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 EMERGENCY RELIEF 
 
 AFTER THE WASHINGTON PLACE FIRE 
 
 New York, March 25, 1911 
 
 REPORT OF THE 
 
 RED CROSS EMERGENCY RELIEF COMMITTEE 
 
 OF THE 
 
 CHARITY ORGANIZATION SOCIETY OF 
 
 THE CITY OF NEW YORK 
 
 1912 
 
GIFT OF 
 
Digitized by the Internet Archive 
 
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 Microsoft Corporation 
 
 http://www.archive.org/details/emergencyreliefaOOcharrich 
 
EMERGENCY RELIEF 
 
 AFTER THE WASHINGTON PLACE FIRE 
 
 New York, March 25, 1911 
 
 Committee 
 
 ROBERT W. de FOREST, Chairman 
 
 JACOB H. SCHIFF, Treasurer 
 
 EDWARD T. DEVINE. Secretary 
 
 OTTO T. BANNARD 
 CLEVELAND H. DODGE 
 MRS. W. K. DRAPER 
 LEE K. FRANKEL 
 MRS. JOHN M. GLENN 
 
 LLOYD C. GRISCOM 
 THOMAS M. MULRY 
 LEOPOLD PLAUT 
 MRS. WILLIAM B. RICE 
 ANTONIO STELLA 
 
 REPORT OF THE 
 
 RED CROSS EMERGENCY RELIEF COMMITTEE 
 
 OF THE 
 
 CHARITY ORGANIZATION SOCIETY OF 
 
 THE CITY OF NEW YORK 
 
 1912 
 

 <^° 
 
 I . • ••••• . . 
 
 ••._.- • • 
 
 » • • . . • 
 
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 
 
 The Committee takes this opportunity to express its appre- 
 ciation of the generous gifts of money and of personal service 
 which have been made for this work. 
 
 We are especially indebted, for services specified in the course 
 of the report, to the United Hebrew Charities, the Association 
 for Improving the Condition of the Poor, and the Society of St. 
 Vincent de Paul of this city ; to the Jewish Colonization Associa- 
 tion of Paris; to the American Consuls-General in Moscow, 
 Vienna, and Bucharest; to the Italian Consul-General in New 
 York; and to the Union Relief Committee, for the active co- 
 operation shown through its executive agents. 
 
 361117 
 
This report of the Red Cross emergency relief, 
 following the fire which occurred on March 25, 
 1911, in the premises occupied by the Triangle 
 Shirt Waist Company at 23 Washington Place, 
 New York City, is submitted by the Red Cross 
 Emergency Relief Committee of the Charity 
 Organization Society. 
 
 One of the essentials in emergency relief is quick action in 
 organizing the work and promptness in reaching final decisions. 
 This was the first occasion which had arisen in New York for 
 testing the value of the affiliation between the American National 
 Red Cross and the Charity Organization Society as its institu- 
 tional member. The degree in which it made immediate and 
 effective action possible and concentrated contributions and ad- 
 ministration has been extremely gratifying. The fire occurred 
 late Saturday afternoon. On Sunday Robert W. de Forest, 
 chairman of the Red Cross Emergency Relief Committee of the 
 Charity Organization Society, called upon Mayor Gay nor and 
 arranged with him for the immediate issue of an appropriate 
 appeal for contributions in the name of the Red Cross. All 
 relief funds, except that of the Union Relief Committee (see 
 page n), were consolidated with that of the Society's Red Cross 
 Committee, and this exception was more apparent than real 
 because of the co-operation to which reference will be made. 
 The work of receiving and acknowledging contributions was at- 
 tended to in the office of Jacob H. Schiff, treasurer of the fund. 
 
 An emergency office* was opened in an accessible location — 
 room 1 1 Arcade of the Metropolitan Building, I Madison Avenue 
 — at half-past eight Monday morning, under the personal direc- 
 
 * Office and furniture were supplied by the Metropolitan Life Insurance 
 Company. 
 
 5 
 
EMERGENCY RELIEF 
 
 tion of Edward T. Devine, who has remained in charge of the 
 relief work. 
 
 The police lists of dead and injured were secured on Sunday, 
 and before ten o'clock on Monday morning a staff of visitors, 
 office assistants, and stenographers had been recruited from the 
 United Hebrew Charities, the Association for Improving the 
 Condition of the Poor, the Society of St. Vincent de Paul, and 
 the Charity Organization Society. Visitors were in the field be- 
 fore noon. A record card was printed during the day and was 
 ready for use Tuesday morning. By Wednesday night all the 
 families on the police lists had been visited. 
 
 At the end of three weeks the emergency office was closed, 
 and the Director continued the work from his offices in the United 
 Charities Building. Applications were received by mail, as well 
 as at the Building, and in all twenty-two new cases were regis- 
 tered in the next four weeks. After that time, seven weeks after 
 the accident, the few new applications for assistance on account 
 of the fire were handled by the Joint Application Bureau in the 
 Charities Building in the regular way, and referred, if need seemed 
 to exist, to the charitable societies, on the understanding that 
 they would be reimbursed for any expenditure in such cases 
 which was properly chargeable to the emergency relief fund. 
 
 One-third of the cases, chiefly those in which no serious 
 injury had been sustained, were closed within five weeks after 
 the fire; and another third within two months more, that is, 
 before July. Of the third that remained in charge at that time — 
 three months after the fire — some had not yet been able to work 
 out plans for the future, and in others it was necessary to await 
 information from remote villages in Europe before reaching a 
 final decision. The last payments were made in March, 191 2. 
 
 The methods adopted for the distribution of the Red Cross 
 Emergency relief fund have been determined by the size and 
 character of the fund ; the economic status of the families affected 
 by the fire ; and our understanding of the function of emergency 
 relief. 
 
 In our opinion it is the function of emergency relief not to 
 reimburse financial losses as such, but to restore the victims of 
 the disaster, as quickly as possible, and as completely as may be, 
 
 6 
 
WASHINGTON PLACE FIRE 
 
 to their accustomed standard of living, or to prevent a serious 
 lowering of that standard. 
 
 The families affected by the Washington Place fire were for^l 
 the most part recent Jewish and Italian immigrants; dependent 
 largely on seasonal occupation or work irregular for other reasons ; 
 dependent largely, too, on the earnings of girls and women. 
 They were for the most part families who had never received 
 charitable assistance. In only a few cases, moreover, would J 
 they have become dependent on charity as a result of this acci- 
 dent if there had been no special fund for their benefit. Around 
 most of them there was a circle of relatives and friends who might 
 have prevented this, if there were not sufficient potential re- 
 sources in the immediate family. The "invisible relief fund" 
 would have been called into active operation.* On the other 
 hand, in nearly every case the accident caused, aside from griev- 
 ous personal bereavement, an economic loss which would have 
 involved a definite lowering of the standard of living of one or 
 more families if there had not been resources in addition to those 
 of the charitable agencies. 
 
 The emergency relief fund was of such proportions and of 
 such a character that it offered no obstacle to the application of 
 this theory of the function of such a fund. It was perhaps un- 
 precedented in liberality. The total amount contributed to the"^\ 
 Red Cross was $103,899.38, and the Union fund brought the 
 grand total to about $120,000.00, a larger amount, in proportion 
 to the number of families and the situation caused by the fire, 
 than has generally, if ever, been available for emergency relief. 
 It seemed to be essentially an expression of sympathy: not so" 
 much carefully considered contributions to supply the necessities 
 
 *That they were, in the main, naturally self-reliant is evident from the 
 fact that applications for assistance were received from only about half the 
 employes who were in the fire, and from very few who had not been physically 
 injured, although information about the fund and its great size was widely 
 spread through the papers in their own languages. 
 
 Another evidence was the small amount of discontent which was stirred 
 up by well-intentioned but ill-advised outsiders who went to all the families 
 this winter to find out whether, in their opinion, they had been justly treated, 
 and who seem to have been understood as telling them, in effect, that if they 
 wanted anything more the Red Cross ought to give it to them. Of the com- 
 paratively few who were in this way roused to complain there were not more 
 than four or five who did not agree, after talking it over, that their complaints 
 were unreasonable. 
 
EMERGENCY RELIEF 
 
 of life, as impulsive gifts, from a passionate desire to do what- 
 ever remained in our power to compensate for the horrible event. 
 There was sufficient money to do whatever seemed wise. 
 
 The decision as to what appropriation should be made in 
 each case has, therefore, in accordance with our theory, been 
 based on a consideration of the standard of living of that par- 
 ticular family and the factor which the killed or injured person 
 was in maintaining that standard. We have not attempted to 
 compensate for loss, in the sense of assigning a cash value to each 
 life lost and reimbursing the family to that amount; nor to re- 
 place lost savings or jewelry or other property. On the other 
 hand, we have not withheld an appropriation merely because it 
 seemed clear that the family would not, even if we gave nothing, 
 come to dependence on charity. We have not worked out a 
 schedule of appropriations for different types of cases, on the 
 basis of relationship to the deceased and number of dependents, 
 as was done after the mine disasters at Cherry and Monongah. 
 What we have done has been to consider each case individually, 
 as is done in ordinary relief work, and on the basis of all the in- 
 formation at our command, considering all the elements in the 
 situation, to grant an appropriation which should obviate an 
 otherwise inevitable lowering of the standard of living in that 
 particular family. 
 
 In not a few cases it has happened that in planning to ob- 
 viate a lowering of the standard of living, it has been found even 
 easier to facilitate an actual improvement : to grant a lump sum 
 which sets a father up in business, for example, rather than merely 
 to continue, in the form of a pension, his daughter's accustomed 
 contribution. It is our hope, and belief, that ultimately a 
 number of these families will be in a more favorable economic 
 situation than they were before the disaster. If, on the contrary, 
 it happens, as it has happened in some cases, that money given 
 for business has been used for current living expenses, perhaps 
 rather "riotous" living, in relation to the family's standard, we 
 do not feel that this necessarily proves that the relief should not 
 have been given. A chance has at any rate been given the 
 family — heretofore capable of managing its own affairs success- 
 fully — to realize an ambition and to do the thing which, in the 
 
 8 
 
WASHINGTON PLACE FIRE 
 
 opinion of competent advisers, would have been the best solution 
 for its problems, and it is not impossible that the failure — on its 
 own responsibility — has been as valuable an experience as care- 
 fully guarded and guided success would have been. There is 
 such a thing as pauperizing by too much advice and oversight. 
 
 By this method of individual consideration we may have been 
 led into apparent inconsistencies, but we believe, after a careful 
 review of the work, that they are largely superficial and that there 
 is probably more fundamental consistency than would have been 
 reached by the tariff method. 
 
 Care has been exercised in collecting information; conflict- 
 ing evidence has been sifted and weighed ; the most natural and 
 reliable sources of information which were accessible have been 
 consulted ; careful consideration has been given to recommenda- 
 tions from such quarters as the Italian Consulate; and advice 
 has also been sought from persons acquainted with the standards 
 and customs of those particular groups of the population which 
 were affected by this disaster. We have tried to find out what 
 plans the family had already made for the future which depended 
 on the person who had been killed, and to get from relatives or 
 friends suggestions as to the best way to help and their estimates 
 of what would be a suitable appropriation. With few exceptions 
 the suggestions as to both plans and amounts were reasonable ; 
 and with few exceptions the amounts appropriated were at least 
 equal to (generally larger than) the tentative suggestions of 
 family and friends. 
 
 Most of the visiting in the homes was done by experienced 
 case- workers, and their recommendations as to the amount and 
 kind of relief have formed the basis of the decisions of the Direc- 
 tor and the Committee. In the first few days some volunteer 
 service was accepted, but it was found, as it has been found else- 
 where, that an experienced visitor, even with no knowledge of 
 the foreign languages involved, gets to the bottom of the situa- 
 tion more surely than the novice at investigation, even one who 
 has the advantage of speaking the language. 
 
 At the end of October, seven months after the fire, a visit 
 was made to all of the families who could be easily found, for 
 the purpose of forming an opinion as to whether further grants 
 
EMERGENCY RELIEF 
 
 were desirable and whether the amounts and kind of assistance 
 given have apparently been justified. A number of families 
 had moved, leaving no information at their previous residence, 
 and in such cases it seemed better not to try to trace them or to 
 interfere with a natural desire to break with old associations. A 
 large proportion of the families was seen, however, or news about 
 them was secured from relatives, and the results on the whole 
 were very gratifying. Appropriations made for the purpose of 
 bringing about a restoration of health had been especially suc- 
 cessful. With few exceptions the families were satisfied and 
 appreciative, and for the most part the plans which had been 
 made were being carried out. Whatever was of special interest 
 in the situation at that time or has developed since will be noted 
 later in this report in the individual summaries of the cases. 
 
 To the standing Red Cross Emergency Relief Committee of 
 the Charity Organization Society* were added for the purpose 
 of this disaster, as the By-laws of the Society provide, several 
 persons whose experience and interests made their counsel of 
 special value for this particular occasion: Leopold Plaut, presi- 
 dent of the United Hebrew Charities; Lee K. Frankel, assistant 
 secretary of the Metropolitan Life Insurance Company; Thomas 
 M. Mulry, president of the Superior Council of the Society of St. 
 Vincent de Paul ; and Dr. Antonio Stella, a representative of the 
 Italian community. 
 
 The Committee did not undertake to consider individual 
 cases, but authorized the Director to organize a Conference of 
 experienced social workers to advise with him for this purpose. 
 This Conference consisted of Mrs. Glenn, Dr. Frankel, and Mr. 
 Mulry, of the Committee; and in addition H. E. Adelman, secre- 
 tary of the Hebrew Free Burial Society; John A. Kingsbury, 
 general agent of the Association for Improving the Condition of 
 the Poor; William I. Nichols, general secretary of the Brooklyn 
 Bureau of Charities; W. Frank Persons, superintendent of the 
 Charity Organization Society; Morris D. Waldman, manager of 
 the United Hebrew Charities; and William Mailly and Miss 
 
 *The membership of the Society's standing committee was as follows: 
 Robert W. de Forest, Chairman; Otto T. Bannard, Edward T. Devine, Mrs. 
 John M. Glenn, Lloyd C. Griscom, Mrs. William B. Rice, Jacob H. Schiff. 
 Ex officio: Cleveland H. Dodge, Mrs. W. K. Draper. 
 
 10 
 
WASHINGTON PLACE FIRE 
 
 Elizabeth Dutcher, representing the Union Relief Committee. 
 About half of the cases have been discussed individually, some of 
 the more serious ones at considerable length and more than once. 
 The final decision for action has rested with the Director, repre- 
 senting the general Committee. 
 
 The eighteen or twenty Brooklyn cases, by the express de- 
 sire of the Red Cross Emergency Relief Committee of the Brook- 
 lyn Bureau of Charities, were placed in the hands of that Bureau 
 and disbursements from the Red Cross fund for these families 
 have been made through the Bureau on its recommendations. 
 
 The Ladies' Waistmakers Union quite properly felt that the 
 relief of its members should be given from its own fund, which 
 was augmented by sums raised by Forward and other East Side 
 papers. On the first day of the emergency work co-operative 
 arrangements were made with the Union to leave in its hands the 
 relief of all cases in which the victim had been a Union member, 
 and also cases in which the Union had a special interest because 
 of some member of the family who expected to continue in the 
 trade. In fourteen cases emergent relief was given by Red Cross 
 visitors before it was known that the Union was in charge. In 
 several other Union cases the Red Cross undertook to provide 
 for a certain aspect of the situation at the request of the Union 
 Committee, and these cases we shall include in all the following 
 discussion of the work of the Red Cross Committee. 
 
 ii 
 
II 
 
 The Red Cross Committee has had the responsibility for 
 1 66 cases altogether. In 94 there had been one or more deaths; 
 in 72 there had been no death. 
 
 It has seemed appropriate to grant assistance in some amount 
 in all but two of the cases in which there was a death; and in 
 practically all the cases in which an injured employe has applied 
 for aid. 
 
 The two cases in which no assistance has been granted to 
 families in which there was a death are the following: 
 
 No. 71. A Russian girl of 21 was killed. She lived with an 
 aunt, to whom she paid board, and who sustained no financial 
 loss, since the funeral expenses were covered by the girl's bank 
 account, and who seemed neither to expect nor to desire assist- 
 ance. She had a father living in Brooklyn, with whom she had 
 nothing to do, and a sister in an orphan asylum. The father 
 applied for assistance to take the child out of the institution. 
 As she had been placed there because he was not a suitable guar- 
 dian and he was still living in degrading surroundings, and as the 
 daughter who was killed had not contributed in any way to his 
 support or that of her sister, it seemed inadvisable to make any 
 appropriation to him. 
 
 No. 149. An unmarried man 30 years old was killed. He 
 was a contractor, making $27.00 to $30.00 a week. He lived 
 with a step-brother. He had several older brothers and sisters 
 (self-supporting) in Russia, and one younger brother, a cripple, 
 whom he was said to support. He left a bank account of 
 $195.00. The step-brother intended to send to the brother in 
 Russia all that was left of this after meeting the funeral expenses, 
 which in the Jewish families were generally small. He stated 
 that through his lawyer he had placed the matter in the hands of 
 the Russian Consul. No request for aid has been received from 
 any source. 
 
 In twelve other cases in which application for assistance was 
 received from or in behalf of some one who had been more or less 
 remotely connected with the fire, no relief was granted. 
 
 It was not considered a legitimate use of the fund to make 
 grants to employes of the Triangle Shirt Waist Company who 
 were out of work but were not injured in any way. The fire 
 
 12 
 
WASHINGTON PLACE FIRE 
 
 occurred at the height of the season in that trade, and "laying 
 off" would have begun very soon in any event. There were sur- 
 prisingly few applications for help on this ground, no doubt be- 
 cause most of the employes in this trade are prepared for irregu- 
 larity of work. If the opposite policy had been adopted it would 
 have been necessary to decide in each case, among other things, 
 whether the applicant would still have been working for the 
 Triangle Shirt Waist Company at the date of application if the 
 fire had not occurred. 
 
 The twelve cases in which no assistance was granted were 
 the following: 
 
 No. 202. A married woman, 44 years old, was slightly 
 injured. She was living with her husband, a painter, who was 
 out of work only temporarily, and there were no children in the 
 family. In October it was found that the man and his wife had 
 gone to Buda Pesth to live with a married daughter. 
 
 No. 209. A married woman of 24, an Italian, was said to 
 be suffering from shock. Her husband was working in Buffalo 
 and sending her money, and she seemed to be well and in no need. 
 
 No. 222. Application was received by letter on June 20, 
 three months after the fire, from a girl who said that she had been 
 injured in the fire and was still unable to work. The application 
 was referred to the United Hebrew Charities, who found that the 
 income of the family of nine was $30.00 per week without the 
 wages of this girl, and who did not recommend assistance. 
 
 No. 173. An able-bodied man, not injured at all, was 
 brought to the office by the city representative of the Triangle 
 Shirt Waist Company. He lived with his father and mother. 
 There was no evidence of need in the home. The man was re- 
 ferred to the National Employment Exchange and the interest 
 of the superintendent was bespoken for him, but he did not call 
 there. 
 
 No. 174. An able-bodied man, not injured at all, was 
 brought to the office by the city representative of the Triangle 
 Shirt Waist Company to ask for help because he was out of work. 
 He is related to one of the proprietors of the Company and the 
 family was found to be in comfortable circumstances. 
 
 No. 184. A girl of 21, who was not in the fire, because she 
 happened to be on a lower floor of the building when it broke out, 
 was reported by a caller at the office as "dying of hunger." It 
 was found that she was living with relatives and not only had not 
 been injured in any way but was in no need of any kind. 
 
 No. 185. A girl of 19, a friend and room-mate of the one 
 just mentioned, was reported in the same way. All the circum- 
 stances were the same. 
 
 13 
 
EMERGENCY RELIEF 
 
 No. 150. A porter in the Asch Building applied for a grant 
 on the ground that he had lost some clothes. As he was not 
 injured and was re-employed almost immediately it seemed 
 inadvisable to make any appropriation. 
 
 No. 191. A letter from the Philadelphia Branch of the 
 Workmen's Circle asking for a report in regard to a man who was 
 seeking help from the Circle was received through the Union 
 Committee. He had moved from the address which was given 
 and could not be found. A letter to him brought no response, 
 nor was it returned unclaimed; nor did the inquirers in 
 Philadelphia send later information in reply to our report. 
 
 No. 123. A young man who had not been in the fire and 
 had not even been employed by the Triangle Shirt Waist Com- 
 pany, asked for help because he was thrown out of work at the 
 time of the fire. He was directed to an employment bureau. 
 
 No. 221. A letter was received on May 17 from a man in 
 Brooklyn who said that his daughter, who worked in a building 
 adjoining the Asch Building, had been so affected by the fire that 
 she had been under the care of several physicians and was at 
 that time in a private hospital. No action seemed advisable. 
 
 No. 210. A girl of 21, not employed by the Triangle Shirt 
 Waist Company, happened to be passing on the street and be- 
 came insane from witnessing the fire. Her brother called to ask 
 advice about care for her. Before a visitor reached the house 
 the same day her condition had become so alarming that she had 
 been sent to Bellevue Hospital. Later she was transferred to a 
 state hospital for the insane, and on July 3 was deported to 
 Austria. 
 
 14 
 
Ill 
 
 The total amount spent for relief has been $81,126.16. 
 
 Two hundred and eighty-seven dollars was spent in emergent 
 relief in 14 cases which were otherwise entirely in charge of the 
 Union Committee. Leaving these out of consideration, the size of 
 our appropriations ranges from $10.00 to $1000.00 in the families 
 in which no death had occurred; and from $50.00 to $5,167.20 in 
 the families which had lost one or more of their members. 
 
 SIZE OF APPROPRIATIONS 
 Number of Families Receiving Specified Amounts 
 
 Amounts 
 
 Families 
 in which 
 there was 
 loss of life 
 
 Families 
 in which 
 there was 
 no death 
 
 Total 
 
 Less than $50 
 
 1 
 
 9 
 25 
 
 9 
 26 
 
 
 $50-$9Q .... 
 
 35 
 
 
 $ioo-$i99 
 
 4 
 10 
 18 
 
 4 
 
 14 
 6 
 
 3 
 2 
 
 18 
 
 16 
 
 21 
 
 6 
 
 
 $200-$299 
 
 
 $30O-$399 
 
 
 $400-$499 
 
 61 
 
 
 
 $Soo-$599 
 
 19 
 10 
 
 5 
 3 
 2 
 
 
 18 
 
 10 
 
 5 
 
 3 
 
 2 
 
 
 $6oo-$699 
 
 
 $70o-$799 
 
 
 $8oo-$899 
 
 
 $900-$999 
 
 39 
 
 
 $iooo-$iqqq 
 
 9 
 
 1 
 
 4 
 1 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 11 
 
 1 
 
 4 
 1 
 1 
 
 
 $2000-^2999 
 
 
 S^OOCH^QQQ 
 
 
 $4.000-$4.QQQ 
 
 
 Over $5000 
 
 17 
 
 
 Total 
 
 92 
 
 60 
 
 152 
 
 152 
 
 
 Three-fifths of the appropriations to families in which there 
 was a death were of $500.00 or over, one-fifth of $1000.00 and 
 
 15 
 
EMERGENCY RELIEF 
 
 over; in only one case of injury was the amount over $500.00, 
 and that one appropriation was of $1000.00. 
 
 About 90 per cent of the total expenditure* was for families 
 in which there had been a death : 
 
 To 92 families who lost one or more members $72,426.81 
 
 To 60 families affected in other ways 7,842.35 
 
 Total (for Red Cross cases) $80,269.16 
 
 The purposes for which the appropriations were made are 
 shown in the following table: 
 
 CLASSIFICATION OF APPROPRIATIONS 
 
 Purpose Amounts 
 
 Emergent and temporary relief 
 
 To families in which there was no death $7,842.35! 
 
 To families in which there was a death 4,688.66 
 
 To families in charge of the Union Committee .... 287.00 $12,818.01 
 
 Funeral expenses 6,167.10! 
 
 Permanent provision for relatives of those who were killed: 
 
 In the United States 44,672. i5§ 
 
 In Europe, Palestine, and the West Indies 16,898.90 
 
 Total $80,556.16 
 
 * Omitting again the $287.00 in emergent relief to Union cases. 
 
 t This represents the total expenditures in these cases. 
 
 % This includes $1000.00 to the Hebrew Free Burial Society, to reimburse 
 it for its expenditures in connection with thirty funerals. 
 
 § $16,500.00 of this represents trust funds for sixteen children in seven 
 families. 
 
 16 
 
IV 
 
 Emergent relief was given freely throughout the first few 
 days, in the office as well as in the homes; and liberal temporary 
 assistance, pending a final decision or a re-adjustment of family 
 arrangements, was given to families who had lost one or more of 
 their members, and to persons who had been injured or were in- 
 capacitated by the nervous shock. The amount spent for these 
 purposes was $12,818.01, or about 16 per cent of the total. 
 
 In all of the Jewish families in which there seemed to be any 
 need twenty-five or fifty dollars was given for the expenses of 
 Passover week, and a similar gift for Easter was made in a number 
 of Italian families. Modest amounts were granted to replace 
 clothing that had been lost when it seemed to be really needed. 
 The largest part of this sum, however, was given to enable 
 those who had been injured to regain their health and to do so 
 without unreasonable sacrifice on the part of other members of 
 the family. 
 
 It was apparent very soon after the accident that the best 
 thing for many of the survivors would be to go to the country for 
 a while. The Association for Improving the Condition of the 
 Poor hospitably arranged for a number of them at Hartsdale and 
 the Solomon and Betty Loeb Memorial Home gave them pre- 
 cedence over other applications. Similar offers came from the 
 Nurses Settlement and others. It was difficult, however, to 
 persuade the girls to leave home. Only twelve of the Italians 
 were induced to go, and the approach of the Passover season 
 made even greater difficulty in case of the Jewish girls. Three 
 went to the Loeb Home. Both Italians and Jews preferred to 
 stay at home, and — it was evident — to discuss the accident most 
 of the time. A few of them had relatives in the country, or knew 
 of boarding places to which they were willing to go, and in these 
 cases we provided for the necessary expenses. 
 
 In one case emergent relief was given to a girl who, it was 
 afterwards learned, had no claim on the fund; and in two cases 
 
 2 17 
 
EMERGENCY RELIEF 
 
 to men who were only out of work. These three cases were as 
 follows : 
 
 No. 144. An Irish girl, about 27 years old, applied a week 
 after the fire for help to return to relatives in Ireland. She said 
 that she and her sister were both in the fire, and that she had been 
 looking for her- sister ever since. As it was Saturday afternoon 
 and she said she had only $2.00 and her board was overdue, 
 $10.00 was given in emergency relief. When a visit was made at 
 her boarding place on Monday it was found that the story was all 
 a fabrication, even the name she had given, and that she was not 
 even an employe of the Triangle Shirt Waist Company, though 
 she may have* worked there a year or so previously. ($10.00) 
 
 No. 217. A young man of 19 asked for help a month after 
 the fire on the ground that he was unable to work on account of 
 the nervous shock, but he was apparently in good health and 
 there was some reason to think that he was working at the time. 
 He sent "money to his parents in Sicily. ($10.00) 
 
 No. 219. A married man of 44 and his 14-year-old son, not 
 injured, asked for help because they were out of work. The 
 wife ordinarily worked but was temporarily idle. There were 
 two younger children. Both the man and the boy had only 
 recently gone to the Triangle Shirt Waist Company and were 
 earning very little. The man was a barber by trade. $10.00 
 was given because it was Saturday and they said that they had 
 no food and no money. On a re-application they were referred 
 to the Charity Organization Society, as their difficulties were 
 not really due to the fire. ,($io-Oo) 
 
 Except for the $30.00 spent in these three cases, the first 
 item in the table on page 16 ($7,842.35) was spent for families 
 in which some one had sustained some physical injury, rang- 
 ing from the slightest shock to paralysis from which there is no 
 hope of recovery, or for families living so close to the verge of 
 dependence that the loss of clothing created a serious financial 
 embarrassment. The circumstances in each of these 69 families, 
 and the action taken, are described briefly below. They are 
 arranged according to the amount of the appropriation, which 
 indicates in a general way the seriousness of the injury sustained, 
 beginning with the smallest amount ($20.00) and ending with the 
 largest ($1,000.00). 
 
 No. 212. (Italian.) A girl of 17, temporarily incapaci- 
 tated. She lived in a comfortable home, with her father (a car- 
 penter who had been out of work several months), her mother, 
 and two sisters, one of whom was working. $20.00 was given 
 to replace clothing. In October the family seemed to be in 
 prosperous circumstances. ($20.00) 
 
 18 
 
WASHINGTON PLACE FIRE 
 
 No. 47. (Italian.) A married woman of 35, injured very 
 slightly. Her husband was working steadily at $8.00 a week. 
 They had only one child (named Italo Americo) who was with 
 his grandparents in Italy. When the woman asked for assistance 
 on April 5 she had already recovered, and expected to return to 
 work at once. $25.00 was given, April 12, to reimburse her for 
 clothing lost in the fire. She was not satisfied with this amount 
 and returned later to ask for more. In October it was learned 
 that her husband was the lessee of the entire house - which she had 
 given as their address and made an ample income by subletting 
 the store and apartments. ($25.00) 
 
 No. 214. (Hungarian.) A married woman, 31 years old, 
 claimed to be still incapacitated by the shock a month after the 
 fire, but seemed quite well. She lived in a comfortable home 
 with her husband and his brother, and her bed-ridden mother. 
 The two men were working. $25.00 was given to replace cloth- 
 ing. In October the home still gave the appearance of unusual 
 comfort but the woman asked for help on the ground that she was 
 not well and that her ill-health was due to the fire. A report 
 from her physician, however, indicated clearly that he did not 
 consider that there was any connection. ($25.00) 
 
 No. 216. (Italian.) A married woman of 21 suffered a mis- 
 carriage in consequence of the accident. She and her husband 
 were living with relatives. Her husband was not employed at 
 the time but he usually worked. She was receiving medical 
 treatment from a dispensary. $25.00 was given her for clothing 
 and she was sent to the country through the Association for Im- 
 proving the Condition of the Poor but stayed only two days. In 
 October she was in good health and both she and her husband 
 were working. ($27.37) 
 
 No. 199. (Italian.) A girl of 19, not injured, lost glasses 
 and clothing. She lived, with her mother and two younger 
 sisters, in the same apartment with another family, and in their 
 circumstances the loss was rather a serious matter. $30.00 was 
 given, April 28, to replace the glasses and clothing. ($30.00) 
 
 No. 213. (Native-born family.) A girl of 19, injured in 
 escaping by the stairs. The father and mother were born in 
 New York. The father, a longshoreman, was disabled by rheu- 
 matism; the mother was janitress; three of the four children 
 were wage-earners. $40.00 was given through the Brooklyn 
 Bureau of Charities to reimburse the family for wages lost while 
 the girl was incapacitated. ($40.00) 
 
 No. 125. (Russian.) A girl of 21, burned on right hand 
 and ear. She was the oldest of four daughters, living with their 
 parents in apparent comfort. The total income of the family 
 while this daughter was incapacitated, was $22.00 a week. 
 $50.00 was given on April 7, towards expenses of medical care, 
 and unsuccessful efforts were made to persuade the girl to go to 
 the country. In October it was found that all the members of the 
 family were working except the mother, their combined income 
 amounting to $33.00 a week. The girl who had been in the fire 
 had entirely recovered, but she was unwilling to work in a large 
 
 19 
 
EMERGENCY RELIEF 
 
 factory, preferring to earn less. The home was comfortable and 
 the mother made no suggestion that further assistance was de- 
 sired. ($50.00) 
 
 No. 145. (Italian.) A girl of 17, not injured and back at 
 work within a week. No assistance seemed to be needed at 
 the time of the fire, but in October it was found that she had not 
 been able to replace the winter clothing which she had lost in the 
 fire, and $50.00 was accordingly given to her to meet this need. 
 
