"r^.^'Mjif*' /^'^^^'^ <^^i^^ ^ P'^^-2^ '^■UjlA^ U^ «u. *t^xxJi, *^ >^ <2--. ^ 1/ I ' >4.--^ /^^^ /^"^^ -^-^ ^^^(^^/oy^ New Edition of 1882 A L'ATIN PEIMEE Introductory to Giluersleeve's Latin" Series B. L. GILDERSLE^VE, Ph.D. (Gott.), LL.D., PUOFESSOa OP GREEK IX THE JOHNS IIOPKIXS UNIVEIJPITY, BALTIMOItE ; LATE PIlOFESSOIl IN THE UNIVERSITY OP VIRGINIA RKVISED BY THE AUTHOR AND CHAPMAN MAUPIN, M.A., PBOrESSOB OF LATIN AND GBEEK IN THE BALTIMOBE CITV COLLEQK uZoA/^z^/ j UNIYEfiSia^Y-P^^BtlSfffNG COMPANY lft2 /§,; //C^ a>.. . - '^ (JU^ Ct ■H-c t ;^ / i f /^"^ <2>-lC C>^^ ' ^ , 1875,-1882, ' Br UNIVERSITY PUBLISHING COMPANY. ***608 GIFT PKEFACE. Maximum of Forms, Minimum of Syntax, Early Contact with the Language in Mass — these are the principles which have guided me in the construction of the Primer, and prac- tical famiharity with the needs of beginners in a kindred de- partment convinces me that the principles are correct, how- ever faulty the application may be. These closing words of the Preface to the first edition of this little book may fitly open the Preface of the revision. The principles of the old Primer are the principles of the new. Though I have had little opportunity of putting the Primer to a practical test in my own instruction, I have not only had the advantage of frank criticism from competent scholars, but I have associated with myself an experienced and observ- ant teacher of Latin, who has used the Primer for years, and who has abundantly made up for my lack of personal acquaint- ance with the difficulties which beginners have found in the style and method of the first edition. We have tried to sim- plify the expression, to reduce the bulk of the material, and to distribute the exercises of the Primer in accordance with the needs of young students ; and if these modifications should give the Primer new life and extended usefulness, the result will be due in large measure to the suggestions, the criticisms, and the faithful and active help of Professor Maupin. B. L. GILDERSLEEVE. Baltimore, July, 1883. ! 718 OONTEKTS. PART I. I. Pronunciation 7 II. Classification of Words. 10 III. Nouns, Genders, Cases. 12 IV. Tiie Declensions 15 V. First Declension 16 VI. Second Declension 18 VII. Second Declension (con- tinued) 20 VIII. Declension of Adjec- tives in -us, -a, -urn 21 IX. Subject — Predicate- Verb Sum 22 X. Conjugations — First Conjugation 26 XI. Third Declension— Liq- uid Stems 31 XII. Liquid Stems (contin- ued) 35 XIII. Second Conjugation 37 XIV. Sibilant Stems of Third Declension 42 XV. Third Conjugation 44 XVI. Mnte Stems of Third Declension 49 XVII. Vowel Stems of Third Declension 52 XVIII. Adjectives of Third De- clension 56 XIX. Comparison of Adjec- tives 58 XX. Fourth Dcclen.'^ion 63 XXI. Fifth Declen.sion 65 XXII. Fourth Con j ugation 66 XXITL Review of First and Sec- ond Declensions 70 XXIV. Conjugation of Sum- First Conjugation (finished) 72 XXV. Syntax of the Subjunc- tive Mood 76 XXVL Pronouns— Subjunctive Mood (continued).. . 79 XXVII. Subjunctive Mood (con- tinued) 81 XXVIII. Second Conjugal ion 83 XXIX. Second Conjugation (continued) 87 XXX. Third Declension — Rules of Gender 89 XXXL Prepositions 92 XXXIL Third Declension — Third Conjugation (reviewed) 94 4 PART II. XXXIIL Third Conjugation — Formation of Perfect. 96 XXXIV. Third Conjugation — Formation of Perfect (concluded) 102 XXXV. Third Conjugation— Pa.ssive. 105 XXXVI. Change of Conjuga- tions 109 XXXVII. Fourth Conjugation 111 XXXVIIL Pronouns 113 XXXIX. Pronouns (continued).. 116 XL. Pronouns (continued).. 118 XLI. Pronouns (continued).. 120 XLII. Questions 1.22 XLI 1 1. Deponent Verbs 124 XLIV. Imperative 129 XLV. Adverbs 131 XLVI. Numerals 134 XLVII. Numerals (continued).. 137 XLvin. Irregular Verbs 139 XLIX. Whither ? Whence ? Where ? 145 L. Accusative and "infini- tive— Relative Clauses 148 LL Sentences of Result 151 LII. Supine Stems 154 LIU. Infinitive 158 LIV. Gerund and Gerundive. 159 LV. Ablative Absolute 162 Reading Lessons 166 Latin-English Vocabu- lary 181 English Latin Vocabu- lary 199 LATIN PRIMER PAET 1. I. PRONUNCIATION. 1. Alphabet : The Latin alphabet is the same as the English, except that it has no W. 2. Vowels : The vowels are a, e, i, o, u, and (in Greek words only) y ; and are divided into : long, ......... — short, w- common, i. e., sometimes sho7't, and sometimes lon(/, ^^ " long, ** " short, ^z:^ ^T" In this book the long and common vowels are marked, the short only when there is special reason. 3. Sounds of the Vowels:* a = a in father. 6 =r o in bone. e = e in prey. u = oo in moon. I = i in capr/ce. y = u in s^r (French). Remarks. — 1. Y is made by putting the mouth in the oo position and saying ee. 2. The short sounds are only less prolonged in pronunciation than the * English Method : The letters are sounded as in English, for instance : c is pro- nounced as 8 before e, i, y, ae and oe ; elsewhere like k. Exceptions : I. Final a is pronounced like a in ah. Other final vowels have the long eound. II. Es final is pronounced as in sees. III. Os at the end of plural words is pronounced as in dose. IV. Ch has the sound of k. V. G has the sound of^' before e, i, y, ae and oe. 5 LATIN PRIMER. long sounds, and have no exact English equivalents. P«rt, pet, pit, obey, cook, may serve for the shorts. The short y = u in swr (Fr.). Exercise. 1. a: da, fla, sta. : do. no, sto. e : de, fie, ne. 11 : tu, nil, rii. i : mi, ni, si. y: my. ny, gry. a and a : ca-lo, ca-lo ; ca-no, ca-no ; ca-ro, ca-ro. e and e : le-go, le-go ; ve-ni, ye-ni ; se-de, se-de. i and i : ni-si, ni-si ; si-tis, si-tis ; fi-de, fi-de. and 6 : ' ' ro-sa, ro-sa ; no-to, jS"o-to ; mo-le, mo-le. u and u : u-ter, ii-ter ; fu-ris, fu-ris ; tii-ber, tu-ber. f and y : Ty-ro, Ty-ro ; Hy-le, Hy-lax; Ly-dus, ly-ra. 4. iyiphtho7i(/s {doifble sounds) : ae and oe = ae in Graeme or a in fame, au = ou in our. ei =: ei in f e*nt (drawled as if fay-eenf). eu = eu in Spanish dewda = thay-oo-thah, ui = oui in French oui (more whistled than w;e). j(J®=- Many echolara prefer to pronounce ae like English i, oe nearly like English oi. Oe is seldom found in Latin words according to the approved spelling. Exercise. ae : ae-ris ; fae-nnm ; glae-ba ; bae-res ; lae-na ; mae-stus. oe : foe-dus ; coe-pit ; moe-ni-a ; proe-li-nm. au : cau-sa ; f au-stus ; lau-do ; plau-sus ; nau-ta ; tau-rus. ei : ei ; heia. eu : lieus ; eheu. ui : cui, hui. ^. Consonants : The consonants are sounded as in English, with the following exceptions : C is hard throughout = k. Ch is not a genuine Latin sound. In Latin words it is a k; in Greek words a kh ; commonly pronounced as ch in German (an aspirated h). PRONUKCIATIOK. O is hard throughout, as in get, give. J has the sound ofay; jam = yam. N has a guttural nasal sound before c, g, q, as in aTichor, awguish. Qu = kw (nearly) ; before u, qu = c : equus = ecus. R must be trilled. S and X are always hard, as in hiss, aa:e. T is hard throughout. V was nearer our w than our v; still nearer the French om in oui. Z is like dz in a^^e. Exercise. c : cae-do ; cae-lum ; ce-do, cS-d5 ; ci-mex ; ci-nis ; cip-pus. ch : 1. Grac-chus ; pul-cher. 2. Cha-ron ; chae-re ; Clii-lo. g : ge-lu ; gc-nu ; ge-rO ; ge-stum ; gib-bus ; a-git. j : Ja-nus ; je-cur ; jo-cus ; ju-ba ; ju-ris ; ju-gum. n : 1. An-des : in-de ; con-do ; an-te ; men-te ; mon-te. 2. An-cus ; an-ceps ; an-go ; rin-gor ; an-xius ; pin-xi. qu : 1. qua, qua ; quae, que ; qui ; quo, quo-que. 2. e-quus ; ob-li-quus ; an-ti-quus. r : ra-do ; ra-na ; ra-rus ; re-mus ; Ro-ma ; ru-dis. a-ro ; fe-ro ; ge-ro ; se-ro ; o-ro ; u-ro. cal-car ; ju-bar ; ef-fer ; pu-er ; a-mor ; fur-fur. s : as ; aes ; pes ; os, os ; lis, cis ; jus, mus. le-ges ; so-les ; ma-nes ; mo-res ; pul-tes ; u-sus. X : pax, fax ; rex, grex ; yix, nix ; vox, nox ; lux, crux, t : 1. tu-ba ; tu-ber, tu-ber ; tu-li ; tu-met ; tu-to. 2. na-ti-o, ra-ti-o ; i-ti-o ; ti-li-o ; no-ti-o; po-ti-o. V : 1. ya-nus ; Ve-nus ; vi-num. 2. a-vus, ae-vum ; no-vus. z : ga-za ; zo-na. f>. Sf/7I aides : A syllable {taking up) is as much of a word as we take up in calling it ; it is the unit of pronun- ciation, and consists of a vowel, or a vowel and one or more consonants. 8 LATIIsT PRIMER. A consonant, between two vowels, belongs to the second: a-mo, Hove, Two or more consonants belong to the following vowel : a-sper, rough; fau-stus, lucky; li-bri, boohs. Exceptions. — 1. L, m, n, r join the preceding vowel : al-mus, foster- ing ; am-bQ, hoth ; an-guis, snake; ar-bor, tree; but mn follows the general rule : a-mnis, river. L, m, n, r are called liquids, 2. When the consonant is doubled, the first belongs to the first, the second to the second syllable : cas-sis, helmet ; al-lium, garlic ; map-pa, napkin ; an-nus, year ; mit-to, I send. 3. Compounds are treated as if their parts were separate words : ab-ig5, I drive off ; res-publica, commonwealth. The last syllable of a word is called the ultima ; the next to the last, the penult ; the one before the penult, the ante-penult. Exercise. Divide into Syllables : 1. asinus — misera — famulus — venator — ciconia — liberavit — auricula — tribuetis — societates — animalia. 2. fabrum — sacrum — agrum — vesperascit — vestigia — luctaii — suspirium — benignus — f rustra — patrem — f ractus — Tgnominia — quiesco. 3. altera — Vulcanus — philtrum — tempestas — monstrabo — longitudo — moribundus — vehementer — ursus — superbus — ^fortitudine — Alcmena—contemnis— damnum — omnes. 4. accipiter — addictus — affero — agger — alludo — ammentum annuo — appello— arrodo — altissimus — sagitta. J^" At first the teacher must point out parts of compounds, as : abs-condo, abs- traho, dis-cordia, HellSs-pontus, trans-eo. 7. Quantity of Syllables : EuLE I. — A syllable is said to be long hy nature when it contains a long vowel or diphthong ; o, vae, le-g6s, sae-vae. Remaek. — Every vowel sound followed by j is long. QUANTITY OF SYLLABLES. 9 Rule II. — A syllable is said to be long Jry position wlien a short vowel is followed by two or more consonants, or a double consonant : rtrs, col-lum, di-sc5, ca-stra. Rule III. — A syllable ending in a short vowel before a mute, followed by 1 or r, is common : tene-brae. The mutes are : p, b, f , c, g, t, d. The Latin groups are : pr, br, fr; cr, gr; tr, dr; pi, fl; cl, gl. Remarks. — 1. The syllabic must end in a short vowel : navf-fragus, melli-fluus ; but a b-rumpo, 6 b-liviscor ; in pu-blicus, the only bl^ u is long by nature. 2. In Greek words, m and n are included under this rule : Te-cmessa, Oy-cnus ; and other groups occur. Rule IV. — Diphthongs, vowels derived from a diph- thong, and vowels contracted from other vowels, are long : 876V113, concl/7do (from claudo), inZquus (from aequus), c^go from (coigo = con + ago). S. Aceentiintion : 1. Words of two syllables have tlie accent or stress ( ' ) on the penult : man-do, I commit ; e-quus, horse. 2. Words of more than two syllables, have the accent on the penult when the penult is long ; on the ante-penult when the penult is short or common. man-dd-re, to commit ; man-dS-re, to chew ; in-tl-grum, entire. EXERCI SE. Accentuate : 1 . molesti — culices — mJlgnopere — cruciabant — parvulum — puerum — mater — sedula — diligenter — conatur — insatia- biles — bestiolas — flabello — abigere — nOlebant — ^Tnfelicem — ^infantem— relinquere. 10 LATIK PRIMEK. 2. assecla — advenit — ^peregre — afuit — impetrat — improbus — alacrem— hospitem — impigrum— pulicem — cerebrum perculit — genetrix. 3. concidit, concidit— invenit, invenit— effugit, effugifc — remanet, remanet — immanes, immanes — annotinus — ve- spertinus — exsecro— emigro — tantulus — cuculus. 11. CLASSIFICATION OF WORDS. 9. I^arts of Speech : The kinds of words used in language are called Parts of Speech. The Parts of Speech may be arranged in four classes : I. Noun. II. Pronoun. III. Verb. IV. Particles. # I. The Noun includes : 1. The Substantive^ which gives a name : vir, a man ; Cocleo, Codes ; donum, a gift. 2. The Adjective, which adds a quality to the substan- tive ; as, bonus, good. So bonus vir, good man; malum donum, evil gift, II. The Pronoun points out : tu, tliou ; is, Jie. III. The Verb says: vir currit, TJie man is running. * Is running' is said of * the man.' IV. The Particles include : 1. The Adverb, which shows circumstances ; as, Jiow, where, xvhen : c i t o currit, he runs quickly ; u b i es ? where art thou ? mo x veniet, he ivill come presently. 2. The Preposition, which shows local relation : ante, be- fore ; ante ostium, before (i. e., facing) the door. Out of local relations grow relations of time : ante lucem, before light. Then come other relations : ante alios, before others. CLASSIFICATION OF WORDS. 11 3. The Conjunction^ which shows connexion : et, and ; 88d, hut ; nam, /or. To these the Interjection or cry is often added : Eheu, Alas ! EXEKCISE. In the following fable point out the Parts of Speech : Led et Mus. Lion and Mouse. Leo magnus dormiebat in silva ; prope ludebant mures Lion great was-sleeping in wood ; near-by were-playing mice, et incaute unus nasum leonis tetigit. Leo experrectus murem and carelessly one nose of-lion touched. Lion roused mouse corripit. Turn mus oravit eum : Da mihi veniam, gratus seizes. Then mouse besought him : grant to-me pardon, grateful tibi ero. Leo multum ridens respondet : misera bestiola, to-thee I-will-be. Lion much laughing answers : O wretched little-beast, quid tu mill! proderis ? Sed ignoscam tibi et dimittam what thou to-me good-wilt-be ? But I-will-grant-forgiveness to-thee and I-will-lct-go te, nam leones sunt generosi. Eifuge. Mus effugit. Paulo thee, for lions are generous. Scamper. Mouse scampers. A-little post leo, praedam quaerens, inciderat in laqueos. Freme- afterward lion, prey seeking, had fallen into snares. He-was- bat maxime. Cito mus, qui fremitum audivcrat, accurrit. roaring vory-greatly. Quickly mouse, who (the) roaring had-heard, runs-up. Acutis dentibus laqueorum nodos rodit et laqueos solvit. With-sharp teeth snares' knots it-gnaws and snares loosens. En, parvus mus summo periculo liberat magnum leonem. Lo, little mou.se from-very-great danger sets-free grout lion. 10, Inflexion : Inflexion is a change in the form of a word, corresponding to a change in its use. This change takes place chiefly in the end of a word. The inflexion of nouns and pronouns is called declen- sion, and nouns and pronouns are said to be declined. The inflexion of verbs is called conjugation, and verbs are said to be conjugated. 12 LATIN PRIMER.. III. NOIJNS-GENDEES— CASES. 11, Proper and Coninion WoiiJis: Nouns sub- stantive are either proper or common. The proper noun is proper^ or 'peculiar, to certain per- sons or things : Horatius, Horace ; Neapolis, Naples ; Padus, Po, Common nouns are common to a whole class : dominus, a lord : urbS; a city; amnis, a river, 12, Gendei^s : 1. For the names of living creatures the gender is determined by the meaning ; for things and qualities, by the ending. Males are masculine ; Females, feminine. Masculine : Romulus ; Juppiter ; vir, man ; equus, horse. Feminine : Cornelia ; Juno 5 femina^ woman ; equa, mare. 2. Some classes of words without natural gender have their gender determined by their meaning : I. Winds and Eivers, Months and Mountains arc Masculine. II. Countries, Islands, Trees, and Cities are Feminine. III. Words that cannot be declined are Neuters. 3, Nouns having but one form for masculine and fem- inine are said to be of common gender. conviva, a guest ; dux, a leader. 13, Cases : The Latin noun has six cases : 1. Nominative (Case of the Subject). Answers : who f what 9 2. Genitive (Adjective Case). Answers : whose 9 whereof 9 3. Dative (Case of Indirect Object or Personal Inter- est). Answers : for or to whom ? CASES OF NOUNS. 13 4 Accusative (Case of Direct Object). Answers : ichom ? what ? 5. Vocative (Case of Direct Address). 6. Ablative (Case of Adverbial Eelation). Answers : where 9 whence ? wherewith ? I. The Nominative Case is used like the English Nom- inative. Luscinia (Norn.) cantat. The nightingale is singing. n. The Genitive Case corresponds to the English Pos- sessive, but has a wider use. It is often to be translated by of and the English Objective. Filia reginae (Gen), The daughter of the queen. It is often best translated by making a compound out of the Genitive and the word that goes with it : Amor sui (Gen.), self-love {love of self). Plenus spei (Gen ), hopeful {full of hope).- III. The Dative Case is called the Giving Case, because the Person to whom a Thing is Given is put in the Da- tive. The Dative implies a Thing Done For or To a Per- son or a Thing, considered as a Person. It is often translated by the English Objective. It is called the Case of the Indirect Object in contrast to the Case of the Direct Object— the Accusative. Mater (Nom.) f ilio (Dat.) donum (Ace.) dat. Mother to-son gift gives. (The mother gives her son a gift.) The "son" is the Person interested in the giving of the gift: the "gift" is the Result of the action of the verb, IV. The Accusative Case is the case of the Direct Object, in contrast to the Dative, which requires another object expressed or implied. 14 lati:n^ primer. The Accusative gives : 1. The Object Directly Produced : Mater dat donum, Mother gives a gift. 2. The Extent of an Action : Ambulat multum, He walks much. 3. The Object Directly Affected : Rana necat muscas, The frog kills flies. Nos. 1 and 2 are called Accusatives of the Inner Object. No. 2 is also called the Adverbial Accusative. No. 3 is called the Accusative of the Outer Object. V. The "Vocative or Calling Case is the case in which a Person, or Thing considered as a Person, is addressed. It often has the interjection 6, Oh ! before it. O formose puer, Oh I shapely hoy. YI. The Ablative or Taking Away Case is so called ; because it is largely used to express : 1. That From Which something is Taken. Cervum prato (abl.) pellit, He drives the stag from the meadow. Besides this use, it also serves to give 2. The Place Where : Libro tertio, In the third book, 3. Circumstance or Attendance (Wherewith). Multa ciira, With much care. Because it is so much used with verbs, it is called the Adverbial Case. Exercise. Tell the cases in the fable on p. 11. 14. Dependent and Independent Cases : Nom inative and Vocative are called Independent Cases (Casus THE DECLENSIOlsrS. 15 Recti) ; the others are called Dependent Cases or Oblique Cases (Casus Obliqui). l/>, For mat ion of the Cases: The cases are form- ed by adding an ending to a common stock called the stem. In grii-s, crane, gru-is, gru-i, gru-em, gru-e, gru-es, gru-uin, gru-ibus, the common part is gru-, which we call the stem ; -s, -is, -i, -em, -e, -es, -nm, -ibus, are the endings {case-endings). IV. THE DECLENSIONS. 10, Declensions : There are five declensions in Latin, which are marked by the final sound of their re- spective stems : '" Stem mark. The stems of the First Declension end in . & The stems of the Second Declension end in . 6 The stems of the Third Declension end in . a consonant, or the close vowels ..... i and u The stems of the Fourth Declension end in . u The stems of the Fifth Declension end in . e The First, Second, and Fifth Declensions are called Vowel Declensions ; the Third and Fourth, which really form but one, the Consonant Declension, 1 and u being semi-conso- nants. 17. General Mules of Declension: L Neuter nouns have the Nominative and Vocative * The declensions are also distinguished by the ending of the genitive singular. Nouns which have -ae iu the genitive sing, are of the First Declension : -I, Second Declension. -is, Third Declension. -Us, Fourth Declension. -el, Fifth Declension. See note to teachers on last page. 16 LATIl^ PEIMER. like the Accusative ; in the Plural the Nominative, Ac- cusative, and Vocative always end in a. In the Third, Fourth, and Fifth Declensions, the Nom- inative, Accusative, and Vocative are alike in the Plural. The Vocative is like the Nominative, except in the Second Declension, when the Nominative ends in -us. II. The Dative and Ablative Plural have a common form. V. FIRST DECLENSION. 18. First Declension: The stem ends in a. This a is lost in the ending -is of the Dative and Ablative plural.'^' Feminine. the, or a, table. of the, or a, taUe. to, for the, or a, table. the, or a, table. table ! or table ! from, with, by the, or a, table, the tables, or tables. of the tables, or tables. to, for the tables, or tables. the tables, or tables. tables ! from, with, by the tables, or tables. In like mannner decline the adjective (fem.) parva, small. Rule of Gender, — The gender in this declension is feminine, except when males are meant. 19. Rule of Syntax : The adjective agrees with its substantive in gender, number, and case. 5^" The adjective more commonly follows, unless stress is laid on it. SING.— N. mensa, G. measaej D. mensae, Ac. mensa-m, V. mansa, Abl. minsa, PLUR.— N. minsae, G. mensarum, D. mensis, Ac. mensas, V. mensae, Abl. mensis, * The Genitive Singular of the First Declension ends in -ae. (See p. 15.) first decleksion. Vocabulary. 17 Substantives. Adjectives. bestia, beast. bona, good. capella, (sJie) goat, hid. magna, great. musca, fly. mala, bad. pueUa, girl. molesta, troublesome. rana, frog. parva, small. regina, queen. superba, proud. Exercises. I. Decline togrether: Mala bestia — parva capella — superba regina — musca molesta. II. Tell the cases of : 1. Kanam magnam — capella parya — puellas parvas^regina- rum superbarum — muscam molestam— regina bona — ranarum molestarum. 2. Rana molesta (2) — puellis parvis (2)— puellae parvae (4) — reginis bonis (2) — bestia mala (2) — capellae molestae (4) — muscis molestis (2). |^~ The figures show when the groups may belong to more tlmn one case. The teacher is advised to follow the same plan in the declensions and conjugations. HI. Translate into Engrlish : 1. Regina est (is) superba. 2. Puella bona amat (loves) capellam parvam. 3. Regina dat (gives) capellam puellae. 4. Musca est (is) molesta reginae. 5. Malae bestiae devorant (are-devouring) bonam reginam. 6. Puella reginae dat (gives) muscfis ranis. 7. Puella bona abigit (drives aioay) muscas molestas a (from) regina superba. 8. bona puella, ama (love) capellam. 9. Puellae reginarum necant (are-killing) muscas. 10. Muscae sunt (are) molestae bestiis. 11. Abigite (drive aivay), 6 puellae, muscas a (from) bestiis bonis. 12. Videte (see) capellas puellarum parvarum. 18 LATII^ PKIMER. VL SECOND DECLENSION. 20, Second I>eclension : The stem ends in 6. The 6 sound appears only in the Dative and Ablative Singular and in the Genitive Plural and in the Accusative Plural of masculines ; and in these cases it is lengthened into o.'- Masculine, SING.- -N. hortus, garden. PLUR.- — horti, gardens. G. horti, hortorum. D. hortS, hortis. Ac. hortum, hortos. Y. horte, horti. Abl. horto, hortis. Like hortus decline the adjective magnus, great. "Neuter. SING. — N. Ac. V. bellum, i^^ar, plur. — bella, M^ars. G. belli, bellorum. D. Abl. bello, bellis. Like bellum decline the adjective magnum, great. Bute of Gender. — Nouns in -us are masculine ; in -urn, neuter. u. Vocabulary. Substantives. MASCULINE. NEUTER. agnus, lamb. collnm, nech. asinus. ass, donkey. ovum. egg- avus, grandfather. periculum. danger. equus, horse. praemium, reward. lupus, wolf. pratum. meadow. ursus, bear. vimim, wine. The Genitive Singular of the Second Declension ends in -I. (See p. 15.) SECOND DECLENSION. 19 Adjectives. (19) Like agnus are declined: bonus, molestus, magnus, parvus, malus, superbus. Like collum are declined: bonum, molestum, magnum, parvum, malum, superbxim. Exercises. I. Decline together: 1. Avus bonus — ursus magnus — malus lupus — parvus agnus. 2. Vinum bonum — praemium mugnum— mSgnum periculum — parvum pratum. II. Tell the cases of: 1 . Periculi magni — equos superbos — avum bonum — luporum molestorum — ave bone — praemiorum magnorum — lupum mag- num. 2. Vino bono (2) — equTs superbis (2) — prata magna (3) — asini molesti (3) — parvo pratO (2) — magnis praemiis (2). m. Translate into English : 1. Avus bonus dtit (gives) mSgnum praemium parvae puel- lae. 2. Lupus malus parvum agnum devorat {is-devouring). 3. Ursi lupos fugant {are-putting-to-fiiglit). 4. Muscae asino molestae sunt. 5. Puellae ova in pratis inveniunt (find), 6. bone ave, da (give) ovum puellae parvae. 7. Abigite (drive- aivaij) lupos ab agnis. 8. Regina avum pericul(3 llberat (is- freeing). 9. Regina bona avum puellae magno pracmio donat (presents). 10. Sagitta (arrotu) collum equi perforat (pierces), 11. Videte (see) praemia avonim bonorum. 12. Equi peri- cula non (not) timent (fear). 20 LATIN PRIMER. VII. SECOND DECLEI^SION (coxtioted). 22. Most inasciMne stems in -ero drop -us in the Nominative and e in the Vocative Singular. SING, PLUR. SING. PLUR. N. puer, hoy. pueri. ager, field. agri. G. pueri, puerorum. agri, agrorum. D. puero, pueris. agro, agris. Ac. puerum, pueros. agrum. agr5s. V. puer, pueri. ager, agri. Abl. puero, pueris. agro. agris. 23. Vocabulary. Like puer. Like ager. Suhstantives. Suhstantives. armiger, armor-hearer. gener, son-in-law. socer, father-in-law. vir, man. ^ aper, wild hoar, y faber, carpenter. ^- magister, teacher. Adjectives. Adjectives. asper, rough, harsh. liber, fr-ee. miser, wretched. prosper, lucky, prosperous. aeger, sick. niger, hlack. piger, lazy. pulcher, beautiful. Exercises. I. Decline together : I. Gener prosper — armiger liber — faber pulcher — magister aeger — vir piger. 2. Faber miser — gener aeger — vir liber — ai:>er asper — magister prosper — puer niger. II. Translate into EnglisQi : Gener fabri — socer viri — armiger generi — generum armigeri — generum prosperum fabri miseri — armigero (2) pigro viri pulchri — soceros pigros fabrorum aegrorum. DECLEKSION" OF ADJECTIVES. 21 VIII. DECLElSrSION OF ADJECTIVES IN -us. -a, -um. 24. Bonus, bona, bonum, good. M. r. N. SING.— N. bonus, bona, bonum. G. boni, bonae, boni. D. bon5, bonae, bono. Ac. bonum, bonam, bonum. V. bone, bona, bonum. Abl. bono, bona, bono. M. F. K. PLUK.— boni, bcnae, bona. bonorum, bonarum, bonorum. bonis, bonis, bonis, bonos, bonSs, bona, boni, bonae, bona, bonis, bonis, bonis. Miser, misera, miserum, wretched. SINGULAU. misera, miserum. miserae, miseri. miserae, miserS. Ac. miserum, miseram, miserum. Y. miser, misera, miserum. Abl. misero, misera, misero. N. miser, G. miseri, D. misero, PLURAL. miseri, miserae, misera. miserorum, miserarum, miserorum. miseris, miseris, miseris. miseros, miseras, misera. miseri, miserae, misera. miseris, miseris, miseris. SING.— N. piger G. pigri, pigrae, pigri. D. pigro, pigrae, pigrO. Ac. pigram, pigrara, pigrum. V. piger, pigra, pigrum Abl. pigr5, pigra, pigrO. Piger, pigra, pigrum, slow, lazy. pigra, pigrum. plur.— pigri, pigrae pigra. * pigrorum. pigrarum,pigrorum. pigris, pigris, pigris. pigros, pigras, pigra. pigri, pigrae, pigra. pigris, pigris, pigris. Masculine Substantives. FIRST DECLENSION. agricola, farmer. VOC ABULAKY Substantives. SECOND DECLENSION. discipulus, scholar. auriga, driver. culter, tri. knife. conviva, guest. liber, bri. book. nauta, sailor. c5nsilium, counsel, advice. poeta. pod. vitium, fault, vice. Adjectives of the First and Second Declensions. ^arus, a, um, dear. morosus, a^ um, sour (tempered), novus, a, um, new. _ sacer, era, crum, sacred. validus, a, um, strong. '42 latin primee. Exercises. I. Translate into English. : I. Magister bonus dat {gives) libriim novum caro discipulo. 