are designated by their tf unc- 
 tion as well as numerically, viz. : 1st, olfactory ; 2d, optic ; 3d, motor 
 oculi ; 4th, patheticus ; 5th, trifacial ; 6th, motor externus ; 7th, facial 
 and auditory ; 8th, pneuniogastric, glosso-pharyngeal, and spinal acces- 
 sory ; 9th, hypoglossal. 
 
 According to function the cranial nerves may be divided into three 
 classes, viz. : nerves of special sense, including the 1st, 2d, and the audi- 
 tory branch of the 7th ; nerves of motion, including the od, 4th, Gth, 
 facial branch of the 7th and 9th ; compound nerves, comprising the 8th 
 and 5th. 
 
 The principal nerve of the arm is the bracJiud ; of the forearm, the 
 ulnar and radial ; of the thigh, the great sciatic, which divides, about 
 ©ne-third above the knee, into two large branches, the peroneal and 
 popliteal ; further on the popliteal is called the posterior tibial. In the 
 Iiclvis there are the pudic, gluteal, and lesser ischiatic. 
 
 The sympathetic nerve is distributed with all the other nerves of the 
 body, and by means of pl(jxuses supplies all the internal organs. 
 
 The nervous system is a complex piece of machinery, and its anatomy 
 requires much study before any competent familiarity with it can be 
 gamed. The physician, who has an iuadecjuate knowledge of the ana- 
 tomy of the nervous system, and philosophy of nervous phenomena, oi
 
 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 301 
 
 the physiolog-y pertaining thereto, cannot hope to treat diseases assailing 
 the system with any material success. Competence in this respect is the 
 reward only of a long devotion, and practical experience. 
 
 DISEASES OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM. 
 
 Inflammation of the Bbain (Cekebritis). 
 
 This consists of inflammation of the cerebral substance, and due to 
 long exposui-e to a vertical sun, the inordinate use of ardent spirits, 
 cold, fright, external injury, the sudden disappearance of an old dis- 
 charge, and it sometimes occurs as a consequent on small-pox, or erysi- 
 pelas of the face and scalp, and fevers. The symptoms are violent in- 
 flammatory fever, hot and dry skin, flushed countenance, suffused eyes, 
 quick and hard pulse, the arteries of the neck throb, and delirium. The 
 senses are morbidly acute, there being intolerance of light and sound. 
 The person is extremely restless, the muscles of the face are spasmodi- 
 cally contracted, the upper eye -lids hang down, and as the disease pro- 
 gresses, blindness and deafness ensue. The countenance is vacant or 
 idiotic, the eye loses its lustre, the pupils become dilated, and the eyes 
 often squint. In the still more advanced stage, the discharges pass oif 
 involuntarily, the countenance becomes pale and sunken, the pulse 
 weak and irregular, the coma more profound, and death soon closes the 
 scene. It is commonly called ' ' Brain Fever. " 
 
 Treatment. — This should be most energetic. Bleeding to fainting 
 has been the practice of many physicians, but I deem it unnecessary, as 
 revulsion can be made by other means. Leeches may, however, be ap- 
 plied to the scalp. The hair should be closely shaved from the head, 
 and ice, alcohol or ether, with water, applied to the head. The decoc- 
 tion of ladies' -slipper should be given internally. At the outset purga- 
 tives should be given. Those that act thoroughly, such as gamboge, 
 colocynth, etc. , are the best. The bladder should be emptied every 
 day. In the stage of collapse, stimulants may be given. 
 
 Apoplexy. 
 
 This is a condition in which aU the functions of animal Ufe are sud- 
 denly stopped, except the pulse and the breathing. There is neither 
 thought nor feeling, nor voluntary motion ; and the patient suddenly 
 falls down, and lies as if in a deep sleep. The disease assails in three 
 different ways. The first form of attack is a sudden falling do\vn into 
 a state of insensibility and apparently deep sleejs, the face being gener- 
 ally flushed, the breathing stertorous, or snoring, the pulse full and not 
 frequent, with occasional convulsions. From this mode of attack death 
 often occiu's immediately, but in some cases recovery occurs, with tha
 
 302 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST 
 
 exception of paralysis of one side, or the loss of speech, or some of the 
 senses. The second mode of attack begins with sudden pain in the 
 head, and the patient becomes pale, faint, sick, and vomits. His 
 pulse is feeble, has a cold sldu, and occasionally some convulsions. He 
 may fall down, or be only a little confused, but soon recovers from aU 
 the symptoms, except the headache ; this will continue, and the patient 
 wiU sooner or later become heavy, forgetful, unable to connect ideas, 
 and finally sink into insensibility from which he never rises. This mode 
 of invasion, though not so frightful as the first, is of much more serious 
 import. 
 
 The third fonn of attack is where consciousness is retained, but 
 power on one side of the body is suddenly lost. The patient retains 
 his mind, and answers questions rationally, either by signs or words. 
 He may either die soon, or live for years, with imperfect speech, or a 
 leg dragging after him, or an arm hanging uselessly by his side. 
 
 Those persons who have large heads, red faces, short and thick necks, 
 and a short, stout, square build, are more predisposed to this disease, 
 than thin, pale and tall persons. Literary men, especially editors, lawyers, 
 doctors, etc., are subject to this disease, owing to mental overwork. 
 
 The symptoms preceding an apoplectic attack are headache, vertigo, 
 double vision, faltering speech, inability to remember certain woids, 
 sometimes forgetfulness of one's one name, a frequent losing of a train 
 of ideas, and occasionally an unaccountable dread. It is caused by 
 whatever hurries the circulation as strong bodily exercise, emotional ex- 
 citement, exposure to the sun or severe cold, tight cravats, etc. 
 
 Treatment. — If the face is turgescent and red, and the temporal 
 arteries throb, and the pulse full and hard, the patient should be placed 
 m a semi-recumbent position, with his head raised, his clothes loosened, 
 particularly his neck-band and shirt collar, and then quickly as possible, 
 cold water or ice should be applied to the head, leeches to the nape of 
 the neck, and mustard plasters to the calves of the leg. Tight hgature? 
 may also be tied around the thighs, sufficiently tight to arrest the 
 venous circulation ; they should be removed gradually as consciousness 
 returns. Administer a stimulating purgative, as a few drops of croton oil. 
 Injections may also be given. If the patient is old, and the pulse feeble, 
 the ice applications, ligature, etc., may be omitted, and instead apply 
 warm flannels and warm bricks to the body, and administer camphor. 
 To prevent future attacks, gentle tonics should be given, and the skin 
 kept healthy by daUy bathing and friction. The bowels must not be 
 permitted to become costive. The diet should be well regulated. The 
 miud should be kept cheerful and hox)eful, and free from all excitement. 
 Intoxicating drinks should be totally avoided, and sexual congress should 
 be of rare occurrence. In fact every thing that might provoke an at 
 tack should be avoided.
 
 the complete herbalist. 303 
 
 Congestion op the Brain. 
 
 This consists of an accumulation of blood in the cerebral vessels. The 
 countenance is flushed, the eyes suffused, light becomes intolerable, and 
 there is singing- in the ears, vertigo, momentary loss of speech, and 
 sometimes delirium. Simple congestion is merely a functional affection, 
 and in a slight or moderate degree involves no immediate danger. It 
 may, however, produce apoplexy and sudden death. It is caused by 
 any mechanical impediment to the return of blood from the head, as tu- 
 mor of the neck, heart disease, etc. It is a concomitant to nearly every 
 inflammatory cerebral affection. 
 
 Treatment. — The treatment consists in diverting the blood from 
 the head by hot mustard foot baths, and an active cathartic. Ice or 
 cold water may also be applied to the head, and the circulation reduced 
 by veratrum. The treatment is the same as advised in apoplexy, in all 
 essential particulars. 
 
 Sunstroke. 
 
 The injury done to the brain in this case is the same as in apoplexy, 
 with the exception of the clot. It is essentially congestion of the brain. 
 Persons who are exposed by necessity of pursuit to the extreme heat of 
 the sun, should be protected by a wet cloth or cabbage-leaves placed on 
 the head and under a light hat. The symptoms are first dizziness, fol- 
 lowed by intense headache. Thirst becomes excessive, the pulse indis- 
 tinct at the wrist, violent throbbing of the carotid and temporal arteries, 
 and insensibiUty ensues by a convulsive shivering of the body. 
 
 Treatment. — Place the patient immediately in a cool and shady place, 
 and instantly apply, copiously, cold water, or, what is better, pounded 
 ice in a bag, to the head. Make friction over his legs to relieve the 
 congested state of the brain. Application of turpentine by friction on 
 the spine is also of service. Inhalation of ammonia or hartshorn is bene- 
 ficial, and a small quantity of the carbonate of that substance may be 
 given internally. Continue this treatment untO. the patient is out of 
 danger, or until death ensues. In plethoric patients, bleeding from the 
 arm is required, and in this instance only is bleeding advisable. After 
 the patient becomes conscious and apparently out of danger, he is to be 
 removed to his home, and a brisk cathartic administered, to effect re- 
 vulsion. In no case should he be allowed again to exi^ose himself to 
 Bun during the first four or five days after the occurrence of the sun- 
 stroke. The application of water or ice to the head should be abandon- 
 ed by gradual increase of temperature, to prevent any reaction 
 
 INS.'VNITY. 
 This is an unsound manifestation of intellectual power. The indica- 
 tions which should excite alarm are headache, vertigo, mental confu.sion.
 
 304 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 
 
 fretful temper, inaptitude for usual occupations, defective articulations, 
 dimness of vision, and flightiness of manner. The patient is also aware 
 that he is not right, he shuns his old friends, has frightful dreams, ii 
 tortured with wicked thoughts. If it exists with general paralysis it is 
 frequently incurable. Derangement is manifested in various ways, 
 viz : — 
 
 1st. Mania.— This is characterized by general delirium, in which tho 
 reasoning faculty is disturbed and confused, if not lost, ideas absurd, 
 wandering, or erroneous ; conduct violent, excited, and extremely mis- 
 chievous. The maniac's hair is crisped, he neglects his family and busi- 
 ness, suspects his friends, dislikes the light, and certain colors bonify 
 him, his ears are sometimes very red, noise excites and disturbs him, 
 and he has frequent fits of anger and melancholy, without any cause. 
 His deUrium extends to all subjects, and the entire intellect, affections 
 and will are in a chaotic wreck. 
 
 In puerperal mania occurring after delivery, the delirium is frequently 
 extreme, there being a tendency to suicide or child-murder. Maniacs 
 in general have a disposition to murder or suicide. 
 
 2d. Monomania. This is characterized by mental aberratibn o^ one 
 subject. The patient seizes upon a false principle, and draws from it 
 injurious conclusions, which modify and change his whole life and char- 
 acter. In other cases the intellect is sound, but the affections and dis- 
 position being perverted, their acts are strange and tuconsistent. At- 
 tempt is made to justify their hallucinations by plausible reasoning. 
 
 3rf. Dementia. This is a condition in which the weakness of intellect 
 is induced by accident or old age. The ideas are numerous, but vague, 
 confused and wandering; the memory is impaired, and the manners 
 childish, silly and undecided. 
 
 Ath. Moral Mania. Moral insanity is a condition in which there is a 
 perversion of the natural feelings, affections, temper, habits, and moral 
 dispositions. The conduct is eccentric, and an. uncontrolable destruc- 
 tive tendency, or a propensity to every species of mischief, are freqiiently 
 the leading features. A slight insanity is popularly called "a kink in 
 the head;" in Scotland, "a bee in the bonnet." 
 
 If insanity is characterized by fear, moroseness and prolonged sadness, 
 it is called U/pcmania or melanchttlia. If religion is the theme of deli- 
 rium, it is termed theomania. If amatory delusions rule, it is called 
 erotomania. If the suicidal tendency is strong, it is designated a,utoj)7io- 
 mania, and if characterized by aversion to man and society, it is called 
 misanthrapia. If the tendency is to stealing, it constitutes kleptomania. 
 Close confinement., and low diet., such conveniences as prisons afford, are 
 the best cures for this species of mania. 
 
 It is a pitiful sight to boo the thousand fancies in regard to themselves 
 of the insane. One imagines himself as an inspired individual, and
 
 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 305 
 
 charged with the conversion of the world, while another sincerely be- 
 lieves that the devil has entered into him, and he curses God, himself 
 and the universe. Still another believes that he controls the world, and 
 directs the movements of the planets. One believes that all the wisdom 
 is concentrated in him, and offers to teach the wisest. Another imag- 
 ines himself some grand long, is proud, withdraws from his fellows, and 
 will allow no one to come in his presence without proper acts of homage. 
 Yet another is Napoleon, or some other great general, and he fights his 
 battles anew, and majestically marshals his imaginary army. Idwcy is 
 owing to a congenital deficiency of mind, and in consequence the idiot 
 may oi ten be a deaf-mute, and be governed by insane passions. 
 
 The cause of insanity is hereditary predisposition, constant revolution 
 in the mind of some painful thought, injured feelings which cannot be 
 resented, mortified pride, perplexity in business, disappointed affections 
 or ambition, political or religious excitement, loss of friends or property, 
 and in general, whatever worries the mind or creates a deep distress. 
 Another prolific cause is masturbation. 
 
 Treatment. — The real character of the malady should be ascertained, 
 and, if possible, the pathological condition giving rise to the disorder cor- 
 rected. Out-door exercise, lively amu.sements, fresh air and daily bath- 
 ing, contribute largely to establish a cure. The exciting cause should 
 be removed. The stomach and bowels should receive due attention. 
 The tonics should be given to improve the general health of the patient. 
 Ladies'-slipper, scullcap, cannabis iudica, gelsemium, aconite, veratrura, 
 lielladonna, quinine, opium and lupulin, stand in good repute for this dis- 
 order. The moral treatment should be such as is best adapted to the con- 
 dition of the patient. It is probably best, when practicable, to place the 
 patient in some well-conducted insane a.sylum, where he will have pro- 
 lier attendance and treatment. If this is not feasible, the physician should 
 make such arrangements as will best secure the patient, if of vicious dis- 
 position, from harming himself or others, but in no case should unneces- 
 sary restraint be placed ui^on the patient. 
 
 I have conducted the treatment in many cases of insanity, many of 
 whom I had never seen, tmd wherever my instructions were faithfully 
 carried out, a cure was generally effected. If any of my readers have 
 relatives or friends who may have become insane, and who may desire to 
 know my opinion of the case, or its chances for cure, and will describe 
 the case to me fully, I will cheerfully state them. (See page 390 for 
 address.) 
 
 Delirium Tremens. 
 
 This is also called mania apotti, aud in common parlance it is the "hor- 
 rors" or "jim-jams." It is caused by the sudden withdrawal from the 
 
 habitual or yrulonged use of alcoholic stimulation. Its most prominent 
 
 u
 
 306 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST, 
 
 chaxacteristics are delirious hallucinations, fear, muscular tremors, weak- 
 ness, watchfulness, and the want of sleep. The symptoms are incessant 
 talking, fidgeting with the hands, trembling of the limbs, a rapid pulse, 
 [irofuse sweating, and a mingling of the real with the imaginary. The 
 patient's face is pale and sallow, his eye is rolling, quick and expressive, 
 and is busy day and night, and can scarcely be confined to his room. He 
 is unwilling to admit that anything ails him, answers questions ration- 
 ally, and does whatever he is bidden at the time. Then he begins to 
 wander again, the expression becomes wild, the eyes vacant or staring, 
 and becomes the victim of i^itiful and ludicrous illusions of senses, phan- 
 tasms and hallucinations of every kind ; he sees imaginary objects, such 
 as rats, mice, lice, dogs, cats, snakes, and hears and imagines the most 
 extraordinary and absurd delusions. In favorable cases, sleep ends the 
 crisis about the third or fourth day ; where death occurs, the deUrium is 
 active until sudden suspension of breath ensues. 
 
 Tkeatment.— Sleep is the cure for this disease, and opium and its 
 preparations are the sovereign remedies. Give one-third or one-half of a 
 grain of morphia ; if this does not produce sleep, give thirty drops of 
 laudanum every two hours tiU sleep is produced. A draught or two of 
 the jiatient's accustomed drink may also be given, and large ^oses of 
 opium may be dispensed with if cold appUcations are made to the head, 
 and the use of a tepid bath, prolonged for a few houis. Lupulin'iis also 
 a good remedy. 
 
 Headache (Cephalalgia). 
 
 This, in its widest acceptation, includes aU uneasy sensations of the 
 head. It may be confined to one spot, or embrace one side, as in hemi- 
 crania ; or it may be diffused, and of indefinite extent. It may be felt 
 in the depths of the brain, or only in the scalp and cranium, and con- 
 tinue for an instant, or last for days and weeks. It is usually paroxysmal, 
 and the pain may be simple or very violent. It is a constant attendant 
 to the different forms of inflammation of the brain. It is caused by 
 various conditions; decayed teeth may cause it. When confined to one 
 side, the pain is of a lancinating character ; when due to a disordered 
 fctomach, it occurs in the forehead and temples ; when it occurs from a 
 congestive state of the brain, it is of a dull, heavy, aching character ; 
 when due to spinal irritation, there is a protracted pain in the top or 
 back part of the head ; and when it is accompanied by nausea and vomit- 
 ing, it is called ^'' sick-Jwdddche.'" 
 
 TivEATJfENT. — Immediate relief may frequently be obtained by 
 thoroughly evacuating the stomach, and drinking hot tea or coffee, 
 followed by adding ten drops of tincture of belladonna to a tumblerful of 
 water, and taking one tea-spoonful every ten or fifteen minutes. A hot 
 foot-bath aud bathing the head in stimulating liniments also afford relief
 
 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 307 
 
 in some cases. If it is duo to a full habit, the diet must be regulated. 
 In some bad cases cold applications to the head, leeches to the temples, 
 and hot sinapisms to the spine may be required. Rubbing my " Herbal 
 Omtment " on the forehead, temples, and nape of neck gives instant reUef. 
 
 HYPOCnONDRIA. 
 
 Among the causes of this distressing complaint are disappointment, 
 misfortunes of a heavy character, care, masturbation, excessive mental 
 labor, undue anxiety, costiveness, neglect of cleanliness, indigestion, 
 sedentary occupations, living in close and gloomy apartments, or wet 
 and marshy localities, excessive indulgence in sexual pleasures, or any- 
 thing which tends to weaken and disturb the nervous system, or over- 
 stimulate the brain. The mental symptoms are countless. The chief one 
 is a constant dread of some unexplainable evil; the patient fears that his 
 wife, if he has one, is unfaithful, or hates him, or that his business is 
 going to ruin, and he will be reduced to beggary, or that his friends 
 despise him, or that he will be charged with the commission of some 
 monstrous crime, or that he has all, or a majority of the worst physical 
 diseases that surgeon or physician was ever summoned to treat. These 
 are the lightest symptoms, and if not immediately attended to, will be- 
 come aggravated, and go on increasing in violence and extent until the 
 sufferer dies naturally from exhaustion and misery, gets hopelessly in- 
 sane, or jDcrhaps commits suicide. The organs of sense are more or less 
 deranged, and external sensations are magnified and corrupted even as 
 those of the mind are. Thus, the eye appears to see all sorts of forms 
 which it do(s not see; the smell detects odors which do not exist; the 
 touch demonstrates to the brain objects with which it does not come 
 in contact ; the taste is perverted and disordered to an extent which 
 seems, to an vminterested observer, impossible ; and the ears convey 
 imaginary sounds of the most perplexing and terrific character. The 
 queer fancies of the hypochondriac are often of such a character as to 
 obliterate pity for the unhappy individual, and provoke both disgust and 
 laughter. Cases have been known where the victim imagined that he 
 was a teapot, or had glass legs which would break upon the lightest 
 exertion, or was made of jelly, and could not move without dissolving 
 into an undistinguishable mass of gelatinous matter, or was as large as 
 an elephant, or as small as a pipe-stem ; or had horns growing from the 
 head, or a bottle attached to the end of the nose, or was covered with 
 creeping and venomous insects. Hypochondria is also productive of 
 fainting spells, cold surface of the body, an eye either glassy and un- 
 naturally brilliant, or without any lustre, palpitations, pains in the 
 stomach, pale and livid countenance, and occasional paroxysms of fever. 
 Treatment. — A cure may be effected by the employment of such medi- 
 cines as will restore tone to the stomach and nervous system, and also by
 
 *308 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 
 
 removing, as far as is possible, all the causes which lead to the origui and 
 lierpetuation of the malady. Where it is within the scope of the patient's, 
 means he should be kept continually on the move (without fatigue), a con- 
 stant change of scene being one of the most desirable of self-acting reme- 
 dies. All allusions to his real or fancied miseries should be avoided, or, if 
 found necessary, of the kindest and most consoling descriiition. It is 
 always the case that the hypochondriac will be the harshest, the most 
 siispicious, and the most imgenerous in every way, towards his best 
 friends. This is an uuf ailing type of the disease. The friends must bear 
 these annoyances patiently and self-denyingly. To lose one's temper 
 with such a sufferer is to commit a great crime ; out-of-door exercise 
 nmst be as constant as is consistent with the weather and the patient's 
 circumstances. Leave the hj'pochoudriac alone as little as possible. 
 Let hina eat and drink but moderately of nourishing but easUy-digested 
 food, and above aU things keep him from the use of stimulating drinks 
 and tobacco. Music has been found highly beneficial in these cases — 
 anytliing is good, in fact, which affords lively amusement. A cold or 
 tepid sponge bath should be taken morning and evening, and the mle of 
 " early to bed and early to rise," should never be violated. The bowels 
 must always be kept open — a good passage every twenty -four Ijours 
 being required— and where the patient is extremely weak, a good sub- 
 stantial tonic, such as " Restorative AssimUant," should be administered 
 three times a day. When the patient has a fainting smell, and thinks 
 he is dying, give him motherwort tea, with spirits of camphor in it, if 
 no other assistance happens to be at hand. This is only general treat- 
 ment for temporary benefit. To eradicate the disease thoroughly it is 
 necessary to know all aboiit the individual case, and the chief causes of 
 its origin and development. Nature's remedies uiay then be apijlied 
 without fear of failure. 
 
 Neuralgia, 
 
 This disease affects one tissue only — the nervous, and pain is the only 
 symptom. The pain is of every degree of intensity. It may affect 
 every nerve, but is more commonly confined to the most important. The 
 tearing pain comes on suddenly and in paroxysms. It may be so agoniz 
 ing as to cause a temporary loss of reason. 
 
 "WTien the fifth pair of nerves is affected it is called tic doulenreux ; 
 and face ache when confined to the facial nerve and branches. It is 
 called sciatica when the pain begins at the hip aud follows the covirse of 
 the sciatic nerve. It may also occur in the female breasts, the womb, 
 in the stomach and bowels, hands aud feet, etc. 
 
 Treatment. — This is palliative and radical. The palliative treat- 
 ment consists in the administration of aconite, hyoscyamus, ladios'- 
 slipper, belladonna, opium, niorjjhine, lupulin, cicuta, etc. These can
 
 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 309 
 
 either be applied locally, or taken internally. Morphine and aconitin 
 should be injected subcutaneously, and immediate relief follows. In 
 sciatica, blistering along the course of the nerve often cures. Ten grains 
 each of aconitin and extract of belladonna and one drachm of lard, 
 form an excellent ointment for external application. The " Herbal Oint- 
 ment " (page 469) arrests the pain almost instantly. The radical treat- 
 ment consists in removing the cause. If due to malarial intiuence, 
 quinine should be given. If associated with kidney disease, that organ 
 should receive attention. The alteratives are serviceable in many 
 cases- 
 
 BiLiocs Colic. 
 
 This is neuralgia of the mesenteric net-work of nerves, or rather 
 hyi)era3.sthesia of the i^lexus. By hyperoe.sthesia is meant excessive 
 sensibility or iiassability. It is characterized by shaiii twisting pain ex- 
 tending from the navel to the lower portion of the abdomen. It occurs 
 in paroxysms, and is of <a most excruciating character. The patient is 
 restless, hands, feet and cheeks are cold, and the pulse is small and 
 hard. The abdomen is tense and distended ; obstinate constipation, 
 and usually nausea and vomiting occur. The fits usually last from a 
 few moments to several hours. The matter vomited up is generally 
 bilious matter. 
 
 Treatment. — Administer an active purgative injection immediately, 
 and give internally wild yam, camphor, etc. , every fifteen minutes until 
 the pain is relieved. A strong decoction of wild yam root is a specific 
 cure for this affection. Scull-cap and high-cranberry bark are also good. 
 The latter is called cramp bark on account of its excellence in spasmodic 
 affections. The vomiting may be checked by laudanum. Hot bathe, 
 fomentations, etc. , are also usef uL 
 
 Hiccough, 
 
 This consists in spasmodic contraction of the midriff, and a certain, 
 degree of constriction, which arrests the air in the wind-pipe, thus pro- 
 ducing sudden, short, convulsive inspirations, attended by slight sound, 
 and followed immediately by expiration. It is often a symptom of low 
 forms of fever and inflammatory diseases, or caused by the excessive 
 use of alcohol or tobacco. 
 
 Treatment. — "When purely nervous, suddenly attracting the mind 
 will cure it. Hence the common advice to the hiccoughing patient, 
 " think of your sweetheart" is so often effectual, because the fond ob- 
 ject absorbs the whole mind. When dependent upon a disordered state 
 of the stomach, an emetic will relieve it. In fevers it denotes debility, 
 indicating the need of stimulants.
 
 310 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 
 
 WnoopiNG Cough (Pertussis). 
 
 This is a hyperjesthesia of the pneumo-gastric nerve, and not due 
 to inflammation, as may be supposed. It is a contagious disease. It 
 consists of a convulsive cough, attended by hissing and rattUng m the 
 wdndpipe, and ineffectual efforts to expel the breath. This is repeated 
 until a quantity of thick, tenacious mucus is expectorated, when the 
 breathing again becomes free. The paroxysms apparently threaten 
 suffocation, and the agitation affects the whole body. Blood is some- 
 times started from the nostrils, but, notmthstanding the violence of the 
 symptoms, it is rarely ever dangerous. 
 
 Treatmicnt. — An emetic may be given at first. Liniments of olive 
 oil or the " Herbal Ointment" should be applied to the spine. The anti- 
 spasmodics are or course indicated, such as belladonna, a decoction of 
 bitter almond, or of cherry seed, etc. Lobelia is a good remedy, as is 
 also skunk cabbage ; daily vapor inhalations are also serviceable ; cochi- 
 neal has a good reputation ; it should be used with stillingia.^ 
 
 V 
 
 Spasm of the Glottis. -v 
 
 This is also called the crowing disease orfal^e croup. It is comnjon to 
 children, and rarely occurs iu adults. It is a spasmodic disease, and 
 distinguishable from croup by the absence of fever. The child is sud- 
 denly taken with an impossibility of taking breath, and struggles 
 convulsively for a time, its head thrown back, face pale, legs and arms 
 stiff, and when it begins to breathe it is of a crowing character. 
 
 Treatment. — In the paroxysm set the child in an upright position, 
 exposed to a fuU draught of cool and fresh air, and sprinkle cold water 
 in its face. Loosen all its clothes around Ihe neck, slap it shghtly on 
 the back, and apply friction along the spine. If not successful, place it 
 in a warm bath, and then sprinkle cold water in its face. If due to 
 teething, use the proper remedies, and give some gentle physic. 
 
 Epilepsy. 
 This is characterized by the sudden loss of consciousness and .sensi- 
 bility, accompanied with spasms and convulsions. It comes on sud- 
 denly, and epileptics, by the sudden attacks, are at all times in danger. 
 Thoy may be taken while descending a flight of stairs, whUe traversing 
 the bank of a i)recipice, while crossing a street crowded with vehicles 
 drawn at full speed, or while in a throng of people whose feet would 
 trample them to death, especially in case of an alarm of fire, a great public 
 meeting or pageant, or other sudden danger. But all those afllicted ia 
 this terrible way are actually aUve to the dangers of which they are the 
 constant expectants. Epilepsy, m its severer forms, is a terrible disease 
 to witness. It is productive of great distress and misery, and liable to
 
 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 311 
 
 terminate in worse than death, as it is apt, in many cases, to end in fa- 
 tuity or insanity, and so carrying perpetual anxiety and dismay into all 
 of those families which it has once visited. 
 
 The leading- symptoms of Epilepsy are, a temporary suspension of con- 
 sciousness, with clonic spasms, recurring at intervals ; but so various are 
 its forms, and so numerous its modifications, that no general descrijition 
 of the disease can be given. I will first describe the most ordinary type 
 of the disease, and then note some of the several variations which occur 
 from the standard type. 
 
 A man in the apparent enjoyment of perfect health suddenly utters a 
 loud cry, and falls instantly to the ground, senseless and convulsed. He 
 strains and struggles violently. His breathing is embarrassed and sus- 
 pended ; his face is turgid and livid ; he foams at the mouth ; a choking 
 sound is heard in his wind-pipe, and he appears to be at the point of 
 death from apnosa, or suspension of breath. By degrees, however, 
 these alarming phenomena diminish, and finally cease, leaving the 
 patient exhausted, heavy, stupid, comatose, or in a death -like condition. 
 His life, however, is no longer threatened, and soon, to all appearances, 
 he is perfectly well. The same train of morbid phenomena recur, again 
 and again, at different, and mostly at irregular intervals, perhaps 
 through a long course of years, notwithstanding the best medical science 
 has been exercised to prevent and cure the distressing malady. This is 
 the most ordinary form of Epileijsy. 
 
 The suddenness of the attack is remarkable : in an instant, wheu it is 
 least exjiected by himself, or by those around him, in the middk, of a 
 sentence or of a gesture, the change takes place, and the unfortunate 
 sufferer is stretched foaming, struggling, and insensible on the earth. 
 
 In this country, Epilepsy is commonly called the ^'' FalUng Sk^nens" 
 or more vaguely, " Fits.'" The cry, which is frequently, but not always 
 uttered, is a piercing and terrifying scream. Women have often been 
 thrown into hysterics upon hearing it, and frequently it has caused preg- 
 nant females to miscarry. Even the lower animals are often startled, 
 and appalled by a scream so harsh and unnatural, and parrots and other 
 birds have been known to drop from their perch, apparently frightened 
 to death by the appalling sound. 
 
 In most of the cases of fits, which have come under my notice and 
 treatment, the first effect of the spasms has been a twisting of the neck, 
 the chin being raised and brought round by a succession- of jerks towards 
 the shoulder, while one side of the body is usually more strongly agi- 
 tated than the other. The features are greatly distorted, the brows 
 knit, the eyes sometimes quiver and roll about, sometimes are fixed -and 
 staring, and sometimes are turned up beneath the lids, so that the cornea 
 cannot be seen, but leaving visible the white sclerotica alone ; at the 
 Bame time the mouth is twisted awry, the tongue thrust between the
 
 312 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 
 
 teeth, and, caught by the violent closure of the jaws, is often severely 
 bitten, reddening by blood the foam which issues from the mouth. The 
 hands are firmly clenched and the thumbs bent inwards on the palms, 
 the anus are generally thrown about, striking the chest of the patient 
 with great force. Sometimes he will bruise himself against surrounding 
 objects, or inflict hard Icnocks on the friends and neighbors who have 
 hastened to his assistance. It frequently happens that the urine and 
 excrements are expelled during the violence of the spasms, and seiuinal 
 emissions sometimes take place. The spasmodic contraction of the 
 muscles is occasionally so jiowerful as to dislocate the bones to which 
 they are attached. The teeth have thus been fractured, and the joints 
 of the jaw and of the shoulder put out or dislocated. 
 
 This is the most severe, yet the most common form in which an epi- 
 lejitic attack occurs. Fortunately, there is a large class of cases in which 
 the symptoms are milder. Sometimes there is no convulsion at all, or, at 
 least, is very slight and transient ; no turgescence of the face ; no foam- 
 ing of the mouth ; no cry ; but a sudden suspension of consciou.suess, a 
 short period of insensibility, a fixed gaze, a totter, perhaps, ^a look of 
 confusion, but the patient does not fall. This is but momentary."* Pre- 
 sently consciousness returns, and the patient resumes the action in 
 which he had been previously engaged, Arithout always being aware that 
 it has been interrupted. 
 
 Between these two extremes of epilepsy there are many links or 
 grades. Sometimes the sufferer sinks or slides down quietly without 
 noise ; is pale ; is not convulsed ; but is insensible, much like one in a 
 state of syncope, or fainting. 
 
 As it is impossible to give any single description of epilepsy which will 
 include all its varieties, of course it is still more difficult to offer a strict 
 definition of the disease. We can only say it is a malady that causes a 
 sudden loss of sensation and consciousness, with spasmodic contraction 
 of the voluntary muscles, quickly passing into violent convulsive distor- 
 tions, attended and followed by stupor or sleep, recurring in paroxysms, 
 often more or less regular. Yet all these circiimstances may in turn be 
 wanting. There may be no convulsion, no interruption of conscious- 
 ness, no subsequent coma or stupor, or even a recurrence of the 
 attack. 
 
 The duration of the attacks is variable. They seldom continue longer 
 than half an ho\ir ; the average duration may be said to be from five to 
 ten minutes. Attacks that spread over three or four hours generally 
 consist of a succession of paroxysms, with indistinct intervals of coma- 
 tose exhaustion. In the long-continued fits, or in the protracted suc- 
 cession of fits, the patient often dies. 
 
 The periods at which the paroxysms return are extremely variable. 
 Most commonly they visit the sufferer at irregular periods of a few
 
 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 313 
 
 months or weeka ; sometimes are repeated at intervals of a few days ; 
 sometimes every day or eveiy night, and very frequently inany times 
 in the twenty -four hours. 
 
 The epileptic attack may come on for the first time at any age. It may 
 begin in infancy during the first dentition, or teething ; more commonly 
 about the age of seven or eight years, during the time of the second 
 dentition ; more frequently still, from fourteen to sixteen, shortly before 
 the age of puberty. It is apt to occur for a few years subsequently to 
 this. The first fit may not occur till between thirty and forty ; or it may 
 occur at sixty, or even at a later period of life. 
 
 Treatment. — There is perhaps no disease where a greater diversity 
 of medical treatment has been instituted than in Epilepsy. The whole 
 pharmacopoeia has been exhausted, and each remedy extolled for its 
 virtues. One medical man says he cures the disease by trephining ; 
 another thinks the oil of turpentine the best remedy ; still another recom- 
 mends the vapor of chloroform. This doctor applies ice, the other cau- 
 terizes the back with a hot iron, and yet another speaks highly of a 
 compound of camphor, valerian, assafoetida, naphtha, and oil of cajeput. 
 
 Unless rational treatment is employed, the disease cannot be cured. 
 If occurring in infants, it should be ascertained if it is not due to teeth- 
 ing or worms, and the proper treatment instituted, if so caused. If 
 connected with derangement of the catamenia, masturbation, or sperma- 
 torrhoea, the treatment for these complaints is necessary. The anti- 
 spasmodics are indicated in every case, the best of which is blue vervian, 
 although valerian, belladonna, scullcap, etc., are also good. The general 
 condition of the system should receive strict attention. 
 
 On page 469 I have given a remedy which will prove in eight cases 
 out of ten a simple and certain cure. I make no secret of its com- 
 position. I have sent the prescription to many thousands gratuitously. 
 A fair trial will convince every one that it is one of the most potent 
 remedies ever discovered for the cure of epUepsy, falling sickness, or 
 fits. When this medicine is taken, the spasms gradually grow lighter 
 and lighter, and finally disappear altogether, restoring the patient to the 
 most perfect normal health. Its effect is truly wonderful. The time 
 to accomplish a cure is usually from two to three months. 
 
 Hysterics. 
 
 This is a nervous condition confined to females, though well marked 
 cases of hysteria are occasionally met with in males. The invasion of 
 the disease is sudden and irregular, but in many cases decidedly period- 
 ical. The priuci])al characteristics consist in alternate fits of weeping and 
 laughing, with a sensation as if a ball was rolling towards the stomach, 
 chest, and neck, producing a sense of strangulation. Consciousness is 
 lost in violent cases, but it remains clear as a general thing, which dia- 
 14
 
 314 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 
 
 tinguishes it from (ipilepsy. It is dependent upon irregularity of nervous 
 distribution in very impressible persons. 
 
 Treatment.- — During the paroxysms, the feet should be placed in 
 warm water, and a hot mustard plaster applied to the lower part of the 
 abdomen. A decoction of equal parts of ladies' -slipper and scullcap 
 should be given until the spasm subsides. A tea made of ginger and 
 bayberry, the tincture of castor, and assafoetida, are also good. The 
 state of the womb should receive attention, and if dependent upon in- 
 digestion and constipation, tonics and laxatives are the proper remedies. 
 I have never met with the annoyance or difficulty in the treatment of 
 this disease that so many practitioners speak of, but regard the disease 
 as easy of cure. 
 
 Catalepsy, 
 
 This is an affliction of rare occurrence, and appears to be constitu- 
 tional, or dependent upon some derangement of the nervous and mus- 
 cular system which baffles inquiry. The sufferer is suddenly, seized by 
 it, and, although powerless to move, or speak, and to all appearance 
 dead, is partially sensible of all that is going on around. In some cases, 
 however, the senses are suspended. The body and limbs are not gen- 
 erally rigid, but will remain in the positions in which the bystand- 
 ers may place them. Many years ago, when the light of science was not 
 so bright, or shed so extensively as it is now, men and women were buried 
 alive while cataleptic. The catalepsy, or trance, often lasts for weeks, 
 the sufferer, in the meantime, pai'taking of no nourishment whatever. 
 
 " Absence of mind " is a slight form of catalepsy. 
 
 Treatment. —During the paroxysms the head should be showered 
 ^ath cold water, followed by hot foot-baths and stimulating liniments, 
 with friction to the abdomen and spine. Some aromatic stimulant, as 
 peppermint sling or compound si)irits of lavender, should also be ad- 
 ministered. For the toning of the nervous system and preventing 
 recurrence of the trance, the "Restorative Assimilant " answers all 
 pvu'poses admirably. 
 
 St. Vitus's D^vnce (Chorea). 
 
 This is characterized by iiTegular contractions of the voluntary mus- 
 cles, especially of the face and limbs, there being incomplete subserviency 
 of these muscles to the will. It is a disease which usually occurs before 
 puberty, and is generally connected with torpor of the system and of the 
 digestive organs in particular. The spasms do not continue during sleep, 
 and often, by a strong effort of the will, they can in a measure be con- 
 trolled. Its duration is long, but usually devoid of danger, unless it 
 merges into organic disease of the nervous centres, or of the heart, or 
 into epilepsy.
 
 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 315 
 
 Treatment. — The general system should be strengthened, and the 
 intestinal canal stimulated. Purgatives once or twice a week, with ap- 
 propriate regimen, will fulfil these. A mild purgative, like the '' Reno- 
 vating Pill," should be used. The decoction of scuUcap and ladies'- 
 slipper is very beneficial. It is cured in a short time by my " Restora- 
 tive Assimilant." 
 
 Locked-Jaw (Tetanus). 
 
 This is a disease of the true spinal system, and is manifested by spasm 
 and rigidity of the voluntary muscles. When the muscles of the neck 
 and face are affected, it is termed Trismus^ or locked-jaw ; when the 
 muscles in fi'ont, Emprosthotoiios : when the muscles of the back, Opis- 
 Vwtonos ; and when bending to either side, Pleurosthotonos. 
 
 Tetanus may be either acute or chronic ; the former is the most fre- 
 quent and most formidable ; the latter, apt to be partial, milder, and 
 more subject to treatment. 
 
 It is called traumatic when it follows a wound or injury, and idiapathia 
 when of spontaneous origin. 
 
 Acute traumatic tetanus is more common in hot climates, and in mili- 
 tary practice, and may follow a slight bruise or puncture, especially if 
 Bome nerve has been injured. The symptoms may appear in a few hours, 
 or in many days; at first, there is a stiffness and soreness about the 
 neck and face, the contraction of the muscles causing a ghastly smile ; 
 chewing and swallowing are difficult, the forehead is wrinkled, eyeballs 
 are distorted, nostrils dilated, and the grinnmg countenance is expres- 
 sive of horror. Respiration is rapid, the tongue protrudes, and the 
 saliva dribbles. The mind is clear until just before death, which gener- 
 ally takes place in a few days. 
 
 Treatment. — The indications are to remove aU sources of irritation 
 and diminish the spasm. The wound is to be cleansed from all foreign 
 bodies, pus to be discharged by a free incision, if necessary, and warm 
 anodyne poultices and fomentations are to be applied. Excision of the 
 wound, or division of the nerve leading to it, may be done by the sur- 
 geon. Nutrition and opium are indispensable ; the latter may be used 
 either externally or internally. A lobelia emetic, if it can be adminis- 
 tered, should be given, and a brisk purgative should be given. Tobacco, 
 either by the mouth, or in enema, is an excellent relaxant. Camphor, 
 assafcetida, etc., may also be used as antispasmodics. Cannabis indica 
 internally, and ice to the spine, have been used advantageously in some 
 cases. If, in opinion of the attending physician, it is necessary, chloro- 
 form or ether may be used as an anaesthetic. 
 
 Paralysis (Palsy). 
 The most characteristic symptom of cerebral hemorrhage is paralysis.
 
 316 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 
 
 Very slight effusion produces this efEect, and, in general, its intensity is 
 in direct ratio of the extent of the effusion. It also arises from disease 
 of the brain or its membranes, injuries of the brain and spinal cord, 
 diseases of the cord or its membranes, or any injury of the large nervous 
 networks, the action of lead, etc. The nerves of motion as well as those 
 of sensation may be paralyzed, and when it exists on one side of the body 
 it is called ?iemij)legia, and when confined to the lower limbs, paraplegia. 
 When the muscles of the mouth or of an extremity are affected, it is 
 calleU partial paralj'sis, and when both sides, whether in their extent or 
 in some of their parts, are deprived of motion, it is termed general 
 paralysis. 
 
 At the very moment of the effusion it acquires all at once its highest 
 degree of intensity, then remains stationary or begins to diminish. 
 Sometimes the paralyzed part has not pre%aously experienced any 
 disturbance with respect to either sensation or motion; sometimes, 
 however, the patient has experienced in these parts pricking sensations, 
 numbness, permanent or transient, an unusual feeling of cojd, a sense 
 of weight, and a certain degree of debUity. The part paralyzed suggests 
 the locality of the effusion or injury, but these are only of mterest tp the 
 pathologist. When the affected muscles degenerate or atrophy,^it is 
 called wasting palsij, and when characterized by slow progress, and 
 tremvdousness increases to such extent that the agitation prevents sleep, 
 all locomotion, difficulty of chewing and swallowing, etc., it is called 
 paralysis agitans. 
 
 Treatment. — If dependent upon cerebral hemorrhage, the treatment 
 of apoplexy should be instituted, and afterwards the use of derivatives 
 such as purgatives, alteratives, diuretics, etc., and the use of local stim- 
 ulants. The patient should be restricted in his diet, and all causes of 
 cerebral excitement, whether physical or moral, should be avoided. 
 The bowels should be well acted upon, and the condition of the bladder 
 attended to. When the organic disease is removed, and all symptoms 
 of vascular excitement have subsided, recourse should be had to nux 
 vomica, or strychnine, tonics, and galvanism. In giving strychnine, the 
 lowest dose should be given at first, and cautiously increased. IMacrotin, 
 vilmmin, xanthoxylin, and rhusin are also good remedies. The local 
 treatment consists h\ stimulatmg liniments, blisters to the spine, etc. 
 
 Those who may desire my counsel and opinion of their cases, as to 
 nature and curablcness, will please write as directed on page 390. 
 
 Hydrophobia. 
 
 This is caiisfd by the bite of a mad dog or other hydrophobic animals. 
 The human subjcx-t is not as liable to liydrophobia as the lower animals, 
 and it is consoling to know that only about one-tenth of those bitten are 
 attacked by hydrophobia.
 
 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 317 
 
 The interval of the bite and appearance of the disease varies from 
 twelve days to two months. The wound heals like any other bite, but 
 on ajiproach of the disease the scar bogius to have sharp pains, and the 
 part feels cold, stiff, or numb. The patient feels a strange anxiety, is 
 dei^ressed in spirit, has an occasional chill, disturbed sleep, and spas- 
 modic twitches. The appetite is lost, and, as the disease progresses, 
 thirst appears, and he attempts to drink ; but, the moment the water 
 approaches his mouth, a spasmodic shudder comes over him, he pushes 
 it back with horror, and the awful fact of his condition is known to him, 
 and pitiful expressions escape him. His throat becomes full of glaiu, 
 viscid mucus, which he coutmually tries to clear away. He strives to 
 bite his attendants, suifers great depression of spirits, and finally dies 
 from exhaustion, or in a horrible spasm. 
 
 Treatment. — The wound should be cut oiit, cups or suction applied 
 to it, or thoroughly cauterized, and the patient should be kejit quiet. 
 Copious draughts of whiskey have been advised by some. 
 
 The red chickweed or scarlet pimpernel is said to be an absolute re- 
 medy. Four ounces of this should be boiled in two quarts of water im- 
 tD reduced to one quart, and a wine-glassful taken twice a day. The 
 wound should also be bathed by the same. The common rose-beetle 
 {cctonia amata), found so commonly on rose-bushes, is an effectual remedy. 
 I desire in this connection to draw attention to a most absurd, ridicu- 
 lous superstition which prevails ; that is, if a person be bitten by a dog 
 which is in perfect health, but afterwards goes mad, the person also will 
 be affected, so they insist upon the dog being destroyed, for fear it 
 should go mad at any future period. Instead of this the dog should be 
 carefully taken care of. Patients would then have the satisfaction of 
 knowing that there was nothing wrong with it, and their minds would 
 be at rest. 
 
 DISEASES OF THE SKIN. 
 
 Humid Tetter (Eczema). 
 
 This consists in the appearance of minute shining vesicles, not larger 
 than the head of a small pin, on different portions of the body. They 
 are usually clustered together, and surrounded by a red ring. The 
 fluid in the vesicles becomes opaque in a few days, and finally forms 
 light, thin scales, which fall off. In most cases a fresh crop appears aa 
 soon as the first crop is matured, in which case yellow crusts form over 
 the diseased patch, and chronic tetter exists for weeks or months. The 
 red eczema is the worst form of this disease. 
 
 Treatment. — Low diat, coolmg diinks, gentle purgatives and warm 
 bathe should be prescribed. The acetic tiuctui'e of blood-root shoidd bo
 
 318 
 
 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 
 
 externally applied. It speedily cures aU cases, 
 elm poultices, etc. , are also useful. 
 
 Celandine, tar, slippery- 
 
 Tetter, Shingles (Herpes). 
 
 Tetter is a transient non-contagious eruption, consisting of circum- 
 scribed red patches, upon each of which are situated clusters of vesicles, 
 about the size of a pea. After a few days the vesicles break, pour out a 
 thin fluid, and form brown or yellow crusts, which fall off about the 
 tenth day, leaving the surface red and irritable. The eruption is attend- 
 ed with heat, tingling, fever, and restlessness, especially at night. 
 Ringworm is a curious form of tetter, the mflamed patches being ring- 
 like in form. 
 
 Treatment. — Light diet, and gentle laxatives. If the patient is old 
 the tonics should be given. The elder- flower ointment is an excellent 
 external application. The acetic tincture of lobelia is also good. No- 
 thing better, however, can be used than the " Herbal Ointment," men- 
 tioned on page 469. 
 
 Itch (Scabies). ^ ^ 
 
 This annoying disease is caused by minute white insects, the ncarus 
 scabci or sar&./ptis /Mi/iinis, which insinuate themselves beneath the 
 skin. It is said that these insects travel in pairs, male and female, hus- 
 band and wife evidently, and that the female is very much the smaller. 
 Under the microscoije the animal appears as in the cut, which gives a 
 
 I^r- 
 
 The Itch Insect. 
 
 front, back and side view of it. The elegance of the animal is beyond 
 question, smd his inodo of burrowing under the skin is sagacious. 'N^Tion 
 placed upon th(> skin he proceeds to make a hole througli it. which he 
 does by hia head and iore-i'eet. Into tiiis he insinuates hia whole body.
 
 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 319 
 
 Like the mole, he makes a channel many times his own length, at the 
 end excavating a chamber, where he takes his siesta^ and from whence 
 he saunters forth in quest of provender. As age approaches, tired of 
 the home of his youth, he digs onward, scoops out another, in which he 
 ends his days, beloved and respected by all his neighbors. 
 
 Itch is characterized by a vesicular eruption, and makes its appear- 
 ance between the fingers and in other soft portions of the skin. If the 
 pimples are scratched a watery fluid is jioured out which forms small 
 scabs, and if thQ disease is not cured, extensive sores occur. It is more 
 common among the poor, but James I. of England said that it was only 
 fitted for kings, so excellent is the enjoyment of scratching. It may be 
 a royal luxury, but I am quite sure that persons having the itch would 
 consent for it to be entirely monopoUzed by kings. A similar disease 
 is caused by the aoarus sacchan^ an insect very common in brown 
 sugar. 
 
 Treatment.— Whatever kills the little animal will cure the itch. This 
 \si best achieved hj sulphur. It should be made into an ointment with 
 lard, and thoroughly rubbed into the skin before the fire, morning and 
 evening for a few days. This will put an end to the ' ' squatter sove- 
 reignty '' of whole colonies. An ointment made from veratrum also does 
 well. Another method is equally if not more efiicacious. Eub the en- 
 tire surface of the body over with soft soap for half an hour — then a 
 warm bath for half an hour, washing it thoroughly off, and exciting the 
 skin to active circulation. Then an ointment, prei^ared as follows, 
 should be rubbed over the entire surface : Take eight ounces of lard 
 and into it thoroughly rub two ounces of flour of sulphur, and one ounce 
 of carbonate of potash, making an even and uniform mixture, and it ia 
 ready for use. This, after it has remained on the skin for three hours, 
 may be well washed off, and the disease is entirely annihilated. In per- 
 sJons of tender skin, or where considerable inflammation has been set 
 up by continued scratching, it may be necessary to anoint with hard 
 soap instead of soft, for it does not contain as much alkali, and leave 
 out the carbonate of potash in the ointment — for reason of its being too 
 stimulating. In these instances, it will take longer to cure the disease, 
 but it is just as certain in its results. This mode of treating this dis- 
 ease is an entirely successful one — and no one need ' ' to scratch " if 
 these simple directions be attended to. 
 
 Watery Blebs (PEMPnrous). 
 
 This is characterized by loss of appetite, febrile symptoms, at first, fol- 
 lowed by a bright red eruption of a smarting or burning sensation. In 
 the centre of this eruption, minute vesicles appear, which gradually en- 
 large in blisters in the shape of bubbles and contain a wateiy fluid. They 
 vary in size from a split pea to that of a hen's egg, and rise very rapidly.
 
 320 TUE COMPLETE IIEriDALIST. 
 
 and break in a few days, leaving a raw surface, -wliicli soon becoinea 
 covered with a crust. 
 
 Treatjient. — The siu-face of the body should be bathed, and the 
 bowels opened by a gentle purge. The inilamed surface should be cov- 
 ered by a slippery-elm poultice, and be kept moist with tincture of 
 lobelia. When the constitution is feeble, quinine, alnuin, etc., should 
 be given. The diet should receive especial attention, and out-door ex- 
 ercise enjoyed. 
 
 RUPIA. 
 
 This is a small blister, or vesicle, about the size of a chestnut, which 
 at first contains a darkish fluid, which dries into a crust, falls off, and 
 leaves an indolent ulcer. It is always connected with a vitiated consti- 
 tution, and is dependent frequently upon imperfect diet, although 
 chronic disease, such as syphilis, jihthisis, dyspeiJsia, and poisonous 
 mineral medicines, not uufrequently produce it. 
 
 Treatment. — The digestive organs should be corrected, and the 
 blood nourished and enriched by wholesome diet and tonics. The local 
 applications should consist of emollient poultices, and kept constantly 
 moist with the tincture of hydrastin, baptisin, or myrrh. A poultice 
 of equal parts of baybeny, white pond -lily and slippery-elm is very bene- 
 ficial. The cause, however, is always to be ascertained before the treat- 
 ment is interposed. 
 
 Crusted Tetter (Impetigo). 
 
 The eruption in this disease consists, at first, in slightly elevated pus- 
 tules or pimples, closely collected together, with an inflamed edge. 
 These break, and the surface becomes red, excoriated, shining, and fuU 
 of pores, through which a thin, unhealthy fluid is poured out, which 
 gradually hardens into dark, yellowish-green scabs. These scabs some- 
 times look like honey dried upon the skin, and hence the name of 
 "honey disease." It is very common on the ears and lips of chUdreu. 
 It is also called the milk crusty when it covers the whole face. 
 
 Treatment. — Give a purgative, and let the patient take a hot bath. 
 As a local application equal parts of blood-root and white pond-lUy, say 
 one ounce, and cider vinegar, six ounces, mix, and let stand twenty -four 
 hours, and apply as a wash with a sponge four or five times a day. The 
 oxide of zinc ointment is also good, but the best and speediest cure ia 
 the " Herbal Ointment," described on page 469. 
 
 Papulous Scale (EcTnrMA). 
 
 This consists of mattery pimples developed on a highly inflamed 
 ekin, appearing chiefly on the extremities and rarely met with in chfl- 
 dren in the acute form. It is either acute or chronic. The eruption i»
 
 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 32 J 
 
 the acute foim is preceded by a slight fever, and in about thirty-six 
 hours red spots appear ou the skin, accompanied by heat and tingling. 
 On the second day, the centres of these spots are raised by the pus con- 
 tained, to which the name of pMyzacious pufitule is given. This stage 
 is accompanied by much pain. Maturation occurs from the fourth tc 
 the sixth day, and the disease usually terminates in two weeks. The 
 chronic form is more common, and afilicts young children oftener than 
 adults. 
 
 Treatment. — For the acute form, low diet, gentle laxatives, and 
 the application of oxide of zinc ointment. The pustulated surface 
 should also be covered with slippery-elm poultices, and kept constantly 
 moist with tincture of lobelia. lu the chronic form, in addition to the 
 above, the tonics should be given, and the blood should be enriched by 
 proper medication and nutritious diet. 
 
 Leprosy. 
 
 The erviption in this disease makes its appearance as a small red spot, 
 elevated a little above the general skin, usually occurring first on the 
 limbs. The scales occurring on these patches occur in layers, one above 
 the other, and have a bright silvery lustre. This is the lepra alphoides. 
 The Hebrew leprosy was a variety of this form. What was known as 
 the Leuce was generally not scaly, but consisted of smooth, shining 
 patches, on which the hair turned white and silky, and was totally in- 
 curable. When leprosy is of dark livid color, it is called k"pm nigricans^ 
 and when copper-colored, it is due to syphilis, and is termed lepra syplii- 
 litica. The leprosy of the Arabs is what is known as Elephantiasis^ and 
 the Greek leprosy includes the varieties met with at the present day. 
 Leprosy is endemic in Egypt, in Java, and certain parts of Norway and 
 Sweden. 
 
 Treatment. — The means best adapted for its removal, are, amild, un- 
 iiTitating diet, emollient fomentations, sulphureous baths, fumigations, 
 etc. , but often all treatment is ineffectual. A warm solution of the ses- 
 quicarbonate of j^otash is effectual in some cases. An ointment of glyce- 
 rine and hydrastin, and the acetic tincture of blood-root, are also service- 
 able, but as a topical remedy, nothing could be superior to my " Herbal 
 Ointment." 
 
 Dry Tetter (Psoriasis). 
 
 This differs from leprosy in the eruption being more in-egular. The 
 spots sometimes come out in thick clusters, and blend in various ways. 
 The eruption is not circular as in leprosy, but consists of irregular 
 patches of every extent, and the surface is more tender and irritable 
 than in leprosy. There are many varieties of this disease. Tho
 
 322 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 
 
 "Baker's Itch," "Grocer's Itch," and "WasLerwoman's Scall," are only 
 different varieties of psoriasis. 
 
 TiiEATMENT. — The acetic tinctui-e of blood-root or oxide of zinf 
 ointment, may be applied to the eruption, and the skin should be kept 
 clean, and the pores open. The inflammations may be lessened by 
 emollient and soothing applications. Sea bathing- is very good. The 
 general health should be attended to in all cases, and the tonics given in 
 necessary cases. 
 
 Pityriasis. 
 
 This name is from the Greek pityron^ signifying bran. It is charac- 
 terized by patches of yellowish, or reddish yellow color, covered with 
 fine branny scales, accompanied by smarting, itching, and biu-ning. It 
 may occur at any part of the body, under three or four varieties of 
 form. 
 
 Treatment. — The treatment advised in psoriasis will answer in this 
 disease 
 
 Lupus. ^ ,,^ 
 
 This is the "Jacob's Ulcer" of common parlance, and from its^ rapa- 
 city it is named l/iipus^ which is the Latin name for wolf. It re also 
 called " noU me tangere," touch me not. It occurs in a variety of forms, 
 generally upon the face. It commences by slight thickening and eleva- 
 tion of the skin, usually not larger than a wheat grain. A thin, hard, 
 brownish scab appears on its surface. The disease extends, usually 
 slowly, but sometimes very rapidly, and cases have occurred where the 
 whole nose has been destroyed in a month. It is very rapacious, destroy- 
 ing even the bones in its progress. 
 
 Treatment. — When it first makes its appearance it should be tho- 
 roughly destroyed with caustics, and healed by zinc ointment. At the 
 same time, the alteratives should be given. My ' ' Blood Purifier " (see 
 page 469) is excellent for this purpose. Early institution of treatment 
 will only prevent destruction of tissue. 
 
 Elephantiasis. 
 
 This is characterized by the development of tumors upon the skin, 
 varying in size from the head of a pea to that of an apple, or even 
 larger. Eventually these tumors ulcerate, and discharge an unhealthy 
 pus, in some cases affecting the bone, aiid resulting in mortification and 
 death. It is endemic m Lisbon. At first there is a discoloration of the 
 skin of the face, the lobes of the car lengthen, and the wings of the nose 
 spread out ; then the face becomes tuberculous, the features are puffed 
 out, the lii)s thicken, the whiskers, eyebrows, and eyelashes fall out. 
 The tubercles ulcerate after some years, there is ozcena, the lingers and
 
 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST, 323 
 
 fcoes mortify, and the body exhales a most loathsome odor. This is the 
 leprosy of the ancient Egyptians. 
 
 Treatment. — The parts should be thoroughly bathed with a strong 
 solution of the sesquicarbonate of potash, and stiUingia and other 
 alteratives administered. Where the parts become swollen, painting 
 with the tincture of iron, followed by astringent poultices, has been 
 found very beneiicial. WTien confined to the extremities, amputation 
 may become necessary. 
 
 ACNE. 
 
 This is a email pimj^le or tubercle which appears on various parts of 
 the face. The disease leads to no particular evil results, save that it is 
 unpleasant, slightly painful, and disfiguring. It commonly afflicts the 
 young and robust of both sexes, and generally indicates strong passions, 
 and too great an indulgence in animal food, or neglect of ablutions and 
 out-of-door exercise. It is sometimes, in its more severe forms, the 
 consequence of solitary practices. The common form of the disease is 
 an eruption of hard, distinct, inflamed tubercles which remain un- 
 changed for a long time, or else slowly advance to partial suppura- 
 tion. They are to be seen on the forehead, cheeks, and chin, and 
 sometimes on the nose. It is commonly known as the brandy face or 
 rum blots. 
 
 Treatment. — Attention to the general health becomes necessary. 
 It is not well to drive them in by lotions, as they are then liable to 
 break out in some internal oi'gan. Attention to diet, plenty of ex- 
 ercise, a pure imagination, and a clean body, together with open and 
 regular bowels, wiU soon effect the disappearance of this troublesome 
 enemy of good looks. 
 
 Warts and Corns. 
 
 Warts consist of collections of hypertrophied cutaneous papiHae, or 
 loops of veins, arteries and nerves. These loops, frequently, without 
 any apparent cause, take on a disposition to grow, and by extending 
 themselves upward, they carry the scarf-skin along with them, which 
 thickens, and the whole forms the wart. 
 
 Corns consist in excrescences confined mostly to the toes and soles of 
 the feet, resulting from wearing tight shoes. They occasionally form 
 on the elbows and knees, or on the extremities of the fingers. When 
 occurring between the toes, they are called soft corns. 
 
 Bunions consist of an enlargement, thickening, and inflammation of 
 the mucous bursa at the side of the ball of the great toe. Occasionally 
 the bursa suppurates, and a fistulous oijening left after the pus has 
 evacuated. 
 
 Treatment. — Corns may be ciu-ed by shaving them closely and
 
 324 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 
 
 applying nitro-muriatic acid or chromic acid ointment. For soft corns 
 acetic acid is better. Warts should be clipped off with the scissors, and 
 chromic acid applied, or any other cauterizing agent will answer. The 
 tincture of thuja is also excellent. Bunions are cured by bathing them 
 frequently in the oil of erigeron. 
 
 Prtjritis. 
 
 This is dependent upon an altered condition of the nerves of the skin, 
 and consists in a painfid sensation of itching. There is no perceptible 
 alteration in the appearance of the skin, and the itching is generally the 
 result of sympathy, through the nerves, with some diseased condition of 
 a distant part. It more frequently affects the fundament, the scrotum, 
 or the vulva of females. 
 
 Treatment. — The following is usually aU the treatment that is re- 
 quired : — Take oleo-resin of lobelia, grs. xx ; aconitin, grs. iij ; sul- 
 phate of sanguinaria, grs. x; glycerine, 3ij. Mix. Apply the omtment 
 to the part three or four times a day. Lead-water and opium are 
 also beneficial. 
 
 Macule, or Spots. 
 
 This affection^ which is characterized by an increased hue of the pig- 
 ment of the skin, consists of freckles and moles. EpJielis lenticularis, 
 or common freckles, appears in small yellowish, brownish, or greenish- 
 yellow, irrc^gular, rounded spots, caused particularly by the influence 
 of the sun's rays upon the parts. It occurs generally in females, 
 owing to their fine skin. Ephdis hepaiiat, is observed in females 
 during pregnancy. Ephelis tiolacca is caused by the long use of 
 nitrate of silver. Moles are dark colored patches, usually covered 
 with hair. NcBci or m.other''s vfiarks are called aneurisms by anas- 
 tomosis, or an inter-connection and enlargement of the arterioles of 
 the skin. Leucopathia^ or Alhlnmn, consists of a diminution of the 
 coloring matter of the skin. It is found in all races, but is most strik- 
 ing in the black. 
 
 Treatment. — Freckles may be removed by keeping out of the sun, 
 and frequently washing the face in a solution of lactic acid. Fresh 
 buttermilk answers the same purpose. The best remedy, however, 
 is to be found in my "Floral Bloom." It quickly removes freckles, 
 luoth patches, etc., and makes the skin clear and transparent. Moles 
 and mother's marks belong to surgery, and may in many instances be 
 removed. Albinism is incurable. 
 
 ScALLED Head (Tinea Favosa). 
 
 This is i-aused by an insect by the name of nclmrmi Schihdeinii. The 
 eruption tidies the shape of large flattened pustules, which have an
 
 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST, 325 
 
 irregular edge, and are surrounded by inflammation. Sometimes they 
 appear first behind the ears, and at other times upon the face, spread- 
 ing thence to the scalp. The face is usually involved to some extent 
 wherever the eruption may originally show itself. Scalled head ia 
 mostly confined among children. In the outset of the disease the pus- 
 tules on the scalp are generally distinct ; — on the face they rise in 
 iiregular clusters. They are attended by much itching, and the efforts 
 to relieve this torment hasten their breaking. When broken they 
 discharge a viscid matter and run together, gradually forming sores of a 
 vicious character. These sores are covered by yellowish-greenish scabs 
 which present a revolting appearance. 
 
 Treatment. — The hair should be shaved close to the scalp, and the 
 head thoroughly washed with soap and water, after which the zinc oint- 
 ment should be applied in the morning and the tar ointment in the even- 
 ing. Alteratives should also be given. This course, if persisted in, will 
 remove the disease. 
 
 Tinea Sycosis. 
 
 This is commonly known as "Barber's Itch," and is confined to the 
 face, especially to that portion covered by the beard. It is character- 
 ized by inflammation of the hair follicles, causiug an eruption of small 
 pustules forming incrustations eventually. It may be consoling to those 
 who suffer with it to know that it is caused by a parasite with the humble 
 name of microaporon mentagrapliytes. 
 
 Treatment. — Shave the beard, and paint the part with a strong tinc- 
 ture of iodine for a few days. Follow this with a poultice, composed of 
 equal parts of lobelia, blood-root, myrrh, and slippery-elm. Depilation, 
 or pulling out the beard, may be necessary in some cases to effect the 
 cure. 
 
 Baldness (Alopecia). 
 
 This may be partial or general, temporary or permanent, and occur at 
 any period of life. Senile baldness usually takes jilace gradually, the 
 hair first becoming thin on the crown, or on the temples and forehead. 
 It is owing generally to the general loss of the nutritive functions of the 
 hair, and of the follicular apparatus. Loss of color of the hair (canities) 
 may depend upon advanced age, disease, or deep mental emotion. It 
 usually occurs gradually, after the age of forty. Cases are recorded in 
 which the loss of color was complete in eight days, while in others the 
 hair was almost completely blanched in a single night. 
 
 Treatment. — If the hair follicles are not destroyed, baldness maybe 
 cured. The tincture of cantharides, lac sulphur, shamiaooing, etc., are 
 each to be recommended. Tonics and strict cleanliness also promotes 
 the growth of the hair. In my " Woodland Balm " (page 469) the bald
 
 326 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 
 
 or gray will find a remedy which has no superior for restoring the hair 
 to a healthy growth and natural color. 
 
 Entozoa. 
 
 These grow in the body without forming attachments to its structures, 
 have an independent life of their own, and possess the power of repro- 
 duction and generation. Several species infest the human body, some 
 appearing always in the same organ and some in a particular tissue, and 
 appearing oftenest where that tissue is plentiful. Scarcely any portion 
 of the body is exempt from such growths. Their origin is a subject for 
 two suppositions — that of generative reproduction, and of accidental or 
 spontaneous development of germs that take on modes of life and devel- 
 opment characterizing them afterwards. The first supposition is more 
 philosophical, comports more with analogy, and is unquestionably the 
 true theory. The interest attached to these growths, however, is their 
 effect upon the system and cause of disease. Their presence in the sys- 
 tem causes morbid phenomena, disordered functional action, and loss of 
 health. The mischief they do in the system depends upon their number, 
 size, rapidity of growth, and species. When numerous or iarge they 
 imbibe so much nutriment as to rob the system of its necessary susten- 
 ance. Their habitation is generally a seat of irritation or inflamniition, 
 and more particularly when their location is in a cavity, and when they 
 possess ijower of motion. 
 
 PsychocUara.—IIi/datids.— These are organized beings, consisting of a 
 globe-like bag of albuminous matter ; the texture divided in layers, and 
 contaming a limpid, colorless fluid richer in gelatin than albumen. They 
 live by imbibition, have no sensibility or power of motion, and appear 
 more like a vegetable than an animal in their modes 'of life and repro- 
 duction. There are two kinds of hydatids, the acepJudocyst^ or cyst 
 without a head, and the ecJdiiococcus, which is not different from the 
 other in form but in containing minute animals (vermiculi echinococci) 
 within it. The former is common to the human body, and generated be- 
 tween layers of membrane. The usual abode of hydatids is in the lungs, 
 liver, ovaries, spleen, kidneys, etc. The hydatids occui-ring in the womb 
 are often mistaken upon expulsion for products of conception, and their 
 presence in that organ often produces similar signs as in pregnancy. 
 
 Sterelmintha. — These consist of solid porous texture, perforated by 
 canals or cavities, which serve the purposes of digestion. These animals 
 are hermaphrodite, i. e., having both sexual organs on one individual. 
 The varieties of tapeworm belong to this class. So also the ci/sticcrcun, 
 which occurs in the muscular structure and in the watery portion of the 
 eye. The liver-fluke— (/*.<?«?«« hepdticum — also belongs to this class 
 but which rarely occurs in man, but ia supposed to cause the well-knowii 
 " rot " in sheep.
 
 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 327 
 
 Ccelelmtntha.— This class has a higher organic development than the 
 preceding. It embraces several species of worms having hollow cylin- 
 drical bodies, distinct alimentary canals, with a mouth at one extremity 
 and an anus at the other, a nervous system, and the sexual organs 
 on different animals. The common intestinal worms belong to this 
 cl;\ss ; so also the trichina spiralis— causing the disease described below 
 which is an animal which exists within the minute, white, ovate cysts 
 imbedded in the muscles. The guinea-worm (filaria mediiiensis), so 
 common to Africa and Asia, but unknown in this coimtry, is a hair-Uke 
 worm developed beneath the skm, especially in the scrotum and lower 
 extremities It can be withdrawn when a pustule ensues, by care and 
 patience, wrapping it around a stick until the end appears. 
 