 ($50.00) 
 
 No. 146. (Italian.) A girl of 19, the second of six children, 
 was temporarily incapacitated by the shock. The father was a 
 cripple and did not work, but there were three other wage- 
 earners. $50.00 was given for clothing and to enable the girl to 
 go to the country for two weeks. She was sent to a convalescent 
 home through another agency. In October she was well and 
 working regularly, and there was no evidence of need in the home. 
 
 ($50.00) 
 
 No. 147. (Italian.) A girl of 18, the second in a family of 
 nine children, was temporarily incapacitated by shock. $50.00 
 was given to provide her with clothing and enable her to go to 
 the country for two weeks, and arrangements were made for her 
 to go, but her father would not consent to it. In October she was 
 well and working regularly. The family income was about 
 $25.00 a week, which they considered ample. ($50.00) 
 
 No. 188. (Italian.) A girl of 18, incapacitated for two or 
 three weeks by the shock, the second of seven children and the 
 source of over one-third the family income. $50.00 was given 
 on April 12 to replace clothing and to reimburse the family for 
 the wages which had been lost. ($50.00) 
 
 No. 190. (Austrian.) A girl of 22, forelady earning $15.00 
 a week, temporarily incapacitated by the shock. She was the 
 oldest of three children, all wage-earners. The father had been 
 a farmer in Austria. He had been here only one year and was 
 not yet earning anything, but the family was apparently in com- 
 fortable circumstances. $50.00 was given to cover any tem- 
 porary embarrassment caused by the loss of wages at the Pass- 
 over season. In October it was learned that the father had 
 opened a grocery store and all were doing well. ($50.00) 
 
 No. 193. (Italian.) A married woman of 32, escaped with 
 contusions and shock. Her husband, a carpenter, worked irregu- 
 larly. There was a daughter of 16 earning $4.00 a week, a boy 
 of 12, and a 10-year-old girl in Italy with relatives. $50.00 was 
 given, to cover wage loss until the woman should recover her 
 health. ($50.00) 
 
 No. 198. (Italian.) A girl of 18, slightly injured. She 
 had been in New York only six months and lived with an uncle. 
 A married brother had just come over and was at the time de- 
 pendent on the same uncle. Her father and mother and three 
 younger children were in Italy and she had sent them some of 
 her earnings. $50.00 was given to enable her to get well and to 
 
 20 
 
WASHINGTON PLACE FIRE 
 
 replace clothing that had been burned. She was not willing 
 to go to the country. In October she was well and at work. 
 
 ($50.oo) 
 
 No. 207. (Hungarian.) A girl of 17, bruised — not seri- 
 ously — in escaping over the roof. Her mother and father and 
 seven brothers and sisters were in Hungary and her only relative 
 here was an aunt, with whom she was not living. $50.00 was 
 given on April 2 1 to cover wage-loss while she was incapacitated. 
 She returned in May to ask for more assistance, but she was en- 
 tirely recovered at that time. ($50.00) 
 
 No. 208. (Italian.) A girl of 20, the only support of her 
 mother and two younger sisters, slightly incapacitated by 
 nervousness. The father was in Italy, sick, and an older daugh- 
 ter was with him. This girl still had $2.00 of her savings left 
 when she asked for help a month after the fire. ($50.00) 
 
 No. 211. (Italian.) A girl of 19, temporarily incapaci- 
 tated. She was living with her brother's family and sent money 
 regularly to her father in Italy. $50.00 was given on April 26 
 and an offer was made to arrange for a week in the country but 
 this was not accepted. ($50.00) 
 
 No. 215. (Italian.) A girl of 21, living with her married 
 brother, incapacitated by nervous shock. As the brother's 
 family was under the care of the Association for Improving the 
 Condition of the Poor, that society was requested to take charge. 
 $50.00 was given in lieu of her wages while she was unable to 
 work. The Association tried to persuade her to go to the coun- 
 try but could not succeed. ($50.00) 
 
 No. 220. (Russian.) A girl of 18, incapacitated by cut 
 hand and hysterical condition, asked for help by sending an 
 affidavit six weeks after the fire. She lived with her mother and 
 three brothers and sisters, two of whom were employed at good 
 wages. $50.00 was given through the United Hebrew Charities 
 to enable her to go to the country. In November it was re- 
 ported that her health was restored and the family income was 
 $37.00 per week. ($50.00) 
 
 No. 210. (Italian.) A girl of 18, the principal support 
 of her father and mother, anaemic and suffering from nervous 
 shock. $50.00 was given in order that she might go to the coun- 
 try. She would stay only six days because she wanted to be at 
 home to see her sister start for Italy. ($55-8i) 
 
 No. 121. (Russian.) A girl of 17, slightly incapacitated by 
 the shock. She boarded with fellow-countrymen and had a 
 brother living in Providence. The father and mother and three 
 sisters were in Russia. $60.00 was given to cover wage-loss 
 while she was incapacitated. ($60.00) 
 
 No. 206. (Native-born Negro.) A colored woman, 24 
 years old, maid in one of the cloak-rooms. Her health was 
 affected by the experience. She is separated from her husband 
 and her one child lives with his grand-parents. $35.00 was 
 
 21 
 
EMERGENCY RELIEF 
 
 given on April 25. In November it was found that she had been 
 able to return to work only a few weeks before and was a little 
 in debt. $25.00 was therefore given, which covered this in- 
 debtedness and left something for winter clothing. ($60.00) 
 
 No. 196. (Italian.) A girl of 19, incapacitated for a short 
 time by the shock. She was the only wage-earner at the time, 
 as her father, a stone-mason, had been out of work for seven 
 months, and the three other children were under twelve. $50.00 
 was given April 14, to cover wage-loss and replace clothing; and 
 she was sent to the country at a cost of $12.67 for board and 
 railroad fare. ($62.67) 
 
 No. 197. (Italian.) A girl of 19, incapacitated for a short 
 time by the shock. She was the housekeeper for her father and 
 two brothers, and also at the time their chief support, for the 
 father worked only irregularly as a day laborer, one brother was 
 only 14 years old and was just beginning to work, and the other 
 was out of work because he could not find employment at wages 
 he considered suitable. $50.00 was given on April 14, to cover 
 wage-loss and replace clothing; and she was sent to the country 
 at a cost of $12.67 f° r board and railroad fare. ($62.67) 
 
 No. 178. (Italian.) A girl of 19 escaped with nervous 
 shock. She was the only wage-earner among six children and her 
 father was out of work at the time. She was sent to the country, 
 where she stayed for over two weeks, and $50.00 was given to 
 make up the loss of her wages. ($65.24) 
 
 No. 164. (Russian.) A boy of 18, injured in the knee. 
 He was sent to a clinic for examination and treatment and money 
 was given him for living expenses. Later he was sent to the Loeb 
 Memorial Home for over three weeks. On his return temporary 
 help was given through the Joint Application Bureau until he 
 found work and a place to live. In November he was well and 
 working regularly. ($65.52) 
 
 No. 56. (Russian.) A young man of 21, bruised and suf- 
 fering from shock. His sister, 20 years old, escaped uninjured 
 and immediately went to work elsewhere. The rest of the family 
 consisted of their widowed mother and five younger children, 
 two of whom were wage-earners. The total income from the four 
 working children was usually over $30.00 a week. $75.00 was 
 given to help with the living expenses while the son was disabled. 
 In October all were in good health and the family income was 
 $43.00 a week. ($75-<*>) 
 
 No. 204. (Italian.) A girl of 19, the oldest of seven chil- 
 dren, temporarily incapacitated by nervous condition. $75.00 
 was given through the Brooklyn Bureau of Charities. ($75.00) 
 
 No. 195. (Italian.) Two girls, 21 and 19, the only wage- 
 earners in a family of eight, incapacitated by shock for a short 
 time. $50.00 was given to cover wage-loss for two weeks and the 
 two girls were sent to the country, at a cost of $25.33 for board 
 and railroad fare. In October the girls were well and at work 
 and the third child had begun to contribute to the family income. 
 
 22 
 
WASHINGTON PLACE FIRE 
 
 The two girls were said to be nervous still and timid about con- 
 tinuing in factory work. In December a physician asked help 
 for the family because of a case of pneumonia. As all need aris- 
 ing from the fire had already been met, the family was referred 
 to the Charity Organization Society. ($75-33) 
 
 No. 107. (Italian.) A girl of 19, uninjured but in nervous 
 condition, the second of five children. The father works only 
 irregularly; the mother earns their rent as housekeeper; the 
 oldest child, a son, was earning $18.00 a week but contributing 
 only $4.00 to the home. The girl was sent to the country where 
 she stayed nearly three weeks and $60.00 was given for clothing, 
 and to cover wage-loss while she was away. ($76.95) 
 
 No. 108. (Italian.) A girl of 19, uninjured except for 
 nervous shock. She was living with her mother, older sister, 
 who had been out of work, and a good-for-nothing brother. She 
 was sent to the country with her friend in the preceding family, 
 and she stayed the same length of time. $60.00 was given also. 
 In October it was said that she had not entirely recovered from 
 her nervous condition, but she was working regularly and there 
 was apparently no thought of additional assistance. ($76.95) 
 
 No. 175. (Galician.) A girl of 18 was slightly injured and 
 a little hysterical. The family in New York consisted of the 
 father, 48 years old, who described himself as dependent on his 
 daughters because of his old age; two wage-earning daughters; 
 and two boys in school. The mother was in Galicia and a son 
 was serving in a European army. $100.00 was given to replace 
 clothing the girl had lost and to help the family through the 
 short interval while she was not in condition to work. ($100.00) 
 
 No. 187. (Italian.) Two girls, 20 and 16, uninjured, but 
 hysterical and nervous. They live in Hoboken with their mother 
 and brother, who has a small store. Their father is in Italy, ill 
 with tuberculosis. $50.00 was given on April 10 for medicine, 
 clothing and other incidental expenses. When a visit was made 
 in November it was found that the girls were still in a nervous 
 condition and under a physician's care. One of them had mar- 
 ried: her family urging it because she could not work; her suitor, 
 because he expected she would receive a large appropriation 
 from the Red Cross fund. He is able to support her, however. 
 It seemed advisable to make a further grant to the unmarried 
 girl, since at present she is dependent on her brother, who has 
 also his mother to support. ($100.00) 
 
 No. 171. (Italian.) A girl of 22 escaped with nervous 
 shock. $102.00 in all was given through the Brooklyn Bureau 
 of Charities. ($102.00) 
 
 No. 176. (Italian.) A married woman of 34, four months 
 pregnant, suffered from nervous shock and was bruised by falls 
 in going down the fire escape. Her husband, a carpenter, did not 
 work regularly. She had two small children, one of whom died a 
 few days after the fire. $60.00 was given in April to help the 
 family until the husband should get work. In July the woman 
 asked for more aid, but the troubles of the family at that time 
 
 23 
 
EMERGENCY RELIEF 
 
 had no connection with the fire. Advice was given about 
 medical care and the husband was referred to the National Em- 
 ployment Exchange. When a visit was made in October it was 
 learned that the baby had been born in September and both 
 mother and child were in good condition. A final grant of 
 $50.00 was made to enable the mother to give the baby proper 
 care through its first months. ($110.00) 
 
 No. 159. (Italian.) A girl of 23 was incapacitated tem- 
 porarily by the shock and said to be in need of a rest. $111.00 
 was given through the Brooklyn Bureau of Charities to meet 
 the expenses of her illness. ($111.00) 
 
 No. 79. (Russian.) A girl of 19 injured by falling from one 
 landing to another on the fire escape. She had a younger sister 
 in the city who was self-supporting, and a little brother and 
 sister with relatives in Russia, to whom the girls sent about 
 $10.00 a month. She was not seriously injured. $122.00 was 
 given to cover expenses while she was incapacitated and to 
 supply necessary clothing. She would not accept convalescent 
 care, and delayed returning to work in the hope of securing more 
 money. Her landlady, who had cared for her after the accident 
 as if she were her own daughter, considered her attitude un- 
 reasonable. In October it was learned that she was well, working 
 regularly, and planning to be married soon. ($122.00) 
 
 No. 205. (United States Negro.) A colored woman, 35 
 years old, maid in one of the cloak-rooms. Her hands were cut 
 by breaking in a window, and she was injured by falling down 
 the fire-escape. She lived with a sister here. She said she had 
 never been married, but that she had two children, whose father 
 was dead, living with her mother in Virginia. $35.00 was given 
 in April to cover expenses until her hands were healed, in the 
 expectation that nothing further would be needed. In Novem- 
 ber it was learned that she was in wretched health, and the 
 physician who examined her thought her condition might be 
 traceable to her fall at the fire. She was placed under the care 
 of the Charity Organization Society and $100.00 was sent to 
 that society for her. On January 26 she returned to her mother 
 in Virginia, much improved in health. ($ 135.25) 
 
 No. 194. (Italian.) A girl of 16, the oldest of eleven chil- 
 dren, and the contributor of about half the income of the family 
 of thirteen, was incapacitated by nervous shock. $125.00 was 
 given for clothing and to make up wage-loss, and convalescent 
 care was provided for the girl after Easter, as her family would 
 not allow her to leave home before that. When the family 
 was seen in October they considered themselves in prosperous 
 circumstances, as this daughter was in good health and earning 
 her usual wages, and the third child had secured working papers 
 and was adding $4.00 to the weekly income. ($ 135.94) 
 
 No. 172. (Italian.) A married woman, five months preg- 
 nant, escaped with nervous shock. She and her husband live 
 with a family of relatives. On account of her physical condition 
 $150.00 was given in a pension through the Brooklyn Bureau of 
 Charities. ($150.00) 
 
 24 
 
WASHINGTON PLACE FIRE 
 
 No. 189. (Italian.) A girl of 24, the only support of her 
 mother and an old aunt, escaped with bruises. $50.00 was given 
 on April 11. In October it was found that the girl had not 
 worked so steadily as usual through the summer because of being 
 in a nervous condition, and an additional grant of $50.00 was 
 made. In January the girl wrote that her aunt had pneumonia 
 and that she herself was not able to work. What she considered 
 especially distressing was that the aunt was in a hospital because 
 they could not afford to keep her at home. The Charity Organ- 
 ization Society was asked to secure a thorough medical examina- 
 tion of the girl and advise as to further assistance. Medical treat- 
 ment was persistently declined. A final grant of $50.00 was made 
 through the Charity Organization Society, to pay debts that had 
 been incurred during the girl's illness. ($150.00) 
 
 No. 133. (Galician.) A girl of 21, injured. Her cousin 
 and room-mate was killed. The two girls boarded with an 
 uncle. She sent $20.00 a month to her parents and six brothers 
 and sisters in Galicia. She was injured by falling down the fire- 
 escape and was prostrated by the shock. $140.00 was given to 
 cover her own expenses while she was incapacitated and to enable 
 her to continue without interruption her usual contribution to 
 her parents; and she was sent to the Loeb Memorial Home for 
 over three weeks. When she left the convalescent home at the 
 end of May the superintendent reported that she was "in perfect 
 health." The uncle was seen in October, and he said that she 
 was well and working at her usual wages. ($157.14) 
 
 No. 10. (Italian.) A girl of 18 was injured, but not seri- 
 ously. She and her mother had come to New York eighteen 
 months before the fire, hoping to improve the circumstances 
 of the family, and especially to provide for educating a 13-year- 
 old boy who was in Italy with his father, a post-office employee. 
 Temporary assistance amounting to $165.00 was given, covering 
 doctor's bills and living expenses until the girl had entirely re- 
 covered and the mother had returned to work. In October it 
 was found that the mother and daughter had moved, leaving 
 the impression among their neighbors that they had gone to 
 Italy to celebrate the daughter's wedding in Rome. In De- 
 cember she was married and living in New York. ($165.00) 
 
 No. 177. (Italian.) A married woman of 30 escaped with 
 nervous shock. Her husband was in Italy, sick, and she sup- 
 ported her old crippled mother and her child of four. It was 
 not possible to arrange for the convalescent care which her 
 physical condition indicated, because the old mother could 
 neither go away nor be left alone. Assistance was therefore 
 given so that they might move into better rooms and the woman 
 have a rest at home, and the Charity Organization Society was 
 asked to visit and advise as to further needs. $75.00 was given 
 to the woman direct, and $101.00 through the Charity Organiza- 
 tion Society. In November she was working regularly and ap- 
 parently had recovered her normal health. ($176.00) 
 
 No. 170. (Roumanian.) A girl of 20 was injured about the 
 head and right arm by jumping. She was the principal wage- 
 earner in the family, the oldest of five children. The father was 
 
 25 
 
EMERGENCY RELIEF 
 
 considered too old to work, and the two younger sisters of work- 
 ing age earned only small wages. The oldest daughter had come 
 to America five years before and later sent for her two sisters. 
 They soon sent for their father and a little later for their mother 
 and the two youngest children. When these arrived, however, 
 one of the children was not admitted on account of trachoma, 
 and the mother was obliged to take him back to Roumania. 
 The daughters again saved enough to bring her over, but the 
 boy's eyes were not yet cured, and he is still in Roumania, sup- 
 ported by his sisters in New York. $185.00 in all was given for 
 medical expenses and to make up for the girl's wages until she re- 
 covered. In October the family was found in comfortable cir- 
 cumstances, all three girls working regularly. In November 
 the father asked for assistance because his wife was ill, but the 
 family did not seem to be in any need and there was no connec- 
 tion between this illness and the fire. ($185.00) 
 
 No. 192. (Russian.) A young married woman, 23 years 
 old, badly bruised and nervously affected. She had recently had 
 an operation for appendicitis. Her husband, a silk weaver, 
 works steadily but earns only $10.00 a week and has heavy ex- 
 penses for car-fare. There are no children. $100.00 was given 
 on April 20 to enable the woman to regain her health. In Oc- 
 tober she was found looking ill and still unable to work. A 
 medical examination was secured and the physician recom- 
 mended only rest and change. An offer was accordingly made 
 to send her to the country, but this was not accepted. An addi- 
 tional grant of $100.00 was made. ($200.00) 
 
 No. 95. (Russian.) A married man, 35 years old, a night 
 watchman, injured — not seriously — by sliding down the ele- 
 vator rope. He had a wife and two small children and his 
 wife was pregnant. Emergency help was given and a weekly 
 allowance of $10.00 for three months. His injuries from the fire 
 were soon healed, but his health was impaired from other causes. 
 Efforts were made to persuade him to take the hospital treat- 
 ment which was advised, but he persistently refused. He re- 
 peatedly asked for further relief, especially for a large sum to 
 invest in business. In October he was still idle and in miserable 
 health. His wife also was not yet strong, as the baby had been 
 born in August. Since their circumstances had no connection 
 with the fire, all needs due to that having been fully met, a 
 final small grant for immediate needs was made and the United 
 Hebrew Charities was requested to take charge of the family. 
 
 ($206.00) 
 
 No. 166. (Russian.) A girl of 21 was injured. She was 
 living with her widowed mother and three sisters, two of whom 
 were wage-earners. Temporary assistance amounting to $100.00 
 was given and then, as the girl had not yet recovered and was 
 not following her doctor's advice, the United Hebrew Charities 
 was asked to take charge. Treatment and apparatus were pro- 
 vided ; an allowance was made to the family in lieu of her wages 
 until she returned to work in September; and a final grant was 
 given to her for clothing. $100.00 was given to the family 
 direct, and $120.00 through the United Hebrew Charities. 
 
 ($220.00) 
 
 26 
 
WASHINGTON PLACE FIRE 
 
 No. 96. (Italian.) A girl of 18 was incapacitated by 
 nervous shock. She is the second of four children and her 
 mother is a widow. Her older sister is not strong and therefore 
 does not work regularly. On the recommendation of the Brook- 
 lyn Bureau of Charities $250.00 was placed with them to be 
 used as a pension while the girl was not able to work. In Oc- 
 tober she was entirely recovered and three of the four children 
 were working, earning together $20.00 a week. Later the girl 
 returned to the employ of the Triangle Shirt Waist Company at 
 her former wages. ($250.00) 
 
 No. 203. (Italian.) A girl of 22, the only wage-earner in a 
 family of seven, incapacitated by the shock. The father was ill, 
 in need of surgical treatment which he would not consent to 
 have. The family was placed under the care of the Charity 
 Organization Society, and the girl was sent to the country, but 
 she stayed only half a day at the first place to which she was 
 sent and six days at the second. $250.00 was sent to the Charity 
 Organization Society for the benefit of the family. In October 
 the girl was well and at work, but still nervous about working 
 in a factory. The father was also working regularly, but had not 
 yet been persuaded to have the needed operation. ($255.81) 
 
 No. 200. (Native-born.) A man of 57, on duty in the 
 Asch Building the night after the fire, seriously injured by a 
 falling beam. The family had lived comfortably on his wages 
 and those of the son of 2 1 , who was a clerk, with a lodger to help 
 pay the rent. A daughter, 24 years old, was studying art in 
 Boston. The company for which the man worked does not make 
 any allowance to its employes in case of accident or sickness. 
 A monthly allowance equal to his wages was given until his 
 health was restored and the doctor's bill, a very moderate one 
 in view of the amount of attention it represented, was paid. On 
 visiting in November it was learned that he is entirely recovered 
 and has established a business on his own account, in which he 
 is already clearing more money than he used to receive in wages. 
 
 ($285.00) 
 
 No. 218. (Russian.) A girl of 22, the only support of her 
 mother and young brother, incapacitated for some time by the 
 shock. $325.00 was given through the Brooklyn Bureau of 
 Charities. ($325.00) 
 
 No. 52. (Italian.) A widow of 28, seriously injured. At 
 the time of the accident her 13-year-old daughter was living 
 with her, and her two little boys were in an institution. $127.50 
 was given in April in the expectation that this would be sufficient 
 to meet the needs of the family until the woman should be able 
 to work. In August she applied for the commitment of her two 
 boys who had returned to her in June, and in consequence of this 
 the family came under the care of the Charity Organization 
 Society. Later, as the woman's health was found to be still 
 seriously affected in consequence of the fire, an additional grant 
 of $200.00 was placed with the Charity Organization Society 
 for her benefit. This amount was based upon the recommenda- 
 tions and prognosis of a reliable physician. ($327.50) 
 
 27 
 
EMERGENCY RELIEF 
 
 No. 153. (Russian.) A girl of 20, incapacitated by shock. 
 She had supported her old mother ever since they came to Amer- 
 ica five years before the fire. She was found to be in an anaemic, 
 undernourished condition, in need of a long rest, as a result of 
 over-work through the preceding five years and several illnesses, 
 and in this condition the shock received at the fire was of more 
 serious significance than in most of the cases. Money was 
 given her for clothing and a monthly pension through the sum- 
 mer to enable her and her mother to spend five months in the 
 country. She returned in excellent health, but showing some 
 disposition not to work regularly, and to wish continued assist- 
 ance, on the ground that other girls did not have to support their 
 mothers without help from any source. After a few interviews, 
 however, she seemed to recover her former independence and on 
 November 28 reported that she was regularly employed at 
 $15.00 a week and that, while she greatly appreciated what had 
 been done for her, she did not desire any further attentions. 
 
 ($380.00) 
 
 No. 179. (Italian.) A married man, 25 years old, one of the 
 elevator men. He sent in the fire alarm and made seven trips 
 with his elevator after the fire broke out, running it until the 
 flames broke into both elevator shafts. He returned to work 
 after the fire, but his health proved to have been seriously in- 
 jured by the experience. His wife was pregnant and on hearing 
 of the fire she had a miscarriage. They have one child, three 
 years old. $100.00 was given on April 13 in the expectation that 
 it would meet the needs of the family until the man was well. 
 No application for further help was received, but when a visit 
 was made in October it was found that he was ill again, after 
 having returned to work for a short time. An additional $100.00 
 was therefore given, and the Charity Organization Society was 
 requested to take charge of the family and make a recommenda- 
 tion as to their probable further needs, after consultation with 
 the physician, with the result that $200.00 more has been placed 
 for their benefit with the Charity Organization Society. In 
 February the man was well and able to work. ($400.00) 
 
 No. 186. (Russian.) A married man, 38, a packer, badly 
 bruised and strained in escaping over the roof; general neuritis 
 in a severe form developed soon after the accident. His wife is a 
 capable, attractive, intelligent woman, a dress-maker by trade, 
 but not accustomed to work regularly since marriage. There are 
 four children: the oldest, a boy of 16, had just started to work. 
 $160.00 was given for current expenses, and $275.20 on September 
 7, to pay transportation expenses to Los Angeles, California, 
 where they had relatives and friends who would help them to 
 re-establish themselves and where it was hoped the man's health 
 would improve. A letter dated February 2 states that his health 
 is better and that they are making a living. ($435.20) 
 
 No. 142. (Russian.) A girl of 19, seriously injured: left 
 arm and leg paralyzed and no hope of recovery. She was a 
 favorite niece of one of the proprietors, who made a liberal 
 weekly allowance for her care, but could not meet the expense of 
 all her needs. Her father is comparatively well-to-do and has a 
 small store. $1000.00 was sent to the girl through the Brooklyn 
 
 28 
 
WASHINGTON PLACE FIRE 
 
 Bureau of Charities on November 10, to enable her to have the 
 care which her condition requires. ($1000.00) 
 
 Referring again to the table on page 16 it will be seen 
 that $4,688.66 was expended in temporary assistance in the 
 families in which a death had occurred. Most of this was given 
 in addition to grants for other purposes, in the interval while in- 
 formation was being secured or the families were deciding on 
 their plans, or for temporary needs of relatives here when the 
 main problem was provision for relatives in Europe. In three 
 cases, however, in which there had been a death, circumstances 
 were such that it did not seem advisable to make any appropria- 
 tion except for temporary needs. These three cases were the 
 following : 
 
 No. 35. (Galician.) A girl of 18 was killed. She was the 
 second of seven children, all living at home with their father and 
 mother. The oldest child was also in the fire and her health was 
 affected by the shock of her sister's death. The girl who lost 
 her life was about to be married, and the family therefore was 
 expecting to lose her financial assistance very soon. The home 
 gave evidence of a fair degree of comfort. $200.00 was given to 
 cover the expense of sending the older girl to the country and to 
 reimburse the family for the loss of her wages while she was in- 
 capacitated. In October the family was found living in comfort; 
 the oldest girl had entirely recovered and was working regularly. 
 In January she called to say that she had been ill again, but as 
 this had no connection with the fire she was advised to apply to 
 the United Hebrew Charities if her family needed help. 
 
 ($200.00) 
 
 No. 148. (German, Protestant.) A girl of 17 was killed. 
 Her father was a piano polisher and usually earned $18.00 or 
 $20.00 per week; there were three other children, all of working 
 age; the mother was in a sanitarium. There was $182.00 in- 
 surance. At first they did not wish any assistance, but later 
 they felt the loss of the daughter's wages, and $250.00 was given 
 them on May 25 through the Brooklyn Bureau of Charities. 
 
 ($250.00) 
 
 No. 135. (Roumanian.) A girl of 19 was killed, one of 
 seven children, all living with their parents. The father was 
 unable to work; the mother was janitress and earned their rent; 
 three children were wage-earners besides the one who was killed, 
 but she, though the third in age, earned the highest wages. 
 $300.00 was given. In October the family was evidently in 
 comfortable circumstances, with free rent and a weekly income 
 of $23.00. They expressed satisfaction with the appropriation 
 which had been made. ($300.00) 
 
 29 
 
V 
 
 Funeral expenses were naturally an important item : $6,167.10 
 was spent for this purpose, about 7% per cent of the total. The 
 Hebrew Free Burial Society came promptly to the aid of thirty 
 of the more needy among the Jewish families, and the Union 
 provided for about an equal number either directly or through 
 the Arbeiter Ring. The rest were buried by Lodges to which 
 they or some relative belonged, or there were cousins or uncles or 
 nances to take the responsibility if the immediate family were 
 not here or were unable to do so; or there was a bank account 
 sufficient to cover the expenses. In only one instance was it 
 necessary for the Red Cross to promise in advance of burial to 
 pay the undertaker's bill. The question of reimbursement, how- 
 ever, began to be raised very early by the Italian families, and in 
 the Jewish cases there were several requests for tombstones or for 
 reimbursement of additional expenses incurred by the family 
 when the burial proper had been provided by some society. The 
 funeral bills among the Italians ranged from $76.70 to $345.80. 
 The maximum paid by the Red Cross towards the expense of any 
 one funeral was $150.00. The total amount spent for funeral 
 bills was about five thousand dollars, and in addition one thousand 
 dollars was paid to the Hebrew Burial Society to reimburse it 
 for its expenses in thirty cases. Of the total six thousand over 
 two-thirds was expended for Italians, although the number of 
 deaths among them was only two-thirds as great as the number 
 among the Jewish families in charge of the Red Cross. 
 
 In most of the families in which funeral expenses were paid, 
 appropriations were also made for other purposes, in equal or 
 larger amounts. There were four cases, however, in which this 
 was the only form of assistance given.- Two of these were Italian, 
 two Jewish. 
 