2. Consilium agricolae morosi malum est (is). 3. ConYiya mains necat (kills) agricolam aegrum. 4. Nautae prosper! dant (give) cultros pueris bonis. 5. Socer nautae miseri dat (gives) consilium bonum pigro genero. 6. Poetae culpant (blame) agricolarum vitia. 7. Consilia boni agricolae nautas a (from) vitiis deterrent (deter). 8. Kegina bona dat (gives) praemium magnum poetae sacro. >^ II. Translate into Latin : 1. The strong man kills [necat) the farmer's driver. 2.' The poet gives (dat) good advice to the sailor's father-in-law. "j 3. The teacher hides (celat) the new knives of the lazy boys. 4. My [= !] good boy, avoid (vita) the vices of bad scholars. 5. The good poet gives (dat) a great reward to the strong farmers. 6. The vices of bad sons-in-law are troublesome to good fathers-in-law. 7. The sour farmer scolds (vituperat) the lazy guests. 8. Harsh teachers frighten (ter- rent) scholars. IX. SUBJECT— PREDICATE— VERB Sum. 26, Syntax : 1. The predicate is that which is said of the subject. Puer flet, The hoy weeps, is-weeping. Flat is the predicate of puer. 2. The subject is that of which the predicate is said. Puer fletj The hoy weeps, is-weeping. Puer is the subject of flet. SUBJECT — PREDICATE. 23 3. Tlie most simple form of the predicate is the verb, or verbal predicate, as : Puer flet. 4 When the predicate is not in the form of a verb, a Copula or coupling is generally used to couple the adjective or substantive with the subject. Then the adjective or substantive is called the predicate, adjective predicate, substantive predicate. The chief copula is the verb sum, I am. Subject. Puer The boy Puer The boy 5. When the subject is a personal pronoun, answering to 7, thou, yoK, and the like, it is commonly not expressed in Latin, unless some stress is to be laid on it : Piger es. Lazy art-(thoii). Ego sum maestus, tu es laetus. I am sad, thou art glad. Copula. Predicate. est is piger. lazy. est is poeta. a poet. 6. KuLEs OF Concord. in numLer and person. Nos (1st Person Plural) sumus (1st Person Plural) beati. We are happy. The verbal predicate agrees with its subject -j " Nos (1st Person Plural) sumus (1st Person Plural) beati The adjective predicate agrees with its subject \ "^^^^"^^^r^ ^^^' \ Qer, anci case. Pueri (Nom. PI. Masc.) sunt miseri (Nora. PI. Masc). The hoys are wretched. The substantive predicate agi-ees with its subject in case. Stumus (Nom.) erat deliciae dominL The starting was the darling (lit. delights) of its master. 24 LATI2^ PRIMEE. n/ 4 • Sing.— 1. Pre SEN sum. T. I am. 2. es, thou art, 3. est, Tie, she, it is. Plur.— 1. sumus, we are. 2. estis, you are. 3^ sunt, they are. Imperfect. Sing.— 1. 2. 3. eram, eras, erat, I was. i thou ivast. he was. 7, Conjugation o/Sum, lam: mDICATIVE. Perfect. Sing. — 1. fui, I have been, I was. 2. fuistij thou hast heeriy thou wast. 3. fuit," he has been, he ivas. Plur. — 1. fuimus, we have been, ive were. 2. fuistis, you have been, you were. ^ 3. fuerimt, they havebeen, they were. Pluperfect. Sing . — 1. fueram, / had been. 2. fueras, thou hadst been. 3. fuerat, he had been. Plur. — 1. eramus, ive were. Plur. — 1. fueramus, ice had been. 2. eratis, you ivere. 2. fueratis, you had been. 3. erant, they were. 3. fuerant, they had been. Future. Future Perfect. Sing. — 1. ero, I shall be. Sing. — 1. fuero, / shall have been. 2. eris, thou wilt be 2. fueris, thou icilt have been. 3. erit, he will be. 3. fuerit, he will havebeen. Plur. — 1. erimus, we shall be. Plur. — 1. fuerimus, we shall have been. 2. eritis, you will be. 2. fueritis, you will have been. 3. erunt, they will be. 3. fuerint, they ivill have been. y^ IMPERATIVE. FmsT. Second. Sing. — 2. es, be thou. 2. esto, thou shall be. 3. esto, he shall be. Plur. — 2. este, be yc. 2. estote, you shall be. 3. sunto, they shall be. C#N"JUGATI«N tF SUM. 25 INFINITIVE. Pres. esse, t^ he. Perf. fuisse, ts have been. FuT. futur-um (-am, -um) esse, /# (£»re) be abmit /# be. 2S, VOCABULARY. Pronouns. Si-bstantives. Adjkctivbs. eg«, /. catulus, puppy, aeg^itus, dck. laetus, glad. tu, th^U. cervus, stag. beatus, happy, maestus, sad. n#s, ice. erus, master, callidus, cunning. m»ribundus, dying. v*s, y§u. sturnus, starling, iratus angry. 8t«lidus, stupid. Exercise s. 1 I. Translate into English : \i Catulus est callidus. 2. Asini sunt stolidi. 3. Ego sum magnus, tu cs parvus. 4. Sumus magni. 5. Bellum erat magnum. G. Lupus f uit aegrotus. 7. Sturnus erat maestus. 8. Puellae fuerunt pigrae. 9. Erus erit iratus. 10. Pueri crunt laeti. 11. Erimus beati. 12. Nos erimus miseri, vos eritis beatl. 13. Rana fuerat region muscarum^ 14- Este laeti, beati cervi, catulus malus moribundus est. >€. n. Translate into Latin: 1. Why {cur) are you angry, you {d) lazy boys ? 2. The puppies liave been sick. 3. The queen will be glad. 4. The teacher was-once [= has-been] a boy. 5. We shall be angry ; you will be glad. 6. The^sick^tea^er's bad scholars were ^d._ 7. The lazy boys will be miserable. 8. Be thou happy, my (6) good boy. 9. The frogs will be troublesome to the sick sailors. 10. The guests had been troublesome to the sour farmer. 11. I am sick, you are well {sanus). 12. We have been happy. 3 . / 26 LATIK PRIMER. X. CONJUGATIONS— FIRST CONJCJGATION. 29, I. Systems (^^jonjuffatiort : There are two systems of conjugati^^Histinguished by the stem-sign, as Yowel-system and conMBjU-system. 1. The vowel-system includes verbs with stem in a : First Conjugation, e: Second Conjugation. i : Fourth Conjugation. 2. The consonant-system includes verbs with stem in a consonant or u (Third Conjugation). These four conjugations are commonly distinguished by the form of the Present Infinitive Active. 1. The First Conj. has its Pres. Inf. Act. in -are : amare, to love. 2. The Second Conj. has its Pres. Inf. Act. in -ere : delere, to destroy. 3. The Third Conj. has its Pres. Inf. Act. in -ere: emere, to buy. 4. The Fourth Conj. has its Pres. Inf. Act. in. -ire : audire, to hear. II. Tenses : There are six tenses in Latin. 1. Present. 2. Imperfect. 3. Future. 4 Perfect. 5. Pluperfect. 6. Future Perfect. Pres., Imperf., and Fut. answer to our Progressives. Pres. canto, I am singing. Impf. cantabam, / was singing. Fut. cantabo, I shall be sitiging. Perf., PJuperf., and Fut. Perf. answer to our tenses with have and had. Perf. cantavi, / have sung. Pluperf. cantaveram, / had sung. Fut. Perf. cantavero, / shall have sung. Present, Perf,, and Fut. also answer to our simple Present, Past, and Future. Pres. canto, I sing, Perf. cantavi, I sang. Fut. cantabo, J shall sing. 30* First Coi^JUGATioisr. The Stem Forms or amS, / love. Present Present Perfect Indicative. Infinitive. Indicative. Sujjine. am5, ama-re, ama-vi, ama-tum, to love. The complete paradigm of the Active Voice is given for convenience of refer- ence. The beginner is expected to learn only the Infinitive Present, Indicative Present, and Imperfect ; 2d Person Sing, and PI. Ist Imperative. / FIRST CONJUGATION. First Conjugation. ACTIVE. INDICATIVE. M||CJI TRES^^Jfffr -1. 2. 3. am-6, Am ama-s, ama-t, loving, do love, 1 ame-m, Be I [love J ame-s, ame-t. -1. 2. 3. ama-mus, ama-tis, ama-nt, am^-mus, ame-tis, ame-nt. 27 31. ACTIVE. UBJUNCTIVE. Sing. Plur." Impekfect. Was loving, loved. Were loving, might love. Sing. — 1. ama-ba-m, ama-re-m, 2. ama-ba-s, ama-re-s, 3. ama-ba-t, ama-re-t. Plur. — 1. ama-ba-mus, ama-re-mus, 2. ama-ba-tis, ama-re-tis, 3. ama-ba-nt, ama-re>iit. Future. Shall he loving, shall love. Sing. — 1. ama-b-o, 2. ama-bi-s, 3. ama-bi-t. Plur. — 1. ama-bi-mus,' 2. ama-bi-tis, 3. ama-bu-nt. IMPERATIVE. First. Second. Sing. — 2. ama, love thou, 2. ama-to, thou shall love. 3. ama-to, he shall love. Plur. — 2. ama-te, love ye, ama- tote, i/e shall love. ama-nto, they shall love. PARTICIPLES. Present. N. ama-n-s, G. ama-nt-is, loving. Future. ama-tur-us, -a, -um, being about to love. 28 LATIN PRIMER. 82. First Cokjugatiok. INDICATIVE. ACTIVE. Perfect. SUBJUNCTIVE. Have loved, did love. Sing. — 1. ama-vi, 2. ama-vi-sti, 3. ama-vi-t, Have, may have, loved. i ama-ve-n-m, ama-ve-ri-s, ama-ve-ri-t. Plur.- -1. ama-vi-mus, 2. ama-vi-stis, 3. ama-ve-riint, Pltjperfect. ama-ve-rl-mus, ama-ve-ri-tis, ama-ve-ri-nt. Had, might have, loved. ama-vi-sse-m, ama-vi-sse-s, ama-vi-sse-t. ama-vi-sse-mus, ama-vi-sse-tis, ama-vi-sse-nt. Future Perfect. Had loved. Sing. — 1. ama-ve-ra-m, 2. ama-ve-ra-s, 3. ama-ve-ra-t, Plue. — 1. ama-ve-ra-mus, 2. ama-ve-ra-tis, 3. ama-ve-ra-nt, Shall have loved. Sing. — 1. ama-ve-r-o, 2. ama-ve-r!-s, 3. ama-ve-ri-t. Plur. — 1. ama-ve-r!-mus, 2. ama-ve-rl-tis, 3. ama-ve-ri-nt. INFINITIVE. ^ Pres. ama-re, to love. Perf. ama-vi-sse, to have loved. FuT. ama-tur-um, -am, -um, esse, to he about to love. GERUND. SUPINE. N. [ama-re], loving. G. ama-nd-i, of loving. D. ama-nd-6, to loving. Ac. [ama-re],(ad)ama-nd-um,Zo«;/w.^,/ Neuters always form I.— Consonant Stems. A.— LIQUILL STEMSL i^° For Rules of Gender, see p. 89. 1. Liquid stems in 1. 39, JVominative without s, as consul, the consul Sing. -N. consul, consul. Plur.- -N. consul-es, th G. consul-is, G. c5nsul-um, D. consul-i, D. consul-ibus, Ac. consul-em, Ac. c6nsul-es, V. c5nsul, y. c6nsul-es, Abl. consul-e. Abl. consul-ibus. 2. Liquid stems in m. 40. jS'ominative with s. One example only : hiem-s,* winter ; Genitive, hiem-is (fern.). 3. Liquid stems in n. 41, Most Masculine and Feminine Stems have Nominative Singular in o. Genitive onis or inis. Neuter Stems have Nominative Singular in -en. Genitive -inis. * Often epelt as pronounced, hiemps. ife' /t/ ;u^ , (Ul THIKD DECLE25^SI01f. <^ .i> -^^jHr 33 Masculine. Sing.— N. G. D. Ac. V. Abl. Plur. -N. G. D. Ac. V. Abl. leo, lion. Ie5n-is, leon-i, leon-em, led, le5n-e, leou-es, leon-um, le5n-ibus, leon-es, leon-es, le5a-ibus. Feminini imago, likeness^ imagin-is, imagin-i, imagin-em, imago, imagin-e, imagin-es, imagin-um, imagin-ibus, imagin-es, imagin-es, imagin-ibus. Neuter. name. nomin-is, nomin-i, nomen, nomen, nomin-e, nomin-a, ndmln-um, nomin-ibus, nomin-a, nomin-a, n5min-ibus. > 42. i Vfti. B ¥L A R Y . Stems in 1. sol, solis (masc), sun. mel, mellis, (neut.), honey. -^ Stems in n. 1. Genitive, -onis. Masculine. Feminine. caup5, onis, innkeeper. admiratio, onis, {wonder) admiration. centurio, centurion, captain, exspectatio, (looking forward to) ligo, mattock. pavo, pea/iock. invitatiOj praedO; robber. . occasio, pugio, dagger. oratio, vespertilio, bat. e.vpectation. (bidding) invitation, (chance) occasion, speech, oration. 2. Genitive, -inis. Masculine. homo, inis, man. pi. people. nemoj nobody. ordo, list. 2* Feminine. fortitude, inis, (hardihood) bravery, longitude, length. multitiido, crowd, multitude. s61itud5, {loneliness) solitude, wilderness. imago, likeness, picture. 34 LATIi? PRIMER. Neuter. carmen, song, poem. certamen, contest, contention. lumen, light. ambulare, walk. invidus, a, um , envious. asportare, carry away. laqueus, noose, snare. celare, hide. longus, a, um, long. collustrare, light up. musculus, little-mouse. cum, with (prep, with Abl.) par are, prepare, prepare for. exitium, destruction. recitare, read aloud, recite. in, prep., with Abl. recusare, refuse. in, on ; with Ace. into. , servare. save, preserve. on. thesaurus. treasure. avoid, vitare. invoke, invocare. bark-at, allatrare (with Ace), put-to-flight, fugare. care (subst.), ciira. pierce, stab, perforare. change, miitare. surpass, superare. entice, allectare. ! Rule of Syntax: Cause, Means, and Instrument are put in the Ablative. Riisticus colubrum ligone necat. The countryman kills the snake with the mattock. Exercises. I. Translate into English : / 1. Musculus laqueis liberat leonem. 2. Ceryi timidi cum leonibus ambulabant. 3. Homo invidus neminem laudabit. 4. Agricola thesaurum in solitudine celavit. 5. Sturnus in solitudinem avolavit. 6. Consulis invitationem recusas. 7. Praedones callidi pulchram asportabant imaginem. 8. Poeta malus longum carmen recitaverit. 9. Caupo parat exitium genero centurionis. 10. Longitudine colli servavi lupum. 11. Magna fuit admiratio leonum. 12. Sol homines lumine col- lustrat. LIQUID STEMS. 35 n. Translate into Latin : A. 1. People praise the boy's poems. 2. We praise the pic- ture of the peacock. 3. . Read the list of names. 4. The Per- sians {Persae) invoke the sun. 5. The bat has changed [his] name. 6. Boys entice flies with honey. B. 1. I stabbed the robber with a dagger. 2. No one will praise the speech. 3. The bravery of the slaves surpassed ex- pectation. 4. The puppy barked-at the crowd. 5. Poets put- to-flight cares by songs. G. Avoid the occasion of contest. XII. LIQUID STEMS (Continued). 4. Liquid stems in r. 4:3, 1. ^o^niiiative without s ending. 2. Words in -ter have no e between t and r except in the Nominative and Yocative Singular. Masculines. SINGULAR. PLURAL. singular. PLURAL. N. labor, toil labor-es. pater. father. patr-e s. G. labor-is, labor-um. patr-ia '} patr-um. D. labor-i, labor-ibus. patr-i, patr-ibus. Ac. labor-em. labor-es. patr-em, patr-es. V. labor, labor-es. pater. patr-es. Abl. labo-re, labor-ibus. Neu patr-e, TERS. patr-ibus. N. A. V. fulgur, liglitning. fulgui •-a. robur, oak. robor-a. G. fulgur-is, fulgur-um. robor-is. robor-um. D. fulgtir-i, fulgur-ibus. robor-I, robor-ibus. Abl, fulgur-e, fulgur-ibus. robor-e. robor-ibus. In like manner decline : MASCULINE. neuter. passer, sparrow. frater. brother. cadaver , dead bod, passer-is. fratr-is. cadaver- •is. dolor, pain, anguish, orator. speaker. femur, thigh. dolor-is. orator-is. orator. femor-is. fur, thief. vultur. vulture. guttur. throat. fur-is. vultur-is. guttur-is 36 LATIiT PRIMER. 44. Vocabulary. Stems in r. For Rules of Gender, see p. 89. MASCULINES. NEUTEK. accipiter, liawh. verbera, pi. Uow8. anser, goose, author. auctor, color, color. adj prep, with Aoe., to, at. pastor, herdsman. caelum, shy. pictor, painter. cito, adv. quickly. venator, hunter. cruciare, torture. viator. traveller. deus, god. gaudium, joy. > FEMIXINES. impiger, gra, grum. {not slow), hold. mater, mother. monstrare, pointful, show. mulier. woman. non, not. soror, sister. purgare, clear, cleajise. U3^r, wife. statim, adv. immediately. about, prep, de (w. Abl.). four, quattuor (indeclin.) adorn, deck, ornare. hiding-place, den, latibulum. ancient, antiquus, a, um. in-vain, frustra. chastise, castigare. shadow, umbra. use, usurpare. wicked, naughty, improbus, a, um. Mule of Syntax : Manner is expressed by tlie Abla- tive, chiefly with cum, with. When an adjective is used, cum may be left out. Cum gaudio. With joy. Magno cmn gaudiS, lifclgnd gaudio, With great joy. Exercises. I, Translate into Eng-lish. : 1. Passer callidus mag^o cum gaudio devorabat muscam. 2. Passerem accipiter necavit. 3. Accipitrem statim dilaniavit .^-^ SECOITD COJ^^JUGATIOK. 37 vultur. 4. Vulturi * collum perforavit venator sagitta. 5. UrsI non devorabunt cadavera. 6. Pueri caram matrem voca"- bunt. 7. Homines bonorum consiliorum auctores laudabunt. 8. Fulgiira cito purgant caelum. 9. Viatores impigri fuga- verintfures. 10. boni pilstores, fugate leonem. 11. Dolor gutturis cruciabat lupum. 12. Pastor monstrat lupum vena- tori. /^ II. Translate into Latin: A. 1. The cunning thieves were carrying avray the geese. 2. The herdsman was chastising the thief with blows. 3. Wicked men will invoke God with great anguish [but] in-vain. 4. [My] brother's son has surpassed the great orator. 5. Women like to dress up ( = willingly [Ubenfer^ adorn) [their] daugh- ters. G. The good daughter will free [her] mother from great labor. B. 1. The sparrows flew to the painter's picture. 2. The ancient painters used four colors. 3. The orator read- aloud to the boys a speech about the donkey's shadow. 4. The wife of the thief put the wolves to flight from [his] dead-body. 5. Avoid with care the hiding-place of thieves. 6. The hunter saved [his] wife's sister. XIII. SECtlSTD CtNJUGATItN. *#. Stem Forms. Pi-esent Present Perfect Indicative. Infinitive. Indicative. Supine. 1. dele-6, dele-re, dele-vi, dele-tum, hlot out. 2. mone-6, mone-re, mon-ui, moni-tum, remind. 5^" The complete paradigm of the Active Voice is given for convenience of refer- ence. The beginner is expected to learn only the Infinitive; Indicative, Present and Imperfect ; 2d Person Sing, and PI. Ist Imperative. * The Dative is often to be translated by a possessive with the stress on the other case employed : AsinQ dorsum verberant, T hey beat ilu donTcei/sjKACK {for him). Asini dorsum verberant, They heat (he jiosvi^Y' shack. 38 LATIK PRIMEK. 46, Second Conjugation. INDICATIVE. Destroy (blot out). Sing. — 1. dele-o, 2. dele-s, 3. dele-t, Plur. — 1. dele-mus, 2. dele-tis, 3. dele-nt, Was destroying. Sing. — 1. dele-ba-nij 2. dele-ba-s, 3. d3le-ba-t, Plur. — 1. dele-ba-mus, 2. dele-ba-tis, 3. dele-ba-nt, Present. SUBJUNCTIVE. Be destroying, may destroy. dele-a-m, dele-a-s, dele-a-t. dele-a-mus, dele-a-tis, dele-a-nt. Imperfect. Was destroying, inigM destroy. dele-re-nij dele-re-s, dele-re-t. dele-re-mus, dele-re-tis, dele-re-nt. Ftjttjke. Shall destroy. Sing. — 1. dele-b-6, 2. dele-bi-s, 3. dele-bi-t. Plur. — 1. dele-bi-mus, 2. dele-bi-tis, 3. dele-bu-nt. FlKST. Sing. — 2. dele, destroy thou Plur. — 2. dele-te, destroy ye, IMPERATIVE. SEC0N15. dele-t5, thou shall destroy, dele-to, he shall destroy. dele-tote, ye shall destroy. delo-nto, they shall destroy. PARTICIPLES. Present. N. dele-n-s ; G. dele-nt-is, destroying. Future. dele-tur-us, -a, -um, about to destroy. SECOND CONJUGATION. 39 47. Second Conjugation. ACTIVE. INDICATIVE. SUBJUNCTIVE. Pkkfkct. Have destroyed, destroyed. Have, may have, destroyed. Sing.— 1. dele-vi, 2. dele-vi-sti, 3. dele-vi-t, Plur. — 1. dele-vi-mus, 2. dele-vi-stis, 3. dele-ve-runt, Had destroyed. Sing. — 1. dele-ve-ra-m, 2. dele-ve-ra-s, 3. dele-ve-ra-t, Plur, — 1. dele-ve-ra-mus, 2. dele-ve-ra-tis, 3. dele-ve-ra-nt, Shall have destroyed. Sing. — 1. dele-ve-r-6, 2. dele-ve-ri-s, 3. dele-ve-ri-t. Plur. — 1. dele-ve-r!-mus, 2. dele-ve-r!-tis, 3. dele-ve-ri-nt. INFINITIVE. Present, dele-re, to destroy. Peufect. dele-vi-sse, to have destroyed Future, dele-tur-um, -am, -um, esse, to be about to destroy. dele-ve-ri-m, dele-ve-ri-s, dele-ve-ri-t dele-ve-rl-mxis, dele-ve-rl-tis, dele-ve-ri-nt. Plupeupect. Had, might have, destroyed. dele-vi-sse-m, dele-vi-sse-s, dele-vi-sse-t. dele-vi-sse-mus, dele-vi-sse-tis, dele-vi-sse-nt. Future Perfect, GERUND. N, [dele-re], destroying, to destroy. G. dele-nd-i, of destroying. D. dele-nd-6, to, for destroying. Ac, [dele-re] (ad) dele-nd-um, destroying, to destroy. Abl. dele-nd-6 J by destroying. SUPINE. dele-tum, to destroy. dele-tu, to destroy, in the destroying. 40 LATIl^ PRIMER. 48, Synopsis op mone-o, I remind. ACTIVE. INDICATIVE. Pres. mone-5, Impf. mone-ba-m, Put. mone-b-6. Perp. mon-ui, Plpf. mon-ue-ra-m, P. Pr. mon-ue-r-o. IMPERATIVE. PiRST. mone. Second. inone-t5. Participles. Pres. mone-n-s. Gerund. mone-nd-i. Supine. 1. moni-tum. SUBJUNCTIVE. mone-a-m. mone-re-m. mon-ue-ri-m. mon-ui-sse-m. INFINITIVE. Pres. mone-re. Perf. mon-ui-sse. Put. moni-tiir-um, -am, -um, Put. mom-tur-us, a, -um. 2. moni-tu. 49. Vocabulary admovere, move up. parere, he obedient (with debere, owe. Dat.). flere, tceep. permulcere, stroke, fondle, soothe. fulgerc, glitter. praebere, afford, furnish. habere, have, hold. prandere, breakfast. invidere, feel envy towards (Dat.). prohibere, keep-away. manere, remain, stay. respondere, make answer. movere, move. * sedere, sit. nocere, be hurtful, do harm solera, be accustomed. (with Dat,). terrere, frighten. cenare, dine. nasus, nose. commoduir I, advantage, comfort, nidus, nest. corvus, raven. oppidum. toivn. dea, goddess. optimus, a, um, best. dictitare, say-over - and -over, permagnus, 1 a, um, very great. dorsum, hacTc. large. exiguus, a, um, small, scant, paltry, porta, gate. magnificus, a, um, magnificent querela, complaint. multum, much. sed (conj.), but. -t SECOND CONJUGATION". 41 meus, a, um, my (Voc. Masc. mi), thus, a, um, thy, your (of the 2d P. S.). n5ster, tra, trum^ our. vester, tra, trum, your (pi the 2d P. PI.), suus, a, um, his, her, its, their, own. ask, rogare. tongue. ling^ua. bull, taurus. too-much, nimius, a, um. health, valetudo, inis, f . try, tentare. if, SI. weigh-down, gravare. on, (prep.), in (w. Abl.). where, ubL runaway, fugitivus, a, um. worthy, probus, a, um. Mule of Syntaoc : Verbs of Advantage or Disadvan- tage , Yielding and Resisting, Pleasure and Displeasure, Bidding and Forbidding, take the Dative.* Exerciser. I. Translate into English : 1. Dominus asini habet catulum. ^ 2. Cur permulces catu- lum ? dictitat asinus. 3. TJrsus nasum suum ad hominis nasum admovebat. 4. Leo terrebat venatores. 5. Ego prandebam, tu cenabas. G. Oppidum exiguum permagnas et magnifiefis habcbat portas. 7. Mane, mater optima. 8. Asini multa commoda dominis praebebant. 9. Malus cibus nocet incautis pueris. 10. Ranae llebant sed deum non movebant qucre- lls. 11. Discipulus bonus magistri paret consiliis. 12. agricolae, cur deletis nidos corvorum ? y * The following old rule has been found serviceable : A Dative put, remember, pray, After Envy, Spare, Obey, Persuade, Command, Believe ; to these Add Pardon, Succor, and Displease, With vacare, fo have teistire, Aud-plsLcBre, (ogive pleasure, V/ith nubere (of the female said), The En-lish of it is fo wed. Servire add, and add stud6re, Heal, Favor, Hurt, Resist, and indulgSre. c.) 42 LATIK PRIMER. II. Translate into Latin: A. 1. A little fly was sitting on the back of a great bull. 2. If I am weighing-down the bull, I will fly-away, said the fly over and over. Where art thou ? asked the bull. 3. The bad men kept the goddess away from the water. 4. The wor- thy man answers with great joy. It-is my son. 5. I am not accustomed to feel-envy-to [ward] wicked people. B. 1. Peacocks glitter with (Abl.) beautiful colors. 2. Answer thy teacher immediately, my (o) boy. 3. The lion fondles the man with [his] tongue. 4. We are t#;ying to move the thieves by [our] complaints. 5. A runaway ass was frightening men and beasts. 6. Too much labor is-hurtful to health. 7. You owe much to [your] father. SO. Mules of I^osition : Eeview, varying the order of words in the lessons according to these rules : I. The adjective follows its substantive, and so do the equivalents of the adjective — genitive and the like. II. The qualifiers of the verb precede the verb ; for instance, adverbs and oblique cases with or without prepositions. The adverb is put near the verb. The indirect object generally precedes the direct object. III. The reversal of the above rules produces emphasis. Hence, the emphatic place For the vet-h is at the beginning ; For the ohject, at the end of a sentence ; For the adjective, before the substantive ; -. „, For the adverb, at a distance from the verb ; For the indirect ohject, after the direct object. A XIV. SIBILANT STEMS OF THIRD DECLENSION. B.— SIBILANT STEMS. SI, The Nominative has no additional s. In other cases the s of the stem is changed into r be- tween two vowels. SIBILAKT STEMS. 43 SINGXTIiAIl. ^ PLURAL N. cinis, ashes, ciaer-es. G. ciner-is, D. ciner-i, Ac. ciner-em, V. cinis, Abl, ciner-e, ciner-um. ciner-ibus. ciner-e s. ciner-es. ciner-ibus. Masculines, SINGULAR. PLURAL. mos, custom, manner, mor-es. mor-is, mor-um. m5r-i, mor-ibus. mor-em, mor-es. mos, m5r-es. mor-e, mor-ibus. Neuters. PLURAL. SINGULAR. PLURAL. N. A. V. genus, Tcind, race, gener-a. corpus, body, corpor-a. G. gener-is, gener-um. corpor-is, corpor-um. D. gener-I, gener-ibus. corpor-i, corpor-ibus. Abl. gener-e, gener-ibus. corpor-e. corpor-ibus. 52. Vocabulary. Sibilant Stems. For Rules of Gender, see p. 90. Masculine. Neuter. flos, oris, flower, corpus, oris, body. onus, eris, load, burden. pulvis, eriSj dust. crus, uris, leg. opus, erisj worh. mus, uris, mouse, facinus, oris, deed, crime, pectus, oris, breast. G. pi. murium. foedus, eris, treaty. os, oris, mouth, fa^e. frigus, oris, cold. os, ossis, bone. litus, oris, shore. G. pi. ossium. )tcaptare, match at. levare. relieve (w. Abl.). ^^ caudaj tail. mortuus, i. dead-man. J/' fluvius, I, frenum, river. paenitentiaj repentance. bit parvuius, a, um, little (poor little). fhaerere. stick. saepe, often. )Jf humare, bury. serus, a, um h late, too late. P^ imperator, general. cremare. spectare, gratu behold. burn, grateful. s, a, um. cheese, caseus, i. Greek, Graecus, a, um. crown, corSnare. many, multi , ae, a. deceitful, dolosus, a, um. Roman, RomanuSj a, um. either-or, aut-aut. size, magnitude, inis (fem.). famous, clarus, a, um. willingly, Ubenter. 4:4 LATII^ PRIMER. Exercises. I. Translate into English : I. Venator corpus ursi sagitta perforavit. 2. Ceryus ima- ginem suam in fluvio spectabat ; crura vituperat, sed crura saepe servaverant stolidum cervum. 3. Equus superbus fre- num molestum in ore habet. 4. Ursus 6s suum ad hominis OS admovet. 5. Os in gutture lupi haeret. 6. Leva parvu- lum puerum onere. 7. Paenitentia facinoris sera esse solet. 8. Pueri in litore ambulabant. 9. Catulus ore os captabit. 10. Frigus nocet hominum corporibus. 11. Pulvis viatoribus molestus est. 12. Imperator foedera servabit. 13. Mores Romanorum sever! fuerant. II. Translate into Latin : 1. Ashes are deceitful. 2. Be-off [= walk] to the {in w. Ace.) fields to (ad) thy work. 3. Mice like-to [= willingly] devour cheese. 4. The Greeks and Romans either buried or burned the bodies of [their] dead. 5. The lion frightens the traveller by the size of [his] body. 6. The poet's song soothes the breast of the angry general. 7. Many are the kinds of beasts. 8. My (o) girls, crown [your] mother with flowers. 9. The grateful girls will relieve [their] sick mother of many burdens. 10. Frogs have long legs. 11. The deeds of the Romans are famous. 12. Thou art injuring thy body by toil. XV. THIRD CONJUGATION. 1 ^3. Stem Fokms. Present Present Perfect Indicative. Infinitive. Indicative. Supine. 1. em-o, em-e-re, em-i, em-tum (emptum), buy. 2. capi-6, cap-e-re, cep-i, cap-tum, take, catch. In Verbs like capio, 1 belongs to the stem before a, 6, 0, u, et and ent. 5^^ Loam Infinitive ; Indicative, Present and Imperfect ; 2d Person Singular and plur, 1st Imperative, Active, of emo and of capio, ' c^^^ .--^t^^^^^- THIRD CONJUGATION. 45 64:. Third Conjugation, INDICATIVE. ACTIVE. Present. SUBJUNCTIVE. I am hujjing. Sing. — 1. em-e, 2. em-i-s, 3. em-i-t. Plur. — 1. em-i-mus, 2. em-i-tis, 3. em-u-nt. / am taking. capi-d, cap-i-s, cap-i-t. cap-i-mus, cap-i-tis, capi-u-nt. '"be buying. em-a-nij em-a-s, em-a-t. em-a-mus, em-a-tis, em-a-nt. I was buying. Sing. — 1. em-e-ba-m, 2. em-e-ba-s, 3. em-e-ba-t. Plur. Imperfect. / teas taking. I were buying. capi-e-ba-m, em-e-re-m, capi-e-ba-s, em-e-re-s, capi-e-ba-t. em-e-re-t. -1. em-e-ba-mus, capi-e-ba-mus, 2. em-e-ba-tis, capi-e-ba-tis, 3. em-e-ba-nt. capi-e-ba-nt. Future. Shall be buying, shall buy. Shall take. em-e-re-mus, em-e-re-tis, em-e-re-nt. / be taking. capi-a-m, capi-a-s, capi-a-t. capi-a-mus, capi-a-tis, capi-a-nt. I ivere taking. cap-e-re-m, cap-e-re-Sj cap-e-re-t. cap-e-remus, cap-e-re-tis, cap-e-re-nt. Sing. — 1. em-a-m, ^ 2. em-e-s, 3. em-e-t. Plur. — 1. em-e-mus, 2. em-e-tis, 3. em-e-nt. First. Sing. — 2. em-e, buy. Plur.— 2. em-i-te. capi-a-m, capi-e-s, capi-e-t. capi-e-mus, capi-e-tis, capi-e-nt. IMPERATIVE. Second. First. 2. em-i-to, cap-e, take. 3. em-i-to. 2. em-i-tote, cap-i-te. 3. em-u-nto. Second. cap-i-to, cap-i-ts. cap-i-t5te, cap-i-u-ntO. PARTICIPLES. Pres. N. em-e-n-s ; G. em-e-nt-is. N. capi-e-n-s ; G. capi-e-nt-is. FUT. em (p)-tur-us, a, um. cap-tur-us, a, um. 46 LATIiq^ PEIMEE. 