 The strongulus glgas is an animal that locates itself exclusively in the 
 kidney, and sometimes attains an enormous size. Its body is round, 
 but tapers toward both ends. It sometimes attains a length of three 
 feet, and a thickness of half an inch. It causes impairment of func- 
 tions, waste of the renal structure, and sometimes inflammation, with 
 pain and bloody urine. It is sometimes expelled through the water 
 passages. 
 
 Treatment. — The treatment of parasites is indicated by their char- 
 jicter or place of abode. If they exLst in the alimentary canal, such 
 remedies as are known to expel them should be employed. Anything ia 
 a good remedy that is harmless to the system but destructive of life to 
 them. Various agents are poisonous, such as cherry-laurel water, cam- 
 phor, oil of cubebs, oil of turpentine, copaiba, etc. , but these must be 
 employed at proper seasons and in such quantities that they wiU not 
 harm the general system. 
 
 TRICniNIASIS. 
 
 This is a disease caused by the trirjiina spiralis which infests various 
 animals, especially swine. If the meat of the hog affected is eaten raw 
 or insufficiently cooked, it is most likely to cause this dangerous disease. 
 Thorough cooking destroys the parasites. The symptoms are extensive 
 gastric disturbance, with nausea and a tendency to vomit ; associated 
 with rheumatic pains, stiffness of the muscles, irregular pulse, intermit- 
 tent fever, which is violently aggravated in paroxysms, thirst, restless- 
 ness, nervous excitement, and utter wakefulness. The face generally 
 swells, great prostration ensues, and the patient generally dies in a para- 
 lyzed condition. 
 
 Treatment. — In the early stage an active lobelia emetic should be 
 given, and followed by a full dose of castor oil or spirits of tuqientine. 
 An alcoholic vapor bath should be taken, and sufficient veratrum to 
 control the fever. If sleeplessness prevails, opium should be given. 
 The above treatment may be reiDeatcd if not at first successful.
 
 328 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 
 
 THE PROPER CARE OF CHILDREN. 
 
 The first requisite of an infant is plenty of pure and fresh air. It 
 should be kept in open air as much as possible, and when in-doors in 
 weU-ventilated rooms. When carried in the open air, their heads 
 Bhould not be enveloped in blankets, and when sleeping, their faces 
 Bhould not be covered with the bed-clothes. The infant needs and 
 should have aU the oxygen a pure air affords, which is so essential td 
 its proper growth. 
 
 The Skin. — The skin of infants should be kept clean, to render them 
 less liable to cutaneous diseases. The unctuous covering of a new-bom 
 child should be removed as soon as possible. This can readily be done 
 by smearing it with pure lard, and then washing with white Castile 
 soap and water. Do not use the brown Castile soap, as it contains 
 oxides of iron, which are irritating substances. Infants should be 
 washed eveiy day with warm water, to be followed in course of timo 
 with tepid water, then temperate, and finally, at an age of some 
 months, with cold water. ~ ^ 
 
 Clothing. — The young child should be amply clothed, care being 
 taken that they are sufficiently loose, to admit free motion in aU dsrec- 
 tions. Flannels should be placed next to the skin in winter, and cotton 
 in summer. 
 
 Food. — Proper regimen is of the utmost importance to the health of 
 the young. Until the first teething, the proper and natural food is the 
 mother's milk. If the mother is unable to nurse her child, a wet-nurse 
 should be procured. If the mother's milk is insufficient, cow's milk, 
 sufficiently diluted with water and sweetened with loaf sugar, should 
 be taken in addition. This should be taken from a sucking-bottle, 
 which, when not in use, should be kept in water, to prevent becoming 
 sour. A nursing woman should pay the greatest attention to her 
 health also, and, for ob\'ious reasons, a scrofulous or consumptive 
 mother should never suckle her offsiiriug ; she should also place a check 
 upon her passions, as violent passion, grief, envy, hatred, fear, jealousy, 
 etc. , tend to derange the character of the milk, and often superinduce 
 disorder of the infant's stomach, and throw it into convulsions. The 
 diet of the mother should receive strict attention. Her drink should 
 be simply water, or weak black tea, and her food plain and wholesome. 
 Pastry and the richer articles of food should not be eaten. She should 
 take daily moderate exercise to induce better assimilation of aliments. 
 When her milk is scanty, a sufficiency can frequently be induced by 
 placing a bread and milk poultice, over which a moderate quantity of 
 mustard is sprinkled, on the breasts. 
 
 Weaning. — The child should be weaned after the appearance of its
 
 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 329 
 
 first teeth. Nature then designs it to have different food. Spring and 
 fall are the proper seasons for weaning ; no child should be taken from 
 the breast in the midst of summer. The weaning should be a gradual 
 process, and the food to be given should be of the character of milk. 
 Bread and milk, boiled rice and milk, soda-crackers and milk, soft boiled 
 eggs, roasted potatoes and milk, preparations of sago, arrowroot, 
 tapioca, oatmeal gruel, rice pudding, and similar substances are all 
 indicated. My nutritive fluids, given on page 205, can also be given 
 with good service. From these, in course of time, more solid articles 
 of food can be given them. Sugar in moderate quantities is whole- 
 some. Excessive eating should not be suffered. Water is the best 
 drink. 
 
 Sleep. — A child should always sleep in a loose gown, to prevent restless- 
 ness. Nature should govern its sleep, and which should never be induced 
 by opiates. It should be allowed to sleep to a natural awakening, and 
 should not be aroused for any avoidable purpose. Its covering should be 
 warm but light, thus avoiding pressure upon its tender limbs ; the infant 
 should lie on its side, alternating at times from right to left, to prevent 
 distortion of the spine. The body should be placed with the head to the 
 north, and this rule applies to all, as the action of electric currents is to 
 the north, thus allowing greater repose to the brain. Strong sunlight 
 or moonshine should be excluded from their sleeping apartments. What 
 I have thus far written is not only preservative of good health, but 
 preventive of many species of illness to which infants are liable. Chil- 
 dren are very liable to disease, necessitating great precaution in a 
 variety of matters, the most important of which are the foregoing. 
 WTien it is known that death destroys about one half of humanity before 
 the age of five years, the physical life of ch'ldren is of the utmost 
 importance. While young, the moral, intellectual, and religious facul- 
 ties should be shaped, as the child often indicates the man. 
 
 The baby exhibits indisposition by cries, struggles, etc., and if 
 these are carefully noted, every mother may know what ails the 
 baby. 
 
 A baby suffering from stomach-ache sheds tears capimisly, and utters 
 long and loud cries. As stomach-ache is paroxysmal in character, so will 
 its cries remit, and enjoy repose, to be followed by movements up and 
 do\vn of the legs and the peculiar cry. 
 
 To ciy in inflammation of the organs of the chest is painful ; it there- 
 fore does not cry or shed tears, but utters a muttering cry, abruptly 
 completed, and coughs after long breaths. 
 
 In diseases of the brain, the child shrieks piercingly, followed by 
 moaning and wailing. In extensive congestion, there is quiet dozing 
 and probably snoring. 
 
 Loss of api^etitc, fretfulness, restlessness, thirst, great heat of skin.
 
 330 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 
 
 are all indications of disease, and require that solicitude and treatment 
 that every fond mother should know how to bestow. 
 
 Teething. 
 
 Many children are lost from teething. The process of dentition often 
 occasions fits. Its symptoms are, swollen and inflamed gnms, fever, 
 pain, and heat in the head, sore mouth, etc. Scarification of the gums 
 is often resorted to ; but if proper attention be paid to the case in its 
 inception, no such barbarous and injurious method of palliation need 
 be embraced. Bathing the head with dQuted spirits, and the feet with 
 warm mustard water; keeping the bowels free and regvilar by the 
 simplest of herbal laxatives ; and placing a plaster (composed of two- 
 thirds flour mustard, one-third flour, and sufficient vinegar to produce 
 the requisite moisture) between the shoulders, will generally obviate all 
 danger and mitigate the pain and suffering. When the speckled sore 
 mouth incidental to teething makes its apjiearance, treat the child as 
 above, but wash the mouth with a mild solution of borax, and use for 
 diet (if the child be weaned) gum-arabic water, and barley or rice 
 water. If the stomach is acid, and the bowels are griping, admpister 
 mild doses of magnesia. Warm baths are always beneficial to children 
 who are teething ; but great care should be taken that the littlai ones 
 do not catch cold after the baths. 
 
 The teeth should appear about the sixth month, though it is often 
 later. The two incisors of the lower jaw are generally the first, and 
 then those of the upper jaw follow. Between the twelfth and sixteenth 
 months the grinders come, and next the eye teeth. The others soon 
 follow, so that by the age of two years, the child has its full set of 
 milk teeth, twenty in number. There are instances of children being 
 bom with full sets of teeth, as is recorded of Richard III. and Louis 
 XIV. 
 
 GENERAL DISEASES. 
 
 Gout. 
 
 This is duo to the presence of lithic or uric acid in the blood. The 
 attack usually makes its appearance in the night. The patient is first 
 awakened by an intensely burning and wrenching pain in the ball of the 
 gi'cat toe, or some other small joint. This pain continues for about 
 twenty-four hours, and is accompanied by fever. It then remits, and 
 the patient may get sleep, though for several successive days he 
 fcufFcrs from the attacks. A similar visitation will likely result after a 
 considerable interval. Recovery from the first attack may be complete 
 —the skin peeling off from the red and swollen joint, and leaving it strong
 
 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 331 
 
 and stipple as ever ; but, after several repetitions of the attacks, the joint 
 becomes stifE, owing to the deposit of lithic acid concretions or chnlk 
 atones. It is a disease entirely local in its character. It vitiates the 
 blood, affects the general system, and the attack is generally preceded 
 by general symptoms, irritability of temper, unpleasant sensations in the 
 stomach and head, and uncomfortable feelings of body and mind are 
 premonitory symptoms of this disorder. The pain is most excruciating. 
 The stomach, heart, lungs, head, eyes, etc., may also be subject to gouty 
 inflammation. It is caused by luxury and indolence, in the plurality of 
 cases. 
 
 Treatment.- — During the paroxysm the anodynes should be given 
 and apphed ; subcutaneous injection of morjAine is best. The constitu- 
 tional treatment should be composed of chimaphilin and apocynin in 
 combination ; colchicum is also a very good remedy ; chloroform liniment 
 may also be externally apphed. The patient's habits must be regulated, 
 and his diet simplified, to prevent rectirrence of the disease. 
 
 Those who may desire consultation with the author, in regard to this 
 disease, are referred to page 390. Consultations, either in person or by 
 letter, from those who may desire treatment, are carefully and gratui- 
 tously attended to. 
 
 EnEUMATISM. 
 
 This very painful affection is most frequently brought on by exposure 
 to wet and cold after violent and fatiguing exercise of the muscles. The 
 acute form is characterized by high fever, with a full bounding pulse, 
 furred tongue, and a profuse sweat which has a sour smell. The urine 
 is scanty and high colored ; the joints swell and are slightly red and very 
 tender. The pain is agonizing when the patient attempts to move. If 
 the affection changes from one part to another it is called metastatic^ 
 and is very dangerous, as it may suddenly seize the lining membrane of 
 the heart, and prove fatal. 
 
 The chronic form may follow the acute form, but is more often an in- 
 dependent disease. It differs from the acute form in the absence of 
 fever. The fingers and limbs may frequently be rendered useless by 
 rheumatism, by the great distortion ensuing. It is due to the presence 
 of lactic acid in the blood. 
 
 Treatment. — The bowels should be evacuated by a purgative, and 
 the tinctures of black cohosh and veratrum given until free perspiration 
 is produced. The tincture of black cohosh, two parts, and tincture of 
 colchicum, one part, in doses of from twenty to forty drops, is also a very 
 valuable remedy. For articular rheumatism the alteratives should be 
 given. My " Blood Purifier" is a sure and efficient cure, and the pain is 
 almost instantly relieved by the ai^plicatiou of the " Herbal Ointment" 
 (see page 469).
 
 332 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 
 
 Electricity may be resorted to in the chronic form. The treatment 
 does not materially diif er from that advised in the acute. 
 
 romentation& of hops and cicuta, or stramonium leaves, placed upon 
 the inflamed and swollen joints, will materially relieve the pain. 
 
 Rheumatism in the chronic form is often a very difficult disease to 
 cure ; but if i)roperly treated, by purely chemical medication, the acid 
 condition of the blood will be negatived, and the patient relieved of hia 
 painful malady. Of the thousands of cases that have been under my 
 care, I do not recall one failure. 
 
 Hip Disease (Morbus Coxarius). 
 
 This is a disease of the hip-joint, and common to scrofulous children. 
 At first there is slight pain, commonly felt in the knee, lameness, and 
 stumbling in walking, tenderness in the gi'oin, and pain is produced by 
 pressing the head of the bone suddenly against the socket. The limb is 
 longer than the other, which is owing to a depression of the pelvis on 
 the diseased side, the weight of the body being supported on the oppo- 
 Bite limb. If the disease is not arrested, destniction of the head of the 
 bone and socket results, and the thigh-bone is drawn up, constituting a 
 spontaneous dislocation. Often an abscess forms and opens exteri^ally. 
 The toes may be turned inward or outward. * 
 
 This disease may be positively ascertained in the following way : — 
 Remove the clothing of the patient and place him on any flat surface, as 
 a bench, or table ; if he is placed so that the sjiine ever}' where touches 
 the table, the patient's knee on the affected side will be drawn up, the 
 weight of the leg resting on the heel. If now his knee will be pressed 
 down, the spine will be bent inwards, so that it no longer touches the 
 table. This is an unerring diagno.sis. 
 
 Treatment. — At the commencement of the disease a large irritating 
 plaster should be placed over the entire hip, and caused to remain until 
 a thorough counter-irritation is effected, and a discharge ensues. Per- 
 fect rest is necessary, and the limb should be confined in a carved splint. 
 Iodine may also be externally applied, and the general health improved 
 by tonics, alteratives, and nutritious food. Counter-extension as advised 
 in cases of fracture is advisable in all cases. A competent surgeon should 
 direct the treatment. 
 
 WniTE Swelling (Hydrarthrus). 
 
 This disease occurs most frequently about the midflle period of life, 
 but is, however, very often seen in children. It will never appear before 
 the age of jmberty without a deviation from health, but not always so 
 when it makes its appearance in after-life. It is a disease of the knee- 
 joint characterized by swelling and white color, owing to the tension of 
 the skin. It is of two varieties ; both, however, destroy the synovial or
 
 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 333 
 
 articular membrane of the joint. One begins with a trifling stiffness, 
 slight swelling, and in effect reduces the membrane to a pulpy, degen- 
 erate mass. The swelling increases gradually, and when the part is 
 touched, it reveals the presence of fluid. Finally the cartilages ulcerate, 
 and the disease assumes such characters that amputation becomes abso- 
 lutely necessary. The other form begins with pain in the joint, which 
 is severe at one point, and attains its height in a week. It is character- 
 ized by inflammation of the syno\aal membrane, and in a few days the 
 joint becomes swollen from a collection of water. 
 
 Treatment. — At the commencement bathe the parts with thefoUow 
 ing liniment : — oil of hemlock, 3 iv. ; dissolve as much camphor in it as 
 it will take up, and add twelve drops of croton oU, and three drachms of 
 tincture of iodine. Bathe the limb thoroughly, after which apply hot 
 cloths wrung from a strong infusion of arnica flowers and lobelia, and 
 change as often as they grow cool ; with each change apply the liniment. 
 This wUl arrest the disease if applied at the onset. The patient shoxild 
 be purged, and the compound syrup of chimaphila be administered to 
 him. If the disease is farther advanced, and openings exist, they should 
 be enlarged, and ointments and poultices applied, and the constitution 
 supported by tonics and antiseptics. Splints and entire rest may be 
 necessary in some cases, and when connected with a scrofulous diathesis, 
 my ' ' Blood Piuifier " should be taken internally, and the ' ' Herbal Oint- 
 ment " applied externally. These will quickly eradicate the disease. 
 
 Hectic Fever. 
 
 Hectic fever is remittent, dependent ui^on local irritation, and rarely, 
 if ever, idioiaathic. It is attended by great and increasing debility, a 
 weak, quick pulse, hurried resiiiration on any exertion, and increased 
 heat of the skin. The febrile exacerbations are preceded by a sMght 
 chill, are slight at first, but soon become more evident, especially in the 
 evening. The skin is at first dry, and the increased heat is more evident 
 in the hands and face. The fever terminates in a free, profuse perspira- 
 tion. The bowels are at first costive, but soon become relaxed, and an 
 exhausting diarrhoea comes on ; the urine is various, generally it is pale, 
 and does not deposit ; while there is generally a pallor of the surface, 
 the cheeks present what is aptly termed the "' hectic blush. " As the 
 disease advances, the whole frame becomes emaciated, the eyes sink in 
 their orbits, but are brilliant and expressive ; the ankles and legs some- 
 times swell, and the sleep is feverish and distui-bed. Finally the debUity 
 becomes so great that the patient expires while making some slight 
 exertion. 
 
 Hectic fever accompanies nearly all forms of disease connected with 
 great debility, especiaUy scrofula and consumption. It may also be met 
 with in surgical practice in disease or injury of the joints.
 
 334 THE COMPLETK HERBALIST, 
 
 Treatment. — This depends much upon the causfc or causes which 
 give rise to it. If the digestive mucous membrane is diseased, the 
 treatment consists in strict attention to diet, and in the administration 
 of tonics, diaphoretics, and diuretics. The antiseptics should be given. 
 Strychnine in doses of one-eighth of a grain is decidedly the best agent 
 for this purpose. Cherry-laurel water should also be given. The fever 
 is controlled, like other fevers, with veratrum. If associated with con- 
 Bumption, the " Acacian Balsam " (page 469) will cure it. Stimulants are 
 very serviceable to counteract the debility. Generous diet and clean- 
 liness are not to be neglected. 
 
 Curvature op the Spine. 
 
 Curvature of the spine is due to caries or destruction of the bodies 
 of the vextebrte. There are several varieties of curvature ; what is known 
 as lateral curvature consists in the distortion of the spinal column either 
 to the one side or the other. In this case there may be no caries of the 
 spine. It consists in depression of one shoulder, the body being thrown 
 out of its axis, by the curvature. This affection is caused t(y occupa- 
 tions which keep the body in a laterally distorted position, and ta^ one 
 Bide of the body more than the other. It is prodiiced in childrea who 
 study their lessons at school, with one elbow resting on a high desk, 
 etc. In PoWs Curvature of the Spine^ the angular curvature is produced 
 by caries of the vertebrae, or ulceration of the substance between the 
 vertebrae, followed by more or less loss of power over the lower ex- 
 tremity. In examining the spine, one or more of the spinous processes 
 is found to project beyond the others. Ilump-backs are usually caused 
 by curvatures of the spine, but they may also be caused by projection of 
 the sternum, or deviation of the ribs. 
 
 Treatment. — If associated with scrofula, the treatment for that dis- 
 ease should be instituted. In lateral distortion, calisthenic exercises 
 should be engaged. In Pott's disease extensive counter-irritation should 
 be made over the diseased part, and vigorous tonics given. 
 
 The treatment, however, best adapted to obviate all curvatures of the 
 spine, is purely mechanical, and consists of braces, supporters, etc. 
 Nothing else will achieve any satisfactory results. By mechanical ap- 
 pliances the spine is rendered straight, and comi^elled to maintain that 
 position until a cure is effected. These mechanical appliances should 
 be applied early, and be accurately adjusted and well fitted. 
 
 I am constantly applying such appliances in my office, and the results 
 are excellent in nearly all cases. Those who cannot avail themselves of 
 a personal consultation, may send age of patient, nature of curvature, 
 height, and measure around the waist, and a suitable appliance will be 
 Bent. Preliminary correspondence free.
 
 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 
 
 385 
 
 Imperfections of the Human Form. 
 
 These embrace those only which are of slighter degree, and of idio- 
 pathic origin. They are usually acquired more or less early in life. 
 Not unfrequently they result from bad management of the infant, hav- 
 ing its head always too highly bolstered up, and the chest compressed 
 by tight clothing. The school-room, however, is the arena where the 
 human form is robbed the most of its symmetry. It is gratifying to 
 know that greater attention is now paid to this evil, but still to a great 
 extent the seats and desks provided for the pupils are perfect outrages 
 upon their physical natures. The seats are invariably too high and the 
 desks too low, obUging the piTpil, for five or six houi's, to sit with his 
 head down, his spine curved backwards, and his feet dangling in space. 
 This uimatural position soon causes a loss of erect carriage, and induces 
 stooped shoulders, and incapacious chests. It is but rarely that we see 
 persons having an erect posture in standing or walking, and but few 
 have that prominent chest, so necessary to the perfection and elegance 
 of the human form, and to the full breathing capacity for the lungs. 
 The shoulders should be in the perfect form thrown backwards, and the 
 body erect, the only curve in the spine being the natural inward one in 
 the lumbar portion. 
 
 Treatment. — Elegance and symmetry of form can only be gained 
 by proper gymnastic and calisthenic exercises. These should be of such 
 a character as to be best adapted to overcome the particular deformity. 
 
 Lady's Shoulder Brace Applied. 
 
 Gentleman's Shoulder Brace Applied, 
 
 In aU cases suitable braces should be worn. These gently force back 
 the shoulders, thereby increasing the volume and capacity of the chest,
 
 336 THE COMI'LETE HERBALIST. 
 
 and enable the wearer to maintain the erect posture without fatiguing 
 effort. In all pulmonary diseases, or where there exists an insufficient 
 capacity of the chest, these braces should be worn. In the male they 
 take the place of suspenders, and in the female they can be made to 
 serve the purpose of sustaining the weight of the skirts. Nothing could 
 be more conducive to health than these appliances ; they often prevent 
 the onset of consumption in those predisposed hereditarilj to that dis- 
 ease. It is a well-known fact that the man or woman having an erect 
 form and expanded chest is much less liable to disease, and at aU events 
 possesses greater vigor of health. The reason of this is obvious. 
 
 It is particularly advisable that every person having a defective form 
 should wear a shoulder brace. The braces represented in the above 
 cuts are of the author's own invention, and he does not hesitate to claim 
 for them a decided superiority over all other braces for this purpose. 
 They are worn with great comfort, gently obliging the wearer to main- 
 taia the erect posture, and enabling him to thorouglily inflate his hmgs, 
 which in course of time will lead to permanence of the upright stature 
 with an expjmded chest. 
 
 All persons desiring these superior braces can obtain them fcy aj^dress- 
 ing the author. Price two dollars. ' 
 
 Abscess. 
 
 An abscess is a collection of pus or matter in the substance of some 
 pax-t of the body. When the matter is poured out from some part, the 
 process is called suppuration, when it collects in a tissue, it is an abscess. 
 It commences with all the symptoms of inflammation, fever, pain, red- 
 ness, and swelling. The centre is firm, with swellmg surrovmding it. 
 The formation of pus is indicated by rigors, an abatement of fever, and 
 a feeling of weight, tension, and throbbing The centre softens, which 
 is tei-med pointing, and Jluctuatioji is felt. There is a natural tendency 
 to discharge the pus, which is more apt to be towards the skin. It is 
 less apt to open into serous than into mucous tissues. The abscesses that 
 form in scrofulous cases are called cold, because the conditions of in- 
 flammation arc absent. They heal, after the discharge of pus, by a pro- 
 cess called granulation. 
 
 Treatmknt.— The indication to be fulfilled in the treatment of ab- 
 scess is to prevent the formation of pus, to evacuate it when formed, 
 and to heal the parts so as to prevent further secretions. To prevent 
 its formation cold applications and leeches should be applied to the part, 
 the patient purged, and restricted to a low diet. "When matter is form- 
 ed warm fomentations and poultices should be applied, to hasten the 
 progress of the pus to the surface. If abscesses distinctly ;wwii they 
 need not be oi)cned, Imt allowed to burst themselves, but if they occur 
 in loos(; cellular tissue, under hard tkin, and show a tendency to bur-
 
 THE COMPLBTE HERBALIST. 337 
 
 raw, they should be evacuated by a free incision. After evacuation the 
 poultices should be continued, or the parts be dressed with stimulating 
 ointments, of which the "Herbal Ointment," page 469, Ls the best. 
 
 Felon (ParonychL'V). 
 
 This is also called wMtlmc, and is an abscess of the fingers, of which 
 there are three kinds, the first situated upon the surface of the skin, 
 the second under the skin, the third within the sheath containing the 
 tendons of the fingers, and sometimes involving the covering of the bone. 
 The latter form is the most terrible, and begins with redness, swelling, 
 and a deep-seated and throbbing pain, which becomes so excruciating as 
 to banish all sleep, and nearly drive the patient to distraction. Relief 
 is only secured by discharge of pus. 
 
 Tkeatment. — Carry the hand in a sling and use poultices. A poul- 
 tice made of equal parts of slippery-elm, poke-root, flaxseed meal, and 
 lobelia seeds, mixed with hot lye, and changed twice a day, is an admir- 
 able application. When the pain becomes great, the abscess should be 
 laid open with a knife, cutting down to the bone. Nothing will insure 
 loss of bone but a thorough and deep incision. This is most painful, 
 but will give instant relief. After the evacuation, the treatment is to 
 be followed as in ordinary abscess. 
 
 Ulcers. 
 
 Ulcers are breaches of continuity of surface, being caused by disease 
 or unrepaired injury. A simple or heaWty ulcer has its surface covered 
 with a thick, creamy, yellow pus, not too profuse, and modorous. The 
 granulations are small, florid, pointed, sensitive, and vascular. A scrofu- 
 lous ulcer is one occurring in debilitated constitutions, most frequently 
 upon the neck and joints. They originate in the cellular tissue, beneath 
 the skin, exist generally in clusters, and are characterized by imi^erf ect 
 and slow suppuration. An indolent ulcer occurs most frequently in the 
 lower extremities of old persons, and is the most common of all ulcers. 
 It is owing most frequently to a sore having been neglected or badly 
 treated. Its surface is smooth, glassy, concave and pale. The dis- 
 charge is thin and serous, and the surrounding tissue is swollen, hard, 
 and of a dusky-red color. It is painless, and the patient is apt to let it go 
 unnoticed, unless it by accident, exposure, or over exertion, it inflames 
 and becomes painful. An irritable ulcer is one havmg an excess of or- 
 ganizing action, with a deficiency of organizable material. It is super- 
 ficial, having an equal surface of a dark hue, and often covered with 
 tenacious fibrin. It occurs most frequently near the ankle. It is very 
 sensitive, and attended with great pain. A phagedenic ulcer is one of 
 irregular form, with ragged, abrupt edges, and uneven brown surface, 
 looking aa if gnawed by an animal. It is attend(;d with burning pain, 
 15 w
 
 338 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 
 
 and great constitutional disturbance. A vdricose ulcer is dependent upon 
 a varicose condition of the veins, and usually occurs in the leg just 
 above the ankle. They are indolent, and mostly moist on the surface. 
 
 Treat.ment. — In the simple ulcer the treatment is simply protective. 
 Water dressings are the best, as they keep the i^arts clean and remove 
 the liquid pus. The " Herbal Ointment " is equally good. If the granula- 
 tions become too luxuriant, an astringent wash, or slightly cauterizing 
 them, becomes necessary. In scrofulous ulcers constitutional treatment 
 must be instituted. The soft infiltrated tissues surrounding the ulcers 
 should be destroyed by escharotics, and after the slough is removed, the 
 healthy granulated surface treated as a simple ulcer. In indolent ulcers 
 the sore should at first be cleansed by poultices. Healthy granulation 
 should be aroused by lightly touching the ulcer with nitrate of silver, 
 sulphate of copper, etc., or the same effect may be produced by strips 
 of adhesive jilaster being placed over the entire surface of the ulcer. In 
 irritable ulcer the treatment should first be constitutional, and tonics and 
 stimulants administered. The part should be relaxed, rested, and ele- 
 vated. This should be followed by a light poultice, or. warm-water 
 dressing, or if there is great pain, fomentations of the-^infusion of 
 ojiium, conium, or belladonna should be applied. In the treat'ipent of 
 phagedenic ulcers, fresh air and good diet are all-important, ^he se- 
 cretions must be corrected, and a Dover's powder given at night. 
 The ulcer should be thoroughly destroyed by escharotics, followed by 
 warm poultices. In varicose ulcer cold water, rest, regular bandaging, 
 or laced stocking, constitutes the treatment. Strajyping with strips of 
 adhesive plaster, by the support afforded, is excellent in all cases of 
 ulcers. 
 
 My " Herbal Ointment " (page 469) acts most admirably as a local ap- 
 plication in all cases of ulcer. It causes healthy granulation, relieves 
 the pain, and speedily causes union of the edges. 
 
 Boils (Fcrunculus). 
 
 Boils occur most frequently in the young, and in those of plethoric 
 habit, in those parts where the skin is thickest. They are usually gre- 
 garious, and depend upon derangement of the stomach and intestines, 
 and freqiiently succeed eruptive diseases. The swelling is of a conical 
 shape, having a hard, red, and painful base, and a yellow apex. If left 
 to itself it bursts and discharges pus, and a core or slough of cellular 
 tissue ; when completely emptied, the heat and pain subside. 
 
 Treatment. — Poultices and warm fomentations should be applied 
 early, and as soon as pus has formed, the boil should be opened, after 
 which the granulated wound should be dressed with basilicon ointment. 
 If my " Herbal Ointment " is procurable, if may be applied from the first, 
 as it speedily draws the boil to a head, and quickly heals it after discharge.
 
 the complete herbalist. 339 
 
 Carbuncle (Anthrax). 
 
 This is a serious disease ; it is a solitaiy inflammation of the cellulai 
 tissue and skin, presenting a flat, spongy swelling of a livid hue, and at- 
 tended with dull heavy pain. It varies in size, and its progress is slow. 
 Like the boil, it appears more often upon the neok, the shoulders, the 
 back, buttocks, and thighs. The constitutional symptoms are low 
 throughout, and the attendant fever is apt to be typhoid in character ; 
 prostration and delirium often terminate the case. It most frequently 
 attacks high livers of an advanced age. 
 
 Treatment. — During the formation, apply either fomentations and 
 poultices, or cold water dressing. An incision in the form of a cross 
 should be made free and early, which may be followed by caustic appli- 
 cations, in order that the dying parts may thoroughly be removed. 
 After this is done, the wound is to receive ordinary treatment. 
 
 Chilblain's (Pernio). 
 
 This is an affection of the skin, produced by sudden alternations of 
 cold and heat, most commonly affecting the toes, heels, ears, or fingers. 
 It is attended with itching, swelling, pain, and slight redness at first ; 
 it may afterwards become of a livid hue, with vesications and ulcerative 
 fissures, which are difficult to heal. 
 
 Treatment. — Wash the parts thoroughly, and then apply tallow, and 
 if on the hands, draw on a pair of old gloves, especially at night. The 
 ' ' Herbal Ointment " is a sure and rapid cure for chilblains. 
 
 Burns and Scalds. 
 
 There are three principal divisions of these injuries, which may be 
 produced by hot fluids, vajDor, flame, or soHds. 
 
 1st. Those which produce mere redness and inflammation, termina- 
 ting in resolution, and perhaps desquamation. 
 
 2d. Those causing blisters on the skin, which often dry up and heal ; 
 but if the true skin has been injured and inflamed, suppuration, and 
 ulceration will result. 
 
 od. Those causing the death of the part, in which there is not much 
 pain, and which are followed by sloughs. 
 
 Extensive burns, even if superficial, are very dangerous, and those 
 upon the trunk are more dangerous than those upon the extremities. 
 The symptoms are paleness and shivering, with a feeble, quick pulse, 
 often prostration, coma, and death. The greatest danger is during the 
 first four or five days, from collapse ; subsequently from an affection of 
 the head, chest, or abdomen, or from prostration. 
 
 Treatment. — Bathing the part in cold water will mitigate the pain, 
 heat, and inflammation. Afterwards it must be protected from the air
 
 340 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 
 
 by raw cotton, or some bland unctuous substance. My ' ' Herbal Ointment " 
 gives instantaneous relief. Glycerine and carbolic acid are used by 
 some, and linseed oil and lime water, or linseed oil, prepared chalk, and 
 vinegar, by others. The indication is only to exclude the air. The 
 blisters should be discharged of their contents, care being- taken that the 
 skin is not removed. The nervous excitement is to be calmed by 
 opium, and sinking prevented by stimulants, but care is to be taken 
 that over-stimulation does not result. The separation of sloughs is to 
 be promoted by rest, poultices, and fomentations. In joints passive mo- 
 tion is to be made to prevent stiffness. 
 
 Goitre (Bronchocele). 
 
 This is an enlargement of the thyroid gland, an organ that if it 
 performs any functions at all, does so only in foetal life. It generally 
 commences by moderate increase of the gland, or thickening of the 
 neck, and advances gradually until a portion or the whole gland be- 
 comes enormously swollen. It causes dyspnoea, and sometimes obstructs 
 circulation to the brain, when the tumor acquires considerable mag- 
 nitude. It is more common to females than males, and generally; occurs 
 before puberty. The species of idiocy sometimes associated witli goitre 
 is called Cretinism. 
 
 Treatment. — Alteratives and discutients. The alteratives, such as 
 Btillingia, rock-rose, etc., are to be preferred, and externally iodine may 
 may be applied. Those who may desire my counsel m this disease 
 are referred to page 390. 
 
 Rupture (Hernia). 
 
 This si"Tiifies a protnision of the abdominal viscera. The predispos- 
 in"- cause is a weakness of the abdominal walls, at the natural open- 
 ino-s. This weakness may be increased by injury, disease, or pregnancy, 
 or it may also be due to congenital difficulty. The exciting causes 
 are muscular exertion, jumping, straining, playing on wind instru- 
 ments, coughing, lifting weights, tight clothes, parturition, straining at 
 
 etool, etc. 
 
 Hernia is divided, according to the site of the protusion, into inguinal, 
 ventro-inrpiiiKil. umbilical, ventral perineal, vaginal, pudendal, thyroi- 
 deal, and iscJiiatie ; in condition, into reducible, irreducible, and stran- 
 gulated, and if the contents are entirely intestinal it is called enterocele, 
 but if it contains omentum it is termed epiphcele. 
 
 The symptoms of hernia are a painful swelling forming at some 
 part of the abdomen, which is compressible and soft, and can be made 
 to disappear by pressure in the projjor direction, and it often disappears 
 spontaneously. An enterocele is smooth, elastic, and globular, retires
 
 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 341 
 
 suddenly and with a gairg-ling noise. An epiplocele is more irregular 
 in form, has a doughy feel, and retires slowly without noise. 
 
 Reducible hernia is one in which the contents of the sac can be reduced 
 with proper manipulation. Irreducible hernia is owing to adhesions. 
 or from membranous bands stretching across the sac, etc., when the 
 contents cannot be replaced; and when the contents of the sac are 
 incarcerated, with intlammation and an interruption to the passage 
 of fffices, it is called strangulated. The more common forms are the 
 inguinal and umbilical. Inguinal hernia is called scrotal when the intes- 
 tine has descended from the groin into the scrotum. 
 
 Treatment. — The treatment consists in reduction and retention. 
 This can only be achieved m the reducible hernia. Reduction is effected 
 by a manipulation called taxis, the patient being placed in a recumbent 
 position, and the muscles of the abdomen relaxed ; gentle and steady 
 pressure is made by the hand in the direction of the descent. Retention 
 is effected by continued and suitable pressure by means of the pad of a 
 well-fitting truss. By constant and caref nl use of a truss, a radical cure 
 may be effected. A lobelia emetic, or the patient may be chloroformed, 
 to relax the muscles, may be resorted to, if replacement cannot be per- 
 formed without them. In irreducible hernia, the treatment consists in 
 carefully regulating the bowels, avoiding great exertions, and wearing a 
 suitable truss to prevent further protrusion. Strangulated hernia, if it 
 cannot be reduced by taxis, becomes a subject for the surgeon. Radi- 
 cal cures may also be performed by the surgeon. 
 
 I have constantly manufactured for my patients a most excellent 
 truss, which effects many cures. It is a light appliance, and occasiona 
 no pain or inconvenience to the wearer. It is the most comfortable 
 truss that can be worn, is 
 cleanly and durable, and 
 easily adjusted. It is called 
 the " Champion Truss" — 
 a distinction to which it is 
 clearly entitled. It is the 
 greatest triumph of skill 
 and genius ever attained 
 in this or any other coun- 
 try for the retention and radical cure of hernia or rupture. Its quali- 
 ties may be briefly stated, as follows, viz. : — 
 
 It is worn with perfect ease and safety. 
 
 Tt keeps its place under aU circumstances. 
 
 It never gets otit of order. 
 
 Its pressure is equalized afid gentle. 
 
 It makes no pressure on the spine. 
 
 It is a/ppUc<ible to single or duuhle rupture. 
 
 Dr. O Phelps Brown's Champion Truss,
 
 34- 
 
 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 
 
 These qtialitics are all that are required of a truss, either for reten- 
 tion or cure, aud any truss lacking in any of them does not fulful its 
 purpose, and is capable of doing great injury. Its perfect adjustment 
 is well represented in the following cuts. The most violent paroxysms 
 
 Front View. 
 
 Back View. 
 
 of coughing, muscular exertion, falls, etc., will not move it from its 
 properly applied position. This indispensable quality of retention must 
 be possessed by every truss, otherwise it is useless. 
 
 Patients desii-ing the " Champion Truss," will please send the follow- 
 ing measurement, viz., around the body where the truss is worn, and 
 state whether right, left, or double. Trusses of the highest mechanical 
 perfection are also furnished for every other variety of rupture. 
 
 The price of the "Champion Truss," with medical advice pertaining 
 thereto, is twelve dollars. 
 
 DISEASES OF THE EYE AND EAR. 
 
 The eye is one of the most delicate as well as the most complicated 
 organs of the body, and its diseases are but very imperfectly understood 
 by the ordinary practitioner. A great deal of mischief has been done by 
 improper treatment of diseases of the eye, and I may also include the 
 ear, and many persons who now mourn the loss of sight and hearing, 
 partially or wholly so, might yet be in enjoyment of those senses if they 
 but hud received the proper treatment. Under this head I shall include 
 those diseases only which are capable of treatment in domestic practice. 
 
 Conjunctivitis. 
 
 This is an inflammation of the conjunctiva or mucous membrane of 
 the eyelids. The sensation is as if particles of sand had insinuated 
 themselves beneath the Uds, accompanied by heat, paiu, and increased
 
 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 343 
 
 lanhrymal secretion, also intolerance of light. In severe cases, head- 
 ache, nausea, constipation, loss of appetite, etc., are present. The 
 causes of this form of inflammation are mostly local, as particles of 
 Band, dust, insects, etc. 
 
 Treatment. — Remove the cause. If due to foreign particles in the 
 eye, they should be removed. Bathe the eye thoroughly in water, rub- 
 bing towards the nose. If iron or steel is suspected, a vial cork, rubbed 
 smooth with flannel, should be touched to all parts of the eye, which 
 will remove the particles. WTien the eye is relieved, a mUd purgative 
 may be given, and cold water applications made to the eye. In severer 
 cases, lotions of nitrate of silver, sul^ihate of zinc, etc. , become neces- 
 sary. 
 
 Catarrhal Ophthalmia. 
 
 This is due to exposure to cold. The white of the eye becomes in- 
 flamed and very red, and generally there is a thin mucous discharge, which 
 in severe cases becomes thick and purulent. This condition of the eye 
 is accompanied by chilliness, aching of the bones, and some degree of 
 fever. 
 
 Treatment. — Apply cold soft water to the eyes with little muslin 
 packs, and give a purgative. If this will not relieve the inflammation, 
 cold slippery-elm poultices, or the domestic practice of applying ' ' smear 
 case " to the eyes, may be resorted to. In obstinate or chronic cases a 
 solution of four grains of sulphate of zinc to the ounce of water may be 
 applied two or three times a day with a small brush. The eye should 
 also be bathed with a decoction of golden seal. My ' ' Herbal Ointment " 
 (page 469) is excellent in all ophthalmic diseases. 
 
 Purulent Ophthalmia. 
 
 The symptoms of this disease jDeculiar to children are similar to the 
 Catarrhal Ophthalmia of adults. The eyes are kejjt constantly closed, 
 the lids are red and swollen, and glued together by thick purulent mat- 
 ter becoming dry. The skin is dry and the bowels irregular. It is 
 generally due to exposure to damp and cold, injuries in washing the 
 child, acrid matter, or to a scrofulous constitution. 
 
 Treatment. — In the treatment of this affection the eyes should be 
 thoroughly washed in a cold, weak solution of hydrastin, four or five 
 times a day. Saturate packs with cold water, containing a little tinc- 
 ture of lobelia, and apply to the eyes and change when they grow warm. 
 The bowels should be kept open with gentle laxatives. Some cases may 
 need a solution of vegetable caustic, sulphate of zinc, or nitrate of 
 silver. If caused by a scrofulous condition, use alteratives, of which 
 the " Compound extract of Rock-rose and Stillingia " is the best (see page 
 409).
 
 344 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 
 
 Scrofulous Ophthalmia. 
 
 This disease is chiefly confined to children. The child scarcely can 
 bear the light, the lids are spasmodically closed, and the head constantly 
 turned away from the light. The eye is not very red, but a few of the 
 large vessels are considerable injected. It is very liable to recur, and 
 may prove obstinate, and cause ulceration of the cornea. 
 
 Treatment.- — In this disease it is very important that the general 
 health should be looked after. The local treatment before advised 
 should be resorted to, and the constitutional treatment should be very 
 active and energetic. 
 
 Stye (Hordeolum). 
 
 This is a small painful pustule on the margin of the eyelid, having its 
 origin in ciliary follicles. 
 
 Treatment. — It may usually be cured by applying spirits of harts- 
 horn by means of a small steel needle, puncturing the tumor slightly. 
 If this does not remove the inflammation, slippery-elm poultices should 
 be applied, and tonics and alteratives given. 
 
 Amaurosis. 
 
 This complaint is due to anffisthesia of the optic nerve. The patient 
 sees objects indistinctly, even when they are lit up by a bright light ; 
 they appear surrounded with a fog or mist, and no effort nor the em- 
 ployment of artificial means increase the distinctness. The outlines 
 of objects appear not only indistinct, but also broken, and thus dis- 
 figured, the faculty of distinguishing colors is frequently lost, and 
 double vision is not infrequent. This condition, as above described, is 
 more properly amblyopia^ it is only called amaurosis when the vision is 
 entirely lost. 
 
 Treatment. — Electro-galvanism is one of the most promising reme- 
 dies. Powdered bay-berry root, taken as snuff, is occasionally useful. 
 Blisters behind the ear often afford relief. Nux vomica should also be 
 given. The disease is often very obstinate, but I have cured some of 
 the most unpromising cases. 
 
 Foreign Bodies in the Eyes. 
 
 These should be sought for by inverting the lids, and having the 
 patient turn the eyes in every direction. If it be found to adhere 
 to the mucous membrane of the cornea or conjunctiva, it can usually be 
 removed by a silk handkerchief wrapped around a probe. If lime, 
 mortar, or lye should get into the eye, it should be removed, and the eye 
 washed with a weak solution of vinegar and water. The ensuing 
 inflaniniatioii .should ruc<nve usual treatment. If the foreign bodies
 
 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 345 
 
 enter the interior chamber of the eye, the surgeon should only re- 
 move it. 
 
 Foreign Substances in the Ear. 
 
 Children frequently put peas, beans, kernels of com, etc., into the 
 ear, which, if allowed to remain, will produce active intlammation. 
 Foreign bodies may also enter the ear by accident. These should 
 all be quickly removed. It should be done by syringing the ear with 
 warm water, or by means of forceps. Excessive accumulation of wax 
 is to be removed by syringing with warm water frequently, and not 
 by ear-scoops. 
 
 Ear Ache (Otalgia). 
 
 This is a neuralgic affection, and is caused by local inflammation, 
 cold and exposure, and carious teeth. 
 
 Treatment.- — If caused by inliammation, a warm poultice of slip- 
 pery-elm, moistened with laudanum, should be appUed, and frequently 
 changed. If caused by carious teeth they shoidd be removed ; sweet 
 oil and laudanum dropped in the ear often gives relief, and the common 
 practice of blowing hot tobacco smoke into the ear is also useful. 
 
 Many of the eye and ear diseases are surgical 'in their character, such 
 as strabismus, a few cases of cataract, etc. , but a great many of them 
 are amenable to medical treatment. Even cataract, which heretofore 
 was considered eminently surgical, may in many cases be entirely cured 
 by medicinal treatment alone. I have cured a case, in which there was 
 total blindness for ten years, in the short space of two months. The 
 patient ever since is hi the full enjoyment of sight. My treatment has 
 also been equally successful in cases of deafness. I regard all cases 
 subject to relief or cure in which the tympanum or drum of the ear ia 
 not destroyed. If persons suffering from chronic diseases of the eye or 
 ear will write and state their cases fully to me, I wUl cheerfully give 
 my opinion by retiu-n mail. 
 
 lilALIGNANT AND VENEREAL DISEASES. 
 
 Cancer (Carcinoma). 
 
 This is a malignant tumor. In the first stage it is hard, in the second 
 stage it ulcerates. The seat of cancer is in the female breast, the skin, 
 the tongue, the stomach, the womb, the lips, etc. It rarely occurs in 
 subjects under thirty years of age. It is at first a small hard tumor, 
 movable, but eventually it forms deep and superficial attachments. It 
 grows in general slowly, is irregular in shape, and painful. The pain is 
 mostly shaqi, lancinating, and is much increased on pressure. In the 
 15*
 
 346 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 
 
 course of time tke tissue beneath the skin is absorbed, and becomes 
 attached to it, and it presents a bluish, nodulated appearance. Ulcer- 
 ation usually takes place by absorption of the skin, and as sloughing 
 proceeds, the edges become ragged and everted, having a bluish piuple 
 color, and discharges a fetid, sanious pus. 
 
 There are five varieties of cancer, though microscopically they are 
 essentially the same. 
 
 Scirrhus is hard, firm, and transparent, and of a grayish color, occur- 
 ring most frequently in the female breast, skin, etc. 
 
 Encejiludoid is soft and brainlike in its ajapearance, and hemorrhagic m 
 character, frequently met -ndth in the globe of the eye, testes, nares, etc. 
 
 Colloid resembles glue or honey in the comb, and usually occurs in the 
 internal viscera. 
 
 Melanosis^ or melanotic cancer, is of a black color, either soft or hard, 
 and occurs mostly ui^on serous membranes. 
 
 EintlieWd cancer is usually found upon the lips. 
 
 These various forms may exist separately, or one variety may beesso- 
 ciated with or take the place of another. 
 
 Treatment. — As long as this disease was regarded as purely local in 
 character, the only treatment resorted to was extirpation either by cau- 
 terizing agents or by the knife ; but since the pathology of the disease is 
 better understood, and its constitutional character ascertaiued, the treat- 
 ment employed has been considerably modified. I have long ago held 
 that cancer was a constitutional affection, so instructed my patients, and 
 based my treatment upon that opinion. 
 
 It is well to remove the tumor by the knife or cautery, but the liabil- 
 ity to recurrence is always great unless constitutional treatment is em- 
 ploj'ed. The cauterizing agents are blood-root and chloride of zinc 
 made into a paste, and then applied to the cancer, the skin ha%'ing first 
 been removed by a blister. This is reapplied until the whole mass is 
 dead, when in course of time it comes away as a slough. The expressed 
 juices of poke, laurel, blood-root, and yellow-dock answer the same pur- 
 pose. 
 
 The constitutional treatment consists in toning up the general system, 
 abstaining from fatty diet, bathing, and the employment of alterative 
 treatment. Recently, a plant has been brought into notice by the name 
 of Cundurango {Equatoria Garciana, see page 74) which is destined to 
 revolutionize the treatment of cancer. I have tried it in several cases, 
 and it answered every expectation. I regard it as a viitual specific in 
 cancer, and shall, notwithstanding its very high price, employ it in every 
 case, thereby hoping to make my success in the treatment of this malig- 
 nant disease more certain. It is a matter of regret that spurious arti- 
 cles arc in the market, thus bringing the genuine article, which is yec 
 difficult to obtain, into disrepute.
 
 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 347 
 
 Syphilis. 
 
 Syphilis is occasioned by a specific poison wliicli is conveyed by con- 
 tag-ion or actual contact. It first shows itself upon tbe genital organs in 
 the form of a small yellowish pimple, or pimples, the presence of which 
 is at first made manifest by itching and slight soreness. The pimples 
 (called chancres) break, and gradually change into a red, hard-edged 
 shallow ulcer. This ulcer is circular or oval in form, and is surrounded 
 by a ragged border. The skin and tissue in the immediate vicinity be- 
 come inflamed, and, unless proper remedies be immediately applied, the 
 virus is absorbed into the system, and the consequences are of the most 
 deplorable character. There are many kinds of chancre, viz : — inflam- 
 matory, indurated or hard, sloughing or perishing, phagedenic or eat- 
 ing, and gangrenous or likely to mortify. Next in order, if stringent 
 curative measures be not adopted, is the bubo, which is a swelling of the 
 glands of the groin, caused by the absorption of the poison. The bubo 
 will usually make its appearance in about a fortnight after the sore is 
 discovered. It advances to suppuration, and also becomes a sore, when 
 it receives the name of "glandular chancre." Sometimes growths re- 
 sembling certain vegetables appear, in the male, upon the organ and on 
 the membrane lining of the foreskin. In the female, they will be found 
 in and at the entrance of the vagina, and sometimes on the neck of the 
 womb. These are primary symptoms, and, if quickly but radically extir- 
 pated or cured, will not result in any very serious constitutional derange- 
 ment ; but if neglected, the virus is absorbed into the blood, and the 
 infection reaches the entire system. When the disease becomes consti- 
 tutional, the results are most deplorable. The syiDhilitic ulcer then 
 appears at various parts of the body, more usually upon the arm and 
 forearm, forehead, shin and chest. These ulcers are quite characteristic, 
 so that the experienced svirgeon at once knows their specific nature upon 
 sight. The affections of the skin and mucous membrane are called 
 secondary^ those appearing upon the bones, etc. , are tertiary. In these 
 advanced stages of the disease the gravity is such as should urge each 
 affected person to employ competent surgical or medical aid, and not 
 longer to postpone such active treatment as is required. Neglect of so 
 important a duty on the part of the patient will result seriously to him, 
 as the progress of the disease is unerringly from bad to worse in every 
 case. 
 
 Treatment.— In primary syphilis, the chancre should be destroyed 
 effectually by nitrate of silver, nitric acid, or caustic potash, and heal 
 the parts by mild dressing. If this is effectually done, with proper con- 
 stitutional treatment, no secondary symptoms will supervene.
 
 348" THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 
 
 In secondary and tertiary syphilis the treatment is very important, 
 and must be correct in order to eliminate the disorganizing taint. 
 
 The treatment is necessarily alterative and tonic. The following may 
 each be sijecifically employed, either singly or judiciously combined : — 
 Phytolaccin, corj'dalin, chimaphilin, tincture of kalmia, menispermiu, 
 ceanothus americanus, sarsaparilla, stillingia, and by some iodide of 
 potassium, but never mercury. Mercury in any form is not a specific, 
 and in effects most pernicious. When buboes appear, they should be 
 discussed by a mixture of tincture of iodine, 3 ij. ; tincture of arnica, 
 ; ij. ; tincture of scrophularia, I ij. This should be applied by wetting 
 pads of linen with it and securing them by adhesive strips. If sup- 
 puration has taken place, the treatment of abscess is to be employed. 
 
 During treatment, the patient should abstain from all fat meats, 
 spirituous liquors, and excesses of every kind. 
 
 If any person is conscious that he or she is affected with a syphilitic 
 taint they should never marry, for the offspring will surely be miserable 
 objects of pity, and conjugal bliss very uncertain. The taint mu*t be 
 thoroughly eradicated, so that not a vestige remains, before a marriage, 
 physically pure, can occur. 
 
 If rightly treated, sj-philis is not a formidable disease to cure, yet 
 how many suffer hopelessly on, after having for years been subjected to 
 mercurial treatment. Purely chemical herbal treatment will only re- 
 move the serious disorder from the system, as attested by the thousands 
 of cases under my treatment, in which every trace of the disease has 
 been obliterated from the economy. 
 
 GONOKRHfEA. 
 
 This Ls vulgarily known as cktp, so named from the French chppe, 
 a bow-string. It received this name on account of the chordee occurrmg 
 in the disease. This is caused by the violence of the inflammation, 
 which abnormally expands the cavernous body of the organ and is pam- 
 f ully drawn downwards, so that the urethra occupies the relative posi- 
 tion of the string to a bow-gun. 
 
 This is a disease of the mucous membrane which lines the private 
 parts of the male and female, and is communicated as is syphilis, by 
 contagion, or actual contact. It commences with itching and uneasi- 
 ness about the jirivate i>arts, and a peculiar feeling of soreness in the 
 urethra, or urinary canal. A scalding sensation is also felt when the 
 patient makes water. In a day or two a whitish matter makes its ap- 
 pearance at the orifice of the urethra, and this will soon increase greatly 
 in quantity, and assume a greeni.sh-yellow color. The parts will be 
 much inflamed, and the urethra will become thickened and very sore. 
 The consistency and quantity of the pus-like discharge vary in different 
 persons. It usually makes its appearance in from three to five days
 
 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 349 
 
 after exposure. It may propagate itself upon other mucous membranes 
 after inoculation. 
 
 Treatment. — A purgative should be taken at first, anrl at the same 
 time the parts should be thoroughly packed with cold or hot water. 
 The following are the remedies mostly employed as internal rem.edies •. 
 — Oil of copaiba and cubebs, matico, gelsemin, oil of erigeron, oil of 
 tui-pentine, etc. These oils should be taken in medium doses, and in em- 
 ulsion with acacia, etc. The internal injections are vegetable astrin- 
 gents, sugar of lead, sulphate of zinc, etc. The injections should not be 
 strong, and be carefully made, otherwise orchitis may follow. Applying 
 cold water relieves the chordee. 
 
 The treatment is not difficult, and, if properly directed, will soon re- 
 lieve the patient. 
 
 Gleet. 
 
 This is one of the resxdts of abused or neglected gonorrhoea. It is a 
 continued discharge of a thin and clear character, after the inflamma- 
 tory and painful early symptoms have disappeared. It is caused by de- 
 debility of the parts, or by unhealthy action of the glands in the 
 urinary passage. It is sometimes, especially in persons of a scrofulous 
 habit, a fixture for years, and constitutes a drain upon the system, the 
 effects of which can only be obviated by the most scrupulous care and 
 attention. The old style of treatment involved the use of cauterizing 
 injections, and the bougie, together with blisters applied to the peri- 
 na3um. It had the effect of imperfectly remedying, or else of aggravat- 
 ing the complaint, and rendering it next to impossible of cure. 
 
 Treatment.- -Same as for acute gonorrhoia, but it should be more 
 energetic. 
 
 Those who may wish to intrust their cases to my treatment, may 
 rest assured that they will be quickly cured, and everything held con- 
 fidential. The fear of exposure does frequently much mischief, and the 
 dread of losing caste in society, or a feeling of shame, often tempts the 
 sufferer to withhold his case from the family physician for treatment, or 
 he may endure his mental and physical torture in silence as long as he 
 can, and then finally intrust his case to the ignorance of a companion, 
 who may know some recipe, or he may employ the treatment of some 
 incompetent, uneducated physician, found everywhere, especially in 
 large cities, who also maltreats the case, so that finally the disease, which 
 at first was readily curable, has become a very serious affection. 
 
 The wrong of such a course is obvious, and I advise the reader, who 
 has or may become unfortunate in this respect, to confide his or her 
 case to some honorable and competent physician, as soon as the disease 
 manifests itself.
 
 350 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 
 
 DEBILITY OR LOSS OP VITALITY. 
 
 This is a couditiou of the organism characterized by loss of vitality, or 
 deterioration and diminntiou in the quality and tone of tlie vital forces. 
 It is one of the chief predisposing causes of disease, and is of itself a 
 condition characterized by all the elements of ill health. The prmcipal 
 causes of debility are improper nourishment, impure air, excessive 
 bodUy and mental exercise, want of exercise, long exposure to intense 
 heat or cold, intemperance, depressing states of the mind, and of course 
 a prostrative disease. When not a heritage of the organism, it is gen- 
 eraUy produced by some flagrant \aolation of physiological law, deplet- 
 ing the vital forces by the disorganization of organic functions which 
 ensues, or by the loss of vital elements through the eliminating organs, 
 chiefly the kidneys. 
 
 That the reader may have a correct understanding of what is meant 
 by vitality, it may be weU to give its physiological sense. Though d^ived 
 from the Latin rita^ life, it has a somewhat different siguification from 
 that which is expressed by the word life. It signifies the constituent 
 principle or essence of life rather than the entity itself. Hence vitality 
 is not properly life, but the element conducive to its perfection and pro- 
 longation. It is that principle that gives to the physical organization its 
 vigor, elasticity, and tone, to the mental organs, acuteness, vivacity and 
 sprightliness, and to the whole organism a high standard of health. 
 
 If the habits are not in violation of hygiene or physiology, and the 
 expenditure of the vital forces not exceeding the production, the normal 
 condition of the organism would be one of health and vigor, and almost 
 complete immimity from disease. If the expenditure exceeds the pro- 
 duction it engenders the condition termed debility. Improper and sin- 
 ful habits of life, especially in the young, are alarmingly destructive of 
 vitality in consequence of engendering diseases characterized by losses 
 of \ital secretions. The intemperate very frequently incur the penalty 
 of over-indulgence in intoxicating beverages by inducing structural 
 diseases of the internal organs, especially Bright's disease of the kidney, 
 wherein the blood becomes devitalized by loss of its albumen through 
 the urine. In the male economy at an age often quite immature 
 there is induced an affection characterized by involuntary expenditure 
 of a secretion, directly by an improper and sinful life. The element 
 thus constantly expended, and which occurs invariably without any 
 exercise of the voluntary powers, is beyond all (luestion the most 
 highly organized and more intrinsically vital than any other secre- 
 tion of the organism. This affection, peculiarly masculine, is one of 
 the most prolific causes of debility, and is conducive to greater physical 
 misfortune than any other pathological condition induced by violation 
 of i)liysiological laws. The chemical nature of the secretion is highly 
 phosphutic, and as phosphorus is a very important constituent of nerve
 
 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 351 
 
 tissue, its constant involuntary escape from the organism, whether in 
 the urine or otherwise, preys fearfully i:pon the nerve tissue for phos- 
 phatic supply, and eventually, and often quite rapidly, produces atony 
 of the nerve-centres, and a general intouicity of the nervous system, or 
 what is more commonly known as nervous debility. Of the various sys- 
 tems composing the organism the nervous can least afford to lose its 
 vitality, or to become enfeebled. It is the principal or controlling sys- 
 tem of the organism, the others being more or less subordinate. If by 
 any depleting causes its just complement of the vital forces becomes 
 reduced, its individual integrity is not alone compromised or destroyed, 
 but muscular action, circulation, digestion, assimilation, and the mental 
 operations also become enfeebled, hence the vitai soandard of the nervous 
 system is of extreme importance to the general welfare of the whole 
 organism. 
 
 Precisely the same pathological condition results from another cause, 
 a sedentary habit of life. It is due to such exciting causes that clergy- 
 men and other persons of sedentary habits suffer so frequently from 
 nervous or general debility. When the muscular system is permitted 
 to degenerate from want of proper exercise it gives to the organism 
 a condition of laxity or intonicity which in the male iuduces the pre- 
 viously mentioned loss of a highly vitalized secretion, and in the female 
 an uncompensated loss of nervo-electric force. Debility is the result 
 in both cases, though the devitalization is more rapid in the male, pro- 
 portionally to the physical vigor inherent to the different sexes, than ia 
 the female. This is explained by the fact that in the male economy 
 a greater loss of the phosphates occurs. In all persons of studious 
 habits, and where bodily exercise is insufScient, the urine is loaded 
 with phosphates, which is indicative of the breaking down of nerve 
 tissue. Consequently in the male there is not only the usual phosphoric 
 loss due to nervous waste, but the super-addition of the involuntary 
 loss of a secretion which, as has been stated, is highly phosphatic in 
 its chemical nature, makes the depletion of the phosphorus essential to 
 a vital condition of the organism, doubly great. 
 
 In a debilitated condition of the nervous system, or, as it is usually 
 denominated, nervous debUity, from whatever cause the loss of vitality 
 may ensue, there is in general quite a train of symptoms, as may be sup- 
 posed when this more important part of the economy has become devi- 
 talized. This form of debility may usually be recognized bj' a marked 
 facial expression, a characteristic mannerism, and by a peculiar mental 
 state. The skin of the face is pale and sallow, and usually affected with 
 acne ; there is a dark circle around the orbits, the jiupils are dilated and 
 sluggish, the eyes become lustreless, and the face has a haggard, trou- 
 bled furtive expression. These physiognomic characteristics are due to 
 atony or want of tone in the cerebral nerve-centres, and from the same
 
 352 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 
 
 cause the devitalized patient is listless, shy, retiring and easily con. 
 fused, society loses its charms, and solitude is prefen-ed, but has, how- 
 ever, no compensating or satisfying influence over the patient. There 
 is a want of steadiness and decision in his locomotion, his inferior ex- 
 tremities are deficient in power, and all the movements are suggestive 
 of a mind ill at ease. The mental operations are confused, speech be- 
 comes awkward and often without directness ; memory is defective, and 
 the patient is usually absent-minded and given to reverie. Pams in the 
 lumbar region, and a sense of weight and aching in the loins are experi- 
 enced. The appetite is capricious, and digestion feeble. The mind is 
 deficient in power of attention, the imagination is constantly pervaded 
 with vague erotic dreams, the moral sense is blunted and the perceptions 
 are dull and confused. Pains in the course of the principal nerves and 
 extreme nervous sensibility are experienced. The patient also can fix 
 his mind on any subject with difficulty ; his attention wand^s, and he 
 is given to day-dreams and erotic visions. i 
 
 The urine, of course, contains phosphates, the source of \^ich, 
 whether nervous or secretional, is easily determined by analyzation or 
 microscopical examination. Urates are also found in the urine. Those 
 who suspect such vital loss, may with sufficient certainty for all practi- 
 cal purposes ascertain the fact by a simple experiment. The morning 
 urine should be placed in a clean half-pint bottle, and let it stand from 
 forty-eight to seventy-two hours. If there is then found a remarkably 
 peculiar or cloudy sediment or deposit at the bottom, the fact is quite 
 evident that some of the losses alluded to occur, and proper aid should 
 be sought at once. 
 
 Such, briefly, are the evidences of a devitalized nervous system. The 
 condition, as is palpable to every one, is fraught with danger to the 
 general welfare, and even to life, if the process of depletion of the vital 
 forces continues too long, or if, by special virulence of the exciting 
 cause, the devitalization is rapid in occurrence. Any loss of vital power 
 should be regarded with solicitude and deep concern by every one who 
 places a proper estimation upon vigor of the organism and its special 
 functions. Careful and judicious treatment must not be neglected, 
 as by such a course only can revitalization be speedily and adequately 
 effected. As soon as loss of vital force becomes apparent, so soon 
 should the services of a competent and experienced physician be en- 
 gaged. In any stage of devitalization, rehabilitation of the organism 
 with vitality can again be accomplished, the only requirement being 
 employment of competent medical aid, and the exhibition of vitalizing 
 remedies. Revitalization can, however, only be efl^eeted by herbal re- 
 medies, as their organic nature alone affords the elements required for 
 reendowment of the system with vital force. Minerals are lifeless, and 
 can therefore impart no vital element.
 
 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 353 
 
 Those desiring to consult the author with reference to debility or 
 loss of vitality from any cause whatever, may refer to page 385, where 
 his mode of treatment is described, and to page 390, where the neces 
 sary questions are asked. 
 
 Satyuiasis. 
 
 This is a disease characterized by a constant and insatiable desire for 
 coition, and so called because the satyrs of mythology were greatly ad- 
 dicted to excesses. The disease is accompanied by a strange power of 
 frequent congress without exhaustion. It is a ner\-ous disease, depend- 
 ent upon a disordered state of the cerebellum. 
 
 Tkeatment.— It can be cured by alow diet, frequent shower baths, 
 physical out-door labor, ice bags to the cerebellum, a hard bed, and 
 hop pillows. 
 
 Stricttjre op the Urethra. 
 
 This is a diminution or contracted condition of the tube, and may be 
 either spamnodlc or permanent. Spasmodic stricture depends on spasm 
 of the muscles of the periniBum, or upon contraction of the muscuhir 
 portion of the urethra. Exposure to cold and indulgence in drink 
 favor an attack, which usually occurs after dinner. It generally occurs 
 in persons with permanent obstruction. The urine is suddeuly retained , 
 the desire to urinate causes incessant straining, the bladder becomes dis- 
 tended, the countenance anxious, the pulse quick, the skin hot, and at 
 last the urine dribbles, or the bladder may burst, and extravasation oc- 
 curs into the peritonasum or perinoaum. There is another varietj' of this 
 affection, termed inflammatory stricture, caused by abuse of injections, 
 exposure, or intemperance during acute gonorrhoea. 
 
 Permanent stricture is a contraction from permanent inflammation, 
 plaistic deposit having taken place in the tissue beneath the mucous 
 membrane. The occasion of this inflammation may be gonorrhoea, vene- 
 ry, kicks or blows, riding on horseback, acrid urine, di-inking, etc. It 
 is situated most frequently in the membranous portion of the urethra, 
 usually a few inches from the meatus. The extent and degree of con- 
 traction vary. Sometimes the stricture is very tight, but limited, as if 
 a thread had been tied around the urethra ; more frequently it is of 
 greater extent, containing from a quarter of an inch to several inches. 
 Several strictures may exist at once. Permanent stricture comes on 
 gi-adually, occurring mostly in middle-aged men. Urination is frequent, 
 tedious, and painful ; the stream is thin, twisted, or forked ; and a few 
 drops pass after urination, which had collected behind the stricture. 
 There is pain in the periuajum, thighs, and loins ; erection is often {Jainf ul ; 
 chill and fever constantly occurrmg as in ague ; the testicles, rectum, and 
 bowels sympathize, and the general health is greatly impaired. It is a
 
 354 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 
 
 disease that causes extreme annoyance, pain, and disorder, and should 
 receive early and competent treatment. 
 
 Treatment. — The indication in spasmodic stricture is to overcome 
 the spasm, and relieve the bladder. This is usually effected by warm 
 hip baths, Dover's powder, laudanum enemata, and cold water upon the 
 genitals. A favorable mental impression is made by pouring water 
 from a can, in a small stream, from some height, into a vessel containing 
 water, in imitation of urination. A few sniffs of ether will usually 
 relax the spasm, but if these means fail, the urine should be di'awn of by 
 a catheter. 
 
 In permanent stricture dilatation by means of flexible bougies is the 
 usiuil method of cure. Great caution is necessary in the use of these. 
 Some use caustic applications, and in some cases puncturation is resort- 
 ed to. In some cases opening the urethra maybe necessary, as the stric- 
 ture is so extensive and complete that no other means are available. 
 
 These surgical means may at times be necessary, but I have cm\ed very 
 many cases by purely medicinal treatment, and it is very seldor^ that I 
 employ bougies, but compel absorption of the deposit by alterative 
 treatment. In some cases, however, I frequently combine dilatation 
 with medication. Those desiring consultation are referred to page 390. 
 
 Prostatitis. 
 
 This is inflammation of the prostate gland. It usually accompanies 
 gonorrhoea, but may exist independently. The discharge is similar to 
 that of urethral inflammation, and when the result of chronic inflam- 
 mation the discharge is called prostatorrhoia. The gland is frequently 
 enlarged. Chronic inflammation is commonly brought on by gleet, stric- 
 ture, horse exercise, etc., and is most frequently met with in advanced 
 life, and disappears upon the removal of the cause. The gland is also 
 enlarged in old persons — a hypertrophy independent of inflammation. 
 The bladder sympathizes, and becomes irritable ; the urine is foetid, mu- 
 cous, and its stains are often retained. It causes mo?t intense suffering. 
 
 Treatment. — Leeches, rest, counter-irritation, alteratives, laxatives, 
 and enemata constitute the usual treatment. In hypertrophy of the 
 organ, the usual treatment should be instituted. The medicinal treat- 
 ment, as in stricture, is important, and should only be intrusted to those 
 who fully understand the anatomy of the organ, and the pathology of 
 the disease. 
 
 Orchitis. 
 
 This is the hernia humoralis of older writers. Swelled festide is a com- 
 mon accomjiauimcnt of mumps. It is often the result of an injury, but 
 oitener of gouorrhoja and its treatment ; exercise, wet and cold often in- 
 duce it. The gland enlarges greatly, fever attends, causing intense pain.
 
 THK COMPLETE HERBALIST. 355 
 
 ft is usually confined to one of the glands, and mostly the epididymis. 
 The cord is often swollen and painful. 
 