 No. 5. (Italian.) A married woman, 33 years old, was 
 killed, leaving a husband, 40 years old, but no children. Her 
 married sister was killed also. (See No. 25, page 32.) The 
 
 30 
 
WASHINGTON PLACE FIRE 
 
 husband was a good workman, earning $13.00 a week as presser 
 when employed. He was in good health, and expressed no desire 
 for any assistance except the amount of the funeral bill, although 
 other persons have requested for him a substantial appropriation 
 to set him up in business. After the fire he went to live with his 
 wife's parents. ($125.30) 
 
 No. 65. (Italian.) A girl was killed, leaving a father and 
 mother and a younger brother and three sisters. The funeral 
 bill was the largest that came to our attention — $345.80, and 
 from several sources it was reported that the family was in com- 
 fortable circumstances (though the father was a porter in his 
 son's saloon and earned only $8.00 a week) and that this daughter 
 worked only because she liked to. $150.00 was given towards the 
 funeral expenses. No further application has been received. 
 When the family was visited in October it was learned from the 
 mother that the oldest child, a bright boy, was taking a business 
 course, and that they found it difficult to pay the fees for this. 
 An additional grant sufficient to meet this expense was offered, 
 but the parents have not cared to avail themselves of it and have 
 made no request for any further aid. ($150.00) 
 
 No. 141. (Russian.) A girl of 18 was killed. She had 
 boarded with an aunt and uncle who stated that there was no one 
 in the old country dependent on her, and who asked for no assist- 
 ance except a small grant to enable them to erect a head-stone. 
 The Hebrew Free Burial Society had arranged for the funeral. 
 $50.00 was given to the uncle on April II. In January it was 
 learned that the uncle had not used the money for a tombstone, 
 but that it had been erected by other relatives, who compelled 
 him to adjust matters to their satisfaction when they heard of the 
 appropriation that had been made. These relatives stated that 
 the girl's parents in Russia were suffering from the cessation of her 
 accustomed contributions. On being questioned they stated 
 further that the father owns a little farm; that the girl had sent 
 nothing regularly, but only small gifts at holidays; that they had 
 not heard from the parents since the fire; but that another 
 cousin in the city had received a letter saying that they were in 
 great distress. They were requested to procure this letter and 
 send it to us, but we have heard nothing further from them. As 
 the cousin who was said to have received the letter is an intelli- 
 gent girl who was herself in the fire, and who received assistance 
 from the Union Committee and has been in the Red Cross office, 
 it seems impossible that she would not have made known to us 
 the circumstances of these relatives if she had received word they 
 were in need. It is not probable, moreover, that the parents 
 themselves would not have found a way to send an application 
 to us in these eleven months. We are, however, making inquiries 
 in Europe. ($50.00) 
 
 No. 33. (Austrian.) A divorced woman, 40 years old, in 
 this country only six months, was killed. She lived with her 
 brother and was partially dependent on him, making no contribu- 
 tion towards the support of any one. $150.00 was given to reim- 
 burse the brother for expenses of the burial. ($150.00) 
 
 31 
 
EMERGENCY RELIEF 
 
 There were five other families in which the only assistance 
 which seemed to be required in addition to the payment of the 
 funeral expenses was a grant to meet some temporary need or 
 readjustment in family plans: 
 
 No. 138. (Italian, mother German.) A girl of 14 was 
 killed, one of seven children. The father and three oldest chil- 
 dren (sons) supported the family. The girl who was killed had 
 been working only a few weeks, and earned only $3.00. There 
 was insurance amounting to $254.00. $150.00 was given to- 
 wards the funeral expenses, and $50.00 for Easter. In October 
 the family was found to be in comfortable circumstances and they 
 made no request for additional aid. ($200.00) 
 
 No. 66. (Austrian.) A girl of 17, married, deserted, and 
 living with her parents, died in a hospital from injuries received 
 at the fire. The girl had been seduced at the age of 14 by a man 
 who was later forced by his relatives to marry her. He deserted 
 her; a baby was born, which died; and she returned to her 
 parents. They did not want her to go to work, but she was 
 anxious for some money of her own, and she had been working 
 only ten days when the disaster occurred. She had not made any 
 contribution to the family income, but inasmuch as her father 
 had been obliged to borrow money for the funeral expenses and 
 her mother's health was affected by the shock $210.00 in all was 
 given to meet these needs. The father was regularly employed 
 in the Street-cleaning Department at $14.00 a week and their 
 only remaining child was a school-boy. ($210.00) 
 
 No. 25. (Italian.) A married woman, 22 years old, was 
 killed, leaving a husband and two small children. She was a 
 sister of the married woman in case No. 5, on page 30. It was 
 said that she worked because her husband was not inclined to 
 contribute largely to the family expenses, though he was a ma- 
 chinist earning $15.00 a week. Funeral expenses were paid, and 
 $110.00 was given to the woman's mother for the benefit of the 
 children and to enable her to move to a larger apartment which 
 would accommodate her son-in-law and the children and the 
 other son-in-law. The husband was not satisfied with the action 
 of the Committee. He took his children away from their grand- 
 parents, and wrote demanding that the money which had been 
 given to them be turned over to him. It was found that the chil- 
 dren were suffering from neglect and he was advised to restore 
 them to the grandmother's care. In October a satisfactory state 
 of affairs was found: the father working regularly, paying the 
 grandmother for taking care of the children while he is away, 
 and taking care of them himself at night. ($ 2 35-3o) 
 
 No. 32. (Italian.) A girl of 16 was killed. She left a 
 father and mother and four brothers and sisters, two of them 
 wage-earners; another child was born a few days after the fire 
 and received the name of its sister who had just been lost. The 
 father owned a grocery store in Montclair, in partnership with his 
 brother, but the family lived on the lower west side. $150.00 was 
 given towards funeral expenses, $100.00 for expenses of the 
 
 32 
 
WASHINGTON PLACE FIRE 
 
 mother's illness. In November the family was found in Mont- 
 clair in much more favorable surroundings. The grocery was 
 fairly prosperous and well kept. No suggestion was made that 
 further assistance was desired. ($250.00) 
 
 No. 99. (Italian.) A girl of 17 was killed, the second of 
 six children, one a cripple. Her father, a baker, though able- 
 bodied and only 45 years old, was not accustomed to work. 
 Her older brother earned $8.00 a week. She was insured for 
 $250.00. A Settlement, reporting the family, stated that they 
 were "not destitute in any sense" and that they "had some 
 resources." In addition to the funeral expenses of $137.00, 
 $135.15 was spent by the Brooklyn Bureau of Charities in tem- 
 porary assistance, and $100.00 was given to the family through 
 the Italian Consul-General. ($372.15) 
 
 33 
 
VI 
 
 We have now told about fourteen of the 94 families in charge 
 of the Red Cross in which a death had occurred : in two of them 
 no appropriation has been made ; in three only temporary assist- 
 ance was needed ; in four funeral expenses only were paid ; and 
 in five temporary assistance was given in addition to paying the 
 funeral bills. In all the rest of these 94 families (80) it has seemed 
 necessary, or at least proper, to make provision of a more perma- 
 nent nature for surviving relatives. The appropriations for this 
 purpose, as may be seen by referring again to the table on page 16, 
 account for the bulk of the disbursements, amounting in all to 
 $61,571.05, which is over three-fourths of the total. Of this, 
 $44,672.15 was for the benefit of relatives in the United States, 
 and $16,898.90 for the benefit of relatives in other countries — 
 Russia, Austria, Hungary, Roumania, England, Jamaica, and 
 Palestine. 
 
 In many of these 80 families funeral bills were paid and 
 temporary assistance was given, but in all of them there re- 
 mained, after this was done, other needs. In all of them the 
 family had been dependent, in some degree, on the one who had 
 been killed. In some the dependence was only slight, or it was 
 unnecessary; in others it was absolute and inevitable. Several 
 families were left disorganized and helpless by the loss of a 
 daughter who was not only their chief financial support but also 
 their reliance in other ways. Four Jewish men left wives and 
 children. A young man had been the only support of a widowed 
 mother and an invalid middle-aged sister. In one Italian family 
 there were three deaths — the mother and two daughters — leaving 
 the father and two sons, nineteen and five years of age. In 
 another family two sisters were killed, one of whom was a widow 
 with five little children. In five other cases two sisters lost their 
 lives and in one two brothers; while the death of a widow and 
 her seventeen-year-old son left three children under sixteen years 
 of age without a natural guardian. 
 
 34 
 
WASHINGTON PLACE FIRE 
 
 In three of these 80 families dependents were left both here 
 and abroad; in 40 of them the dependents were in the United 
 States at the time of the disaster, and in 37 they were in other 
 countries. In seven cases the persons left dependent in the 
 United States have returned to Europe, with the assistance and 
 the approval of the Red Cross Committee. These were the 
 sister of a Hungarian girl (No. 77, page 40) ; a young Russian 
 who had been supported by his wife who was killed (No. 75, 
 page 36) ; the old mother of an Italian woman (No. 14, page 44) ; 
 and four Italian families (No. 84, No. 100, No. 17, and No. 57, 
 pages 44, 45, and 49). On the other hand a little brother has 
 been brought over from Russia (No. 82, page 55) and it is not 
 impossible that other relatives who were in Europe at the time of 
 the disaster have come to New York since then. The classifica- 
 tion has been made on the basis of residence at the time when 
 the appropriations were made. 
 
 The three in which grants were made to relatives both here 
 and abroad are the following: 
 
 No. 21. (English.) A young married woman of 26 died 
 from the effect of injuries received in jumping from a ninth- 
 story window. Her husband, a Swiss lace-maker, had recently 
 gone to Switzerland and she expected to join him there soon. 
 She had a father in Jamaica to whom she had been accustomed 
 to send money. She and a sister had come to New York after 
 the Kingston earthquake a few years ago, with the assistance of 
 the relief fund. The younger girl is taking nurse's training in a 
 New York hospital, and looked to her married sister for help 
 in case of emergency. There is a married sister in New York 
 who is in poor circumstances, and brothers in Providence and in 
 Jamaica who are said to be prosperous, but who seem to do 
 nothing for their relatives. $100.00 was given to the sister 
 for a reserve fund, and £72 in all ($349.50) was sent to the 
 father. The husband has not been heard from in any way. 
 
 ($449.50) 
 
 No. 114. (Russian.) A girl of 20 was killed. She boarded 
 with a married sister, who felt the loss of this contribution to the 
 family budget, and had sent 100 roubles a year (about $50.00) 
 to her father in Russia, who was a coachman owning three 
 horses, with two of his sons working for him. Some assistance 
 was given by the Union and the Red Cross Committee was then 
 requested to take up the question of dependents in Europe. 
 $20.00 was sent to the father through his married daughter here, 
 as temporary assistance, and after receiving the report from 
 Europe 400 roubles ($206.40) was sent through the American 
 Consul-General in Moscow. A pension of $5.00 a month was 
 given to the sister here. In November, as she was living in 
 
 35 
 
EMERGENCY RELIEF 
 
 Brooklyn, and seemed in need of oversight, the remainder of the 
 money set aside for her pension was placed with the United 
 Jewish Aid Societies of Brooklyn with the request that they 
 take charge of the family. ($316.40) 
 
 No. 75. (Russian.) A married woman of 21 was killed, 
 leaving a husband whom she had supported for the most part, 
 and a widowed mother and elderly sister in Russia, to whom she 
 had sent money regularly. The husband was suffering from a 
 "fright neurosis" as a result of the fire, and was probably far 
 from strong either mentally or physically when in a normal 
 condition. He had no relatives or friends in this country, and 
 wished to return to Russia. He was sent home, after his debts 
 had been paid and the necessary official papers provided; and 
 the sum of 200 roubles ($103.20) was sent to him there. His 
 wife had two sisters living in Portland, Maine, who also contrib- 
 uted something towards their mother's support. It was one of 
 these sisters who had been in the habit of actually sending the re- 
 mittances, and it therefore seemed best to send the money for 
 the mother through her. This was done, with the assistance of 
 the Associated Charities of Portland. $10.00 a month was sent 
 until November, and then $250.00 was placed with the Associ- 
 ated Charities of Portland to continue the pension for twenty- 
 five months. ($57i.i5) 
 
 36 
 
VII 
 
 In considering what has been done for the forty families 
 left in a more or less crippled condition here in the United States, 
 it may be of interest to look first at the Jewish families and then 
 at the Italian, and to reverse the order followed in reviewing the 
 cases of injury, beginning with the family which has seemed to 
 be the most helpless and which has received the largest appro- 
 priation. 
 
 No. 120. (Russian.) A man, 30 years old, was killed, 
 leaving a wife and two children, four and two years of age. 
 They had been in this country only three months. The woman 
 spoke no English and had no trade and had no near relatives in 
 this country except a sister who had come over with her and was 
 almost as helpless. After the fire she went to a poor cousin, 
 whose family was seriously incommoded by the addition of four 
 people. She wished to return to Russia, where she had a brother 
 and a sister. Her passage was engaged, passport and other 
 official papers were secured, arrangements made for having her 
 looked after at all points in Russia where she would change cars, 
 and for paying to her a lump sum of money with which to estab- 
 lish a business. Three days before she was to sail, however, she 
 received a letter from her brother telling her on no account to 
 return, as there were rumors of pogroms and of a foreign war. 
 This so frightened her that she was not willing to go. A few days 
 later she again changed her mind and wished to go home. Ar- 
 rangements were again made for her return, and again, a day or 
 two before the date of sailing, she refused to go. The United 
 Hebrew Charities was then requested to take charge of the 
 family. $1050.00 altogether has been placed with that society 
 to be used in current expenses and in carrying out some plan for 
 making the woman self-supporting; and $4000.00 to be kept as 
 a trust fund for the two little children. ($5,167.20) 
 
 No. 130. (Russian.) A man, 33 years old, was killed, 
 leaving a wife and two children, six and five years of age. He 
 was a contract operator, making about $25.00 per week. His 
 wife was related to one of the proprietors, and had not been 
 accustomed to work. A woman in Philadelphia claimed to be 
 the deserted wife of the dead man but all the evidence tended to 
 disprove this. After the disaster the woman and her children 
 went to Yonkers, where she had relatives, and within a few weeks 
 she found a little store which she wished to purchase. As she 
 seemed capable of making a success in business and the proposed 
 investment seemed advantageous, $1000.00 was given her for 
 this purpose on May 22. In November it was learned that she 
 
 37 
 
EMERGENCY RELIEF 
 
 was doing so well in the store that she had engaged a maid in 
 order to have time enough to attend to all the business. A final 
 appropriation of $500.00 was placed with the United Hebrew 
 Charities as a reserve fund in case of illness or other emergency 
 in the next few months; and $3000.00 was set aside as a trust 
 fund for the two children, also in the hands of the United Hebrew 
 Charities. ($4,610.00) 
 
 No. 7. (Russian.) A man of 35 was killed. He was an 
 operator earning $25.00 per week, and was related to the wife of 
 one of the proprietors. He had recently re-joined his wife after 
 an absence in San Francisco and they were planning to send for 
 their children, two girls, 14 and 12, who were with grandparents 
 in Russia. His wife had not been accustomed to work. Tem- 
 porary assistance was given for several weeks while plans were 
 being made. $250.00 was given on May 25 for the purchase of a 
 share in a stationery and candy shop, and arrangements were 
 made for a pension which was to be gradually decreased as her 
 business should become more productive, three months' allow- 
 ance being given in advance to enable her to re-establish her 
 home. She sent for her children, who arrived here in September. 
 The business proved insufficient for two partners and in Novem- 
 ber, with the approval of the United Hebrew Charities, she de- 
 cided to sell her share of it and to learn hair-dressing. The 
 money left from the original appropriation of $1000.00, with an 
 additional appropriation of $500.00, was at this time placed in the 
 hands of the United Hebrew Charities, who had been in touch 
 with the family from the beginning. In January $2000.00 was 
 sent to the United Hebrew Charities to be held in trust for the 
 two children. ($3,620.00) 
 
 No. 18. (Russian.) A man, 27 years old, was killed, leaving 
 a wife and a baby of 11 months. He had earned good wages, 
 $i4.oo-$20.oo per week. The wife — young, apparently in- 
 telligent but without knowledge of English — was for several 
 weeks hysterically anxious to get her plans for the future settled. 
 She went from one office to another to get advice as to what she 
 could do to support herself. At first she wanted to be estab- 
 lished in a stationery store, but it soon appeared that her health 
 had suffered so seriously from the shock that she was not in con- 
 dition to undertake anything. Through the summer her ex- 
 penses were paid in the country. In November she was still un- 
 able to work, in the opinion of a physician who gave her a careful 
 examination, and she seemed to have lost her ambition to become 
 self-supporting. A monthly allowance is being paid through the 
 winter and at the end of that time it is expected that her health 
 will be restored and she will be able to take up some occupa- 
 tion. She is under the care of the United Hebrew Charities, 
 who have advised in regard to her from the first. $320.00 was 
 expended up to November; $1000.00 was then sent to the United 
 Hebrew Charities for further living expenses and to establish 
 the woman in business when her health is restored ; and $2000.00 
 was placed with that society as a trust fund for the child. 
 
 ($3»320.oo) 
 
 No. 70. (Russian.) A widow 35 years old, and her son 
 of 17 were killed, leaving a girl of 15 and two boys 11 and 10. 
 
 38 
 
WASHINGTON PLACE FIRE 
 
 Relatives took charge of the three children, The two boys were 
 within a few days committed to the Hebrew Orphan Asylum. 
 The girl, who was ignorant in every direction, was placed in the 
 Clara de Hirsch Home, but she would not stay, and returned to 
 the home of her relatives. She was then entered at the Hebrew 
 Technical School, and $500.00 was placed with the United 
 Hebrew Charities to meet her living expenses through a two 
 years' course. From the beginning it was suspected that the 
 relatives were not desirable guardians for the children. The 
 Surrogate's office readily agreed to take no action on an applica- 
 tion for guardianship without consulting with the Director of the 
 Red Cross Committee. As it is considered important, by those 
 who know this girl, that a liberal appropriation be available to 
 provide a carefully selected environment for her, $1000.00 in 
 addition to the $500.00 already mentioned, has been placed in 
 trust for her with the United Hebrew Charities; and in the 
 same way $750.00 for each of the two boys has been placed in 
 trust with the Hebrew Orphan Asylum. Neither the Hebrew 
 Technical School nor the Hebrew Orphan Asylum desires reim- 
 bursement for the instruction and care they are providing. 
 
 ($3,063.67) 
 
 No. 87. (Russian.) A young man of 21 was killed, the 
 only support of his aged mother and an invalid sister who was 
 suffering from cancer. The son also was in poor health. He had 
 been working for the Triangle Shirt Waist Company only a short 
 time. The family had been receiving assistance from the United 
 Hebrew Charities. $100.00 was immediately sent to that 
 society to be used for the family and later this amount was in- 
 creased to $1000.00. A second $1000.00 was appropriated in 
 November. ($2000.00) 
 
 No. 36. (Russian.) A girl of 18 was killed, the second of 
 six children living with their mother. The father was in Russia 
 at the time of the fire but was expected back soon. Three of the 
 surviving children were of working age, but the one who lost her 
 life earned the highest wages. The mother was not strong. As 
 no permanent plans could be made until the father returned and 
 could be consulted, temporary help was given and a monthly 
 allowance during the summer. The father returned in July. In 
 September the mother died of cancer. The father has some 
 chronic heart trouble but seems to be in condition to undertake a 
 modest business, and this has been his desire. He is not old and 
 is above the average in intelligence. In November $1000.00 
 was placed with the United Hebrew Charities for the purpose of 
 establishing him in a suitable business. ($1266.00) 
 
 No. 62. (Russian.) A girl of 20 was killed, the only un- 
 married child of old parents, who had also five married sons and 
 daughters all living in New York. The daughter who was killed 
 was engaged to be married, but it had been arranged that her 
 parents would always have a home with her. $80.00 was given 
 for temporary assistance; and the old people moved to the home 
 of a married daughter up-town. The father, an intelligent, dig- 
 nified, patriarchal old man, earnestly requested that whatever 
 appropriation was made to them should be in the form of a lump 
 sum, in order that he might go into business. (He had in mind 
 
 39 
 
EMERGENCY RELIEF 
 
 the money-lending business.) $1000.00 was given for business 
 on April 25. In October the entire family had moved from the 
 last address known to us, leaving with neighbors the impression 
 that they were in prosperous circumstances. ($1080.00) 
 
 No. 168. (Russian.) A girl of 19 was killed, the chief sup- 
 port of the family of five. Her father, though only 55, looked 
 very old, and earned a very little by teaching Hebrew; her 
 mother did not work; her older brother was about to be married 
 and only paid board; the other brother, 16 years old, had left 
 High School and started to work because of his sister's death. 
 After giving temporary assistance for current expenses a grant 
 of $700.00 in all was made to enable the father to establish him- 
 self in a delicatessen shop, which he opened on May 20. Within 
 a month he came back to say that he had used all the money 
 and could not make expenses, but an interview at the shop 
 did not confirm this nor did it reveal any reason for making a 
 further appropriation. In October it was found that the man 
 had sold his business in July and moved away. His successor 
 was making it pay. He had bought it for $175.00 and thought 
 the old man had not lost money on the sale. ($830.00) 
 
 No. 86. (Russian.) A girl of 16 was killed, the chief sup- 
 port of her father and mother and two younger children. Her 
 father was an old man and had been married three times and had 
 several grown children, some of whom helped him a little. He 
 and his wife seemed exceptionally ignorant and incompetent. As 
 the family was already known to the United Hebrew Charities 
 and it seemed that continuous oversight would be necessary, they 
 were placed under the care of that society and on its recom- 
 mendation $750.00 was appropriated to meet their needs. In 
 November the United Hebrew Charities reported that three of 
 the older children were at that time living with their father, 
 and were earning together $24.00 a week. ($800.00) 
 
 No. 77. (Hungarian.) A girl of 24 was killed, leaving a 
 middle-aged sister whom she had supported almost entirely, 
 though they did not live together, and a brother who had not 
 been heard from for two years. The sister was nervous and 
 peculiar and occasionally violent, and could never keep work 
 for any length of time. She spoke no English. Friends here 
 thought that she ought to return to her home in Hungary, be- 
 cause she might be able there, among friends, to be self-support- 
 ing, while it seemed improbable that she ever could be here. 
 The opinion of the Hungarian Relief Society was the same. 
 $45.00 was given for current expenses and $750.00 was placed 
 with the Hungarian Relief Society on May 10, of which $500.00 
 was to be paid to her on her arrival at her final destination, to 
 establish a small business, and $250.00 was to cover her living 
 expenses until she left America, the incidental expenses of her 
 journey in addition to the free transportation which would be 
 arranged through the Austro-Hungarian Consulate, and the cost 
 of a modest monument on her sister's grave. In October friends 
 reported that she was greatly improved in health and was making 
 money in her business; also that she had in mind the possibility 
 of returning to America, which all her friends and relatives 
 vigorously opposed. ($795 .00) 
 
 40 
 
WASHINGTON PLACE FIRE 
 
 No. 169. (Russian.) A girl of 25 was killed, the oldest 
 of four children, two of the others also being wage-earners. The 
 father, 56 years old, looked much older and was not strong. 
 The mother was an invalid. The father requested assistance in 
 opening a small business, as he had conducted one in Russia all 
 his life and felt that he could succeed here if he were able to com- 
 mand enough capital to start. Temporary assistance was given 
 until he found a soda-water stand in Brooklyn which seemed a 
 suitable undertaking for him. This he bought, with the money 
 appropriated by the Committee and some assistance from a 
 cousin, and the family moved to that locality. In October it was 
 reported by friends that the father was doing well, that the son 
 and daughter of working age were employed, and that all mem- 
 bers of the family were in good health. ($670.00) 
 
 < No. 157. (Russian, but children born in the United States.) 
 A girl 22 years old was killed. She was the second of nine chil- 
 dren and the principal contributor to the family income, as 
 she was a book-keeper, earning $18.00 a week, twice as much as 
 any of her three brothers who were working. The father was 
 ill and unable to work. She was, however, expecting to marry 
 in about eight months and her contribution would then have 
 ceased. $525.00 was given through the Brooklyn Bureau of 
 Charities. ($525.00) 
 
 No. 49. (Russian.) A girl of 20 was killed. She earned 
 $8.00. Her father was a watchmaker and had a little store. His 
 income could not be learned, but he never gave more than $7.00 
 to the household expenses. Two brothers paid respectively 
 $4.00 and $3.00 a week for their board; a sister of 15 was attend- 
 ing business school, and there were two other sisters, 12 and II 
 years of age. $100.00 was given in two payments to cover 
 general expenses and the cost of a tomb-stone. The family 
 seemed to be in fairly comfortable circumstances, and as there 
 were three able-bodied and fairly competent men in the family, 
 it did not at first seem advisable to make a large grant. In June, 
 however, they asked for assistance because the mother was ill. 
 The diagnosis was "gall-stones, endocarditis, extreme anaemia, 
 and probably pulmonary tuberculosis." $25.00 was given to 
 enable her to go, with her 12-year-old daughter, to friends in the 
 country. In October it was found that both the mother and 
 the little girl were in a wretched physical condition. Arrange- 
 ments were made for convalescent care for the child, but the 
 family would not let her go because they were anxious for her 
 to get through school. An additional grant of $400.00 was 
 made to enable the family to do whatever in their judgment 
 would be of greatest benefit to the mother and little girl. In 
 January the son telephoned that they had used it to move to a 
 better apartment in Brooklyn near his married sister. ($525.00) 
 
 No. 60. (Russian, but children born in the United States.) 
 A girl of 18 was killed, the oldest of six children and the only 
 one of them at work. Her father owned a share in a barber shop. 
 $500.00 was given to enable the father to pay off debts and im- 
 prove his business. In October the 16-year-old girl had gone to 
 work; the family appeared to be in comfortable circumstances; 
 and they showed no desire for further assistance. ($500.00) 
 
 41 
 
EMERGENCY RELIEF 
 
 No. 116. (Russian.) A young man 22 years old was 
 killed. He boarded with the family of his fiancee, who had 
 recently moved into a larger apartment to accommodate him. 
 The girl's health was affected by the shock and the family was 
 handicapped by the loss of her earnings. $80.00 was given to 
 the girl to enable her to go to the country for a few weeks and to 
 assist her family in readjusting their arrangements. The young 
 man's family lived in Philadelphia, and were in poor circum- 
 stances. The family consisted of the father and mother and six 
 children, two of whom worked. The young man had probably 
 not been assisting them recently, and there was an insurance 
 policy of $1000.00 in favor of the father, which seemed ample 
 for their needs. Late in the summer, however, it was learned 
 that after settling the claims against the estate, only about 
 $300.00 of the insurance money remained for the father, and this 
 he could not touch until March 25, 1912, in case there might be 
 other claims. $250.00 was therefore sent to him, through the 
 United Hebrew Charities of Philadelphia. ($330.00) 
 
 No. 28. (Russian.) A girl of 22 and her niece of 17, who 
 lived with the family, both killed. An old mother was left, with 
 one unmarried son. This family was in charge of the Union Re- 
 lief Committee, which gave in all $235.00 at first. In December 
 conditions changed by the marriage of the son and the serious 
 illness of the mother in the home of her older son. The Union 
 then gave $100.00 more, and on the death of the mother re- 
 quested the Red Cross Committee to make an appropriation of 
 $150.00 to cover the expenses of her last illness and funeral. 
 This was done. $10.00 had been given for emergent relief on 
 March 28, making the total expenditure from the Red Cross 
 fund $160.00, though the total received by the family was 
 $495.00. ($160.00) 
 
 No widows were created by the disaster among the Italian 
 families. Several men lost their wives, but these (with one ex- 
 ception in which two daughters were killed with their mother) 
 were, naturally, not among the families left in the most serious 
 situation, from a financial point of view, as a result of the fire. 
 The most serious situations in the Italian families were rather 
 caused by the death of girls or young women who had supported 
 and cared for aged or infirm parents. In the case which has 
 received the largest appropriation there were also little children 
 who were left orphans by the fire. 
 