55. Thied Cols' jug ATION". INDICATIVE. ACTIVE. Pekfect. I have bought, taken. Sing. — 1. em-i, cep-i, etc. 2. em-i-sti, 3. em-i-t. Plur. — 1. em-i-mus, 2. em-i-stis, 3. em-e-ru-nt. SUBJUNCTIVE. have, may ham, bought, taken. em-e-ri-m, cep-e-ri-m, etc. em-e-ri-s, em-e-ri-t. em-e-ri-mus, em-e-rl-tis, em-e-ri-nt. SlNG.- Plupekfect. / had bought, taken. had, might have, bought, taken, -1. em-e-ra-m, cep-e-ra-m, etc. em-i-sse-m, cep-i-sse-m, etc, 2. em-e-ra-s, em-i-sse-s, 3. em-e-ra-t. Plur. — 1. em-e-ra-mus, 2. em-e-ra-tis, 3. em-e-ra-nt. em-i-sse-t. em-i-sse-mus, em-i-sse-tis, em-i-sse-nt. Future Perfect. I shall have bought, taken. Sing. — 1. em-e-r-o, cep-e-r-Q, etc. 2. em-e-ri-s, 3. em-e-ri-t. Plur. — 1. em-e-ri-mus, 2. em-e-ri-tis, 3. em-e-ri-nt. Pres. em-e-re, to buy. Perf. em-i-sse, to have bought. FuT. em-tur-um, -am, -um, esse, to be about to buy. GERUND. N. [em-e-re], 6. em-e-nd-i, capi-e-nd-i, etc. D. em-e-nd-6, Ac. [em-e-re] (ad) em-e-nd-um, Abl. em-e-nd-o. INFINITIVE. cap-e-re, to take, taking, etc. cep-i-sse, to have taken. cap-tur-um, -am, -um, esse, to be about to take. SUPINE. 1. em-tum, 2. em-tu, cap-tum, cap-tu. \ ^>' >^ ^ * ^ ^ \ THIRD CONJUGATION. 47 56. — \ Ve CAB UL A RY. Verbs of Third\^onjugation. t accedo,/ approacry. aliuS; a, um, another. accurrO, run up. \ amicus, i, friend. committo, join. auxilium, i, aid. descends, come down. clamo, 1. cry aloud. fluo, flow. dum, 'while, so long as. gero, carry f on. duo, two. irrumpo, break -, hurst, in among. eques, itis, horseman. ludo, play, make sport of. gallTna, hen. peto, seek, pelt. gallus, i, cock. vend5, sell. inquit, quoth he. vinco, overcome. inquiunt, say they. vivo, live. nuntius, i, news, tidings. ""^ pugna, fight, battle. ~ accipio,/ receive. pugno, 1. fight. aufugia, run c '/. sanguis, inis, m. blood. conspicio, espy. silva, wood, forest. decipio, deceive. solum, i, soil, ground. persplcio, perceive. tandem. at length. sxirripio, filch. tertium, third time. "" incipio, 3. vulpecula, fox. begin, log, Ugnum, i, collect. colligQ, 3. nothing. nihil. cut, caedo, 3. see, video, 2. draw out, extrahO, 3. please, placeo, 3.(w. Dat.) feather, penna. plunge, demerge, 3. hang, suspends, 3. propose, prOponO, 3, jackdaw. graculus, I. river, fluvius, i. lead. duco, 3. tree, arbor, bris. f . life. vita. Exercises. I. Translate into English : 1. Pater emit flores. 2. Mater vendebat pavonem. 3. Mures ludebant in silva. 4. Duo catull, Nero et Phylax, conspiciunt os. Amici pugnam committunt. Fluebat solum sanguine. Tandem Phylax Neronem fugat. Sed dum pH- gnant, alius catulus os surripit. 5. Vulpecula callida tentabat 48 LATIN" PRIMER. gallum decipere. Laetum, in quit, accipite nuntium, o galli et gallinae. Descendite. Jjibenter iiuntium accipio, re- spondet gallus. Dam descendunt, catulus accurrit. Cito aufiigit vulpecula. 6. Puer improbus decipiebat pastures. Tandem lupus irrumpit. Lupus accedit, clamat puer. Sed nemo accurrit. Tertium nos decipit, inquiunt pastores. 7. Equus gerebat bellum cum cervo. Auxilium petit ab homine. Hominis auxilio equus cervum vincit. Sed equitis servus miseram yitam vivit. /^ II. Translate into Latin : 1. The son likes-to-receive [receives willingly] books from (a) the father. 2. The mice proposed many-things {multa), but nothing pleased. 3. Lead (PI.) the horse to water. 4. The sheplierd was hanging the wolf from {de w. Abl. ) a treeJI 5. Draw the arrow out {e) of the frog's leg. 6. I was cut- ting wood (logs) in a forest. Why are you cutting wood ? asked the farmer. The wood is mine. 7. The bat perceived the danger. 8. The carpenter Avas-plunging himself {se) into the river. 9. The jackdaw collects feathers, v S7 • Amicus certus in re incerta cernitur. A ticklish test to try a trusty friend. Duo amici una f aciunt iter. Occurrit in itinere ursus. Alter arborem conscendit etpericulum evitat : alter, cum meminisset as he-nmembered. illam bestiam cadavera non attingere, humi sese prosternit tliat See § 155.1 on-the-ground animamque continet se mortuum esse simulans. Accedit himself ursus, contrectat jacentem, os suum ad hominis os auresque him-iying ears-too admovet ; cadaver esse ratus, discedit. Postea cum socius reckoning as quaereret quidnam ei ursus dixisset in aurem, respondit : asked what to-him had-said ear answered Monuit ne conflderem amico cujus fidem adverse warned that-not I-shoiild-put-full-faith-in whose faithfulness in-adverse tempore non essem expertus. time (adversity) I had tried. MUTE STEMS. 49 XVI. MUTE STEMS OF THIRD DECLENSION. 58, C— MUTE STEMS. 1. All tnasciilines and femiuines of mute stems have s in the Nominative. 2. Most mute stems of more than two syllables change their final vowel i into e in the Nominative. 3. A K-mute combining with s becomes x, as : pac-s = pax, peace ; reg-s = rex, king. A T-mute before s is dropped, as : aetat-s = aetas, age ; ped-s = pes, foot. 4. Mute stems of one syllable that have a consonant before the mute, form the Gen. Plur. in -ium. So do others occa- sionally. s Sing.— N. 1^-mute. princep-s, prince, chief, m. / vj. princip-is, 'I D. princip-i, Acc. princip-em, Voc. princep-s, Abl. princip-e. Plur. — N. princip-es, G. princip-um, Dat. princip-ibus, Acc. princip-es, Voc. princip-es, Abl. princip-ibus. K-mute. rex, king. reg-is, reg-i, reg-em, rex, reg-e. reg-es, reg-um, reg-ibus, reg-es, reg-es, reg-ibus. T-mute. aetas, age, aetatis, aetat-i, aetat-em, aetas, aetat-e. aetat-es, aetat-um, aetat-ibus, aetat-es, aetat-es, aetat-ibus. f. Sing. -N. urb-s, G. urb-is, D. urb-i, Acc. urb-em, Voc. urb-s, Abl. urb-e. 8 city, t. arx, citadel, t. pars, share, arc-is, part-is, [part. f. arc-i, part-i, arc-em, part-cm, arx, pars, arce. part-e. 60 LATIl^ PRIMER. Plur.- -K urb-es, arc-es, part-es, G. urb-ium, arc-ium, part-ium, D. urb-ibus, arc-ibus, part-ibus, Ace. urb-es, arc-es, part-es, Voc. urb-es, arc-es, part-es. Abl. urb-ibus. arc-ibus. part-ibus. liule of Gender. — Mute-stems are largely feminine, unless males are meant. SO. VOCABUL A RY V-mute. 1^-mute. stirps, f. stocJc, splinter. custos, odis, m I. keeper. K-mute. dens, dentiSj m. tooth. culex, icis, m I. g7iat. juventus, utis, f. youth, (time of life). grex, gregis, m. flock. miles, itis, m. soldier. pax, pacis, f. peace. mors, mortis, : I death. vox, v5cis, f . voice. pes, pedis, m. foot. senectus, utis. f . old age. voluptas, atis, f. pleasure. acutus, a, um , sharp. fatigatus, a, um, fatigued. clarus, a, unij , loud. iter, itineris, n. . Journey, icay. condo, 3. build, found. miseria. wretchedness, misery. corripio, 3. seize. pasco, 3. feed. cre5, 1. create, make. repute, 1. consider. de (prep. w. Abl.), down from. Roma, Home. depono, 3, lay down. simius, I. ape, monJcey. award, tribub, 3. law, / lex, legis, f. booty, praeda. liberty, libertas, atis, f. companion, comes, itis, m. & f. marsh. palus, udis, f. country, patria. praise. laus, laudis, f. crop, segesj etis, f. stone. lapis, idis, m. defend. defendo, o. storm. tempestas, atis, f. foot-soldier, pedes, itiSj m. surround, cingo, 3. give-way, cedo, 3. (with Dat.). take. sumoj 3. greatest, maximus, a, um. wish, voluntas, atis, f. judge. jiidex, icis, m. wound. vulnus, eris, n. just, Justus, a, um. mute stems of third declension. 51 Exercises. I. Translate into English: 1. Romulus urbem Romam condit. 2. Bestiae simium regem creaverunt. 3. In pace para bellum. 4. Vitate dolOsas Yoluptates. 5. Mus habebat acutos denies. 6. Puer impro- bus patris gregem pascebat. 7. Venator stirpem ex pede suo extrahit. 8. Custodes colubrum corripiunt. 9. Passer calli- dus capit culicem ; culex clamayifc : Reputa juventutem meara. 10. Avus meus fatigatus oncre et itinere deponit ligna, sene- ctutis miserias reputat, clara voce mortem inyocat. H. Translate into Latin: 1. The city liad very-large and magnificent gates. 2. Great marshes surround the city. 3. Men award i^raise to a just judge. 4. Soldiers ! defend country and liberty. 5. We give way to thy wish^v 6. The boys pelt the frogs with stones. 7. The storm was-doing-damage (noceO) to the crop. 8. The lion takes the greatest part of the booty. 9. The foot-soldiers received many wounds from (ab) the horsemen. 10. Obey the law, my (o) companions. 60. Climax. Passer callidus ceperat culicem. Culex clamabat : concede had caught mihi vitam, oro te. Reputa juventutem meam. Non ita, to-me thee eo respondet ille, devorabo te ; nam ego sum magnus, tu es par- thnt-one vus. Passerem edentem conspicit accipiter et cito unguibus eatiiiif talonsj (orripit. Tum passer clamavit. Cur me necas ? Nihil pec- Then Why me cavi. Parce. Non ita, respondet accipiter, devorabo te : nam ego sum magnus, tu es parvus. Dum accipiter passerem dilacerat, subito ex acre devolat vultur et corripit accipitrem. mangles suddenly 52 LATIIS^ PRIMER. Magne rex, clamat accipiter, mitte iram tuam et redde mihi forego llbertatem. Non ita, respondet ille, deyorabo te : nam ego sum magnus, tu es parvus. Ita loquens praedam dilaniat. speaking Repente superbo collum perforat sagitta, quam venator e pro- W'hich hard pinquo emiserat. Cur me interficis ? clamat vultur moribun- by had-shot. dus. Nunquam tibi nocui. Jure te interficio, respondet never to-thec With-right venator ; nam ego sum magnus, tu es parvus. XVII. VOWEL STEMS OF THIRD DECLENSION. 1. VOWEL STEMS IN I. (Parisyllabic Vowel Stems.) 61. Masculines and feminines form their Nom- inative in s. Some feminines change, in the Nominative, the stem vowel into e. Neuters change, in the Nominative, the stem vowel i into e. This e is generally dropped after 1 and r in neu- ters of more than two syllables. All stems in i have Genitive Plural in -ium. All neuter stems in i have the Ablative Singular in 1, and Nominative Plural in -ia. Remark.— Nominatives in -is and -es come either from -i stems or from consonant- stems. Consonant-stems with Nom. in -is and-es have one syllable more in the Genitive and are said to increase in the Genitive. Vowel-stems in -i do not increase in the Genitive. Consonant: lapis, c«/one; Genitive, lapid-is. miles, .'0^ girl master lest brother -1 >■ 3" Orabat (tliat not) | verberaret, | ? was-lx-gging J L he flog, J i5 drat is-begging Orabat was-begging puella girl 4* magistrum ut master that r poena liberetur. frater from punishment brother •, be released. ne frater i verberaretur. lest (tbat not) brother I, be flogged. 82 LATI:N" PIlIMKIl. 2. Cum, as, since, ivhen, takes tlie Imperfect and Pluper- fect Subjunctive when used of the Past, the Imperfect Subjunctive when the action is going on, the Pluperfect when it is finished. Here it is often well to translate the Imperfect Subjunctive by the English Present Participle, and the Pluperfect Subjunctive by the Eng- lish Perfect Participle. SeneK, cum The old man, as (As the old man, ho) (fatigaretur, he was getting weary, mortem I fatigatus esset, death [ he had become weary, ! invocabat. was-invoking, invocavit. invoked. (was for invoking). Vocabulary. Bias, antis, B. {prop. name), opera, worTc, endeavor. do (dare, dedi, datum), give, put. operam dare, endeavor. excidium, i. destruction. reconcilio, 1. reconcile. despair (bo in) distance (at a) gnaw, Lewis, nearly, despero, 1. procul. r5do, 3. liudov prope. rid (get rid) stand, story, tempest, toss. liberari. sto (stare, steti). fabula. tempestas, atis, f. jacto^ 1. EXEIICISES. I. Translate into English : 1. Venator sagittam emittit ut vulturem necet. 2. Vena- tor sagittas emittebat ut yulturem necaret. 3. Lupus in gre- gcm irrumpit ut oyes dilaniet. 4. Puella abigebat muscas ne parvulum fratrem cruciarent. 5, Oxo te ne simules aegrotum. 6. Vespertllio nomen mutavit ne necaretur. /7. Pater operam dat ut fllios reconciliet. 8. Bestiae postulaverunt ut simius rex crearetur. 9. In excidio urbis, cum amici Biantem philo- soplium orarent ut suas res asportaret, recusilvit. Omnia mea, inquit, mecum porto. 10. Cum omnes ranae alium regem postulavissent, Juppiter stultas ranas ridebat. SECOND CONJUGATION. 83 H. Translate into Latin : 1. The mouse was gnawing the snares in order to set the lion free. 2. The fox was standing at a distance to keej:) from being devoured [= that he might not be devoured] by the lion. 3. The foolish frogs demand that another king be given to them (sibt). 4. ^Thc old man invoked death with a loud voice to get rid of all evils. 5. As we werc-in-despair about ^ the life of our dear mother, we began-to-weep (Imperf.). G. >> As the ship was tossed by a tempest on the high seas (Sing.) ^ the sailors called on God. 7. As Lewis Avas trying to swim, J^ he was (Perf.) nearly drowned. 8. I begged the teacher to \ tell me a story. 9. AVc begged our mother to tell us a story. t^" Reading Lesson IV., p. 107. ^ 1/ XXVIII. SECOND CONJUGATION. ^^ For Active, sec 45-48 and review through 49. {)S, Notice 1. Very few verbs of the Second Conjugation ^^ follow deleo. ^ So fls-o, fl3-re, fle-vi, fle-tum, imple-6, imple-re, imple-vi, imple-tum, fill. 2. Most of them follow moneo. 3. A few form the Supine without i. So doce-o, docs-re, doc-ui, doc-tiun, teach. 4. Many of them have no Supine. So late-6, late-re, lat-ui, lie hid. 5. Many of them change to the Third Conju- gation in the Perfect and Supine. So move-5, move-re, m5v-i, m5-tum, move. 84 LATIiq^ PRIMER. 99. Second Cokjugation. PASSIVE. INDICATIVE. SUBJUNCTIVE. PllKSENT. Am destroyed. Be, may be, destroyed. Sing. — 1. dele-o-r, (mone-o-r, etc.) dele-a-r, (mone-a-r, etc.) 2. dele-ris, dele-a-ris, 3. dele-tur, dele-a-tur, Plur. -1. dele-mur, 2. dele-mini, 3. dele-ntiir. dele-a-mur, dele-a-mini, dele-a-ntur. Impeufect. Was destroyed. Were destroyed. Sing. — 1. dele-ba-r, (moii5-ba-r,etc.) dele-re-r, (mon6-re-r, etc.) 2. dele-ba-ris, dele-re-ris, 3. dele-ba-lur, dele-re-tur, Plur.- -1. dele-ba-mur, 2. dele-ba-mini, 3. dele-ba-ntur. dele-re-mur, dele-re -mini, dele-re-ntur. Future. Shall he destroyed. Sing. — 1. dele-bo-r, (moiiS-bo-r,etc.) 2. dele-be-ris, 3. dele-bi-tur, Plur.- -1. dele-bi-mur, 2. dele-bi-mini, 3, dele-bu-ntur. IMPERATIVE. First. Second. Sing.— 2. dele-re, ie thou destroy- 2. dele-tor, thou shall be destroyed. (mong-re, etc.) [ed. 3. dele-tor he shall be destroyed. Plur.— 2. dele-mini, be ye destroy- 3. dele-ntor, they shall be destroyed. (monS-minl, etc.) [ed. SECOITD CONJUQATIOK. 85 100. Second Conjugation. PASSIVE INDICATIVE. SUBJUNCTIVE. Perfect, Have 1 been destroyed, icas destroyed. Have, may have, been destroyed. SlNG.- -1. dele-t-us, -a, um, sum, dele-t-us,-a, -um, sim, (moni-t-us, etc.) (moni-t-us, etc.) 2. es, sis, 3. est. sit, ?LUR.- -1. dele-t-i, -ae, -a, sumus, dele-t-i, -ae, -a, simus. (moni-M, etc.) (moni-t-i, etc.) 2. estis, sitis, 3. simt. sint. Pluperfect. Had been destroyed. Had, might have. been destroyed. Sixo.- — 1. dele-t-us, -a, -um , eram, dele-t-us, -a, -um, essem, (moni-t-us, etc.) (moni-t-us, etc.) 2. eras, esses, 3. erat, esset, [*LUR.- -1. dele-t-i, -ae, -a, (moni-t-I, etc.) eramus, dele-t-i, -ae, -a, (moni-t-i, etc.) essemus. 2. eratis. essetis. 3. erant. essent. Future Perfect. Shall have been destroyed. Sing. — 1. dele-t-us, -a, -um, ero, (moni-t-us, etc.) Plur. 2. eris, 3. erit. ■1. dele-t-I, -ae, -a, (moni-t-I, etc.) erimus, 2. eritis, 3. erunt. INFINITIVE. Pres, dele-ri, to be destroyed, (monfi-rl) Perp. dele-t-um, -am, -um, esse, to have been destroyed, (moni-t-um.) FuT. dele-t-um, iri, to be about to be destroyed, (moni-t-um Irl.) F. Pf. dele-t-um, -am, -um, fore, (moni-t-um, etc.) PARTICIPLES. Perfect. d§le-t-us, -a, -um, destroyed, (moni-t-us, etc.) Gerundive, dele-nd-us, -a, um, [one] to be desti'oyed. (mone-nd-us.) f^-e^'^Co iX^it ^^ LATIK PRIMER. c/ /^ 101. V C A 13 U I , A R Y . ^ benignus, a, um, hind. iadutus, a, um, dressed. bonum, i, good thing. impleo, evi, etum, fill. fere, almost. levatio, onis, f. relief. gens, ntis, f. 7iation, tribe. lustratio, onis, f. review. herbosus, a, 17 m, grassy. mundus, i, Latona, Lat world. artist, artifex, icis. 5na, ae. bravely, fortiter. Lycian, Lycius, a, um. (lispletisc. dispUceo, 2. (w. Dat.) silent (be), sileo, 2. employ. adhibeo, 2. thankful (be), gratiam habeo. hold out, praebeo, 2. various, varius, a, um. Exercises. I. Translate into English : 1. Catulus callidus a benigno domino permnlcetur. 2. Miil- tls hominibus nimius labor nocuit. 3. Puer bonus parenti- bus semper parebit. 4. Omnes fere gentes Eomanis parue- runt. 5. Militum lustratio ab imperatore liabetur. G. Asinus, leonis pelle indtitus, omnes bestias terruit. ^. FuresJiYalido^ agricola tenebantur. 8. Nidus corvcTrum a_pu£ris^eletu^ est^ 9. Videte prata herbosa. 10. Pavonis imago parvulo^puero placuit. 11. Dens mundum omnibus bonis implayit. 12. Omnia remedia adliibita sunt sed nullam leratiOnem praebue- runt. "' \» ^ II. Translate into Latin : 1. The Romans emi:)lojed (Perf.) Greek artists for {ad) vari- ous works. 2. I shall be thankful to you, if you will be silent. 3. Let the magistrate warn the citizens. 4. Let the citizens be warned by the magistrate. 5. The punishment of the brave soldier displeased the army. 6. The Lycian peasants kept ^ (Perf.) the goddess Latona away from the water. The angry goddess turned ( = changed) the joeasants into frogs. 7. The boy bravely held [his] hands out for the blows. 8. peace had injured the state. Reading Le-son V., p. 168. The long 87 XXIX. SECOXD CONJUGATION— (Continued). 102, Use of the Subjunctive, Comp. 0o-96. Paradigms. 1. Si If Si If pater father pater father moneret, were admonishing', parerem, should obey, (be obedient). monuisset, paruissem. had admonished, I should have obeyed. r 2. Dominus Master Magister Teachc;r verberat Hogs servum ut praeceptis verberabat ^''^^'*^ ^^^^ ^'^^ directions floKsed pareat, he obey. pareret, he should obey, j \^ 3 5-» monet fteneant, admonishes they remember, discipulos ut praecepta < tenorent, monebat admonished Mater puer5 malum Mother to boy apple Mater Mother puero boy scholars that directions they remember, (should remem- dat gives dedit gave ne lest ber), fleat, he weep, suadet tries to persuade suadebat ^ tried to persuade ne that not . fleretj he weep (should L weep), '' fleat, he weep, fleret, he weep (should weep). [I •6 ^ af3 3. Cum urbs deleretur, As the city was destroyed. matres mothers infantes servabant. infants were preservins Cum murus urbis As wall of-city 103. had been destroyed, citizens Vocabulary. ^ spe: des paired. admone5, 2. admonish, warn, coe^l^ ITiave begun, I began. ago, 3. plead. compleo, 2. fill, adorn. appropinquo, 1. approach. egregius, a, um, excellent. attentat, a, um, nttenlive. jucundus, a, imi, amusing, charming. calculus, i, {stone) piece. Juno, onis, f . consort of Jupiter. causa, cause, case. misericordia, pit^, compassion. IS LATIN PEIMER. numero, 1. count quoque, also. parum, too-little, not. sic, so. paulisper, a little wliile. templum, i, temple. pictura, painting. trucidoj 1 butcher. praebeo, 2. lend. malum, L victoria, victory. apple, pluck-out, evell5, 3. bag, pera. question, interrogatum, i. flee, fugio, 3. silent be, taceo, 2. instruct, praecipidj 3. (w. Dat.) stick-in. inhaereo, 2. (w. DiA.) old man. senex, senis. urge, suadeo, 2. (w. Dat.) E XE RCISE S. I. Translate into English : I. Saepe oratores operam dant ut misericordiam moveant. 2. Cum leo caudam moveret, omnes mulieres clamabant. 3. Canius, cum videret centurionem appropinquantem, numeravit calculOs et oravit centurionem ut testis esset suae victoriae. 4. Demosthenes, cum jMices parum attentos videret, oravit ut paulisper sib! aures praeberent. 5. Gives ut templum Junonis egregils picturis complerent clarissimos pictores adhi- buerunt. 6. Si urbs deleta esset, omnes infantes trucidati essent. 7. Si me monuisses, periculum evitavissem. 8. Fugiunt fures ne a militibus teneantur. 9. Fugiebant pueri ne ab irato agricola tenerentur. 10. Bias, cum esset admoni- tus ut res suas asportaret, ridere coepit. II. Translate into Latin : 1. When Androclus saw a splinter sticking in the lion's paw (= foot), he tried to pluck [it] out. 2. Marcus Piso used-to-instruct (Imperf.) his (suus) servants not to answer except {nisi) to (ad) questions. 3. Listen, boys, that I may teach you (Ace.) a charming story. 4. The old man urged me not to injure my health. 5. If you were lending me [your] ears, I would not be silent. 6. If I were accustomed to ask for help, I would try to move [your] compassion, 7. When Y THIRD Di^tE^fSfCW. — RULES OF GENDER. 89 the boys had filled [their] bags with apples, they began to run [= flee], 8. If you had pleased [your] teacher, you would not have displeased [your] parents. P^ Reading Lesson VI., p. ICS. XXX.— THIRD DECLENSION.— RULES OF GENDER. 104:. Rules of Gender of the Stems in 1, n, r, and s. 1. L. Stems in 1 are masculine : sol, sun, solis. Except the neuters mel, honey, mellis ; fel, gall, fellis. 2. N, I. — Masculine are nouns in -o, Save those in -do, -go, and -io, AVith caro, flesh, but 5rdo, card5 Are masculine, with ligo, margo, Add harpago, and in -io, All real things like ptigio. Ordo, rank; cardo, hinge; ligo, (onis) mattock; margo, border; hairpsigd,{6ms)grappli7ig-hook; pngiOf dagger ; vespertilio, hat; titio, firebrand. II. — Nouns in -en (men) are neuter. Pecten, comb, is masculine. 3. R. Words in -er and or are masculine, those in ur neuter. The only feminine is arbor. Neuters are : far, nectar, marmor, Aequor, iter, acer, piper, Verber, uber, ver, cadaver, Ador, tuber, and papaver. Acer, maple; ador, spelt; aequor, sea; arbor, tree; cadaver, dead body; far, sprit; iter, journey; marmor, marble; nectar, nectar; papaver, poppy ; piper, pepper ; tuber, tumor ; uber, teat ; ver, spring ; verbera, blows. 90 LATIiq- PRIMER. 4. S. Masculine are nouns in -is (-eris) and -os, -oris. Except OS, moulh, oris, which is neuter. JSTeuter are nouns in us (-eris, 6ris) and in -tis, -uris. Except tellus, eartli, telluris, fern. lepus, hare, leporis, masc, and mus, mouse, muris, masc. lOo, Mules of Syntaoc : 1. By apposition one sub- stantive is placed by the side of another which contains it. Cicero orator, Cicero the orator. 2. The word in apposition agrees with the principal word in number and case. Ciceronis oratdris, of Cicero the orator. Cicerdni orat5ri, to Cicero the orator. Ciceronem oratorem, Cicero the orator. CicerSnes pueri, {The Ciccros the hoys) the little Ciceros. 106. Vocabulary. amoenus, a, um, pleasa?it. latus, eris, side, fla7ik. celebro, 1. celebrate. natio, onis. nation. part of Italy. objici5 (6bici5)j 3. oppose, present. conscendo, 3. mou7it. obscurus, a, um, obscure. error, oris. mistake. origo, inis. origin. evenio, 4. ensue. patro, 1. perform. ferus, a, um, savage. temere, rashly, [torious. fessus, a, um, weary. victiix, icis, (congueress) vie- funestus, a, um, fatal. vastus, a, um ^> vast. intellego, 3. perceive. amarus, a, um. ventus, i. nudus. wind. bitter. naked, a, um. dale; ^^ frigidus, a, um. neglected. neglectus, a, um. foe\i6, 1. raw. criidus, a, um. find. reperio, 4. silly. insulsus, a, um. meat, caro, carnis. sweet, dulcis. ,e. murder. jugulo, 1. unjust, injust us, a, um. RULES OF GEi^DEE. 91 Exercises. I. Translate into English •• (iVfter substituting the proper form of the adjectives iu parentheses). 1. (Multus) homines (gratus) m u r e m laudant, (pamis) liberatorem (magnus) 1 e o n i s . 2. Cervus moribundus (f unestus) e r r o r e m intellegit. 3. (Fessus) v i a t o r e s asinum in (vastus) s o 1 i t u d i n e conspiciunt. (Magnus) certamen evenit. 4. Longum iter (debilis) mllitis c o r - p u s conficiebat. 5. (Timidus) pastor arborem (altus) cOnsccndit ut (magnus) multitudinem latronum evitet. 6. Feles victrix (miser) vesp ertilionem corripit. 7. Rusticus canem fidelem (acutus) 1 i g o n e necavit. Pacniten- tia temero (patratus) f a c i n o r i s sera f uit. 8. Montes (magnus) 1 at u s ventis objiciunt. 9. Poetae cum (summus) admiratione hominum v e r (novus) celebrant. 10. (Multus) n a t i 6 n u m origo (obscurus) est. 11. (Ferus) Scytharum mores Graecis displicebant. 12. L i t u s Cam- paniae (amoenissimus) est n. Translate into Latin : 1. The silly poems of the great orator arc laughed at by all. 2. King Pyrrhus finds in the road the naked corpse of a murdered man. 3. Many tribes live on (Abl.) raw meat. 4. The flowers are very grateful to the sick girls. 5. Cold ashes defile the neglected altars of the gods. 6. The stag reviled [hisj slender legs. 7. Tlie careless boy licks the biting joepper with [his] tongue. 8. The immense size of the lion frightens the spectators. 9. The general refuses to keep the unjust treaties. 10. Honey is sweet, gall is bitter 13^ Reading Lesson VII., p. 168. ^iCt^^y^fyU f^^Ud^ 92 LATIK PRIMER. 107. JPrepositions : tive and the Accusative : XXXI. PEEPOSITIONS. 1. Prepositions take the Abla- The Ablative for luhence and ivhere, The Accusative for 'wliither', 2. These ten prepositions take the Ablative alone : a (ab), absque, cum, coram, de, e (ex), prae, pro, sine, tenus. A, ab, and abs, off, of, from, hy (op- posed to ad). Before vowels and h, ab ; before consonants, a or ab j abs, used chiefly before te, thee. Absque {off) without (antiquated). Coram, face to face with, in the 'pres- ence of. Cum, with. De, down from, from, of = about. Ex, e, out of, from (opposed to in), according to, by. Before vowels and h, ex. Before consonants, e or ex. Prae J in front of, side hy side with, for (preventive cause). Pro, before, for, in behalf of. Sine, without, opposed to cum. Tenus {to the extent of), as far as (occasionally with the Genitive). 3. These four prepositions take the Accusative and Ablative: in, sub, super, subter. ACCUSATIVE. ABLATIVE. In, in. into, for, (purpose). in. Sub, under. about (of time), about (of time) [rarely]. Super, over, over, above, about = de. over and above. over [in prose rarely]. Subter, under. under, beneath. under, beneath [rarely]. W" In and sub are often used with the Ablative after Verbs of Settin-? and Sitting. 4. All the other prcj^ositions proper take the Accusative. Notice for the present: Ad J at, to (opposed to Ab). Ante, before, facing. Apud (chiefly of persons), at, near, in the presence of, writings of, at the house of, in the mew of. Contra, opposite to, against. Inter, between, among. Per, through, by way of, owing to, by. Post, behind, after. Praeter, j9as^, except. Prope, near. Propter, on account of. Trans, across. PREPOSITIOIT^S. 93 lOS. Itule of Syntax: Time Hoio Long is expressed by per with the Accusative, or by the simple Accusative. Multos aunos (per multds aiinos), many years. Exercises. I. Translate into English : 1. Leo defectus annis recubabat in spelunca sua et aegrum simulabut. In si^ehincam intraverunt complures bestiae ut regem visitarent. Imprudcntes devoravit. Accedit etiam vulpes scd cauta ante speluncam stabat. Cur non in spelun- cam intras ? interrogavit loo magna cum comitate. Ad inter- rogatum vulpes : Est locus, inquit, ajmd Horatium : Vestigia nulla retro rsum. 2. Luscinia et acantliis ante fenestram in caveis pendebant. Prope fenestram stabat puerulus. Subito luscinia cantum jucundissimum iucipit. Puerulus : Sine dubio, inquit, acan- this tarn suaviter canit ; nam pennas liabet pulcherrimas. Sic stulti homines (Ace.) ex vestibus et forma aestimant. 3. Agricolae deam ab aqua prohibebant. Dca irata impro- bos agri colas in ranas mutavit. Scd naturam non mutfivit. Nam etiam sub aqua maledicere tentiibant. 