 Treatment. — Low diet and the recumbent position are essential 
 Th'3 weight of the tumor should be supported by a suspensory bandage. 
 After the acute symptoms have subsided, friction with astringent lotions, 
 and compression by adhesive straps, will be useful. The hardness and 
 swelling are likely to remain unless discussed by the alteratives. 
 
 Varicocele. 
 
 This is a varicose condition of the veins of the spermatic cord. The 
 causes are such as to produce obstruction to the return of blood : 
 constipation, corpulence, tight belts around the abdomen, and warm 
 climate. It is usually coexistent with genital weakness. The left 
 side is more frequently affected than the right, because the left sperma- 
 tic vein is more likely to be compressed by the fteces in the sigmoid or 
 S-shaped flexure of the rectum, and because it is longer and not so di- 
 rect in its coarse. The swelling is pear-shaped and feels lUte a bunch 
 of earth-wonns. 
 
 Treatment. — The cause, if ascertained, should be removed, and the 
 scrotum constantly bathed in cold water, and supported with a suspen- 
 soiy bandage. 
 
 The veins are sometimes obliterated by a surgical operation. It can 
 usually be overcome by proper medical treatment, however, and the 
 operation should only be the last resort. 
 
 I use for my patients a self-adjusting suspensory bandage, which can 
 be so arranged that any extent of compression can be made, and which 
 in construction is simple and veiy durable. It is the only perfect sus- 
 pensory bandage or scrotal supporter made, and the only one from 
 which any great benefit can be expected. It is eminently serviceable in 
 this disease as well as in orchitis, and no one suffering from these dis- 
 eases should do without them. Sent by mail, postage prepaid, on 
 receipt of $3. 
 
 Diseases op the Female Organs op Generation. 
 
 The genitalia of the female is the controlling centre of her whole 
 economy. If the womb and its appendages are in a healthy state, the 
 female figure preserves its artistic rotundity, her mind its sprightliness, 
 and her humanity its benevolence and sympathy. When diseased, she 
 becomes fretful, peevish, and inconsolable. The province of the phy- 
 sician, therefore, becomes one of great importance, and it is his duty that 
 he should not only thoroughly understand the pathology of uteruie dis- 
 eases, but in his humanity he should combine a fine feeling of compas- 
 sion, with correct ideas of the treatment required. He should prove
 
 356 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 
 
 worthy of tlie trust confided to him, in sympathy, considerateness, and 
 skill. 
 
 No greater trust can fall upon him ; he is not only accountable for 
 the physical welfare of the patient, but bears a further resiJOnsibUity. 
 If his treatment is not judicious and rational, his patient becomes a 
 victim to a gloomy depression of spirits, and to an irrepressible feeling 
 of languor and misery, that sternly bid away all brightness of life. He 
 will but poorly do his duty if he follows but the beaten track of a 
 routine practice, and, after successive trials, consigns his suffering 
 patient, by pronouncing her incurable, to a condition but little better 
 than the grave. Uterine diseases are not incurable, but when properly 
 treated they yield kindly to medication, as the disposition of all womb 
 affections is to get well, needing but proper medical assistance to stimu- 
 late and eunourage the forces of recuperation to overcome the assaults 
 of disease. (See page 390) "" . \ 
 
 Vulvitis. J| 
 
 This is characterized by redness and slight tumefaction of skin, 
 covered with mucus, while in neglected cases the parts are found much 
 excoriated. It generally arises from want of cleanliness, or from the 
 acrid character of the vaginal and uterine secretions. It may, how- 
 ever, be produced by excessive marital ixidulgence or syphilitic taint. 
 The symptoms consist of great pain and tenderness, a mucous dis- 
 charge, a smarting in passing urine, and a constant pain abt)ut the 
 ioins and thighs. 
 
 TuEATMENT. — This should be treated by hot packs, elm poultices, 
 and a wash of a weak solution of sulphate of zinc, or tincture of 
 myrrh. Quinine, macro tin and leptandrin should be given internally. 
 The parts should be thoroughly cleansed every day. 
 
 Clitoritis. 
 
 Inflammation of the clitoris, both acute and chronic, may exist from 
 want of cleanliness, or be produced by indiscretions. It is accom- 
 panied with burning, itching, and smarting sensations. Enlargement is 
 the usual result of either acute or chronic inflammation, in which case 
 there is extension of the labia, producing iri-itation, and labial leu- 
 corrhoea. 
 
 Treatment. — When the pai-ts are inflamed, sitz-baths, hot packs, 
 and laxatives will usually relieve it. In case of hypertroi)hy, it may be 
 painted once or twice a week with a weak tincture of iodine, and the 
 compound syrup of stilliiigia given internally. \Vhen there is extensive 
 enlargement, amputation should be resorted to.
 
 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 357 
 
 Imperforate Hymen. 
 
 This is not likely to be discovered until the commencement of men- 
 stniation. It may then be suspected, if the female has all the symp- 
 toms which accompany the menses, without the discharge of the fluid, 
 and if these symptoms should occur at regular periods, accompanied 
 with a sense of weight and fulness of the vagina, especially if an 
 enlargement is perceptible in the lower abdomen, with pain and ten 
 derness. 
 
 The symptoms ameliorate in a few days, but return at each menstrual 
 period. If by inspection a hemispherical tumor, of a livid or bluish 
 color, soft and fluctuating, is discovered, the fact is most certain, that 
 it is caused by an imperforate hymen. In most cases the membrane is 
 thin, but it is sometimes from one-fourth to three- eighths of an inch 
 thick. 
 
 Treatment. — Press the finger against it gently, and attempt to 
 lacerate it by the finger-nail. If it will not yield, i^erforation should 
 be made by a proper instrument in the hands of a surgeon. 
 
 Vaginitis. 
 
 This consists of either acute or chronic inflammation of the vagina. 
 It may be confined entirely to the mucous membrane, or it may extend 
 to the cellular tissue beneath. It is attended with pain, swelling, 
 and redness of the vaginal canal ; the mucous membrane is of a vivid 
 red color, and the folds are more developed and prominent than is 
 natural. At the first stage there is an arrest of the secretions, but 
 after a few days serous exudation occurs, which becomes purulent, and 
 of a yellowish or greenish color. The disease may arise from cold, 
 which is the most frequent cause ; from injuries to the vagina by 
 violence, imprudence in the marital association, exertion after delivery, 
 high living, etc. 
 
 Tki:atment. — A gentle purgative should be taken, and the vagina 
 frequently injected with warm water, the patient kept quiet, and the 
 inflammation controUed by veratrum. Astringent injections are also 
 useful The chronic form should be treated as vagmal leucorrhoea. 
 
 Menstru.vtion. 
 
 Though this is not a disease but a healthy function, but as, from 
 variou.s causes, derangement of the function occurs, it is proper that it 
 should be perfectly understood. Menstruation is the term applied to 
 the phenomenon that attends the rupture of what is called the Grmijian 
 foUide.s of the ovary, and the discharge of an ova, or egg. It is a bloody 
 discharge from the female genitals — not diii'ering from ordinary blood,
 
 358 THE COMPLETE nERCALIST. 
 
 excepting that it does not coagulate, and in its peculiar odor. The 
 blood comes from the capillaries of the womb and vagina. 
 
 Menaphania, or the first appearance of the menses, is usually prece- 
 ded by a discharge of a tluid whitish matter from the vagina, by 
 nervous excitement, and by vague pains aud heaviness in the loins and 
 thighs; numbness of the limbs, and sv/elliug and hardness of the 
 breasts. The first appearance is an evidence of capacity for conception. 
 It generally appears about the age of fourteen, but varies from nine to 
 twenty-four years. In warm climates women begin to menstruate 
 earUer, and cease sooner than in temperate regions ; in the cold climates 
 the reverse of this holds as a general rule. The manifestations of ap- 
 proaching puberty are seen in the development of breasts, the expansiou 
 of the hips, the rounded coutour of the body aud limbs, appearance of 
 the purely feminine figui-e, development of the voice, and the child be- 
 comes reserved, and exchanges her plays lor the pursuits of \yoman- 
 hood. ^ 
 
 More or less indisposition and irritability also precede each successive 
 recurrence of the menstrual flux, such as headache, lassitude, un- 
 easiness, pain in back, loins, etc. The periods succeed each other 
 usually about every twenty-eight days, although it may occur every 
 twenty-two, twenty, eighteen, fifteen, or thirty-two, thirty-five, and forty 
 days. The most important element is the regularity of the return. In 
 temperate climates each menstrual period ordiuarily continues from three 
 to six days, and the quantity lost from four to eight ounces. The menses 
 continue to flow from the period of puberty till the age of forty-five 
 or fifty. At the time of its natural cessation, the flow becomes in-egu- 
 lar, and this iiTegularity is accompanied occasionally with symptoms of 
 dropsy, glandular swellings, etc., constituting tl^ie critical period, turn, 
 or chdnge of life ; yet it does not appear that mortality is increased by 
 it, as vital statistics show that more men die between forty and fifty 
 than women. 
 
 It should be the duty of every mother or female in charge of a child, 
 in whom age or actual manifestations suggest the approach of puberty, 
 to acquaint her with the nature of her visitation, and the importance of 
 her conduct in regard to it. She should be taught that it is perfectly 
 natural to all females at a certain period, and that its anival necessi- 
 tates caution on her part with regard to ex{)()sure to wet or cold. The 
 author has made the acquaintance of the history of many cases of 
 consumjitiim, and other dist!iv.scs. which were directly induced by folly 
 and ignor;ince at tbe first men.strual flow. The child is often kept in 
 extreme ignorance of the liability of womanhood occurring to her at a 
 certain age. and hence when she observes a flow of blood escapuig from 
 •3 part, the delicacy attached to the locality makes her reticent with re- 
 gard to inquiry or exiJosurc ; she naturally becomes alarmed, and most
 
 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 359 
 
 likely attempts to stanch the flow, with bathing or applying cold water 
 to the part, thus doing incalculable mischief. 
 
 This purely feminine physiological function should be well studied 
 and understood by all females. At least they should know that the 
 phenomenon is a natural one, liable to disorder, and that the best 
 interests of their general health demands care and prudence on their 
 part to maintain regularity, etc. , of the flow. Disregard of such a duty 
 will surely entail much misery. 
 
 Amenorkhcea. 
 
 This may occur in three forms. 1st. \Vhere evacuation has never oc- 
 curred, or retention of the menses. 2d. Where there has been no secre- 
 tion. 3d. Suppression. There are ca.ses where the secretion has been 
 perfect, but the discharge prevented by occlusion of the vagina, or im- 
 perforate hymen, etc.; again, secretion may never have occurred, owing 
 to a congenital deficiency of the ovaries ; and there are cases where 
 the uterus and ovaries are sound, yet no flow from the vagina. 
 The most common variety, however, is suppression after they had 
 once been regularly established. It may cease by degrees, as in con- 
 sumptive and scrofulous patients, or occurs as the result of cold, which 
 induces inflammation of the uterus or ovaries. It may also be induced 
 by excessive venery, wot feet, ice water, insufficient clothing, bathing, 
 fear, grief, anxiety, emetics, drastic purgatives, falls, copulation during 
 flow, etc. The symptoms are weight, pain in the head, loins, and uterine 
 regions, hot skin, apoplexy and epilepsy in some cases, vicarious hemor- 
 rhages, palpitation of the heart, constipation, chills, loss of appetite, etc. 
 
 Treatment. ^Give a hot foot-bath, if the suppression be recent, and 
 apply hot mustard poultices to the breasts. Internally give tansy, thyme 
 or wintergreen tea, keep the patient warni, and allow but gentle exer- 
 cise. A compound decoction of seneca, cotton root, and Indian hemp 
 is also very beneficial. In obstinate cases, a hot sitz-bath should be given 
 during the operation of the medicine, so as to centre the blood in the 
 pelvis. If this does not succeed, the system should be invigorated by 
 quinine, blue cohosh, life root, wine, etc., and then the above treatment 
 repeated. The chronic form of the disease should be treated by sup- 
 porting and invigorating remedies, such as bayberiy, black cohosh, sitz- 
 baths, galvanism, tonics, etc. 
 
 Dysmenorrhcea. 
 
 Painful menstruation occurs generally in single women, and is produced 
 by inflammation or ulceration of the mouth of the womb, neuralgia of 
 the womb during menstruation, indiscretions, constipation, and a ner- 
 vous irritable temperament. The symptoms are restlessness, heat, 
 fiushed face, weight and heaviness in the head, pain in tlae back, and
 
 3G0 TTIE COMPLETE nERBALIST. 
 
 pelvic regions, sometimes so severe as to cause fainting-. After a time 
 the paiu becomes bearing down, accompanied by a shreddy discharge, 
 or blood-clots. In joxmg and plethoric subjects, but little effect is pro- 
 duced on the general health, but in nervous persons the health fails, 
 and, not unfroquently, consumption ensues. Women subject to dysmen- 
 orrhcea are liable to cancer after the t'lrii of life. 
 
 Treatment. — When the disease is produced by inflammation or ulce- 
 ration of the mouth of the womb, hot sitz-baths, with hot vaginal injec- 
 tions frequently repeated, in connection with ten or fifteen drops of the 
 tincture of crawley every two or three hours, will usvially relieve it. 
 Mild purges should also be taken. When due to neuralgia, black co- 
 hosh should be given, and the treatment of neuralgia instituted. Sene- 
 cin, gossypiin, and gelsemin, axe also valuable. WTien produced by an 
 ixTitable constitution, ladics'-slipper, scullcap, etc., should be given. 
 Out-door exercises and a nutritious diet should be prescribed. 
 
 • .\ 
 
 Menorkiiagia. 
 
 This is characterized by profuse, prolonged, or too frequent menstru- 
 ation, separately or conjoined. It is accompanied by headache, hot 
 skin, fuU pulse, weight in the back, hips, loins, pelvis, etc. It is caused 
 by hot rooms, abortions, leucorrhoea, falls, maiital excesses, long walks, 
 constipation, etc. The health gives way, the patient becomes bloodless, 
 and exhaustion ensues upon the least exercise. 
 
 Treatment. — This should be treated by wild cherry, gelsemin, uni- 
 corn root, bcth root, and injections of a decoction of golden-.seal, ma- 
 tico, and cinchona. If the hemorrhage is active, a strong decoction of 
 tannin or cranesbill may be injected, and ten or fifteen grains of cayenne 
 pepi)er administered. The oil of erigeron is also useful. Tonics should 
 be given in relaxed condition of the system. 
 
 Vicarious Menstruation. 
 
 This is a discharge from some other part than the uterus, usually oc- 
 curring in the unmarried. In the married, they are usually barren. The 
 blood may escape from any part of the skin or mucous membrane, in 
 the fona of bleeding from the nose, lungs, etc. 
 
 Treatment.— Ten or fifteen drops of the oil of solidago should be 
 given four or five times a day, iu connection with sitz-baths, tonics, etc. 
 Life root is especially valuable. 
 
 Chlorosis. 
 
 This is a disease characterized by chronic ani«niia, or bloodlessness, 
 affecting females about the age of puberty. In some instances it is un- 
 doubtedly dependent upon a nei-vous affection, but in most instances it 
 is connected with disordered menstruation and other causes. The red
 
 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 361 
 
 corpuscles of tlie blood are pale and small, and diminislied in numbers. 
 The countenance assumes a wax-like hue, which is so remarkably cha- 
 racteristic, that the disease is called by nurses ' ' green sickness. " The 
 appetite is irregular, with craving for particular kinds of food, the urine 
 is thick and full of sediment, and there is usually vertigo, headache, 
 backache, hysterical afifections, dysmenorrhcEa, and leucorrhcea. The 
 tongue is flaccid and indented at the edges, the pulse is weak and quick, 
 and there is a feeling of general languor, with great indisposition to 
 bodily or mental exercise. 
 
 Treatment. — When arising from feeble and imperfect digestion, 
 give prickly ash, alder, golden-seal, and nux vomica, cautiously. The ani- 
 mal oils are also very serviceable. The great object in the treatment of 
 this disease is to restore the general health, and not to force menstruation 
 by agents having that power. The patient wants strength and blood, 
 and when that is achieved, menstruation will be natural. Baths, fric- 
 tion, out-door exercise, and a nutritious diet should not be neglected. 
 
 Cessation of the Menses. 
 
 We have already stated that this usually occurs between the ages of 
 forty and fifty, but in some cases it occurs much earlier, in others much 
 later. The courses become irregular, often staging away two or three 
 months. Nausea and vomiting, swelling of the abdomen, tenderness of 
 the breasts, etc. , are the prominent symptoms. Pregnancy may some- 
 times be suspected, and there are frequently uterine pains, a dragging 
 sensation in the back and loins, accompanied by violent headache, a 
 loaded tongue, and symptoms of indigestion. A sudden return of the 
 menses mitigates the symptoms, which usually last longer than is natu- 
 ral, and also more profuse. 
 
 Treatment.— If the symptoms are slight, regulate the bowels and 
 diet, bathe the surface, and occasionally wear a pack, saturated with 
 equal parts of whiskey and water, upon the lower bowel. If more severe, 
 take unicorn root in decoction. Ladies'-slijiper, wafer-ash, and black 
 cohosh, are also very good. The tonics should also be given in debili- 
 tated subjects. In fact the constitutional symptoms should be met with 
 such remedies as are indicated, as soon as they manifest themselves. 
 
 Leucorrhcea. 
 
 This is commonly known as the whites. It consists of a discharge 
 from the vagina, or inner cavity of the womb, of a catarrhal character, 
 varying in color from a light to a yellowish-green, or reddish-brown. It 
 is usually due to inflammation of the mouth and neck of the womb 
 [cervicitis), but it is also caused by congestion and inflammation of the 
 interior membrane of the organ (endo-cervicitis).^ in which case it is more 
 serious, and more difficult to cure. There are few females who are not 
 16
 
 362 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 
 
 occasionally subject to moderate leucorrhcea. It may be known by the 
 discharge, but also by the attendant pain and a sense of heaviness in the 
 loins, abdomen, and talghs, disordered digestive functions, palpitation of 
 the heart, etc. It causes great impairment of the general health when 
 long continued. 
 
 Treatment. — Wear flannels next to the skin, and pay attention to 
 the general health. Keep the pores open by the proper medicines. In 
 acute cases inject cold water, and in chronic, warm water. This will 
 modify the inflammation. After this, injections of a strong decoction 
 of golden-seal, white-oak bark, or cinchona, should be frequently used, 
 and witch-hazel taken internally. Dog-wood, bayberry, black and blue 
 cohosh, and gelsemin, are also used for the same purpose The astrin- 
 gent injections are also serviceable. Rest and quiet are important in 
 the treatment of the disease. Patients should, however, intrust the 
 treatment to an intelligent physician, who should ascertain the cause, 
 v/hen, if the proper treatment is given, the disease will soon be cured. 
 
 Ulceration op the Womr. 
 
 This is chiefly confined to the neck of the organ, occurring most 
 frequently in those who have borne children. It is caused by ex- 
 cesses in married life, imprudence during menstruation, as standing, 
 walking, lifting, etc., and very of ten premature efforts after abortion 
 or labor. There is always more or less discharge associated with ulcera- 
 tion, which in quality is mucous, purulent, or starchy, and in color, 
 milky, greeni.sh, yello'wish, or brownish, — often tenacious masses of mu- 
 cus, like starch, come away. It affects the general health similarly to 
 leucorrhcea. 
 
 Treatment. — Rest should be observed, and marital excesses aban- 
 doned. The treatment for leucorrhcea should be instituted. Vaginal 
 injections of rcd-raspbcrry leaves and golden-seal prove very beneficial 
 in this disease. The constitutional treatment in this disease is more 
 important than any local api)lications, and should take precedence. 
 
 FALLraO OF THE WOMB (PROLAPSUS UTERI). 
 
 This is denoted by pain in the back and loins, heat in the vagina, 
 painful copulation, paiiiful and irregular menstruation, constipation 
 and diarrhoea in alternation, irritable bladder, etc. The mouth of the 
 womb can be more readily felt than is natural, feeling spongy and hot, 
 and very tender on pressure. It may be ulcerated, and bleed upon 
 the slightest touch. The patient has all the symjitoms of dy.spepsia, 
 hysteria, neuralgia, palpitation, cough, and difficulty of breathing. It is 
 directly caused by weakness of the broad and lateral ligaments, and 
 remotely by various causes. It is a disease severe in its effects, causing 
 much suffering and impairment of hcalt'a.
 
 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 363 
 
 Tkeatment. — The patient should observe perfect quietude. The 
 Inflammation and ulceration of the womb treated as previously described. 
 The womb should be gently replaced to its normal position, the bowels 
 kept open by mild laxatives, and the vagina injected with a warm de> 
 coction of hemlock and white oak bark. Pessaries do more harm than 
 good, but abdominal supporters to sustain the weight of the bowels 
 should be worn in aU cases. (See page 370) 
 
 Uterine Dropsy (HYDROjrETRA). 
 
 This is an accumulation of fluid in the womb, caused by inflamma- 
 tion and constitutional debility. During the first months the syniptoms 
 resemble those of pregnancy ; but by introducing the finger, so as to 
 touch the neck of the womb, and pressing the tumor, fluctuation of 
 fluids is felt. The menses are usually suppressed, and general debility 
 will appear, if the disease continues. The patient may die from ex- 
 haustion, or the walls of the womb may be ruptured from the pressure 
 of the fluid, causing fatal peritonitis. 
 
 Treatment. — A tonic and hygienic treatment should be prescribed, 
 and if you can introduce a catheter into the womb and evacuate the fluid, 
 it should be done, but it is better to intrust this to an able physician. 
 
 Anteversion and Retroversion. 
 
 If the womb falls forward upon the bladder, and towards the pubes, 
 it constitutes anteversion. In this case the top or fundus of the womb 
 is turned forward to the bladder, and the mouth towards the rectum. 
 When the womb falls over backwards, between the rectum and the vagina, 
 it is said to be retroverted. In this case the fundus is turned towards 
 the rectum, and the neck towards the bladder. If the womb is antevert- 
 ed and turned upon itself, it is aniefiexed, and when retroverted and 
 turned upon itself it is called retroflexion. These displacements may occur 
 suddenly or gi-adually, causing great distress. The usual symptoms are 
 costiveness and straining at stool, frequent urination, painful menstrua- 
 tion, pain in the lumbar region, and down the limbs, neuralgia, hyster- 
 ics, and nervous debility. It is a serious affection, and should receive 
 early attention and proper treatment. 
 
 Treatment. — The organ is first to be replaced to its normal position, 
 and then the treatment for falling of the womb instituted. Such im- 
 portant diseases should, however, be confided to the care and direction 
 of a competent physician. Great relief is at all times gained by 
 wearing abdominal supporters. 
 
 Hydatids. 
 
 These consist of a formation of small cysts or bladders of water in 
 the uterus, developed from the inner membrane, and vary in size from
 
 364 THE COMPLETE IIEUBALIST. 
 
 half a pear to a partridge's egg. They are usually oval, with a thiD 
 wall, opaque, and contain a thin fluid. They are most frequently in 
 clusters, and numerous. The symptoms simulate those of early preg- 
 nancy, such as nausea, vomiting, enlargement of the womb, fulness of 
 the breasts, suppression of the menses, etc. In a few months, the patient 
 feels a weight and uneasiness about the abdomen, followed by uterine 
 pains, hemorrhage, and expulsion of the hydatids. 
 
 Treatment. — If the flooding is excessive, control it by injecting 
 vinegar or astringents and administer ten or fifteen drops of the oil of 
 erigeron every fifteen minutes. If the pain is not sufficient to expel the 
 masses, give a warm infusion of blue cohosh or cotton root. Ergot may also 
 be given. After the expulsion the patient should receive tonic treatment. 
 
 PREGNANCY AND ITS ACCIDENTS. 
 
 Pregnancy. 
 
 The first sign of pregnancy is a cessation of the menstrual flow. This 
 will generally be noticed between two and three weeks after conception, 
 and about the same time the woman will discover her breasts to be enlarg- 
 ing, and notice that the rings around the nipple are darker, and cover more 
 space than usual. She will also, to a greater or lesser degree, experience 
 nausea in the morning, and often be afflicted by vomiting, while she 
 will experience dull pains in the "small" of the back, a decided disin- 
 clination for exertion, and considerable nervousness. As the womb in- 
 creases in size and weight (which becomes apparent between the second 
 and third months after conception), it sinks lower into the cavity of the 
 pelvis (or part of the trunk which bounds the abdomen below), and pro- 
 duces much suffering, especially when the pelvis is small or narrow. 
 After the fourth month, the womb, finding insufficient accommodation 
 in the pelvis, mounts higher, and seeks room in the more capacious and 
 yielding belly. Then the distress in the back, nnd the sickness and 
 vomiting are somewhat modified, or in some coniparativelj- disappear 
 altogether. When the condition of pregnancy is first discovered, the 
 woman, no matter how robust, should avoid all over-exertion or excite- 
 ment, and should bear in mind constantly St. Paul's motto of "modera- 
 tion in all things." A state of indolence is productive of disastrous, or, 
 at least, painful consequences. Judicious exercise, and a determination 
 to be cheerful and contented, will do much towards suppressing the 
 usual annoyances of pi-egn;mcy, while moping and idling will increase 
 them, and will almost invariably bring about a hard labor. Tims the 
 poor working woman, providing she does not labor too hard, or expose 
 herself imjirudently to the vicissitudes of the weather, rarely suffers so 
 much in child-bed as the woman who lives only to be petted and admir-
 
 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 365 
 
 ed, and who seldom breathes the air of heaven in its delicious purity. 
 Among the many incidental afflictions of pregnacy, are costiveness and 
 piles. These are produced by the pressure of the enlarging womb upon 
 the lower bowel. This, becoming filled with hardened matter, in turn 
 presses upon the womb, and endeavors to crowd it out of the way. The 
 combined and continual pressure of the womb and bowel upon the 
 ,water-pipe, causes great difficulty in making water, and their unmter- 
 rupted weight upon the ascending veins produces congestion in the 
 lower bowel, and hence the appearance of painful and disagreeable 
 piles. The stomach and bowels should be kept in the best possible 
 order. To prevent or ameliorate piles, use seidlitz powders every day, 
 and inject into the bowels half a pint of pure cold water every morning. 
 With regard to nausea, if it continues after the first three months, eat 
 nothing but plain, yet nourishing food, and use chamomile flower tea as a 
 beverage. 
 
 The habit of swathing or bandaging during any jjeriod of pregnancy is 
 decidedly injurious, unless the woman be of a very fragile form and de- 
 bilitated constitution. The child quickens about the end of the fourth 
 month, when its motions will often produce hysterics and fainting fits, 
 and the mother (for such she then is) becomes peevish, irritable, thin, 
 and weak. Great care must be taken to combat this peevishness and 
 irritabihty by fixing the mind upon pleasant thoughts, and mixing with 
 lively company, if it be available. It will be as well, too, for the woman 
 to lie down a little while, two or three times a day, and not to remain 
 in an erect position too long without taking a little rest. During the 
 last three months, the woman will generally suffer much uneasiness ' ' aU 
 over," and will experience trouble in the attempt to get a perfect night's 
 rest. They should not touch opiates under these circumstances. WTien 
 varicose swellings of the veins of the legs are produced, a good plan is to 
 wear a laced stocking over the affected parts, and this should be adjust- 
 ed so as not to press too tightly upon the limb. It should be arranged 
 so that the pressure will be equal throughout its length. Sometimes deli- 
 cate women have convulsive fits in the last stage of pregnancy. These 
 are dangerous, and no time should be lost in calling in an experienced 
 midwife to take charge of the case. However, a two-grain opium pill 
 administered internally, an injection of warm suds, and mustard plasters 
 applied to the feet, and between the shoulders, will not fail of giving 
 speedy relief. Also bathe the feet in warm water. The habitual use of 
 the warm bath will often prevent these convulsions. 
 
 Palpitation of the heart, cramps of the legs and thighs, tooth-ache, 
 puffy swellings, suppression of urine (use parsley tea for this), lethargy 
 and headache are always accompaniments of pregnancy. For cramps 
 and swellings, bathe the parts with warm water and red pepper, or mus- 
 tard. If the swellings axe very troublesome, apply fomentations of bit-
 
 366 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 
 
 ter herbs. In order to prevent sore nipples (whicH, if neglected, merge 
 into caked and broken breasts), bathe them daily several times with 
 alum-water, or a decoction of white oak bark. This bathing should be 
 commenced about six weeks before confinement. Fox-glove (digitalis) 
 is recommended by many for palpitation of the heart ; but I discounte- 
 nance its use. A little compound spirits of lavender, in water, and mod- 
 erate doses of Turkey rhubarb will alleviate the attacks. 
 
 All pregnant women should wear flannel drawers and keep the feet 
 warm. 
 
 All expectant mothers may greatly render a coming labor more easy 
 and painless, if, at about the eighth month, they thoroughly rub my 
 ''Herbal Ointment" (see page 472) externally on the abdomen once a 
 day, and continue until labor, and at about the middle of the ninth 
 month they shoidd lubricate the vagina and womb with the ointment. 
 This has the effect of making the mouth more dilatable, the soft 
 parts more yielding, and consequently a safe and comparatively easy 
 labor. 
 
 The time of labor to every expectant mother causes constant golici^tude, 
 and scarcely any woman approaches the period fearless of the result, but 
 very anxious as to the sufEermg or safety of life. In the preseni con- 
 dition of civilized woman, we well know that the phenomenon of child- 
 birth is attended with pains of an agonizing character, but that the suf- 
 fering is mostly owing to habits of life, dress, etc. , now characterizing 
 woman, is equally certain. It would be an anomaly in nature if a pro- 
 cess, so natural to females as child-birth, was originally ordained to be 
 agonizingly painful, and it is quite e\adent that the pain now character- 
 izing nearly all cases of labor is an infliction imposed by nature in con- 
 sequence of violation of some of her laws. "We are glad to see intelli- 
 gent women approaching this subject, and have seen no brighter gleam 
 of sunshine than Mrs. Stanton's recent address at San Francisco, which 
 no false delicacy should prevent being reproduced in every paper in the 
 land. She said, " We must educate our daughters that motherhood is 
 grand, and that God never cursed it. And the curse, if it be a curse, 
 may be rolled off, as man has rolled away the curse of labor, as the curse 
 has been rolled from the descendants of Ham." While saying that her 
 mission among woman was to preach a new gospel, she tells the women 
 that, if they suffer, it is not because they are cursed by God, but be- 
 cause they violate his laws. What an incubus it would take from wo- 
 man could she be educated to know that the pains of maternity are no 
 curse upon her kind. We know that among Indians the squaws do not 
 suffer in child-birth. They will step aside fi"om the raulcs, even on the 
 march, and return in a short time bearing with them the new-bom 
 child. What an absurdity, then, to suppose that only enlightened Chris- 
 tian women are cursed. But Mrs. Stanton says that one word of fact is
 
 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 367 
 
 worth a volume of philosophy, and gives her experieucp as follo-ws : "I 
 am the mother of seven children. My girlhood was spent mostly in the 
 open air. I early imbibed the idea that a girl was just as good as a 
 boy, and I carried it out. I would walk five miles before breakfast, or 
 ride ten on horseback. After I was married I wore my clothing sensi- 
 bly. The weight hung alone on my shoulders. I never compressed my 
 body out of its natural shape. My first four children were bom, and I 
 suffered but very little. I then made up my mind that it was totally 
 unnecessary for me to suffer at all ; so I dressed lightly, walked every 
 day, lived as much as possible in the open air, ate no condiments or 
 spices, kept qiiiet, listened to music, looked at pictures, read poetry. 
 The chUd was born without a particle of pain. I bathed it and dressed 
 it and it weighed ten and one -half pounds. That same day I dined 
 with the family. Everybody said I would die, but I never had a relapse 
 or a moment's inconvenience from it. I know this is not being delicate 
 and refined, but if you would be vigorous and healthy in spite of the 
 diseases of your ancestors and your own disregard of nature's laws, try.'* 
 While we heartily endorse all that Mrs. Stanton has said in this matter, 
 we could not advise every mother to " dine with the family " on the day 
 of her labor. It would be an exceedingly dangerous proceeding ; but if 
 every woman would be willing to practise the same initiatory training, 
 which is so healthful, because in accordance with physiological laws, 
 there is probably no doubt but that she would also be able to ' ' wash her 
 own baby " and " diue with the family," on even as substantial a dish as 
 pork 0411^ beans. 
 
 Puerperal Fever. 
 
 Child-bed fever is a very fatal disease, and frequently follows parturi- 
 tion. Scrofulous women are peculiarly liable to it. The disease mani- 
 fests itself in every degree of intensity. The usual symptoms are 
 weight and soreness in the lower part of the abdomen, accompanied by 
 lassitude and debility, capricious appetite, imperfect after-discharge, 
 spongy condition of the gums, constipation, and scanty and high-color- 
 ed urine. These symptoms continue for two or three days after delivery, 
 when the patient will be seized with chills and rigors. These are soon 
 followed by a hot and pungent skin, pain in the head, nausea, and 
 sometimes vomiting. The jiulse becomes hard and qiiick, respiration 
 rapid, the secretions are arrested, and the pain centres in the lower part 
 of the abdomen and becomes very severe. The bowels are bloated, and 
 very tender, and the lochia or after-discharge is entirely suppressed. In 
 many cases delirium is present, also agitation and a sense of impending 
 death. The worst form is when it presents the appearance of malignant 
 Bcarlet fever. 
 
 Tkeatmemt. — The bowels should be freely opened with a purgative,
 
 368 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 
 
 after ■which opium should be administered in tolerably large doses. 
 Warm slippery-elm emulsions should be frequently injected into the 
 vagina, with a view to bring on the lochial discharge. The fever is to 
 be controlled by aconite or veratrum. Tonic stimulants and carmina- 
 tives should be used, according as the disease shows excitement or de- 
 pressioa. In the low form, quinine and camphor are indicated. In the 
 gangrenous form, put charcoal and yeast poultices to the abdomen, and 
 give a decoction of wild indigo in wine and yeast four or five times a day. 
 
 INVEKSION OP THE UTERUS. 
 
 This may be partial or complete. When partial, it may be known by 
 the absence of the fundus or top of the womb behind the pubic bones, 
 and the presence of a large solid tumor in the vagina, accompanied by 
 profuse hemoiThage, intense pain in the pelvis, violent straining, vomit- 
 ing, fainting, cold clammy sweat, and feeble pulse. Complete inversion 
 is recognized by the presence of a reddish li\'id tumor filling the vagina, 
 and protruding beyond it. It may occur spontaneously in atony of the 
 womb, or from irregular contractions, or it may be caused -by violence 
 in extracting the after-birth, shortness of the cord, delivery in the up- 
 right position, tumors, etc. \ 
 
 TuEATiiENT. — Watch the tumor carefidly, and at the moment when 
 there is no contraction, the fundus should be pressed with ono finger, 
 and indented like the bottom of a bottle, and make continued pressure 
 until reposition is sure. Then control the hemorrhage, if any is present, 
 with ice to the pelvis, or vinegar injections, and give stimulanj* if tho 
 patient is exhausted. • 
 
 ABORTION OR MISCARRL\GE. 
 
 Abortion or miscarriage signifies the expulsion of the foetus from the 
 uterus, before it is sufHciently developed. The causes may be either 
 natural or violent. Among the most prevalent causes, are mercury, 
 constitutional syphilis, either in the father or mother, small jaox, sudden 
 and violent excitement of the blood-vessels by surprise, fright, anger, 
 etc. It may also be caused by disease of the embryo, disease of the 
 afterbirth, or direct violence to the abdomen. If it occurs in the early 
 stage, the patient feels languid, unea.sy and despondent, and is troubled 
 with alternate chills and flashes of heat; there is nausea, palpitation, 
 pain in the back, and tenderness over the abdomen. The breasts 
 become flabby, and there is more or less hemorrhage. In the more 
 advanced stages, the pains are more severe, and frequently the hemor- 
 rhage is so violent that the life of the patient is endangered, unless the 
 proper remedial agents are employed. If miscaniage occurs once, it is 
 liable to recurrence, and hence jjregnant women should be very careful. 
 
 Tbeatuknt. — Those prediaposed to abortion, should carefully avoid
 
 THE COMPLETE IIERIJALIST. 309 
 
 purgatives and diuretics, should indulge in no violent exercise, and take 
 a cold sitz-bath every morning on rising, followed by brisk friction with 
 a crash towel. Uuicoru root and bayberry should also be taken inter- 
 nally. The pain should be subdued by hyoscyamus, and the hemor- 
 rhage checked by the oil of erigeron, or cayenne pepper and matico 
 may be taken. If abortion, however, defies treatment, a strong de- 
 coction of cotton root, or ergot, should be taken to promote rapid 
 expulsion of the foetus. After it is expelled, if hemorrhage occurs, 
 the oil of erigeron should be given, and much care observed, until the 
 placenta is removed. During convalescence the patient's strength 
 should be maintained to prevent weakness of the womb. 
 
 Inflammation and Abscess op the Bkeasts. 
 
 During and after pregnancy the breasts are very liable to become 
 inliamed and sore. The patient shivers, has pain in the head, loss 
 of appetite, is constipated, and her urine is high-colored, and i)ulse 
 quick. The breasts become red, painful, and swollen, and if the in- 
 flammation is allowed to continue, au abscess is formed, which, sooner or 
 later, opens and discharges. Cold during nursing, accumulatiou of milk, 
 injuries, diseases of the womb, scrofula, etc. , are the principal causes. 
 
 Treatment. — Subdue the inflammation by applying the following : — 
 Take arnica flowers, ? j. ; lobelia leaves, § ss. ; hops, 5 ij. Make a 
 strong decoction, and apply cloths wrung from it hot as the patient can 
 bear, and repeat every fifteen or twenty minutes. A small dose of 
 aconite may be given internally to control the fever. A mild purgative 
 should also be taken, and if the patient is debilitated, the general tonics 
 should be exhibited. If the abscess, however, will occur, it should be 
 opened, and then poulticed with slippery-elm. For caked breaMs, apply 
 hot packs, and change them frequently, and between each application 
 bathe the breasts with a liniment composed of equal parts of lime- 
 water, sweet-oil, spirits of camphor, and oil of horsemint. 
 
 Sore Nipples. 
 
 This is one of the most common and troiiblesome difficulties connected 
 with the breasts, after child-birth. It is very frequently caused by want 
 of cleanliness on the part of the mother or child. 
 
 Treatment. — Wash with castile soap aud warm water after each 
 nursing of the child, and then sprinkle the nipple with very fine pow- 
 dered hemlock bark. Or make and use the following ointment : — Take 
 balsam of fir, 3 j. ; white wax, 3 ij. ; melt together, then add ten grains 
 each of tannin and powdered bayberry. Apply this as often as neces- 
 sary, previously washing the breasts. Cover the nipple with folds of 
 linen during the intervals of nursing. My Herbal Ointment (page 469); 
 is a speedy cure for thi.s painful affection. 
 10* Y
 
 370 
 
 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 
 
 Relaxation of the Abdominal Muscles. 
 
 One of the most frequent sequels of pregnancy is a permanent relaxa- 
 tion of the abdominal muscles, more or less in degree. The abdomen 
 becomes pendulous, occasioning great inconvenience, suffering, and 
 often inducing malposition of the womb, and other affections. 
 
 The only way to remedy this rela.xed condition is by artificial support, 
 which is to be kept up until the muscles have again attained their full 
 powers of contraction. Ladies are therefore in the habit of wearing 
 bandages, though these but inadequately supply the necessary support, 
 owing to the difficulty of proper application, so as to secure the equali- 
 zation of pressure, and the stability of position, necessary. Mechanical 
 appliances should only be used for the puipose of support. These are 
 called abdominal supporters. Decidedly the best supporter is the one 
 
 represented in the cut, an appliance so arranged 
 as to supply the firmest support by means of 
 elastic springs. It gives no uneq,sLness to the 
 wearer ; on the contrary it affords the most com- 
 fortable support, enabling the sufferer," Vho be- 
 fore could scarcely walk, to do so with the 
 utmost facility, occasioning no pain or inconve- 
 nience. Supporters are absolutely necessary in 
 all cases, as no medicinal treatment will overcome 
 the relaxation, on account of the constant super- 
 imposed pressure of the bowels. These sup- 
 porters should also be worn in all cases of uterine 
 misplacements, as they afford the greatest relief, 
 and serve as an almost indispensable adjunct to 
 the required medicinal treatment. 
 
 Another supporter, represented by the ad- 
 joining cut, is also a meritorious one, having 
 many excellent qualities. It is especially well 
 adapted to corpi^lent females. Equality 
 of support under all circumstances 
 is gained by an elastic band in the 
 pad at front. These supporters are 
 the result of thorough study as to the 
 requirements of such appliances, and the 
 author is convinced that they are the 
 best articles for the purpose designed. 
 Their many qualities will at once be ap- 
 parent both to the professional man or 
 
 Dr. O. rhcliiK Brown's Ab- 
 dominal Supporter. $10. 
 
 Abdominal Supporter. 
 
 to the patient. 
 of the waist. 
 
 The measure required is the size around the lower part
 
 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 371 
 
 THE CONDUCT OF A CASE OF LABOR. 
 
 This should never be attempted except by a physician or competent 
 midwife, but, as it may sometimes take place in railroad cars, in 
 voyages, etc., the duty may fall to the lot of almost any woman or 
 man, and hence it is important that they should know how to proceed. 
 These hints may also be useful to perhaps many in the backwoods, 
 where the population is scarce, and where the nearest doctor lives "a 
 day's journey" away. 
 
 How DO YOU Know that the Patient is in Labor? 
 
 Tliis the mother frequently knows herself, but she may sometimes 
 be deceived by what are spurious pains. If she is in labor, she will 
 have what is called " come and go'''' pains, which at first are moderate and 
 ■wide apart, but which finally become more intense and succeed each 
 other at shorter intervals. She will describe those as bearing down 
 pains, and frequently they are so severe as to cause cries and gestures, 
 the former being of a mourning or complaining character, the other 
 twdsting and writhing. She will also have a mucous discharge from the 
 vagina, which is called a ' ' sJuno. " She will probably wish to void her 
 urine often, and to relieve her bowels, which should be encouraged. 
 During this stage the mouth of the womb is dilating. Now it wiU be 
 well for you to pass your finger well up into the vagina, and you wDl 
 most probably find that the mouth of the womb is dilated, and in extent it 
 depends upon the time at which you may make the examination. When 
 the pains become " thick and fast," you may again make an examina- 
 tion, and you will probably find a fluctuating tumor, which is the bag 
 of waters. If this does not burst itself, you may rupture it with your 
 finger, but do not allow yourself to be frightened at the forcible rush of 
 the waters. If you have withdrawn your hand, you may again insert it, 
 and you will most likely find the head about descending into the vagina. 
 If it is the head or breech it will be a natural labor (which I hope it 
 may always bo, for I do not believe I could teach you how to proceed in 
 what is called a preternatural labor). If the head is there, all right. 
 You may give the soon-to-be-mother your hand, or you may tie a sheet 
 to the bed-post and let her pull at that, or if her husband is present, or 
 if you are he himself, let her press him around the neck whenever an 
 expulsive pain occurs. This ■will greatly aid her, and you do not know 
 how thankful a woman is in such a case, when she observes apparent 
 assistance on your part. After a few good pains, the head of the child 
 will be born, and then the worst is over, for usually one pain more will 
 cause the birth of the whole child. 
 
 What will You do Next ? 
 
 As soon as it is bom, you will probably hear the child gasp and cry,
 
 372 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 
 
 which is caused by pain ensuing upon sudden expansion of its lungs. If 
 it does not do this, take the child, and shake it gently, give it a few slaps 
 on the buttocks, and empty its mouth of any secretions that may be 
 found there. By doing this, the child may soon cry — when it is aU 
 right. If, however, it should not be so easily resuscitated, sprinkle a 
 little water on its face, and if it looks blue in the face, cut the cord, 
 and let it bleed a little ; then jiut your mouth to that of the baby, and 
 while holding its nose shut, blow your own breath into it and till its 
 lungs, and then press gently on its chest, in imitation of expiration. Do 
 this as long as there is any hope, and your efforts may often be crowned 
 •with success. We will suppose, however, that the baby is a struggling, 
 crying, healthy darling. Then, as soon as you do no longer feel the cord 
 pulsate, you can sepai-ate it from the mother. To do this take a few 
 strands of thread and tie it round the cord, not so tight as to cut 
 through, about two inches away from the navel. Then take a pair of 
 scissors and cut the cord through about half an inch away from the li- 
 gature, not on the side, however, towards the navel ; you can put two 
 ligatures on the cord, if you like, and cut between them. Then take 
 the baby away, but be careful how you do it, or else an accident"; may be- 
 fall you, and hand it to the proper person to be washed and '^dressed. 
 The baby is very slippery, so take it up in this way : put its neck 
 between the thumb and forefinger of your left hand, and put the 
 palm of the right under its buttocks ; you then have it secure, but 
 do not be too anxious about its safety, or you might choke it. 
 
 What Next ? 
 
 You must now pay attention to the exhausted but joyous mother, 
 rejoiced that she has passed such an agony of pain as you can form no 
 conception of, such that you have never felt and never can. feel, unless 
 you have been or will be a mother, and yet she will now greet you with 
 a sweet, smiling countenance. Her anxiety, however, is not over until 
 she is relieved of the after-birth. By the time that you have got 
 through with your duty to the baby, you will probalMy find the after- 
 birth expelled into the vagina, by the after-paths. If such is the case, 
 take the cord and puU gently downwards and a little upwards, but by 
 no means pull so hard as to tear the cord, or invert the womb If it 
 will not come, wait, and in a short time try again, and you will most 
 probably find it to come away readily. If you should find her flooding, 
 take a rag, saturate it with vinegar, or take a lemon, divest it of its 
 rind, and then pass it into the womb and squeeze it. This causes con- 
 traction of the organ, and stops the hemorrhage. You may also apply 
 ice to the spine for this purpose, and if you have ergot in the house, 
 give a pretty large do.si:; of that. After delivery of the after-birth, 
 take a towel, and pass it around the pelvis of the mother, and bind it
 
 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 373 
 
 pretty tightly ; cover her up warmly, and allow her to sleep, and so 
 recover strength, as you may suppose that she is very much exhausted 
 by this time. 
 
 ToiJR Work is not Done Tet. 
 
 The baby has to be washed. This is a tedious job, unless you know 
 low to proceed. All babies are covered with more or less unctuou.^ 
 matter, and this choiild be removed, or else it is liable to get a skin 
 disease. After you have got your rag (a soft woollen one is the best) 
 and some pretty warm water, smear the child over with pure, lard or 
 sweet oil, and then use castile soap and water, and you will soon have it 
 clean. Be careful, however, not to get soap into its eyes, or else you 
 will have to treat it in a few days after for sore eyes. Now you have 
 got it clean, but you must not put on its clothes, until you have dressed 
 the navel, and put on its belly-band. To dress the navel, take a well- 
 worn cotton rag, cut it into patches of about four inches in diameter, 
 take three or four of these and cut a hole through the middle of them. 
 Cut also a little bandage, half an inch wide, and wrap it round the navel 
 string, then slip it through the patches, and lay the string pointing to- 
 wards the left shoulder. Now, put on the wooUen belly-band, moder- 
 ately tight, and secure it with needle and thread, not with pins. You 
 may think this caution unnecessary, but if you had seen as many toru 
 limbs and deep scratches in infants as I have, you would not think so. 
 After this you can put on its whole toilet, and lay it in its proper warm 
 nest — its mother's arms. 
 
 But you may thiuk the baby is hungry^ and that it needs some physic ; 
 so you give it some gruel, and follow this up either with castor oil and 
 sugar, molasses, or butter and sugar made into a paste, and force them 
 down the little victim's throat. I say victim, because you could not 
 easily do more harm, and yet this abomination is done every day. If 
 the mother has milk, put it at the breast as soon as you can ; if not, let 
 it wait until she has, — it won't starve. It needs no purgative, for the 
 colostrum or lirst of the milk is by nature designed as a laxative, and if 
 it gets that, it will soon have the black stools, or discharge of meconium, 
 as doctors call it. By no means give it soothing sjTups nor spirits, 
 nor put a cap on it, or wash it with sjiirits. If you take m^' advice in 
 this matter, the baby will be the better for it, and there will not be a 
 necessity, which is so often the case, of the early exchange of its little 
 dresses for a tiny shroud. 
 
 In about twelve hours after delivery the mother may be cleansed, and 
 her bed changed, and light food given to her. She should remain in bed 
 for at least ten days, after which, if she feels strong, she may sit up, 
 but should avoid exertion. If she has insufficient milk, follow advice 
 given on page 328.
 
 374 
 
 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 
 
 Lochia. 
 
 For some time after child-bearing, a discharge takes place from the 
 womb which is called lochia. It is at first red ; but if all goes well, in a 
 few days the red appearance subsides and gives place to an effusion of 
 a greenish color and a peculiar odor. When the womb is reduced to its 
 original size, the lochia ceases. If it is checked before it should be— 
 and in some women it ought to continue a month — or if the flow pro- 
 ceeds with irregularity, great distress and danger are the consequences. 
 The immoderate flow of the lochia is not so disastrous as the suppression. 
 The latter may be produced by cold, by chilled drink, by mental excite- 
 ment, or, in fact, by any undue exertion of either mind or body. The 
 results of the suppression of the lochia are great fever, restlessness, 
 heat, pain in the head, back, and loins, delirium, inflammation of the 
 womb, colic pains, costiveness, nervous excitability, muscular contrac- 
 tions, and, in fact, general distress. The first and only thing to be done 
 is to restore the flow. For this purpose, if the patient can bear it, the 
 warm bath must be used; fomentations should be afrplie*^ to the 
 abdomen ; large emollient injections should be given in the rectum, and 
 siidorific medicines (not of a mmeral character), assisted bji copious 
 diluent drinks, should be administered. The acetate of ammonia will 
 be found very useful. A profuse and general perspiration is the pre- 
 cursor of rapid recovery and safety. While the lochia is apparent the 
 patient must not endeavor to get up, or to undergo any noticeable 
 degree of exertion, or be exposed either to atmospherical changes, or 
 imprudence in diet. 
 
 THE TREATMENT IN ACCIDENTS. 
 
 The treatment of fractures, dislocations, etc. , should always be in- 
 ti-usted to the surgeon, but the emergency of such cases may be so 
 great in certaiti iustances that a few minutes' delay might prove fatal to 
 the patient. Hence I wiU attempt to instruct the reader how to proceed 
 and what to do he fare the doctor comes. In all cases where surgical help 
 can be i)rocured, it should be done as quickly as possible, but dangerous 
 accidents may occur where surgical aid is impossible to procure, and, 
 therefore, the treatment devolves upon others. 
 
 Wounds. 
 
 In case of wood-choppers, hunters, etc., away in the backwoods, or in 
 any other case where this i)recaution is necessaiy, they should provide 
 themselves always with bandages, Monsel's solution, and a roll of ad- 
 hesive plaster, and then they are prepared for nearly all cases of acci- 
 dents that may befall them.
 
 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 375 
 
 The worst feature about a wound is the bleediug, unless, as in case of 
 grm-shot wound, a vital part is injured. We will suppose, however, that 
 unfortunately one received a woiind, either from some sharp instru- 
 ment, or a gun-shot wound, or some part of his body was lacerated, 
 contused or punctured from some cause, and that the wound was bleed- 
 ing freely. Before the wound is dressed the character of the bleeding 
 is to be noticed. If the blood is dark-colored and flows regularly in a 
 stream, it is venous blood, and you will be able to control it easily ; but 
 if it is bright-scarlet, and sjaurts out in jets, some artery has been 
 wounded — always a dangerous accident. If the wound is a gun-shot one 
 and received in the trunk, all you can do on the moment is to herme- 
 tically seal the woimd. Take the adhesive plaster, and cut a piece from 
 it large enough to cover the wound well, and then apply over the wound 
 so as to seal it effectually against escape of blood or entrance of air ; or 
 take a rag and shape it in a pledget, and tie it on the wound firmly with 
 a bandage or handkerchief. If internal hemorrhage occurs, you cannot 
 do anything, and the jiatient will probably die. 
 
 If the wound is in the arms or legs, then you can always do something. 
 If the bleeding is venous, you will be able to arrest it by applying cold 
 water. Elevate the limb, and use compression. If this does not arrest 
 it, apply some of the Monsel's Solution, which is a solution of the per- 
 sulphate of iron, which quickly stanches the blood by coagulation. 
 After the hemorrhage has ceased, apply a bandage. If the blood comes 
 out in jets, you may know that an artery is wounded, and that no time 
 is to be lost. No styptics will arrest hemorrhage from any imjiortant 
 artery, but in such cases instantly apply the Spanish windlass, which is 
 made by tying a handkerchief around the limb, and twisting it with a 
 stick, until the hemorrhage ceases. This compression is to be main- 
 tained, until the patient can have the attention of a surgeon. Be careful, 
 however, to apply the windlass above the wound towards the heart. 
 
 If you have to deal with any ordinary wound, cut, etc., draw the 
 edges together with strips of adhesive plaster, and put on cold water 
 dressings. 
 
 Fractures. 
 
 These accidents often happen where no surgical aid can be con- 
 veniently procured. Any one can easily detect a broken bone by the 
 person not being able to raise the limb, by its bending where it ought 
 not, by pain, and by crepitation, or crackling soixnd if the parts are 
 moved. When the bone is merely separated into two parts it is called a 
 simple fracture ; when an oj)en wound communicates with the fracture 
 it is called compound; when the bone is broken into numerous fragments, 
 it is termed comminuted, and C07n2jUcated when attended with dislocation, 
 laceration of large vessels, etc.
 
 376 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 
 
 The bones of the head and face are liable to be broken by blows, falls, 
 etc. , and need immediate medical attendance. All you can do before the 
 arrival of the surgeon, is to raise the head, apply cold water, avoid all 
 noise and excitement, and arrest the bleeding by the means heretofore 
 advised. 
 
 Collar bone. 
 
 This bone is usually broken by violence upon the shoulder, arm, and 
 hand. It is generally broken near the middle of the bone, the part is 
 painful and swollen, and every attempt at motion proauces pain ; the 
 shoulder is sunken and drawn towards the breast-bone. The patient 
 usually is found supporting the arm with his hand, to relieve the pressure 
 upon the sensitive network of nerves in the armpit. 
 
 Treatment. — Push the shoulder backwards, and press on the seat of 
 fracture, until you get it in its place. Then make a wedge-shaped pad, 
 and put it in the armpit and secure it there by a bandage, which sur- 
 rounds the chest. Then bring the elbow to the side, and pla)ce tl^e fore- 
 arm in a sling ; then take bandages, and secure the whole arm so tight- 
 ly in that position that it cannot be moved. The surgeon may ttien be 
 called, or, if the above advice is j^roperly and effectually obeyed, the 
 cure will be a good one. 
 
 Broken Ribs. 
 
 This is kno'ma by pain when the patient breathes, or on pressure 
 where the injury has taken place. Crepitation is also felt when the 
 hand is placed over the part during resjJU'ation or coughing, and if the 
 pleura is injured, the chest swells, or emphysema appears. 
 
 TiiEATMENT. — If the broken ends project, apply a compress over it ; 
 if there is a depression, a compress is to be placed at each extremity. 
 If there is a bruise, apply hot fomentations ; then take a bandage six or 
 eight inches wide, and draw it tightly around the chest over the injured 
 part. This gives great relief, as it prevents expansion of the chest in 
 respiration, and holds the broken ends in opposition. Keeping this band- 
 age firmly applied is all that need be done in the way of treatment. 
 
 Fracture op the Humerus. 
 
 This is the bone between the elbow and shoulder. It may be detect- 
 ed by the ordinary methods. 
 
 Treatment. — Place the bones in ajiposition, making sure that it is 
 right, by comparing it with the sound arm. Then take four splints, and 
 put one in front, one behind, and one on each side of the arm. Secure 
 these with a V)audage. This dressing will do, until better attention cao 
 be given to it by a competent doctor. PJ-ice the arm in a sling.
 
 the complete herbalist. 377 
 
 Fracture of the Bones op the Forearm. 
 
 Tliere are two bones here, the radius and ulna. They may both be 
 fractured, or only one of them. The fracture is easily detected. 
 
 Treatment. — The diffic\Uty here is to observe the space between the 
 bones, which is called the interosseous space. The fracture is readily 
 reduced by drawing the arm forwards, and when this is done, press the 
 muscles into the interosseous space. Now, take two splints, well pad- 
 ded on the mside, reaching from the elbow beyond the fingers, put one 
 on the mside and the other on the outside of the forearm, and secure 
 them with a bandage. The arm should be carried in a sling. 
 
 Fracture op the Bones in the Hand, Foot, or Ankle. 
 
 These solid bones are almost always wounded by such accidents that 
 tend to crush them, as machmery, threshing machines, heavy weights 
 falling on them, etc. 
 
 Treatment. — Dress the open woimd as any other, then cover the whole 
 hand in several folds of rag, or handkerchief, dipped in cold water. 
 
 Fracture at the Hip-Joint. 
 
 This is a very serious accident, and liable to occur in aged people. 
 One that receives this injuiy cannot stand or rise from the ground. If 
 the patient is placed upright the injiured limb will be found much 
 shorter than the other, and the foot turned outwards. What is called 
 osseous union rarely if ever occurs in this fracture. 
 
 Treatment. — In old persons support the limb by pillows and re- 
 strain all motion. This is all you can do. In other cases, make two 
 splints, one reaching from the arm-pit to about six inches longer than 
 the foot, the other from between the legs, extending to the same 
 length. Pad these well, especially at the upper ends. Apply them 
 to the inner and outer side of the leg and secure them with a bandage. 
 Now make a foot-board with two mortised holes in it, through which 
 the splints can pass. Bore holes in the lower ends of the splints every 
 half inch. Put on the foot-board, and attach the foot to it firmly, 
 then pull the foot-board down so as to stretch the leg well, for this 
 secures what is called extension, which is necessary in these oases. The 
 splints resting against the arm -pit and periuieum affords what is called 
 counter-extension. See in all cases that you have the leg straight. 
 
 Fracture op the Thigh-Bone. 
 
 Fracture of the shaft of this bone is easUy recognized by shortening, 
 crepitation, etc., and you should treat it just the same as advised in the 
 fracture of thi^ bone at the hip-joint. If this fracture should occur 
 away from home, in the fields or elsewhere, get some stiff straw, 
 or bits of very thin board, or if you have a "stove-pipe" hat take
 
 378 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 
 
 that, knock out the crown, take off the rim, and split it up at the 
 sides. Bind these around the limb rather tightly with suspenders, 
 handkerchiefs, or tear your shirt up for bandages. Then you can safely re- 
 move the patient to a place where he may receive the proper treatment. 
 
 Fracture op the Cap op the Knee or Patella. 
 
 This may be broken by muscular contractions or direct violence. 
 Falling on the knee very frequently produces it. There is no crepita- 
 tion felt in this fracture. The pain is not very severe, but the limb is 
 partially bent, and the patient has no power to extend it. 
 
 Treatment. — Keep do\\Ti the swelling with lotions, etc., and then, 
 by means of strips of adhesive plaster, draw the fragments together and 
 retain them firmly in that position. Prevent motion by putting a long 
 splint on the back of the leg. 
 
 Fracture op the Leg. 
 
 There are two bones below the knee, the tibia n,ndfibtila, and a frac- 
 ture, occurring in one or both of them from a fall or direct- violence, is 
 a frequent accident, the tibia being most frequently broken, 'the signs 
 are evident. Crepitation, pain, want of motion, etc., declare it^ 
 
 Treatment. — When both bones are broken, or wheu the fibula 
 alone, or when the upper part of the fibula is fractured, the best and 
 most simple api^aratus is the fracture-box and pillow. Make a box 
 considerably wider than the leg, with only one end board, and that 
 considerably higher than the sides of the box — the box has no lid. Put 
 a pillow, or little bags of chaff or bran in this ; put the broken leg 
 into this; see that it fits well ; then secure the foot to the foot-board, 
 so as to prevent lateral inclination. 
 
 The gi-eat object in the treatment of fractures is to keep the broken 
 ends well together, or in apposition, and keep them there. Nature 
 will do the healiug part. In bandaging limbs, be careful that you get 
 them smoothly on the parts, and make allowances for the swelling 
 which occurs. If a bandage is formed too tight, it should be removed. 
 or else mortification of the limb will ensue. 
 
 DISLOCATIONS. 
 
 The signs of limbs being out of joint are deformity, swelling, and a 
 hollow where none should be, shortening or elongation, pain and immo- 
 bility of the limb. 
 
 Broken Neck, or Back. 
 
 This is ne;uly always accoiiipaniod by a fracture. It may be produced 
 by couvulhioiis, falls, hanging, etc. The chances of life are small, on
 
 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 379 
 
 account of injury done to the spinal marrow, or the action of the dia- 
 phragm may bo suspended by compression of the phrenic nerve. 
 
 Treatment. — Lay the person (if in the neck) on his back, plant 
 your knees on the patient's shoulders, grasp the head firmly, pull gently, 
 and at the same time put the head into its proper place ; but this must be 
 properly and gently done, or else you may do great harm. If La the 
 back, do nothing. 
 
 Dislocation of the Jaw. 
 
 This is often caused by yawning, by convulsions, or by blows on thai 
 chin, when the mouth is wide open. The mouth gapes and cannot be! 
 shut, the saliva trickles, there is great pain, and the patient cannot talk. 
 
 Treatment. — Seat the patient on a low stool, stand in front of him, 
 and then press your thumbs upon the last molar or grinding teeth very 
 firmly. Be careful, however, to have your thumbs well protected with 
 wrappings, or else you may be severely bitten. By doing this you get 
 the articular ends of the jaw-bone from their unnatural position, and re- 
 duction is caused by the normal action of the muscles. When you hear 
 the snap, you may be sure that the bone is in its proper position. After 
 reduction, the chin should be confined by a bandage for a week or ten 
 days. 
 
 Dislocation at the Shoulder. 
 
 This may be displaced in three directions, viz. : inwards, downwards 
 and backwards. By comparing the injured with 4he sound shoulder, 
 you may be able to tell that it is a dislocation. Where the head of the 
 bone ought to be, you will find a dejire-ssion, and you will most likely 
 find a tumor, near the breast, in the ann-pit, or towards the back, 
 according to the manner of dislocation. 
 
 Treatment. — Lay the person on his back, and sit down beside him 
 on the injured side, and put a round pad in the ann-pit. Then take oflE 
 your boot, put your foot against the pad, grasp the patient's arm, or tie 
 a towel to it, put it around your neck, and pull in that way. Then 
 while you pull at the arm and push with your foot, tell the patient to 
 turn round, or you may carry the arm across his chest. WTaile this is 
 done, a snap will be heard, and the bone is in its proper place. 
 
 Dislocations at the Elbow. 
 
 When both radius and ulna are dislocated, the forearm is bent nearly 
 at a right angle, and is immovable. When the ulna alone is dislocated, 
 there is a tumor projecting posteriorly, the elbow is bent at right angles, 
 and the forearm is turned upwards. The radius is dislocated at the 
 elbow either forwards or backwards. When backwards the head of the 
 bone forms a prominence behind, the arm is bent and the hand prone.
 
 380 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 
 
 When forwards there is a distinct prominence in front, the arm ia 
 slightly beut, and the hand supine. 
 
 Treatment. — When both bones are dislocated, or in case the nlna is 
 alone out of joint, make forcible extension of the forearm over your 
 knee, placed at the elbow, to make counter-extension. Then bend the 
 forearm while making extension, and reduction will take place. In 
 forward dislocation of the radius make forcible extension, and while 
 doing so, turn the hand from without inwards, called pronation. In 
 backward dislocation make forcible extension, and turn the hand from 
 within oi^tward, or supination. In either case you should press the 
 head of the bone into proper position with your thumb. Then advise 
 vest, cold api^lications, and a sling. 
 
 Dislocations at the Whist. 
 
 The luxation of both bones of the forearm from the bones of the hand 
 is rare. AVhen it occiirs forward there is a great projection in front, and 
 the hand is bent backwards ; when backwards, the projection is behind, 
 and the hand is flexed. If the radius alone is dislocated the^and will 
 be somewhat twisted. If the ulna is dislocated, it may be easily i^fccog- 
 nized by a projection on the back of the wrist. * 
 
 TliEATMENT. — The reduction of both bones is effected by making 
 extension and pressure. If either of the bones are dislocated, the re- 
 duction is performed in the same manner. Pain, swelling, and stiffness 
 of the joint may follow, which .should be obviated by cold applications, 
 rest, lotions, etc. , and a light splint may be applied to prevent its re- 
 currence. 
 
 Dislocation op the Bones op the Hand. 
 
 Displacement of the bones of the carpus or body of the hand rarely 
 occurs. The bones of the fingers are occasionally dislocated, but more 
 frequently the thumb is dislocated backwards. 
 
 Treatment. — Make extension in a curved line, by means of a nar- 
 row bandage or tape, firmly applied by a close-hitch upon the finger. 
 
 Dislocation op the Ribs. 
 
 Dislocation of the ribs from the spinal column may sometimes occur 
 by severe falls, or blows upon the back, and from the breast bone, by 
 violent bending of the body backwards. Great pain and difficulty of 
 breathing follow in either case. 
 
 Treatment. — Tell the patient to take a deep inspiration, and slightly 
 bend the bodj' backwards, and while he does this, make some pressure 
 on the projecting point. After reduction treat the same as for broken 
 ribs.
 
 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 381 
 
 Dislocation at the Hip. 
 
 In this case the leg is shortened and the foot is tiimed inicards. It 
 may be dislocated in five different ways ; — upwards and backwards is, 
 however, the most common dislocation. In all cases you may know that 
 displacement has occurred, by comparison with the articulated limb. 
 
 Treatment. — The accident is so serious that no attempt should be 
 made at reduction, except by a surgeon, but if it happens when no such 
 aid can be procured, you may proceed as in dislocation of the shoulder. 
 If you cannot make sufficient extension in that way, you may attach pul- 
 leys to a towel fastened above the knee, and make counter-extension by 
 means of a folded sheet in the perinaBum. After full extension is accom- 
 plished, push the head into the socket, or so manipulate the leg that its 
 movements will force reduction. After reduction, the patient should be 
 kept at rest, and walking should not be attempted for several weeks. 
 
 Dislocation of the Knee-cap. 
 
 This may be dislocated in various directions. It is characterized by 
 the leg being stretched, and a prominence formed by the patella in an 
 abnormal situation. 
 
 Treatment. — Eaise the patient's leg and rest it upon your shoulder. 
 YiTiile in this position, force the bone into its place with the hand. 
 
 Dislocation at the Ankle. 
 
 This may be forwards, backwards, inwards and outwards, and are the 
 results of severe force. The bones' ends are usually fractixred at the same 
 time. It is a very serious accident, and when it occurs to patients whose 
 constitutions are bad amputation may often be necessary. 
 
 Treatment. — Reduction is effected by bending at the knee, and 
 while in that position, drawing the foot forwards. 
 
 In aU cases of dislocations and fracture communicating with joints, the 
 danger is anchylosis or stiffness of the joints. This is to be obviated by 
 what is called ptLssive motion, which is to be instituted in all cases, a 
 few weeks after the accident. It is accomplished by taking hold of the 
 limb and moving it in natural directions, as far as consistent, and repeat- 
 ed after suitable intei-vals. The patient is to be enjoined, also, when 
 practicable, to exercise his limb at the wounded articulation. There 
 are many other fractures and dislocations that I have not spoken of, for 
 the reason that they are all so serious that the treatment should only 
 be attempted by those having the proper anatomical knowledge and sux- 
 gical bMLL
 
 382 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 
 
 PREVENTION OF EPIDEMIC DISEASES. 
 