 No. 85. A widow 33 years old and her sister of 18 were 
 killed, leaving their old father and mother, a brother of 16, and 
 the five little children of the widow, three of whom were already 
 in an institution. The old mother was almost crazed with 
 grief. She did nothing but moan and weep for weeks, and has 
 not yet recovered. There was a married daughter in the same 
 house who undertook responsibility for the little girl, and later 
 
 42 
 
WASHINGTON PLACE FIRE 
 
 combined her household with that of the old people. The 
 other child who was at home at the time of the disaster was 
 placed in the institution with his brothers. The boy of 16 shows 
 a disposition to do all he can for his parents. He is a plume- 
 maker, earning $6.00 a week. After giving emergent relief and 
 help in paying the funeral expenses, a pension of $25.00 a month 
 was paid to the father and mother until November. $600.00 was 
 then placed with the Charity Organization Society to continue 
 this pension for two years; and a trust fund of $2500.00 for the 
 benefit of the five children ($500.00 for each) was also placed 
 with the Charity Organization Society. ($3,510.00) 
 
 No. 73. Two sisters, 25 and 21 years old, were killed, leav- 
 ing an old father and mother — the father tuberculous — and a 
 brother of 22, who was out of work and who earned only $7.00 
 or $8.00 a week when employed. Temporary relief was given 
 liberally, the funeral bills were paid, and $1000.00 was appropri- 
 ated for the parents. The family moved to Brooklyn to live with 
 a married daughter. The old people wished to go back to Italy, 
 where they had several relatives, and plans were made to send 
 them with the married daughter when she should go for a con- 
 templated visit. The father's health grew worse, however, and 
 made them decide not to go. A pension of $25.00 was given 
 until November, and then, as it seemed probable that they 
 would continue to live in Brooklyn, the remainder of the $1000.00 
 ($825.00) was placed with the Brooklyn Bureau of Charities. 
 The father died just at this time, and an additional $100.00 was 
 given to meet the expenses of his funeral. ($1502.50) 
 
 No. 54. A married woman 38 years old and her two daugh- 
 ters, 20 and 14, were killed; leaving her husband and two sons, 
 19 and 5 years old. The three women were earning together 
 about $36.00 a week; the man and his son, respectively shoe- 
 maker and barber, about $15.00. Temporary assistance was 
 given and money to cover the funeral expenses of the two girls. 
 (The mother's body was buried with the unidentified.) A 
 little later, on the recommendation of the Italian Consul-General, 
 $750.00 was given to enable the man to set up a shoe shop. In 
 October it was learned that instead of doing this he has been 
 living on the money, and has done no work since the fire, and 
 that his son also has worked very little. The little boy is well 
 taken care of by a cousin. In January the man asked for more 
 money, to cover the expense of removing his wife's body, which 
 he had identified by some belongings in the possession of the 
 coroner, to a private grave by the side of the daughters. It was 
 found that $60.00 would have sufficed amply for all the legitimate 
 expenses connected with this transfer, though the undertaker's 
 bill was for four times that amount, and $60.00 was therefore 
 given, the family agreeing that this was a fair payment under the 
 circumstances. ($1085.00) 
 
 No. 97. A girl of 17 was killed, the oldest of six children. 
 The father was an epileptic; the mother was anaemic and had a 
 young baby; the girl had practically supported the family. _ On 
 the recommendation of the Brooklyn Bureau of Charities 
 funeral expenses were paid and $1000.00 was placed with that 
 society to provide a pension. ($1078.00) 
 
 43 
 
EMERGENCY RELIEF 
 
 No. 14. A woman of 31 was killed, leaving a mother of 60 
 who had been largely dependent on her, though she earned a 
 little herself. The daughter had earned $i2.oo-$i8.oo a week 
 on buttonholes, and her mother said that she had savings to the 
 amount of $1000.00 on her person at the time of the fire. Later 
 this amount rose to $4000.00. Relatives provided the funeral 
 and took care of the mother, whose mind seemed to have suffered 
 so that she was a very difficult problem for them. Her one de- 
 sire was to return, to Italy and enter the convent where one of 
 her daughters was a nun. The Italian Consul-General arranged 
 for free transportation and the Red Cross Committee gave 
 $1000.00 to be paid to her on her arrival in Italy. She sailed 
 on May 9, apparently pleased with what had been done for her. 
 In October it was learned that triends had received a letter from 
 her indicating that she was well and in comfortable circum- 
 stances. In January a letter was received by the Committee 
 in which she asked for further assistance in general terms, making 
 no reference to the convent. ($1055.00) 
 
 No. 53. Two girls, 21 and 18 years old, were killed. They 
 had been earning together $27.00 a week. Their father, able- 
 bodied and 49 years old, considers himself too old to work. 
 The mother is an invalid. There are two sons, 26 and 22 years of 
 age, also able-bodied, and a boy of 12 or 13. There was life 
 insurance amounting to $500.00. $500.00 was given on April 
 7, and later, on the urgent recommendation of the Italian Consul- 
 General, $500.00 more. In January the father applied for more 
 assistance. He acknowledged that neither he nor his sons had 
 made any effort to secure employment since the fire, and that 
 they had lived on the $1000.00 which had been given by the Red 
 Cross Committee and the $500.00 received from the insurance 
 company, in the expectation that when this money was exhausted 
 more would be given on request. ($1000.00) 
 
 No. 84. A girl of 16 was killed, the principal support of 
 her widowed mother and three younger sisters. The mother 
 earned $5.00 a week making buttonholes. There was a married 
 son who did nothing for the family. The girl who was killed 
 had worked ever since she came to New York at the age of 
 11 and had never had working papers. The mother wished to 
 go back to Italy with her children to live. She had a mother 
 and three brothers in Italy, who would be able to give her a 
 home. This plan commended itself both to the Red Cross Com- 
 mittee and to the Italian Consul-General's office. Free trans- 
 portation was arranged by the latter and $750.00 was provided 
 by the former, in addition to funeral expenses and temporary 
 help, to be paid on their arrival in Italy. ($955-00) 
 
 No. 89. A girl of 16 was killed, the only support at the 
 time of her mother, who was a tobacco-stripper, and her brother, 
 14 years old. She was an errand girl and had been receiving 
 $4.50 a week, but on the day of the fire her wages had been raised 
 to $6.00. The mother's mind was seriously affected by the 
 shock and for a long time it was impossible to rouse her from her 
 depression. The neurologist who examined her thought there 
 was grave danger of suicide. She could not be induced to go to 
 a hospital. An Italian woman who lived in the same house 
 
 44 
 
WASHINGTON PLACE FIRE 
 
 voluntarily assumed all responsibility for her: prepared meals 
 for her and the little boy and did not leave her alone a moment 
 for many weeks. Funeral expenses were paid; temporary help 
 was given; the 14-year-old boy was persuaded to take a course 
 at the Vocational School; and a pension was promised until he 
 should be fitted to help support his mother. The mother's 
 mental condition slowly improved and she went back to work. 
 When she began to get better she told about an illegitimate 
 child, a baby girl, who was in an institution, and she became 
 more and more determined to have this child with her. This 
 was discouraged, on account of her condition, but late in August 
 she brought the child home. At first this seemed to have a bad 
 effect on her mental condition: she called the child by the name 
 of the dead girl, and seemed more depressed than she had been 
 latterly. Later, however, she gained more rapidly, and at present 
 is in an encouraging condition. In November, as it was clear 
 that continuous oversight would be needed for a long time, the 
 remainder of the appropriation for this family was placed with 
 the Charity Organization Society. It is sufficient to continue 
 the pension for two years and provide moderately for extra ex- 
 penses which may arise. $100.00 was given to the friend who 
 has been mentioned, in consideration of the constant care she 
 gave in the weeks after the fire. Before accepting this she made 
 sure that it had not been deducted from the appropriation for the 
 family. She still continues her interest and friendly offices. 
 
 ($93.3-4.0) 
 
 No. 100. A girl of 17 was killed, the second of five chil- 
 dren. The father was incurably ill and died soon after the fire. 
 The oldest son, 19, earned $8.00 a week, and the next one $1.00. 
 The oldest son was not in good health. On the recommenda- 
 tion of the Brooklyn Bureau of Charities funeral expenses were 
 paid and $750.00 was placed with that society to be used for the 
 family. After the death of the father they wished to return 
 to Italy, except the 15-year-old boy, who stayed here with his 
 married sister. This was arranged, the office of the Italian 
 Consul-General providing free transportation, and what re- 
 mained of their appropriation was paid to them in a lump sum 
 on their arrival in Italy. ($854.00) 
 
 No. 17. A girl of 21 was killed, leaving a widowed mother 
 in poor health, two younger brothers, and a sister of nine. Her 
 wages ($9.00) were the chief reliance of the family and at the 
 time of her death were their only income, as one brother had 
 been out of work for six months and the other could not be 
 legally employed. The family had at one time been under the 
 care of the Charity Organization Society, and as it was evident 
 that their needs could not be met merely by money the Charity 
 Organization Society was asked to assume the care of the family. 
 It was estimated that $500.00 in addition to what had already 
 been given would meet the needs of the family until the two sons 
 were in a position to assume entire responsibility. In September 
 the family decided that it would be better to return to friends in 
 Italy. This seemed desirable, and the balance of the appropria- 
 tion which had been made for them was placed by the Charity 
 Organization Society in the hands of the Italian Consul-General, 
 
 45 
 
EMERGENCY RELIEF 
 
 whose office arranged for their free transportation and paid the 
 money to them on their arrival at their destination. ($735.40) 
 
 No. 23. A married woman, 28 years old, was killed. Her 
 sister of 20, who lived with her, escaped unhurt. The rest of 
 the household consisted of the husband, who is not strong and 
 did not work regularly, a child of three, and the old father of the 
 two women. Temporary assistance was given to enable the 
 surviving sister to go to the country and recover from the nervous 
 shock and to give the family a chance to make their plans. On 
 April 8 the Charity Organization Society was requested to visit 
 and advise with them about the future. The outcome has been 
 that the man and his baby went to live with his married sister 
 in Brooklyn, where the child has good care, and that the young 
 girl and her old father set up a separate establishment which she 
 could easily support, as she is a skilled operator. The father 
 has died. The young man's health has been better and appar- 
 ently he has been stimulated by his increased responsibility for 
 his child, for he has been working regularly most of the time. 
 $500.00 has been placed in trust with the Brooklyn Bureau of 
 Charities for the benefit of the child. ($690.00) 
 
 No. 12. A girl of 20 was killed. The family consisted of 
 the mother; her second husband, who seemed to be a small 
 factor in the family income; two daughters and a son, all working 
 at very small wages; and two children by the present marriage. 
 The girl who lost her life had earned the highest wages in the 
 family, which were only $6.00, most of which she gave to her 
 mother. Temporary help amounting to $40.00 was given, and 
 $150.00 towards the funeral expenses, and $500.00 was appropri- 
 ated to provide a pension which would replace for two years the 
 girl's customary contribution to the family. The first three 
 payments were made direct to the family, but in June the balance 
 of the appropriation was placed with the Charity Organization 
 Society, as it became evident that the interests of the family, 
 particularly of the children, required advice and oversight, not 
 merely money. ($690.00) 
 
 No. 55. A girl of 16 was killed, leaving father and mother, 
 an older brother, and five younger brothers and sisters, one of 
 whom was in Italy. The father was a musician, who played the 
 bass viol, and had been out of work six months. The brother 
 was a barber. Emergent relief was given, funeral expenses were 
 paid, and $100.00 in addition for living expenses until the two 
 men should be working regularly. This was somewhat more 
 than the family estimated they would need. In October they 
 could not be found. In November they asked for help and were 
 placed in charge of the Charity Organization Society. The 
 father was still out of work, and the son was in the penitentiary 
 on account of a fight. Both parents were in a nervous state. 
 The son was intelligent, attractive, a good barber, a favorite 
 with his employer and customers, and disposed to do his full 
 duty to his parents. On his release from prison late in December 
 he was anxious to have a small barber shop of his own. After 
 careful consideration the Charity Organization Society recom- 
 
 46 
 
WASHINGTON PLACE FIRE 
 
 mended that this be made possible, and $500.00 was accordingly- 
 placed with the Charity Organization Society for this purpose. 
 
 ($685.00) 
 
 No. 13. A girl of 18 was killed. She was a forelady, 
 earning $15.00 a week, all of which she turned in for the house- 
 hold expenses. She left a father and mother, and four brothers 
 and sisters, two older and two younger than herself. Her 
 father was a laborer, working irregularly. The older brother 
 and sister earned together $21.00 when employed, but were out 
 of work at the time, and the brother expected to marry soon. 
 After paying funeral expenses and giving temporary help it was 
 planned to give the family a pension, to the amount of $500.00, 
 but they preferred to receive the money in a lump sum in order 
 that the father might buy a grocery store, and on the recom- 
 mendation of the Italian Consul-General's office this was done. 
 In October it was learned that the money had not been invested 
 in business, but had been used up in current living expenses. 
 The family asked for another appropriation to invest in business. 
 The father and two oldest children were all working, earning 
 together $30.00 a week. ($675.00) 
 
 No. 88. A girl of 22 died from injuries received in the fire. 
 She had supported her father and 15-year-old brother on $8.00 
 a week. Her mother was dead. A married sister and her hus- 
 band, who was out of work, lived with the family. The under- 
 taker insisted on a guarantee that his bill would be paid before 
 he would proceed with the funeral. This was not asked in any 
 other case. Emergent relief was given; funeral expenses were 
 paid; and $500.00 was given, on the recommendation of the 
 Italian Consul-General, to establish the father in some "easy" 
 business, a candy store or a fruit stand. In October the father 
 was found living with his married daughter. His young son 
 had just gone to work at $4.00 a week. He himself, he said at 
 first, had used the $500.00 for "eat and drink"; then he said 
 that he had invested it in a grocery store and been cheated; 
 at any rate, he had used it all and asked for more. ($667.00) 
 
 No. 1 01. A girl of 15 was killed. She had been supporting 
 her mother and 13-year-old brother. Her father had deserted 
 the family in Italy thirteen years ago and is now living in this 
 city and has another family. After the fire the mother and her 
 little boy went to Montclair to live near her married son, who 
 helps her considerably. $150.00 was given in April; in De- 
 cember $500.00 was placed with the Altruist Society of Mont- 
 clair to provide a pension for the mother until her youngest son 
 is able to contribute towards her support. ($651.30) 
 
 No. 22. A girl of 15 was killed. She was the oldest of 
 eight children and her earnings of $7.00 a week were half the 
 family income at the time. The mother, who usually earned a 
 little at finishing, was expecting confinement and not able to 
 work. As the family was under the care of the Association for 
 Improving the Condition of the Poor at the time of the fire, the 
 Red Cross Committee requested that society to continue in 
 charge, placing in its hands $150.00 for funeral expenses and 
 $500.00 for general needs. $400.00 of this was given to the 
 
 47 
 
EMERGENCY RELIEF 
 
 father in a lump sum towards the end of May to purchase a 
 partnership in the business in which he was employed. A re- 
 port received in October indicates that the family is now in 
 comfortable circumstances. ($650.00) 
 
 No. 102. A girl of 22 was killed, leaving a mother and four 
 younger brothers. She had been the main support of the family, 
 having come to America first and sent for the others. Two of 
 the boys were of working age but earned small wages. Tem- 
 porary assistance was given and early in May $600.00 was placed 
 with the Italian Consul-General to provide a pension of $25.00 
 a month for two years. By the end of that time three of the 
 sons should be working. In October the mother said that the 
 pension, together with their earnings, was sufficient for their 
 needs, and that they expected soon to be self-supporting, as both 
 the second and third sons would secure their working papers 
 within a short time. ($642.75) 
 
 No. 6. A girl of 22 was killed, She practically supported 
 and cared for her mother, 60 years old, who had cancer. 
 They, and an unmarried brother, who had been out of work 
 seven months, lived with a married brother's family. The entire 
 family considered moving to Astoria where another married 
 brother lives, but finally decided to stay in New York. The 
 two sons and the daughter-in-law seemed to do all in their power 
 for the old woman, who was in a wretched state mentally and 
 physically, on account of her grief as well as because of the suffer- 
 ing due to the cancer. They have seemed to consider the money 
 which has been given ample for her needs. After paying funeral 
 expenses and giving temporary help a monthly pension of $20.00 
 was given until November, and the remainder of the appropria- 
 tion of $1000.00 was then placed in the hands of the Charity 
 Organization Society for the benefit of the mother during the 
 rest of her life. She died in February, and as there was no one 
 else who had been in any way dependent on the girl, the bal- 
 ance of the appropriation was returned to the emergency relief 
 fund. ($561.00) 
 
 No. 112. A married woman, 43 years old, was killed; her 
 18-year-old daughter was also in the fire, but escaped without 
 injury. She left a husband and eight children, 24 to 8 years of 
 age. Two of the younger children were in Italy with their grand- 
 mother. The two oldest children had come to New York seven 
 years before; the next year they sent for their mother and two 
 sisters; two years later for another sister; and four months 
 before the fire the father and another of the children had joined 
 them. $150.00 was given towards the funeral expenses and 
 $360.00 altogether for general relief. In October the family 
 seemed to be in comfortable circumstances. The father and 
 three older children were all working, earning together about 
 $37.00 a week, and a neighbor cared for the younger children 
 during the day. In December the man asked for help in re- 
 turning to Italy, but later changed his mind about going. 
 
 ($510.00) 
 
 No. 122. A girl of 24 was killed; her sister, 20 years old, 
 escaped with no injury but the shock. The rest of the family 
 
 48 
 
WASHINGTON PLACE FIRE 
 
 consisted of the father and mother, and two sons, 22 years old 
 and 13. The father did not work, though he was apparently 
 able to. There was insurance to the amount of $83.00. Funeral 
 expenses were paid, temporary assistance was given, and the girl 
 who was in a nervous condition was sent to the country for 
 three weeks. At the time the entire family appeared appreci- 
 ative and entirely satisfied. Later they became greatly dis- 
 satisfied, and made repeated appeals to many persons for assist- 
 ance in securing a further grant from the Red Cross Com- 
 mittee. On June 22, as it was found that the son was not able to 
 work and that his condition probably had some connection with 
 the fire, an additional grant of $250.00 was offered to the father. 
 At first he declined to accept this on the ground that it was not 
 sufficient, but a day or two later he sent word that he had recon- 
 sidered the matter and would be glad to accept it with the under- 
 standing that it was a final grant. They continued, however, 
 to make repeated complaints and to beg for help. The daugh- 
 ter was apparently quite well in May, but she would not try 
 to find work. In October both son and daughter were well and 
 were working regularly. The father and mother repeated 
 their demands for help, saying that they were both ill. They 
 were assured that any expenses necessary to restore them to health 
 would be met by this Committee, and that they might select their 
 own physician. This was declined. The only thing that would 
 satisfy them would be a lump sum, equivalent to the largest 
 amount that had been given to any family. This family, 
 unfortunately, seems to have been badly demoralized instead 
 of helped by the relief which has been given, or probably rather 
 by the advice and sympathy which they have received from 
 unwise friends. ($501.94) 
 
 No. 1. A girl of 16 was killed. She fell dead in the street 
 after running down stairs from the eighth floor. She had helped 
 her four older brothers to support the father and mother, who 
 had not worked since coming from Italy six years before. She 
 had a 20-year endowment policy for $1000.00 in the New York 
 Life Insurance Company, which had been given to her by her 
 oldest brother for a birthday present. This brother was the 
 beneficiary in case of her death and he expected to erect a 
 head-stone. The four sons are able to support their parents and 
 intend to do so as long as they live at home. There was, how- 
 ever, some basis for their apparently preposterous statement 
 that their 16-year-old sister was "the main support" of their 
 parents; for, as she was the youngest — besides being a girl — 
 the parents had expected to rely on her after the boys should 
 have married. $150.00 was given towards funeral expenses 
 and $300.00 for a reserve fund for the parents against the time 
 when the sons should marry and leave home. ($450.00) 
 
 No. 57. A married woman of 27 was killed, leaving a 
 husband and three children under 10. The man was a skilled 
 tailor, able to earn from $20.00 to $30.00 a week, but apparently 
 preferring to rely on his wife. The youngest child was in a 
 hospital wrth measles. Temporary assistance was given, and 
 advice in regard to placing the two children who were at home. 
 The man complained of his health and was declared to be 
 neurasthenic and in need of treatment for his ears. Treatment 
 
 4 49 
 
EMERGENCY RELIEF 
 
 was arranged for with an aurist and at the Neurological Insti- 
 tute, but he would not avail himself of it. Soon he decided that 
 he wanted to take his children back to Italy, where his mother 
 could care for them. As he was not in condition to work and 
 not willing to follow medical advice, and as there seemed to be 
 no relatives in this country on either side of the family, this 
 was arranged for through the Italian Consul-General's office, 
 which provided free transportation. $250.00 was given to the 
 man through the Italian Consul-General : $25.00 before sailing, 
 to provide clothing for the children, the rest on their arrival in 
 Italy. In October acquaintances reported that the man had 
 married again about a month after his arrival in Italy. 
 
 ($295.00) 
 
 50 
 
VIII 
 
 Of the 37 cases in which there were relatives abroad for 
 whom some provision was required, only four were Italians. The 
 Italians no doubt are less apt to send their daughters over here 
 to lay the new foundation of the family fortunes than are the 
 Jews of Russia and other eastern European countries. The 
 question was raised whether relatives outside of the United States 
 were proper claimants on the fund, but it was not seriously 
 argued. The Committee agreed unanimously with Mr. SchirT 
 that parents in Europe dependent on children in America should 
 be treated on the same basis as parents living in America. 
 
 In the case of the four Italian families the office of the Ital- 
 ian Consul-General courteously undertook to make investiga- 
 tions in Italy through the municipal authorities, to make rec- 
 ommendations as to suitable appropriations, and to transmit 
 the money appropriated to the relatives in Italy. The total 
 amounts in these four cases ranged from $500.00 to $1045.50, 
 and the circumstances were as follows: 
 
 No. 59. A girl of 23 was killed. She lived with an uncle's 
 family, and helped support her mother and two younger sisters in 
 Sicily. She had two brothers working as laborers in Alabama. 
 Official reports from Italy indicated that she had sent only about 
 200 lire ($40.00) to her mother in the two years since she had 
 been here. Relatives said, however, that she had $225.00 in 
 bills on her person at the time of the fire, which she had intended 
 to use in bringing her mother and sisters to America. $100.00 
 was sent to the mother on April 7 through the American Consul- 
 General. It was learned in September that there had been a 
 delay on the part of the authorities in Italy in getting this to 
 her, but she received it soon after that. On the receipt of a 
 report from the Italian Consul-General in regard to the circum- 
 stances of the family and after further consultation with the 
 relatives here $400.00 more was sent through the Italian Consul- 
 Geheral. ($500.00) 
 
 No. 64. A woman of 30 was killed. She and a younger 
 sister and brother lived with an uncle in this city. She had sent 
 money to her parents in Italy, and to a brother "suffering with a 
 serious chronic disease contracted in that very city of New 
 York" (so ran the report received from their home) until he 
 
 51 
 
EMERGENCY RELIEF 
 
 had died in Italy. In the five years since she had come to New 
 York she had sent about 4500 lire ($900.00). The uncle also, 
 a fairly prosperous druggist, sent money to the family in Italy. 
 $150.00 was given to reimburse the uncle for funeral expenses, 
 so that he could continue to provide for the needs of the relatives 
 in Italy; and on receiving the report in regard to their circum- 
 stances $400.00 was sent to them, on September 26, through 
 the Italian Consul-General. ($550.00) 
 
 No. 103. A girl of 17 was killed. She lived with an uncle 
 in Hoboken. She did not send money to her mother and little 
 brother and sister in Sicily, but all reports agreed that she had 
 savings amounting to $150.00 on her person which she was 
 intending to send to them in one sum. $100.00 was sent to the 
 mother at once through the Italian Consul-General, and on re- 
 ceiving confirmation of the facts from the municipal authorities 
 of the town in Sicily $400.00 more was sent through the same 
 channel. The uncle in Hoboken was reimbursed for the ex- 
 penses he had had in connection with the funeral. He expressed 
 pleasure and satisfaction at the action taken in behalf of his 
 sister. ($565.00) 
 
 No. 4. A married woman 24 years old and her sister of 
 20 were killed. Her husband and two little children and an 
 unmarried brother of 18 were the rest of the family, and a rela- 
 tive and his wife shared their four rooms. A married sister 
 in the same house took care of the children during the day. The 
 two sisters had sent money to their parents in Italy, investi- 
 gation by the Italian Consul-General showing that the mother 
 was an invalid, that the younger girl had come to New York 
 in order to help her parents, and that the two together had sent 
 over $500.00 in the two years before the fire. The husband 
 was able-bodied and could earn $12.00 a week as tailor. Funeral 
 expenses were paid; temporary help was given to the family 
 here; $50.00 was given them immediately to send to Italy, 
 which we learned later had not been sent but had been "used 
 for the baby"; $50.00 more was given for Italy, which was sent; 
 and $650.00 in all was sent to the parents through the Italian 
 Consul-General. In October the husband protested against the 
 decision of the Committee in having given money to the parents 
 in Italy rather than to him. ($1045.50) 
 
 The method of procedure in the case of the Jewish dependents 
 in Europe was of necessity somewhat different. We found out 
 all that we could about their circumstances from relatives and 
 friends here, frequently seeing receipts for money orders and 
 recent letters; we then sent a digest of our information to the 
 Jewish Colonization Association in Paris, who made investiga- 
 tions through their agents or correspondents in the vicinity and 
 reported to us. In this way we hoped to insure that the in- 
 quiries would be conducted in a manner that would respect such 
 racial sentiments as, for example, the prejudice against sending 
 
 52 
 
WASHINGTON PLACE FIRE 
 
 bad news by letter or telling it abruptly. By the time the inquiry 
 was made the news had already reached most of the families, 
 even in the remote villages. Generally it had come indirectly 
 or by inference : they had heard of the great factory fire through 
 the newspapers, and if they had not received the usual letters 
 had concluded, or at least feared, that their daughter or son had 
 been one of the victims. The fire occurred just before the Pass- 
 over, when they were accustomed to look for a special remittance 
 for the expenses of the holiday. 
 
 The reports from the Jewish Colonization Association gave 
 at the least general confirmation of the facts as to relationship, 
 the circumstances of the family, and the amount of assistance 
 which they had received. Some of them gave also valuable ad- 
 ditional information and a very vivid picture of the existing con- 
 dition, as, for example, in No. 51, on page 61 below. In general 
 the amounts received from America were very much smaller in 
 the statements made by the recipients than they were in the 
 statements made by relatives in New York. The difference 
 seems to have arisen in most cases from a substitution of "dollars" 
 for "roubles," which doubles the amount, or from attributing 
 to the one who had been killed the contributions sent by other 
 relatives as well. 
 
 Remittances were sent in most instances through the Ameri- 
 can Consul-General, but in a few cases it seemed better to en- 
 trust them to relatives here, and in one case, in which it seemed at 
 first that a pension was preferable to a lump sum, the money was 
 placed with the Jewish Colonization Association. Our Consuls 
 in Moscow, Vienna, and Bucharest have been at great pains to 
 see that the money was delivered to the persons for whom it was 
 intended — no easy undertaking in some instances when there was 
 some inaccuracy in the address which we had or when the names 
 given to us were not the names by which the beneficiaries were 
 known at home. This gave us double assurance of the identity 
 of the beneficiaries, from our own government officials as well as 
 from a private society in Europe. 
 
 In making the decisions in these cases we have had in mind 
 not only the amount and regularity of the contribution cut off by 
 the fire, but also circumstances bearing on the probability of its 
 
 53 
 
EMERGENCY RELIEF 
 
 continuance, the other resources of the family, the length of time 
 before younger children would be in a position to help their 
 parents, and so on. If some of these amounts seem small in 
 comparison with appropriations to families in the United States 
 the difference in the cost of living and in the standard of living 
 should be taken into account, and the appropriation should be 
 considered in terms of the monthly remittances which it replaced. 
 The advantage of a lump sum over a monthly allowance was urged 
 by nearly all the friends who were consulted about families in 
 Europe, and by the beneficiaries themselves from whom we 
 heard directly. In most cases, as has been mentioned above, 
 the amounts they suggested did not exceed those which have 
 been granted. 
 
 The summaries of these 33 cases are arranged, as were the 
 summaries of the cases in which no death had occurred, in the 
 order of the amount appropriated, beginning with the smallest 
 amount ($206.20) and ending with the largest ($1195.26). In 
 several of these cases, it will be noticed, temporary assistance 
 was given to relatives in this country, either by the Red Cross or 
 by the Union, generally to a sister who was physically incapaci- 
 tated by the shock of the accident. 
 
 No. 115. (Russian.) A girl of 21 was killed, who had 
 lived with her uncle. In Russia were her father and mother 
 and three younger children. Her father was a blacksmith. 
 He had borrowed money to send her to America, in the hope 
 that she would contribute to his support and would later bring 
 over the other children. Up to her death she had sent only one 
 remittance of 15 roubles. The uncle expressly requested that 
 any appropriation should be given in a lump sum. $206.20 
 (400 roubles) was sent to the father on June 22 through the 
 American Consul-General in Moscow. The uncle here ex- 
 pressed great appreciation of the action taken and said that he 
 intended to send to his sister the $50.00 which had been given 
 him by the Union to cover funeral expenses. ($206.20) 
 
 No. 29. (Russian.) A girl of 20 was killed. She had a 
 brother in New York and two in Minneapolis. She had sent her 
 father in Russia $6.00 a month. His family consisted of his 
 second wife and two small children, and he earned one rouble a 
 week by some service connected with the local synagogue. The 
 Union Relief Committee reimbursed the brother for funeral 
 expenses and assisted him to join his brothers in Minneapolis, 
 requesting the Red Cross Committee to provide for the father's 
 needs. In response to a request received from the father, in 
 May, by way of several societies in Russia and New York, 
 40 roubles was sent to him pending a final decision. 400 roubles 
 
 54 
 
WASHINGTON PLACE FIRE 
 
 was sent on June 22, through the American Consul-General at 
 Moscow, with the expression of the Committee's opinion that 
 the three sons in Minneapolis should be able to give any addi- 
 tional assistance that might be needed. ($227.15) 
 
 No. 48. (Russian.) A girl of 21 was killed. She earned 
 $16.00 a week and boarded on the lower east side, but she had a 
 married sister in very comfortable circumstances living in Brook- 
 lyn, and two unmarried brothers, one a prosperous traveling 
 salesman, the other just arrived in this country a few days after 
 the fire. In Russia were the father and mother and three 
 younger daughters. They had formerly been comparatively 
 well-to-do, but a few years ago the father contracted a disease 
 from which he is still suffering, and recently the daughter who 
 lost her life in the fire was their chief support. $258.00 (500 
 roubles) was sent on June 28 through the American Consul- 
 General in Moscow. It was not considered suitable to make 
 the appropriation so large that the three children here would 
 feel themselves relieved of all responsibility. In November 
 the married daughter in Brooklyn said that she and one of her 
 brothers were sending some help to their parents and that the 
 grant which had been made by this Committee would probably 
 be invested in a small business which would give a permanent 
 income. ($258.00) 
 
 No. 82. (Russian.) A girl of 18 was killed, leaving a 15- 
 year-old sister whom she had recently brought to America, 
 and a 12-year-old brother in Russia. The girl was a member of 
 the Union, and the Union paid the funeral expenses and provided 
 for the sister, asking the Red Cross Committee to take action 
 only in regard to the brother in Russia. $300.00 was given to an 
 uncle in Brooklyn, a baker with a comfortable home, for the 
 boy's benefit. In January the uncle brought the boy to this 
 country and took him into his own family. ($300.00) 
 
 No. 1 13. (Bohemian.) A married woman 32 years old was 
 killed. She had no children. She had sent money to her par- 
 ents in Austria. She was insured for $158.00. $50.00 was 
 given to the husband, who was a German Roman Catholic, 
 for expenses connected with the burial; $253.13 (1250 kronen) 
 was sent on November 13 to the American Consul-General at 
 Vienna for the parents in Austria. ($303.13) 
 
 No. 136. (Russian.) A girl of 19 was killed. She had 
 two half-brothers and a half-sister in New York and a widowed 
 mother and two younger sisters in Russia, to whom she sent 
 $5.00 per month. $309.30 (600 roubles) was sent to the mother 
 through the American Consul-General in Moscow on June 22. 
 This was equivalent to the girl's usual remittance for five years. 
 Funeral expenses had been met by the Union. ($309.30) 
 
 No. 140. (Austrian.) A girl of 19 was killed. She had a 
 married brother in New York and an unmarried brother in St. 
 Louis who died about the time of the fire. She and this unmar- 
 ried brother had supported their father in Austria, her contri- 
 bution being about $8.00 per month. She was engaged to be 
 married and seems to have supported her fiance also. The 
 
 55 
 
EMERGENCY RELIEF 
 
 father was said to own a small dilapidated house and garden, 
 valued at about $1000.00, which were heavily mortgaged, and 
 there were four children with him, one an insane deaf-mute and 
 the others ranging from 12 to 16 years in age. The married 
 son here was apparently prosperous. In response to a direct 
 request from the father a post-office order for 100 kronen ($20.80) 
 was sent him on May 19; and after receiving further information 
 about the circumstances 1500 kronen ($303.90) was sent on June 
 22 through the American Consul-General in Vienna. The 
 brother's wife reported in October that the family had expressed 
 appreciation and satisfaction. ($324.70) 
 
 No. 2. (Roumanian.) A girl 24 years old was killed, She 
 had been only three months in America, was living with a married 
 brother, paying no board, and sending four or five dollars a week 
 out of her wages of six dollars to help two sisters in Roumania. 
 One of the sisters was married and had one child and was ex- 
 pecting another. The other was a girl of 14. Both the Jewish 
 Colonization Association and the American Consul-General in 
 Bucharest confirmed the statement about the amount of money 
 sent, and reported that the sisters were looking forward to coming 
 to New York as soon as they had got together the necessary 
 funds, which they thought would be soon after the birth of the 
 expected child. The husband, a barber, earned not more than 
 two francs a day. $25.00 was given to the brother in New York 
 on April 25 to send to his sisters; $250.51 was sent to them 
 through the American Consul-General in Bucharest on May 8; 
 $50.00 was given to the brother on May 15 for a tombstone. 
 