4. Cum OS in gutturc haereret, lupus vehementer cruciaba- tur. Ad gruem cum magna contentione currit. Extralie, quaeso, inquit, os e gutturc et magnum tibi praemium dabo. Cum grus jDraemium postularet, lupus multo cum risu vitu- perfibat infelicissimam. Sic improbi bencvolos ante bcneficium colunt, post bcneficium rident. 5. Thraso per multos annos afuerat (Plupf. of ahsum). Post rcditum in jmtriam multum jactabat facinora sua. Inter alia ostendit spatii longitudinem. Nemo, inquit, in insula EhodO praeter me tantum spatium superavit. Facti omnes Rliodios testes habeo. tjnus do circulo : Ecus tii. Si vera narras, non desideramus RhodiOs testes. Hie Rhodus, hie salta. 94 LATIK PRIMER. II. Translate into Latin : A. 1. The mother was lying in bed. The son liyed witli [= at the house of] his (suus) mother. The wolf comes to the door and knocks. The son answers through the crack of the door. I have waited a long time, said the wolf. "Wait until {usque ad) doomsday (dies supranus), answers the son. 2. The mas- ter flogs [his] slave on account of laziness. The slave filches food on account of hunger. 3. In India sages spend-their- Uycs {aetciteni ago, 3.) naked and endure {perfero, 3.) snows (nix, nivis) without j)ain. If they are burned (aduro, d.), they bear [it] without a groan (gemitus, tis). B. 1. Darius escapes from Scythia with a small part of [his] army. 2. While the dog is trying to kill tlie snake he turns the cradle over on (super) the baby. 3. The birds are flying through the air. 4. We are in despair about the arrival of our mother. 5. I have not killed a frog for (per) many years. 6. If you run [= shall run] across the sea, you will not change yourself (a)iimus), 7. The sisters lived one year at their brother's house. !^° Reading Lesson VIII., p. 169. XXXII. THIRD DECLENSION.— THIRD CONJUGA- TION— (Reviewed). ^^ For the Active, see 53-56. GENDER or I STEMS. 109, Mule of Gender : Of stems in i, Nominative in -is, some are masculine, some feminine. Masculine are : Amnis, axis, callis, crinis, Postis, scrobis, buris, collis, liver axle footpath hair doorpost ditch ploughtail hill Cassis, caulis, fascis, finis, Sentis, torquis atque follis, pi. toils stalk fagot end bramble necklace bellows Funis, fustis, ignis, ensis, Torris, unguis, et annalis, rope cudgel fire glaive firebrand nail pi. annals Orbis, panis, piscis, mensis, Vectis vermis et canalis. circle bread fish month lever worm and canal GENDER OF THIRD DECLENSION. 95 110, Mule of Syntax : To have may be expressed by habere with the Accusative of the Thing, or esse, with the Dative of the Person. amicum habeo, / have a friend. est mihi amicus, there is to me a friend. Exercises. I. Translate into Engrlish : A. 1. Homo importuniis a viro nobili postiilavit ut dece- deret, dicens : Fatuo mmquani decedam. At ego semper, respondet alter. 2. Pueri operam dant ut miserum senem nive (Nom. nix) contegant. 3. Edere debemus ut vivamus, non vivere ut edamus. 4. Saepe (paucissimus) pisces in (magnus) amne reperies. 5. Virgo pulcherrima (aureus) crines in nodum colligebat. G. Vultur crudelissimus pas- serem miserrimum ungui (acutus) corripit. 7. Apudvlclnum panis est pulcherrimus. 8. Imperator castra in (humilis, Superl.) colle ponebat. B. 1. Si pater sineret, juvenis totum diem luderet latruncu- lis. 2. Si leo accederet, omnes homines fiigcrent. 3. Stu- pidus homo, cum undis suffocaretur, clamabat : Si servatus ero, aquam non attingam priusquam frater me natare docuerit. 4. Frustra DiogenI suadent amici ut f ugitlvum servum requi- rat. Sapiens inutilem comitem nunquam requiret. 5. Erus servum molestum (durissimus) fuste mulcabat. 6. Senex Morti dicit : Tolle mihi in umeros fascem (gravissimus). 7. Nautae (longus) funem in (rapidus) amnem de alto ponte demittunt. H. Translate into Latin : 1. Tlie master flogs [his] slave to make him do [= that he may do] his (situs) work. 2. The boy kept {aid, 3.) a dog to bark at the passers-by {viator). 3. As Diogenes was urging [his] friends to leave his {suus) body unburied, [his] friends asked {peto), that the body of [their] dear friend {homo ami- cissimus) might not be mangled by wild beasts. Then quoth 96 LATIN PRIMER. he : Put a stick {hacillum) close by (pro2)ter) me that I may drive off the wild beasts. G. If the belly {venler, tris) had language it would abuse [its] master on account of [his] cru- elty (crftdelitcls). 7. As the wolf was fleeing from the hunter, he begged the cowherd {huhulcus, l,) not to betray an unfor- tunate [creature]. Reading Lesson IX., p, 170. XXXIII. THIED CONJUGATION.— FORMATION OF PERFECT. Ill, 1. There are tivo I*erfects in the Active of the Third Conjugation, one in -1 and one in -si. 2. The form of the Perfect depends on the length of the Verb-stem. ^P~ When the Verb-stem is not the same as the Present stem, it will be indicated by- small capitals thus : tang-5, tag ; tang- being the Present stem, tag the Verb- stem. 3. When the Verb-stem is sJiort, the Perfect ends in i, as : em-o, I buy. em-i, / have bought. capi-6 (cap), I take. cep-i, / have taken. j^" The vowel changes are best learned at first by observation. 4. When the Verb-stem is long, the Perfect ends in si, as : rep-6, 1 creep. rep-si, 1 have crept. ^W But stems in -nd have the Perfect in -i. ascend-S. / mount, ascend-i. 5. Some verbs have a reduplicated Perfect. By Redupli- cation is meant the repetition of the first consonant of the stem with a vowel, as : cad-5, I fall. cecid-i, I have fallen. All these have the Perfec^t in -i. 6. Stems of the Third Conjugation, like those of the THIRD CONJUGATION. — PERFECT. 97 Third Declension (SO), are divided according to their last letter into : A. Mute stems : p and b being P-mutes. c and g K-mutes. t and d T-muies. B. Liquid stems : 1, m, n, r being liquids. C. Sibilant stems : s being a sibilant. D. U-stems. 7. Laws of Euphony {Easy sound): Notice that 1. b before s becomes p, scrib-o, I write, scrip-sL 2. c ^ dic-6, I say, dixi. g >• with s becomes x, jung-6j J join, junxi. qu ) coqu-6, / work. coxi. 3. t \ mitt-6j I send, mi-si. and \ before s are dropped, d ) cIaud-6, I shut, clau-si, or becomes with s, ss, ced-o, I give atvay, ces-si. LIST OF VERBS. 112» I. Stems in a P-muto. 1. With a short stem-syllable. capio, cap-ere, cep-i, cap-turn, to take, catch, accipio, accip-ere, accep-i, accep-tura, to receive. rumpO (RUP), ramp-ere, riip-i, rup-tum, to break, burst. 2. With a lo7ig stem-syllable. rCpo, rep-ere, rep-si, rep-tum, creep. carpf), carp-ere, carp-si, carp-tum, to pluck. discerpf), disccrp-f^re, discerp-si, discerp-inm, pluck to pieces. scrlbo, scrib-ere, scrip-si, scrip-tum, to write. Exercises. I. Translate into Engrlish : 1. Passer callidus ceperat culicem. Culex clamahat : concede mihi vitam, oro te. Friistra precibns giittnr r u p e r ! s , respondct passer. Dum passer culicem devorat, f eles a r r e p - 5 98 LATIIT PRIMER. sit efc passerem iinguibus discerpsit. 2. Piicr mendax, cum lupum re vera appropinquantem videret, clamabat, lacri- mtibat, ejulabat. Sed rustic! : Si nos tertium, inquiuut, d e - c e p c r ! s , nostra erit culpa {fault). II. Translate into Liatin : 1. The snake is creeping up [arrepo) to catch the bird. The .snake crept up to catch the bird. 2. We are breaking {rumpo) the bridge that the enemy may not destroy the city. We broke the bridge that the enemy might not destroy the city. 3. We have written (Inscr'tbo) our names on {in, w, Abl.) our books. II. Stems in a ^-mute. 1. With a sliort stem-syllable. leg-ere, l5g-I, lec-tum, to read, colHg-ere, collGg-I, collec-tum, to gather. ag-ere, cg-I, reclig-ere, red5g-I, cog-ere, eo5g-i, fug-I, f5c-I, perfec-i, 113. lego, coUigo, ago, redigo, cogo (CO + ago), fugio, facio, perficio fug-ere, fac-ere, perfic-ere, [lead. ac-tiim, to do, act, drive, redac-tum to bring back, re- coac-tum, to compel. [duce. f ug-i-tum, to flee, to make, to achieve, finish. interficid, patefacio, jacio, injicio, (Inicid) vinco (VTC), frango (frag), relinquo (liqv), dico, ducd, confllgo, jungo, cingo, fac-tum, perfec turn, interf ec-i, interfec- to make away with, turn, kill. patefac-ere, patefec-i, patefac- to disclose, reveal. turn, jec-I, injec-I vic-l, freg-I, rellqu-I, 2. With a long stem-syllaUe. dic-ere, dixl, dic-tum, to say. diic-ere, duxl, duc-tum, to lead. [clash, confllg-ere, cdnflixi, conflic-tum, to strike together, fig-ere, fixT, fixiim, to fix, fasten. jung-ere, junxi, junc-tum, to join. cing-ere, cinxi, cinc-tum, to gird, surround. interfic-ere, jac-ere, injic-ere, vinc-ere, frang-ere, relinqu-ere, jac-tum, to throw. injec-tum, to throw in. vic-tum, to conquer, frac-tum, to break. relic-tum, to leave. K-MUTE VERB-STEMS. 99 tingo (tinguo), ting-ere, tinxi, exstinguo, pingO, stringo, mergo, flee to, nectO, trahu, vivo (viav), rego, (llrigd, surgo, tegd, cofiuO, conspicid, dlligo, intellegd, neglcgd, exstingu-ere, exstinxT, ping-ere, pinxl, pic-tum, string-ere, strinxl, stric-tuin merg-ere, mer-sl (mer[g]si), mer-sum, flect-ere, flex! (flec[t]si), flexuin, nect-ere, ncxi (nec[t]si), nexum, (nexul), tinc-tum, to dip, dye. exstinc-tum, to extinguish. to paint. draw tight. to plunge. to bend. to knot, tie. trah-ere, viv-ere, regere, dlrig-ere, surg-ere, leg-ere, coqu-ere, cdnspic-cre, dilig-ere, intelleg-ere, negleg-ere, 3. Aspirate stems. traxT, trac-tura, vixl, vic-tum, Exceptions. rec-tum, dlrec-tum, surrec-tum, tec-tura, coc-tum, cdnspec-tum, dllec turn, intellec-tura, neglec-tum, rexl, direxi, surrexl, texi, coxT, cdnspexl, dllexl, intellexl, neglexT, to drag, to live. to keep right, to direct, to rise, to cover, to cook, to behold, to love. to understand, to neglect. Exercises. I. Translate into English : 1. Vacca, ovis, capella societatem fecerant cum leonc. Paulo post cepurunt cervum permagnum. Leo statim quattuor partes fecit. Omnes postulavit. 2. Rusticus flliis singulas virgulas praebuit ut frangerent. Facile f r e g e - runt. Mox virgulas in fasciculum constrinxit. Cum fa- sciculum constrinxisset, a flliis postulavit ut frangerent. Nihil profecerunt. 3. In conventu bestiarum simius cunctis prope suffragiis creatus est rex. Vulpes, cum vanum novi regis ingenium perspiceret, dixit simio : Pater meus thesaurum in solitudine celavit. Jure rCgni ad te pertinet. Simius vulpem monuit ut statim ad thesaurum duceret. Vulpes simium non ad thesaurum sed adlaqueos sub fruticibus absconditos d u xi t . 100 LATIjq^ PRIMER. II. Translate into Latin : 1. You (PI.) gathered sticks [logs] to make a fagot. 2. If you shall have been silent (.nleo), you will have done (ago) well. 3. Diogenes, the philosoi^her, threw away (abjicio) [his] drinking-cup. 4. The sailors drew-up (suhdilco) [their] ships on dry-land {in dridum) that they might be safe. 5. If you have conquered (vinco) [your] temper {animus), you have conquered a fierce (Superl. of deer) enemy. 6. Even {etiam) if you plunge [= shall have plunged yourselves] into the water, you (o) saucy (Superl.) frogs, my arrows will de- stroy {interimo) you. 7. The master detected {detego) the fraud {fraus, fraudis, f . ) of the ass. 114. 1. edo, fodio, defendo, ascendo, reprehendd, comprehendo, ludd, rodo, claudo, excludo, invado, mitto, dimittd, permitto, cedo, divido, percutiQ, cdnsido, verto, III. Stems in a T-mnte. With a short stem-syllable and nd stems, ed-ere, ed-i, e-sum, to eat. fod-ere, fod-i, fos-sura, to dig. defend-ere, defend-i, dcfen-sum, to defend. ascend-ere, ascend-i, ascen-sum, to mount. reprehend-ere, reprehend-I, repreh5n-sum,^(? chide. comprehend-ere,comprehend-i, comprehcn- to catch hold sum, of, arrest. 2. With a long stem-syllable. Itid-ere, rod-ere, claud-ere, excltid-ere, invfid-ere, mitt-ere, dimitt-ere, permitt-ere, ced-ere, divid-ere, percut-ere, consid-ere, vert-ere, Iti-si, ro-si, claii-si, exclu-sl, invil-si, ral-si, diml-si, perml-sl, ces-si, EXCEPTIOKS. divi-si, percus-si, cdnsed-i, vert-i, Iti-sum, to play. ro-sum, to gnaw. clau-sum, to shut. exclti-sum, to shut out. invii-sum, to invade. mis-sura, to send. dimis-sum, to dismiss. permis-sum,^mixii, be ye bought. 3. em-u-ntor, they shall be bought, 5* 106 latij^ primer. 117 • Third Conjugation. PASSIVE OP Emo. INDICATIVE. SUBJUNCTIVE. Pekfect. Have been, was houglit. Have, may have, been bought. Smo. — 1. em(p)-t-us^ -a, -um, sum, em(p)-t-us, -a, -um, sim, 2. es, sis, 3. est, sit, Plur. — 1. em(p)-t-i, ae, -a, sumus, ein(p)-t-i, -ae, -a, simus, 2. estis, sitis, 3. sunt. sint. Plupekfect. Had been bought. Had, might have, been bought. Sing. — 1. em(p)-t-us, -a, -um, eram^ em(p)-t-us, -a, -um, essem, 2. eras, esses, 3. erat, esset, Plub. — 1. em(p)-t-i, -ae, -a, eramus, em(p)-t-i, -ae, -a, essemus, 2. eratis, essetis, 3. erant, assent. Future Perfect. Shall have been bought. Sing, — 1. em(p)-t-us, -a, -um, er5, 2. eris, 3. erit, Plur. — 1. em(p)-t-i, -ae, -a, erimus, 2. eritis, 3. erunt. INFINITIVE. Pres. em-i, to be bought. Perf. em(p)-t-um, -am, -um, esse, to have been bought. FuT. em(p)-t-um Iri, to be about to be bought. F. P. em(p)-t-um, -am, -um, fore. PARTICIPLES. Perfect. em(p)-t-us, -a, -um, bought. Gerundive, em-e-nd-us, -a, -um, to he bought. THIRD CONJUGATION — PASSIVE. 107 118. INDICATIVE. Am taken. Sing.— 1. capi-o-r, 2. cap-e-ris, 3. cap-i-tur, Plur. — 1. cap-i-mur, 2. cap-i-mini, 3. capi-u-ntur. Was taken. Sixo. — 1. capi-e-ba-r, 2. capi-e-ba-ris, 3, capi-e-ba-tur, Plur. — 1. capi-e-ba-mur, 2. capi-e-ba-mini, 3. capi-e-ba-ntur. Sliall he taken. Sixo. — 1. capi-a-r, 2. capi-e-riSj 3. capi-e-tur, Plur. — 1, capi-e-mur, 2. capi-e-mini, 3. capi-e-ntur. Third Conjugation. PASSIVE OF Capio. SUBJUNCTIVE. Pbesent. Imperfect. Be, may be, taken. capi-a-r, capi-a-ris, capi-a-tur, capi-a-mur, capi-a-mini, capi-a-ntur. Were, might be, taken. cap-e-re-r, cap-e-re-ris, cap-e-re-tur, cap-e-re-mur, cap-e-re-mini, cap-e-re-ntur. Future. IMPERATIVE. Second. be thou taken. 2. cap-i-tor, thou shalt be taken, 3. cap-i-tor, he shall be taken. Plur. — 2. cap-i-mini, be ye taken. 3. capi-u-ntor, they shall be taken. First. SiNO.— 2. cap-e-re. INFINITIVE. Pres. cap-i. Perf. cap-t-um esse. FuT. cap-t-um iri. F. P. cap-t-um fore. PARTICIPLES. Perfect, cap-t-us. Gerundive, capi-e-nd-us. 108 LATIK PRIMEK. 119 » Utiles of Syntax : 1. In Latin Passives are used impersonally far more freely than in English. The English sign of the Impersonal is It. Curritur (It is run), there is a running, people are running. Consurgitur {It is uprisen), up they rise. 2. Verbs that take the Dative alone cannot be turned into the Passive except impersonally, as above. The Dative remains unchanged. The same rule applies to the Genitive and Ablative. Probus nemini invidet, A man of worth feels envy to {envies) nobody. A probo nemini invidetiir {To no one envy is felt hy a man of worth), nobody is envied by a man of worth. Exercises. I. Translate into English : 1. A passore capitur culex. Culex clamabat : Concede mihi vitam. Respondit passer : Vita non concedetur. Dum culex interficitur, passer ab accipitre corripitur. Parce mihi, orabat. Cur tu non pepercisfci culici ? respondit accipiter. Nee tibi parce fcur. 2. Dea agricolas in ranas mutavit. Tamen conviciis non dcsistitur. 3. Mures aliquando consultfibant : Quomodo, inquiunt, a dolls inimicissimae fells defendemur ? Multa proponebantur a singulis sed nihil placebat. Postremo unus proposuit ut tintinnabulum fell annecteretur. Consur- gitur. Ad oratorem concurritur. Jam tu, inquiunt, annecte tintinnabulum. Ab alio, respondit, consilium dari solet, ab alio opera sumi. 4. Inter Zeuxin et Parrhasium, pictores clfirissimos, certamen artis institutum erat. Zeuxis uvas pinxit. Aves deceptae advolaverunt. A Parrhasio linteum pictum propositum est. Zeuxis deceptus linteum tolli Jubet ut pictura ostenderetur. Cum errorem intellexisset : Victus sum, inquit. A me aves deceptae sunt, a te artifex. CHANGE OF CONJUGATION. 109 H. Translate into Latin : 1. The old man worn-out by the miseries of old age and poverty, invoked Death that all the evils of life might be taken away. 2. The bat seized by the cat begs that life be granted him (sibt). 3. Juno strove {contenddy 3.) that Her- cules should be excluded from the throne. 4. When the vir- gin was brought u^ to the altar, the Greeks shouted : Let the virgin be spared. 5. We should forgive, if we were more readily forgiven. 6. Would that books had not been written ! JKJ- Reading Lesson XII. 171. XXXVI. CHANGE OF CONJUGATION. 120, Many verbs change their conjugation when they reach the Perfect and Supine. I. veto. vet.T-re, vet-ul (II.) veti-tum, to forbid. II. video, vidc-re, vid-l (III.) vl-sura, to see. respondeo , responde-re , respond-i, respon-sura, to answer. sedeo, sedG-re, S5d-i, ses-sum, to sit. peiideO, pendc-re, pepend-I, to hang. rldeo, ridc-re, rl-sT, rl-sum, to laugh. suudcO, suudtl-re, SUjT-SI, sua-sum, to advise, moveo, movt"-re, mov-i, mu-tuin, to move. voveo, vove-re, VoV-I, vo-tiun, to vow. caveo, cav("-re, ciiv-I, cau-tum, ' to beware, [vance. aiigeo, augC-re, auxi, auc-tura, to increase, ad- maneO, manC-re, mfin-sl, mrin-sum, to remain. haereo, haer-Cre, hae-si, hae-sura, to stick {fast). jubeo, jubG-re, jus-sl, jus-sum, to order, bid. III. alG, al-ere, al-ul (II.) al-tum, to nourish, foster. cole, col-ere, col-uT, cul-tum, to cultivate,honor. rapio, rap-ere, rap-ui, rap-tura, to carry off. corripio , corrip-ere !, eorrip-ul , correp-tum, to seize. fremu, frem-cre, frcm-uT, frerat-tura, to roar, growl. recurabo, recumb-ere, recub-ui, recubY-tum, to recline. petO, pet-ere, petl-vl (IV.) peti-tum, to seek. cupio, cup-ere, cupl-vl, cupl-tura, to desire. quaero, quaer-ere, quaesl-vi, quaesl-tuiii, to seek. requiro, requlr-ere 1, requlsi-vi :, requisl-tum, 1 ** *' 110 LATIK PRIMER. IV. venio, venl-re, ven-i (III ) ven-tum, to come. invenio. , invenl-re , invCn-I, inven-ium, to find. sentio, sentl-re, s5ii-sl, sen-sum, to feel, perceive. vincio, vincl-re, vinxl, vinc-tum, t'j hnd. haurio, haurl-re, hau-si, haus-tum, to draw, drain. reperio, reperl-re, repper-I, reper-tum, to find. aperio, aperl-re, aper-ui (II.) aper-tum (III.) to open. insilio, insill-re, insil-ul, Insul-tum, to leap on. sepelio, sepell-re. sepell-vi, sepul-tum(III.) Ex ERC I SES. to hury. I. Translate into Eng-lish : I. In cornu tauri cum parva sedisset musca, bekia forte caput movit. Turn musca : Ignosce, inquit. Si scissem (=scivissem) te debilem esse, cfivissem nee insiluissem. Taurus risit. Ub! es ? respondit. Nihil sensi. 2. Leo magnus in silvam venerat ut dormiret. Dum dormit, mtisculus nasum tetigit. Subito leo murem corripuit. Mus a leone petlvit ut sibi (Dat. of sul) ignosceret. Tandem leoni persuasit utdimit- teret. Paulo post leo fremuit. Oito accurrit mus, leonem laqueis implicatum {entangled) repperit, nodos rosit, leonem llberavit. 3. Rusticus, cum discordiam inter filios esse vldis- set, jussit virgulus apportari. Singulas frangere jussi, nullo negotio fregerunt. Cum yinxissent, iterum frangere jussi, nihil profecerunt. II. Translate into Latin : 1. I have often heard you say [= saying] : If you advance (Fut. Perf.) the state, you will advance (Fut. Perf.) all the citizens. 2. Alexander sought the empire {imperium) of the whole-world. 3. The teacher persuaded the mother to send [her] son to school. 4. A bone had stuck-fast in the wolf's throat. He asked {peto a) the crane again to {ut) free him {se) from the pain and danger. The crane laughed at the lying wolf. 5. The ancient nations worshipped {cold) many gods. 6. The Greeks moved [their] fleet up to {ad) the walls of the city. FOURTH CONJUGATION — PASSIVE. Ill XXXVII. FOURTH CONJUGATION. 1^" For the Active, sec 81-83. 121. INDICATIVE. Am heard. Sing. — 1. auii-o-r, 2. audi-ris, 3. audi-tur, Plur. — 1. audi-mur, 2. audi-mini, 3. audi-u-ntur. Was heard. Sing. — 1. audi-e-ba-r, 2. audi-e-ba-ris, 3. audi-e-ba-tur, Plur. — 1 . audi-e-ba-mur, 2. audi-e-ba-mini, 3. audi-e-ba-ntur. PASSIVE. SUBJUNCTIVE. PilESENT, Be^ may he, heard. audi-a-r, audi-a-ris, audi-a-tur, audi-a-mur, audi-a-mini, audi-a-ntur. iMPEIirECT. Were, might be, heard. audi-re-r, audi-re-ris, audi-re-tur, audi-re-mur, audi -re -mini, audi-re-ntur. Future. Shall he heard. Sing. — 1, audi-a-r, 2. audi-e-ris, 3. audi-e-tur, Plur. — 1. audi-e-mur, 2. audi-e-mini, 3. audi-e-ntur. First. IMPERATIVE. Sing. — 2. audi-re, he thon heard. 2. audi-tor, 3. audi-tor, Second. thou shall he heard, he shall he heard. Plur. — 2. audi-minI, he ye heard. 3. audi-u-ntor, they shall he heard. 112 LATIK PRIMER. Fourth Coi^'juGATioi^". 122. PASSIVE. INDICATIVE. SUBJUNCTIVE. Peufect. Have hean heard, ivas heard. Have, may hace, been heard, SiNG.^1. audi-t-us, -a, -um, sum, audi-t-us, -a, -um, sim, 2. es, sis, 3. est, sit, :.— 1. audi-t-i, -ae, -a, sumus, audi-t-i, -ae, -a. simuSj 2. estis, siUs, 3. sunt. sint. Plupeufect. Had been heard. Had, might have, been heard. Sing. — 1. audi-t-us, -a, -um, eram, audi-t-us, -a, -um, essem, 2. eras, esses, 3. erat, esset, Plur. — 1, audi-t-i, -ae, -a, eramus, audi-t-i, -ae, -a, essemus, 2, eratis, essetis, 3. erant. essent. FuTuiiE Peufect. Shall have been heard. Sing, — 1. audi-t-us, -a, -um, er5, 2. eris, 3. erit, Plur. — 1. audi-t-i, -ae, -a, erimus, 2. eritis, 3. erunt. INFINITIVE. Pbesent. audi-ri, to be heard. Perfect, audi-t-um, -am, -um, esse, to have been heard. Future, audi-t-um iri, to be about to he heard. F. P. audi-t-um, -am, -um, fore. PARTICIPLES. Perfect. audi-t-us, -a, -um, heard. Gerundive, audi-e-nd-us, -a^ -um, \pnc?^ to be heard. PRONOUNS. 113 Exercises. I. Translate into English : I. In murium concilio (Neut. council) unus dixit : Si mihi oboedietis, jam nou {no longer) fell servietis. Tintinnabulum inimicissimae bestiae annectitote. Turn statim audiemus cum veniet facileque effugiemus. Respondit maximus iiatu mu- rium: Ubi inveniemus mancipem ? {-CQ\)^,Q\\m,contr(iclor.) 2. Rusticus canem rellquit ufc flliolum custodirct. 3. Fugi- tivus asimis invenit in silvfi peilem Iconis. Pelle indutus diu per agros saeviit. At erus, simul atque rudcntem audlvit, asini Yocem cognovit. 4. Cervus, ramosis cornibus impcditus, a canibus capitur. 5. Cum dolus repetltus cssct, rustici rccusfivcrunt mcndaci puero subvenTre. 6. Agaso juvcncm Yctuit sub asino considere. 7. Demosthenes revocfitus a judicibus et jussus rcliquam fabulam enarrarc : Quid ? inquit, de asini umbra deslderatis audire, causam capitfdem (nf life and death) non audietis ? 8. Captlvl Grant ut inopiac sub- Ycniatur. 9. Captivl orfibant ut inopiae subveniretur. II. Translate into Latin : 1. In battle {acies, el) wounds will not be felt by brave men. 2. While (dum) fighting is going on (Pass, oipufjno), wounds are not felt. 3. When the beasts heard the voice of the ass, they all fled. 4. In the holidays {per ferids) there was much playing, much sleeping (Pass.). 5. The countryman said : My baby will be carefully guarded by the faithful dog. G. So- cnites, the wisest of the (J reeks, vowed a cock to Aesculapius (Gen. i). %W Reuiliiig Lesson XIII., p 171. XXXVIII. PRONOUNS. REFLEXIVE AND DETERMINATIVE. 123, The Beflexive Pronomi of the third per- son is sul, s6, sibi, with the possessive suus, a, um. The Ee- 114 LATIN PRIMER. flexive is used when reference is made to the subject of the sentence. In English we often translate by a simple him, her, them, his, their. SUBSTANTIVE. POSSESSIVE. Singular. N. G. sui, of him, her, it{self), suus, -aj -xmij his, her(s), its J), sibij to, for, him[selj), her(self), (own). Ace, S3 (se33), him{self), her(self), Abl. S3 (ses3)j from, with, himiself). Plural. N. G. sui, of them{selves), suus, -a, -um, their (own) D. sibi, to, for them{selves), theirs. Ace. se (sese), them{selves), Abl. se (sese), from, tcith, hy them[selvcs). Cervus sui admiratione fallitur. The stag is cheated by SEhF-admira- tion. Uterque viator s i b i asinum vin- E:ich of the two travellers claims the dicat, ass for himself. Viator humi s e prSsternit, The traveller throws himself flat on the ground. Bias omnia sua secum porta- Bias used to carry all his property bat, with HIM (about him), Cervus errorem s u um intellexit, The stag perceived His mistake. Viator se mortuum esse simulat. The traveller feig?is (himself) to be dead. So also when in any part of the sentence the spsaker is meant. Vespertilio orat felem ut s i b i parcat. Bat begs cat to spare him (i. e. the bat). The bat said : Parpe mihi, Spare me. 124. The Determinative ~Pronouns are : 1.) is, ea, id, 2.) Idem, 3.) ipse. 1.) Is, ea, id, etc., is used for the ordinary he, she, it, they. It is also employed with more stress in connection with the Relative. 2.) Idem corresponds to the English same. 3.) Ipse is the emphatic self of contrast. PRONOUKS. 115 Singular. K is, ea, G. ejus, D. ei, Aoc. eum, earn, Abl. eo, ea, Singular. N. idem, eadem, G. ejuadeni; D. cidem, Determinative Pronouns. 1. is, he, that, etc id, Plural. id, eo. idem. ei, or 11, eae, ea, eOrum, earum, eorum, eis, or iis, eOs, eas, ea, eis, or iis. idem, the same. Plural. eidem^ or iidem, eaedem, eadem, eorundem, earundem, eorundem, eisdem, or iisdem^ Ace. eundem, eandem, idem, e5sdem, easdem, eadem, Abl. e5dem, eadem, eodem. eisdem, or iisdem. 3. ipse, he, self. Singular. Plural. N. ipse, ipsa, ipsum, ipsi, ipsae, ipsa, G. ipsius, ip35rum, ipsarum, ipsorum, D. ipsi, ipsis, Ace. ipsum, ipsam, ipsum, ipsOs, ipsas, ipsa, Abl. ipso, ipsa, ips5. ipsis. Exercises. I. Translate into English. : 1. Asinus aegrOtus so condiderat : filius eum diligontcr cu- rabat. 2. Sencx Mortem invocavitut se omnibus mails llbera- ret. Cum Mortem ad sO ai)propinquantem vidOret, earn rogfivit ut fascem in suos umeros tolleret. 3. Diogenus Cynicus ubique sC'Cum ferre (Inf. of fero) solobat puculum ligneum. Eo poculo aquam sibi e fonte liauriebat. Sed cum aliquando vidOret puerum manibus aquam haurientem, id abjOcit. Manus, inquit, idem mihi officium praestabunt. 4. Cum unicus Diogenis servus aufugisset, suadGbant omnes domino ut eum requlreret. At Diogenes : Non faciam. 5. Triennium Androclus et leo in eodem specu vixOnmt. 6. Phylax, cum Neronem fugavisset, praedam quaerObat. At aberat os. Canis prudentior id surripuerat, dum pugnabant. 116 LATIK PRIMER. II. Translate into Latin : 1. The braggart is always proclaiming his own praises. 2. The gnat begs the sparrow to grant him life. The sparrow refuses to grant him life. 3. The stag perceives his error [but] too late. We ought to avoid his error. 4. The ass said to himself [ = with himself] : I have cheated my master. The master said to him : I know (nov't) you, my tine fellow (nil asine), 5. The horse conquered the stag by aid of the man. But now {jam) he himself is forced to be a slave to the man. C. The city itself is small {exiguus), but it has very large and magnificent gates. XXXIX. PEONOUNS— (Continued). DEMONSTRATIVE. 123, The Deinoiistrative JPronouns are : 1.) hic, 2.) iste, 3.) iUe. 1.) Hie is used of that which is nearer the speaker (Demonstrative of the First Person) and often forms a contrast to ille. 2.) Iste refei*s to that which belongs more peculiarly to the Second Person (Demonstrative of the Second Person). 3.) Ille denotes that which is more remote from the speaker (Demon- strative of the Third Person). It is often equivalent to the famous. Demonstrative Pronouns. 1. hic, this {of mine). Sing. K hic, haec, hoc, Pl. N. hi. hae, haec, G. hujus, h5rum, harum. h5riiin. D. huic, his, Ace. hunc, hanc, hoc, hos, has, haec, Abl. hoc, hac, h5c. his. PROKOUNS. 