 The alarming fatality consequent upon an epidemic reign of disease 
 demands the closest scrutiny upon the part of communities, large or 
 small, to guard against its approach or prevalence. Medical skill is nn- 
 able to cope with the fearful onslaught of epidemics, and in many cases 
 epidemic diseases are of so violent a character that the most vigorous 
 constitutions succumb to the assault, and the profoundcst medical skill 
 and most rational medical treatment are unavailing. It is questionable 
 if medical science wUl ever be able to materially decrease the rate of 
 mortality that usually ensues upon epidemic reign ; the subtle ethereal 
 poison causing epidemics being of too violent a character to allow 
 ascendency to be gained by naaterial medicinal agents. Since it is 
 questionable that mastery can be gained by medicinal or therapeutic 
 agents, the j^roper remedy is suggested, not by investigating the best 
 agents of cure, but in measures of prevention, as the author is quite cer- 
 tain that by proper knowledge and concerted action the spread of an 
 epidemic can be limited, and its onset prevented. Epidemic diseases 
 belong to the class which has been conveniently but inaccurately,^ desig- 
 nated ' ' zymotic. " They are generated, according to the most lAodem 
 physiological doctrine, by a specific poison, introduced into the body from 
 without, which is capable of causing morbid changes in the blood, and 
 of destroying life. The poisons of various epidemic diseases are distinct 
 inter se; the contagion of typhus, for instance, being altogether different 
 from that of small-pox, and the contagion of cholera from that of 
 diphtheria, and yet it is plain that they are all somehow related, and 
 capable of gradual transmutation from one type into another. Some 
 ancient types have died out — the black-death, the sweating sickness, and 
 the plague ; biit new types, undescribed by the old physicians, have 
 arisen. We are able to note remarkable "waves of disease;" atone 
 time the great mortality is from typhus, at another from small-pox, at 
 another from scarlatina. In England they have recently had a succes- 
 sion of epidemic. The outbreak of cholera in 1866 was followed by 
 typhoid fever, and as, the latter began to abate in violence, scarlatina 
 appeared in the most malignant form, and attacked the metropolis. This 
 di.-*ease had beiiTin a year and a half ago to decline in London, but at 
 the same time it began to spread through other parts of the kingdom, 
 where it has since raged destmctivcly. A little later than the scarlatina, 
 relapsing fever, which has been rare in these countries since 1849. broke 
 out with great severity, also attacking London first, and, when it had 
 spent its force there, extending itself into the provincial towns. Lastly, 
 they have been visited with an epidemic of small-pox more severe than 
 any outbreak of that disease which has been recorded in England during
 
 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 383 
 
 the present generation. And no sooner has the small-pox begun to 
 abate its violence than they are threatened with a return of cholera. 
 This periodicity of disease is yet to be explained ; but it is established 
 that, given the same conditions for the reception and propagation of 
 contagion, about the same proportion of lives will be carried away, 
 whether the prevailing epidemic be scarlet fever or typhus, or relapsing 
 fever or small-pox. 
 
 The blood-poisoning of the zymotic diseases, which is thus various and 
 changing in type, is traceable, however, to the same class of causes. 
 In some epidemics the germs of contagion are far more volatile than in 
 others, but, in all, we know by experience that, if we can isolate the 
 patient and submit his immediate surroundings to disinfectant agents, 
 we check the spread of the disorder. 
 
 Pure air and pure water are irreconcilably hostile to contagious dis- 
 ease. The first duty, therefore, of sanitary administration is the en- 
 . forcement of effective ventilation, the supply of a fixed quantity of 
 fresh air to every person hi every house. This is an iimovation which 
 will of course be resisted both by ignorance and self-interest, but no in- 
 fraction of real liberty will be committed in preventing ignorant or self- 
 interested persons from doing mischief to the community by sowing the 
 seeds of disease broadcast. The next step in the work of prevention is 
 to insist upon a free and well-distributed system of sewers to carry away 
 at once from every habitation the impixrities which poison the air, and 
 which, even when they do not directly propagate contagion, insidiously 
 weaken the constitution of those subjected to their influence and prepare 
 them for the reception of the germs of disease. Most country villages and 
 many small towns are almost wholly destitute of systematic drainage, 
 and cesspools, which are the commonest substitutions, are merely traps 
 for infection. The enforcement of drainage and the abolition of cess- 
 pools are reforms which experience has shown will never be carried out 
 by the local authorities, and is especially an improvement which 
 ought to be and can be carried by pressure from a strong central ex- 
 ecutive oflSce. A third precaution is systematic disinfection, not only 
 of everything connected with and surrounding a person suffering from 
 contagious disease, but of all places where dirt unavoidably accumu- 
 lates, and whence at any time effluvium can be perceived to proceed. 
 
 These precautions, however, though valuable in themselves, and also 
 as tending to effect the further object to which we are now able to 
 refer, are quite unavailing unless supplemented by securities for a pure 
 supply of water. Cholera, as we have seen, is held to be propagated 
 almost exclusively through polluted water, and there is scarcely a form 
 of epidemic that is not to some extent disseminated in the same way. 
 
 We have stated that it is doubtful if sanitary reform can ever bo 
 properly enforced by local authority, and hence advocate that its re-
 
 384 THB COMPLETE HERBALIST. 
 
 qiiirement should be insisted upon by national statutes. The health 
 of any country is as much a principle of political economy as its free- 
 dom, and just as worthy, if not more so, of vigilance ; and it is to bo 
 hoped that the day is not far distant when legislators in every land 
 will see the absolute necessity to enact such laws rendering thorough 
 disinfection and drainage obligatory upon all its citizens. Physicians 
 have long advocated so desirable a reform, and neglected no opportunity 
 to teach the people the virtue of and benefits to be derived from disin- 
 fection ; but the absence of any epidemic gives a false sense of security, 
 and the advices are unheeded until the deathly blast of the epidemic is 
 ujion them, when their folly is exposed and the wisdom of precaution 
 established. 
 
 Of the disinfectants, the following are the best : — Chloride of Ume, 
 Labarraque's solution, carbolic acid, and bromo-chloralum. Chlorine gas 
 is probably the best, but not so practicable for universal use. Most of 
 them are comparatively cheap, and no household should be without a 
 sufficient quantity. 
 
 All cesspools, sinks, etc., should be thoroughly disinfected whenever 
 they become offensive and exhale noxious vapors, and no pools of stag- 
 nant water or other filthy places should be permitted to remain un- 
 drained for any space of time. If such a desirable reform could become 
 of universal operation, the reign of epidemics would be over and be- 
 come thingB of the past. 
 
 JAPANESE CORN FILE. 
 
 This file is the only practical cure for corns. It should always be used 
 instead of a knife. With a little care the corn can be filed down to a 
 perfectly smooth, level surface, which result can never be attained by the 
 use of the knife. After the corn is filed down smoothly and evenly in 
 
 every part, my Herbal Ointment should be applied night and morning. 
 The price of the ointment is 25 cents per pot, and two cents extra for 
 postage. It IS sold by druggists generally. The price of the Corn File, 
 prepaid by mail, is 50 cents. No one afflicted with a corn will ever regret 
 the small sum of money it costs.
 
 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 385 
 
 TREATMENT OF CHRONIC DISEASES. 
 
 THE AUTHOR'S SPECIALTY. 
 
 Important to the Suffering Sick, Male or Female. 
 Chronic Diseases are those that have passed the active or inflam- 
 
 matoiy stage. Strictly speaking, a disease is not curable until it has 
 passed this stage and become to a certain extent " chronic." The word 
 means "time," and any disease that has had time to pass the active 
 stage, "chronic." The tendency of chronic affections is to recover, and 
 nine out of ten will recover by proper attention to hygienic laws and the 
 right medicine. It would be imprudent, in case of a severe attack of 
 illness, to trust recovery to nature, without availing ourselves of medical 
 advice; without in fact ascertaining the proper remedy, which is surely to 
 be found somewhere in the herbal kingdom. In all cases of chronic dis- 
 ease, a careful diagnosis is absolutely required, as each case is usually 
 accompanied by a variety of sympathetic disorders ; hence, it requires 
 the educated and experienced physician to note the variations, detect 
 the complications and identify the locality and extent of the real dis- 
 order. Patient and intelligent investigation is absolutely requisite in all 
 cases, as without such a diagnosis the treatment would not be successful. 
 My specialty is the treatnieut of chronic disease. I very rarely 
 give advice, unless specially and urgently solicited, with reference to 
 acute affections, and never essay treatment unless the affections be of 
 specific or scrofulous origin, as private diseases, acute phthisis, etc. 
 Aside from these exceptional cases, my professional attention and ser- 
 vices are entirely absorbed in the treatment of chronic diseases, and 
 these I can justly claim to treat with unvarying success. This assertion 
 is certainly pardonable when the fact of my success is attested by 
 thousands of former patients in all parts of the world. Early in my pro- 
 fessional career it became apparent to me that only as a specialist can 
 any physician hope for either competence or success. Aware of the folly 
 of the attempt to become equally skillful in the treatment of both acute 
 and chronic affections, I made chronic diseases exclusively my study, 
 and devoted for many years all the energies at command in the endeavor 
 to acquaint myself with all the varied and multiform manifestations. No 
 
 Z
 
 386 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 
 
 physician, unless he be a prodigy of science, can with equal success 
 treat both acute and chronic affections. If he is animated with the 
 principles of professional integrity, striving to gain absolute competence, 
 he has no time to investigate the characteristics of chronic diseases, 
 should he even have the inclination. The "family physician" deals 
 mostly with acute affections ; hence it is necessary to his professional 
 success and reputation to devote his sole attention to the study of acute 
 disorders. It is well known that the highest perfection of mechanism 
 demands the division of labor into special branches, and so it is with the 
 practice of medicine — division into specialties secures greater intelli- 
 gence, competence, and success of treatment. 
 
 It is not necessary that I should particularize each disease for 
 which my advice may be solicited, or for the treatment of which my ser- 
 vices may be engaged. I may be consulted with reference to every exist- 
 ing chronic disorder, claiming the requisite ability to give definite and 
 conclusive advice, and provide treatment invariably successful in result, if 
 in my estimation the affection is capable of cure. 
 
 Chronic affections are so numerous that the author will allude to 
 
 the more important only, and such as are fearfully prevalent .■^nd de- 
 structive. ,| 
 
 In tlie female economy >ye meet with exceptional disedfses not 
 
 observable in the opposite sex. She, too, by many obscure causes, may 
 sadly destroy her health and capacities of womanhood, and in which con- 
 dition the same vigilance should be exercised, and the same efficient and 
 reliable medical counsellor should be appealed to. The physical degen- 
 eracy is the same, and special treatment no less important than in the 
 analogous condition of the male. Besides this sad affection she suffers 
 untold agony with wliat are termed Uterine Diseases. Vital statisticians 
 assert that there scarcely exists a female in civilized life who does not 
 suffer with uterine disorder at some time of her life, and that as a rule 
 every female is at all times more or less a sufferer from the womb dis- 
 ease. Why is woman thus fearfully a sufferer? Is it altogether owing 
 to injurious modes of dress, habits of life, and other agencies ? Is it not 
 possible that this prevalence of uterine diseases is partially owing to in- 
 efficient and irrational treatment? If treatment were competent, this 
 load of suffering would certainly be lighter. These diseases have surely 
 no such pathological character as to render treatment unavailing, and 
 that all that physicians can do is to pronounce tliem incurable. 
 
 Proper internal medication in combination with proper hygienic 
 observance, will effect a cure in nearly, if not all, uterine disorders. The 
 long continued suffering, so generally the history of all uterine diseases, 
 is due more to harsh and inappropriate treatment than to any peculiar 
 severity or stubbornness in the morbid elements of the affections them-
 
 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 387 
 
 selves. Under proper and skillful treatment, Leucorrhoea, Ulceration, 
 Prolapsus, or Falling of tht Womb, the various misplacements of the 
 organ, menstrual disorders, etc., yield kindly, and a cure is speedily 
 effected in all cases. 
 
 Diseases ailectiug' the reproductive system in the male sex 
 are actually the gravest of all, and attended with more sad results than 
 any in the whole catalogue of human afflictions. Their very apparent 
 mildness gives to them a twofold capacity for undermining the constitu- 
 tion and destroying the integrity of the general health, by imperceptible 
 losses through the water or fluids of the body. Patients, before writing, 
 will please save a little of this water in a bottle for twenty-four hours. 
 Write me if there is any sediment, of the color and quantity, as it will 
 save much loss of time. This disguised or negative feature is always 
 associated with those diseases depending upon disorders of the generative 
 organs, many of which are contracted by dissipated or vicious habits in- 
 dulged in to a greater or less extent, and patients, though long aware of 
 their indisposition, are not fully conscious of the nature or seriousness of 
 their disease until health is completely broken, the constitution wrecked, 
 and the vitality and vigor of the nervous system utterly destroyed. Long 
 before this one may know that all is not right, but owing to a false deli- 
 cacy, neglect tc employ competent treatment. 
 
 Sterility or Barreimess. I can be consulted on this subject freely 
 by all the childless, and shall give my candid opinion promptly by mail, 
 as to whether they can be successfully treated or not. In nine cases out 
 ten all impediments can be safely removed in a reasonable length of 
 time. Some of the most frequent causes of barrenness are, dysmenor- 
 rhoea (painful menstruation), especially the congestive form of it ; menor- 
 rhagia (profuse menstruation), especially when it is associated with 
 menorrhcea, or too frequently recurring periods; induration of the cervix, 
 or neck of the womb, and the most frequent of all, relaxation of the 
 vaginal walls to such an extent that the spermatozoa is never retained at 
 all, but escapes from the vagina immediately after coition. 
 
 Chronic Impoteney is one of tJie most deplorable conditions 
 
 with which mankind can possibly be be afflicted. 
 
 Now my success in the treatment of conditions of this class, warrants 
 me in saying that it is just as surely amenable to judicious, well directed 
 treatment, in accordance with its true pathological character, as any 
 other curable abnormal condition of the sexual organization. The great 
 reason why this disease has so seldom been successfully treated by the 
 great mass of the profession is, that its pathology has not been properly 
 studied or investigated, and consequently not understood. 
 
 The sacral plexus of nerves (with one branch from the lumbar), are the 
 nerves which supply the sexual organization with its vitality.
 
 388 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 
 
 The sensorj^ nerves convey from the base of the brain, or cerebellum, 
 impressions to these nerve centers, and it is through them that nature 
 asserts its power. 
 
 To explain a little more minutely : Whenever a passionate, lascivious 
 thought, or sight, or impression in any form occurs, the sensory nei-ves 
 convey the impression to the sacral ganglia, and if this nerve center is 
 active and vigorous, natural results will surely follow ; but if it has be- 
 come atonied, or if it has lost its vitality, of course it cannot act under 
 the impression conveyed to it by the sensory nerves, and this is what 
 constitutes Impotency. 
 
 Now, of course, specific medicines, or medicines which have a direct 
 affinity for, or act as a direct stimulus to these nerves, are the only 
 remedies that can be depended upon to restore this lost vitality. Such 
 remedies I claim to make use of in conditions of this class, and my suc- 
 cess has proved them to be reliable whenever my directions and instruc- 
 tions have been followed, and my treatment pursued for a reasonable length 
 of time. The specific action of some remedies is too well known to be 
 disputed : quinine, iron, antiseptics, and many others belong -to this class. 
 Now the great majority of diseases we are obliged to treat on\general 
 principles, as specifics for all diseases have not yet been discovered ; but 
 general treatment would be of no use \^iatever m conditionsfof this 
 class ; positive, specific treatment is the only available course, and this 
 is what I claim my treatment to be. 
 
 It is true, that congenital conditions, or malformations, or organic 
 diseases of the sexual system, may render some cases incurable by any 
 method of treatment, but these cases are extremely rare. 
 
 Syphilis, that terrible scourge of our large cities, is another disease 
 in which the superiority, nay, even the absolute necessity of specific 
 medication has been clearly established. This formidable disease has 
 assumed alarming proportions in our country, and at this time it cannot 
 be said to be confined to our cities only ; for plainly, the rural districts 
 are not exempt from the foul taint. It is its constitutional, secondary 
 and tertiary forms that more particularly demand my attention, and which 
 I am constantly treating with such uniform success. Were this disease 
 confined to its primary stage, it would not be the hydra-headed monster 
 that it now is, but unfortunately its ravages are unlimited ; everj' tissue 
 of the body becomes involved in rapid succession. The throat becomes 
 ulcerated, rendering the breath intolerably offensive ; next the glandular 
 system — the glands of the neck ; then the cartilaginous tissues, especially 
 of the nose, which soon sinks upon a level with the face, as though it had 
 been battered with a mallet, and finally the bones themselves become 
 spongy, and exostoses supervenes. It would require a large volume to 
 fully describe the ravages of this disease. The number of generations
 
 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 389 
 
 through which it is capable of propagating itself by hereditary descent 
 is unknown — probably unlimited. My specific treatment for the consti- 
 tutional, secondary and tertiary forms of this disease, may be relied upon 
 with positive certainty to eliminate every particle of this specific conta- 
 gion from the system, no matter of liow long standing. 
 
 Chronic Urinary Diseases. This class of diseases has become 
 alarmingly prevalent in our country, especially among the laboring or 
 active business men of middle age, and those far advanced in years. 
 Diabetes in both its forms, albuminuria, or Bright's disease, ardor 
 urinae, or irritable bladder ; abnormal deposits in the urine ; and in the 
 aged, inability to retain the urine ; with frequent desire to void it, which 
 when voided flows in a dribbling manner; partial paralysis of the bladder, 
 characterized by inability to evacuate it without considerable effort, 
 accompanied with frequent and sudden cessations of the flow ; calculous 
 or gravelly obstructions, etc. 
 
 I have made these conditions a special study for years, and I can safely 
 affirm that there are but few cases of this class of diseases that specific 
 medication by nature's remedies will fail to relieve ; and I know from 
 experience that there is no class of diseases in which the superiority of 
 specific vegetable medicine is more clearly manifested than in chronic 
 urinary difficulties of every form and type. I have hundreds of testi- 
 monials in my possession, conclusively establishing this fact. 
 
 Catarrll. This formidable disease is located, primarily, in the 
 pituitary membrane which lines the nasal fossa, and extends to the 
 different cavities communicating with the nose. It is composed of two 
 layers : one fibrous, which is attached to the bones ; the other, free and 
 secretory — the seat of smell. This membrane lines all the sinuses of the 
 maxillary, frontal and ethmoidal bones, and its mucous surface is the 
 primary seat of the catarrhal inflammation, but the fibrous portion is 
 soon involved, and then the discharge becomes pustular and fetid, while 
 all the bones to which this fibrous portion of the membrane is attached 
 become affected, and caries, or slow destruction of the osseous tissues 
 supervenes ; the breath becomes intolerable, and sooner or later all the 
 air passages to and within the lungs become involved, so you can readily 
 see how extensive a disease catarrh is, and how preposterous the idea that a 
 little of somebody's snuff will remove the specific inflammation from all these 
 tortuous winding air-passages, which are so extensive as to make the 
 patient who is badly afilicted with this disease, feel as though his whole 
 face was fairly rotten with it. Both local and general treatment of a 
 specific character must positively be resorted to, to remove the septic in- 
 flammation, and restore all the tissues to a normal condition. 
 
 Specific local treatment, by means of my Nasal Douche Apparatus, 
 and the exhibition of general remedies, which through the circulation and
 
 390 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 
 
 absorbent vessels act as specifics to inflamed mucous membranes, is 
 positively the only reliable treatment for this distressing malady. 
 
 My supreme coiilidencc in the healing virtues of herbal medi- 
 cines was gained only by observing their superiority, and not born of 
 prejudice or antipathy ; for in the first few years devoted to the study of 
 medicine, I was taught as others are, to regard the employment of 
 mineral agents as right and advisable. Experience only gave me better 
 knowledge and fuller understanding, and at the present time, should the 
 privilege of employing the medicinal properties of plants be taken away 
 from me, leaving me but the inert and harmful minerals, my professional 
 knowledge would avail me nothing, and I would stand in the presence 
 of disease with fettered hands, helpless as a child, and absolutely without 
 power to mitigate or relieve a single pain or symptom. 
 
 I think I can truthfully say that no physician at the present time 
 is treating so many chronic cases as myself. I have for twenty years 
 advertised very largely in all the leading newspapers of the country. I 
 print upwards of three million Shakespearian Almanacs annually for 
 gratuitous distribution. There has been 450,000 "Complete-Herbalists" 
 sold within the last twelve years. As I have said before, my specialty 
 has been chronic diseases. ^ 
 
 Thousands are led to consult me and my associate physicians for 
 relief, which, owing to our large experience in a certain class of complaints, 
 we can guarantee to cure in almost every case. I advertise my family 
 medicines through the druggists, and sell them largely — the sales amount- 
 ing to nearly half a million yearly. I am obliged to have assocciate 
 physicians to assist me, owing to my business being so large. 
 
 All invalids write us unhesitatingly just as they feel in special cases — 
 thus giving us a perfect description of their cases, which enables us to be 
 more successful than we otherwise could be. 
 
 Afflicted persons desirous of gaining my advice should give a plain 
 statement of their afflictions ; when contracted, the present symptoms, 
 etc. — in fact, everything should be made known to me precisely as would 
 occur by personal interview. The following questions are intended to 
 assist invalids in properly presenting their cases. Answers to all the 
 questions are not necessary. 
 
 QUESTIONS FOR llEFEREXCE. 
 
 Dctigned for those ivko 'wish to Cousiilt me with a z'ie^u to Treatment. 
 
 A. What is your age ? If known, what is your temperament ? Did 
 you arrive at the age of puberty without having had any serious illness, 
 or sufficiently so to injure your constitution ? 
 
 B, Are you afflicted with any chronic form of eruptive diseases ? If 
 so, what are its characteristics ? Is it scaly or ])apular (pimples), or pus-
 
 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 391 
 
 tular) secreting pus ? If papular, is it attended with any secretion in 
 the pimples ? If so, is the secretion watery ? If pustular, do scabs 
 form ? Uo the scabs drop off and new ones form immediately, or do the 
 pustules heal ? What Is the color of these ? 
 
 C. Is there any hereditary disease in your family, recent or remote ? 
 
 D. Are you very nervous? if so, can you assign any cause for it? 
 Have you overtaxed yourself with study, or with mental or physical ex- 
 ertion of any kind ? Have you any mental trouble ? Is your memory or 
 capacity for mental pursuits impaired ? Is your sleep disturbed by 
 frightful dreams, or dreams of any kind ? If your business through the 
 day has been perplexing, is your sleep disturbed and unrefreshing in 
 consequence of it ? 
 
 E. Have you any congenital diseases or condition of any kind ? that 
 is, any diseased or abnormal condition with which you have been 
 afflicted from birth ? 
 
 F. Have you always been temperate in your habits ? Do you in- 
 dulge or have you indulged in the use of spirituous liquors of any kind 
 to excess, or of opium in any form, or tobacco ? 
 
 G". Are you subject to severe attacks of headache, or do you fre- 
 quently have a dull, heavy, oppressed feeling in the head ? If you have 
 either, at what part of the head is the pain most severe, or what part of 
 the head is most liable to attacks of pain ? Are you troubled with 
 dizziness of the head, ringing noises in the ears, or specks before the 
 eyes? 
 
 H. Have you a disagreeable taste in the mouth, especially in the 
 morning ? Are the gums healthy, or are they becoming absorbed, leav- 
 ing the teeth long and naked ? If the latter, do you know whether it is 
 the result of the use of mercury, or of vitiated secretions ? Is the tongue 
 coated ? Are its tip and edges very red ? 
 
 I Do you have any disease of the throat ? Are the tonsils very 
 liable to become inflamed and enlarged, causing difficult deglutition ? 
 and are you especially liable during cold weather to contract what is 
 calle'd a sore throat ? 
 
 J, Are you afflicted with a chronic cough ? if so, for what length of 
 time have you been troubled with it ? At what time of the day do you 
 cough most ? Is coughing attended with pain in any part of the chest ? 
 if so, what part ? Does it cause pain in any part of the chest to inhale 
 a full breath ? Have you constant pain in any part of the chest ? Is it 
 increased by coughing, and is it always confined to one locality ? Do 
 you expectorate much ? What is the character of the expectoration ? Is 
 it thick and adherent, or is it of a mucous character? Does it sink in 
 w^ter ? Do you have turns of perspiring freely at night ? Do your feet
 
 392 
 
 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 
 
 and ankles swell ? and is the swelling edematous ?— that is, does it pit 
 on the removal of pressure of the thumb ? 
 
 K. Do you have any pains or fluttering sensations about the heart ? 
 if so, are they constant, or do they come and go at intervals ? Do you 
 have palpitation, attended with difficulty of breathing? if so, is it con- 
 stant or at intervals ? If at intervals, of what length of time generally ? 
 
 Li. Is your appetite and digestion good ? Are you troubled with 
 collections of wind in the stomach ? Does food distress you ? if so, 
 what kind of food distresses you most ? Docs a meat diet give you more 
 pain than a farinaceous one ? Do very hot or very cold drinks give you 
 pain in the stomach ? Are you constipated ? and are you troubled with 
 piles. 
 
 M. Have you any pain or weakness in the lower part of your back ? 
 Is the voiding of urine attended with pain or smarting ? Are you 
 obliged to void it more frequently than is natural ? and is it normal in 
 quantity ? Does the urine deposit a sediment ? if so, what is the cliar- 
 acter of it ? 
 
 N. Do you have any rheumatic or neuralgic pains in any p\irt of 
 your body ? Are any of the tendons of the extremities contracted i Are 
 you troubled- with cramps in the lower extremities when in bed ? 
 
 O. If a male, have you injured yourself by excesses of any kind, 
 recent or remote. Have you now, or have you had varicocele ? 
 
 It is not necessary for me to insert here questions which the patient 
 will readily see are inadmissable for a work of this kind, but which are, 
 nevertheless, of great importance ; and he can forestall me in this mat- 
 ter by giving me all the information in relation to his condition that will 
 occur to him as being necessary to aid me in forming a correct opinion — 
 the only sure guide to correct and successful treatment. 
 
 P. If a female, are you afflicted with uterine derangement in any 
 form — prolapsus, leucorrhcea, ulceration, etc.? Have you passed the 
 climacteric period ? if not, is menstruation regular, and normal in 
 quantity and (luality ? Is it ever attended with severe pain ? 
 
 Any intelligent female will readily sec the absolute necessity that' ex- 
 ists for an unreserved history of her case, and a plain statement of the 
 causes which have led her to consult me with a view to obtaining relief. 
 
 No false modesty should deter any from making known their exact 
 condition, so that I may be enabled to fully understand the pathology of 
 the case, and to prescribe just what is required to effect the most speedy 
 and decisive results. It is not iiccessiiry by any iiioans that ansncrs 
 to all these questions he g-iveil. The most prominent features of the 
 case are all that I require. It is frequently the case that ladies, in de- 
 describing their condition, give great prominence to unimportant or
 
 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 393 
 
 merely sympathetic symptoms — slight neuralgic pains in various parts, 
 headache, nervousness, restlessness, and transient or migratory pains — 
 and entirely negrect to say anything about the one great cause of all 
 these unpleasant and sometimes most distressing symptoms — uterine de- 
 rangement, or an abnormal condition in some form of the sexual organ- 
 ization. No important organ of the body is more intimately connected 
 Vi'ith the whole sympathetic nervous system, or exercises a greater in- 
 fluence over the other important organs, stomach, liver, lungs and head, 
 and particularly the nerve centers, tlian the uterus ; and when I am 
 told that a lady is suffering from uterine derangement in any form, I 
 know that she is also suffering from many unpleasant, if not distressing 
 sympathetic symptoms. I do not wish to be considered egotistical at all, 
 but after a. long and extensive experience, I can positively affirm, that if 
 there is any particular class of diseases in the treatment of which my 
 greatest successes have been achieved, it is in the treatment of diseases 
 incident to females, which have become so prevalent in our country, and 
 which I contend are, as a general thing, treated irrationally, and without 
 any claim to success. While, perhaps, one has been benefitted by the 
 harsh heroic treatment so extensively practiced by every medical Tyro 
 at the present time, hundreds have been seriously and permanently in- 
 jured. My unusual success in the treatment of diseases of this class 
 ought to be sufficient evidence of their curability by a more rational and 
 entirely harmless method of treatment. 
 
 Remittances should be made in Tost-Office Money Orders, pay- 
 able at Jersey City, N, J., wherever there is a Money-Order Office, 
 which is now almost universal, there being only a few exceptions. 
 Where these exceptions do exist, register the letter containing 
 money. Either of these modes is perfectly safe, the Postmaster 
 always giving you a receipt for the money. No Medicines sent C. O. 
 D., unless half the money is sent in advance. The express business has 
 reached such perfection within the last few years, that I can almost 
 guarantee a DAILY DELIVERY to every hamlet in the United States. 
 
 All letters will be treated as strictly private and confidential. 
 
 Invalids on a visit to New York may call on me whenever convenient. 
 Office hours, from lo A. M. to 4 p. m. 
 
 Address Dr. 0. Phel[)S Browiij No. 21 Grand Street, Jersey 
 City, N. J. 
 
 17*
 
 394 THE COJITLDTE HERBALIST. 
 
 PART III, 
 
 THE PHILOSOPirr OF THE SEXES. 
 
 Admitting the delicacy of the subject, it is, however, eminently with- 
 in the province of the medical writer to teach the scientific bearings of 
 the marital prerogative of the sexes, inasmuch as health, as well as civil- 
 ization, is greatly dependent upon the purity of that relation. While I 
 condemn such literature which is elementarily and purposely suggestive, 
 I have but little sympathy v\ath that prudish modesty which is outraged 
 by everything appertaining to the special characteristics of sex. The 
 author shall, in the consideration of the subject, not attempt to offend 
 healthy conservatism, yet, at the same time, the subject is too import- 
 ant to discuss it with undue reserve or by unintelligent circumlocution. 
 The essays are not written to gratify immoral curiosity, but to edify 
 those who wish to learn and be governed by the correct principled of the 
 philosophy appertaining to the marital union of the sexes. And" as this 
 work is specially intended to educate the popular, and not the profes- 
 sional mind, it is proper and quite consonant with every moral considera- 
 tion, that it should contain such general knowledge as all should know 
 for proper guidance in matters pertaining to the organs of reproduction. 
 
 It is quite important for aU to know the anatomy of the genitalia of 
 both sexes. I shall, therefore, prepare this special part of this work with 
 the anatomy of the organs of both sexes. 
 
 Anatomy op the Male Organs. 
 
 These consist of the organ itself, seminal vesicles, prostate gland, 
 testes and scrotum. 
 
 The male organ conveys the urine from the bladder, and the seminal 
 sections from the stnninal vesicles. Its anterior extremity is called the 
 f/lniix, and its posterior extremity is the I'oot ; the intervening part, the 
 bodi/, which consists of two structures, the corjms caveriwstim, or caver- 
 nous body,and the corpn.t spongiosina, or spongy body. The skin is thin 
 and delicate, studded with numerous sebaceous follicles. Surrounding 
 the glans is a loose doubling of skin called the prepuce, which is connect- 
 ed tso the mouth of the urethra by a process called the fra>iium. The 
 thick rim or edge around the base of the glans is the crown, or corona 
 gli(/i(fi'<, behind vvliich the organ is narrow, and this portion is known as 
 the neck or collum. The caseous secretion found here is Icnowu as nmeg- 
 me, which is the product of the (/lauds of Tysijti, numerous about the 
 neck and crown.
 
 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 395 
 
 The cavernous body foi-ms tlie larg-est part of the organ and in shapo 
 is a double cylinder. At the root these cylinders are separate and 
 pointed, and called the crura of the penis. Each of these is firmly at- 
 tached to the branches of the pubeft and ischium, — bones of the pelvis. 
 The cavernous body has a thick, elastic, fibrous coating externally ; in- 
 ternally it consists of a spongy structure made up of cells, or little 
 caverns, which readUy communicate with the arteries and veins. Those 
 arteries that terminate in blind tufts are caUed heliciiie. The cylinders 
 are partially separated from each other by a partition whose fibres re- 
 semble the teeth of a comb, whence the name se2)tum jyectiniforine. 
 
 The corpus spongiostim has the same fibrous covering as the cavernous 
 body, and is also composed of cells, but which are larger than those of 
 the cavernous body. Its relative position to the corpus cavernosum is 
 about the same as a ramrod to a double-barrelled gim. Posteriorly it 
 enlarges into what is called the bulb, lying between the crura of the 
 organ. Anteriorly it forms the glans. 
 
 The urethra, or urinary canal from the bladder, perforates the spongy 
 body. Its mouth at the glans is called meatus uriiiarius. 
 
 The seminal vesicles consist of two convoluted tubes placed at the 
 posterior and inferior portion of the bladder. They are oblong in shape, 
 about two inches in length. They act as a receptacle for the semen. 
 When secreted by the testicles, the semen is conveyed by a tube, called 
 the vas deferens, into these vesicles, where it is mixed with a little 
 mucus, and retained until discharged. 
 
 The jyrostate gland is a dense hard structure, about the size of a horse- 
 chestnut, surrounding the neck of the bladder, at the commencement 
 of the urethra. It is perforated by the urethra, and also by the ductus 
 ejaculatorius, which is formed by the junction of the vas deferens and 
 the seminal duct. The semen is further liquefied by the secretion of 
 the prostate, in its passage through the gland. It also discharges a thick 
 and white secretion into the urethra. In front of the prostate are two 
 glands ( Cowper^s), about the size of a pea, which also discharge a mu- 
 cous secretion into the iirethra. 
 
 The scrotum is the bag-like covering for the testicles. Its skin ia 
 loose and thin, and of a dark color. The transverse wrinkles which 
 cold produces are due to a dense, reddish, contractile structure, in- 
 timately connected with the skin, and called the dartos. The scrotum 
 has a muscular covering, next to the dartos; its internal covering ia 
 called the tunica vaginalis. 
 
 The testes or testicles are the glands for the secretion of semen. They 
 are two in number, oval in shape, and flattened laterally. They are 
 suspended by the spermatic cord. Each testicle is formed by lobules, 
 consisting of a fine tube, very finely convoluted, which, if finely dis- 
 sected and unravelled, is many feet in length. The e^ndidynm is a
 
 396 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 
 
 Termif orm appendage encircling the posterior edge of the testicle, as a 
 arest upon a helmet. 
 
 The spermatic cord consists of an artery and vein, and nerves, together 
 with the vas deferens. 
 
 The erectile tissue of the organ consists essentially of intricate net- 
 works of veins, which communicate freely with each other, presenting 
 a cellular appearance. 
 
 These features constitute what is termed the regional anatomy of the 
 organs — the minute auaXomy being much more complex. The physio- 
 logical fimctions of the male organs of generation are various, and in- 
 asmuch as they are associated very intimately with one of the most 
 important of human passions, which if not properly controlled by the 
 dictates of the moral sense, are exceedingly liable to derangement. 
 Anything tending to cause a departure from a healthy or normal stand- 
 ard of action of these phy.siological functions, will assuredly induce a 
 faulty condition of the organs themselves, besides impairing the integ- 
 rity of the g-eneral health. Those interested in this subject may turn 
 to page 350, and read the article on " Debility or Loss of Vitality." No 
 one should be neglectful in this respect, but strenously endeayor by 
 correct habits of life to maintain the physiological functions^n full 
 purity, vigor and integrity of action. 
 
 The Semen. 
 
 This is a secretion formed by the testes, which anatomically we have 
 seen are composed of lobules formed of convoluted seminiferous tubes. 
 The number of lobules is about 450 in each testis, and that of tubules 
 about 840. It is apparent, then, that each testis presents a vast extent 
 of surface for the secretion of the spermatic fluid. The testes originate 
 in the lower part of what is called the Woolfian bodies in the embryo, 
 while the kidneys spring from the ujipcr part. They do not descend 
 into the scrotum until about the ninth month, and sometimes one or 
 both remain in the abdomen, without, however, interfering with their 
 function. 
 
 The semen is a thick, tenacious, grayish fluid, having a peculiar odor 
 called sper?n((tic, probably deiicndeut on the secretions mixed with it. 
 The semen as ejected is not the same as secreted by the testes, as it 
 receives, in its passage out, the addition of the liquefying secretions of 
 the prostate and Cowper's glands. It is alkaline in reaction, and con- 
 tains albumen and a peculiar principle called spermntin. It also con- 
 tains sperinntdzoiihi^ very small bodies with a tail-like process to them. 
 They were formerly regarded as animalcules, but now known to possess 
 no independent organic life. As viewed under the microscope they are 
 seen floating lively around the spermatic liquor ; this is, mo.st probably, 
 due to ciliary vibrations. The semen also contains other minute, gran- 
 ular bodies, called seminal (//•a/mles. These, in conjunction with tho
 
 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 397 
 
 Bpermatozoids, constitute the formative agents furnished by the male 
 in generation. They are supposed to correspond with the pollen tubes 
 of plants. The vermicular motion of the spermatozoids evidently aids 
 the passage of the semen, after its injection into the womb, to the 
 ovaries of the female, and if they there meet the female elements of 
 generation an ovule becomes impregnated, and pregnacy is the result. 
 The semen is a very vital element, and is only secreted in proportion to 
 the vigor of the male. It contains chlorides and phosphates, hence its 
 waste preys upon the nervous tissue for its supply of phosphorus. The 
 secretion takes place about the fourteenth or fifteenth year, and con- 
 tinues till about sixty or sixty-five, and during the whole of this time is 
 much under the influence of the nervous system. Its presence in the 
 eeminal vesicles is required for the proper accomplishment of the virile 
 act, and it is a well known physiological fact that full procreative 
 quality is only gained after it has been for some time lodged in the 
 vesicles. The involuntary expcnditi;re of this vital fluid is therefore 
 not only detrimental to the general health, but also seriously destruc- 
 tive of procreative capacity. 
 
 Ajstatomy of the Femalk Organs. 
 
 The organs of generation in the female are generally divided into the 
 external and internal. The external consist of the rn/ms veneris, labia 
 externa, clitoris, ni/mp/up, vestibule, meatus iinnarius, hymen in virgins, 
 and caruncidm myrtiformes in matrons. The internal are the vagina, 
 titerus, and the uterine appendages, the latter consisting of the broad 
 and round ligaments, ovaries, and Fallopian tubes. 
 
 The mons veneris is placed at the lower part of the abdomen, and 
 consists of dense fibro-cellular and fatty tissues, and is covered in the 
 adult with hair. The anatomical provision of this particular covering 
 in combination with the fatty texture is to prevent chafing and pressure 
 upon sensitive nerves at certain periods. 
 
 The labia externa, or outer lips, are two folds of skin and mucous 
 membrane, which commence in front of the pubic bones, and extend 
 back to the perinasum, where they again meet. The superior junction 
 is called the anterior commissure, the posterior is called the posterior 
 commissure, or fourchette. By vulva some mean the whole external or- 
 gans, by others the longitudinal opening between the projecting part of 
 the external organs. The use of the external labia is to protect the or- 
 gans situated between them. 
 
 The nymphw or labia in terna, or inner lips, arise from nearly the same 
 point, at the anterior commissure, and run downwards and backwards, 
 about an inch, to the middle of the vaginal orifice, where they disappear 
 in the general lining of the labia externa. 
 
 The cUtoi'is is seated just below the point of the junction of the labia
 
 39fi THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 
 
 interna. In structure it is the same as the male organ, with the excep- 
 tion that it has no spong-y body or urethra. It is erectile and extremely 
 sensitive. Its mucous covering is continuous -nMth the vaginal lining. 
 Under exciting influences it distends and enlarges. In exceptional 
 instances and from certain causes, it becomes abnormally enlarged and 
 elongated, and those females in whom this enlargement is observed, are 
 the reputed hermaphrodites, especially when other congenital deficiencies 
 are associated. This must be regarded, however, as an anotomical 
 vagary, as in animated nature there is nothing traly epicene. 
 
 The triangular space between the sides of the labia interna and above 
 the clitoris is known as the vestibule^ at the lower portion of which is 
 found the meatus vr/nariv.i, or orifice of the urethra. The urethra is 
 about an inch and a half long and very dilatable. 
 
 The hymen is a fold of mucous membrane, generally of semilunar 
 shape, with its concavity upwards, which is found just within the orifice 
 of the vagina. It is generally ruptured at the first carnal intercourse. 
 Its presence generally denotes the virgin ; it is, however, not an infalli- 
 ble urgumentum integritatis (one of its names), or evidence of virginal 
 integrity. Connubial infelicity has often arisen on account of its xibsence 
 in the chosen one of a man who earnestly believed its presence atfsolute- 
 ly necessary to establish virginity. Many circumstances of an iAiocent 
 character may occasion a rupture or destruction of this membrane, such 
 as coughing, convulsive laughter, menstruation, etc. It is often, indeed, 
 found absent in children soon after birth, whilst it may remain entire 
 even after copulation. Cases of conception have been recorded, and yet 
 the membrane was found intact. Hence its presence does not absolute- 
 ly prove virginity, nor does its absence prove mcontinence, although its 
 presence would be what is known in law ViS prima facie evidence of con- 
 tinence. 
 
 Its remains after rupture form what is known as the canmcidw viyrti- 
 foiines, by reason of the resemblance to the leaves of the myrtle. The 
 space between the hymen and fourchette is called the f<ism nacicidaris. 
 
 The external organs in the aggregate are often called the 2}ud€ndum. 
 
 The Internal Organs. 
 
 The viigiiia is that canal extending from its origin in the vulva ob- 
 liquely through the cavity of the pelvis to the uterus. Its usual length 
 is about four or five inches, and about three in circumference, though 
 in a few females it may exceed that lengtli, while in others it may lie 
 but a few inches long. It is shorter and more capacious in those who 
 have borne children. It is well suiiplied with blood-vessels, and its mu- 
 cous membrane is of a ]>ink color, so arrang('d in various folds as to 
 allow great extension. Its orifice is surrounded hj a collection of mus-
 
 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 399 
 
 cular fibres, called the sp7iincter vaginm. It is not much under the con- 
 trol of the will, however, as is shown by the iuabilitj' to retain injections. 
 
 The uterus^ or womb, is placed at the upper part of the vagina, and 
 hangs in the centre of the i>elvis, behind the bladder and before the 
 rectum . In shape it resembles the pear, rounder posteriorly than an- 
 teriorly, and is about two and a half to three inches long, two inches 
 wide, and very nearly an inch thick. Its upper part is called the f (In- 
 dus, the inferior cylindrical portion the cervix or neck^ and the inter- 
 vening portion the body. It is held in place by the broad and lateral 
 ligaments. Its cavity is triangular, the base being directed upwards, 
 and the superior angles corresponding to the points of entrance of the 
 Fallopian tubes ; in size it is about equal to a split almond, and the in- 
 terior walls are nearly alwa^'S in contact. Its inferior angle communi- 
 cates with the vagina through the canal of the neck, which is barrel- 
 shaped, and from half to three-quarters of an inch long. The contrac- 
 tion at the upper extremity of the canal is called the internal mouth or 
 OS uteri, whilst that of the lower extremity is called the as uteri or os 
 tincce, the latter name from its supposed resemblance to the mouth of a 
 tench. In shape the os varies, in some being transverse, in others circu- 
 lar or ragged, the latter especially in women who have borne children. 
 The uterine cavity lodges the foetus frona the commencement of concep- 
 tion untU its birth. 
 
 The FalJ/ypian tubes are cylindrical canals about four inches long, 
 arising from the superior angle of the uterus. Externally they are 
 equally thick throughout, except at their terminal extremity, where 
 they expand into a trumpet-shaped enlargement, called fimbria or 
 morsiis diaboU, by which the ovaries are grasjied. They are the ducts 
 for the passage of the ovules from the ovaries of the uterus. The 
 OTnries are the analogues of the male testes. They are situated on each 
 side of the uterus ; three or four inches away from it. They are oval 
 in shape, and in removing the outer coats, the proper ovarian tissue 
 appears, called the stroma. The stroma is stvidded with numerous 
 little bodies called Graafian vesicles. These vary in size, the largest 
 being found near the surface of the ovary, and are found early in life, 
 but are more developed about the period of puberty. These vesicles 
 have two coats, the tunic of the ovisac, and the ovisac. Within the 
 cavity formed by these membranes is an albuminous fluid, in which is 
 found floating the ovum or egg, which is exceedingly small, but which 
 if impregnated becomes the foetus. The human egg in all its details 
 resembles the egg of the chick. It contains a yolk, in the centre of 
 which is a little vesicle called the germinal vesicle, and on the walls of 
 the germinal vesicle is seen its nucleus, named the macula germinatica. 
 or germinal spot. As each Graafian vesicle rises to the surface of the 
 ovary it bursts, and allows the contained ovum to escape, which is seized
 
 400 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 
 
 by the fimbriae of tbc Fallopiau tube, and transmitted to the womb. 
 The scar left on the ovary after the discharge of the ovum is called the 
 corpiis luteum or yeUoic body. This function in the female is named 
 ociilntion. 
 
 There is no correspondence between the number of yellow bodiea 
 found in the ovaries of a woman and the number of children she may 
 have borne, as the ova are constantly discharged, irrespective of fecun- 
 dation, and hence the corpus luteum is no evidence of previously exist- 
 ing pregnancy 
 
 Social Status of the Organs. 
 
 We have now described the most important anatomical features of the 
 genital organs with the same composure and desire to instruct, as when 
 we descrihed the anatomy of the other organs, and I am sure that all of 
 my correct-minded readers have read the same with equal equanimity 
 and desire to learn. It is altogether owing to a false and foolish mod- 
 e.sty that everything descriptive of the anatomical differences of the 
 sexes is declared to be indelicate or obscene. It is only obscene when 
 used to awaken and excite the imagination to dwell on amatory objects, 
 and not when used for the purposes of legitimate instructions as in these 
 pa^es. Extreme reticence with regard to matters referring teethe geni- 
 tal part of the economy is not always indicative of a pure modesty oi con- 
 tinence, nor is it healthy conservatism, but often the promoter of diease 
 and imbecility. Those who are diseased at this part of their anatomy, 
 usually became so because they were ignorant of either the anatomy 
 or physiology of the organs. This fact leads me to have no sympathy 
 with any prudish illiberality, but forcibly impresses me with the great 
 necessity existing for instruction and enlightenment relative to this part 
 of the economy. I will therefore break loose from the trammels of pru- 
 dery, and attempt, in a measure, to properly inform my readers, in a 
 di.screet manner, of all the bearings of philosophy relative to the econo- 
 my of the genitalia. Knowledge of this kind, in obeisance to a prescrip- 
 tive spirit, is now isolated within a narrow precinct of intelligence, 
 while the demands of the highest welfare of humanity are urgent for 
 iiiiiversal dissemination. Medical men have long been aware of the ne- 
 cessity of popularizing intelligence relative to this subject, but lacked the 
 wisdom to ignore the illiberal countenance that banished it within their 
 own limits of intelligence. If any medical l-mowledge is worthy of popu- 
 lar acceptrmce and guidance, it is that pertaining to the genital part of 
 the economy ; on no other subject are unprofessional people so ignorant, 
 and no other sjiecies of ignorance is conducive to greater misfortunes. 
 
 Discu.ssion of this subject in the decorous language of science in a 
 popular work, will not lead to lewdness nor encourage lechery ; on the 
 contrary, my convictions are that such information as will be impartej
 
 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 401 
 
 will tend to give a healthy tone to modesty and encourage continence. 
 This is my purpose, all others I ignore and condemn. 
 
 Excessive modesty is often the offspring of ignorance. The physician 
 who is fully acquainted with the anatomy and physiology of the genera- 
 tive organs, finds nothing suggestive in such knowledge ; it is to him 
 as common-place as the anatomy and physiology of other parts of the 
 economy. And should unprofessional people be possessed of proper 
 knowledge of the anatomical features and physiological functions of the 
 organs, any decent and necessary allusion to them would not be regard- 
 ed as indelicate or offensive. Such intelligence is not subversive of the 
 moral nature, nor provocative of impvire thought ; the conventional 
 illiberality deemed proper by certain i^eople, is far more hurtful than 
 judicious instruction. Knowledge with refererence to the human 
 economy is capable of great injury if permitted to be buried, and this is 
 as true of the organs in the pelvis as of those in the thoracic region. 
 We should aU know, and not be ashamed to admit, when admission 
 is proper and right, that Nature completed her work in case of our 
 own persons ; injudicious reservation in this respect, does a great 
 deal of harm, as it often obliges the unfortunate to suifer in secret 
 with serious affections, the locality of which makes them ashamed or 
 unwilling to confide in those whose counsels may be of benefit. Few 
 parents have the wisdom to take their children in their confidence and 
 teach them the evils consequent on solitary indulgence, and but few 
 mothers acquaint their daughters with the phenomenon of womanhood 
 before its appearance. The son is unwilling to seek the counsel of 
 his father, and the daughter does not avail herself of her mother's wis- 
 dom and experience. It is the experience of every medical man whose 
 practice extends largely among females, that questions concerning the 
 integrity of the organs in the pelvic cavity are unwillingly answered. 
 What young female is willing to intrust to her medical attendant the 
 knowledge of her disordered menstruation ? She refuses to answer his 
 questions, and probably hides her chlorotic face under the bed clothes. 
 The doctor only gains the truth after he is taken to another room where 
 the mother or nurse acquaints him with the fact. This round-about 
 way of imparting the required information, places the patient in an em- 
 barrassing attitude towards her physician, and it would be far better for 
 her own welfare and individual independence did she herself state the 
 fact, and freely and composedly answer the interrogations of her medi- 
 cal attendant. Who can admire the sickly modesty of Dr. Abernethy's 
 patient, who enveloped her wrist in a linen handkerchief before she 
 would permit him to ascertain the condition of her pulse. The Doctor, 
 however, gave the proper rebuke, for he immediately put his hand in his 
 coat-tail, and remarked that '" a linen patient requires a woolen physi- 
 cian. " Those of the author's sex are also very often uncomfortable in 
 
 2A
 
 •102 THE COMPLETE ITEnBALTST. 
 
 the physician's presence, if questionetl with regard to diseases of the 
 generative organs. This is radically wrong, for such timidity and un- 
 willingness induces the patient to defer medical treatment until absolute- 
 ly driven to it by the extreme gravity the affection assumes. Modesty 
 is an admirable virtue, as far as social intercouse is concerned, but under 
 circumstances requiring mcdicol aid or coimsel, the re-establishment of 
 the organs to healthy physiological action should not be embarrassed by 
 a diseased modesty, or timid and foolish reservation. As this work is 
 intended to bear a relation to the reader the same as the physician does 
 to his patient, it is hoped that the knowledge contained in these essays, 
 will receive commendation instead of condemnation, that they will be 
 considerately read by all who have need of such intelligence ; and that 
 errors of habit may be abandoned and the proper observance of the 
 laws of health respecting the generative organs be followed instead. 
 
 In conclusion, I hope there are not many of my readers who are offend- 
 ed with Nature for making us distinct as to sex, and who endeavor to 
 remedy her mistakes by hushing up the fact altogether. 
 
 Presekvation of the Health op the Organs> 
 
 Complete health of the organs is necessary to the full vigor a!E the 
 general economy, and it should be the aim and desire of all to mairitain 
 the vigor of the genitalia. The male delights in the shapely figure of 
 the person of the female, the full development of her bust, and the vi- 
 vacity of her spirits, all indicative of a healthy genitalia ; and the fe- 
 male takes pride in the male who presents the e\'idencos of a vigorous 
 manhood. This is a natural selection, and no one is indifferent to it. 
 
 The greatest requirement is dcanUnes^. Ablutions of these parts 
 should be more frequent than of the body in general. We have seen 
 that in the male the secretion of smegma constantly accumulates at the 
 corona. Besides, the scrotum is so situated that perspiration is at all 
 times attendant. Its surface is also studded with numerous sebaceous 
 follicles, whose secretions become quickly very offensive. If these 
 secretions are not removed, they will impede the full development of 
 the organ as well as abridge coitive power. They should therefore be 
 daily cleansed. Cold water is preferable, as it is more stimulating, and 
 po8.se.sses greater tonic properties than tepid or warm water. 
 
 In the female the excessive secretions render cleanliness very im- 
 portant. The vaginal secretions should not be allowed to accum- 
 late at the vulva, as they soon become offensive, and if re-absorbed 
 impair the general health. On the pubic prominence are many se- 
 baccoua follicles, whose secretions should be frequently removed by 
 ablutions. Besides, the urine which passes through the external parts
 
 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 403 
 
 adds constantly to the uncleanly state. It is therefore very important 
 that the parts should be frequently washed, omitting, however, cold- 
 water ablutions during the menstrual period. 
 
 Nothing is capable of doing greater harm than excesses of any kind, 
 and those organs should not be indulged by any unnatural means. It is 
 promotive of disease, destructive of manhood and healthy womanhood, 
 and, if early engaged in, arrests the full development of the organs of 
 either sex, and so reduces the strength of these organs that it renders 
 them incapacitated for the purposes which were ordained to them by 
 nature, besides wrecking the nervous system very materially. It is 
 well known that those who have thus been imprudent, having so long 
 been accustomed to self -gratification, do not find subsequent and legiti- 
 mate excitement so intense as those who have been continent. They 
 have so long been accustomed to the gratification induced by their own 
 electricity that the magnetism of another body becomes more or less 
 inert in the production of a complete orgasm. The habit is morally 
 and iihysically pernicious, and its prevalence should be abated by influ- 
 ence of a superior education in these matters. 
 
 Undue excitement of the important passion is detrimental in the ex- 
 treme. Obscene literature and pictures do more harm than merely de- 
 praving the moral tastes — they so stimulate the amative passions that 
 the seminal vesicles, by the consequent nervous excitement, will allow 
 the semen to ooze away, inducing hidden seminal waste or losses of 
 semen with the urine, creating an intonicity of those organs and deprive 
 them of natural vigor. The same effect is produced by association of 
 the sexes, where the mutual conduct is provocative of amative excite- 
 ment, though modified by forbidden indulgence. Those who have 
 the welfare of the organs in view, are therefore counselled not to per- 
 mit abnormal excitement of the passions to occur. Females should, 
 likewise, avoid reading obscene literature, from the fact that the con- 
 stant expenditure of nervous force ensuing upon the engorged condition 
 of her organs is very hurtful. It is a well-known physiological fact, 
 that undue excitement of any passion, such as anger, mirth, etc. , is al- 
 ways followed by a certain weakness of the general organism, and the 
 same holds true of the amative passion also. 
 
 The occasional desire for congress is purely a natural one, and the 
 most chaste or pure-minded jierson, sufficiently fortunate to possess 
 healthy organs, cannot rise superior to the desire. It is simply a mani- 
 festation of a function of the economy in perfect obedience to a physio- 
 logical law. It is readily explained. We have seen that semen is the 
 secretory product of a gland (the testes), afterward deposited in a 
 vesicle ; the urine is also secreted by a gland, and deposited likewise in 
 a vesicle (the bladder). When the bladder becomes filled the afferent 
 nerves distributed to it convey intelligence of the fact to the brain, and
 
 404 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 
 
 a desire for urination arises, which continues as long as the bladder 
 remains charged with urine. This is a natural phenomenon of organic 
 function. In like manner the full seminal vesicles impart the sensation 
 to the nerves distributed to them, which is also conveyed to the brain. 
 WTiat is the result ? Naturally, a desire for cohabitation in order to 
 evacuate the charged vesicles. This fact is an unalterable condition of 
 the economy, and it follows that a desire for the evacuation of the vesi- 
 cles is as much a natural manifestation of functional action as that of 
 relief of the bladder. In the female the hyi^erajsthetic condition of the 
 nerves distributed,to the clitoris awakens the same desire, which rematas 
 as long as the nervous forces, are not equalized by the expenditure of a 
 part. It is, therefore, purely a nervous phenomenon in the female. 
 The amative passion is not a cultivated one ; it is natural to the human 
 being, and ineradicable by the greatest exercise of continent thought 
 and behavior, and its gratification is unquestionably hygienic. It is, of 
 course, as subject to rational indulgence as ia diet or drink. 
 
 We have seen that desires are natural in a healthy condition of either 
 Bex, and that a rational indulgence is hygienic, but I earnestly caution 
 every reader to guard against debauchmg the passion by unlicensed 
 congress. The indulgence can only be countenanced in marriage. . It 
 is, therefore, the plam duty of every male and female to marry, aild as 
 early in life as contingencies will permit. That marriage is hygeciic is 
 proven by the fact that married people live longer than the iinmarned, a 
 fact that demonstrates the marital privilege as a healthy relation be- 
 tween the sexes. Nature did not design total continence, and such a 
 condition is aversive to the physical and mental well-being of the sexes. 
 Nature, however, provides in this as she does in everything else. The 
 amative passions do not present themselves or become inconveniently 
 Btrong in either sex until a full marriageable age is attained. 
 
 Mauriage. 
 
 Tliis is, in law, the conjugal union of man with woman, and is the 
 only state in which cohabitation is considered proper and irreprehensi- 
 ble. The marriage relation exists in all Christian communities, and is 
 considered the most solemn of contracts, and, excepting in Protestant 
 countries, it is regarded as a sacrament, In some countries its celebra- 
 tion falls under the cog-nizance of ecclesiastical courts only, but in the 
 United States it is regarded as merely a civil contract, magistrates hav- 
 ing, equally with clergymen, the right to solemnize it, though it is usu- 
 ally the j)ractice to have it performed by a clergyman, and attended 
 with religious ceremonies. Marriage, as a legalized custom, is of very 
 ancient origin. It is doubtful whether even the primitive man was not 
 governed in the intercourse of the sexes by some recognition of the
 
 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 405 
 
 union being confined to one chosen one. No greater promiscuity can cer- 
 tainly be supposed than occurs in the lower animals, where pairing ia 
 the law. The nobler animals, as the lion, elephant, etc., never have 
 but one mate ; and even in case of death do not re-mate. As man ad- 
 vanced, civil codes were inaugurated, and certain protection given to 
 the choice of the parties. The earliest civil code regulating marriage of 
 which we have any account was that of Menes, who, Herodotus tells us, 
 was the first of the Pharaohs or native Egyptian kings, and who lived 
 about 3,500 years before Christ. The nature of his code is not known. 
 
 The Biblical account extends further back, but it does not appear 
 that any laws existed regulating marriage, but each one was allowed to 
 choose his wife arid concubines, and it is supposed that common consent 
 respected the selection. Next Moses gave laws for the government of 
 marriage among the Israelites. The early Greeks followed the code of 
 Cecrops, and the Romans were also governed in their marital relations 
 by stringent laws. In fact the necessity of some law regulating the in- 
 tercourse between the sexes must have become very apparent to all 
 nations or communities at a very early period. It certainly antedates 
 any legal regulations with regard to the possession of property. It is 
 very probable that every community did by common consent afford to 
 each male one or more females, and the presumption is that such choice 
 or assignment, as the case may have been, was respected by common 
 agreement as inviolable. It is doubtful if ever promiscuity was the 
 law or privilege with any community of men, even in their primitive 
 state. The possession of reason is antagonistic to such a beUef ; and 
 man was most probably elevated above the beast by the faculty of rea- 
 son in this respect as in others. Promiscuous indulgence is always evi- 
 dence of debauchery, and a departure from that natural course which is 
 prompted by an innate sense of propriety characterizing mankind. The 
 law is very indefinite with regard to what constitutes a legal marriage. 
 It is an unsettled question, both in England and in this country, 
 whether a marriage solemnized by customary formalities alone is legal, 
 or if one characterized by the mere consent of the parties is illegal. 
 The latter has been held as legal in some instances in both countries. 
 Kent, in his Commentanes, lays down the law that contracts made so 
 that either party recognizes it from the moment of contract, and even 
 not followed by cohabitation, amounts to a valid marriage ; and also 
 that a contract to be recognized at some future period, and followed by 
 consummation, is equally valid. It is unfortunate that the law is so un- 
 decided in this respect. The decisions aiTived at, for or against, were 
 not dependent upon any recognized law, but seem to be influenced by 
 the character of the cases, either for favor or discountenance. As long 
 as the law recognizes cohabitation legal only in marriage, it seems to 
 me that if consummated under consent of the parties to bear marital
 
 40G THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 
 
 relations with each other, or promise of marriage, the act shonld be un- 
 hesitatingly pronounced as the equivalent of a valid marriage in all 
 instances. If cohabitation is only a marital prerogative the law- 
 should not stultify itself by recognizing it as possible to occur in 
 any other relation. If either of the parties are married the law 
 defines it as adultery, and, very properly, defines the punishment. 
 It is necessary to the progress of the age that some such principle 
 should be recognized in common lavr, so as not to subject the 
 decision of the question to the individual opinion of any judge. It 
 would at once obviate the confusion of sentiment now held in regard to 
 it, and besides arrest the decision in test cases from mere caprice of the 
 tribunal. It is certainly as correct a principle as any in common law, 
 and would, in its operations as a statute law, be free from injustice, 
 and capable of doing much good . 
 
 Polygamy. 
 
 This is a state in which a man has at the same time one or more 
 wives, or a woman more than one husband. The latter custom is more 
 properly called polyandry, and prevails in Thibet and a few other places. 
 Polj'gamy has existed from time immemorial, especially among the 
 nations of the East. In sacred history we find that it prevailed before 
 the flood. Lamech had two wives, and the patriarchs were neaHy all 
 l)olygamists. The custom was tolerated by the laws of Moses, a»d, in 
 fact, no positive injunction against it is found in the whole of the Old 
 Testament. It is questionable whether more than one was recognized 
 as the boiid-fide wife, the other simply being wives by right of concu- 
 binage. But if polygamy was in its strictest sense the legal custom, it 
 soon grew iinpopular, for no trace of it is met in the records of the New 
 Testament, where all the passages refcning to marriage imply mono- 
 gamy as alone lawful. The custom has been almost universal in the 
 East, being sanctioned by all the religions existing there. The religion 
 of Mohammed allows four wives, but the permission is rarely exercised 
 exce]it by the rich. The custom is accounted for on the ground of the 
 premature old age of the female in those regions, and also on the ground 
 of excess of the number of females, though the latter, by the authority 
 of recent travellers, is probably not the truth. The marriage code of 
 Fu-hi, who primarily established civilization among the Chinese, gave 
 most i)robably sui)eriority to but one wife, but raised the concubine to 
 the dignity of a wife to a certain extent. 
 
 Among the Greeks, at least of later times, monogamy was the custom, 
 though in the time of Homer polygamy prevailed to some extent. It was 
 not known in the republic of Rome, but during the existence of the empire 
 the prevjih^nce of divorce gave rise to a state almost analogous to it. It 
 prevuiled among the barbarous nations of antiquity, excepting the Ger-
 
 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 407 
 
 mans. who. according to Tacitus, ' ' were content with a single wife. " In 
 some countries more than one wife was allowable if the husband could 
 extend the dowry ; a wife without a dowry was considered only a concu- 
 bine. This was the case in Judea, when it became a dependency of 
 Rome. 
 
 In Christian countries polygamy was never tolerated, the tenets of 
 the church forbidding it, though Charlemagne had two wives, and 
 Sigibert and Chilperic also had a plurality. John of Leyden, an Ana- 
 baptist leader, was the husband of seventeen wives, and he held that it 
 was his moral right to marry as many as he chose. 
 
 In England the punishment of polygamy was originally in the hands 
 of the ecclesiastics. It was considered a capital crime by a statute of 
 Edward I. , but it did not come entirely under the control of the tem- 
 poral power vuitil a statute of James I. made it a felony, punishable with 
 death. George III. made it punishable by imprisonment or transporta- 
 tion for seven years. By the laws of ancient and modem Sweden the 
 penalty is death. The Prussian Code of 1794 subjected the criminal to 
 confinement in a house of correction for not less than two years. In 
 the United States the second marriage is a nullity, and the punishment 
 varies in the different States, though usually imprisonment for a certain 
 period, or fine, or both, is the penalty. The term bigamy is most in 
 use, however, as the plurality seldom extends beyond two. Polygamy 
 has had some defenders even in modem times, most of whom have 
 grounded their defence on the absence of an express prohibition in the 
 Scriptures. Bernard Ochinus, general of the Catholic Order of Capu- 
 chins, though afterwards a Protestant, wrote in the sixteenth century a 
 work in which he advocated it It was also boldly defended by the 
 Rev. M. Madan, in a treatise called llielyphtJioro, but limited the privi- 
 lege to men. 
 
 It is the offspring of licentiousness, and its advocates merely wish to 
 give legal color to licentious habits. Every student of history will find 
 that as soon as a nation became morally depraved, polygamy was prac- 
 tised, and that monogamy was the rule in all countries truly civilized. 
 Monogamy is an element of civihzation, and, as a true child, fosters 
 and maintains its parent. 
 
 Polygamy has of late years been most shamefully revived, and out- 
 rageously practised in face of law, by the Mormons. They claim it as 
 a religious duty, and defend the system by claiming that unmarried 
 women can in the future life reach only the position of angels who 
 occupy in the Mormon theocratic system a very subordinate rank, 
 being simply ministering servants to those more worthy, thus pro- 
 claiming that it is a virtual nece.ssity of the male to practise the 
 vilest immorality in order to advance the female to the highest place 
 in Heaven.
 
 408 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 
 
 ]\Iormonism is a religion founded by Joseph Smith, who was bom in 
 Sharon, Vt., December 2:}, ISOo, and killed at Carthage, lU., June 27, 
 1844. The Smith family removed from Vermont to Palmyra, N. Y., in 
 1815, and, according to testimony, the reputation of the f amOy was bad, 
 and that Joseph was the worst of the lot. They were untruthful, in- 
 temperate, and commonly suspected of vile practices, which were proba- 
 bly true in some cases, and false in others. These statements are not 
 contradicted even by the Mormons. Joseph claims that in 1823 (Sept. 
 21). he had a vision, in which the angel Moroni appeared to him and 
 made known that in a hill near Manchester, N. Y. , he would find a rec- 
 ord written on golden plates, giving an account of the ancient inhabit- 
 ants of America, and the dealings of God with them, and with the 
 record, two transparent stones in silver bows like .spectacles, which were 
 anciently called Urim and Thummim, on looking through which the 
 golden plates would become intelligible. These he claimed were placed 
 in his hand September 23, 1827, by the angel of the Lord. The language 
 was called the reformed Egyptian, not then known on earth, and 
 the contents of the plates formed the ''Book of Mormon." The book 
 of Mormon has been proven to have been written by Solomon Spaulding. 
 It will thus be seen that Mormonism was the development of a stupend- 
 ous fraud, and it is exceedingly singular, that a sect of such'^umbera 
 as Mormonism is now, or has been, could have been formed, when 
 everything connected with it is fraudulent and perniciously immoral. 
 Polygamy was not introduced among the Mormons until 1843, when 
 Smith ordered it as a doctrine of the church by virtue of a revelation. 
 The Jlormons also aim to prove its right by claiming that St. Paul's in- 
 junction that a bishop "should be the husband of one wife," implies 
 that other men should have as many as they choose, and that if a 
 bishop should be the husband of one wife at least, the passage does not 
 express a prohibition of his having more if he wishes. 
 
 It is a most singxdar fact that a sect like the Mormons could have 
 been established in a country peopled with such law-abiding people as of 
 the United States, and maintain a system of marriage antagonistic to 
 the law and religion of the land. Neither could they have done so, 
 if they had not possessed two great virtues, temperance and industry. 
 It is to be hoped that the legal process now instituted for its abolition 
 will effectually remove the blot from the national escutcheon. 
 
 The " Oneida Communists " Are essentially polygamic, although they 
 have no man-iage system. They do not marry, and ignore all marriage 
 codes. Cohabitation is under no restrictions between the sexes. Mar- 
 riage is also not observed among the Shakers.
 
 the complete herbalist. 409 
 
 Monogamy. 
 
 This is the conjugal union of a male with one female only. We have 
 Been that monogamy was co-equal with the dawn of civilization, and that 
 most probably the majority of the males had but one wife, even among 
 polygamic nations. Universal polygamy is practically impossible, the 
 scarcity of females and the poverty of the males forbidding it. The 
 excess of females is not so great in any country as to allow to each male 
 more than one wife, except the male portion is depleted by long and 
 disastrous wars. Monogamy has done more for the elevation of the fe- 
 male than any other custom of civilization. The rich could only afford 
 to practise polygamy, and should the poor imitate the example, it would 
 necessarily subject the wives to a state of serfdom. In the economy of 
 nature it is designed that the male should be the protector of the female, 
 and that by his exertions the provision of food and raiment should be 
 secured. In polygamous nations the female has not attained that social 
 state that she has reached in countries where the male is entitled to but 
 one female as his wife. Woman's highest sphere is not in the Harem or 
 the Zeilani, but in that dignified state in which she is the sole connubial 
 companion of but one man. It is debasing to her nature, and subver- 
 sive of her dignity in the rank of humanity, to make her the equal only 
 with others in the marital union with one male. She becomes only the 
 true, noble, and affectionate being when she is conscious of a superiority 
 to others in the connubial companionship with her accepted one. The 
 female of birds chirps but for her single mate, and she is pugnaciously 
 monogamic as well as virtuous, allowing neither male nor female at or 
 near her home. The spirit of independence she gains by being the 
 mate of but one male gains for her the victory over the intruders. 
 
 The physical and mental welfare of the female is also dependent upon 
 monogamic marriage. I have demontrated that temperate indulgence 
 is conducive to the sanitary condition of the sexes, and that absolute 
 abstinence is opposed to the designs of nature. It is also evident that 
 the male is not endowed with greater power, vigor or capacity than 
 the female ; therefore, confinement or limitation of the congress to the 
 companionship of one male with one female, as in monogamic marriage, 
 gives the healthy balance to the marital union. The polygamic hus- 
 band must either suffer from the consequences of excessive indulgence, 
 or his wives from poverty of uxorial gratification ; probably both would 
 be the case. Polyandry is equally as proper as polygamy, yet it never 
 in the history of man obtained a permanent foothold. The female is 
 equally capable, if not more so, to capacitate more husbands than one 
 as the male more than one wife, and the physical deterioration would 
 not be greater. The system is more logical than polygamy, because 
 her dependence would be distributed between two or more husbands, ia 
 18
 
 410 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 
 
 which case she would be better insured against poverty, and her support 
 would be guaranteed by greater probability. 
 