 ($325.51) 
 
 No. 45. (Hungarian.) A girl of 18 was killed. She had 
 been here over two years and lived with an aunt, who said that 
 she had sent regularly $8.00 or $10.00 a month to her widowed 
 mother and 12-year-old sister in Galicia. No evidence of this 
 could be secured. $30.00 was sent to the mother through the 
 aunt, to cover what was said to be the girl's customary remit- 
 tances for three months, pending the receipt of information 
 from Europe. The Jewish Colonization Association reported 
 in June that the mother was in fair circumstances and had not 
 received help from the daughter, and that she had two sons in 
 Berlin earning good salaries. This report seemed to indicate 
 that the aunt had at least exaggerated the assistance sent by the 
 daughter who lost her life in the fire, and 500 kronen ($101.30), 
 which seemed an ample grant under the circumstances, was 
 sent through the American Consul-General in Vienna. When 
 the aunt was seen in October she was greatly concerned over a 
 recent letter from the mother in Galicia, which indicated a de- 
 ranged condition of her mind. She repeated the statements 
 she had made in the spring about the girl's remittances and said 
 that the sons help only a little. In view of this it seemed best 
 to make an additional grant, and 1000 kronen ($202.50) was sent 
 through the American Consul-General in Vienna. The total 
 amount is equivalent to what the girl would have sent for three 
 years, if the aunt's statements are correct. ($333-8o) 
 
 No. 61. (Austrian.) A girl of 19 was killed. She lived 
 with an aunt and had a brother in New York. She had sent 
 
 56 
 
WASHINGTON PLACE FIRE 
 
 about $5.00 a month to her widowed mother and sister in 
 Galicia. She had three married brothers living in Germany. 
 $85.00 altogether was sent to the mother through her son here, 
 pending receipt of definite information from Europe; and 
 $253.12 (1250 kronen) was sent to her on November n, through 
 the American Consul-General in Vienna. ($338.12) 
 
 No. 131. (Russian.) A girl of 20 was killed. The only 
 other member of her family in New York was a brother 19 years 
 old, who could barely support himself. Her father, in Russia, 
 had with him five other children, two of whom were hunch-backs. 
 His employment in a forest brought only 12 roubles a month 
 and the greater part of the family budget in the last three years 
 had been covered by the 420 roubles which the daughter had sent 
 in that time. Relatives and friends here had stated that she sent 
 $20.oo-$25.oo per month, but this was clearly a great exaggera- 
 tion. $30.00 was given to the boy here to send to his father as 
 temporary help, and on June 22 a lump sum of 600 roubles 
 ($309.30) was sent through the American Consul-General in 
 Moscow. Funeral expenses were met by the Union. 
 
 ($339-30) 
 
 No. 41. (Russian.) A girl of 19 was killed. She had a 
 married sister in New York, and an unmarried brother, a silver- 
 smith. She did not live with her sister. She and her brother 
 each sent $6.25~$io.oo a month to their parents in Russia, with 
 whom there were four younger children, and they were planning 
 to bring the whole family over as soon as possible. $100.00 was 
 given to the brother on April 11 to reimburse him for funeral 
 expenses, which he had met by pawning his clothes and borrow- 
 ing from friends; and $250.00 on April 18, to be used for the bene- 
 fit of his parents. ($350.00) 
 
 No. 129. (Russian.) A girl of 16 was killed. She lived 
 with a married sister who was in poor circumstances, and had a 
 brother in New York who was engaged to be married and there- 
 fore did not help the rest of the family. The father in Russia 
 was said to be employed in a match factory, earning scarcely 
 one rouble per day, and to have four younger children with him. 
 The daughter who lost her life in the fire had been in America 
 only three months and her steamship ticket was not yet paid 
 for. She had not sent much money to her parents but they 
 were expecting that she would help them substantially, and her 
 father had in this hope gone in debt to the extent of 100 roubles 
 to send her to America. $25.00 was given to the sister for 
 emergent relief, and the balance due on the steamship ticket 
 was paid. $20.00 was given to the brother for a remittance to 
 Russia; and 500 roubles ($258.00) was sent to the father in 
 Russia through the American Consul-General at Moscow. 
 
 ($350.50) 
 
 No. 154. (Russian.) A girl of 19 was killed. She lived 
 with a married sister and had taken her brother-in-law's name 
 on coming to New York. She had two other sisters in this 
 country. She had sent 10 roubles a month ($5.00) regularly 
 to her mother and the four younger children in Russia, which 
 was said to be their only support. $25.00 emergent relief was 
 
 57 
 
EMERGENCY RELIEF 
 
 given by the Brooklyn Bureau of Charities; $20.00 was sent to 
 the mother? April 28, through the married sister in Brooklyn, 
 and $309.30 (600 roubles) was sent on June 22, through the 
 American Consul-General in Moscow. This was equivalent to 
 the girl's contribution for five years. ($354-30) 
 
 No. 105. (Russian, coming to America from London.) 
 A girl of 19 was killed. She lived with a married sister and was 
 said to have sent $15.00 or $20.00 a month to her father and 
 step-mother in London. The father is an American citizen 
 and had been back in London only a year or so. He addressed 
 pleas for assistance to the mayor. He is a tailor and is probably 
 somewhat incapacitated by rheumatism. $50.00 was given to 
 the girl's brother-in-law to reimburse him for expenses he had 
 incurred in connection with the funeral; $20.00 was sent to 
 the father for temporary assistance through his married daughter 
 here; and on May 15 a draft for £60 ($292.20) was sent to him 
 through the Board of Jewish Guardians in London. This 
 amount was suggested by his daughter here, in the thought that 
 it would be sufficient to set him up in a peddler's business, to 
 which he is accustomed. For some time he demurred at the 
 amount, wricing to this Committee to ask them to "reconsider 
 this decision" and grant him at least $500.00, but finally he 
 decided to accept it as final. ($362.20) 
 
 No. 93. (Galician.) A girl of 19 was killed. She had a 
 married sister here, with whom she did not live; a brother 17 
 years old whom she had brought over three months before; 
 and she was engaged to be married. Her fiance paid for the 
 funeral. She had sent about $10.00 a month to her parents in 
 Galicia. A money order for them ready to be mailed was found 
 on her person. $60.00 was sent to the parents in six monthly 
 installments, through the brother, who lived with an uncle 
 in Brooklyn; and $303.75 (1500 kronen) through the American 
 Consul-General at Vienna on November 14. The total is 
 equivalent to the girl's contributions for about three years; 
 before the end of that time her brother should be able to take 
 her place. ($36375) 
 
 No. 163. (Russian.) A girl of 18 was killed. She lived 
 with a cousin here and had a brother in the city. Her mother, 
 a widow, and four younger children were in Russia, dependent 
 on the two children here. The girl had sent 20 roubles a month 
 and had also been in the habit of making up deficiencies in her 
 brother's contributions, though he was older than she, when 
 he did not send a similar amount. After the fire he showed 
 a disposition to drop his responsibility entirely, but it was made 
 clear to him that the Committee assumed that he would con- 
 tinue his usual contributions. $35.00 was given him in April 
 and May to send to Russia, and 500 roubles ($257.75) was sent 
 on June 22 to the mother through the American Consul-General 
 in Moscow. $80.00 was given to the cousin to reimburse her for 
 funeral expenses. ($372-75) 
 
 No. 91. (Galician.) A girl of 17 was killed. She had been 
 in this country only five months and did not earn much. She 
 lived with a married sister and paid nothing for her board, and 
 
 58 
 
WASHINGTON PLACE FIRE 
 
 her brother who is a tailor supplied her clothes. She sent from 
 $8.00 to $12.00 a month to her mother in Austria, with whom 
 were three children, the oldest 12. The mother had been 
 separated from her husband for eight or ten years and received 
 no support from him. The girl's steamship ticket had been 
 bought on the installment plan and was not yet paid for. The 
 balance still due on the steamship ticket was paid; $15.00 a 
 month was sent to the mother through the son until November; 
 and then a final payment of 1500 kronen ($303.75) was made 
 through the American Consul-General at Vienna. The son was 
 greatly disappointed that a lump sum was given instead of a 
 pension, as he feared his mother would not use the money wisely. 
 He thought, moreover, that the amount should have been 
 larger — to equal a pension for about four years. The amount 
 which was given in November was equivalent to the girl's contri- 
 bution for fully two years longer, and by that time two of the 
 children in Austria will be old enough to earn something. 
 
 ($45875) 
 
 No. 165. (Russian.) A girl of 18 was killed. She boarded 
 with strangers and had sent regularly from $12.00 to $15.00 a 
 month to her parents in Russia, and additional sums before 
 every festival. She had a married brother living in Newark, 
 who had done nothing for his parents since his marriage. The 
 old parents were living with a married son in Odessa, who was 
 very poor and had decided that he could not keep them any 
 longer. They had also an invalid crippled son of 13. Money 
 was given to the son in Newark on May 8 to send to his parents, 
 but he used part of it to get possession of some personal effects 
 of his sister from her landlady. As there were other indications 
 also that it might not be wise to make remittances through him, 
 money was placed with the Jewish Colonization Association to 
 provide a monthly pension of 100 francs for about two years. 
 In December a letter was received from the father in Odessa 
 requesting the remainder of the appropriation in a lump sum, 
 "as in this case I could easily commence some business with this 
 money — whilst if receiving the money by monthly installments 
 I would not be able to economize a centime and would have 
 to spend it on food so that after twenty months time I would 
 have nothing more left and no hope for any better future." 
 The Jewish Colonization Association has been authorized to 
 decide about this request. ($498.21) 
 
 No. 50. (Galician.) Two brothers, earning $25.00 and 
 $15.00 a week, were killed. Relatives here and our European 
 correspondent stated that the parents in Galicia owned a little 
 cottage and were not dependent upon the boys. From one 
 source we were told that they had recently sent home $500.00 
 for the purchase of a farm; from another that they had savings 
 amounting to $700.00 with which they planned to make a visit 
 home at the Passover season. Their bank account covered 
 funeral expenses and left $195.00 which was sent to their father 
 by the Austro- Hungarian Consul-General. In October it was 
 stated by relatives here that the mother had become insane 
 since the death of the two boys and that the father was reduced 
 to destitution by this trouble. A grant of 2500 kronen ($506.25) 
 was therefore made and sent to the father on November 11 
 through the American Consul-General at Vienna. ($506.25) 
 
 59 
 
EMERGENCY RELIEF 
 
 No. 43. (Russian.) A girl of 18 was killed. She had 
 been here only a year and lived with an older sister. There 
 was a married brother also in this city. The father and mother 
 and three younger children were in Russia. The two girls to- 
 gether had been sending home $io.oo-$20.oo a month. The 
 sister here was also in the fire and her health was somewhat 
 affected; she was engaged to be married and appeared to be 
 more anxious to get help from the Committee for her dowry 
 than for her parents. $100.00 altogether was given to the sister 
 for personal expenses, in consideration of her health; $15.00 
 (30 roubles) was sent through her on May 3 to the parents in 
 Russia; and $396.94 (770 roubles) was sent to them on June 22 
 through the American Consul-General in Moscow, the exact 
 amount being determined by a letter from the father to his chil- 
 dren in which he stated that he had a good opportunity to rent 
 a farm and that if he could command 800 roubles he could estab- 
 lish himself with prospects of being able to make a fairly com- 
 fortable living. The girl here displayed irritation at the action 
 of the Committee in not assigning a larger share of the total 
 appropriation to her. In October it was learned that she was 
 quite well, was working regularly, and expected to be married 
 soon. A note of thanks has been received from the father. 
 
 ($5H.94) 
 
 No. 24. (Russian.) A girl of 18 was killed. She had been 
 in New York four years and lived with an uncle's family. She 
 sent $i2.oo-$i5.oo per month to her parents in Russia. The 
 father earned a little teaching Hebrew. He had seven children 
 ranging from 22 down to 8 years of age, none of whom earned 
 much. The Union Relief Committee reimbursed the relatives 
 here for funeral expenses and requested the Red Cross Committee 
 to provide for the family in Russia. $515.50 (1000 roubles) was 
 sent on June 22 to the American Consul-General at Moscow in 
 the expectation, based on the opinion of the relatives here, 
 that it would enable the father to establish himself in some 
 business in which some of his children could assist. Relatives 
 here report that he has expressed satisfaction with the decision. 
 
 ($515.50) 
 
 No. 137. (Russian.) A young man, 20 years old, was 
 killed. He boarded with an uncle. It was said that he sent 
 150-200 roubles a year to his parents in Russia, and that this 
 was the principal support of the family, which consisted of the 
 father and mother and two children of school age. Another son 
 was serving his second year in the army and could not help his 
 parents. The relatives here urged that whatever help was 
 given should be in a lump sum, in order that the father might 
 start a stationery store or some other business which would 
 assure him an income. $515.50 (1000 roubles) was sent to the 
 father on June 22 through the American Consul-General in 
 Moscow. The Union had reimbursed the uncle for funeral ex- 
 penses. ($515.50) 
 
 No. 83. (Russian.) A girl of 19 was killed. She had no 
 relatives in this country, but in Russia there were a widowed 
 mother and five brothers and sisters under 16, to whom she had 
 sent 25 roubles a month. She was engaged to be married. Let- 
 
 60 
 
WASHINGTON PLACE FIRE 
 
 ters asking help for the mother were received from three rabbis 
 in the town where she lived within six weeks after the fire, and 
 50 roubles ($26.13) was promptly sent to her. In acknowledging 
 the receipt of this she expressly requested that the money set 
 aside for her be given in one lump sum in order that she might 
 use it to advantage for the education of the children. 950 
 roubles, making the total appropriation 1000 roubles, was sent 
 to her through the American Consul-General at Moscow on 
 June 22. ($5i5-85) 
 
 No. 224. (Russian.) A girl of 21 was killed. She had been 
 in this country only six months and lived with cousins. She 
 sent money — $5.00 or $10.00 a month— to her parents in Russia, 
 who had three small children with them, the oldest a cripple of 
 12. There is a son in Canada. The girl had worked in this 
 shop only three days. No application was made to the Red 
 Cross Committee by the relatives in New York and the Police 
 Department had no record of the death, probably because 
 she was one of the unidentified. In August an application 
 was received from the father, through the American Consul- 
 General in Moscow. The cousins here were then seen and the 
 Jewish Colonization Association confirmed their statements 
 and those of the father. $516.00 was sent on February 1 through 
 the American Consul-General in Moscow. ($516.00) 
 
 < No. 9. (Russian.) A girl of 21 was killed. She lived with 
 cousins here. The rest of the family — father, mother and four 
 children under 14 — were in Russia, though the father had spent 
 two years in New York. The Jewish Colonization Association 
 reported that they were in very poor circumstances and that 
 they had been receiving from $75.00 to $100.00 per year from the 
 girl who was killed. $516.20 was sent to the American Consul- 
 General in Moscow on November 12 to be paid to the father. 
 
 ($516.20) 
 
 No. 51. (Roumanian). A girl of 23 was killed, the oldest 
 of six children, the three youngest being still with the parents 
 in Roumania. She had been in New York over three years; a 
 brother of 21 had been here about two and could not do more 
 than support himself. She was supporting a sister of 19, who 
 had only recently come over and was a dressmaker's appren- 
 tice, as well as sending money regularly to her parents. Our 
 European correspondent reported that he found the family 
 "really in distress," as they had been burned out of their home 
 a few days before. Rumor was running through the quarter 
 that their daughter had been killed in the fire in New York but 
 they did not believe it because they had received some money 
 for Passover from their son, who wrote that, thanks to God, his 
 sisters were both very well. The father was a peddler, making 
 about two francs a day in summer, one franc in winter. The 
 17-year-old son was a carpenter, earning up to forty francs a 
 month, and the daughter next to him was apprenticed to a dress- 
 maker who gave her 1.50 francs a week. Pending receipt of in- 
 formation from Europe money was given at intervals to the son 
 to send home, and on June 5 $300.00 was sent through him. 
 A monthly allowance was given to the sister until October, by 
 which time she was earning enough to pay her board in an uncle's 
 
 61 
 
EMERGENCY RELIEF 
 
 family. A final grant of $50.00 was made to her to provide her 
 with winter clothing. The children here had not, up to Novem- 
 ber, received any word from their parents about the calamity 
 which had befallen them in April. ($585.00) 
 
 No. 67. (Polish.) A girl of 19 was killed. She lived with 
 a married sister and was said to have sent her parents and six 
 younger brothers and sisters in Warsaw from $15.00 to $25.00 
 per month. She had been working for the Triangle Shirt 
 Waist Company only a few weeks and was earning only $8.00 
 there, but in her previous employment her wages had been two 
 or three times as much. Temporary assistance to the amount of 
 $35.00 was given to the married sister, whose husband was 
 working in Philadelphia, as the loss of her sister's share in the 
 household expenses was a considerable embarrassment to her. 
 $65.00 was sent to the parents through the sister here, in three 
 installments, and on June 22, a lump sum of 960 roubles ($494.88) 
 was sent to them through the American Consul-General in 
 Moscow. The sister's husband returned to Warsaw in June, 
 in the hope of selling some plays he had written, and a few 
 weeks later he sent for his wife and children. ($594.88) 
 
 No. 161. (Russian.) A young man of 22 was killed, a 
 skilled operator earning $i8.oo-$20.oo a week. He had sent 
 money to his mother in Russia and planned to send for her to 
 join him and his younger sister here in New York. There is 
 also a married brother here but he does not assist his mother. 
 The mother in Russia was ill. She lived with a married daughter 
 who was in very poor circumstances. Money was offered to the 
 brother and sister here to send to their mother for temporary 
 needs but they persisted in declining it rather than sign a 
 receipt, and they were not willing that the Committee should 
 communicate with the mother because they did not want her 
 to learn of the disaster. (They considered it very unfortunate 
 that news had reached her through the representative of the 
 Jewish Colonization Association.) On May 10, after receiving 
 a distressing letter about her needs, they decided to accept the 
 assistance that had been offered. After that monthly remit- 
 tances were sent through the daughter until November, when 
 a lump sum of 1000 roubles ($516.20) was sent through the 
 American Consul-General in Moscow. ($661.20) 
 
 No. 132. (Galician.) A girl of 23 was killed. She boarded 
 with an uncle, and had a brother somewhere in the city, whose 
 address could not be secured. It was said that she was the 
 sole support of her father and mother and five brothers and 
 sisters under 17 years of age in Galicia, to whom she sent $10.00 
 per month. Relatives here had said she sent $30.00 or $35.00, 
 keeping only enough for the barest necessary expenses, but this 
 was evidently an exaggeration. $100.00 was given to the uncle 
 to cover funeral expenses; and $70.00 for remittances to Galicia; 
 $506.50 (2500 kronen) was sent to the father in Galicia, through the 
 American Consul-General in Vienna. The uncle felt that no 
 more could be expected of the Red Cross Committee, but he 
 thought that the Company should be compelled to pay a large 
 indemnity. ($676.50) 
 
 62 
 
WASHINGTON PLACE FIRE 
 
 No. 126. (Russian.) Two sisters, 23 and 17 years old, 
 were killed; their brother, 21, escaped without injury. There 
 were also a brother, 27 years old, and a sister, 19, in New York. 
 The father and two younger sisters were in Russia. The father 
 was said to have "a very small trade in eggs" and to rely 
 chiefly on the money sent him from America, which was about 
 $160.00 a year. The surviving sister in New York was seriously 
 affected physically by the shock. Assistance amounting in all 
 to $175.00 was given to the sister to enable her to spend the 
 summer in the country. $20.00 a month was sent to the father 
 in Russia through the oldest son until October, and on Novem- 
 ber 14 a lump sum of $500.00 was sent in the same way. 
 
 ($795-00) 
 
 No. 139. (Family living in Palestine.) A young man 23 
 years old was killed. He practically supported his father and 
 mother and three sisters in Palestine, sending them probably 
 between $20.00 and $30.00 a month. His father had tubercu- 
 losis and his mother was a cripple. He had an uncle in New 
 York who is a responsible business man, and who helps his 
 sister more or less. $50.00 was sent in two remittances, through 
 the uncle here, and on June 29 a draft for 3862 francs ($749.90) 
 was sent through the same relative, making the total appropria- 
 tion $799.90. In October the uncle said that the grant had been 
 of great benefit to the family: that they had invested it in 
 business, in which they were doing well, and that their health 
 was much improved. ($799-90) 
 
 No. 117. (Russian.) A girl of 21 was killed. She had 
 been in New York six years and had brought over her younger 
 sister less than a year before the fire. The two girls boarded 
 with an aunt and sent about $20.00 a month to their parents 
 in Russia. The father "is a very poor tailor. He is out of 
 work and is burdened with a numerous family" — six children 
 ranging from 3 to 15 years of age. The younger sister's health 
 was seriously affected by the shock. Funeral expenses were 
 paid; temporary help was given to the sister, including a 
 monthly allowance of $35.00 to enable her to spend three 
 months with friends in the country. $20.00 a month was sent 
 through her to the parents until November, when a lump sum of 
 1550 roubles ($800.11) was sent through the American Consul- 
 General at Moscow. There was delay in delivering this because 
 the girls had changed their names on coming to New York and 
 we did not learn the father's name until December. 
 
 ($1195.26) 
 
 63 
 
IX 
 
 From the preceding details of the purposes for which the 
 fund has been spent and the action taken in each case it is clear, 
 incidentally, that the disbursements for relief might be classified 
 under three headings with respect to the manner in which the pay- 
 ments were made. Part of the money was paid direct to some mem- 
 ber of the family ; part of it was sent to the family through some 
 official or organization who merely acted as our intermediary in 
 delivering the money in one lump payment; while a third part 
 was placed in the hands of some organization to be disbursed in 
 its discretion for the benefit of the family, or to be paid in a pen- 
 sion of specified amount for a certain length of time, or to reim- 
 burse the society for expenses incurred for families placed under 
 its care by this Committee. 
 
 METHOD OF DISBURSEMENT 
 
 Direct to family, or in payment of small bills for fam- 
 ily, such as board, transportation, copies of official 
 
 papers $23,156.99 
 
 Sent to family through some other organization or 
 some government official as intermediary, and paid 
 to the family in a lump sum: 
 
 Through the Italian Consul-General in New 
 
 York $6,975.00 
 
 Through the American Consuls-General in Mos- 
 cow, Vienna, Bucharest 10,066.21 
 
 Through private societies in London, Philadel- 
 phia, Brooklyn 1,542.20 18,583.41 
 
 Placed with some organization or official for the bene- 
 fit of the family, or to reimburse the society for ex- 
 penses incurred for families placed under its care: 
 
 The United Hebrew Charities 20,735.00* 
 
 The Charity Organization Society, the Associa- 
 tion for Improving the Condition of the Poor, 
 
 and the Joint Application Bureau 7,260.40! 
 
 The Brooklyn Bureau of Charities 5.472. 15 j 
 
 The Hebrew Free Burial Society 1,000.00 
 
 Others 4,348-2i§ 38.815.76M 
 
 Total $80,556.16 
 
 * Including $12,000.00 in trust funds for eight children, 
 t Including $2,500.00 in trust funds for five children. 
 t Including $500.00 in a trust fund for one child. 
 § Including $1,500.00 in trust funds for two children. 
 l| Including $16,500.00 in trust funds for sixteen children. 
 
 64 
 
WASHINGTON PLACE FIRE 
 
 A large fourth of the money was paid direct to the benefi- 
 ciaries and a small fourth was sent to them through some inter- 
 mediary agency, making over half which was put into the hands 
 of the families as promptly as possible. A little less than half 
 has been placed with some agency to be used for the benefit of 
 the family with more or less discretion as to method of applica- 
 tion. With the exception of the trust funds for children (which 
 amount to nearly half of this sum — a fifth of the entire disburse- 
 ments) this money is now in process of disbursement to the 
 families for whom it has been appropriated. 
 
 It was decided that the trust funds for children left orphans 
 by the disaster should be placed in the hands of the appropriate 
 charitable society. The reason for this decision was that it was 
 considered desirable that there should be some elasticity in the 
 application of these funds, and it is therefore better that they 
 should be in charge of a society which can exercise personal dis- 
 cretion from time to time, on the basis of knowledge of the family 
 circumstances, rather than that they should be turned over, for 
 example, to a trust company which would be expected to disburse 
 them according to an arbitrary plan without discretion. The 
 following paragraphs from a letter to one of the societies con- 
 cerned explains this position more fully: 
 
 "We hope that it will be practicable to deposit or invest 
 these funds in such a way as to give the families the benefit 
 of the interest. If they do not need the interest for current 
 expenses it can be added year by year to the principal. 
 
 "It would be quite agreeable to this Committee that 
 the principal should be retained intact until the children 
 have met the minimum educational requirements of the New 
 York law, and that it should then be applied toward their 
 further education in whatever way may seem most advan- 
 tageous for their future. If the family should be in position 
 to give this additional training, the funds could be kept still 
 longer, until the child has reached the age of eighteen, or 
 even twenty-one, when it would be available for a start in 
 business or a dowry. 
 
 "On the other hand, circumstances may easily arise at 
 any moment when the best interest of the child would re- 
 quire that some part, even possibly all, of the principal 
 should be immediately available — a severe illness, for ex- 
 
 5 65 
 
EMERGENCY RELIEF 
 
 ample, of the child or of its guardian — and it is the desire of 
 the Committee that you should feel free, in any such event, 
 to apply the money as may seem in your judgment to be 
 most expedient." 
 
 66 
 
X 
 
 Contributions to the fund, as has been said, amounted to 
 nearly $104,000.00 and the interest which accrued during the 
 period of disbursement brought it up to nearly $105,000.00. The 
 expenditures for relief have been $80,556.16. The administra- 
 tive expenses have been $1,937.55, which is approximately two 
 per cent of the fund. 
 
 The principal item in the administrative expenses is for 
 salaries of visitors and office assistants. At the urgent request 
 of the Committee, re-enforced by a message from the National 
 Director of the American Red Cross, and in accordance with the 
 Red Cross By-laws, the societies to which we 'were indebted for 
 assistants consented to be reimbursed for these salaries. The 
 other items are for postage, stationery, car-fares of visitors, and 
 for the printing of this report. We have been at no expense for 
 certain important items : the services of the Director, office-rent, 
 furniture, and sundry office supplies. Rooms and furniture for 
 the emergency office occupied during the first three weeks were 
 provided by the Metropolitan Insurance Company. After that 
 the work was carried on in the offices of the Director in the United 
 Charities Building. 
 
 After it was certain that not all the money would be re- 
 quired for relief an appropriation was made at the suggestion of 
 the Commissioner of Public Charities for erecting a monument on 
 the graves of the unidentified dead in Evergreen Cemetery, at a 
 cost of not over $2500.00. This will be designed by Mr. Henry 
 Bacon, in collaboration with Miss Longman. 
 
 Any residue of the fund, under the by-laws of the American 
 Red Cross, will be transferred to the Contingent Relief Fund of 
 the American Red Cross. This Committee has recommended 
 to the American Red Cross that this balance be held and applied 
 for the relief of any suffering which may, by reason of any future 
 calamity, come within the jurisdiction of this Committee and 
 for which its activities may be called into being. 
 
 67 
 
EMERGENCY RELIEF 
 
 On the following pages will be found the financial statement; 
 the regulations of the American Red Cross which refer to its plan 
 of affiliation with the charity organization societies of the country 
 for relief work in case of disasters ; the By-laws of the Charity 
 Organization Society of the City of New York as its institutional 
 member in this locality; and the names of the contributors to 
 this fund. 
 
 68 
 
APPENDIX I 
 
 FINANCIAL STATEMENT 
 
 March 25, 191 1, to April 10, 1912 
 
 RECEIPTS 
 
 Through Hon. Wm. J. Gaynor, Mayor $23,009.97 
 
 By Treasurer direct 80,872.75 
 
 By Director (special contribution for a particular 
 
 beneficiary) 16.66 
 
 From Kuhn, Loeb & Co., interest accrued on deposits 
 
 to December 29, 191 1 824.46 $104,723.84 
 
 DISBURSEMENTS 
 
 Relief $80,556.16 
 
 Administration: 
 
 Salaries and wages $1,696.83 
 
 Telephone and telegraph 50.38 
 
 Carfare and express 82.70 
 
 Stationery and printing 57.65 
 
 Postage 27.00 
 
 Sundry 22.99 $ 1, 937-55 $ 82,493.71 
 
 Balance on Hand April 10, 1912 $ 22,230.13* 
 
 *A balance of about $19,000.00 will probably remain after meeting the 
 expense of erecting the monument in Evergreen Cemetery, the cost of printing 
 this report, and final incidental expenses. 
 
 69 
 
APPENDIX II 
 
 EXTRACT FROM THE REGULATIONS GOVERNING INSTITU- 
 TIONAL MEMBERSHIP IN THE AMERICAN RED CROSS 
 
 In 1905 the Congress of the United States granted a special 
 charter to The American National Red Cross. The fifth para- 
 graph of Section 3 of this Charter, describing the duties of the 
 organization, is as follows: 
 
 And to continue and carry on a system of national and 
 international relief in time of peace and apply the same in 
 mitigating the sufferings caused by pestilence, famine, fire, 
 floods and other great national calamities, and to devise and 
 carry on measures for preventing the same. 
 
 It is regarded as essential to bring to the command of the 
 Red Cross, for emergency work in the relief of distress following 
 great calamities, trained service such as is to be found in the 
 ranks of well-organized charitable societies in the larger cities of 
 the United States. 
 
 In the furtherance of this object there has been created an 
 "Institutional Membership" of The American National Red 
 Cross into which, from time to time, are to be invited certain of 
 the more efficient charity organization societies of the country. 
 (The term "charity organization society" in this connection is 
 intended to include societies known as "Associated Charities," 
 "Societies for Organizing Charity," "Bureaus of Charities," and 
 other agencies conforming to recognized charity organization 
 principles and standards.) 
 