117 2. iste, that (of yours). Seng, — N. iste, ista, istud^ Pl. N. isti, istae, ista, G. istius, istorum, istarum, istorum, D. isti, istis, Ace. istum, istam, istud, istos, istas, ista, Abl. isto, ista, isto. istis. 8. ille, tJiai (yonder). Sing.— N. iUe, iUa, iUud, Pl. N. iUi, iUae, ilia, G. illius, illorum, illarum, illorum, D. illi, illis, Ace. illiun, illam, illud, illos, illas, ilia, Abl. illo, ilia, illo. illis. Exercises. I. Translate into English: 1. Secum dixit asinus de catulo : Ille inutllis, ego maxima semper commoda domino comparavl. Illi omnia, mihi nihil donatur. At ille callidus est adulator ; a me dominiis nun- quam blanditias accepit. Etiam ego amabor, si idem faciam. Forte hoc tempore dominus intrat in stabulum. Illud cum vidisset asinus, accurrit, pedes in ejus umeris ponit, faciem ejus lata sua lingua lambere incipit. Exterritus dominus vocat f amnios suos ut eum verberent. Mulcatus asinus stul- titiam suam deploravit. 3. Deus fluvii probo fabro tres de- derat secures. Rem cum vicinus audivisset, ad eundem fluvium cum securi festinat. Sua sponte fecit {managed) ut securis in aquam decideret. Apparet deus. fiheu, inquit ille, secu- rim meam perdidi. Apportavit deus tres seciires, auream, argenteam, ferream. Elige ipse tuam, inquit. Tum ille : Ilaec, inquit, mea est, et auream arripefe tentat. Sed jam deus omnes in fluvium rejicit. 3. Nihil isto modo perficies. U. Translate into Latin : 1. The frogs having {cuTrty see 96 ^ 2.) demanded another 118 LATIN PRIMEK. king, Jupiter sent a stork. She in one day killed a great number of them. The frogs begged the god to be freed from this calamity {calamitds, citis). 2. The traveller said to him- self : This beast will not touch corpses. 3. Harpalus, in those times, was considered {hahed, 2. ) a lucky (fellx) robber. 4. That friend of yours lias stolen (surripid, 3.) my book. 5. I have conceived {concipid, 3.) a great suspicion concerning {de w. Abl.) that soldier. 6. I shall always remember [=be mindful of, memor'] that friend. fon XIV., p. 172, Headingl^K): XL. PR0N0U:N^S— (Oontii^ued). RELATIVE. 126. The Helative Pronoun is qui, quae, quod, who, ivhich, ithat). Eelative Pronouks. qui, who. Sing, — N. qui, quae^ quod, Pl. N. qui, quae, quae, G. cujus, quorum, quarum, quorum, D. cui, quibus, Ace. quern, quam, quod, quos, quas, quae, Abl. quo, qua, quo. quibus. 127. Rule of Syntax : The Eelative agrees with its Antecedent in Gender, Number, and Person. The word to which the Relative refers is called the Antecedent {that which goes hefore), because it always comes first in mind, if not in word. The common pronoun of the antecedent (correlative) is is, ea, id. It is often to be supplied. Qui = is qui. Who — He who. The Latin language uses the Relative much oftener than does the English. RELATIVE PRONOUNS. 119 Mu s , qui fremitum audiverat, accurrit, The mousey who had heard the roar, ran vp. Peram, quae nostris vitiis repleta est, post tergum nobis dedit deus, The wallet, which is filled with our faults, God has put behind our hacks. Cornua, quae me perdiderunt, laudavi, The horns, which have ruiiied me, I praised. Cur m e interficis, qui tibi nunquam n o c u i ? Why do you kill me, who have never done you any harm ? (Eum) quern amo, amo, (Ilim) whom Hike, Hike. Exercises. I. Translate into English: I. Tiberius Gracchus fllios reliquit Tiberium et Gajum, tribunos illos clarissimos, qui summa diligentia a matre docti sunt. 2. Pyrrhus rex in itinere incidit in canem qui inter- fectl hominis corpus custOdiebat. Quern canem deduci jussit. 3. Pelopis progenies, quae per multos annos r6gnum obtinue- rat, ab Herculis progenie expulsa est. Eodem fere tempore Athenae sub regibus esse desierunt (Perf. of desifio) quorum ultimus fuit Codrus. 4. Hesperides hortum habuerunt, in quo mala aurea erant. 5. Rex Erythlae insulae boves (from bus) rubras habebat, quas biceps canis custOdiebat. 6. Her- cules dolo Junonis a regno exclusus est, quod ad eum jure pertinebat. 7. Gruem, cui praemium promiserat, fefellit lupus. 8. In solitudinem concessi, in qua specum invenl. II. Translate into Latin : 1. I will confide-in that friend alone (solus), whose fidelity I have thoroughly-watched {perspicio, 3.). 2. [He] who denies justice [= just things], gives eveiything [= all things]. 3. The cuckoo envied the nightingale, whose song was praised by all men. 4. I will give you the book, which you have de- mjinded. 5. I will give you the books that have pleased you. G. The wound, which the soldier has received, is fatal [morti- feriis, a, um). 7. The wounds, which the enemy (PI. ) had dealt {Infligd, 3.w. Dat.) our soldiers, were fatal. 8. The {ilh) snakes, which Hercules killed, were sent by Juno, who was angry with (susccnsed, 2. w. Dat.) him. 120 LATIK PRIMEE. XLI. PRONOUNS— (Coj^tij^ued). INTERROGATIVE AKD IN^DEFINITE. 128, Interrogative I^ronouns : The Adjective Interrogative is like the Kelative. The Substantive In- terrogative differs, but the difference is not strictly ob- served except in the Neuter Nominative and Accusative. Interrogative Pronouns. who ? quid ? what 9 quae ? quod ? which ? utra ? utrum ? loho, which of two ? quid ? who 9 what 9 whose 9 to, for whom f quid ? whom ? what 9 from, with, hy whom or what ? 129. Indefinite I*ronouns : Of these, note espe- cially : 1.) AliquiS; some one or other, used chiefly in Positive Sentences, 2.) Quisquam and ullus, any {at all), used in Negative Sentences. 3.) Quidam, a certain one, often used where we employ the indefinite a or an. Indefinite Pronouns. 1. Substantive, aliquis, aliqua, aliquid, \ somebody, some one or quis, qua, quid, \ other. Adjective. aliqui, aliquae (or aliqua), aliquod, \ ^^^^^ ^^^ qui, quae (or qua), quod, \ 2. quidam, quaedam, quiddam, (and quoddam), a certain, certain one. 3. quisquam, , quidquam, any one {at all). No plural. 4. quisque, quaeque, quidque and quodque, each one. unusquisque, unaquaeque, iinumquidque, and unumquodque, each one severally. Eemaric— Quisquam is used only as a substantive, except with designations of persons ; scriptor quisquam, any writer {at all), Gallus quisquam, any Gaul {at alt). The corresponding adjective i~ ullus. Substantive. quis ? Adjects Ive. qui? Subst. and Adj. uter ? Sing. — N. quis? G. cujus ? D. cui? Ace. quem? Abl. que? IKTERROGATIVES AND IKDEFIiq ITES. 121 ullus, -a, -um, any ; nullus, -a, -um, no one, not one. The correspond- ing substantives are nemo and nihil, which forms nihil! andnihilo (Abl.), but only in certain combinations. nonnullns, -a, -xim, some, many a. alius, -a, -ud, another ; alter, -era, -erum, the other, one (of two) ; neu- ter, neutra, neutrum, neither of two. Exercises. I. Translate into Engrlish: 1. Qiiis tG, juyenis impudentissime, jussit meam domum intraro ? 2. Quid audivisti ? Id quod audiyi ilsdem yerbis, quibus dictum est, tibi referam. 3. Eex flliam immolavit qua nihil pulclirius erat in regno. 4. Accurrit quidam notus (known) mihi nomine tantum. 5. Si quid in te peccavi, da mihi veniam. 6. Carmina mea nOnrecito culquani nisi amicls. 7. Pro se quisque apud regem causam agebat. 8. Consulum alter! obtigit Gallia, alterl Hispania. Optime. Sed utri His- pania obtigit, utrl Gallia ? IS'eutrius nomen dixistl. 9. Nemo uUius rei nisi pugnae memor erat. 10. Nonnulli cotur- nicis cantum praedicant. H. Translate into Latin: 1. What did your father say to you ? He said nothing. 2. To which of you (two) shall I give this book ? To neither. 3. Who will give us good advice ? 4. You did this with somebody's help. 5. I blame this deed {facinus) ; anotlier it will, perhaps, please. G. In the wood sundry {quidam) mice were playing, one of (ex) which touched the nose of the sleeping lion. 7. I care-for (curd Vf. Ace.) nobody, and no- body cares for me [= neither (neque) do I care-for any one, nor (neque) any-one for me]. 8. I have never seen anything in this kingdom more beautiful tlian my daughter. ^^ Reading Lesson XV., p. 172. 6 122 LATIK PRIMER. XLII. QUESTIONS. 130, I. Direct Questions are generally introduced by the aid of Interrogative Pronouns (128), or by the Interrogative Particles -ne, nonne; and num. 1.) -ne (always attached to the emphatic word) generally serves to de- note a simple question, without indicating the character of the answer. Videsne ilium altum montem ? Seest thou yon high mountain ? 2.) Nonne expects an affirmative answer. Nonne canis similis est lup5 ? 7s not a dog like a wolf ? 3.) Num expects a negative answer. Num audis ? You don't hear, {do you) ? 131, II. Indirect Questions are such as depend on a Verb of Saying or Thinking. Direct Question : Quis es ? Who art thou ? Indirect Question : Die quis sis, Say who thou art. The form of the Pronoun is the same for Direct and Indirect Questions. Num loses its negative force and becomes ivkether. Interrogat num canis similis sit lupo. He asks whether a dog is like a wolf. 132, Unle of Syntax : 1. As a rule the Dependent Interrogative turns the Indicative into the Subjunctive Mood. After a Principal Tense (96.1) the Present Indicative of the Direct Question becomes the Present Subjunctive of the Indirect ; the Perfect or any Past Tense of the Indicative becomes the Perfect Subjunctive. After an Historical Tense the Present Indicative of the Direct Ques- tion becomes the Imperfect Subjunctive of the Indirect Question ; the Per- feet or any Past Tense of Indicative becomes the Pluperfect Subjunctive. The Perfect when translated by have is a Principal Tense and is called the Pure Perfect. The Perfect when translated by did is an Historical Tense and is called Historical Perfect, The Present Indicative is often used as a Past Tense (Historical Present) and then takes either set. quid facias, what you are doing. , quid feceris, what you have done, did, were doing. QUESTIONS. 123 Direct Questions : Quid facis ? What are you doing ? Quid fecisti ? What have you done (been doing) ? Indirect Questions ; Pres. cognosco, / am finding out Pure Perf. cognovi, / have found out (know) FuT. cSgnoscam, / shall find out P. Pekf. cognovero, J shall have found out (know) , ^ ] quid faceres, what you IMPERF. cognosceham, I was finding out ^^ere doing Hist. Perf. cognovi, / found out [ .,,_._ , , ,1, f quid fecisses, what you r. t} , ^ .1 had done, did, had been Pluperf. cognoveram, I had found out , . The Fut. Act. of the Direct Question commonly becomes the Fut. Partic. with aim after Principal, essem after Hist. Tenses (132, 1). Direct Question : Quid facies ? What will you do 9 Indirect Question : Interrogat quid facturus sis. JJe asJcs what you are about to do, will do. Interrogabat quid facturus esses. lie icas asking what you would, were about to do, ivould do. Rale of Syntax : 2. In the Dependent Question, when the First Person of the original question is changed to the Third Person, the Reflexive is used. Cur m e interficis ? clamat vultur. Why are you killing me? cries the vulture. Vultur rogat venatorem cur s e interficiat. The vulture asks the hunter why he is killing niM (the vulture). Exercises. I. Translate into Engrlish : 1. Xum quisquam Deum ijisum yidit ? 2. Si tintinnabu- lum fell annexerfmus, nonne statim audiemus cum veniet ? 3. TTrsusne tanget cadavera ? 4. Lupus ovis pelle indutus se immiscuit ovium gregi quotidieque aliquam ex ils occidebat. Quod cum pastor animadvertisset, lupum necavit, necatum de 124 LATIK PRIMER. altissima arbore saspendit. Postea, a bubulco qiiodam inter- rogatus cur ovem suspendisset : Eogus me, inquit, cur ovem suspenderim ? Pellem detegit, monstrat lupum. 5. Caesar Androclum interrogavit cur cl leo pepercisset. Androclus demonstrat cur sib! leo pepercisset. 6. Noiine memoria tenetis quid j)aulo ante dixerim. II. Translate into Latin : 1. I will ask the son, whether (his) father has come. 2. "Will fear of death frighten a brave soldier? [No.] 3. If I were accustomed to put-confidence-in (cdnf'ido w. Dat. ) wicked men, should I not be often deceived ? 4. Did the orator tell the boys a charming story ? 5. I do not know who has dealt {injligo, 3. w. Dat.) my friend that wound. He himself does not know who has wounded {vulnero, 1.) him. 6. Anacharsis [when] asked what was the best and what was the worst in man, answered : The tongue. 7. The same-man [when] asked what ships were safest, answered : [Those] which are drawn up (Perf. Pass, of suhcUico) on dry land {in dridum). 8. The wolf asked the shepherd why he was about to hang him. The shepherd replied : You know why I am about to hang you. 9. I asked the robber why he was about to deprive the boy of his clothing. J8®" Reading Lesson XV., p. 172. XLIII. DEPONENT VERBS. 133. Deponent Verbs are reflexive verbs, which are not used in the Active Yoice except in a few forms. In the reflexive verb the subject acts on or for itself, e. g. : amplector, I emhrace (fold myself, put my arms around), periclitor, / run my risk (stake myself), rixamur, we squabble (snap at one another). Some Verbs, such as vehor, ride, and videor, seern, although they have Actives, produce the effect of Deponent Verbs. Deponent Verbs are so called because they are said to lay down (de- ponere) the Active form and the Passive signification. DEPONENT VERBS. 125 134, Deponent of the First Conjugation. INDICATIVE. leyJiort. Sing.— 1. horto r, 2. horta ris, etc. / wan fyhorling. Sing.— 1. horta-ba r, 2. horta-ba-ris, etc. SUBJU^X•TIVE. Present. I be exhorting, I may exhort. horter, horte-ris, etc. iMPERrECT. I were exhorting, I might exhort. horta rer, liorta-r6-ris, etc. Future. Sing. I sJiall exhort. -1. horta bo r, 2. horta be ris, etc. Perfect. Have exhorted, exhorted. Sing.— 1. hortat us, -a, -um, sum, etc. Pluk.— 1. horta 1 1, -ae, -a, Bumus, etc. Have, may have, exhorted. horta-t-us, -a, -um, sim. etc. horta t-i, -ae, -a, simus, etc. Pluperfect. Had eihorted. Had. might have, exhorted. SiNo.— 1. hortatus, -a, -um, eram, etc. hortat us, -a, -am, essem,ctc. Pllr.— 1. hortati, -ae, -a, eramus. hortat i, -ae, -a, essSmus, etc. Future Perfect. Shall hare exhorted. Sing.— 1. horta t-us, -a, -um, erS, etc. Plur.— 1. horta t-i, -ae, -a, erimus, etc. IMPERATIVE. First. Sing.— 2. horta-re, exhort thou. Plur.— 2. horta-mini, exhort ye. INFINITIVE. Pre?, horta-rl, to exhort. pERp. horta tum, -am, -um, esse, to have exhorted. F. P. horta t-um, -am, -um, fore. Supine. 1. horta-tum, to exhort^ for ex- horting. 2. horta-tfl, to exhort, in the ex- horting. Second. 2. horta-tor, thou shall exhort. 3. horta-tor, he shall exhort. 3. horta-ntor, they shall exhort. PARTICIPLE. Perfect, horta-t-us, -a, -um, having exhorted. Gerund, [horta rl], to exhort, exhort- ing. G. hortand-I, of exhorting. ACTIVE FORMS. PART. Pres. horta n s, exhorting. Fut. horta tur-us, -a, -um to exh'irt. INF. Fut. horta-tur-um, -am, -um, esse, to he about to eahort. PASSIVE IN :meaning. Gerundive, horta-nd-us, -a, -um, about exliorttd. to be 126 LATIK PRIMER. 13S. Deponents of the Second, Third, and Fourth Conjugations. INDICATIVE. second conj. THIRD conj. fourth conj. Pres. Impf. FUT. Perf. Plup. F. Perf. vere-or. verg-ba-r. verg-bo-r. veri t-us sum. veri-t-us eram. veri-t-us ero. loqu-o-r. loqug-ba-r. loqu-ar. locu-t us sum. locti-t us eram. locu t-us er5. SUBJUNCTIVE. mentior. menti 6 bar. menti a r. menti-t-us sum. menti t-us eram. menti t-us ero. Pres. Impf. Perf. Plupf. vere a-r. vere-rer. veri-t-us sim. veri-t-us essem. loqua r. loqu-e-re-r. locu-t-us sim. locu t-us essem. IMPERATIVE. menti-a-r. menti re-r. menti-t-us sim. menti-t-us essem. First. 2, Second. 2. , ver6 re. vere-tor. loqu ere. loqu-i-tor. INFINITIVE. menti-re. menti-tor. Pres. Perf. F. Perf. verg-rl. veri turn esse. veri-t-um Tore. loqul. locu-t-um esse, locu-tum fore. PARTICIPLE. menti-ri. menti-t-um esse, menti-t um fore. Perf. veri-t-us, -a, -um. locu t us, -a, -um. GERUND. menti-t-us, -a, -um. G, [verg-ri]. . vere-nd-i. [loqu-i]. G. loque-nd-i. SUPINE. [menti-ri]. G. menti-e nd-i. First. Second. veri-tum. veri-tu. locu-tum. locu-tu. ACTIVE FORMS. menti-tum. menti-tu. PART.Pres, FUT. INF. FuT. verg-n-s. veri-ttir-us. veri-tur-um esse. loqu-e-n-s. locu-tur-us. locu tur-um esse. menti- ens. menti-tur-us. menti-tur-um esse. PASSIVE IN MEANING. Gerundive. vere-nd-us. loqu-e-nd-us- menti e-nd-us. DEPONENT VERBS. 127 136. List of Deponent Verbs, FOR STUDY AND REFERENCE. I. Admiror, admirari, admlratus sum, admire. 111 like manner conjugate : altercor, wrangle. glorior. brag. caviller, rally, criticise. lamentor, make lamentation. Conor, endeavor. lucror, make gain, inojil. conspicor, catch sight of. luctor, wrestle. contemplor. gaze at. ludificor, make sport of, fool. exsecror. curse. rixor, squabble. II. Misereor, misereri, miseritus sum, pity (w. Gen.). polliceor. polliceri, pollicitus sum, prom ise. tueor, tueri, (tuitus sum), protect. tutor. tutari, tutatus sum, (videor. viderl, visus sum. seem). fateor. fateri. fassus sum. confess. III. Amplector, amplecti, amplexus sum, embrace. egredior, egredi, egressus sum, (step) go out. ingredior. ingredi, ingressus sum, C7iter on. ira.scor, irasci, iratus sum, get angry. labor (delabt Dr), labi, lapsus sum, slip (doivn). morior, mori, mortuus sum, die. nanciscor, nancisci, nactus sum, get. nascor, nascl, natus sum, be born. nitor, niti, nisus sum, struggle. obliviscor, oblivisci, oblitus sum, forget (w. Gen ). patior. pati, passus sum, sniffer. proficiscor. proficiscl, profectus sum, set out. revertor. reverti, [reversus sum], r return. [reverts, revertere], reverti, sequor, sequi, secutus sum, follow. exsequor, exsequi, exsecutus sum, carry out, execute. ulciscor, ulcisci, ultus sum, avenge. utor, uti, usus sum. use (w. Abl.). (vehor. vehi, vectus sum, ride). vescor, IV. Blandior, - feed on (w. Abl. ). flatter (w. Dat.). vescij blandiri, blanditus sum, orior (Irreg.), oriri, crtus sum, rise. 128 latik primek. Exercises. I. Translate into English : A. 1. Dum cervus imaginem siiam contemplutur in rivnlo, subito prope canes tollunt latratum. 2. Duo yiutorcs asinum in solitudine conspicati sunt. Accurrunt laeti et capiunt. Mox oritur contentio. Dum illi de efi re rixantur, asinus aufugit ac neuter quidquam lucrutus est. 3. Fabro i:)auperi securis dC'lapsa est in fluvium profundum. Turn ille in ripa sedens Ifimentfirl incipit et clamare. Deus fluyil ! miserere mei. Deus emersit et interrogayit cur lamentaretur. 4. Sturnum cuculus rogat quomodo homines do cantu suo loquantur. Sturnus nesciebat quomodo homines de ejus cantu loqueren- tur. 5. Mures se a fele tuerl cuj)iebant. B. 1. Urbl Myndiorum, quanquam ipsa erat exigua, perma- gnae et magnificae erant portae! Cavillatus est ideo Diogenes. Gives, inquit, claudite portas ne urbs vobis egrediatur. 2. Cum Canius Julus cum imperfitore Gajo Caligula diu fuisset altercatus, tyrannus ille dixit : Inepta spe videris tibi blandlri. Ad mortem t(3 duel jussi. 3. Soror quotidie equo vehebatur. 4. Stultus amico confidit, cujus fidem adverso tempore non est expertus. 5. Ad bellum proficiscens imperator flliolum amplexus est. 6. Fatere peccata ut yeniam nanciscfiris. 7. Cur oblltus es magistri ? 8. Hercules cum duas cerneret vias, unam Voluptatis, alteram Virtutis, diu dubitavit utram in- gredl melius esset. Tandem Virtutem seciitus est. H. Translate into Iiatin : A. 1. Would that you were not making lamentations. 2. A certain braggart having (cum) returned to (reverto) his native land began-to-boast (Imperf.) about his famous achievements (facimis). As he seemed to be lying, the boys laughed-at him. 3. The liberty, which we enjoy (fitor), was handed-down {trado, 115) to us by our fathers. 4. The king promised his son-in-law the half (dlmidium) of his kingdom. 5. I will endeavor to carry out my promises {promissum). 6. Noth- IMPERATIVE. 129 ing has been born this year more beautiful than my daughter. 7. The son avenged the cruel deatli of his father. B. 1. If you lie (Fut.) you will not be believed. 2. Why, parents, are you cursing your children ? 3. While the stag is admiring his horns, the hunter pierces his throat with an arrow. 4. Bad boys like to [= willingly] fool old men. 5. DiomOdes, king of the Thrucians, had mares {eqiia) which fed on (Abl.j liuman flesh (PI.). G. Antaeus, son of the Earth, used-to-wrestle (Impf . ) with strangers [Jiospes, iHs). As he was forcing (cogo, 3.) Hercules to {ut) wrestle with him {sccum), the hero (herds) said : If I wrestle [= shall wrestle] with you, you will die. 7. Which path in (Gen.) life shall I enter on ? e^ Reading Lesson XVI., p. 173. XLIV. IMPERATIVE. 137. 1. The Imperative lias two forms : the First and the Second (sometimes called the Future) Imperative. The First Imperative has only the Second Person. ama, love (Jhou). amare, he (thou) loved. amate, love {ye). amamini, he {ije) loved. 2. The Sscond Imperative has both Sacond and Third Persons. amato, thou slialt love. amator, thou shall he loved. amato, he shall love. amator, he shall he loved. amatote, ye shall love. amantOj they shall love. amantor, they shall be loved. The Second Imperative is used chiefly in laws and maxims. 3. The First Person is represented by the Subjunctive. amem, let me love. amer, let me he loved. amemus, let us love. amemur, let us he loved. 6* 130 LATIN PEIMER. 4 The Negative of the Imperative is ne, not, ngve (neu), and not. 5. In the ordinary language the Negative Imperative of the Second Person is represented by 1.) Noli (PI. Nolite), Refuse, with the Inf., or by 2.) Ne with tlie Perfect Subjunctive. The Third Person Positive and Negative is represented by the Present Subjunctive, the Third Person Negative by the Perfect Subjunctive. The Second Person Subjunctive is used of an imaginary '* you." Positive. 2 P. Crede, believe ; credits, thou shall believe ; credsLs^ you must believe. 3 P. Credat, let him believe ; credito, he shall believe. Negative. 2 P. N5li credere (ne crediderls); do not believe ; ne credito, thou shall not believe; ne credas, you must not believe. 3 P. Ne credat (ne crediderit), let him not believe; ne credito, he shall 7wt believe. Exercises. I. Translate into Engrlish : 1. Matrona quaedam, cum ornamenta sua Corneliae osten- tavisset, festinabat discedere. Sed Cornelia : Noli discedere, inquit, et traxit cam sermone donee e schola revertorunt pueri. Turn : Aspice, inquit ; haec sunt mea ornamenta. 2. Cum duo angues apud Tiberium Gracchum comprehensi essent : FCmina, inquit, emittatur. 3. Ne humato in urbe cadaver. 4. Agaso juveni dixit : Ne consederis sub asino. 5. Ne rixeris cum fatuo. 6. Audiamus alteram partem. 7. Portae prima luce aperiuntor, ante solis occasum clauduntor. 8. Ulciscumur patriae injurius. 9. Ne occidito hominem. 10. Leo dixit : Restat quarta pars. At ne quisquam vestrum audeat eam tangere. IT. Translate into Latin : A. 1. Beheve me. Let me be beheved. 2. Do not touch wine. 3. [My] friend seemed to me to say : Since {quoniam) ADVERBS. 131 you did not come-to-my-help {miln subvenire) [when I was] living, do not suffer my death to be unavenged {inultus, «, tun). 4. The fox and the wolf togetlier {and) approached the lion's cave. Let us enter, said the wolf. Let us not enter, rejoined tlie fox, for I see no tracks {vest'igium) backward. 5. Admire the wise, imitate {imitCir'i) the good. 6. You must not quarrel with a stronger [man]. B. 1. One of the mice said : Let us tie a bell to the cat. Well {jam), said another, do you tie the bell. 2. My father says every day (quot'tdie): You [= one] must not judge men by [their] clothes and personal-appearance {forma). 3. Let the judge hear the other side. 4. The wisest of the frogs said: Do not demand another king. 5. First {prlmum) catch [your] hare. G. Let not wicked men dare to bribe {corrnmpd, 3. ) the gods by gifts. 7. Do not flatter yourself ; I have ordered you to be led to execution {mors), t^~ Reading Lesson XVII., p. 173. XLV. ADVERBS. 138. Adverbs are either oblique cases or mutilated forms of oblique cases of the corresponding adjectives. 1. Adjectives of the Second Declension form the adverb in 6 (mutilated Ablative). altus, lofti/, alte ; pulcher, beautiful, pulchre ; miser, ivretched, misere. 2. The Adjectives of the Third Declension form their ad- verbs by adding -ter to the stem ; stems in -nt dropping the t, and stems in a K-mute inserting i before the ending. fortis, brave, forti-ter j fer5x, wild, feroc-i-ter; prudena^ foreseeijig, pru- den-ter. Exceptions.— audSx. bold, audSc ter (seldom audSc-i-ter) : difficilis. hard to do, difficul-ter and difficili-ter. But instead of these, generally, nOn facile, vix, aegr6- 132 LATIK PRIMER. 3. The Ablative of some adjectives serves as an adverb : tuto, safely ; falso, falsely ; subito, suddenly ; continue, forlhwith; improvise, unexpectedly ; prim5, at first. consulte and consulto, purposely ; certe, at least, and certo, certainly. rare, thinly, and raro, seldom ; vere, in truth, and ver5, true but. recti, correctly, and recta, straightway; dextere, skilfully, and dextera or dextra, to the right ; sinistra and laeva, to the left hand. 4. The Accusative neuter of many adjectives is used as an adverb. This is true of all Comparatives, Multum, much; paulum, oison] that it killed people by its breath (afflatus, us). 5. Tantalus was so much loved by the gods that he was admitted to (ad) their feasts, and the gods sometimes ( inter dufn) dined at his house (use apiid). 6. The Scythians carried on war so vigor- ously that Darius scarcely (vlx) escaped with a small (exiguus, a, uDi) part of [his] army. ^r* Reading Lesson XXIII. p. 177. LII. SUPINE STEMS. 1^7. I. The Supine is formed from the pure stem, 1 . Vowel-stems and stems in U take -turn in the Supine : a mo, Hove, ama-tum. dele-o^ I destroy, dele-tum. audi-o, / hear, audi-tum. tribu-o, / allot, tribu-tum. Most verbs of the Second Conjugation change their characteristic vovvol before -turn into i: mone-6, / remind, moni-tum. Some drop their characteristic vowel : doce-o, / teach, doc-tum. 2. Consonant-stems in a P- or K-mute take -turn in the Su- pine : capi-6, / taJce, cap-tum. rep-6, I creep, rep-tum. f&ci-d, I do, fac-tum. dic-6, /say, dic-tum. Exceptions. — 1.) Among the P-stems, only labor, I slipy lap-sus. 2.) Among the K stems, the Supine in -sum occurs : SUPINE STEMS. 155 A. In verbs whose Present-stem is strengthened by t : flect-6, / hend, flexum. plect-6, I plait, plexum. pect-6, / co»ii>, pexum. nect-6, 1 knot, bind, nexum. B. Some, whose characteristic is preceded by a Liquid : merg-6, 1 dip, ner-sum; terg-o, / w;i'j)e, ter-sum 5 parc-o, I spare, par-sum j sparg-o, I sow, scatter, spar-sum; mulce-6, 1 stroke, mul-sum. Remauk.— The K-i"iites arc dropped iu (he Perfect and Supine between Is, It, r-8, r t : fulci 5, Ii)/oj), fttl(c) si, fuKc) turn; torque 0, Iiiulsi, tor(qu)-sI, tor(qu)-tum. 3 . Consonant-stems in a T-mute take -sum in the Supine : ed-6, / eat, e-sum (for ed-sum) ; lu.d-5, / play, lu-sum j de-fend-5, / defend, defen-sum. 4. Liquid-stems have partly -turn, partly -sum. Stems in M and N take -turn ; stems in L and R take -sum : em-5, Ihxiy, em-tum, em(p)-tum; veni-o, I come ^ ven-tum. ver-ro, I sweep, ver-sum ; fall-o, I cheat, fal-sum ; vell-6, 1 pluck, vul- sum. But verbs with Terf. in ul have -turn: c5nsul-3, 1 consul/, cSnsul-ui, consul-tum- II. The Perfect Participle Passive is formed like the Supine. III. The Future Active Participle is formed regularly from the Supine ; in some verbs, however, from the Present-stem. amaturus, about to love, from amatum, moniturus, about to warn, from monitum, em(p)tiirus, about to buy, from emptum, auditurus, about to hear, from auditum ; but, juvaturus fr. juvare (Sup. jutum) ; morilurus fr. morior, I die (Part, mortuus). IV. Holies of SifUtaDr : 1. The Supine in -um is used after Verbs of Motion (Going and Sending) in the same sense as ut Final with the Subjunctive. Spectatum veniunt (= ut spectent), They come to see the show. 156 LATIN PRIMER. 