 We have now described the history and aspect of the two customs, 
 and will conclude this subject by remarking that a man is morally and 
 physically entitled to but one wife, and that a plurality is a gi'eat wrong 
 to the female, and in total opposition to the ordinance of Nature. 
 WTierever polygamy is the custom the female is held in slavish subjec- 
 tion. It only prospers in proportion to the ignorance of the sex. Intel 
 ligent and civilized woman will always rebel against such uxorial 
 debasement and servitude. 
 
 Maruiage Customs. 
 
 It wovild probably be interesting to many to describe the marriage 
 ceremonies observed by different nations, but to enter into a descriptive 
 detail would occupy too much space. It is suflficient to say that while 
 some wives are wooed and won, others are bought and sold ; while in 
 some countries the husband brings the wite to his home, in others, as in 
 Formosa, the daughter brings her husband to her father's house, and is 
 considered one of the family, while the sons, upon marriage, leave the 
 family forever. In civilized countries the ceremonies are either minis- 
 terial or magisterial, and are more or less religious in character, while in 
 others less civilized the gaining of a wife depends upon a foot-race, in 
 which the female has the start of one-third the distance of the course, 
 as is the custom in Lapland. In Caffraria the lover must first fight 
 himself into the affections of his lady-love, and if he defeats all his 
 rivals she becomes his wife without further ceremony. Among the 
 Congo tribes a wife is taken upon trial for a year, and if not suited to 
 the standard of taste of the husband he returns her to her parents. In 
 Persia the wife's status depends upon her fruitfulness : if she be barren 
 she can be put aside. In the same country they have also permanent 
 marriages, and marriages for a certain period only — the latter never 
 aUowed to exceed ninety years. 
 
 In fact the marriage ceremonies differ nearly in all countries. Tc us 
 some may appear very absurd, and yet our customs may be just as 
 amazing to them. It matters but little how a conjugal union is effected 
 as long as .sanctioned by law or custom, and obligates the parties, by 
 common opinion, to observe the duties pertaining to married life. 
 
 The Basis of a Happy Marriage. 
 
 The state of conjugal union should be the happiest in the whole of 
 the existence of either man or woman, and is such in a congenial mar- 
 riage. Yet in the history of very many marriages contentment or hap- 
 piness is palpably absent, and an almost insufferable misery is the heri- 
 tage of both parties. It is therefore important that previous to the
 
 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 411 
 
 marital union the parties should take everythiug in consideration that 
 foreshadows happiness after marriage, as well as everything calculated 
 to despoil conjugal felicity. 
 
 The first requisite of congenial marriage is hve. Without being ce- 
 mented by this element the conjugal union is sure to be uncongenial. 
 It is the strongest bond, the firmest cord, uniting two hearts inseparably 
 together. Love for the opposite sex has always been a controlling 
 influence with mankuid. It is the most elevating of all the emotions, 
 and the purest and tenderest of all sentiments. It exerts a wonderful 
 power, and by its influence the grandest human actions have been 
 achieved. Of what infinite worth it is to either sex to be compensated 
 with a worthy and satisfying love, and how ennobling to the impulses 
 and actions it is to bestow the sentiment upon one worthy to receive and 
 willing to return. 
 
 Love is only given to that which we admire and esteem. The man who 
 admires the shajaely hand, the comely figure, the pretty foot, the hand- 
 some features, the well-formed waist, etc., will naturally love the 
 woman possessing such attractions. The woman will love the man who 
 favorably approaches her standard of conception as to manly excellence 
 and beauty. Others admire moral purity, vivacity of disposition, 
 superior talents, genius, etc., and hence natujally will love the pos- 
 sessors. In fact this proposition is founded upon a law of mind ; love 
 cannot be generated by forces that antagonize our ideals of esteem and 
 admiration. The love that engenders matrimonial happiness must be 
 reciprocal. Reciprocity of love will naturally induce matrimonial 
 alliance. It should not be inspired by a passional nature only, nor 
 should it be platonic entirely, but the two intimately blended together 
 will render the love one of adaptation, and secure conjugal placidity. 
 The love that is created in us by the Venus-like form of the female, or 
 Apollo-like character of the male, is not that love that alone insures 
 happiness, the moral and mental nature must also be congenial. Can- 
 didates for marriage should carefully consult themselves, and without 
 ulterior motives ascertain if the love they have for the one to be chosen 
 or accepted is adequate to compensate the yearning of this sentiment. 
 If the one selected has all the characteristics that inspire love, that will 
 be the proper one to marry. Love is the main-spring that regulates the 
 harmony of conjugal life, and without it there is a void in the ma- 
 chinery, productive only of jars, convulsive movement, and a grating 
 and inharmonious action. The soul yearns for love and to love, and 
 unless the desire is compensated, human life is a blank, and becomes a 
 purposeless existence. Love ever stimulates the good and suppresses 
 the bad, if kept in a proper channel, and guided by pure affections. 
 
 Another requisite of a happy marriage is health. No person has a moral 
 right to engage iu wedlock who cannot bring to his partner the offering
 
 412 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 
 
 of good health. It may be apparently a cruelty to the consumptive to 
 deny to him the gratification of his aifections or passions, but it would 
 be a greater cruelty to encourage him or her in a step the consequences 
 of which would engender anything but happiness. Is it a pleasing thing 
 to contemplate that you throw upon the bosom of your spouse but the 
 body of an invalid, and one that will be the constant object of care and 
 Eolicitation on the part of either husband or wife ? Is it consoling to 
 your justness that you can but offer a limited period of your life to the 
 one of your choice, and that the iaevitable consequences of your affec- 
 tion will at an early period leave but one at the hearthstone? Is it 
 encouraging to know that the offspring of your union will in all proba- 
 bility be equally tainted as yourself, and that on those upon whom you 
 conjointly place your hopes and pride are destined to perhaps an early 
 grave ? It is intrinsically wrong for those in whom the taint of con- 
 sumption, scrofula, syphilis, insanity, etc., to many, unless they feel 
 convinced that by proper medical treatment they have been or can be 
 thorouglily cured. Intermarriage of the cachectic would be far more 
 judicious than the union of the healthy to the diseased. Vigor and 
 debility are constitutional opposites, and cannot exist together iu the 
 physical economy, and the marital union of the physically healthy to 
 the phy.sically unhealthy does also produces nothing but discord in the 
 economy of marital existence. , 
 
 A very important consideration is the knowledge of what marriage 
 really implies. Id obliges the encountering of duties and circumstances 
 which press considerations and plans of life upon the most careless 
 mhids. The change in the habit and manner of life, the divided re- 
 sponsibility, the inexorable demands of marital duties to be complied 
 with, and various other matters incident to wedded association should 
 be fully pre-considered, and the relation assumed only after thorough 
 deliberation and satisfactory self-examination. It is the duty of the 
 eligible of either sex to marry, but a marital alliance should be consu- 
 mated intelligently, not thoughtlessly or ignorantly. " Look before 
 you leap," is an adage that has profound significance in its application 
 to candidates for connubial association. If an error is made in selec- 
 tion, scarcely an other error that may be committed by man or woman 
 is so difficult of rectification, and none will result in greater misery, 
 mental anguish, and destruction of all the joys of life. If, on the con- 
 trary, the selection or acceptance is wisely and discreetly made on both 
 sides, the conjugal pair will be blest with all the earthly joys capable of 
 attainment. 
 
 It is invariably those who thoughtlessly entered into marital com- 
 panionship that make mistakes. They shrink before the realities inci- 
 dent to married life on their first presentation, simply because they 
 never dreamed, much less thought, that such exigencies are inevitable
 
 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 413 
 
 to the marital sphere. They are ignorant of the duties incumbent 
 upon either husband or wife, hence they leave them unperformed ; 
 opportunities for ad%'ancement are not improved ; neglect becomes the 
 basis of action with only one possible result — marital infelicity. If we 
 trace the cause, we find that in the majority of cases, infelicity is owing 
 to neglect in the performance of marital duty ; and this disregard is 
 ascribable to utter ignorance previous to marriage of the duties inherent 
 to the marital sphere ; consequently, as soon as they confront the wedded 
 pair they are not met with a fixed determination to discharge them satis- 
 factorily as emergencies will admit, but are shirked and postponed, and 
 finally, when the necessity for action becomes absolute, they are inade- 
 quately performed ; a fault which is sure to engender dissatisfaction, 
 petulance, or rejiroach on the part of either husband or wife. 
 
 MaiTiage implies the utter abandonment of the interests and advance- 
 ment of self to the exclusion of the other marital companion. If cir- 
 cumspect, by noting marital conduct in others, a fair conception of mar- 
 riage and its consequences wUl soon be known. Then, the individual 
 must ask himself, or herself : Am I capable and willing to do my duty ? 
 Could I rise superior to all the trials, vexations, and perplexities that 
 present themselves to those in marriage ? Would I never weary of doing 
 the best under all circumstances ? If you can satisfactorily answer these 
 and others, you can enter fitly and nobly into the marital sphere. 
 
 Another consideration is cccnncss of temper. In the wooing days 
 every one is a lamb, and only becomes the howling wolf after marriage. 
 Circumstances that ruffle the temper in the presence of the intended 
 are but like the harmless squib, but would become like the explosive 
 torpedo in his or her absence, or in after-marriage. Quan-elling caused 
 by matrimonial differences is the most frequent cause of infelicity, and 
 most of them are caused by an innate irate temper of either the husband 
 or wife. Differences that would be amicably adjusted by the exercise 
 of a little reason and temperance in argviment or judgment, are to the 
 irascible the subject for the most vehement and angry logic, and the 
 solution is inevitably discord. It is difficult, I acknowledge, to ascer- 
 tain previously the mental disposition of persons, when they have 
 occasion to conceal the defect in order to enhance their own interest. 
 It is quite possible that Socrates, when he wooed the lovely Xanthippe, 
 deemed her perfection, called her his ' ' darling," his "pet," his " angel," 
 if philoso]ihers ever make use of such endearing expressions. Her con- 
 duct evidently deceived him as to her real nature, for the poor old 
 philosopher was egregiously deceived and inexpressibly tortured in his 
 married life by the historically renowned virago and termagant. "Love 
 is blind," but its eyes should not be blindly closed against any such 
 imperfection as naturally tends to desti-oy wedded bliss. Careful 
 /»bservation in a variety of circumstances will often disclose the real
 
 414 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 
 
 disposition, and the mask is sometimeg unwitting-ly let fall, so that you 
 may gain a cursory glance of the features, which if uncomely, should be 
 enough. 
 
 The trtstes should not be dimmilar. Some of them may be unim- 
 portant, but others are a fruitful source of disagreement. The social 
 •w-ife will never be contented with the unsocial husband, and the gay 
 husband, though his gayety may not be commendable, will always 
 accuse his wife if she lacks a social disposition to a great extent. 
 The religious wife will never excuse a tendency to irreligion in her hus- 
 band, and though he may be far from being immoral, she is unhappy if 
 he docs not participate in her devotions. The one devoted to children 
 will never be happy with one having a natural repugnance for them. 
 In this way we might multiply facts illustrative of the importance of an 
 investigation into the similarity of taste, previous to marriage. Great 
 love, however, overcomes almost every obstacle. 
 
 The parties should be nearly of one age, the husband should be the 
 older. The union of the old husband to the young wife, or the reverse, 
 is seldom a happy one. There is seldom that such a marriage occurs in 
 which the incentive is not the wealth of either of the parties. The 
 young praft on the old tree does not thrive well, the vitality^required 
 by the one is not afforded by the other. The magnetism of the 'old is 
 not suited to the young, and there never can be a concord in their u^ion. 
 It is a law of nature that animals of like age should only mate together. 
 The old male bird does not mate with the young female bird, but mat- 
 ing always occurs between those of the same year's brood. It is only in 
 their domestication that they lose this law of instinct, and it is only 
 through a vice of civilization that marriages between the old and young 
 are contracted, in opposition to the original design of marital union. 
 Such marriages are but seldom the result of a mutual love ; one of the 
 party is sure to be actuated by motives other than the one of conjugal 
 hapi)iness. and the union is usually enforced by the opportune chance of 
 enhancement in respect to wealth or station in society. The progeny of 
 such a union is very seldom endowed with either physical or mental 
 vigor, which is easily accounted for. The physiologist knows that the 
 mental emotions of the mother, during the period of pregnancy, is very 
 apt to affect development of the chUd in utero, either favorably or im- 
 favorably. How, then, can a young mother be actually comfortable, 
 how can her emotions be elevated, how can she have that solicitude 
 •which is prompted by love, if she bears but little more than respect for 
 her elderly or old husband ? She has not that intense solicitude or hope 
 that her child shall be all that is excellent ; she has not that incentive 
 of love that prompts her to a rcvcry of desire that her child shall be all 
 that she deems noble and beautiful ; her conjugal relation is not calcu- 
 lated to iu8i)irc her highest and purest emotions, and the pride of her
 
 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 415 
 
 htisband is not g^-eat enough for her to yearn for the day when she can 
 present, with all the joys of maternity, an heir to her lord. It is, there- 
 fore, a union not calculated to promote domestic contentment, and there 
 must be in the heart of either a htisband or wife an aching void, and a 
 longing for other than a senile embrace. 
 
 There are other considerations to be viewed before a union is effected. 
 No one should neglect the moral character, the habits of frugality and 
 industry, etc. , etc. A marriage should only be consummated when both 
 of the parties are morally certain that they are necessary to each other's 
 existence ; that life would be a dreary waste without the oasis of the 
 loved one ; that the intended one possesses all you admire and esteem ; 
 and that the journey of life in his or her companionship will be one of 
 serenity and happiness ; — the union will then, by the endeavors of both, 
 be attended by all the joy, contentment, and happiness that it is in the 
 power of mortals to obtain here below. 
 
 I cannot more appropriately close this subject than by quoting an ab- 
 stract from a weU-kno\vn author, who presents his case in full color, but 
 it exposes the undercurrent that leads to the marriage-tie only too truth- 
 fully. He asks: " Who dared first to say that marriages are made in 
 heaven ? We know that there are not only blunders but roguery in the 
 marriage-office. Do not mistakes occur every day, and are not the 
 wrong people coupled ? Had heaven anything to do with the bargain 
 by which young JMiss Blushrose was sold to old Mr. Hoarfrost ? Did 
 heaven order young Miss Fripjier to throw over poor Tom Spooner, and 
 marry the wealthy Mr. Bung ? You may as well say that horses are 
 sold in heaven, which, as you know, are groomed, are doctored, are 
 chanted on the market, and warranted by dexterous horse-venders as 
 possessing every quality of blood, pace, temper, and age. Against these 
 Mr. Greenhorn has his remedy sometimes ; but against a mother who 
 sells a warranted daughter what remedy is there ? You have been 
 jockeyed by false representations into bidding for the Cecilia, and the 
 animal is yours for life. She shys, kicks, stumbles, has an infernal tem- 
 per, is a crib-biter, and she is warranted to you by her mother as the 
 most perfect, good-tempered creature, whom the most timid could man' 
 age ! You have bought her. She is yours. Heaven bless you ! Take 
 her home, and be miserable for the rest of your days. You have no 
 redress. You have done the deed. Marriages were made in heaven, 
 you know ; and in yours you were as much sold as Moses Primrose was 
 when he bought the gross of green spectacles." 
 
 Marriages are usually contracted to gratify various desires, as love, 
 fortune, or position. The results are most truthfully stated by an emi- 
 nent divine in the following passages : — 
 
 " Who marries for love, takes a wife ; who marries for fortune, takes 
 a mistress ; who marries for position, takes a lady. You are loved by
 
 416 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 
 
 your wife, regarded by your mistress, tolerated by your lady. You 
 have a wife for yourself, a mistress for your house and friends, a lady 
 for the world and society. Your wife will agree with you, your mistress 
 will rule you, your lady will manage you. Your wife will take care of 
 your household, your mistress of your house, your lady of your appear- 
 ances. If you are sick, your wife will nurse you, your mistress will visit 
 you, your lady will inquire after your health. You take a walk with 
 your wife, a ride with your mistress, and go to a party with your lady. 
 Your wife will share your grief, your mistress your money, and your 
 lady your debts. Tf you die, your wife will weep, your mistress lament, 
 and your lady wear moumiBg. Which will you have ? " 
 
 To man there is but one choice that he can rationally make, a mar- 
 riage of love. My female readers, I hope, will also decide rather to wed 
 a husband than the master or the elegant gentleman. 
 
 A little foresight, a little prudence, and a little caution, will prevent 
 in most cases the entrance into a marriage which, by the very nature of 
 the alliance, is certain to be an unhappy and improper one. 
 
 Married Life. 
 
 Two sparrows, votaries of Love, They both were prisoned in a cage ; 
 
 The Mars and Venus of the prove, Where — much I grieve the tale te tell — 
 
 Had been for years siich constant mates, A sorry scandal now befell ; A 
 
 \on would have sworn the very Fates They scold, recriminate and fight, ' 
 
 Were impotent to break the bond. Like arrant foes, from morn till night ^ 
 
 That joined a pair so true and fond ; Until, at length, the wretched birds 
 
 Togotlier still they sought their food ; In cruel acts and bitter words 
 
 Together played in field and wood ; The very furies emulate — 
 
 Together built the cosy nest And all their love is turned to hate I 
 That served for shelter and for rest; 
 
 Together fought the feathered foes L'envoi. 
 
 With whom tliey came to words and blows ; Full many a couple come to strife 
 
 III fine, they lived as lovers ought. And hatred m connubial life. 
 
 Without ft single selfish thought, Whose days of courtship iiromised fair 
 
 Save such as might concern the twain, As those of thi"! unhappy pair ; 
 
 Their mutual joy or mutual pain. But, like the sparrows in my tale. 
 
 At last, one day, thej' chanced to get When trouble comes their tempers fail , 
 
 Tlieir feet entangled in a net. They blame each other for the fate 
 
 (A vagrant boy had spread the snare Which both should strive to mitigate, 
 
 To catch and keep the pretty pair!) With patience helping to endure 
 
 And soon, despite their noisy rage, The iUs that kindness fails to cure ! 
 
 What an interesting lesson is contained in the above — a lesson that 
 should bo well coimed and thoroughly learned by every married couple 
 for practical use and guidance. 
 
 The phjsician, in his a^lvices as to the conduct that should be observed 
 by the husbaud and wife, is more properly confined to physiological 
 a.spccts, but as the behavior iu every respect is so intimately blended, it 
 is not araLs.s, in a medical work, to state what the conduct should be ia
 
 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 
 
 417 
 
 general. UnliappiueGS in wedded life is the result freqiiently of a cou- 
 ple being' joined who should not on any account have been thrown into 
 marital companionship. It is found that they are uncongenial in every 
 respect, and hence the natural and inevitable result is dissension and a 
 mutual regret of marriage. The pharmaceutist knows that if a chemi- 
 cal element is incompatible in a mixture that no amount of shaking, 
 trituration, or commotion that he may produce will make the contrary 
 element act affinitively ; on the contrary, the more violent his endeavors 
 the more the incompatibility is manifested. It is precisely so in the 
 union of the man and woman who are by nature and purposes of life 
 incompatible. Discord is evident at the first contact, which in time in- 
 creases to ebullitions and explosions of temper, and the more they 
 attempt to reconcile their differences the greater they become ; the 
 affections are destroyed, and each one becomes conscious that they have 
 made the greatest mistake of their lives. Each blames their misfortune 
 to the other when both are to blame, not so much on account of their 
 combativeness, as that is but a law of their nature, but because neither 
 of them had the wisdom to abstain from entering into the marital rela- 
 tion. It is, of course, commendable that both should be desirous of 
 making the best of their union, and that each should display prudence 
 in their conduct, but in the face of all their endeavors the galling fact 
 of incompatibility is ever present, and no amount of the best efforts wiU 
 make the union a happy one. If children are born to them they will 
 in all probability be of a vicious nature, lacking in all the noble quali- 
 ties, and who, l)om with the innate disposition, and reared and schooled 
 in the midst of family discord, wiU almost inevitably "go to the bad," 
 thus adding materially to the general misery of the parents, both of 
 whom are ready and honest in their beUef and averment that the dis- 
 position of the children is the heritage from the other. It is unfortunate 
 that such marriages are consummated, for the diversity in all the actions 
 and purposes of life naturally manifested by both is too great to be 
 reconciled by the most earnest exercise of either prudence or forbear- 
 ance. Such a union has always been, and \vill always be, an unhappy 
 one, and the best endeavors will scarcely make it tolerable. It may be 
 poetical to say that such a man and woman are one, but they are deci- 
 dedly two on all subjects and conditions of married life. 
 
 It is not to be supposed, however, that every infelicitous episode in 
 married life is to be ascribed to incompatibility. The turbulence in 
 many cases is owing to decided misconduct on the part of either husband 
 or wife. Many unions would be very hapjiy if but a generous effort 
 would be made to render it so ; but if either one is actuated by a si)irit 
 in opposition to mutual confidence, mutual welfare, and mutual enjoy- 
 ment, it will either create a slavish submission on the part of one, or 
 the assertion of mutual equality. In both cases the result is detri- 
 18* 2b
 
 418 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 
 
 mental to conjug'al bliss. A tame submission begets disrespect, and the 
 assertion of the right generates the "family jar." In the social and 
 commercial intercourse of man and wife, mutual confidence, mutual 
 endeavor, and mutual benefit should be the objective point. Conceal- 
 ment of purpose is as vfrong as deception in action, and neither should 
 be for a moment entertained. The wife should be the possessor of the 
 husband's secrets, and the husband the custodian of the wife's confi- 
 dences. To be actuated by secrecy either in intent or action is nothing 
 more than duplicity, and an attitude in entire opposition to the spirit 
 of wedded life ; but, while the author in every instance advocates an 
 open and candid intercourse between the husband and wife, he can 
 only hurl anathemas upon the one who betrays the confidence. To be 
 worthy of confidence, and to be enti-usted with secrets, demands the 
 fidelity that wiU not betray the one or divulge the other. Deception on 
 the part of either husband or wife will, in spite of all attempts at con- 
 cealment, often be detected, causing justly indignation and loss of re- 
 spect. It is an evidence that the one to whom everything should be 
 confided is deemed unworthy of trust, and it puts at an end that har- 
 mony and confidence that should exist. 
 
 ]\Iarried couples should most carefully husband their affections for 
 each other. It is a most deplorable fact, that the love between many 
 too soon loses its fervor. This loss is not due to familiarity, nor is it A 
 natural result of daily association ; but decidedly the effect of a repre- 
 hensible disregard of a mutual endeavor to maintain it. We love only that 
 which is lovely ; and the person who makes himself lovely will be loved. 
 It is more frequently the case that the wife loses her husband's affections 
 than the reverse. This is not so much the result of the inferior affection- 
 ate nature of man as it is of neglect and imprudence on the part of woman. 
 Women, if they would rule men's hearts, must deserve and unwittingly 
 exact the approval and admiration of their minds. Her variability of tem- 
 per is most unfortunate. It goes up like a rocket and comes down like an 
 aerolite ; a miracle of smiles or weeping Niobe, a driving tempest or a flash- 
 ing sunbeam. A never-varying, bland, lullaby-sort of temperament is 
 mo.st deplorable ; sparkle, buoyancy, and even an irrepressible dash of fun, 
 now and then, are most healthful and appetizing ; but mere feminine diplo- 
 macy should forbid the not unfrequent dovetailing of winsome caresses 
 and childish poutings on the part of the wife, and so should the whimsical 
 interi)iay of fooli.sh indulgence and churlish neglect on the part of the hus- 
 band be abandoned. Principle, not caprice, should be the energizing and 
 controlling motive. The most charming views of wedded life are to be 
 taken from the higher mounts of vision — those of settled design and 
 steady purpose. There must, of course, be mutual concessions and mu- 
 tual agreements to disagree. There is a way to win by commanding, 
 and a way to command by winning. By the wise interblending of self-
 
 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 419 
 
 centred strength, and a prodigal wifely affection, she may achieve mar- 
 vels of wifely management. The husband may imconsciously lead ; but 
 never essay to drive. At the same tmie, we are frank enough to con- 
 fess that there are too many women who need the flaming sword of an 
 archangel to awe and repress them. There is no such thing as conquer- 
 ing them by love ; as well prate of love to a blackbird. But if kindness 
 fails, severity will fail aU the more surely. Flies stiU continue to take 
 more kindly to molasses than to vinegar. If they but knew how a 
 cheerful temper, joined with innocence, will make their beauty more 
 attractive, knowledge more delightful, and wit more good-natured, 
 they surely would endeavor to cultivate and cherish it. It is an un- 
 questioned fact that too many wives neglect the most important ele- 
 ments of wifely conduct. 
 
 To her is entrusted the care and management of the home— if it is 
 agreeable, it is her work, if it is attractive, it is to her credit alone that 
 it should be ascribed. If the home is not a cheery place, it is because 
 she does not render it so. It is not requisite that elegance and luxury 
 — that only wealth can procure — should characterize it ; cleanliness, 
 order, and, above all, her bright, sunny smiles, and cheerful company, 
 adorn it more than the richest household furniture. The atmosphere of 
 the home must not be darkened by the clouds of discontent, perplexity or 
 anger, but lit up by the effulgence of social conviviality, good-nature, 
 and buoyancy of spirit. The husband coming from his daily task must, 
 in return for the bright smiles of the wife and children that welcome 
 him home, throw aside all cares of business, and devote himself to their 
 enjoyment. It wiU put a new life in him as well as in his wife and 
 children. If exhausted and fatigued, or if his mental energies have 
 been overtaxed, he must not thrust the fact too forcibly upon his 
 family, but on the contrary bring freshness and buoyancy of spirit into 
 the family circle. He must not recuperate his energies at the expense 
 of the vitality of his wife and little ones. The wife should also as early 
 as possible dispense with household duties, and, until the retiring hour, 
 be ever ready to engage in that social communion, which is so healthful, 
 and so conducive to happiness of manied life. But how frequently is 
 it the case that the weary husband, who v,'0uld gladly engage in that 
 relaxation afforded by domestic conference in play, reading, etc., is 
 only beguiled by the din of pots and kettles, the clatter of dishes, the 
 music of a wash-tub, etc., in the kitchen, which often is incessant, until 
 the poor husband, desirous of social comforts, but weary of waiting for 
 them, goes to bed with nothing to luU him to sleep but the confused 
 noises that come from the kitchen, made by his bu.sy and industrious, 
 but indiscreet spouse. We would not deprecate industry on the part of 
 the wife. We well know that many a wife, whose household duties and 
 personal attention to the children absorb most of her time, can find but
 
 420 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 
 
 little opportunity to eng<age in recreation or social enjoyment, but whilfe 
 we admire thrift, coupled with industrious habits, we cannot but deplore 
 the state which robs from her the best energies, instead of applying 
 some, at least, upon the effort to render the atmosphere of the home, 
 not one of incessant labor only, but also one that is brightened and 
 rendered cheerful by the relaxation aiforded by an occasional leisure 
 hour, in which the man, wife, and children are brought in contact, and 
 stimulated and refreshed by social concourse. As well might the hus- 
 band file his saws, grind his axes, and chop his wood at the same time, 
 as the wife to be continuously drawn from his presence by the labor of 
 the home. It is, we know, not a pleasing contrast, to compare a thrifty 
 and industrious wife with one who is indolent and careless, but we only 
 argue for a limit, as wo know that matrimonial happiness, health, and 
 noble qualities of children are dependent in a great measure upon en- 
 livened social intercourse in the family. We would have no wife merit 
 the exclamation of "' IIoio shiftless/" from an Aunt Priscilla, but they 
 must not be so busy either, that her husband has in her no social com- 
 panion. Such wives cannot much blame their husbands if they seek 
 social pastime in the club, in the inn, or even in his neighljpr's house, 
 where Mrs. Sparkle makes everything so pleasant. It is the duty^of the 
 husband, whenever possible, to give his leisure hours to the. com- 
 panionship of his wife and children, but it is also a duty that the wife 
 so arranges everything that they can not only be passed tolerably bub 
 agreeably. It should be the effort of both husband and wife to make 
 th(; home the dourest place on earth to them, and when that is accom- 
 plished, connubial happiness is certainly achieved. It is often that the 
 best-meant efforts are fruitless, simply because they are driven in the 
 wrong direction, and the disappointment occurring in consequence of 
 misapplied energy is full hard to bear ; but if the married man or 
 woman would study the wants and desires of their consorts a little more, 
 and make earnest effort to supply them, the apple of discord woula not 
 be eaten in so many instances. 
 
 I cannot two strongly impress the importance of fidelity. Could I have 
 but one word of advice to give to the conjugal pair, I would say : — '■'Be 
 true to each ot/wr." Disloyalty in the marriage bond is the cause of m- 
 finitc trouble, misery, and ruin. It is the rock upon whose ugly and 
 jagged contour lie the wrecks of numberless matrimonial vessels. Fi- 
 dtslity is the rudder that guides the bark safely through the course, let 
 adversity nnd all else assail her, as long as not without her rudder, she 
 will out-ride the storms, and glide triumphantly and peacefully along in 
 smooth water. Disloyalty i)itchcs her at once into the breakers, where 
 she will pitch and tuss, heave and thump, and should she even escape, 
 it is only at the expense of important appanages, and most frequently 
 the b(!st directed efforts will not save her from utter ruin.
 
 THE COMPLETE HEKBAXiIST. 421 
 
 It is not only the duty of physicians, but of every one who has the 
 welfare of society at heart, to put their voices against the doctrine of 
 "free love," which has of late been promulgated and defended by cer- 
 tain persons who wish to make it a matter of creed or principle of so- 
 ciety. It is to the shame of the sex that the majority of its adherents 
 are women, in whom virtue is supposed to have its staunchest defenders 
 and supporters. It is not ostensibly advanced in advocacy of unre- 
 straint in cohabitation, but if thoroughly analyzed, its objective prin- 
 ciple amounts to the same. It is a scortatory love at best, and its 
 tendency is to give still greater laxity to the morals of society. It is 
 veiled under the sophistical dogma that every woman, if she desires to 
 become a mother, should be privileged to select her own male to be the 
 father, and that every man should be licensed to choose the woman he 
 desires to be the mother of his progeny. This, they advocate, would 
 insure higher development of the race, and that mankind would soon be 
 superior in intellectual, moral, and physical qualifications. The fact is 
 undeniable that a superior offspring would be the result, if the most 
 eligible individuals would copulatively unite, but it could never be ac- 
 complished by licensed libertinism. It can only be gained by ju- 
 dicious marriage, and in no other way. If the doctrine of unrestraint 
 they promulgate is best adapted to promote higher development of 
 offspring, it would naturally be exemplified ia the issue of those who 
 ''Honed not wisely, but too locll,^^ or in those of the lowest grades of so- 
 ciety or savage races, where chastity is unknown as a virtue. AH the 
 principles of free love characterize such an intercourse ; but it has yet 
 to be ascertained whether such progeny are in any respect superior ; on 
 the contrary, it is quite probable that they are in many respects inferior. 
 This may be, however, accounted for by the mental emotions of the 
 mother, which are naturally caused by grief, fear, shame, etc. If, even, 
 such unfavorable mental emotions could be removed by sanction from 
 society for such issue, the case would not be modified to a more favor- 
 able extent than is now possilile by legitimization of offspring by mar- 
 riage. They also prate of ' ' affinities " and spiritual attraction ; but let 
 the candid and virtuous mind investigate the full import of these co- 
 hesions, he will find that the spirit of attraction is the cohesive power 
 of gratification of the animal passions. The hideous form of lechery is 
 veiled with but the thinnest gauze ; and disguise it as they will, they 
 cannot hide the fact that it is lewdness, and not virtue, which they at- 
 tempt to honor. The doctrine, if philosophically reviewed, presents no 
 advantages over marriage, but is one pregnant with defects and im- 
 moralities, and if carried into effect would unmistakably prove itself 
 to be the death-blow to morality and civilization. The barrier to pro- 
 miscuity is to be made even more impregnable, and the sacred precinct 
 of the prerogative legitimatized by marriage is not to be over-stepped
 
 422 THE COIIPLETE HERBALIST. 
 
 by the husband or suffered to be invaded by the wife. Lechery has 
 never been, nor can never become a standard principle of moral philoso- 
 phy, and "free love" is but its synonym. 
 
 Is it a consoling picture to those with whom moral rectitude is a car- 
 dinal principle to see disloyalty to the marriag-e-tie openly and shame- 
 lessly displayed ? Is it ennobling to man's moral nature to cut loose the 
 shackles put upon him by a well-organized society with regard to his 
 conduct in amorous matters ? Can it be Justified by the most liberal 
 views of right and wrong ? Unalterably, no ; the man who comes to 
 the abode of his -wife, with his lips tainted by contact with others, and 
 yet excited by an unlawful orgasm, commits the greatest offence against 
 his wife, against nature, and against high heaven. The wife who re- 
 ceives the embraces of an unsuspecting husband, while at the same 
 time she is guilty of illicit dealings with others, is worse than the lowest 
 prostitute, and is entitled to no sympathy or condouement. It is only 
 by the most scrupulous adherence to the loyalty that should be observed 
 by man and wife, that marital happiness is to be gained or maintained ; 
 infringement is the element of its decay and destruction. 
 
 Jealousy is one of the most common visitors at the hearth of a family 
 and is a great destroyer of its peace. Entertained to a moderate de- 
 gree it is quite natural, but when it becomes a morbid feelin'^, it is 
 worthy of severe denunciation. The exhibition of slight jealousy is an 
 unerring manifestation of love, and should be accepted as such by either 
 man or wife. We are jealous of what we love, and unconcerned only 
 about that which we do not appreciate, therefore a certain degree of 
 jealouf5y entertained by the husband or wife in respect to each other 
 should be elevating to their pride, respectively, and not condemned as a 
 sickly sentimentality. It is only when it becomes a ruling passion that 
 it exerts mischief and discord. When it is so morbid that it becomes a 
 matter of dislike and reproach for the husband to bestow but the ordi- 
 nary civilities of social intercourse to the opposite sex, or for the wife 
 to receive them, it amounts to but little more than insanity. If the 
 wife is so jealous as to impugn all the motives of the husband, that he 
 dare not even look askance at tmy other woman, that to speak with 
 other women subject him to one of those infinitely pleasant curtain-lec- 
 tures, and his personal liberty denied to him with regard to social in- 
 tercourse, it is then that it becomes disruptive to marital felicity ; for 
 the husband, if erring though he be, will surely chafe under the injus- 
 tice which she will be sure to commit. On the other hand, the jeaious 
 husband is just as extravagant in his folly, and instead of guarding his 
 wife's love, takes the best means of repelling it. Confidence, not suspi- 
 cion, sh(hild be the controlling motive, and its mutual entertammenf 
 should not be disregarded until the most indubitable proofs are presented 
 to guarantee a disbelief of the pailner's honor. Then, if you have
 
 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 423 
 
 bombfihells, set them off ; but even then, I think, it ■would comport 
 more with reason and dignity, if the error could be calmly adjudicated, 
 and if that is impossible, a quiet and dignified separation is unquestion- 
 ably the best course. Reproach, recrimination, and parade of the cause 
 of disruption before the ijublic are by no means a philosophic action, or 
 part of an honorable conduct. It is so with all matrimonial differences, 
 they should not be made public property, for they will surely become 
 disgusting scandal before the scandal-loving people, to be found in every 
 community, are done with them. It will receive such additions, and 
 will be so manipulated and distorted, that, which at its fountain-head 
 was but a peccadillo, will at its terminus be magnified into the greatest 
 crime. What was at first but a shght immorality, is sure to become at 
 the end the grossest violation of decency. If Mr. John Smith in a play- 
 ful moment is found to kiss ]\Irs. Sarah Jones, the critics of society 
 will wink and blink, they will hem and haw, look wise, toss their heads 
 superciliously, and before they have ceased their comments, there will 
 be no doubt in their minds but that Mr. Smith and Mrs. Jones were 
 found in flagrante delicto. Finally, when the scandal has assumed ita 
 woret aspect, some order-loving Christian (!) will with considerable em- 
 bellishment acquaint Mrs. Smith of her husband's crime, and Mr. Jones 
 of his wife's sins, and then comes the sequel. The fact would scarcely 
 produce a ruffle, at best but a gentle breeze, but the monster created by 
 scandal produces the commotion of a tornado. Then these vampires 
 who feed upon the peace and reputation of society are satisfied, but 
 they at all times go round like " roaring lions seeking whom they may 
 devour." It is to these scandal-mongers that matrimonial infelicity is 
 often due, from the fact that a husband or a wife may be guided by 
 their opinion rather than to rely implicitly upon each other's honor. If 
 respect is shown to scandal connubial peace is at a discount. The only 
 way to circumvent it, is to isolate adjustment of differences to the fami- 
 ly circle, and not allow it to be the property of the unconcerned. The 
 advice of disinterested and honorable jseople may at times be very ser- 
 viceable, and not to be disregarded, but to array any or every matri- 
 monial variance before the public for their comments is reprehensibly 
 imprudent and foolish. 
 
 It is, however, not to be understood that selfishness should extend to 
 social intercourse with the neighbors, for next to an affectionate family 
 an agreeable neighborhood and good society become objects of desire, 
 because calculated to create happiness. As far as friendship is not 
 abused it should be freely given to the neighbors, and it should be the 
 endeavor of every one to make the relations of a neighborhood of a 
 most friendly and accommodating character. How consoling it is to the 
 bride, who leaves the bosom of her own family and accompanies her 
 husband to a locality where all are strangers, to find in her new home
 
 424 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 
 
 neighbors who manifest a friendly spirit, and are willing to extend cor- 
 dial greetings to the stranger. She is at once set at ease. The duty that 
 families owe to society is only second in importance to the duty that 
 husband and wife owe to each other, and domestic happiness is not 
 complete unless its social surroundings are congenial and a^eeable. 
 An ascetic married life is abusive of the order of nature. 
 
 The conjugal pair should in reality be helpmates. They should (to 
 use a homely phrase) pull in one direction, and, if the direction is proper 
 and right, imll together. The combination of similar forces has a two- 
 fold effect, but forces opposed to each other weakens one and annuls 
 the other, or brings them both to a quietus. This simple law of physics 
 is peculiarly applicable to the behavior of the married pair. A har- 
 monious progress requires a combination of purpose and exertion. If 
 the husband is devoted to literature or science, the wife should mani- 
 fest interest in the same, but if her taste is not for either, she should 
 by no means show displeasure at her husband's devotion to them. It is 
 her duty, in case of improvidence on his part in consequence of his 
 studies, to ask him to improve his negligence, but never in a tone of 
 anger or reproach. The husband should, in like manner, never frown 
 upon any of his wife's delights. If she is devoted to tlowersv to music, 
 to painting, etc. , it should be he that should stimulate by approval. In 
 case the husband is desirous to accumulate a fortxme, and exert^ him- 
 self to that effect, the wife should not dispirit him, or render his efforts 
 abortive by extravagance. If he is not successful, or fails in business, 
 she should be his comforter and stimulate him to further exertion ; and 
 in case the manner of living will in consequence be rendered less lux- 
 urious, she should exhibit such a contentment and willingness as to rob 
 the misfortune of half its bitterness. The noble wife is one who does 
 not sink under the cnicial test of her husband's misfortunes, but rises 
 to a higher mount of greatness and action by her cheerful resignation 
 to the loss, and encouragement to her husband's drooping spirits. The 
 husband shoidd ever be ready with his approving smiles to cheer his 
 wife's labors, even if to him it appears but a trivial affair. Woman 
 only thrives under the approbation of man, and if that is withhekl, 
 especially from the one whom she values most, she soon becomes pur- 
 poseless and fretful. How many a good wife's heart has been wounded 
 by her husV)and's indifference with regard to matters which she in her 
 \<implicity of heart hoped would delight her companion ? It may be 
 but a trifle, but so exceedingly tender is the plant of connubial love, 
 and so susceptible of being lacerated, that "trifles light as air" often 
 impede its growth and embitter its fruit. It is the ^^ little, foxes that 
 njioil the vines." A single tart remark or unkind tone of voice will 
 penetrate the inner recesses of the heart of the wife who loves, and 
 render her most wretched. Oneness should be particularly exhibited in
 
 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 425 
 
 piirpose and design, the respective action should be one of accord, 
 and the faculties of each other should be mutually gratified. It ia 
 only by such a concert that love is perpetuated and wedlock made an 
 Elysium. 
 
 If the husband or w^ife have vices, the conduct to be pursued is pe- 
 culiarly delicate. If it is judicious, the vice may be corrected ; if other- 
 wise, the habit may become intensified. If the husband is intemperate, 
 the wife should address his highest sentiments, and not attempt to bring 
 aboiit repentance and reform by angry reproach, unkind remarks, or 
 undignified aspersions. No one has a keener sense of his depravity than 
 the drunkard, and he is by no means dead to the finer sensibilities, 
 hence any inhumane treatment, or reproof insulting to inherent dignity, 
 is not calculated to achieve reformation. He is to be approached as a 
 man, his nobility is to be addressed, and his better feelings excited. 
 He is to be shown that he is none the less loved for his noble qiialities, 
 that aside from his folly he is still the being who possesses his wife's 
 affections, and that only his vice and not he himself is abhorred. It is 
 only by such a procedure that vices, or a disposition to vice, can be 
 cured. It is the mild and gentle force that works reform, revolutions 
 scarcely ever do. 
 
 We have now in many aspects considered the prudent course for the 
 conjugal pair to pursue in search of wedded bliss. We have confined 
 ourselves merely to their social relation, there yet remains for us to dis- 
 cuss a not less important subject, namely, that of connubial com- 
 merce. From what we have already written the inference is plain, that 
 we advocate a dignified conduct, benignity of temper, subjection of 
 anger, co-operation of purpose, etc., etc., and though there may be, 
 nay, are, many other rocks upon which the matrimonial bark will im- 
 pinge, the reflective mind wiU be guided in his behavior in eveiy possi- 
 ble contingency by what we have more lengthily dwelt upon. The 
 indices to marital happiness are reason, prudence, justice, and equality, 
 and they who shape their course by them must attain the object. It 
 shall now be our purpose to consider a subject that is not less impor- 
 tant, and much less understood. In its discussion we will confine our- 
 selves to particulars which married people mostly inquire after, and in 
 which they need the most enlightenment. 
 
 The discussion of this delicate relation between the married pair is ne- 
 cessary, inasmuch as the unprofessional have access to scarcely any work 
 of standard value and excellence from which they may gather the 
 knowledge so indispensable, unless they are fortunate enough to have 
 the privilege of reading the works of an extensive medical library. 
 Even if this opportunity is afforded, the truth is not clearly presented to 
 them, as such works are intended usually for the professional reader. 
 I, therefore, am confident that I discharge an important duty, especially
 
 426 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 
 
 as I write particularly for the instruction of the popular mind, in pre- 
 senting to my many readers the philosophy of that relation legitimatized 
 by man-iage. In consideration of the subject, I shall employ plain but 
 decorous language, and attempt to present the facts so that they may 
 be intelligible to all, and yet not wound any of the finer sensibilities of 
 my readers. I have previously stated my aim to be merely to afford 
 instruction to the masses relative to such medical subjects as have never 
 been capablj' popularized, but have been, and are yet a theme on which 
 incompetent charlatans have so ignorantly dwelt upon, and dissemina- 
 ted so much offensive literature. The medical profession is to blame 
 for this. If they had not neglected to teach the popular mind the physi- 
 ology of cohabitation, empirics would have found no market for their 
 offensive and pernicious works, excepting, perhaps, among the morally 
 depraved. 
 
 The married, which I positively know from the many opportunities 
 afforded me in my professional career, are extremely ignorant of the 
 philosophy and physiology appcrtainitig to the special connubial relation, 
 and absolutely know nothing of the hygienic limit or period. I know also 
 that every married man and woman is extremely anxious to possess 
 l)roper knowledge. As the access to works of scientific authority ie ex- 
 tremely limited, they are led to accept the teachings of ignorant ei^pir- 
 ics, and thus unwittingly do much that is wrong and hurtful. *The 
 diffidence characterizing the marital pair to inteiTogate the family physi- 
 cian as to the proper course to pursue, also tends to keep them in ignor- 
 ance. It is only when the abuse of the marital privilege becomes pain- 
 fully apparent that the physician feels warranted to interpose his cau- 
 tions, and counsel reform and moderation. This, however, occurs only 
 in exceptional instances, the great majority are uninformed and unad- 
 vised, controlled only by self-interpretation of the right or wrong of 
 their conduct, or by such information as is commonly jjossessed by the 
 heads of families, which is often traditional, and usually faulty in its 
 conclusions. 
 
 To supply, then, in a medical work for general circulation, the proper 
 in.struction as regards the important marital relation alluded to, needs 
 no further justification, but every person actuated by a catholic spirit 
 will, 1 am sure, deem the discussion emuiently appropriate. The under- 
 lying puiposc of wedded association is of greater importance than half 
 who assume the relation are aware of. ]\Iarriage implies much more 
 than a mere association of the sexes — it is rather an institution devised 
 by society to regulate cohabitation and the propogation of sj^ecies in the 
 be.st manner. This is the only legitimate purpose of mamage, as aside 
 from this relation between the sexes, every other one could be secured 
 and maintained without matrimonial ties or obhgations. Any system 
 of rules or regulations subserving the puipose of controlling this particu-
 
 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 427 
 
 lar marital relation so as to accord with the best known laws of physi- 
 ology and hygiene, and best adapted for the requirements of propoga- 
 tion of the species, so that offspring will not be recklessly brought into the 
 world, but calculated to secure to it the highest possible endowment of 
 all the nobler human qualities, is decidedly the best marriage code. As 
 an institution, marriage should be governed more by physiological laws 
 than by statute regiilations. and the time may j'ct come when \\'ilful dis- 
 regard of physiological laws applicable to the matrimonial association 
 of the sexes will be regarded as reprehensible or criminal as the viola- 
 tion of the statute laws governing the institution. It is then quite im- 
 portant that those in marriage as well as those who contemplate matri- 
 monial alliance, should possess adequate knowledge of the incumbent 
 duties, contemplate the dijnity and importance of wedlock, endeavor to 
 promote the grand interests and welfare which the marital pair have at 
 stake, avoid animalization and debasement of the connubial repast, en- 
 deavor to fitly endow their offspring, and so conduct themselves through- 
 out the whole course of wedded association, that they may be rewarded 
 with all the manifold blessings that should be gained by the grandest 
 and closest association of human interests, purposes, and hearts. 
 
 It should never be forgotten by the married that our passions can be 
 over-indulged precisely the same as our appetites. Hygiene requires 
 that our appetites for food or drink should only be appeased to such an 
 extent as wUl not create a loathing for that which was eaten or drunk, 
 upon quitting the repast. If indulgence is carried to such an extent it 
 amounts to intemperance and will be followed by the usual consequen- 
 ces of violation of hygienic law. It is precisely so with the marital re- 
 past : if the relation is assumed too frequently the temperate limit will 
 be over-reached and hurtful consequences ensue. Excess is not only 
 deleterious because destructive of the natural tone of the excitement, 
 generative of nervous disorder, and other hurtful consequences ; it is ex- 
 tremely apt to engender indifference after a certain period on the part 
 of either or both of the conjugal pair. By indifference I mean to ex- 
 press that feeling of insatiety after indulgence, that want of mutual ac- 
 cord, or sense of unsatisfactory awakening of the emotions, which is 
 siTre to follow excesses. The de.sires are present but cannot be satisfac- 
 torily appeased, precisely as an appetite for a certain article or kind of 
 food remains unsat iated if not within reach to be partaken of. This 
 condition, directly a sequal to immoderation, is one of the greatest incen- 
 tives to adultery. I am well satisfied that this unpardonable violation of 
 matrimonial trust and fidelity is, in the majority of instances, due to 
 neglect of observing temperance in the early years of marriage. The 
 results of coitive intemperance should thus be strongly impressed upon 
 the minds of every one married or contemplating marriage, as by mod- 
 eration they will surely attain a higher altitude of connubial enjoyment,
 
 428 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 
 
 besides avoiding' the violation of the highest and purest of all human 
 trusts -which if committed, is irreparably destructive of the integrity of 
 matrimonial alliance. 
 
 The nianied pair should carefully guard against all excesses. Excess 
 of connubial commerce is a severe tax to the nervous system, and very 
 detrimental to health. The class of diseases met with by the physician, 
 of which the remote cau.se is immoderation, is scarcely second to none 
 in frequency. Besides, the orgasm is less profound if the banquet is 
 too freely partaken of. The physician is frequently asked the question 
 how often intercourse may be indulged in without injury. To this no 
 answer can be given with numerical preciseness ; but both sexes pos- 
 sess an unerring monitor, whose voice they should promptly heed. 
 "VMienevcr a sense of exhaustion is felt, after copulation, the violation 
 of a physiological law is made manifest. No coitive act should be com- 
 pleted when it requires fatiguing efiforts to accomplish it. It is sure to 
 be followed by exhaustion, and the orgasm is neither elevating or satis- 
 factory, and apt to generate an inharmony quite antagonistic to the de 
 signs of nature. 
 
 Frequency of indulgence does not only deteriorate the moral tone of 
 the coitive act, but it often provides the germinal agencies^of serious 
 diseases. The remote cause of insanity and consumption is not- infre- 
 quently intemperance in marital union. The children who are the pro- 
 ducts of the earlier periods of mamed life, at which time coitive in- 
 temperance is most f lequently indulged, are more nientally imbecile, 
 and more pallid in hue and attenuated in form than those bom at a later 
 period. This is in consequence, that, sooner or later, the parents are 
 forced to abstain from excess by the ensuing ruination of health, allow- 
 ing nature to gather up the shattered powers and assert anew the con- 
 trol of the organism. In the earlj' years of marriage excesses should 
 therefore, by no means transpire. 
 
 During the period of the catamenial presence, strict continence must 
 be observed by the conjugal pair. I should not give this caution were 
 I not aware that in many instances the marital prerogative is thus griev- 
 ou.sly abused. Propriety and privilege in this respect are particularly at 
 variance, and duty demands observance of propriety. 
 
 During the period of pregnancy the husband's conduct should be char- 
 acterized by kijidness, forbearance, and encouragement. While the 
 germ of an immortal being is iu her loins, that husband is no more than 
 a brute, who would in any way neglect her wishes, or refuse to join 
 with her iu the solicitude for its welfare. The expectant mother must 
 also control every appetite or mental passion that might injure the 
 precious trvi.st committed to her. The best and noblest thoughts should 
 occuj)y her mind, and the purest sentiments prevail in her heart, while 
 the babe in hid beneath it, so tliat her shortcomuigs and caprices may
 
 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 429 
 
 not be commiinicated to the product of her conception. She should be, 
 and her husband should assist her to be, patient under any weariness or 
 sorrow belonging to her condition. She should strengthen her heart 
 against the hour of her labor with the thoughts of joy she shall feel, 
 when her child shall see the light, and the process of maternity ful- 
 filled. It is she who bore and in agony gave birth to the link that 
 unites the parents all the more closely together, and that strengthens 
 the hymeneal compact. To her the husband owes devotion, allegiance, 
 and comforting encouragement. He must make her feel that the joys 
 of maternity are not to be centered entirely in the little helpless babe 
 nestling in her arms, but also her heart is to be rejoiced in witnessing 
 the paternal pride of the product of connubial union— the jewel of their 
 conjoint love. The component parts of the family are then complete, the 
 husband, the wife, and the child, nothing is wanting but the coupling of 
 energy and intent, to procure the highest share of human bliss to be ob- 
 tained on this side of the grave. 
 
 The author is prompted, but space will not allow, to give at length 
 his views upon the management of children. On this point husband 
 and wife frequently disagree, and the result of the disagreement ia 
 manifested in the child. It is more usually the case that the father 
 is sterner and firmer than the mother, in whose heart the tender ele- 
 ments of humanity prevail. It is, however, not necessary to be stem ia 
 the management of children, but an unflinching firmness is at all times 
 essential, and absolutely necessary in both parents to gain a healthy 
 control over their children. Firmness must, however, be exhibited in 
 the same direction, and that direction the right one. 
 
 There is a tendency, we think, at the present day to put children too 
 forward, not so much for the sake of showing off their extraordinary 
 merits to an admiring world, as from the better motive of early accus- 
 toming them to the conversation of grown people and the usages of 
 society, and of inspiring them with confidence, ease, and self-possession. 
 No doubt these results are very valuable, but the mistake which many 
 people make is in forgetting that children are something like dogs, 
 which require to be very well trained before they can safely be recom- 
 mended to the familiarity of strangers. And it is to be remembered 
 that the moment children cease to respect any of the grown-up people 
 with whom they associate, not only is the whole benefit of the inter- 
 course lost at once, but real injury is inflicted on the moral tone of the 
 child. For this reason children should be brought as little as possible 
 into the society of men and women who cannot command their respect ; 
 while those who can, the influence should be hedged round by all the 
 numerous impalpable barriers which judicious parents know perfectly 
 well how to interpose between children and the most popular and care- 
 less of their adult play-fellows. The confidence which well-bred chil-
 
 430 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 
 
 dren at once rppose in an eligible stranger, without being rude or trouble- 
 some, is charming to everybody, who has any natural taste for their 
 Bociety. It is not pleasant, on the other hand, to see children who are 
 shy, timid, and sheepishly speechless in the presence of strangers, but a 
 confidence and imobtrusive ease of manners can be inspired without 
 thrusting them constantly into the society of elders. 
 
 Closely allied with the mistaken license allowed to children in matters 
 like the above, is the disposition to laugh at, and thereby to encourage, 
 all traits of singularity, oddness or affectation, which children may ex- 
 hibit, as marks of genius which ought not to be repressed. Of all the 
 dangerous errors into which parents can fall, this, in our opinion, is the 
 worst. For nothing so soon hardens into second nature as juvenile 
 eccentricity ; and few things are more injurious to success in life than 
 marked oddities of manner and gesture when they reach the point of 
 grotesciueness. The fond parents dote upon the eccentric child as an 
 original^ but the author in this respect agrees perfectly with Mr. Peter 
 Magnus ; he does not see the necessity of originals. And what is more, 
 so many " originals " are only sham ones after all. That is to say, their 
 singularity is merely a bad habit which they can't shake off, a^d is only 
 very partially innate. WTien parents see their child doing anything 
 unlike other children, anything queer, surprising, or uncouth, however 
 comic or however clever it may seem, they should never laugh at or 
 applaud it. Children naturally self-willed, and with real natural pecu- 
 liarities, can soon be broken of such tricks, if treated with absolute 
 indifference. But soon let the idea find its way into their brains that 
 such sallies, naughty though they be, are regarded as marks of genius, 
 and the mischief is done. It is not necessary that parents should engage 
 harsh reproof or exhibit anger to correct such pertness or disposition to 
 oddity, but if approbation is withheld, and probably displeasure shown, 
 the mischief will soon be corrected. Children, like their elders, delight 
 in approbation, and if they can only secure it Ijy doing what is right 
 and proper, the inclination to do that which is wrong or displeasing, is 
 robbed of its greatest incentive. 
 
 To come back to the point from which we started — the management, 
 namely, of young children — there is one thing to be laid dowTi : let 
 there be no divided rul(3 in a house. Do not let children see that 
 the father means one thing and the mother another in their bringing 
 up. They see the difference in a moment, and when they do, farewell 
 to all wholesome parental influence. The starting-point of ruined man- 
 hood or womanhood, in many cases, is just this diversity of parental 
 control. That mother urges her child towards destruction who 
 offers condolence to it, after reproof or correction by the father, no 
 matt(!r how harsh or cruel it may have been. Such matters must be 
 corrected by conference, at which the children are not present. She is
 
 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST, 431 
 
 not to show any displeasure at the exercise of authority by the father in 
 the presence of the child ; if she does, the child's self -will is Ratified by 
 a mother's alliance, and a certain importance is given to the improper 
 conduct of the child, which, in accordance with the human liability to 
 err, is hard to resist. The parents in this resiiect must be the allies, not 
 the children with the father and mother. 
 
 Husbands and mothers may talk too freely before their children, for- 
 getful of their rising intelligence. And, indeed, nothing is more com- 
 mon than to get a wink from the head of the house, implying that you 
 are to be on your guard before Johnny or Tommy, Kitty or Lucy, who 
 are listening open-mouthed to your witty narrative, while they them- 
 selves in the next moment wiU ofEend against their own precautions in 
 the most barefaced manner by plunging headlong into your domestic 
 controversy, in which, to speak metaphorically, knives are freely used 
 on both sides. Again, parents should be extremely careful in comment- 
 ing upon the conduct of their neighbors in the society of their children, 
 or that self-same Tom will at the first oijportunity acquaint neigh- 
 bor Jones that, in the opinion of his father, " he is a confounded old 
 fool ; " or the same little Kitty will teU Mrs. Robinson that her mother 
 says she is a "lazy, good-for-nothing woman." Trouncing Tommy or 
 Kitty for such imprudence is hardly fair, when the fault lies at the door 
 of the parents. At best, it gives children but a poor example, and m- 
 stills within them a disrespect of the neighbors, which, probably, they 
 do not deserve, and which may in later years possibly stand in the 
 way of individual advancement. Parents, in rearing their children, 
 have a greater trust than is commonly supposed, and they owe a double 
 duty — one to the child, and the other to society in general. If the 
 child is inclined to vice, the fault lies in many cases with the parents, 
 and the right to thrust upon society either a son or daughter who will 
 constitute but a useless or vicious member thereof, is not properly one 
 of the privileges of humanity. No man has the right to set at large a 
 lot of ferocious animals, who, in the exercise of their ferocity, may do 
 harm to his feUow-men; neither has that parent a moral right to send 
 adrift in the world sons and daughters, who, in the exercise of the 
 vicious culture they have received, prove annoying and harmful to their 
 fellow-beings. There is no deeper stratum of thought in moral econ- 
 omy than this, and none that receives less attention. 
 
 It is to mothers that society and mankind are indebted for its morality 
 and uprightness. By her efforts the only real work of reformation can 
 be achieved. The training of children is mainly intnisted to her 
 hands ; if her duty is properly performed, the moral tone of society 
 is to be placed to her credit ; if carelessly and imprudently attended to, 
 she is the one that is mainly accountable for itfi vices. It may seem a 
 cruelty to add to the travails of maternity and to her household duties
 
 432 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 
 
 the further responsibility of rearing the moral structure of society ; but 
 who is to assume it, if she be not the proper person ? The child is, to a 
 certain age, mainly in her presence alone, and this association cannot be 
 shirked or chang-ed ; for it is true to a natural law that the mother is to 
 be the closest companion of her children. It is during this period of 
 companionship that the foundation of the moral superstructure is to be 
 laid, and the mother must be the artisan. She may be aided by her 
 husband and others ; but the chief duty to form and direct is her own, 
 and the structure she rears, whether good or bad, is her work. 
 
 Her duty to her offspring commences at the moment of conception. 
 ^\^lile the product is yet hidden within the confines of her womb she 
 must have its future welfare at heart, and lend her thoughts only upon 
 that which is good and noble. She should in her mind select the career 
 of the child, and that such a one that is characterized by all the noble 
 qualities, and freedom from vices. Who can gainsay the fact, that when 
 the babe is assuming its physical character, while yet in the mysterious 
 depth of the gravid womb, that the mother is not enabled by the purity 
 of her thoughts and exalted character of her emotions to give it also 
 the endowment of its moral character ? Who will deny that the trans- 
 mission of hereditary qualities give the original bias, which subsequent 
 to birth is hard to overcome ? The law of transmitting talent and yirtue 
 from mother to child is based on physiological principles, as demctastra- 
 ble as material matter. I would then say to every expectant mother : 
 Let your thoughts be good, your emotions pure, your imaginations 
 morally exalted ; be brave, be strong, be good, and centre all and only 
 the purest feelings upon that helpless atom of humanity reposing in 
 your womb, so that at the hour of your labor you are fortified against 
 its agony by the consciousness that the babe you usher into the world ia 
 endowed with qualities, which, by subsequent development and culture, 
 will enable it, when of proper years, to take its place among the good 
 and noble of this earth. 
 
 Subsequent to birth the mother must continue her efforts. She must 
 impose barriers against everything that has an unwholesome influence 
 on the moral tone of her child. She must not intrust the training of her 
 precious darlings to nurses or governesses. A mother who reposes the 
 development of character of her children to salaried persons is prosti ' 
 tuting the high estate of maternity, and sins against Nature and her 
 God. It is she who must take the hand of the child while yet in its 
 innocence, and lead it in the path of virtue and truth ; her hand must 
 remove all the lures and seductive temptations that beset its path, and 
 she alone must assume the cultivation of its moi-al nature. 
 
 Men may build prisons, asykims, reformatories, create midnight mis- 
 sions, etc., but reformation by these means is uncertain, expensive, and 
 at best very ineffectual. It is the hardened criminal they deal with—
 
 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 433 
 
 ouo in -whom vice lias become the second nature. No real reformation 
 is accomplished by any such means, none will ever ensue ; and as long 
 as mothers are not alive to the importance of properly training the pliant 
 child, vice will increase and baffle every other mode of refonnation. 
 One wiser than myself has said—" Train up a child in a way he should 
 go, and when he is old he will not depart from it." The truth of this 
 is self-evident, and is supported by another, whose figurative language 
 is equally truthful — 
 
 "As the twig is bent the tree 's inclined." 
 
 It is, therefore, the mother who must nourish the truth in her arms, so 
 that when it leaves them it wiU walk strongly forth alone, blessing and 
 blest of all men. 
 
 Advice to the Childless. 
 
 The most impressive words in the whole range of language are Father 
 and Mother. Their full significance is only realized and understood 
 when the prattling babe stretches out its tiny arms and first lispingly 
 pronounces the tender words. The heart must, indeed, be dead to all 
 emotion, which at that moment does not pulsate with pride and exalted 
 love. The first words taught to it, and the first words learned, are those 
 tender names, and the proudest moment of the whole of parentage is 
 when the lesson is learned by, and let fall from, the lips of the smiling 
 babe. The soul is elevated above material things, the tenderest 
 chords of love are vibrated, the joys of the world but this one are for- 
 gotten, and the whole heart embraces but the innocent babe that sprung 
 from their loins. The entity of the family is incomplete without chil- 
 dren, and the action of its machinery is unhannonious without those 
 little wheels. The integrity is faulty in the absence of offspring ; it is 
 like the pillar of which the capital and pedestal exist, but the shaft is 
 wanting to give it dignity. The childless family is not a pleasant one 
 to contemplate ; the husband and wife grow old, but there is no young 
 life to inspirit them, or to give cheer to their existence. Childless lon- 
 gevity is at best but a dismal life — there is always au achmg void — a 
 palpable evidence of a lacking integer. Barrenness is a condition from 
 which every woman instinctively recoils. The desire for children may 
 or may not be entertained, yet to know that she is incapable of mother- 
 hood is to know that she is lacking in the most important element of 
 womanhood. It is a physical condition abhorrent to every female, be- 
 cause she feels that she is beneath the dignity that distinctively charac- 
 terizes her sex. Motherhood is the ideal state of womanhood, and the 
 yearning for maternity is one born of nature. The woman in whose 
 bosom such a desire makes no response is unworthy of her sex, and she 
 deserves none of the elevated joys and honor which woman is sent here 
 19 20
 
 434 THE COMPLETE nERBALIST, 
 
 to achieve, and she Trill reap none. It is the highest honor her sex can 
 reach, as productiveness entitles her to the prond position of one of the 
 prime factors in the propagation of species. 
 
 None but physicians know how great the desire for children is in 
 those whose married life has been passed for some time without issue. 
 To them the secret yearnings of their hearts is intrusted, and to their 
 confidence is reposed the animated impulse that is ceaselessly throbbing 
 in the bosom of those whose hearth-stone is desolate, and around which 
 gathers not a child. The outside world may not know of the painful 
 vacancy that is ever confronting them, nor the despair that has posses- 
 sion of their hearts ; Init the i^hysician, to whose skill they so earnestly 
 appeal to accomplish the realizatian of their hope, is ever, and probably 
 the only confidante. He alone knows the elevation of spirits, the fulness 
 of pride, and the intensity of satisfaction that is nianifested if he has 
 removed the barrier to productiveness, and that the process of mater- 
 nity is in progress. But let him say that the barriers to conception are 
 insuperable, it causes a painful despondency, and that exquisite anguish 
 resulting from unappeased yearnings of the soul. It is, ^however, a 
 providential ordination that few women are hopelessly barren, ^nd but 
 few men unprocreative. Circumstances may for a certain timj make 
 them practically unproductive, but such a physical condition can in 
 almost every case be removed by consistent treatment, and by observing 
 such measures and precautions tending to promote fruitfulness. The 
 causes of childlessness with certain married parties are various. It may 
 be due to deformities of the womb. Fallopian tubes, and ovaries of the 
 female ; or testes, spermatic cord, and of the male organ. The patho- 
 logical conditions are many, which occur in both sexes, that produce 
 barrenness, while in some cases the anatomy of the parts render con- 
 ception and child-bearing utterly impossible. It may be caused by 
 Ktricture of the womb and Fallopian tubes, misplacement of the tubes, 
 adhesions of the uterine walls, etc. , etc. , or through malformation, as 
 occlusion of the vagina, etc. It may also be due to degeneracy of the 
 testes of the male, epispadias, hypospadias, etc. Conception may also 
 temporarily be prevented by uterine and ovarian diseases, or to a dis- 
 eased condition of the spermatozoids of the male semen. Unproduc- 
 tiveness is frequently due to a devitalized condition of those animalcu- 
 loids, in which state they have no fecundating properties. Sterility, 
 dependent uj)on some vicious conformation of the genital organs of 
 either sex, apparent or concealed, is called absolute. Infecundity, due 
 to the sonditioiis already enumerated, are absolute causes of sterility, 
 and can only be removed by medical treatment, which in most cases, if 
 of a rational and appropriate character, can effectually be accomplished. 
 WTion a female does not conceive with one individual, but has or may 
 with another, the condition is called relative sterility. Relative infecun-
 
 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 435 
 
 dity is frequently met with, and in many cases presents such features 
 that the atociac condition cannot be overcome without calling to aid 
 artificial means. It is often observed that a woman in her second mar- 
 riage is sterile who in her first marriage was prolific in offspring ; again, 
 the widower in his first marriage gave evidence of fecundating power, 
 but in his second alliance no impregnation ensues. Absolute and relative 
 sterility may exist at the same time, thus a female may be married to 
 a man who is physically incapable of impregnating her, yet at the same 
 time the conformation of her genital organs may be such as to render 
 her absolutely sterile. It is therefore necessary in all cases of sterility 
 to fully investigate the causes, both absolute and relative. Sterility in 
 some females is often dependent upon a condition of the womb charac- 
 terized by membranous menstruation. Conception is prevented in 
 such cases by devitalization of the semen by the vitiated secretion and 
 discbarges from the uterine surface. In all cases of absolute sterility, 
 medical treatment offers the only hope of obliteration of the causes. 
 The diseases of the female genitalia which are causative of infecundity 
 must be treated as required by their pathological character ; and it is 
 necessary that such treatment sho\ild be admirably adapted to the con- 
 ditions of the case, and most carefully instituted. Such cases should 
 only be intrusted to physicians who by skill and experience have the 
 requisite ability, and who are conversant with the precautions that 
 studiously are to be observed. Improper treatment is exceedingly apt to 
 render sterility an irremediable condition, which under rational treat- 
 ment would have resulted in the removal of all the barriers to impreg- 
 nation. If the cause lies in the male, whose formative material is 
 devitalized by a diseased condition of the fabricating organs, seminifer- 
 ous ducts, or seminal vesicles, medical treatment likewise is the only 
 means of making the p-^tient procreative. The male often renders him- 
 self powerless to procreate by imprudence or various excesses, in 
 which case the semen is not fidly organized and deficient in procreabive 
 elemf nts. All these varied conditions of husband and wife contributing 
 to childlessness are mainly remediable, so that under the care of an 
 intelligent jihysician parentage to them is not always a forlorn hope. 
 The jirospect for issue is favorable in most cases under rational treat- 
 ment, hence the gloom of the childless need not be perpetual if they but 
 employ the counsel and aid of the competent physician. Neglect of so 
 important a duty is very common, the conjugal pair stolidly agreeing 
 that their childless state is owing to Divine ordinance, little dreaming 
 that their un))roductive union is in opposition to the requirements of 
 the Deity, and that the fault of non-conception is due to incapacity and 
 not to dispensation. 
 