 In the event of a disaster requiring large and unusual meas- 
 ures" of relief, the institutional member in the community in 
 which such disaster occurs, as the executive agent of the Red 
 Cross, will be expected to take instant relief action in the name of 
 the Red Cross, pending the arrival of the National Director. 
 Such emergency relief work by an institutional member will be 
 
 70 
 
WASHINGTON PLACE FIRE 
 
 under the supervision of the National Relief Board and the im- 
 mediate direction of the National Director. 
 
 An institutional member will not be required to collect money 
 or supplies for Red Cross emergency relief purposes. 
 
 An institutional member is to be solely an executive agent. 
 
 In order to fulfill its functions as an institutional member of 
 the Red Cross, a charity organization society is expected to form 
 a Red Cross Emergency Relief Committee with representation 
 thereon of the local Chapter of the Red Cross, if such there be. 
 This Committee as a nucleus committee should be permanent, 
 and may be temporarily enlarged upon the occurrence of a 
 disaster requiring large and unusual emergency relief measures. 
 
 An institutional member is also expected, when practicable, 
 to send one or more trained agents to participate in relief work 
 outside of its own community, when called for by the National 
 Director. 
 
 71 
 
APPENDIX III 
 
 EXTRACT FROM THE BY-LAWS OF THE CENTRAL COUNCIL 
 OF THE CHARITY ORGANIZATION SOCIETY OF THE 
 CITY OF NEW YORK, DEFINING THE DUTIES 
 OF THE RED CROSS EMERGENCY RE- 
 LIEF COMMITTEE 
 
 Sec. 2. The sphere of action of the Red Cross Emergency 
 Relief Committee shall include whatever territory is allotted to 
 it from time to time by the National Relief Board of the American 
 Red Cross. 
 
 It shall be the duty of this Committee immediately upon 
 the occurrence within this allotted territory of any calamity 
 requiring unusual measures of relief to determine whether this 
 calamity is sufficiently great, and requires such unusual measures 
 of relief, as to surpass the existent charitable resources of the 
 region wherein it occurred, and therefore to require action on the 
 part of the American Red Cross, and if requiring action, to im- 
 mediately communicate its judgment in this particular to the 
 National Relief Board and to the National Director of the 
 American Red Cross. 
 
 In case the Committee shall conclude that action on the part 
 of the American Red Cross is expedient, it shall, in concert with 
 the officers of the State Branch of that Society, who to this end 
 are made ex officio members of the Committee, take such instant 
 action as the circumstances warrant. 
 
 This action shall include whatever steps are necessary to 
 secure the appointment by any governors, mayors, public bodies 
 or citizens acting within the said allotted territory of a special 
 committee or committees for the collection of funds or supplies 
 for relief, to be administered through the American Red Cross. 
 
 The Committee shall not be required to collect funds or 
 supplies for the emergency relief work of the American Red Cross 
 but shall be charged with all the duties of this Society as Insti- 
 tutional Member of the American Red Cross, including that of 
 
 72 
 
WASHINGTON PLACE FIRE 
 
 acting as agent in the application of relief within the district 
 allotted to this Society, procuring upon call from the National 
 Director of the American Red Cross, and to the extent of this 
 Society's ability, trained agents to assist in the Red Cross 
 emergency relief work within any part of the United States, 
 reporting to the National Relief Board and sending a copy of 
 the report to the corresponding State Branch of the American 
 Red Cross. 
 
 Its Chairman, or some other member appointed by him, shall 
 be the delegate of the Society to any meeting of the Board of 
 Incorporators of the American Red Cross. 
 
 It may temporarily increase its members to act during the 
 period of any emergency, and may create special committees for 
 the same purpose. 
 
 If the emergency comes in a locality where a Chapter of the 
 American Red Cross is organized, that Chapter shall have repre- 
 sentation on said Committee. 
 
 It shall, so far as possible, concentrate and co-ordinate all 
 efforts, corporate or individual, to relieve distress occasioned by 
 any great calamity. 
 
 73 
 
APPENDIX IV 
 
 CONTRIBUTORS TO THE RELIEF FUND 
 
 Aarons, Morris 
 
 Aaronson, Evelyn 
 
 Abbott, O. B. 
 
 Abelson, Geo. S. 
 
 Abraham and Strauss 
 
 Abrahams, Mark L. 
 
 Abrahams, Mark L., and Brother, 
 Employees of 
 
 Abrahams, Morris 
 
 Abrahams, Nathan 
 
 Abrahams, Sol. H. 
 
 Abrams, Roman and Co. and em- 
 ployees 
 
 Academic Club 
 
 Acker, Merrall and Condit Co. 
 
 Ackerman, M. L. 
 
 Adelson, Ph., and Bro. 
 
 Adelson, Ph., and Bro., Employees of 
 
 Adler and Ast 
 
 Adler and Ast, Employees of 
 
 Adler and Rotheroson 
 
 Adler, A. S. 
 
 Adler, Mrs. S. 
 
 Adlerman, Alexander 
 
 Adlerman, Israel J. P. 
 
 Adler's Young Men's Independent 
 Association 
 
 Aheloff, Sam. 
 
 Ahrend, D. H., and Co. 
 
 Alexander, Andrew 
 
 Alford, C. G. ( and Co. 
 
 Allen, A. 
 
 Allen, Mrs. Marshall J. 
 
 Allen-Nugent Co. 
 
 Allen, Rosalie H. 
 
 Alsberg, Irving and Co. 
 
 Alsberg, Wm., and Co. 
 
 Altenberg, George 
 
 Altman and Weinberg, Employees of 
 
 Altmayer, A. R., In memory of 
 
 Altschul, C. 
 
 American, S. 
 
 American Art Association 
 
 American Book Co. 
 
 American Chicle Co. 
 
 American Cloak and Suit Review 
 
 American District and Western Union 
 
 Telegraph Co., Employees of 
 American Eagle Lodge 15, 1. 0. B. A. 
 American Gem and Pearl Co. 
 American Gown Co., Employees of 
 American Market employees 
 American Negligee Co. 
 American Rain Coat Co., Employees 
 
 of 
 American Romper Co. 
 American Tie and Timber Co. 
 Amici Social Club 
 Amsterdam Democratic Club 
 Anargyros, S., Employees of 
 Anderson, A. V. 
 Andrews, W. L. 
 Anekstein, I., and employees 
 Ansbacker, A. B. 
 Antonowsky, Benj. S. 
 Appel Hat Co., Employees of 
 Appelman, Louis 
 Arbuckle Bros. 
 Arctic Club, Inc. 
 Arkin and Guild and employees 
 Arlington Skirt Mfg. Co. 
 Armeny and Marion Co. 
 Arnold, Mrs. Wm. E. 
 Arnstein Bros, and Co. 
 Aronowitz, D. 
 Aronowitz, Mrs. R. A. 
 Aronson, Max 
 Aronson, S. 
 Aronson, S., and Co. 
 Asher, H. F. 
 Asiel and Co. 
 
 Asinof, Morris, and Son, Employees of 
 Associated Actresses of America 
 Astor, John Jacob 
 Atkin, J. 
 Atlantic City Lodge 494, 1. O. B. B. 
 
 74 
 
WASHINGTON PLACE FIRE 
 
 Atlantic Garden 
 
 Atlas Embroidery Works 
 
 Auerbach, Louis, Employees of 
 
 Auto Strop Safety Razor Co. 
 
 Averett, Abr. 
 
 Ax, Hyman 
 
 Ayer, F. F. 
 
 Aymar, Edmund B. 
 
 Baar and Jones 
 
 Baar and Jones, Girls employed by 
 Bach, Biancha 
 Bachelers, The 
 
 Baer, Alfred, and Co., Employees of 
 Baer Bros. 
 Baer, Hugo 
 Baer, Julius 
 Baer, Ludwig 
 Baily, William 
 Baker, Nellie 
 Balagur, Martin 
 Balagur, Martin, Employees of 
 Balek, M. 
 
 Bamberg and Risser 
 Bamberger, Mrs. A. W. 
 Bamberger, Irving W. 
 Bancroft, L. H. 
 Bannard, Otto T. 
 Baptist Temple, Brooklyn 
 Barcley, James 
 Bardon, Thos. F. 
 Barnes, Charles B. 
 Barnes, Edward 
 Barnes, E. H. 
 Barnette, Mrs. E. 
 Barondess, Joseph 
 Barron Amusement Co. 
 Barrowsky, H. F. 
 Barsotti, Charles 
 Baruch, Harry N. 
 Baruch, S. 
 Batjer and Co. 
 Bauer and Louis 
 Baum, E., for S. F. S. C. 
 Baum, Herman 
 Bayles, A. 
 
 Beadleston and Woerz 
 Bear, Charles 
 Beaver, Victor 
 Bebbenssee, A. N. 
 Beckel, Joseph, and Co. 
 Beckhard, Martin 
 Beekman and Hays 
 Beekman and Hays, Employees of 
 Beekman and Hays, Branch No. 3, 
 Employees of 
 
 Beekman, Gerard 
 
 Beer, Sondheimer and Co. Agency 
 
 Beerman and Frank 
 
 Beerman and Frank, Employees of 
 
 Behal, Arthur, Co. 
 
 Bell, Mrs. Lida P. 
 
 Bellamy, Mrs. Frederick P. 
 
 Bellinger, W. W. 
 
 Belmont, August, and Co. 
 
 Bendheim, A. D. 
 
 Bendheim, Henry 
 
 Benedict and Warner 
 
 Benjamin, F. 
 
 Benjamin, Wm. M. 
 
 Bennett, David 
 
 Benoliel, D. J. 
 
 Berg Bros. 
 
 Berg Bros., Employees of 
 
 Berger, Samuel 
 
 Berkson, H. 
 
 Berlin Novelty Co. 
 
 Berliner, Nathan, and Sol S. Marx 
 
 Berliner, Strauss and Meyer 
 
 Berliner, Strauss and Meyer, Em- 
 ployees of 
 
 Bernhard, Robt.,and Co., Employees 
 of 
 
 Bernheim and Beer 
 
 Bernheim and Sons, Employees of 
 
 Bernheim, C. L. 
 
 Bernheimer and Schwartz 
 
 Bernheimer Bros. 
 
 Bernheimer Bros., Employees of 
 
 Bernheimer, Mrs. Jacob S. 
 
 Bernstein, Anna 
 
 Bernstein, Eva 
 
 Bernstein, Louis 
 
 Bernstein, Morris J. 
 
 Bernstein, Paul 
 
 Bernstein, S. and C. 
 
 Berolzheimer, Philip 
 
 Bialystoker Y. M. A. 
 
 Bieher, Siegfried 
 
 Bielefeld and Spahn, Employees of 
 
 Bird, George W. 
 
 Birkins, W. C. 
 
 Bischofsheimer, L., and Son 
 
 Bisco, H. S. — Hirshfeld Co. 
 
 Bisco, H. S. — Hirshfeld Co., Em- 
 ployees of 
 
 Bishop, W. S., and Co. 
 
 Bishop, William Henry 
 
 Bissell Carpet Sweeper Co. 
 
 Bistrong, Jacob, and employees 
 
 Bittner, J. 
 
 Black, Wm. and Co., Employees of 
 
 Black, W. H. 
 
 75 
 
EMERGENCY RELIEF 
 
 Black, William Harmon 
 
 Blanchard and Price and employees 
 
 Blanck and Co. 
 
 Blank, Bernard H. 
 
 Blaskopf and Co., Employees of 
 
 Bleyer, Max 
 
 Bliss, Miss 
 
 Bliss, William H. 
 
 Blitzer, Pauline 
 
 Bloch, Alfred 
 
 Bloch, Bernhard 
 
 Bloch, Mrs. H. M. 
 
 Bloch, M., and Co. 
 
 Bloom and Millman 
 
 Bloomingdale Bros. 
 
 Blue, Anita R. 
 
 Blue Bird Bowling Club 
 
 Blum, Morris 
 
 Blumenkrohn, Isidor 
 
 Blumenkrohn, S., Co., Employees of 
 
 Blumenthal Bros. 
 
 Blumenthal Bros., Employees of 
 
 Blumenthal and Lang 
 
 Bockian, A., and Co., Employees of 
 
 Bodenheimer and Jaskow 
 
 Bodley, Mrs. Lena 
 
 Bohemian American Israelite Con- 
 gregation 
 
 Bonner Mfg. Co. 
 
 Bonwit, Teller and Co. 
 
 Bonwit, Teller and Co., Employees of 
 
 Bookman, J., Estate of 
 
 Booth Lunch, Patrons of 
 
 Borden, M. C. D. 
 
 Borgenicht, Kornreich and Co. 
 
 Borgenicht, Kornreich & Co., Em- 
 ployees of 
 
 Borgfeldt, Geo., and Co. 
 
 Borough President of Richmond 
 Borough, Employees of 
 
 Bourdis, J., and Co. 
 
 Bouvier, M. C, and Co. 
 
 Bowers, Ogden H. 
 
 Boyd, William A. 
 
 Boys Athletic Social Club 
 
 Bradley Contracting Co. 
 
 Bradley, E. L. 
 
 Bradshaw, Anna 
 
 Brambir, M., Employees of 
 
 Brand, Herman 
 
 Brand, Herman A. 
 
 Braunwarth-Weiss Co., Inc. 
 
 Braxmar, C. G., Co. 
 
 Breidenbach, Mrs. R. 
 
 Breitenbach, W. J. 
 
 Breth, Max, and employees 
 
 Brill and Kriegsman 
 
 Brill and Kriegsman, Employees of 
 
 Brittain, Wm. F. 
 
 Brokaw, George F. 
 
 Bromeur, M., through I. B. Hyman 
 
 Bronston Bros, and Co. 
 
 Bronx Lodge No. 871, B. P. 0. E. 
 
 Bronx Union 
 
 Brook and Rosenberg 
 
 Brooklyn Daily Eagle, Through 
 
 Brooklyn Daily Times, Through 
 
 Brookman, J. L. 
 
 Brooks, Bertha S. 
 
 Brooks, James 
 
 Brown, Franklin Q. 
 
 Brown, Mrs. George Alexander 
 
 Brown, Wm. Adams 
 
 Brownold, Mrs. Chas., Jr. 
 
 Buchsbaum, Aaron, Co. 
 
 Buchstahl and Lewis, Employees of 
 
 Buegeleisen and Jacobson 
 
 Buhl, Mrs. Henrietta 
 
 Bunke, John 
 
 Burke, Mrs. Alfred 
 
 Buseck, H. 
 
 Bush, Irving T. 
 
 Butler, Beatrice 
 
 Butler Bros. 
 
 Butler, E. M. 
 
 Butzel, Meyer 
 
 Byrne, James 
 
 Caciappo, Giovanni 
 
 Cahn, Minnie H. 
 
 Calderone, S. 
 
 California Lodge of I. O. B. A. 
 
 Cammann, Miss, Collected in the 
 
 shop of 
 Campbell, Amelia D. 
 Campbell, L. H. 
 Caplan, Joseph 
 Cardinal Club 
 Carey, S. 
 
 Carmody, John R. 
 Carnegie, Andrew 
 Caroline Aid Society 
 Carpenter, C. W. 
 Carter, Howe and Co. 
 Carter and Sons 
 Casino Theatre, Benefit, Through the 
 
 Brooklyn Citizen 
 Caspary, Jas. A. 
 Castagnetta, I. 
 Castelli, Frank 
 Chajem Halberstamm Lodge No. 28, 
 
 I. O. B. A. 
 Chambers, Jared J. 
 
 76 
 
WASHINGTON PLACE FIRE 
 
 Chancellor Kent Lodge 870, F. and 
 A. M. 
 
 Chapman, F. A. 
 
 Chelimer, Morris B. 
 
 Chevra Agudath Achim 
 
 Chevra Kedusha Anshe Sekunim, 
 through Emil Kuebl 
 
 Chevra Poel Zedek Anschei I Ilia 
 
 Chibnik, M. 
 
 Chic Dress Co., Employees of 
 
 Chicago Fuse Mfg. Co. 
 
 Children of the Temple Beth-Sholom 
 Sabbath School 
 
 Chinese Weekly Herald 
 
 Choate, Joseph H. 
 
 Choctaw Democratic Club 
 
 Christian, E. D. 
 
 Citizens of Bath Beach, through the 
 Plaza Theatre, Bath Beach 
 
 Clairmont Club 
 
 Clarke, Letitia D. 
 
 Class 8B-1, Public School No. 5 
 
 Clausen, George U. 
 
 Claussen, M. 
 
 Clerks of the Wall St. P. O. 
 
 Clermont Theatre 
 
 Cloak, Suit and Skirt Manufacturers' 
 Protective Association 
 
 Cloth Spongers Employers Associa- 
 tion 
 
 Clug, Rose 
 
 Coffin and Co. 
 
 Cohen and Kass, Employees of 
 
 Cohen, Adolph 
 
 Cohen, Adolph, Employees of 
 
 Cohen, A. W., and Bros., Employees of 
 
 Cohen, Daniel 
 
 Cohen, H. 
 
 Cohen, Henry, and Co. 
 
 Cohen, Henry, and Co., Employees of 
 
 Cohen, Henry D. 
 
 Cohen, Isaac 
 
 Cohen, Lewis, Co. 
 
 Cohen, M. 
 
 Cohen, Max, and Co., Employees of 
 
 Cohen, N. D. 
 
 Cohen, Samuel L. 
 
 Cohen, Schulze and Co. 
 
 Cohen, Simon R. 
 
 Cohn, Eli G. 
 
 Coleman, Nathan 
 
 Coley, J. A. 
 
 Collord, George M. 
 
 Colonial Waist Co. 
 
 Columbus Ave. Office of W. U. and 
 A. D. T. Co., Employees and Mes- 
 sengers of 
 
 Comoro, Max 
 
 Composite Lodge 819, F. and A. M. 
 
 Condon, John 
 
 Cone Export and Commission Co. 
 
 Cone, Frederick H. 
 
 Congregation Agudath Achim of 
 Harlem 
 
 Congregation of All Souls Episcopal 
 Church 
 
 Congregation B'nai Jacob 
 
 Congregation Keneseth Israel, Rich- 
 mond, Va. 
 
 Congregation Mount Sinai, Brooklyn 
 
 Congregation Shaaray Tenia 
 
 Congregation Temple Beth Sholom of 
 Brooklyn 
 
 Conkling, Alfred R. 
 
 Cook and Son 
 
 Cook, Geo. D., and Co. 
 
 Cooke, Theo. R. 
 
 Cooper and Forman 
 
 Cooper, Michael 
 
 Cooper, Michael, Employees of 
 
 Corsiglia, John B. 
 
 Cortelyou Club of Brooklyn 
 
 Cosmopolitan Hall, Benefit 
 
 Cosmopolitan Lodge 202, K. of P. 
 
 Costarella, Antonio 
 
 Costuma and Zimetbaum 
 
 Court Pride of Manhattan 463, 
 F. of A. 
 
 Court Spinoza, No. 102, F. of A. 
 
 Co wen, Mrs. P. 
 
 Cowperthwait and Sons 
 
 Crane, Jonathan N. 
 
 Crawford, R. L. 
 
 Crescent Mfg. Co. 
 
 Crimmins, John D. 
 
 Crof Bros. 
 
 Crone, Louis 
 
 Cross and Beguelin 
 
 Crossman and Sielcken 
 
 Crotona Lodge 560, I. O. B. A. 
 
 Crystal, David, and Co. 
 
 Crystal, David, and Co., Employees of 
 
 Cushman and Denison Mfg. Co. 
 
 Cutting, R. Fulton 
 
 Cutting, W. Bayard 
 
 Daily Jewish Courier, Through 
 Daly, Katherine A. 
 Danenbaum Bros. 
 Danziger, Mrs. Max 
 Danziger and Sanville 
 Darcy Lodge 187, F. and A. M. 
 Darrow, W. J. 
 
 77 
 
EMERGENCY RELIEF 
 
 Daschner, Mr. and Mrs. J. 
 
 Daus, Leonard W. 
 
 Daus, Lillian 
 
 Davenport, Wm. B. 
 
 Davidow, Wm. H M and Bro. 
 
 Davidow, Wm. H., and Bro., Em- 
 ployees of 
 
 Davidson and Schwab, Inc. 
 
 Davidson, I. 
 
 Davidson, Julius 
 
 Davidson, King and Co. 
 
 Da vies, Clarence J. 
 
 Davis, Casper, and Son, Employees of 
 
 Davis, Dina 
 
 Davis, Gherardi 
 
 Davis, Mark, Sons and Co. 
 
 Dawes, Mrs. Emily M. 
 
 Day, Clark, and Co. 
 
 Dazian, Mrs. M. 
 
 Dean, Charles 
 
 Dean, Mary 
 
 de Forest, Robert W. 
 
 de Guiscard, A. K. 
 
 Deiches, Mrs. S. 
 
 de Lara, David C. 
 
 Del Castillo, Rafael, and Co. 
 
 Delli Paoli, A. 
 
 de Marco, Celestine 
 
 Demuth, Wm., and Co. 
 
 Denver Chemical Mfg. Co. 
 
 Denver Lunch 
 
 Denzer and Nathan 
 
 de Rham, H. C. 
 
 Dery, D. G. 
 
 De Sola Bros, and Pardo 
 
 De Vinne Press Composing Room, 
 Through R. Friedman 
 
 Devoy, John W. 
 
 Devoy, S. Elizabeth 
 
 Diamond, Solomon 
 
 Diaz, J. Solojano 
 
 Dick, Frank M. 
 
 Dickenson, W. N. 
 
 Dickey, Chas. D. 
 
 Didisheim, Hipp and Bro. 
 
 Dinkelspiel and Davis 
 
 Dix, Henry A., and Sons Co. 
 
 Dix, John A. 
 
 Dodge, Cleveland H. 
 
 Doelger, Peter 
 
 Doering, George 
 
 Doernberg, Edwin J. 
 
 Dolewit, M. A. 
 
 Doob, M., Sons and Co. 
 
 Dormitzer, Henry 
 
 Dougherty, J. Hampden 
 
 Douglas, W. H. 
 
 Downey, Chas. F., and Co. 
 Dreicer and Co. 
 Dreyer, August 
 Drucker, Sol., and Co. 
 Druckerman, Mrs. E. 
 Druckerman, M. 
 Druss, B., and Son 
 Dry Goods Economist 
 Dunn, R. G., and Co. 
 Dupree, Minnie 
 Duval, Herman 
 
 Eastern District Camp, M. W. A. 
 
 Eastman, Joseph 
 
 East Side Branch, N. Y. C, United 
 Master Butchers of America 
 
 Eckstein, Mrs. Irving 
 
 Eckstein, Irving H. 
 
 Ecuadorian Panama Hat Co., Em- 
 ployees of 
 
 Eder, Frederick 
 
 Edinger, Belle G. 
 
 Educational Alliance Girls Associa- 
 tion 
 
 Educational League of Greater N. Y. 
 
 Egan, Violet M. 
 
 Ehret, George 
 
 Ehrmann, Mrs. Ernest 
 
 Eichberg and Co. 
 
 Eidlitz, Marc, and Son 
 
 Einstein, J. 
 
 Einstein, Walter S. 
 
 Einstein, Wolff, and Co. 
 
 Eiseman, Samuel, and Co. 
 
 Eisenbach Bros, and Co. 
 
 Eisenberg, E. 
 
 Eisler, Anthony 
 
 Eisman, Max 
 
 Eisner, J., and Co., Employees of 
 
 Eitington, W., and Co. 
 
 Elfenbein, Ginsberg and Peterson 
 
 Elfenbein, Ginsberg and Peterson, 
 Employees of 
 
 Elias, Henry, Brewing Co. 
 
 Elisberg, Joel 
 
 Eliscu, Edward 
 
 Elkins Relief Corps of Elkins, W. Va. 
 
 Elks, B. P. O., N. Y. Lodge No. I 
 
 Elmor, Lincoln, Employees of 
 
 Elsas, Lucile R. 
 
 Elvin, Mr. 
 
 Ely, Horace S., and Co. 
 
 Emanu-El Brotherhood Social House 
 
 Emanuel Literary Society 
 
 Emanuel, Victor R. 
 
 Embroidered Garment Co. 
 
 78 
 
WASHINGTON PLACE FIRE 
 
 Engel and Kraus 
 
 Engel and Kraus, Employees of 
 
 Epstein and Levy and employees 
 
 Epstein-Chas. Douglis Co. 
 
 Epstein, I., Employees of 
 
 Epstein, M. 
 
 Epstein, Morris 
 
 Erlanger and Reis 
 
 Erlanger, Abraham 
 
 Ernst, Alice L. 
 
 Erstein, L., and Bro. 
 
 Essenfeld and Co., Employees of 
 
 Estherson, Norma E. 
 
 Ettelson, Henry 
 
 Ettenson, Abraham 
 
 Evening Recreation Center No. 62 
 
 Evens, Nathan I. 
 
 Excelsior Quilting Co. 
 
 Fabien, Ben. 
 
 Fabricant, Barnet 
 
 Falcon Packing Co. 
 
 Falk, Benno 
 
 Falk, Wm. J. 
 
 Fall River Lodge 355, O. B. A. 
 
 Fan Court Club, University Settle- 
 ment 
 
 Farmer, Albert J. 
 
 Fashion Mfg. Co. 
 
 Fatman, Morris 
 
 Favorite Skirt Co. and employees 
 
 Fear, Fred, and Co. 
 
 Feder, Mrs. Rose 
 
 Feicher, Jacob 
 
 Feiner, Benj. F. and B. F. F., Jr. 
 
 Feins, Mr. and Mrs. D. D. 
 
 Fels, William, Inc. 
 
 Fels, William, Inc., Employees of 
 
 Felsenthal Bros. 
 
 Feltenstein, A., Employees of 
 
 Fenster and Bernstein 
 
 Fera and Kadison 
 
 Fernald, J. C. 
 
 Fernbach and Schulman 
 
 Fette, Otto 
 
 Fidler, N. 
 
 Finelite, Abraham 
 
 Fingerhut, Samuel 
 
 First, Charles S. M. 
 
 First, Phil. 
 
 First Congregational Church 
 
 First Consul Cigar Factory 
 
 First Consul Cigar Factory, Em- 
 ployees of 
 
 First Skirt Designers' Association, 
 through L. Friedman 
 
 First and Gurian and employees 
 
 Fisk, Pliny 
 
 Fitzgerald, Margaret M. 
 
 Flegenheimer Bros., Inc. 
 
 Fleitmann and Co. 
 
 Fletcher, Chas. H. 
 
 Floersheimer Co. 
 
 Floersheimer Co., Employees of 
 
 Floersheimer, Samuel 
 
 Floersheimer, Samuel, and Bro., Em- 
 ployees of 
 
 Floyd, R. D. 
 
 Flusser, Mrs. C. 
 
 Focacci, Eugene 
 
 Foise, Elias L. 
 
 Fondeville and Van Iderstine 
 
 Forsythe, John, Employees of 
 
 Fortuna Ladies Benevolent Society 
 
 Foster, Edw. W. 
 
 Fox, Benjamin 
 
 Fox, Samuel 
 
 Franck, Henry, Sons and Co. 
 
 Franco American Electric Novelty 
 Co. 
 
 Frank Brothers 
 
 Frank, B., and Sons 
 
 Frank, Edw., and Co., Employees of 
 
 Frank, Helene Judith 
 
 Frank, Mrs. M. 
 
 Frank and Bauer and employees 
 
 Frankel Brothers 
 
 Frankel Brothers, Employees of 
 
 Frankenthal, A. 
 
 Frankenthal Bros, and Co. 
 
 Frankenthal Bros, and Co., Em- 
 ployees of 
 
 Franklin, Ab. and A., Employees of 
 
 Franklin Lodge 447, F. and A. M. 
 
 Franklin, Simon, and Co. 
 
 Franks Bros, and Barsha 
 
 Fraser, Mrs. Wm. D. 
 
 Freedman Bros., Employees of 
 
 Freid, Drew and Jacobs 
 
 Freiman, David 
 
 Freitag and Keim 
 
 Frelinghuysen, Theodore 
 
 French, Daniel Chester 
 
 Freudenheim Bros, and Son 
 
 Freudenheim, J., and Son 
 
 Freund, Mrs. E. 
 
 Freund, Hy and Bros. 
 
 Freyberg, M. 
 
 Friday Night Club 
 
 Fried, John 
 
 Fried, Mendelson and Co. 
 
 Friedenwald, Dr. and Mrs. 
 
 Friedland, E. and E. Cone 
 
 79 
 
EMERGENCY RELIEF 
 
 Friedlander and Bartnowsky 
 
 Friedlander, R. L. and M. 
 
 Friedman and Krieger 
 
 Friedman, Mrs. H. 
 
 Friedman, H. P., and Bro. 
 
 Friedman, K. 
 
 Friedman, Louis J. 
 
 Friend and Fleisch 
 
 Fries, Joseph 
 
 Frolic Club, Inc. 
 
 Frolichstein, England and Klein, Inc. 
 
 Fuchs, Max 
 
 Fuld, I. 
 
 Fuller Bowling Club 
 
 Gade, Henry 
 
 Gaiety Theatre, Danville, Penna. 
 
 Galezien Friedman Lodge No. 71, 
 
 I. O. B. A. 
 Gallert, S. M., and Co. 
 Gallert, S. M.,and Co., Employees of 
 Gandolfi, L. 
 Garcia, F., and Bros. 
 Gaynor, Wm. J. 
 Geishewitz, B. L. 
 Gem Waist Co. 
 George, B. V. 
 Gerlken, Chas. P., and Co. 
 Gershel, A., and Co. 
 Gerstenzang Bros. 
 Giangrasso, Leonardo 
 Gilbert, Clara 
 Gilbert, Wm. L., Clock Co. 
 Gilman, Anna C. 
 Ginsberg, Samuel 
 Ginsburg and Lapidus 
 Ginsburg, S. L. 
 Girdany, M. L. 
 Girls Benevolent Society 
 Girls' Club, Doe Ye Nexte Thynge 
 
 Society 
 Girls Friendly Society, St. James 
 
 Branch 
 Girls Progressive Club of Milwaukee, 
 
 Wis. 
 Gittleson, Louis 
 Giunta, Stephen 
 Giveen Mfg. Co. 
 Glass, Henry, and Co. 
 Glassman, L. 
 Glazier, Henry S. 
 Glazier, Mrs. S. W. 
 Globus, A. 
 Glogan, Otto 
 Gluck, David M. 
 Glucksman, H. 
 