2. The Supine in -u of certain verbs is used after cer- tain adjectives in the sense of the English Infinitive. Facilius dictu quam factu, Easier to say {to be said) than to do {to be done). IW" The Supine in -ii does not take an object. Exercises. I. Translate into EngUsh : A. 1. Lupus, cul OS devoratum in gutture haeserat, vehe- menter cruciabatur. Gras os extraxit sperans ilium magnum sibi praemium donaturum. Quod cum friistra postulavisset, negilvit se ingratum iterum esse servaturam. 2. Dea interro- gavit : Quis me ab aqua prohibiturus est ? 3. Cum ad quar- tam partem praedae ventum csset, magno cum fremitu rogavit leo quis cam esset sumpturus. Nemo respondit. 4. Cum faber mondax auream securim arrepturus csset, deus omnes secures in fluvium rejicit. 5. Gracchus, cum ei haruspex respondisset brevi tempore uxorem morituram esse, amare flevit. Haruspex : Si scisscm (= ccivissem), inquit, te fletu- rum esse, nihil respondissem. Si sclssem, subjecit ille, quid eventurum esset, uxorem non duxissem. 6. Noll invitas canes venatum ducero. 7. Feles a vespertllione rogata, ut el par- ceret, respondit id sibi perdifficile esse factu quod cum omni- bus muribus bellum gereret. B. 1. Juppiter cum avibus regem daturus esset, diem con- ventul constituit. Tum graculus suae sibi deformitatis con- scius, pennas, quae alils avibus exciderant, sustulit iisque ornatus processit. Ceterae autem aves suas quaeque pennas impudenti illl eripuerunt atque derlsum rostrls fugaverunt. 2. Leo, cum murem corripuisset, prlmo negavit se impuden- tissimae bestiolae parsurum, mox dimisit. 3. Feles cum audlvisset quomodo a vespertllione esset decepta : Non semper, inquit, eodem modo es evasurus. 4. Diogenes negavit fera- rum laniatum sibi mortuo obfutiirum. 5. Vacca, ovis, capella SUPINES. 157 cum leone venatum ierunt. 6. Ad stumum volavit cuciilus rogrituni quid Iioniines do cantu suo judicarent. 7. Aegrotus (|uidum fllius Delplios niisit consultum quid optimum esset factu. Pythius respondit : Dimitte medicos. 8. Lusciniae cantus jucundus est auditii. 0. Hannibal in Africam reversus est patriam dofensum. n. Translate into Latin : A. 1. The hawk had not expected {puto) that the vulture would swoop-down {dtvolo, 1.). 2. The cow, the sheep, [and] the goat having (cum) made a partnership with the lion, thought that they would take great booty. 3. The weary lion said to [cum) himself : I am-going to-take-a-long-nap ( = diu dorm'ire). 4. The horse [having been] driven out of the meadow by the stag, went to seek aid from the man, thinking {arbitrdtus) that the man would aid {auxilior, 1.) him. 5. The bat hoped that he would prevail on [ = bend the mind of] the cat, but the cat answered : You have fooled {ludo, 3.) others : me you will not fool, [for] you-must-know (sc'ito) that it is not easy to fool me. B. 1. The cuckoo hoped that the starling would tell him (5/^^) wliat people thought (jtldicd, 1.) of his singing. 2. The braggart boasted that he would surpass all-others (ceterl) in- leaping (Abl. of saltnSy us). 3. As all tlie mice were crying- up {praedicOf 1.) the wise author of the plan, the oldest of the mice asked who was going-to-bell the cat. 4. Many persons liave come together [convenio) to congratulate {grdtnlor, 1. w. Dat.) the general on account of the victory. 5. Cornelia de- tained (trnho) the rich lady (mdtrona), who had come to see her, thinking that her boys would soon return from school. G. It is difficult to say how-many {quot) soldiers fell in that battle. t^- Reading Lesson XXIV., p. 178. 158 LATII^ PRIMEK. Liii. mrmiTivE. 158, 1. The Latin Infinitive is used as in Eng- lish. 1.) As the Subject of a sentence : Orare est laborare, To pray is to labor. The Gender is neuter : Facile est imperare, // is easy to give orders ; To give orders is easy. 2.) As the Predicate of a sentence : Laborare est orare, To labor is to pray. 3.) As the Object of a Verb : Cupio emori, I want to die. 2. The Accusative and Infinitive is used Like the English Objective and Infinitive. 1.) As the Object of a Verb of Will : Ad mortem te duci jussi^ / have ordered you to be taken to execution. Much more widely than in English : 2.) As the Object of a Verb of Saying or Thinking : Vespertilio se murem esse ait, The bat declares himself to be a mouse {that he is a mouse). See 155, 1. From those uses arises the use of the Accusative and Infinitive : 3.) As the Subject of a sentence : Ridiculum est te sine me vivere non posse. It is ridiculous that you should not {the thought, the statement that you are not able, your not being, for you not to) be able to live tvithout me. geruitd and gerukdive. 159 Exercises. I. Translate into English : I. Melius est minus perferro malum ne miijus veniat. 2. Ridiculum est usinum se esse leonem simulare. 3. Cato esse quam yideri bonus malebat. 4. COnsulem fieri iitile Mario yidebatur. 5. Pater filium domo discGdere vetuerat. G. Dulcc et decorum {ho7iorable) est ])ro patria morl. 7. Tempus est majora cOnari. 8. Lusum it Maecenas, dormltum ego. 0. Quod optimum factu yidebitur, facies. 10. Homines ex yc- stibus et forma aestimare est stulte facere. II. Translate into Latin : 1. To err is human, to forgiye [is] diyine (dlvmus). 2. All the mice wished a bell to be attached to the cat, but no one (nullus) was willing to undertake the job (opera, ae). 3. To have well performed [one's] duty is a great comfort {sdlCitium). 4. Hannibal was recalled (revocdre) home to defend (Supine) his country. 5. It is better to be taught eyen (et) by an enemy, than neyer to learn at all (omnmd). 6. It is most disgraceful (iurpis, e) to you not to be able to preserye the liberty handed down from [your] forefathers (majdres). 7. It is hard to say why he dealt his friend that wound. LIV. GERUND AND GERUNDIVE. ISO. 1. Gerund. — The Latin Infinitive is, as we have seen, used in the Nominative and Accusative Cases as the Subject or Object of the Verb. Other cases are supplied by the Gerund, which is a verbal noun. NoM. Legcre est difficile, reading {to read) is difficult. Gex, Ars legend!, the art of reading. Puer studiosus est legendi, the bog is fond of reading. Dat. Puer operam dat legendo, the bog devotes Jiim self to reading. Ace. Puer cupit legere, the bog desires to read. Puer propensus est ad legendum, the bog has a bent toward reading. Abl. Puer discit legendo^ the bog learns bg readi?ig. 160 LATIK PRIMER. 2. The Gerund differs from other nouns in that, like the Infinitive, it takes the same case after it as the verb of which it is a part. OflScium parendi legibus, The duty of obeying the laws. 3. Gerundive. — When the Gerund would take an Ac- cusative case, the Latin usually puts the object in the case of the Gerund, and makes the Gerundive (verbal adjective in -ndus) agree with it. Gives aedis omandae cupidi fuerunt, The citizens were desirous of adorning the temple. Decemviri legibus scribendis creati sunt, Decemvirs were appointed for drawing up laws. Pictor aedem ornandam suscepit, The painter undertook the adorning of the temple. Fele fraudanda vespertilio se servabat, The hat tried to save himself by cheating the cat. The Gerundive is the regular construction with prepositions. Ad delendam urbem, For destroying the city. 4 The Genitive of the Gerund or Gerundive followed by causa is often used to express Purpose. Urbis delendae causa, For the purpose of destroying the city. 5. The Accusative of the Gerundive is used after Verbs of Giving and Taking, Sending and Leaving, to express the Purpose or Object to be Effected. Rusticus filiolum reliquit cani fideli custodiendum, The countryman left his infant son to a faitliful dog to be guarded {to guard). 6. The Gerundive (or verbal adjective in -ndus) may be used in the predicate. It is then always translated as a passive, and expresses obligation^ -^pecessity, etc. The Agent is put in the Dative. P GERUND AND GERUNDIVE. 161 Dei n5bls non sunt neglegendl, The gods are not to be neglected by U8j we must not neglect the gods. Notice the Rule for Intransitive Verbs in the Passive, 119. 1. Omnibus moriendum est, All must die. Liegibus parendum est, The laws must be obeyed. When the verb takes the Dative and both Agent and Object are ex- pressed, tlie Ablative with a or ab must be used to denote the Agent. Legibus parendum est a civibus, The laws should be obeyed by citizens. Exercises. I. Translate into English: I. Tlirasu narrabiit in KhodO Insiila saliendo se vicisse optimos in liac exercitatiOne artificCs. Unus dc circulo : Hie est saltandum. 2. Nemo Hereulem luctando superare potuit. 3. Jaso Medeam coiisuluit do pelle aurea tollenda. 4. Si ad me rixandi causa veiiistis, statim abeundum est. 5. Virls fortibus omnes dolorGs sine gemiti'i sunt perferendl. G. Cum Romae seditio esset facta et plcbs in Sacrum Montem sOcessissct, Menenius Agrippa, facundus vir, missus est ad plebem rcconciliandam. Id fabula narranda conatus est pev- ficere. 7. Unus e muribus dixit : Tintinnabulum fell est annectcndum. Statim auctorem tintinnabull annectendi oraverunt ut ipse tintinnabulum annecteret. 8. Ii reprehen- dendi sunt, qui homines ex forma aestimant. 9. AmTci YitandT causa riis profugi. 10. AmTcos vitandi causa riis profugit. 11. Mater filiolum valido agricolae trans fluvium transportandum dedit. 12. Puerl improbi miseram ranam angul devorandam projecerunt. 13. Nox finem fecit pu- gnandi. II. Translate into Latin : A. 1. Tlie mice lield-a-consultation {cOnsuUdy 1.) about belling the cat. 2. As Hercules could not overtake {conse- qiior, 3.) the doe (cerva) by running, he pierced her with an 162 LATIiq- PRIMER. arrow. 3. The father devoted-himself (operam dare) a-long- time to reconcile his sons. It is [a] wretched [thing,] lie said, for brothers to wrangle {rixor, 1.) with one another (inter se). 4. Everything must be tried {experior, 4.) for the sake (causa) of freeing [ourj country. 5. Donkeys are very-useful for (ad) bearing burdens. 6. When Iphigenia heard that (Inf.) she had to [—must] die, she gave herself to be sacrificed. 7. To girls nothing seems better than the art of dancing. 8. We must all yield to necessity. B. 1. We must not let-slip (d'lmittd, 3.) the chance to fight [= of fighting]. 2. Brave men must not quail-before [= yield to] an enemy. 3. Let us take-up (cap)ere) arms for the purpose of regaining {recuperdre) liberty. 4. They set out to (ad) storm the city. 5. The lion said that he took the first part of the booty, because (quia) he was (ISS, 2.) the lion ; that the second part was to be awarded to him because he excelled in (Abl.) bravery ; that the third part was due (Pass, of debed) to him because he was stronger than the other (ceter't) animals ; that the fourth was left to be divided (partior, 4.) among (inter) his whelps (catulus), iW For Reading Lesson XXV., p. 178. LV. ABLATIVE ABSOLUTE. 160. 1. NoTniiiafive Absolute. In English there is a construction commonly called the Nominative Abso- lute, in which the (so-called) Nominative with the parti- ciple takes the place of a clause with different subject or object from the subject or object of the finite verb of the sentence. The father being dead, the eldest son became the head of the family. My brother having gone into the country, I am left quite alone. This said, he departed. The bread being exhausted, they lived on meat. ABLATIVE ABSOLUTE. 163 2. Ablative Absolute. This relation is represented in Latin by the Ablative Absolute, which consists of a sub- stantive in the Ablative case with a predicate in the form either of a participle or of an adjective or substantive. As in English, the subject must be different from the subject or object of the finite verb. tp^° The Ablative Absolute is much more common in Latin than the corresponding construction in English, and must be translated to suit the context. Samples are given below. Xerxe rSgnante (= cum Xerxes rSgnaret), Xerxes reigning. When Xerxes was reigning. In the reign of Xerxes. Xerxe victo (= cum Xerxes victus esset), Xerxes being, having been, defeated. When Xerxes had been defeated. After the defeat of Xerxes. Xerxe rege (= cum Xerxes rex esset)^ Xerxes [being] Icing. When Xerxes ivas Icing. Patre vivo, While, Because, Though, If father is, was alive (in father's lifetime). Urbe expugnata imperator rediit : Passive Form : The city [being] taken {after the city was taTcen), the general returned. Active Form : Having taken the city {after he had taken the city), the general returned. Abstract Form : After the taking of the city. After taking the city. 3. It is often convenient, though by no means exact, to translate the Ablative Absolute as a Nominative and finite verb followed by and^ hut, or other conjunction : Zeuxis flagitavit ut, remote linteo, pictiiram ostenderet. Zetixis de- manded that he should remove the linen cloth and show the painting. Exercises. I. Translate into English: A. 1. Cum pater deorum hominumque mSgnum truncum e caelo in paludem dGjecissct, subito motu aqufirum sonituque pertcrrituo ranac se mergunt et latent in lTm<3. Forte una 164 LATIN PRIMER. profert e stagno caput et, explorato rege, cunctas evocat. like, timore posito, adnatant ; mox, cresceiite animo, petu- lans turba in truncum insilit. Alio rege postulate, Juppiter misit ciconiam. Magno ran arum numero jugulato, reliquae Grant ut hac calamitate liberentur. 2. Auctor consilii : Tin- tinnabulo annexo, inquit, statim audiemus cum veniet feles facileque effugiemus. 3. Urso accedente viator hum! se pro- sternit. 4. Senex quid am ligna in siiva ceclderat et, fasce in umeros sublato, domum redire coepit. Cum fatigatus esset et onere et itinere, depositis lignis, elara voce invocavit Mor- tem. Morte interrogante quid vellet, senex perterritus : Pro ! hunc iTgnorum fascem umeris meis impone. 5. Jasone duce, Argonautae Oolchos pervenerunt. B. Nodo discisso pater singulas puerTs virgas dedit, quas nuUo negotio fregerunt. Quo facto senex cos admonuit ut dissensione posita Concordes essent. 2. Rusticus custode filil interfecto cunas restituit. Eestitutis cunis super anguem oc- clsum repperit puerum vivum et incolumem. 3. Tito impera- tore, Pompeji et Herculaneum urbes obrutae sunt. 4. Pythius Lacedaemoniis respondit, duce occiso, eos superiores fore. 5. Ceteris in campo se exercentibus, Lepidus in herba recum- bens : Utinam hoc esset, inquit, laborare. 6. Zeuxis et Par- rhasius, pictoresclarissimi, certamen artis inter se instituerunt. Zeuxis iivas pinxerat atque sic erat imitatus naturam, ut aves ad tabulam advolarent quasi verae essent uvae. Parrliasius proposuit linteum pictum. Zeuxis deceptus flagitavit ut, remoto linteo, pictiiram ostenderet. Intellecto errore : Vi- cisti, inquit, Parrhasi ! Nam ego aves fefelli, tu artificem. II. Translate into Latin : A. The COW, the sheep [and] the goat had made a partner- ship with the lion. When they had caught a very-large stag, the lion made four parts. After he had made the four parts, he gave the others (ceter't) nothing. 2. When the donkey had been violently beaten, the puppy begged the master to spare the poor [creature]. 3. Seeing (Perf.) through {2Jers2ncw, 3.) ABLATIVE ABSOLUTE. 1G5 the liollow (vdniis) character {ingeyiium) of the monkey, the fox determined to deceive the new king. When the monkey was caught in the (Abl.) toils, the fox calling all the beasts to- gether showed [them] how foolish a creature {bestiola) they had made king. 4. Augustus was born in the consulship (cd)isiil) of Cicero and Antonius. B. 1. Upon the death {morior, 3.) of the motl>er, the father married another wife. At the instance {suddeo, 2. ) of the hard- liearted {improhus) stepmother {noverca), he was about-to-sac- rifice his children. 2. If you cut off {caedd, 3.) one head, three will grow (cresco, 3.). 3. Hercules slew (inter imo, 3.) the dragon and carried off the golden apples. 4. Diogenes lighted {accendo, 3.) a lantern in broad-day and walked [about] on the market-place. When his friends asked what he was looking-for (quaero) he answered : I am looking-for a man (Jiomo). 5. At the request (ro0) of the judge, the orator began to tell a charming story. 6. Hannibal set-out for Italy in the consulship of Scipio and Sempronius. ^" Reading Lesson XXVI., p. 178. ' 166 LATIN PKIMEK. READING LESSONS. I. — Asinus pelle le5nis indutus. ^ ^ Eugitivus asinus reperit in silya pellem leonis. Induit pel- lem et terrebat bestias et homines, tanquam leo esset/ Ru- stic! in vicos suos se conduct ; lupi, ursi, cervi. boves, equi, oyes, omnes bestiae fuga salutem quaerunt. Fostquam hoc modo diu per agros saeviit,^ venit * tandem dominus. Turn ille horrendum in modum^ rudere coepit/ ut erum quoque falle- ret/ Sed forte una auricula eminebat. Hanc ^ erus compre- hendens :" Alios, inquit, f alias,'" me non falles.'* Novi''' te, mi asine. Ita vehementer verberatum'^ asinum domum'* pellit. 1 indtitus : Pf. Pass, Part, of induo. '^ tanquam esset : as if he were. Comp. 95, 2. Esset : 3. S. Imperf. Subj. of sum. ^ saeviit =■ saevivit: 3. S. Pf. Ind, Act. of saeviS. * vSnit : 3. S. Pf. Ind. Act. of v6nio. ^ in modum : after a fashicn. « coepit : 3. ^. Perf. Ind. Act. of the Defeciive Verb coepL ' ut falleret: to deceive. See 96. 1. Falleret : 3. S. Impf. Subj. Act. of fallo. *^ Hanc : Ace. S. Feni. of hie. ^ com- preh^dSns : Pies. Act. Part, of comprehendo- '"fallas: 2. P. Pres. Subj. Act. of falMJ, you may deceive, a kind of Imperative Subj. (concessive). See 92, 1. " fallgs : 2. S. Fut. Ind. Act. of fallO- ^"^ Novi : 1. Pf. Ind. Act. of noscO, used as a Present, / know. '3 verberatum: Pf. Part. Pass, of verbero. Tlie Latin Pf. Part. Pass, is often translated into English by some active turn. So verberatum - pellit, / impOnas: 2. S. Pres. ^ubj. Act. of impOnS. A prayerful wish is put iu the Subj. e92,3. 108 LATIN PTIIMER. V. — Vulpes orator pacis. Blando vultu ad stabulum, in cujus ' tecto cum multis galli- nis sedebat gallus, accessit " vulpes. Salvete, inquit, et laetum, quern yobis affcio, accipite nuntium. Omnes, quae inter ani- malia erant, inimlcitiae exstinctae ' sunt, pax est factaf^ Am- bulant cumleonibus cervi, cum lupis oves, cumfelibus mures ; descendjte igitur, ut etiam nos amicitiam sempiternam junga- mus.* ^Bene mones, respondit" gallus, descendemus," et canis, quem accurrentem ' video, testis esto. — Accurrit canis? sub- jicit vulpes. Fieri potest/ ut pax canibus nondum nuntiata sit.^ Valete. ^ cujus : Gen. S. Neut. of qui. ^ accessit : 3. S. Pf. Ind. Act. of accSdS- ^ exstin- ctae : Pf. Part. Pass, of exstinguo- * jungamus : 1. PI. Pres. Subj. Act. of jungO. Ut— jungamus : lo join, form (96). ^ respondit : 3. S. Pf. Iiid. Act. of respondeo. ' descendemus : 1. Pi. Put Ind. Act. of descendo. ' accurrentem : Pres. Part. Act. of accurro. ^ fieri potest, ut, etc.: at) may be (/ha/) the peace has not been, announced yet. Fieri : Pres. Inf. of fiS. potest : 3. S. Pres. lud. of possum. » sit : See 156. VI. — Diogenes. — Croesus et Solo. ^ 1. Diogenes Cynicus ^ ubique secum ferre" solebat poculum iTgneum, quo ^ aquam sibi e fonte liaurJret.* Sed cum aliquan- do videretpuerum manibus aquam haurientem, poculum abje- cit. Apage, inquit ; quid ^ mihi te opus est ? Carere poculo ** possum ; manus idem ' mihi officium praestabunt. •* 2. Cum in regali solio sederet Croesus, pretiosissimis vestibus indiitus, Solonem interrogavit, num quid ' unquam vidisset ^ pulchrius ? Gallos, inquit ille, et phasianos et pavones vidi, natural! enim nee ^ imitabili colore et pulchritudine fulgent. 1. ^ Cynicus : Cynic, dog-philosopher, from the Greek word for dog. The Cynics were a snappish and snarling sect. 2 ferre : Pres. Inf. Act. of ferS- ^ quo : Abl. of qui = ut e5, wherewith to. . . * hauriret : 3. S. Impf. Subj. Act.' of hauriS. ® quid mihi, what need have I of thee ? Opus takes the Dative of the Person Who Needs and the Abl. of That Which is Needed. ^ poculo : Abl., dependent on carSre. Verbs signify- ing Want take the Ablative, ' idem : Ace. S. Neut. of Idem. 2. ^ num quid: whether anything. 2 vidisset: 3. S. Plupf. Subj. Act. of video. On the Mood see 132, and comp, IV. 7. ^ nec : «o/', and not. VII. — Minus perferte,* majus ne veniat^ malum. Ranae olim clamore magno regem petierunt ^ a Jove. Eidet READING LESSONS. 169 Pater deorum atque magnum truncum e caelo in paludem de- jicit. Subito motu aqiiarum sonoqiie perterritae' se mergunt et latent in If mo. Forte una profert " e stagno caput et, explo- rato rege," cunctas Cvocat. Illae, timore posito/ adnatant ; mox petulans turba in truncum insilit. Alium regem postu- lant, quoniam inutilis esset ^ qui fuerat datus. Tum Juppiter misit" ciconiam. Ea *" uno die magnum ranarum numcrum dilacerat, jugulat, vivas alias devorat. Reliquae mersae " lu- gent, fient, orant, ut ab hac '* calamitate liberentur. Sed deum non movent querelae ac lacrimae. Benignum, inquit, et placidum regem non tulistis/^ jam ferum et barbarum fertote 1 '* * perferte: 2. PI. T. Imper. of perferO. ' veniat: 3. S. Pres. Subj. Act of veniS. See 96. 3 petiSrunt: 3. P). Pf. Ind. Act. of peto. * perterritae: Pf. Part. Pa?s. of perterreo. * profert: 3. S. Pres. Ind. Act. of pr5fero. * exploratS rSge : Abl. Ab- sol. Th3 kinghav'utg been examined (yeconnoilied), after examining the king. See 160, 2, and IV. 2. In like manner, timSre posit5, their fear being laid aside, dismissed their fear and. . ' PositS: Pf. Part. Paj^s. of p5n5. * esset: The Subjunctive shows that this is what tiie frogs said (Indirect Discourse). Sec 155, 2. » mlsit: 3. S. Pf. Ind. Act. of mitts. '0 Ea: Nom. S. Fcm. of is. '' mersae: Perf. Part. Pass, of merg^. I'-' hac: Abl. S. Fern, of Mc »3 tulistis: 2. Pi. Pf. Ind. Act. of fero. i* fertote: ^2! PI. 2. Imper. Act. of ferO. VIII. — Parvae res concordia crescunt. Inter rustic! cujusdam ' filios grave discidium ortum' erat. Diu frustra operam dederat pater, ut concordiam reconciliar^t. Tandem : Virgulas, inquit, filii, mill! afferte.' Allatas * virgu- las omnes in unum fasciculum colligavit, eumquc ^ constric- tum" flliis obtulit,^ ut frangerent. 111! autem, quanquam vim omnem adliibebant, frustra laborabant nee quidquam " profece- runt. Deinde pater nodum discidit ' singulasque illis virgulas dedit, quas nuUo negotio confregerunt.'" Quo facto'' senex eos " sic allocutus est : '" Haec res, fllii, vobis exemplo " sit.'* Tuti eritis ab inimJcorum injuriis, quamdiu inter vos'" ama- bitis et Concordes eritis ; simul atque vero ^' facta " erit dissen- sio atque discordia, inimici in vos irrumpent. ' cujusdam: Gen. of quidam. ' ortum erat: 3. S. Plupf. of the Deponent Verb orior. ^ afFerte: 2. PI. I. Imper. Act. of afferS (adferS). * Allatas: Pf. Part. Pa.ss. of afferO. ^ eumque: audit, eum: Ace. S. Maec.ofis. " constrictum: Pf. Part. 8 170 LATIiq- PRIMER. Pass, of c5nstringo. '' obtulit: 3. S, Pf. Tnd. Act. of ofFero. « quidquam: Ace. S. Neiit. of quisquam, a/,7j Udhfj. » discidit: 3. S. Pf. Ind. Act. of discindo. ^^ confrS- gerunt: 3. Pi. Pf. lud. Act. of confringo. ^' Quo facto: which being done, afier doing this. See VII. 6. facto : Pf. Part, of fio. '- eos Ace. PI. Masc. of is. '^ allocutus est; 3. S. Pf. Ind. of Deponent Verb alloquor. '^ exemplo: Dat. of Object For Which, /br an example, an (xuinj)le. ^^ sit: Imper. Subj. See 92, 1. "^ inter v6s: among yourselves - one another, i^ v6ro : In fact, but ; postpositive, that is. put after the begin- ning of the sentence. i« facta : Perf . Part, of fio, used as the Pass, of facio. IX. — Vespertilio. Vespertilio delapsus ^ in terram compreliensus ' fuit a f ele. Petiit ^ ille suppliciter, yitam ut sibi concederet. Sed feles lioc se facere posse ^ negabat, cum esset capitalis hostis omnium avium. Tum vespertilio, se non avem, sed murem esse, dixit.* Itaque dimissus " est. Paulo post captus ^ ab alia fele, similiter petiit, ut sibI misero vitam condonaret. Id ^ feles sibi f actu " perdifficile esse ait, quae cum omnibus muribus bellum gere- ret. " Vespertilio autem, se murem nequaquam esse, affirmavit, sed volucrem. Sic iterum periculura evasit ^^ et nomine mu- tato '"^ bis servatus est. ^ dglapsus : Pf . Part, of the Deponent Verb dglabor. ^ comprehgnsus : Pf. Part. Pass, of compreliendo. ^ petiit : 3. S. Pf. Act. of peto. * posse negabat : detiied, himself to bs able = said that he could not. posse, Pres. Inf. of possum. * dixit : 3. S. Pf. Act. of dico. <^ dimissus : Pf. Part. Pass, of dimitto. ^ captus : Pf. Part. Pass, of capi5. ^ id : Ace. S. Nent. of is. ® factu : Sui)ine in u fr. facio : perdifficile— factu : very difficult in the doing, to do. Sec 157, IV. 2. 1° quae— gereret : which VJas carrying (m,seeing that she was tarrying on, etc. When the Relative implies a reason it commonly takes the Subjunctive, which, however, would be required here at any rate. See 164, 2. '> gvasit : 3. S. Pf. Act. of evado. '^ nomine mutato : name being changed, by change of name. See 160, 2, and VII. 6. X. — Du5bus litigantibus/ tertius gaudet. Duo viatores asinum in solitudine errantem conspicati sunt.' Accurrunt laetl et capiunt. Mox autem oritur' contentio, uter eum domum abduceret." Uterque asinum sib! yindicavit, quia eum prior conspexisset.^ Dum illi de ea re acriter ri- xantur," asinus aufugit ac neuter lucrum fecit. ' Duobus lltigantibus : Abl. Absol. When tivo are at loggerheads. See 160, 2. ^ conspicati sunt : 3. PI. Pf, of the Deponent Verb, c3nspicor. ^ oritur : 3. S. Pres. of the Deponent Verb orior. * uter abduceret : which of theiivo should lead home? Questions expecting an Imperative answer are put in the Subjunctive. The Subjunctive would bensed at any rate on account of 135. ® conspexisset : The Sub- junctive in a Relative (causal) clause in Indirect Discourse. See 155, 2, and c. VII. 7. • rixantur : 3. Pi. Pres. Ind. of the Deponent Verb rixor- READING LESSONS. 17X XI. — AnimI tranquillitas. Cum Canius Julus cum imperatOre Guio Caligula diu fuisset allercatus, discedenti ' tyrannus ille dixit : Ne ' forte inepta spe tibi blandiaris, duci ad mortem te jussi. Gratias, inquit, ago, optime i^rinceps. Decem medios usque ad supplicium dies sine ulla sollicitudine exegit. Ludebat latrunculls, cum cenfcurio, plures capite damnatos ducens, ilium quoque citavit. Vocatus numeravit calculos, et sodali suo : Vide/ inquit, ne post mortem meam mentiaris/ te vicisse.* Tum annuens cen- turion! : Testis, inquit, eris, lino ' me antecedere. Quanta animi tranquillitas ! * discSdentI : Dat, S. Pres. Participle of dlscSdO- ' NS— blandiaris : To keep you from flattering yourself (let me tell j-ou that) / have ordered, etc. blandiaris : 2. S. Pres. Siibj. of blandior. ^ vidS nS : Beware lest, be sure not to. * mentiaris : 2. S. Prc^. Subj. of mentior. ' tS vicisse : that you beat. See 155, 1- * tinS ni5 antecS- dere : that lamoive aJiead. '0'n5 : Abl. of Measure of DifEcrence, 143, III. XII. — Contentio de asini umbra. Demosthenes, causam agens, cum judices parum attentos videret : Paulisper, inquit, aures mihi praebete ; rem vobis no- vam et jucundam narrubo. Cum aures arrexissent : Juvenis, inquit, asinum conduxerat, quo ^ Athenis' Megaram ^ vehere- tur. In itinere cum sol ureret neque esset umbruculum, de- posuit clitellas et sub asino consedit, ut ejus umbra tegeretur. Id vero agaso vetabat, clamfms, asinum locatum esse, non umbram asini. Alter contra disputabat. Tandem in jus am- bulant. — Omnes diligenter auscultant. Sed Demosthenes, ea locutus, abiit.