 Relative sterility is not amenable to medical treatment. The most 
 common cause of infecundity of this character is the want of adaptation
 
 436 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 
 
 or fitness of the genital organs of the conjugal pair to each other. Thia 
 want of adaptation is a very frequent cause of sterilty, and should receive 
 proper attention by the medical man to whom is intrusted the rectifica- 
 tion of an unproductive union. Of itself, inadaptation may not be the 
 cause of the atociac condition, but when associated with an atonic con- 
 dition of tlie uterus, procreation rarely, if ever, ensues. It will not be 
 necessary for me to detail the various forms of inadaptation, as the con- 
 sideration of such causes of sterility more immediately concerns the 
 medical attendant, but it is quite appropriate to make allusion to such 
 causes, as the childless very projierly desire information relative to all 
 possible conditions hindering fructification. Self -treatment is not to be 
 thought of ; but a proper knowledge of all the physiological or anatomical 
 causes of sterilitj' .should be pos.ses.sed by all in conjugal association, espe- 
 cially by those who have not as yet attained the full measure of matri- 
 monial enjoyment, by reason of an exceptional provision of fate by which 
 their union is left without the graces and endearments of childhood. 
 
 One of the most common causes of barrenness is unquestionably what 
 has been already alluded to, atony of the womb or appendages;, in fact 
 some pathological condition of the reproductive organs of the female is, in 
 the large majority of cases, the sole cause. Uterine atony, or intonifcity of 
 the womb, may be of every degree of intensity — ranging from a slight 
 feebleness to complete exhaustion — the latter condition being known as 
 paralysis of the womb. This atonic state is owing not to any structural 
 or organic disease of the womb itself, but is merely a secondary patho- 
 logical condition, the actual seat of the disorder being in the sacral 
 plexus, or that nervous net-work situated near the sacrum, from which 
 the genital organs receive their nervous supply. A paralyzed condition 
 of the womb is aptly illustrated by a paralyzed arm or leg ; the loss of 
 natural power, motion, or functions resulting from a diseased condition 
 of some cerebral or sjiinal nei-\-e-centrc, and not from any morbid condi- 
 tion of the part affected. In all cases, therefore, where the cause of 
 sterility has been ascertained to be uterine paralysis, the proper treatment 
 is to restore the tonic powers of the sacral plexus. This is best accom- 
 plished by the intelligent application of the electric or galvanic current, 
 or by the emplo^'meut of the appropriate cerebro-spinal tonics and other 
 medicinal agents. The treatment is, however, to be intrusted to careful, 
 able, and experienced physicians. 
 
 The physiological function of the womb, favoring the transmission of 
 the male foi'mative material from the os uteri to the ovarium, is a certain 
 suction power or intro-staltic motion. This is accomplished by short and 
 wave-like contractions upward of the uterine muscles. In a paralyzed 
 condition of the womb, which is usually of a chronic character, there is 
 a complete absence of this uterine motion, and consequently the respec- 
 tive formative matcriala necessary for procreation never come in contact.
 
 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 437 
 
 Membranous menstruation has already been stated as one of the 
 causes of sterilitj'. This painful affection is characterized by either 
 partial or complete denudation of the uterine cavity of its mucous cov- 
 ering at each menstrual period, leaving the uterine walls in an abraded 
 condition, entirely unfitted for the puiposes of gestation. Conception 
 may, however, take place in these cases, but at the arrival of the first 
 period for the occurrence of the menstrual exacerbation, the i^lacenta 
 and membranes are dislodged with the mucous membrane. 
 
 The childless wife will note that a pathological or abnormal condition 
 of her pelvic organs is relatively the most frequent cause of sterility, all 
 of the affections being characterized by more or less gravity and requir- 
 ing the mofit appropriate and energetic treatment in order to restore the 
 organs to health, and at the same time establish functional integrity and 
 maternal capacity. As most of these uterine affections result from a 
 wilful disregard of the laws of health, slavish obedience to the behests 
 of fashion, and bad habits in general, the author hopes that all females, 
 married or unmarried, who properly appreciate the grandeur of woman- 
 hood and motherhood will not wilfully violate physiological law, but 
 strenously endeavor to preserve uterine health and integrity of the 
 maternal capacity. 
 
 Congenital phymosis is a condition of the male organ depriving him 
 of procreative power in nearly every instance. The intervention of the 
 prepiice in this case arrests the ejaculatory force of the seminal expen- 
 diture, preventing impulsion into the womb. This deformity is easily 
 obliterated by a surgical operation, which is very frequently jierformed 
 in my office. It causes but little pain, no inconvenience, and heals 
 rapidly. Circumcision among the Jews is a custom having for its 
 object the removal of this freqiient obstacle to multiplication, as exist- 
 ing in the male. Infecundity, especially iii the earlier years of marriage, 
 is often a consequence of exhaustion, induced by improper excesses. 
 Intemperate indulgence often renders both husband and wife sterile. 
 The semen must, in order to have procreative perfection, necessarily 
 remain in the seminal vesicles for a certain time, where its procreative 
 qualities are fully developed. After its escape from the vesicles, it fur- 
 ther receives the intermixture of prostatic fluid, liquefying it to the 
 proper consistence for easy propulsion into the uterine caA"ity. Marital 
 excess is therefore preventive of full procreative quality of the semen. 
 Excessive indulgence on the part of the wife causes a feebleness of 
 peristaltic motion of the uterine muscles, or, as it may be otherwise 
 termed, the suction power of the womb. I'ecbleness of the upward 
 propellmg forces of the womb and Fallopian tubes is caused by the 
 excesses alluded to, and hence, if even the semen is introduced 
 within the uterine embrace, the absence of retentive power allows its 
 escape through the mouth of the womb. Sterility from such cause can
 
 438 THE COMrLETB HERBALIST. 
 
 only be overcome by the observance of moderation by the conjufral pair, 
 and in most cases restorative medical treatment becomes also a neces- 
 sity. 
 
 The most susceptible period for the occurrence of conception is im- 
 mediately after the complete cessation of the menstrual tlow. ' This 
 susceptibility continues for eight or ten days, but is necessarily greatest 
 at an early period after the menstrual discharge. The menstrual flow 
 in its discharge carries away all obstructions that exist in the mouth of 
 the womb, thus facilitating intro-propulsion of the semen, and the 
 womb at that period has also its greatest tonic power. It is, however, 
 not to be supposed that conceiition will not take place at the period just 
 preceding the menstrual flow ; on the contrary, it may occur at any 
 period between the cessation and onset of the catamenial discharge. 
 
 It will thus be seen that many cau.ses, both absolute and relative, tend 
 to sterility. In but few cases, however, is sterility a fixed fact, or an 
 irremediable condition. The gi'catest triumphs achieved by the medi- 
 cal profession were in the study of the causes of sterility, and the best 
 means for their removal. No ph3^sician, alive to the importance and 
 exalted character of his calling, should neglect the study of the subject ; 
 on the contrary, he should be conversant with all the pathological fea- 
 tures sterility i)rcscnts, aud.be able to intelligently ascertain the4:;auses. 
 An impoi-taut trust is confided to his professional care ; the irftensest 
 longing capable of the human heart de^jends upon his skill, either to be 
 appeased or unrequited. Professional acumen is in no resi^ect more 
 essential than in this, and the medical counsellor, unworthy of the trust 
 by reason of imperfect knowledge of the subject, does a grievous wrong 
 by attempting treatment, or venturing decisive advice. The childles.s 
 pair should at all times seek the most intelligent counsel and most com- 
 p.eteut treatment, and not allow themselves to become victims of de- 
 spondency before they have made such a definite aitempt. 
 
 The author has devoted much time and study upon this subject, feel- 
 ing that no greater field of usefulnesj is presented to the physician for 
 the exercise of his skill and professional attainments. The success at- 
 tained in this sphere of professional activity has only been gained at the 
 expense of laborious study and by the advantages conferred by exten- 
 sive practice. Competence can only be gained by study and experience 
 in every subject of intelligence — proficiency being only the reward of 
 intellectual labor and oi)portunity'for exercise of the secured knowledge. 
 
 The author will gladly give advice to those to whom this chapter re- 
 fers, being justified by previous success and long professional experience 
 to give pi-oper and definite ad- ice and appropriate treatment. Those 
 desiring to avail themselves oi such an opportunity are referred to page 
 390 for guidance as to the proper information to submit for my consider- 
 ation.
 
 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 
 
 Impotence op the Male. 
 
 439 
 
 By this is generally considered the inability to engage in the virile 
 act. It essentially signifies a loss of the virile powers. Impotency may 
 be either partial or complete, and, like sterility, absolute;, and relative. 
 The term impotence is frequently used synonoraously with sterility ; 
 but, as sterility has been considered in another place, we shall discuss 
 the subject in this place' only in the sense implying loss of capacity. 
 
 The loss of virile power is owing to a variety of causes. The process 
 of loss in idiopathic cases is usually slow, though in some cases inviri- 
 lity ensues quite rapidly. When due to traumatic causes virile power 
 is lost synchronously with the occurrence of the injury. Impotence 
 usually follows injuries received by the spine and base of the brain, but 
 in these cases the loss is not of itself a pathological disorder, but essen- 
 tially symptomatic of the injury. 
 
 The most common cause of impotence is nervous debility, apparent 
 or concealed and unsuspected. It is the usual sequel to that disease, if 
 it is allowed an unchecked career, manifesting itself at first by a slight 
 incapacity, but which gradually progresses until finally the virile power 
 is completely lost. That impotence is the inevitable result to nervous 
 debility is quite natural, the ceaseless waste of such a vital element of 
 the male economy as semen can have no other finality. The geiieral 
 disturbance of the nervous system caused by involuntary spermatic 
 losses is manifested first in the virile organs, as the erectile property of 
 the organ, purely a nervous phenomenon, and consequently any func- 
 tion so directly under the control of nervous power as the erectile 
 quality, is the one first to succumb to nervous disorganization. Impo- 
 tence in such cases is, therefore, due to feebleness or insufficiency of 
 the nervous stimuli necessary to provoke a copulative aspect of the 
 male organ. This condition of invirility is also caused by immoderate 
 indulgence, the pathological disorder produced being in all respects the 
 same as that following seminal incontinence, though as a general thing 
 masculine power is lost less rapidly. 
 
 Spinal and cerebral diseases are usually associated with a low condi- 
 tion of the virile power. This manifestation is quite in accordance with 
 the physiological laws governing the virile functions, as it will be re- 
 membered that the nervous supply that the organs of generation receive 
 is the pudental nerve, which arises from the sacral plexus. This nerve 
 and branches afford the requisite stimuli necessary to promote conges- 
 tion of the organ, which phenomenon constitutes an erection. The 
 brain gives the necessary sensory stimiilus, without which the nerves 
 are not excited to action. Phrenologists place amativeness in the lower 
 lobe of the cerebellum, but it is quite probable that its locality, though 
 most evidently in the base of the brain, is not in that situation, as
 
 440 THE COMPLKTE HERBALIST. 
 
 analogy' will not comport with Buch a view. Observation teaches that 
 the chanticleer is the most amorous of animals, yet anatomists find no 
 lower lobe of the cerebelhim in the brain of the fowl. External violence, 
 however, upon the sacral and occipital regions usually cause virile im- 
 becility, and hence we know that a healthy condition of the base of the 
 brain and sacral plexus is necessary to the existence of virility. Dis- 
 eases, excessive study, intemperate use of tobacco, violent and prolonged 
 grief, etc., are therefore causes of impotency, from the fact that the 
 cerebral disorganization which follows produces inertia of the nervous 
 etimuli. Apoplexy is also a cause of temporary impotence, in conse- 
 quence of the paralysis of the sacral plexus ensuing. It is therefore 
 vitally important that in the consideration of any case of impotence every 
 predisposing cause should receive attention, so that restorative efforts 
 are based upon correct principles. No pathological condition requires 
 such nicety of treatment as impotence, and none that will so readily be 
 remedied if the medication is thoroughly adapted to the case. Although 
 impotence is the usual concomitant to long-continiied seminal losses, 
 my experience teaches me that a fair proportion of impotent cases are 
 the results of habits and practices which are perfectly legitimate, and 
 to which no shadow of blame or disgrace can be projjerly attached. It 
 is a well-established fact that too much mental application, alsc^ con- 
 stant confinement within doors in a vitiated atmosphere, or habitual or 
 sudden exposure to heats and colds, or the destroying intluences of 
 extreme grief and care, will produce all the evd effects upon the mental 
 and physical organization that are caused by and attributed to solitary 
 habits. Nervous debility, which is quite a common and comprehensive 
 name for all failures of the intellectual or physical organs or faculties 
 to perform their functions properly, is originated and nurtured, in both 
 sexes, by a variety of causes as countless as the leaves of the forest. 
 Consequently, people should not be backward about making their de- 
 ficiencies of mind or body known to physicians in such a clear and 
 confidential way as to secure to them the full restoration of their 
 normal health and vigor. Any course of life which is inordinately 
 irksome or, involves heavy tasks, is liable to cause the loss of virile 
 jiower, or especially in middle age, IMPOTENCY, which is the aggravated 
 form of the same difficulty. Thus we find that clergymen, merchants, 
 book-keepers, htcrary workers, men who are overtaxed by care and 
 labor, lawyers, judges, boys confined too closely at school, young men 
 who seldom take out-of-door exercise, clerks, heads of public depart- 
 ments, and all others who are constantly wearing and tearing both mind 
 and body without seeking the neutralizing aid of rent, amusement, and 
 change of scene, are subjected to some of the numerous ills developed 
 in disabilities and incapabilities which impose untold suffering. These 
 ilia uie the iuheritaucu of everybody physically and mentally over-
 
 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 441 
 
 worked, no matter in what capacity they may labor. It is to be la- 
 mented that many of these innocent individuals, from the fear of being 
 charged with gnilt, suffer long years in silence when the truly judicious 
 course is to engat^e medical aid as soon as the fact becomes known. 
 The old-class physicians have used the most powerful minerals within 
 their reach, and. with the earnest and honest desire to do good, have 
 accomplished much thai has been of temporary benefit. But the 
 reaction from the use of these minerals has been, in all instances, of a 
 non-curative character, the patient purchasing for temporary enjoyment 
 many after-years of incapacity and local weakness. 
 
 There is nothing so discomforting to man as the loss of virile power. 
 He may not be a sensual being, yet manhood is a pride to him, the 
 possession of which is always a gratifying knowledge. Impotence im- 
 plies more than mere virile imbecility, it signifies also a loss of vigor 
 and elasticity of the whole organism, and a gloomy state and impair- 
 ment of the mental faculties. It has elsewhere been observed that the 
 well-being of the whole economy is greatly dependent upon healthy 
 genitalia ; and mental composure, vitality and acuteness of intellect, 
 graceful and easy manners, etc., are no less indei^endent of the virile 
 faculties. Impotency is, therefore, always a deplorable condition, and 
 he who permits himself to be long without the legacy of virilitj', com- 
 mits a great injury upon his own personal welfare, and places but a 
 poor value upon the choice powers of manhood. Man without virile 
 power is an anomaly ; he has lost his status of sex, and is practically a 
 eunuch as long as the unmanly condition is tolerated. There is a 
 higlier motive in possession of virile power than the ability to gratify 
 amorous passion. If that alone gave chief value to virility, its loss would 
 be but inconsiderate, but as we have seen that vigorous manhood ia 
 consonant to vitality of the mental and physical economies, it gains a 
 value not to be despised, but greatly cherished, even by the most 
 continent and virtuous men. Healthy functions of the genital organs 
 are as requisite to the integrity of the whole organism as healthy 
 functional action of the thoracic and abdominal organs, and any derange- 
 ment of the pelvic organs is capable of precisely as much, if not more, 
 disorganization of the general health as a disordered digestive or circu- 
 latory apparatus. I will close the consideration of this subject by 
 inviting all those who are deficient in masculine tone or capacity to call 
 on me in person or consult me by letter. (See page 385.) 
 
 The PHiLosornY op Generation. 
 
 The greatness, importance, and responsibility of the marital relation 
 
 are but improperly appreciated and understood by the majority of males 
 
 and females who enter iiito that relation. There is a momentous duty 
 
 to be performed, far more important than those generally 8U]:)posed to be 
 
 19*
 
 442 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 
 
 incumbent upon husband and wife. We have in other places considered 
 the more general duties devolving upon husband and wife to be dis- 
 charged ; we will in this place dwell upon a subject which of all others 
 pertaining to the conjugal association of the sexes is the most important, 
 and which- as a duty is more universally neglected and improperly 
 performed because the principles and laws governing generation are but 
 imperfectly understood or not at all. The precise question relative 
 to generation which we purpose to discuss is the transmission to chil- 
 dren of the best possible mental, physical and moral attainments. 
 
 We have in another part of this work stated that the legitimate ob- 
 ject of marriage is to legalize the sexual covenant, and to confine it 
 within a healthful and moral atmosphere. This is not only the legitimate, 
 but technically it is the only aspect of which the law takes cognizance. 
 Such a congress is, therefore, legal between a male and female who have 
 been bound together in wedlock. This is all right and proper ; but not 
 by mere legalized association can the welfare of the race be best ad- 
 vanced or secured. The distinguishment of animal creation into 
 two sexes was only designed by Nature for one purpose — the multipli- 
 cation of species ; but it never was the purpose of Nature that the sexes 
 should indiscriminately associate, or that the intent and design of, multi- 
 plication would be fitly subserved in all cases by merely allowing anv male 
 to covenant with any female, irrespective of selection. In the lowtr ani- 
 mals this is avoided by instinct, but in man the restraint is given by the 
 higher impulses of reason. Yet, notwithstanding this high quality in man, 
 the purpose of Nature is often defeated or controverted by wilful dis- 
 regard of the i^romptings of an innate inteUigence or disobedience to 
 what is known as physiological law. 
 
 The first requisite is circiimspect marriage. Without the marital 
 union of eligible parties human progress would be slow, or unpromising. 
 A circumspect marriage tends, however, to bring into conjugal union 
 the more highly endowed male with the more highly endowed female ; 
 or, in other words, the best man would marry only the best woman. The 
 man having highly developed physical, mental, and moral, faculties would 
 only be content in marrying a woman with similarly developed faculties, 
 and in such a union we have the basis for highly endowed offspring. 
 In another essay arc given the precautions candidates should observe 
 prior to consummating marriage, and if the instructions therein given 
 should be heeded, unfit marriages would be of rarer occurrence. 
 
 Hut in marriage, proper or improper, a duty has to be performed, 
 neglect of which is sinning against the welfare of the whole race. 
 The aim of all maiTied people should be the bringing into the world of 
 healthy children, not physically only, but mentally and morally also. 
 Th(! groatf^st achievement and proudest monument of parentage is ia 
 giving to the world such oifspriug as will a^jt well their part iu the great
 
 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 443 
 
 drama of life. How is it to be done ? Can parents so regulate the ges- 
 tatory process as to give their children at birth the heritage of physical 
 excellence, large mental caj^acity, and superior moral disposition ? As- 
 suredly they can ; it requires but willingness and effort in the right di- 
 rection. The mother who imparts to the being hid away in her loins 
 her personal features, her disposition, etc., can Impart much more by 
 proper effort. The father, from whom the male formative material ia 
 received, can do much for the welfare of that being evolved from that 
 material. For all that it is, the cliild is indebted to either one of the 
 parents; from them is received the human qualities it possesses or ex- 
 hibits. Subsequent care, training, and education may do much, but the 
 original bias is received within the confines of the womb. 
 
 Not much need be said as to the transmission of mental superiority 
 to children. If the parents are intelligent and educated, the children 
 will also have large mental capacity. Subsequent mental training will 
 serve to give offspring that mental culture which in the present pro- 
 gressive period of the human race each individual being should possess. 
 Intelligence, not ignorance, now holds sway ; and no one can harmoni- 
 ously glide along with the current of human progress without a cultiva- 
 ted mind. If mothers, therefore, have tastes for the intellectual pur- 
 suits, let them not abandon them while another life is developing. 
 
 The transmission of moral qualities is more readily accomplished. To 
 what extent they can be transmitted is not readily definable, but it is a 
 well-settled fact in psychology that the moral habit readily tflescends 
 from parent to child. This fact is exemplified in the history of nearly 
 every family, for in nearly every ca.se the moral tone of the children 
 represents that of the parents, at least as far as disposition is concerned. 
 Vicious association may destroy the moral tone, even if the disposition 
 is unfavorable ; but when the disposition is favorable to moral excellence 
 the inclination to vice is .strongly curbed, and moral degeneration is not 
 so easily effected, even if the child is surrounded by all the allurements 
 of vice. On the mother, then, a high duty rests — she is chargeable with 
 the moral tone of society, not by neglecting the .supervision of the moral 
 faculties of her born children so umch as by indifference when a 
 human soul is undergoing intra-viteriue development. Motherhood 
 comes to many most uuwelcomely ; the trials and cares incident to it are 
 not favorably regarded ;. but there are few women in whom the mater- 
 nal instinct is so deficient that they would, with sheer malice, endeavor 
 to give birth to a babe so weighted with the destiny of a bad organiza- 
 tion, as to make them through life utterly insensible to all the moral re- 
 lations of life. Yet such a legacy is completely within the power of a 
 mother to give. If she is not elevated by purity of thought and of ac- 
 tion, if not ennobled by intensity of maternal feeling, and if not actu- 
 ated by constant solicitude for the welfare of her unborn babe, the or-
 
 444 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 
 
 ganization of the child will be unquestionably vicious. She should re- 
 member that the child in uterine life has no blood but that of its 
 mother; all that courses through its veins and arteries also courses 
 through the blood-vessels of the mother. How important it is then for 
 mothers to guard against everything calculated to disturb the harmony 
 and regularity of the vascular current ! 
 
 The child in utei'o is technically but an appendage or parasite, over 
 v\ hich the maternal mind and body exerts a marked influence; conse- 
 quently, if mothers in the i^regnaut state pay heed to the moral relations 
 of life, curb for the time any evil disposition they may have, take pleasure 
 only in that which is pure and upright — in short, lead a blameless moral 
 life — they will most surely be blest with offsi^ring in whom the disposi- 
 tion will be kind and the moral tone exalted. Let me then say to expect- 
 ant mothers : enlighten and elevate the moral sentiments, exercise desir- 
 able talents, cultivate beautiful qualities ; for if you do, they will certain- 
 ly bloom in great brilliancy in your children and children's children. So, 
 too, if there exists among the subtleties of your character any dark 
 spot, exert all your moral strength in order to eradicate it. Surround 
 the growing soul with good influences ; cultivate all noble impulse, all 
 holy aspirations ; breathe into the opening flower, by the magic pbwer 
 of a mother's love, such knowledge and moral legacy as will prepare it 
 for the world in all its antagonisms ; and you will see in the final fruit 
 the rewaid for all your care, self-denial, and self-abnegation. Husbands 
 must learrn to recognize this supreme power of their wives over the 
 ante-natal life (both mental and physical), and they must observe such 
 a line of conduct as not to frustrate any endeavor to exercise it rightly, 
 but should give them the best possible conditions to improve it. 
 
 How can parents have healthy children ? This is a question of such 
 significant importance to married people that it should engage their 
 most earnest thought and liveliest interest, for parents can by judicious 
 care and careful practice endow their offspring with most excellent phy- 
 sical vigor. To effect this it is only necessary that they should them- 
 selves be healthy, or to render inert by proper medication the tendency 
 of transmission of any infirmity or disease with which they may them- 
 selves be alllictcd. The most potential cause of degenerate health in 
 offspiing is the ruinous effect of nervous debility. Any male who previ- 
 ous to marriage practised .self-abuse, and who married while suffer- 
 ing from the effects of such a jicrnicious habit, cannot furnish for 
 the purposes of generation such perfection of formative material as 
 will insure full health in the bemg that evolves therefrom. The seminal 
 li<iuid is diseased, and carries with it the germs of low vitality and 
 poverty of jihysical endurance or capacity. For this reason the author 
 discountenances marriage in tho.se who l)y youthful errors induced 
 the Luvoluutary expuudituro of seiueu, because that affection destroys
 
 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 445 
 
 the instinct of propagation, and renders the sufferer incapable or unfit 
 to afford such formative material as will result in healthy products of 
 conception. I therefore adjure all these suffering from this infirmity 
 not to marry until by proper and skilful treatment a healthy intcgiity 
 of the organs is fully re-established. If those who are married suft'er 
 from the unmanly losses of semen, they should by all means make early 
 endeavors to have their manhood restored in all its fulness. Those who 
 are partially impotent should not neglect to secure the required treat- 
 ment — such as will restore virile vigor and healthy procreating power. 
 Medical treatment is of the greatest importance, and, assuredly, it is 
 only those who have fiUl manly vigor and integrity that can hope for 
 healthy offspring. It is scarcely an allowable exercise of privilege for 
 a,ny male to marry if suffering from the effects of indiscretions, as it is 
 well known to every plij'siologist that procreative capacity is lessened 
 there'.jy, and oltsiiring usually of feeble mind and body and low moral 
 tone. Let all such sufferers then fully appreciate the responsibility of 
 the married state, and only enter its portals with healthy genital organs 
 and proper virile capacity. This advice should be heeded by all who 
 properly estimate marital eligibility. Their first duty is to engage the 
 services of a competent physician, who will by proiier treatment restore 
 the proper integrity of the organs, impart the required vigor, and secure 
 the necessary conditions for healthy propagation. 
 
 Eligibility for motherhood requires full integrity of womanhood. No 
 healthy babe can be born if its ante-natal life is passed in a diseased uter- 
 ine cavity. Women suffering from intlammation or ulceration of the 
 mucous membrane lining the uterine cavity cannot possibly give birth 
 to a healthy child. It is then a high duty for all wives to make all pos- 
 sible effort to become sexually healthy, and if they have the prudence 
 to engage the proper herbal treatment they will certainly regain the re- 
 quired feminine vigor and motherhood will be a blessing instead of a 
 curse. 
 
 Proper treatment will even avert the transmission of scrofula, epi- 
 lepsy, consumption, and other diseases capable of hereditation. This 
 must be given while the child is developing within the uterine cavity. 
 The disease in the parent may not be cured, but rational treatment, 
 under the guidance of a skillful physician, can so modify the gestatory 
 process as to effectually prevent the child from being born with a simi- 
 lar diathesis. 
 
 This subject is one of the most important within the whole range of 
 medicine, and should engage the interest of all ; it concerns not only in- 
 dividual welfare, but the health and the mental and moral well-being 
 of the whole human race. 
 
 The author gladly gives advice to those who may need counsel or 
 treatment. Parents who submit their cases for my consideratiou will
 
 446 THE COMPLKTE HERBALIST. 
 
 be fully advised what course should be pursued. All communicationa 
 held iii\-iolably secret. (See page ;J85 for guidance as to consultation.) 
 
 Divorce. 
 
 This implies the separation of the married pair, by legal dissolution 
 of the matrimonial bonds. Divorcefi are most commonly given by the 
 courts for causes occurring after marriage ; but jurists, in treating upon 
 this subject, also include those causes by which a marriage may be ren- 
 dered null upon antecedent grounds; as where a marriage was accom- 
 plished by forcible or fraudulent means, or where, in consequence of 
 near consanguinity, the act of cohabitation between the pair is by law 
 considered incestuous. ^Vhere a physical incapacity for marriage pre- 
 vails in one of the parties, divorces are usually granted by nearly all 
 courts, pro\-ided such an incapacity existed previous to marriage. 
 
 It is not our purpose, however, to discuss the subject in its legal 
 aspect, however interesting it might be, but to consider it rather in ita 
 popular sense. It is not within the province of the medical writer to 
 consider the subject relative to its legal bearings, though he may with 
 propriety give the subject the attention it claims with reference to abuse 
 of the marital privilege. There are practically many divorces bfitween 
 husbands and wives, of which the law takes no cognizance, and for 
 causes for which no court would grant a dispensation. The author is 
 fully aware that the divorce laws are not any too stringent, and probably 
 too facile in many commonwealths ; but, while he is by no means in 
 favor of easy divorce laws, he is ready to admit that the strong hand of 
 the law sometimes is not waved to the .side of justice, but inflicts in- 
 tolerable anguish by enforcing a matrimonial existence which in its 
 very nature is adverse to the veiy spirit and essence of matrimony. 
 
 It is practically divorcing the marriage tie when mutual love no longer 
 characterizes the union. The only bond that unites and that makes the 
 union an inseparable one is love, and not the mere formal ceremony of 
 espousal. The law, however, does not and cannot recognize anything 
 but the vinciditm matrimonii as binding, but the philosopher delves 
 deeper, and while he does not dispute the necessity of legal ceremonies, 
 he nevertheless knows that marriage is in its very essence not such a 
 union as defined by law, but a linking of affections, a union of souls and 
 hearts. jMarriage is practically aimulled when love is no longer the 
 cord of union; without mutual affection the association becomes in- 
 tolerable, the higher purposes of the tie are defeated, and the sacred 
 precinct is invaded by elements foreign to the psychical character of the 
 marital atmosphere. Law can, however, not remedy this ; the candi- 
 dates for marriage must, as before advised, exercise such precautions, 
 that they may not deceive themselves, and only form a matrimonial 
 alliance that augurs a congenial wedded life. Divorces cannot be
 
 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 447- 
 
 granted for uncongeniality, provided no actual infringement of the mar- 
 riage bond has been committed, and cannot extend a dispensation 
 because married life is loveless. Abuse of its privileges would follow, 
 and divorce laws should therefore of necessity be stringent, so that 
 marriages be not recklessly contracted, and obliging intended union to 
 be the result of guarded and careful deliberation, as it is easier to prevent 
 mistakes than to rectify them. Negligence of consulting the better 
 knowledge brings its own reward, and, however intolerable the punish- 
 ment, a separation cannot ensue by virtue of law. Humanity would 
 grant the dissolution of the tie, but the purity and purpose of law must 
 be protected. Strmgency must shield it from disgrace, or the possible 
 chance of its becoming the agent whereby injury may be done, or flagrant 
 violations of matrimonial duty may be prompted by its laxity. Every 
 candidate should lose sight of every consideration except that of happi- 
 ness in married life, and see that no one can exclaim 
 
 " She (or he) whom the law calls youra, 
 Is by her (or his) love made mine." 
 
 In nearly all courts, adultery is sufficient cause for divorce, and very 
 properly so. It is the mosc heinous violation of the duty and trust at- 
 tached to a conjugal union. Everything besides pales in comparison 
 with adultery in the enormity of its malfeasance in the marital sphere. 
 It is such a flagrant abuse of duty and fidelity that the conjugal pair 
 owe to each other, that it has even been recognized by divine law as 
 sufficient cause for divorce, and as long as civilization has a foothold, 
 and morality considered a virtue, so long will adultery be regarded 
 subversive to the integrity of the conjugal union. It is a crime ad- 
 mitting of no extenuation, and incapable of condonement by the 
 morally upright or the virtuous pure. It is the brand that inflames the 
 worst passions in the one who has thus been injured and disgraced by 
 his or her conjugal associate, surely engendering hate and detestation if 
 the proper value is placed upon marital loyalty. The bubble that has 
 just burst is as easily reconstructed as to again establi.sh confidence, 
 peace and happiness in that family, of which either the husband or 
 wife has sinned. The wound is incurable, and prolongation of the 
 wedded association only aggravates. Therefore, the only remedy is a 
 legal separation from the one who has proved so unworthy of marital 
 trust. It is not enough that the husband and wife should be guiltless 
 of adultery, but their conduct must be such as to arouse no suspicion 
 of neighbors or others. The conduct must be so guarded that loyalty 
 is not doubted, but manifested even under circumstances where the 
 liability to err is great, so that fidelity is established, and suspicion dis- 
 armed. 
 
 That wife, who, by her conduct in society, or in her social intercourse
 
 448 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 
 
 with other men, brings upon her mistrust, and who provokes publio 
 scandal by her vagaries and lax conduct, actually debauches her hus- 
 band's good name, and does him as much injury as she would were she 
 grulty of adultery. She may never have committed the act, and prob- 
 ably never would, but her deportment is such as to lead observers 
 to the opinion that she would prove disloyal if circumstances favored, 
 thereby committing a gi-ievous wrong, and staining the honor and good 
 name of her husband to an unwarrantable extent. The man that 
 brings to his bride the legacy of honor and respectability is greatly in- 
 jured if she by her immoral conduct begets the suspicion as to loyalty 
 of his friends and neighbors, and she is unworthy of his love and pro- 
 tection if she so far forgets her duty as bring a stain upon his character 
 by her own imprudence. She is guilty of adulterous proclivities, which 
 should be considered sufficient cause for divorce, even if adultery 
 cannot be proven. On the other hand, the husband, who by improper 
 behavior in company, is so unguarded as to be suspected for his loyalty 
 and attachment to his wife, is unworthy of her, and cannot, justify his 
 conduct by even the most liberal interpretation of the marriage contract. 
 It would, unquestionably, be well if the law would recognize conduct 
 that suggests an adulterous proclivity as sufficient for divorce, e-^n if 
 adultery per se could not be proven, as it would most probably have a 
 salutary effect in counteracting the tendency to the degeneracy of 
 modern free-loveism. 
 
 The cry of many wives of the present day, who think that their duty 
 to society is paramount to the duty they owe to their husbands is — 
 Would you exclude us from society ? Am I to be imprisoned in the home 
 you afford me and not be allowed to receive my friends, or to mingle 
 again with society ? No, not at all ; the seclusivism of the harem is not 
 calculated to promote the best interests of conjugal life ; but it is to be 
 insisted upon that when wives are in society their conduct should be so 
 dignified, so hedged in with propriety, that their reputation remains 
 unsullied, that the most suspicious need not suspect, and that the liber- 
 tine it! given no opi)ortunity to make his offensive proposals, nor his 
 heart gratified by a passive submission to his lascivious conversation, 
 looks, and hints. Ciesar clainied not too much in his requirements of a 
 wife — she should in all respects be above suspicion. The wife's greatest 
 pride should be the observance of such a line of conduct as meets her hus- 
 band's approval. All her actions should be characterized by purity and 
 fidelity, and no cause should be given for unpleasant comment. Such 
 noble wives are denominated the oppressed, the slaves of men, etc., etc., 
 by the Women's Riglits women ; but they are not, — they and they only 
 are the idols of men, at least of those whose affections are pure and 
 worth having. The angolic quality of women, so often the theme of 
 poets and lovers, is .'jurely only manifested by the virtuous and in the
 
 THE COMPLETE IIERHALIST. 449 
 
 faithful. The very existence of civilization is dependent upon virtuous 
 women and faithful wives ; men may become depraved, but as long- as 
 women remain pvire, civilization, morality, and religion will be fostered 
 and propagated. If women live the truth and act the truth, humanity 
 wUl ever be blessed with the benefits of civilization. 
 
 To the sterner sex the mantle of virtue is no less becoming ; and fidel- 
 ity is as much of an adornment and requirement to them as of the 
 gentler sex. The libertine is a despicable creature ; and the adulterer 
 is so lost to honor and nobility of character, that his presence in the so- 
 ciety of the pure and good should be considered an outrage upon de- 
 cency and propriety. Chastity is a superior virtue, and loyalty in v/edlock 
 a noble attribute ; and whichever one of the conjugal pair proves reck- 
 less to these connubial trusts is vmworthy of marital companionship and 
 defiles a sacred institution. 
 
 BRIDAL TOURS. 
 
 ' ' Some essays have been written on the barbarisms of civilization ; 
 many more might be. Many of the habits prevailing in what ought to 
 be our mo.st refined society are at variance with almost elementary ideas 
 of decency. Others are equally marked in their injurious physical ten- 
 dencies. It is not surprising that clergymen, even when not of the 
 strictest sect, and philosophers of no i:)articular sect at all, have de- 
 claimed against fashionable dresses and dances at late hours. But there 
 are other customs against which no church has fulmiaated its anathe- 
 mas, the daflg-ers and absurdities of which no fidgety reformer has per- 
 ceived or noticed. One of these conspicuously is the Bridal Tour. 
 
 " Let us illustrate by a typical case. During one of the earliest and 
 coldest ' cold snaps ' there comes off a wedding, which, from the official 
 standing of the parties, naturally attracts some attention. We are soon 
 told that the ' happy couple ' are ofE on their wedding trip to — well, 
 not exactly Alaska or Greenland, but a territory nearly as frigid, and 
 that part of the journey is to be made in stages or sleighs. The intense 
 excitement in appropriateness of the proceeding, the wonderful pains 
 taken by these people to make themselves uncomfortable on what is 
 supposed to be the most festive occasion in their lives, would move one 
 to Homeric laughter, did not events disastrous to the health of the con. 
 jugal pair usually follow so closely on the heels of bridal tours." If the 
 parties are not as high in the social scale and less wealthy, the mischief 
 done is as great, if not greater, for in their tour tliey may lack substan- 
 tial comforts which the wealthy alone can afford. To all married cou- 
 ples a bridal tour seems to be considered as absolutely essential to give 
 the marital union an importance, without which it would, in theit 
 
 opinion, be an uiu'omantic and but partial marriage. 
 
 2d
 
 450 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 
 
 Looking at the custom from an esthetic and sentimental point of 
 view, nothing can be more repulsive. An American marriage is theo- 
 retically a love match, and it is generally so in practice. Now two per- 
 sons in love want to see as much as possible of each other, and as little 
 as possible of other people. It is to that we find exceptions; there are 
 individuals whose diseased vanity desires to give publicity to every act 
 of their life. It is a misfortiine that these vulgarians are not rarer in 
 every class. An instinct of seclusion and modesty should be the general 
 rule, but this absurd custom forces a new-married couple to put on an 
 unnatural restraint on their legitimate affection, or to make themselves 
 ridiculous before the public. Love, both emotional and passionate, is 
 usually most exuberant to those recently joined in wedlock, and philoso- 
 phy would suggest the exercise to be confined more to seclusion than 
 the sporadic opportunities afforded in a wedding tour. 
 
 Now, in the common-sense, practical, man-of-the-world point of 
 view, the fashionable practice is eqiaally objectionable. It is notorious 
 that nothing, except marriage itself, tries the temper more than joint 
 travel. Therefore, at the very outset of their life-partnership, the 
 quality on which the happiness of that union principally depends ia 
 jmt to the rudest strain. The happy couple expose themselves^to the 
 insolence of hackmen and hotel-clerks, the discomforts of rail and hotel, 
 irregular hours and uncertain meals. The Irishman, in the song, mar- 
 ried a wife to make him ' ' unaisy. " A wedding tour on one of our great 
 thoroughfares of travel is admirably contrived to accomplish this result 
 for both parties. 
 
 AU this, however, it may be suggested, is matter of taste. We cannot 
 expect to shape the caprices of fashion or custom by the dictates of 
 deliberate philosophy. But what follows is not a questionable point of 
 taste or comfort ; it is a matter of downright fact, as certain as if it 
 could be mathematically demonstrated. 
 
 The consummation of marriage is, with the exception of child-birth, 
 the most critical period, phy.sically, of the woman's life. After the 
 moral and physical excitement which attends it, her .system demands 
 rest, repose, quiet, regular and good living, a supporting and restora- 
 tive way of life. If these can be secured for some weeks, so much the 
 better, but at any rate they are necessary for some days. Her emo- 
 tional nature attains the highest state of excitement, in consequence of 
 assisting in a repast which is approached only by intense agitation, no 
 matter how much she may feel it to be a legitimate incident to marriage. 
 This makes it doubly exhaustive, and not only her health for the rest of 
 her mortal existence, but the'health aud strength of her offspring may 
 be, and often are, materially affected by the want of proper care at thia 
 time. Instead of which, the bridal tour piles on additional excitement 
 and fatigue, makes regularity of life ir.ipossible — in short, the act in-
 
 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 451 
 
 volves the reverse of all that the rules of health and physiology require. 
 There is an underlying sense of modesty which may urge the bride on 
 to a journey immediately after marriage. The new condition of life 
 exacts changes which she rather would fulfil among strangers than in 
 her own or husband's domicile. It may confuse the modest and retir- 
 ing woman to assume the conjugal associations in presence of her 
 parents, brothers, and sisters ; but as this is one of the modesties not 
 really commendable, however natural it may be, it does not afford suf- 
 ficient inducement for encoimtering all the vicissitudes of a wedding 
 tour. 
 
 For man too, at this time, repose and calm, though not so necessary, 
 are highly desirable. It constantly happens, in the case of both sexes, 
 that a slight indisposition, which passed unnoticed in the huny of pre- 
 paration, is aggravated to a serious and even fatal extent by the excite- 
 ment, exposure, and neglect consequent on the wedding tour. No man, 
 for instance, would think of postj^oning his marriage on account of a 
 slight cold. If he stayed quietly at home afterward, and took care of 
 himself, it would pass away like other slight colds ; but he goes off on a 
 bridal tour in the depth of winter, and the malady develops into a 
 chronic pulmonary complaint. Nor would a young woman put off her 
 marriage because she felt a little extra lassitude and want of appetite, 
 with an occasional headache, which, however, may be premonitory 
 symptoms of typhoid fever. If you take typhoid fever in time, there is 
 nothing specially dangerous about it ; care, patience, and slight treat- 
 ment are only necessary, and it runs its course. But, if neglected at 
 first, it is almost inevitably fatal. Many cases of brides and bride- 
 grooms, in my profesional experience, came under my observation, dying 
 of typhoid fever just after a wedding trip, which had caused the early 
 symptoms to be misunderstood and neglected. And I have known 
 things worse than death to happen — insanity, temporary or 23ermanent, 
 brought on by the extra fatigue and excitement of the wedding journey. 
 
 One old New York custom, and probably to some extent prevailing in 
 other i^laces, was infinitely more rational. The new-married coiiple 
 took up their quarters at the house of the bride's father, and remained 
 there in seclusion for a week. The only fault about this arrangement 
 was the shortness of time, but for a week, at any rate, they had abso- 
 lute repose and quiet, and enjoyed all the comforts of a home without 
 the trouble of housekeeping. For one week, at least, the inter-com- 
 munion of the conjugal pair was unhampered, and secured against the 
 criticism and gaze of the public. 
 
 The present fashion of bridal tours is an unmeaning and unreasonable 
 imitation of the European, especially the English practice. The original 
 English theory of a wedding trip is, driving in a comfortable can'iage, at 
 a rate of speed just sufficient to exhilarate without fatiguing, over good
 
 452 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST, 
 
 roads, in weather which may be pleasant or unpleasant, but is never dan- 
 gerously cold or dangerously hot, to some secluded country -place or seaside 
 \illage, and resting there a month. The new mode of continental tours 
 is in some respects just as absurd as ours, though the advantage of climate 
 lessens the fatigue and physical risk to some extent. The notorious 
 mutability of our climate is in itself reason enough why a bride should 
 not be exposed to the accidents of travel. 
 
 It will thus be seen that the medical aspect of a bridal tour is suffi- 
 ciently important, and the risk incurred sufficiently great, to cause the 
 wedded pair, if they wish to be actuated with impulses of reason and 
 pi-udcnee, rather than by the dictates of custom, to pause before they 
 undergo the trials of a wedding journey. It would certainly be more 
 conducive to their health and happiness if they were guided by a better 
 reason in this respect, and leave wedding trips to be indulged iu by those 
 who would rather run the risk of injuring their health and general well- 
 being than offend a fashionable practice. It is a fashionable vulgarity, 
 and not prompted by the behests of good-breeding and social dignity. 
 
 POISONS AND THEIR ANTIDOTES. ^ 
 
 Nothing that appertains to domestic treatment is of greater value than 
 a knowledge of jioisons, and the treatment necessary in cases of acci- 
 dental or premeditated poisoning. So many substances of a poisonous 
 nature are used in manufactures among farmers, mechanics, and also in 
 jirivate houses, it will be useful to have a guide to refer to in case of 
 accident, for in almost every case of poisoning the antidote must be in- 
 stantlj' given or else success cannot be expected. In all cases, unless 
 the physician is within immediate call, no time is allowed to engage his 
 Bei"v'ices ; hence the great imiiortance of eveiy one supplying himself wiih 
 the requisite knowledge to treat any or all cases of poisoning. 
 
 Precaution with regard to poisons is very necessary. In every family, 
 manufactory, etc., where poisons are required and used, the antidotes 
 should idso be kept for use whenever occasion calls for them. Again, 
 when poisons are used for any purpose, it is not enough to know that 
 they are poisonoux^ but it should also be known of what they are com- 
 posed. For instance, corrosive sublimate may be used, and by accident 
 a poisonous dose may be taken of it ; but, unless known that it is a pre- 
 jiarution of mercury, the treatment must necessarily be of a vague and 
 uncertain character. 
 
 As a general rule, in all cases of poisoning, especially if seen immedi- 
 ately after the jioison has been swallowed, the indication is to make the 
 person vomit. To bring this about give a teaspoonful of mustard in a 
 tumbler of water, or two or three teaspooufuls of powdered alum in the
 
 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 453 
 
 same •way. Vomiting can in all cases be promoted by tickling the throat 
 with a feather. 
 
 Arsenic. 
 
 Articles. — Scheele's green, arsenious acid, orpiment, king's yellow, 
 realgar, fly powder, ague drops, arsenical paste and arsenical soap, rat 
 poison. 
 
 Symptoms. — Pain and burning in the stomach, dryness of throat, 
 cramps, purging, vomiting, hoarseness and difficulty of speech, eyes red 
 and sparkling, suppression of urine, matter vomited greenish or yel- 
 lowish. 
 
 Treatment. — Give large quantities of milk and raw eggs, lime- 
 water, or flour and water. Then castor-oil ; or, if tincture of iron is 
 within reach, take from half to a full teaspoonful of it, and mix with it 
 a little bicarbonate of soda or saleratus, and administer it to the per- 
 son, and follow it with an emetic. This acts as a real antidote— the 
 chemical combination resulting being insoluble in the fluids of the 
 stomach. 
 
 Acids. 
 
 Articles. — Oxalic (salts of son-el), sulphuric (oil of vitriol), nitric 
 (aquafortis), muriatic (spirit of salt), but not prussic acid. 
 
 Symptoms.— These acids are all corrosive, and hence produce horri- 
 ble burning and sour pain from the mouth downwards. The skin and 
 mucous membrane of the lips, mouth, aud throat is eaten away. The 
 patient experiences great thirst, and purges blood, and has excruciat- 
 ing pain in the stomach. 
 
 Treatment. — Put an ounce of calcined magnesia into a pint of water, 
 and give a wineglassful every two or three minutes. If you cannot get 
 magnesia, use whiting, chalk, soda, or lime-water, or even knock a 
 piece of mortar from the wall, pound it fine, and give it with milk or 
 water. While one person is attending to this, let another cut common 
 Boap into small pieces and give a tea-spoonful with water, or a table- 
 spoonful of soft soap. Also give plenty of warm water to drink. 
 
 Citric and acetic acids are also poisonous in large doses. The treat- 
 ment is the same as for the above. 
 
 Antimony. 
 
 Articles. — Tart?ar emetic, butter of antimony, oxide of antimony. 
 
 Symptoms. — Severe vomiting (if this does not occur it should be in- 
 duced), cramps, faintness, purging, colicky pains, sense of tightness in 
 the chest, recurrence of vomiting repeatedly. 
 
 Treatment.- -Give plenty of strong tea. If no common tea is at 
 hand, use an infusion of oak, elm, sloe, currant, or blackberry bark or
 
 454 THE COMPLETE nERBALISTl 
 
 leaves, the requirements being a vegetable astringent. If the butter of 
 antimony has been taken, resort to the treatment advised for acids. lu 
 all cases the strength should be supported with stimulants. 
 
 Bismuth. 
 
 Articles. — Nitrate, pearl powder, face powders. 
 
 Sy.MPTOMS. — General inflammation of the whole alimentary canal, 
 suppression of urine, hiccough, vomiting, cramps. 
 
 TI4KATMENT. — Plenty of milk, flaxseed tea, infusion of slippery elm, 
 marsh mallow. 
 
 Copper, 
 
 Articles. — Blue copperas, blue verditer, mineral green, verdigris, 
 food cooked in copper vessels, pickles made green by copper. 
 
 Symptoms. — Coppery taste in the mouth, tongue dry and parched, 
 very painful colic, bloody stools, convulsions. 
 
 Treatment. — Large quantities of milk and white of eggs, afterwards 
 strong tea. Vinegar nhould not be given. ^ 
 
 .\ 
 
 Gold. 1 
 
 Articles.— Chloride of gold, fulminating gold. 
 
 Symptoms. — Similar to other irritant poisons. Pink patches about 
 the lips and mouth. 
 
 Treatment. — Give sulphate of iron, which decomposes the sub- 
 stances. 
 
 Iodine. 
 
 Articles. — Iodides of potassium, mercury, iron, or sodium. 
 
 Symptoms. — Burning pain in throat, lacerating pain in stomach, 
 heartburn, vomiting, colicky pains, very likely salivation. 
 
 Treat-MENT. — Large quantities of starch and water, flour and water, 
 grated potatoes, or anything that you know contains starch. If the 
 iodides are taken in overdose, produce vomiting as soon as possible. 
 
 Iron. 
 
 Articles. — Sulphate of iron (copperas), green vitriol, chloride of 
 iron. 
 
 Symptoms. — Colic pains, constant vomiting and purging, violent pain 
 in throat, coldness of skin, feeble pulse. 
 
 Tukat.ment — Give an emetic, afterwards magnesia or carbonate of 
 Boda and water. Also mucilaginous drinks.
 
 the complete herbalist. 455 
 
 Lead. 
 
 Articles. — Acetate or sugar of lead, white lead, red lead, litharge. 
 
 Symptoms. — Metallic taste ra mouth, pain in stomach and bowels, 
 painful vomiting, often blood, hiccough. If taken for some time, ob- 
 stinate colic, paralysis, partial or complete ; obstinate constipation, 
 diminution of urine. 
 
 Treatment.— Put two ounces of epsom salts into a pint of water and 
 give a wineglassful every ten minutes until it operates freely. If the 
 solid forms have been taken, give dilute sulphuric acid, but very care- 
 fuUy. 
 
 Mercury. 
 
 Articles. — Calomel, corrosive sublimate, red precipitate, vermilion, 
 white precipitate, turbith mineral. 
 
 Symptoms. — Harsh metallic astringent taste, burning pain in the 
 stomach, vomiting and purging frequently of bloody matter, tightness 
 and burning in the throat, tendency to doze, stupor. 
 
 Treatment. — Albumen in some form must be instantly given ; either 
 the white of eggs beaten up with water, milk or wheat flour beaten up. 
 Iron filings can also be given. After these give linseed tea. 
 
 Phosphorus. 
 
 Articles. — Lucifer matches. 
 
 Symptoms. — Pain in stomach and bowels, vomiting, diarrhcsa, ten- 
 derness and tension of the abdomen, great excitement of the whole 
 system. 
 
 Treatment. — Prompt emetic, copious draughts of warm water 
 containing magnesia, chalk, whiting, or even flour. No oils or fat 
 should be given. 
 
 Silver. 
 
 Articles. — Nitrate, or lunar caustic. 
 
 Symptoms. — Similar to other irritant poisons, especially arsenic. 
 
 Treatment. — Give a large tea-spoouful of common salt in a glass of 
 water, and repeat this in ten minutes. Then a dose of castor-oil, and 
 linseed tea, or barley water for a drink. 
 
 Tin. 
 
 Articles. — Chloride, called muriate by dyers, oxide, or putty pow- 
 der. 
 
 Symptoms, — Vomiting, pain in stomach, purging, convulsive twltcb- 
 
 ings.
 
 456 THE COMPLETE nERBALIST. 
 
 TREAT^IE^^T. — Milk must be given copiously. The milk may contain 
 magnesia, chalk, or whiting, if handy. Also raw eggs beaten up with 
 water and milk. 
 
 Zinc. 
 
 Articles.— Sulphate, or white vitriol. Acetate, chloride (Burnett's 
 disinfecting fluid, also used to destroy cancers). 
 
 Symptojis. — Violent vomiting, astringent taste, burning pain in 
 stomach, pale countenance, cold extremities, dull eyes. 
 
 Treatment. — Plenty of milk with white of eggs in it. If it is the 
 Bulphate give carbonate of soda. If excessive vomiting occurs, it can 
 be relieved by copious draughts of warm water. 
 
 Volatile Oils. 
 
 Articles. — Creasote, Dippel's animal oil, oil of tar, oil of tobacco, 
 oil of turpentine, fusel oU. 
 
 Symptoms. — Burning pain, vomiting, pungent taste, purging. The 
 oils of tobacco and turpentine affect the nervous system, and will be 
 recognized by their peculiar odor in the matter vomited. -v 
 
 Treatment. — Creasote is immediately coagulated by albumep, as 
 milk, white of eggs. Dippel's animal oil may be counteracted by (Jilute 
 eulphuric aoid, and castor or linseed oil. For the others give milk, 
 and promote vomiting, and probably some stimulant. 
 
 Alkalies. 
 
 Ammonia. — Spirits of hartshorn, muriate, or sal ammoniac. 
 
 Potassa. — Caustic potash, liquor potassa, carbonate, or pearl ash, 
 salts of tartar, nitrate, or saltpetre, or liver of sulphur. 
 
 Symptoms. — Violent, caustic, acrid taste, great heat in throat, de- 
 Btruction of the mucous membrane of mouth and throat, cold sweats, 
 weakness, hiccough, colic pains, bloody stools. 
 
 Tukat.ment. — Vinegar, lemon juice, citric or tartaric acids. If tbe 
 free alkaUes are taken give castor or linseed oils, which wOl form soap 
 in combination with them. For saltpetre give a mixture of acacia, 
 marsh-uiallovv, flax-seed tea, aud for liver of siilphur give common salt. 
 
 Prussic Acid. 
 
 Articles. — Oil of bitter almonds, laurel water, peach-kernels, cyan- 
 ide of potassium, vised by photographers. 
 
 Sy.mptoms. — If the quantity be large, death instantly ensues. In 
 Bmallcr qu;uitities, nausea, giddiness, debility, weight and pain in the 
 head. 
 
 Tkkatmi;nt. — Give spirits of hartshorn veiy much diluted, aud 
 apply a bottle of .smelling-salts to the nose, dash cold water on the 
 head, give stimulants, aud make the patient stir about.
 
 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 457 
 
 VEGETABLE POISONS. 
 
 Opium. 
 
 Articles. — Laudanum, paregoric, black drop, soothing syrups, 
 cordials, syrup of poppies, morphine, Dover's powder, etc. 
 
 Symptoms. — Giddiness, stupor, gradually increasing to a deep sleep, 
 pupil of the eyes very small, lips blue, skin cold, heavy, slow breathing. 
 
 Treatment. — Make the patient vomit as quickly as possible. If a 
 full-grown person give fifteen grains of sulphate of zinc in a little water, 
 to a young person half the quantity, to an infant a teaspoonful of syrup 
 of ipecac. If these drugs cannot be had, use mustard and warm water, 
 salt and water, and tickle the throat with a feather. After vomiting, 
 give plenty of strong coffee, and place a mustard poultice round the calf 
 of each leg, and if the patient is cold and sinking, give stimulants, and 
 rouse him to walking or running by your assistance. Beat the soles of 
 his feet, dash cold water on the face, and do anything to prevent him 
 from sleeping untU the effects are passed off, for if he goes to sleep, it 
 is the sleep of death. 
 
 Strychnine. 
 
 Articles. — Rat poison, nux vomica, St. Ignatius' beaa. 
 
 Symptoms. — Lockjaw, twitching of the muscles, convulsions, the 
 body is bent backwards, so as to rest on the feet and head only. 
 
 Treatment. — Empty the stomach by an emetic, then give linseed 
 tea or barley water, and to an adult give thirty drops of laudanum, to 
 relieve the spasms. A tea-spoonful of ether can also be given. 
 
 Other Poisonous Plants, or Seeds, 
 
 Such as false mushrooms, belladonna, henbane, or anything a child may 
 have eaten, or taken in mistake by any person. Vegetable poisons act 
 either as an irritant, acro-narcotic, or narcotic. If it an irritant, the 
 symptoms are an acrid, pungent taste, with more or less bitterness, 
 excessive heat, great dryness of the mouth and throat, with sense of 
 tightness there, violent vomiting, purging, with great pain in the 
 stomach and bowels, breathing often quick and difficult, appearance of 
 intoxication, eye frequently dilated, insensibility resembling death. 
 The symptoms of narcotic poisons are described under opium. 
 
 Treatment. — If an irritant and vomiting does occur and continues, 
 render it easier by large draughts of warm water, but if symptoms of 
 insensibility have come on without vomiting, empty the stomach with 
 any emetic that may be at hand, — sulphate of zinc, mustard ; and after 
 the operation of the emetic give a sharp purgative. After as much as 
 is possible of the poison is got rid of, very strong coffee, or vinegar di- 
 2U
 
 458 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 
 
 luted with water, may be given with advantage. Camphor mixture 
 with a little ether may be taken frequently, and if the insensibility is 
 considerable, warmth, friction,s, and blisters may be employed. For 
 the narcotics proceed as in opium. 
 
 Animal Poisons. 
 
 Poisonous Fisn.— Old wife, crawfish, land crab, gray snapper, hyne, 
 dolphin, conger eel, mussel, barracuda, smooth bottle fish, grooper, 
 rock fish, Spanish mackerel, king fish, bonetta, porgee, tunny, blower, 
 etc. 
 
 Symptoms. — In an hour or two, or much sooner after the fish has 
 been eaten, a weight at the stomach comes, with slight vertigo and 
 headache, sense of heat about the head and eyes, considerable thirst, 
 and often an eruption of the skin resembling nettle rash. 
 
 Treatment. — Give a brisk emetic. After full vomiting an active 
 purgative should be given. Vinegar and water may be drunk after the 
 above remedies have operated, and the body may be sponged with the 
 same. Water made very sweet with sugar, to which a little ether may 
 be added, may also be drunk freely. If spasms occur, give laudanum. 
 
 Poisonous Serpents. — Coi3perhead, moccasin, viper, blacky viper, 
 rattlesnake, water viper. 
 
 Symptoms. — A sharp pain in the wounded part, which soon eitenda 
 over the limb or body ; great swelling, at first hard and pale, then red- 
 dish, livid, and gangrenous in appearance, faintiugs, vomitings, convul- 
 sions, pulse small, breathing difficult, cold sweats, failing sight, and 
 derangement of the intellectual faculties. 
 
 Treatment. — Tie a string tightly above the wound, wash it well, 
 apply a cupping glass, or let the person bitten suck the wound well if 
 he can. If lunar caustic or butter of antimony are at hand, rub them 
 well in, to the very bottom of the wound, or take a very small poker, 
 or a steel used for sharpening knives ; make the point of this red hot — 
 to a white heat, if you can — and press this for a moment into the 
 wound. This is not such a dreadful operation as it seems to be, for one 
 moment's application is sufficient, and, if the steel is really hot enough, 
 gives scarcely any pain at the time. Small doses of hartshorn may also 
 be given, and if gangrene is threatened, give wine freely. In case of 
 rattlesnake bite, give whiskey freely. Bibron's antidote and the Tan- 
 jore Pills may also be used,— the latter carefully, as they contain 
 arsenic. 
 
 Poisonous Insects.— Spanish fly, potato fly. 
 
 Symptoms. —Nauseous odor of the breath, acrid taste, burning heat 
 in the throat, stomach, and abdomen, bloody vomiting, excruciating 
 paui in the stomach, heat in the bladder, strangury or retention of 
 lu^inc, frightful convulsions.
 
 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 459 
 
 Treatment. — Excite vomiting by giving sweet-oil, sugar and water, 
 milk or linseed tea, very freely. Rub camphor dissolved in oil over the 
 belly and thighs. 
 
 Venomous Insects. — Tarantula, scorpion, hornet, wasp, bee, gnat, 
 gad-fly. 
 
 Sy.mptoms. — In general, the sting of these insects occasions only a 
 slight degree of pain and swelling, but occasionally the symptoms are 
 more violent, and sickness and fever are produced by the intensity of 
 the pain. 
 
 Treatment. — Hartshorn and oil may be rubbed on the affected part, 
 and a piece of rag moistened with the same, or with salt and water, 
 may be kept upon it till the pain is over. A few drops of hartshorn may 
 also be frequently given internally, in a little water. The sting may in 
 general be removed by making strong pressure with the ban-el of a 
 watch-key around it. 
 
 R.\BiD Anlmals. — See Hydrophobia, in its proper place among 
 diseases.
 
 RECIPES. 
 
 Ih the following pages will be found a variety of recipes, applicable to many diseases and 
 nfflictions for which symptomatic treatment is all that is requirod. They will be found to 
 be very valiiabio fur domestic treatment. 'I'hey are not all strictly herbal, but essentially 
 eclectic, so as to be easily prejiared and the ingredients readily procured. Nothing capable 
 of harm is, however, admitted,— the few mineral substances that are prescribed beinsronly 
 inserted for then-vjieutic effecus, in consequence of their vegetable analogues being hard 
 to procure or difficult to prei>are. Availability was studied more than scientific arrange- 
 ment, though the merit of each is rctainetl. For handy recipes, therefore, the following 
 are sufficiently diversified for a wide range of application. 
 
 In comi)licated cases, or in diseases requiring systematic treatment, recipe.s are not to be 
 dc[K'nded upon. Such cases, of course, require treatment in accordance with the demands 
 of the pathological conditions observed in the disease, and which should in all cases be 
 directed by a competent physician. The remedies, for which the recipes are triven in this 
 connection, are designed merely for di.seases or affections not ordinarily grave in character, 
 or which do not retiuire more than simple medication. Tho.se desiring to hiake use of 
 theni should have them prejmred by a druggist, if they do not have the nccesi-'iry phlirma- 
 ceutical appliances to insure correct weight, quantity, mixture, division, etc. The j6urity 
 and worth of tlie article are also to be ascertained before being administered. \ 
 
 GOLDEN TINCTURE. 
 
 No. 1. Balsam of tolu, two ounces ; gum guaiacum, two ounces ; gimi h-imlock, two 
 ounces ; gum mjTrh, two ounces ; each coarsely jjowdered ; oil of hemlock, three ounces ; 
 oil of wintergreeii, two ounces ; alcohol, one gallon. Let it stand fourteen days. Shake 
 frequently in the meantime. 
 
 />o.<e.— From one to tuo teaspoonfuls, according to severity and obstinacy of the case, in 
 half a glass of sweetened water. This mixture has proved highly usefid as an internal 
 remedy for rheumatism, colic, pains, chills, soreness, lameness, sour .stomach, languor, 
 depressed spirits, palpitations, water brash, Hatulency, and a variety of painful affections. 
 
 PULMONARY REMEDY. 
 
 No. 2. Take of the roots of spikenard, elecampane, comfrcy and blood-root : of the 
 lejives apd ticnvers of hoarhoiind, and of the bark of wild cherrv, each one pound. These 
 may all !«■ ground and tinctured, by adding alcohol, water, aiid sugar sufficient to make 
 three gallons of synip, or any portion of the above compound mav be tinctured in sufficient 
 alcohol to cover them, when the herbs may l)e boiled until their strength is obtained, and 
 tne tnieture an<l watery infusion may be mixed, and a sutru'ient amount of refined sugar 
 lidded Ui make a thick syrup. For coughs and colds, to be Uikcn in U^aspoonful doses as 
 required. 
 
 LIVER CORDIAL. 
 
 ^"- y- Thorough-wort, two ounces: ginger, half ounce; cloves, half ounce; extract 
 dandelion, four ounces ; water, one and a half pints. Boil to one-third, and add sugar one 
 and one-half pounds, and brandy, one pint. 
 
 Dune.— -A wineglassful once or twice a day. An excellent cordial cathartic to act upon the 
 liver. Ihe herbs nmst be gathered at the proper season or they will be worthless. 
 
 ANTI-BILIOUS IMLL. 
 
 No. 4. Alo<'8, pulverized, five ounces: fine, dr>- castile soap, half a dr.achra ; gamboge, 
 pulverized, one oimce ; colocynth, one ounce; extract of gentian, one ounce ; mandrake, 
 one ounce; cayenne pep[)er, two ounces; oil of peppermint, half a drachm. Mil well 
 together, and form into three-grain pills. 
 
 X>o*«.— Three to live iiills.
 
 THE COMPLETE HERBAIIST. 461 
 
 AN EXPECTORANT. 
 
 No. 5. For asthma and coiiph. to promote cxpectorntinn, and remove tightness of the 
 chest, the following is a vahiable coniiujund preparation. Fluid extracts of skunk cabbage, 
 one ounce; lobelia, one ounce; blood-root, one ounce; pleurisj-root, one ounce; ginger, 
 one ounce ; water, one pint ; alcohol, three pints. 
 
 Duse. — Two to four teaspoonfuls. (See Fluid Extracts, ps^e 475.) 
 
 FOR PRODUCING SLEEP- 
 
 No. 6. The follo\ring is a useful preparation for producing sleep, in wakeful or excited 
 conditions, viz. : fluid extract of ladies' slipper, one ounce : tiuid extract of i)leurisy-root, 
 one ounce ; fluid extract of skunk cabbage, one ounce ; fluid extract scull-cap, one ounce. 
 Mix. 
 
 Dose. — Half a drachm to a drachm three times a day. 
 
 FOR SICK AND NERVOUS HEADACHE. 
 
 No. 7. For sick and nervous headache, dependent on an acid stomach, the following is 
 Useful : fluid extract of ladies' slipper, half an ounce ; fluid ejftract of catnip, half an 
 ounce ; fluid extract of scull-cap. half an ounce ; water, one pint. 
 
 JJose. — One to three teaspoonfuls. Mix. 
 
 TONIC TINCTURE. 
 
 No. 8. Old cider, four gallons ; white oak bark, ten ounces ; horse-radish root, one 
 pound ; seneca snake-root, six ounces ; golden seal root, four ounces ; cayenne pepper, two 
 ounces ; bruise all fine, add the cider, let stand for ten days, frequently shaking up tho 
 mixture in the meantime. 
 
 JJose. — For an adult, half to two-thirds of a wine-glassful, three times a day. 
 
 SARSAPARILLA SYRUP. 
 
 No. 9. Good sarsaparilla, two pounds ; guaiacum, three ounces ; rose leaves, two ouncea ; 
 senna, two ounces ; liquorice root, two ounces ; oil of sassafras, five drops ; oil of aniseed, 
 five drops; oil of wintergreen, three drops; diluted alcohol, ten pints; sugar, eight 
 pounds. 
 
 Dose. — A tablespoonful two or three times a day. 
 
 RHEUMATIC TINCTURE. 
 No. 10. Peppermint water, one and one-half ounces: wine of colchicum root, half an 
 ounce ; sulphate of morphia, one grain ; magnesia, one scruple. 
 Dose. — One teaspoonful three or four times a day. 
 
 FOR BRONCHITIS. 
 
 No. 11. Tannin, three grains ; extract of belladonna, three-foiu^;hs of a grain ; extract 
 of coninni, two and a half grains : infusion of senna, three ounces ; fennel watt^r, one and 
 a half ounces ; syrup of marsh-mallow, one and a half ounces. Mix. 
 
 Dose. — A tablespoonful to be taken every two hours ui chronic bronchitis. 
 
 COMPOUND SPIRITS OF LAVENDER. 
 
 No. 12. Dried lavender flowers, two drachms ; nutmeg, 2 drachms ; mace, two drachms ; 
 cloves, two ounc(^s ; cinnamon, two ounces. Pulverize all these, and add a quart of spirits. 
 Let it then stand for a week, and then strain off the liquid. 
 
 Dose. — One or two teaspoonfuls may be taken often in a little water, with loaf sugar. 
 Useful in nervous afEectious. 
 
 NERVE TONIC. 
 
 No. 13. Extract of scull-cap, two drachms: extractof chamomile, two drachms ; extract 
 of bonesct, one drachm; pulverized cayenne, one scruple; quinine, one drachm; oil of 
 valerian, half a drachm. IJcat well together, and make ninety pills. 
 
 Dose. — For an adult, one pill every two or three hours. 
 
 STOMACHIC BITTERS. 
 
 No. 14. Gentian root, two ounces: dried orange peel, one ounce; cardamon seed, half 
 an ounce (all bruised) ; diluted alcohol or common whiskey, one quart. Let it stand for 
 two weeks. 
 
 i/.S'e.— Dyspepsia, loss of appetite, general weakness, etc. 
 
 Dose. — One or two Lablespoonfuls in water, three times a day.
 
 462 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 
 
 FEVER AJCD AGUE. 
 
 No. 15. Take of bonesot, two onncps : b.iie vervain, two ounces ; scull-cap, one ounce ; 
 Virginia .snake-root, half on ounce. Make an infusion, ami <lrink freely while warm. If 
 it produce.s voinilinK, reduce the dose. Tliis will be found hiphly beneficial. If the bowels 
 are consti))ated, use one of my "Renovating PiUs" every night until all constipation has 
 been removed or rernodied. 
 
 STRENGTHENING PLASTER. 
 
 No. If). Resin, one pound ; beeswax, one ounce ; Burgundy pitch, one ounce ; mutton 
 tallow, one ounce. Melt them together, and add olive oil, pulverized camphor and sassa- 
 fras oil, of each omssixteenth of an ounce, and West India rum, one fluid ounce. Stir well 
 together, pour into cold water, and form into rolls with the hands ; .spread with a knife on 
 a piece of linen cloth, and ajiply in wcaknes.s of the joints, rheumatism, weak chest, weak 
 back, ulcers. This is an excellent pla-stcr for all such purposes. 
 