 Glueck, Morris J. 
 
 Goldberg, H. S. 
 
 Goldberg, Ph. 
 
 Goldberg, S. M., through LB. Hyman 
 
 Goldberg, Samuel J. 
 
 Goldman Costume Co. 
 
 Goldman and Marx 
 
 Goldman, M. 
 
 Goldman, Mrs. Rosie 
 
 Goldman, Sachs and Co. 
 
 Goldmark, Chas. 
 
 Goldschmidt and Co. 
 
 Goldsmith Bros. Smelting and Re- 
 fining Co. 
 
 Goldsmith, Hannah, for "a few 
 friends" 
 
 Goldstein, Davidson and Sondheimer 
 
 Goldstein, Hattie 
 
 Goldstein, I. 
 
 Goldstein, Mrs. I. I. 
 
 Goldstein, Seig 
 
 Goldston, Al., and Co. 
 
 Goldston, Nat., and Co. 
 
 Golston, Nat., and Co., Employees of 
 
 Goldstone, A. H. 
 
 Goldstone, Samuel 
 
 Goldstone, Samuel, Employees of 
 
 Goldwasser, Philip 
 
 Goldwasser, Sadie A. 
 
 Goldwasser, Mrs. Samuel 
 
 Goldwasser, S. R. 
 
 Gollon, Frank P. 
 
 Good, Brent 
 
 Goodfriend Bros. 
 
 Goodhart and Co. 
 
 Goodman and Baum 
 
 Goodman and Mandel 
 
 Goodman, A., and Son, and employees 
 
 Goodman, M., and Co. 
 
 Goodman, S., and Co. 
 
 Goodman, Mrs. Samuel 
 
 Gootman, M., and Co. 
 
 Gordon Lodge No. 173, Sons of St. 
 George 
 
 Gordon, N. 
 
 Gordon, P., Employees of 
 
 Gospel Settlement, Ten Clubs of 
 
 Goss, A. 
 
 Gotham Club 
 
 Gottheil, Richard 
 
 Graf and Graf 
 
 Graham, Edith Lane 
 
 Grand Lodge and Lodges of the Or- 
 der of Treue Schwestern 
 
 Granger, Mrs. 
 
 Grats, Will 
 
 Gray, Mary M. 
 
 80 
 
WASHINGTON PLACE FIRE 
 
 Greason, John R. 
 Greater New York Aid Society- 
 Greco, V. Cav. 
 Gredinger, I., for the "employees of a 
 
 Broadway House" 
 Green and Nathan 
 Green, Asher 
 Greenbaum Bros. 
 Greenberg, H., Employees of 
 Greenfield's, E., Sons 
 Greenhall, Albert W. 
 Greenleaf, Mary R. 
 Greenough, Mrs. Wm. 
 Greer, David H. 
 Griffing, C. H. 
 Gross and Weiss 
 Gross and Weiss, Employees of 
 Gross Philip G. 
 Grushoff, A. 
 
 Guggenheimer, Mrs. A. S. 
 Guidone, Pasquale 
 Guiterman, E. W. 
 Gulden, Chas. 
 Gutfreund, Mr. 
 
 Haan, R. M. 
 
 Haas, Samuel 
 
 Haftel, Morris 
 
 Hahn, Berthold 
 
 Hale, William E. 
 
 Hall and Arbes 
 
 Hall, Mrs. F. J. S. 
 
 Hall, Kathryn 
 
 Halsey, Charles D. 
 
 Hamburg, Louis 
 
 Hamburger, Mabel 
 
 Hand, T. James 
 
 Handel and Harris 
 
 Handel and Harris, Employees of 
 
 Hanges, George 
 
 Hanley, Miss 
 
 Harkness, E. S. 
 
 Harkness, Stephen V. 
 
 Harkness, W. L. 
 
 Harlem Lodge No. 281, K. of P. 
 
 Harlem Lodge No. 39, 1. 0. F. Sons of 
 
 Judah 
 Harlem Wohltaetigskeits Verein 
 Harmer and Schwartz 
 Harris, Alex. H. 
 Harris Bros, and Barnett 
 Harris Bros, and Barnett, Employees 
 
 of 
 Harris, Forbes and Co. 
 Harris, I. A., and Bro. 
 Harris, I. A., Employees of 
 
 Harris, John F. 
 
 Harris, Julian A. 
 
 Hart, H. D. 
 
 Hartshorn, Cora L. 
 
 Harvey and Outerbridge 
 
 Harzfeld, S. 
 
 Hatfield, Henry R. 
 
 Healey, Floyd S. 
 
 Hebrew Ladies Aid Society of Knox- 
 ville, Tenn. 
 
 Hebrew Ladies Auxiliary of Bath 
 Beach 
 
 Hebrew Orphan Asylum, Children of 
 
 Hebrew Tabernacle Association 
 
 Hecht and Campe, Inc. 
 
 Hecht and Co., Employees of 
 
 Hedges, Wm. S., and Co. 
 
 Heide, Henry 
 
 Heimerdinger, Geo. C, Co., Work- 
 rooms of 
 
 Heimlich, A. and B. 
 
 Heller, E., and Co. 
 
 Heller, I., and Co. 
 
 Heller, L., and Son 
 
 Hellinger, Paul 
 
 Henbert Silk Co. 
 
 Henderson, Mary V. 
 
 Henriques, C. \. 
 
 Henry, L., and Co. 
 
 Henryson, L. P., and Co., Employees 
 of 
 
 Herakowitz, Hyman 
 
 Herder Lodge No. 698, F. and A. M. 
 
 Herman, Alexander 
 
 Herpers Bros. 
 
 Herrman, Henry S. 
 
 Herrman, Henry S., Jr. 
 
 Herrmann, Nathan 
 
 Hersh, Philip 
 
 Hertzberg, L. 
 
 Hertzel, Ben. 
 
 Herzberg, Nellie M. 
 
 Herzig and Rappaport 
 
 Herzig and Rappaport, Employees of 
 
 Hess, Goldsmith and Co. 
 
 Hess, Julian S., et al. 
 
 Hess, M. H. 
 
 Hesslein, Rosalie 
 
 Heye, Carl V. 
 
 Heyman Bros. 
 
 Heyman, Chas. E. 
 
 H. H. H. Society of Long Branch, 
 N.J. 
 
 Hicks, Thomas P. 
 
 Higgins, Chas. M., and Co. 
 
 Hill, Percival S. 
 
 Hills, Alfred K. 
 
 8l 
 
EMERGENCY RELIEF 
 
 Hirsch and Cohen 
 
 Hirsch and Cohen, Employees of 
 
 Hirsch-Cohen-Wise Co. 
 
 Hirsch-Cohen-Wise Co., Employees 
 of 
 
 Hirsch and Flashner 
 
 Hirsch, Leon 
 
 Hirsch, Sigmund 
 
 Hirsch, Walter A. 
 
 Hirschberg and Kohn 
 
 Hirschberg, Sig. 
 
 Hirsh, E. B., and Co. and employees 
 
 Hirsh, Johanna 
 
 Hitch, E. V. 
 
 Hitchcock, May 
 
 Hoblitt, F. M. 
 
 Hoboken, J. S. 
 
 Hochberger, I. 
 
 Hochheimer, Albert, and Co., and 
 employees 
 
 Hodgman Rubber Co. 
 
 Hoffman, Charles L. 
 
 Holborn, Henry W. 
 
 Holbrook, Mr. and Mrs. 
 
 Hollow and Perlow 
 
 Holtzberg, J., and Sons 
 
 Holzman, S. L. 
 
 Horowitz Bros. 
 
 Horowitz, Morris 
 
 Horsman, E. I., and Co. 
 
 Horwitz and Goodman 
 
 Housman, A. A., and Co. 
 
 Howell, B. H., Son and Co. 
 
 Howell-Hinchman Co. 
 
 Hoyt, George S. 
 
 Hoyt, Theodore R. 
 
 Huberty, Peter P. 
 
 Hudson Milling Co., Employees of 
 
 Hunter, Mrs. Joseph 
 
 Huntington, Alice 
 
 Hutchins, H. A. 
 
 Hutzler, Morten D. 
 
 Huxter, Fannie 
 
 Huyler's 
 
 Hyman and Oppenheim and em- 
 ployees 
 
 Hyman, B., and Shevell Co. 
 
 Hyman, D. M. 
 
 Hyman, I. B., and Co. 
 
 Hyman, I. B., and Co., Employees of 
 
 Hyman, M., and Co. 
 
 Hyman, S. and E., and Sons 
 
 Hyman, S. I., and Bro. 
 
 Ideal Costume Co. and employees 
 Ideal S. and B. Mfg. Co. 
 
 Iger, Chas. W. and Bro. 
 
 Ikle Freres and Co. 
 
 Illoway, Nettie 
 
 Imperial Clothing Specialty Co.,fEm- 
 
 ployees of 
 Independent Elizabethgrad Ladies 
 
 B. A. 
 Independent Harlem Sick Support 
 
 Society 
 Independent Montefiore Lodge No. 
 
 125, I. O. B. A. 
 Independent Order B'nai B'rith, Dist. 
 
 Lodge No. 1 
 Independent Order B'rith Abraham 
 Independent Order Free Sons of 
 
 Israel 
 Ind. Unt. Verein 
 Ingram, Anna A. 
 Inslee, Miss 
 Installment Dealers 
 Interboro Association of Women 
 
 Teachers 
 International Press 
 Iroquois Memorial Association of 
 
 Chicago, through J. E. O. Pridmon 
 Irving Literary Society of Clark 
 
 House 
 Irving Place Theatre 
 Isaac, I., and Co. 
 Isaacs, Charles, and Kruskal 
 Isaacs, E. 
 Isaacs, Harry 
 Isaacs, Herman 
 
 Isaacson, H. B., and Son, and em- 
 ployees 
 Isaacson, S. 
 Iselin, Mrs. Columbus O'D. 
 
 Jackson, A. A. 
 
 Jackson, E. A. 
 
 Jackson, J. P. 
 
 Jackson, S. S., Mfg. Co. 
 
 Jackson's 
 
 Jacob, A. G. 
 
 Jacobi, A. 
 
 Jacobs and Pell 
 
 Jacobs, Edward 
 
 Jacobs, Henry A., and Co. 
 
 Jacobs, I. Randolph, and Co. 
 
 Jacobs, Minnie 
 
 Jacobs, Mrs. Minnie 
 
 Jacobs, Mrs. S. 
 
 Jacobs, Samuel 
 
 Jacobs, Sol. J. 
 
 Jacobson, A., and Bro. 
 
 Jacobson Bros. 
 
 82 
 
WASHINGTON PLACE FIRE 
 
 Jacobson, Nathan H., and Co. 
 
 Jacoby, H., and Co. 
 
 Jaffe, A., and Son 
 
 Jaffe, Bernard 
 
 Jaffe, Joshua A. 
 
 Jaffer, Barnet 
 
 James Maher Association, Benefit 
 ball of 
 
 Jarmulowsky, S. 
 
 Jaroslauer Lodge No. 21, I. O. B. A. 
 
 Jarrett, L. 
 
 Jason, A. 
 
 Jeffrey, Alex. McL. 
 
 Jenny Lind Cigar Factory, Employees 
 of 
 
 Jewellers Board of Trade (Con- 
 tributors entered individually) 
 
 Jewish Citizens of Clarksdale, Miss. 
 
 Jewish Daily News, Readers of 
 
 Jewish Morning Journal, Through 
 
 Jewish Theological Seminary of 
 America, Students of 
 
 Jolly Girls Club of Bath Beach 
 
 Jonas and Naumburg 
 
 Jonas, William, and Co. 
 
 Jones, Bridget N. 
 
 Joseph, Dave 
 
 Joseph, Mrs. Sam. 
 
 Juda Bros. 
 
 Judson, A. L. 
 
 Justice Lodge No. 26, I. O. F. S. of 
 Judah 
 
 Juweles, N., Ladies Tailoring Shop, 
 Employees of 
 
 Kahn, L. and M., and Co. 
 
 Kahn, M. S. 
 
 Kahn, Theresa S. 
 
 Kahn, Weiss, and Feig 
 
 Kane, John Innes 
 
 Kanter, M. 
 
 Kaplan, D., and Co. 
 
 Kaplan, Joseph 
 
 Kaplan, Phoebus 
 
 Kaplan, S. 
 
 Katcher, A. D., and Bro., Employees 
 
 of 
 Katz, Harry 
 
 Kaufman, Mrs. Edward S. 
 Kaufman, Mrs. L. 
 Kaufman, Mrs. Leopold 
 Kaye, Charles 
 Kehoe, Clara E. 
 Kellar, Chas.. and Co. 
 Kellogg, F. R. 
 Kempner, A. W. 
 
 Keneseth Israel 
 
 Kent and Woodland 
 
 Kernochan, J. Frederic 
 
 Ketcham and McDougall 
 
 King, Horatio C. 
 
 King, Julius, Optical Co. 
 
 Kingsberg Lodge No. 36, 0. B. A. 
 
 Kings County Cigar Factory 
 
 Kings Daughters of Sea Cliff M. E. 
 Church 
 
 Kinscherf, Wm., Co. 
 
 Kisch Mfg. Co. 
 
 Kisch Mfg. Co., Employees of 
 
 Klauber Bros, and Co. 
 
 Klee and Co., Employees of 
 
 Klein, Fred. E. 
 
 Klein, Jos. Co. 
 
 Klein, Perle H. 
 
 Klein, William 
 
 Klingenstein Bros, and Co. 
 
 Klinger and Bach 
 
 Klinger and Bach, Employees of 
 
 Klitz, J. D. 
 
 Klug, Samuel 
 
 Knapp, Edward M. H. 
 
 Knauth, Nachod and Kuhne 
 
 Knickerbocker Brass Goods Co., Em- 
 ployees of 
 
 Knickerbocker Lunch, Brooklyn 
 
 Knobel and Bloom 
 
 Knobel and Bloom, Employees of 
 
 "Knockout" Brown 
 
 Knoedler, M., and Co. 
 
 Kobre's, Max, Bank, Employees of 
 
 Koch, Jonas 
 
 Koch, Victor, Hair Goods Co., Young 
 lady employees of 
 
 Koenigsberger, Mrs. H. 
 
 Koffler, Samuel 
 
 Kohl, F. E. 
 
 Kohl, Mrs. J. 
 
 Kohnstamm, H., and Co. 
 
 Kollisch, Miss 
 
 Kolomear Young Men's and Young 
 Ladies Benevolent Association 
 
 Konijn, Frank and Shire 
 
 Koplik, J. B., and Co. 
 
 Koppleman, Morris 
 
 Kops Bros. 
 
 Kornfeld, Alfred E. 
 
 Korones Bros. 
 
 Korones Bros., Employees of 
 
 Kram and Match 
 
 Kram, Jacob N. 
 
 Kraslow Construction Co. 
 
 Kraus Bros, and Co. 
 
 Kremelberg and Co. 
 
 83 
 
EMERGENCY RELIEF 
 
 Kresel, Meistrich and Weiner and 
 
 employees 
 Krieger, J. 
 Krilow, Isaac 
 Kroniner Young Men's Benevolent 
 
 Association 
 Kronman, Nathan, and Co 
 Krooks, Robert E. 
 Krower and Tynberg 
 Krower and Tynberg, Employees of 
 Kuh, E. S. 
 Kuhlert, John 
 Kuhn, Edward 
 Kurzrok Bros. 
 
 Kurzrok Bros. Factory, Employees of 
 Kushtrin, Mrs. R. 
 Kuttner, Mrs. Morris 
 
 Lachman, Henrietta C. 
 
 Lack Mfg. Co. 
 
 Ladies Aux. Soc. of Temple Emanu-El 
 of Brooklyn 
 
 Ladies Hebrew Benevolent Society of 
 Greenpoint 
 
 Ladies Society, Benos Zione, Brook- 
 lyn 
 
 Lady Rose Society 
 
 Laguna, Adolph 
 
 Lahm and Jurow 
 
 Lahm and Jurow, Employees of 
 
 Lamb, Finlay and Co. 
 
 Lambie, F. D. 
 
 Lamont, John, and Son 
 
 Lane, J. H., and Co. 
 
 Langor, M. 
 
 Lapidus, L. W., and employees 
 
 Lascelles, Helen 
 
 Latone and Guidetti 
 
 Lauer, William E. 
 
 Lavenburg, Milly 
 
 Lazansky, Edward 
 
 Lazarus, M. H. 
 
 Leader, M. 
 
 Lefcourt and Schulhof 
 
 Lefferts Park Improvement League 
 
 Lefkowitz, I. 
 
 Leggatt, Wm. P. 
 
 Lehman Bros. 
 
 Lehren Bros. 
 
 Leibovitz, Philip M. 
 
 Leibowitz, Adolph 
 
 Leibowitz, Fred 
 
 Leime, Clara 
 
 Leiperi, Julius K. 
 
 Leir, A. W. 
 
 Lemlein, Julia 
 
 Leo Amusement Company, Port 
 Richmond 
 
 Lesser-Kalb Mfg. Co. 
 
 Leventhal and Vogel 
 
 Leventhal, A. N. 
 
 Levi, Albert A. 
 
 Levi, Simson and Co. 
 
 Levi, Sondheimer and Co. 
 
 Levine and Keller 
 
 Levine Bros. 
 
 Levine, J. Clarence 
 
 Levinson, A. 
 
 Levy and Julius 
 
 Levy and Julius, Employees of 
 
 Levy, Alice and Edith 
 
 Levy Dairy Co. 
 
 Levy, E. B. and A. B. 
 
 Levy, Emil 
 
 Levy Goodman Co. 
 
 Levy, Henry 
 
 Levy-Hussey Co. 
 
 Levy, Jacob and Nathan 
 
 Levy, Mrs. L. 
 
 Levy, William 
 
 Lewensohn, Louis 
 
 Lewis, Arthur J. 
 
 Lewit, Louis, Employees of 
 
 Libman, F. 
 
 Lichtenstein Millinery Co. 
 
 Lichtman, Mrs. 
 
 Liebmann's Sons Brewing Co. 
 
 Liebowitz, A. 
 
 Light and Schlesinger 
 
 Light and Schlesinger, Employees of 
 
 Lily of France Corset Co., Em- 
 ployees of 
 
 Lincoln, Mrs. E. R. 
 
 Linkletter, Mrs. D. 
 
 Liondale Bleach, Dye, and Print 
 Works 
 
 Lipman, Charles K. 
 
 Lippmann, David 
 
 Lippmann, George 
 
 Lipsky, Charles 
 
 Lisman, F. J., and Co. 
 
 Lissauer and Co. 
 
 Lissner, H., and Co. 
 
 Little, C. W. 
 
 Litwin, K. I. 
 
 Livingston Nail Co. 
 
 Loeb and Schoenfeld Co. 
 
 Loeb, Morris 
 
 Loeser, Frederick, and Co. 
 
 Loewenthal and Marcus 
 
 Loewenthal and Marcus, Employees 
 of 
 
 Loewenthal, J. 
 
 8 4 
 
WASHINGTON PLACE FIRE 
 
 Loewer's, V., Gambrinus Brewing Co. 
 
 Loew's, Marcus, Enterprises 
 
 Loewy and Samuels 
 
 Loewy, L., and Son 
 
 Loewy, L., and Son, Employees of 
 
 Loggia Benvenuto Cellini 
 
 Lohn and Jarow 
 
 Long, C. F. 
 
 Lorsch, Albert, and Co. 
 
 Loth, Moritz, and Co. 
 
 Loughlin, Peter J. 
 
 Louis Kossuth Lodge No. 749, 
 
 I. O. O. F. 
 Loveman, Mrs. H. P. 
 Lovinson, A. 
 Low, Seth 
 Low and Florenzie 
 Lowe, Frederick R. 
 Lowenfeld, Isaac 
 
 Lowenstein and Nepel, Employees of 
 Lowenstein, M., and Sons 
 Lubliner, Solomon 
 Luchow, Mrs. Wm. V. I. 
 Ludeke, A., and Co. 
 Ludlam, Austin 
 Ludlam, George P. 
 Luery, Alfred 
 Luft and Luft 
 Luhres, F. P. 
 Lunevsky, S. 
 
 Luning, Mr. and Mrs. John N. 
 Lurie, Gus, and Co., Inc. 
 Lyons, Stadholz and Co. 
 
 McBurney, Charles 
 
 McCagg, Mrs. Louis B. 
 
 McCaffrey, Geo. E. 
 
 McCorkle, J. A., through the Brook- 
 lyn Bureau of Charities 
 
 McDermott Dairy Co., Store Dept. 
 No. 2, Employees of 
 
 McDonald, A. B. 
 
 McGuire, Thomas F. 
 
 McKibbin, Geo., and Son 
 
 McLaughlin, Thos. J. 
 
 McMillin, Emerson 
 
 McNabb, Thomas H. 
 
 Machzikei Talmud Torah of Borough 
 Park, 160 pupils 
 
 Machzikei Talmud Torah School 
 Auxiliary 
 
 Mack, Jacob W. 
 
 Mack, Leo C. 
 
 Mackelvey and Co. 
 
 Macy, R. H., and Co. 
 
 Madison, Emma L. 
 
 Maillard, Henry 
 
 Mainzer, Mrs. Martha 
 
 Mainzer, Robert H. 
 
 Maisner and Co. 
 
 Majestic Mfg. Co. 
 
 Mailer, Daniel 
 
 Maloney Co. 
 
 Mamluck, Julius, and Co. 
 
 Manasch Waist Co. 
 
 Mandel, L., and Co. 
 
 Mandell, Joseph 
 
 Mandeville, Charles G. 
 
 Manhattan Briar Pipe Co. 
 
 Manhattan Wash Suit Co., Em- 
 ployees of 
 
 Manheimer, Jacob 
 
 Manheimer, Louis, and Bros. 
 
 Mann, Mrs. Herman 
 
 Mann, Wm. H., and Co. 
 
 Manson, Max, and Son and em- 
 ployees 
 
 Marburg, Wm. 
 
 Marchand Freres 
 
 Marcovitch, N. 
 
 Marcus, Jennie 
 
 Margon Club 
 
 Margosin, Philip 
 
 Marine Trades Council 167 
 
 Marks, Henry 
 
 Marlowe Mfg. Co. and Yvette Co., 
 Employees of, and friends 
 
 Marsh, James E. 
 
 Marshall, Louis 
 
 Martin, M., and Co. 
 
 Marx, Charles 
 
 Marx, Mrs. S. 
 
 Marx and Feinberg 
 
 Masiello, Joseph 
 
 Mass, Isaac H. 
 
 Mathews, Anna C. 
 
 Mattox, E. T. 
 
 Mautner, Julius 
 
 Mautrick Bros. 
 
 Mayer, David, Brewing Co. 
 
 Mayer, Edward L. 
 
 Mayer, F. 
 
 Mayer, Jacob 
 
 Mayer, Louis, Employees of 
 
 Mayer, Martin, and Co. 
 
 Mayer, Max 
 
 Mayer, Milton 
 
 Mayers and Lester 
 
 Mayne and Levy 
 
 Maynz, Emanuel 
 
 Mecca, Luigi 
 
 Meckauer, Henry 
 
 Meeder, Frederick H. 
 
 85 
 
EMERGENCY RELIEF 
 
 Mehrlust, J. 
 
 Meinhard, Leo I., Co. 
 
 Meinhardt Co., Employees of 
 
 Melcher, John S. 
 
 Melrose Dancing Academy, Benefit 
 
 Mendel, Goldstein and Ullmann 
 
 Mendel, Goldstein and Ullmann, Em- 
 ployees of 
 
 Mendelsohn, Bornemann and Co. 
 
 Mendelssohn Benevolent Society 
 
 Mendham, L. P. 
 
 Mendoza, Mark, Isaac, and Aaron 
 
 Menorah Society of Columbia Uni- 
 versity 
 
 Menkes, I. 
 
 Merrill, Mr. and Mrs. Edwin G. 
 
 Metholoid Co. 
 
 Metropolitan Life Insurance Com- 
 pany 
 
 Metropolitan Opera House Benefit of 
 Association of Theatre Managers 
 
 Meyer, Arnold Jules 
 
 Meyer, Goldberg and Sons 
 
 Meyer, H. D. 
 
 Meyer, Isi 
 
 Meyer, Mrs. Jeanne 
 
 Meyer, John H. W. 
 
 Meyer, K. A. 
 
 Meyer, Lea Celestine 
 
 Meyer, Miriam and Bernard 
 
 Meyer, T. S. 
 
 Meyers, Louis, and Son 
 
 Mezeritzky and Miller 
 
 Mezie, Mr. and Mrs. 
 
 Michaelson, Louis 
 
 Middleton and Co. 
 
 Mikola and Bro. 
 
 Milano, Joseph 
 
 Milbauer, H., and employees 
 
 Milbert 
 
 Millard Amusement Co. 
 
 Miller, Harry 
 
 Miller, Max B. 
 
 Mills, Ogden L. 
 
 Milstein, S. 
 
 Milton Lodge, Knights of Pythias 
 No. 435 
 
 Mindlin and Rosenman 
 
 Minerva Club of New York 
 
 Minor, J. B. 
 
 Mirsky, Joseph 
 
 Mirsky, Joseph, Employees of 
 
 Mishkind, Isidor 
 
 Mitchell, Bloch and Kronenberg 
 
 Mitchell, Mrs. E. 
 
 Mitchell, Wm. 
 
 Model Waist and Dress Co. 
 
 Moehle Lithographic Co. 
 
 Mohawk Civic Club 
 
 Monfried, Max 
 
 Montefiore Synagogue of the Bronx 
 
 Montgomery, M. 
 
 Moolten, Raphael J. 
 
 Moore, W. D., and Co. 
 
 Morgan, Geo. F. 
 
 Morgan, J. P., and Co. 
 
 Morgenstein and Brill and employees 
 
 Morris, B. 
 
 Morris, Jos. A., and Co. 
 
 Morris, Jos. A., and Co., Employees of 
 
 Morris, Mrs. W. 
 
 Morrison and Mashkowitz 
 
 Morrison and Mashkowitz, Em- 
 ployees of 
 
 Moser, George T. 
 
 Moskowitz Bros. 
 
 Moss, Joseph 
 
 Mothers Club of Port Richmond 
 
 Mott Haven Council No. 31, C. B. L. 
 
 Mount and Woodhull 
 
 Mount Vernon Lodge No. 71, I. O. F. 
 S. of I. 
 
 Muller, Gus A. 
 
 Mulry, Thos. M. 
 
 Murphy, Charles F. 
 
 Murphy, John J. 
 
 Murphy, May I. 
 
 Musser, Alfred W. 
 
 Mutual Aid Association of Samstag 
 and Hilder Bros., Employees of 
 
 Myersen, E. E. 
 
 Naegele, Herman E. 
 
 Natel, Therese 
 
 Nathan, Florence 
 
 Nathan, Harmon H. 
 
 Nathan, Mrs. Harmon H. 
 
 Nathan, M. I., and employees 
 
 Nathan, Max 
 
 Nathan, Pinkus 
 
 National Furniture and Bedding Co., 
 
 Collections by J. C. 
 National Lodge No. 30, I. O. O. F. 
 National Meter Co. 
 National Sporting Club of America 
 Naughton, M. 
 Nebenzahl and Munk 
 Nederland Israelitisch Sick Fund 
 Negres, Robert 
 Neidlinger, George F. 
 Neidlinger, Louise 
 Nelson and Landsberg 
 Nelson and Landsberg, Employees of 
 
 86 
 
WASHINGTON PLACE FIRE 
 
 Netow, J. J. 
 
 Neuburger, M., and Co., Employees of 
 
 Neugass, M., Employees of 
 
 Neustadt, Mrs. Agnes 
 
 Neustadter, Mrs. H. 
 
 New York and New Jersey Hardware 
 
 and Iron Association 
 New York American, Through 
 New York Button Works, Employees 
 
 of 
 New York Civil Service Association 
 New York Evening Sun, Employees 
 
 Association 
 New York Herald, Through 
 New York Mozart Society 
 New York Society of Architects 
 New York Stock Exchange, through 
 
 Edward Wassermann 
 New York Ticket Speculators As- 
 sociation 
 New York Times, Through 
 New York University Law School 
 New York University Medical 
 
 School, Students of 
 Newman, I., and Sons 
 Newman, S. 
 Newmann, Henry 
 Newton, M. 
 Niagara Circle, Inc. 
 Nissen, Ludwig and Co. 
 Normal College H. S. Students of 
 
 93d St. and Amsterdam Ave. 
 
 Annex 
 Norr, Henry I. 
 
 Norton and Gorman Contracting Co. 
 Noschkes, Louis 
 Noschkes, Louis, Employees of 
 Noyes, Mrs. H. D. 
 Nussbaum-Goldsmith Co. 
 
 Obermeyer and Liebmann 
 
 O'Callaghan, C. J. 
 
 Oettinger, L. J. 
 
 Ogden Council No. 1500, Royal Ar- 
 canum 
 
 Ollendorff, I., Co. 
 
 Olympic Lodge No. 207, I. 0. 0. F. 
 
 Omega Chemical Co. 
 
 One Dollar Skirt Co. 
 
 O'Neill, Thos. J. and Samuel Hellin- 
 ger, Employees of 
 
 Oppenheim, Beulah S. 
 
 Oppenheim, Collins and Co. 
 
 Oppenheim, Collins and Co., Em- 
 ployees of 
 
 Oppenheimer, Alder and Co. 
 
 Oppenheimer Bros, and Veith 
 
 Oppenheimer, Ernest 
 
 Oppenheimer, H. Z. and H. 
 
 Oppenheimer, Henry E., and Co. 
 
 Oppenheimer, Zach A. 
 
 Oronsky, H. 
 
 Orthodox Hebrew Congregation H. O. 
 
 at Knoxville, Tenn. 
 Osgood, Chas. H. 
 Ostrom, Edward 
 Ottinger and Bro. 
 Ottman, Louis 
 Otto, Samuel 
 
 P. A. Club, Proceeds of Cake Sale 
 Pabst Harlem Restaurant 
 Packers of the American Cigar Co. 
 Palmenberg's, J. R., Sons, Employees 
 
 of 
 Pantam, M. A. 
 Paradise and Jacobs 
 Paramount Club of Brooklyn 
 Paramount Mfg. Co., Employees of 
 Paris, Allen and Co. 
 Paris, Panfilo 
 Parisian Mfg. Co. 
 Park and Tilford 
 Parsons, John E. 
 Parsons, Mrs. John E. 
 Parsons, Mary A. 
 Particular Council Society of St. 
 