* Tum revocatus a judicibus et rogatus, ut reli- quam fabulam enarraret : Quid ? inquit, de asini umbra libet audire, causam hominis de vita periclitantis ' non audietis ? " ' qu5 veherStur : by which to be borne, to ride. Comp. VI. 1. 3. " AthSnls : The City From Which is put in the Ablative. » Megaram : The City To Which is put in the Accu.sative. * abiit: 3. S. Pf. Ind. of abe3. ^ periclitantis : Pres. Part, of the De- ponent Verb perlclitor. * audiStis : 2. PI. Fut. Ind. Act. of audiO. XIII. — ^Dictum citius' quam facttim. Mures aliquando consultabant, quomodo se a fele tueri " pos- 172 LATIN PRIMER. sent/ Multa proponebantur a singulis muribus, sed nihil placebat. Postremo iinus dixit: Tintinnabulum fell* anne- ctendum est ; turn statim audiemus, cum. veniet, facileque effugiemus. Omnes mures laeti praedicant prudentem cOn- silii auctorem. Jam tu, inquiunt, annecte tintinnabulum. Ego vero, respondet ille, consilium dedi, alius operam sumat. ^ Irritum consilium fuit, quoniam, qui fell annecteret ^ tintin- nabulum, non reperiebatur. ^ citius : Comparative of cito, quickly, soon. = tuSri : Pres. Inf. of the Deponent Verb tueor. ^ possent : 3. PI. Impf. Subj. of possum. For the Subj. see 132, and IV. 7. ■* fell : Depends on annectendum. Gerundive of annecto. 159, 6. Many- verbs compounded with ad talie the Dative. * sumat : Imperative Subj. (See 92, 1.) ' qui annecteret ; wlio sJwuld attach, to attach j qui = ut. See VI. 1. 3. XIV.— Bias. 1. Bias navigabat aliquando cum hominibus improbis. Cum ad versa tempest ate in alto mari jactarentur fluctibusque navis quateretur, ill! invocaverunt deos. Turn Bias : Silete, iiiquit, ne vos in alto illi navigare sentiant. 2. Biantis, sapientis illius, patriam Prienen ceperat liostis. Oeteri fugientes multa de suis rebus asportabant. At ille, cum esset admonitus, ut idem faceret : Ego vero/ inquit, facio ; nam omnia mea mecum porto. 2. 1 v6ro : See VIII. 17. XV. — Quae sit gratia eorum, qui aliud clausum in pectore, aliud in lingua promptum habent. Cum venatorem instantem fugeret lupus et pastor vidisset quidam, qua parte ^ fugeret et quo se loco ^ absconderet, ille veliementer metuens : Oro te, inquit, bubulce, ne me prodas innocentem. Nihil unquam mali ' tibi feci. Et pastor : Noli/ inquit, timere ; alteram venatori monstrabo partem. — Mox venator cum advolavisset : Yidistine ^ hue, inquit, pastor, lu- pum venientem ? Qua parte fiigit ? Huic pastor voce max- ima : Venit ille quidem, sed laeva f ugit. At simul oculis clam dextram partem designat. Venator non intellexit nutum et festinans abiit.® Tum lupum pastor interrogat : Quam tu READING LESSONS. 173 mihi habebis gratiam, quod ^ te celavi ? Turn ille, Maximas, in quit, linguae tuae gratias ago ; at oculis tuis fallacibus, secum murmurans subjecit, talern gratiam referam, ut ex minore in dies ovium uumero cognoscas/ quam memor sim meriti tin. ' qua parte : hy what part = in what direction. ^ qu5 loc5 : loc5 is often used without in. ^ mall: of bad, whereas we usually tiay bad. * noli timfere : Do not fear. See 137, 5. * -ne : Asks a question. See 130. « abiit : 3. S. Pf. Ind. Act. of abeo. 'quod: that, (because), the regular construction aftt;r Verbs of Thanking (grateful emotion), s ut— c6gn5scas : That you will know. A sentence of Result (cousecutive sentence). Kec 166. XVI.— Paris. Cum nuptiae Pelei et Thetidis celebrarentur, omnes del ct deae aderant, sola Eris invitata non erat. Irata^ discordiam excitare constituit. Itaque pomum aureum inter convivas jecit in quo inscriptum erat : Pulcherrimae ! Juno ct Mi- nersa et Venus pomum sibi vindicant ; vehemens rixa oritur. Postremo Mercurius tres illas deas duxit in montem Idam, qui ad Trojam situs erat. Paridi, Priami filio, qui ibi oves pascebat, judicium commissum est. Jiino el pollicita est regnum Asiae et divitias, Minerva sapientiam et belli glo- riam, Venus formosissimam omnium mulierum conjugem.^ Paris Venerem pulcberrimam esse judicavit el que pomum porrexit. Ideo Jun5 et Minerva Paridi omnibusque Trojanis inimlcae fuerunt. Paris autem consilio et auxilio Veneris Lacedaemonem ^ navigavit et Helenam, Menelal hospitis ux- orem, Trojam ' abduxit. ' Irata : a;>7?y = in Iter anger. " conjugem : as [his] wife, to wife. » Lacedaemo- nem Trojam : Names of Cities are put iu the Accusative of the Place Whither. See 163, II. 1., and XII. 3. XVII. — Menenii Agrippae fabula. Cum Eomae^ seditio essct facta et plebs in Sacrum Montem secessisset, Menenius Agrippa, facundus vir, missus est ad plobem reconciliandam.^ Is, intromissus in castra, nihil aliud quam^ hoc narravit : Tempore, quo singulis hominis membrls suum cuique* consilium, suus sermo erat, reliquae corporis 174 LATIK PRIMEK. partes indignabantur, sua ciira, suo labore ac ministerio yentri omnia quaeri/ ventrem ipsum in medio quietum datis volu- ptatibus ^ frni. Cur hoc patimur ? loquebantur inter se ; in po- sterum manus ad os cibum ne ferunto, os cibum datum ne ac- cipito, dentes ne conficiunto. Denique conjurant inter se, ut ventrem fame domarent. Quid evenit ? Totum corpus ta- bescere coe]3it. Inde ajaparuit, yentris quoque baud segne ministerium esse, nee magis all quam alere eum, reddentem in omnes corporis partes bunc, quo yiyimus vigemusque, san- guinem. Hac fabula narrata,^ Menenius flexit mentes bomi- num. ^ Eomae : at Borne, Locative Case of R5ma, see 153, II. 3. " ad pigbem reconci- liandam : to reconcile {win back) the commons (169, 3). ^ nihil aliud quam : nothing else than— merely. * suum cuique : culque is in apposition (so-called Distributive Apposition) vvith membris. Notice the position. ^ omnia quaeri : that everything sJiould be sovght. Verbs of Expression of Emotion may take the Infinitive like Verbs of Saying and Thinking (155). ® voluptatibus frui : frui takes the Ablative. ^ Hac fabula narrata : By telling this fable. Sec 160, 2. XVIII.— Simius Rex. In conventu quodam bestiarum tam belle saltaverat simius, ut cunctis prope suffragils rex crearetur.^ Vulpes cum va- num ejus ingenium perspiceret, dixit simio : Postquam re- gnum tibi obtigit, non celabo to quod - scire magnopere tua ' interest. Quid id est ? simius inteiTogat. Thesaurus, re- spondet ilia, mihi a patre indicatus est, defossus in solitiidine, qui jure regni ad te jam pertinere videtur. Eamus ^ igitur, inquit simius, ut tollamus. Cave tu, monet vulpes ; nam equi- dem saepe audivi, periculo ^ cam rem non carere. Mhil, in- quit simius, periculi est ; an tu, obsecro, times ? Eamus * igitur, inquit vulpes, si placet. Postquam per silvas diu cir- cumduxit simium, tandem ducit ad laqueos sub fruticibus ab- sconditos, atque ibi dicit thesaurum defossum esse.® Simius festinanter terram radons capitur. Turn misere clamavit : Auxilio ^ yeni, amice ! At vulpes, convocatis bestiis omni- bus : ^ Jam intellegetis, inquit, quanto ^ magis consilio ^° regi et temperantia opus sit quam arte saltandi.^^ * ut crearStur : as to be created^ that he was made. Sentence of Result. See 156. READING LESSONS. 175 ' cSlSb5 t5 quod : conceal fivm you what, etc. cSlare, to conceal, takes two Accu?a- tivcs, one of the Person and the other of the Thing. 3 tua interest: it concerns thee. interest takes mea, tua, etc., of the Person concerned. < Eamus : 1. PL Pres. Subj. of eO. * perlculQ : See VI. 1, 6. « dSfossum esse : that U is buried. Accusative and Inf. of Indirect Statement. See 155- ^ auxilio veni : come to \my\ help. See VIII. 14. 8 convocatis— omnibus : Comp. VII. G. » quant5 : Measure of Difference is put in the Ablative. See 143,3. '» c5n8ili5 rSgl opus : See VI. 1,5. >' arte saltandl : art ofdajiciug. saltandi, Gen. of Gerund. XIX.— Codrus. Post Orestis intcritum filii ejus Penthilus et Tisamenus regnuverunt trieimio.^ Turn fere anno octogesimo post Tro- jam captam/ ccntesimo ct vicesimo quam ^ Hercules ad deos excessit, Pelopis progenies, quae omni hoc tempore pulsis Heraclidis ^ impcrium obtinuerat, ab Herculis progenie expel- litur. Duces recuperandi imperii* fuerunt Tomenus, Cre- sphontes, Aristodemus, quorum abavus fuerat. Eodem fere tempore Athenae sub regibus esse desierunt, quorum ultimus fuit Codrus, Melanthi filius, vir non praetereundus. * Quippe cum Lacedaemonii gravi bello Atticos prcmerent, respondis- setque Pythius quorum dux ab boste esset' occlsus eos futuros superiores, depositfi veste regia,^ pastorfdem cultum induit immixtusque castris bostium de industria rixam injiciens interemptus est. ' trienniS : Abl. as Measure of Difference. See 143, 3. ' post TrOjam captam : after Troy taken, after tlie taking of Troy. » quam - postquam. ■* pulsis Heracli- dis : Abl. Abs., 160.2. ^recuperandi imperil: of (in) refjaininrj the dfytninion. See 159,3. « praetereundus : (Gerundive of praeterlre. Seel59.fi. ^ quorum— esset occlsus : See 155, 2. « dgposita veste rggia : Abl. Ab.s. S«;e 160, 2. XX. — Duo si faciunt idem, n5n est idem. Fabro pauperi,^ qui pontem transibat, securis delapsa est in fluvium prof undum. Turn ille, inops consilil ' in ripa sedens, misere lamentari coepit et clamfire : Deus fluvii, miserere mei ! ^ Deus emersit et interrogfivit, cur liimentaretur. " Eheu, securis mea delapsa est in aquam tuam. " Immersus est deus et retulit securim, non cam tamen, quam amiserat faber, scd auream, et, num"* liaec esset, quam anilsisset,'^ interroga- vit. Non est, respondet vir probus cum suspirio. Deus iterum 176 LATLN- PEIMEE. se mersit et aliam extulit eamqne ^ argenteam. Hanc quoque faber negilvit suam esse. Tertium deus veram securim attulit. Haec est, exclamavit faber, gratias tibi ago, deus benigne ! Hue probitate dCdectiitus deus omnes illi secures doiiavit. Faber laetus ad sues rediit. — Vlx rem ylcinus audiverat, cum ad eundem pontem cum securi festlnavit. Sua sponte facit ut securis in aquam decideret.' Apparet deus. Elieu, inquit ille, securim meam perdidi ! Affert deus tres secures, auream, argenteam, ferream. Elige ipse tuam, inquit. Tum ille aurl ^ cupidus : Haec, inquit, mea est, et auream est arrep turns. Sed jam deus secures omnes in fluvium rejiciens : Apage, inquit, homo a^fire et mendax ! Ne tuam quidem securim recipiGs. Tum ille domum rediit, neque narravit cuTquam, ubi securim amlsisset. ^ Fabro pauperl : Depeiuls on securis— delapsa est. To a jwor cai-jxnter the axe slipped, a poor aapeitler had his axe to slip. 2 inops consilii : Adjectives of Want take the Genitive. ^ miserere mei : Misereor takes the Genitive. ■* num : Asks a ques- tion. See 131. ^ amisisset : Subjunctive because of tlic Relative clause after a "Verb of Saying. See 155, 2. « eamque : and that. ^ facit ut decideret : manages {managed), that it should, to (make) it fall. Comp. 156. * auri cupidus : Adjec- tives of Desire take tlie Genitive. XXI. — Orestes. Agamemnon cum Troja reyertisset, interfectus est ab Aegi- stho et Clytaemnestra uxore, quae ill! ^ nupserat. Nam in balnels Clytaemnestra vestem capiti^ ejus injecit et adulter securi eum percussit. At Electra, Agamemnonis filia, Ore- stem fratrem infantem servavit et adStrophium detulit. Cum ejus filio Pylade adolevit et intimam amicitiam junxit. Post- quam ad puberem aetatem yenit, cum illo Mycenas profectus patris ulciscendi' causa matrem et Aegisthum occidit. At parricidam Furiae agitabant. Itaque oraculo accepto * amici Chersonesum Tauricam proficiscuntur, ut de tempio Dianae signum Argos aiierrent. lb! regnabat Thoas, cul mos erat ut ^ hospitum sanguine numen placaret. Comprehensi ad templum ducti sunt, ubi Iphigenia, Orestis soror, erat sacer- dos. Cognito fratre," ipsa coepit signum Dianae avellere. Intervenit rex et Orestem necari jussit. Sed cum ignoraret. READING LESSON'S. 177 utcr corum csset Orestes, PyladGs Orestem se esse dixit, ut pro illo necaretur ; Orestes autem, ita ut erat, Orestem se esse perseverabat. Rex mitigatus illos cum sorore atque signo Dianae dimlsit. Orestes redux Hermioiiam, Menelai filiam, uxorem duxit et regnavit Argis et Spartae. ' illl : Dative dependent on nupserat, had pnl on I he (bridal) vdl, had married (of the woman). '^ capitl : Depends on vestem- inj6cit ^ patris ulciscendi causa : for (he suhi of avengiiig his father, to avcncjc filsfathtr. See 159, 4. ■• 5racul5accept6 : Abl. Abs. See 160, 2. ^ cul mos erat ut : \.,hoiise. aeger, gra, grum, sick. Aegisthus, i, Aegisthus, cousin of Agamemnon. aegrotus, a, um, sick. aer, aeris, m., air. aes, aeris, n., copper, money. aestimo, 1. value. aetas, atis, f., age; aetatem agere, spend life. [(wjo, to). aflfero, afferre, attull, allatum, bring affirmo, 1. assure, affirm, aver. Agamemnon, 6nis, K. of Mycenae. agaso, onis, groom, ass-driver. ager, gri, m., field, territory. agito, 1. drive violoitly. ago, 3. egi, actum, drive, bring, act, treat; causam a., plead a case. agricola, ae, husbandman, farmer, ait (fr. ajo), he says. 181 182 LATIK PRIMER. Alexander, dri, Alexander {the Great). [in Egypt, Alexandrinus, a, um, of Alexandria aliquando, once, one day. aliquis, qua, quid, subst. , some one or other. [any, aliqui, quae (qua), quod, adj., some, aliquot, some, several. aliquotiens, several times. alius, a, ud, another, other ; aliud — aliud, one—arMher. alii — alii, some — others. allatro, 1. hark at. alloquor, 3. locutus sum, address. alo, 8. aluij altum, nourish, keep. alter, era, erum, the one, the other, second. altercor, 1. wrangle. altu3, a, um, high, tall, deep; altum, i, tJie deep (sea). amarus, a, um, bitter. ambulo, 1. walk. amicitia, ae, friendship, [friend, amicus, a, imi, friendly ; subst., a amittd, 3. misi, missum, lose. amnis, is, m., river. amd, 1. love. [a large scale. amplus, a, um, spacious, ample, on an, or, perhaps. ancilla, ae, maidservant. anguis, is, c, snake. anima, ae, breath, soul. animadverto, 3. verti, versum, observe, notice. animal, ^s, n., animal. animus, i, mind, courage. annecto, 3. nexi, nexum, to attach; tintinnabulum a., to hell. annuo, 3. ui, utum, give a nod, nod {assent). annus, i, year. anser, eris, m., goose. ante, prep., before. antea (ante), adv., before. antecedo, 3. cessi,'cessum, precede, get the start, be ahead. antiquus, a, um, old, ancient. anxius, a, um, anxious. apage, begone, get you gone. [open. aperio, 4. ui, rtum, disclose, reveal, appareo, 2. ui, — , appear. apporto, 1. bring (up), fetch. appropinquo, 1. approach. apricor, 1. bask, sun oneself, [of. apud, at, with, at the house (table) aqua, ae, water. aquila, ae, eagle. aranea, ae, spider. arbor, oris, f., tree. Areas, adis, Arcadian. arcesso, 3. ivi, itum, send for. arena, ae, (har), arena; arenae solitudo, sandy desert. argenteus, a, um, of silver. Argi, orum, Argos. Argonautae, arum, the Argonauts, sailors in the ship Argo. arrepo, 3. repsi, reptum, crawl up. arrigo, 3, rexi, rectum, raise up, prick up. arripio, 3. ripui, reptum, snatch. ars, artis, f., art, quality, [former. artifex, icis, artist, artificer, per- arvum, i, field. [go up. ascends, 3. i, nsum, ascend, mount, asinus, i, ass, donkey. aspectus, us, sight, [see. aspicio, 3. spexi, spectum, behold, asporto, 1. carry off. at, but, Athenae, arum, pi., Athens. Atheniensis, e, Athenian. atque, and. atrox, ocis, adj., savage. attentus, a, um, attentive. Atticus, a, um, Attic, of Attica. attingo, 3. tigi, tactum, touch, reach. auctor, oris, author. audeo, 2. ausus sum, dare. audio, 4. hear, [carry away. aufero, auferre, abstuli, ablatum, aufugio, 3. fugi, fugitum, flee, run away. ' aureus, a, um, golden. auricula, ae, tip of the ear. auriga, ae, charioteer, driver. auris, is, f., ear. aurum, i, gold. ausculto, 1. listen. aut, or ; aut — aut, either — or. autem (postpositive), hut, however. auxilium, i, help; pi., reinforce- ments. avarus, a, um, avaricious. avello, 3. velli, vulsum, tear, jiluck away. VOCABULARY. — LATIN-ENGLISH. 183 averts, 3. verti, versum, turn asidCj avert. avis, is, f., iird. avolo, l.fly aivay. avus, i, grandfather. Bacillum, i, stick, staff. balneae, arum, plur., baths. barbarus, a, um, barbarous, barba- rian, outlandish. beatus, a, um, blessed. belle, finely. bellum, i, icar. belua, ae, beast, animal. bene, icell. beneficium, i, benefit. [hearted. benevolus, a, um, benevolent, ki?id- benignus, a, um, good-natured, kind. bestia, ae, animal, beast. bestiola, ae, poor little beast. Bias, ntis, one of the seven wise men of Greece. bibo, 3. bibi, — , drink. biceps, cipitis, two-headed. biduum, i, space of two days. bis, twice. blandimentum, i, flattery, caress. blandior, 4. flatter, caress. blanditia, ae, caress, blandishment. blandus, a, um, insinuating, coax- ing, cajoling, smirking. bonus, a, um, good. \kine. bos, bovis, c, ox, cow ; pi., oxen, brevis, e, short. bubulcus, i, cowherd, neatherd. C. O. = Caius, or Gains. cadaver, eris, n., corpse, dead body. caedo, 3. cecidx, caesum, fell, hew. caelum, i, heaven, sky. Caesar, aris, Caesar — Emperor. calamitas, atis, f., disaster, calamity. calculus, i, stone, piece {at draughts), man. Caligula, ae, a Roman Emperor. callidus, a, um, sly. campus, i, plain, campus, canis, is, c, dog, hound. cano, 3, cecini, cantum, sing. cant5, 1. sing. cantus, us, song, singing. capella, ae, kid. [take. capio, 3. cepi, captum, catch, seize, capitalis, e, capital, mortal. captivus, a, um, captive. caput, itis, n., head; capitis, capite damnare, condemn to death. cared, 2. be, do without, carmen, inis, n., poem, Ceiro, carnis, f., flesh. earns, a, um, dear. castigo, 1. chastise. castra, drum, n. pi., camp. catulus, i, puppy, whelp. / Cauda, ae, tail. caupo, onis, innkeeper. causa, ae, cauhe, case (suit). cautus, a, um, cautious. cavea, ae, cage. caveo, 2. cavi, cautum, beware. celebro, 1. celebrate. celer, eris, ere, quick. celo, 1. conceal (from). cena, ae, dinner. ceno, 1. dine; cenatus, pf. part. pass., that lias dined. centesimus, a, um, hundredth. centurid, onis, captain. | cerno, 3. (crevi),(cretum),j9ercm'e, certamen, inis, n., contest. certe, surely, at least. certo, certainly. certus, a, um, certain, sure; certi- orem facere, inform. cervus, i, stag. [body else. ceteri, ae, a, the rest, others, every- Chersonesus Taurica, Tauric Chersonesus (Crimea). cibus, i, food, victuals. ciconia, ae, stork. circulus, i, circle, gathering. circum, around. circumduco, 3. duxi, ductum, lead round {and round). circus, i, circle, ring, course, circus. citus, a, um, quick; adv., cito, quick- ly, soon. citb, 1. summon. civis, is, c, citizen, fellow-citizen, clam, secretly. clamo, 1. cry aloud. clamor, oris, m., outcry, yell. 184 LATIN PRIMER. clarus, a, urn, clear, loud, renowned, hrigJit, famous. claudo, 3. clausi, clausunij shut ; clausum in pectore, at the bottom of the heart. climax, acis, f , climax. clitellae, arurrij p]., pacTc-saddle. coepi, coepisse (def. verb), began. cogito, 1. think. \out, recognize. cognosco, 3. gnovi, gnitum, find c5go, 3. coegi, coactum, compel, collect. Oolchi, orum, pi., city of Colchis. colligo, 1. bind up. colligo, 3. legi, lectum, gather, col- lect ; se coUigere, come to one's senses. coUum, i, 7ieeJc. [honor. coloj 3. coluij cultum, worship, color, oris, m., color. coluber, bri, adder ; snake. coma, ae, hair, mane. comes, itis, c, companion. comitas, atis, f., civility. committo, 3. misi, missum, commit; pugnam c, join battle. commodum, i, advantage, profit. commoveo, 2. m5vi, motum, move, stir. comparo, 1. compare, procure, bring. complector, 3. plexus sum, em- brace, comprise. complures, a (ia), several, a great many. [arrest, catch. comprehendo, 3. ndi, nsum, seize, concedo, 3. cessi, cessum, with- draw, betake oneself, grant ; con- cedere vitam, spare life. concipio, 3. cepi, ceptum, conceive. Concordia, ae, concord, harmony. concors, cordis, adj., harmonious. concubia nocte, time of the first deep sleep. [gether. concurro, 3. curri, cursum, run to- cond5, 3. didi, ditum, build, found, hide, bury. condono, 1. present, grant. conduco, 3. duxi, ductum, bring together, hire. c5nficio, 3. feci, fectum, finish, wear out, chew (up). confidd, 3. confisus sum (with Dat.), trust, put confidence in. confirmo, 1. strengthen, aver. confodio, 3. fodi, tossum, stab. confringo, 3. fregi, fractum, crush, snap. conjicio (conicio), 3. jeci, jectum, throw (together), bring, conjectui-e. conjuro, 1. conspire. conjux (conjunx), ugis, c, consort {husband, ivife). Conor, 1. endeavor, attemjjt. conscendo, 3. ndi, nsum, mount, climb. conscius, a, um, aware. consequor, 3. secutus sum, reach, attain, overtake. considero, 1. consider. c5nsid6,3. sedi, sessum, take a seat. c5nsilium, i, counsel, plan, advice. conspectus, us, sight, view. conspicio, 3. spexi, spectum, be- hold, espy. conspicor, 1. catch sight of. constituo, 3. ui, utum, estahlish, fix, determine. [bind together. constringo, 3. strinxi, strictum, consul, is, consul. consularis (vir), ex-consul. c5nsulatus, us, consulship. consulo, 3. ui, ultum, consult. consulto, 1. take counsel. contegd, 3. texi, tectum, cover up. contemplor, 1. gaze at. contends, 3. ndi, ntum, strive. contenti5, 5nis, f., exertion, conten- tion. contineo, 2. tinui, tentum, contain, hold, keep {close). [out break. continuus, a, um, continuous, with- contra, against; adv., on the other hand, opposite side. contrecto, 1. paiv. conveUo, 3. velli, vulsum, to pluck, pull violently. convenio, 4. veni, ventum, assem- ble, be convenient; c. aliquem, visit ; convenit, it is agreed. conventus, us, meeting, assembly, converts, 3. verti, versum, turn about, towards. convicium, i, reviling, railing; convicia speecJies. conviva, ae, c, guest. VOCABULARY. — LATIN-EKGLISH. 185 convivimn, i, banquet, parti/. convoco, 1. convoke. copia, ae, store, abundance, oppor- tunity, way of getting ; copiae, forces, resources. comu, us, hor7i ; icing (of army). corpus, oris, n., body, jjcrson. corripio, 3. ripui, reptum, seize. corrumpo, 3. rupi, ruptum, corrupt, bribe. corvus, i, raven. coturnix, icis, f., quail. creda, 3. didi, ditum, trust, believe. cremo, 1. burn. cre5, 1. create, choose. [crease. cresco, 3. crevi, cretum, grow, in- cruciatus, us, torture. crucio, 1. torture. crudelis, e, cmiel. crudelitas, atis, f., cruelty. cruentus, a, um, bloody. cruor, oris, m., gore, blood. crus, uris, n., leg. cuculus, i, cvcJcoo. culex, icis, m , gnat. cultus, us, attire, garb. cum, prep., ivit/i ; conj., tvhen, as, since ; cum — tum, both — and ; cum prirrum, as soon as, just as. cunae, arum, pi., cradle. cunctus, a, um, all {together). cupidus, a, um, eager, greedy. cupio, 3. cupivi, cupitum, desire. cur, IV hy. cura, ae, care. euro, 1. care for, nurse. curro, 3. cucurri, cursum, run. custodio, 4. guard. custos, odis, m., guard. Cynicus, i, Cynic. Damno, 1. condemn, [doum from. de (prep. w. Abl.), from, of, about, dea, ae, goddess. debeo, 3. oice, ought, must. debilis, e, weak, disabled. decedo, 3. cessi, cessum, go away, get out of the way, die. decern, te7i. decet, it becomes. decide, 3. cidi, — , fall down. decipio, 3. cepi, ceptum, deceive {take in). deduce, 3. duxl, ductiun, bring down, launch, take home. defectus, a, um, worn out. defendo, 3. ndi, nsmn, defend. defero, ferre, tuli, latum, carry, convey down, out of one's course, drift. defodio, 3. fodi, fossum, to bury. deformitas, atis, 1, ugliness. dein, deinde, then. dejicio (deicio), 3, jeci, jectum, throw down, off. [slip down. delabor, 3. lapsus sum, fall down, delecto, 1. delight. [late. dsled, 2. blot out, destroy, annihi- delibero, 1. deliberate, weigh. delitesco, 8. litui, — , skulk, lurk. Delphi, orum, pi., IJeljM, seat of the oracle of Apollo. demitto, 3. misi, missiim, let down. demonstro, 1. show. demulceo, 2. mulsl, mulsum, stroke, lick. demum, at length, not — until. denique, finally. dens, ntis, m., tooth. deploro, 1. bewail. depono, 3. posui, positum, lay down, aside, deposit. [at. derided, 2. risi, risum, deride, jeer descends, 3. ndi, nsum, descend, come down, resort to. desidero, 1. long for. designs, 1. designate. desinS, 3. desii, desitum, leave off, cease. [off. desists, 3. stiti, stitum, desist, leave desperS, 1. despair {of), give up in despair. desum, deesse, defui, be wanting, fail. detego, 3. texi, tectimi, take off. deterges, 2. (3.) tersi, tersum, uipe off. deus, i, god. [lodging. deverto, 3. verti, versum, to take devolo, 1. ffy down. devoro, 1, devour. dexter, tra, trum, and tera, tenun, nght ; dextra, to the right. Diana, ae, sister of Apollo. 186 LATIK PRIMEB. dico, 3. dixi, dictum, say: dicto, 1. dictate. dies, ei, c, day ; in dies, day by day. diiacero, 1. tear in pieces. dilanio, 1, mangle. diligens, ntis, careful, diligent. diligenter, adv., carefully. diligentia, ae, care. dimitto, 3. misi, missum, dismiss, let slip, let go. Diogenes, is, a philosopher. discedo, 3. cessi, cessum, depart. discidium, i, dissension. discindo, 3. scidi, scissum, tear open, cut apart. discipulus, i, scholar, p^ipil. discordia, ae, discord. displiceo, 2. (with Dat.) displease. dispute, 1. discuss, maintain, dis- pute, argue. dissensio, onis, f., dissension. diu, adv., long ; comp. diutius. divitiae, arunij pi., riches. do, dare, dedi, datum, give. doceo, 2. ui, doctumj teach. dolor, oris, m., paiii, anguish. dol5sus, a, um, deceitful. dolus, i, trick, wile. dominus, i, master, owner. domo, 1. domuij domitum, tame, subdue. is, 1, house; domi, at home ; domo, from home. donee, while, until. dono, 1. present. dormio, 4. sleep. dorsum, i, bacTc. dubito, 1. doubt, hesitate. dubius, a, um, doubtful, undecided ; sine dubio, without doubt. duco, 3. duxij ductum, lead, take home {— marry), protract, deem ; ad mortem ducere, lead to execu- tion. dulcisj e, sweet. dum, while, so long as, until. duOj duae, duo, two. duodecim, twelve. duplico, 1. double. durus, a, um, hard, hard-hearted. dux, ducis, leader. E, see ex. ed5, 3. edidi, editum, put forth, utter, perform, exhibit. edo, 3. edi, esum, eat, [out, bury. eflFero, eflferre, extuli, elatum, carry effugio, 3. fugi, fugitum, escape, scamper {off). egregius, a, um, excellent. eheu, alas ! ejuia, 1. wail. eligo, 3. (Ieg5), pick out. emerge, 3. mersi, mersum, emerge. emineo, 2. ui, — , stick out. emitto, 3. misi, missum, sent forth, let go, shoot. en, lo ! enarro, 1. recount, tell. enim (postpositive), for. eo, 149, to go. [Ephesus. Ephesius, a, van, Ephesian, of equa, ae, mare. eques, itis, rider, cavalryman. equidem, verily, the fact is. equus, i, horse. ergo, therefore. [takeaway. eripio, 3. eripui, ereptum, snatchy Eris, idis, goddess of discord. erro, 1. err, wander, stray. error, oris, m., error, mistake. eruo, 3. ui, utum, tear out, drag, pluck out, destroy. erus, i, master. [giant Geryon. Erythia, ae, island, where dwelt the et, and ; et — et, both— and. etiam, even, still, also, too. evado, 3. vasi, vasum, come forth, escape, turn out. [be the upshot. evenio, 4. veni, ventum, happen, everts, 3. verti, versum, overturn. evito, 1. avoid, get out of the way of evoco, 1. call out. ex (e), out of, from, by. [(life). excedo, 3. cessi, cessum, depart excello, 3. ui, — , (with Dat.) excel. excido, 3. excidi, — , fall out, drop from. [receive, catch, welcome. excipio, 3. cepi, ceptum, accept, excito, 1. stir up, excite, awake. exclam5, 1. cry out. [cut off. exclude, 3. clusi, clusum, shut out. VOCABULARY. — LATIN-ENGLISH. 