 ACETIC BLOOD-ROOT SYRUP. 
 
 No. 17. P.lood-root in powder, one drachm : acetic acid, or vinegar, one pint ; water, 
 one pint. Add the blood-root to the vinegar and water mixed, .and steep for two hours ; 
 then strain and add two pounds of white sugar, simmer until a syrup is formed. 
 
 This is a !<peci,t!C remedy for pseudo-membrannus croup. It is also used in infantile 
 pneumonia and bronchitis, but the " Acacian Balsam "' should be used with it. 
 
 JJose. — For croup, from half a tc.aspoonful to a tablesijoonlul, but it sliould not be given 
 in quantities sufficient to provoke vomiting, unless there is imminent dangt-r of suffocation, 
 and then only sufficient to eject the mucus adhering to the upper part of the, bronchia and 
 trachea. *- 
 
 A GOOD EMETIC. "^ .^ 
 
 No. 18. Pulverized lobelia, one ounce; pulverized blood-root, one ounce ; pulv. ipecacu- 
 anha, six drachms; pulv; cayenne, four scruples; scncca, one scruple. Mix. Arftexcel- 
 lent emetic in all cases where one is required. My " Renovating Pills" should be nsed to 
 cleanse the system of all remaining particles of lobelia. 
 
 iJose. — Half a teaspoonful in a cup of warm water, and repeat every fifteen minutes until 
 It operate& 
 
 NERVE TONIC AND ANTISPASMODIC. 
 
 No. 19. High cranberry bark, one ounce : skiuik cabbage-root, half an ounce ; scull- 
 cap, half an ounce; cardamon .seeds, two drachms; pulv. cayenne, two drachms. Put 
 these into a pint of wine. Shake it well every day for three or four days. 
 
 Dose. — A tablespoonful four times a day. 
 
 DYSENTERY SYRUP. 
 
 No. 20. Best Turkey rhubarb, two drachms : leptamlrin, two drachms ; white sugar, one 
 pound ; hot wat«.'r. one pint. Trituiato well together ; add essence of peppermint, one 
 drachm ; essence of anise, one drachm : tincture of catechu, two drachms. 
 
 Vose. — For dysentery, one teaspoonful every half hour. 
 
 COUGH PREPARATION. 
 
 No. 21 Tincture of lobelia, half an ounce; tincture of blood-root, two ounces; oil of 
 spearmint, half a drachm ; molasses, five ounces. 
 
 Dose. — Take one-half of a teaspoonful as often as needed. Useful merely as a palliative. 
 
 PULMONARY SYBUP. 
 
 No. 22. Spikenard root, sixteen oimces ; white root, sixteen mmces ; blood-root, eight 
 ounces ; elecampane, eight ounces ; colts-foot, eight ounces ; bonesct, eight ounces : poplar 
 bark, four ounces ; sencca snaUe-root, two ounces ; lobelia, two ounces ; slippery elm bark, 
 eight oimces ; proof spirits, three gallons. Bruise or jjulverize all, and digest in the spirits 
 for fourteen days; then strain, and add white sugar sufficient to form a syrup. 
 
 DoM. — A tablespoonful occasionally, in a mucilage of slippery elm. 
 
 Use. — This is a fair relief in all coughs and pulmonary affections. 
 
 CHRONIC DISEASES OF THE MUCOUS SURFACES. 
 No. 23. Hard balsam copaiba, three and a half drachms; fresh ground cubebs, three 
 and a half drachms; carbonate of ammonia, one drachm. Make one hundred pills. 
 Done. — One pill throe times a day, between meals.
 
 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 463 
 
 LINIMENT FOR CHILBLAINS. 
 
 No. 24. Snlpharic acid, one drachm : spirits of turpentine, one drachm ; olive oil, three 
 drachms. Mix the oil and turpentine first, then gradually add the sulphuric acid. 
 A valuable liniment for chilblains. To be rubbed on two or three times a day. 
 
 LINIMENT FOR NEURALGIA, ETC. 
 
 No. 25. Sweet oil, one ounce; water of ammonia, strong, one ounce. Mix To be 
 mbbed on with a piece of flannel. A temporary relief for crick in the neck, and rheumatic 
 and nem-algic pains. 
 
 SLEEPLESSNESS. 
 
 No. 26. Camphor, one grain, formed into a pill, fallowed by a draught of an ounce and 
 a half of the infusion of hops, with five drops of sulphuric ether. 
 
 CHRONIC RHEUMATISM. 
 
 No. 27. The remedies given below will bo found generally useful : 
 
 First.— Vfarm salt bath." When the pain is very severe at night, take tincture of guaia- 
 cum, one drachm ; tincture of aloes, half a drachm ; spirits of turpentine, thirty drops. 
 Mix, and take in a pint of gruel at bedtime. 
 
 Seco/id.— Should the pains continue very severe, give the following : Aloes, half a scru- 
 ple: opium, three grains: s>Tup of buckthorn sufficient to form a pill mass. Mix, and 
 make three pills : one at bedtime. 
 
 TAft-d.— Compound powder of ipecacuanha, eight griiins; camphor muxture, one and a 
 half ounces, llix, and give a draught every night. 
 
 Fourth.— Tnkc wine of colchicum seeds, one ounce ; give from ten to twenty drops in 
 gruel or water three times a day, with one of the following pills : sulphate of quinia, 
 twenty-four grains ; and syrup sufficient to form into twelve pills ; or : 
 
 Fifth. — Iijdi<le of potassium, one drachm ; distilled water, two ounces. 
 
 Mix, and give a teaspoonful in a wine-glass of water — morning, noon, and nighl^ This 
 seldom ever fails to give relief. 
 
 REMEDY FOR BOWEL COMPLAINT. 
 
 No. 28. Rhubarb, pulverized, one ounce ; saleratus, one teaspoonful ; pour on a pint of 
 boiling water. When cold, add a tablespoonful of essence of peppermint. 
 Dose. — From one to three tablespoonfuls two or three times a day. 
 
 WORM MIXTURE. 
 
 No. 29. Populin. one drachm : santonine, twenty grains : tincture of pink root, four 
 ounces; neutralizing mixture, one iiint. Rub the santonine in the neutrg,li/.ing mixtiu-e, 
 until thoroughly mixed, then add the other ingredients. Excellent for removing worms in 
 children. 
 
 Dose. — From thirty to forty drops every half hour, until it acts on the bowels as a purge. 
 If the worms are not removed, repeat every two or three days ; but be cautious to get ijood 
 pink root, as much of the plant sold for pink root by the druggists is poisonous. This is 
 inferior, however, to my " Male Fern Vermifuge," see page 471. 
 
 PAINFUL MENSTRUATION. 
 
 No. .30. Exti-act of hyoscyamus, gum camphor, and Dover's powder, of each one scruple. 
 Mix, and make into twenty piUs. 
 Dose. — One pill twice a day for painful menstruation. 
 
 STOMACH PILL. 
 
 -No. .31. — Pulverized rhubarb, and guaiacum, of each eight grains; galbanum, two 
 gi-ains ; ipecacuanha, two grains. Mix, and make eight pills. 
 
 Dose. — Take one or two pills, night and murning. Excellent for a weak stomach, and n 
 bilious condition. 
 
 BRONCHIAL TROCHES. {For Temporary Relief.) 
 
 No. 32. Extract of liquorice, one pound ; sugar, one and a half pounds ; cubebs, lour 
 ounces ; gum arable, four ounces ; all pulverized ; extract of conium, one omice. Mix, and 
 take a piece as big as a pea and dissolve it in the mouth, several times a day ; rubbing tht 
 neck three times a day with the "Herbal Ointment."
 
 464 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 
 
 DIABRHCEA. 
 
 No. 33. Synip of orange pce\, one ounce ; acetate of morphia, two grains ; tincture of 
 cinnamon, kIx drachms ; tincture of cardamon, two drachms. Mix. 
 Dose. — A teaspoonful. Valuable in diarrhoea. 
 
 KEURALGIA. 
 
 No. 34. Tincture of American hellebore, one drachm ; tincture of black cohosh, two 
 ounces. Mix. 
 
 Done. — One tea.'^poonful, from three to six times a day. 
 
 PILE OINTMENT. 
 
 No. .35. Extract of stramonium, one ounce : extract of tobacco, one ounce ; tannin, ten 
 grains. Make an ointment, and bathe or lubricate the parts, if you cannot at once get the 
 '• Herbal Ointment." 
 
 STOMACHIC PILL. 
 Ko. 36. Powdered cayenne pepper, one drachm ; rhubarb, two drachms. Make into a 
 ma.ss with RjTup, and divide into sixty pills. 
 Done. — Two to three every day, an hour before dinner. 
 
 AROMATIC BITTERS. (Stimulant.) 
 
 No. 37. First. — Absinthium ( Wormwood). Infuse three drachms in twenty otmces of 
 water. 
 
 Do.ie. — From a half to two tablespoonfuls. 
 
 Use. — In debilitated stat« of the digestive organs. 
 
 .Second. — Aconus — Csdamus {Sweet Jlag root). Infuse one ounce m twenty ounces ot 
 water. Joined with other tonics. '^ 
 
 Use. — In uneasiness from tlatulence. '^ 
 
 . TONIC TEA. (Debility.) \ 
 
 No. .38. Chamomile, scull-cap, and queen of the meadow, each one poimd. Reduce 
 
 them to powder, and mix well together. 
 
 Dose. — To one tablespoonfiil of this powder add one pint of water ; make a tea, and 
 
 drink during the day. This is a good tonic in all cases of debility. 
 
 SPICED BITTERS. (For weak patients.) 
 No. .39. Popliir bark, ten pounds : bayberry bark, two pounds ; balmony bark, two 
 pounds ; gulden .seal, one pound ; cloves, one pound ; cayenne pepper, half a pound ; loaf 
 sugar, sixteen pounds^. 
 
 Ix't the.^e articles all be made fine and well mixed. Put a tablespoonful of this com- 
 poimd, with four oiuices of sugar, into a quart of boiling water. Take a wineglas.'if ill three 
 tinus a day before eating, or a teaspoonful of these powders may be taken in a cup of hot 
 water, half an hour before each meal. 
 
 • - * 
 
 .TONIC. (For ChOarosis, or Green Sickness.) 
 
 No. 40. Sulphate of quinia, fifteen grains: diluted sulphuric acid, fifteen drops ; com- 
 pound tincture of eanlanioii, three drachms ; tincture of hops, three drachms ; compound 
 infusion of roses six ounces. Mi.x. 
 
 Dose. — A tea.spoonful two or three tjimes a day. 
 
 WHOOPING COUGH MIXTURE. 
 
 No. 41. Tincture of biood-root, one ounce; tincture of red root, two ounces: tincture 
 of black cohusli. one ounce : tincture of lobelia, half an ounce ; tincture of belladonna, 
 twenty drops. Mix, and shake well before u.sing. 
 
 liose. — Fur a child mie year old, fifteen or twenty drops in sweetened water. The fluid 
 exlrat^ts (se<! page 475) cuu be used instead of the tinctures. Dose, when liuid extracts are 
 Uiieu, three to five drops. 
 
 TINCTURE FOR FEVER AND AGUE, ETC. 
 
 No. 42. Peruvian biirk and wild cherry bark, each two ounces; cinnamon, cloves, and 
 niilmcg, each one draihm ; wine, two quarts. Let it stand for a few days to extract the 
 Blreii^th. 
 
 Dose. — A Wincglassful every two or throe hours. 
 
 Use.^—A very goo<i remedy for inlerinitlfnt fever, or fever and ague, after suitable 
 eyacuautii. It frequently removes the disease when all other means fail.
 
 THE COMPLETE HEKBALIST. 465 
 
 ANTI-SPA SMODICS. 
 MlBTTKA Camphors. (Aqua Camphora, U. S.) 
 
 No. 43. First. — Camphor, two drachms ; alcohol, forty drops ; carbonate magnesia, 
 four drachms ; distilled water, two pints. 
 
 Dose. — One to two tablcspoonfuls. 
 
 Use. — In typhoid conditions, with delirium, for after pains. TrNCT. CKUvnonm, CoMP. 
 {Paracolic Elix., Tiiicl. Opii Camph.). 
 
 Stcond. — ralverized opium, one drachm ; benzoic acid, one diachm ; oil of aniseed, one 
 drachm; Bu:_rar. two ounces; camphor, two scruples; dUuted alcohol, two pints'. Macer- 
 ate for fourteen days. Half a drachm contains le.ss than one grrain of opium. 
 
 Dote. — For infants, from five to twenty drops ; adults, one to two tablcspoonfuls. 
 
 Use. — To allay cough or nausea, to check dianhrea, to relieve pain. 
 
 MosCHl'S. Preputial secretion of the musk animal. 
 
 I>(i.<ie and Form. — Five to ten grains, m pill, bolus, or emulsion. 
 
 Use. — Hiccough, epilepsy, asthma, cough, palpita.tion. 
 
 TONIC AND CATHARTIC. 
 
 No. 44. Aloes, gentian, orange peel, juniper hemes, and braised aniseed, each one 
 ounce; gin. one pint. Mix. Macerate for two weeks, and then strain. 
 Dose. — A tablespoonful once or twice a day. Good for bilious habits. 
 
 DISCUTIENT OINTMENT. 
 
 (For scrofulous and glandular tumors.) 
 
 No. 45. Eark of bitter-sweet root, stramonium leaves, cicuta leaves, deadly nightshade, 
 and yellow dock root, each two ounces : lard, one pound. Br\iise and simmer the roots 
 and leaves in spirits : then add the lard, and simmer till the ingredients are crisped or 
 thickened into an ointment. 
 
 FOB SUPPRESSION OP URINE IN CHILDREN. 
 
 No. 46. Oil of solidago, one drachm ; alcohol, eight drachms. 
 
 Dose. — From five to twenty drops on sugar at a dose, to be repeated at suitable intervals. 
 Proportionably larger doses of this are also veiy beneficial for flatulence, faintness, etc., in 
 adults. 
 
 GARGLES. 
 
 No. 47. First. — Raspberry leaves, geranium, blackberry root, and leptandria root, each 
 ounce. Mix. and make three pints of strong decoction. Suitable for a gargle. 
 
 Second. — Geranium, golden-seal, marsh-mallow, wild indigo root, and rosemary, eacb 
 half an ounce. Mix. jinii make one pint of strong infusion. After straining, add two 
 drachms of powdered borax, and one gill of honey. An excellent astringent gargle. 
 
 HONEY BALSAM. 
 
 No. 48. Balsam of tolu. balsam of fir, each two ounces ; opium, two drachms. Dissolve 
 all three in one quart of alcohol. 
 
 Dose. — A teaspoouful occasionally. Valuable for the relief of pulmonary diseases. 
 
 ANTI-DYSENTERY CORDIAL. 
 
 No. 49. Birch bark and peach pits, each two pounds ; bayberry bark, half a pound ; 
 ^ild cherry bark, one p(jund ; water, two gallons. Boil down to one and a half gallons, 
 after which add a gallon of good brandy, and loaf sugar sufficient to make it palatable. 
 
 Do.te. — A wineglassful three or four times a day. 
 
 FOR GRAVEL, DROPSY. ETC. 
 
 No. 50. Queen of the meadow, milk weed, juniper berries, dwarf elder, spearmint, wild 
 carrot seed, of each two ounces. Put all in a mortar and bruise, and boil the whole in a 
 gallon of water, till half a gallon of the licpiid is left, and then strain. 
 
 Dose. — Half a pint of the decoction is to be taken several times during the day. 
 
 COUGH SYRUP. 
 
 No. 51. .\cetate of morphia, four grains; tincture of blood-root, two drachms; anti- 
 monial wine, three drachms; ipecacuanha, three drachms; syrup of wild cherry, three 
 ounces. Mix. 
 
 Dose. — A tua>poonful two or three times a day. 
 
 20* 2B
 
 466 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 
 
 FOR DYSMENORRHCEA. 
 
 No. 52. Viburnin, aulophyllin, each one .scruple ; gelsemin, five grains. Mix, and 
 diviile into ten powders. Dose.— One every two hour.s iintil relieved. 
 
 FOR DL\RRHCEA. 
 
 No. 53. Tincture of catechu, half an ounce ; spirits of camphor, tincture of myrrh, and 
 tuKUire of ciiyenno, each two drachms. Mix. 
 
 /Jose..— From half a teaspoonful to a teaspoonful in diarrhoea. 
 
 INJECTION. 
 
 No. .54. Castor oil, one frill; pulv. cayenne, ten grains; table salt, one teaspoonful; 
 molasses, one gill ; warm water, one pint. Inject. 
 
 FOR THE BLUES, OR LOW SPIRITS. 
 
 No. 5.5. A pleasant cordial for low spirits is the foUowinR: aniseed, four drachms ;oU 
 of an:.,'clica, one drachm ; oil of cassia, forty drops ; oil of caraway, thirty drops ; proof 
 epirits. two p.-jllons. Mix well. 
 
 JJose. — Ualf a tablespoonful in water. 
 
 SKIN DISEASES WITH MUCH IRRITATION. 
 
 No. 56. Decoctions of bitter-sweet and mallows, of each half a pint ; mix, and make a 
 liniment. Use the " Renovating Pills " internally. 
 
 CHILBLAIN OINTMENT. 'i;^ 
 
 No. 57. Lard, two quarts ; turpentine, one pint ; camphor, quarter of a pouad. Rub 
 Into the parts. This will be found a capital remedy. < 
 
 ACIDITY OF THE STOMACH. ^ 
 
 No. 58. Hard wood ashes, one quart ; common sout, half a gill ; water, six pints. 
 Digest, settle, and filter. 
 
 Dune. — Take one tablespoonful three times a day in acidity of the stomach. 
 
 HEMORRHOIDS. PILES. 
 
 No. 59. Opium, one scruple ; pulverized nut-galls, one drachm ; ointment althtea. Mix, 
 and anoint the parts. 
 
 SORE THROAT. 
 
 No. GO. Those subject to sore throat should make a wash of warm water, in which 
 wood ashes have been dissolved, and apply externally every morning. The " Herbal 
 Ointment" should be applied at night, and well rubbed in. If the disease has become per- 
 manent or chronic, the "Acaciau Balsam" nm.st be used according to directions. (See 
 page 470.) 
 
 INJECTION FOR COSTIVENESS. 
 
 No. 61. Castor oil, two ounces; tincture of prickly ash bark, half an ounce; compound 
 tincture of Virginia snake root, two drachms ; mfusion of boneset and senna, equal parts, 
 luilf a pint. Mix, and inject. It is by no means, however, as good as the " Renovating 
 Pills." See page 473. 
 
 TO PRODUCE PERSPIRATION. 
 
 No. f)2. Blood root, golden-seal, sumach berries, baybeiTy bark, of each two drachms; 
 all pulverized. Mix. 
 
 Done. — Make an infusion in a pint of hot water, and give a tablespoonful every half 
 hour. 
 
 POULTICE FOR A FESTER. 
 
 No. 6-3. Boil bread in the settlings of strong beer , apply the poultice in the common 
 manner. This has saved many an hour of sulfcring. 
 
 CATAPLASMS, OR POULTICES. 
 
 No. 64. May be made by moistening bread crumbs with milk. They may also be made 
 of tiiixs»!ed, roasted onions, snake-root, hops, etc. 
 
 Poultices are useful in nearly all cases of Uicil inflammation.
 
 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 467 
 
 TOOTHACHE. 
 
 No. 65. Gum opium, friim camphor, siiirits of turpentine, each one scruple. Rub in a 
 mortar to a paste. Put it in tlie iiollow tuoth. 
 
 Use. — This will cure and even prevent the toothache. 
 
 A FRAGRANT BREATH. 
 
 No. 66. Take sherry wine, one gill ; gri-ound cloves and grated nutmeg, each one 
 drachm ; cinnamon and bruised caraway seeds, each a quarter of an ounce. Place all 
 these dry substances into the wine or spirits, in a half pine bottle, and let them stand for 
 several days, shaking the bottle every night and morning. Strain offi the tincture through 
 linen to get it bright, then add about ten drops of lavender, or five drops of the otto of 
 roses. 
 
 A few drops on a lump of sugar dissolved in the mouth, will secure a breath of flowers. 
 It may be also used with advantage on the toothbrush, in lieu of tooth powder, or, mLxed 
 Ti itli water, it makes an excellent gargle. 
 
 FOOT BATH. 
 
 No. G7. A bucket of warm water ; pulv. cayenne pepper, one tablespoonful ; gromid 
 mustard, two tablespoonfuls. Mix. 
 
 Use. — As a foot bath in suppression of menses. 
 
 TO IMPROVE THE VOICE. 
 
 No. 68. Beeswax, two drachms ; balsam of copaiba, three drachms ; powdered liqnorico 
 root, four drachms. Melt the copaiba with the wax in a new earthen pipkin. When they 
 are melted, remove them from the tire, and, while in a liquid state, niLx ui the powdered 
 liquoi-ice. 
 
 Make pills of three grains each. Two of these pills to be taken occasionally, or three or 
 four times a day if necessary. 
 
 Use. — This is a good remedy for clearing and cleaning the voice, and is nuich used by 
 professional singers. 
 
 HEADACHE. NEURALGIC PAINS. 
 
 No. 69. Take of opodeldoc, spirits of wine, sal ammoniac, equal parts, and apply like 
 any other lotion. 
 
 STINGS. 
 
 No. 70. Bind on the place a thick plaster of common salt or saleratus moistened ; it 
 win soon extract the venom. 
 
 A STOMACHIC. 
 
 No. 71. Fresh ground cuhebs. 
 
 Dose. From five to twenty grains. 
 
 Use. — As a stomachic in disorders of the digestive organs. 
 
 FOR FEVERS AND OTHER ACUTE DISEASES. 
 
 No. 72. Asclepin, one-half drnchm ; warm water, four ounces ; compound tincture of 
 American hellebore, thirty drops. Dissolve the a(j<;lepin in the warm water, and after- 
 wards add the hellebore. 
 
 Di>se. — From one to three teaspoonfuls once in every two hours as long as the fever is 
 raging. If nausea occurs, omit the medicine until it subsides. Shake the mixture well 
 before using. 
 
 OFFENSIVE BREATH. 
 
 No. 7.3. Solution chlorinated of soda, six drops ; water, two ounces. Mix. 
 
 Use. A sure remedy for an offensive breath emanating from a deranged stomach. 
 
 ANTIDOTE FOR RATTLESNAKE POISON. 
 
 No. 74. The Medical Journal says the followigg is an Infallible cure for the poison of 
 ft rattlesnake bite. Iodide of potass, four grains; corrosive sublimate, two grains; bro- 
 mine, five drachms. Mix together, and keep the mixture in a glass-stoppered vial, weU 
 secured. 
 
 Dose. — Ten drops ol this mixture, diluted with a tablespoonful of brandy, constitutes a 
 dose. The quantity to be repeuted, if necessary, according to the exigencies of the case.
 
 468 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 
 
 FOR CANCER. 
 
 No. 75. Take equal paits of fresh poke-weed, yellow dock, and blood-root ; evaporate 
 the juice by the means of a sand bath to the consistency of tar. The ointment should be 
 npiiliod, after the cuticle has been removed by a blister, three times a day. The parts 
 should be washed with good French brandy after each appUcation of the ointment. Before 
 this is used, the advice of a physician should first be secured. 
 
 FOR HIP DISEASE. 
 
 No. 76. Take of iodine, one ounce ; phosi>hate of lime, two ounces ; water, one pint. 
 Dis.solve the iodine and lime in the water, and add twenty grams of tannin. Inject with 
 a small syringe three or four times a day. 
 
 Use. — A valuable injection in hip disease, where the head of the bone is decayed. 
 
 FOR BRUISES. 
 
 No. 77. Take pulv. slippery elm and pulv. indigo weed, each one pound : gum myrrh, 
 half a pound ; pulv. jirickly ash, a (luartcr of a pound. Wet with good brewer's yeast and 
 apply. A vei-y good poultice for bruises. 
 
 FOR DIPHTHERIA. 
 
 No. 78. Saturated tincture of scrophularia, one drachm, added to half a tumbler ol 
 water. 
 Triturated macrotin, twenty grains, added to a tumblerful of water. 
 Dose. — One teaspoouful of each every hour. .^ 
 
 .\ 
 GARGLE FOR THE ELONGATION OF THE TJVTJLA. 
 
 No. 79. Fluid extract of rhus, one drachm ; fluid extract of bayberry, two dmchms ; 
 water, two ounces. Mix, and gargle the throat three or four times a day. Also bathe the 
 throat upon the outside in strong salt and water. (See fluid extracts, page 475.) 
 
 FOR BILIOUS COLIC. 
 
 No. 80. Fluid extract of wild yam, two ounces ; fluid extract of pleurisy root, one ounce. 
 Mix, and take a teaspoouful as often as is required. 
 
 TO REMOVE WARTS AND CORNS. 
 
 No. 81. Apply the juice of the leaves of the great celandine or tetter-wort, and keep 
 applying until the fungous growth is removed. 
 
 FOR THE TEETH. 
 
 No. 82. Make charcoal of bread, pulverize it until it is reduced to an Impalpable pow- 
 der, then app'y daily, morning and evening, with a soft brush and pure cold water. 
 Use. — This will keep the teeth white, and cure diseases of the gums. 
 
 A GOOD MEDICATED WINE. 
 
 No. 8-3. Take of powdered colchicum seed, two ounces ; of sherry wine, twelve fluid 
 ounces. Put them together in a close glas.s bottle, and let them stand for fourteen days, 
 giving a good shaking every day. Filter through a fine muslin cloth, and drink as 
 required. 
 
 INJECTION FOR ASIATIC CHOLERA. 
 
 No. 84. Take of water, one fluid ounce ; tincture of pnckly ash bcn-ies, ono fluid 
 drachm; tincture of opium, twenty drops. MLx together. Inject in ordiiiary quantity 
 until Uie desired effect has been produced. 
 
 BLEEDING AT THE NOSE. 
 No. 85. Powder of rhatany (fur internal use), ten grains. 
 
 FOR OLD ULCERS. 
 
 No. 80. Take of red chickweed, which is common both in .'Vmorica and Europe, the 
 loaves and tlowers, and apply in the form of a poultice, frequently changing tliem.
 
 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 
 
 469 
 
 HOW TO USE DR. 0. PHELPS BROWN'S 
 
 STANDAKD HERBAL REMEDIES IX THE DISEASES FOR 
 WHICH THEY ARE DESIGNED. 
 
 nave 
 
 The several Standard Herbal Remedies described in this article 
 grown up out of many years of labor. Their sales at the 
 present time are very large, extending almost over the whole globe. 
 They are manufactured in England as well as in America, and we have 
 well established agents in Africa, Egypt, New Zealand, Australia, and 
 
 '^ ^ 
 
 nearly all the foreign ports — which are too numerous to mentfon. But 
 what is vastly more important, they give universal satisfaction, and will 
 cure the diseases for which they are recommended. 
 
 All my remedies are purely lierbal, as represented by the ac- 
 companying illustrations. Around the Balsam bottle. Ointment and 
 Pill box are thrown sprigs of the principal ingredients — twigs of the 
 Acacia Tree. Bittersweet Vine, Green Ozier ; sprays of the Water
 
 470 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 
 
 Pepper and Lobelia, and the leaves of the Mandrake, Skunk Cabbage 
 and Ayapana, which form some of the principal ingredients of these 
 remedies. 
 
 These medicines are kept l)y the principal wholesale and 
 retail drusi'l^ists throughout the United States and Canada. Should 
 your druggist not have a supply on hand, he can procure them for you 
 from the wholesale house with which he deals, without extra freight, 
 when ordering them with other goods. Should he, however, fail 
 to get them, you can send to me for the medicine and your orders 
 will receive prompt attention. The express business is now so com- 
 plete that an almost daily delivery can be guaranteed to all parts 
 of the country ; while the express charges for small packages have been 
 reduced one-half to all towns where the offices of the various companies 
 are established. Recollect, all the wholesale houses keep my Standard 
 Herlial Remedies. A printed list will be sent on application. 
 
 For over twenty years, or nearly a quarter of a century, I have been en- 
 gaged in gathering herbs and treating patients from all parts of the 
 country who have favored me with their confidence. Out of this 
 
 Itniclicc lias grown luy Standard Herbal Ilemedies, ok Specifics 
 lor certain defined diseases. '^ 
 
 The first and most important of these preparations is, perhaus, the 
 Acacian Balsam, for all lung affections. It lubricates all thd^ tubes 
 and air cells, removing inflammation, loosening a cough and assist- 
 ing the lungs to throw off disease. Persons far gone in consumption 
 have been kept alive for years and made very comfortable by the Acacian 
 Balsam ; others who have inherited weak lungs from their parents, and 
 whose family invariably die at an early age with this disease, have kept 
 consumption at bay during an ordinary lifetime by the use of this in- 
 valuable remedy. Such persons can be referred to in nearly every sec- 
 tion of the country. Send for printed certificates. 
 
 These parties, tliroug'h my advice (given in various other pub- 
 lications, and my annual Shakesperian Almanac), never allow a cold 
 to settle on the lungs — but, upon the first indication of a cold in the head 
 or throat, they commence taking the Balsam and rubbing the Ointment 
 night and morning around the throat and over the chest. In from 
 twenty-four to forty-eight hours the cold is broken up and gone. Had 
 it been allowed to extend downward to the lungs and get firmly seated, 
 it would have i>robably resisted all efibrts to throw it off ; although in 
 numberless cases this remedy has raised people, apparently in the very 
 last stages of consumption, from their sick beds and restored them to 
 health. 
 
 1 liave, therefore, unbounded faith in this remedy in this 
 class of diseases, and would strongly urge its merits upon those 
 who dread the approach of C(msumption, or have any lung difficulty. 
 '1 his disease is so insidious in its ajiproaches — so flattering in its pro- 
 gress, up to-day, dt^vvn to-morrow, that those afflicted do not generally 
 realize their condition until it has become firmly seated in the system ; 
 whereas, had a remedy like the Balsam been employed in the outset,
 
 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 
 
 471 
 
 the disease would have been driven out ere it could firmly locate itself. 
 It is as great a folly to wait for a disease of the lungs to disappear of 
 itself as it would be to stand on the bank of a stream waiting for it to 
 dry up to admit of an early crossing. 
 
 We all know that simple herbal remedies are the natural 
 medicine designed by the Creator for man's restoration to health. 
 This remedy is composed of five or six herbal ingredients that not only 
 •work together /lainioniously hut aid each other in eradicating the disease 
 — 0}ie of tJu'se ingredients soothes the iiritated surface, another /icals. 
 
 another loosens the morbid secretions, producing free and easy expectoia- 
 tion ; another lub> icates the parts, another soothes the nerves, producing 
 steep, another arrests night siueating, another provides notuishment for 
 the body ; so that if no food can be eaten, the Balsam, through the 
 tonic provided by Ayapana and the nourishing properties of Gum Acacia 
 and Wild Honey will sustain life, and thus all the conditions of the dis- 
 ease are overpowered, and the system, working together with the 
 medicine, is enabled to throw off the fell destroyer, called consumption 
 
 of the luugs.
 
 472 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 
 
 In addition to this we have the Herbal Ointment, which is our 
 great external remedy ; it acts as a blood circulator and a counter-irritant. 
 {S<:e cut on f. 471). This Ointment, rubbed well in over the chest, throat, 
 shoulder-blades, small of the back, stomach and bowels, and up and down 
 the spine, arouses the wliole system to action. It should be applied to 
 all parts of the body where pain, weakness, irritation, or soreness exist. 
 It circulates the blood, soothes the nervous system, removes irritation, 
 makes active the kidneys, assists digestion and strengthens the parts to 
 which it is applied. 
 
 Where constipation exists, the Renovating Pills are to be taken often 
 enough to keep the bowels soluble and regular ; they will act on the liver, 
 and thus this organ Avill also aid the system in throwing off disease. 
 
 After years of experience tliis is tlie only rational and snc- 
 ccssf'ul treatment I have fouiul in Inni? complaint. 
 
 One bottle of Balsam will break up an ordinaiy cold — price one dollar. 
 When a cold gets seated, and the first stages of Consumption are pre- 
 senting themselves, six bottles of Balsam ; two large pots of Herbal 
 Ointment and one small box Renovating Pills will be required. Total, 
 six dollars and twenty-five cents. "^ _^ 
 
 Let me again urge the necessity of breaking up a cold ere it«firmly 
 locates itself on the lungs. One bottle will do this, and save n^t only 
 money but perhaps a long period of sickness. Yes, perhaps save you 
 from consumption itself. The Acacian Balsam is a positive cure lor 
 asthma, no matter of how long standing. 
 
 The Restorative Assimihuit and Herbal Ointment are better 
 known throughout the United States and Canada than any of my other 
 remedies The Restorative Assimilant is designed for all diseases of the 
 stomach and digestive organs ; it assimilates the juices of the stomach; 
 gives strength and tone to this organ, and removes any unnatural condition 
 that may exist. Many thousand people can testify to its curative qualities 
 in Epilepsy or Fits. Experience has taughtme that this disease is caused, 
 in ninety-nine cases out of a hundred, by a peculiarly disordered con- 
 dition of tlie stomach. The Restorative Assimilant removes this peculiar 
 condition, tluis cuiing the disease. Many epileptics never have a single 
 attack after the fir^t dose of tlie medicine ; the majority of cases require 
 three bottles, wliich we consider a fair test in any case. While takingthe 
 Restorative Assimilant, the Herbal Ointment and Renovating Pills should 
 also be used. The Ointment is to be Avell and freely ruljbed in twice a 
 day, night and morning, u]) and down tlic spine, around tlie neck, across 
 the small of tlie ))ack, and sparingly over the stomach and bowels, to 
 bOf)tlie the nervous system, strengthen the parts and assist digestion. 
 
 The Renovatiniiir Tills are to be taken often enough to keep the 
 bowels gently open and regular. They will emulge the liver and thus this 
 organ will aid in throwing off disease. A confirmed case of epilepsy will re- 
 (piire three jjottles of Restorative Assimilant, price Five dollars ; two large 
 pots of Herbal Ointment, One dollar ; one small box of Pills, twenty-five
 
 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 473 
 
 cents. Total, Six dollars and twenty-five cents. Sent by express, se- 
 curely packed, if the remedies cannot be had of the local druggist. 
 
 The Restorative Assimilant especially is valuable in all female irreg- 
 ularities. It removes internal inflammation, heals ulceration and tones 
 up and strengthens the system generally. It is one of the best and most 
 efficacious tonics in existence for general and local debility. 
 
 Nervousness and sleeplessness (from each of which so many persons 
 suffer at the present day), in nine cases out of ten arise from a dis- 
 arranged stomach. A few doses of the Restorative Assimilant will set 
 the digestive wheels in motion, thus relieving the system from nervous- 
 ness and irritation, and soothing the nervous system to rest. 
 
 iu diarrhoea, or even dysentery iu its worstform, the Assimilant 
 acts promptly in disinfecting the stomach, healing all inflammation of the 
 bowels, and checking the disease without leaving any bad effects behind. 
 I have known a man tottering feebly along from chronic diarrhoea, to be 
 set upon his feet with renewed life and vigor in less than forty-eight 
 hours, from a few doses of this medicine, so astonishing are its results. 
 One pint bottle will cure any case. I have never known it to fail in a 
 single instance. 
 
 Next ill order comes my Rock Rose and Stilling-ia Blood 
 Purilier, and the Liver Invigorator. The names of these preparations 
 indicate the diseases for which they are intended. Each is prepared 
 with great care to meet the requirements of Blood and Liver Complaints. 
 
 To change the condition of the blood from an unhealthy and impure 
 condition to one of health and purity is a work of time ; a bottle or two 
 of the above remedy will accomplish but little good, but a course of six 
 bottles will make one feel like a new creature ; it will cleanse the com- 
 plexion, cure eruptions of the skin, give buoyancy to the step and bright- 
 ness to the eye. The price of Six bottles of Blood Purifier is Five 
 dollars. 
 
 Two or three bottles of the Liver Invigorator will emulge the liver and 
 remove the many feelings of distress attending the torpidity of this or- 
 gan. In all cases of liver complaint I also advise the use of the Reno- 
 vating Pills as necessary to cany off all morbid secretions from the system. 
 The Liver Invigorator is One dollar per bottle. 
 
 I will close with a few remarks about my Male Fern Termifug'e 
 and Herbal Ointment Sni)i>ositories. {See czit 07t page ^t^). 
 
 Tiiere is not a case of Tiles or Fistula iu the United States 
 
 that the Suppositories will fail to cure provided they be used a reasonable 
 length of time, if used in connection with a course of my Blood Purifier 
 in scrofulous constitutions. The Suppositories here represented are to be 
 used for internal piles, and the Herbal Ointment is to be used for ex- 
 ternal piles. Both are to be used when the piles are both external 
 and internal. If the patient is not particularly scrofulous the Blood I'uri-
 
 474 
 
 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 
 
 fier may be omitted and the Ointment and Suppositories will do the work. 
 
 The Male Fern Yermifug'C is decidedly the most reliable Vermifuge 
 ever manufactured ; it not only removes eveiy variety of Avorm (eveii 
 tapeworms) from the body, but their nests also. It is as pleasant to the 
 taste as aromatic syiup — children never refuse to take it, and being 
 equally effectual among adults, it proves an invaluable remedy. 
 
 The Woodland Balm, for the hair, invigorates the scalp, causing a 
 new cro\\th of hair, while it cures all eruptions, and removes un- 
 natural heat from the head. Space will not permit a farther description, 
 as I do not wish to say much about my Standard Herbal Remedies in 
 
 this work, as it is intended to give formulas for the benefit of the public. 
 Those who wish to know more about them, have but to address me and 
 procure half a dozen copies of my Shakesperian Almanac (for themselves 
 and friends), which is published annually about the first of December, 
 and can be had at any time of the year — free ! 
 
 This almanac contains a large number of certificates of cures wrought 
 by my Standard Herbal Remedies in all parts of the United States. 
 Many of them are from persons who had been given up as incurable by 
 various physicians. Being thus thrown npon their own resources, 
 they sought for themselves a remedy, and my preparations being brought 
 to their notice through liberal advertising or friends, they had faith 
 enough to procure and give them a fair trial, which resulted in their being 
 restored to health.
 
 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 475 
 
 My StaiKlard Herbal Remedies embrace nine preparations. Should 
 any one be in doubt as to which of the remedies are adapted to his or her 
 individual case, I may be addressed on the subject, with a short de- 
 scription of case, and will promptly give the required advice and my 
 opinion by return mail, free of charge. Remittances may be made 
 safely by P. O. Order or Registered Letter. Address 
 
 DR. O. PHELPS BROWN, 
 No. 21 Grand Street, Jersey City. N. J. 
 
 DR. O. PHELPS BROWN'S , 
 
 STANDARD FLUID EXTRACTS. 
 
 The fluid extract is the most elegant form for administering medicinal 
 agents, being concentrated, and containing just enough alcohol to pre- 
 serve them from degeneration by age. They can, therefore, be admin- 
 istered in all inflammatory conditions, in which tinctures containing a 
 greater quantity of alcohol are not admissible. 
 
 My fluid extracts are superior to any that are manufactured. They 
 are prepared without the aid of heat, in perfect vacuum, and from plants 
 gathered at the proper seasons, in soils best adapted for medicinal per- 
 fection, and in climates to which they are indigenous, and in which they 
 attain their richest medicinal development. This is not the case with 
 other manufacturers — they prepare 'them from plants of indiscriminate 
 selection, which accounts for their frequent worthlessness. These fluid- 
 extracts are guaranteed for high character and reliability, and physicians 
 can depend upon their action with aU confidence. 
 
 It is my particular desire in preparing them to offer to households 
 good and convenient remedies, by which they can treat all cases of sick- 
 ness occurring. They wiU find them, by the aid of this work, very ad- 
 vantageous for domestic medication. To meet the wants of families, 
 the author sells them in standard small quantities, as it is not to be 
 supposed that they desire or have use for such large quantities that 
 physicians or druggists ordinarily purchase. 
 
 It will be seen that the list is very complete, and so systematically 
 arranged that no error can occur, as the virtues and doses of each are 
 appended. Those marked with a star * should not be used without the 
 advice of a physician, and even then the administering should be very 
 carefully and watchfully done. 
 
 These extracts are sent by express, on receipt of price, carefully
 
 476 
 
 THE COMPLKTE HERBALIST. 
 
 packed in strong boxes. All of them are warranted to possess the hihg- 
 est excellence of \-irtue, and to exert the full therapeutic effects desired. 
 
 Address, Dr. O. Phelps Brown, 
 21 Grand St. ^ Jersey City^ N. J. 
 
 FLUID EXTRACTS. 
 
 FliUID EXTEACT OF 
 
 Aconite* (leaves). . . 
 
 Aconite* (rootj 
 
 Agrimony 
 
 American Valerian. 
 
 Arnica Flowers. 
 Avens Root. . . . 
 
 Balm 
 
 Balmony 
 
 Barberry 
 
 Bayberry 
 
 Belladonna*... . 
 
 Beth Knot 
 
 Bitter Root 
 
 Bittersweet 
 
 Black Alder. ......... 
 
 Blackberry Root 
 
 Blood Rout 
 
 Blue Flag 
 
 Boneset 
 
 Bo.xwooU 
 
 Buchu 
 
 " Comp 
 
 Buckhorn 
 
 Buckthorn 
 
 Buple Weed 
 
 Butternut. 
 
 Button Snakeroot . . . 
 Cannabis Indica*... 
 
 Canella 
 
 Centaury 
 
 Cinchona (Calisaya). 
 
 Chamomile 
 
 Checkerbcrry 
 
 Cheery Bark 
 
 " Comp.. . 
 
 Cleavers 
 
 Coca 
 
 Colocynth* 
 
 Cohosh, black 
 
 Cohosh, blue 
 
 Colchicum Root 
 
 Seeds 
 
 Coltsfoot 
 
 Columbo . 
 
 Comfrey 
 
 Conium* 
 
 Cotton Root* 
 
 Cramp Bark 
 
 Cranesbill 
 
 Gubebs. 
 
 MEDICINAL PHOPEKTir.S. 
 
 Narcotic and sedative . 
 
 DOSE. 
 
 Tonic, alterative, and astringent 
 
 Tonic, stimulant, diaphoretic, and antispas- 
 modic 
 
 Stimulant and tonic 
 
 Tonic and astrincenL. 
 
 Stimulant, diaphoretia, and antispasmodic. . 
 
 Tonic, cathartic, ami anthelmintic 
 
 Tonic and laxative 
 
 Astringent and .'^tiiniiUint 
 
 Anodyne, relaxant, antispasmodic 
 
 Astringent, tonic, antiseptic • 
 
 Emetic, diaphoretic, tonic, and laxative. . . . 
 
 Narcotic, diuretic, alterative, diaphoretic, 
 discutient 
 
 Tonic, alterative, and astringent 
 
 Astringent 
 
 Emetic, diaphoretic, stimulant, tonic 
 
 Cathartic, alterative, sialagogue, diuretic... 
 
 Tonic, aperient, diaphoretic, emetic 
 
 Tonic, astringent, anti periodic, stimulant. . . 
 
 Diuretic, stimulant, tonic 
 
 2to 
 2 or 
 30 to 60 
 
 5 drops 
 3 
 
 Mucilaginous, tonic, and styptic 
 
 Cathartic ^ 
 
 Sedative, tonic, astringent, narcotic 
 
 Cathartic , 
 
 Diuretic, tonic, stimulant, emmenagogue. . . 
 
 Narcotic, diuretic, diaiihoretic 
 
 Aromatic, stimulant, tonic 
 
 Tonic and antiperiodic 
 
 Tonic, antiperiodic, febrifuge 
 
 Tonic, carminative, antispasmodic 
 
 Stimulant, aromatic, astringent , 
 
 Tonic, stimulant, expectorant , 
 
 Refrigerant and diuretic 
 
 Tonic and vivifier 
 
 Drastic cathartic 
 
 Tonic, antispasmodic, diuretic 
 
 Emmenagogue, jjarturient, antispasmodic. . 
 Sedative, cathartic, diuretic, emetic 
 
 Emollient, demulcent, tonic. 
 
 Bitter tunic 
 
 Demulcent and astringent. . 
 
 Narcotic 
 
 Emmenagogue, parturient... 
 
 Anti.'^pasniodic 
 
 A.strin.Lriiit. , 
 
 Diuretic, stimulant, tome 
 
 I. SO to 60 
 10 to 3U 
 10 to SO 
 30 to 60 
 30 to 60 
 30 to 60 
 30 to 60 
 2 to 5 
 
 30 torn 
 10 toiO 
 
 20 to -10 
 30 to 60 
 20 to -lU 
 5 to 30 
 20 to 40 
 30 to 60 
 20 to -10 
 20 to 40 
 10 to 30 
 30 to 60 
 30 to 60 
 30 to 60 
 30 to 60 
 30 to 60 
 
 2 to 5 
 10 to 20 
 10 to 30 
 20 to 40 
 30 to 60 
 30 to 60 
 20 to 60 
 20 U) 61) 
 30 to 60 
 30 to 60 
 10 to 30 
 10 to 30 
 10 to 30 
 
 3 to 10 
 5 to 15 
 
 30 to 60 
 10 to 30 
 30 to 60 
 5 to 10 
 30 to 60 
 30 to 60 
 20 to 40 
 30 to 40 
 
 Price 
 per 
 oz. 
 
 $ c.ts. 
 20 
 25 
 20 
 
 25 
 15 
 15 
 15 
 15 
 15 
 15 
 30 
 20 
 25 
 
 20 
 20 
 15 
 20 
 20 
 15 
 15 
 30 
 30 
 15 
 20 
 15 
 15 
 20 
 75 
 15 
 15 
 75 
 20 
 15 
 20 
 25 
 15 
 3 00 
 35 
 25 
 20 
 25 
 30 
 15 
 ?A 
 20 
 25 
 35 
 15 
 20 
 35
 
 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 
 
 477 
 
 rXniD EXTRACT OF 
 
 Culver's Root 
 
 Cundurango 
 
 DaiKlelion 
 
 Digitalis* 
 
 Dragon Root 
 
 Dwarf Elder 
 
 I'.k'campane 
 
 l:;r{jot* 
 
 I'ever few 
 
 Fireweed 
 
 Frostwort, 
 
 Garden Celandine 
 
 Gelseminum* 
 
 Gentian 
 
 Gillenia 
 
 Golden Seal 
 
 Golden Rod 
 
 Gold Thread 
 
 Hardhack 
 
 Hellebore, black*. 
 
 Henbane* 
 
 Hop 
 
 Hydrangea 
 
 Hyssop 
 
 Ignatia Bean*. . . 
 
 Ipecac 
 
 Jalap* 
 
 John's Wort 
 
 Juniper Berries... 
 
 Kousso 
 
 Ladies' Slipper 
 
 Life Everlasting. 
 
 Life Root 
 
 Lily Root 
 
 Liverwort. 
 Lobelia 
 
 I-iOgwood 
 
 Lovage (Privet). 
 
 Lungwort 
 
 Male Fern 
 
 Mandrake 
 
 Marshmallow . . . 
 
 Matico 
 
 Motherwort 
 
 Mugwort 
 
 Nux Vomica* 
 
 Opium, deodorized*. 
 
 Pareira Brava 
 
 Pennyroyal 
 
 Pinkroot 
 
 Pipsissewa. . . . 
 Pleurisy Root. 
 Poke Root . . . 
 Poplar Bark. . 
 Prickly Ash. . . 
 Ptelea 
 
 MEDICINAL PHOPEBTIES. 
 
 Cathartic, cholagogue, tonic 
 
 Alterative, anticarcinomous 
 
 Cathartic, tonic, alterative, diuretic 
 
 Sedative, diuretic, diaphoretic 
 
 Expectorant and diaphoretic 
 
 Sudorific, diuretic, alterative 
 
 Stimulant and tonic 
 
 Parturient 
 
 Emmenagoguc, tonic, stimulant 
 
 Emetic, cathartic, tonic 
 
 Alterative, anti-scrofulous 
 
 Stimulant, alterative, ditiretic, diaphoretic, 
 vulnerary 
 
 Febrifuge, antispasmodic 
 
 Bitter t(3nic 
 
 Emetic, cathartic, tonic - . . .■ 
 
 Tonic, calmative 
 
 Stimulant, carminative 
 
 Bitter tonic 
 
 Astringent 
 
 Antispasmodic, diuretic, emmenagogue 
 
 Narcotic 
 
 Tonic, hypnotic, febrifuge, antilithic 
 
 Diuretic, anticulculus 
 
 Stimulant, aromatic, tonic 
 
 Cerebro-spinal t-jnic 
 
 Expectorant, emetic 
 
 Drastic cathartic 
 
 Astringent, sedative, and diuretic 
 
 Stimulant, carminative, diuretic 
 
 Anthelmintic, anti-tape-worm 
 
 Tonic, stimulant, diaphoretic, antispas- 
 modic 
 
 Astringent 
 
 Diuretic, pectoral, diaphoretic, tonic 
 
 Astringent, demulcent, anodyne, anti-scro- 
 fulous 
 
 Mucilaginous, astringent 
 
 Emetic, expectorant, relaxant, antispasmo- 
 dic, discutient, and anodyne, externally.. 
 
 Tonic, astringent 
 
 Astringent 
 
 Demulcent and mucilaginous 
 
 Anthelmintic 
 
 Cathartic, cholagogue, tonic 
 
 Demul(-'ent and diuretic 
 
 Stimulant, diuretic, astringent, alterative. . . 
 
 Emmenagogue, nervine, antispasmodic, laxa- 
 tive. 
 
 Tonic, narcotic 
 
 Cerebro-spinal tonic 
 
 Anodyne 
 
 Tonic, diuretic, aperient 
 
 Stimulant, diaphoretic, emmenagogue, and 
 carminative 
 
 Anthelmintic 
 
 Diuretic, tonic, alterative, astringent 
 
 Expectorant, diaphoretic, tonic 
 
 Emetic, cathartic, alterative, narcotic 
 
 T(jnic and febrifuge 
 
 Stimulant, tonic, alterative, sialagogue 
 
 Tonic, auLiperiodic 
 
 10 to 30 drops 
 10 to 30 
 30 to t;o 
 2to 5 
 10 to 30 
 30 to GO 
 30 to (10 
 10 to 30 
 •M to 40 
 30 to OO 
 20 to 40 
 
 30 to 60 
 
 5 to 10 
 20 to 40 
 3(r to 60 
 20 to 40 
 30 to 60 
 20 to 40 
 
 5 to 15 
 
 5 to 10 
 
 5 to 15 
 30 to 60 
 20 to 40 
 30 to 60 
 
 3 to 5 
 
 5 to 30 
 10 to .% 
 30 to 60 
 30 to 60 
 30 to 60 
 
 20 to 40 
 30 to 60 
 10 to 30 
 
 10 to 30 " 
 1 dram 
 
 10 to 30 drops 
 2U to 40 
 30 to 60 
 ■■;(l to 60 
 20 to 40 
 10 to 60 
 20 to 40 
 10 to 30 
 
 30 to 60 
 
 20 to 40 
 
 3 to 10 
 
 3 to 10 
 
 30 to 60 
 
 30 to 60 
 21/ to 40 
 20 to 40 
 20 to 40 
 10 U) 30 
 20 to 40 
 10 to .30 
 10 to 30 
 
 Price 
 per 
 
 $ cts. 
 25 
 2 00 
 25 
 20 
 15 
 15 
 15 
 50 
 15 
 20 
 15 
 
 20 
 40 
 30 
 20 
 30 
 20 
 20 
 10 
 20 
 40 
 40 
 20 
 15 
 50 
 1 00 
 50 
 20 
 15 
 50 
 
 25 
 20 
 25 
 
 20 
 20 
 
 25 
 
 15 
 20 
 20 
 30 
 30 
 25 
 40 
 
 20 
 20 
 35 
 40 
 30 
 
 20 
 40 
 20 
 30 
 20 
 15 
 20 
 20
 
 478 
 
 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 
 
 FLUID EXTRACT OF 
 
 Quassia. 
 
 Queen of the Meadow. . 
 
 Rhatany 
 
 Rhubarb 
 
 Rosin Weed 
 
 Sage 
 
 Sarsapa:illa (American) 
 " (Foreign). . 
 
 Sassaft'as. 
 
 Savine* 
 
 Savory 
 
 Scullcap 
 
 Seneka 
 
 Senna 
 
 Skunk Cabbage 
 
 Snake Root 
 
 Soap Wort 
 
 Solomon's Seal 
 
 Spearmint 
 
 Spikenard 
 
 Squill 
 
 Stillingia 
 
 Stoneroot 
 
 Stramonium* 
 
 Sumach 
 
 Sweet Gale (Myrica).. 
 
 Tag Alder 
 
 Tansy 
 
 Thoroughwort 
 
 Thyme 
 
 Turkey Corn 
 
 Dnicorn Root 
 
 Uva Ursi 
 
 Valerian 
 
 Vervain 
 
 Veratnun* 
 
 Wahoo 
 
 Water Pepper 
 
 Wild Inditio 
 
 Wild Yam 
 
 WiU-h Hazel 
 
 Wormwood 
 
 Wormsecd 
 
 Yarrow 
 
 Yellow Dock 
 
 Yellow Parilla. 
 
 MEDICINAL PROPERTIES. 
 
 Bitter tonic 
 
 Diuretic, stimulant, tonic 
 
 A powerful astringent 
 
 Cathartic 
 
 Tonic, diaphoretic, alterative 
 
 Tonic, astringent, expectorant, diaphoretic. 
 
 Alterative 
 
 Alterative 
 
 Alterative 
 
 Emmenagojrue, dim-etic, diaphoretic 
 
 Stimulant, carminative, emmenagogue 
 
 Antispasmodic 
 
 Emetic and cathartic 
 
 Cathartic 
 
 Emetic, stimulant, antispasmodic, discutient, 
 
 externally 
 
 Tonic, diuretic, diaphoretic 
 
 Tonic, diaiihorutic, alterative 
 
 Tonic, astringent 
 
 Carminative 
 
 Alterative 
 
 Emetic, expectorant 
 
 An une(iualled alterative 
 
 Stimulant 
 
 Energetic narcotic 
 
 Tonic, astringent, antiseptic 
 
 Astringent and stimulant 
 
 Alterative, emetic, astringent 
 
 Emmenagogue, diaphuretio 
 
 Tonic, ajierient, diaiihoretic, expectorant... 
 
 Emmenagogue, diaphoretic 
 
 Alterative 
 
 Tonic, diuretic, sialagogue 
 
 Astiingent and tonic 
 
 Sedative 
 
 Tonic, antispasmodic 
 
 Sedative, diajihoretic 
 
 iTonic. alterative, expectorant : . . . . 
 
 jStimulant, diuretic, diaphoretic, excellent, 
 
 external remedy 
 
 IPurgative, emetic, stiur.ilant, 
 
 lAntispasmodic 
 
 iTonic, astringent, sedaLivu 
 
 ITonic, anthelmintic 
 
 iAntlu^Imintic 
 
 'Astringent, diuretic, alterative 
 
 Alterative, tonic, detergent 
 
 jTonic, laxative, alterative 
 
 20 to 40 drops 
 
 20 to 40 " 
 
 20 to 40 " 
 
 10 to :iO " 
 
 20 to 60 " 
 
 30 to 60 '■ 
 
 20 to 60 " 
 
 30 to 60 " 
 
 30 to 60 " 
 
 10 to 20 " 
 
 20 to 40 " 
 
 20 to 40 " 
 
 15 to 30 " 
 
 30 to 60 " 
 
 20 to 
 10 to 
 10 to 
 20 to 
 30 to 
 
 .•;o to 
 
 2 to 
 10 to 
 
 10 to 
 •■Uo 
 :iO to 
 ."U to 
 30 to 
 3U to 
 30 to 
 30 to 
 10 to 
 30 to 
 20 to 
 20 to 
 20 to 
 
 30 to 
 
 50 " 
 
 30 " 
 
 60 " 
 
 40 " 
 
 60 " 
 
 60 " 
 
 15^ " 
 
 30 " 
 
 30 " 
 
 10 " 
 
 60 " 
 
 60 " 
 
 60 " 
 
 60 " 
 
 60 " 
 
 60 " 
 
 30 " 
 
 00 " 
 
 40 " 
 
 40 " 
 
 40 " 
 
 2 " 
 
 60 " 
 
 10 to 30 
 10 to 30 
 10 to 30 
 30 to 60 
 10 to 30 
 10 to 30 
 10 to 40 
 30 to 60 
 10 to 30 
 
 Price 
 per 
 oz. 
 
 $ cts. 
 15 
 15 
 30 
 50 
 30 
 20 
 25 
 30 
 20 
 20 
 25 
 20 
 40 
 20 
 
 20 
 30 
 20 
 20 
 20 
 20 
 40 
 30 
 25 
 20 
 15 
 15 
 15 
 15 
 15 
 15 
 25 
 30 
 30 
 30 
 25 
 40 
 80 
 
 15 
 15 
 20 
 15 
 1-5 
 20 
 15 
 .30 
 30 
 
 In the administration of these flnid-extracts the Tninimum dose 
 should first l)e given, and if the desired effect is not fully responsive, the 
 doses should be gradually increased to the maximum dose. In some 
 cases even larger doses may be required than those given as ordinarily 
 sufTicient for inducing their therapeutic effects. 
 
 In consequence of trouble in packing, not less than two Dollars' 
 worth of these fluid-extracts will be sent at one time, unless ordered in
 
 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 
 
 479 
 
 connection with some of my Standard Remedies. The quantity may 
 either consist of one medicine, or of an indiscriminate selection from the 
 whole list. They are packed in strong bottles, fully labelled, and guaran- 
 teed pure. They can only be sent by express. 
 AU orders should be addressed to 
 
 Dr. O. Phelps Brown, 
 21 Grand sL, Jersey City, iV. J. 
 
 ELECTRO-MAGNETIC MACHINE. 
 
 Formerly electric machines were unreliable, always troublesome, and 
 constantly getliug out of order, a source of annoyance and perplexity. All 
 these inconveniences are now obviated in this machine {sec citl), which is 
 
 manufactured for us by the 
 Galvano-Faradac Manufacturing- 
 Company. It combines cheap- 
 ness, simplicitj^ and power. The 
 method of using it may be made 
 known in a few senteiicfs which 
 are sent with the machine. The 
 use of electricity for medical 
 purposes, confined some few 
 years since to a few specialists, 
 has now become of common use in 
 families all over the country, and 
 it is a very valuable remedy in a 
 wide range of diseases, and es- 
 pecially is it reliable when used 
 in connection with my Herbal 
 Ointment. Thus used it is im- 
 portant in nervous affections, 
 paralysis, general debility, loss 
 of voice, when it comes from 
 fatigue, hysteria or fright ; ap- 
 poplexy, prolapsus ani, muscular 
 atrophy, facial palsy, varicose 
 Price $15. veins, aneurism, vomiting, hydro- 
 
 cele, paralysis of the muscles of the eye, cerebral softening, hemiplegia, 
 hydatids, enlarged joints, lead palsy, enlargement of spleen, neuralgia, 
 numbness, rheumatism, gout, swellings, weak or diseased spine, tumors, 
 etc., etc. After the application of the electric current my Herbal Oint- 
 ment should be freely applied and well rubbed in over the afHicted parts. 
 The beneficial result of the tinion of these two powerful external remedies 
 in many cases cannot be overestimated — the one arousing action and 
 electrifying, the other healing, soothing, and giving warmth and re- 
 newed life, health and strencth. 
 Price of Ointment 25 and 50 cents per pot ; 2 and 4 cts. extra for postage. 
 If constipation exists in any of the above diseases a few doses of my 
 Renovating Pills should be taken. 
 
 For a farther description of my Herbal Ointment send for my "Treatise 
 on Herbal Remedies," which is supplied free to all applicants.
 
 480 THE COMPLE'IE HERBALIST. 
 
 GLOSSARY. 
 
 It is eonfidpntly believed that all the technical terms introduced into 
 this work are ixiWy defined in this Glossary. Many of the medical terms 
 are explained where they occur, and even some of those that are here 
 defined are explained at the place where first employed, but are inserted 
 here also, so as to make this Glossary sufficiently complete for ready 
 reference by the most casual reader. 
 
 ACKO-NARCOTic, Medicines that act on the brain, or spinal marrow, or 
 both, but at the same time irritate the parts to which they are ap- 
 plied. 
 
 Adjuvant, A medicine that aids the operation of the principal ingredi- 
 ent of a mixture or compound. 
 
 Adynamic, Pertaining to adynamia, or debility of the vital powers* 
 
 Aeuation, Charging with air ; the transformation of venous blood and 
 chyle into arterial blood by respiration ; arterialization. 
 
 Afkekent, Conveying inward, nerves that convey impressions towards 
 the nervous centres. 
 
 Alku.men, The immediate principle of animals and vegetables ; it con- 
 stitutes the chief part of the white of an egg. 
 
 Alkaloid, Having the property of or pertaining to an alkali. 
 
 Alvine, Relating to the lower belly, as alvine dejections, etc. 
 
 Amaikjus, Bitter. 
 
 Ajj^estiietic, Relating to privation of feeling ; a medicine that prevents 
 feeling. 
 
 Anvi-imlv, a bloodless condition. 
 
 Antai'iiuodisiac, a substance capable of blunting venereal desires. 
 
 Antipeuiodic, a medicine which possesses the power of arresting mor- 
 bid periodical movements, as Peruvian bark. 
 
 Apeuient, a medicine that gently opens the bowels. 
 
 Aphonia, A voiceless condition ; loss of voice. 
 
 Apiiuouisi.vc, a substance that excites the venereal passions. 
 
 Antiseptic, Opposed to putrefaction. 
 
 Aphthous, Pertaining to aphthaj or thrush. 
 
 Areola n, Ajipertaiuing to an areola, or the si^ace between the fibres, 
 com])Osing organs, or between vessels which interlace each other. 
 
 Asthenic, Debilitated ; pertaining to asthenia, or wajjit of strength. 
 
 Atociac, Pertaining to atocia or sterility; sterile.
 
 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 481 
 
 Atonic, Wanting tone ; weakness of every organ, and particularly ol 
 
 those that are contractile. 
 Atrophy, Defective nutrition ; a diminution in the bulk of the whol* 
 
 body, or of a part. 
 
 Bougie, An instrument used for the purpose of dilating the urethra. 
 
 Cachectic, Belonging or pertaining to cachexia ; depraved nutrition et: 
 a bad habit of the body. 
 
 Cadaverous, Pertaining to or resembling the cadaver, or de'xd bodj. 
 
 Caltsthenic, PertaLuing to calisthenics, or the art of promoting, l»j; 
 appropriate exercises, strength of body and grace of movements. 
 
 Capillary, Hair-like ; small. 
 
 Caries, Death or decay of a bone. 
 
 Carminative, A remedy that aUays pain or promotes the expulsion ol 
 tiatus, or wind, from the bowels. 
 
 Cardiac, Pertaining to the heart. 
 
 Cartilage, A solid part of the body of et medium consistence between 
 bone and ligament. 
 
 Caseine, The chief constituent of milx 
 
 Catamenial, Pertaining to catamenia, or menstrual flow. 
 
 Catharsis, A natural or artificial purgation, or movement of the bowels. 
 
 Cerebral, Pertaining to the brain. 
 
 Cervical, Pertaining or belonging to the cervix or neck. 
 
 Cholagogue, a medicine that causes a flow of bile. 
 
 Cholesterine, An inodorous, insipid substance, forming the crystal- 
 line part of a biliary calculus, and contained in neurine and various 
 other tumors ; also in the seeds of many plants, olive oil, etc. 
 
 Chronic, Of long duration. 
 
 CiiYMiFiCATiON, Formation cf chyme, or the pulp formed by the food 
 and various secretions, after it has been for some time in the stom- 
 ach. 
 
 Clonic, Irregular convulsive motions ; convulsion with alternate relax- 
 ation. 
 
 Colliquative, Profuse ; exhausting ; a term applied to discharges 
 which produce rapid exhaustion. 
 
 Comatose, Pertaining to coma, or a profound state of sleep, from which 
 it is difficult to arov^e the individual. 
 
 CoRRiGENT, Corrective ; a medicine that mollifies or corrects the action 
 of a pharmaceuticttl preparation. 
 
 Deglutition, The action of swallowing. 
 
 Delirium, Straying from the rules of reason ; wandering of the mind. 
 Deobstruent, a medicine having the power of removing obstructions, 
 21 2p
 
 482 THE COMPLETE HEKBALIST. 
 
 Deodorized, Deprived of odor or smell. 
 
 Desquamation, Exfoliation, or separation of the scarf skin, in the form 
 of scales. 
 
 Detergents, Medicines that cleanse parts, as wounds, ulcers, etc. 
 
 Diagnosticate, Forming a diagnosis or character of a disease by its 
 symptoms. 
 
 DtAi'iiouESis, A greater degree of perspiration than natural, but less 
 than sweating. 
 
 Diathesis, Disposition of the body ; predisposition to a certain disease. 
 
 DfSCUTiENT, A medicine having the power to discuss, repel, or resolve 
 tumors. 
 
 Diuresis, A greater discharge of urine than natural. 
 
 Drastic, Active ; a name given to those cathartics that operate power- 
 fully. 
 
 Duct, The canal leading from a gland or vesicle. 
 
 Dyspncea, Difficulty of breathing. ». 
 
 EcTOZOA, Parasitic animals that infest the exterior of the body, ^s lice, 
 
 etc. 
 Efferent, Conveying outwards ; nerves that convey nervous stimulus 
 
 from the brain to other parts. 
 Effluvia, Emanations, miasms, noxious matter. 
 Ejaculator, That which effects the emission of sperm. 
 Embiu'O, The fecundated germ in the early stages of its development in 
 
 the womb. 
 Emulsion, A phannaceutical preparation, in which oil is suspended in 
 
 water by means of mucilage. 
 Emunctory, Any organ whose office it is to excrete or expel matters. 
 Endemic, Diseases which are owing to some peculiarity in a situation or 
 
 locality. Thus, ague is endemic in marshy countries. 
 Entozoa, Parasitic animals that infest the interior of the body, as 
 
 worms. 
 Ephemeral, Of short duration. 
 Epigastrium, That portion of the surface of the body lying over the 
 
 stomach. 
 Epidemic, A disease that attacks a number of persons at the same time, 
 
 and referable to some condition of the atmosphere. 
 Epispadi.vs, a condition of the penis in which the urethra opens at the 
 
 upper j)art of the organ. 
 Eructation, A aonorous emission of flatus, by the mouth, from the 
 
 stomacli. 
 EXACEKiiATioN, Increase in the symptoms of a disorder ; paroxysm. 
 EXANTlliCMATous, Relating to the exaiUiiems, or eruptive diseases.
 
 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST, 483 
 
 Excrescence, A tumor which forms at the surface of organs, especially 
 the skin, mucous membranes, and ulcerated surfaces. 
 
 Exfoliation, The separation of dead portions from the various tissues. 
 
 Extravasation, Escape of a fluid from the vessel which contains it, as 
 blood from the veins. 
 
 Exudation, The oozing of a matter from the pores of a membrane ; 
 also the matter that issues in such a manner. 
 
 Facial, Relating to the face. 
 
 F.^CAL, Relating to the fieces or stools. 
 
 Falx, a name given to several membranous reflections having the shape 
 of a scythe. 
 
 Farinaceous, Having the appearance or nature of farina, or the pow- 
 der obtained by grinding the seeds of certain plants. 
 
 Febrifuge, Having the power of abating or driving away fever. 
 
 Febrile, Relating to or having the character of fever. 
 
 Fibrin, An immediate animal principle entering into the composition of 
 the chyle and the blood ; it is the coagulable material of blood. 
 
 Flexor, Muscles whose office it is to bend certain parts. 
 
 Fluctuation, The undulation of a fluid which is felt by pressure, pro- 
 perly practised. 
 
 F(etus, Usually this name is applied to the product of conception after 
 quickening, or more advanced stage of utero-gestation ; more 
 vaguely, it is used synonymously with embryo. 
 
 Follicle, A small secreting cavity formed by a depression of the skin 
 or mucous membrane. 
 
 Fungous, Relating to funga, or certain growths resembliag the mush- 
 room, which have no external ulceration, as warts, etc. 
 
 Ganglion, A name generally given to a knot-like enlargement in the 
 course of a nerve. 
 
 Gangrene, Privation of life or partial death of an organ ; mortifica- 
 tion. 
 
 Gastric, Relating to the stomach. 
 
 Gelatine, An immediate animal principle of jelly-like character. 
 
 Genitalia, The genital or sexual organs. 
 
 GL/VND, Organs which separate from the blood any fluid whatever ; a 
 secreting organ ; the reddish and spongy, knot-like bodies met with 
 in the course of the lymphatics. 
 
 Gluten, An immediate principle of vegetables ; it is soft, of a gi-ayish 
 white, viscid consistence, and very elastic. 
 