 Vincent de Paul 
 Pearlberg, Mrs. F. C. 
 Pearlman Bros, and employees 
 Pearsall, James W. 
 Peckham Seamless Ring Mfg. Co. 
 Pelgram and Meyer 
 Penfold, Joseph 
 Perera, Lionello 
 
 Perfect Ashlar Lodge, 604, F. A. M. 
 Perkins, Geo. W. 
 
 Perlman, Hirschfeld and Wertheim 
 Perlman, Hirschfeld and Wertheim, 
 
 Employees of 
 Perlman, Louis 
 Perry, O. B. 
 Peshkin, H. 
 Petchesky, Louis 
 Peyser, Nathan, and employees 
 Pfeil, Mrs. F. E. 
 
 Piddian and Wormser, Employees of 
 Pincus, H. 
 
 Pinta Lodge, Knights of Pythias 
 Plaisted, F. H. 
 Plonsky, E. 
 Plonsky, G. 
 
 87 
 
EMERGENCY RELIEF 
 
 Plonsky, G., Employees of 
 
 Plummer, J. S., and Co. 
 
 Pollack, Max, and Co. 
 
 Pollock, Max L. 
 
 Pollock, Murry 
 
 Pool, S. C. 
 
 Poor, George E. 
 
 Poplach, Samuel, Jr. 
 
 Posner, Benjamin 
 
 Posner, J. D., and Co. 
 
 Post, Samuel 
 
 Potter, E. C. 
 
 Potter, Mrs. Mark L. 
 
 Potts, George 
 
 Powell, Mrs. Jesse G. 
 
 Prager, Less 
 
 Pramler, M. 
 
 Pratt, George D. 
 
 Prentiss, Geo. H., and Co. 
 
 Pretzfeld, H. F. 
 
 Price, David 
 
 Pride of America Camp No. 5034 
 
 Prince, Samuel 
 
 Princely Club Entertainment, 
 
 through The Globe 
 Princess Shirt Waist Mfg. Co. 
 Princess Waist Co., Employees of 
 Prior, Frederick L. 
 Progress Republican Club 
 Propper and Schulhof 
 Prosser, Thos., and Son 
 Pulise, S. J., and Co. 
 Pulitzer, Edith 
 Pulitzer, Ralph 
 Pulp and Paper Trading Co. 
 
 Queen Mfg. Co. and employees 
 Quincy, C. F. 
 
 R Co., Inc., Employees of 
 
 Rabinovitz, M. N. 
 
 Rabinowitz Bros. 
 
 Rabinowitz, Harris 
 
 Rabinowitz, M. 
 
 Rabinowitz, M., Employees of 
 
 Radus, N. 
 
 Raisler Heating Co. 
 
 Rankin, Laura M. 
 
 Ranney, A. P. and S. P. 
 
 Raphael, A. M. 
 
 Ravin, M. 
 Rawak, George 
 Rawak, Simon 
 Rayvid, Louis 
 
 Read, William A., and Co. 
 
 Realty Supervision Co. 
 
 Rebecca Society 
 
 Reckendorfer, Louis M. 
 
 Red Cross, N. Y. County Chapter, 
 
 Through 
 Reichenberg, Regina 
 Reid, Wallace 
 Reis, G., and Bro. 
 Reisinger, H. 
 
 Reliance Boys of St. Bartholomew's 
 Reliance Picture Frame Co., Inc. 
 Religious School of the Peoples 
 
 Temple of Bensonhurst 
 Remsen, Elizabeth 
 Ribner, M. H. 
 Rice, Chas. 
 Rice, Nathan 
 Rice, S. M. 
 Rice, Mrs. Wm. B. 
 Rich and Sayles 
 Richardson, Enos, and Co. 
 Richardson, J. N. f and Co. 
 Richter, Theodore B. 
 Ridder, Herman 
 
 Riker, J. J., and Co., Employees of 
 Riker, Samuel 
 Ritter Bros. 
 
 Ritter Bros., Employees of 
 Robertson, Albert, and Co. 
 Robertson, R. H. 
 Robinson, Chas. A. 
 Robinson, Douglas 
 Robinson, Mrs. Douglas 
 Rochelle, George J. 
 Rodenberg, Milton S. 
 Rodrigues, C. 
 Roffles and Co. 
 Rogers, John S. 
 Rohde, William 
 Rohtman, H. A., and Co. 
 Rose Bros. 
 
 Rose Bros., Employees of 
 Rosebud Literary and Social Circle of 
 
 Jersey City 
 Rosecrans, B. A. 
 Rosen and Tannen 
 Rosen Bros. 
 Rosen, B., and Co. 
 Rosen, J. 
 
 Rosenbaum and Adler 
 Rosenbaum and Co., Employees of 
 Rosenbaum, Isaac 
 Rosenberg and Solov 
 Rosenberg and Solov, Employees of 
 Rosenberg, Gladys B. 
 Rosenberg, Jacob 
 
 88 
 
WASHINGTON PLACE FIRE 
 
 Rosenberg, Joseph, and Co. 
 
 Rosenberg, Seymour 
 
 Rosenblum, S. 
 
 Rosenblum, Mrs. S. 
 
 Rosenfeld, Hyman 
 
 Rosenfeld, Morris 
 
 Rosenfeld, Wm. J. 
 
 Rosenheim's, E., Son 
 
 Rosener, Henry 
 
 Rosenstein, A. 
 
 Rosenthal, A. S., Co. 
 
 Rosenthal Bros. Co. 
 
 Rosenthal, D. 
 
 Rosenthal, H., and Co., Inc. 
 
 Rosenthal, Isaac 
 
 Rosenthal Mfg. Co. 
 
 Rosenthal, Siegel and Co. 
 
 Rosenwasser, J. L. 
 
 Rosenzweig, A. 
 
 Rosett, Mrs. Cecilia 
 
 Ross, Francis H. 
 
 Roth and Lask 
 
 Rothenberg, Henry 
 
 Rothschild Bros, and Co. 
 
 Rothschild, Jack 
 
 Rothschild, L. F., and Co. 
 
 Rothschild, Louis 
 
 Round Table Social Club, Brooklyn 
 
 Rouss, P. W. 
 
 Rovira Benito Co. 
 
 Rubel, Max, and Co. and employees 
 
 Rubenstein, Joseph 
 
 Ruden, Jacob 
 
 Ruppert, Jacob 
 
 Ryan, Thomas F. 
 
 Ryckoff, R. J. 
 
 Saalberg, Leopold 
 
 Sachs and Kessler 
 
 Sachs and Kessler, Employees of 
 
 Sachs, Leo N. 
 
 Sackett and Wilhelms Co., Employees 
 
 of 
 Sage, Dean 
 Sage, Mrs. Russell 
 St. Thomas Sunday School 
 Sakolski, A. M. 
 Saks and Co. 
 Salem and Schroder 
 Samek Brothers, Employees of 
 Samuel, Samuel 
 Sandel, Belle 
 
 Sandowsky, R., Employees of 
 Sapier String Orchestra of P. S. 188, 
 
 Concert of 
 Schachter, Moses 
 
 Schafer, Samuel L. 
 
 Schaffner, R. F. 
 
 Schafuss, F. L., Co., Employees of 
 
 Schaick, Albert P. 
 
 Schapiro, Rachel 
 
 Schechter, Isaac 
 
 Scheftel, Mrs. A. 
 
 Schenkein, H., and Sons 
 
 Scheuer, Samuel 
 
 Schiff, Arnold, and Co. 
 
 Schiff, Isaac 
 
 Schiff, Mortimer L. 
 
 Schiff, Jacob H. 
 
 Schiffer, Jack W. 
 
 Schlang, Livingston and Ginsburg 
 
 Schlang, Livingston and Ginsburg, 
 
 Employees of 
 Schleder, Frank J. 
 Schleider, M. N. 
 Schlesinger, Siegmund 
 Schlinger, I. 
 Schnakenberg, D. 
 Schneeweiss, A. E. 
 Schneider, David 
 
 Schneierson, I., Girls in factory of 
 Schnitzer, M., and Co. 
 Schoen, Jos., and Co., Employees of 
 Scholem Lodge No. 26, I. O. B. A. 
 Schoonmaker, J. H. 
 Schorsch, Emanuel 
 Schottensfelds, Julia 
 Schram and Norden, Employees of 
 Schramm, Nathan 
 Schroeder, H. 
 Schulze, Edward 
 Schurmann, Adam 
 Schwab, Ad. 
 Schwab, Leopold B. 
 Schwabe, Elsie C. 
 
 Schwabe, Lester A., for B'nai B'rith 
 Schwartz, A., and Co. 
 Schwartz, A., and Co., Employees of 
 Schwartz Bros., Employees of 
 Schwartz, M., through Samuel Floers- 
 
 heimer 
 Schwartz, Max, Lodge 100 
 Schwarz, A. A. 
 Scott, Anna Louise 
 Scott, Solomon, and Co. 
 Scott, Walter 
 Scudder, S. D. 
 Sealfon, Harry, Collected by 
 Seasongood, A. J. 
 Seasongood, Mrs. Chas. 
 Seckels, Wm. 
 Section A No. 1 Civils, Cooper Union 
 
 Night School 
 
 8 9 
 
EMERGENCY RELIEF 
 
 Seidenberg, S., and Co. 
 
 Seiferth, B. 
 
 Seigel, JB., and Tupper Lake sympa- 
 thizers 
 
 Self Culture Club of Brooklyn 
 
 Seligman and Stern 
 
 Seligman, J. and W., and Co. 
 
 Seligman, Mrs. Jefferson 
 
 Semel, J. H., and Co. 
 
 Senner and Kaplam Co. and em- 
 ployees 
 
 Servidio, Giovanni 
 
 Seth Thomas Clock Co. 
 
 Seuft, M. 
 
 Seymour Cravat Co. 
 
 Seymour Cravat Co., Employees of 
 
 Shannon Bros. Co. 
 
 Shapiro and Dearnbaum 
 
 Shattuck, A. R. 
 
 Shavinsky, F., through Das Yiddische 
 Folk 
 
 Sheinker, W., and Son 
 
 Shevitz, H. 
 
 Shields, Thos., through the United 
 Hebrew Charities 
 
 Shiman, Abr. 
 
 Shiman Bros, and Co. 
 
 Shipley, Alfred E. 
 
 Shoninger Bros. 
 
 Shontal, Mrs. M. 
 
 Shrier, Samuel, and Co. 
 
 Shroud Sisterhood 
 
 Shulsky Bros. 
 
 Sicher, D. E., and Co. 
 
 Sicher, D. E.,and Co., Employees of 
 
 Sidenberg, G. 
 
 Siegel, Foster Co. 
 
 Siegman and Weil, Employees of 
 
 Siemons, Chas. F., Inc. 
 
 Sigma Phi Sigma of Brooklyn 
 
 Silberman, Kohn and Wallenstein 
 
 Silberstein, A. L. 
 
 Silberstein, Isaac J. 
 
 Silberstein, Sol. D. 
 
 Silin, Nathan 
 
 Silk, Louis A. 
 
 Silny, E., Co. 
 
 Silver, S. L., and Co., Employees of 
 
 Silverblatt, B. 
 
 Silverman and Lederer 
 
 Silverman and Lederer, Employees of 
 
 Silverman, Samuel 
 
 Silverstone, A. Fred. 
 
 Simon, J. 
 
 Simon, Louis, and Co. 
 
 Simon, Mrs. Sam 
 
 Simonds, H. J. 
 
 Simons, Arthur 
 
 Sinclair, Mrs. Wm. 
 
 Sing Fat Company 
 
 Singer Bros. 
 
 Singer Mfg. Co. 
 
 Singer, M., and Co. 
 
 Sisterhood of the Hebrew Tabernacle 
 
 Sisterhood of the 86th Street Temple 
 
 Sisters of Zion, Coney Island 
 
 Skudowitz, LB. 
 
 Skudowitz, LB., Employees of 
 
 Slatkow, Samuel L. 
 
 Slimowitz, S., and Co. 
 
 Sloane, William 
 
 Sloane, Mrs. Wm. D. 
 
 Small, A. L. 
 
 Smidt, Grace Lee 
 
 Smith, C. Sydney, and Co. 
 
 Smith, F. W. 
 
 Smith, F. W., Jr. 
 
 Smith, M. M., and Co. 
 
 Smith, W. B., and I., and Co. 
 
 Smith, Wm. Alex. 
 
 Smithers, F. S., and Co. 
 
 Smolin, Julius, and employees 
 
 Smyth, Bernard, and Sons 
 
 Snedeker, Rudolph 
 
 Snyder, Miss 
 
 Sobel, M. 
 
 Societa Gioventu Nicosiana 
 
 Society B'nee Salem 
 
 Solomon, Charles 
 
 Solomon and Leffler 
 
 Solot, M. 
 
 Sonfield, Joseph 
 
 Sons and Daughters of Zion, of 
 
 Schenectady 
 Sons of Land of Israel, Collected by 
 Southern Club 
 Spence's (Miss) Boarding School, 
 
 Girls of 
 Spencer, Aldrich 
 Spencer, Thos. O. 
 Spencer, Trask and Co. 
 Speyer, James 
 Speyer, Leo 
 
 Spiegel and Strauss, Girl employees of 
 Spiegelberg, L., and Sons 
 Spiegelberg, Walter S. 
 Spingarn, Mrs. Joel Elias 
 Spingarn, S. E. 
 Spitzer and Harris Co. 
 Spitzer, William E. 
 Springer, Rebecca T. 
 Stag Brand, Employees of 
 Stamm, John 
 Standish, M. 
 
 90 
 
WASHINGTON PLACE FIRE 
 
 Starlight, Max E. 
 
 Stecher and Co. 
 
 Stein, Levy and Co. 
 
 Steindler, Edward 
 
 Steiner, Jos., and Bros. 
 
 Steinfeld, S., and Co. 
 
 Steinfelder, Samuel 
 
 Steinhardt Catering Co. 
 
 Steinthal, A., and Co. 
 
 Steinthal, L., and Bro. 
 
 Sterling Button Co. 
 
 Stern and Co. 
 
 Stern, Adolph, through I. B. Hyman 
 
 Stern, Arthur 
 
 Stern, B., and Co. and Stern, Heins- 
 man and Co., Employees of 
 
 Stern Bros, and Co. 
 
 Stern Bros, and Co., Diamond cutters 
 of 
 
 Stern Bros., Tailors and dressmakers 
 of 
 
 Stern, Hugo 
 
 Stern, J. 
 
 Stern, M., and Co. 
 
 Stern, M., and Co., Employees of 
 
 Stern, S. S. and A. 
 
 Stern, Sidney W. 
 
 Stern, Sig. 
 
 Sterngold and Brill 
 
 Sterngold and Brill, Employees of 
 
 Stetson, Francis Lynde 
 
 Stettenheim, J. M. 
 
 Stettenheimer, Morris 
 
 Stewart, Warren, and Co. 
 
 Stiner, Max 
 
 Stoll, Robt. 
 
 Stone, Mrs. M. L. 
 
 Strasburger, Byron L., and Co. 
 
 Stratton, J. C, and Co., Employees of 
 
 Strauss and Co., Employees of 
 
 Strauss Bros. 
 
 Strauss Bros, and Co. 
 
 Strauss, Charles 
 
 Strauss, David 
 
 Strauss, Hermann, through LB. Hy- 
 man 
 
 Strauss, Ignaz, and Co. 
 
 Strauss, Jacob, and Son 
 
 Strauss, Julius 
 
 Strauss, Julius, Employees of 
 
 Stroock, S., and Co. 
 
 Styles, Harry 
 
 Sullivan, Emily S. 
 
 Sullivan, M. Louise 
 
 "Sunbeams," Educational Alliance 
 
 Sunshine Club of Christodora House 
 
 Sussfeld, Lorsch and Co. 
 
 Sutro Bros, and Co. 
 
 Sutro, Lionel 
 
 Suzette Mfg. Co. and employees 
 
 Swarzkopf, Pauline 
 
 Sykes and Seidman, Employees of 
 
 Szold, Mrs. Sophie 
 
 Taber, Miss 
 
 Tack, Theodore E. 
 
 Talcott, James 
 
 Talmud Torah of Orach Chaim Sis- 
 terhood 
 
 Tanenbaum, L., Strauss and Co. 
 
 Tannenbaum, Simon 
 
 Tanner, Leonore 
 
 Tausig, Paul, Inc. 
 
 Tayler, Franklin 
 
 Temple Beth-El, Greenpoint, Chil- 
 dren of 
 
 Temple Emanu-El 
 
 Temple of Israel Sunday School chil- 
 dren 
 
 Tennyson Club, Inc. 
 
 Terry, John T. 
 
 Thayer, J. V. B. 
 
 Theodore Roosevelt Camp No. 10, 
 Spanish War Veterans 
 
 Third St. Theatre, Benefit 
 
 Thompson, Jane R. 
 
 Thompson, Phillips Blagden 
 
 Tiemann, Ella A. 
 
 Tierney, Myles 
 
 Tiffany and Co. 
 
 Tilden Club 
 
 Tillotson, W. J. 
 
 Tipple and Plitt 
 
 Toch Bros. 
 
 Todd, Judson S. 
 
 Toechter Lodge No. I, I. O. F. S. of I. 
 
 Toronto (Canada) Hebrew Benevo- 
 lent Association 
 
 Toussaint, J. F. 
 
 Towne, Henry R. 
 
 Townsend Harris Hall, Students and 
 employees of 
 
 Track, A. D. 
 
 Treeger, S. 
 
 Treeger, S., Employees of 
 
 Trinkle, John W. 
 
 Trueb and Raefle Co. 
 
 Tuesday Bridge Club 
 
 Turteltaub, Nathan, and Son 
 
 Tushnett, Lancton and Hedinger, Inc. 
 
 Tuska, A. L., Son and Co. 
 
 Tuska, Benjamin 
 
 Tuska, Mrs. M. 
 
 91 
 
EMERGENCY RELIEF 
 
 Tutelman Bros. 
 
 Tweed, Helen 
 
 Twelfth Ward Democratic Club 
 
 Ueberall, Benjamin 
 Uhlfelder, Mrs. E. 
 Ullman, David I., Employees of 
 Ulman, Alice M. 
 
 Ulmann, Bernhard, and Co., Em- 
 ployees of 
 Ulrich and Donaldson 
 Underwood, Van Vorst and Hoyt 
 Ungar, Green wald and Miller 
 Union Street Theatre, Brooklyn, 
 
 Benefit 
 United Auctioneers and Speculators 
 
 Association 
 United Cigar Mfrs. Co., Employees 
 
 of factory on Second Ave. 
 United Krakauer Ladies Aid Society 
 U. S. Grand Lodge, Ind. Order Sons 
 
 of Benjamin 
 U. S. Worsted Co. 
 Universal Club of Harlem 
 Untermeyer, Robbins Co. 
 Untermyer, Samuel 
 Urbani, Theodore 
 Uzlianer Young Men's Benevolent 
 
 Association 
 Valensi, J., and Co., Theatre benefit 
 Vallemen's shop, Employees of 
 Van Antwerpen, van der Bosch and 
 
 Co. 
 Van Dam, Edward, and employees 
 Vanderhoff, Mrs. P. A. 
 Van Emburgh, D. B. 
 Van Ingen, E. H., and Co. 
 Van Wezel, A. S., Employees of 
 Van Wezel, S. L. 
 Veit, Hirsch and Co. 
 Velleman and Co., Employees of 
 Verdery, Marion J. 
 Victor, Mrs. L. 
 Victor, S. G. 
 Victorius Bros. 
 Vogel, Abraham H. 
 Vogel, Isaac 
 Vogel, Sam 
 Vogel, W. A. 
 Vogel, William 
 Von Lehnen, Mr. and Mrs. 
 Von Tilzer, Harry, Music Pub. Co. 
 Voss and Stern 
 
 Waist and Dress Mfrs. Association 
 (Contributors entered individually) 
 
 Wakeman, Lillian C. 
 
 Walcoff, Phil, and Co. 
 
 Waldman, Abraham 
 
 Waldorf Waist Co., Employees of 
 
 Walker, Gladys and Jack 
 
 Walker, W. L. 
 
 Wallach, A., and Co. 
 
 Walsh, Walter J. 
 
 Walton, Robert K. 
 
 Warburg, Felix M. 
 
 Warburg, Paul M. 
 
 Wardell, Alice 
 
 Warendorf, Mrs. A. 
 
 Warendorff, H. 
 
 Warheit, Through 
 
 Warwick Athletic Club 
 
 Washington, Mrs. A. H. 
 
 Wasserman, B. 
 
 Wasserman, Edward 
 
 Waters, Horace 
 
 Waters, John K. 
 
 Waters, Merrill K. 
 
 Watkins, M. 
 
 Watson, Mr. 
 
 Watts, Geo. B. 
 
 Webb, M. Seward 
 
 Webster, Aaron, and Co. 
 
 Webster, George N. 
 
 Weeber, Charles G. 
 
 Weibs, Mrs., through the Brooklyn 
 
 Bureau of Charities 
 Weil, Morris 
 Weiler Bros. 
 
 Weinberg, McCartie and Brandes 
 Weiner, S., and Co., Employees of 
 Weinstein, Israel, through the United 
 
 Hebrew Charities 
 Weisbaum Bros. 
 
 Weisberger, Adolph, Employees of 
 Weisel Bros. 
 Weisman, Joseph 
 Weiss Mfg. Co. 
 Weiss and Klau Co. 
 Weiss and Klau Co., Employees of 
 Weissman, Adolph 
 Welling, W. Brenton 
 Wellington Club 
 Wells, Fargo and Co., Employees of 
 
 Auditing Dept. 
 Wels, Jacob 
 Welsh, Frederick 
 
 Wenger, Adeline M., Collected by 
 Werdenschlag, D. 
 Wertheim, Jacob 
 Wertheim, S. 
 
 Wesendonck, Walter, and Co. 
 West and Flint 
 
 92 
 
WASHINGTON PLACE FIRE 
 
 West, J. T. 
 
 Westinghouse Lamp Co., Employees 
 of 
 
 Wheeler, Hayden and Co. 
 
 White, Horace 
 
 White, N. H. 
 
 White, W. A. and A. M. 
 
 White, Mrs. W. J. 
 
 White Rats of America 
 
 Wholesale Florists 
 
 Wieland, Theodore F. 
 
 Wiener Bros. 
 
 Wiesen and Goldstein 
 
 Wiesen and Goldstein, Employees of 
 
 Wilcox and Gibbs Sewing Machine 
 Co., Employees of 
 
 Wilcox, Sidney H. 
 
 Wilkinson, J. Charles 
 
 Wm. Heller Lodge No. 4, I. O. S. B. 
 
 Wm. McKinley Lodge No. 840, F. 
 and A. M. 
 
 William Waldman Council 
 
 Williams and Peters 
 
 Williams, James D. 
 
 Williams, James J., Jr. 
 
 Williams, Robert 
 
 Williamsburg Hebrew Bakers As- 
 sociation 
 
 Willis, W. P., and Co. 
 
 Wills, Nina L. 
 
 Wilson, Chas. J. 
 
 Wilson, Edgar P. 
 
 Wilson, H. O. 
 
 Wimpfheimer, A., and Bros. 
 
 Wine, Liquor and Beer Dealers As- 
 sociation 
 
 Wineburgh, Jesse 
 
 Winkler, Samuel 
 
 Winter Garden, Benefit 
 
 Winthrop, Egerton L. 
 
 Wintner, Louis 
 
 Wirth, C. L. 
 
 Wise Bros., Yazoo City, Miss., Col- 
 lected at 
 
 Witherbee, Mary S. 
 
 Wittnauer, A., Co. 
 
 Wittson, Girard S. 
 
 Wodiska, Julius 
 
 Woerishoffer, Mrs. Anna 
 
 Wolbarst, A. L. 
 
 Wolbarst, Mrs. A. L. 
 
 Wolf, Mrs. B. 
 
 Wolf Co., Employees of 
 
 Wolf, Mrs. David 
 
 Wolf, F. N. 
 
 Wolf, I. S., and Co. 
 
 Wolf, Julius 
 
 Wolf, Leonard J. 
 Wolf, Michael 
 Wolf, Sara 
 Wolff, H., and Co. 
 Wolff, Lewis S. 
 Wolff, Max 
 Wolff, N., and Co. 
 Wolfsheim and Sachs 
 Wolfson, T. 
 
 Wolkovisker Young Men's Benevo- 
 lent Association 
 Wollman, Henry 
 Wollman, William J. 
 Women's Wear Co. 
 Wood, J. R., and Sons 
 Woolf, Jesse, and employees 
 World, Readers of 
 
 X Club of the University Settlement 
 X Y Z Club of Meriden, Conn. 
 
 Yamano, Suyematsu 
 
 Yard, John 
 
 Yeska, Joseph, and employees 
 
 Yorkville Paper Co. 
 
 Young Boys Social Club 
 
 Young Folks League 
 
 Young Folks League of Peoples Hos- 
 pital 
 
 Young Folks League of Society B'nee 
 Salem 
 
 Young Folks League of Temple 
 Emanu-El, Borough Park 
 
 Young Liberty Benevolent Associa- 
 tion 
 
 Young Men of the Eastern District 
 Y. M. C. A. 
 
 Young Mens Benevolent Society of 
 Brooklyn 
 
 Y. M. H. A. of Trenton, N. J. 
 
 Zadek, Sol. 
 Zaro, Henry C. 
 Zelenko and Moskowitz 
 Zimmerman, B. 
 Zimmern, Rees and Co. 
 Zinke, L. and A. U. 
 Zinn, Simon 
 Zippart, Morris 
 Zoller, Chas., Co. 
 Zollikoffer, O. F. 
 Zucker and Josephy 
 
 93 
 
EMERGENCY RELIEF 
 
 Anonymous, 84 contributions 
 
 E. H. G. 
 
 A citizen 
 
 E. I. B. 
 
 A friend (3) 
 
 E. I. L. 
 
 A friend in need 
 
 Eine Deutsche 
 
 A group of sympathizers 
 
 Eismiraldi 
 
 A school-boy 
 
 E. J. C. S. 
 
 A well-wisher 
 
 E. J. N. 
 
 A western woman 
 
 E. J. and R. J. 
 
 A working girl, V. H. 
 
 E. L. C. 
 
 A. A. M. 
 
 Elsie M. 
 
 A. B., Mrs. 
 
 E. M. B. 
 
 A. C, A Slocum Survivor 
 
 E. M. C. 
 
 A. J. E. Mrs. 
 
 E. P. C. 
 
 A. I. B. Q. 
 
 E. R. R. 
 
 Americaneer 
 
 E. N. S. 
 
 A. M. F. 
 
 E. S. 
 
 A. M. J. 
 
 E. W. 
 
 A. M. P. 
 
 
 A. M. S. 
 
 
 A. R. 
 
 F. A. M. 
 
 A. T. W., Mrs. 
 
 F. C. J. 
 
 Aunt Hattie, through the Brooklyn 
 
 F. E. K. 
 
 Bureau of Charities 
 
 Fellow sympathizers 
 
 Fl. P. 
 
 Four women 
 
 
 Baltimore, Md., subscriber 
 
 Frau B., N. Y. S. Z. 
 
 B. and B. 
 
 
 B. F. Y. 
 
 
 B. J. F. 
 
 G. C. T. 
 
 B. M. K. 
 
 George and Stephen 
 
 B. S. W. 
 
 G. L. 
 
 B. V. 
 
 G. S. F. J. 
 
 B. and Z. 
 
 
 
 H. A. 
 
 Captain and Mrs. B. 
 
 H. C. 
 
 C. B. F. 
 
 Henry and Jeannette 
 
 C. B. H., Mrs. 
 
 H. F. 
 
 C. C. 
 
 H. G. 
 
 Chas. S., Sam Z., Moe D. 
 
 H. J. C. 
 
 C. H. M. 
 
 H. L. 
 
 Christian 
 
 H. M. C. 
 
 Citizen 
 
 Hours Rest 
 
 C. J. D. 
 
 H. and S. 
 
 C. L. B. M. 
 
 H. S. 
 
 Collection at Lewiston, Penna. 
 
 
 C. P. 
 
 
 C. S. R. 
 
 I. H. W. 
 
 C. T. H. 
 
 I. K. 
 
 
 In memory of A/L.'and E. L 
 
 
 In memory of R.^E.*F. 
 
 D. B. F. 
 
 
 
 J. A. 
 
 E. 
 
 J. A. B. 
 
 E. A. R. 
 
 J. C. C. 
 
 E. B. 
 
 J. C. F. 
 
 E. H. 
 
 J. D. S. 
 
 94 
 
WASHINGTON PLACE FIRE 
 
 J. D. V. B. 
 J. L. W. 
 
 J. M. F. 
 
 Joseph, William, and Dorothea 
 
 J. T. T. 
 
 J. W. B. 
 
 J. W. G. 
 
 K. 
 
 L. 
 
 L. L. 
 L. P. 
 
 L. S. S. 
 
 Inc. 
 
 M. A. 
 
 M. A. K. 
 
 Members of the household of — West 
 
 83d St. 
 Members of a sewing society 
 M. E. W. 
 M. and G. 
 M. G. F. 
 M. H. S. 
 M. J. E. 
 
 M. J. K. and W. J. M. 
 M. K. 
 M. L. 
 
 M. L., Mrs. 
 M. L. C. 
 M. L. P. 
 M. L. W. 
 Mother 
 M. W. M. 
 
 N. N. 
 
 0. G. and C. G. 
 O. L. 
 
 Only a mite 
 
 Pacific Coast, by C. R.JN. 
 P. B., Employees of 
 P. D. B. 
 P. L. H. 
 P. S. 
 P. W. S. 
 
 R 
 
 H. 
 
 R 
 
 M. 
 
 R 
 
 S. S., Mrs. 
 
 S. 
 
 
 S. 
 
 C. H. 
 
 s. 
 
 C. Q. 
 
 s. 
 
 H. 
 
 s. 
 
 L. S. 
 
 s. 
 
 N. 
 
 s. 
 
 S. 
 
 s. 
 
 S. s. 
 
 s. 
 
 T. D. 
 
 s. 
 
 W. S., Mrs. 
 
 Sympathizer (9) 
 
 Sympathizers 
 
 T. 
 
 F. R. 
 
 The Pfumphs 
 
 T. 
 
 r. s. m 
 
 Two friends 
 
 Two widows 
 
 V. 
 
 B. 
 
 V. 
 
 E. C. 
 
 Veritas 
 
 Warren and Elizabeth 
 
 W 
 
 . c. s. 
 
 W 
 
 M. H. 
 
 w 
 
 N. P. 
 
 w 
 
 R. 
 
 w 
 
 S. 
 
 95 
 
, . 
 
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