187 exemplum, I, example. exeo, 4. ii, itum, go out. exerceo, 2. practise, exercise. exercitatio, onis, f., practice^ exer- cise. exercitus, us, army, [exact, spend. exigo, 3, egi, actum, expel, execute, exiguus, a, um, small, scant. expello, 3. puli, piilsum, expel, hanish. [to the t('st. experior, 4. expertus sum, try, put explore, 1. spy out, examine. exprimo, 3. pressi, pressum, ex- press, squeeze out. exspectatid, onis, f., expectcMon. exstinguo, 3. stinxi, stinctum, put out, extinguish, kill. exterreo, 2. frighten. extraho, 3. traxi, tractum, draw out, get out, extract. F. Faber, bri, carpenter. fabula, ae, fable, story, play. facies, ei, face. facilis, e, easy ; facile, adv., easily. facinus, oris, n., deed. facio, 3. feci, factum, m,a1ce, do. factum, i, deed. [speech. facundus, a, um, eloquent, of ready fallax, acis, deceitful. fallo, 3. fefelli, falsum, deceive, dis- appoint. fames, is, f., hunger, famine. familiaris, e, intimate {friend) ; res familiaris, property. famulus, i, servant. fasciculus, i, little bundle, fascis, is, m., bundle. fatigo, 1. fatigue. [pleton, fool. fatuus, a, um, silly; subst., sim- fel, fellis, n., gall. feles, is, f., cat. felix, cis, happy. femina, ae, woman, female. fenestra, ae, u'indow. fera, ae, ivild beast. fere, almost, about. ferinus, a, um, of loild beasts. ferme, about. fero, ferre, tuli, latum, bear. ferocia, ae^ fierceness. ferox, cis, fierce. ferreus, a, um, iron, of iron. ferus, a, um, wild, savage. festinanter, hastily. festino, 1. hasten, make haste. fidelis, e, faithful. fides, ei, trust, faith, faithfulness. f ilia, ae, daughter. f iliolus, i, little son. f Ilius, i, son. finis, is, ni., end, border. f io, fieri, factus sum, becomCf hap- pen, take place. flagito, 1. demand, flagro, 1. burn. flamma, ae, flame. flebilis, e, tearful, doleful. fleets, 3. fiexi, fiexum, bend, pre- vail on. fleo, 2. flevi, fletum, weep. flos, floris, m., flower, bloom. fluctuo, 1. wave, waver. fluctus, us, flood, wave. fluvius, i, river. fons, fontis, m., fountain, spring. fore, Fut. Inf. of sum. forma, ae, form, shape, appearance. formldo, inis, f., fear. formosus, a, um, beautiful. forte, by chance. fortis, e, brave. [tude. fortitude, inis, f., bravery, forti- fortuna, ae, fortune. [crush. frango, 3. fregi, fractum, break, frater, fratris, brother. fraudo, 1. cheat. fraus, fraudis, f., cheat, fraud. fremitus, us, roar. frem5, 3. ui, itum, roar, frenum, i, bit, bridle. fruor, 3. fruitus, fructus, enjoy, frustra, in vain. frustum, i, bit. frutox, icis, m., shrub. fxigaj^ae, flight. fugio, 3. fugi, fugitum, flee, escape, fugitivus, a, um, fugitive, runaway. fugo, 1. put to flighi, chase away. fulgeo, 2. fulsi, — , glitter, shine. fur, is, thief. [vengeance. Furiae, arum, pi., furies, spirits of (furo), 3. , rave, rage. I fustis, is, m. , cudgel. 188 LATIK PRIMER. G. Gajus, Gaius, a Roman praenomen. Gallia, ae, Gaul. gallina, ae, hen. gallus, i, cock. gaudeo, 2. gavisus sum, rejoice. gaudiumj ij/o^. gemitus, us, groan. gener, i, son-in-law. generosus, a, um, nodlCf generous. gero, 3. gessi, gestum, ccirrg on, wage, perform. gloria, ae, glory. gracilis, e, slender. gracilitas, atis, f., slenderness. graculus, i, jackdaw. Graecus, a, um, of Greece, Grecian. gratia, slb^ gratitude, favor; gratiam habere, /ee/ thankful; g.referre, return favor, make return for ; gratias agere, return thanks, thank. \ing. gratulabimdus, a, um, congratulat- gratus, a, um, grateful. gravis, e, heavy, severe, grievous. grex, gregis, m., flock, herd. griis, gruis, f., crane. guttur, uris, n., throat. H. Habeo, 2. have, hold, regard. haered, 2. haesi, haesum, stick, hesitate. haruspex, icis, m., haruspex. haud, not. [{water, etc.). haurio, 4. hausi, haustum, draw Helena, ae, Helen, wife of Menelaus. Heraclidae, arum, descendants of Hercules. herba, ae, herh, grass. Hercules, is, a hero, son of Jupiter and Alcmena. Hermiona, ae, Hermione, daughter of Menelaus and Helen. Hesperides, um, daughters of Hes- perus. heus, ho ! hie, haec, hoc, this. hie, adv., here, at this point. hiems (hiemps), hiemis, m., winter. Hispania, ae, Spain. homd, Inis, c, man, human heing, fellow; \A\\Y., people. hora, ae, hour. [man poet. Horatius, i, Horace, a famous Ro' horrendus, a, um, horrible. hortus, i, garden. hospes, itis, stranger, guest, host. hospitium, i, friend's house. hostis, is, c, enemy. humanus, a, um, human. humilis, e, low. humo, 1. bury, inter. [ground. humus, i, f., ground; humi, on the Ibi, there. Ida, ae, mountain near Troy. idem, eadem, idem, the same. ideo, on that account. [fore. igitur (generally postpositive), there- ignis, is, m., fire. ignore, 1. be ignorant of, not know. ignosc5, 3. Ignovi, ignotum, (w. Dat.), forgive. ille, ilia, illud, that. imago, inis, f . , likeness, image. imitabilis, e, imitable. imitor, 1. imitate. immanitas, atis, 1, enormity, in- humanity, [in. immergo, 8. mersi, mersum,^Z«^w^e immisceo, 2. miscui, mixtum, mix in, get into, in among. immolo, 1. sacrifice. impedio, 4. hinder, entangle. imperator, oris, general, emperor. imperium, i, {supreme) command, rule, reign. [govern. impero, 1. command, give orders, impono, 3. posui, positum, put in, on, impose. importiinus, a, um, pressing, im- portunate, churlish. improbus, a, um, naughty, ivicked, remorseless ; subst., knave. improvisus, a, irni, unforeseen, un- expected. impriidens, ntis, imprudent, un- wittingly, [less. impudens, ntis, impudent, shame- in^ in, on, against, to, i7ito. VOCABULARY. — LATIN^-ENGLISH. 189 incautus, a, um, adv. , incaute, in- cautious. incertus, a, um, uncertain. incid5, 8. cidi, casum, fall into, chance upon. incipid, 3. cepi, ceptum, begin. include, 3. clusi, clusum, shut up. incolumis, e, unhurt. India, ae, India. indignor, 1. be indignant. induo, 3. ui, utum, jmt on, dress, array. \^purposely. industria, ae, energy ; de industria, ine5, 4. ii, itum, enter. ineptus, a, um, unsuitable, silly. infans, ntis, infant, babe, minor, youthful. infelix, Icis, unhappy. inferior, ius, lower, inferior. infligo, 3. fiixi, flictum, deal, inflict upon. ingenium, i, genius, character, ingens, ntis, huge, great. ingratus, a, um, ungrateful. inhaereo, 2. haesi, haesum, stick in. inhumatus, a, um, unbaried. inimicitia, ae, enmity. inimicus, a, um, unfriendly; subst., enemy, adversary. iniquus, a, um, unfair, unjust. injicio (inici5), 3. jeci, jectiun, throw into, on, put into; furorem inji- cere, enrage ; rixam i^jicere, start a quarrel. injuria, ae, wrong. innocens, ntis, innocent. inopia, ae, loant, neediness. inops, opis, needy ; inops consilii, at his wits' end. inquam, quoth I; inquit, qu^th he; inquiunt, say they. Inscribe, 3. scrips!, scriptum, write on, inscribe. [/ioz> up upon. Insilio, 4. silui, sultum, leap upon, instituo, 3. ui, utum, establish, in- stitute, set on foot, get up, insto, 1. stiti, — , press hard. insvda, ae, island. insum, esse, fui, be in. intellea^o, 3. lexi, lectum, under- stand. inter, among. interficio, 3. feci, factum; kill. interims, 3. emi, emptum, make away with, kill. [death. interitus, us, destruction, perdition, interrogatum, i, question. interrogo, 1. ask. intersum, esse, fui, to be present ; interest, it concerns. intervenio, 4. veni, ventum, come in between, intervene. intimus, a, um, inmost, intimate. intra, prep. w. Ace, within. intro, 1. enter. [duce. introduc5, 3. duxi, ductum, intro- introgredior, 3. gressus sum, step in. intromitto, 3. misi, missum, let in. inultus, a, um, unavenged. inusitatus, a, um, unusual. inutilis, e, useless, good for nothing. invenio, 4. veni, ventum, find. invidia, ae, envy, evil eye. invitatio, onis, f., invitation. invito, 1. invite. invitus, a, um, unwilling. invoco, 1. call on, invoke. ipse, ipsa, ipsum, self. ira, ae, anger. Iratus, a, um, angry, in anger. irritus, a, um {not valid),ofno avail. irrump5, 3. rupi, ruptum, burst into, come down upon, make in- road. is, ea, id, he, she, it; that. iste, ista, istud, that {of yours). ita, so ; non ita, not so, not quite. itaque, and so, consequently. iter, itineris, n., way, journey, road, route. iterum, again. JaceO, 2. ui, — , lie {prostrate). jacio, 3. jeci, jactum, throw. jacto, 1. toss, brag of. jam, already, by this time, now,anon. Jaso, 5nis, Jason, a hero. jubeo, 2. jussi, jussum, bid, order. jucundus, a, um, pleasant, sweet, amusing. judex, icis, judge, juryman. judicium, i, sentence, judgment, court, trial. 190 LATIK PRIMER. ^udicQ, 1. Judge, think. jugulo, 1. cut the throat, murder. jungo, 3. junxij junctum.-, Join, form Juno, 5nis, consort of Jupiter. Juppiter, Jo vis, supreme god. jus, juris, n., right, court. juvenis, is, youth {young man). juventus, utis, f., youth {period of life). Labor, oris, m., toil, labor. labors, 1. toil, strain, suffer, worh hard. _ \^Sparta. Lacedaemo, bnis, Lacedaemon, Lacedaemonii, orum, Lacedae- monians. Laco, onis, Lacedaemonian. lacrima, ae, tear. lacrimo, 1. weep. lacus, us, lake. laedo, 3. si, sum, wound, insult. laetus, a, um, glad. Joyful. [left. laevus, a, um, left; laeva, to the lambo, 3. Iambi, — , lick. lamentor, 1. make lamentation. laniatus, us, mangling. laqueus, i, snare, toils. latebra, ae, hiding place. [places. latebrosus, a, um, full of hiding lateo, 2. ui, — , to lie hid. latibulum, i, covert, den. latratus, us, harking. Iatr5, 5nis, rohher. latrunculus, i, piece {at draughts). latus, a, um, hroad. laudo, 1. praise. laus, laudis, f., praise. [read. lego, 3. legi, lectum, gather, choose, leuiter, gently. leo, onis, lion. levis, e, light, slight. levo, 1. lighten, alleviate, relieve. lex, legis, 1, law, condition. libenter, willingly ; libenter ludi- ficor, I like to fool. liber, bri, hook. liberator, oris, liberator. iibero^ 1. set free. libertas, atis, f , freedom. libet, it pleases, you would like. ligo, onis, m., mattock. ligneus, a, um, wooden, of wood. lignum, i, wood, log. limus, i, mud. lingua, ae, to7igue. linteum, i, linen cloth. litigd, 1. contend, wrangle. litus, oris, n., shore. loco, 1. let. [(of a book). locus, i, place, opportundy, passage longitude, inis, f., length. [far, longus, a, um, long; adv., longe, loquor, 3. locutus sum, speak, talk. 15rum, i, thong; loris caedere, thrash. lucrum, i, gain, profit. luctor, 1. wrestle. Iud5, 3. lusi, lusum, play, mock. Iuge5, 2. luxi, — , mourn. lupus, i, wolf. luscinia, ae, nightingale. lux, lucis, f., light (of day) ; 1. cla- rissima, broad day ; prima luce at dawn, daybreak. M. M. = Marcus. magis, more, rather. magister, tri, teacher. magistratus, us, magistracy, official, governm e n t; magistratum gerere, be in office. magnanimus, a, um, great-hearted. magnificus, a, um, magnificent, grand. [ness. magnitudo, inis, f., bigness, great- magnopere, greatly. magnus, a, um, great, big, loud; superl., maximus. maledico, 3. dixi, dictum (w, Dat.), speak evil against, slander. malo, malle, malui, wish rather, prefer. malum, i, apple. malus, a, um, bad, wicked, evil, poor; malum, i, an evil ; adv. maloi badly, ill. mane, early in the morning. mansuetus, a, um, tame. manus, us, f., hand, band. mare, is, n., sea. mater, tris, mother, dam* matrona, ae, lady. VOCABULARY. — LATIK-ENGLISH. 191 maxime, most, especially. xnedela, ae, remedy, cure, attend- ance, [nursing. medicina, ae, medical attendance, medicus, i, physician. medium, i, middle. medius, a, ixm, middle, intervening. Megara, ae, city in Greece. membrimi, I, limb, member. memini, isse (defective verb), re- member. memor, oris, mindful. memoria, ae, memory. mendax, acis, lying ; subst., linr. Menelaus, i, husband of Helen. mens, mentis, f,, mind, under- standing. mensis, is, m., month. mentis, onis, f., mention. mentior, 4. lie, lie and say. mentum, i, chin. mergo, 3. mersi, mersum, plunge {under water). [em. meridianus, a, um, midday, south- meritum, i, desert. metuo, 3. ui, — , fear. metus, us, fear. [my. meus, a, um (voc. masc, mi), mine, miles, itis, soldier. minime, by no means, no. ministerium, i, service. minor, us, less, smaller, decreasing; m. natu, yotmger. mirificus, a, um, marvellous. minis, a, um, strange, marvellous. miser, era, erum, wretched, miser- able, sad, poor; adv., misere, pitifully, sadly. misereor, 2. (with Gen.), pity. miseria, ae, misery, wretchedness. mitigo, 1. soothe, soften. mitis, e, mild. mitto, 3. misi, missum, send, loose; iram mittere, cease to be angry. modo, oidy ; non modo — sed etiam, not only — but also. modus, i, measure, manner, way. moenia, iimi, pi., (city) walls. molestus, a, um, troublesome. monee, 2. remind, advise, warn. mons, montis, m., mountain. monstro, 1. show. moribundus, a, imi, dyi?ig. morior, 3. mortuus sum, die. mors, mortis, f., death. mortifer, era, erum, deadly, fatal, mortuus, a, imi, dead. mos, moris, m., custom, way. motus, iis, movement, motion. moved, 2. movi, motum, move, excite. mox, presently, by and by. mulc5, 1. maul. mulier, eris, woman. multitude, inis, f ., multitude, crowd. multus, a, um, much; multo post, long after. murmur, uris, n., murmur. murmurs, 1. murmur. mus, muris, c, mouse. musca, ae, fly. musculus, i, little mouse. muto, 1. change, mutuus, a, um, mutual. Mycenae, arum, pi. , city in Greece. Myndil, orum, Myndians. N. Nam, namque, for. nanciscor, 3. nactus svun, attain. narro, 1. tell. nascor, 3. natus sum, be born. uasus, i, nose. nato, 1. sivim. natu, by birth ; major, maximus n., elder, eldest; minimus n., young- est. natiira, ae, nature. naturalis, e, natural. nauta, ae, sailor. navigo, 1. sail. navis, is, f., ship. ne, in order that not, lest ; ne — quidem, not even ; -nS = inter, particle (133). nee, neque, neither, and not, neco, 1. Tcill, slay. nego, 1. deny, sny that not. negdtium, i, business, trouble. nemo, inis, nobody. [of means. nequaquam, nowise, by no manner neque, neither, and not; neque — neque, neither — nor. Nero, 5nis, name of a dog. nescio, 4. not know. 192 LATIN PRIMER. neuter, tra, trum, neither. nidus, 1, 7iest. nihil, nothing ; adv., not at all. nimius, a, um, too great, excessive, too much. nisi, if not, except, unless. nix, nivis, f., snoiv. nobilis, e, noble, higJiborn, famous. noceo, 2. (with Dat.) do harm. nodus, i, hiot. nolo, nolle, nolui, he unwilling, nomen, inis, n., name. nomino, 1. call by name. non, not. nondum, not yet. nonne, not 9 (130). nonnuUi, ae, a, some. nonus, a, um, ninth. noscito, 1. recog7iize. nosco, 3. novi, notum, learn to know; novi, pf., I know. noster, stra, strum, our. novus, a, um, new. nox, noctis, f., night. nubo, 3. nupsi, nuptum (with Dat.), marry {of the woman). nuUus, a, um, none. num = inter, particle (see 130). numen, inis, n., divinity, divine will. numero, 1. count, account. numerus, i, number. nunc, now. nuntio, 1. announce. nuntius, i, message, news, messenger. nunquam, never. [riage. nuptiae, arum, pi., wedding, mar- nusquam, nowhere. niitus, lis, nod, wink. nux, nucis, f., 7iut. O. Ob, on account of, oboedio, 4. (with Dat.), obey. obru5, 3. rui, riitum, overwhelm, cover. obscurus, a, um, dark, obscure. obsecro, 1. adjure. obsum, esse, fui (w. Dat.), be in the way of, do harm, infure. [tain. obtineo, 2. tinui, tentum, hold, ob- obtingo, 3. tigi, — , fall to. obvius, a, um, meeting. occasus, us, setting ; solis occasu, at sunset. occido, 3. cidi, cisum, kill, slay. occurro, 3. curri, cursum, run to meet, meet. octo, eight. octogesimus, a, um, eightieth. oculus, i, eye. offerd, offerre, obtuli, oblatum, of- fer, expose. \in the light of. officio, 3.feci,fectum (w. 'Dsit.),stand officium, i, duty, office, service. olim, once on a time. omnino, generally, at all. omnis, e, all. onus, eris, n., burden, load. opera, a.e, pains, trouble, work. Job ; operam dare, endea'cor ; opera, by means. opimus, a, um, rich, fat. oppidum, i, town. [resources. (ops) opis, f., poiver, help, riches, optimus, super, of bonus, excellent. opus, eris, n., work. opus est, is wa?ited. oraculum, i, oracle. orator, oris, orator, ambassador. ordo, inis, m., row, rank, order. Orestes, is, son of Agamemnon. orior, 4. ortus sum, rise, arise. omamentum, i, ornament. Jewel. 6m5, 1. deck, adorn, dress up. oro, 1. beg, beseech. OS, oris, n., mouth, face. OS, ossis, n., bone. ostendd, 3. ndi, nsum, show. ostento, 1. make a show, brag, dis- play. ostium, i, door. ovis, is, f., sheep. Pactum, 1, bargain, manner, way. paene, almost. paenitentia, ae, repentance. palus, udis, i., swamp. parco, 3. peperci, parsum (with Dat.), spare. parens, tis, c. , parent. pareo, 2. (with Dat.), obey, be obe- dient to. VOCABULARY. — LATIN-ENGLISH. 193 Pciris, idis, son of Priam. paro, 1. prepare, make ready. Parrhasius, i, famous painter. parricida, ae, c, parricide. pars, partis, f., pari, portion; side ( = party). parum, but little, too little. parvus, a, unij small, Utile. parvulus, a, um, j^our, little. pasco, 3. pavi, pastunij feed, graze^ tend; pass. (w. Abl.), cat, feed on, passer, eris, m., sparrow. p5stor, oris, herdsman, shepherd. past5ralis, e, of a shepherd. patefacio, 3. feci, factum, disclose, reveal. pater, tris, father. patior, 3. passus sum, suffer. patria, ae, native lajid. patro, 1 . perform. paucus, a, um, little, few. paulatim, little by little. paulisper, a little while. paulo, adv., a little. paululum, a little, pauper, eris, poor, pavefacio, 3. feci, factuxnj frighten, pavo, onis, m., peacock. pax, pacis, f., peace. peccatum, i, sm, fault. pecco, 1. do wrong. pectus, oris, n., breast. pecunia, ae, money. Peleus, i, a hero. pellis, is, f,, skin, fleece. pell5, 3. pepuli, pulsum, drive, drive away, banish. Pelops, is, son of Tantalus. pendeo, 3. pependl, — , hang, be suspejided. penitus, thoroughly. penna, ae, feather. per, through. percussor, 5ris, murderer^ assassin. percutio, 3. cussi, cussum, strike through, stab, smite, kill, puncJi. perdifficilis, e, very hard (to do). perdo, 3. didi, ditum, ruin, undo, lose. peregrinus, a, um, foreign ; subst., foreigner. perfero, perferre, pertuli, perla- tum, carry {all the way), endure. 9 perficio, 3. feci, fectum, completCy achieve. perfidus, a, um, treacherous. perforo, 1. pierce through, transfix. periclitor, 1. expose oneself to dan- ger^ to be in jeopardy. periculum, i, danger. permagnus, a, um, vei-y great, permetior, 4. mensus sum, meas- lire, traverse. permulceo, 2. mulsl, mulsum, stroke. Persa, ae, Persian. perseverd, 1. persevere, insist. perspicio, 3. spexi, spectum, see through, info. persuadeo, 2. suasi, suasrun (w. Dat.), persuade, convince. pertaedet, pertaesum est, it tires. perterreo, 2, frighten thoroughly. pertineo, 2. ui, — , exteiid, pertain, pervenie, 4. veni, ventum, arrive, pes, pedis, m.,foot, paiv. pet5, 3. petivi, petitum, aim at, beg, go after, seek. petulans, ntis, saucy, petulant. phasianus, i, pheasant. philosophus, l^ philosopher. Phylax, Scis {Greek for '*guard")i name of a dog. pictor, oAs, pa inter. pictiira, ae, painting. piger, gra, um, lazy. pigritia, ae, laziness. pingOj 3. pinxi, pictum, paint. piscis, is, m., fish. Piso, onis, a Roman proconsul, placed, 2. (with Dat.), please, suit. placidus, a, um, qiiiet, calm. placo, 1. appease. plaga, ae, blow, wound. plaustrum, i, wagon. plebs, plebis, f., common people. plus, pliiris, inore ; plures, several. poculum, i, cup. poena, ae, piinisJiment, penalty; poenas dare, be punished. poeta, ae, poet. pomum, i, apple, fruit. pono, 3. posui, positum, put, place, lay down, lay aside {dismiss), pons, pontis, m., bridge. populus, i, people. 194 LATIK PRIMER. porrigo, 3. porrexi, porrectum, reach forth, extend, hand. porta, ae, gate. porto, 1. carry. possum, posse, potui, can, be able. post, prep., after, behind; adv., afterwar'ds. postea, after (that), afterwards. poster!, drum, posterity ; in poste- rum, for the future. posterior, ius, after, later ; postre- mo, finally. postquam, posteaquam, after. postridie, the next day. postulo, 1. claim, demand. praebeo, 2. present, show, furnish, pro'vide, lend. praecipio, 3. cepi, ceptum, pre- scribe, give instructions. praeda, ae, booty, prey. praedico, 1. boast, extol, cry up. praedo, onis, robber. praemiimi, i, reward. praeses, idis, president, chief. praesto, 1. stiti, — , excel, perform. praesto, adv., at hand; praesto esse (with Dat.), present one- self to, meet. praeter, prep., beside, against, con- trary to, above. praeterea, besides. praetereo, ire, ii, itum, pass by. pratum, i, meadow. preces, um, pi., f., prayer. premo, 3. pressi, pressum, press {hard). pretiosus, a, um, costly. Priamus, i. King of Troy. Priene, es, city in Asia Minor, home of Bias. primus, a, um, first ; primum, the first time ; primo, at first. princeps, ipis, first, chief, head man, prince. prior, prius, former, before. priusquam, before, sooner. pro, fm% instead of, in behalf of. pro, interj., oh! ah! probitas, atis, f., honesty, upright- ness. proba, 1. approve, prove. probus, a, um, honest, upright; probe, well, thoroughly. procedo, 3. cessi, cessum, to step fortJi, advance. proconsul, is, proconsul. procul, at a distance. procurro, 3. curri, cursum, run, forward, ahead. prodo, 3. didi, ditum, betray ; me- moria pr 5 ditum est, there is a tradition. proferd, ferre, tuli, latum, bring forth, put forth. proficio, 3. feci, fectum, accom- plish, do good. [march. proficiscor, 3. fectus sum, set out, profugio, 3. fugi, fugitum, flee (away). profundus, a, um, deep. progenies, ei, descendants. prohibeo, 2. hinder, keep from. projicio (proicio), 3. jeci, jectum, cast forth, fling. promitto, 3. misi, missum, promise. promptus, a, um, ready ; in lingua promptum, at the tongue's end. prope, adv., 7iear, nearly, almost; prep., hard by, near. propere, hastily, in haste, speedily. propono, 3. posui, positum, pro- pose, exhibit. propter, adv., hard by ; prep., on account of. prosterno, 3. stravi, stratum, throw flat. prdsum, prodesse, profui (with Dat. ), do good. protinus, forthwith. providus, a, um, foresighted. provincia, ae, province. proximus, a, um, next. prudens, ntis, wise. » puber, eris, marriageable, of puber- puella, ae, girl. puer, eri, boy ; puerulus, baby boy, pugio, onis, m., dagger. pugna, ae, fight, battle. pugno, 1. fight. pulcher, chra, chrum, beautiful^ fine. pulchritude, inis, f . , beauty. puto, 1. think, suppose. Fylades, is, friend of Orestes. Pythius, i, the Pythian, i. e., Apollo, god of Prophecy. VOCABULARY. — LATIN-ENGLISH. 195 Q. Quaero, 3. quaesivl, quaesitum, ask, seek, search. quaes5, prithee. quam, ocw7?««&er, is, m. speak, loqm, 136, 3, dlcere, 113, 2. spectator, spectator, oris, m. spider, ardnea, ae. splinter, stirps, is, t. squabble to, rixarl. stab to, perfordre. stag, cervus, i. stand to, stare, 115. starling, sturnus, i. state (commonwealth), res pithlica. Gen., rei piiblicae. stick, bac ilium, I; (log), lignum, I. stick to, haertre, 120, 2. stork, cici'mia, ae. storm, tempestds, dtis, f. storm to, take by storm, expugn&re. story, fdbula, ae. stranger, hospes, itis, m. strong, validus, a, um. BuSer,patl, 136, 3. suppliant (adj.), supplex, ids. suppose^ put are. surpassj snperdre. surround to, cingere, 113, 2. suspicion, susplciO, imis, i. swamp, palus, i/dis, i. sweet, dulcis, e, suads, e. swift, celer, is, e ; velOx, ocis. swim, nature. Take, sumere, 115, capere, 112, 1 ; take away, adimere, tollere, 116; take (captive), capere. teach, doc t re. teacher, magisler, irl. [113, 2. tell (a story), narrare ; dlcere. than, quam. [125. that, is, ille, iste. See 124 and that, so that, in order that, ut, w. Subj. then, turn. thief, fur, furis. thing, res, rel. [120, 4. think, putdre, judicdre, seiiiirey this, hie, 125. Thracian, Thrax, dcis. throat, guitur, is, n. throne, rlgnum, I. through, per (w. Ace.). throw, jacere, 113, 1 ; throw down, dijicere. thy, tuns, a, um. tie to, annectere, 113, 2, time, tempys, oris, n. timid, timidus, a, um, to, ad, in (w. Ace). toil (subst.), labor, oris, m, toil to, labCtrare. toils (snare), laquel, drum, pi. tongue, lingua, ae. too-much, nimius, a, um; (adv.) nimium, nimis. tooth, dins, lis, ni. [cidre. torture, torquere, 157,2. Exc, cru- louch to, tangere, 115, attingere, tower, turris, is, t traveller, vidtor, oris. treasure, thesaurus, i. treaty, foedus, eris, n. tree, atvor, oris, i, tribe, geiis, tis, f. troublesome, rnolestus, a, um. Troy, Trif^'a, ae. try, tentdre, cOndrl. turn, vertere, 114, Exc; (change) mutdre; turn over, evertere. two, duo, duae, duo, 140. Unburied, inhumdtus, a, um. 208 LATIK PRIMER. undertake, suscipere, 112, 1, su- mere, 115. unfortunate, infclix, ids. unhsi^PYjlnfelix, icis. unwilling to be, 7idUe, 152. urge, suddere, 120, 2. useful, ntilis, e ; very useful, perii- tilis, e. V. Vain, vdnus, a, urn ; in vain, fru- stm. victory, victoria, ae. vigorously, acriter. violent, vehemins, lis. virgin, virgo, inis, f. voice, viix, vocis, f. vow, vovere, 120, 3. vultiure, vuliur, is, m, W. Wait (for), exspedare. walk to, amhuldre. wall, miirus; (of a city) moenia, mil, pi. want (subst.), inopia, ae. war, bellum, I. warn, monere, adtnonere. water, aqua, ae. we, nos. weary to, faflgdre. weary (adj.), fessus, a, um, fatl- gdtus, a, um. weep, lacrimdre, flere. weigh down to, gravdre. [bene. well (adj.), sdiius, a, um; (adv.], when, cum ; (interrog.)> quandd. whence, unde. whether, num. 131. which (rel. and interrog.), qui; (of the two), uter. while, a little w., pauUsper. while (conj.), dum. who (rel.), qui; (interrog.), quia (subst.), ^-/a (adj.). whole, totus, a, um, 85; whole- world, orbis terrdrum. why? cur ? wicked, malus, a, um, improbus, a, um. wife, uxor, oris. \fera, ae. wild, ferus, a, um ; wild beast, willingly, libenter. wine, vlnum, I. winter. Hems (hiemps), hiemis, f. vriHe,sapi(7is, tis,prudens, lis. [3. wish to, velle, optare, cupere, 120, wolf, lupus, I. woman, mulier, is ; femina, ae. wood (forest), silva, ae ; (log), li- gnum, I. wooden, llgneus, a, um. work, opus, ens, n. world, mundus, I; orbis terrdrum. worn out, confectus, a, um. would that, utiaam., 92, 3. wound (subst.), vuluus, eris, n. wound to, vulnerdre. wretched, miser, a, um. write, scr'ibere, 112, 3 ; write in, Inscrlbere in. wrong, do w. , peccdre. Year, annus, I. yield to, cedere (w. Dat.). 114, 3. you, vos. [minimus ndlu. younger, minor ndtii; youngest, youth (young man), juve?iis, is; (period of life), juvenilis, idis, f . ■^ NOTE TO TEACHERS. The classification of declensions according to stem-characteristics is the only scientific method, and is destined to displace the old plan, even in elementary books. In dictionaries and vocabularies the declensions may still be designated by -ae for the First, -i for the Second, -is for the Third, -us for the Fourth, -ei for the Fifth, and to this extent the tradi- tion has been followed in the present series. But this rough method of recognizing declensions cannot be used for exhibiting the formation without serious damage, practical as well as scientific. I. The Genitive of the First Declension ends in -ae. The stem ends in a, the genitive in -e, which stands for an earlier i. So in old Ijatin : Albai Longai = Albae Longae. Compare the Greek First Declension (A- Declension). The stem, then, is not mens- but mensa-. II. The Genitive of the Second Declension ends in -i. O has been dropped before i. The stem is not hort-, but horto-. So in the Nominative in older Latin : serv6-s. Compare the Greek Second Declension (0- Declension), X6yo-v >% ONE MONTH USE PLEASE RETURN TO DESK FROM WHICH BORROWED EDUCATION-PSYCHOLOGY LIBRARY This book is due on the last date stamped below, or on the date to which renewed. 1 -month loans may be renewed by calling 642-4209 Renewals and recharges may be made 4 days prior to due date. ALL BOOKS ARE SUBJECT TO RECALL 7 DAYS AFTER DATE CHECKED OUT. ^ •Si mra 1Q~--> ^ LD 21A-30m-5,'75 (S5877L) General Library University of California Berkeley -^cc 7 (X^ a ■J- (^. ^ /ii^Lr^ ^ ta/uc ^1 'i/ c ^^' ^ M ^ f