 Granulation, Granulations are the reddish, conical, flesh-like shoots 
 which form at the surface of wounds and ulcers. 
 
 Gravid, Pregnant.
 
 484 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 
 
 Grxtmous, Clotted ; gruraous blood is coagulated or clotted blood. 
 
 Hallucination, A morbid error in one or more senses ; a delusion. 
 IlKLTCiNE, Resembling in form the tendrils of a vine. 
 
 IlKMOURlIAC.E, A flow of blood. 
 
 IIkpatic, Relating to the liver. 
 
 Hygienic, Relating to hygiene, Qr that part of medicine whose object 
 
 is the presen-ation of health. 
 IlYPHRTRoriiY, The state of a part in which nutrition is performed with 
 
 greater activity. Unusual bulk of a part. 
 Hypnotic, A medicine having the power to promote or cause sleep. 
 Hypospaimas, A malformation, in which the "rethra opens at the base 
 
 or beneath the penis. 
 
 Idiopathic, A primary disease ; one not ''ependent on any other. 
 Idiosyncrasy, A peculiarity of constitution, in which one person 13 
 
 affected by an agent which in many others would produce no ^effect. 
 Indolent, This, in a medical sense, means painless. 
 Induration, The hardness which occasionally follows in an injamed 
 
 part. 
 Infusoria. The animalcules originating in decomposition of matter. 
 iNGESTA. Substances introduced into the body by the mouth as food. 
 Inspiss.vted, Rendered thick, as an extract. 
 Integument, Anything which serves to cover or envelop. 
 Interosseous, Between the bones. 
 
 Jactation, Extreme anxiety, excessive restlessness— a symptom ob- 
 served in serious diseases. 
 
 Kyestein, a peculiar pellicle forming on the urine of a pregnant wo- 
 man, when allowed to stand for a few days. 
 
 Lachrymal, Belonging to the tears. 
 
 Lesion, Derangement, disorder, any morbid change. 
 
 Ligament, A fibrous substance, serving to unite bones and to form 
 
 joints. 
 LlGATi'RE, A cord or thread with which an artery or tumor is tied. 
 Lf.MHAR, Pertaining to the loins. 
 
 Lymph, A name given to the fluids contained in the lymphatic vessels- 
 liYMPH.vTics, The vessels conveying lymph. 
 
 Maceration, An operation which consists in infusing, usually with 
 
 hi'at, a solid substance, so as to extract its virtues. 
 ftLvMMAKY, Relating to the maniniai, or female breasts.
 
 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 485 
 
 Mastication, The act of chewing. 
 
 Materia Medica, The knowledge of medicines ; the substances used 
 as medicines. 
 
 Maturation, The state of an abscess which has reached maturity. 
 
 Medulla, The base of the brain ; marrow. 
 
 Menses, The monthly flow. 
 
 Menstrual, Pertaining to the menses. 
 
 BIenstruum, a solvent ; a substance possessing the property of dissolv- 
 ing others. 
 
 Metastasis, Changing from one place to another. 
 
 Micturition, Urination, discharge of urine. 
 
 Mucilaginous, Having the character of mucilage; resembling gum. 
 
 Mucus, The substance found at the surface of mucous membranes. 
 
 N.4.RC0TIC, Substances which have the property of stupefying. 
 Nasal, Relating to the nose. 
 
 Nausea, Inclination to vomit sickness of stomach. 
 Necrosis, Death of a bone. 
 Nephritic, Relating to the kidneys. 
 
 Nervine, A medicine which acts on the nervous system. 
 Neurine, Relating to the nerves. 
 
 Node, A hard concretion or incrustation gathering around the joints at- 
 tacked with rheumatism or gout. 
 NOSOLOGIST, One versed in nosology, or classification of diseases. 
 
 Obstetrician, One skilled, or practising midwifery. 
 
 Ophthalmia, Relating or belonging to the eye. 
 
 Orgasm, The height of venereal excitement in sexual intercourse. 
 
 Orthopncea, Necessity of being in the erect posture to be able to 
 
 breathe. 
 Osseous, Relating to or having the character of bones. 
 
 Pabulum, Food, aliment. 
 
 Papilla, An eminence resembling a nipple. 
 
 Paracentesis, The act of tapping to evacuate a fluid in a cavity, as in 
 
 dropsy of the abdomen. 
 Paroxysm, A periodical exacerbation or fit of a disease. 
 Parturient, Bringing forth young. 
 Parturition, Delivery, labor, child-birth. 
 Pathological, Relating to pathology. 
 Pathology, A branch of medicine whose object is the knowledge of 
 
 disease. 
 Pectin, A principle which forms the basis of vegetable jelly.
 
 486 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 
 
 pECTORAT,, Relating to the breast; a medicine that relieves or remoyea 
 aflfections of the chest. 
 
 Pc;llU'LE. a thin skin or membrane, a film. 
 
 PliRlSTALTlC, A motion consisting of alternate contraction and dilata- 
 tion. 
 
 Peritoneum, The serous membrane lining the abdominal cavity. 
 
 Phagedenic, Appearing as if it was gnawed. 
 
 Pharmaceutic, Relating to pharmacy. 
 
 Pu.\R.MACOP(El.\. A work containing the formulae for the preparation, 
 etc., of medicines. 
 
 PllAR.MACY, The art which teaches the knowledge, choice, preservation, 
 preparation, and combination of medicines. 
 
 Phlegmonous, Relating to iullammation which is confined to the areo- 
 lar texture. 
 
 PilIA'Z.ACious, Relating to tumors formed by the accumulation of a 
 serous lluid under the scarf-skin. 
 
 PnTSlOLOOY, The science which teaches the functions of org^xis or 
 tis.sues. ^ 
 
 Plethora, A superabundance of blood. *t 
 
 Pneu-MOG.vstric, Belonging to the lungs and stomach. 
 
 Portal Circulation, The circulation of blood in the system of vessels 
 in the kidneys and liver. 
 
 Ptvalis.m, Profuse salivation. 
 
 Puerperal, Relating to child-birth and its consequences. 
 
 PULMON.MiY, Relating or belonging to the lungs. 
 
 Purulent, Having the character of pus. 
 
 Pus, The secretion from inflamed textures. 
 
 PuSTUi-ii, An elevation of the skin, ha\'ing an inflamed base. 
 
 Pyouknic, Having a relation to the formation of jjus. 
 
 Regimen, Diet; the rational and methodical use of food. 
 
 Kknal, Relating to the kidnej's. 
 
 Resi'IRation, The function of breathing, by which is accomplished the 
 
 mixture of venous blood with lymph and chyle. 
 Revellent, Derivative ; a remedy causing an abstraction from the 
 
 morbid condition of some organ or tissue. 
 Revulsion, The act of turning a disease from a part in which it seems 
 
 to have taken its seat. 
 
 Sac, A bag-like cavity, formed by any serous membrane. 
 Sacculateij, Enclosed in a .sac ; having the character of a sac. 
 Salivaky, Relating to the saliva; glands whose function it is to secrete 
 
 Baliva. 
 Samgdineous, PJethoric; relating to the blood.
 
 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST, 487 
 
 Scorbutic, Relating to, or having the character of scurvy. 
 
 SCYBALA, Hard fa3cal matter, discharged in round lumps. 
 
 Sebaceous, Small hollow organs seated in the substance of the skin, 
 and which secrete a matter having a peculiar odor. 
 
 Secretion, An organic function, chiefly confined to the glands; also 
 the matter secreted. 
 
 Septum, Partition; a part separating two cavities. 
 
 Serum, The most watery portion of the animal fluids, exhaled by serous 
 membranes. 
 
 Sinapism, A mustard plaster. 
 
 Sinus, Any cavity, the interior of which is more expanded than the en- 
 trance. 
 
 Sordes, The black substance collecting on the teeth in low f evera. 
 
 Spasmodic, Having the character of a spasm. 
 
 Splenetic, Relating or belonging to the spleen. 
 
 Sputa, Expectorated matter. 
 
 Squamous, Scaly ; having the character of scales. 
 
 Stercoraceous, Fcecal. 
 
 Stertorous, Of a snoring character. 
 
 Strangury, Extreme difficulty in evacuating the urine. 
 
 Strumous, Scrofulous. 
 
 Styptic, Astringent ; a medicine which stanches the flow of blocd. 
 
 Subluxation, A sprain ; a partial dislocation. 
 
 Sudorific, A medicine which provokes sweating. 
 
 Suppuration, Formation or secretion of pus. 
 
 Syncope ; Fainting ; loss of sensation and motion. 
 
 Synovial, Relating to the membranes lining the joints. 
 
 Taxis, A pressure exerted by the hand on a hernial tumor for the pur- 
 pose of reducing it. 
 Tissue, The various parts which, by union, form the organs. 
 Thoracic, Relating or belonging to the chest. 
 Topical, Local ; remedies locally applied. 
 Toxical, Poisonous. 
 Tubercle, A tumor in the substance of an organ, as of the lung. 
 
 Urine, The secretion of the kidney. 
 
 Urinauy, Relating to the urine. 
 
 Uterus, The womb. 
 
 Uterine, Relating or belonging to the womb. 
 
 Vaccine, Relating to the matter used for vaccination. 
 Vascular, Relating to vessels ; arterial, venous or lymphatic 
 Venereal, Relating to the pleasures of love.
 
 488 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 
 
 Vertebr;e, Rones of the spinal column. 
 
 Vesicle, A small bladder or cyst. 
 
 ViROSE, Possessed of noxious properties. 
 
 Virus, Literally, a poison ; an unkno\vn principle, inappreciable by the 
 senses which is the agent for the transmission of infectious dis- 
 eases. 
 
 VISCER.\L, Relating or belonging to the viscera, or entrails. 
 
 VULNER.VRY, Medicines considered capable of favoring the consolidatmg 
 of wounds ; only a property of plants. 
 
 Zymotic, Relatuig or appertaining to fermentation. 
 
 THE ELASTICTRUSS AND SUPPORTER 
 
 THE HIGHEST AWARD, 
 i£*i='^^'-^^^**^^^ A Medal and Diploma has been given by the Cen- 
 £ L A S T I C H tennial Exposition to our .^ 
 
 Z^^IIlJ^ elastic TRUSS:. 
 
 ^^^5^1-^^^^ jT Thus confirminff the verdicts which have hii^to- 
 ' -*=-^^^^=ssi -isir^ m fQYQ been given by the Aiiwriatii Institute, the Brook- 
 lyn Industrial Institute and the Cincinnati IndKstrial 
 ExpoMtion, all the above institutes having given 
 Price $8. the /lir/licst aimrdx, Silver ]\Iedals and Diplomas, 
 
 for superiority over all for the Elastic Truss and Supporter, because 
 of its excellence and cheapness. There is no superior truss, with the ex- 
 ceiilion of our Champion Truss (patre 342, which cannot be excelled), but 
 in very many cases the Elastic Truss is just as good and better at less 
 tlKin half the price. The success and universal satisfaction they have 
 given, as well as the great number of radical cans they have effected, lias 
 (Irinoiist rated the fact that rnptnrc can be snrdy cured without suffering and 
 annoyance, and iril/ioKf mnj dunf/i r of uicarrinej spinal diitease or paridysi.';, 
 often caused by the severe pressure of metal trusses and supporters. It 
 holds the rui)ture securely in all positions in which the body may be 
 placed, and may be adjusted to lit any figure by loosening or tightening 
 the buckles, i hese appliances are manufactured for us by the Elastic 
 Truss Company, who guarantee each truss made to be perfect in every 
 respect. 
 
 Price of the Double Truss is S^.OO 
 
 Price of tlie Single Truss is 5.00 
 
 Infants' and Cliildren's Trusses (1.00 
 
 Children's Trusses are always made with double attachments, hence no 
 distinction in price is made between single and double. This price to some 
 may seem large, but when we consider that one of these Trusses, if 
 pn>|icrly worn, is sure to cure the worst cases of Hernia in a child (witliout 
 torture), it is the cheapest investment that can be niacle. 
 
 For Children in all cases a complete cure will be guaranteed, without jCik/u 
 or aunoi/niicc, as it can be worn with as much ease and efficacij by an infant 
 
 of a week's aire as liy an adult; an atlrilxile that no other 'J'ntss yet inreatuf 
 
 possesses. Send us the size of the patient around the entire body on a line 
 with the rupture ; state whether rii:ht or left side, or if both sides ; give us 
 thi- illstanee between the centre of the two openings after the intestines 
 are n iMiiicil to Hie alidomen, and which side is the worse, if any difference, 
 and uU ])articulurs, if any.
 
 INDEX. 
 
 PAGE 
 
 Abdorninal supporters 370 
 
 Abies excel.sa 128 
 
 " larix 112 
 
 Abortion S68 
 
 Abscess 336 
 
 Absinthine 1<J5 
 
 Absorbents 27 
 
 Abuta root 132 
 
 Acacian Balsam 470 
 
 Acacia catechu 61 
 
 " vera 32 
 
 Acarus sacchari 319 
 
 " scabei 318 
 
 Aceta 29 
 
 Achillea millefolium 166 
 
 " ptarmica 166 
 
 Achilleine 166 
 
 Achorion Schiiiileinii 324 
 
 Acipenser liuthenus 445 
 
 Acne 32;^ 
 
 Aconitine 123 
 
 Aconitum napellus 123 
 
 Adder's tongue 33 
 
 violet 127 
 
 Adiantura pedatum 118 
 
 Advice to the childless 433 
 
 ^thera 29 
 
 Agave Americana 64 
 
 " Virginica 64 
 
 Agrimonia Eupatoria 33 
 
 Agrimony 33 
 
 Ague cake 217 
 
 " root 155 
 
 Air and sunshine 11)0 
 
 Albinism 324 
 
 Alder 34 
 
 " common 36 
 
 " smooth 36 
 
 " tag 36 
 
 Ale hoof 34 
 
 Aletris farinosa 155 
 
 Alisraa plantago 118 
 
 Alkfkeugi 16 
 
 AU-heal 35 
 
 PAOB 
 
 Almonds, bitter 85 
 
 " milk of 36 
 
 " sweet 35 
 
 Alnuin 36 
 
 Alnus nibra 36 
 
 Aloe socatrina 39 
 
 " spicata 38 
 
 " vulgaris 39 
 
 Aloes 38 
 
 " false 64 
 
 Alopecia 325 
 
 Alteratives 27 
 
 Alum root 77 
 
 Amaranth 37 
 
 Amaranthus hypochondriasis 37 
 
 Amara dulcis 48 
 
 Amaurosis 344 
 
 Amblyopia 344 
 
 Amenorrhcea 359 
 
 American foxglove 1 17 
 
 " gentian 94 
 
 " heUebore 100 
 
 ivy 107 
 
 " senna 60 
 
 " valerian Ill 
 
 Ampelopsis quinquefolia 107 
 
 Amygdala amara 35 
 
 " dulcis 35 
 
 Amygdalus communis 35 
 
 Anal fistula 256 
 
 Anatomy of the organs of digestion 2.'>0 
 
 " " female organs 397 
 
 " " heart 276 
 
 " " liver 240 
 
 " " male organs 394 
 
 " " nervous system 299 
 
 " of a plant 23 
 
 " of the spleen 245 
 
 " " respiratory organs 259 
 
 " " urinary organs 294 
 
 Anemone 37 
 
 " cylindrica 37 
 
 " meadow 37 
 
 " nemorosa 37
 
 490 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 PAGE 
 
 Anemoninc ST 
 
 Aneurism 284 
 
 Angcioleucitis 257 
 
 Angelica "^ 
 
 " archangclica 38 
 
 " Btropurpurea 38 
 
 Angina pectoris 280 
 
 Animal poisons "l-"'^ 
 
 Anise 38 
 
 " star 38 
 
 Aniseed 3h 
 
 Anodynes 2T 
 
 Antacids 27 
 
 Antennaria margaritaceum 131 
 
 Anthelmintics 28 
 
 Anthemis nobilis fi-l 
 
 Anthrax 33!) 
 
 Antiscorbutics 28 
 
 Antispasmodics 28 
 
 Apiol 133 
 
 Apocynum androsiemifolium 47 
 
 Apnoea 270 
 
 Apoplexy 301 
 
 Apothecaries' measuse 30 
 
 " weight 30 
 
 Apple-peru 108 
 
 Aphthae 2o3 
 
 AqusB 29 
 
 Aralia spinosa 13!) 
 
 Archangel 38 
 
 Arctostaphylos uva-ursi 43 
 
 Aromatics 28 
 
 Axrow-root grncl 202 
 
 jelly 201 
 
 Artemisia absinthum 1(14 
 
 " santonica 105 
 
 Arteritis 284 
 
 Anim tr>T>hillum 83 
 
 Asarnbiicca . 3!) 
 
 Aearum Europjcum 39 
 
 Ascaris lumbricoides 250 
 
 " vcrmicularis 250 
 
 Adcites 292 
 
 Asclopiafla; 4 
 
 Asclcpiiis tubvrosa 14, 136 
 
 ABclepin 137 
 
 AKiatic chok-ra 254 
 
 Aspen 159 
 
 AFpiiliiini lUbc mas 88 
 
 Asphyxia 270 
 
 by c<ild 270 
 
 *' inhaliiliun of gases 271 
 
 " by submersion 271 
 
 AJthma 'MS 
 
 PAOE 
 
 Asthma, hny • • 209 
 
 Astrintfents 28 
 
 Aftrya Virginica H-* 
 
 Atriplex liortensis 21 
 
 Atrop.i belladonna 45 
 
 " manilrajjova 120 
 
 Atrophy of the heart 282 
 
 Aurelius, Emperor 5 
 
 Autophomania 304 
 
 Aveus, purple 66 
 
 " water 66 
 
 " white 6il 
 
 Averroes f> 
 
 Aya-pana 39 
 
 Aya-pana eupatorium 39 
 
 X 
 
 322 
 
 325 
 
 41 
 
 158 
 
 473 
 
 41 
 
 470 
 
 158 
 
 135 
 
 125 
 
 149 
 
 141 
 
 142 
 
 325 
 
 42 
 
 67 
 
 67 
 
 201 
 
 5fi 
 
 433 
 
 186 
 
 42 
 
 45 
 
 43 
 
 44 
 
 119 
 
 69 
 
 Beech-drops B9 
 
 Beef liquid 203 
 
 " tea 203 
 
 Beggar's lice 104 
 
 Beggar-tick 158 
 
 Belladonna 45 
 
 Berberina 42 
 
 Berberis vulgaris 42 
 
 Beth root 46 
 
 Tihang 60 
 
 Bidens biplnnata 158 
 
 Baker's Itch 
 
 Baldness 
 
 Balm 
 
 " of Gilead 
 
 " Woodland 
 
 Balmony 
 
 Balsam, Acacian 
 
 " poplar 
 
 Balsamito 
 
 Balsamodendron myrrha. 
 
 Bamboo brier 
 
 Baptisia tinctoria 
 
 Baptisjn 
 
 Barber's itch 
 
 Ba rberry 
 
 Bark, Jesuit's 
 
 " Peruvian 
 
 Barley water 
 
 Barosma crenata 
 
 Barrenness 
 
 Bathing 
 
 Bayberry 
 
 Bead tree. ... 
 
 Bcarberry 
 
 Bear's bed 
 
 Beaver tree 
 
 Bed-straw
 
 INDEX. 
 
 491 
 
 PAGE 
 
 BideDS connata 157 
 
 " frondosa 158 
 
 Bilious colic 309 
 
 Bilious fever 217 
 
 Bird's nest 47 
 
 Birony 16 
 
 Birth-wort 10 
 
 Bitter-ash 140 
 
 " candj'-tuft 100 
 
 " cucumber 71 
 
 " root 47 
 
 '■ -sweet 48 
 
 " wood 140 
 
 Blackberry 143 
 
 Black cherry 45 
 
 " cohosh 51 
 
 " hellebore 101 
 
 " oak 1251 
 
 " root 53 
 
 " snake-root 51, 14S 
 
 Bladder fucus 124 
 
 Blazing Star 5'i 
 
 Bleeding from the nose 2SS 
 
 " " lungs 289 
 
 " " stomach 280 
 
 " " kidneys 290 
 
 Blood Purifier 471 
 
 " root 54 
 
 Blooming spurge 112 
 
 Blue cohosh 132 
 
 " disease 28-3 
 
 " flag . . 49 
 
 " gentian 94 
 
 " scuU-cap 150 
 
 " vervain 49 
 
 Blunt-leaved dock 82 
 
 BoiL= 338 
 
 Boneset 52 
 
 Botany, Epitome of 23 
 
 Bothriocephalus latus 251 
 
 Bouncing Bet 15'2 
 
 Bowman's root 112 
 
 Box 55 
 
 Boxwood S'i 
 
 Boyle 7 
 
 Brain Fever 301 
 
 Brakeroot 87 
 
 Brassica nipa 15 
 
 Brayera anthelmintica 110 
 
 Bread jelly 202 
 
 Bridal tours 449 
 
 Bright's disease of the kidneys. 291 
 
 Broken back 378 
 
 " neck 378 
 
 PAGH 
 
 Bronchitis 2ti6 
 
 Bronchocele 340 
 
 Brncia 129 
 
 Bnchu 56 
 
 Buckhorn brake 87 
 
 Bulls foot 72 
 
 Bunions 32;j 
 
 Burgundy pitch 128 
 
 Burning bush 57 
 
 Burns and scalds 339 
 
 Buttercup . . 79 
 
 " nut 102 
 
 " weed 57 
 
 Butterfly weed 130 
 
 Buttermilk pap 203 
 
 Button bush 90 
 
 " snake-root 52, 86 
 
 Butua root 132 
 
 Buxina 55 
 
 Buxus sempervii'eus 55 
 
 Cahinca 58 
 
 Cahincic acid 58 
 
 Calico bush 58 
 
 Calves' foot jellj 204 
 
 Camp fever 220 
 
 Canada flea-bane 57 
 
 Cancer 345 
 
 '• of the stomach 236 
 
 " root 59 
 
 Canker lettuce 146 
 
 Cannabis Indica B"* 
 
 " sativa 60 
 
 Capacities required by nui^es 213 
 
 Carbuncle 339 
 
 Carcmonia 345 
 
 Carolina pink 135 
 
 Carminatives 28 
 
 Carpenter's square 89 
 
 Carthamus tinctorius 146 
 
 Cassia Marilandica 60 
 
 Catalepsy 314 
 
 Cataplasms 29 
 
 Catarrhal ophthalmia 3-13 
 
 Catiirrh 2(12 
 
 of the bladder 298 
 
 Catch weed 69 
 
 Catechu 61 
 
 " pale 92 
 
 Cathartics 28 
 
 Cat's foot 34 
 
 Caulophyllin 133 
 
 Caulophyllum thalictroides 132 
 
 Ceauothine 14?
 
 492 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 PAGE 
 
 Ceanothiis Amcricanns . 14'! 
 
 Cedron 61 
 
 Celamline 62 
 
 Centaurj- 63 
 
 Century plant 64 
 
 Cephnlalpia 306 
 
 Cephalanthus occidcntalis 96 
 
 Ceratef. 29 
 
 CerebritiB. 301 
 
 Cervicitis 361 
 
 Cessation of the menses 361 
 
 Cetraria officinalis 1 06 
 
 Cetrarin 106 
 
 Chamomile 64 
 
 Champion truss 341 
 
 Change of life 361 
 
 Cheokcrberry 133 
 
 Chelidonium majns 62 
 
 Chelone glabra 41 
 
 Chelonin 42 
 
 Chenopodium anthelminticiim 164 
 
 Cherry laurel 65 
 
 Chictweed 60 
 
 Chicken broth 204 
 
 " pox 225 
 
 Chilblains 339 
 
 Chimaphila umbellata 136 
 
 Chiococca racemnsa 58 
 
 Chionanthus Virginirum 130 
 
 Chlorosis 300 
 
 Chorolat<> root (56 
 
 Choice diolytra 160 
 
 Cholera Asiatic 254 
 
 " infantum 253 
 
 " morbus 25 j 
 
 Chorea 314 
 
 Chumis 00 
 
 Cimiclfnga racemosa 51 
 
 Cimicifiigin 51 
 
 Cinchona. , 07 
 
 " calisaya 07 
 
 " condnminca 07 
 
 " Inncifolia 07 
 
 " Rucciniba 07 
 
 Cinque foil eg 
 
 CirrhoRis o.jo 
 
 Ci^-yimpelin ];j2 
 
 Cisiuimpclop pareira I30 
 
 t'lnp 34S 
 
 Cleavers (jf) 
 
 " small 09 
 
 ClerRymau'B sore throat 234 
 
 •""•'"■'tiH 356 
 
 Clothing 181 
 
 FAQn 
 
 Coakum 137 
 
 Coca 70 
 
 Cocculus palmatus 72 
 
 Cockle burr 33 
 
 Codeia 131 
 
 Ca-lelmintha 327 
 
 Coffee milk 203 
 
 Colchicia 123 
 
 Colchicum autumnale 123 
 
 Cold in the head 201 
 
 Colendrina 21 
 
 Colic root 155, 105 
 
 " bilious 309 
 
 Colitis 247 
 
 CoUinsonia Canadensis 156 
 
 Collinsonin 156 
 
 Colocynth 71 
 
 Colocynthin 72 
 
 Colt's foot .\^^. 72 
 
 " tail >.. 57 
 
 Columbin .\. 73 
 
 Columbo i. 72 
 
 Comfrey 73 
 
 Common milk-porridge 203 
 
 " polypody 87 
 
 Comparison of doses 31 
 
 Compass weed 21, 141 
 
 Condor vine 74 
 
 Conduct of a labor case 371 
 
 Confections 29 
 
 Congestion of the brain 303 
 
 Congestive fever 218 
 
 Conjunctivitis 342 
 
 Constipation 249 
 
 Consumjition 272 
 
 Convallaria multiflora 153 
 
 " raiH^mosa 153 
 
 Convolvulus panduratus 122 
 
 Coolweed 127 
 
 Copaiba 75 
 
 Copaifera officinalis 75 
 
 Coptis trifolia 97 
 
 Coral root 78 
 
 Corallorhiza odontorrhiza 78 
 
 Corns 323 
 
 Cornino SS 
 
 Cornus Florida 82 
 
 Corsican moss 124 
 
 Corydalia 100 
 
 Corydalis formosa 100 
 
 Coryza 261 
 
 Cotton ()5 
 
 Cough wort 72 
 
 Crampbark If,
 
 INDEX, 
 
 493 
 
 PAGE 
 
 Cranberry, high .... .1 ' '<'6 
 
 " low 77 
 
 " upland 43 
 
 " water 204 
 
 CranesbUl 77 
 
 Crawley 78 
 
 Cretinism 340 
 
 Critical period Siil 
 
 Crow corn 1 ."5 
 
 Crow-foot 77, 7'.» 
 
 Cro\ving disease £10 
 
 Croup 2G7 
 
 " membranous 207 
 
 Crural phlebitis 2SG 
 
 Crust coffee 204 
 
 Crusted tetter 320 
 
 Cubebin 80 
 
 Cubebs 79 
 
 Cucumis colocynthis 71 
 
 Culver's physic M 
 
 Cundurango 74 
 
 Cuirature of the spine 334 
 
 Cutch Gl 
 
 Cyanosis 283 
 
 Cynoglossum officinale 103 
 
 " Morrisoni 104 
 
 Cyprepedium pubescens Ill 
 
 Cystitis. 298 
 
 Daisy 80 
 
 Dandelion 80 
 
 Datura stramonium 108 
 
 " tatula 108 
 
 Daturia 109 
 
 Deadly nightshade 45 
 
 Decoction of bran 202 
 
 Decoctions 29 
 
 Deerberry 133 
 
 Delirium tremens 305 
 
 Delphinum consolida 113 
 
 " Etaphisagria 113 
 
 Dementia 304 
 
 Demulcents 28 
 
 Dengue 229 
 
 Devil's bit 52, 81 
 
 Dewberry. 143 
 
 Diabetes insipidus 296 
 
 meUitus. 297 
 
 Diaphoretics 28 
 
 Diarrhoea 248 
 
 " bUious 248 
 
 " chronic 248 
 
 " mucous 248 
 
 " gerous 248 
 
 PAGE 
 
 Dilatation of the heart 283 
 
 Dionoea muscipula 19 
 
 Dioscorea villosa 165 
 
 Dioscorein 165 
 
 Diphtheria '. . 223 
 
 Diseases 214 
 
 " of the absorbent system 357 
 
 " " blood 287 
 
 " " blood-vessels 284 
 
 " " bowels 247 
 
 " " ' digestive organs 2;-i3 
 
 " " eye and ear 342 
 
 " " female sexual system 355 
 
 " " heart and circulatory sys- 
 tem 279 
 
 " " liver 241 
 
 "   " male Sexual system 350 
 
 " " nervous system 301 
 
 " " pancreas 246 
 
 " " respiratory system 261 
 
 " " spleen 245 
 
 " " skin 317 
 
 " " urinary organs 296 
 
 Dislocations 373 
 
 Dislocation at the neck or back 378 
 
 of the jaw 379 
 
 at the shoulder 379 
 
 " wrist 380 
 
 of the bones of the hand . . . 380 
 
 " ribs 380 
 
 " knee-cap 381 
 
 at the ankle 381 
 
 elbow 379 
 
 " hip 381 
 
 Diuresis 296 
 
 Diuretics 28 
 
 Divorce 446 
 
 Dock 81 
 
 " bluntrleaved 82 
 
 " great water 82 
 
 " water 82 
 
 " yellow 82 
 
 Dogmatics, The 5 
 
 Dog's bane 47 
 
 Dog-tooth violet 'i3 
 
 Dogwood 82 
 
 Dove's foot 77 
 
 Dragees 29 
 
 Dragon root SS 
 
 Dragon's claw 73 
 
 Drink in dysentery 204 
 
 Drooping star-wort 81 
 
 Dropsies 290 
 
 Dropsy of the abdomen 292
 
 494 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 PAGE 
 
 Dropsy of the heart 293 
 
 " " ovariea 55S3 
 
 " " pleura 293 
 
 " " scrotum . . 294 
 
 Drowning 271 
 
 Dry tetter 321 
 
 Duodenitis 247 
 
 Dwale 45 
 
 Dwarf nettle 127 
 
 Dyer's oak 130 
 
 Dysentery 247 
 
 " weed 104 
 
 Dysmenorrhoca 359 
 
 Dyspepsia. 238 
 
 Earache 345 
 
 Ecthyma 320 
 
 Eczema 317 
 
 Egyptian thorn 32 
 
 Elastic stockings, knee-caps, and anklets 2S6 
 
 Elaterium 154 
 
 Elder 84 
 
 Elecampane 85 
 
 Elephantiasis 322 
 
 El houwah 254 
 
 Emetics 28 
 
 Emmenagog^ues 28 
 
 Emollients 28 
 
 Empirics, The 5 
 
 Emprosthotonos 315 
 
 Endo-carditis 281 
 
 Eiido-cervicitis 361 
 
 Enemas 29 
 
 EnteriUs 247 
 
 Kntozoa 326 
 
 Enuresis 298 
 
 Ephelis hepatica 324 
 
 " lenticularis 324 
 
 " vidlacea 324 
 
 Epidemic diseases, prevention of 382 
 
 Epilepsy 310 
 
 Epispastics 28 
 
 Epistaxis 288 
 
 Equatoria garciana 74 
 
 Erasistratus 5 
 
 Eiecthites hieractifolius 90 
 
 Ergot 85 
 
 Ergotism 85 
 
 Erigcron Canadcnse 57 
 
 Erotomania ,. ... 304 
 
 Errhincs 28 
 
 Eniptivo or exanthematous diseasee 222 
 
 Kryngium aquatioum 86 
 
 Kryngo 86 
 
 TAG9 
 
 Erysipelas 227 
 
 Erythema 228 
 
 Erj'thronium Americanum 33 
 
 Erythroxylon coca 70 
 
 Escharotics 28 
 
 Esculapius 4 
 
 Essays on hygiene 171 
 
 Ethers 29 
 
 Eunenim vaudi 254 
 
 Euonymin 57 
 
 Euonymus Americanus . . 57 
 
 " atropiu-pureus 57 
 
 Eupatorium pertoliatum 52 
 
 " purpureum 140 
 
 Euphorbia corollata 112 
 
 Euphrasia ofRcinalis 86 
 
 Exercise 186 
 
 Expectorants 28 
 
 Extracts i ; 29 
 
 " fluid ."".....^29, 475 
 
 Eye-bright '., . . 86 
 
 Falling of the womb 362 
 
 Falling-sickness 311 
 
 False aloe 64 
 
 " grape 107 
 
 " unicorn-root 81 
 
 " valerian 114 
 
 " wintergreen 146 
 
 Fatty kidney 291 
 
 Felon 337 
 
 Felon-wort 48 
 
 Female regulator 114 
 
 Ferns 87 
 
 Fern, oinnamon-colorcd 87 
 
 " female 87 
 
 " male 88 
 
 " royal flowering 87 
 
 Fever and ague 216 
 
 " biUous 217 
 
 " congestive 218 
 
 " dandy 229 
 
 " hectic 333 
 
 " intermittent 216 
 
 " lung 267 
 
 " pernicious 218 
 
 " puerperal 367 
 
 " remittent 217 
 
 " scarlet 226 
 
 " typhoid 222 
 
 " typluis 220 
 
 " yellow 219 
 
 Feverfew 89 
 
 Fever-weed 117
 
 INDEX. 
 
 495 
 
 PAGE 
 
 Ficoides noctiflora 22 
 
 Fig wort 89 
 
 Filices 87 
 
 Fireweed 90 
 
 Fistula 256 
 
 Fit plant 47 
 
 Fits 311 
 
 Five finger 68 
 
 Five -flowered gentian 94 
 
 Five leaves 107 
 
 Flornl clock 21 
 
 Flowering cornel 82 
 
 Fluid extracts 29, 475 
 
 Fly-trap, Venus's 19 
 
 Foal's foot 72 
 
 Food and drinks 171 
 
 Foreign bodies in the eyes 344 
 
 " substances in the ears 345 
 
 Fractures 375 
 
 Fracture of the bones of the head 376 
 
 Fracture of bones of forearm 377 
 
 " " hand 377 
 
 " " knee-cap or patella 378 
 
 " " coUar-bone 376 
 
 •' " bones of foot and 
 
 ankle 377 
 
 •' in the hip-joint 377 
 
 " of the humerus 376 
 
 " " leg 378 
 
 " " ribs 376 
 
 " " thighbone 377 
 
 Frankincense 138 
 
 French milk porridge 2(J3 
 
 Fringe tree 130 
 
 Frost plant 90 
 
 " weed , 90 
 
 Fucus helminthocorton 124 
 
 " vesiculosis, 124 
 
 Fumaria officinalis 91 
 
 Fumitory 91 
 
 Furunculus 338 
 
 Galen ■. 5 
 
 Galium aparine 69 
 
 " tinctorium 69 
 
 Galls 130 
 
 Gall stones 243 
 
 Gamblr 61 
 
 " plant 92 
 
 Garden nightshade 12S 
 
 " sago 147 
 
 Garget 137 
 
 G.istralgia 2;i7 
 
 Gastritis 2.36 
 
 PAGK 
 
 Gastrodynia 237 
 
 Gay feather .' 52 
 
 Gelsemin 93 
 
 Gelseminum sempervirens 93 
 
 General diseases 330 
 
 Gentian 93 
 
 " catesbel 94 
 
 Gentlana, five flowered 94 
 
 " lutea 93 
 
 " ochroleuca 94 
 
 " qulnquefolia 94 
 
 Geranin 77 
 
 Geranium maculatum 77 
 
 Gcrardia pedicularia 117 
 
 Geuni rivale 166 
 
 " Tirglnianum 166 
 
 Glllenla 95 
 
 " trifoliata 95 
 
 Gill-go-by-the-ground 34 
 
 Ginseng 13 
 
 Glanders 22.1 
 
 Gleet 349 
 
 Globe flower 96 
 
 Glossai-y 480 
 
 Glossitis 2.33 
 
 Gnaphalium polycephalum 130 
 
 Goitre 340 
 
 Gold thread 97 
 
 Golden seal 96 
 
 " senecio , 114 
 
 Goodyera pubescens 127 
 
 " repens 127 
 
 Gonorrhoea 348 
 
 Goose grass 69 
 
 Gossypiin 96 
 
 Gossypium herbaceum 95 
 
 Gout 3.30 
 
 Gravel 297 
 
 " root 140 
 
 Great stinging nettle 126 
 
 " water dock 83 
 
 " wild valerian 161 
 
 Green ozier 83 
 
 " sickness 360 
 
 Grocer's itch 323 
 
 Ground holly 136 
 
 " Ivy 34 
 
 " lily 46 
 
 " moss 44 
 
 " raspberry 96 
 
 " squirrel pea . . 144 
 
 Guaiac 93 
 
 Guaiacum officinale 98 
 
 Gum Arabic 32
 
 496 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 PAGE 
 
 Gum myrrh 125 
 
 Gunjab ('0 
 
 Hsematemesis 2S9 
 
 Hiematuria 2'.I0 
 
 Hivnioptysis 289 
 
 Hair-cap moss 44 
 
 llamamelis Virginica 99 
 
 Hard hack 156 
 
 JIarvey 7 
 
 Hashish 60 
 
 Hazlewort 89 
 
 jreadache 306 
 
 Heal all 89, 156 
 
 ] leartbum 2.37 
 
 Heart liver-leaf 110 
 
 Hectic fever 3-33 
 
 Hedcoma piilegioidcs 13-1 
 
 Helianthemurn canadense 90 
 
 " coi-ymbosum 91 
 
 Helleborus niger 101 
 
 Eelonias buUata 81 
 
 " djocia 81 
 
 Hemiplegia 316 
 
 Hemorrhages 2SS 
 
 Hemorrhoids. 256 
 
 Henbane 101 
 
 Hcpatica acutaloba 110 
 
 " Americana 110 
 
 Hepatitis 241 
 
 " chronic 241 
 
 Herbal Ointment 472 
 
 Hercules woundwort. 35 
 
 Hernia 340 
 
 " humoralis 354 
 
 Herophilus 5 
 
 Herpes 318 
 
 Hiccough 309 
 
 Hidden spermatorrhoea 350 
 
 High cranberry 76 
 
 " mallow 119 
 
 Hip disease 332 
 
 HipiKH-rates 4 
 
 History of medicine 3 
 
 H Kirhound 102 
 
 Hob-nailed liver 242 
 
 Hoodwort 150 
 
 Uof hornbeam . . 114 
 
 Hops. 104 
 
 Hordeolum 344 
 
 Hr>rso-fly weed ] H 
 
 llnrse-hoof 72 
 
 " ^*-ed 57, 1.56 
 
 ^.osi-ital fever 220 
 
 PAGK 
 
 Hound's ttogiK' 103 
 
 House leek 105 
 
 How to assist the doctor 207 
 
 Humid tetter 317 
 
 Humulus lupulus 104 
 
 Hydatids 326, 363 
 
 Hydrarthrus 332 
 
 Hydrastis canadensis 96 
 
 Hydrocardium 293 
 
 Hydrocele 294 
 
 Hydrometra 363 
 
 Hydrophobia 316 
 
 Hydrothorax 293 
 
 Hygeia 4 
 
 Hyoscyamia 102 
 
 Hyoscyanius niger 101 
 
 Hypericum perforatum 148 
 
 H3T)ertrophy of the heart 283 
 
 Hj-pochondria .' 307 
 
 Hysterics .^. . 313 
 
 Hyssop 105 
 
 Hyssopua officinalis .i . 105 
 
 Iberis amara 106 
 
 Iceland moss 106 
 
 Ice plant 47 
 
 " vine 132 
 
 Icterus 244 
 
 Ignatius amara 147 
 
 lUiciam anisatum 38 
 
 Imperfections of l;he human form 333 
 
 Imperforate hymen 357 
 
 Impetigo 320 
 
 Impotence of the male 4i9 
 
 Incontinence of urine 298 
 
 Indianbalm 46 
 
 " cup plant 141 
 
 " hemp 59 
 
 " physic 95 
 
 " pipe 47 
 
 " poke 100 
 
 " posy 130 
 
 " tobacco 116 
 
 " turnip 83 
 
 Inflammation 215 
 
 of the arieries 284 
 
 " " bladder 29S 
 
 " " brain 301 
 
 " " brc:..sts 369 
 
 " " bronchia 266 
 
 « " clitoris 356 
 
 " " conjunctiva 342 
 
 " »' heart 2S1 
 
 " " kidneys 296
 
 INDEX. 
 
 497 
 
 inflacnination of the lamyx . 
 " " Uver... 
 
 M 
 
 PAGE 
 
 aa 
 
 241 
 
 mouth 2;j3 
 
 (Esophagus 2-'j5 
 
 pancreas 246 
 
 pharynx 234 
 
 pleura 209 
 
 prostate gland 354 
 
 spleen 245 
 
 stomach 23(1 
 
 testes 354 
 
 tongue 23:i 
 
 " " tonsils 234 
 
 " " vagina 257 
 
 « " veins 285 
 
 " " vulva 356 
 
 Influenza 202 
 
 Infusions 29 
 
 Insanity 303 
 
 Inula helenium 85 
 
 Inversion of the uterus 368 
 
 Ipomoea jalapa 107 
 
 Irish moss jelly 201 
 
 Irisin 49 
 
 Iris versicolor 49 
 
 Iron weed 106 
 
 Iron Wood Ill 
 
 Ischuria 298 
 
 Isinglass jelly 201 
 
 Isis, Queen 4 
 
 Itch 318 
 
 " baker's 322 
 
 " barber's 325 
 
 " grocer's 322 
 
 " weed 100 
 
 Ivy 107 
 
 Jack-in-the-pulpit 83 
 
 Jacob's ulcer 322 
 
 Jail fever , 220 
 
 Jalap 107 
 
 Jamestown weed 108 
 
 Jaundice 244 
 
 Jeffersonia diphylla 144 
 
 Jerusalem oak 164 
 
 Jesuit's bark 67 
 
 Joe-pie 140 
 
 Juglandin 163 
 
 Juglans cinerea 162 
 
 " nigra 163 
 
 Juniper 109 
 
 Juniperus communis 109 
 
 Ealmia Istafolla. 
 
 68 
 
 2n 
 
 P/3B 
 
 Kalumb 73 
 
 Kidney liver leaf 110 
 
 King's evil 257 
 
 Kino 109 
 
 Kleptomania 304 
 
 Kousso 110 
 
 Koussin . Ill 
 
 Krameria triandra 143 
 
 Ladies' slipper..... Ill 
 
 Lamb-kiU 58 
 
 Larch 112 
 
 Large flowering spui^ 112 
 
 Larkspur 113 
 
 Lauriis sassafras 150 
 
 Lavandula spica 114 
 
 vera 114 
 
 Lavender 114 
 
 Laryngitis 265 
 
 Leontodon taraxacum 80 
 
 Leonurus cardiaca 124 
 
 Lepra alphoides 321 
 
 " nigricans 321 
 
 " syphilitica 321 
 
 Leprosy- 321 
 
 Leptandria virginica 53 
 
 Leptandrin 54 
 
 Leucanthemum vulgare 80 
 
 Leuce 321 
 
 Leucop.athia 324 
 
 Leucorrhoea 361 
 
 Lever wood 114 
 
 Liatris scariosa 52 
 
 " spicata 53 
 
 " squarrosa 52 
 
 Life, health and disease 197 
 
 Life-root 114 
 
 Lignum vitae 98 
 
 Ligustrin 139 
 
 Ligustrum vulgare 139 
 
 Lilium candidum 115 
 
 Lily, meadow 115 
 
 Linacre 6 
 
 Liniments 29 
 
 Linnieus 21 
 
 Lion's foot 115 
 
 Liquidambar styraciflua 158 
 
 Lithiasis 291 
 
 Liver Invigorator 474 
 
 Lobelia 116 
 
 Lochia 374 
 
 Locked-jaw 316 
 
 Lotions 29 
 
 Louse wort m
 
 498 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 120 
 
 30 
 207 
 117 
 
 20 
 poo 
 
 PAGE 
 
 Low cranberry '" 
 
 " mallow 
 
 Lozcnpcs 
 
 Lung fever 
 
 " wort 16, 
 
 Lnpulin 1"'' 
 
 I.iipulite 10' 
 
 Lupinus 
 
 Lupus 
 
 Lymphadenitis 257 
 
 Lymi)hanpcitis 257 
 
 Lypeinania 304 
 
 Machaon 
 
 Sracrotyn 
 
 Macula;, or Bpota. . • 
 
 Madder 
 
 Mad dog-weed 11^: 
 
 Magnolia 
 
 " glauca 
 
 Mahomet 
 
 Maiden hair 
 
 Male fern 
 
 " vermifuge 
 
 Malignant and venereal diseases 
 
 Mallow, common 
 
 Malt infusion 
 
 Malva rotundifolia 
 
 " sylvestris 
 
 Mandrake 
 
 Mania 
 
 " a potu 
 
 Man-in-the-earth 
 
 " " ground 
 
 Manna 
 
 Married life 
 
 Marriage 
 
 " customs 
 
 Marrubium vulgare , 
 
 Marsh gentian 
 
 ilastcrwort 
 
 Materia medica. Herbal , 
 
 Maticine 
 
 Malico 
 
 Matricaria chamomilla 
 
 May apple 
 
 Mvadow cabbage 
 
 lily 
 
 " BaSron 
 
 Measles 
 
 Mcchiimcck 
 
 Mc<li('iii»l propcrtieti and preparations. 
 
 Mi'liiiii'holia 
 
 MuUh uzcdarach 
 
 4 
 51 
 334 
 118 
 150 
 119 
 119 
 6 
 118 
 88 
 471 
 345 
 119 
 200 
 120 
 119 
 120 
 304 
 305 
 122 
 122 
 14 
 416 
 404 
 410 
 102 
 94 
 38 
 32 
 122 
 , 122 
 (15 
 . 120 
 , 152 
 , 115 
 , 123 
 , 225 
 . vi:i 
 27 
 304 
 . 45 
 
 PAGE 
 
 Melissa officinalis 41 
 
 Menispermin 167 
 
 Menispcrmum canadense 107 
 
 Menophauia . 358 
 
 Meiion-hagia 300 
 
 Menstruation 357 
 
 " cessation of 361 
 
 " painful 359 
 
 " profuse 360 
 
 " suppressed 359 
 
 " vicarious 360 
 
 Mentha pulegioides 134 
 
 Miasmatic fevers 215 
 
 Milfoil 166 
 
 Milk leg 286 
 
 " werd 47, 112 
 
 Mimosa sensitiva 20 
 
 Mint, wild water U 10 
 
 Mitchella repens > ... 133 
 
 Mixtures •,. . 29 
 
 Moccasin flower v • HI 
 
 Momordica elatcrium * . 154 
 
 Monkshood 123 
 
 Monogamy 409 
 
 Monomania 304 
 
 Monotropa uniflora 47 
 
 Moonsccd 167 
 
 Moral mania 304 
 
 Morbus coxarius 332 
 
 Morphia 131 
 
 Mortal 48 
 
 Moss, Corsican 124 
 
 Mother of thyme 160 
 
 Mother's marks 324 
 
 Motherwort 16, 124 
 
 Mountain laurel 58 
 
 Mouth root 97 
 
 Mullein 125 
 
 Mumps 235 
 
 Myocarditis 281 
 
 Myrica cerifcra , 42 
 
 Myricin 43 
 
 Myrospermum peruifemm 135 
 
 " toluiterum 160 
 
 Myrrh 125 
 
 My special mode of chemical treatment 
 with plants 385 
 
 Nabulus albus 115 
 
 Narcotics 28 
 
 Narrow-leaf Virginia thyme 126 
 
 Nasal douche ajiparatus 264 
 
 Nejienthcs distillatfjria 18 
 
 Nepota citrioUora 41
 
 INDEX. 
 
 499 
 
 PAGE 
 
 Nepeta prlechoma 34 
 
 Nephritis 2% 
 
 Nei-ve root Ill 
 
 Npt-leaf plantain 12T 
 
 Nettle 13, 12G 
 
 " rash 227 
 
 Neuralgia 308 
 
 " of the heart 280 
 
 Nenrus 17 
 
 New Jersey tea 143 
 
 Nightshade, deadly 45 
 
 " garden 128 
 
 Noah's ark Ill 
 
 Noli me tangere 322 
 
 Norway pine 128 
 
 Nose bleed IfiH 
 
 Nurses and nursing 20!) 
 
 Nursing sore mouth 2'^3 
 
 Nutritive fluids 205 
 
 Nux vomica 128 
 
 Oak, black 12!) 
 
 " dyer's l.'iO 
 
 " red 129 
 
 " white 129 
 
 CEsophagitis 235 
 
 Oidium abortifaclens 85 
 
 Oil-nut I(i2 
 
 Oil of stillingia 155 
 
 Oils 29 
 
 Ointments 30 
 
 Old age, or longevity 193 
 
 " field balsam 130 
 
 " man's beard 130 
 
 One-berry 133 
 
 Ophthalnoia, catarrhal 343 
 
 " purulent 343 
 
 " scrofulotis 344 
 
 Opisthotonos 315 
 
 Opium 131 
 
 ( )pneme 259 
 
 ( Irach root 21 
 
 ( (range whey 204 
 
 Orchitis 354 
 
 Jrobanche Virginiana 5!) 
 
 Osmunda cinnamomea 87 
 
 " regalis 87 
 
 Otalgia 345 
 
 Ova-ova 47 
 
 Oxalis acetoseU s, 153 
 
 Ox balm 150 
 
 " eye daisy SO 
 
 Oztena 263 
 
 PAGE 
 
 Palpitation of the heart 279 
 
 Palry 315 
 
 ranado 203 
 
 Panakeia 4 
 
 Panay 35 
 
 Papaver somniferum 131 
 
 Papoose root 133 
 
 Papulous scale 320 
 
 Paracelsus 6 
 
 Paralysis 315 
 
 Paraplegia 316 
 
 Pareira brava 132 
 
 Paronychia 337 
 
 Parotitis 2S5 
 
 Partridge berry 133 
 
 Parsley 132 
 
 Paulus. 5 
 
 Pear leaf wdntergreen 146 
 
 Pearl flowered life everlasting 131 
 
 Pelosin 132 
 
 Pemphigus 319 
 
 Pennyroyal 134 
 
 " European 134 
 
 Peonia ofHcinalis. . .• 134 
 
 Peony 134 
 
 Pericarditis 280 
 
 Peritonitis 253 
 
 Pernicious fever 213 
 
 Pernio 339 
 
 Pertussis 310 
 
 Peruvian bark 67 
 
 " balsam 135 
 
 Petroselinum sativum 132 
 
 Pharmaceutical preparations 29 
 
 Pharyngitis 234 
 
 Philosophy of Generation 441 
 
 Phlebitis 285 
 
 Phlegmasia dolens 286 
 
 Phthisis 272 
 
 Physical and mental development 186 
 
 Phytolacca decandra 137 
 
 Phytolaccin 138 
 
 Picraenia excelsa 140 
 
 Pigeon berry 137 
 
 PUes 256 
 
 Pills 29 
 
 Pimpinella anisum 38 
 
 Pinkroot . 135 
 
 Piper angustif olium 122 
 
 " cubeba 79 
 
 Pipsissewa 136 
 
 Pityriasis 322 
 
 Plants, their collection and preservation, 169 
 Plasters. 39
 
 500 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 PAGE 
 
 Plenrisy 209 
 
 " root 14,136 
 
 riruroslhotonos. 315 
 
 Pneumatics, The 5 
 
 Pneumonia 207 
 
 Poilalirins 4 
 
 Podophyllin 121 
 
 Podoiihyllum pcltatum 120 
 
 Poison ash I'M 
 
 Poisoning by acids 453 
 
 " '• alkalies 456 
 
 " " antimony 453 
 
 • " arsenic 453 
 
 •' " bismuth 454 
 
 " " copper 454 
 
 ♦' " fish 458 
 
 « " gold 454 
 
 •' " insects 458 
 
 " " iodine 454 
 
 " " iron 454 
 
 " " lead 455 
 
 " " mcrcurj- 455 
 
 " " opium 457 
 
 " " phosphorus' 455 
 
 " " plants or seeds 457 
 
 " '• prussic acid. 456 
 
 '• " serpents 458 
 
 " " silver 455 
 
 " " strychnine 457 
 
 "tin 455 
 
 " " volatile oils 456 
 
 " " zinc 456 
 
 PoisonB and their antidotes 452 
 
 Poke 137 
 
 Polecat weed 153 
 
 Polypala senega 151 
 
 Polygamy 400 
 
 I'olygonum punctatum 163 
 
 I'olypddium vulgare 87 
 
 Polytrichium juniperum 44 
 
 PomctTanate 138 
 
 Pond dogwood 96 
 
 I'oi'P.v 131 
 
 Populin. 159 
 
 I'upnlua balsamifcra 158 
 
 " candicans 158 
 
 " tremuloides 159 
 
 J''ntcnt.Ula canadensis 08 
 
 *' pamilla 68 
 
 " Binn>lex 68 
 
 '* tonnentilla 69 
 
 ■Pott's curvature of the spine 334 
 
 Powders 29 
 
 Prairie hyssop 126 
 
 J>AGE 
 
 Praxagoras of Cos 5 
 
 Pregnancy 364 
 
 " and its accidents 364 
 
 Preservation of the health of the sexual 
 
 organs 403 
 
 Prevention of Croup 267 
 
 " " epidemic diseases 382 
 
 Prickly ash 138 
 
 " southern 139 
 
 Pride of China 45 
 
 " weed 57 
 
 Prince's feather 37 
 
 " pine 136 
 
 Prinos verticillatus 34 
 
 Privet 139 
 
 Privy prim 139 
 
 Prolapsus of the rectum 255 
 
 " uteri 362 
 
 Prostatitis 354 
 
 Pninella vulgaris .' 35 
 
 Prunus lauro-cerasus ,y . . 65 
 
 Pruritis 324 
 
 Psoriasis .i. . 321 
 
 Psychodiaria 326 
 
 Ptelca trifoliata 162 
 
 Ptclein 162 
 
 PttTocarpus marsupium 109 
 
 Ptolemies, The 5 
 
 Puerperal fever 367 
 
 Pulmonaria officinalis 117 
 
 Pulsatilla 37 
 
 Pul(iue 64 
 
 Punica granatum 138 
 
 Purple avens 66 
 
 Purpura 229 
 
 " hemorrhagica 230 
 
 Purrhee morlii 254 
 
 Purulent ojjhthalmia 343 
 
 Putrid fever 220 
 
 Pycanthemum aristatum 126 
 
 " incanum 126 
 
 " pilosum 126 
 
 " Virginicum 12(5 
 
 Pyrethrum parthenium 89 
 
 Pyrola 146 
 
 " rotundifolia 146 
 
 " round leaved 146 
 
 Pyi-osis 238 
 
 Quassia 140 
 
 " amara .. 140 
 
 Queen of the meadow 140 
 
 Queen's delight 155 
 
 " root 155
 
 INDEX. 
 
 601 
 
 PAGE 
 
 Quercns alba 129 
 
 " infectcria 130 
 
 " rubra 129 
 
 " tinctoria 129 
 
 Questions to invalids 390 
 
 Quinine 68 
 
 Quinquino 135 
 
 Quinsy 23 1 
 
 Raccoon berry 120 
 
 Ragged cup 141 
 
 Ragwort 114 
 
 Kan-unculug bulbosus 79 
 
 Rattle bush 141 
 
 " root 51 
 
 Rattlesnake root 115 
 
 " weed 127 
 
 Rattlesnake's master 86 
 
 Recipes 460 
 
 Red cock's comb 37 
 
 " oak 129 
 
 " puccoon 54 
 
 " raspberry 142 
 
 " root 143 
 
 Refreshing drink in fevers 201 
 
 Regiilating the passions 199 
 
 Relaxation of the abdonainal muscles. . . 370 
 
 Remittent fever 217 
 
 Renovating Pills 473 
 
 Restorative Assimilant 469 
 
 Retention of the menses 359 
 
 Rhatany 143 
 
 Rheumatism 331 
 
 " root 144 
 
 Rheum palmatum 144 
 
 Rhubarb 144 
 
 Rhus giabrum 156 
 
 Rich weed 127, 156 
 
 Rice 202 
 
 " gruel 202 
 
 " jeUy 201 
 
 " water 201 
 
 Ring worm 318 
 
 Robin's r. 44 
 
 Rock polypody 87 
 
 " rose 90 
 
 Rosemary 145 
 
 Roseola 228 
 
 Rose pink 63 
 
 " rash 228 
 
 Rosin-weed 141 
 
 Rosmarinus officinalis ^45 
 
 Round leaved pyrola 146 
 
 Bubia tinctorium 118 
 
 PAGE 
 
 Rubcfacienbi 28 
 
 Rubeola 225 
 
 Rubus strigosus 142 
 
 " triviaUs 143 
 
 " vUlosus 143 
 
 Rumex acetosa 154 
 
 " acetosella 154 
 
 " aquations 82 
 
 " Brittanicus 82 
 
 " crispus 81 
 
 " obtusifolius 82 
 
 " vesicarius 154 
 
 Rupia 320 
 
 Rupture 340 
 
 Sabbatia angularis 63 
 
 SafHower 146 
 
 Saffron, bastard 146 
 
 " dyer's 146 
 
 Sage 147 
 
 " the Coan 4 
 
 " tea 201 
 
 Sago gruel 202 
 
 St. Ignatius's bean 147 
 
 St. John's wort 148 
 
 St. Vitus' dance 314 
 
 Salanin . 159 
 
 Salseparin 149 
 
 Salt-rheum weed 41 
 
 Salvia officinalis 147 
 
 Sambucus Canadensis 84 
 
 Sampson snake-weed 94 
 
 Sanguinaria Canadensis 54 
 
 Sanicle 148 
 
 Sanicula Marilandica 148 
 
 Santonine 165 
 
 Saponaria officinalis 152 
 
 Saponin 153 
 
 Sareoptis hominis 318 
 
 Sarracenla . 20 
 
 Sa'saparilla 149 
 
 ' issaf ras 150 
 
 Saturates 29 
 
 Satureja hortensis 150 
 
 " montana 150 
 
 Satyriasis 353 
 
 Savory, s---mmer 150 
 
 winter 150 
 
 Scabies 318 
 
 Scalled head 324 
 
 Scarlatina 226 
 
 Scarlet fever 2?" 
 
 Sciatica ... 308 
 
 Scoke 137
 
 502 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 PAGE 
 
 Rrorbntns 2S7 
 
 Scrofula 257 
 
 " weed 127 
 
 Scrofulous ophthalmia 344 
 
 Scrophularia lanccolata. 90 
 
 " Marilandica 89 
 
 " nodosa 89 
 
 Scnll cap 150 
 
 Scutellaria lat/rlflora 150 
 
 Scurvy 2S7 
 
 Sea-wTack 124 
 
 Sccale cornutum 85 
 
 Sedatives 28 
 
 Scmpervi vum tcctoram 105 
 
 Seneca snakeroot 151 
 
 Scnccio aureus 114 
 
 Seneka 151 
 
 Scn.sitive plant 20 
 
 Sept- foil 69 
 
 Serpents' tongue 3.3 
 
 Sheep laurel 58 
 
 Shingles 318 
 
 Shin-leaf l.j(5 
 
 Ship fever goO 
 
 Shrubby trefoil 162 
 
 Sialagoguea 28 
 
 Sida 20 
 
 Side floweringr scull cap 150 
 
 Sidesaddle flower 20 
 
 Silphium pnimmifenim 141 
 
 " lacianatum 21, 141 
 
 " perfoliatura 141 
 
 Silver leaf I55 
 
 Simaba cedron 61 
 
 Bimpler's joy 49 
 
 Sippets 204 
 
 Skin disea.ses 317 
 
 Skunk cabbage 152 
 
 " weed 152 
 
 Sleep 134 
 
 Slip|)ery elm jelly 205 
 
 Siiiall cleavers 69 
 
 Small-pox 224 
 
 " confluent 224 
 
 " malignant 224 
 
 Smart weed j(y 
 
 Smilax China j.l() 
 
 " ofRcinalia 140 
 
 " '"«"•'» 149 
 
 papjTncea I49 
 
 " Barsaparllla 149 
 
 " Ryphilitica 149 
 
 Bnnit rye gg 
 
 Boake bead ^j 
 
 PAGE 
 
 Snapping hazlennt 99 
 
 Sneeze wort 106 
 
 Snowberry S8 
 
 Soap wort 153 
 
 Social status of the sexual organs 400 
 
 Solaniim dulcamara 48 
 
 " nigrum 128 
 
 Soldier's herb 123 
 
 Salomon's seal 15,3 
 
 Sore nipples 369 
 
 Sorrel, garden 154 
 
 " salts of 154 
 
 " sheep 154 
 
 " wood 153 
 
 South American agave 64 
 
 Spanish needles 158 
 
 Spasms of the glottis 310 
 
 " " stomach 2.37 
 
 Spermatorrhoea or General Debility 350 
 
 " hidden .". >,.. 350 
 
 Spigella Marilandica \.. I.35 
 
 Spigeliin .^. . 136 
 
 Spindle tree 57 
 
 Splenitis 245 
 
 Spoon wood 58 
 
 Spotted alder 99 
 
 " gera uum 77 
 
 Square stalk 89 
 
 Squaw mint 134 
 
 " root 51,1.32 
 
 " vine 1.38 
 
 " weed 114 
 
 Squirting cucumber 154 
 
 Staggerweed 160 
 
 Standard fluid extracts 475 
 
 " herbal remedies 469 
 
 Star grass 155 
 
 Stavesacre 113 
 
 Stellaria media 06 
 
 Sterelmintha 326 
 
 SteriUty 433 
 
 Stickle wort 33 
 
 StiUingia 155 
 
 " oil of 155 
 
 " sylvatica 155 
 
 Stimulants 28 
 
 Stingless nettle 127 
 
 Stinkweed 108 
 
 Stomatitis 23'i 
 
 " follicular 2.33 
 
 Stone in the bladder. . . ..297 
 
 Stoneroot 155 
 
 Stricture of the urethra. 353 
 
 Strychnine 129
 
 INDEX. 
 
 503 
 
 PAGE 
 
 Strj-chnos nux vomica 128 
 
 Stye S^-l 
 
 Sumach 150 
 
 Summer complaint 253 
 
 .Sunstroke 3U3 
 
 Suppression of menses 359 
 
 of urine 298 
 
 Swamp beggar's tick 157 
 
 " dogwood 162 
 
 " hellebore , 100 
 
 " sassafras   119 
 
 Sweet/scented life everlasting 130 
 
 " gum 158 
 
 " magnolia 119 
 
 Swelled testicle 354 
 
 Symphytum officinale 73 
 
 Symplocarpus foetidus 152 
 
 SyphiUs 347 
 
 Syrups 29 
 
 Tabes mesenterica 259 
 
 Table, dose 31 
 
 Tacamahac 158 
 
 Tacamahaca 158 
 
 Tsnialata 251 
 
 " solium.. 250 
 
 Tseniin Ill 
 
 Tag alder 36 
 
 Tall speedwell 53 
 
 Tanacetum vtUgare 159 
 
 Tansy 159 
 
 Tape worm 250 
 
 Tapioca jelly 201 
 
 Teething 330 
 
 Terra japonica 61 
 
 Tetanus 315 
 
 Tetter 318 
 
 " wort 63 
 
 The basis of a happy marriage 410 
 
 " conduct of a case of labor 371 
 
 " external organs 3!i7 
 
 " internal organs 398 
 
 " semen 396 
 
 " sick-room 207 
 
 " philosophy of the sexes 394 
 
 " proper care of children 328 
 
 " treatment in accidents   374 
 
 Theomania 304 
 
 Things for the sick-room 201 
 
 Thorn apple 108 
 
 Thoroughwort .. 52 
 
 Thousand seal 166 
 
 Throat root 66 
 
 Thrush 233 
 
 Thyme 159 
 
 PAGE 
 
 Thymus vulgare 159 
 
 " serpyllus 16C 
 
 Tic douleuroux 303 
 
 Tickweed 134 
 
 Tinctures 29 
 
 Tinea favosa 324 
 
 " sycosis 325 
 
 Toast 202 
 
 Tolu 160 
 
 Tonics 28 
 
 TonsilUtis 23-J 
 
 Toothache bush 133 
 
 Trichimasis 327 
 
 Tricocephalus dispar 250 
 
 TrUline 46 
 
 Trillium pendulum 46 
 
 Trismus 315 
 
 Troches 30 
 
 Trumpet weed 140 
 
 Tuber root 136 
 
 Turkey corn 160 
 
 Turmeric root 96 
 
 Turnhoof 34 
 
 Turtlebloom 41 
 
 Tussilago farfara 73 
 
 Twin-leaf 144 
 
 Typhilitis 247 
 
 Typhoid fever 222 
 
 Typhus " 220 
 
 Ulceration of the womb 362 
 
 Ulcers 337 
 
 Umbel Ill 
 
 Uncaria gambir 92 
 
 Unguenta 30 
 
 Unicorn root 155 
 
 Upland cranberry 43 
 
 Ursin 44 
 
 Urtica diocia 126 
 
 " pamilla 127 
 
 " urens 127 
 
 Uterine dropsy 363 
 
 Uva ursi 43 
 
 Vaginitis 357 
 
 Valerian 161 
 
 " American ill 
 
 " false 114 
 
 " great wild J61 
 
 Valeriana officinalis 101 
 
 Valerianic acid 161 
 
 Valvular disease of the heart 281 
 
 Vanilla 161 
 
 Vanilla aromatica 161 
 
 VftriceUa 226
 
 504 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 PAGE 
 
 Varicocele S55 
 
 Varicose veins 285 
 
 Variola 224 
 
 Varioloid 225 
 
 Vegetable poisons 457 
 
 '• soup 204 
 
 Velvet leaf 1^2 
 
 Venice turpentine 112 
 
 Venomous insects 450 
 
 Veratrum viride 100 
 
 Verbasoum thapsus 125 
 
 Verbena hastata 49 
 
 Vemonia fasciculata 106 
 
 Viburnine TO 
 
 Viburnum opulus TG 
 
 Vicarious menstruation 360 
 
 Vinegars 29 
 
 Vine maple 167 
 
 Virginia creeper 107 
 
 " mouse-ear 104 
 
 Vulnus 374 
 
 Vulvitis 356 
 
 Wafer-ash 162 
 
 Wahoo 57 
 
 Wake robin 46, 83 
 
 Walnut, black 163 
 
 " white 162 
 
 Warts 323 
 
 Washerwoman's scaU 322 
 
 Water avens 66 
 
 " brash 238 
 
 " dock 82 
 
 " gruel 202, 207 
 
 " pepper 163 
 
 " plantain 118 
 
 Waters 29 
 
 Watery blebs 319 
 
 Wax myrtle 42 
 
 Weights and measures 30 
 
 White avens 66 
 
 " balsam 130 
 
 " bay 119 
 
 " lettuce 115 
 
 " oak 129 
 
 " poplar 159 
 
 " swelling 332 
 
 " weed 80 
 
 Whites 361 
 
 Whitlow 337 
 
 Whooping cough. 310 
 
 Willi basil 12(; 
 
 " hyssop 49 
 
 " indigo 141 
 
 Wild jftlap 193 
 
 IPAGB 
 
 Wiid jessamine 93 
 
 " lemon 120 
 
 " mandrake 120 
 
 " nard 39 
 
 " potato 122 
 
 " senna 60 
 
 " snowball 143 
 
 " thyme 160 
 
 " tobacco 116 
 
 " turkey pea 160 
 
 " wood vine 107 
 
 " yam 165 
 
 Windroot 136 
 
 Wines 30 
 
 Wingseed 162 
 
 Winter berry 34 
 
 " bloom 99 
 
 " clover 133 
 
 " green '.-. 136 
 
 " pear-leaf >.....^... 146 
 
 " " savory .•^ . 150 
 
 Witch hazel 1. . . 99 
 
 Wolfsbane 123 
 
 Womb, anteflexion of 363 
 
 " anteversion of 363 
 
 " dropsy of 363 
 
 " falling of 362 
 
 " inversion of 363 
 
 '• retroflexion of 363 
 
 " retroversion of 363 
 
 " ulceration of 363 
 
 Woodbine 93, 107 
 
 Woodland Balm 473 
 
 Woody nightshade 48 
 
 World, the Herbal 8 
 
 Worm grass 135 
 
 " seed 164 
 
 " wood 164 
 
 Worms 250 
 
 Wounds 374 
 
 • 
 
 Xanthorrhiza apiifolia 168 
 
 Xanthoxyline 139 
 
 Xanthoxylum fraxineum 138 
 
 Yarrow 166 
 
 Yaw root 155 
 
 Yellow dock 81 
 
 " fever 219 
 
 " jessamine 93 
 
 " moccasin flower Ill 
 
 " parilla 167 
 
 " puccoon. 96 
 
 " root 168 
 
 " wood 188
 
 «^ 

 
 AA 000 353 196